Julius Nyerere

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        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
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      <text bytes="25041" sha1="3xseolpwu2j81ool6p8osix6rby13zy" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox president
| honorific-prefix = Mwalimu
| name             = Julius Nyerere
| honorific-suffix =
| image            = Julius Nyerere cropped.jpg
| alt              =
|imagesize         = 150px
| order            = 
| office           = [[Orodha ya Marais wa Tanzania|Rais wa kwanza wa Tanzania]]
| term_start       = 26 Aprili 1964
| term_end         = 5 Novemba 1985
| vicepresident    = [[Abeid Karume]] &lt;small&gt;(1964–72)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt; [[Aboud Jumbe]] &lt;small&gt;(1972–84)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt; [[Ali Hassan Mwinyi]] &lt;small&gt;(1984–85)&lt;/small&gt;
| predecessor      =
| successor        = [[Ali Hassan Mwinyi]]
| primeminister    = [[Rashidi Kawawa]] &lt;small&gt;(1972–77)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[Edward Sokoine]] &lt;small&gt;(1977–80)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[Cleopa Msuya]] &lt;small&gt;(1980–83)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[Edward Sokoine]] &lt;small&gt;(1983–84)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;br/&gt;[[Salim Ahmed Salim|Salim A. Salim]] &lt;small&gt;(1984–85)&lt;/small&gt;
| order2           = 
| office2          = Rais wa Tanganyika
| term_start2      = 9 Desemba 1962
| term_end2        = 25 Aprili 1964
| vicepresident2   =
| primeminister2   = [[Rashidi Kawawa]]
| predecessor2     = 
| successor2       = 
| order3           = 
| office3          = Waziri Mkuu wa Tanganyika
| term_start3      = 1 Mei 1961
| term_end3        = 22 Januari 1962
| president3       =
| monarch3         = [[Elizabeth II]]
| Governor–General = [[Richard Turnbull (colonial governor)|Richard Turnbull)]]
| predecessor3     = Ofisi iliundwa
| successor3       = [[Rashidi Kawawa]]
| order4           = 
| office4          = Waziri Kiongozi wa Tanganyika
| term_start4      = 2 Septemba 1960
| term_end4        = 1 Mei 1961
| president4       =
| monarch4         = [[Elizabeth II]]
| predecessor4     = 
| successor4       = 
| birth_date       = {{Birth date|1922|4|13|df=y}}
| birth_place      = [[Butiama]], [[Tanganyika (nchi)|Tanganyika]]
| death_date       = {{death date and age|1999|10|14|1922|4|13|df=y}}
| death_place      = [[London]], [[Uingereza]]
| restingplace     = [[Butiama]], [[Tanzania]]
| nationality      = M[[tanzania]]
| spouse           = [[Maria Nyerere]]
| party            = [[Chama cha Mapinduzi|CCM]]
| relations        =
| children         = 7
| residence        =
| alma_mater       = [[Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere]] &lt;br&gt; Chuo Kikuu cha Edinburgh
| occupation       =
| profession       = [[Mwalimu]]
| religion         = [[Ukristo]] ([[Katoliki]])
| signature        =
| signature_alt    =
| website          = {{URL|juliusnyerere.info}}
| footnotes        =
}}
{{History of Tanzania}}
'''Julius Kambarage Nyerere''' ([[Butiama]], [[Mkoa wa Mara]], pembezoni mwa [[Ziwa Nyanza]], [[13 Aprili]] [[1922]] - [[London]], [[Uingereza]], [[14 Oktoba]] [[1999]]) alikuwa [[rais]] wa kwanza wa [[Tanzania]], na mara nyingi anatajwa kama &quot;Baba wa Taifa&quot; kwa jinsi alivyoathiri nchi hiyo. Kwanza aliongoza [[Tanganyika]] toka mwaka [[1961]] hadi [[1964]] kama [[waziri mkuu]], halafu kama rais; baada ya [[muungano]] wa [[Tanganyika]] na [[Zanzibar]], aliongoza Tanzania kuanzia mwaka [[1964]] hadi mwaka [[1985]] kama rais. Ndiye mwasisi wa [[itikadi]] ya [[ujamaa]] na kujitegemea iliyotangazwa hasa katika [[Azimio la Arusha]]. Mwalimu Nyerere ni kati ya viongozi wachache wa [[Afrika]] ambao wameacha [[madaraka]] kwa [[hiari]] baada ya kutawala kwa muda mrefu, akiwa bado anapendwa na wananchi walio wengi. Alipostaafu urais mwaka [[1985]] alirudi [[Kijiji|kijijini]] kwake Butiama ambako aliendesha shughuli za [[kilimo]]. Hata hivyo aliendelea kuwa na athari kubwa katika siasa ya Tanzania hadi kifo chake. Kabla ya kuingia kwenye [[siasa]] alikuwa [[mwalimu]]. [[Kazi]] hiyo ndiyo iliyompatia jina ambalo lilimkaa maisha yake yote la &quot;Mwalimu&quot;. 

Kwa ruhusa ya [[makao makuu]] ya [[Kanisa Katoliki]] duniani, [[Jimbo Katoliki la Musoma]] lilianza kushughulikia [[kesi]] ya kumtangaza [[mwenye heri]] na hatimaye [[mtakatifu]]. Kwa sababu hiyo anaitwa pia &quot;[[mtumishi wa Mungu]]&quot;. Baada ya hapo [[Baraza la Maaskofu Katoliki Tanzania]] limepokea [[jukumu]] la kuratibu mchakato huo pamoja na kesi kuhamishiwa [[Jimbo Kuu la Dar es Salaam]] kutokana na Nyerere kuishi muda mrefu [[Jiji|jijini]] humo&lt;ref&gt;https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/habari/kitaifa/Maaskofu-Katoliki-Tanzania-kuratibu-mchakato-/1597296-5310510-i48y5n/index.html&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Maisha yake==
Julius Kambarage Nyerere alizaliwa mwaka [[1922]] katika [[kijiji]] cha [[Butiama]], ambacho sasa ni [[makao makuu]] ya [[wilaya]] [[Wilaya ya Butiama|yenye jina hilohilo]], [[mkoa wa Mara]], Tanzania (wakati ule: [[Tanganyika (nchi)|Tanganyika]]). 

Alikuwa mmojawapo kati ya watoto 26 wa Nyerere Burito, [[chifu]] wa [[kabila]] la [[Wazanaki]]. 

Alipokuwa mtoto Nyerere alichunga mifugo ya [[baba]] yake; katika umri wa miaka 12 aliingia [[shule]] akitembea [[kilomita]] 30 hadi [[Musoma]]. 

Baada ya kumaliza [[shule ya msingi]] aliendelea kusomea shule ya [[wamisionari]] [[Wakatoliki]] huko [[Tabora]]. 

Katika [[umri]] wa miaka 20 [[ubatizo|alibatizwa]] akawa [[Mkristo]] Mkatoliki hadi mwisho wa maisha yake.

Ma[[padri]] wakiona [[akili]] yake kubwa walimsaidia kusomea ualimu huko [[Makerere]], [[Kampala]], [[Uganda]] kuanzia mwaka [[1943]] hadi [[1945]]. 

Akiwa Makerere alianzisha tawi la Umoja wa Wanafunzi Watanganyika, pia alijihusisha na tawi la Tanganyika African Association (TAA).

Baada ya kumaliza masomo ya ualimu alirudi Tabora akifundisha shule ya St.Mary. 

Mwaka [[1949]] alipata skolashipu ya kwenda kusoma kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha [[Edinburgh]], [[Uskoti]], [[Ufalme wa Muungano]], akapata M.A. ya [[historia]] na [[uchumi]] (alikuwa Mtanganyika wa kwanza kusoma katika chuo kikuu cha Uingereza na wa pili kupata [[shahada]] ya [[elimu ya juu]] nje ya Tanganyika).

Aliporejea kutoka masomoni, alifundisha Historia, [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kiswahili]] katika shule ya [[Fransisko wa Asizi|St. Francis]] iliyo karibu na [[Dar es Salaam]]. 

Mwaka [[1953]] alichaguliwa kuwa rais wa chama cha Tanganyika African Association (TAA), chama ambacho alikisaidia kukijenga alipokuwa mwanafunzi katika chuo kikuu cha Makerere. 

Mwaka [[1954]] alibadilisha jina la chama cha TAA kwenda chama cha [[Tanganyika African National Union]] (TANU), ambacho pia kilikuwa cha kisiasa zaidi kuliko TAA. Ndani ya mwaka mmoja chama cha TANU kikawa tayari chama cha siasa kinachoongoza nchini Tanganyika.

Uwezo wa Nyerere uliwashtua viongozi wa [[Ukoloni|kikoloni]] akalazimika kuchagua kati ya siasa na kazi ya ualimu. Nyerere alisikika akijisemea kuwa mwalimu kwa kuchagua na [[mwanasiasa]] kwa [[bahati]] mbaya. 

Alijiuzulu ualimu&lt;ref&gt;[[Barua ya kujiuzulu ualimu ya Julius Kambarage Nyerere]]&lt;/ref&gt; na kuzunguka nchi nzima ya Tanganyika kuzungumza na watu wa kawaida na machifu ili kuleta [[umoja]] katika kupigania [[uhuru]]. Pia alizungumza kwa niaba ya TANU katika Trusteeship Council na Fourth Committee ya [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] (UN) huko [[New York]]. 

Uwezo wake wa kuongea na wa kuunganisha watu ulimwezesha kufanikisha Tanganyika kupata uhuru bila [[umwagaji wa damu]]. 

Ushirikiano mzuri aliouonyesha aliyekuwa [[gavana]] wa wakati huo, [[Richard Turnbull]], ulisaidia pia kuharakisha upatikanaji wa uhuru.

Nyerere aliingia katika [[bunge]] la kikoloni mwaka [[1958]] na kuchaguliwa kuwa waziri mkuu mwaka [[1960]]. 

Mwaka [[1961]] Tanganyika ilipata uhuru wake na tarehe [[9 Desemba]] 1961 Nyerere alichaguliwa kuwa waziri mkuu wa [[Tanganyika]] huru; mwaka mmoja baadaye akawa rais wa kwanza wa [[Jamhuri]] ya Tanganyika. 

Nyerere alikuwa kiungo muhimu katika muungano wa Tanganyika na Zanzibar kutengeneza Tanzania mara baada ya [[mapinduzi ya Zanzibar]] mwaka [[1964]] yaliyomtoa madarakani [[sultani]] wa Zanzibar [[Jamshid bin Abdullah]].
[[Image:Julius Nyerere 1977.jpg|thumb|left|Julius Nyerere akiwa mzee mnamo mwaka [[1977]].]]
Tarehe [[5 Februari]] 1977 aliongoza chama cha TANU kuungana na [[chama tawala]] cha Zanzibar [[Afro Shirazi Party]] na kuanzisha chama kipya cha CCM ([[Chama cha Mapinduzi]]) akiwa mwenyekiti wake wa kwanza.

Nyerere aliendelea kuongoza [[taifa]] hadi 1985 alipomwachia nafasi rais wa pili, [[Ali Hassan Mwinyi]]. 

Aliacha kuongoza Tanzania ikiwa ni mojawapo kati ya nchi maskini zaidi duniani, ingawa yenye huduma za elimu na afya zilizoenea kwa wananchi wengi.

Hata hivyo aliendelea kuongoza CCM hadi mwaka [[1990]] na kuwa na athari kubwa katika siasa ya Tanzania hadi kifo chake. 

Kwa mfano, inasadikika kuwa Nyerere alishawishi uteuzi wa [[Benjamin W. Mkapa]] kama [[mgombea wa urais]] mwaka [[1995]], ambaye alichaguliwa kuwa rais kwenye [[uchaguzi]]. 

Nyerere alikaa muda mwingi kwake Butiama akilima [[shamba]] lake. Pamoja na haya alianzisha [[taasisi]] yenye jina lake; mwaka [[1996]] alionekana akiwa [[mpatanishi]] wa pande mbalimbali za [[vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] huko [[Burundi]]. 

Tarehe 14 Oktoba 1999 aliaga dunia katika [[hospitali]] ya [[St Thomas]] mjini [[London]] baada ya kupambana na [[kansa]] ya [[damu]].

==Mafanikio== 
Kati ya mafanikio makubwa ya Nyerere kuna: kujenga umoja wa taifa kati ya watu wa makabila na dini tofauti, na hivyo kudumisha [[amani]] ya muda mrefu tofauti na hali ya [[nchi]] jirani, iliyofanya Tanzania iitwe &quot;kisiwa cha amani&quot;.

Pia kustawisha [[utamaduni]] wa [[Afrika|Kiafrika]] pamoja na [[lugha]] ya [[Kiswahili]], kushinda [[ubaguzi wa rangi]], kutetea [[usalama wa taifa]] katika [[vita]] dhidi ya mvamizi [[Idi Amin]] wa Uganda.

Kutoa mchango kwa vyama vya [[ukombozi]] vya nchi za [[Kusini mwa Afrika]] kama vile: [[Zimbabwe]] ([[ZANU]]), [[Afrika Kusini]] ([[ANC]] na [[PAC]]), [[Namibia]] ([[SWAPO]]), [[Angola]] ([[MPLA]]) na [[Msumbiji]] ([[Frelimo]]).

==Ukosoaji dhidi yake==
Nyerere analaumiwa kwa siasa yake ya kiujamaa kuwa ilichelewesha [[maendeleo]] ya kiuchumi wa Tanzania. Siasa yake ya [[ujamaa]] ilishindikana kwa kiasi kikubwa baada ya mwaka [[1976]] kwa sababu mbalimbali za nje na za ndani ya nchi. 

Baada ya kuona kuwa uchumi wa Tanzania hautaweza kusimama kwa siasa ya kijamaa na kuwa hataweza kuvumilia kuendesha nchi kwa siasa nyingine ambazo yeye hakuwa na imani nazo, Nyerere kwa hiari yake mwenyewe aliamua kustaafu nafasi ya urais kuanzia uchaguzi wa mwaka 1985 na kumwachia [[usukani]] Ali Hassan Mwinyi, aliyetawala kwa siasa ya uchumi wa [[soko huria]].

Katika hali ya kukubali [[ukweli]], Nyerere katika [[tafrija]] ya kumwaga alitamka juu ya siasa yake upande wa uchumi: “Nimefeli. Tukubali hivyo.”

Kosa lingine ambalo wengine wanaona Nyerere alilifanya ni kumhadaa aliyekuwa [[Rais wa Zanzibar]] Mzee [[Abeid Amaan Karume]] kwa kuziunganisha Tanganyika na Zanzibar, na kuanza kupora [[mamlaka]] ya Zanzibar kidogokidogo. Kwa hivi sasa Wanzanzibari wengi wamechoka na Muungano huo, na wanataka uhuru wa nchi yao ili wapumue. Hata upande wa [[bara]] wananchi wengi wanalalamikia kutoweka kwa Tanganyika na serikali yake.

Pia kuna makundi ya [[Waislamu]] wanaomtuhumu kwa kuendesha kwa siri vita dhidi ya dini yao na kupendelea Wakristo katika utoaji wa elimu na madaraka,japo wasomi wengi kwa kipindi cha utawala wake walikuwa Wakristo.

===Sifa zake===
Pamoja na hayo, Nyerere bado anakumbukwa na Watanzania hasa wa hali ya chini kutokana na [[sera]] zake za kujali [[utu]]. Pia ataendelea kukumbukwa na Waafrika barani kote hasa kwa mchango wake mkubwa wakati wa harakati za kupigania uhuru katika nchi mbali mbali barani Afrika.

Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere ni mmoja wa viongozi wachache waadilifu waliokwepa kujilimbikizia [[mali]] pamoja na kutawala kwa miaka zaidi ya 24.

Mwishoni mwa maisha yake Nyerere aliishi kama mkulima wa kawaida kijijini kwake Butiama. Alipatwa na [[kansa ya damu]] (leukemia) akafariki Uingereza wakati wa kutibiwa katika mji wa [[London]] tarehe 14 Oktoba 1999. 

Alizikwa mahali pa kuzaliwa kwake, kijiji cha Butiama.

==Heshima na Tuzo==
===Nishani===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;
|--
! colspan=2 | Nishani
! Nchi
! Mwaka
! Ref
|-
| width=&quot;80px&quot; | [[File:Ribbon jose marti.png|80px]]
| Nishani ya José Marti
| {{flag|Cuba}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1975
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;[http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/granma/1974.html Condecorado Julius K. Nyerere por el Gobierno Revolucionario con la Orden Nacional Jose Marti] LANIC [Latin American Network Information Center] ([[Granma (newspaper)|Granma]]) {{es icon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| width=&quot;80px&quot; | [[File:MEX Order of the Aztec Eagle 1Class BAR.png|80px]]
| Nishani ya Tai ya Kiazteki (Ukosi)
| {{flag|Mexiko}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1975
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;NyerereAwards&quot;&gt;[http://www.juliusnyerere.info/index.php/nyerere/about/category/honoraries_and_awards/ Awards / Prices] {{Wayback|url=http://www.juliusnyerere.info/index.php/nyerere/about/category/honoraries_and_awards/ |date=20130323143740 }} Juliusnyerere.info&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| width=&quot;80px&quot; | [[File:Medalha Amílcar Cabral.svg|80px]]
| Nishani ya Amílcar Cabral
| {{flag|Guinea Bissau}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1976
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;NyerereAwards&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| width=&quot;80px&quot; | 
| Nishani ya Eduardo Mondlane
| {{flag|Msumbiji}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1983
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;NyerereAwards&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| width=&quot;80px&quot; | [[File:Ordem Agostinho Neto.svg|80px]]
| Nishani ya Agostinho Neto
| {{flag|Angola}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1985
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;NyerereAwards&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| width=&quot;80px&quot; | [[File:Order of the Companions of O.R. Tambo (ribbon bar).gif|80px]]
| Nishani ya Masahaba wa O. R. Tambo (Dhahabu)
| {{flag|Afrika Kusini}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2004
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=59692 |title= Government Gazette |format= [[PDF]] |date= 11 June 2004 |publisher= info.gov.za |language= Kiingereza accessdate=26 Septemba 2013 |accessdate= 2013-05-19 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130927212958/http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=59692 |archivedate= 2013-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| width=&quot;80px&quot; | 
| Nishani ya Kifalme cha Munhumutapa
| {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2005
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nyerere awarded Zimbabwe’s highest medal|url=http://www.kafoi.com/news/article.php?id=781|author=Maura Mwingira|publisher=Kafoi.com ([[Daily News (Harare)]])|date=18 April 2005|accessdate=17 June 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927041700/http://www.kafoi.com/news/article.php?id=781|archivedate=2013-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sardc.net/editorial/sadctoday/view.asp?vol=251&amp;pubno=v8n4 |title=The Royal Order of Munhumutapa |date=4 October 2005 |work=SADC Today |volume=8 |issue=4, |language=Kiingereza accessdate=26 Septemba 2013 |accessdate=2013-05-19 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130413200542/http://www.sardc.net/editorial/sadctoday/view.asp?vol=251&amp;pubno=v8n4 |archivedate=2013-04-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| width=&quot;80px&quot; | [[File:Order of the Pearl of Africa (Uganda) - ribbon bar.gif|80px]]
| Nishani Ubora wa Lulu ya Afrika (Bwana tukufu)
| {{flag|Uganda}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2005
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref name= &quot;katonga&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Museveni honours Nyerere |author= |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/575303 |newspaper=[[New Vision]] |date=10 July 2007 |language=Kiingereza accessdate=26 Septemba 2013 |accessdate=2013-05-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205155035/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/575303 |archivedate=2014-12-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| width=&quot;80px&quot; | [[File:Order of Katonga (Uganda) - ribbon bar.png|80px]]
| Nishani ya Katonga
| {{flag|Uganda}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2005
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref name= &quot;katonga&quot;/&gt;
|-
| width=&quot;80px&quot; | [[File:National Liberation Medal (Rwanda) - ribbon bar.png|80px]]
| Medali ya Ukombozi wa Kitaifa 
| {{flag|Rwanda}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2009
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;RwandaNyerere&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Museveni, Zenawi, Nyerere to receive national honours|url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?a=17153&amp;i=13945|author=Daniel R. Kasule|publisher=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]]|date=3 July 2009|language=Kiingereza accessdate=26 Septemba 2013|accessdate=2013-05-19|archivedate=2013-09-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928010509/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?a=17153&amp;i=13945}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| width=&quot;80px&quot; | [[File:Campaign Medal Against Genocide (Rwanda) - ribbon bar.png|80px]]
| Medali ya Kampeni Dhidi ya Mauaji ya Kimbari 
| {{flag|Rwanda}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2009
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;RwandaNyerere&quot;/&gt;
|-
| width=&quot;80px&quot; | [[File:Order of the Most Ancient Welwitschia Mirabilis (Namibia) - ribbon bar.gif|80px]]
| Nishani ya Kikale cha Welwitschia Mirabilis
| {{flag|Namibia}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2010
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130516132742/http://www.dailynews.co.tz/feature/?n=25923 Tanganyika: Africa’s mecca for liberation movements]Archived from [http://www.dailynews.co.tz/feature/?n=25923 the original] on 16 May 2013&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| width=&quot;80px&quot; | [[File:Order of Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere (Tanzania) - ribbon bar.png|80px]]
| Nishani ya Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere
| {{flag|Tanzania}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2011
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
|-
| width=&quot;80px&quot; | [[File:National Order of the Republic (Burundi) - ribbon bar.png|80px]]
| Nishani ya Kitaifa cha Burundi
| {{flag|Burundi}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2012
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/632623-museveni-gets-prestigious-burundi-award.html |title= Museveni gets prestigious Burundi award |date= 4 July 2012 |work= [[New Vision]] |language= Kiingereza accessdate=26 Septemba 2013 |accessdate= 2013-05-19 |archivedate= 2013-09-28 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130928000119/http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/632623-museveni-gets-prestigious-burundi-award.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| width=&quot;80px&quot; | [[File:Order of Jamaica.gif|80px]]
| Nishani ya Jamaika
| {{flag|Jamaika}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://opm.gov.jm/awards/order-of-jamaica/ |title=Members of the Order of Jamaica (Deceased) |date= |publisher=Government of Jamaica |accessdate=26 September 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720000525/http://opm.gov.jm/awards/order-of-jamaica/ |archivedate=2016-07-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

===Tuzo===
*1973: [[Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.iccrindia.net/jnawardlist.html |title=List of the recipients of the Jawharlal Nehru Award |date= |publisher=[[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] |accessdate=8 February 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6FLP6fz4N?url=http://www.iccrindia.net/jnawardlist.html |archivedate=2013-03-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*1982: the Third World Prize
*1983: [[Nansen Refugee Award]]
*1986: Sir [[Seretse Khama]] [[Southern African Development Community|SADC]] Medal
*1987: [[Lenin Peace Prize]]
*1988: [[Frédéric Joliot-Curie|Joliot-Curie]] [[World Peace Council prizes|Medal of Peace]]
*1992: [[International Simón Bolívar Prize]]
*1995: [[Gandhi Peace Prize]]
{{small|'''Kisha kufa'''}}
*2000: Statesman of the 20&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century by the [[Chama cha Mapinduzi]] 
*2009: World Hero of Social Justice by the 63&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; [[President of the United Nations General Assembly|President]] of [[United Nations General Assembly|UNGA]], [[Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=342574&amp;CategoryId=14919 |title=Morales Named “World Hero of Mother Earth” by UN General Assembly |date= |work=[[Latin American Herald Tribune]] |accessdate=8 February 2013 |archivedate=2021-04-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421032225/http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=342574&amp;CategoryId=14919 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*2011: Tanzania Professional Network Award&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://dailynews.co.tz/home/?n=26101 |title=Kikwete urges local experts to embrace integrity |date=4 December 2011 |work=[[Daily News (Tanzania)|Daily News]] |location=Tanzania |accessdate=9 February 2013 |archivedate=2013-05-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516114145/http://dailynews.co.tz/home/?n=26101 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Machapisho yake ==
*''Freedom and Unity'' (Uhuru na Umoja): Mkusanyiko wa maandiko na hotuba, 1952–1965'' ([[Oxford University Press]], 1967)
*''Freedom and Socialism'' (Uhuru na Ujamaa). Mkusanyiko wa maandiko na hotuba, 1965-1967 (1968)
**Ndamo zimo: &quot;The Arusha Declaration&quot;; &quot;Education for self-reliance&quot;; &quot;The varied paths to socialism&quot;; &quot;The purpose is man&quot;; and &quot;Socialism and development&quot;.
*''Freedom &amp; Development'' (Uhuru na Maendeleo). Mkusanyiko wa maandiko na hotuba, 1968-73'' (Oxford University Press, 1974)
**Ndani zimo mada za elimu kwa watu wazima; uhuru na maendeleo; kujitegemea; na miaka kumi ya uhuru.
*''Ujamaa - Essays on Socialism''' (1977)
*''Crusade for Liberation'' (1979)
*''Julius Kaisari'', Tafsiri ya mchezo wa [[William Shakespeare]] unaoitwa ''[[Julius Caesar]]'' - Mkuki na Nyota, Dar es Salaam, 2026, ISBN 978-9987-08-614-4 na (kielektroniki) ISBN 978-9987-08-616-2
*''Mabepari wa Venisi'', Tafsiri ya mchezo mwingine wa William Shakespeare, ''[[The Merchant of Venice]]'' - Mkuki na Nyota, Dar es Salaam, 2026, ISBN 978-9987-08-615-3 na (kielektroniki) ISBN 978-9987-08-617-1
*''Utenzi wa Enjili Kadiri ya Utungo wa Mathayo'', Tafsiri ya kishairi ya [[Injili ya Mathayo]]
*''Utenzi wa Enjili Kadiri ya Utungo wa Marko'', Tafsiri ya kishairi ya [[Injili ya Marko]]
*''Utenzi wa Enjili Kadiri ya Utungo wa Luka'', Tafsiri ya kishairi ya [[Injili ya Luka]]
*''Utenzi wa Enjili Kadiri ya Utungo wa Yohana'', Tafsiri ya kishairi ya [[Injili ya Yohane]]
*''Utenzi wa Matendo ya Mitume'', Tafsiri ya kishairi ya [[Matendo ya Mitume]]

==Tazama pia==
* [[Makongoro Nyerere]]
* [[Maria Nyerere]]
* [[Rosemary Nyerere]]

==Marejeo==
{{marejeo}}

==Viungo vya nje==
*[http://www.nyererefoundation.or.tz/ Taasisi ya Mwalimu Nyerere] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nyererefoundation.or.tz/ |date=20051105015719 }}
*[http://people.africadatabase.org/en/person/3226.html Contemporary Africa Database - People/ Nyerere] {{Wayback|url=http://people.africadatabase.org/en/person/3226.html |date=20070930204447 }}
* http://www.nathanielturner.com/juliuskambaragenyerere.htm {{Wayback|url=http://www.nathanielturner.com/juliuskambaragenyerere.htm |date=20051227034651 }}
*[http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/-/434746/479582/-/view/printVersion/-/bkst8sz/-/index.html Mohamed Said: Mwalimu in 1950s Dar (East African October 12 2008)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/-/434746/479582/-/view/printVersion/-/bkst8sz/-/index.html |date=20110315021926 }}
*[http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/36/009.html Nyerere's remarks on Ali Hassan Mwinyi Corrupt practices]
*[http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/december96/nyerere_12-27.html PBS Interview with Nyerere on the Great Lakes crisis, December 26, 1996] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/december96/nyerere_12-27.html |date=20130923074557 }}
*[http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-nye.htm Infed.org article on Nyerere and his views on education in Tanzania] {{Wayback|url=http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-nye.htm |date=20070703091502 }}
*[http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/nyerere.html Jerry Atkin's Nyerere tribute, from InMotion Magazine]
*[http://www.southcentre.org/mwalimu/ SouthCentre Nyerere Memorial Site]
**[http://www.southcentre.org/mwalimu/speeches/written/written.htm Mwalimu Neyerere Speeches]
*[http://www.archiveshub.ac.uk/news/0304jnye.html A translation of Merchant of Venice into KiSwahili]
*[http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/people/nyerere/newsart.html Nyerere Obituary] {{Wayback|url=http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/people/nyerere/newsart.html |date=20051120184754 }} from the [[African National Congress|ANC]]
*[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1065366 NPR Weekend Edition reflection on Nyerere]
*[http://www.africasummit.org/about/nyererefellowship.html Julius Nyerere Fellowship] {{Wayback|url=http://www.africasummit.org/about/nyererefellowship.html |date=20061019131749 }}
*[http://www.nyererefoundation.or.tz Nyererefoundation] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nyererefoundation.or.tz/ |date=20051105015719 }}
*[http://www.mercatornet.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=410 Called to greatness] [[MercatorNet]], 10 November 2006
*[http://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=42139 Beatification inquiry for Tanzania's Nyerere (from ''Catholic World News'')]
*[http://www.ippmedia.com/ipp/guardian/2006/01/24/58455.html Is Nyerere's process to sainthood timely? (from IPP Media)]
*[http://allafrica.com/stories/200906110873.html The Julius Nyerere Intellectual Festival Week] by Gacheke Gachihi, ''All Africa'', 11 June 2009
*[http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/student-funding/postgraduate/international/region/nyerere The Julius Nyerere Master's Scholarships (University of Edinburgh)]
{{Marais wa Tanzania}}
{{Pan-Africanism}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nyerere, Julius Kambarage}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1922]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1999]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Tanzania]]
[[Jamii:Marais wa Afrika|N]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa historia ya Tanzania|N]]
[[Jamii:Marais wa Tanzania|N]]
[[Jamii:Julius Nyerere| ]]
[[Jamii:washairi wa Tanzania]]
[[Jamii:waandishi wa Kiswahili]]
[[Jamii:Afrocine 2019-Tanzania]]</text>
      <sha1>3xseolpwu2j81ool6p8osix6rby13zy</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Orodha ya Makaizari wa Roma</title>
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      <text bytes="20827" sha1="jx5ly1lludb6emv1cs5ggo8uc5w3o6h" xml:space="preserve">Orodha hii inataja makaisari wa [[Dola la Roma]] kuanzia [[Kaizari]] [[Augusto]] hadi mwisho wa [[Dola la Roma Magharibi]] [[mwaka]] wa [[476]].

=== Nasaba ya Julio-Klaudio ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Miaka ya Utawala
! Jina la Kaizari
! Maelezo
|-
| valign=top | [[16 Januari]] [[27 KK]] hadi [[19 Agosti]] [[14|AD 14]]
| valign=top | [[Augustus Caesar|'''Augustus''']]
|
|-
| valign=top | [[19 Agosti]] [[14]] hadi [[16 Machi]] [[37]]
| valign=top | '''[[Tiberius]]'''
|
|-
| valign=top | [[18 Machi]] [[37]] hadi [[24 Januari]] [[41]]
| valign=top | [[Caligula|Gaius '''Caligula''']]
| valign=top | Ameuawa
|-
| valign=top | [[24 Januari]] [[41]] hadi [[13 Oktoba]] [[54]]
| valign=top | '''[[Claudius]]'''
| valign=top | Ameuawa kwa sumu
|-
| valign=top | Oktoba [[54]] hadi [[11 Juni]] [[68]]
| valign=top | '''[[Nero]]'''
| valign=top | Alijiua
|}

=== Mwaka wa Makaizari Wanne ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Miaka ya Utawala
! Jina la Kaizari
! Maelezo
|-
| valign=top | [[8 Juni]] [[68]] hadi [[15 Januari]] [[69]]
| valign=top | '''[[Galba]]'''
| valign=top | Aliuawa na [[Otho]]
|-
| valign=top | [[15 Januari]] [[69]] hadi [[16 Aprili]] [[69]]
| valign=top | '''[[Otho]]'''
| valign=top | Alijiua
|-
| valign=top | [[2 Januari]] [[69]] hadi [[20 Desemba]] [[69]]
| valign=top | '''[[Vitellius]]'''
| valign=top | Aliuawa hadharani
|}

=== [[Nasaba ya Flavia]] ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Miaka ya Utawala
! Jina la Kaizari
! Maelezo
|-
| valign=top | [[1 Julai]] [[69]] hadi [[24 Juni]] [[79]]
| valign=top | '''[[Vespasian]]'''
| valign=top | &lt;small&gt;[[70]]: Cheo cha ''Pontifex Maximus Pater Patriae'' &lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kaisari-mshiriki;&lt;br /&gt; ''angalia:'' Mwaka wa Makaizari Wanne
|-
| valign=top | [[24 Juni]] [[79]] hadi [[13 Septemba]] [[81]]
| valign=top | '''[[Titus]]'''
|-
| valign=top | [[14 Septemba]] [[81]] hadi [[18 Septemba]] [[96]]
| valign=top | '''[[Domitian]]'''
| valign=top | Ameuawa
|}

=== [[Nasaba ya Nervo-Traiani]] ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Miaka ya Utawala
! Jina la Kaizari
! Maelezo
|-
| valign=top | [[18 Septemba]] [[96]] hadi [[27 Januari]] [[98]]
| valign=top | '''[[Nerva]]'''
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| valign=top | [[28 Januari]] [[98]] hadi [[7 Agosti]] [[117]]
| valign=top | '''[[Trajan]]'''
|
|-
| valign=top | [[11 Agosti]] [[117]] hadi [[10 Julai]] [[138]]
| valign=top | '''[[Hadrian]]'''
|}

=== [[Nasaba ya akina Antonin]] ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Miaka ya Utawala
! Jina la Kaizari
! Maelezo
|-
| valign=top | [[10 Julai]] [[138]] hadi [[7 Machi]] [[161]]
| valign=top | '''[[Antoninus Pius]]'''
|
|-
| valign=top | [[7 Machi]] [[161]] hadi [[17 Machi]] [[180]]
| valign=top | '''[[Marcus Aurelius]]'''
|
|-
| valign=top | [[7 Machi]] [[161]] hadi Machi [[169]]
| valign=top | '''[[Lucius Verus]]'''
| valign=top | Kaizari pamoja na  [[Marcus Aurelius]]
|-
| valign=top | [[175]] hadi [[175]]
| valign=top | ''[[Avidius Cassius]]''
| valign=top | Mnyang'anyi; alijitangaza kuwa kaizari: alitawala Misri na Syria tu; aliuawa na mwanajeshi
|-
| valign=top | [[177]] hadi [[31 Desemba]] [[192]]
| valign=top rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''[[Commodus]]'''
| valign=top | Aliuawa
|}

=== Nasaba ya akina Severi ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Miaka ya Utawala
! Jina la Kaizari
! Maelezo
|-
| valign=top | [[1 Januari]] [[193]] hadi [[28 Machi]] [[193]]
| valign=top | '''[[Pertinax]]'''
| valign=top | Alitambuliwa kuwa Kaizari na [[Septimius Severus]]; aliuawa na wanajeshi
|-
| valign=top | [[28 Machi]] [[193]] hadi [[1 Juni]] [[193]]
| valign=top | '''[[Didius Julianus]]'''
| valign=top | Alihukumiwa na [[Seneti ya Kiroma|Seneti]]; aliuawa kwenye [[Mlima wa Palatino]]
|-
| valign=top | [[9 Aprili]] [[193]] hadi [[4 Februari]] [[211]]
| valign=top | '''[[Septimius Severus]]'''
|-
| valign=top | [[193]] hadi [[194]]/[[195]]
| valign=top | ''[[Pescennius Niger]]''
| valign=top | Mdai: kaizari katika Syria
|-
| valign=top | [[193]]/[[195]] hadi [[197]]
| valign=top | ''[[Clodius Albinus]]''
| valign=top | Mdai: kaizari katika Uingereza
|-
| valign=top | [[198]] hadi [[8 Aprili]] [[217]]
| valign=top | '''[[Caracalla]]'''
|-
| valign=top | [[209]] hadi [[4 Februari]] [[211]]
| valign=top | '''[[Publius Septimius Geta|Geta]]'''
| valign=top | Aliuawa na [[Caracalla]]
|-
| valign=top | [[11 Aprili]] [[217]] hadi Juni [[218]]
| valign=top | '''[[Macrinus]]'''
| valign=top | Aliuawa kisheria
|-
| valign=top | Mei [[217]] hadi Juni [[218]]
| valign=top | '''[[Diadumenian]]'''
| valign=top | Aliuawa kisheria
|-
| valign=top | Juni [[218]] hadi [[222]]
| valign=top | '''[[Elagabalus]]'''
| valign=top | Ameuawa
|-
| valign=top | [[13 Machi]] [[222]] hadi ''?''Machi [[235]]
| valign=top | '''[[Alexander Severus]]'''
| valign=top | &lt;small&gt;Cheo cha ''Pontifex Maximus''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aliuawa
|}

=== Watawala wakati wa taabu za karne ya 3 ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Miaka ya Utawala
! Jina la Kaizari
! Maelezo
|-
| valign=top | Februari/Machi [[235]] hadi Machi/Aprili [[238]]
| valign=top | '''[[Maximinus Thrax]]'''
| valign=top | Aliuawa na wanajeshi
|-
| valign=top | ''mwanzo wa'' Januari/Machi [[238]] hadi ''mwisho wa'' Januari/Aprili [[238]]
| valign=top | '''[[Gordian I]]'''
| valign=top | Alijiua
|-
| valign=top | ''mwanzo wa'' Januari/Machi [[238]] hadi ''mwisho wa'' Januari/Aprili [[238]]
| valign=top | '''[[Gordian II]]'''
| valign=top | Aliuawa katika vita
|-
| valign=top | ''mwanzo wa'' Februari [[238]]  hadi ''mwanzo wa'' Mei [[238]]
| valign=top | '''[[Pupienus]]'''
| valign=top | Aliuawa na wanajeshi wa [[Pretori]]
|-
| valign=top | ''mwanzo wa'' Februari [[238]] hadi ''mwanzo wa'' Mei [[238]]
| valign=top | '''[[Balbinus]]'''
| valign=top | Aliuawa na wanajeshi wa [[Pretori]]
|-
| valign=top | Mei [[238]] hadi Februari [[244]]
| valign=top | '''[[Gordian III]]'''
| valign=top | Aliuawa
|-
| valign=top | [[240]]  hadi [[240]]
| valign=top | ''[[Sabinianus]]''
| Alijitangaza kuwa kaizari; alishindwa vitani
|-
| valign=top | Februari [[244]] hadi Septemba/Oktoba [[249]]
| valign=top | '''[[Philip Mwarabu]]'''
| valign=top | Aliuawa kwenye vita na [[Decius]]
|-
| valign=top | [[248]]
| valign=top | ''[[Pacatianus]]''
| Alijitangaza kuwa kaizari; aliuawa na wanajeshi wake mwenyewe
|-
| valign=top | [[248]]  hadi [[249]]
| valign=top | ''[[Iotapianus]]''
| Mdai
|-
| valign=top | [[248]]
| valign=top | ''[[Silbannacus]]''
| Mnyang'anyi
|-
| valign=top | [[249]] hadi Juni [[251]]
| valign=top | '''[[Decius]]'''
| Aliuawa vitani
|-
| valign=top | [[249]] hadi [[252]]
| valign=top | ''[[Gaius Julius Priscus|Priscus]]''
| Alijitangaza kuwa kaizari katika majimbo ya Mashariki
|-
| valign=top | [[250]] hadi [[250]]
| valign=top | ''[[Licinianus]]''
| Mdai
|-
| valign=top | ''mwanzo wa'' [[251]] hadi [[1 Julai]] [[251]]
| valign=top | '''[[Herennius Etruscus]]'''
| Aliuawa vitani
|-
| valign=top | [[251]]
| valign=top | '''[[Hostilian]]'''
| valign=top | Alikufa na [[tauni]]
|-
| valign=top | Juni [[251]] hadi Agosti [[253]]
| valign=top | '''[[Trebonianus Gallus|Gallus]]'''
| valign=top | Aliuawa na wanajeshi wake mwenyewe
|-
| valign=top | Julai [[251]] hadi Agosti [[253]]
| valign=top | '''[[Volusianus]]'''
| valign=top | Aliuawa na wanajeshi wake mwenyewe
|-
| valign=top | Agosti [[253]] hadi Oktoba [[253]]
| valign=top | '''[[Aemilianus|Aemilian]]'''
| valign=top | Aliuawa na wanajeshi wake mwenyewe
|-
| valign=top | [[253]] hadi Juni [[260]]
| valign=top | '''[[Kaizari Valerian I|Valerian I]]'''
| valign=top | Kaizari pamoja na [[Gallienus]]; alitekwa na [[Waajemi]]: alifariki kifungoni
|-
| valign=top | [[253]] hadi Septemba [[268]]
| valign=top | '''[[Gallienus]]'''
| valign=top | Kaizari pamoja na [[Kaizari Valerian I|Valerian]] [[253]] hadi [[260]]; aliuawa
|-
| valign=top | [[260]]
| valign=top | '''[[Saloninus]]'''
| valign=top | Kaizari pamoja na [[Gallienus]]; Aliuawa
|-
| valign=top | [[258]] au Juni [[260]]
| valign=top | ''[[Ingenuus]]''
| Alijitangaza kuwa kaizari
|-
| valign=top | [[260]]
| valign=top | ''[[Regalianus]]''
| Alitangazwa kuwa kaizari
|-
| valign=top | [[260]]  hadi [[261]]
| valign=top | ''[[Macrianus Major]]''
| Alitangazwa kuwa kaizari; alishindwa na kuuawa vitani
|-
| valign=top | [[260]]  hadi [[261]]
| valign=top | ''[[Macrianus Minor]]''
| Alitangazwa kuwa kaizari; alishindwa na kuuawa vitani
|-
| valign=top | [[260]] hadi [[261]]
| valign=top | ''[[Quietus]]''
| Mdai
|-
| valign=top | [[261]] hadi [[261]] au [[262]]
| valign=top | ''[[Mussius Aemilianus]]''
| Alitangazwa kuwa kaizari
|-
| valign=top | [[268]]  hadi [[268]]
| valign=top | ''[[Aureolus]]''
| Alijitangaza kuwa kaizari; alijisalimisha kwa [[Claudius II|Claudius II Gothicus]]
|}

==== [[Dola la Gallia]] [[260]] hadi [[274]] ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Miaka ya Utawala
! Jina la Kaizari
! Maelezo
|-
| valign=top | [[260]]  hadi [[268]]
| valign=top | '''[[Postumus]]'''
|-
| valign=top | [[269]]  hadi [[269]]
| valign=top | ''[[Laelianus]]''
| Alijitangaza kuwa kaizari wa [[Dola la Gallia]]
|-
| valign=top | [[269]]  hadi [[269]]
| valign=top | '''[[Marius]]'''
| valign=top |
|-
| valign=top | [[269]]  hadi [[271]]
| valign=top | '''[[Victorinus]]'''
| valign=top |
|-
| valign=top | [[270]] hadi [[271]]
| valign=top | ''[[Domitianus]]''
| Alijitangaza kuwa kaizari wa [[Dola la Gallia]]
|-
| valign=top | [[271]]  hadi [[274]]
| valign=top | '''[[Tetricus I]]'''
|}

==== Makaisari wa Illyria ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Miaka ya Utawala
! Jina la Kaizari
! Maelezo
|-
| valign=top | [[268]] hadi Agosti [[270]]
| valign=top | '''[[Claudius II|Claudius II Gothicus]]'''
| valign=top | Alikufa na [[tauni]]
|-
| valign=top | Agosti [[270]]  hadi Septemba [[270]]
| valign=top | '''[[Quintillus]]'''
| Kaizari pamoja na [[Aurelian]]; Alijiua
|-
| valign=top | Agosti [[270]] hadi [[275]]
| valign=top | '''[[Aurelian]]'''
| Kaizari pamoja na [[Quintillus]]; Aliuawa na [[wanajeshi wa Pretori]]
|-
| valign=top | [[271]]  hadi [[271]]
| valign=top | ''[[Septimius]]''
| Alitangazwa kuwa kaizari katika [[Dalmatia]]; aliuawa na wanajeshi wake mwenyewe
|-
| valign=top | Novemba/Desemba [[275]] hadi Julai [[276]]
| valign=top | '''[[Marcus Claudius Tacitus|Tacitus]]'''
| Aliuawa
|-
| valign=top | Julai [[276]]  hadi Septemba [[276]]
| valign=top | '''[[Florianus]]'''
| Aliuawa
|-
| valign=top | Julai [[276]]  hadi ''mwisho wa'' Septemba [[282]]
| valign=top | '''[[Probus]]'''
| valign=top | Aliuawa na wanajeshi wake mwenyewe
|-
| valign=top | [[280]]
| valign=top | ''[[Saturninus]]''
| valign=top | Mdai: alilazimishwa na wanajeshi wake mwenyewe; alijitangaza kuwa kaizari; aliuawa na wanajeshi wake mwenyewe
|-
| valign=top | [[280]]
| valign=top | ''[[Proculus]]''
| valign=top | Mdai: alipokea ombi la wenyeji wa [[Lugdunum]]; aliuawa na [[Probus]]
|-
| valign=top | [[280]]
| valign=top | ''[[Bonosus]]''
| valign=top | Alijitangaza kuwa kaizari; alishindwa na [[Probus]] na alijiua
|-
| valign=top | Septemba [[282]]  hadi Julai/Agosti [[283]]
| valign=top | '''[[Carus]]'''
|
|-
| valign=top | Machi/Mei [[283]]  hadi Juni/Agosti [[285]]
| valign=top | '''[[Carinus]]'''
| valign=top | Kaizari pamoja na [[Numerian]]; Aliuawa
|-
| valign=top | Julai/Agosti [[283]]  hadi Novemba [[284]]
| valign=top | '''[[Numerian]]'''
| valign=top | Kaizari pamoja na [[Carinus]]
|}

==== [[Dola la Kiroma la Britania]] [[286]] hadi [[297]] ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Miaka ya Utawala
! Jina la Kaizari
! Maelezo
|-
| valign=top | [[286]] hadi [[293]]
| valign=top | '''[[Carausius]]'''
|
|-
| valign=top | [[293]] hadi [[297]]
| valign=top | '''[[Allectus]]'''
|
|}

=== Nasaba ya akina Konstantin ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Miaka ya Utawala
! Jina la Kaizari
! Maelezo
|-
| valign=top | [[20 Novemba]] [[284]]  hadi [[1 Mei]] [[305]]
| valign=top | '''[[Diocletian]]'''
| valign=top | Kaizari pamoja na [[Maximian]]; alijiuzulu
|-
| valign=top | [[1 Aprili]] [[286]]  hadi [[1 Mei]] [[305]]
| valign=top | '''[[Maximian]]'''
| valign=top | Kaizari pamoja na [[Diocletian]]; alilazimishwa kujiuzulu
|-
| valign=top | [[1 Mei]] [[305]] hadi [[25 Julai]] [[306]]
| valign=top | '''[[Constantius I Chlorus]]'''
| valign=top | Kaizari pamoja na [[Galerius]]
|-
| valign=top | [[1 Mei]] [[305]] hadi Mei [[311]]
| valign=top | '''[[Galerius]]'''
| valign=top | Kaizari pamoja na [[Constantius I Chlorus]], halafu pamoja na [[Severus II]]
|-
| valign=top | Agosti [[306]] hadi [[16 Septemba]] [[307]]
| valign=top | '''[[Severus II]]'''
| valign=top | Kaizari pamoja na [[Galerius]]
|-
| valign=top | [[307]]  hadi [[308]]
| valign=top | '''[[Maximian]]'''
| valign=top | Alijiuzulu
|-
| valign=top | [[28 Oktoba]] [[306]] hadi [[28 Oktoba]] [[312]]
| valign=top | '''[[Maxentius]]'''
| valign=top | Alishindwa  na [[Konstantino I]] [[Vita|vitani]]
|-
| valign=top | ''kisheria:'' [[307]], ''kulingana na matukio'' [[312]] hadi [[22 Mei]] [[337]]
| valign=top | '''[[Konstantino I]]'''
| valign=top | Kufani [[Ubatizo|alibatizwa]] kuwa [[Mkristo]] [[Ario|wa Kiario]]
|-
| valign=top | [[308]]
| valign=top | ''[[Domitius Alexander]]''
| valign=top | Alijitangaza kuwa kaizari
|-
| valign=top | [[11 Novemba]] [[308]] hadi [[18 Septemba]] [[324]]
| valign=top | '''[[Licinius]]'''
| valign=top | Kaizari-mshiriki; alijiuzulu akauawa kisheria mwanzo wa [[325]]
|-
| valign=top | [[1 Mei]] [[310]] hadi Julai/Agosti [[313]]
| valign=top | '''[[Maximinus Daia]]'''
| valign=top | Kaizari-mshiriki; alijiua
|-
| valign=top | Desemba [[316]] hadi [[1 Machi]] [[317]]
| valign=top | '''[[Valerius Valens]]'''
| valign=top | Kaizari pamoja na [[Licinius]]; aliuawa kisheria na [[Konstantino Mkuu]]
|-
| valign=top | Julai hadi [[18 Septemba]] [[324]]
| valign=top | '''[[Martinianus]]'''
| valign=top | Kaizari pamoja na [[Licinius]]; alijiuzulu akauawa kisheria mwanzo wa [[325]]
|-
| valign=top | [[337]] hadi [[340]]
| valign=top | '''[[Konstantino II]]'''
| valign=top | Kaizari-mshiriki; aliuawa vitani
|-
| valign=top | [[337]] hadi [[361]]
| valign=top | '''[[Constantius II]]'''
| valign=top | Kaizari-mshiriki
|-
| valign=top | [[337]] hadi [[350]]
| valign=top | '''[[Constans I]]'''
| valign=top | Kaizari-mshiriki; aliuawa na [[Magnentius]]
|-
| valign=top | Januari [[350]] hadi [[11 Agosti]] [[353]]
| valign=top | ''[[Magnentius]]''
| valign=top | Mnyang'anyi; alijiua
|-
| valign=top | ''mnamo'' [[350]]
| valign=top | ''[[Vetranio]]''
| valign=top | Alijitangaza kuwa kaizari dhidi ya [[Magnentius]]; alitambuliwa na [[Constantius II]], akajiuzulu
|-
| valign=top | ''mnamo'' [[350]]
| valign=top | ''[[Nepotianus]]''
| valign=top | Alijitangaza kuwa kaizari dhidi ya [[Magnentius]], aliuawa kisheria
|-
| valign=top | Novemba [[361]] hadi Juni [[363]]
| valign=top | '''[[Juliani Mwasi]]'''
| valign=top | Aliasi [[Ukristo]] akauawa vitani
|-
| valign=top | [[363]] hadi [[17 Februari]] [[364]]
| valign=top | '''[[Jovian]]'''
| valign=top | Alikufa kwenye [[ajali]]
|}

=== [[Nasaba ya akina Valentini]] ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Miaka ya Utawala
! Jina la Kaizari
! Maelezo
|-
| valign=top | [[26 Februari]] [[364]] hadi [[17 Novemba]] [[375]]
| valign=top | '''[[Valentinian I]]'''
| valign=top | Kaizari wa Roma Magharibi
|-
| valign=top | [[28 Machi]] [[365]] hadi [[9 Agosti]] [[378]]
| valign=top | '''[[Valens]]'''
| valign=top | Kaizari wa Roma Mashariki
|-
| valign=top | Septemba [[365]] hadi [[27 Mei]] [[366]]
| valign=top | ''[[Procopius (Mnyang'anyi)|Procopius]]''
| valign=top | Mnyang'anyi; aliuawa kisheria na [[Valens]]
|-
| valign=top | [[24 Agosti]] [[367]] hadi [[383]]
| valign=top | '''[[Gratian]]'''
| valign=top | Aliuawa
|-
| valign=top | [[375]] hadi [[392]]
| valign=top | '''[[Valentinian II]]'''
| valign=top | Aliondoshwa madarakani akafa katika mazingira ya kutatanisha
|-
| valign=top | [[383]] hadi [[388]]
| valign=top | '''[[Magnus Maximus]]'''
| valign=top | Mdai kwenye Magharibi; kwanza alitambuliwa na [[Theodosius I]], halafu aliondoshwa madarakani na kuuawa kisheria
|-
| valign=top | ''mnamo''[[386]] hadi [[388]]
| valign=top | ''[[Flavius Victor]]''
| valign=top | Mwana wa Magnus Maximus, aliuawa kwa amri ya [[Theodosius I]]
|-
| valign=top | [[392]] hadi [[394]]
| valign=top | ''[[Eugenius]]''
| valign=top | Mnyang'anyi kwenye Magharibi; aliuawa vitani
|}

=== [[Nasaba ya akina Theodosius]] ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Miaka ya Utawala
! Jina la Kaizari
! Maelezo
|-
| valign=top | [[388]] hadi [[17 Januari]] [[395]]
| valign=top | '''[[Theodosius I|Theodosius I Mkuu]]'''
| valign=top | Kaizari-mshiriki; Kaizari wa Roma Mashariki tangu [[379]]
|-
| valign=top | [[383]] hadi Januari [[395]]
| valign=top | '''[[Arcadius]]'''
| valign=top | Alianza kuwa Kaizari wa Roma Mashariki Januari [[395]]
|-
| valign=top | [[23 Januari]] [[393]] hadi [[395]]
| valign=top | '''[[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorius]]'''
| valign=top | Baadaye alikuwa Kaizari wa Roma Magharibi tu
|}

=== [[Dola la Roma Magharibi]] ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Miaka ya Utawala
! Jina la Kaizari
! Maelezo
|-
| valign=top | [[395]] hadi [[15 Agosti]] [[423]]
| valign=top | '''[[Honorius (Kaizari)|Honorius]]'''
| valign=top | Kaizari pamoja na [[Constantius III]] ([[421]])
|-
| valign=top | [[407]] hadi [[411]]
| valign=top | ''[[Constantine III (Mnyang'anyi)|Constantine III]]''
| valign=top | Mdai
|-
| valign=top | [[409]] hadi [[411]]
| valign=top | ''[[Constans II (Mnyang'anyi)|Constans II]]''
| valign=top | Mdai, alitawala pamoja na Constantine III
|-
| valign=top | [[409]] hadi [[410]]
| valign=top | ''[[Priscus Attalus]]''
| valign=top | Mdai
|-
| valign=top | [[409]] hadi [[411]]
| valign=top | ''[[Maximus wa Hispania|Maximus]]''
| valign=top | Mdai katika nchi ya Hispania
|-
| valign=top | [[411]] hadi [[413]]
| valign=top | ''[[Jovinus]]''
| valign=top | Mdai
|-
| valign=top | [[412]] hadi [[413]]
| valign=top | ''[[Sebastianus]]''
| valign=top | Mdai, alitawala pamoja na Jovinus
|-
| valign=top | [[414]] hadi [[415]]
| valign=top | ''[[Priscus Attalus]]''
| valign=top | Mdai
|-
| valign=top | [[421]] hadi [[421]]
| valign=top | '''[[Constantius III]]'''
| valign=top | Kaizari pamoja na [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorius]]
|-
| valign=top | [[423]] hadi [[425]]
| valign=top | ''[[Joannes]]''
| valign=top | Mdai
|-
| valign=top | [[425]] hadi [[16 Machi]] [[455]]
| valign=top | '''[[Valentinian III]]'''
|-
| valign=top | [[17 Machi]] [[455]] hadi [[31 Mei]] [[455]]
| valign=top | '''[[Petronius Maximus]]'''
|-
| valign=top | Juni [[455]] hadi [[17 Oktoba]] [[456]]
| valign=top | '''[[Avitus]]'''
|-
| valign=top | [[457]] hadi [[2 Agosti]] [[461]]
| valign=top | '''[[Majorian]]'''
| valign=top | Alijiuzulu akauawa
|-
| valign=top | [[461]] hadi [[465]]
| valign=top | '''[[Libius Severus]]'''
|-
| valign=top | [[12 Aprili]] [[467]] hadi [[11 Julai]] [[472]]
| valign=top | '''[[Anthemius]]'''
| valign=top | Aliuawa kisheria
|-
| valign=top | Julai [[472]] hadi [[2 Novemba]] [[472]]
| valign=top | '''[[Olybrius]]'''
|-
| valign=top | [[5 Machi]] [[473]] hadi Juni [[474]]
| valign=top | '''[[Glycerius]]'''
| valign=top | Alijiuzulu
|-
| valign=top | Juni [[474]] hadi [[25 Aprili]] [[480]]
| valign=top | '''[[Julius Nepos]]'''
| valign=top | Kaizari wa Roma Magharibi hadi 475, aliondoshwa madarakani na Orestes akakimbia; tangu 476 alitambuliwa na Odoacer; aliuawa 480
|-
| valign=top | [[31 Oktoba]] [[475]] hadi [[4 Septemba]] [[476]]
| valign=top | '''[[Romulus Augustus]]'''&lt;br /&gt;([[Romulus Augustus|Romulus Augustulus]])
| valign=top | Aliondoshwa madarakani na [[Odoacer]]; hali yake ya baadaye haijulikani
|}

Baada ya Dola la Roma Magharibi kukomeshwa, sehemu za Italia zilitawaliwa na wafalme wa mataifa mengine.

=== Dola la Roma Mashariki ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Miaka ya Utawala
! Jina la Kaizari
! Maelezo
|-
| valign=top | [[395]] hadi [[408]]
| valign=top | '''[[Arcadius]]'''
|-
| valign=top | [[408]] hadi [[450]]
| valign=top | '''[[Theodosius II]]'''
|-
| valign=top | [[450]] hadi [[457]]
| valign=top | '''[[Marcian]]'''
|-
| valign=top | [[457]] hadi [[474]]
| valign=top | '''[[Leo I wa Bizanti|Leo I]]'''
|-
| valign=top | [[474]] hadi [[474]]
| valign=top | '''[[Leo II (Kaizari)|Leo II]]'''
|-
| valign=top | [[474]] hadi [[491]]
| valign=top | '''[[Zeno (Kaizari)|Zeno]]'''
|-
| valign=top | [[475]] hadi [[476]]
| valign=top | '''[[Basiliscus]]'''
|}

== Angalia pia ==
* Kuanzia [[476]] hadi [[1453]], kuna [[Orodha ya Makaizari wa Byzantini]]

== Viungo vya nje ==
* [http://www.roman-emperors.org/impindex.htm ''De Imperatoribus Romanis''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/impindex.htm |date=20110216225011 }} Wasifu wa Makaizari wengi wa Roma
* [http://www.capitolium.org/eng/imperatori/imperatori.htm Orodha ya Makaizari ya Dola la Roma] {{Wayback|url=http://www.capitolium.org/eng/imperatori/imperatori.htm |date=20070611233233 }}

[[Jamii:Makaizari wa Roma| ]]
[[Jamii:Orodha za watawala|Roma]]
[[Jamii:Wafalme nchi kwa nchi]]
[[Jamii:Dola la Roma]]</text>
      <sha1>jx5ly1lludb6emv1cs5ggo8uc5w3o6h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Konstantino Mkuu</title>
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      <text bytes="30675" sha1="bfd2lg87p6g8tuh5c31z7jdrqegw6go" xml:space="preserve">[[Picha:Constantine Musei Capitolini.jpg|thumb|right|160px|Konstantino Mkuu]]
'''Konstantino Mkuu''' (jina kamili: '''Flavius Valerius Constantinus'''; [[Niš]], [[27 Februari]] [[272]] – [[İzmit]], [[22 Mei]] [[337]]) alikuwa [[Kaisari]] wa [[Dola la Roma]] tangu mwaka [[306]] akitawala peke yake tangu [[324]].

Anakumbukwa kama mtawala aliyefaulu kumaliza kipindi cha [[vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] na kukubali [[Ukristo]] kama [[dini]] huru katika dola.

Alihamisha mji mkuu kutoka [[Roma]] kwenda [[Bizanti]] iliyoitwa baadaye [[Konstantinopoli]].

== Alivyoingia utawala ==
Baba yake [[Constantius]] alikuwa mmojawapo wa makaisari wanne walioshirikiana pamoja katika utawala wa dola. Baada ya kifo cha baba [[jeshi]] lake likamtangaza Konstantino kuwa Kaisari pia, lakini bila mawasiliano na wengine. Hata hivyo alikubaliwa kama Kaisari mdogo akihusika na majimbo ya [[Gallia]] na [[Britania ya Kiroma|Britania]].

Mwaka [[311]]/[[312]] fitina kati ya makaisari ilikuwa [[vita]] na Konstantino alilenga kupanua himaya yake. Mpinzani wake alikuwa hasa [[Kaizari Maxentius|Maxentius]] aliyekaa Italia. Konstantino aliweza kumshinda kwenye mapigano kwenye daraja la Milvio mjini [[Roma]].

Inasemekana kabla ya mapigano hayo alipatwa na [[ndoto]] alipoona [[msalaba]] wa [[Yesu Kristo]] katika [[jua]] akasikia sauti, &quot;Utashinda chini ya alama hii!&quot;. Baadaye vikosi vya Konstatino vilikuwa na [[bendera]] iliyoonyesha herufi za [[chi]]-[[rho]] ambazo zilimaanisha jina la &quot;Kristo&quot;.

Ushindi huu ulimfanya Konstantino awe mkuu wa nusu ya magharibi ya Dola la Roma.

== Uhuru kwa Wakristo ==
[[Picha:Labarum.svg|thumb|200px|Khi-Rho: Alama ya Kristo iliyowekwa kwenye bendera za vikosi vya jeshi la Konstantino.]]
Hadi mwaka 311 Wakristo waliteswa vikali kwa amri ya Kaisari [[Diokletiano]]. Konstatino alibadilisha [[siasa]] hii baada ya ushindi na kukubali Ukristo kwa mara ya kwanza kama dini iliyoruhusiwa rasmi, akafaulu pia kupata kibali cha Kaisari mwenzake.

Mwaka [[313]] alikutana na [[Licinius]], Kaisari wa mashariki ya dola. Pamoja makaisari hao wawili walipatana kutoa [[tamko la Milano]] lililotangaza mwisho wa [[dhuluma]] dhidi ya Wakristo: &quot;Baada ya kukutana hapa [[Milano]] sisi Kaisari Konstantino na Kaisari Licinius tumeamua kuwapa Wakristo pamoja na watu wote [[uhura wa dini|uhuru wa kuchagua dini yao]] ili [[Mungu]] wa mbinguni atupe fadhili zake.&quot;

Konstantino hakufanya Ukristo kuwa [[dini rasmi]] na yeye mwenyewe hakupokea [[ubatizo]] hadi muda mfupi kabla ya [[kifo]] chake.

Hakuna hakika kuhusu sababu zake: inajulikana ya kwamba mama yake [[Helena Mtakatifu]] alikuwa Mkristo lakini hakuna hakika alikuwa na athira gani katika [[malezi]] ya mwanawe.

== Mtawala wa pekee ==
Tangu mwaka [[316]] Konstatino alianza kugongana na kaisari mwenzake wa mashariki Liceinius baada ya huyu kuonekana anasaidia mipango ya uasi dhidi ya Konstantino. Mwaka [[324]] alimshinda na kumkamata akawa mtawala wa pekee.

Hapa aliamua mara moja kuhamisha mji mkuu kutoka Roma kwenda Bizanti. Alitumia [[pesa]] nyingi kwa [[ujenzi]] wake na kuitangaza rasmi mwaka [[330]].

Aliratibu upya utawala wa dola akaweka misingi iliyoweza kudumu kwa miaka mingi baada yake.

Hata hivyo alipaswa kutetea mipaka ya dola dhidi ya [[Wagermanik]] na dhidi ya [[Waajemi]].
[[Picha:Byzantinischer Mosaizist um 1000 002.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Mozaiki]] ya Konstantino pamoja na bombwe la majengo ya [[Konstantinopoli]].]]

== Konstantino na Kanisa ==
Konstantino alionekana mapema kama msaidizi wa Wakristo. Machoni pa Wakristo mageuzi yale yalikuwa kama miujiza ya Mungu, kwa kuwa tangu Kaisari [[Nero]] (mnamo mwaka [[64]]) mateso ya Wakristo yalikuwa yamerudia tena na tena. Sasa yalikwisha, na Wakristo walipewa nafasi ya kusikilizwa na Kaisari mwenyewe.

Mwaka [[321]] Kaisari alitangaza [[Jumapili]] kama &quot;siku ya jua&quot; kuwa [[sikukuu]] na [[ofisi]] za [[serikali]] zilipumzika.

Mwaka [[325]] alialika ma[[askofu]] wa [[Kanisa]] lote kwa [[mtaguso wa kwanza wa Nisea]]. [[Mtaguso mkuu]] huu ulikuwa mkutano wa kwanza wa maaskofu wa Kikristo kutoka pande mbalimbali za dola la Roma na hata nje yake. Mkutano uliamua kuhusu masuala mablimbali ukakubali [[kanuni ya imani ya Nisea]] inayoendelea kutumika kanisani hadi leo.

Konstantino alivutwa kuitisha mtaguso huo ili kuingilia [[farakano]] kati ya Wakristo kuhusu [[Arius]] na mafundisho yake.

Kwa kukosa ujuzi wa mambo hayo, Kaisari alishawishwa mara kumkataa Arius asiendelee kufundisha, mara kumkataa mpinzani wake mkuu, askofu [[Atanasi wa Aleksandria|Atanasi]] na kuwaamuru waondoke katika mji wa [[Aleksandria]].

Kanisa la [[Waorthodoksi]] lilimtangaza Konstantino kuwa [[mtakatifu]].

==Tazama pia==
*[[Orodha ya Makaizari wa Roma]]
* [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]]

== Marejeo ==
=== Vyanzo vya kale ===
* [[Atanasi wa Aleksandria|Athanasius of Alexandria]].
:* ''Apologia conta Arianos'' (''Defence against the Arians'') ''ca''. 349.
::* Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. ''Apologia Contra Arianos''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2808.htm New Advent]. Accessed 14 Agosti 2009.
:* ''Epistola de Decretis Nicaenae Synodi'' (''Letter on the Decrees of the Council of Nicaea'') ''ca''. 352.
::* Newman, John Henry, trans. ''De Decretis''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2809.htm New Advent]. Accessed 28 Septemba 2009.
:* ''Historia Arianorum'' (''History of the Arians'') ''ca''. 357.
::* Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. ''Historia Arianorum''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2815.htm New Advent]. Accessed 14 Agosti 2009.
* [[Aurelius Victor|Sextus Aurelius Victor]], ''Liber de Caesaribus'' (''Book on the Caesars'') ''ca''. 361.
* ''Codex Theodosianus'' (''Theodosian Code'') 439.
:* Mommsen, T. and Paul M. Meyer, eds. ''Theodosiani libri XVI cum Constitutionibus Sirmondianis et Leges novellae ad Theodosianum pertinentes''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (in Latin). Berlin: Weidmann, [1905] 1954. Complied by Nicholas Palmer, revised by Tony Honoré for Oxford Text Archive, 1984. Prepared for online use by R.W.B. Salway, 1999. Preface, books 1–8. Online at [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/history2/volterra/texts/cthinfo.htm University College London] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/history2/volterra/texts/cthinfo.htm |date=20090826174516 }} and the [http://web.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak/Constitutiones/codtheod.html University of Grenoble] {{Wayback|url=http://web.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak/Constitutiones/codtheod.html |date=20100618051844 }}. Accessed 25 Agosti 2009.
:* Unknown edition (in Latin). Online at [http://ancientrome.ru/ius/library/codex/theod/ AncientRome.ru]. Accessed 15 Agosti 2009.
* ''Codex Justinianus'' (''Justinianic Code'' or ''Code of Justinian'').
:* Scott, Samuel P., trans. ''The Code of Justinian'', in ''The Civil Law''. 17 vols. 1932. Online at the [http://www.constitution.org/sps/sps.htm Constitution Society]. Accessed 14 Agosti 2009.
:* Krueger, Paul, ed. ''Codex Justinianus'' (in Latin). 2 vols. Berlin, 1954. Online at the [http://web.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak/ University of Grenoble] {{Wayback|url=http://web.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak/ |date=20120831060912 }}. Accessed 28 Septemba 2009.
* ''[[Epitome de Caesaribus]]'' (''Epitome on the Caesars'') ''ca''. 395.
:* Banchich, Thomas M., trans. ''A Booklet About the Style of Life and the Manners of the Imperatores''. ''Canisius College Translated Texts'' 1. Buffalo, NY: Canisius College, 2009. Online at [http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm De Imperatoribus Romanis] {{Wayback|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm |date=20201108100827 }}. Accessed 15 Agosti 2009.
* ''[[De Rebus Bellicis]]'' (''On Military Matters'') fourth/fifth century.
* [[Eunapius]], ''History from Dexippus'' first edition ''ca''. 390, second edition ''ca''. 415. [Fragmentary]
* [[Eusebius of Caesarea]].
:* ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' (''Church History'') first seven books ''ca''. 300, eighth and ninth book ''ca''. 313, tenth book ''ca''. 315, epilogue ''ca''. 325.
::* Williamson, G.A., trans. ''Church History''. London: Penguin, 1989. ISBN 97801404453350
::* McGiffert, Arthur Cushman, trans. ''Church History''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2501.htm New Advent]. Accessed 28 Septemba 2009.
:* ''Oratio de Laudibus Constantini'' (''Oration in Praise of Constantine'', sometimes the ''Tricennial Oration'') 336.
::* Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. ''Oration in Praise of Constantine''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2504.htm New Advent]. Accessed 16 Agosti 2009.
:* ''Vita Constantini'' (''The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine'') ''ca''. 336–39.
::* Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. ''Life of Constantine''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2502.htm New Advent]. Accessed 9 Juni 2009.
::* ''Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine''. 2009. Reprint of Bagster edition [1845]. Evolution Publishing. ISBN 978-1-889758-93-0. [http://www.evolpub.com/CRE/CREseries.html#CRE8] {{Wayback|url=http://www.evolpub.com/CRE/CREseries.html#CRE8 |date=20150607154228 }}
::* Cameron, Averil and Stuart Hall, trans. ''Life of Constantine''. 1999. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-814924-7.
* [[Eutropius (historian)|Eutropius]], ''Breviarium ab Urbe Condita'' (''Abbreviated History from the City's Founding'') ''ca''. 369.
:* Watson, John Henry, trans. ''Justin, Cornelius Nepos and Eutropius''. London: George Bell &amp; Sons, 1886. Online at [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eutropius_breviarium_2_text.htm Tertullian]. Accessed 28 Septemba 2009.
* [[Festus (historian)|Rufus Festus]], ''Breviarium Festi'' (''The Abbreviated History of Festus'') ''ca''. 370.
:* Banchich, Thomas M., and Jennifer A. Meka, trans. ''Breviarium of the Accomplishments of the Roman People''. ''Canisius College Translated Texts'' 2. Buffalo, NY: Canisius College, 2001. Online at [http://www.roman-emperors.org/festus.htm De Imperatoribus Romanis] {{Wayback|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/festus.htm |date=20220304140028 }}. Accessed 15 Agosti 2009.
* [[Jerome]], ''[[Chronicon (Jerome)|Chronicon]]'' (''Chronicle'') ''ca''. 380.
:* Pearse, Roger, ''et al''., trans. ''The Chronicle of St. Jerome'', in ''Early Church Fathers: Additional Texts''. Tertullian, 2005. Online at [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/jerome_chronicle_00_eintro.htm Tertullian]. Accessed 14 Agosti 2009.
* [[Jordanes]], ''[[Getica|De origine actibusque Getarum]]'' [''Getica''] (''The Origin and Deeds of the Goths'') ''ca''. 551.
:* [[Charles Christopher Mierow|Mierow, Charles C.]], trans. ''The Origins and Deeds of the Goths''. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1915.
::* Online at the [http://www.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/jordgeti.html University of Calgary]. Accessed 28 Septemba 2009.
::* ''The Gothic History of Jordanes''. 2006. Reprint of 1915 edition. Evolution Publishing. ISBN 978-1-889758-77-0. [http://www.evolpub.com/CRE/CREseries.html#CRE2] {{Wayback|url=http://www.evolpub.com/CRE/CREseries.html#CRE2 |date=20150607154228 }}
* [[Lactantius]], ''Liber De Mortibus Persecutorum'' (''Book on the Deaths of the Persecutors'') ''ca''. 313–15.
:* Fletcher, William, trans. ''Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died''. From ''Ante-Nicene Fathers'', Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0705.htm New Advent]. Accessed 9 Juni 2009.
* [[Libanius]], ''Orationes'' (''Orations'') ''ca''. 362–65.
* [[Saint Optatus|Optatus]], ''Libri VII de Schismate Donatistarum'' (''Seven Books on the Schism of the Donatists'') first edition ''ca''. 365–67, second edition ''ca''. 385.
:* Vassall-Phillips, O.R., trans. ''The Work of St. Optatus Against the Donatists''. London: Longmans, Green, &amp; Co., 1917. Transcribed at tertullian.org by Roger Pearse, 2006. Online at [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/optatus_00_intro.htm Tertullian]. Accessed 9 Juni 2009.
:* Edwards, Mark, trans. ''Optatus: Against the Donatists''. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1997.
* ''Origo Constantini Imperiatoris'' (''The Lineage of the Emperor Constantine'') ''ca''. 340–90.
:* Rolfe, J.C., trans. ''Excerpta Valesiana'', in vol. 3 of Rolfe's translation of Ammianus Marcellinus' ''History''. Loeb ed. London: Heinemann, 1952. Online at [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Excerpta_Valesiana/1*.html LacusCurtius]. Accessed 16 Agosti 2009.
* [[Paulus Orosius|Orosius]], ''Historiarum Adversum Paganos Libri VII'' (''Seven Books of History Against the Pagans'') ''ca''. 417.
* ''[[Panegyrici Latini|XII Panegyrici Latini]]'' (''Twelve Latin Panegyircs'') relevant panegyrics dated 289, 291, 297, 298, 307, 310, 311, 313 and 321.
* [[Philostorgius]], ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' (''Church History'') ''ca''. 433.
:* Walford, Edward, trans. ''Epitome of the Ecclesiastical History of Philostorgius, Compiled by Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople''. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1855. Online at [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/philostorgius.htm Tertullian]. Accessed 15 Agosti 2009.
* [[Praxagoras of Athens]], ''Historia'' (''History of Constantine the Great'') ''ca''. 337. [Fragmentary]
* [[Socrates of Constantinople]] (Socrates Scholasticus), ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' (''Church History'') ''ca''. 443.
:* Zenos, A.C., trans. ''Ecclesiastical History''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 2. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2601.htm New Advent]. Accessed 14 Agosti 2009.
* [[Sozomen]], ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' (''Church History'') ''ca''. 445.
:* [[Chester D. Hartranft|Hartranft, Chester D.]] ''Ecclesiastical History''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 2. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2602.htm New Advent]. Accessed 15 Agosti 2009.
* [[Theodoret]], ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' (''Church History'') ''ca''. 448.
:* Jackson, Blomfield, trans. ''Ecclesiastical History''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 3. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2702.htm New Advent]. Accessed 15 Agosti 2009.
* [[Zosimus]], ''Historia Nova'' (''New History'') ''ca''. 500.
:* Unknown, trans. ''The History of Count Zosimus''. London: Green and Champlin, 1814. Online at [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/zosimus00_intro.htm Tertullian]. Accessed 15 Agosti 2009.

=== Vyanzo vya kisasa ===
* Alföldi, Andrew. ''The Conversion of Constantine and Pagan Rome''. Translated by Harold Mattingly. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1948.
* [[Perry Anderson|Anderson, Perry]]. ''Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism''. London: Verso, 1981 [1974]. ISBN 0-86091-709-6
* Arjava, Antii. ''Women and Law in Late Antiquity''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-19-815233-7
* Armstrong, Gregory T. &quot;Church and State Relations: The Changes Wrought by Constantine.&quot; ''Journal of Bible and Religion'' 32 (1964): 1–7.
* Armstrong, Gregory T. &quot;Constantine's Churches: Symbol and Structure.&quot; ''The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians'' 33 (1974): 5–16.
* [[Timothy Barnes|Barnes, Timothy D.]] &quot;Lactantius and Constantine.&quot; ''The Journal of Roman Studies'' 63 (1973): 29–46.
* Barnes, Timothy D. ''Constantine and Eusebius''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1
* Barnes, Timothy D. ''The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982. ISBN 0-7837-2221-4
* Barnes, Timothy D. &quot;Constantine and the Christians of Persia.&quot; ''The Journal of Roman Studies'' 75 (1985): 126–136.
* Bowman, Alan K. &quot;Diocletian and the First Tetrarchy.&quot; In ''The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII: The Crisis of Empire'', edited by Alan Bowman, Averil Cameron, and Peter Garnsey, 67–89. Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-30199-8
* [[Averil Cameron|Cameron, Averil]]. &quot;The Reign of Constantine, A.D. 306–337.&quot; In ''The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII: The Crisis of Empire'', edited by Alan Bowman, Averil Cameron, and Peter Garnsey, 90–109. Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-30199-8
* Cameron, Averil and Stuart G. Hall. ''Life of Constantine''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999. Hardcover ISBN 0-19-814917-4 Paperback ISBN 0-19-814924-7
* Carrié, Jean-Michel &amp; Rousselle, Aline. ''L'Empire Romain en mutation- des Sévères à Constantin, 192–337''. Paris: Seuil, 1999. ISBN 2-02-025819-6
* Christol, M. &amp; Nony, D. ''Rome et son Empire''. Paris: Hachette, 2003. ISBN 2-01-145542-1
* [[Simon Corcoran|Corcoran, Simon]]. ''The Empire of the Tetrarchs: Imperial Pronouncements and Government, AD 284–324''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996. ISBN 0-19-815304-X
* Curran, John. ''Pagan City and Christian Capital''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000. Hardcover ISBN 0-19-815278-8 Paperback ISBN 0-19-925420-6
* Dagron, Gilbert. ''Naissance d'une Capitale: Constantinople et ses instititutions de 330 a 451''. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1984. ISBN 2-13-038902-3
* Digeser, Elizabeth DePalma. ''The Making of A Christian Empire: Lactantius and Rome''. London: Cornell University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-8014-3594-3
* Downey, Glanville. &quot;Education in the Christian Roman Empire: Christian and Pagan Theories under Constantine and His Successors.&quot; ''Speculum'' 32 (1957): 48–61.
* Drake, H. A. &quot;What Eusebius Knew: The Genesis of the &quot;Vita Constantini&quot;.&quot; ''Classical Philology'' 83 (1988): 20–38.
* Drake, H. A. &quot;Constantine and Consensus.&quot; ''Church History'' 64 (1995): 1–15.
* Drake, H. A. &quot;Lambs into Lions: Explaining Early Christian Intolerance.&quot; ''Past &amp; Present'' 153 (1996): 3–36.
* Drake, H. A. ''Constantine and the Bishops: The Politics of Intolerance''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-8018-6218-3
* Elliott, T. G. &quot;Constantine's Conversion: Do We Really Need It?&quot; ''Phoenix'' 41 (1987): 420–438.
* Elliott, T. G. &quot;Eusebian Frauds in the &quot;Vita Constantini&quot;.&quot; ''Phoenix'' 45 (1991): 162–171.
* Elliott, T. G. ''The Christianity of Constantine the Great'' . Scranton, PA: University of Scranton Press, 1996. ISBN 0-940866-59-5
* Elsner, Jás. ''Imperial Rome and Christian Triumph''. Oxford &amp; New York: Oxford University Press (Oxford History of Art), 1998. ISBN 0-19-284201-3
* Fowden, Garth. &quot;Between Pagans and Christians.&quot; ''The Journal of Roman Studies'' 78 (1988): 173–182.
* Fowden, Garth. &quot;The Last Days of Constantine: Oppositional Versions and Their Influence.&quot; ''The Journal of Roman Studies'' 84 (1994): 146–170.
* Fubini, Riccardo. &quot;Humanism and Truth: Valla Writes against the Donation of Constantine.&quot; ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' 57:1 (1996): 79–86.
* [[Edward Gibbon|Gibbon, Edward]]. ''Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire''. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 1952 (&quot;Great Books&quot; collection), in 2 volumes.
* Goldsworthy, Adrian. ''How Rome Fell''. New Haven &amp; London: Yale University Press, 2009. Hardcover ISBN 978-0-300-13719-4
* Grant, Robert M. &quot;Religion and Politics at the Council at Nicaea.&quot; ''The Journal of Religion'' 55 (1975): 1–12.
* Guthrie, Patrick. &quot;The Execution of Crispus.&quot; ''Phoenix'' 20: 4 (1966): 325–331.
* Harries, Jill. ''Law and Empire in Late Antiquity''. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Hardcover ISBN 0-521-41087-8 Paperback ISBN 0-521-42273-6
* Hartley, Elizabeth. ''Constantine the Great: York's Roman Emperor''. York: Lund Humphries, 2004. ISBN 978-0-85331-928-3.
* Heather, Peter J. &quot;''Foedera'' and ''Foederati'' of the Fourth Century.&quot; In ''From Roman Provinces to Medieval Kingdoms'', edited by Thomas F.X. Noble, 292–308. New York: Routledge, 2006. Hardcover ISBN 0-415-32741-5 Paperback ISBN 0-415-32742-3
* Helgeland, John. &quot;Christians and the Roman Army A.D. 173–337.&quot; ''Church History'' 43 (Juni 1974): 149–163.
* [[Arnold Hugh Martin Jones|Jones, A.H.M.]] ''Constantine and the Conversion of Europe''. Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 1978 [1948].
* Jordan, David P. &quot;Gibbon's &quot;Age of Constantine&quot; and the Fall of Rome&quot; ''History and Theory'' 8:1 (1969), 71–96.
* Lenski, Noel, ed. ''The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine''. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Hardcover ISBN 0-521-81838-9 Paperback ISBN 0-521-52157-2
* Lieu, Samuel N.C. and [[Dominic Montserrat]]. ''From Constantine to Julian: Pagan and Byzantine Views; A Source History''. New York: Routledge, 1996.
* Mackay, Christopher S. &quot;Lactantius and the Succession to Diocletian.&quot; ''Classical Philology'' 94:2 (1999): 198–209.
* [[Ramsay MacMullen|MacMullen, Ramsay]]. ''Constantine''. New York: Dial Press, 1969. ISBN 0-7099-4685-6
* MacMullen, Ramsay. ''Christianizing the Roman Empire A.D. 100–400''. New Heaven, CT; London: Yale University Press, 1984. ISBN 978-0-300-03642-8
* MacMullen, Ramsay. ''Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries''. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-300-07148-5
* [[David Mattingly (author)|Mattingly, David]]. ''An Imperial Possession: Britain in the Roman Empire''. London: Penguin, 2007. ISBN 978-0-14-014822-0
* Nicholson, Oliver. &quot;Constantine's Vision of the Cross.&quot; ''Vigiliae Christianae'' 54:3 (2000): 309–323.
* Odahl, Charles Matson. ''Constantine and the Christian Empire''. New York: Routledge, 2004. Hardcover ISBN 0-415-17485-6 Paperback ISBN 0-415-38655-1
* Pears, Edwin. &quot;The Campaign against Paganism A.D. 324.&quot; ''The English Historical Review'' 24:93 (1909): 1–17.
* Pohlsander, Hans. &quot;Crispus: Brilliant Career and Tragic End&quot;. ''Historia'' 33 (1984): 79–106.
* Pohlsander, Hans. ''The Emperor Constantine''. London &amp; New York: Routledge, 2004a. Hardcover ISBN 0-415-31937-4 Paperback ISBN 0-415-31938-2
* Pohlsander, Hans. &quot;[http://www.roman-emperors.org/conniei.htm Constantine I (306 – 337 A.D.)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/conniei.htm |date=20170929190410 }}.&quot; ''De Imperatoribus Romanis'' (2004b). Accessed 16 Desemba 2007.
* Potter, David S. ''The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395''. New York: Routledge, 2005. Hardcover ISBN 0-415-10057-7 Paperback ISBN 0-415-10058-5
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* Rodgers, Barbara Saylor. &quot;The Metamorphosis of Constantine.&quot; ''The Classical Quarterly'' 39 (1989): 233–246.
* Scheidel, Walter. &quot;The Monetary Systems of the Han and Roman Empires&quot;. In Scheidel, ed., ''Rome and China: Comparative Perspectives on Ancient World Empires''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-975835-7
* Seidel, Lisa. &quot;Constantine 'and' Charlemagne.&quot; ''Gesta'' 15 (1976): 237–239.
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* Warmington, Brian. &quot;Some Constantinian References in Ammianus.&quot; In ''The Late Roman World and its Historian: Interpreting Ammianus Marcellinus'', edited by Jan Willem Drijvers and David Hunt, 166–177. London: Routledge, 1999. ISBN 0-415-20271-X
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{{Refend}}

=== Marejeo mengine ===
* {{cite book|last=Baynes|first=Norman H.|title=Constantine the Great and the Christian Church|year=1930|publisher=Milford|location=London}}
* {{cite book|last=Burckhardt|first=Jacob|title=The Age of Constantine the Great|year=1949|publisher=Routledge|location=London}}
* {{cite book|last=Cameron|first=Averil|title=The later Roman empire : AD 284–430|year=1993|publisher=Fontana Press|location=London|isbn=0006861725}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Eadie|editor-first=John W.|title=The conversion of Constantine|year=1971|publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston|location=New York|isbn=003083645X}}
* {{cite book|last=Pelikán|first=Jaroslav|title=The excellent empire : the fall of Rome and the triumph of the church|url=https://archive.org/details/excellentempiref0000peli|year=1987|publisher=Harper &amp; Row|location=San Francisco|isbn=0062546368}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
{{Commons|Gaius Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus|Constantine I}}
* {{Rejea tovuti | url = http://www.third-millennium-library.com/readinghall/GalleryofHistory/CONSTANTINE_THE_GREAT/constantine_DOOR.html | title = Constantine the Great, the Reorganisation of the Empire and the Triumph of the Church | first = John B | last = Firth | format = BTM | accessdate = 2012-04-29 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120315132325/http://www.third-millennium-library.com/readinghall/GalleryofHistory/CONSTANTINE_THE_GREAT/constantine_DOOR.html | archivedate = 2012-03-15 }}
* Letters of Constantine: [http://www.seanmultimedia.com/Pie_Constantine_The_Great_Letters_1.html Book 1] {{Wayback|url=http://www.seanmultimedia.com/Pie_Constantine_The_Great_Letters_1.html |date=20130421035446 }}, [http://www.seanmultimedia.com/Pie_Constantine_The_Great_Letters_2.html Book 2] {{Wayback|url=http://www.seanmultimedia.com/Pie_Constantine_The_Great_Letters_2.html |date=20130421035442 }}, &amp; [http://www.seanmultimedia.com/Pie_Constantine_The_Great_Letters_3.html Book 3] {{Wayback|url=http://www.seanmultimedia.com/Pie_Constantine_The_Great_Letters_3.html |date=20130421035436 }}
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109633/Constantine-I Encyclopaedia Britannica, Constantine I]
* [http://www.anders.com/lectures/lars_brownworth/12_byzantine_rulers/ 12 Byzantine Rulers] {{Wayback|url=http://www.anders.com/lectures/lars_brownworth/12_byzantine_rulers/ |date=20160718092221 }} by [[Lars Brownworth]] of [[Stony Brook School]] (grades 7–12). 40 minute audio lecture on Constantine.
* [http://88.1911encyclopedia.org/C/CO/CONSTANTINE_I_.htm Constantine I] in the 1911 [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
* [http://www.constantinethegreatcoins.com/ Constantine the Great] A site about Constantine the Great and his bronze coins emphasizing history using coins, with many resources including reverse types issued and reverse translations.
* [http://rg.ancients.info/constantine/ House of Constantine bronze coins] {{Wayback|url=http://rg.ancients.info/constantine/ |date=20200508213138 }} Illustrations and descriptions of coins of Constantine the Great and his relatives.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061107180713/http://www.bbc.co.uk/northyorkshire/i_love_ny/history/romans/ BBC North Yorkshire's site on Roman York, Yorkshire and Constantine the Great]
* This [http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/imperial-laws-chart-364 list of Roman laws of the fourth century] shows laws passed by Constantine I relating to Christianity.
* [http://www.publicchristianity.org/Videos/constantinechristendom.html Professor Edwin Judge discusses Constantine's legacy for a Centre for Public Christianity vodcast] {{Wayback|url=http://www.publicchristianity.org/Videos/constantinechristendom.html |date=20120421113425 }}
* [http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/constantine-the-great Constantine's time in York on the 'History of York']
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      <text bytes="33911" sha1="iqdavi9wa66g2bm1smonpn1paxle174" xml:space="preserve">[[Picha:Human Breastmilk - Foremilk and Hindmilk.png|thumb|400px|25ml mbili sampuli ya maziwa ya binadamu.sampuli ya Mkono wa kushoto ni maziwa ya kwanza, maziwa majimaji yanayotoka kutoka titi lililojaa. sampuli ya Mkono wa kulia ni maziwa ya nyuma, maziwa ya krimi yanayotoka kwenye titi linilokaribia kuwa tupu &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.drpaul.com/breastfeeding/colostrum.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-11-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629085211/http://www.drpaul.com/breastfeeding/colostrum.html |archivedate=2008-06-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt;.]]
'''Maziwa''' ya [[matiti]] ya [[binadamu]] ni [[maziwa]] yanayotolewa na [[mama]] ili kumnyonyesha [[mtoto|mwanawe]]. Maziwa hayo hutoa chanzo msingi cha [[lishe]] kwa watoto kabla ya wao kupata uwezo wa kula vyakula vingine, yaani watoto wachanga hadi [[umri]] kadiri wanavyoweza kuendelea kunyonyeshwa.

Njia ya kawaida zaidi ya kupata maziwa ya mama ni ile ya mtoto kuyanyonya mwenyewe lakini maziwa yanaweza kukamuliwa na kisha akanyeshwa kupitia [[chupa]], [[kikombe]] na / au [[kijiko]], mtindo wa nyongeza matone, na tubu ya nasogastiriki. Maziwa yanaweza kutolewa na [[mwanamke]] ambaye si mama wa mtoto, aidha kupitia msaada wa maziwa yaliyokamuliwa (kwa mfano kutoka [[benki ya maziwa]]), au wakati mwanamke anapomnyonyesha mtoto ambaye si wake kwa matiti yake - hii hujulikana kama [[mama wa kunyonywa]].

[[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] linapendekeza kunyonyesha tu kwa miezi sita ya kwanza ya [[maisha]], vyakula vizito huanzishwa mnamo umri huo hatua kwa hatua wakati [[ishara]] ya utayari huonekana. Kunyonyesha kama nyongeza hupendekezwa mpaka umri wa angalau miaka miwili, au kwa muda mrefu jinsi mama na mtoto wanavyotaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;who1&quot;&gt; http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/exclusive_breastfeeding/en/&lt;/ref&gt;

Kunyonyesha kunaendelea kutoa manufaa katika na baada ya kipindi cha utoto. Faida hizo ni pamoja na kupunguzwa kwa dari hatari ya kifo cha ghafla kwa watoto wachanga (SIDS),&lt;ref&gt;Shirika la afya duniani WHO na shirika la umoja wa mataifa linaloshughulikia watoto UNICEF: wito kwa kujitolea upya kwa kunyonyesha&lt;/ref&gt; inaongeza akili, inapunguza uwezekano wa kuambukizwa ugonjwa wa katikati mwa sikio, homa, na viini vinavyoleta homa, hupunguza uwezekano wa kupata baadhi ya saratani kama vile saratani ya damu kwa watoto, lukemia, kupunguza hatari ya mwanzo wa kisukari cha mtoto, hupunguza hatari ya pumu na ezema, hupunguza matatizo ya meno, hupunguza hatari ya fetma baadaye katika maisha, na hupunguza uwezekano wa kupata matatizo ya kisaikolojia.&lt;ref&gt; usbreastfeeding.org faida za kunyonyesha&lt;/ref&gt;

Kunyonyesha pia hutoa manufaa ya kiafya kwa mama. Husaidia uterasi kurejea hali yake ya kawaida ya kabla ya [[ujauzito]] na hupunguza [[kuvuja damu]] baada ya kuzaa, pia husaidia mama kurudia [[uzito]] wake wa kabla ya ujauzito. Kunyonyesha pia hupunguza hatari ya [[saratani]] ya matiti baadaye katika maisha.&lt;ref&gt; womenshealth - kunyonyesha hufaidisha mama na mtoto&lt;/ref&gt;

== Uzalishaji ==
Wanawake huweza kutoa maziwa baada ya kujifungua chini ya ushawishi wa [[homoni]] za prolaktini na okistosini. Maziwa ya kwanza kutolewa hujulikana kama kolostramu, ambayo huwa na kiwango cha juu cha imunoglobulini IgA ambayo huzingira njia ya utumbo. Hii husaidia kulinda mtoto mchanga mpaka mfumo wa kinga yake unafanya kazi vizuri, na inajenga athari ya kupumzika, huondoa mekoniamu na kusaidia kuzuia kujengwa upya kwa bilirubini (sababu muhimu ambayo huchanjia ugonjwa wa macho kugeuka manjano).

Kuna sababu nyingi kwa nini mama hawezi kutoa maziwa ya kutosha. Baadhi ya sababu za kawaida ni ukosefu wa kia(yaani mtoto huwa haunganishwi kwa ufanisi na titi), hakuna uuguzi au kusukuma kwa kutosha kukidhi ugavi, dawa fulani (zikiwemo [[dawa za mpango wa uzazi]] ambazo huwa na istrogeni. ugonjwa, na kuishiwa na maji mwilini. Sababu isiyotambulika ni sinduromu ya Sheehan, pia inajulikana kama hipopituitarisimu ya baada ya kuzaa, ambayo huhusishwa na upungufu wa prolakitini, hii hutatuliwa kwa uingizwaji wa homoni. Ukosefu wa chakula kwa mama ni tatizo kubwa kwa wanawake katika nchi zinazoendelea, sababu ikiwa ni kuwa wanawake hawa mara nyingi hawawezi kuzalisha maziwa.

Kiasi cha maziwa kinachotolewa hutegemea ni mara ngapi mama hunyonyesha na/au kusukuma maziwa, mama anayenyonyesha mtoto wake zaidi au kukamua,ndivyo anavyotoa maziwa zaidi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mayo1&quot;&gt; http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/breast-feeding/FL00120&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.llli.org/FAQ/increase.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-11-30 |archivedate=2013-03-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329221347/http://www.llli.org/faq/increase.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.babies.sutterhealth.org/breastfeeding/bf_production.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-11-30 |archive-date=2019-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916161254/http://www.babies.sutterhealth.org/breastfeeding/bf_production.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ni jambo la manufaa kunyonyesha kwa mahitaji - nyonyesha wakati mtoto anataka badala ya kufuata ratiba. Kama ni kukamua, pampu ya umeme ya gradi ya juu husaidia mama ili dakti zote zichochewe. Baadhi ya akina mama hujaribu kuongeza ugavi wa maziwa yao kupitia njia zingine - kwa kuchukua mmea wa fenugreek, ambao umetumika kwa mamia ya miaka kuongeza upatikanaji&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://pediatrics.about.com/library/breastfeeding/blbreastfeedingza.htm |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-11-30 |archivedate=2011-01-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111042254/http://pediatrics.about.com/library/breastfeeding/blbreastfeedingza.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt; (chai ya &quot;maziwa ya mama&quot; huwa na fenugreek pamoja na mimea mingine yenye kuongeza ugavi), pia kuna dawa nyingine ambazo zimependekezwa kutumika, kama vile Domperidone (matumizi yasiyobandikwa) na Reglan. Dawa zenye kuongeza ugavi wa maziwa hujulikana kama galaktagogu.

== Muundo ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:0 0 1em 1em;float:right&quot;
|+ Utungaji wa maziwa ya binadamu&lt;td&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unu.edu/unupress/food/8F174e/8F174E04.htm vipengele vya maziwa ya binadamu] {{Wayback|url=http://www.unu.edu/unupress/food/8F174e/8F174E04.htm |date=20101023071139 }} kito kikuu cha Umoja wa Mataifa&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
|  colspan=&quot;2&quot;| '''mafuta'''
|-
|  jumla (g/100 ml)
|  190.88
|-
|  asidi za mafuta - 8C urefu (%)
|  hakuna
|-
|  asidi za mafuta zilizo zilizoloweshwa (%)
|  14
|-
|  colspan=&quot;2&quot;| '''Protini'''  (g/100 ml)
|-
|  jumla
|  1.1
|-
|  kaseini 0.4
|  0.3
|-
|  a laktalibumini-
|  0.3
|-
|  laktoferini
|  0.2%
|-
|  IgA
|  0.1
|-
|  IgG
|  0.001
|-
|  lisozimu
|  0.05
|-
|  albumini ya majimaji ya damu
|  0.05
|-
|  SS-laktoglobulini
|  -
|-
|  colspan=&quot;2&quot;| {kabohidreti{/0} (g/100 ml)
|-
|  laktosi
|  7
|-
|  oligosakaridi
|  0.5
|-
|  colspan=&quot;2&quot;| '''Madini'''  (g/100 ml)
|-
|  kalisi
|  0.03
|-
|  fosforasi
|  0.014
|-
|  sodiamu
|  0.015
|-
|  potasiamu
|  0.055
|-
|  klorini
|  0.043
|}

Vipengele unganifu vya maziwa ya matiti havijaeleweka kabisa, lakini kiwango cha madini baada ya kipindi hiki kiko sambamba na hutoa viungo vyake kutoka kwa ugavi wa chakula cha mama. Kama kutapatikana kuna upungufu wa ugavi, kilichabaki hutolewa kutoka kwa akiba ya mama mwilini. Muundo halisi wa maziwa hutofautiana siku hadi siku, kulingana na chakula kinacholiwa na mazingira, kumaanisha kwamba uwiano wa maji na mafuta hubadulika.

Wakati wa siku za kwanza chache baada ya kujifungua matiti hutoa kolostramu. Hii ni maji mepesi ya rangi ya manjano ambayo ni maji yale yale yanayoka kwa matiti wakati wa ujauzito. Ina idadi nyingi ya protini na kingamwili ambazo hutoa kinga kwa mtoto (mfumo wa mtoto wa kinga huwa haujakomaa vikamilifu wakati wa kuzaliwa). Kolostramu pia husaidia mfumo wa mtoto kufungua chakula kukua na kufanya kazi vizuri.

Baada ya 3-4 siku matiti itaanza ktoa maziwa ambayo ni membamba, majimaji, na tamu. Hii humaliza kiu ya mtoto na inatoa protini, sukari, na madini mtoto anahitaji. baada ya muda maziwa hubadilika na kuwa nzito na kremi. Hii hushibisha mtoto.&lt;ref&gt; mimba yako na kuzaa toleo la nne (2005) Chuo cha Marekani cha wanaobstetrishiani na wanagaenekologia&lt;/ref&gt;

Maziwa ya kwanza, maziwa ambayo hutolewa mwanzo wa kunyonyesha, ni majimaji, ina kiwango cha chini cha mafuta na kiwango cha juu cha kabohidreti ikiwa ni cha kadri ya juu ikilinganisha na maziwa ya mwisho yaliyo na kremi ambayo hutolewa kama kunyonyesha kunavyoendelea. titi haliwezi kamwe kweli &quot;kuishi&quot; kwani utoaji wa maziwa ni mchakato wa kibiolojia ambao huendelea.

Kiwango cha Imunoglobilini A (IgA) katika maziwa bado huwa juu kutoka siku 10 hadi angalau baada ya miezi 7.5 baaada ya kuzaa.

Maziwa ya binadamu yana 0.8% hadi 0.9% protini, 4.5% mafuta, 7.1% kabohidreti na 0.2% (madini)&lt;ref&gt; Belitz, H kemia ya chakula, Toleo la 4, p.501 meza 10.5&lt;/ref&gt;. kabohidarati hasa ni laktosi; lakstosi- oligasakaride kadhaa zimetabilika kuwa vipengele nadra.

kipengele cha Mafuta kina trigiliseride ya palmitiki maalum na asidi ya oleiki (OPO trigiliseride) na pia kiasi kikubwa kabisa cha lipidi na vifungo trans (ona: mafuta trans)ambayo yametambulika kuwa na manufaa ya afya. Kuna asidi za vaseniki na asidi za linolekiic asidi zilizobadilishwa(CLA) huwa na hesabu ya hadi 6% ya mafuta ya maziwa ya binadamu&lt;ref&gt; Precht, D na J. Molkentin C18: 1, C18: 2, na C8: 3 trans na cis isoma za asidi ya mafuta ikiwa ni pamoja na cis zilizoshikana delta 9, trans delta 11 linoleiki asidi (CLA) pamoja na utungaji jumla wa lipdi za maziwa ya binadamu ya Kijerumani, Nahrung 1999 43 (4) 233-2&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; Friesen, R, na SM Innis, asidi za mafuta za Trans katika maziwa ya binadamu huko Canada zilipungua na kuanzishwa kwa kuandika kwa mafuta ya chakula yenye trans J. Nut 2006, 136 2558-2561&lt;/ref&gt;.

Protini kuu ni kaseini (homologasi khadi bovini beta kaseini), [[alfa-laktalibumini]], [[laktoferini]], [[IgA]], [[lisozimu]] na [[albumini seramu.]] Katika mazingira ya asidi kama tumbo, alfa-laktalibumini [[hueneza]] katika aina tofauti na kufunga [[asidi ya oleiki]] kuunda kipande tata kiitwacho [[Hamlet]] ambacho huua seli za [[kukua kwa uvimbe]]. Hii ni dhana ambayo imedhaniwa kuchangia katika ulinzi wa watoto wanaonyonyeshwa dhidi ya saratani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea jarida
  | doi = 10.1016/S0065-230X(03)88302-1
  | last = Svanborg
  | first = C
  | coauthors = Agerstam H, Aronson A, Bjerkvig R, Düringer C, Fischer W, Gustafsson L, Hallgren O, Leijonhuvud I, Linse S, Mossberg AK, Nilsson H, Pettersson J, Svensson M.
  | title = HAMLET kills tumor cells by an apoptosis-like mechanism--cellular, molecular, and therapeutic aspects.
  | journal = Advances in Cancer Research
  | volume = 88
  | pages = 1–29
  | date = 2003
  | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12665051
  | pmid = 12665051
  | DUPLICATE DATA: pmid = 12665051 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kampaundi zisizo na protini na zilizo na nitrojeni, inayounda hadi 25% nitrojeni ya maziwa huwa na urea, asidi ya uriki kiriatine [[asidi za amino]] na [[nukleotidi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal| author=Jenness R| title=The composition of human milk| year=1979| month=Julai| journal=Seminars in Perinatology| volume=3| issue=3| pages=225–239| pmid=392766}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal| author=Thorell L| coauthors=Sjöberg LB, Hernell O| title=Nucleotides in human milk: sources and metabolism by the newborn infant| year=1996| month=Desemba| journal=Pediatric Research| volume=40| issue=6| pages=845–852| pmid=8947961| doi=10.1203/00006450-199612000-00012}}&lt;/ref&gt; maziwa ya matiti ina tofauti za sikadiani, baadhi ya nukliotidi[[zina akorofesi]] wakati wa usiku, kwa wengine wakati wa mchana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = Sanchez CL ''et al.''
  | year = 2009
  | title = The possible role of human milk nucleotides as sleep inducers.
  | journal = Nutr Neurosci
  | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 2–8
  | doi =  10.1179/147683009X388922| url = http://www.websciences.org/cftemplate/NAPS/archives/indiv.cfm?ID=20084074|format=Abstract| accessdate = | pmid = 19178785 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maziwa ya mama yameonyeshwa kutoa aina ya endokanabinoidi (navapisha asilia ambayo husisimua bangi), 2-Arachidonoyili gliseroli.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
  | author = Fride E, Bregman T, Kirkham TC.
  | year = 2005
  | month = Aprili
  | title = Endocannabinoids and food intake: newborn suckling and appetite regulation in adulthood
  | journal = Experimental Biology and Medicine
  | volume = 230
  | issue = 4
  | pages = 225–234
  | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020286
  | pmid = 15792943
  | url = http://www.ebmonline.org/cgi/reprint/230/4/225.pdf
  | format = PDF
  | accessdate = 
  | archive-date = 2009-08-02
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090802181308/http://www.ebmonline.org/cgi/reprint/230/4/225.pdf
  | url-status = dead
  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ingawa sasa imependekezwa karibu kote ulimwenguni, katika baadhi ya nchi katika miaka ya 1950 suala la kunyonyesha lilipitia kipindi pale lilionekana kama mtindo hafifu na matumizi ya formula ya mtoto ikawa inazingatiwa zaidi kuliko maziwa. Hata hivyo, kwa sasa imetambuliwa ulimwenguni kote kwamba hakuna formula ya kibiashara ambayo inaweza kulinganishwa na maziwa ya mama. Mbali na kiasi sahihi cha kabohidirati [[protini]] na mafuta, maziwa pia hutoa vitamini, madini enizime za kutuliza tumboni na [[homoni]] - mambo haya yote mtoto anayekua huhitaji. Maziwa ya matiti pia ina kingamwili na limufositi kutoka kwa mama ambazo humsaidia mtoto kupinga maambukizi. Kazi ya maziwa ya mama ya kinga hutegemea mtu binafsi, kama mama, kupitia njia ya kumshika na kumhudumia mtoto,huja kuwasiliana na pathogeni ambazo hutawala mtoto na hivyo basi mwili wake hutengeneza kingamwili sahihi na chembechembe za kinga.

Wanawake ambao wananyonyesha wanatakiwa kushauriana na daktari wao kuhusiana na dutu ambazo zinaweza kwa bahati mbaya kupitishwa kwa mtoto kupitia maziwa, kama vile pombe, virusi (HIV au HTLV-1) au dawa.

Wanawake wengi ambao hawanyonyeshi hutumia formula ya watoto wachanga, lakini maziwa ambayo hutolewa na wanaojitolea kwa benki za maziwa ya binadamu yanaweza kupatikana kwa amri ya daktari katika baadhi ya nchi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.womenshealth.gov/breastfeeding/index.cfm?page=359 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-11-30 |archivedate=2016-03-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002201/http://www.womenshealth.gov/breastfeeding/index.cfm?page=359 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Uhifadhi wa maziwa yaliyominywa ==
[[Picha:Breast milk storage containers bottles.JPG|thumb|vyombo vya kuhifadhi maziwa ya matiti.]]
Maziwa yaliyominywa yanaweza kuhifadhiwa kwa ajili ya matumizi ya baadaye. Inapendekezwa kwamba maziwa hayo kuhifadhiwa katika vyombo vyenye pande ngumu na mihuri isiyopitisha hewa. kuna baadhi ya mifuko ya plastiki ambayo imeubuniwa hasa viwandani kwa ajili ya uhifadhi wa maziwa iliyominywa, imeundwa kwa vipindi vya uhifadhi wa zaidi ya masaa isiyopungua 72 - nyingine inaweza kutumika kwa muda wa miezi 6 kama ikiwa imehifadhiwa kwa barafu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.medelabreastfeedingus.com/products/breastmilk-collection/397/pump-and-save-bags---20-pack ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.medelabreastfeedingus.com/products/breastmilk-collection/397/pump-and-save-bags---20-pack |date=20101227161325 }} Medela.&lt;/ref&gt; kiasi ya muda yanaweza kuhifadhiwa kwa ajili ya matumizi salama kwa watoto katika makao ya nyumbani imetolewa katika jedwali hili.&lt;ref&gt;[38] ^ Itifaki # 8: maelezo ya uhifadhi wa maziwa ya binadamu kwa matumizi ya nyumbani kwa muda kwa mathumuni ya afya nzuri ya watoto wadogo. shule ya Itifaki Tiba ya kunyonyesha.&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
|-
! Mahali pa kuhifadhi
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|hali ya joto
! Muda usiozidi kuhifadhi
|-
|  Katika chumba
|  25&amp;nbsp;°C
|  77&amp;nbsp;°F
|  masaa sita hadi nane
|-
|  mfuko isiyopitisha mafuta na wenye vipande vya barafu
|
|
|  Hadi masaa 24
|-
|  Katika friji
|  4&amp;nbsp;°C
|  39&amp;nbsp;°F
|  Mpaka siku tano
|-
|  sehemu ya Friza ndani ya [[friji]]
|  -15&amp;nbsp;°C
|  5&amp;nbsp;°F
|  Wiki mbili
|-
|  friji pamoja na friza iliyo na milango tofauti
|  -18&amp;nbsp;°C
|  0&amp;nbsp;°F
|  miezi tatu hadi sita
|-
|  friza ya ndani iliyoyeyushwaya kifua au iliyosimamishwa
|  -20&amp;nbsp;°C
|  -4&amp;nbsp;°F
|  miezi sita hadi kumi na mbili
|}

== Kulinganishwa na maziwa mengine ==
Wanyama wote wa aina [[Mamalia|ya mamalia]] huzalisha maziwa, lakini muundo wa maziwa kwa kila aina inatofautiana sana na aina nyingine ya maziwa mara nyingi sana huwa tofauti na maziwa ya binadamu. Kama sheria,maziwa ya wanyama wa mamalia wanaonyonyesha mara kwa mara (ikiwa ni pamoja na watoto wa binadamu) ni ya kiwango cha chini, au huwa majimaji zaidi, kuliko maziwa ya wanyama ambao watoto wao hunyonya kwa kiwango kidogo. Maziwa ya binadamu inaonekana kuwa nyepesi na tamu kuliko maziwa ya ng'ombe.

Maziwa ya ng'ombe haina vitamini E vya kutosha, [[chuma]] au asidi za mafuta muhimu ambayo inaweza kufanya watoto wanaopewa maziwa ya ng'ombe kuwa na upungufu wa damu. maziwa ya ng'ombe pia ina kwa wingi [[protini]] [[Natiri|sodiamu]] na [[Kali|potasiamu]] ambayo inaweza kuweka mnachuja juu ya mafigo ya mtoto anayekomaa. Kwa kuongeza, protini na mafuta katika maziwa ya ng'ombe huwa ni ngumu kwa mtoto kufungua na kunyonya kuliko wale wanaonyonyeshwa maziwa ya mama.&lt;ref&gt; MedlinePlus Ensiklopidia ya Udaktari: [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002448.htm maziwa ya ng'ombe kwa watoto wachanga na watoto]&lt;/ref&gt; maziwa iliyo geuka kuwa mvuke inaweza kuwa rahisi zaidi kwa kufungua kutokana na usindikaji wa protini lakini bado yana lishe duni. idadi muhimu ya watoto wadogo huwa na mzio kwa moja au zaidi ya vipengele vya maziwa ya ng'ombe, mara nyingi zaidi ni protini zilizomo katika maziwa ya ng'ombe.  Matatizo haya yanaweza pia kuathiri formula ya watoto formula inayotokana na maziwa ya ng'ombe.

== Matumizi mbadala ya maziwa ==
Madai kwamba matumizi ya maziwa ni ya manufaa kwa binadamu -watu wazima ni suala ambalo halijatatuliwa kwa sababu sehemu zake nyingi hupitia kuyeyushwa katika tumbo la watu wazima, ikiwa ni pamoja na kingamwili na protini nyingine.

Mbali na kutoa chakula muhimu kwa watoto maziwa ya mama, yaani, maziwa inayotolewa kwa matiti, ina idadi mahsusi ya matumizi ya kithamani, hasa matumizi kama dawa, kwa watoto na watu wazima. Imekuwa ikitumika kidawa kwa maelfu ya miaka.&lt;ref&gt;Newsvine.com. ''Maziwa ya wema wa binadamu matumizi ya maziwa ya matiti''  http://daniel-slack.newsvine.com/_news/2009/04/26/2733785-the-milk-of-human-kindness-uses-for-human-breast-milk {{Wayback|url=http://daniel-slack.newsvine.com/_news/2009/04/26/2733785-the-milk-of-human-kindness-uses-for-human-breast-milk |date=20110714174710 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tabia ya aniti bakteria na uponyaji wa maziwa ya mama mara nyingi hupuuzwa, hata kwa akina mama wanaonyonyesha wenyewe.&lt;ref&gt;Bella Online: '''' Matumizi ya dawa za maziwa ya matiti http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art41924.asp {{Wayback|url=http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art41924.asp |date=20210110142107 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Maziwa ya mama , kama yatakamuliwa na kuhifadhiwa vizuri, ni suluhisho tasa na yanaweza kutumika kwa njia za aina mbalimbali ili kukuza uponyaji na kusafisha majeraha. Maziwa ya matiti ina kingamwili{za nguvu na antitokisini ambazo watu wengi wanaamini hukuza uponyaji na afya bora kwa ujumla. Hata hivyo, maziwa haya hukosa uwezo wa kinga dhidi ya magonjwa kama mama anayenyonyesha ameambukizwa na aina ya maradhi ya kuambukiza kama vile HIV na magonjwa mbalimbali ya bakteria kama kunndi Bsterepokokasi, kwani maziwa ya matitit yanaweza kusambaza magonjwa haya kwa watoto na watu wengine.&lt;ref&gt;New England Journal of Medicine ''maziwa ya matiti &amp;amp; Hatari ya CMV 1980''  http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/citation/302/19/1073 {{Wayback|url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/citation/302/19/1073 |date=20190912001517 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

maziwa ya matiti imetumika kama dawa nyumbani kwa maradhi madogo, kama vile kiwambo, kuumwa na wadudu na miiba, ugonjwa wa ngozi wa kuwasiliana, na majeraha ya kuambukizwa, majeraha ya kuchoma. maziwa ya matiti pia imetumiwa kwa matumizi mengine kuongeza mfumo wa kinga wa watu wajonjwa ambao wana gasitoroentriritisi [[homa]], [[homa ya baridi]], [[niumonia]] n.k. kwa sababu ya sifa zake za kukinga maradhi. Hata hivyo, maziwa yasiwahi kuonwa au kufasiriwa kama &quot;tiba kamilifu.&quot; Baadhi ya wataalamu wa matibabu wanaamini kwamba maziwa yanaweza Sukutua apopotosisi katika aina fulani za seli za kansa, hata hivyo, utafiti na ushahidi zaidi unahitajika katika sehemu hii ya matibabu ya kansa.&lt;ref&gt;WFAA.com. ''Maziwa ya matiti yatumiwa kutibu Wagonjwa wa saratani '' http://www.wfaa.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/localnews/tv/stories/wfaa080215_lj_breastmilk.c618de8d.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.wfaa.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/localnews/tv/stories/wfaa080215_lj_breastmilk.c618de8d.html |date=20091004094030 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Miongoni mwa watu wachache, ikiwa ni pamoja na ''mwenyeji wa mkahawa Hans Lochen wa [[Uswisi]], wametumia maziwa ya matiti ya binadamu, au angalau kutetea matumizi yake, badala ya maziwa ya ng'ombe katika bidhaa za [[maziwa]] na [[mapishi ya]] chakula&lt;ref&gt;New York Daily News: ''Mpango wa mkahawa wa kupika kwa kutumia maziwa ya matiti''  http://www.nydailynews.com/money/2008/09/18/2008-09-18_restaurant_drops_plan_to_cook_with_breas.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/money/2008/09/18/2008-09-18_restaurant_drops_plan_to_cook_with_breas.html |date=20110805032411 }} ''Maziwa matiti''&lt;/ref&gt;''. Tammy Frissell-Deppe, mshauri wa familia alishughulikia uchunguza maalum katika uzazi wa kupendana, alichapisha kitabu, jina ''A Breastfeeding Mother's Secret Recipes,''  kikitoa mkusanyiko mrefu wa maelezo ya resipe za vyakula na vinywaji vilivyo na maziwa ya binadamu.&lt;ref&gt; Tammy Frissell-Deppe. ''Resipe za siri za mama anayenyonyesha: Resipe za maziwa ya matiti,Chakula cha kujiburudisha cha watoto na milo ya haraka!.''  Dracut, MA: Jed Publishing, 2002&lt;/ref&gt; shirika la haki za wanyama linalojulikana kama {1PETA{/1} liliibua swala tata lililoleta upinzani wakati lilitoa wito kwa kampuni ya maziwa ya ng'ombe badala ya kutumia maziwa ya ng'ombe kutengeza bidhaa ya barafu ya krimi watumie maziwa ya binadamu kama njia ya kuzuia dhuluma dhidi ya mifugo.&lt;ref&gt;PETA.org: ''titi ni bora kabisa!'' ''PETA anauliza Ben &amp;amp; Jerry kuacha maziwa ya ng'ombe na badala yake kuyachukua maziwa ya binadamu''  http://www.peta.org/mc/NewsItem.asp?id=11993 {{Wayback|url=http://www.peta.org/mc/NewsItem.asp?id=11993 |date=20100621011717 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; WPTZ.com: ''PETA yaomba Ben &amp;amp; Jerry wa Kutumia maziwa ya Binadamu'' &lt;/ref&gt; Maziwa ya binadamu haitolewi na kusambazwa kikampuni au kibiashara, kwa sababu matumizi ya maziwa ya binadamu kama chakula cha maziwa au kingo mapishi ni jambo linalozingatiwa kama la ajabu na kuonekana kama jambo duni miongoni mwa [[Utamaduni|tamaduni]] nyingi duniani, wengi hawakubaliani na mazoezi ya namna hii, kwani haijawahi kukubalika sana kihistoria &lt;ref&gt; Jelliffe, Derrick B., na EF Jelliffe Patrice. ''Maziwa ya binadamu katika Dunia ya kisasa.''  Oxford na New York: Oxford University Press, 1978.&lt;/ref&gt;. Hali hii ya kukosekana kwa kukubali kimsingi ni kutokana na maadili ya kijamii na nguvu za maadili ya dini.

Hatua za kuunda sabuni kutokana na maziwa ya matitu pia zimefanywa, wale ambao wanatumia sabuni hiyo hudai kwamba ufanisi wake kama chombo cha kusafisha ni mkubwa kuliko, au sawa, na ile ya ssabuni za jadi.&lt;ref&gt; wakunga wa jadi: {1sabuni ya maziwa ya Mama{/1} http://traditionalmidwife.com/mothersmilksoap.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kupitishwa kwa dutu zisizohitajika ==
Mbali na hatari ya dutu kupelekwa kutoka kwa mama kwenda kwa mtoto kupitia maziwa ya matiti, kunyonyesha kuna faida zaidi kuliko formula za mtoto mchanga, na, ila wachache, shirika la WHO linapendekeza kunyonyesha pekee kwa miezi 6 ya kwanza ya maisha.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO&quot;&gt;{{cite conference
  | author=Secretariat, World Health Organization
  | title = Infant and Young Child Nutrition: Global strategy for infant and young child feeding
  | publisher = World Health Organization
  | date= 24 Novemba 2001
  | url = http://www.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB109/eeb10912.pdf
  | format=PDF
  | id = WHO Executive Board 109th Session provisional agenda item 3.8 (EB109/12)
  | accessdate =  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Seli za kotoa kuzalisha maziwa ndizo hukubali madawa kupenya kwa urahisi wakati wa wiki ya kwanza baada ya kuzaa./0} breastfeedingbasics.org. &lt;ref Name=breastfeedingbasics&gt;[http://www.breastfeedingbasics.org/cgi-bin/deliver.cgi/content/Drugs/pre_pass.html - tovuti kwa ajili ya wazazi iliyotengenezwa na madaktari wa watoto kunyonyesha na Madawa ya kulevya: Je, dawa hupita kufikia maziwa ya matiti] {{Wayback|url=http://www.breastfeedingbasics.org/cgi-bin/deliver.cgi/content/Drugs/pre_pass.html |date=20130720121258 }}? Tolewa tarehe 19 Juni 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Sifa za madawa ambazo huongeza taka katika maziwa ni pamoja na:&lt;ref name=&quot;breastfeedingbasics&quot;/&gt;
#si utegili unaoufunga protini
#isiyo na chumvi
#masi iliyo na uzito mdogo
#umumunyifu wa Lipidi kuliko umumunyifu wa maji
#alkali dhaifu kuliko asidi dhaifu

Dawa huhamishwa kutoka utegili wa damu hadi seli za daktali kufikia maziwa kupitia njia ya kueneza au usafiri hai. njia ya mwisho huweza kusababisha ukolezi wa juu wa dawa ya kulevya katika maziwa zaidi kuliko ya Utegili wa mama.&lt;ref name=&quot;breastfeedingbasics&quot;/&gt;

Kiasi cha madawa mengi ya kulevya katika maziwa ni kisichozidi 2% ya jumla ya dozi iliyomezwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;breastfeedingbasics&quot;/&gt;

=== Dawa ===
Dawa ambazo zimezingatiwa salama kulinda yaliyomo katika maziwa ni:
*Aspirini &lt;ref name=kidsgrowth&gt;[http://www.kidsgrowth.com/resources/articledetail.cfm?id=471 kidsgrowth.org
 Madawa ya kulevya na dutu nyingine katika maziwa] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kidsgrowth.com/resources/articledetail.cfm?id=471 |date=20200514011652 }} tolewa tarehe 19 Juni 2009&lt;/ref&gt;
*Acetaminofeni&lt;ref name=&quot;kidsgrowth&quot;/&gt;
*Antibiotiki nyingi&lt;ref name=&quot;kidsgrowth&quot;/&gt; isipokuwa zile za kawaida kama vile fuluoroquinolonesi (km siproflozasini,, moxiflozasini, na dawa zingine zinazofanana zinazotumiwa kutibu magonjwa mbalimbali ikiwa ni pamoja na yale ya njia ya mkojo na njia ya upumuaji) njia, madawa ya salfa (km salfamethozizole), tetracsaklini (km minocsaklini, doksisiklinie), na chloramophenikoli
*Antihistamini&lt;ref name=&quot;kidsgrowth&quot;/&gt; (mzio na maandalizi ya baridi)
bado, ushauriano na mtoa huduma ya afya ni busara kwa mwanamke anayenyonyesha kabla ya kuanza kutumia dawa yoyote.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidsgrowth&quot;/&gt;

Baadhi ya dawa zinazohitaji tahadhari ni:
*dawa za kuharisha&lt;ref name=&quot;kidsgrowth&quot;/&gt;
*madawa ya pumu yaliyo na theofiline&lt;ref name=&quot;kidsgrowth&quot;/&gt;
*madawa ya Sedativu (kwa mfano, Valiumu na phenobaribitali)&lt;ref name=&quot;kidsgrowth&quot;/&gt;

Pombe na kafeini ni salama kama zitachukuliwa kwa kiasi kidogo.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidsgrowth&quot;/&gt; Nikotini, kwa upande mwingine, hupitishwa kwa mtoto kupitia maziwa ya matiti na inaweza kusababisha matatizo makubwa ya kimatibabu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidsgrowth&quot;/&gt;

Dawa ambazo ni hatari kwa mtoto mchanga anayenyonyeshwa, na ni lazima ziepukwe kama inawezekana, ni:
*Atropini&lt;ref name=&quot;kidsgrowth&quot;/&gt;
*Madawa ya hiperithoyoroidismu&lt;ref name=&quot;kidsgrowth&quot;/&gt;
*madawa ya kutibu kansa kemotherapi&lt;ref name=&quot;kidsgrowth&quot;/&gt;
*Tetrasikini s&lt;ref name=&quot;kidsgrowth&quot;/&gt;
*kiloramefekoli/0}&lt;ref name=&quot;kidsgrowth&quot;/&gt;
*Iodide&lt;ref name=&quot;kidsgrowth&quot;/&gt;
*Resepini&lt;ref name=&quot;kidsgrowth&quot;/&gt;
*madawa ya kulevya
*[[Lithi]]amu&lt;ref name=&quot;kidsgrowth&quot;/&gt;
*maandalizi ya radiokitivi&lt;ref name=&quot;kidsgrowth&quot;/&gt;
*maandalizi ya ergoti&lt;ref name=&quot;kidsgrowth&quot;/&gt;

Kama haiwezekani kuepukika au kupewa mbadala kwa sababu za kimatibabu, kunyonyesha lazima kukomeshwe kwa muda mfupi.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidsgrowth&quot;/&gt;

Matumizi ya muda mrefu ya dawa zifuatazo lazima kufanywe tu chini ya usimamizi wa moja kwa moja wa daktari:
*Steroidi&lt;ref name=&quot;kidsgrowth&quot;/&gt;
*madawa ya kupanga uzazi yenye homoni&lt;ref name=&quot;kidsgrowth&quot;/&gt;
*Sedativu &lt;ref name=&quot;kidsgrowth&quot;/&gt;
*Diuretiki&lt;ref name=&quot;kidsgrowth&quot;/&gt;
*Anticonvulasanti&lt;ref name=&quot;kidsgrowth&quot;/&gt;

=== Vichafuzi Mazingira ===
Vichafuzi mazingira vinavyopatikana katika maziwa kwa kawaida huwa havina madhara, na lazima kuzingatiwa tu wakati hali ya kiwango cha mazingira ni cha juu. kwa kuongeza kumekuwa na kupungua kwa viwango vya mazingira, hii imesababisha upungufu wa viwango vya maziwa. Vichafuzi ambavyo huzingatiwa zaidi ni dawa za kuua vidudu, zebaki kikaboni na ledi. DDT na dieldrini haiepukiki, pia inaweza kuonekana katika formula za watoto wachanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidsgrowth&quot;/&gt; Dawa za kuua vidudu na nyingine zenye dutu sumu bioakumulati, yaani viumbe juu juu ya [[Mtando chakula|mnyororo wa chakula]] huzifadhi zaidi katika mafuta yao ya mwili. Hili ni suala hasa kwa mnyama Inuit ambaye chakula chake tangu jadi kimekuwa ni nyama. Masomo yanaendelea kuangalia madhara ya bifenili iliyo na kilorini nyingi na vichafuzi kikaboni katika mwili, maziwa ya mama ya mnyama Inuit yana idadi ya kiajabu ya kompoundi sumu.&lt;ref&gt; ''Silent Snow: The sumu Slow ya Arctic''  na Marla Cone, Grove Press.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matumizi yasiyo ya kawaida ==
Katika ulimwengu wa kale, wakati mwingine maziwa yalikuwa yanakunywa na [[madhehebu]] ya uzazi, na [[sherehe]] nyingine za [[Dini|kidini]].

[[Mfalme]] wa [[Hispania]] [[Alfonso XIII]] alitembelea mkoa wa [[Las Hurdes]] katika mwaka wa 1922 ili kuonyesha umuhimu wa cheo hicho. Mfalme na wasindikizaji wake waliishi katika mahema ya kijeshi yaliyopandwa karibu na mji wa Casares de las Hurdes. Katika ziara ya mfalme kisa cha ajabu kilifanyika: mkuu wa kijiji , alikuwa na wasiwasi kwamba mfalme alikuwa na wasiwasi kwamba mfalme alikuwa anakunywa tu kahawa nyeusi (matokeo ya wasaidizi wa mfalme kutoamini ubora wa maziwa ya kawaida kulingana na hali ya usafi katika kijiji hicho) walimpelekea kijagi kidogo cha maziwa huku wakisema, ''&quot;mfalme mtukufu kuwa na uhakika kwamba maziwa haya ni ya kuaminika kabisa kabisa,&quot;'' &lt;ref&gt; ''&quot;Le aseguro a Su Majestad que Esta leche es de toda confianza&quot;'' &lt;/ref&gt; ambayo yalikuwa ni maziwa ya matiti kutoka kwa kutoka mke wake ambaye alikuwa amajifungua hivi karibuni. Mfalme alikuwa na ufahamu wa ukweli huu tu ''baada ya'' kunywa Café con ''leche yake.'' &lt;ref&gt; ziara ya kwanza ya kifalme hadi Las Hurdes&lt;/ref&gt;

Utafiti ya awali yanaonyesha kwamba maziwa yanaweza kusukutua apoptosisi0} katika aina fulani za seli za kansa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal| author=Hallgren O, Aits S, Brest P, Gustafsson L, Mossberg AK, Wullt B, Svanborg C| title=Apoptosis and tumor cell death in response to HAMLET (human alpha-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells| year=2008| journal=Adv Exp Med Biol.| volume=606| pages=217–40| pmid=18183931| doi=10.1007/978-0-387-74087-4_8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Watu wazima na matatizo ya GI na wapokeaji wa sehemu za mwili wanaweza pia kufaidika na nguvu ya kukinga majomjwa maziwa ya matiti ya binadamu.

Katika [[Costa Rica]], kumekuwa na majaribio ya kuzalisha [[jibini]] na mtomoko kutoka kwa maziwa ya binadamu limeshughulikiwa kama njia mbadala ya kupunguza kunyonyesha mtoto.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nacion&quot;&gt;[http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2007/junio/17/aldea1131695.html ''Clínica busca cómo hacer queso de leche materna'' ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2007/junio/17/aldea1131695.html |date=20090810165602 }} , Nación, 17 Juni 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwenyeji wa mkahawa mwenye utata huko Uswisi ameunda menu, msingi wake ukiwa ni vyakula vilivyopikwa ndani ya maziwa ya matiti ya binadamu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/2976181/Swiss-restaurant-to-serve-meals-cooked-with-human-breast-milk.html | work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London | title=Swiss restaurant to serve meals cooked with human breast milk  				 				 					A Swiss gastronomist has stirred a controversy in the tranquil Alpine republic after announcing that he will serve meals cooked with human breast milk. | date=2008-09-17 | accessdate=2010-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
* [http://www.breastmilkfeeding.com/ Mwongozo kamili kwa ajili ya kunyonyesha na bidhaa za kunyonyesha]
* [http://www.askdrsears.com/html/2/T021600.asp ''Ulinganisho wa Maziwa ya Binadamu na formula'' ]
* [http://www.unu.edu/unupress/food/8F174e/8F174E04.htm Kituo cha Chuo Kikuu cha Umoja wa Mataifa - vipengele vya maziwa ya binadamu] {{Wayback|url=http://www.unu.edu/unupress/food/8F174e/8F174E04.htm |date=20101023071139 }} - ikiwa ni pamoja na kulinganisha maziwa ya ng'ombe na ya binadamu
* [http://www.lalecheleague.org/FAQ/milkstorage.html ligi ya La Leche] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lalecheleague.org/FAQ/milkstorage.html |date=20130925131243 }}maelezo ya uhifadhi wa Maziwa ya Binadamu.
* [http://www.aap.org/healthtopics/breastfeeding.cfm mada za afya ya Watoto: kunyonyesha]
* [http://www.seattlechildrens.org/child_health_safety/resources/health/nutrition_fitness/nutrition.asp maelezo ya lishe ya mtoto] {{Wayback|url=http://www.seattlechildrens.org/child_health_safety/resources/health/nutrition_fitness/nutrition.asp |date=20060708071504 }} kutoka hospiatali ya watoto ya Seatle [[na hospitali]] ya jimbo
* [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/04/09/MNGLKI6FTA1.DTL&amp;amp;hw=breast+milk&amp;amp;sn=001&amp;amp;sc=1000 akina mama walipa zaidi kwa maziwa ya akina mama wengine Janine DeFao, San Francisco Mambo ya nyakati, Aprili 9, 2006.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/04/09/MNGLKI6FTA1.DTL&amp;hw=breast+milk&amp;sn=001&amp;sc=1000 |date=20120512062446 }} Makala juu ya soko la maziwa ya binadamu.
* [http://www.breastfeedingchild.com/breastfeeding-nutrition.html lishe ya kunyonyesha ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.breastfeedingchild.com/breastfeeding-nutrition.html |date=20100811042308 }}
* [http://www.poshmums.com/breastfeeding/medela-personal-fit-breastshields.htm ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.poshmums.com/breastfeeding/medela-personal-fit-breastshields.htm |date=20101119113855 }} kama unakamua, pampu ya matiti yako si lazima ilete uwishwi au kuwasha vizingiti matiti: vibadala vipo ili viweze kuchukua aina tofauti za chuchu

[[Jamii:Chakula]]
[[Jamii:Afya]]
[[Jamii:Uzazi]]</text>
      <sha1>iqdavi9wa66g2bm1smonpn1paxle174</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Osama bin Laden</title>
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      <text bytes="11217" sha1="4npfuqpjtlqis66jxez3d8qpe0hzs3f" xml:space="preserve">{{Mtu
|rangi            =
|jina             =[[Osama bin Laden]]
|picha            =Osama_bin_Laden_portrait.jpg
|maelezo_ya_picha =Osama Bin Laden
|jina la kuzaliwa ='Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden
|alizaliwa        = 10 Machi 1957
|alikufa          =2 Mei 2011
|nchi             =Saudia
|kazi yake        =Philanthropist
|ndoa             =
|wazazi           =
|watoto           =
|tovuti rasmi     =
}}
'''Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden''' (kwa [[Kiarabu]]: أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن‎ ''ʾusāmah bin muḥammad bin ʿawaḍ bin lādin''; [[10 Machi]] [[1957]] – [[2 Mei]] [[2011]]) alikuwa mpiganaji na [[mwanzilishi]] na [[kiongozi]] wa [[kundi]] la [[Ugaidi|kigaidi]] la [[Al Qaida]] mnamo [[1988]]&lt;ref&gt;Michael Scheuer, ''Through Our Enemies' Eyes'', p. 110&lt;/ref&gt;. 
[[picha:Osama bin Laden in 2001 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Osama bin Laden]]
Aliamini kwamba [[Waislamu]] wanapaswa kuua raia na wanajeshi wa Marekani na nchi washirika hadi wajiondoe katika kuunga mkono [[Israeli|Israeli]] na kuondoa majeshi yao kutoka katika nchi za Kiislamu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html|title=BIN LADEN'S FATWA|website=[[PBS]]|access-date=September 8, 2017|archive-date=October 31, 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011031024057/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1998.html|title=Online NewsHour: Al Qaeda's 1998 Fatwa|publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]|access-date=2006-08-21|archive-date=September 1, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901093550/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1998.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alipelekwa mahakamani katika mahakama ya shirikisho ya Marekani kwa kuhusika kwake katika mashambulio ya mabomu ya balozi za Marekani mwaka [[1998]] huko [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Tanzania]] na [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]], na alikuwa kwenye orodha ya [[FBI]] ya [[Marekani]] ya Watu Kumi Wanaotafutwa Zaidi.

Anatazamwa na [[watu]] wengi kama gaidi aliyesababisha [[Kifo|vifo]] vya maelfu ya watu katika [[mashambulio ya kigaidi ya 7 Agosti 1998 katika Afrika ya Mashariki]] ([[Nairobi]] na [[Dar es Salaam]]) na hasa [[shambulio la 11 Septemba 2001]] huko [[Marekani]]. 

Kumbe wengine wanamwona kama mtetezi wa [[haki]] za [[Waislamu]] dhidi ya mashambulio ya Marekani akitumia mbinu za [[jihadi]]. 

Aliuawa na [[wanajeshi]] wa [[Marekani]] tarehe 2 Mei 2011 nchini [[Pakistan]] alipokuwa amefichama.

== Familia na kazi ==
Osama bin Laden alizaliwa katika [[familia]] [[tajiri]] ya Bin Laden wa [[Saudia]]. Baada ya masomo yake kwenye [[chuo kikuu]], yasiyojulikana kama aliyamaliza, alifanya [[kazi]] katika [[kampuni]] za [[ujenzi]] za familia yake.

== Afghanistan ==
Tangu [[uvamizi]] wa [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] katika [[Afghanistan]] [[mwaka]] [[1979]] alikusanya [[pesa]] kwa ajili ya [[mujahidin wa Afghanistan]] akawasaidia pia [[vijana]] [[Waarabu]] waliotaka kujiunga na mujahedin katika mapambano dhidi ya [[jeshi la Kisoveti]] na [[serikali]] ya Afghanistan. 

Mwaka [[1984]] alihamia Pakistan kwa shabaha ya kuongoza wapiganaji wa kujitolea kutoka [[Uarabuni]]. Mwaka [[1986]] alichukua pia [[wanawake]] na [[watoto]] wake kutoka Saudia na kwa miaka kadhaa alikaa nao Pakistan. Mwenyewe alianza kushiriki katika mashumbulio dhidi ya jeshi la Kisovyeti pamoja na vikundi vidogo vya Waarabu.

== Kuanzishwa kwa Al Qaida ==
Mwaka [[1988]] jeshi la Kisovyeti lilianza kuondoka Afghanistan. [[Viongozi]] wa mujahedin Waarabu katika Afghanistan waliokuwa Bin Laden na [[Wamisri]] kama [[Aiman az-Zawahiri]] na [[Abdullah Azzam]] walishauriana namna ya kuendeleza [[jihadi]] zao. Walitofautiana kama kulenga serikali za nchi za Kiarabu zisizokuwa za [[Dini|kidini]] kama huko [[Misri]] au kuhamia Palestina au kupeleka jihadi yao kwenda [[jamhuri]] za Kisovyeti za [[Asia ya Kati]] kama [[Tajikistan]] au [[Kirgistan]] zilizokaliwa na Waislamu.

Mkutano huo ulifanyika katika [[kambi]] lililoitwa &quot;al-qaida&quot; kwa Kiarabu. &lt;ref&gt; القاعدة‎ ''al qaida'' inamaanisha &quot;kambi&quot; katika lugha ya Kiarabu&lt;/ref&gt;. Hilo lilikuwa baadaye [[jina]] la kundi lililoongozwa na bin Laden.

Sehemu ya mujahidin Waarabu walimfuata bin Ladin katika kushambulia jeshi la serikali ya Afghanistan iliyoendelea kujitetea hata baada ya kuondoka kwa Wasovyeti. Mwaka bin Laden alipotembelea tena Saudia akashauriana na serikali kuendelea namna gani. Alipopewa jibu heri arudi kwake akatii akarudi pamoja na kikosi chake.

== Saudia 1989 - 1992 na Sudan hadi 1995 ==
Baada ya kurudi Saudia aliishi [[Madina]] na [[Jiddah]] akaingia tena katika kampuni ya familia yake na kusimamia miradi ya ujenzi wa [[barabara]]. Wengi walimtazama kama [[shujaa]] aliyewajibika kwa kiasi kikubwa kufukuza Umoja wa Kisovyeti kutoka Afghanistan.

Mwaka [[1990]] serikali ya [[Saddam Hussein]] wa [[Irak]] ilivamia [[Kuwait]]. Serikali ya Saudia iliogopa mashambUlio mengine dhidi ya Saudia ikakubali kufika kwa wanajeshi wa Marekani nchini. Osama aliona hatua hiYO kama marufuku kwa sababu aliamini Uarabuni ni nchi takatifu kutokana na mahali patakatifu pa Kiislamu pa [[Makka]] na Madina akajitolea kukusanya mujahidin 100,000 kama [[ulinzi]] dhidi ya Saddam badala ya kuwaruhusu Wamarekani. Lakini serikali ilikataa.

Wanajeshi kadhaa wa Marekani waliendelea kukaa Saudia hata baada ya [[ushindi]] juu ya Irak katika [[vita]]. Hapo bin Laden alianza kupinga waziwazi [[siasa]] ya serikali yake. Kutokana na ugomvi huO aliamua kuhamia nchi ya [[Sudan]] alipotumia [[utajiri]] wake kuanzisha miradi, [[Shamba|mashamba]] na makampuni lakini pia makambi kwa ajili ya vijana wenye [[itikadi kali]] ya Kiislamu waliomfuata na kuhamia Sudan. Alikaa karibu na viongozi wa kundi la [[Al-Jihad ya Misri]] waliowahi kushirikiana naye Afghanistan na kupambana dhidi ya serikali ya [[rais]] [[Hosni Mubarak]].

Kukaa kwa Wamarekani katika Saudia na kuingilia kwa Marekani katika [[vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe nchini Somalia]] tangu Desemba [[1992]] kwa niaba ya [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] ilileta [[imani]] kati ya Waislamu wakali kuwa [[Ustaarabu wa magharibi|nchi za Magharibi]] wanaendesha upya [[vita ya misalaba]].

Katika miaka iliyofuata yalitokea mashambulio mbalimbali dhidi ya wanajeshi na [[taasisi]] za Kimarekani yaliyoendeshwa na wanajihadi mbalimbali kama vile huko [[Yemen]] 1992 na [[shambulio la 1993 dhidi ya World Trade Center]] mjini [[New York]]. Haijulikani hadi leo kwa kiasi gani Osama na Al Qaida yalishiriki katika mipango hiyo lakini watendaji walikuwa watu wenye [[mawasiliano]] na Bin Laden. Pia alitoa pesa kwa vita ya harakati ya kijihadi ya Groupe Islamique Armee nchini [[Algeria]] na kuhubiri dhidi ya serikali ya Saudia. Hapo Saudia ilifuta [[uraia]] wake na kukamata [[mali]] yake nchini. Familia ya bin Laden ilitangaza ya kwamba walimfukuza katika [[ukoo]].

Mwaka [[1995]] wanajihadi wa Al-Jihad ya Misri walijaribu kumwua rais Mubarak wa Misri kwenye mkutano wa [[Umoja wa Muungano wa Afrika]] mjini [[Addis Ababa]]. Hapo [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] ilidai Sudan kuwakabidhi kwa [[mahakama]] watendaji waliotoka huko na kutangaza hatua dhidi ya [[taifa]] hilo. Sudan ilijaribu kuepukana na kuadhibiwa na jumuiya ya kimataifa haikutaka kuonekana kama msaidzi wa ugaidi ikalazimisha wanajihadi wa kimataifa kuondoka. [[Tarehe]] [[18 Mei]] [[1996]] Osama bin Laden alipelekwa tena Afghanistan.

== Afghanistan 1996–2001 ==
Afghanistan ilikuwa katika hali ya [[vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] na miezi michache baada ya kufika kwa Osama kundi la [[Taliban]] lilivamia [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Kabul]] na kutangaza [[Emirati ya Afghanistan]] likaendelea kutawala sehemu kubwa ya nchi.

Katika maeneo yaliyokuwa chini ya serikali ya Taliban Osama aliweza kuanzisha makambi mbalimbali alipopokea na kufunza wanajihadi kutoka nchi mbalimbali. Pamoja na [[Aiman az-Zawahiri]] alitoa tamko la [[fatwa]] tarehe [[23 Februari]] [[1998]] waliposema: &quot;Kuwaua Wamarekani na wanaoshikamana nao -kama ni wanajeshi au raia- ni [[wajibu]] wa kila Mwislamu mwenye uwezo wa kuyatekeleza katika nchi yoyote kwa kusudi la kuleta [[ukombozi]] wa [[msikiti]] wa [[al Aqsa]] na [[Masjid al-Haram]] (msikiti wa Makka) na kuwafukuza wanajeshi wao kutoka nchi zote za Uislamu. Kwa msaada wa [[Mungu]] tunamwita kila Mwislamu anayemwamini Mungu kutekeleza [[amri]] ya Mungu na kuwaua Wamarekani na kupora pesa zao kila mahali anapoikuta&quot;.

Mwaka uleule wa 1998 [[mabomu]] mawili yalipuliwa kwenye [[mashambulio ya kigaidi ya 7 Agosti 1998 katika Afrika ya Mashariki]] dhidi ya [[balozi]] za Marekani huko [[Nairobi]] na [[Dar es Salaam]] yaliyoua zaidi ya watu 300 na kuwajeruhi maelfu. Serikali ya Marekani ilijaribu kuwashawishi viongozi wa Taliban kuwakabidhi bin Laden lakini hadi [[2001]] badi hawakufikia mapatano.

Tarehe [[12 Oktoba]] [[2000]] wanajihadi wa al Qaida walishambulia [[manowari]] [[USS Cole]] nchini Yemen. Tarehe [[9 Septemba]] 2001 wapiganaji wa al Qaida walimwua mpinzani wa Taliban [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]] kwa bomu.

Tendo hilo lilifuatwa na [[shambulio la 11 Septemba 2001]] katika Marekani lililoua takriban watu 3,000. Marekani ilidai tena Afghanistan imkabidhi bin Laden lakini viongozi wa Taliban walikataa wakadai kuonyeshwa uthibitisho. Rais [[George W. Bush]] wa Marekani alijibu kwa kushambulia Afganistan tarehe [[7 Oktoba]] 2001; baada ya kutekwa kwa Kabul bin Laden alikimbia kwenye [[Pango (jiolojia)|mapango]] ya [[milima]] ya [[Tora Bora]] na kutoka huko katika maeneo ya Pakistan [[kaskazini]]-[[mashariki]] ambako serikali ya taifa ilikuwa na athira ndogo.

Jitihada za Wamarekani kumkamata zilikuwa bila mafanikio. Osama bin Laden aliendelea kujificha nchini Pakistan, labda kwa msaada wa sehemu ya huduma ya usalama ya kijeshi ya nchi hiyo. Alitoa matangazo mbalimbali kwa njia ya kanda za [[video]] zilizosambazwa [[duniani]] kwa njia ya [[intaneti]]. 

Aliuawa mjini [[Abbottabad]], Pakistan, tarehe 2 Mei 2011 mnamo saa saba [[usiku]] &lt;ref&gt;Kutegemeana na kanda la wakati, saa 7 ni wakati wa Pakistan &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;waposurveil&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/cia-spied-on-bin-laden-from-safe-house/2011/05/05/AFXbG31F_story.html |title=CIA spied on bin Laden from safe house |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=May 5, 2011 |last=Miller |first=Greg |accessdate=May 6, 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510144552/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/cia-spied-on-bin-laden-from-safe-house/2011/05/05/AFXbG31F_story.html |archivedate=May 10, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Cooper |first=Helene |title=Obama Announces Killing of Osama bin Laden |date=May 1, 2011 |url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/05/01/bin-laden-dead-u-s-official-says/ |work=The New York Times |accessdate=May 1, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502033900/http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/05/01/bin-laden-dead-u-s-official-says/ |archivedate=May 2, 2011 |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; aliposhambuliwa na kikosi maalumu cha jeshi la Marekani.

==Tanbihi==
{{Marejeo}}
{{BD|1957|2011|bin Laden, Osama}}
[[Jamii:Watu wa Saudia]]
[[Jamii:Waislamu]]
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      <comment>Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/~2026-42722-72|~2026-42722-72]] ([[User talk:~2026-42722-72|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="11208" sha1="qopxyym3065qrgqghu8t1zqeb3jv1bl" xml:space="preserve">{{Mtu
|rangi            =
|jina             =[[Osama bin Laden]]
|picha            =Osama_bin_Laden_portrait.jpg
|maelezo_ya_picha =Osama Bin Laden
|jina la kuzaliwa ='Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden
|alizaliwa        = 10 Machi 1957
|alikufa          =2 Mei 2011
|nchi             =Saudia
|kazi yake        =Gaidi
|ndoa             =
|wazazi           =
|watoto           =
|tovuti rasmi     =
}}
'''Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden''' (kwa [[Kiarabu]]: أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن‎ ''ʾusāmah bin muḥammad bin ʿawaḍ bin lādin''; [[10 Machi]] [[1957]] – [[2 Mei]] [[2011]]) alikuwa mpiganaji na [[mwanzilishi]] na [[kiongozi]] wa [[kundi]] la [[Ugaidi|kigaidi]] la [[Al Qaida]] mnamo [[1988]]&lt;ref&gt;Michael Scheuer, ''Through Our Enemies' Eyes'', p. 110&lt;/ref&gt;. 
[[picha:Osama bin Laden in 2001 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Osama bin Laden]]
Aliamini kwamba [[Waislamu]] wanapaswa kuua raia na wanajeshi wa Marekani na nchi washirika hadi wajiondoe katika kuunga mkono [[Israeli|Israeli]] na kuondoa majeshi yao kutoka katika nchi za Kiislamu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html|title=BIN LADEN'S FATWA|website=[[PBS]]|access-date=September 8, 2017|archive-date=October 31, 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011031024057/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1998.html|title=Online NewsHour: Al Qaeda's 1998 Fatwa|publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]|access-date=2006-08-21|archive-date=September 1, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901093550/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1998.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alipelekwa mahakamani katika mahakama ya shirikisho ya Marekani kwa kuhusika kwake katika mashambulio ya mabomu ya balozi za Marekani mwaka [[1998]] huko [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Tanzania]] na [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]], na alikuwa kwenye orodha ya [[FBI]] ya [[Marekani]] ya Watu Kumi Wanaotafutwa Zaidi.

Anatazamwa na [[watu]] wengi kama gaidi aliyesababisha [[Kifo|vifo]] vya maelfu ya watu katika [[mashambulio ya kigaidi ya 7 Agosti 1998 katika Afrika ya Mashariki]] ([[Nairobi]] na [[Dar es Salaam]]) na hasa [[shambulio la 11 Septemba 2001]] huko [[Marekani]]. 

Kumbe wengine wanamwona kama mtetezi wa [[haki]] za [[Waislamu]] dhidi ya mashambulio ya Marekani akitumia mbinu za [[jihadi]]. 

Aliuawa na [[wanajeshi]] wa [[Marekani]] tarehe 2 Mei 2011 nchini [[Pakistan]] alipokuwa amefichama.

== Familia na kazi ==
Osama bin Laden alizaliwa katika [[familia]] [[tajiri]] ya Bin Laden wa [[Saudia]]. Baada ya masomo yake kwenye [[chuo kikuu]], yasiyojulikana kama aliyamaliza, alifanya [[kazi]] katika [[kampuni]] za [[ujenzi]] za familia yake.

== Afghanistan ==
Tangu [[uvamizi]] wa [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] katika [[Afghanistan]] [[mwaka]] [[1979]] alikusanya [[pesa]] kwa ajili ya [[mujahidin wa Afghanistan]] akawasaidia pia [[vijana]] [[Waarabu]] waliotaka kujiunga na mujahedin katika mapambano dhidi ya [[jeshi la Kisoveti]] na [[serikali]] ya Afghanistan. 

Mwaka [[1984]] alihamia Pakistan kwa shabaha ya kuongoza wapiganaji wa kujitolea kutoka [[Uarabuni]]. Mwaka [[1986]] alichukua pia [[wanawake]] na [[watoto]] wake kutoka Saudia na kwa miaka kadhaa alikaa nao Pakistan. Mwenyewe alianza kushiriki katika mashumbulio dhidi ya jeshi la Kisovyeti pamoja na vikundi vidogo vya Waarabu.

== Kuanzishwa kwa Al Qaida ==
Mwaka [[1988]] jeshi la Kisovyeti lilianza kuondoka Afghanistan. [[Viongozi]] wa mujahedin Waarabu katika Afghanistan waliokuwa Bin Laden na [[Wamisri]] kama [[Aiman az-Zawahiri]] na [[Abdullah Azzam]] walishauriana namna ya kuendeleza [[jihadi]] zao. Walitofautiana kama kulenga serikali za nchi za Kiarabu zisizokuwa za [[Dini|kidini]] kama huko [[Misri]] au kuhamia Palestina au kupeleka jihadi yao kwenda [[jamhuri]] za Kisovyeti za [[Asia ya Kati]] kama [[Tajikistan]] au [[Kirgistan]] zilizokaliwa na Waislamu.

Mkutano huo ulifanyika katika [[kambi]] lililoitwa &quot;al-qaida&quot; kwa Kiarabu. &lt;ref&gt; القاعدة‎ ''al qaida'' inamaanisha &quot;kambi&quot; katika lugha ya Kiarabu&lt;/ref&gt;. Hilo lilikuwa baadaye [[jina]] la kundi lililoongozwa na bin Laden.

Sehemu ya mujahidin Waarabu walimfuata bin Ladin katika kushambulia jeshi la serikali ya Afghanistan iliyoendelea kujitetea hata baada ya kuondoka kwa Wasovyeti. Mwaka bin Laden alipotembelea tena Saudia akashauriana na serikali kuendelea namna gani. Alipopewa jibu heri arudi kwake akatii akarudi pamoja na kikosi chake.

== Saudia 1989 - 1992 na Sudan hadi 1995 ==
Baada ya kurudi Saudia aliishi [[Madina]] na [[Jiddah]] akaingia tena katika kampuni ya familia yake na kusimamia miradi ya ujenzi wa [[barabara]]. Wengi walimtazama kama [[shujaa]] aliyewajibika kwa kiasi kikubwa kufukuza Umoja wa Kisovyeti kutoka Afghanistan.

Mwaka [[1990]] serikali ya [[Saddam Hussein]] wa [[Irak]] ilivamia [[Kuwait]]. Serikali ya Saudia iliogopa mashambUlio mengine dhidi ya Saudia ikakubali kufika kwa wanajeshi wa Marekani nchini. Osama aliona hatua hiYO kama marufuku kwa sababu aliamini Uarabuni ni nchi takatifu kutokana na mahali patakatifu pa Kiislamu pa [[Makka]] na Madina akajitolea kukusanya mujahidin 100,000 kama [[ulinzi]] dhidi ya Saddam badala ya kuwaruhusu Wamarekani. Lakini serikali ilikataa.

Wanajeshi kadhaa wa Marekani waliendelea kukaa Saudia hata baada ya [[ushindi]] juu ya Irak katika [[vita]]. Hapo bin Laden alianza kupinga waziwazi [[siasa]] ya serikali yake. Kutokana na ugomvi huO aliamua kuhamia nchi ya [[Sudan]] alipotumia [[utajiri]] wake kuanzisha miradi, [[Shamba|mashamba]] na makampuni lakini pia makambi kwa ajili ya vijana wenye [[itikadi kali]] ya Kiislamu waliomfuata na kuhamia Sudan. Alikaa karibu na viongozi wa kundi la [[Al-Jihad ya Misri]] waliowahi kushirikiana naye Afghanistan na kupambana dhidi ya serikali ya [[rais]] [[Hosni Mubarak]].

Kukaa kwa Wamarekani katika Saudia na kuingilia kwa Marekani katika [[vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe nchini Somalia]] tangu Desemba [[1992]] kwa niaba ya [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] ilileta [[imani]] kati ya Waislamu wakali kuwa [[Ustaarabu wa magharibi|nchi za Magharibi]] wanaendesha upya [[vita ya misalaba]].

Katika miaka iliyofuata yalitokea mashambulio mbalimbali dhidi ya wanajeshi na [[taasisi]] za Kimarekani yaliyoendeshwa na wanajihadi mbalimbali kama vile huko [[Yemen]] 1992 na [[shambulio la 1993 dhidi ya World Trade Center]] mjini [[New York]]. Haijulikani hadi leo kwa kiasi gani Osama na Al Qaida yalishiriki katika mipango hiyo lakini watendaji walikuwa watu wenye [[mawasiliano]] na Bin Laden. Pia alitoa pesa kwa vita ya harakati ya kijihadi ya Groupe Islamique Armee nchini [[Algeria]] na kuhubiri dhidi ya serikali ya Saudia. Hapo Saudia ilifuta [[uraia]] wake na kukamata [[mali]] yake nchini. Familia ya bin Laden ilitangaza ya kwamba walimfukuza katika [[ukoo]].

Mwaka [[1995]] wanajihadi wa Al-Jihad ya Misri walijaribu kumwua rais Mubarak wa Misri kwenye mkutano wa [[Umoja wa Muungano wa Afrika]] mjini [[Addis Ababa]]. Hapo [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] ilidai Sudan kuwakabidhi kwa [[mahakama]] watendaji waliotoka huko na kutangaza hatua dhidi ya [[taifa]] hilo. Sudan ilijaribu kuepukana na kuadhibiwa na jumuiya ya kimataifa haikutaka kuonekana kama msaidzi wa ugaidi ikalazimisha wanajihadi wa kimataifa kuondoka. [[Tarehe]] [[18 Mei]] [[1996]] Osama bin Laden alipelekwa tena Afghanistan.

== Afghanistan 1996–2001 ==
Afghanistan ilikuwa katika hali ya [[vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] na miezi michache baada ya kufika kwa Osama kundi la [[Taliban]] lilivamia [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Kabul]] na kutangaza [[Emirati ya Afghanistan]] likaendelea kutawala sehemu kubwa ya nchi.

Katika maeneo yaliyokuwa chini ya serikali ya Taliban Osama aliweza kuanzisha makambi mbalimbali alipopokea na kufunza wanajihadi kutoka nchi mbalimbali. Pamoja na [[Aiman az-Zawahiri]] alitoa tamko la [[fatwa]] tarehe [[23 Februari]] [[1998]] waliposema: &quot;Kuwaua Wamarekani na wanaoshikamana nao -kama ni wanajeshi au raia- ni [[wajibu]] wa kila Mwislamu mwenye uwezo wa kuyatekeleza katika nchi yoyote kwa kusudi la kuleta [[ukombozi]] wa [[msikiti]] wa [[al Aqsa]] na [[Masjid al-Haram]] (msikiti wa Makka) na kuwafukuza wanajeshi wao kutoka nchi zote za Uislamu. Kwa msaada wa [[Mungu]] tunamwita kila Mwislamu anayemwamini Mungu kutekeleza [[amri]] ya Mungu na kuwaua Wamarekani na kupora pesa zao kila mahali anapoikuta&quot;.

Mwaka uleule wa 1998 [[mabomu]] mawili yalipuliwa kwenye [[mashambulio ya kigaidi ya 7 Agosti 1998 katika Afrika ya Mashariki]] dhidi ya [[balozi]] za Marekani huko [[Nairobi]] na [[Dar es Salaam]] yaliyoua zaidi ya watu 300 na kuwajeruhi maelfu. Serikali ya Marekani ilijaribu kuwashawishi viongozi wa Taliban kuwakabidhi bin Laden lakini hadi [[2001]] badi hawakufikia mapatano.

Tarehe [[12 Oktoba]] [[2000]] wanajihadi wa al Qaida walishambulia [[manowari]] [[USS Cole]] nchini Yemen. Tarehe [[9 Septemba]] 2001 wapiganaji wa al Qaida walimwua mpinzani wa Taliban [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]] kwa bomu.

Tendo hilo lilifuatwa na [[shambulio la 11 Septemba 2001]] katika Marekani lililoua takriban watu 3,000. Marekani ilidai tena Afghanistan imkabidhi bin Laden lakini viongozi wa Taliban walikataa wakadai kuonyeshwa uthibitisho. Rais [[George W. Bush]] wa Marekani alijibu kwa kushambulia Afganistan tarehe [[7 Oktoba]] 2001; baada ya kutekwa kwa Kabul bin Laden alikimbia kwenye [[Pango (jiolojia)|mapango]] ya [[milima]] ya [[Tora Bora]] na kutoka huko katika maeneo ya Pakistan [[kaskazini]]-[[mashariki]] ambako serikali ya taifa ilikuwa na athira ndogo.

Jitihada za Wamarekani kumkamata zilikuwa bila mafanikio. Osama bin Laden aliendelea kujificha nchini Pakistan, labda kwa msaada wa sehemu ya huduma ya usalama ya kijeshi ya nchi hiyo. Alitoa matangazo mbalimbali kwa njia ya kanda za [[video]] zilizosambazwa [[duniani]] kwa njia ya [[intaneti]]. 

Aliuawa mjini [[Abbottabad]], Pakistan, tarehe 2 Mei 2011 mnamo saa saba [[usiku]] &lt;ref&gt;Kutegemeana na kanda la wakati, saa 7 ni wakati wa Pakistan &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;waposurveil&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/cia-spied-on-bin-laden-from-safe-house/2011/05/05/AFXbG31F_story.html |title=CIA spied on bin Laden from safe house |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=May 5, 2011 |last=Miller |first=Greg |accessdate=May 6, 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510144552/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/cia-spied-on-bin-laden-from-safe-house/2011/05/05/AFXbG31F_story.html |archivedate=May 10, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Cooper |first=Helene |title=Obama Announces Killing of Osama bin Laden |date=May 1, 2011 |url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/05/01/bin-laden-dead-u-s-official-says/ |work=The New York Times |accessdate=May 1, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502033900/http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/05/01/bin-laden-dead-u-s-official-says/ |archivedate=May 2, 2011 |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; aliposhambuliwa na kikosi maalumu cha jeshi la Marekani.

==Tanbihi==
{{Marejeo}}
{{BD|1957|2011|bin Laden, Osama}}
[[Jamii:Watu wa Saudia]]
[[Jamii:Waislamu]]
[[Jamii:Ugaidi]]</text>
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    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Revi C.</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
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      <id>1583259</id>
      <parentid>1583104</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T14:32:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pathoschild</username>
        <id>458</id>
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      <comment>global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Revi C.]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="1122" sha1="5b8qtz4dnjnrhc9ts3mku14m3gujbq8" xml:space="preserve">__NOINDEX__&lt;div class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[File:Revi logo (pink).png|thumb|center|&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;PLEASE DO NOT LEAVE MESSAGE HERE!&lt;/span&gt;]]

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  <page>
    <title>Njianne</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>1583244</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="965" sha1="ndjtq2e9jg6bf9f2f1obyjjsrzc52et" xml:space="preserve">'''Njianne''' ni [[kata]] mojawapo ya [[Wilaya ya Mkuranga]] katika [[Mkoa wa Pwani]], [[Tanzania]], yenye [[postikodi]] [[namba]] '''61510'''. 

Kata hiyo ina [[Kijiji|vijiji]] vinne: Njianne (ndipo yalipo makao makuu ya kata), Mikere, Mingombe na Miteza.

Katika [[sensa]] ya mwaka [[2022]] wakazi walihesabiwa 4,902 &lt;ref&gt;https://www.nbs.go.tz/&lt;/ref&gt;. Wakati wa sensa iliyofanyika mwaka wa 2012, kata ilikuwa na wakazi wapatao 6,627 &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.meac.go.tz/sites/default/files/Statistics/Tanzania%20Population%20Census%202012.pdf |title=Sensa ya 2012, Pwani -  Mkuranga DC |accessdate=2016-06-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225919/http://www.meac.go.tz/sites/default/files/Statistics/Tanzania%20Population%20Census%202012.pdf |archivedate=2016-03-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt; walioishi humo.   

==Marejeo==
{{marejeo}} 
{{Kata za Wilaya ya Mkuranga}} 
{{mbegu-jio-pwani}} 
[[Jamii:Wilaya ya Mkuranga]]   
[[Jamii:Kata za Mkoa wa Pwani]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kaisari Nero</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="4970" sha1="rog0kc4w8g27ngxjd4zgvltp3t335e9" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Nero 1.JPG|thumb|right|[[Sanamu]] ya [[marumaru]] ya Nero katika [[Musei Capitolini]], [[Roma]], [[Italia]].]]
'''Kaisari Nero''' ([[jina]] kamili kwa [[Kilatini]]: ''Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus''&lt;ref&gt;In [[Classical Latin]], Nero's name would be inscribed as NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS.&lt;/ref&gt;: [[15 Desemba]] [[37]] - [[9 Juni]] [[68]]) alijiua baada ya kutawala [[Dola la Roma]] kuanzia [[tarehe]] [[13 Oktoba]] [[54]]. 

Alimfuata [[Kaisari Klaudio]] akafuatwa na [[Kaisari Galba]].

==Tazama pia==
* [[Orodha ya Makaizari wa Roma]]

==Tanbihi==
{{Reflist}}

==Marejeo==
'''Vyanzo vikuu'''
* [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Tacitus/index.htm Tacitus, ''Histories'', I–IV (''c.'' 105)]
* [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Tacitus/index.htm Tacitus, ''Annals'', XIII–XVI (''c.'' 117)]
* [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/josephus/works/files/works.html Josephus, ''War of the Jews'', Books II–VI (''c.'' 94)]
* [http://www.ccel.org/j/josephus/works/ant-20.htm Josephus, ''Antiquities of the Jews'', Book XX (''c.'' 94)]
* [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/home.html Cassius Dio, ''Roman History'', Books 61–63 (''c.'' 229)]
* [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Galba*.html Plutarch, ''The Parallel Lives'', The Life of Galba (''c.'' 110)]
* [http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/apollonius/life/va_00.html Philostratus II, ''Life of Apollonius Tyana'', Books 4–5, (''c.'' 220)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/apollonius/life/va_00.html |date=20080221003024 }}
* [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Nero*.html Suetonius, ''The Lives of Twelve Caesars'', the Life of Nero (''c.'' 121)]

'''Vyanzo vingine'''
* Benario, Herbert W. [http://www.roman-emperors.org/nero.htm Nero] {{Wayback|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/nero.htm |date=20171012094526 }} at ''De Imperatoribus Romanis''.
* {{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?isbn=0674018222 |title=Nero |author=Champlin, Edward |authorlink=Edward Champlin |publisher=Harvard University Press |page=346 |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-674-01822-8}}
* [[Vincent Cronin|Cronin, Vincent]]. ''Nero''. London: Stacey International, 2010 (ISBN 1-906768-14-5).
* Donahue, John, [http://www.roman-emperors.org/galba.htm &quot;Galba (68–69 A.D.)&quot;] {{Wayback|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/galba.htm |date=20080911211039 }} at ''De Imperatoribus Romanis''.
* Grant, Michael. ''Nero''. New York: Dorset Press, 1989 (ISBN 0-88029-311-X).
* Griffin, Miriam T. ''Nero: The End of a Dynasty''. New Haven, CT; London: [[Yale University Press]], 1985 (hardcover, ISBN 0-300-03285-4); London; New York: Routledge, 1987 (paperback, ISBN 0-7134-4465-7).
* Holland, Richard. ''Nero: The Man Behind the Myth''. Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 2000 (paperback ISBN 0-7509-2876-X).
*{{fr}} Minaud, Gérard, ''Les vies de 12 femmes d'empereur romain - Devoirs, Intrigues &amp; Voluptés '', Paris, L'Harmattan, 2012, ch. 4, '' La vie de Poppée, femme de Néron'', p.&amp;nbsp;97–120 (ISBN 978-2-336-00291-0).
* Warmington, Brian Herbert. ''Nero: Reality and Legend''. London: Chatto &amp; Windus, 1969 (hardcover, ISBN 0-7011-1438-X); New York: W.W Norton &amp; Company, 1970 (paperback, ISBN 0-393-00542-9); New York: Vintage, 1981 (paperback, ISBN 0-7011-1454-1).
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091027092615/http://geocities.com/gaiusulpius/nero.html Nero] Nero: The Actor-Emperor
* [http://virtualreligion.net/iho/nero.html Nero] entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith
* [http://www.romansonline.com/Persns.asp?IntID=5&amp;Ename=Nero Nero] {{Wayback|url=http://www.romansonline.com/Persns.asp?IntID=5&amp;Ename=Nero |date=20060329200951 }} basic data &amp; select quotes posted by [http://www.romansonline.com/ ''Romans On Line''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.romansonline.com/ |date=20060329200951 }}
* [http://www.bible-history.com/nero/ Nero Caesar] biographical sketch archived in [http://www.bible-history.com/ ''Bible History Online'']
* [http://www.third-millennium-library.com/readinghall/GalleryofHistory/Nero/NERO-DOOR.html THE LIFE AND TIMES OF NERO By CARLO MARIA FRANZERO (BTM format)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.third-millennium-library.com/readinghall/GalleryofHistory/Nero/NERO-DOOR.html |date=20091215180526 }}.
* [http://www.bijanomrani.com/?p=tacitus Nero's depiction in Tacitus' Annals] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bijanomrani.com/?p=tacitus |date=20160305013355 }}
* [http://www.roman-empire.net/emperors/nero.html Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus] {{Wayback|url=http://www.roman-empire.net/emperors/nero.html |date=20070702001708 }} entry in the [http://www.roman-empire.net/ ''Illustrated History of the Roman Empire''].

==Viungo vya nje==
{{Commons category|Nero}}
* [http://www.sien-neron.fr/?lang=en International Society for Neronian Studies]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nero}}
{{Mbegu-Kaizari-Roma}}

[[Category:Waliozaliwa 37]]
[[Category:Waliofariki 68]]
[[Category:Makaizari wa Roma]]
[[Category:Watu wa Biblia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Maya</title>
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      <text bytes="59186" sha1="efzjti25nxenb6rxvefubc51gvdirzx" xml:space="preserve">[[Picha:Zacuelu2.jpg|thumbnail|300px|[[Hekalu]] - [[piramidi]] ya Kimaya.]]
[[Picha:Madrid Codex 9.jpg|thumbnail|300px|[[Ukurasa]] kutoka [[kitabu]] cha [[Kimaya]] kwa mwandiko ya [[hiroglifi]].]]
'''Maya''' ni jina la [[ustaarabu]] uliostawi kusini mwa [[Meksiko]] ya leo ([[rasi]] ya [[Yucatan]]) pamoja na [[Gwatemala]], [[Belize]] na sehemu za [[Honduras]] na [[El Salvador]] kuanzia mwaka [[2000 KK|2000]] hivi [[KK]] hadi waliposhindwa na [[Wahispania]] kutoka [[Ulaya]] ([[karne ya 16]] na [[Karne ya 17|ya 17]] [[BK]]).

==Historia==
Watu wa kwanza waliofika huko kutoka kaskazini walikuwa [[Waindio]], wajukuu wa wahamiaji walioingia [[Amerika]] kutoka [[Asia ya Kaskazini]]. Hakuna uhakika kufika huko kulitokea lini: labda miaka 10,000 iliyopita&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=Qxp-GWiDPioC&amp;pg=PA386#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Michael S. Werner (January 2001). Concise Encyclopedia of Mexico. Taylor &amp; Francis. pp. 386–. ISBN 978-1-57958-337-8]&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Hao Waindio walikuwa [[wakulima]] hodari sana na [[mazao]] mbalimbali ambayo leo ni msingi wa [[chakula]] kote [[duniani]] yalianzishwa na kupandishwa nao, yakiwa pamoja na [[mahindi]], [[mboga]] na [[nyanya]]. [[Kilimo]] cha mahindi hukadiriwa kilianzishwa takriban mnamo mwaka [[9000 KK]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC122905/ A single domestication for maize shown by multilocus microsatellite genotyping, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Apr 30; 99(9): 6080–6084. doi:  10.1073/pnas.052125199]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/selection/corn |title=&quot;The Evolution of Corn&quot;. University of Utah HEALTH SCIENCES. Retrieved 2 January 2016 |accessdate=2016-04-01 |archive-date=2016-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401040226/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/selection/corn/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Kilimo kiliweka msingi kwa [[Kijiji|vijiji]] na [[jamii]] zilizoshirikiana katika maeneo makubwa. [[Miji]] ya kwanza inajulikana kuanzia takriban mwaka [[1500 KK]]. 

Wamaya waliishi katika vijiji na miji iliyojitegemea na kugombana kati yao mara kwa mara. 

Wamaya walibuni mwandiko wa [[hiroglifi]] wenye [[alama]] nyingi kupita maandishi mengine katika [[Amerika ya Kale]] na kutunga [[vitabu]]. Waliendeleza pia [[hisabati]], wakijua [[namba]] &quot;[[sifuri]]&quot; na kuboresha mfumo wa kalenda. 

Walikuwa hodari sana katika [[astronomia]] yaani [[elimu]] ya [[nyota]]. Walipamba miji yao kwa [[Jengo|majengo]] makubwa na mazuri na kuwa [[wafanyabiashara]] hodari. Sanaa yao ilijua [[uchongaji]] wa mawe na pia [[uchoraji]].

Jamii ya Wamaya ilifikia kiwango cha juu kuanzia mwaka [[500 KK]] wakati miji mikubwa ya kwanza ilipotokea. Mnamo mwaka [[800]] [[BK]] jamii za Wamaya katika Yucatan ziliporomoka; [[wataalamu]] wengi huamini ya kwamba mabadiliko ya [[ekolojia]] na [[halihewa]] pamoja na kuchoka kwa [[rutuba]] ya [[ardhi]] yalisababisha kutoka kwa watu katika makazi ya awali. 

Lakini ustaarabu huu uliona tena kipindi cha kustawi katika maeneo mengine hadi kuja kwa [[Wahispania]]. Miji mbalimbali ya Wamaya iliendelea kujitetea dhidi ya wavamizi na [[Nojpeten]], mji wa mwisho wa kujitegemea ulitekwa mwaka [[1696]] tu.

==Tanbihi==
{{reflist}}

==Marejeo==
{{Refbegin|indent=yes}}
&lt;!--BEGIN biblio format. If indent param. is used, Pls use a colon (:) instead of asterisk (*) for bullet markers in the references list --&gt;
:{{cite book |author=Abrams, Elliot M. |title=How the Maya Built Their World: Energetics and Ancient Architecture |year=1994 |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin, Texas, US |isbn=0-292-70461-5 |oclc=29564628 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hsYZJkPV9jkC }}
:{{cite book |author1=Adams, Richard E. W. |title=Prehistoric Mesoamerica |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gWZ3nQ2ObtEC |edition=3rd |origyear=1977 |year=2005 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |location=Norman, Oklahoma, US |isbn=0-8061-3702-9 |oclc=58975830 }}
:{{cite journal |author1=Adams, R. E. W. |author2=W. E. Brown |author3=T. Patrick Culbert |date=25 September 1981 |title=Radar mapping, Archaeology, and Ancient Maya Land Use |journal=Science |series=New Series |volume=213 |issue=4515 |pages=1457–1463 |url=http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/archaeology/Publications/Remote%20sensing/Radar%20Mapping,%20Archeology,%20and%20Ancient%20Maya%20Land%20Use.pdf |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |issn=1095-9203 |oclc=863047799 |doi=10.1126/science.213.4515.1457 |bibcode=1981Sci...213.1457A |access-date=2016-04-01 |archive-date=2015-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312203501/http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/archaeology/Publications/Remote%20sensing/Radar%20Mapping,%20Archeology,%20and%20Ancient%20Maya%20Land%20Use.pdf |dead-url=yes }}
:{{cite journal |author=Andrews, Anthony P. |title=The Political Geography of the Sixteenth Century Yucatan Maya: Comments and Revisions |journal=Journal of Anthropological Research |volume=40 |issue=4 |date=Winter 1984 |pages=589–596 |publisher=University of New Mexico |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3629799 |jstor=3629799 |accessdate=2013-12-19 |location=Albuquerque, New Mexico, US |issn=0091-7710 |oclc=1787802 |subscription=y }}
:{{cite journal |author=Aoyama, Kazuo |title=Classic Maya Warfare and Weapons: Spear, dart, and arrow points of Aguateca and Copan |journal=Ancient Mesoamerica |issn=0956-5361 |volume=16 |issue=02 |date=July 2005 |pages=291–304 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&amp;aid=420095&amp;fileId=S0956536105050248 |doi=10.1017/S0956536105050248 |oclc=43698811 |subscription=y |access-date=2016-04-01 |archive-date=2016-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422034554/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&amp;aid=420095&amp;fileId=S0956536105050248 |url-status=dead }}
:{{cite journal |author=Arroyo, Bárbara  |title=El Poslclásico Tardío en los Altos de Guatemala |trans_title=The Late Postclassic in the Guatemalan Highlands |journal=Arqueología Mexicana |volume=IX |issue=50 |date=July–August 2001 |editor=Enrique Vela |pages=38–43 |publisher=Editorial Raíces |issn=0188-8218|language=es |location=Mexico City, Mexico |oclc=40772247}}
:{{cite journal |author=Becker, Marshall Joseph |title=Maya Heterarchy as Inferred from Classic-Period Plaza Plans |journal=Ancient Mesoamerica |issn=0956-5361 |volume=15 |year=2004 |pages=127–138 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/S0956536104151079 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&amp;aid=234946&amp;fileId=S0956536104151079 |oclc=43698811 |subscription=y |access-date=2016-04-01 |archive-date=2016-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306164625/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&amp;aid=234946&amp;fileId=S0956536104151079 |url-status=dead }}
:{{cite book |author=Berlo, Janet Catherine |year=1989 |chapter=Early Writing in Central Mexico: ''In Tlilli, In Tlapalli'' before A.D. 1000 |pages=19–48 |title=Mesoamerica after the Decline of Teotihuacan, A.D. 700–900 |editor1=Richard A. Diehl |editor2=Janet Catherine Berlo |isbn=0-88402-175-0 |oclc=18557289 |location=Washington, D.C., US |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FLJxLlGkpiUC&amp;pg=PA30 }}
:{{cite book |author1=Blanton, Richard E. |author2=Stephen A. Kowalewski |author3=Gary M. Feinman |author4=Laura M. Finsten |title=Ancient Mesoamerica: A Comparison of Change in Three Regions |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993 |origyear=1981 |location=Cambridge, UK |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bwGHfuqnMeUC |isbn=0-521-44053-X |oclc=470193044 }}
:{{cite journal |author=Blume, Anna |date=March 2011 |title=Maya Concepts of Zero |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |volume=155 |issue=1 |pages=51–88 |publisher=American Philosophical Society |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23056849 |jstor=23056849 |issn=0003-049X |oclc=1480553 |subscription=y }}
:{{cite journal |author=Bricker, Victoria R. |date=December 2007 |title=A Quarter-Century of Mayan Linguistics |journal=Mexicon |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=138–147 |publisher=Verlag Anton Saurwein |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23759758 |jstor=23759758 |location=Göttingen, Germany |issn=0720-5988 |oclc=5821915 |subscription=y }}
:{{cite journal |author=Brittenham, Claudia |title=Style and substance, or why the Cacaxtla paintings were buried |journal=Res: Anthropology and Aesthetics |date=Spring–Autumn 2009 |pages=135–155 |volume=55/56 Absconding |editor=Francesco Pellizzi |issn=0277-1322 |isbn=978-0-87365-854-6 |oclc=601057415 |publisher=The Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology and the Harvard Art Museum |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=q9LtySAJUMwC&amp;pg=PA140 }}
:{{cite book |author=Carmack, Robert M. |authorlink=Robert M. Carmack |year=2001 |title=Kik'ulmatajem le K'iche'aab': Evolución del Reino K'iche' |trans_title=Evolution of the K'iche Kingdom |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |publisher=Cholsamaj |isbn=99922-56-22-2 |oclc=253481949 |language=es}}
:{{cite book |author=Carter, Nicholas P. |year=2014 |chapter=Sources and Scales of Classic Maya History |title=Thinking, Recording, and Writing History in the Ancient World |pages=340–371 |editor=Kurt Raaflaub |location=New York |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell}}
:{{cite journal |author=Caso Barrera, Laura |author2=Mario Aliphat Fernández |title=Cacao, vanilla and annatto: three production and exchange systems in the Southern Maya lowlands, XVI–XVII centuries |pages=29–52 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25765138 |journal=Journal of Latin American Geography |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin, Texas, US |volume=5 |issue=2 |year=2006 |accessdate=2014-06-22 |jstor=25765138 |issn=1545-2476 |oclc=356573308 |doi=10.1353/lag.2006.0015 |subscription=y }}
:{{cite journal |last1=Caso Barrera |first1=Laura |first2=Mario |last2=Aliphat |year=2007 |title=Relaciones de Verapaz y las Tierras Bajas Mayas Centrales en el siglo XVII |trans_title=Relation between Verapaz and the Central Maya Lowlands in the 17th Century |volume=XX (2006) |journal=Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala |editors=[[Juan Pedro Laporte|J. P. Laporte]], B. Arroyo and H. Mejía |pages=48–58 |publisher=[[Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología]] |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |oclc=173275417 |format=PDF |url=http://asociaciontikal.com/pdf/04_-_Caso.06_-_www.pdf |accessdate=2014-06-26 |language=es |archive-date=2013-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017041731/http://asociaciontikal.com/pdf/04_-_Caso.06_-_www.pdf |dead-url=yes }}
:{{cite book |author1=Chase, Arlen F. |author2=Diane Z. Chase |title=The Oxford Handbook of Mesoamerican Archaeology |chapter=Complex Societies in the Southern Maya Lowlands: Their Development and Florescence in the Archaeological Record |chapterurl=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8cBpAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA255 |pages=255–267 |editor1=Deborah L. Nichols |editor2=Christopher A. Pool |year=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York, US |isbn=978-0-19-539093-3 |oclc=761538187 }}
:{{cite web |author=Christenson, Allen J. |title=Popul Vuh: Sacred Book of the Quiché Maya People |url=http://www.mesoweb.com/publications/Christenson/PopolVuh.pdf |origyear=2003 |year=2007 |format=PDF |work=Mesoweb articles |publisher=Mesoweb: An Exploration of Mesoamerican Cultures |accessdate=2010-01-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024062131/http://www.mesoweb.com/publications/Christenson/PopolVuh.pdf |archivedate=2014-10-24 }}
:{{cite book |author=Christie, Jessica Joyce |year=2003 |title=Maya Palaces and Elite Residences: An interdisciplinary approach |url=https://archive.org/details/mayapalaceselite00chri |chapter=Conclusions |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mayapalaceselite00chri/page/315 315]–336 |editor=Jessica Joyce Christie |isbn=0-292-71244-8 |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin, Texas, US |oclc=55889753 |series=Linda Schele series in Maya and pre-Columbian studies }}
:{{cite journal |author1=Cioffi-Revilla, Claudio |author2=Todd Landman |title=Evolution of Maya Polities in the Ancient Mesoamerican System |journal=International Studies Quarterly |volume=43 |issue=4 |date=December 1999 |pages=559–598 |publisher=Wiley on behalf of The International Studies Association |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3014022 |jstor=3014022 |issn=1468-2478 |oclc=52067195 |doi=10.1111/0020-8833.00137 |subscription=y }}
:{{cite book |author=Coe, Michael D. |authorlink=Michael D. Coe |origyear=1992 |year=1994 |title=Breaking the Maya Code |url=https://archive.org/details/breakingmayacode0000coem_n9r7 |location=London |publisher=Thames &amp; Hudson |isbn=0-14-023481-0 |oclc=31288285 }}
:{{cite book |author=Coe, Michael D. |year=1999 |title=The Maya |url=https://archive.org/details/maya0000coem_h0k7 |edition=Sixth |publisher=Thames &amp; Hudson |location=New York |isbn=0-500-28066-5 |oclc=40771862 }}
:{{cite book |author1=Colas, Pierre R. |author2=Alexander Voß |origyear=2006 |year=2011 |chapter=Un juego de vida o muerte: El juego de pelota maya |trans_title=A Game of Life or Death: The Maya Ballgame |language=es |pages=186–191 |publisher=Tandem Verlag |location=Potsdam, Germany |isbn=978-3-8331-6293-0 |type=hardback |title=Los Mayas: Una Civilización Milenaria |editor=Nikolai Grube |oclc=828120761}}
:{{cite journal |author1=Colunga-García Marín, Patricia |author2=Daniel Zizumbo-Villarreal |title=Domestication of Plants in Maya Lowlands |journal=Economic Botany |volume=58, Supplement |date=Winter 2004 |pages=S101-S110 |publisher=Springer on behalf of New York Botanical Garden Press |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4256911 |jstor=4256911 |doi=10.1663/0013-0001(2004)58[s101:dopiml]2.0.co;2 |subscription=y }}
:{{cite book |author=D'Arcy Harrison, Peter |year=2003 |title=Maya Palaces and Elite Residences: An interdisciplinary approach |url=https://archive.org/details/mayapalaceselite00chri |chapter=Palaces of the Royal Court at Tikal |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mayapalaceselite00chri/page/98 98]–119 |editor=Jessica Joyce Christie |isbn=0-292-71244-8 |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin, Texas, US |oclc=55889753 |series=Linda Schele series in Maya and pre-Columbian studies }}
:{{cite journal |author1=Dahlin, Bruce H. |author2=Christopher T. Jensen |author3=Richard E. Terry |author4=David R. Wright |author5=Timothy Beach |title=In Search of an Ancient Maya Market |journal=Latin American Antiquity |volume=18 |issue=4 |date=December 2007 |pages=363–384 |publisher=Society for American Archaeology |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25478193 |jstor=25478193 |issn=2325-5080 |location=Washington, DC, US |doi=10.2307/25478193 |subscription=y }}
:{{cite web |author=del Águila Flores, Patricia |title=Zaculeu: Ciudad Postclásica en las Tierras Altas Mayas de Guatemala |year=2007 |trans_title=Zaculeu: Postclassic City in the Maya Highlands of Guatemala |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |url=http://www.mcd.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/zaculeu-ciudad-postclasica-en-las-tierras-altas-mayas-de-guatemala.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2011-08-06 |publisher=Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes |oclc=277021068 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721084703/http://www.mcd.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/zaculeu-ciudad-postclasica-en-las-tierras-altas-mayas-de-guatemala.pdf |archivedate=2011-07-21 |language=es }}
:{{cite book |author=Demarest, Arthur |authorlink=Arthur Demarest |year=2004 |title=Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Forest Civilization |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientmayarisef0000dema |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=978-0-521-53390-4 |oclc=51438896 }}
:{{cite journal |author1=Demarest, Arthur A. |author2=Tomás Barrientos |author3=Federico Fahsen |year=2006 |title=El apogeo y el Colapso del reinado de Cancuen: Resultados e interpretaciones del Proyecto Cancuen, 2004–2005 |trans_title=The Apogee and Collapse of the Kingdom of Cancuen: Results and Interpretations of the Cancuen Project, 2004–2005 |volume=XIX (2005) |journal=Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala |editors=J.P. Laporte, B. Arroyo and H. Mejía |pages=826–837 |publisher=Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |language=es |url=http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/75_-_Demarest.05_-_Digital.pdf |oclc=71050804 |access-date=2016-04-01 |archive-date=2015-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923190559/http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/75_-_Demarest.05_-_Digital.pdf |dead-url=yes }}
:{{cite book |author=Diehl, Richard A. |year=2004 |title=The Olmecs: America's First Civilization |url=https://archive.org/details/olmecsamericasfi0000dieh |series=Ancient peoples and places series |publisher=Thames &amp; Hudson |location=London, UK |isbn=0-500-02119-8 |oclc=56746987 }}
:{{cite journal |author=Doyle, James A. |title=Regroup on &quot;E-Groups&quot;: Monumentality and Early Centers in the Middle Preclassic Maya Lowlands |journal=Latin American Antiquity |volume=23 |issue=4 |date=December 2012 |pages=355–379 |publisher=Society for American Archaeology |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23645603 |jstor=23645603 |issn=2325-5080 |oclc=54395676 |location=Washington, DC, US |doi=10.7183/1045-6635.23.4.355 |subscription=y }}
:{{Rejea kitabu|author=Drew, David |year=1999 |title=The Lost Chronicles of the Maya Kings |url=https://archive.org/details/lostchroniclesof0000drew_m2s5 |publisher=Phoenix Press |location=London, UK |isbn=0-7538-0989-3 |oclc=59565970}}
:{{cite journal |author=Ellsworth Hamann, Byron |date=March 2008 |title=How Maya Hieroglyphs Got Their Name: Egypt, Mexico, and China in Western Grammatology since the Fifteenth Century |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |volume=152 |issue=1 |url=http://www.academia.edu/501178/How_Maya_Hieroglyphs_Got_Their_Name_Egypt_Mexico_and_China_in_Western_Grammatology_since_the_Sixteenth_Century |publisher=American Philosophical Society |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US |issn=0003-049X |oclc=1480557 }}
:{{cite book |editor=Kate Fitz Gibbon |author=Emmerich, André |chapter=Improving the Odds: Preservation through Distribution |title=Who Owns the Past?: Cultural Policy, Cultural Property, and the Law |year=2005 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0813536873 |oclc=57893247 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PigTNxl30ZgC&amp;pg=PA251 |location=New Brunswick, New Jersey, US and London, UK }}
:{{cite book |author=Estrada-Belli, Francisco |year=2011 |title=The First Maya Civilization: Ritual and Power Before the Classic Period |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, UK and New York, US |isbn=978-0-415-42994-8 |oclc=614990197}}
:{{cite journal |author=Fisher, Chelsea |title=The role of infield agriculture in Maya cities |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |volume=36 |date=December 2014 |pages=196–210 |issn=0278-4165 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278416514000749 |doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2014.10.001 }} {{Subscription or libraries|sentence|via=[[ScienceDirect]]}}
:{{cite book |author=Foias, Antonia E. |year=2014 |origyear=2013 |title=Ancient Maya Political Dynamics |isbn=978-0-8130-6089-7 |publisher=University Press of Florida |location=Gainesville, Florida, US |oclc=878111565}}
:{{cite journal |author=Forsyth, Donald W. |year=1993 |title=La arquitectura Preclásica en Nakbe: Un estudio comparativo de dos periodos. |trans_title=The Preclassic Architecture of Nakbe: A Comparative Study of Two Periods |volume=VI (1992) |journal=Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala |editor=J. P. Laporte, H. Escobedo and S. Villagrán de Brady |pages=113–121 |publisher=Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |url=http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/08.92%20-%20Forsyth.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2010-07-21 |language=es |oclc=30671693 |archive-date=2011-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904131853/http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/08.92%20-%20Forsyth.pdf |dead-url=yes }}
:{{cite book |author=Foster, Lynn |title=Handbook to Life in the Ancient Maya World |url=https://archive.org/details/handbooktolifein0000fost_z4c8 |year=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York, US |isbn=978-0-19-518363-4 |oclc=57319740}}
:{{cite book|author=Fox, John W. |origyear=1987|year=2008 |title=Maya Postclassic state formation |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK and New York, US |isbn=978-0-521-10195-0 |oclc=297146853}}
:{{cite book |author=Freidel, David A. |authorlink=David Freidel |author2=[[Linda Schele]] |author3=Joy Parker |year=1993 |title=Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand Years on the Shaman's Path |url=https://archive.org/details/mayacosmosthreet0000frei |publisher=William Morrow &amp; Co. |location=New York |isbn=0-688-10081-3 |oclc=27430287 }}
:{{cite book |author=Fuente, Beatriz de la |author2=Leticia Staines Cicero and Alfonso Arellano Hernández |year=1999 |chapter=Art: Sentries of Eternity |editor=A. Arellano Hernández|title=The Mayas of the Classic Period |location=Mexico City, Mexico |publisher=Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes ([[National Council for Culture and the Arts|CONACULTA]]) |pages=141–226 |isbn=970-18-3005-9 |oclc=42213077|display-editors=etal}}
:{{cite book |author=Gillespie, Susan D. |year=1991 |chapter=Ballgames and Boundaries |editor=Vernon Scarborough and David R. Wilcox (eds.) |title=The Mesoamerican Ballgame |url=https://archive.org/details/mesoamericanball0000unse |location=Tucson, Arizona, US |publisher=University of Arizona Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mesoamericanball0000unse/page/317 317]–345 |isbn=0-8165-1360-0 |oclc=51873028}}
:{{cite book |author=Gillespie, Susan D. |date=September 2000 |title=Rethinking Ancient Maya Social Organization: Replacing &quot;Lineage&quot; with &quot;House&quot; |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=102 |issue=3 |pages=467–484 |publisher=Wiley on behalf of the American Anthropological Association |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/683405 |jstor=683405 |issn=0002-7294 |oclc=1479294 |subscription=y }}
:{{cite book |author=Guillemín, Jorge F.   |year=1965 |title=Iximché: Capital del Antiguo Reino Cakchiquel |publisher=Tipografía Nacional de Guatemala |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |oclc=1498320|language=es |trans_title=Iximche: Capital of the Ancient Kaqchikel Kingdom}}
:{{cite journal |author1=Hammond, Norman |author2=Duncan Pring |author3=Rainer Berger |author4=V. R. Switsur |author5=A. P. Ward |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5552/abs/260579a0.html |title=Radiocarbon chronology for early Maya occupation at Cuello, Belize |journal=Nature |issue=260 |doi=10.1038/260579a0 |date=1976-04-15 |issn=0028-0836 |accessdate=2010-08-01 |volume=260 |pages=579–581 |bibcode=1976Natur.260..579H }}
: {{cite journal |author=Hansen, Richard D. |authorlink=Richard D. Hansen |year=1991 |title=Resultados preliminares de las investigaciones arqueológicas en el sitio Nakbe, Petén, Guatemala |trans_title=Preliminary Results of the Archaeological Investigations of Nakbe, Peten, Guatemala |url=http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/23.88%20-%20Richard%20Hansen%20-%20en%20PDF.pdf |format=PDF |volume=II (1988) |journal=Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala |editor=J.P. Laporte, S. Villagrán, H. Escobedo, D. de González and J. Valdés |pages=163–178 |publisher=Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |accessdate=2010-07-21 |language=es |oclc=27267772 |archive-date=2011-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707182102/http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/23.88%20-%20Richard%20Hansen%20-%20en%20PDF.pdf |dead-url=yes }}
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:{{cite book |author=Hohmann-Vogrin |origyear=2006 |year=2011 |chapter=Unidad de espacio y tiempo: la arquitectura Maya |language=es |pages=194–215 |trans_title=Unity of Space and Time: Maya Architecture |publisher=Tandem Verlag |location=Potsdam, Germany |isbn=978-3-8331-6293-0 |type=hardback |title=Los Mayas: Una Civilización Milenaria |editor=Nikolai Grube |oclc=828120761}}
:{{cite journal |author1=Houston, Stephen |author2=John Robertson |author3=David Stuart |title=The Language of Classic Maya Inscriptions |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=41 |issue=3 |date=June 2000 |pages=321–356 |publisher=University of Chicago Press on behalf of Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research |doi=10.1086/300142 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/300142 |jstor=10.1086/300142 |issn=0011-3204 |location=Chicago, Illinois, US |pmid=10768879 |subscription=y }}
:{{cite journal |author=Hutson, Scott R. |date=December 2011 |title=The Art of Becoming: The Graffiti of Tikal, Guatemala |journal=Latin American Antiquity |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=403–426 |publisher=Society for American Archaeology |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23072567 |jstor=23072567 |issn=2325-5080 |location=Washington, DC, US |doi=10.7183/1045-6635.22.4.403 |subscription=y }}
:{{cite book |author=Jackson, Sarah E. |title=Politics of the Maya Court: Hierarchy and Change in the Late Classic Period |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofmayaco0000jack |year=2013 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |location=Norman, Oklahoma, US |isbn=978-0-8061-4341-5 |oclc=813300656}}
:{{cite book |author1=Johnson, Scott A. J. |title=Translating Maya Hieroglyphs |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AHdzXz7le3gC |isbn=978-0-8061-4333-0 |oclc=814707434 |year=2013 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |location=Norman, Oklahoma, US }}
:{{cite book |author=Jones, Grant D. |year=1998 |title=The Conquest of the Last Maya Kingdom |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PeOWl54Mt7UC&amp;pg=RA2-PT82#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford, California, US |isbn=978-0-8047-3522-3 }}
:{{cite book |author=Justeson, John |year=2010 |title=The Archaeology of Measurement: Comprehending Heaven, Earth and Time in Ancient Societies |chapter=Numerical cognition and the development of 'zero' in Mesoamerica |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=TzrNgAsJY1MC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA43 |pages=43–53 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York, US |isbn=978-0-521-11990-0 |oclc=501396677 }}
:{{cite web |author1=Kettunen, Harri |author2=Helmke, Christopher |year=2008 |title=Introduction to Maya Hieroglyphs: Workshop handbook |url=http://www.mesoweb.com/resources/handbook/WH2008.pdf |format=PDF |work=Mesoweb articles |publisher=[[Mesoweb]]: An Exploration of Mesoamerican Cultures |accessdate=2015-03-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808134017/http://www.mesoweb.com/resources/handbook/WH2008.pdf |archivedate=2014-08-08 }}
:{{cite web |author=Kimbell Art Museum |year=2015 |title=Presentation of Captives to a Maya Ruler |publisher=Kimbell Art Museum |url=https://www.kimbellart.org/collection/search/view/675?text=maya&amp;page=1 |location=Fort Worth, Texas, US |accessdate=2015-03-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307004136/https://www.kimbellart.org/collection/search/view/675?text=maya&amp;page=1 |archivedate=2015-03-07 }}
:{{cite book |author=Koch, Peter O. |title=John Lloyd Stephens and Frederick Catherwood: Pioneers of Mayan Archaeology |publisher=McFarland |year=2013 |isbn=9780786471072 |oclc=824359844 |location=Jefferson, North Carolina, US}}
:{{cite book |author1=Kristan-Graham, Cynthia |author2=Jeff Karl Kowalski |year=2007 |chapter=Chichén Itzá, Tula, and Tollan: Changing Perspectives on a Recurring Problem in Mesoamerican Archaeology and Art History |pages=13–84 |title=Twin Tollans: Chichén Itzá, Tula, and the Epiclassic to Early Postclassic Mesoamerican World |publisher=Trustees for Harvard University |location=Washington, DC, US |isbn=978-0-88402-323-4 |oclc=71243931 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=GZVUd9I0gpAC }}
:{{cite journal |author=Laporte, Juan Pedro |authorlink=Juan Pedro Laporte |author2=Vilma Fialko |date=1994 |title=Mundo Perdido, Tikal: Los enunciados actuales |trans_title=Mundo Perdido, Tikal: Current questions |volume=VII (1993) |journal=Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala |editor=J.P. Laporte |editor2=H. Escobedo |pages=335–348 |publisher=Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología |language=es |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |accessdate=2012-02-26 |url=http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/31.93%20-%20Laporte%20y%20Fialko.pdf |oclc=33865804 |archive-date=2011-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915002143/http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/31.93%20-%20Laporte%20y%20Fialko.pdf |dead-url=yes }}
:{{cite journal|author=Looper, Matthew G.   |year=1999 |title=New Perspectives on the Late Classic Political History of Quirigua, Guatemala |url=https://archive.org/details/ancient-mesoamerica_fall-1999_10_2/page/263   |journal=Ancient Mesoamerica |location=Cambridge and New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=263–280 |issn=0956-5361 |oclc=86542758|doi=10.1017/S0956536199101135}}
:{{cite book |author=Looper, Matthew G. |year=2003 |title=Lightning Warrior: Maya Art and Kingship at Quirigua |url=https://archive.org/details/lightningwarrior0000loop |series=Linda Schele series in Maya and pre-Columbian studies |location=Austin, Texas, US |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=0-292-70556-5 |oclc=52208614 }}
:{{Rejea jarida |author=Love, Michael |date=December 2007 |title=Recent Research in the Southern Highlands and Pacific Coast of Mesoamerica |journal=Journal of Archaeological Research |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=275–328 |publisher=Springer Netherlands |issn=1573-7756 |doi=10.1007/s10814-007-9014-y |url=http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10814-007-9014-y |accessdate=2006-02-01 }}
:{{cite book |author=Lovell, W. George   |year=2000 |chapter=The Highland Maya |editor=Richard E.W. Adams and Murdo J. Macleod (eds.) |title=The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, {{nowrap|Vol. II}}: Mesoamerica, {{nowrap|part 2}} |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=392–444|isbn=0-521-65204-9 |oclc=33359444}}
:{{cite book |author=Lovell, W. George |year=2005 |title=Conquest and Survival in Colonial Guatemala: A Historical Geography of the Cuchumatán Highlands, 1500–1821 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |location=Montreal, Canada |edition=3rd |isbn=0-7735-2741-9 |oclc=58051691 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=05wSqQiu52MC }}
:{{cite book |author1=Macri, Martha J. |author2=Matthew George Looper |year=2003 |title=The New Catalog of Maya Hieroglyphs |volume=1: The Classic period inscriptions |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |location=Norman, Oklahoma, US |series=The civilization of the American Indian series |isbn=9780806134970 |oclc=773482216 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tNO424luPRYC }}
:{{cite book |author=Marcus, Joyce |year=2004a |title=Ancient Maya Commoners |location=Austin, Texas, US |publisher=University of Texas Press |chapterurl=http://muse.jhu.edu/books/9780292797239/9780292797239-13.pdf |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/books/9780292797239 |isbn=9780292705715 |oclc=60745417 |subscription=yes |via=[[Project MUSE]] |pages=255–284 |chapter=Maya Commoners: The Stereotype and the Reality |editor1=Jon C. Lohse |editor2=Fred Valdez, Jr. }}
:{{cite book |author=Marcus, Joyce |year=2004 |chapter=The Maya and Teotihuacan |title=The Maya and Teotihuacan : reinterpreting early classic interaction |url=https://archive.org/details/mayateotihuacanr0000unse |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mayateotihuacanr0000unse/page/n358 337]–356 |editor=Geoffrey E. Braswell |origyear=2003 |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin, Texas |isbn=9780292705876  |oclc=254181446}}
:{{cite book |author=Martin, Simon |authorlink=Simon Martin (Mayanist) |author2=Nikolai Grube |year=2000 |title=Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya |url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofmayak00mart |location=London and New York |publisher=Thames &amp; Hudson |isbn=0-500-05103-8 |oclc=47358325 }}
:{{cite book |author1=Masson, Marilyn A. |author2=Carlos Peraza Lope |chapter=Commoners in Postclassic Maya society: Social versus economic class constructs |title=Ancient Maya Commoners |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientmayacommo0000unse |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin, Texas, US |year=2004 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ancientmayacommo0000unse/page/197 197]–223 |isbn=0-292-70571-9 |oclc=803179517 |editors=Jon C. Lohse and Fred Valdez, Jr. }}
:{{cite journal |author=Masson, Marilyn A. |date=2012-11-06 |title=Maya collapse cycles |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=109 |issue=45 |pages=18237–18238 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/41829886 |jstor=41829886 |issn=1091-6490 |location=Washington, DC, US |doi=10.1073/pnas.1213638109 |subscription=y |bibcode=2012PNAS..10918237M }}
:{{cite book |author=Matthew, Laura E. |year=2012 |title=Memories of Conquest: Becoming Mexicano in Colonial Guatemala |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |location=Chapel Hill, North Carolina, US |isbn=978-0-8078-3537-1 |oclc=752286995 |series=First Peoples |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RVAFbknbo_EC&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |format=hardback }}
:{{cite journal |title=The &quot;Mayanized&quot; Mexicans |author=McVicker, Donald |journal=American Antiquity |volume=50 |issue=1 |date=January 1985 |pages=82–101 |publisher=Society for American Archaeology |doi=10.2307/280635 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/280635 |jstor=280635 |issn=2325-5080 |location=Washington, D.C., US |subscription=y }}
:{{cite book |author=Milbrath, Susan |year=1999 |title=Star Gods of the Maya: Astronomy in Art, Folklore, and Calendars |location=Austin, Texas, US |publisher=University of Texas Press |chapterurl=https://muse.jhu.edu/books/9780292797932/9780292797932-11.pdf |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/books/9780292797932 |isbn=0292752253 |oclc=40848420 |subscription=yes |via=[[Project MUSE]] |pages=249–293 |chapter=Stars, the Milky Way, Comets, and Meteors }}
:{{cite book |author=Miles, Susanna W. |chapter=An Analysis of the Modern Middle American Calendars: A Study in Conservation |title=Acculturation in the Americas |editor=Sol Tax |location=Chicago, Illinois, US |publisher=University of Chicago Press |series=Proceedings and selected papers of the International Congress of Americanists |year=1952 |oclc=180504894 |pages=273–284}}
:{{cite book |author=Miller, Mary |authorlink=Mary Miller |year=1999 |title=Maya Art and Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/mayaartarchitect00mill |location=London, UK and New York, US |publisher=Thames &amp; Hudson |isbn=0-500-20327-X |oclc=41659173 }}
:{{cite book |author=Miller, Mary |author2=Karl Taube |year=1993 |title=The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya |url=https://archive.org/details/godssymbolsofa00mill |publisher=Thames and Hudson |location=London |isbn=0-500-05068-6 |oclc=901448866 }}
:{{cite book |author1=Oakley, Francis |author2=Rubin, Benjamin B. |title=Science and the World's Religions: Origins and Destinies |volume=1 |chapter=Sacral Kingship and the Origins of Religious, Social, and Political Orders |chapterurl=https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=3MK5u1_7CLYC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA69 |pages=69–90 |oclc=768417915 |isbn=978-0-313-38732-6 |year=2012 |publisher=Praeger/ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, California, US |editor1=Patrick McNamara |editor2=Wesley J. Wildman }}
:{{cite book |author=Olmedo Vera, Bertina |year=1997 |chapter=The Mayas of the Classic Period |editor=A. Arellano Hernández|title=The Mayas of the Classic Period |location=Mexico City, Mexico |publisher=Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes (CONACULTA) |pages=9–99 |isbn=970-18-3005-9 |oclc=42213077|display-editors=etal}}
:{{cite book |author=Phillips, Charles |title=The Complete Illustrated History of the Aztecs &amp; Maya: The definitive chronicle of the ancient peoples of Central America &amp; Mexico&amp;nbsp;– including the Aztec, Maya, Olmec, Mixtec, Toltec &amp; Zapotec |origyear=2006 |year=2007 |publisher=Anness Publishing Ltd |location=London, UK |isbn=1-84681-197-X |oclc=642211652}}
:{{cite journal |author=Popenoe de Hatch, Marion |author2=Christa Schieber de Lavarreda |year=2001 |title=Una revisión preliminar de la historia de Tak'alik Ab'aj, departamento de Retalhuleu |trans_title=A Preliminary Revision of the History of Takalik Abaj, Retalhuleu Department |volume=XIV (2000) |journal=Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala |editor=J.P. Laporte, A.C. Suasnávar and B. Arroyo |pages=990–1005 |publisher=Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |url=http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/77.00.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2009-02-01 |language=es |oclc=49563126 |archive-date=2009-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091211140452/http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/77.00.pdf |dead-url=yes }}
:{{cite journal |author1=Pugh, Timothy W. |author2=Leslie G. Cecil |year=2012 |title=The contact period of central Petén, Guatemala in color |journal=Social and Cultural Analysis, Department of |volume=Paper 6 |series=Faculty Publications |url=http://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/sca/6/ |publisher=Stephen F. Austin State University |location=Nacogdoches, Texas, US }}
:{{cite book |author=Quezada, Sergio |year=2011 |title=La colonización de los mayas peninsulares |trans_title=The Colonisation of the Peninsula Maya |format=PDF |url=http://www.bibliotecabasica.yucatan.gob.mx/archivos_modulos/biblioteca/pdf_201106170236.pdf |isbn=978-607-7824-27-5 |oclc=796677890 |accessdate=2013-01-20 |series=Biblioteca Básica de Yucatán |location=Merida, Yucatan, Mexico |publisher=Secretaría de Educación del Gobierno del Estado de Yucatán |volume=18 |language=es |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104200933/http://www.bibliotecabasica.yucatan.gob.mx/archivos_modulos/biblioteca/pdf_201106170236.pdf |archivedate=2013-11-04 }}{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.bibliotecabasica.yucatan.gob.mx/archivos_modulos/biblioteca/pdf_201106170236.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2016-04-01 |archive-date=2013-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104200933/http://www.bibliotecabasica.yucatan.gob.mx/archivos_modulos/biblioteca/pdf_201106170236.pdf |url-status=dead }}
:{{cite book |author=Recinos, Adrian   |authorlink=Adrián Recinos |origyear=1952 |year=1986 |title=Pedro de Alvarado: Conquistador de México y Guatemala |trans_title=Pedro de Alvarado: Conqueror of Mexico and Guatemala |edition=2nd |location=Antigua Guatemala, Guatemala |publisher=CENALTEX Centro Nacional de Libros de Texto y Material Didáctico &quot;José de Pineda Ibarra&quot; |oclc=243309954|language=es}}
:{{cite journal |author=Reents-Budet, Dorie |author2=Antonia E. Foias |author3=Ronald L. Bishop |author4=M. James Blackman |author5=Stanley Guenter |year=2007 |title=Interacciones políticas y el Sitio Ik' (Motul de San José): Datos de la cerámica |trans_title=Political Interactions and the Ik' Site (Motul de San Jose): Ceramic Data |url=http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/87_-_Reents_et_al.pdf |format=PDF |volume=XX (2006) |work=Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala |editor=J.P. Laporte, B. Arroyo and H. Mejía |pages=1416–1436 |publisher=Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala |accessdate=2009-11-14 |language=es |oclc=173275417 |journal= |archive-date=2011-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914133722/http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/87_-_Reents_et_al.pdf |dead-url=yes }}{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/87_-_Reents_et_al.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2016-04-01 |archive-date=2011-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914133722/http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/87_-_Reents_et_al.pdf |url-status=dead }}
:{{cite book |author=Restall, Matthew  |authorlink=Matthew Restall |author2=Florine Asselbergs |year=2007 |title=Invading Guatemala: Spanish, Nahua, and Maya Accounts of the Conquest Wars |url=https://archive.org/details/invadingguatemal0000unse  |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |location=University Park, Pennsylvania, US |isbn=978-0-271-02758-6 |oclc=165478850}}
:{{cite book |author=Rice, Prudence M. |author2=Don S. Rice |year=2009 |chapter=Introduction to the Kowoj and their Petén Neighbors |editor=Prudence M. Rice and Don S. Rice (eds.) |title=The Kowoj: identity, migration, and geopolitics in late postclassic Petén, Guatemala |url=https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig00rice |location=Boulder, Colorado, US |publisher=University Press of Colorado |pages=[https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig00rice/page/n25 3]–15 |isbn=978-0-87081-930-8 |oclc=225875268 }}
:{{cite book |author=Rice, Prudence M. |author2=Don S. Rice |author3=Timothy W. Pugh |author4=Rómulo Sánchez Polo |year=2009 |chapter=Defensive Architecture and the Context of Warfare at Zacpetén |editor=Prudence M. Rice and Don S. Rice (eds.) |title=The Kowoj: identity, migration, and geopolitics in late postclassic Petén, Guatemala |url=https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig00rice |location=Boulder, Colorado, US |publisher=University Press of Colorado |pages=[https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig00rice/page/n145 123]–140 |isbn=978-0-87081-930-8 |oclc=225875268 }}
:{{cite web |author=Ros, Narin |title=Maya Museum Database |url=http://www.famsi.org/research/museum_database.html |publisher=Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies |accessdate=2015-06-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708162851/http://www.famsi.org/research/museum_database.html |archivedate=2014-07-08 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20150608160339/http://research.famsi.org/museum_list.php?name=&amp;city=&amp;state=&amp;country=&amp;focus=&amp;x=13&amp;y=19 Full list from FAMSI]archived from [http://research.famsi.org/museum_list.php?name=&amp;city=&amp;state=&amp;country=&amp;focus=&amp;x=13&amp;y=19 the original] on 2015-06-08.
:{{cite book |author=Rosenwig, Robert M. |year=2010 |title=The Beginnings of Mesoamerican Civilization: Inter-Regional Interaction and the Olmec |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York, US |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hMMaL4L_vMsC |isbn=978-0-521-11102-7 |oclc=402542556 }}
:{{cite journal |author=Ross, Nanci J. |title=Modern tree species composition reflects ancient Maya &quot;forest gardens&quot; in northwest Belize |journal=Ecological Applications |volume=21 |issue=1 |date=January 2011 |pages=75–84 |publisher=Ecological Society of America |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/29779638 |jstor=29779638 |issn=1051-0761 |location=Washington, DC, US |doi=10.1890/09-0662.1 |subscription=y }}
:{{cite journal |author=Salisbury, David |author2=Mimi Koumenalis |author3=Barbara Moffett |date=19 September 2002 |title=Newly revealed hieroglyphs tell story of superpower conflict in the Maya world |url=http://exploration.vanderbilt.edu/print/pdfs/news/news_dospilas_feature.pdf |journal=Exploration: the online research journal of Vanderbilt University |publisher=Vanderbilt University Office of Science and Research Communications |location=Nashville, Tennessee |oclc=50324967 |accessdate=2015-05-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102134600/http://exploration.vanderbilt.edu/print/pdfs/news/news_dospilas_feature.pdf |archivedate=2015-05-20 }}
:{{cite journal |author1=Saturno, William A. |author2=David Stuart |author3=Boris Beltrán |title=Early Maya Writing at San Bartolo, Guatemala |journal=Science |series=New Series |volume=311 |issue=5765 |date=2006-03-03 |pages=1281–1283 |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3845835 |jstor=3845835 |issn=1095-9203 |oclc=863047799 |doi=10.1126/science.1121745 |pmid=16400112 |subscription=y |bibcode=2006Sci...311.1281S }}
:{{cite book |author=Schele, Linda |authorlink=Linda Schele |author2=Peter Mathews |year=1999 |title=The Code of Kings: The language of seven Maya temples and tombs |url=https://archive.org/details/codeofkingslangu00lind |publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster |location=New York, US |isbn=978-0-684-85209-6 |oclc=41423034 }}
:{{cite web |author=SFU Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology |title=Featured Artifacts: Mayan Eccentric Flints |url=http://www.sfu.museum/hola/en/artifacts/featured/17/ |publisher=Simon Fraser University Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology |location=Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada |accessdate=2015-03-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102160800/http://www.sfu.museum/hola/en/artifacts/featured/17/ |archivedate=2014-11-02 }}
:{{cite book |author=Sharer, Robert J. |authorlink=Robert Sharer |year=2000 |chapter=The Maya Highlands and the Adjacent Pacific Coast |editor=Richard E.W. Adams and Murdo J. Macleod (eds.) |title=The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, {{nowrap|Vol. II}}: Mesoamerica, {{nowrap|part 1}} |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=449–499|isbn=0-521-35165-0 |oclc=33359444}}
:{{cite book |author=Sharer, Robert J. |author2=Loa P. Traxler |year=2006 |title=The Ancient Maya |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientmaya0006shar |edition=6th, fully revised |location=Stanford, California, US |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=0-8047-4817-9 |oclc=57577446 }}
:{{cite book |author=Stuart, David |author2=George Stuart |year=2008 |title=Palenque: Eternal City of the Maya |url=https://archive.org/details/palenqueeternalc0000stua |location=London, UK |publisher=Thames &amp; Hudson |isbn=978-0-500-05156-6 |oclc=227016561 }}
:{{cite web |author=Szymanski, Jan |year=2013 |title=Between Death and Divinity. Rethinking the Significance of Triadic Groups in Ancient Maya Culture |url=https://depotuw.ceon.pl//bitstream/handle/item/358/Between%20Death%20and%20Divinity.pdf?sequence=1 |format=PDF |work=PhD Dissertation |publisher=University of Warsaw |location=Warsaw, Poland |accessdate=2014-01-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103025416/https://depotuw.ceon.pl//bitstream/handle/item/358/Between%20Death%20and%20Divinity.pdf?sequence=1 |archivedate=2014-11-03 }}
:{{cite book |author=Taladoire, Eric |author2=Benoit Colsenet |year=1991 |chapter=&quot;Bois Ton Sang, Beaumanoir&quot;: The Political and Conflictual Aspects of the Ballgame in the Northern Chiapas Area |editor=Vernon Scarborough and David R. Wilcox (eds.) |others=|title=The Mesoamerican Ballgame|url=https://archive.org/details/mesoamericanball0000unse |location=Tucson, Arizona, US|publisher=University of Arizona Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mesoamericanball0000unse/page/161 161]–174|isbn=0-8165-1360-0 |oclc=51873028}}
:{{cite book |author=Tanaka, Yuki |year=2008 |title=A Comparative Study of Maya Hieroglyphic Writing and Japanese Orthography in the Quirigua Hieroglyphic Corpus |isbn=9780549999898 |publisher=ProQuest |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan, US}}
:{{cite book |author=Taube, Karl A. |year=2004 |chapter=Tetitla and the Maya Presence at Teotihuacan |title=The Maya and Teotihuacan : reinterpreting early classic interaction |url=https://archive.org/details/mayateotihuacanr0000unse |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mayateotihuacanr0000unse/page/n294 273]–314 |editor=Geoffrey E. Braswell |origyear=2003 |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin, Texas, US |isbn=9780292705876 |oclc=254181446}}
:{{cite book |author=Tedlock, Barbara |year=1992 |title=Time and the Highland Maya |edition=Revised |origyear=1982 |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |isbn=978-0-8263-1358-4 |location=Albuquerque, New Mexico, US |oclc=45732799 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UZnlFVVYe9sC }}
:{{cite journal |author=Thompson, J. Eric S. |authorlink=J. Eric S. Thompson |title=A Maya Calendar from the Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala |journal=American Anthropologist |series=New Series |volume=34 |issue=3 |date=July–September 1932 |pages=449–454 |publisher=Wiley on behalf of the American Anthropological Association |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/661903 |jstor=661903 |issn=0002-7294 |oclc=1479294 |doi=10.1525/aa.1932.34.3.02a00090 |subscription=y }}
:{{cite journal |author=Thompson, J. Eric S. |year=1966 |title=The Maya Central Area at the Spanish Conquest and Later: A Problem in Demography |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=1966 |pages=23–37 |publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |location=London, UK |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3031712 |jstor=3031712 |accessdate=2013-12-04 |doi=10.2307/3031712 |subscription=y }}
:{{cite book |author=Thompson, J. Eric S. |title=Maya History and Religion |url=https://archive.org/details/mayahistoryrelig0000thom |origyear=1970 |year=1990 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |location=Norman, Oklahoma |isbn=0-8061-2247-1 |oclc=715926981}}
:{{cite journal |author=Thompson, J. Eric S. |title=Maya Astronomy |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |series=Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences |volume=276 |issue=1257, The Place of Astronomy in the Ancient World |date=2 May 1974 |pages=83–98 |publisher=The Royal Society |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/74276 |jstor=74276 |issn=0261-0523 |location=London, UK |doi=10.1098/rsta.1974.0011 |subscription=y |bibcode=1974RSPTA.276...83T }}
:{{cite journal |author=Tiesler, Vera |author2=Andrea Cucina |date=December 2006 |title=Procedures in Human Heart Extraction and Ritual Meaning: A Taphonomic Assessment of Anthropogenic Marks in Classic Maya Skeletons |journal=Latin American Antiquity |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=493–510 |publisher=Society for American Archaeology |issn=2325-5080 |jstor=25063069 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25063069 |location=Washington, D.C., US |doi=10.2307/25063069 |subscription=y }}
:{{cite web |author=Tobin, Thomas J. |title=The Construction of the Codex in Classic- and Postclassic-Period Maya Civilization |url=http://www.mathcs.duq.edu/~tobin/maya/ |date=2001 |publisher=Duquesne University |location=Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US |accessdate=2015-03-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20021017172935/http://www.mathcs.duq.edu/~tobin/maya/ |archivedate=2002-10-17 }}
:{{cite journal |author=Valdés, Juan Antonio |year=1994 |title=El Grupo A de Uaxactun: Manifestaciones arquitectónicas y dinásticas durante el Clásico Temprano. |trans_title=Uaxactun Group A: Architectural Manifestations and Dynasties during the Early Classic |journal=I Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 1987 (edited by J.P. Laporte, H. Escobedo and S. Villagrán) |pages=98–111 |publisher=Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología |location=Guatemala |url=http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/16.87%20-%20Juan%20Antonio%20Valdes%20-%20en%20PDF.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103025416/https://depotuw.ceon.pl//bitstream/handle/item/358/Between%20Death%20and%20Divinity.pdf?sequence=1 |archivedate=2014-11-03 |format=PDF |accessdate=2010-07-21 |language=es |oclc=31177419 }}
:{{cite journal|author=Van Stone, Mark|journal=Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union|title=It’s not the End of the World: emic evidence for local diversity in the Maya Long Count|year=2011|issue=278|doi=10.1017/S1743921311012610}}
:{{cite book |author=Viqueira, Juan Pedro |year=2004 |origyear=1995 |chapter=Chiapas y sus regiones |trans_chapter=Chiapas and its Regions |editors=Juan Pedro Viqueira and Mario Humberto Ruz (eds.) |title=Chiapas: los rumbos de otra historia |trans_title=Chiapas: The courses of a different history |location=Mexico City, Mexico |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Filológicas with Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social (CIESAS) |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RhAI3Js9zWcC&amp;pg=PA19 |pages=19–40 |isbn=968-36-4836-3 |oclc=36759921 |language=es }}
:{{cite web |author=WAYEB |publisher=European Association of Mayanists (WAYEB) |title=Museums &amp; Collections |url=http://www.wayeb.org/resourceslinks/collections.php |accessdate=2015-06-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511132259/http://www.wayeb.org/resourceslinks/collections.php |archivedate=2015-05-11 }}
:{{cite journal |author=Webster, David |title=The Not So Peaceful Civilization: A Review of Maya War |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |volume=14 |issue=1 |date=March 2000 |pages=65–119 |publisher=Springer |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25801154 |issn=1573-7802 |jstor=25801154 |doi=10.1023/a:1007813518630 |subscription=y }}
:{{cite book |author1=Webster, David |author2=William L. Fash, Jr. |author3=Claude F. Baudez |author4=Berthold Riese |author5=William T. Sanders |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/41263469.pdf |jstor=41263469 |title=The House of the Bacabs, Copan, Honduras |journal=Studies in Pre-Columbian Art and Archaeology |issue=29 |date=1989 |pages=i–iv, 1–111, 113–116 |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University |isbn=9780884021773 |oclc=18557303 |subscription=y }}
:{{cite web |author=Williams, Josh |year=2010 |title=Mississippian and Maya Eccentric Flints |url=http://art.missouristate.edu/arthist/exhibit1.php?E=2&amp;P=49 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102170643/http://apps.missouristate.edu/art/arthist/exhibit1.php?E=2&amp;P=49 |archivedate=2014-11-02 |publisher=Board of Governors, Missouri State University |location=Springfield, Missouri |accessdate=2012-12-29 }}
:{{cite book |author=Wise, Terence   |author2=McBride, Angus |title=The Conquistadores |series=Men-at-Arms |volume=101 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-0-85045-357-7 |oclc=12782941 |location=Oxford, UK and New York, US |origyear=1980 |year=2008}}
:{{cite book |author1=Witschey, Walter R. T. |author2=Clifford T. Brown |title=Historical Dictionary of Mesoamerica |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=59jPo4mhrOcC |year=2012 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=Plymouth, Devon, UK |isbn=978-0-8108-7167-0 |oclc=754105610 }}
:{{cite journal |author=Zorich, Zach |title=The Maya Sense of Time |journal=Archaeology |volume=65 |issue=6 |date=November–December 2012 |pages=25–29 |publisher=Archaeological Institute of America |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/41804605 |jstor=41804605 |location=New York, US |issn=0003-8113 |oclc=1481828 |subscription=y }}
{{Refend}}&lt;!-- END biblio format style --&gt;

==Marejeo mengine==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book 	|last=Braswell |first=Geoffrey E.
	|title=The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction
	|url=https://archive.org/details/mayateotihuacanr0000unse |year=2003 |edition=  
	|publisher=University of Texas Press
	|location=Austin, Texas
	|isbn=0-292-70914-5
	|oclc=49936017}}
*{{cite book 	|last=Braswell |first=Geoffrey E.
	|title=The Maya and their Central American Neighbors: Settlement patterns, architecture, hieroglyphic texts, and ceramics
	|year=2014 |edition=  
	|publisher=Routledge
	|location=Oxford, UK and New York, US
	|isbn=978-0-415-74487-4
	|oclc=857897947}}
*{{cite book
	|last=Christie |first=Jessica Joyce
	|title=Maya Palaces and Elite Residences: An Interdisciplinary Approach
	|url=https://archive.org/details/mayapalaceselite0000unse |year=2003
	|publisher=University of Texas Press
	|location=Austin, Texas
	|isbn=0-292-71244-8
	|oclc=50630511}}
*{{cite book
	|last=Demarest |first=Arthur Andrew, Prudence M. Rice, and Don Stephen Rice
	|title=The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation
	|url=https://archive.org/details/terminalclassici00arth |year=2004
	|publisher=University Press of Colorado
	|location=Boulder, Colorado
	|isbn=0-87081-739-6
	|oclc=52311867}}
*{{cite book
	|last=Fitzsimmons |first=James L.
	|title=Death and the Classic Maya Kings
	|year=2009
	|publisher=University of Texas Press
	|location=Austin, Texas, US
	|isbn=978-0-292-71890-6
	|oclc=699216836}}
*{{cite book
	|last=Garber |first=James
	|title=The Ancient Maya of the Belize Valley: Half a Century of Archaeological Research
	|year=2004
	|publisher=University Press of Florida
	|location=Gainesville, Florida
	|isbn=0-8130-2685-7
	|oclc=52334723}}
*{{cite book
	|last=Herring |first=Adam
	|title=Art and Writing in the Maya cities, AD 600–800: A Poetics of Line
	|year=2005
	|publisher=Cambridge University Press
	|location=Cambridge, England; New York
	|isbn=0-521-84246-8
	|oclc=56834579}}
*{{cite book
	|last=Lohse |first=Jon C. and Fred Valdez
	|title=Ancient Maya Commoners
	|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientmayacommo0000unse |year=2004
	|publisher=University of Texas Press
	|location=Austin, Texas
	|isbn=0-292-70571-9
	|oclc=54529926}}
*{{cite book
	|last=Lucero |first=Lisa Joyce
	|title=Water and Ritual: The Rise and Fall of Classic Maya Rulers
	|url=https://archive.org/details/waterritualrisef00luce |year=2006
	|publisher=University of Texas Press
	|location=Austin, Texas
	|isbn=0-292-70999-4
	|oclc=61731425}}
*{{cite book
	|last=McKillop |first=Heather Irene
	|title=In Search of Maya Sea Traders
	|year=2005
	|publisher=Texas A &amp; M University Press
	|location=College Station, Texas
	|isbn=1-58544-389-1
	|oclc=55145823}}
*{{cite book
	|last=McKillop |first=Heather Irene
	|title=Salt: White Gold of the Ancient Maya
	|url=https://archive.org/details/saltwhitegoldofa0000mcki |year=2002
	|publisher=University Press of Florida
	|location=Gainesville, Florida
	|isbn=0-8130-2511-7
	|oclc=48893025}}
*{{cite book
	|last=Rice |first=Prudence M.
	|title=Maya Political Science: Time, Astronomy, and the Cosmos
	|url=https://archive.org/details/mayapoliticalsci0000rice |year=2004 |edition=1st
	|publisher=University of Texas Press
	|location=Austin, Texas
	|isbn=0-292-70261-2
	|oclc=54753496}}
*{{cite book
	|last=Tiesler |first=Vera and Andrea Cucina
	|title= Janaab' Pakal of Palenque: Reconstructing the Life and Death of a Maya Ruler
	|year=2006
	|publisher=University of Arizona Press
	|location=Tucson, Arizona
	|isbn=0-8165-2510-2
	|oclc=62593473}}
*{{cite book
        |author=Webster, David L.
        |year=2002
        |title=The Fall of the Ancient Maya
        |url=https://archive.org/details/fallofancientmay0000webs
        |publisher=Thames &amp; Hudson
        |location=London
        |isbn=0-500-05113-5}}
{{Refend}}

==Viungo vya nje==
{{Commons category|Maya}}
*[http://www.famsi.org/ Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc (FAMSI)]
*[http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/539-primary-sources-of-maya-history-part-one Primary sources of Maya history – part one by Ronald A. Barnett]
*[http://www.mesoweb.com/ Mesoweb] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mesoweb.com/ |date=20110128233834 }} by Joel Skidmore.
*[http://www.mayamap.org/ Maya Map] – A map of the Maya civilization.

[[Category:Ustaarabu]]
[[Category:Historia ya Mexiko]]
[[Category:Historia ya Guatemala]]
[[Category:Historia ya Belize]]
[[Category:Historia ya El Salvador]]</text>
      <sha1>efzjti25nxenb6rxvefubc51gvdirzx</sha1>
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    <title>Mngeta</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/~2026-42646-67|~2026-42646-67]] ([[User talk:~2026-42646-67|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="833" sha1="r1pcopq9q17hzdu3nbwkm91ep341fn1" xml:space="preserve">'''Mngeta''' ni [[kata]] ya [[Wilaya ya Mlimba]] katika [[Mkoa wa Morogoro]], [[Tanzania]], yenye [[Postikodi Tanzania|Postikodi namba]] 67521. 

Katika [[sensa]] ya mwaka [[2022]] wakazi walihesabiwa 32,409 &lt;ref&gt;https://www.nbs.go.tz&lt;/ref&gt;. Wakati wa sensa iliyofanyika mwaka wa 2012, kata hii haikuanzishwa bado. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.meac.go.tz/sites/default/files/Statistics/Tanzania%20Population%20Census%202012.pdf |title=Sensa ya 2012, Morogoro -  Kilombero DC |accessdate=2016-06-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225919/http://www.meac.go.tz/sites/default/files/Statistics/Tanzania%20Population%20Census%202012.pdf |archivedate=2016-03-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

==Marejeo== 
{{marejeo}} 
{{Kata za Wilaya ya Mlimba}} 
{{mbegu-jio-morogoro}} 
[[Jamii:Wilaya ya Mlimba]] 
[[Jamii:Kata za Mkoa wa Morogoro]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rafiki (filamu ya 2018)</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="31794" sha1="owakvxke0wnvkxxccthauwtbv719c7n" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;big&gt;Rafiki&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|'''Imeongozwa na'''
|Wanuri Kahiu&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kenyan Director Wanuri Kahiu Is Fun, Fierce, Frivolous and Timely|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/kenyan-director-wanuri-kahiu-is-fun-fierce-frivolous-timely-1145485|work=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''Imetayarishwa na'''
|Steven Markovitz
|-
|'''Wasanii'''
|Wanuri Kahiu

Jena Cato Bass
|-
|'''Nyota'''
|[https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki Samantha Mugatsia] {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }}
[https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki Sheila Munyiva]{{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki 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|-
|'''Sinematograﬁ'''
|Christopher Wessels
|-
|'''Imehaririwa na'''
|Isabelle Dedieu
|-
|'''Imetolewa tar.'''
|9 May 2018 ([[Cannes]])
23 September 2018 (Kenya)
|-
|'''Ina muda wa dakika'''
|82
|-
|'''Nchi'''
|Kenya
|-
|'''Lugha'''
|Kiingereza
Kiswahili
|-
|'''Mauzo ya Ofisi'''
|$176,513&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rafiki (2018) - Financial Information|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)|work=The Numbers|accessdate=2020-03-05|archive-date=2024-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203144814/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
[[Picha:Wanuri Kahiu at the 2025 Sundance Film Festival (cropped).jpg|thumb|162x162px]]
'''Rafiki'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=RAFIKI|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/festival/films/rafiki|work=Festival de Cannes 2019|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni [[ﬁlamu]] kutoka nchi ya [[Kenya]] iliyotengenezwa katika [[mwaka]] [[2018]]. Filamu imeongozwa na [http://www.wanurikahiu.com/bio Wanuri Kahiu] ambaye ni Mkenya. Yeye aliandika “Rafiki” na Jenna Bass, [[meneja]] wa cinema kutoka [[Afrika ya Kusini]]. 

== Hadithi ==
“Rafiki” inahusu wanawake wawili, Kena na Ziki, ambao walianza kupendana. Kena alitoka jiji la Nairobi na alikaa katika nyumba ya mama yake, lakini husaidia katika duka la baba yake. Baba ya Kena alifanya kampeni katika uchaguzi wa serekali ya mtaa. Wakati wa kufanya kazi, Kena alianza kuonyesha mapenzi na Ziki, mwanamke wa mtaa. Lakini, Ziki ni binti la Peter Okemi, mshindani wa baba ya Kena katika uchaguzi wa serekali ya mtaa. Hata hevyo, Ziki na Kena waliendelea mchezo wa datsi nyingi na walikuwa karibukaribu sana. Lakini hawaweza kuonyesha uhusiano wao kwa sababu usenge ni haramu katika nchi ya Kenya.

Marafiki wa Ziki walikasirika kwa sababu yeye hutumia wakati mwingi na Kena kwa hivyo walimpiga Kena. Kisha, Ziki alisaidia kupona Kena katika nyumba ya Ziki lakini mama ya Ziki aliona, wakati alienda chumbani, wakibusu. Walijaribu kukimbia lakini kundi la watu wenye waliwapata. Wamekamatwa, kisha wazazi wao walikuja kuwachukua. Baddaye, wazazi wa Ziki wanampeleka jiji la London na wazazi wa Kena waliﬁcha hali hiyo yote. Mwisho wa ﬁlamu, miaka kadhaa baadaye, Ziki alirudi mtaa na alikutana na Kena tena. Kena alimaliza shule wakaanza tena uhusiano wao.

== Washiriki ==
• Samantha Mugatsia ni Kena&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=What I Learnt from My Lesbian Role in &quot;Rafiki&quot;- Samantha Mugatsia|url=https://www.eelive.ng/what-i-learnt-from-my-lesbian-role-in-rafiki-samantha-mugatsia/|work=Eelive|date=2019-03-13|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

• Sheila Munyiva ni Ziki

• Neville Misati ni Blacksta

• Nini Wacera ni Mercy

• Jimmy Gathu ni John Mwaura

• Charlie Karumi ni Waireri

• Muthoni Gathecha ni Mama Atim

• Dennis Musyoka ni Peter Okemi

• Patricia Amira ni Rose Okemi

• Nice Githinji ni Nduta

• Patricia Kihoro ni Josephine

• Mellen Aura ni Elizabeth

== Mapokezi ==
Wakati ﬁlamu &quot;Rafiki&quot; ilitolewa watu hawakuruhusiwa kuitazama katika nchi ya Kenya kwa sababu Bodi ya Uainishaji Filamu Nchini Kenya (KFCB) walipiga marufuku ﬁlamu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Lesbian film banned ahead of Cannes debut|date=2018-04-27|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43922780|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;. KFCB walisema ni marufuku kwa sababu ya mada yake ya [[ushoga]] na dhamira ya wazi ya kukuza [[usagaji]] nchini Kenya kinyume na [[sheria]]. Bodi waliomba Wanuri Kahiu abadilishe mwisho wa ﬁlamu usiwe tumaini lakini Kahiu alisema hapana. Kwa hiyo, KFCB walionya watu kwamba wakinunua ﬁlamu wanaweza kuenda jela. Wapigania haki za ushoga wa kimataifa walikasirika.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ban of Kenyan film over lesbianism criticised|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Ban-of-Kenyan-film-over-lesbianism-criticised/1056-4535138-iuvqlo/index.html|work=Daily Nation|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kisha, Wanuri Kahiu alidai [[serikali]] ya Kenya kwa sababu alitaka kuingia Tuzo la Chuo (Academy Award) cha Filamu Bora ya Lugha ya Kigeni kwa mwaka tisini na moja za maadhimisho&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Govt Sued for Preventing Kenyan Movie From Winning Oscars|url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/33039-government-sued-preventing-kenyan-movie-winning-oscars|work=Kenyans.co.ke|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=EN|author=Mumbi Mutuko on 11 September 2018-6:45 pm}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Mnamo [[21 Septemba]] 2018, [[Mahakama Kuu]] ya Wakenya iliondoa marufuku ya ﬁlamu kwa siku saba&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=High Court lifts ban on lesbian movie, dismisses moral police Ezekiel Mutua|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/286608-high-court-lifts-ban-controversial-lesbian-movie-dismisses-moral-police-ezekiel-mutua.html|work=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news.|date=2018-09-21|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en|author=Tuko.co.ke}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=High court lifts ban on lesbian themed movie 'Rafiki'|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018-09-21-high-court-lifts-ban-on-lesbian-themed-movie-rafiki/|work=The Star|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en-KE}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baada ya marufuku kutolewa, “Rafiki” iliuzwa kabisa kutoka sinema katika jiji la Nairobi&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lesbian film Rafiki sells out after Kenyan court lifts ban|url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/lesbian-film-rafiki-sells-out-after-kenyan-court-lifts-ban-20180924-p505k2.html|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=2018-09-23|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en|author=Cecilie Kallestrup}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Lakini, hata hivyo, “Rafiki” haikuenda Tuzo la Chuo.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

==Viungo vya nje==
*https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)#tab=summary {{Wayback|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)#tab=summary |date=20240203144814 }}
*https://twitter.com/InfoKfcb/status/989837096251781120
*https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Ban-of-Kenyan-film-over-lesbianism-criticised/1056-4535138-iuvqlo/index.html
*https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43922780
*https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/festival/films/rafiki
*https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/33039-government-sued-preventing-kenyan-movie-winning-oscars
*https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018-09-21-high-court-lifts-ban-on-lesbian-themed-movie-rafiki/
*https://www.tuko.co.ke/286608-high-court-lifts-ban-controversial-lesbian-movie-dismisses-moral-police-ezekiel-mutua.html#286608
*https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/lesbian-film-rafiki-sells-out-after-kenyan-court-lifts-ban-20180924-p505k2.html
*https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/kenyan-director-wanuri-kahiu-is-fun-fierce-frivolous-timely-1145485
*https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }}
*https://www.eelive.ng/what-i-learnt-from-my-lesbian-role-in-rafiki-samantha-mugatsia/
{{mbegu-filamu}}
[[Jamii:Filamu za Kenya]]
[[Jamii:filamu za 2018]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mtumiaji:Gerald Mnunduma</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>141370</id>
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        <username>Gerald Mnunduma</username>
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      <text bytes="131" sha1="jtyuakfr9t86dujmbn9bqv3w5exfhet" xml:space="preserve">Gerald Peter Mnunduma

Alizaliwa mwaka 1992, hospitali ya Maweni ambayo kwa sasa ni hospitali ya furaa inayopatikana mkoani Kigoma.</text>
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    <revision>
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      <text bytes="131" sha1="d06zy0rl4sd2qih9zgybb8oxdvpzqur" xml:space="preserve">Gerald Peter Mnunduma

Alizaliwa mwaka 1992, hospitali ya Maweni ambayo kwa sasa ni hospitali ya rufaa inayopatikana mkoani Kigoma.</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Justiniani II</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>149625</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583239</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-02T14:14:23Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="3581" sha1="9253rbu4r4fynlctvo7f3kxunbkz106" xml:space="preserve">[[Picha:Justinian ii (2).png|thumb|Justiniani II katika [[mozaiki]] huko [[Ravenna]], [[Italia]].]]
'''Kaisari Justiniani II''' ([[668]]/[[669]] - [[4 Novemba]] [[711]]) alitawala [[Dola la Roma Mashariki]] kuanzia [[mwaka]] [[685]] hadi [[695]], tena kutoka [[705]] hadi [[711]], alipouawa kwa [[kiburi]] na ukatili wake.

Alijitahidi kurudisha [[Dola la Roma]] katika hadhi yake ya zamani.

Katika [[Historia ya Kanisa|historia ya Kanisa]] anakumbukwa kwa kuendesha [[mtaguso wa tano-sita]] katika [[ikulu]] yake.

Tangu kale [[Waorthodoksi]] wanamheshimu kama [[mtakatifu]].

[[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[2 Agosti]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Αυτοκράτορες που έγιναν Άγιοι|url=http://3gym-mikras.thess.sch.gr/auto_agioi_istorika.htm|access-date=2021-07-17|website=3gym-mikras.thess.sch.gr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ορθόδοξος Συναξαριστής :: Άγιος Ιουστινιανός Β' ο βασιλιάς|url=https://www.saint.gr/2195/saint.aspx|access-date=2021-07-17|website=www.saint.gr}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Tazama pia==
*[[Orodha ya Makaizari wa Roma]]
*[[Orodha ya Makaizari wa Byzantini]]
* [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]]

==Tanbihi==
{{Reflist}}

==Marejeo==
* {{Rejea kitabu|last=Ostrogorsky|first=George|year=1956|title=History of the Byzantine State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ|publisher=Basil Blackwell|place=Oxford}}

==Vyanzo==
===Vyanzo vikuu===
*[[Theophanes the Confessor]], ''Chronographia''.

===Vinginevyo===
* {{citation | editor-first = Alexander | editor-last = Kazhdan | editor-link=Alexander Kazhdan | title = [[Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]] | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-19-504652-6}}
* {{citation | last = Norwich | first = John Julius | title =Byzantium: The Early Centuries | publisher = Penguin | year = 1990 | isbn = 0-14-011447-5}}
* {{Rejea kitabu|last=Ostrogorsky|first=George|year=1956|title=History of the Byzantine State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ|publisher=Basil Blackwell|place=Oxford}}
* [http://www.roman-emperors.org/Just2.htm Moore, R. Scott (1998) &quot;Justinian II (685–695 &amp; 705–711 A.D.)&quot;.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/Just2.htm |date=20101202044421 }} ''[[De Imperatoribus Romanis]].''
* [[J. B. Bury|Bury, J.B.]] (1889). ''A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene, Vol. II'', MacMillan &amp; Co.

==Viungo vya nje==
{{Commonscat|Iustinianus II}}
* [https://www.degruyter.com/document/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ14702/html Justinian II's profile] in ''[[Prosopography of the Byzantine World]]''
{{mbegu-Kaizari-Bizanti}}
{{BD|668|711}}
[[Jamii:Makaizari wa Bizanti]]
[[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Uturuki]]</text>
      <sha1>9253rbu4r4fynlctvo7f3kxunbkz106</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Karabo Poppy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>169232</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583269</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-02T15:01:37Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="4631" sha1="2rsovn2ba9ok2xslgaamjsnfzgdxf6f" xml:space="preserve">'''Karabo Poppy Moletsane''' (alizaliwa [[Vereeniging]], 1992) ni [[Uchoraji|mchoraji]], mbunifu wa picha, na msanii wa mitaani wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea habari|title='Find something unique about yourself and build that'|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/business-46922184}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Poppy alisoma katika Taasisi ya Open Window jijini [[Pretoria]] na ana shahada ya Visual Communication. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=How Karabo Poppy Moletsane is permeating the real African aesthetic worldwide|url=https://www.itsnicethat.com/features/ones-to-watch-2020-karabo-poppy-moletsane-illustration-240220|accessdate=2021-02-24|work=www.itsnicethat.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Poppy amefanyia kazi Wall Street Journal, Google, [[Coca-Cola]], na Nike, na kubuni viatu vinavyovaliwa na [[Lebron James|LeBron James]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Michelle Cohan|title=Illustrator Karabo Poppy's take on sneaker culture celebrates African design|url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/karabo-poppy-south-africa-illustrator-nike-sneakers-spc-intl/index.html|accessdate=2021-02-24|work=CNN|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aliunda michoro ya filamu ya kwanza ya Kiafrika ya mfululizo Netflix, ''Queen Sono'', na ''When They See us'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Kabwe|first=Suwi|date=2020-03-06|title=Karabo Poppy Teams Up with Netflix &amp; Strong Black Lead for New 'Queen Sono' Illustration|url=https://10and5.com/2020/03/06/karabo-poppy-teams-up-with-netflix-strong-black-lead-for-new-queen-sono-illustration/|accessdate=2021-02-24|work=Between 10 and 5|language=en-ZA|archivedate=2021-01-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125193953/https://10and5.com/2020/03/06/karabo-poppy-teams-up-with-netflix-strong-black-lead-for-new-queen-sono-illustration/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alishirikiana na RICH MNISI kwenye mkusanyiko wa mavazi ya jinsia moja, unaoitwa Running Errands, mwaka wa 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-07-22|title=Rich Mnisi X Karabo Poppy Capsule Collection: Running Errands|url=https://visi.co.za/rich-mnisi-x-karabo-poppy-capsule-collection-running-errands/|accessdate=2021-02-24|work=Visi|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619212233/https://visi.co.za/rich-mnisi-x-karabo-poppy-capsule-collection-running-errands/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Multi Award-winning Illustrator Karabo Poppy Moletsane Collaborates With Nike|url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2019/11/multi-award-winning-illustrator-karabo.html|accessdate=2021-02-24|work=WaAfrika Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mural yake ya Utah Jazz imesakinishwa Salt Lake City, Utah.

Mnamo 2021, aliagizwa na [[Wikipedia]], pamoja na Jasmina El Bouamraoui, kubuni alama 101 kwa ajili ya maadhimisho ya miaka 20 ya Wikipedia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Karabo Poppy Moletsane and Jasmina El Bouamraoui create a suite of customisable symbols for Wiki’s 20th birthday|url=https://www.itsnicethat.com/news/karabo-poppy-moletsane-jasmina-el-bouamraoui-wikipedia-20-anniversary-190221|accessdate=2021-02-24|work=www.itsnicethat.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Michoro yake inaonyeshwa kama mitambo ya mijini kote Johannesburg, na imeonekana katika Times Square, katika video za muziki, na kwenye minara ya Soweto. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=The One Club / ADC Annual Awards - Archive of Past Winners|url=https://www.oneclub.org/awards/adcawards/-judge/4642/karabo-moletsane|accessdate=2021-02-24|work=www.oneclub.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alitajwa kwenye orodha ''[[Forbes|ya Forbes]]'' ya &quot;30 Under 30&quot; katika kitengo cha wabunifu wa 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Mwendera|first=Karen|date=2019-07-01|title=#30Under30: Creatives Category 2019|url=https://www.forbesafrica.com/under-30/2019/07/01/30under30-creatives-category-2019/|accessdate=2021-02-24|work=Forbes Africa|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubunifu wake wa mwaka wa 2019 wa Nike ulishinda Tuzo la Ushirikiano wa BASA Beyond Border Mnamo mwaka wa 2020 alipewa jina la &quot;Ubunifu wa Mwaka&quot; na ''Kati ya 10 na 5'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=The One Club / ADC Annual Awards - Archive of Past Winners|url=https://www.oneclub.org/awards/adcawards/-judge/4642/karabo-moletsane|accessdate=2021-02-24|work=www.oneclub.org|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.oneclub.org/awards/adcawards/-judge/4642/karabo-moletsane &quot;The One Club / ADC Annual Awards - Archive of Past Winners&quot;]. ''www.oneclub.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 February&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tanbihi==
{{Reflist}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]]
[[Jamii:wachoraji wa Afrika Kusini]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Landelini wa Ettenheim</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>182248</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583296</id>
      <parentid>1532693</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T19:06:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>41439</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="3005" sha1="ovrylxdyxdthfoeu13wfrg37t74ehhy" xml:space="preserve">[[Picha: Landelin_von_Ettenheimmünster.jpg|thumb|200px|Panapotunzwa [[masalia]] yake (1506).]]
'''Landelini wa Ettenheim''' (alifariki [[Ettenheim]], [[Baden-Württemberg]], katika [[Ujerumani]] wa leo, [[640]] hivi) alikuwa [[Mkristo]] [[mkaapweke]] wa [[Ireland]] aliyehamia [[Ulaya]] [[bara]] hadi alipouawa kwa kudhaniwa [[jambazi]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/71280&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] kama [[mtakatifu]]. 

[[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[21 Septemba]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Martyrologium Romanum]]&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Tazama pia==
*[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]]
*[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]]
*[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]]
* [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]]

==Tanbihi==
{{reflist}}

==Marejeo==
* Theodor Kurrus: Art. ''Landelin von Ettenheimmünster''. In: [[Lexikon der christlichen Ikonographie]], Bd. 7: ''Innozenz bis Melchisedech''. Herder, Freiburg 1974, Sp. 369–370.
* Hubert Kewitz: ''Zur Geschichte des hl. Landelin von Ettenheimmünster''. In: ''[[Die Ortenau]]'', Jg. 65 (1985), S. 102–119.
* [[Josef Rest]], Médard Barth, [[Bernhard Uttenweiler]]: ''Aufsätze zur Geschichte der südlichen Ortenau und zum Kult des hl. Landelin von Ettenheimmünster''. Herausgegeben vom Historischer Verein für Mittelbaden, Mitgliedergruppe Ettenheim. Ettenheim 1986 (mit Literatur und Ikonographie).
* https://web.archive.org/web/20070716150347/http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/l/landelin.shtml by [[Ekkart Sauser]], p. 824–825
* Bernhard Uttenweiler: ''Die Verehrung des heiligen Märtyrers Landelin und die Wallfahrtskirche in Ettenheimmünster''. Kunstverlag Josef Fink, Lindenberg 2006, ISBN 3-89870-299-5.

== Viungo vya nje ==
{{Commonscat|Saint Landelin (Ettenheimmünster)|Landelini wa Ettenheim}}
* Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon: [http://www.heiligenlexikon.de/BiographienL/Landelin_von_Ettenheimmuenster.html ''Landelin von Ettenheimmünster'']
* [http://www.sagen.at/doku/quellen/quellen_dl/landelin_ettenheimmuenster.html Die Quellen des hl. Landelin zu Ettenheimmünster] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sagen.at/doku/quellen/quellen_dl/landelin_ettenheimmuenster.html |date=20100621060730 }}
{{mbegu-Mkristo}}
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      <text bytes="1599" sha1="fcu52x3siu2n952yl2lwjmmewpq8aua" xml:space="preserve">'''Marie Madeleine Fouda''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa [[habari]] kutoka nchini [[Kamerun]], mtayarishaji wa vipindi mbalimbali [[redio]], na mwanaharakati wa haki za wanawake. Amejulikana kwa kazi yake ya kuongoza mradi wa kutokomeza ukeketaji wa wanawake nchini Kamerun tangu mwaka [[2006]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.journalducameroun.com/article.php?aid=465 &quot;Nous allons créer un réseau de femmes pour la paix en zone Cemac&quot;] on ''journalducameroun.com'', January 18, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;


== Wasifu ==
'''Maisha ya mapema na elimu'''

Marie Madeleine Fouda alizaliwa mwaka [[1940]] katika Efok. Ana shahada ya uzamili katika tiba ya jumla iliyopatikana mwaka [[1982]] kutoka Kituo cha Chuo cha Sayansi za Afya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web|access-date=2022-10-27|date=2021-11-23|language=fr|title=Décès de Marie Madeleine Fouda: Paul Biya effondré|url=https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/NewsArchive/D-c-s-de-Marie-Madeleine-Fouda-Paul-Biya-effondr-629638|website=CamerounWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|access-date=2022-10-27|date=2021-11-23|first=CAMEROON MAGAZINE-|language=fr-FR|last=GM|title=Mort de Marie Madeleine Fouda : Paul Biya s'effondre|url=https://www.cameroonmagazine.com/actualite-cameroun-infos/mort-de-marie-madeleine-fouda-paul-biya-seffondre/|website=Cameroon Magazine|archive-date=2022-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027193058/https://www.cameroonmagazine.com/actualite-cameroun-infos/mort-de-marie-madeleine-fouda-paul-biya-seffondre/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tanbihi==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-mtu}}
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      <text bytes="21797" sha1="2u9251qpd9shf1l5favoeofnh5o0l13" xml:space="preserve">{{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}}
{{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}}

== Yaliyomo ==
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;&quot;&gt;
Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]].
[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;i&gt;Gayle157&lt;sup&gt;2.0&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;'''&lt;/div&gt;]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;

== Mwongozo ==
===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa===
'''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Jedwali la nchi}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana.

===Utangulizi=== 
{{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}}
Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo:
====Aya ya Utangulizi====
Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800.
Mfano:
&lt;/br&gt;
{{Blockquote|
'''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}}
====Aya zinazofuata====
Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii.

===Mwili===
Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji.

====Asili ya jina==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi.
====Historia====
Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa.

====Jiografia====
Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili.

====Demografia==== 
Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana.
====Uchumi====
Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato.
====Serikali na siasa==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa.
====Utamaduni====
Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa.
====Tazama pia====
Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika.

====Marejeo==== 
Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa.
====Viungo vya nje==== 
Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo.

== Makala ==


{{Chati ya duara
| caption= CAQI (2026-08-02)
| label1 = Makala Bora
| value1 = 7
| color1= green
| label2 = Makala Nzuri
| value2 = 9
| color2= yellow
| label3 = Makala Msingi
| value3 = 61
| color3= orange
| label4 = Makala ya Chini
| value4 = 72
| color4= lightblue
| label5 = Mbegu
| value5 = 27
| color5= red
}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nchi
! CAQI (2026-08-02)&lt;br /&gt;
! Mitazamo (siku 30)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:green&quot; | Makala Bora
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]
| 9.56
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 430
|-
| [[Kenya]]
| 9.44
| style=&quot;background-color:#3CB371; color:white&quot; | 537
|-
| [[Tanzania]]
| 9.17
| style=&quot;background-color:#006400; color:white&quot; | 2417
|-
| [[Ghana]]
| 8.93
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 182
|-
| [[Marekani]]
| 8.76
| style=&quot;background-color:#228B22; color:white&quot; | 875
|-
| [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]]
| 8.25
| style=&quot;background-color:#006400; color:white&quot; | 1264
|-
| [[Afrika Kusini]]
| 8.10
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 355
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:yellow&quot; | Makala Nzuri
|-
| [[Hispania]]
| 7.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#3CB371; color:white&quot; | 514
|-
| [[Irani]]
| 7.62
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 356
|-
| [[Ethiopia]]
| 7.58
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 246
|-
| [[Urusi]]
| 7.54
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 428
|-
| [[Burundi]]
| 7.36
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 378
|-
| [[Sudan Kusini]]
| 7.28
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 135
|-
| [[Nigeria]]
| 7.26
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 179
|-
| [[Australia]]
| 7.15
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 400
|-
| [[Somalia]]
| 7.09
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 107
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:orange&quot; | Makala Msingi
|-
| [[Senegal]]
| 6.90
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 92
|-
| [[Ufaransa]]
| 6.68
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 486
|-
| [[Italia]]
| 6.23
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 181
|-
| [[Falme za Kiarabu]]
| 6.08
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 119
|-
| [[Laos]]
| 5.95
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| [[Uingereza]]
| 5.93
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 431
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]]
| 5.59
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 284
|-
| [[Rwanda]]
| 5.49
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 230
|-
| [[Korea Kaskazini]]
| 5.44
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 96
|-
| [[Mali]]
| 5.42
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 97
|-
| [[Korea Kusini]]
| 5.34
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 119
|-
| [[Ufini]]
| 5.20
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 91
|-
| [[Uswisi]]
| 5.17
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 227
|-
| [[Israeli]]
| 5.15
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 289
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]
| 5.05
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 137
|-
| [[Cabo Verde]]
| 4.89
| style=&quot;background-color:#3CB371; color:white&quot; | 666
|-
| [[Zambia]]
| 4.89
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 121
|-
| [[Ujerumani]]
| 4.83
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 261
|-
| [[Niger]]
| 4.79
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 33
|-
| [[Misri]]
| 4.78
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 442
|-
| [[Uganda]]
| 4.78
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 222
|-
| [[Afghanistan]]
| 4.70
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 63
|-
| [[Shelisheli]]
| 4.68
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 117
|-
| [[Japani]]
| 4.66
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 223
|-
| [[San Marino]]
| 4.63
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 38
|-
| [[Chad]]
| 4.59
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 60
|-
| [[Austria]]
| 4.49
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 94
|-
| [[Kamerun]]
| 4.47
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 54
|-
| [[Vatikani]]
| 4.43
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 147
|-
| [[Gine Bisau]]
| 4.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 21
|-
| [[Ukraini]]
| 4.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 103
|-
| [[Sudan]]
| 4.39
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 81
|-
| [[Uswidi]]
| 4.30
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 82
|-
| [[Uholanzi]]
| 4.26
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 115
|-
| [[Kanada]]
| 4.17
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 320
|-
| [[Kamboja]]
| 4.14
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 36
|-
| [[Moroko]]
| 4.13
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 349
|-
| [[Uhindi]]
| 4.08
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 209
|-
| [[Malawi]]
| 4.05
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 140
|-
| [[Pakistani]]
| 3.98
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 53
|-
| [[Ubelgiji]]
| 3.92
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 206
|-
| [[Udeni]]
| 3.88
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 41
|-
| [[Burkina Faso]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 104
|-
| [[Madagaska]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 137
|-
| [[Ugiriki]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 182
|-
| [[Vietnam]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 63
|-
| [[Bulgaria]]
| 3.82
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 62
|-
| [[Ureno]]
| 3.79
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 269
|-
| [[Isilandi]]
| 3.77
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 29
|-
| [[Msumbiji]]
| 3.76
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 267
|-
| [[Aljeria]]
| 3.73
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 56
|-
| [[Kazakhstan]]
| 3.65
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 45
|-
| [[Malta]]
| 3.65
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 40
|-
| [[Indonesia]]
| 3.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 103
|-
| [[Singapuri]]
| 3.63
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 79
|-
| [[Uturuki]]
| 3.62
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 300
|-
| [[Papua Guinea Mpya]]
| 3.61
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 41
|-
| [[Eritrea]]
| 3.60
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 64
|-
| [[Uthai]]
| 3.58
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 38
|-
| [[Angola]]
| 3.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 103
|-
| [[Hong Kong]]
| 3.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 71
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:lightblue&quot; | Makala ya Chini
|-
| [[Bhutan]]
| 3.46
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 43
|-
| [[Fiji]]
| 3.46
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 33
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Udeni]]
| 3.44
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 7
|-
| [[Palestina]]
| 3.43
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 102
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]
| 3.38
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 126
|-
| [[Syria]]
| 3.35
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 80
|-
| [[Latvia]]
| 3.30
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 101
|-
| [[Myanmar]]
| 3.23
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 32
|-
| [[Botswana]]
| 3.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 80
|-
| [[Komori]]
| 3.20
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 96
|-
| [[Liberia]]
| 3.16
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 56
|-
| [[Eswatini]]
| 3.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 105
|-
| [[Morisi]]
| 3.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 47
|-
| [[Jibuti]]
| 3.09
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 90
|-
| [[Omani]]
| 3.04
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 78
|-
| [[Polandi]]
| 3.03
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 90
|-
| [[Zimbabwe]]
| 3.02
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 115
|-
| [[Kosovo]]
| 2.99
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 26
|-
| [[Benin]]
| 2.93
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 49
|-
| [[Brunei]]
| 2.92
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 66
|-
| [[Qatar]]
| 2.91
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 76
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]
| 2.90
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 139
|-
| [[Saudia]]
| 2.90
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 81
|-
| [[Gine ya Ikweta]]
| 2.89
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 28
|-
| [[Lesotho]]
| 2.88
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 45
|-
| [[Nyuzilandi]]
| 2.86
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 56
|-
| [[Hungaria]]
| 2.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 48
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]
| 2.82
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 32
|-
| [[Eire]]
| 2.80
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 42
|-
| [[Liechtenstein]]
| 2.78
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 30
|-
| [[Gabon]]
| 2.74
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 47
|-
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| 2.69
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 44
|-
| [[Kroatia]]
| 2.68
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 79
|-
| [[Slovenia]]
| 2.66
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 39
|-
| [[Namibia]]
| 2.65
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 82
|-
| [[Tunisia]]
| 2.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 58
|-
| [[Ufilipino]]
| 2.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 83
|-
| [[Kodivaa]]
| 2.60
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 32
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya China]]
| 2.54
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 49
|-
| [[Moldova]]
| 2.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| [[Bahrain]]
| 2.51
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 53
|-
| [[Norwei]]
| 2.51
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 222
|-
| [[Luxemburg]]
| 2.49
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 71
|-
| [[Masedonia Kaskazini]]
| 2.48
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| [[Yordani]]
| 2.48
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 75
|-
| [[Mongolia]]
| 2.42
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 96
|-
| [[Belarus]]
| 2.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 34
|-
| [[Serbia]]
| 2.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 42
|-
| [[Turkmenistan]]
| 2.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 48
|-
| [[Gambia]]
| 2.39
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 42
|-
| [[Iraki]]
| 2.37
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 175
|-
| [[Nepal]]
| 2.37
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 47
|-
| [[Timor ya Mashariki]]
| 2.34
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 30
|-
| [[Tuvalu]]
| 2.33
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 37
|-
| [[Sri Lanka]]
| 2.32
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 45
|-
| [[Yemen]]
| 2.32
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 88
|-
| [[Andorra]]
| 2.30
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 34
|-
| [[Kirgizia]]
| 2.26
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 46
|-
| [[Romania]]
| 2.25
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 56
|-
| [[Sao Tome na Principe]]
| 2.23
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 54
|-
| [[Bangladesh]]
| 2.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 44
|-
| [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]
| 2.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 80
|-
| [[Libya]]
| 2.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 97
|-
| [[Armenia]]
| 2.19
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 44
|-
| [[Welisi]]
| 2.14
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 30
|-
| [[Ucheki]]
| 2.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 45
|-
| [[Sahara ya Magharibi]]
| 2.10
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 63
|-
| [[Uzbekistan]]
| 2.09
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 41
|-
| [[Kuwait]]
| 2.07
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 54
|-
| [[Malaysia]]
| 2.06
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 53
|-
| [[Kupro]]
| 2.04
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 32
|-
| [[Maldivi]]
| 2.02
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 29
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:red&quot; | Mbegu
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Cook]]
| 1.99
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 11
|-
| [[Montenegro]]
| 1.99
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 26
|-
| [[Nauru]]
| 1.98
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 36
|-
| [[Ossetia Kusini]]
| 1.98
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 3
|-
| [[Vanuatu]]
| 1.96
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 44
|-
| [[Togo]]
| 1.95
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 51
|-
| [[Albania]]
| 1.92
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 35
|-
| [[Mauritania]]
| 1.91
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 59
|-
| [[Samoa]]
| 1.82
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 23
|-
| [[Jiko la ardhini]]
| 1.80
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 8
|-
| [[Georgia]]
| 1.72
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 33
|-
| [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]]
| 1.71
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 14
|-
| [[Lituanya]]
| 1.69
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 61
|-
| [[Gine]]
| 1.67
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 25
|-
| [[Niue]]
| 1.66
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 12
|-
| [[Abkhazia]]
| 1.58
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 12
|-
| [[Tajikistan]]
| 1.55
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 30
|-
| [[Palau]]
| 1.53
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 33
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Solomon]]
| 1.51
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 41
|-
| [[Gibraltar]]
| 1.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 22
|-
| [[Estonia]]
| 1.40
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| [[Kiribati]]
| 1.38
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 26
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]]
| 1.38
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 13
|-
| [[Samoa ya Marekani]]
| 1.36
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 16
|-
| [[Slovakia]]
| 1.33
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 40
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana]]
| 1.25
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 15
|-
| [[Tonga]]
| 1.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 29
|}

==Takwimu==


===Takwimu za Jumla===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko
|-
| Jumla ya Makala || 173 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34979 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 21861 || ↓ -27.8%
|-
| Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 202.2 || —
|-
| Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 126.4 || —
|}

===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko
|-
| 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2417 || ↓ -15.7%
|-
| 2 || [[Marekani]] || 875 || ↓ -32.8%
|-
| 3 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 666 || ↓ -63.8%
|-
| 4 || [[Kenya]] || 537 || ↓ -28.3%
|-
| 5 || [[Hispania]] || 514 || ↑ +100.8%
|-
| 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 486 || ↓ -5.3%
|-
| 7 || [[Misri]] || 442 || ↑ +45.4%
|-
| 8 || [[Uingereza]] || 431 || ↓ -7.5%
|-
| 9 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 430 || ↓ -34.5%
|-
| 10 || [[Urusi]] || 428 || ↓ -43.4%
|-
|}

====Wahariri====
Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365)
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia
|-
| 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 587 || 42.8%
|-
| 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 360 || 26.2%
|-
| 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 133 || 9.7%
|-
| 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 119 || 8.7%
|-
| 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9%
|-
| 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9%
|-
| 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.7%
|-
| 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6%
|-
| 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4%
|-
| 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4%
|-
|}</text>
      <sha1>2u9251qpd9shf1l5favoeofnh5o0l13</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1583217</id>
      <parentid>1583216</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T13:41:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sasisha Takwimu za mradi</comment>
      <origin>1583217</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21798" sha1="2f7v0ojaw0k1t1zqupq7swgzuor6skg" xml:space="preserve">{{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}}
{{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}}

== Yaliyomo ==
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;&quot;&gt;
Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]].
[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;i&gt;Gayle157&lt;sup&gt;2.0&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;'''&lt;/div&gt;]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;

== Mwongozo ==
===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa===
'''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Jedwali la nchi}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana.

===Utangulizi=== 
{{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}}
Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo:
====Aya ya Utangulizi====
Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800.
Mfano:
&lt;/br&gt;
{{Blockquote|
'''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}}
====Aya zinazofuata====
Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii.

===Mwili===
Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji.

====Asili ya jina==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi.
====Historia====
Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa.

====Jiografia====
Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili.

====Demografia==== 
Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana.
====Uchumi====
Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato.
====Serikali na siasa==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa.
====Utamaduni====
Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa.
====Tazama pia====
Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika.

====Marejeo==== 
Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa.
====Viungo vya nje==== 
Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo.

== Makala ==


{{Chati ya duara
| caption= CAQI (2026-08-02)
| label1 = Makala Bora
| value1 = 7
| color1= green
| label2 = Makala Nzuri
| value2 = 9
| color2= yellow
| label3 = Makala Msingi
| value3 = 61
| color3= orange
| label4 = Makala ya Chini
| value4 = 72
| color4= lightblue
| label5 = Mbegu
| value5 = 27
| color5= red
}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nchi
! CAQI (2026-08-02)&lt;br /&gt;
! Mitazamo (siku 30)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:green&quot; | Makala Bora
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]
| 9.56
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 430
|-
| [[Kenya]]
| 9.44
| style=&quot;background-color:#3CB371; color:white&quot; | 537
|-
| [[Tanzania]]
| 9.17
| style=&quot;background-color:#006400; color:white&quot; | 2417
|-
| [[Ghana]]
| 8.93
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 182
|-
| [[Marekani]]
| 8.76
| style=&quot;background-color:#228B22; color:white&quot; | 875
|-
| [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]]
| 8.25
| style=&quot;background-color:#006400; color:white&quot; | 1264
|-
| [[Afrika Kusini]]
| 8.10
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 355
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:yellow&quot; | Makala Nzuri
|-
| [[Hispania]]
| 7.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#3CB371; color:white&quot; | 514
|-
| [[Irani]]
| 7.62
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 356
|-
| [[Ethiopia]]
| 7.58
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 246
|-
| [[Urusi]]
| 7.54
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 428
|-
| [[Burundi]]
| 7.36
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 378
|-
| [[Sudan Kusini]]
| 7.28
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 135
|-
| [[Nigeria]]
| 7.26
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 179
|-
| [[Australia]]
| 7.15
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 400
|-
| [[Somalia]]
| 7.09
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 107
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:orange&quot; | Makala Msingi
|-
| [[Senegal]]
| 6.90
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 92
|-
| [[Ufaransa]]
| 6.68
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 486
|-
| [[Italia]]
| 6.23
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 181
|-
| [[Falme za Kiarabu]]
| 6.08
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 119
|-
| [[Laos]]
| 5.95
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| [[Uingereza]]
| 5.93
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 431
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]]
| 5.59
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 284
|-
| [[Rwanda]]
| 5.49
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 230
|-
| [[Korea Kaskazini]]
| 5.44
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 96
|-
| [[Mali]]
| 5.42
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 97
|-
| [[Korea Kusini]]
| 5.34
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 119
|-
| [[Ufini]]
| 5.20
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 91
|-
| [[Uswisi]]
| 5.17
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 227
|-
| [[Israeli]]
| 5.15
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 289
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]
| 5.05
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 137
|-
| [[Cabo Verde]]
| 4.89
| style=&quot;background-color:#3CB371; color:white&quot; | 666
|-
| [[Zambia]]
| 4.89
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 121
|-
| [[Ujerumani]]
| 4.83
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 261
|-
| [[Niger]]
| 4.79
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 33
|-
| [[Misri]]
| 4.78
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 442
|-
| [[Uganda]]
| 4.78
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 222
|-
| [[Afghanistan]]
| 4.70
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 63
|-
| [[Shelisheli]]
| 4.68
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 117
|-
| [[Japani]]
| 4.66
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 223
|-
| [[San Marino]]
| 4.63
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 38
|-
| [[Chad]]
| 4.59
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 60
|-
| [[Austria]]
| 4.49
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 94
|-
| [[Kamerun]]
| 4.47
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 54
|-
| [[Vatikani]]
| 4.43
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 147
|-
| [[Gine Bisau]]
| 4.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 21
|-
| [[Ukraini]]
| 4.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 103
|-
| [[Sudan]]
| 4.39
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 81
|-
| [[Uswidi]]
| 4.30
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 82
|-
| [[Uholanzi]]
| 4.26
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 115
|-
| [[Kanada]]
| 4.17
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 320
|-
| [[Kamboja]]
| 4.14
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 36
|-
| [[Moroko]]
| 4.13
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 349
|-
| [[Uhindi]]
| 4.08
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 209
|-
| [[Malawi]]
| 4.05
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 140
|-
| [[Pakistani]]
| 3.98
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 53
|-
| [[Ubelgiji]]
| 3.92
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 206
|-
| [[Udeni]]
| 3.88
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 41
|-
| [[Burkina Faso]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 104
|-
| [[Madagaska]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 137
|-
| [[Ugiriki]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 182
|-
| [[Vietnam]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 63
|-
| [[Bulgaria]]
| 3.82
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 62
|-
| [[Ureno]]
| 3.79
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 269
|-
| [[Isilandi]]
| 3.77
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 29
|-
| [[Msumbiji]]
| 3.76
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 267
|-
| [[Aljeria]]
| 3.73
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 56
|-
| [[Kazakhstan]]
| 3.65
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 45
|-
| [[Malta]]
| 3.65
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 40
|-
| [[Indonesia]]
| 3.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 103
|-
| [[Singapuri]]
| 3.63
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 79
|-
| [[Uturuki]]
| 3.62
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 300
|-
| [[Papua Guinea Mpya]]
| 3.61
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 41
|-
| [[Eritrea]]
| 3.60
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 64
|-
| [[Uthai]]
| 3.58
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 38
|-
| [[Angola]]
| 3.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 103
|-
| [[Hong Kong]]
| 3.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 71
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:lightblue&quot; | Makala ya Chini
|-
| [[Bhutan]]
| 3.46
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 43
|-
| [[Fiji]]
| 3.46
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 33
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Udeni]]
| 3.44
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 7
|-
| [[Palestina]]
| 3.43
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 102
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]
| 3.38
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 126
|-
| [[Syria]]
| 3.35
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 80
|-
| [[Latvia]]
| 3.30
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 101
|-
| [[Myanmar]]
| 3.23
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 32
|-
| [[Botswana]]
| 3.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 80
|-
| [[Komori]]
| 3.20
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 96
|-
| [[Liberia]]
| 3.16
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 56
|-
| [[Eswatini]]
| 3.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 105
|-
| [[Morisi]]
| 3.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 47
|-
| [[Jibuti]]
| 3.09
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 90
|-
| [[Omani]]
| 3.04
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 78
|-
| [[Polandi]]
| 3.03
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 90
|-
| [[Zimbabwe]]
| 3.02
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 115
|-
| [[Kosovo]]
| 2.99
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 26
|-
| [[Benin]]
| 2.93
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 49
|-
| [[Brunei]]
| 2.92
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 66
|-
| [[Qatar]]
| 2.91
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 76
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]
| 2.90
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 139
|-
| [[Saudia]]
| 2.90
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 81
|-
| [[Gine ya Ikweta]]
| 2.89
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 28
|-
| [[Lesotho]]
| 2.88
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 45
|-
| [[Nyuzilandi]]
| 2.86
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 56
|-
| [[Hungaria]]
| 2.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 48
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]
| 2.82
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 32
|-
| [[Eire]]
| 2.80
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 42
|-
| [[Liechtenstein]]
| 2.78
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 30
|-
| [[Gabon]]
| 2.74
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 47
|-
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| 2.69
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 44
|-
| [[Kroatia]]
| 2.68
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 79
|-
| [[Slovenia]]
| 2.66
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 39
|-
| [[Namibia]]
| 2.65
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 82
|-
| [[Tunisia]]
| 2.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 58
|-
| [[Ufilipino]]
| 2.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 83
|-
| [[Kodivaa]]
| 2.60
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 32
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya China]]
| 2.54
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 49
|-
| [[Moldova]]
| 2.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| [[Bahrain]]
| 2.51
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 53
|-
| [[Norwei]]
| 2.51
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 222
|-
| [[Luxemburg]]
| 2.49
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 71
|-
| [[Masedonia Kaskazini]]
| 2.48
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| [[Yordani]]
| 2.48
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 75
|-
| [[Mongolia]]
| 2.42
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 96
|-
| [[Belarus]]
| 2.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 34
|-
| [[Serbia]]
| 2.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 42
|-
| [[Turkmenistan]]
| 2.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 48
|-
| [[Gambia]]
| 2.39
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 42
|-
| [[Iraki]]
| 2.37
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 175
|-
| [[Nepal]]
| 2.37
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 47
|-
| [[Timor ya Mashariki]]
| 2.34
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 30
|-
| [[Tuvalu]]
| 2.33
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 37
|-
| [[Sri Lanka]]
| 2.32
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 45
|-
| [[Yemen]]
| 2.32
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 88
|-
| [[Andorra]]
| 2.30
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 34
|-
| [[Kirgizia]]
| 2.26
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 46
|-
| [[Romania]]
| 2.25
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 56
|-
| [[Sao Tome na Principe]]
| 2.23
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 54
|-
| [[Bangladesh]]
| 2.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 44
|-
| [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]
| 2.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 80
|-
| [[Libya]]
| 2.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 97
|-
| [[Armenia]]
| 2.19
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 44
|-
| [[Welisi]]
| 2.14
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 30
|-
| [[Ucheki]]
| 2.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 45
|-
| [[Sahara ya Magharibi]]
| 2.10
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 63
|-
| [[Uzbekistan]]
| 2.09
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 41
|-
| [[Kuwait]]
| 2.07
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 54
|-
| [[Malaysia]]
| 2.06
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 53
|-
| [[Kupro]]
| 2.04
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 32
|-
| [[Maldivi]]
| 2.02
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 29
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:red&quot; | Mbegu
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Cook]]
| 1.99
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 11
|-
| [[Montenegro]]
| 1.99
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 26
|-
| [[Nauru]]
| 1.98
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 36
|-
| [[Ossetia Kusini]]
| 1.98
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 3
|-
| [[Vanuatu]]
| 1.96
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 44
|-
| [[Togo]]
| 1.95
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 51
|-
| [[Albania]]
| 1.92
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 35
|-
| [[Mauritania]]
| 1.91
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 59
|-
| [[Samoa]]
| 1.82
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 23
|-
| [[Jiko la ardhini]]
| 1.80
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 8
|-
| [[Georgia]]
| 1.72
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 33
|-
| [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]]
| 1.71
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 14
|-
| [[Lituanya]]
| 1.69
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 61
|-
| [[Gine]]
| 1.67
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 25
|-
| [[Niue]]
| 1.66
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 12
|-
| [[Abkhazia]]
| 1.58
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 12
|-
| [[Tajikistan]]
| 1.55
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 30
|-
| [[Palau]]
| 1.53
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 33
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Solomon]]
| 1.51
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 41
|-
| [[Gibraltar]]
| 1.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 22
|-
| [[Estonia]]
| 1.40
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| [[Kiribati]]
| 1.38
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 26
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]]
| 1.38
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 13
|-
| [[Samoa ya Marekani]]
| 1.36
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 16
|-
| [[Slovakia]]
| 1.33
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 40
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana]]
| 1.25
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 15
|-
| [[Tonga]]
| 1.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 29
|}

==Takwimu==


===Takwimu za Jumla===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko
|-
| Jumla ya Makala || 173 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34979 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 22011 || ↓ -27.7%
|-
| Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 202.2 || —
|-
| Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 127.2 || —
|}

===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko
|-
| 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2417 || ↓ -15.7%
|-
| 2 || [[Marekani]] || 875 || ↓ -32.8%
|-
| 3 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 666 || ↓ -63.8%
|-
| 4 || [[Kenya]] || 537 || ↓ -28.3%
|-
| 5 || [[Hispania]] || 514 || ↑ +100.8%
|-
| 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 486 || ↓ -5.3%
|-
| 7 || [[Misri]] || 442 || ↑ +45.4%
|-
| 8 || [[Uingereza]] || 431 || ↓ -7.5%
|-
| 9 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 430 || ↓ -34.5%
|-
| 10 || [[Urusi]] || 428 || ↓ -43.4%
|-
|}

====Wahariri====
Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365)
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia
|-
| 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 587 || 42.8%
|-
| 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 360 || 26.2%
|-
| 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 133 || 9.7%
|-
| 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 119 || 8.7%
|-
| 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9%
|-
| 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9%
|-
| 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.7%
|-
| 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6%
|-
| 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4%
|-
| 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4%
|-
|}</text>
      <sha1>2f7v0ojaw0k1t1zqupq7swgzuor6skg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1583299</id>
      <parentid>1583217</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T19:18:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column</comment>
      <origin>1583299</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21799" sha1="hqlgmec3vmj8lk8km618ikhffligkao" xml:space="preserve">{{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}}
{{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}}

== Yaliyomo ==
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;&quot;&gt;
Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]].
[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;i&gt;Gayle157&lt;sup&gt;2.0&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;'''&lt;/div&gt;]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;

== Mwongozo ==
===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa===
'''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Jedwali la nchi}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana.

===Utangulizi=== 
{{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}}
Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo:
====Aya ya Utangulizi====
Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800.
Mfano:
&lt;/br&gt;
{{Blockquote|
'''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}}
====Aya zinazofuata====
Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii.

===Mwili===
Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji.

====Asili ya jina==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi.
====Historia====
Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa.

====Jiografia====
Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili.

====Demografia==== 
Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana.
====Uchumi====
Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato.
====Serikali na siasa==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa.
====Utamaduni====
Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa.
====Tazama pia====
Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika.

====Marejeo==== 
Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa.
====Viungo vya nje==== 
Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo.

== Makala ==


{{Chati ya duara
| caption= CAQI (2026-08-02)
| label1 = Makala Bora
| value1 = 7
| color1= green
| label2 = Makala Nzuri
| value2 = 9
| color2= yellow
| label3 = Makala Msingi
| value3 = 61
| color3= orange
| label4 = Makala ya Chini
| value4 = 72
| color4= lightblue
| label5 = Mbegu
| value5 = 27
| color5= red
}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nchi
! CAQI (2026-08-02)&lt;br /&gt;
! Mitazamo (siku 30)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:green&quot; | Makala Bora
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]
| 9.56
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 430
|-
| [[Kenya]]
| 9.44
| style=&quot;background-color:#3CB371; color:white&quot; | 537
|-
| [[Tanzania]]
| 9.17
| style=&quot;background-color:#006400; color:white&quot; | 2417
|-
| [[Ghana]]
| 8.93
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 182
|-
| [[Marekani]]
| 8.76
| style=&quot;background-color:#228B22; color:white&quot; | 875
|-
| [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]]
| 8.25
| style=&quot;background-color:#006400; color:white&quot; | 1264
|-
| [[Afrika Kusini]]
| 8.10
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 355
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:yellow&quot; | Makala Nzuri
|-
| [[Hispania]]
| 7.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#3CB371; color:white&quot; | 514
|-
| [[Irani]]
| 7.62
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 356
|-
| [[Ethiopia]]
| 7.58
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 246
|-
| [[Urusi]]
| 7.54
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 428
|-
| [[Burundi]]
| 7.36
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 378
|-
| [[Sudan Kusini]]
| 7.28
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 135
|-
| [[Nigeria]]
| 7.26
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 179
|-
| [[Australia]]
| 7.15
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 400
|-
| [[Somalia]]
| 7.09
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 107
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:orange&quot; | Makala Msingi
|-
| [[Senegal]]
| 6.90
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 92
|-
| [[Ufaransa]]
| 6.68
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 486
|-
| [[Italia]]
| 6.23
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 181
|-
| [[Falme za Kiarabu]]
| 6.08
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 119
|-
| [[Laos]]
| 5.95
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| [[Uingereza]]
| 5.93
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 431
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]]
| 5.59
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 284
|-
| [[Rwanda]]
| 5.49
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 230
|-
| [[Korea Kaskazini]]
| 5.44
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 96
|-
| [[Mali]]
| 5.42
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 97
|-
| [[Korea Kusini]]
| 5.34
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 119
|-
| [[Ufini]]
| 5.20
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 91
|-
| [[Uswisi]]
| 5.17
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 227
|-
| [[Israeli]]
| 5.15
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 289
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]
| 5.05
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 137
|-
| [[Cabo Verde]]
| 4.89
| style=&quot;background-color:#3CB371; color:white&quot; | 666
|-
| [[Zambia]]
| 4.89
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 121
|-
| [[Ujerumani]]
| 4.83
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 261
|-
| [[Niger]]
| 4.79
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 33
|-
| [[Misri]]
| 4.78
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 442
|-
| [[Uganda]]
| 4.78
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 222
|-
| [[Afghanistan]]
| 4.70
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 63
|-
| [[Shelisheli]]
| 4.68
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 117
|-
| [[Japani]]
| 4.66
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 223
|-
| [[San Marino]]
| 4.63
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 38
|-
| [[Chad]]
| 4.59
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 60
|-
| [[Austria]]
| 4.49
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 94
|-
| [[Kamerun]]
| 4.47
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 54
|-
| [[Vatikani]]
| 4.43
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 147
|-
| [[Gine Bisau]]
| 4.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 21
|-
| [[Ukraini]]
| 4.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 103
|-
| [[Sudan]]
| 4.39
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 81
|-
| [[Uswidi]]
| 4.30
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 82
|-
| [[Uholanzi]]
| 4.26
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 115
|-
| [[Kanada]]
| 4.17
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 320
|-
| [[Kamboja]]
| 4.14
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 36
|-
| [[Moroko]]
| 4.13
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 349
|-
| [[Uhindi]]
| 4.08
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 209
|-
| [[Malawi]]
| 4.05
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 140
|-
| [[Pakistani]]
| 3.98
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 53
|-
| [[Ubelgiji]]
| 3.92
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 206
|-
| [[Udeni]]
| 3.88
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 41
|-
| [[Burkina Faso]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 104
|-
| [[Madagaska]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 137
|-
| [[Ugiriki]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 182
|-
| [[Vietnam]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 63
|-
| [[Bulgaria]]
| 3.82
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 62
|-
| [[Ureno]]
| 3.79
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 269
|-
| [[Isilandi]]
| 3.77
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 29
|-
| [[Msumbiji]]
| 3.76
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 267
|-
| [[Aljeria]]
| 3.73
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 56
|-
| [[Kazakhstan]]
| 3.65
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 45
|-
| [[Malta]]
| 3.65
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 40
|-
| [[Indonesia]]
| 3.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 103
|-
| [[Singapuri]]
| 3.63
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 79
|-
| [[Uturuki]]
| 3.62
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 300
|-
| [[Papua Guinea Mpya]]
| 3.61
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 41
|-
| [[Eritrea]]
| 3.60
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 64
|-
| [[Uthai]]
| 3.58
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 38
|-
| [[Angola]]
| 3.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 103
|-
| [[Hong Kong]]
| 3.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 71
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:lightblue&quot; | Makala ya Chini
|-
| [[Bhutan]]
| 3.46
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 43
|-
| [[Fiji]]
| 3.46
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 33
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Udeni]]
| 3.44
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 7
|-
| [[Palestina]]
| 3.43
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 102
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]
| 3.38
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 126
|-
| [[Syria]]
| 3.35
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 80
|-
| [[Latvia]]
| 3.30
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 101
|-
| [[Myanmar]]
| 3.23
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 32
|-
| [[Botswana]]
| 3.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 80
|-
| [[Komori]]
| 3.20
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 96
|-
| [[Liberia]]
| 3.16
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 56
|-
| [[Eswatini]]
| 3.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 105
|-
| [[Morisi]]
| 3.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 47
|-
| [[Jibuti]]
| 3.09
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 90
|-
| [[Omani]]
| 3.04
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 78
|-
| [[Polandi]]
| 3.03
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 90
|-
| [[Zimbabwe]]
| 3.02
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 115
|-
| [[Kosovo]]
| 2.99
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 26
|-
| [[Benin]]
| 2.93
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 49
|-
| [[Brunei]]
| 2.92
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 66
|-
| [[Qatar]]
| 2.91
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 76
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]
| 2.90
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 139
|-
| [[Saudia]]
| 2.90
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 81
|-
| [[Gine ya Ikweta]]
| 2.89
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 28
|-
| [[Lesotho]]
| 2.88
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 45
|-
| [[Nyuzilandi]]
| 2.86
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 56
|-
| [[Hungaria]]
| 2.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 48
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]
| 2.82
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 32
|-
| [[Eire]]
| 2.80
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 42
|-
| [[Liechtenstein]]
| 2.78
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 30
|-
| [[Gabon]]
| 2.74
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 47
|-
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| 2.69
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 44
|-
| [[Kroatia]]
| 2.68
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 79
|-
| [[Slovenia]]
| 2.66
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 39
|-
| [[Namibia]]
| 2.65
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 82
|-
| [[Tunisia]]
| 2.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 58
|-
| [[Ufilipino]]
| 2.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 83
|-
| [[Kodivaa]]
| 2.60
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 32
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya China]]
| 2.54
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 49
|-
| [[Moldova]]
| 2.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| [[Bahrain]]
| 2.51
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 53
|-
| [[Norwei]]
| 2.51
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 222
|-
| [[Luxemburg]]
| 2.49
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 71
|-
| [[Masedonia Kaskazini]]
| 2.48
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| [[Yordani]]
| 2.48
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 75
|-
| [[Mongolia]]
| 2.42
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 96
|-
| [[Belarus]]
| 2.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 34
|-
| [[Serbia]]
| 2.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 42
|-
| [[Turkmenistan]]
| 2.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 48
|-
| [[Gambia]]
| 2.39
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 42
|-
| [[Iraki]]
| 2.37
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 175
|-
| [[Nepal]]
| 2.37
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 47
|-
| [[Timor ya Mashariki]]
| 2.34
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 30
|-
| [[Tuvalu]]
| 2.33
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 37
|-
| [[Sri Lanka]]
| 2.32
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 45
|-
| [[Yemen]]
| 2.32
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 88
|-
| [[Andorra]]
| 2.30
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 34
|-
| [[Kirgizia]]
| 2.26
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 46
|-
| [[Romania]]
| 2.25
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 56
|-
| [[Sao Tome na Principe]]
| 2.23
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 54
|-
| [[Bangladesh]]
| 2.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 44
|-
| [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]
| 2.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 80
|-
| [[Libya]]
| 2.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 97
|-
| [[Armenia]]
| 2.19
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 44
|-
| [[Welisi]]
| 2.14
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 30
|-
| [[Ucheki]]
| 2.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 45
|-
| [[Sahara ya Magharibi]]
| 2.10
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 63
|-
| [[Uzbekistan]]
| 2.09
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 41
|-
| [[Kuwait]]
| 2.07
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 54
|-
| [[Malaysia]]
| 2.06
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 53
|-
| [[Kupro]]
| 2.04
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 32
|-
| [[Maldivi]]
| 2.02
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 29
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:red&quot; | Mbegu
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Cook]]
| 1.99
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 11
|-
| [[Montenegro]]
| 1.99
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 26
|-
| [[Nauru]]
| 1.98
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 36
|-
| [[Ossetia Kusini]]
| 1.98
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 3
|-
| [[Vanuatu]]
| 1.96
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 44
|-
| [[Togo]]
| 1.95
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 51
|-
| [[Albania]]
| 1.92
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 35
|-
| [[Mauritania]]
| 1.91
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 59
|-
| [[Samoa]]
| 1.82
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 23
|-
| [[Jiko la ardhini]]
| 1.80
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 8
|-
| [[Georgia]]
| 1.72
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 33
|-
| [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]]
| 1.71
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 14
|-
| [[Lituanya]]
| 1.69
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 61
|-
| [[Gine]]
| 1.67
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 25
|-
| [[Niue]]
| 1.66
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 12
|-
| [[Abkhazia]]
| 1.58
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 12
|-
| [[Tajikistan]]
| 1.55
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 30
|-
| [[Palau]]
| 1.53
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 33
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Solomon]]
| 1.51
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 41
|-
| [[Gibraltar]]
| 1.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 22
|-
| [[Estonia]]
| 1.40
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| [[Kiribati]]
| 1.38
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 26
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]]
| 1.38
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 13
|-
| [[Samoa ya Marekani]]
| 1.36
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 16
|-
| [[Slovakia]]
| 1.33
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 40
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana]]
| 1.25
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 15
|-
| [[Tonga]]
| 1.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 29
|}

==Takwimu==


===Takwimu za Jumla===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko
|-
| Jumla ya Makala || 173 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34979 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 22011 || ↓ -27.7%
|-
| Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 202.2 || —
|-
| Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 127.2 || —
|}

===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko
|-
| 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2417 || ↓ -15.7%
|-
| 2 || [[Marekani]] || 875 || ↓ -32.8%
|-
| 3 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 666 || ↓ -63.8%
|-
| 4 || [[Kenya]] || 537 || ↓ -28.3%
|-
| 5 || [[Hispania]] || 514 || ↑ +100.8%
|-
| 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 486 || ↓ -5.3%
|-
| 7 || [[Misri]] || 442 || ↑ +45.4%
|-
| 8 || [[Uingereza]] || 431 || ↓ -7.5%
|-
| 9 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 430 || ↓ -34.5%
|-
| 10 || [[Urusi]] || 428 || ↓ -43.4%
|-
|}

====Wahariri====
Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365)
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia
|-
| 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 587 || 42.8%
|-
| 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 360 || 26.2%
|-
| 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 133 || 9.7%
|-
| 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 119 || 8.7%
|-
| 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9%
|-
| 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9%
|-
| 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.7%
|-
| 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6%
|-
| 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4%
|-
| 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4%
|-
|}</text>
      <sha1>hqlgmec3vmj8lk8km618ikhffligkao</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1583301</id>
      <parentid>1583299</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T19:19:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sasisha Takwimu za mradi</comment>
      <origin>1583301</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21800" sha1="smqxamlkbnwsdzf1b01739wmchxkqts" xml:space="preserve">{{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}}
{{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}}

== Yaliyomo ==
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;&quot;&gt;
Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]].
[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;i&gt;Gayle157&lt;sup&gt;2.0&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;'''&lt;/div&gt;]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;

== Mwongozo ==
===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa===
'''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Jedwali la nchi}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana.

===Utangulizi=== 
{{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}}
Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo:
====Aya ya Utangulizi====
Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800.
Mfano:
&lt;/br&gt;
{{Blockquote|
'''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}}
====Aya zinazofuata====
Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii.

===Mwili===
Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji.

====Asili ya jina==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi.
====Historia====
Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa.

====Jiografia====
Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili.

====Demografia==== 
Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana.
====Uchumi====
Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato.
====Serikali na siasa==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa.
====Utamaduni====
Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa.
====Tazama pia====
Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika.

====Marejeo==== 
Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa.
====Viungo vya nje==== 
Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo.

== Makala ==


{{Chati ya duara
| caption= CAQI (2026-08-02)
| label1 = Makala Bora
| value1 = 7
| color1= green
| label2 = Makala Nzuri
| value2 = 9
| color2= yellow
| label3 = Makala Msingi
| value3 = 61
| color3= orange
| label4 = Makala ya Chini
| value4 = 72
| color4= lightblue
| label5 = Mbegu
| value5 = 27
| color5= red
}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nchi
! CAQI (2026-08-02)&lt;br /&gt;
! Mitazamo (siku 30)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:green&quot; | Makala Bora
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]
| 9.56
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 430
|-
| [[Kenya]]
| 9.44
| style=&quot;background-color:#3CB371; color:white&quot; | 537
|-
| [[Tanzania]]
| 9.17
| style=&quot;background-color:#006400; color:white&quot; | 2417
|-
| [[Ghana]]
| 8.93
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 182
|-
| [[Marekani]]
| 8.76
| style=&quot;background-color:#228B22; color:white&quot; | 875
|-
| [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]]
| 8.25
| style=&quot;background-color:#006400; color:white&quot; | 1264
|-
| [[Afrika Kusini]]
| 8.10
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 355
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:yellow&quot; | Makala Nzuri
|-
| [[Hispania]]
| 7.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#3CB371; color:white&quot; | 514
|-
| [[Irani]]
| 7.62
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 356
|-
| [[Ethiopia]]
| 7.58
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 246
|-
| [[Urusi]]
| 7.54
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 428
|-
| [[Burundi]]
| 7.36
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 378
|-
| [[Sudan Kusini]]
| 7.28
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 135
|-
| [[Nigeria]]
| 7.26
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 179
|-
| [[Australia]]
| 7.15
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 400
|-
| [[Somalia]]
| 7.09
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 107
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:orange&quot; | Makala Msingi
|-
| [[Senegal]]
| 6.90
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 92
|-
| [[Ufaransa]]
| 6.68
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 486
|-
| [[Italia]]
| 6.23
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 181
|-
| [[Falme za Kiarabu]]
| 6.08
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 119
|-
| [[Laos]]
| 5.95
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| [[Uingereza]]
| 5.93
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 431
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]]
| 5.59
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 284
|-
| [[Rwanda]]
| 5.49
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 230
|-
| [[Korea Kaskazini]]
| 5.44
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 96
|-
| [[Mali]]
| 5.42
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 97
|-
| [[Korea Kusini]]
| 5.34
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 119
|-
| [[Ufini]]
| 5.20
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 91
|-
| [[Uswisi]]
| 5.17
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 227
|-
| [[Israeli]]
| 5.15
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 289
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]
| 5.05
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 137
|-
| [[Cabo Verde]]
| 4.89
| style=&quot;background-color:#3CB371; color:white&quot; | 666
|-
| [[Zambia]]
| 4.89
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 121
|-
| [[Ujerumani]]
| 4.83
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 261
|-
| [[Niger]]
| 4.79
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 33
|-
| [[Misri]]
| 4.78
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 442
|-
| [[Uganda]]
| 4.78
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 222
|-
| [[Afghanistan]]
| 4.70
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 63
|-
| [[Shelisheli]]
| 4.68
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 117
|-
| [[Japani]]
| 4.66
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 223
|-
| [[San Marino]]
| 4.63
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 38
|-
| [[Chad]]
| 4.59
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 60
|-
| [[Austria]]
| 4.49
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 94
|-
| [[Kamerun]]
| 4.47
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 54
|-
| [[Vatikani]]
| 4.43
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 147
|-
| [[Gine Bisau]]
| 4.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 21
|-
| [[Ukraini]]
| 4.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 103
|-
| [[Sudan]]
| 4.39
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 81
|-
| [[Uswidi]]
| 4.30
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 82
|-
| [[Uholanzi]]
| 4.26
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 115
|-
| [[Kanada]]
| 4.17
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 320
|-
| [[Kamboja]]
| 4.14
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 36
|-
| [[Moroko]]
| 4.13
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 349
|-
| [[Uhindi]]
| 4.08
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 209
|-
| [[Malawi]]
| 4.05
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 140
|-
| [[Pakistani]]
| 3.98
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 53
|-
| [[Ubelgiji]]
| 3.92
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 206
|-
| [[Udeni]]
| 3.88
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 41
|-
| [[Burkina Faso]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 104
|-
| [[Madagaska]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 137
|-
| [[Ugiriki]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 182
|-
| [[Vietnam]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 63
|-
| [[Bulgaria]]
| 3.82
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 62
|-
| [[Ureno]]
| 3.79
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 269
|-
| [[Isilandi]]
| 3.77
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 29
|-
| [[Msumbiji]]
| 3.76
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 267
|-
| [[Aljeria]]
| 3.73
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 56
|-
| [[Kazakhstan]]
| 3.65
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 45
|-
| [[Malta]]
| 3.65
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 40
|-
| [[Indonesia]]
| 3.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 103
|-
| [[Singapuri]]
| 3.63
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 79
|-
| [[Uturuki]]
| 3.62
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 300
|-
| [[Papua Guinea Mpya]]
| 3.61
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 41
|-
| [[Eritrea]]
| 3.60
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 64
|-
| [[Uthai]]
| 3.58
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 38
|-
| [[Angola]]
| 3.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 103
|-
| [[Hong Kong]]
| 3.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 71
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:lightblue&quot; | Makala ya Chini
|-
| [[Bhutan]]
| 3.46
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 43
|-
| [[Fiji]]
| 3.46
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 33
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Udeni]]
| 3.44
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 7
|-
| [[Palestina]]
| 3.43
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 102
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]
| 3.38
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 126
|-
| [[Syria]]
| 3.35
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 80
|-
| [[Latvia]]
| 3.30
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 101
|-
| [[Myanmar]]
| 3.23
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 32
|-
| [[Botswana]]
| 3.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 80
|-
| [[Komori]]
| 3.20
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 96
|-
| [[Liberia]]
| 3.16
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 56
|-
| [[Eswatini]]
| 3.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 105
|-
| [[Morisi]]
| 3.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 47
|-
| [[Jibuti]]
| 3.09
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 90
|-
| [[Omani]]
| 3.04
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 78
|-
| [[Polandi]]
| 3.03
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 90
|-
| [[Zimbabwe]]
| 3.02
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 115
|-
| [[Kosovo]]
| 2.99
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 26
|-
| [[Benin]]
| 2.93
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 49
|-
| [[Brunei]]
| 2.92
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 66
|-
| [[Qatar]]
| 2.91
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 76
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]
| 2.90
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 139
|-
| [[Saudia]]
| 2.90
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 81
|-
| [[Gine ya Ikweta]]
| 2.89
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 28
|-
| [[Lesotho]]
| 2.88
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 45
|-
| [[Nyuzilandi]]
| 2.86
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 56
|-
| [[Hungaria]]
| 2.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 48
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]
| 2.82
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 32
|-
| [[Eire]]
| 2.80
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 42
|-
| [[Liechtenstein]]
| 2.78
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 30
|-
| [[Gabon]]
| 2.74
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 47
|-
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| 2.69
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 44
|-
| [[Kroatia]]
| 2.68
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 79
|-
| [[Slovenia]]
| 2.66
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 39
|-
| [[Namibia]]
| 2.65
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 82
|-
| [[Tunisia]]
| 2.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 58
|-
| [[Ufilipino]]
| 2.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 83
|-
| [[Kodivaa]]
| 2.60
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 32
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya China]]
| 2.54
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 49
|-
| [[Moldova]]
| 2.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| [[Bahrain]]
| 2.51
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 53
|-
| [[Norwei]]
| 2.51
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 222
|-
| [[Luxemburg]]
| 2.49
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 71
|-
| [[Masedonia Kaskazini]]
| 2.48
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| [[Yordani]]
| 2.48
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 75
|-
| [[Mongolia]]
| 2.42
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 96
|-
| [[Belarus]]
| 2.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 34
|-
| [[Serbia]]
| 2.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 42
|-
| [[Turkmenistan]]
| 2.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 48
|-
| [[Gambia]]
| 2.39
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 42
|-
| [[Iraki]]
| 2.37
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 175
|-
| [[Nepal]]
| 2.37
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 47
|-
| [[Timor ya Mashariki]]
| 2.34
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 30
|-
| [[Tuvalu]]
| 2.33
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 37
|-
| [[Sri Lanka]]
| 2.32
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 45
|-
| [[Yemen]]
| 2.32
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 88
|-
| [[Andorra]]
| 2.30
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 34
|-
| [[Kirgizia]]
| 2.26
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 46
|-
| [[Romania]]
| 2.25
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 56
|-
| [[Sao Tome na Principe]]
| 2.23
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 54
|-
| [[Bangladesh]]
| 2.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 44
|-
| [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]
| 2.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 80
|-
| [[Libya]]
| 2.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 97
|-
| [[Armenia]]
| 2.19
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 44
|-
| [[Welisi]]
| 2.14
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 30
|-
| [[Ucheki]]
| 2.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 45
|-
| [[Sahara ya Magharibi]]
| 2.10
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 63
|-
| [[Uzbekistan]]
| 2.09
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 41
|-
| [[Kuwait]]
| 2.07
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 54
|-
| [[Malaysia]]
| 2.06
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 53
|-
| [[Kupro]]
| 2.04
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 32
|-
| [[Maldivi]]
| 2.02
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 29
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:red&quot; | Mbegu
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Cook]]
| 1.99
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 11
|-
| [[Montenegro]]
| 1.99
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 26
|-
| [[Nauru]]
| 1.98
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 36
|-
| [[Ossetia Kusini]]
| 1.98
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 3
|-
| [[Vanuatu]]
| 1.96
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 44
|-
| [[Togo]]
| 1.95
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 51
|-
| [[Albania]]
| 1.92
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 35
|-
| [[Mauritania]]
| 1.91
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 59
|-
| [[Samoa]]
| 1.82
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 23
|-
| [[Jiko la ardhini]]
| 1.80
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 8
|-
| [[Georgia]]
| 1.72
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 33
|-
| [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]]
| 1.71
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 14
|-
| [[Lituanya]]
| 1.69
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 61
|-
| [[Gine]]
| 1.67
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 25
|-
| [[Niue]]
| 1.66
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 12
|-
| [[Abkhazia]]
| 1.58
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 12
|-
| [[Tajikistan]]
| 1.55
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 30
|-
| [[Palau]]
| 1.53
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 33
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Solomon]]
| 1.51
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 41
|-
| [[Gibraltar]]
| 1.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 22
|-
| [[Estonia]]
| 1.40
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| [[Kiribati]]
| 1.38
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 26
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]]
| 1.38
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 13
|-
| [[Samoa ya Marekani]]
| 1.36
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 16
|-
| [[Slovakia]]
| 1.33
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 40
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana]]
| 1.25
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 15
|-
| [[Tonga]]
| 1.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 29
|}

==Takwimu==


===Takwimu za Jumla===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko
|-
| Jumla ya Makala || 173 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34979 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 22011 || ↓ -27.7%
|-
| Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 202.2 || —
|-
| Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 127.2 || —
|}

===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko
|-
| 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2417 || ↓ -15.7%
|-
| 2 || [[Marekani]] || 875 || ↓ -32.8%
|-
| 3 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 666 || ↓ -63.8%
|-
| 4 || [[Kenya]] || 537 || ↓ -28.3%
|-
| 5 || [[Hispania]] || 514 || ↑ +100.8%
|-
| 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 486 || ↓ -5.3%
|-
| 7 || [[Misri]] || 442 || ↑ +45.4%
|-
| 8 || [[Uingereza]] || 431 || ↓ -7.5%
|-
| 9 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 430 || ↓ -34.5%
|-
| 10 || [[Urusi]] || 428 || ↓ -43.4%
|-
|}

====Wahariri====
Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365)
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia
|-
| 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 587 || 42.8%
|-
| 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 360 || 26.2%
|-
| 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 133 || 9.7%
|-
| 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 119 || 8.7%
|-
| 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9%
|-
| 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9%
|-
| 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.7%
|-
| 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6%
|-
| 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4%
|-
| 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4%
|-
|}</text>
      <sha1>smqxamlkbnwsdzf1b01739wmchxkqts</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1583351</id>
      <parentid>1583301</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T03:24:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column</comment>
      <origin>1583351</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21780" sha1="k27mheug9a7tfitn806c4jq74caxq13" xml:space="preserve">{{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}}
{{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}}

== Yaliyomo ==
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;&quot;&gt;
Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]].
[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;i&gt;Gayle157&lt;sup&gt;2.0&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;'''&lt;/div&gt;]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;

== Mwongozo ==
===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa===
'''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Jedwali la nchi}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana.

===Utangulizi=== 
{{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}}
Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo:
====Aya ya Utangulizi====
Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800.
Mfano:
&lt;/br&gt;
{{Blockquote|
'''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}}
====Aya zinazofuata====
Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii.

===Mwili===
Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji.

====Asili ya jina==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi.
====Historia====
Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa.

====Jiografia====
Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili.

====Demografia==== 
Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana.
====Uchumi====
Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato.
====Serikali na siasa==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa.
====Utamaduni====
Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa.
====Tazama pia====
Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika.

====Marejeo==== 
Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa.
====Viungo vya nje==== 
Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo.

== Makala ==


{{Chati ya duara
| caption= CAQI (2026-08-03)
| label1 = Makala Bora
| value1 = 7
| color1= green
| label2 = Makala Nzuri
| value2 = 9
| color2= yellow
| label3 = Makala Msingi
| value3 = 61
| color3= orange
| label4 = Makala ya Chini
| value4 = 72
| color4= lightblue
| label5 = Mbegu
| value5 = 27
| color5= red
}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nchi
! CAQI (2026-08-03)&lt;br /&gt;
! Mitazamo (siku 30)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:green&quot; | Makala Bora
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]
| 9.56
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 424
|-
| [[Kenya]]
| 9.44
| style=&quot;background-color:#3CB371; color:white&quot; | 540
|-
| [[Tanzania]]
| 9.17
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 0
|-
| [[Ghana]]
| 8.93
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 192
|-
| [[Marekani]]
| 8.76
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 0
|-
| [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]]
| 8.25
| style=&quot;background-color:#006400; color:white&quot; | 1253
|-
| [[Afrika Kusini]]
| 8.10
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 357
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:yellow&quot; | Makala Nzuri
|-
| [[Hispania]]
| 7.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#3CB371; color:white&quot; | 508
|-
| [[Irani]]
| 7.62
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 0
|-
| [[Ethiopia]]
| 7.58
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 246
|-
| [[Urusi]]
| 7.54
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 444
|-
| [[Burundi]]
| 7.36
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 374
|-
| [[Sudan Kusini]]
| 7.28
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 138
|-
| [[Nigeria]]
| 7.26
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 179
|-
| [[Australia]]
| 7.15
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 240
|-
| [[Somalia]]
| 7.09
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 0
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:orange&quot; | Makala Msingi
|-
| [[Senegal]]
| 6.90
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 91
|-
| [[Ufaransa]]
| 6.68
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 474
|-
| [[Italia]]
| 6.23
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 0
|-
| [[Falme za Kiarabu]]
| 6.08
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 121
|-
| [[Laos]]
| 5.95
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 34
|-
| [[Uingereza]]
| 5.93
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 435
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]]
| 5.59
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 283
|-
| [[Rwanda]]
| 5.49
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 243
|-
| [[Korea Kaskazini]]
| 5.44
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 91
|-
| [[Mali]]
| 5.42
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 94
|-
| [[Korea Kusini]]
| 5.34
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 128
|-
| [[Ufini]]
| 5.20
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 93
|-
| [[Uswisi]]
| 5.17
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 212
|-
| [[Israeli]]
| 5.15
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 290
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]
| 5.05
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 134
|-
| [[Cabo Verde]]
| 4.89
| style=&quot;background-color:#3CB371; color:white&quot; | 570
|-
| [[Zambia]]
| 4.89
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 126
|-
| [[Ujerumani]]
| 4.83
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 277
|-
| [[Niger]]
| 4.79
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 33
|-
| [[Misri]]
| 4.78
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 413
|-
| [[Uganda]]
| 4.78
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 226
|-
| [[Afghanistan]]
| 4.70
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 66
|-
| [[Shelisheli]]
| 4.68
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 116
|-
| [[Japani]]
| 4.66
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 219
|-
| [[San Marino]]
| 4.63
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 37
|-
| [[Chad]]
| 4.59
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 60
|-
| [[Austria]]
| 4.49
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 63
|-
| [[Kamerun]]
| 4.47
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 58
|-
| [[Vatikani]]
| 4.43
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 150
|-
| [[Gine Bisau]]
| 4.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 21
|-
| [[Ukraini]]
| 4.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 98
|-
| [[Sudan]]
| 4.39
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 0
|-
| [[Uswidi]]
| 4.30
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 86
|-
| [[Uholanzi]]
| 4.26
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 110
|-
| [[Kanada]]
| 4.17
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 315
|-
| [[Kamboja]]
| 4.14
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 35
|-
| [[Moroko]]
| 4.13
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 343
|-
| [[Uhindi]]
| 4.08
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 205
|-
| [[Malawi]]
| 4.05
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 135
|-
| [[Pakistani]]
| 3.98
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 59
|-
| [[Ubelgiji]]
| 3.92
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 179
|-
| [[Udeni]]
| 3.88
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 42
|-
| [[Burkina Faso]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 101
|-
| [[Madagaska]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 139
|-
| [[Ugiriki]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 183
|-
| [[Vietnam]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 66
|-
| [[Bulgaria]]
| 3.82
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 65
|-
| [[Ureno]]
| 3.79
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 253
|-
| [[Isilandi]]
| 3.77
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 28
|-
| [[Msumbiji]]
| 3.76
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 258
|-
| [[Aljeria]]
| 3.73
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 54
|-
| [[Kazakhstan]]
| 3.65
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 42
|-
| [[Malta]]
| 3.65
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 41
|-
| [[Indonesia]]
| 3.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 105
|-
| [[Singapuri]]
| 3.63
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 75
|-
| [[Uturuki]]
| 3.62
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 301
|-
| [[Papua Guinea Mpya]]
| 3.61
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 42
|-
| [[Eritrea]]
| 3.60
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 65
|-
| [[Uthai]]
| 3.58
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 40
|-
| [[Angola]]
| 3.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 107
|-
| [[Hong Kong]]
| 3.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 72
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:lightblue&quot; | Makala ya Chini
|-
| [[Bhutan]]
| 3.46
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 46
|-
| [[Fiji]]
| 3.46
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Udeni]]
| 3.44
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 8
|-
| [[Palestina]]
| 3.43
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 0
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]
| 3.38
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 126
|-
| [[Syria]]
| 3.35
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 0
|-
| [[Latvia]]
| 3.30
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 103
|-
| [[Myanmar]]
| 3.23
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 32
|-
| [[Botswana]]
| 3.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 80
|-
| [[Komori]]
| 3.20
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 0
|-
| [[Liberia]]
| 3.16
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 62
|-
| [[Eswatini]]
| 3.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 103
|-
| [[Morisi]]
| 3.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 54
|-
| [[Jibuti]]
| 3.09
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 94
|-
| [[Omani]]
| 3.04
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 76
|-
| [[Polandi]]
| 3.03
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 89
|-
| [[Zimbabwe]]
| 3.02
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 111
|-
| [[Kosovo]]
| 2.99
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 0
|-
| [[Benin]]
| 2.93
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 51
|-
| [[Brunei]]
| 2.92
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 66
|-
| [[Qatar]]
| 2.91
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 76
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]
| 2.90
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 141
|-
| [[Saudia]]
| 2.90
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 78
|-
| [[Gine ya Ikweta]]
| 2.89
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 27
|-
| [[Lesotho]]
| 2.88
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 45
|-
| [[Nyuzilandi]]
| 2.86
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 52
|-
| [[Hungaria]]
| 2.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 41
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]
| 2.82
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| [[Eire]]
| 2.80
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 41
|-
| [[Liechtenstein]]
| 2.78
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 29
|-
| [[Gabon]]
| 2.74
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 49
|-
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| 2.69
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 43
|-
| [[Kroatia]]
| 2.68
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 78
|-
| [[Slovenia]]
| 2.66
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 40
|-
| [[Namibia]]
| 2.65
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 83
|-
| [[Tunisia]]
| 2.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 57
|-
| [[Ufilipino]]
| 2.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 81
|-
| [[Kodivaa]]
| 2.60
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 0
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya China]]
| 2.54
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 0
|-
| [[Moldova]]
| 2.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| [[Bahrain]]
| 2.51
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 53
|-
| [[Norwei]]
| 2.51
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 219
|-
| [[Luxemburg]]
| 2.49
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 74
|-
| [[Masedonia Kaskazini]]
| 2.48
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 29
|-
| [[Yordani]]
| 2.48
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 71
|-
| [[Mongolia]]
| 2.42
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 101
|-
| [[Belarus]]
| 2.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 30
|-
| [[Serbia]]
| 2.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 44
|-
| [[Turkmenistan]]
| 2.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 49
|-
| [[Gambia]]
| 2.39
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 43
|-
| [[Iraki]]
| 2.37
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 171
|-
| [[Nepal]]
| 2.37
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 47
|-
| [[Timor ya Mashariki]]
| 2.34
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 29
|-
| [[Tuvalu]]
| 2.33
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 35
|-
| [[Sri Lanka]]
| 2.32
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 47
|-
| [[Yemen]]
| 2.32
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 84
|-
| [[Andorra]]
| 2.30
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 32
|-
| [[Kirgizia]]
| 2.26
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 46
|-
| [[Romania]]
| 2.25
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 51
|-
| [[Sao Tome na Principe]]
| 2.23
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 54
|-
| [[Bangladesh]]
| 2.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 43
|-
| [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]
| 2.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 78
|-
| [[Libya]]
| 2.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 99
|-
| [[Armenia]]
| 2.19
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 46
|-
| [[Welisi]]
| 2.14
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| [[Ucheki]]
| 2.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 47
|-
| [[Sahara ya Magharibi]]
| 2.10
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 63
|-
| [[Uzbekistan]]
| 2.09
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 40
|-
| [[Kuwait]]
| 2.07
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 55
|-
| [[Malaysia]]
| 2.06
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 54
|-
| [[Kupro]]
| 2.04
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 29
|-
| [[Maldivi]]
| 2.02
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 30
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:red&quot; | Mbegu
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Cook]]
| 1.99
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 11
|-
| [[Montenegro]]
| 1.99
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 26
|-
| [[Nauru]]
| 1.98
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 38
|-
| [[Ossetia Kusini]]
| 1.98
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 3
|-
| [[Vanuatu]]
| 1.96
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 57
|-
| [[Togo]]
| 1.95
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 49
|-
| [[Albania]]
| 1.92
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 37
|-
| [[Mauritania]]
| 1.91
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 59
|-
| [[Samoa]]
| 1.82
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 0
|-
| [[Jiko la ardhini]]
| 1.80
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 9
|-
| [[Georgia]]
| 1.72
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 33
|-
| [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]]
| 1.71
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 14
|-
| [[Lituanya]]
| 1.69
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 64
|-
| [[Gine]]
| 1.67
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 25
|-
| [[Niue]]
| 1.66
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 12
|-
| [[Abkhazia]]
| 1.58
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 13
|-
| [[Tajikistan]]
| 1.55
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 29
|-
| [[Palau]]
| 1.53
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 32
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Solomon]]
| 1.51
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 0
|-
| [[Gibraltar]]
| 1.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 22
|-
| [[Estonia]]
| 1.40
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 29
|-
| [[Kiribati]]
| 1.38
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 28
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]]
| 1.38
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 12
|-
| [[Samoa ya Marekani]]
| 1.36
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 17
|-
| [[Slovakia]]
| 1.33
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 38
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana]]
| 1.25
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 16
|-
| [[Tonga]]
| 1.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 27
|}

==Takwimu==


===Takwimu za Jumla===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko
|-
| Jumla ya Makala || 173 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34979 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 22011 || ↓ -27.7%
|-
| Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 202.2 || —
|-
| Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 127.2 || —
|}

===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko
|-
| 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2417 || ↓ -15.7%
|-
| 2 || [[Marekani]] || 875 || ↓ -32.8%
|-
| 3 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 666 || ↓ -63.8%
|-
| 4 || [[Kenya]] || 537 || ↓ -28.3%
|-
| 5 || [[Hispania]] || 514 || ↑ +100.8%
|-
| 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 486 || ↓ -5.3%
|-
| 7 || [[Misri]] || 442 || ↑ +45.4%
|-
| 8 || [[Uingereza]] || 431 || ↓ -7.5%
|-
| 9 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 430 || ↓ -34.5%
|-
| 10 || [[Urusi]] || 428 || ↓ -43.4%
|-
|}

====Wahariri====
Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365)
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia
|-
| 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 587 || 42.8%
|-
| 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 360 || 26.2%
|-
| 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 133 || 9.7%
|-
| 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 119 || 8.7%
|-
| 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9%
|-
| 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9%
|-
| 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.7%
|-
| 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6%
|-
| 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4%
|-
| 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4%
|-
|}</text>
      <sha1>k27mheug9a7tfitn806c4jq74caxq13</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1583352</id>
      <parentid>1583351</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T03:34:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sasisha Takwimu za mradi</comment>
      <origin>1583352</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21758" sha1="0g8mfkzhuecr77ba4gft6li07ctdo6f" xml:space="preserve">{{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}}
{{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}}

== Yaliyomo ==
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;&quot;&gt;
Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]].
[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;i&gt;Gayle157&lt;sup&gt;2.0&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;'''&lt;/div&gt;]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;

== Mwongozo ==
===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa===
'''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Jedwali la nchi}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana.

===Utangulizi=== 
{{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}}
Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo:
====Aya ya Utangulizi====
Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800.
Mfano:
&lt;/br&gt;
{{Blockquote|
'''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}}
====Aya zinazofuata====
Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii.

===Mwili===
Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji.

====Asili ya jina==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi.
====Historia====
Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa.

====Jiografia====
Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili.

====Demografia==== 
Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana.
====Uchumi====
Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato.
====Serikali na siasa==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa.
====Utamaduni====
Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa.
====Tazama pia====
Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika.

====Marejeo==== 
Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa.
====Viungo vya nje==== 
Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo.

== Makala ==


{{Chati ya duara
| caption= CAQI (2026-08-03)
| label1 = Makala Bora
| value1 = 7
| color1= green
| label2 = Makala Nzuri
| value2 = 9
| color2= yellow
| label3 = Makala Msingi
| value3 = 61
| color3= orange
| label4 = Makala ya Chini
| value4 = 72
| color4= lightblue
| label5 = Mbegu
| value5 = 27
| color5= red
}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nchi
! CAQI (2026-08-03)&lt;br /&gt;
! Mitazamo (siku 30)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:green&quot; | Makala Bora
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]
| 9.56
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 424
|-
| [[Kenya]]
| 9.44
| style=&quot;background-color:#3CB371; color:white&quot; | 540
|-
| [[Tanzania]]
| 9.17
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 0
|-
| [[Ghana]]
| 8.93
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 192
|-
| [[Marekani]]
| 8.76
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 0
|-
| [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]]
| 8.25
| style=&quot;background-color:#006400; color:white&quot; | 1253
|-
| [[Afrika Kusini]]
| 8.10
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 357
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:yellow&quot; | Makala Nzuri
|-
| [[Hispania]]
| 7.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#3CB371; color:white&quot; | 508
|-
| [[Irani]]
| 7.62
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 0
|-
| [[Ethiopia]]
| 7.58
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 246
|-
| [[Urusi]]
| 7.54
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 444
|-
| [[Burundi]]
| 7.36
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 374
|-
| [[Sudan Kusini]]
| 7.28
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 138
|-
| [[Nigeria]]
| 7.26
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 179
|-
| [[Australia]]
| 7.15
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 240
|-
| [[Somalia]]
| 7.09
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 0
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:orange&quot; | Makala Msingi
|-
| [[Senegal]]
| 6.90
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 91
|-
| [[Ufaransa]]
| 6.68
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 474
|-
| [[Italia]]
| 6.23
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 0
|-
| [[Falme za Kiarabu]]
| 6.08
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 121
|-
| [[Laos]]
| 5.95
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 34
|-
| [[Uingereza]]
| 5.93
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 435
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]]
| 5.59
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 283
|-
| [[Rwanda]]
| 5.49
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 243
|-
| [[Korea Kaskazini]]
| 5.44
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 91
|-
| [[Mali]]
| 5.42
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 94
|-
| [[Korea Kusini]]
| 5.34
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 128
|-
| [[Ufini]]
| 5.20
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 93
|-
| [[Uswisi]]
| 5.17
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 212
|-
| [[Israeli]]
| 5.15
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 290
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]
| 5.05
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 134
|-
| [[Cabo Verde]]
| 4.89
| style=&quot;background-color:#3CB371; color:white&quot; | 570
|-
| [[Zambia]]
| 4.89
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 126
|-
| [[Ujerumani]]
| 4.83
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 277
|-
| [[Niger]]
| 4.79
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 33
|-
| [[Misri]]
| 4.78
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 413
|-
| [[Uganda]]
| 4.78
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 226
|-
| [[Afghanistan]]
| 4.70
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 66
|-
| [[Shelisheli]]
| 4.68
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 116
|-
| [[Japani]]
| 4.66
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 219
|-
| [[San Marino]]
| 4.63
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 37
|-
| [[Chad]]
| 4.59
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 60
|-
| [[Austria]]
| 4.49
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 63
|-
| [[Kamerun]]
| 4.47
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 58
|-
| [[Vatikani]]
| 4.43
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 150
|-
| [[Gine Bisau]]
| 4.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 21
|-
| [[Ukraini]]
| 4.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 98
|-
| [[Sudan]]
| 4.39
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 0
|-
| [[Uswidi]]
| 4.30
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 86
|-
| [[Uholanzi]]
| 4.26
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 110
|-
| [[Kanada]]
| 4.17
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 315
|-
| [[Kamboja]]
| 4.14
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 35
|-
| [[Moroko]]
| 4.13
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 343
|-
| [[Uhindi]]
| 4.08
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 205
|-
| [[Malawi]]
| 4.05
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 135
|-
| [[Pakistani]]
| 3.98
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 59
|-
| [[Ubelgiji]]
| 3.92
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 179
|-
| [[Udeni]]
| 3.88
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 42
|-
| [[Burkina Faso]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 101
|-
| [[Madagaska]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 139
|-
| [[Ugiriki]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 183
|-
| [[Vietnam]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 66
|-
| [[Bulgaria]]
| 3.82
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 65
|-
| [[Ureno]]
| 3.79
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 253
|-
| [[Isilandi]]
| 3.77
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 28
|-
| [[Msumbiji]]
| 3.76
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 258
|-
| [[Aljeria]]
| 3.73
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 54
|-
| [[Kazakhstan]]
| 3.65
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 42
|-
| [[Malta]]
| 3.65
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 41
|-
| [[Indonesia]]
| 3.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 105
|-
| [[Singapuri]]
| 3.63
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 75
|-
| [[Uturuki]]
| 3.62
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 301
|-
| [[Papua Guinea Mpya]]
| 3.61
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 42
|-
| [[Eritrea]]
| 3.60
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 65
|-
| [[Uthai]]
| 3.58
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 40
|-
| [[Angola]]
| 3.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 107
|-
| [[Hong Kong]]
| 3.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 72
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:lightblue&quot; | Makala ya Chini
|-
| [[Bhutan]]
| 3.46
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 46
|-
| [[Fiji]]
| 3.46
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Udeni]]
| 3.44
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 8
|-
| [[Palestina]]
| 3.43
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 0
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]
| 3.38
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 126
|-
| [[Syria]]
| 3.35
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 0
|-
| [[Latvia]]
| 3.30
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 103
|-
| [[Myanmar]]
| 3.23
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 32
|-
| [[Botswana]]
| 3.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 80
|-
| [[Komori]]
| 3.20
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 0
|-
| [[Liberia]]
| 3.16
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 62
|-
| [[Eswatini]]
| 3.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 103
|-
| [[Morisi]]
| 3.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 54
|-
| [[Jibuti]]
| 3.09
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 94
|-
| [[Omani]]
| 3.04
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 76
|-
| [[Polandi]]
| 3.03
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 89
|-
| [[Zimbabwe]]
| 3.02
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 111
|-
| [[Kosovo]]
| 2.99
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 0
|-
| [[Benin]]
| 2.93
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 51
|-
| [[Brunei]]
| 2.92
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 66
|-
| [[Qatar]]
| 2.91
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 76
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]
| 2.90
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 141
|-
| [[Saudia]]
| 2.90
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 78
|-
| [[Gine ya Ikweta]]
| 2.89
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 27
|-
| [[Lesotho]]
| 2.88
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 45
|-
| [[Nyuzilandi]]
| 2.86
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 52
|-
| [[Hungaria]]
| 2.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 41
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]
| 2.82
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| [[Eire]]
| 2.80
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 41
|-
| [[Liechtenstein]]
| 2.78
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 29
|-
| [[Gabon]]
| 2.74
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 49
|-
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| 2.69
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 43
|-
| [[Kroatia]]
| 2.68
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 78
|-
| [[Slovenia]]
| 2.66
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 40
|-
| [[Namibia]]
| 2.65
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 83
|-
| [[Tunisia]]
| 2.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 57
|-
| [[Ufilipino]]
| 2.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 81
|-
| [[Kodivaa]]
| 2.60
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 0
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya China]]
| 2.54
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 0
|-
| [[Moldova]]
| 2.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| [[Bahrain]]
| 2.51
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 53
|-
| [[Norwei]]
| 2.51
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 219
|-
| [[Luxemburg]]
| 2.49
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 74
|-
| [[Masedonia Kaskazini]]
| 2.48
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 29
|-
| [[Yordani]]
| 2.48
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 71
|-
| [[Mongolia]]
| 2.42
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 101
|-
| [[Belarus]]
| 2.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 30
|-
| [[Serbia]]
| 2.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 44
|-
| [[Turkmenistan]]
| 2.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 49
|-
| [[Gambia]]
| 2.39
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 43
|-
| [[Iraki]]
| 2.37
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 171
|-
| [[Nepal]]
| 2.37
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 47
|-
| [[Timor ya Mashariki]]
| 2.34
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 29
|-
| [[Tuvalu]]
| 2.33
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 35
|-
| [[Sri Lanka]]
| 2.32
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 47
|-
| [[Yemen]]
| 2.32
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 84
|-
| [[Andorra]]
| 2.30
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 32
|-
| [[Kirgizia]]
| 2.26
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 46
|-
| [[Romania]]
| 2.25
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 51
|-
| [[Sao Tome na Principe]]
| 2.23
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 54
|-
| [[Bangladesh]]
| 2.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 43
|-
| [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]
| 2.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 78
|-
| [[Libya]]
| 2.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 99
|-
| [[Armenia]]
| 2.19
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 46
|-
| [[Welisi]]
| 2.14
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| [[Ucheki]]
| 2.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 47
|-
| [[Sahara ya Magharibi]]
| 2.10
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 63
|-
| [[Uzbekistan]]
| 2.09
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 40
|-
| [[Kuwait]]
| 2.07
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 55
|-
| [[Malaysia]]
| 2.06
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 54
|-
| [[Kupro]]
| 2.04
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 29
|-
| [[Maldivi]]
| 2.02
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 30
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:red&quot; | Mbegu
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Cook]]
| 1.99
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 11
|-
| [[Montenegro]]
| 1.99
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 26
|-
| [[Nauru]]
| 1.98
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 38
|-
| [[Ossetia Kusini]]
| 1.98
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 3
|-
| [[Vanuatu]]
| 1.96
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 57
|-
| [[Togo]]
| 1.95
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 49
|-
| [[Albania]]
| 1.92
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 37
|-
| [[Mauritania]]
| 1.91
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 59
|-
| [[Samoa]]
| 1.82
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 0
|-
| [[Jiko la ardhini]]
| 1.80
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 9
|-
| [[Georgia]]
| 1.72
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 33
|-
| [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]]
| 1.71
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 14
|-
| [[Lituanya]]
| 1.69
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 64
|-
| [[Gine]]
| 1.67
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 25
|-
| [[Niue]]
| 1.66
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 12
|-
| [[Abkhazia]]
| 1.58
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 13
|-
| [[Tajikistan]]
| 1.55
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 29
|-
| [[Palau]]
| 1.53
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 32
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Solomon]]
| 1.51
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 0
|-
| [[Gibraltar]]
| 1.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 22
|-
| [[Estonia]]
| 1.40
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 29
|-
| [[Kiribati]]
| 1.38
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 28
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]]
| 1.38
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 12
|-
| [[Samoa ya Marekani]]
| 1.36
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 17
|-
| [[Slovakia]]
| 1.33
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 38
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana]]
| 1.25
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 16
|-
| [[Tonga]]
| 1.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 27
|}

==Takwimu==


===Takwimu za Jumla===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko
|-
| Jumla ya Makala || 173 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34979 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 6484 || ↓ -38.6%
|-
| Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 202.2 || —
|-
| Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 37.5 || —
|}

===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko
|-
| 1 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 570 || ↓ -70.6%
|-
| 2 || [[Kenya]] || 540 || ↓ -27.0%
|-
| 3 || [[Hispania]] || 508 || ↑ +93.9%
|-
| 4 || [[Burundi]] || 374 || ↓ -11.8%
|-
| 5 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 357 || ↓ -39.6%
|-
| 6 || [[Uturuki]] || 301 || ↓ -36.8%
|-
| 7 || [[Australia]] || 240 || ↓ -70.3%
|-
| 8 || [[Norwei]] || 219 || ↑ +2.3%
|-
| 9 || [[Uswisi]] || 212 || ↓ -20.9%
|-
| 10 || [[Nigeria]] || 179 || ↓ -21.1%
|-
|}

====Wahariri====
Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365)
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia
|-
| 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 587 || 42.8%
|-
| 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 360 || 26.2%
|-
| 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 133 || 9.7%
|-
| 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 119 || 8.7%
|-
| 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9%
|-
| 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9%
|-
| 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.7%
|-
| 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6%
|-
| 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4%
|-
| 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4%
|-
|}</text>
      <sha1>0g8mfkzhuecr77ba4gft6li07ctdo6f</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1583415</id>
      <parentid>1583352</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T09:55:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column</comment>
      <origin>1583415</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21779" sha1="1gauivpnjttkgofzrepe8090rpcca3a" xml:space="preserve">{{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}}
{{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}}

== Yaliyomo ==
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;&quot;&gt;
Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]].
[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;i&gt;Gayle157&lt;sup&gt;2.0&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;'''&lt;/div&gt;]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;

== Mwongozo ==
===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa===
'''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Jedwali la nchi}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana.

===Utangulizi=== 
{{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}}
Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo:
====Aya ya Utangulizi====
Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800.
Mfano:
&lt;/br&gt;
{{Blockquote|
'''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}}
====Aya zinazofuata====
Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii.

===Mwili===
Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji.

====Asili ya jina==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi.
====Historia====
Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa.

====Jiografia====
Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili.

====Demografia==== 
Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana.
====Uchumi====
Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato.
====Serikali na siasa==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa.
====Utamaduni====
Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa.
====Tazama pia====
Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika.

====Marejeo==== 
Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa.
====Viungo vya nje==== 
Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo.

== Makala ==


{{Chati ya duara
| caption= CAQI (2026-08-03)
| label1 = Makala Bora
| value1 = 7
| color1= green
| label2 = Makala Nzuri
| value2 = 9
| color2= yellow
| label3 = Makala Msingi
| value3 = 61
| color3= orange
| label4 = Makala ya Chini
| value4 = 72
| color4= lightblue
| label5 = Mbegu
| value5 = 27
| color5= red
}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nchi
! CAQI (2026-08-03)&lt;br /&gt;
! Mitazamo (siku 30)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:green&quot; | Makala Bora
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]
| 9.56
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 424
|-
| [[Kenya]]
| 9.44
| style=&quot;background-color:#3CB371; color:white&quot; | 540
|-
| [[Tanzania]]
| 9.17
| style=&quot;background-color:#006400; color:white&quot; | 2408
|-
| [[Ghana]]
| 8.93
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 192
|-
| [[Marekani]]
| 8.76
| style=&quot;background-color:#228B22; color:white&quot; | 856
|-
| [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]]
| 8.25
| style=&quot;background-color:#006400; color:white&quot; | 1253
|-
| [[Afrika Kusini]]
| 8.10
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 357
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:yellow&quot; | Makala Nzuri
|-
| [[Hispania]]
| 7.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#3CB371; color:white&quot; | 508
|-
| [[Irani]]
| 7.62
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 353
|-
| [[Ethiopia]]
| 7.58
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 240
|-
| [[Urusi]]
| 7.54
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 444
|-
| [[Burundi]]
| 7.36
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 374
|-
| [[Sudan Kusini]]
| 7.28
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 138
|-
| [[Nigeria]]
| 7.26
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 179
|-
| [[Australia]]
| 7.15
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 240
|-
| [[Somalia]]
| 7.09
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 101
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:orange&quot; | Makala Msingi
|-
| [[Senegal]]
| 6.90
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 91
|-
| [[Ufaransa]]
| 6.68
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 474
|-
| [[Italia]]
| 6.23
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 183
|-
| [[Falme za Kiarabu]]
| 6.08
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 121
|-
| [[Laos]]
| 5.95
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 34
|-
| [[Uingereza]]
| 5.93
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 435
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]]
| 5.59
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 283
|-
| [[Rwanda]]
| 5.49
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 243
|-
| [[Korea Kaskazini]]
| 5.44
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 91
|-
| [[Mali]]
| 5.42
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 94
|-
| [[Korea Kusini]]
| 5.34
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 128
|-
| [[Ufini]]
| 5.20
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 93
|-
| [[Uswisi]]
| 5.17
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 212
|-
| [[Israeli]]
| 5.15
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 290
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]
| 5.05
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 134
|-
| [[Cabo Verde]]
| 4.89
| style=&quot;background-color:#3CB371; color:white&quot; | 570
|-
| [[Zambia]]
| 4.89
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 126
|-
| [[Ujerumani]]
| 4.83
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 277
|-
| [[Niger]]
| 4.79
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 33
|-
| [[Misri]]
| 4.78
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 406
|-
| [[Uganda]]
| 4.78
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 226
|-
| [[Afghanistan]]
| 4.70
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 66
|-
| [[Shelisheli]]
| 4.68
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 116
|-
| [[Japani]]
| 4.66
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 219
|-
| [[San Marino]]
| 4.63
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 37
|-
| [[Chad]]
| 4.59
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 60
|-
| [[Austria]]
| 4.49
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 63
|-
| [[Kamerun]]
| 4.47
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 58
|-
| [[Vatikani]]
| 4.43
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 150
|-
| [[Gine Bisau]]
| 4.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 21
|-
| [[Ukraini]]
| 4.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 98
|-
| [[Sudan]]
| 4.39
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 71
|-
| [[Uswidi]]
| 4.30
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 86
|-
| [[Uholanzi]]
| 4.26
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 110
|-
| [[Kanada]]
| 4.17
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 315
|-
| [[Kamboja]]
| 4.14
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 35
|-
| [[Moroko]]
| 4.13
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 343
|-
| [[Uhindi]]
| 4.08
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 205
|-
| [[Malawi]]
| 4.05
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 135
|-
| [[Pakistani]]
| 3.98
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 59
|-
| [[Ubelgiji]]
| 3.92
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 179
|-
| [[Udeni]]
| 3.88
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 42
|-
| [[Burkina Faso]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 101
|-
| [[Madagaska]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 139
|-
| [[Ugiriki]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 183
|-
| [[Vietnam]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 66
|-
| [[Bulgaria]]
| 3.82
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 65
|-
| [[Ureno]]
| 3.79
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 253
|-
| [[Isilandi]]
| 3.77
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 28
|-
| [[Msumbiji]]
| 3.76
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 258
|-
| [[Aljeria]]
| 3.73
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 54
|-
| [[Kazakhstan]]
| 3.65
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 42
|-
| [[Malta]]
| 3.65
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 41
|-
| [[Indonesia]]
| 3.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 105
|-
| [[Singapuri]]
| 3.63
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 75
|-
| [[Uturuki]]
| 3.62
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 301
|-
| [[Papua Guinea Mpya]]
| 3.61
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 42
|-
| [[Eritrea]]
| 3.60
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 65
|-
| [[Uthai]]
| 3.58
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 40
|-
| [[Angola]]
| 3.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 107
|-
| [[Hong Kong]]
| 3.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 72
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:lightblue&quot; | Makala ya Chini
|-
| [[Bhutan]]
| 3.46
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 46
|-
| [[Fiji]]
| 3.46
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Udeni]]
| 3.44
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 8
|-
| [[Palestina]]
| 3.43
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 87
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]
| 3.38
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 126
|-
| [[Syria]]
| 3.35
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 80
|-
| [[Latvia]]
| 3.30
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 103
|-
| [[Myanmar]]
| 3.23
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 32
|-
| [[Botswana]]
| 3.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 80
|-
| [[Komori]]
| 3.20
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 97
|-
| [[Liberia]]
| 3.16
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 60
|-
| [[Eswatini]]
| 3.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 103
|-
| [[Morisi]]
| 3.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 54
|-
| [[Jibuti]]
| 3.09
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 94
|-
| [[Omani]]
| 3.04
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 76
|-
| [[Polandi]]
| 3.03
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 89
|-
| [[Zimbabwe]]
| 3.02
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 111
|-
| [[Kosovo]]
| 2.99
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 25
|-
| [[Benin]]
| 2.93
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 51
|-
| [[Brunei]]
| 2.92
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 66
|-
| [[Qatar]]
| 2.91
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 76
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]
| 2.90
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 141
|-
| [[Saudia]]
| 2.90
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 78
|-
| [[Gine ya Ikweta]]
| 2.89
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 27
|-
| [[Lesotho]]
| 2.88
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 45
|-
| [[Nyuzilandi]]
| 2.86
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 52
|-
| [[Hungaria]]
| 2.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 46
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]
| 2.82
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| [[Eire]]
| 2.80
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 41
|-
| [[Liechtenstein]]
| 2.78
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 29
|-
| [[Gabon]]
| 2.74
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 49
|-
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| 2.69
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 43
|-
| [[Kroatia]]
| 2.68
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 78
|-
| [[Slovenia]]
| 2.66
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 40
|-
| [[Namibia]]
| 2.65
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 83
|-
| [[Tunisia]]
| 2.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 57
|-
| [[Ufilipino]]
| 2.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 81
|-
| [[Kodivaa]]
| 2.60
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 32
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya China]]
| 2.54
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 48
|-
| [[Moldova]]
| 2.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| [[Bahrain]]
| 2.51
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 53
|-
| [[Norwei]]
| 2.51
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 219
|-
| [[Luxemburg]]
| 2.49
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 74
|-
| [[Masedonia Kaskazini]]
| 2.48
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 29
|-
| [[Yordani]]
| 2.48
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 71
|-
| [[Mongolia]]
| 2.42
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 101
|-
| [[Belarus]]
| 2.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 30
|-
| [[Serbia]]
| 2.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 44
|-
| [[Turkmenistan]]
| 2.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 49
|-
| [[Gambia]]
| 2.39
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 43
|-
| [[Iraki]]
| 2.37
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 171
|-
| [[Nepal]]
| 2.37
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 47
|-
| [[Timor ya Mashariki]]
| 2.34
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 29
|-
| [[Tuvalu]]
| 2.33
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 35
|-
| [[Sri Lanka]]
| 2.32
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 46
|-
| [[Yemen]]
| 2.32
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 84
|-
| [[Andorra]]
| 2.30
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 32
|-
| [[Kirgizia]]
| 2.26
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 46
|-
| [[Romania]]
| 2.25
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 51
|-
| [[Sao Tome na Principe]]
| 2.23
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 54
|-
| [[Bangladesh]]
| 2.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 43
|-
| [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]
| 2.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 78
|-
| [[Libya]]
| 2.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 99
|-
| [[Armenia]]
| 2.19
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 46
|-
| [[Welisi]]
| 2.14
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| [[Ucheki]]
| 2.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 47
|-
| [[Sahara ya Magharibi]]
| 2.10
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 63
|-
| [[Uzbekistan]]
| 2.09
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 40
|-
| [[Kuwait]]
| 2.07
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 55
|-
| [[Malaysia]]
| 2.06
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 54
|-
| [[Kupro]]
| 2.04
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 28
|-
| [[Maldivi]]
| 2.02
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 30
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:red&quot; | Mbegu
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Cook]]
| 1.99
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 11
|-
| [[Montenegro]]
| 1.99
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 26
|-
| [[Nauru]]
| 1.98
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 38
|-
| [[Ossetia Kusini]]
| 1.98
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 3
|-
| [[Vanuatu]]
| 1.96
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 57
|-
| [[Togo]]
| 1.95
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 49
|-
| [[Albania]]
| 1.92
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 37
|-
| [[Mauritania]]
| 1.91
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 59
|-
| [[Samoa]]
| 1.82
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 22
|-
| [[Jiko la ardhini]]
| 1.80
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 9
|-
| [[Georgia]]
| 1.72
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 33
|-
| [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]]
| 1.71
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 14
|-
| [[Lituanya]]
| 1.69
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 64
|-
| [[Gine]]
| 1.67
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 25
|-
| [[Niue]]
| 1.66
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 12
|-
| [[Abkhazia]]
| 1.58
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 13
|-
| [[Tajikistan]]
| 1.55
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 29
|-
| [[Palau]]
| 1.53
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 32
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Solomon]]
| 1.51
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 40
|-
| [[Gibraltar]]
| 1.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 22
|-
| [[Estonia]]
| 1.40
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 29
|-
| [[Kiribati]]
| 1.38
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 28
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]]
| 1.38
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 12
|-
| [[Samoa ya Marekani]]
| 1.36
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 17
|-
| [[Slovakia]]
| 1.33
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 38
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana]]
| 1.25
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 16
|-
| [[Tonga]]
| 1.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 27
|}

==Takwimu==


===Takwimu za Jumla===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko
|-
| Jumla ya Makala || 173 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34979 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 6484 || ↓ -38.6%
|-
| Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 202.2 || —
|-
| Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 37.5 || —
|}

===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko
|-
| 1 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 570 || ↓ -70.6%
|-
| 2 || [[Kenya]] || 540 || ↓ -27.0%
|-
| 3 || [[Hispania]] || 508 || ↑ +93.9%
|-
| 4 || [[Burundi]] || 374 || ↓ -11.8%
|-
| 5 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 357 || ↓ -39.6%
|-
| 6 || [[Uturuki]] || 301 || ↓ -36.8%
|-
| 7 || [[Australia]] || 240 || ↓ -70.3%
|-
| 8 || [[Norwei]] || 219 || ↑ +2.3%
|-
| 9 || [[Uswisi]] || 212 || ↓ -20.9%
|-
| 10 || [[Nigeria]] || 179 || ↓ -21.1%
|-
|}

====Wahariri====
Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365)
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia
|-
| 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 587 || 42.8%
|-
| 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 360 || 26.2%
|-
| 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 133 || 9.7%
|-
| 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 119 || 8.7%
|-
| 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9%
|-
| 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9%
|-
| 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.7%
|-
| 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6%
|-
| 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4%
|-
| 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4%
|-
|}</text>
      <sha1>1gauivpnjttkgofzrepe8090rpcca3a</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1583416</id>
      <parentid>1583415</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T09:57:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sasisha Takwimu za mradi</comment>
      <origin>1583416</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21802" sha1="25m1qqu0dcxg5ch892q9d74l93wcbhp" xml:space="preserve">{{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}}
{{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}}

== Yaliyomo ==
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;&quot;&gt;
Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]].
[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;i&gt;Gayle157&lt;sup&gt;2.0&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;'''&lt;/div&gt;]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;

== Mwongozo ==
===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa===
'''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Jedwali la nchi}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana.

===Utangulizi=== 
{{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}}
Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo:
====Aya ya Utangulizi====
Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800.
Mfano:
&lt;/br&gt;
{{Blockquote|
'''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}}
====Aya zinazofuata====
Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii.

===Mwili===
Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji.

====Asili ya jina==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi.
====Historia====
Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa.

====Jiografia====
Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili.

====Demografia==== 
Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana.
====Uchumi====
Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato.
====Serikali na siasa==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa.
====Utamaduni====
Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa.
====Tazama pia====
Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika.

====Marejeo==== 
Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa.
====Viungo vya nje==== 
Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo.

== Makala ==


{{Chati ya duara
| caption= CAQI (2026-08-03)
| label1 = Makala Bora
| value1 = 7
| color1= green
| label2 = Makala Nzuri
| value2 = 9
| color2= yellow
| label3 = Makala Msingi
| value3 = 61
| color3= orange
| label4 = Makala ya Chini
| value4 = 72
| color4= lightblue
| label5 = Mbegu
| value5 = 27
| color5= red
}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nchi
! CAQI (2026-08-03)&lt;br /&gt;
! Mitazamo (siku 30)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:green&quot; | Makala Bora
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]
| 9.56
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 424
|-
| [[Kenya]]
| 9.44
| style=&quot;background-color:#3CB371; color:white&quot; | 540
|-
| [[Tanzania]]
| 9.17
| style=&quot;background-color:#006400; color:white&quot; | 2408
|-
| [[Ghana]]
| 8.93
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 192
|-
| [[Marekani]]
| 8.76
| style=&quot;background-color:#228B22; color:white&quot; | 856
|-
| [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]]
| 8.25
| style=&quot;background-color:#006400; color:white&quot; | 1253
|-
| [[Afrika Kusini]]
| 8.10
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 357
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:yellow&quot; | Makala Nzuri
|-
| [[Hispania]]
| 7.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#3CB371; color:white&quot; | 508
|-
| [[Irani]]
| 7.62
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 353
|-
| [[Ethiopia]]
| 7.58
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 240
|-
| [[Urusi]]
| 7.54
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 444
|-
| [[Burundi]]
| 7.36
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 374
|-
| [[Sudan Kusini]]
| 7.28
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 138
|-
| [[Nigeria]]
| 7.26
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 179
|-
| [[Australia]]
| 7.15
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 240
|-
| [[Somalia]]
| 7.09
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 101
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:orange&quot; | Makala Msingi
|-
| [[Senegal]]
| 6.90
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 91
|-
| [[Ufaransa]]
| 6.68
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 474
|-
| [[Italia]]
| 6.23
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 183
|-
| [[Falme za Kiarabu]]
| 6.08
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 121
|-
| [[Laos]]
| 5.95
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 34
|-
| [[Uingereza]]
| 5.93
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 435
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]]
| 5.59
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 283
|-
| [[Rwanda]]
| 5.49
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 243
|-
| [[Korea Kaskazini]]
| 5.44
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 91
|-
| [[Mali]]
| 5.42
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 94
|-
| [[Korea Kusini]]
| 5.34
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 128
|-
| [[Ufini]]
| 5.20
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 93
|-
| [[Uswisi]]
| 5.17
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 212
|-
| [[Israeli]]
| 5.15
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 290
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]
| 5.05
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 134
|-
| [[Cabo Verde]]
| 4.89
| style=&quot;background-color:#3CB371; color:white&quot; | 570
|-
| [[Zambia]]
| 4.89
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 126
|-
| [[Ujerumani]]
| 4.83
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 277
|-
| [[Niger]]
| 4.79
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 33
|-
| [[Misri]]
| 4.78
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 406
|-
| [[Uganda]]
| 4.78
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 226
|-
| [[Afghanistan]]
| 4.70
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 66
|-
| [[Shelisheli]]
| 4.68
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 116
|-
| [[Japani]]
| 4.66
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 219
|-
| [[San Marino]]
| 4.63
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 37
|-
| [[Chad]]
| 4.59
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 60
|-
| [[Austria]]
| 4.49
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 63
|-
| [[Kamerun]]
| 4.47
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 58
|-
| [[Vatikani]]
| 4.43
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 150
|-
| [[Gine Bisau]]
| 4.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 21
|-
| [[Ukraini]]
| 4.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 98
|-
| [[Sudan]]
| 4.39
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 71
|-
| [[Uswidi]]
| 4.30
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 86
|-
| [[Uholanzi]]
| 4.26
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 110
|-
| [[Kanada]]
| 4.17
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 315
|-
| [[Kamboja]]
| 4.14
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 35
|-
| [[Moroko]]
| 4.13
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 343
|-
| [[Uhindi]]
| 4.08
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 205
|-
| [[Malawi]]
| 4.05
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 135
|-
| [[Pakistani]]
| 3.98
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 59
|-
| [[Ubelgiji]]
| 3.92
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 179
|-
| [[Udeni]]
| 3.88
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 42
|-
| [[Burkina Faso]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 101
|-
| [[Madagaska]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 139
|-
| [[Ugiriki]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 183
|-
| [[Vietnam]]
| 3.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 66
|-
| [[Bulgaria]]
| 3.82
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 65
|-
| [[Ureno]]
| 3.79
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 253
|-
| [[Isilandi]]
| 3.77
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 28
|-
| [[Msumbiji]]
| 3.76
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 258
|-
| [[Aljeria]]
| 3.73
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 54
|-
| [[Kazakhstan]]
| 3.65
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 42
|-
| [[Malta]]
| 3.65
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 41
|-
| [[Indonesia]]
| 3.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 105
|-
| [[Singapuri]]
| 3.63
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 75
|-
| [[Uturuki]]
| 3.62
| style=&quot;background-color:#90EE90; color:black&quot; | 301
|-
| [[Papua Guinea Mpya]]
| 3.61
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 42
|-
| [[Eritrea]]
| 3.60
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 65
|-
| [[Uthai]]
| 3.58
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 40
|-
| [[Angola]]
| 3.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 107
|-
| [[Hong Kong]]
| 3.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 72
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:lightblue&quot; | Makala ya Chini
|-
| [[Bhutan]]
| 3.46
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 46
|-
| [[Fiji]]
| 3.46
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Udeni]]
| 3.44
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 8
|-
| [[Palestina]]
| 3.43
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 87
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]
| 3.38
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 126
|-
| [[Syria]]
| 3.35
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 80
|-
| [[Latvia]]
| 3.30
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 103
|-
| [[Myanmar]]
| 3.23
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 32
|-
| [[Botswana]]
| 3.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 80
|-
| [[Komori]]
| 3.20
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 97
|-
| [[Liberia]]
| 3.16
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 60
|-
| [[Eswatini]]
| 3.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 103
|-
| [[Morisi]]
| 3.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 54
|-
| [[Jibuti]]
| 3.09
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 94
|-
| [[Omani]]
| 3.04
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 76
|-
| [[Polandi]]
| 3.03
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 89
|-
| [[Zimbabwe]]
| 3.02
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 111
|-
| [[Kosovo]]
| 2.99
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 25
|-
| [[Benin]]
| 2.93
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 51
|-
| [[Brunei]]
| 2.92
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 66
|-
| [[Qatar]]
| 2.91
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 76
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]
| 2.90
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 141
|-
| [[Saudia]]
| 2.90
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 78
|-
| [[Gine ya Ikweta]]
| 2.89
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 27
|-
| [[Lesotho]]
| 2.88
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 45
|-
| [[Nyuzilandi]]
| 2.86
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 52
|-
| [[Hungaria]]
| 2.84
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 46
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]
| 2.82
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| [[Eire]]
| 2.80
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 41
|-
| [[Liechtenstein]]
| 2.78
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 29
|-
| [[Gabon]]
| 2.74
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 49
|-
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| 2.69
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 43
|-
| [[Kroatia]]
| 2.68
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 78
|-
| [[Slovenia]]
| 2.66
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 40
|-
| [[Namibia]]
| 2.65
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 83
|-
| [[Tunisia]]
| 2.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 57
|-
| [[Ufilipino]]
| 2.64
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 81
|-
| [[Kodivaa]]
| 2.60
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 32
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya China]]
| 2.54
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 48
|-
| [[Moldova]]
| 2.52
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| [[Bahrain]]
| 2.51
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 53
|-
| [[Norwei]]
| 2.51
| style=&quot;background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black&quot; | 219
|-
| [[Luxemburg]]
| 2.49
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 74
|-
| [[Masedonia Kaskazini]]
| 2.48
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 29
|-
| [[Yordani]]
| 2.48
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 71
|-
| [[Mongolia]]
| 2.42
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 101
|-
| [[Belarus]]
| 2.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 30
|-
| [[Serbia]]
| 2.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 44
|-
| [[Turkmenistan]]
| 2.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 49
|-
| [[Gambia]]
| 2.39
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 43
|-
| [[Iraki]]
| 2.37
| style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black&quot; | 171
|-
| [[Nepal]]
| 2.37
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 47
|-
| [[Timor ya Mashariki]]
| 2.34
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 29
|-
| [[Tuvalu]]
| 2.33
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 35
|-
| [[Sri Lanka]]
| 2.32
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 46
|-
| [[Yemen]]
| 2.32
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 84
|-
| [[Andorra]]
| 2.30
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 32
|-
| [[Kirgizia]]
| 2.26
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 46
|-
| [[Romania]]
| 2.25
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 51
|-
| [[Sao Tome na Principe]]
| 2.23
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 54
|-
| [[Bangladesh]]
| 2.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 43
|-
| [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]
| 2.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 78
|-
| [[Libya]]
| 2.22
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 99
|-
| [[Armenia]]
| 2.19
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 46
|-
| [[Welisi]]
| 2.14
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 31
|-
| [[Ucheki]]
| 2.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 47
|-
| [[Sahara ya Magharibi]]
| 2.10
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 63
|-
| [[Uzbekistan]]
| 2.09
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 40
|-
| [[Kuwait]]
| 2.07
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 55
|-
| [[Malaysia]]
| 2.06
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 54
|-
| [[Kupro]]
| 2.04
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 28
|-
| [[Maldivi]]
| 2.02
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 30
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:red&quot; | Mbegu
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Cook]]
| 1.99
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 11
|-
| [[Montenegro]]
| 1.99
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 26
|-
| [[Nauru]]
| 1.98
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 38
|-
| [[Ossetia Kusini]]
| 1.98
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 3
|-
| [[Vanuatu]]
| 1.96
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 57
|-
| [[Togo]]
| 1.95
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 49
|-
| [[Albania]]
| 1.92
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 37
|-
| [[Mauritania]]
| 1.91
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 59
|-
| [[Samoa]]
| 1.82
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 22
|-
| [[Jiko la ardhini]]
| 1.80
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 9
|-
| [[Georgia]]
| 1.72
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 33
|-
| [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]]
| 1.71
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 14
|-
| [[Lituanya]]
| 1.69
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF4444; color:white&quot; | 64
|-
| [[Gine]]
| 1.67
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 25
|-
| [[Niue]]
| 1.66
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 12
|-
| [[Abkhazia]]
| 1.58
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 13
|-
| [[Tajikistan]]
| 1.55
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 29
|-
| [[Palau]]
| 1.53
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 32
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Solomon]]
| 1.51
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 40
|-
| [[Gibraltar]]
| 1.41
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 22
|-
| [[Estonia]]
| 1.40
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 29
|-
| [[Kiribati]]
| 1.38
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 28
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]]
| 1.38
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 12
|-
| [[Samoa ya Marekani]]
| 1.36
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 17
|-
| [[Slovakia]]
| 1.33
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 38
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana]]
| 1.25
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 16
|-
| [[Tonga]]
| 1.11
| style=&quot;background-color:#8B0000; color:white&quot; | 27
|}

==Takwimu==


===Takwimu za Jumla===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko
|-
| Jumla ya Makala || 173 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34979 || —
|-
| Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 21595 || ↓ -30.0%
|-
| Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 202.2 || —
|-
| Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 124.8 || —
|}

===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko
|-
| 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2408 || ↓ -15.5%
|-
| 2 || [[Marekani]] || 856 || ↓ -35.2%
|-
| 3 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 570 || ↓ -70.6%
|-
| 4 || [[Kenya]] || 540 || ↓ -27.0%
|-
| 5 || [[Hispania]] || 508 || ↑ +93.9%
|-
| 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 474 || ↓ -8.8%
|-
| 7 || [[Urusi]] || 444 || ↓ -36.6%
|-
| 8 || [[Uingereza]] || 435 || ↓ -5.2%
|-
| 9 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 424 || ↓ -36.2%
|-
| 10 || [[Misri]] || 406 || ↑ +19.4%
|-
|}

====Wahariri====
Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365)
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! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia
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| 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 587 || 42.8%
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  <page>
    <title>Patricia Appiagyei</title>
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      <text bytes="847" sha1="k4fxmx03wrlvcdcjiyxysf9z6qb8qk3" xml:space="preserve">'''Patricia Appiagyei''' (alizaliwa [[28 Novemba]], [[1956]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Ghana]] na mara moja alihudumu kama Naibu Waziri wa Mkoa wa Ashanti Region na pia ndiye mke wa kwanza mwanamke kuwa Meya wa Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Appiagyei, Patricia |url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5303 |access-date=2019-03-02 |website=Ghana MPs |archive-date=2025-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103124613/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=5303 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;details&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Appiahgyei, Patricia |url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=2627 |access-date=2019-03-09 |website=Ghana MPs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
{{BD|1956|}}
[[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Ghana]]</text>
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    <title>Josephine Ahikire</title>
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      <text bytes="8546" sha1="qkl6js1qqu86deo0xni2lgcjt5hd3zg" xml:space="preserve">'''Josephine Ahikire''' ni msomi wa kitaaluma kutoka [[Uganda]], mtafiti na mwanaharakati wa ufeministi wa Kiafrika. Ni profesa na aliyekuwa Mkuu wa Shule ya Wanawake na Masomo ya Jinsia katika [[Makerere University]]. Pia aliwahi kuwa Mkuu wa Chuo cha Sayansi za Jamii na Binadamu katika chuo hicho.

== Asili na elimu ==
Ahikire alipata elimu yake ya msingi katika Shule ya Msingi ya St Joseph na kuhitimu mwaka [[1979]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |last=Reporter |first=Independent |date=2020-01-26 |title=Dr Ahikire promises transparent, flagrant Mak college |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/dr-ahikire-promises-transparent-flagrant-mak-college/
 |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alimaliza elimu ya juu ya sekondari (Advanced level) mwaka [[1986]] kabla ya kujiunga na [[Makerere University]] mwaka [[1987]] kusomea Shahada ya Sayansi ya Jamii.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ana shahada ya uzamivu (PhD).

== Kazi ==
Awali aliwahi kuwa profesa mshiriki katika Taasisi ya Masomo ya Jinsia na Maendeleo&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Josephine Ahikire |url=https://www.greatagriculture.org/trainer/josephine-ahikire/
 |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=GREAT |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Dr Josephine Ahikire |url=https://thegenderhub.com/members/dr-josephine-ahikire/
 |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=The Gender Hub |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; (iliyokuwa ikijulikana zamani kama Shule ya Wanawake na Masomo ya Jinsia) katika [[Makerere University]] kabla ya kuwa profesa kamili.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |last=esiddev |date=2014-10-24 |title=Dr Josephine Ahikire |url=https://www.effective-states.org/dr-josephine-ahikire/ |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=ESID |language=en |archive-date=2026-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260414200739/https://www.effective-states.org/dr-josephine-ahikire/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Prof. Ahikire Josephine |url=https://fawe.org/en/team/professor-ahikire-josephine/
 |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=FORUM FOR AFRICAN WOMEN EDUCATIONALISTS (FAWE) |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |date=2017-03-22 |title=Josephine Ahikire |url=https://justiceanddevelopment.com/josephine-ahikire/
 |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=Justice, Conflict &amp; Development |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aliwahi pia kuwa Kaimu Naibu Mkuu wa Chuo cha Sayansi za Jamii na Binadamu&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; kabla ya kuwa Mkuu wa chuo hicho katika [[Makerere University]], nafasi aliyoshikilia hadi Mei 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |date=2021-01-12 |title=Makerere summons staff over sexual harassment allegations |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/makerere-summons-staff-over-sexual-harassment-allegations-1742594
 |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |last=BATTE |first=BAKER |date=2020-07-01 |title=Why Mamdani and I disagree |url=https://observer.ug/news/why-mamdani-and-i-disagree/
 |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=The Observer |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2022-12-21 |title=Makerere Department of Literature Honours Celebrated African Poet Prof. David Rubadiri |url=https://softpower.ug/makerere-department-of-literature-honours-celebrated-african-poet-prof-david-rubadiri/
 |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea habari |date=24 August 2022 |title=News: IN PICTURES: Makerere University honors Ngugi wa Thion |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/in-pictures-makerere-university-honors-ngugi-NV_141447_032026
 |work=New Vision |access-date=22 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |last=Reporter |first=Independent |date=2021-05-04 |title=Makerere university asks information minister to intervene in having student's radio opened |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/makerere-university-asks-information-minister-to-intervene-in-having-students-radio-opened/
 |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |date=2023-12-16 |title=The Pan-African intellectual agenda |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/oped/commentary/the-pan-african-intellectual-agenda-4466006
 |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |last=AHABWE |first=CONRAD |date=2020-02-17 |title=Dr Ahikire appointed Honorary Professor of Nelson Mandela University |url=https://pmldaily.com/news/2020/02/dr-ahikire-appointed-honorary-professor-of-nelson-mandela-university.html
 |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=PML Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka 2024 alirithiwa na Helen Nkabala kama Mkuu wa chuo hicho tarehe [[31 Mei]] [[2024]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |last=Anyango |first=Jane |date=2024-06-05 |title=Prof. Josephine Ahikire Hands Over CHUSS Leadership to Assoc. Prof. Helen Nkabala |url=https://news.mak.ac.ug/2024/06/prof-josephine-ahikire-hands-over-chuss-leadership-to-assoc-prof-helen-nkabala/ |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=Makerere University News |language=en-US |archive-date=2026-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260414160327/https://news.mak.ac.ug/2024/06/prof-josephine-ahikire-hands-over-chuss-leadership-to-assoc-prof-helen-nkabala/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ahikire amekuwa profesa mgeni katika vyuo mbalimbali kimataifa na pia ni mwanachama wa Seneti ya chuo (chombo cha juu cha kitaaluma) tangu mwaka 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Amefundisha kwa zaidi ya miongo miwili katika maeneo ya nadharia ya ufeministi, jinsia na siasa, maisha ya kiuchumi na masomo ya utamaduni.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Prof. Josephine Ahikire (PhD) |url=https://thejnlc.org/team/josephine-ahikire/
 |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=Julius Nyerere Leadership Centre (JNLC) |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Aliwahi kuwa mwenyekiti wa mada ya jinsia katika Chama cha Masomo ya Afrika (African Studies Association) mwaka [[2015]] (Marekani), na pia aliwahi kuwa Mkuu wa Shule ya Wanawake na Masomo ya Jinsia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Kwa sasa ni mhadhiri mwandamizi katika Taasisi ya Masomo ya Jinsia na Maendeleo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Our Team {{!}} Institute of Gender and Development Studies (IGDS) |url=https://igds.mak.ac.ug/about-us/our-team |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=igds.mak.ac.ug |archive-date=2026-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260425195222/https://igds.mak.ac.ug/about-us/our-team |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pia ni Mwenyekiti Mtendaji wa Kituo cha Utafiti wa Msingi (Centre for Basic Research - CBR) kilichopo Kampala, mwanachama wa Baraza la Kitaifa la Utawala la Mpango wa Mapitio ya Afrika (APRM), na mjumbe wa bodi ya Jukwaa la Taifa la Mashirika Yasiyo ya Kiserikali la Uganda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |date=2017-03-15 |title=Customs seizes copies of 'Controlling Consent' book about Uganda's 2016 elections |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/customs-seizes-copies-oloka-onyangos-book-controlling-consent/
 |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Uteuzi wa heshima ya kitaaluma ==
Ni Profesa wa heshima katika Kituo cha Maendeleo ya Kutokuwepo kwa Ubaguzi wa Rangi na [[Demokrasia]] (CANRAD) katika Nelson Mandela University, [[Afrika Kusini]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |last=Wamai |first=Mark |date=2020-02-14 |title=Dr. Ahikire appointed Honorary Professor of the Nelson Mandela University |url=https://news.mak.ac.ug/2020/02/dr-ahikire-appointed-honorary-professor-of-the-nelson-mandela-university/ |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=Makerere University News |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Uteuzi huu ulifanywa tarehe [[1 Februari]] [[2020]] na Profesa A Govindjee, Kaimu Naibu Makamu Mkuu wa Chuo anayeshughulikia utafiti, ubunifu na ushirikiano wa kimataifa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |last=Natukunda |first=Patience |date=2020-02-17 |title=Nelson Mandela University Appoints Makerere's Dr. Ahikire Honorary Professor |url=https://chimpreports.com/nelson-mandela-university-appoints-makereres-dr-ahikire-honorary-professor/
 |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Uteuzi huu hutolewa kwa watu wenye mchango mkubwa wa kitaaluma na kijamii, na unatambua mafanikio yake katika kuendeleza maarifa yenye athari chanya katika jamii.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Donatas Motijunas</title>
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      <text bytes="6549" sha1="hz4ynoino30inyo77prlpgsvwyipxtj" xml:space="preserve">'''Donatas Motiejunas''' (alizaliwa [[Kaunas]], [[20 Septemba]] [[1990]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa kikapu]] wa [[Lituanya]]. Anacheza katika nafasi za power forward na center kwa klabu ya Red Star Meridianbet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Donatas Motiejunas strengthens Crvena zvezda Meridianbet : ABA League|url=https://www.aba-liga.com/news/53336|work=ABA Liga|accessdate=2026-07-31|language=en|author=ABA liga j.t.d}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ==
Mwanzoni mwa maisha yake ya mpira wa kikapu, Motiejūnas aliichezea timu ya pili ya Žalgiris, ambayo wakati huo ilikuwa ikijulikana kwa jina la Arvydas Sabonis. Alifanya debuti yake katika timu ya kwanza ya Žalgiris msimu wa 2007/08. Msimu uliofuata wa 2008/09 aliutumia akiwa na klabu ya Aisčiai Kaunas katika ligi kuu ya Lithuania.

Mnamo Agosti 2009, alisaini mkataba wa muda mrefu na klabu ya Benetton [[Treviso]] ya Italia&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Another great signing by Benetton: Donatas Motiejunas|url=http://www.sportando.com/en/italy/serie-a/78643/another-great-signing-by-benetton-donatas-motiejunas.html|work=Sportando.com|date=August 6, 2009|accessdate=August 6, 2009|archivedate=27. 10. 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027194116/http://www.sportando.com/en/italy/serie-a/78643/another-great-signing-by-benetton-donatas-motiejunas.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katika msimu wake wa pili na klabu hiyo, aliifikisha Benetton hadi hatua ya Final Four ya [[EuroCup]]. Alikuwa na wastani wa pointi 10.9 na rebounds 5.9 kwa kila mchezo, jambo lililomletea tuzo ya EuroCup Rising Star.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=2010-11 Eurocup Rising Star Trophy winner: Donatas Motiejunas, Benetton Bwin|url=http://www.eurocupbasketball.com/eurocup/news/i/84189/2010-11-eurocup-rising-star-trophy-winner-donatas-motiejunas-benetton-bwin|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225438/http://www.eurocupbasketball.com/eurocup/news/i/84189/2010-11-eurocup-rising-star-trophy-winner-donatas-motiejunas-benetton-bwin|archivedate=September 23, 2015|work=EurocupBasketball.com|date=April 4, 2011|accessdate=April 4, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Katika NBA Draft ya mwaka 2011, alichaguliwa kama chaguo la 20 na Minnesota Timberwolves, lakini baadaye akahamishiwa Houston Rockets.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Asseco Prokom lands Eurocup Rising Star Motiejunas|url=http://www.euroleague.net/news/i/87508/asseco-prokom-lands-eurocup-rising-star-motiejunas|work=Euroleague.net|date=September 22, 2011|accessdate=September 22, 2011|archivedate=06. 03. 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306211916/http://www.euroleague.net/news/i/87508/asseco-prokom-lands-eurocup-rising-star-motiejunas}}&lt;/ref&gt;Hata hivyo, hakuhamia NBA mara moja. Mnamo Septemba 2011, akiwa bado mchezaji wa Benetton, alitolewa kwa mkopo kwenda Prokom, klabu ya Poland iliyoshiriki EuroLeague wakati huo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rockets acquire guard Jonny Flynn|url=https://www.espn.com/nba/draft2011/news/story?id=6698564|work=ESPN.com|date=June 24, 2011|accessdate=June 24, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Katika mchezo kati ya Prokom na Union Olimpija tarehe 7 Desemba 2011, alikusanya rebounds 21, zikiwemo 18 za kujihami, na kuweka rekodi ya EuroLeague.[5] Mwishoni mwa msimu wa 2011/12, aliisaidia Prokom kutwaa ubingwa wa Poland.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Motiejūnas atvedė &quot;Asseco Prokom&quot; iki Lenkijos čempionų titulo|url=https://www.basketnews.lt/news-51288-motiejunas-atvede-asseco-prokom-iki-lenkijos-cempionu-titulo.html#.Vq01qTYrKRs|work=BasketNews.it|date=June 6, 2012|accessdate=June 6, 2012|language=lt-LT}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Eurolygos rekordą pagerinęs Motiejūnas atvedė &quot;Asseco Prokom&quot; į pirmą pergalę (video, statistika)|url=https://www.basketnews.lt/news-45038-eurolygos-rekorda-pagerines-motiejunas-atvede-asseco-prokom-i-pirma-pergale-video-statistika.html|work=BasketNews.it|date=December 7, 2011|accessdate=December 7, 2011|language=lt-LT}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mnamo Julai 2012, alijiunga rasmi na NBA baada ya kusaini na Houston Rockets.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rockets sign center Motiejunas to multiyear deal|url=http://www.nba.com/2012/news/07/06/motiejunas-rockets.ap/index.html|work=NBA.com|date=July 6, 2012|accessdate=July 6, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708235203/http://www.nba.com/2012/news/07/06/motiejunas-rockets.ap/index.html|archivedate=July 8, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;Alitumia misimu minne na timu hiyo, huku msimu wake bora ukiwa wa 2014/15 alipokuwa na wastani wa pointi 12 na rebounds 5.9 kwa kila mchezo.

Mnamo Januari 2017, alisaini na [[New Orleans Pelicans]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.nba.com/pelicans/news/pelicans-sign-donatas-motiejunas|title=Pelicans Sign Donatas Motiejunas|work=NBA.com|date=January 3, 2017|accessdate=January 3, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baada ya kumaliza msimu wa 2016/17 na Pelicans, alihamia China mnamo Agosti 2017 na kusaini na Shandong Golden Stars.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=David Pick|url=https://twitter.com/IAmDPick/status/895292459265257474|title=China's Shandong announce the signings of...|work=Twitter|date=August 9, 2017|accessdate=August 9, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aliichezea Shandong kwa misimu miwili kabla ya kurejea NBA mnamo Aprili 2019 na kusaini na San Antonio Spurs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=SPURS SIGN DONATAS MOTIEJUNAS|url=https://www.nba.com/spurs/news/spurs-sign-donatas-motiejunas|work=San Antonio Spurs|accessdate=April 5, 2019|date=April 4, 2019|archivedate=04. 04. 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404225438/https://www.nba.com/spurs/news/spurs-sign-donatas-motiejunas}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baada ya kipindi kifupi akiwa Spurs, alirudi China ambako alichezea Shanghai Sharks na Xinjiang Flying Tigers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Oficialu: Motiejūnas pasirašė sutartį su naujuoju klubu|url=https://www.delfi.lt/krepsinis/naujienos/oficialu-motiejunas-pasirase-sutarti-su-naujuoju-klubu.d?id=82079869|work=Delfi.lt|accessdate=27 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo Agosti 2021, alirejea katika mpira wa kikapu wa Ulaya na kusaini na Monaco.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Donatas Motiejunas arrive à Monaco|url=https://asmonaco.basketball/news/show.php?ID=28827|work=asmonaco.basketball|accessdate=August 18, 2021|language=fr-FR|date=August 18, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwanzoni mwa Oktoba 2025, alitolewa kwa mkopo wa miezi mitatu kwenda Red Star Belgrade.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=2025-10-02|title=Donatas Motiejunas officially joining Crvena Zvezda|url=https://www.eurohoops.net/en/euroleague/1875462/donatas-motiejunas-officially-joining-crvena-zvezda/|accessdate=2025-10-10|work=Eurohoops|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}
{{BD|1990|}}
[[Jamii:wachezaji wa Lituanya]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3697" sha1="mpe8ujrjo0gat7klnu348p54mw14y5r" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Kasai River Catchment OSM.png|thumb|Mto Kwenge ukiwa katikati ya mfumo wa vyanzo vya maji vya [[Mto Kasai]] (upande wa kushoto katikati)]]
'''Mto Kwenge''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: ''Rivière Kwenge'') ni [[mto]] uliopo katika [[mkoa]] wa [[Bandundu]] ndani ya nchi ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. 

== Ukubwa wa mto ==
Mto huu unaanzia nchini [[Angola]] na kisha unajenga sehemu fupi ya urefu wa takribani kilomita 6 ya mpaka wa kimataifa kati ya Angola na Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/4%C2%B050'25.5%22S+18%C2%B043'19.2%22E/@-7.9534875,18.7487729,13.13z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d-4.840404!4d18.721991?hl=en|title=Kwenge|website=GoogleMaps|access-date=29 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kutoka kwenye mpaka huo, mto unatiririka kuelekea upande wa kaskazini kupitia wilaya za Kwango na Kwilu, ambapo unaenda kuungana na [[Mto Kwilu]] upande wa chini ya mji wa [[Kikwit]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rgc.cd/doctech/UNDP-GIS-25_RDC_administratif.pdf |title=Découpage administratif de la République Démocratique du Congo |last=Blaes |first=X. |date=October 2008 |publisher=UNOCHA and PNUD |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818075411/http://www.rgc.cd/doctech/UNDP-GIS-25_RDC_administratif.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mji wa [[Lusanga]] (ambao zamani ulijulikana kama Leverville) ndio uliopo kwenye makutano kabisa ya mito hii miwili ya Kwenge na Kwilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.basenji.org/BasenjiU/Owner/103History/TimePDFs/MBWaNaBasenjiWarrington.pdf |title=M'Bwa na Basenji |author=C.J. Warrington |work=The Basenji |date=May 1972 |access-date=2012-02-02 |archive-date=2010-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228034228/http://www.basenji.org/BasenjiU/Owner/103History/TimePDFs/MBWaNaBasenjiWarrington.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia na utamaduni ==
Eneo la ardhi lililopo kati ya mito ya Kwilu na Kwenge hapo awali lilikaliwa na watu wa kabila la [[Wapende]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.tribal-art-auktion.de/en/news/98/ |title=Tribal Treasures |date=August 25, 2011 |publisher=Zemanek-Münster |access-date=2012-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817022444/http://www.tribal-art-auktion.de/en/news/98/ |archive-date=August 17, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baadaye katika miaka ya 1800, watu wa kabila la [[Wasuku]], ambao walihamia katika eneo hili wakitokea kwenye bonde la [[Mto Kwango]], walianza kuishi katika ukanda wa savannah uliopo kati ya sehemu za juu za mto Bakali na Mto Kwenge.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1uFe__DEB4C&amp;pg=PA83 |page=83 |title=The family estate in Africa: studies in the role of property in family structure and lineage continuity |author=Robert F. Gray, P. H. Gulliver |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=0-415-32985-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Uhifadhi na Ikolojia ==
Katika mifumo ya kiikolojia ya mito barani [[Afrika]], sehemu ya chini kabisa ya bonde la Mto Kwenge ina sifa ya kuwa na kanda nyembamba za ardhi oevu ambazo hufurika maji kwa msimu au kubaki na maji mfululizo mwaka mzima.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&amp;pg=PA531 |page=531 |title=A directory of African wetlands |author=R. H. Hughes |author2=J. S. Hughes |publisher=IUCN |year=1992 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maeneo haya ni muhimu sana kwa utunzaji wa bioanuwai na viumbe wa majini wanaotegemea mafuriko hayo ya msimu kwa ajili ya mazalia na usalama wa ikolojia yao.

== Tazama pia ==
*[[Orodha ya mito ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-jio-Afrika}}
[[Jamii:Mito ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]
[[Jamii:Mito ya Angola]]
[[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]]
[[Jamii:AWC 2026]]</text>
      <sha1>mpe8ujrjo0gat7klnu348p54mw14y5r</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Funguvisiwa la Bajuni</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/NANJ BHALO|NANJ BHALO]] ([[User talk:NANJ BHALO|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="4455" sha1="mfy0gir07zgpl5asa2uxro3fq4sn71b" xml:space="preserve">'''Funguvisiwa la Bajuni''' (pia: '''Visiwa vya Bajun''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Haywood|first=C. Wightwick|title=The Bajun Islands and Birikau|volume=85|issue=1|pages=59–64|year=1935|periodical=The Geographical Journal|doi=10.2307/1787038|jstor=1787038}}&lt;/ref&gt;, '''Visiwa vya Baajun''' au '''Visiwa vya Juba''') ni [[funguvisiwa]] la [[matumbawe]] [[kusini]] mwa [[Somalia]] karibu na [[kaskazini]] mwa [[Kenya]]. Viko katika [[bahari ya Hindi]] karibu na pwani ya kusini ya [[Jubaland]], kuanzia [[Kismayu]] hadi [[Ras Kamboni]]. [[Kisiwa|Visiwa]] hivyo leo vyakaliwa zaidi na [[Wabajuni]], wanaoongea [[Kibajuni]]. 

== Jiografia ==
Kuna visiwa sita vikuu:
* [[Chandra]] ([[Kilomita ya mraba|kilomita za mraba]] 2.95),
* [[Chovaye]] (pia huandikwa Tovai; 0.8720°S 42.1593°E; km² 5.46 &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Haywood|first=C. Wightwick|title=The Bajun Islands and Birikau|volume=85|issue=1|pages=59–64|year=1935|periodical=The Geographical Journal|doi=10.2307/1787038|jstor=1787038}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation cs2&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHaywood1935&quot;&gt;Haywood, C. Wightwick (1935), &quot;The Bajun Islands and Birikau&quot;, ''The Geographical Journal'', '''85''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;59–&lt;/span&gt;64, [[Kitambulisho cha Kitu cha Kidijiti|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/1787038|10.2307/1787038]], [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1787038 1787038]&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Chula]] (pia: Tula; 1.0052°S 42.0364°E; km² 1.99), ambapo kijiji cha [[Ndowa]] kilipo, ndicho kisiwa pekee chenye idadi kubwa ya watu
* [[Koyama]] (6.38 km²)
* [[Darakasi]] (1.99 km²) 
* [[Ngumi (kisiwa)|Ngumi]] (2.56 km²).

Zaidi ya hayo, kuna visiwa 55 hivi vidogo, vikiwemo [[Kandha Iwu]], [[Fuma]], na [[Ilisi]]. [[Kisiwa cha Kismayu]] kiliunganishwa na pwani mwaka wa 1961 wakati wa ujenzi wa [[bandari]] ya Kismayu.

== Historia ==
Visiwa hivyo vilikuwa ni sehemu ya utawala wa kale wa [[Wasomali]], wafanyabiashara, na wavuvi walipatumia kama kituo cha kufanya [[biashara]] na mataifa mengine katika ulimwengu wa viungo. Nasaba ya Waajuran ya Somalia iliitumia sehemu hiyo kwa karne nyingi kama sehemu ya ufalme wao. 

Baada ya kuanguka kwa falme kadhaa za Wasomali baadaye, visiwa hivyo vilikuwa havijakaliwa na watu wengi hadi uvamizi wa kikoloni wa [[Afrika Mashariki ya Kiingereza]] kabla ya [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia|Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;hay&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last=Haywood|first=C. Wightwick|title=The Bajun Islands and Birikau|volume=85|issue=1|pages=59–64|year=1935|periodical=The Geographical Journal|doi=10.2307/1787038|jstor=1787038}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation cs2&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHaywood1935&quot;&gt;Haywood, C. Wightwick (1935), &quot;The Bajun Islands and Birikau&quot;, ''The Geographical Journal'', '''85''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;59–&lt;/span&gt;64, [[Kitambulisho cha Kitu cha Kidijiti|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/1787038|10.2307/1787038]], [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1787038 1787038]&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Visiwa vya Bajuni viliunda sehemu ya Jubaland ya Uingereza. 

Mwaka 1924, Jubaland bara ilihamishiwa kwa [[Italia]], huku Visiwa vya Bajuni vikifuata miaka miwili baadaye.  

Kwa mujibu wa [[C. Wightwick Haywood]], afisa wa Uingereza huko Kismayu, aliyetembelea visiwa hivyo mwaka wa 1913, visiwa pekee vilivyokaliwa katika mnyororo huo vilikuwa Chovaye na Chula. Mazao kama mahindi, mtama, viazi vitamu na nazi vilipandwa kwenye visiwa hivyo, na majahazi yalitumika kwa kusafirishia bidhaa hizo. Alipokuwa huko, Haywood aliona magofu ya kile alichokielezea kama &quot;mji wa wastani&quot; huko Chovaye. Alitaja kwamba kazi kama hiyo ya kuvunja mawe inaweza pia kuonekana kwenye nyumba katika [[Funguvisiwa la Lamu]]. Haywood alidhani baadhi ya wakazi walikuwa na asili wa [[Waarabu|Kiarabu]] au [[Irani|Kiajemi]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Haywood|first=C. Wightwick|title=The Bajun Islands and Birikau|volume=85|issue=1|pages=59–64|year=1935|periodical=The Geographical Journal|doi=10.2307/1787038|jstor=1787038}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation cs2&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHaywood1935&quot;&gt;Haywood, C. Wightwick (1935), &quot;The Bajun Islands and Birikau&quot;, ''The Geographical Journal'', '''85''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;59–&lt;/span&gt;64, [[Kitambulisho cha Kitu cha Kidijiti|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/1787038|10.2307/1787038]], [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1787038 1787038]&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{mbegu-jio-Somalia}}
[[Jamii:Visiwa vya Somalia]]
[[Jamii:Visiwa vya Bahari ya Hindi]]</text>
      <sha1>mfy0gir07zgpl5asa2uxro3fq4sn71b</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Mattiebelle Woods</title>
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      <text bytes="892" sha1="ncfzngah00zytbt2lzllf4lyqevicp3" xml:space="preserve">'''Mattiebelle Woods''' (31 Oktoba 1902 – 17 Februari 2005) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa habari [[Mmarekani]] Mweusi. Akijulikana kama &quot;mwanamke wa kwanza wa vyombo vya habari vya Weusi vya Milwaukee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mattiebelle Woods: “First Lady of Milwaukee’s Black Press”|url=https://milwaukeebronzevillehistories.org/items/show/12|work=Milwaukee Bronzeville Histories|accessdate=2026-07-22|language=en-US|author=Kitonga Alexander}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Mattiebelle Woods {{!}} Wisconsin Historical Society|date=2016-08-24|url=https://wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS14614|work=Wisconsin Historical Society|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-22}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1902]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2005]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>ncfzngah00zytbt2lzllf4lyqevicp3</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Lizzy Dijeh</title>
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      <text bytes="745" sha1="49caoj4i7jepn5f7rfs1sbm9relkafg" xml:space="preserve">'''Lizzy''' '''Dijeh''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa [[michezo]] ya kuigiza na mshairi wa [[Uingereza]] mwenye asili ya [[Nigeria]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=English student and graduate stories|url=https://www.york.ac.uk/english/study/undergraduate/stories/|work=University of York|accessdate=2026-07-22|language=en-GB|author=University of York}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lizzy Dijeh|url=http://www.doollee.com/PlaywrightsD/dijeh-lizzy.html|work=www.doollee.com|accessdate=2026-07-22|archive-date=2016-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919231457/http://www.doollee.com/PlaywrightsD/dijeh-lizzy.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Uingereza]]</text>
      <sha1>49caoj4i7jepn5f7rfs1sbm9relkafg</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Kathryn C. Lee</title>
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      <text bytes="825" sha1="my9wykguzhnhl55v9mlwyanik2o5401" xml:space="preserve">'''Kathryn C. Lee''' (1935–2013) alikuwa mchapishaji wa [[gazeti]] wa [[Marekani]] aliyesaidia kuanzisha gazeti la kwanza la Waafrika Marekani, ''The Sacramento Observer'', huko Sacramento, California mnamo 1962.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Barrow|first=Genoa|title=Observer Co-Publisher Kathryn C. Lee passes at 77 - The Sacramento Observer|date=2013-03-25|url=https://sacobserver.com/2013/03/observer-co-publisher-kathryn-c-lee-passes-at-77/|work=The Sacramento Observer|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-22|archive-date=2025-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251018003233/https://sacobserver.com/2013/03/observer-co-publisher-kathryn-c-lee-passes-at-77/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1935]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2013]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>my9wykguzhnhl55v9mlwyanik2o5401</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Kathryn Boyd</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="835" sha1="25sqa3uto2i58b8h1e0mpf7qb6o6fou" xml:space="preserve">'''Kathryn Althea “Katie” Boyd''' ([[1897]]–[[1965]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Marekani]] aliyejulikana kwa kuigiza katika filamu kadhaa za waigizaji Weusi. Miongoni mwa filamu alizoshiriki ni ''The Flying Ace'' ya mwaka [[1926]], ambayo ni mojawapo ya filamu chache za aina hiyo zilizohifadhiwa hadi leo.&lt;ref name=&quot;unionrev&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=A Glimpse at the Women of RHB|url=https://www.unionreview.org/articles/a-glimpse-at-the-women-of-rhb/|date=March 21, 2020|publisher=The Union Review|accessdate=2026-07-23|archive-date=2023-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401231440/https://www.unionreview.org/articles/a-glimpse-at-the-women-of-rhb/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-igiza-filamu}}
[[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1897]]
[[Jamii: Waliofariki 1965]]
[[Jamii: Waigizaji wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>25sqa3uto2i58b8h1e0mpf7qb6o6fou</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Lucille Campbell Green Randolph</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1592" sha1="kohesxsq50bm4viy1o5twnjn6ykgpbp" xml:space="preserve">'''Lucille Campbell Green Randolph''' ([[15 Aprili]] [[1883]] – [[12 Aprili]] [[1963]])&lt;ref name=&quot;Black Then&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Lucille Campbell: Business Woman, Hair Stylist, and Wife of A. Philip Randolph|url=https://blackthen.com/lucille-campbell-business-woman-hair-stylist-and-wife-of-a-philip-randolph/|website=Black Then|access-date=February 18, 2019|date=September 19, 2018|archive-date=2025-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531233336/https://blackthen.com/lucille-campbell-business-woman-hair-stylist-and-wife-of-a-philip-randolph/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; alikuwa mmoja wa wahitimu wa awali wa Chuo cha Urembo cha Lelia Beauty kilichoanzishwa na [[Madam C.J. Walker|Madam C. J. Walker]]. Baada ya kuhitimu, alifungua na kuendesha saluni ya urembo iliyofanikiwa jijini [[New York]]. Aliolewa na [[mwanaharakati]] wa haki za kiraia A. Philip Randolph, na alichangia kifedha uchapishaji wa gazeti lake, ''The Messenger''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Neyland&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BknnVOVV5UQC&amp;q=Lucille+Campbell+Green+Randolph&amp;pg=PA62|title=A. Philip Randolph|last1=Neyland|first1=James|date=1994|publisher=Holloway House Publishing|isbn=9780870677779|page=62|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BlackPast&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Lucille Campbell Green Randolph (1883–1963)|url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/randolph-lucille-campbell-green-1883-1963/|website=BlackPast|first=Misun|last=Bishop|access-date=February 18, 2019|date=June 11, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1883]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1963]]</text>
      <sha1>kohesxsq50bm4viy1o5twnjn6ykgpbp</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Seggae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1330" sha1="le6un72a9yuxp7tlgnqxmyvk2yxsud2" xml:space="preserve">'''Seggae''' ni aina ya [[muziki]] wa mchanganyiko unaounganisha [[sega]], ambao ni muziki wa [[jadi]] wa [[Maskarena|Visiwa vya Maskarena]], na [[reggae]].

Aina hii ya muziki ilianzishwa nchini [[Morisi]] na mwanamuziki Kaya. Baadaye, Seggae ulienea na kupata umaarufu katika visiwa vya Maskarena.

Leo, Seggae ni mojawapo ya aina za muziki zinazopendwa zaidi nchini Mauritius, na unajulikana kwa kuchanganya midundo ya sega na [[ujumbe]] wa kijamii pamoja na mtindo wa reggae.

== Asili ==
Muziki wa Seggae ulianzishwa katikati ya [[miaka ya 1980]] na mwimbaji wa [[Rastafari|Kirastafari]] kutoka Morisi, Joseph Reginald Topize, ambaye alijulikana zaidi kwa jina la Kaya. Jina &quot;Kaya&quot; alilichukua kutoka katika jina la [[wimbo]] wa Bob Marley.

Kaya alipigania haki za jamii ya Wakreoli wa Morisi kupitia muziki wake na shughuli zake za kijamii.

Mwaka [[1999]], Kaya alifariki akiwa [[gerezani]], tukio lililosababisha huzuni na mjadala mkubwa nchini Morisi.

Kaya ndiye anayetambuliwa kuwa msanii muhimu zaidi na maarufu zaidi wa muziki wa Seggae, na mara nyingi aliitwa &quot;Bob Marley wa Seggae&quot; kutokana na mchango wake mkubwa katika kuendeleza aina hiyo ya muziki.&lt;ref&gt;https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetmaur00tomm&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Marejeo}}
{{Mbegu-muziki}}
[[Jamii:Muziki wa Afrika]]
[[Jamii:utamaduni wa Morisi]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mnara wa kuingiza upepo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243006</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583265</id>
      <parentid>1582359</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T14:44:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1583265</origin>
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      <text bytes="2556" sha1="gijlv4ausgu8xatlf956rpz2roe85ht" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Edificios en Yazd, Irán, 2016-09-21, DD 17.jpg|thumb|Hifadhi ya maji  yenye minara ya kuingiza upepo]]
[[Faili:Wind Tower Dubai.jpg|thumb|Mnara wa kuingiza upepo, mwonekano wa nje, Makumbusho ya Dubai]]
'''Mnara wa kuingiza upepo'''  ni kipengele cha [[jadi]] cha [[usanifu]] wa [[majengo]] kinachotumiwa kuunda mzunguko wa [[hewa]] na kupooza jengo kwa njia ya asili  bila kutumia vifaa vinavyotumia [[nishati]].

Minara ya kuingiza [[upepo]] hujengwa kwa miundo mbalimbali, kulingana na hali ya mazingira ya [[eneo]] husika. Muundo wake hutegemea mambo kama vile iwapo upepo unaovuma mara nyingi unatoka upande mmoja, pande mbili au pande nyingi, jinsi mwelekeo wa upepo unavyobadilika kulingana na mwinuko, mabadiliko ya halijoto kati ya [[mchana]] na [[usiku]], kiwango cha unyevunyevu wa hewa, pamoja na kiasi cha vumbi kinachohitaji kuchujwa kabla ya hewa kuingia ndani ya jengo.

Licha ya kuitwa &quot;mnara wa kuingiza upepo&quot;, mfumo huu unaweza pia kufanya kazi hata pasipo kuwepo upepo, kwa kutumia tofauti za halijoto na shinikizo la hewa ili kuendeleza mzunguko wa hewa na kupunguza joto ndani ya jengo.

== Eneo ==
[[Ujenzi]] wa mnara wa kuingiza upepo  hutegemea mwelekeo wa upepo unaovuma mara nyingi katika eneo husika. Ikiwa upepo kwa kawaida huvuma kutoka upande mmoja tu, mnara huo unaweza kujengwa ukiwa na tundu moja la kuingizia hewa pekee, bila kuwa na kuta za ndani zinazogawanya [[nafasi]] . Hali hii huuwezesha kunasa upepo kutoka mwelekeo huo na kuuelekeza moja kwa moja ndani ya jengo.

== Mbinu za kupooza ==
Uingizaji hewa wa usiku  ni [[mbinu]] ya kupooza jengo kwa kuongeza mzunguko wa hewa wakati wa usiku, ambapo hewa ya nje huwa na joto la chini kuliko la mchana. Minara ya kuingiza upepo  inaweza kusaidia katika mchakato huu kwa kuingiza hewa [[baridi]] ndani ya jengo na kutoa hewa yenye joto nje.

Aidha,  inaweza kupooza hewa kwa kuipitisha juu ya vitu vyenye ubaridi, kama vile [[maji]] au nyuso zenye halijoto ya chini. Hewa inapopita juu ya vitu hivyo, hupoa kabla ya kuingia ndani ya jengo, na hivyo kusaidia kupunguza joto la ndani kwa njia ya asili.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233982408_Review_of_windcatcher_technologies_Omidreza&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.iaeng.org/publication/WCE2014/WCE2014_pp1294-1297.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/6317345C8FB8B405AADE7BA99CD62E8B/S1359135501001312a.pdf/passive_downdraught_evaporative_cooling_principles_and_practice.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}
{{mbegu}}
[[Jamii:Minara]]
[[Jamii:Ujenzi]]</text>
      <sha1>gijlv4ausgu8xatlf956rpz2roe85ht</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Efuru</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243015</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583264</id>
      <parentid>1582373</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T14:43:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="2047" sha1="rnea4n8saxx04u4979xab2tcim5hm6p" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox book|jina=Efuru|lugha=Kingereza|mchapishaji=[[Heinemann (book publisher)|William Heinemann]]|nchi=[[Nigeria]]|kurasa=Kurasa 281 (toleo la jalada laini)|mwandishi=Flora Nwapa|tarehe ya kutolewa=1966}}
'''''Efuru''''' ni [[riwaya]] iliyoandikwa na Flora Nwapa na kuchapishwa [[mwaka]] [[1966]] ikiwa ni [[kitabu]] cha 26 katika mfululizo wa African Writers Series wa shirika la uchapishaji la Heinemann.

Riwaya hii ilikuwa kitabu cha kwanza kilichoandikwa na [[mwanamke]] kutoka [[Nigeria]], na kwa hakika mwanamke yeyote kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] mwa Jangwa la Sahara, kuchapishwa na kusambazwa kimataifa.

Kitabu hiki kinamhusu Efuru, mwanamke wa Igbo  anayeishi katika kijiji kidogo cha Afrika [[Magharibi]] wakati wa [[ukoloni]].

Katika simulizi lote, Efuru anatamani kuwa mama, ingawa ni mwanamke mwenye mawazo ya kujitegemea na anayeheshimika katika jamii kutokana na ustadi wake wa [[biashara]]. Riwaya hii inachunguza nafasi ya mwanamke katika [[jamii]], [[ndoa]], uzazi, biashara, na [[mila]] za jamii ya Waigbo.

== Muhtasari wa hadithi ==
[[Hadithi]] hii imewekwa katika jamii ya vijijini ya Waigbo (Igbo) katika Afrika Magharibi wakati wa [[ukoloni]].

Mhusika mkuu, Efuru, ni mwanamke mwenye [[nguvu]], mrembo na mwenye kujitegemea. Yeye ni binti wa Nwashike Ogene, shujaa na [[kiongozi]] wa [[kabila]] lake.

Efuru anampenda [[mkulima]] maskini aitwaye Adizua, na anaamua kukimbia naye ili wafunge ndoa. Kitendo hicho kinawakasirisha watu wa jamii yake kwa sababu Adizua hakutekeleza taratibu za jadi za ndoa, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[sherehe]] ya kubeba [[divai]] ya mtende  na kulipa [[mahari]] ya Efuru, kama ilivyokuwa [[desturi]] katika jamii ya Waigbo.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.dw.com/en/flora-nwapa-nigeria-mother-of-modern-african-literature-african-roots-a-53197517/a-53197517&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3098&amp;context=etd&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.enotes.com/topics/flora-nwapa/criticism&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}
{{Mbegu-kitabu}}
[[Jamii:Riwaya za Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:vitabu vya 1966]]</text>
      <sha1>rnea4n8saxx04u4979xab2tcim5hm6p</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Marta Santos</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243025</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583198</id>
      <parentid>1582422</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T12:19:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="1756" sha1="3beknlcwzvkh306rqvtek17iwi5jnps" xml:space="preserve">'''Marta Florença Casimiro dos Santos''' (amezaliwa 25 Desemba 1988, [[Luanda]]) ni mchezaji wa  [[Mpira wa mkono|mpira wa mikono]] kutoka Angola. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sa/marta-santos-1.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418085650/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sa/marta-santos-1.html|archivedate=2020-04-18|title=Marta Santos Bio, Stats, and Results|work=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com|language=en|accessdate=2017-10-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anacheza katika nafasi ya winga wa kushoto na anachezea klabu ya Petro de Luanda pamoja na timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Angola ya mpira wa mikono. Aliiwakilisha Angola katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya 2012 huko London. Ameichezea timu ya taifa katika mechi 19 na kufunga mabao 12. Akiwa na timu ya taifa ya Angola, alishinda medali ya dhahabu katika Michezo ya Afrika ya 2015 iliyofanyika mjini Brazzaville. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Marta Santos|url=http://www.london2012.com/athlete/santos-marta-1098972/|work=Official site of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games|accessdate=29 July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731025755/http://www.london2012.com/athlete/santos-marta-1098972/|archivedate=31 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ihf.info/files/CompetitionData/140/pdf/ANG.pdf|title=XXI Women's World Championship 2013. Team Roster, Angola|publisher=[[International Handball Federation|IHF]]|accessdate=7 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207234930/http://www.ihf.info/files/CompetitionData/140/pdf/ANG.pdf|archivedate=7 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1988]]
[[Jamii:wachezaji wa Angola]]</text>
      <sha1>3beknlcwzvkh306rqvtek17iwi5jnps</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tadelakt</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243026</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583199</id>
      <parentid>1582432</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T12:20:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <comment>/* Marejeo */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2469" sha1="4i3jt32bk6r642bf1xc7x2u7xywzsuj" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Echantillon Tadelakt-Stéphane Baron.jpg|thumb|Ukuta uliopakwa tadelakt]]
[[Faili:Tadelakt-ouarzazate-morocco-1.jpg|thumb|Mchakato wa kuchanganya unga wa plasta, maji na rangi ya njano kwa ajili ya kutengeneza tadelakt katika Riad Dar Rita, Ouarzazate, Moroko]]
'''Tadelakt''' (Kiarabu cha Moroko: تدلاكت, ''tadlākt'') ni aina ya plasta isiyopitisha [[maji]] inayotumika katika [[usanifu]] wa [[jadi]] wa [[Moroko]] kutengeneza [[bafu]], [[beseni]], [[vyombo]] vya kuhifadhia [[maji]], kuta za ndani na nje, dari, paa na sakafu.

Tadelakt hutengenezwa kwa plasta ya chokaa, ambayo hukandamizwa, hung'arishwa, na hutibiwa kwa [[sabuni]] maalumu ili kuifanya isiweze kupitisha maji na izuie maji kupenya kwenye uso wake.

Mbinu hii ya jadi inajulikana kwa kutoa uso laini, unaong'aa na unaodumu, ndiyo sababu imekuwa ikitumika kwa [[karne]] nyingi katika [[majengo]] ya kitamaduni nchini Morocco.

== Asili ya jina ==
Neno Tadelakt, linalomaanisha &quot;kupaka kwa kusugua&quot; au &quot;kusugua ndani&quot;, ni [[umbo]] lililoathiriwa na [[lugha]] ya Kiazmazighi  kutoka katika [[neno]] la [[Kiarabu]]  (tadlīk), ambalo maana yake ni &quot;kusugua&quot; au &quot;kukanda.&quot;

Jina hili linarejelea mbinu ya utengenezaji wa tadelakt, ambapo plasta ya chokaa husuguliwa na kung'arishwa kwa uangalifu, kisha hutibiwa kwa sabuni maalumu ili kuifanya iwe isiyopitisha [[maji]] na yenye uso laini unaong'aa.

== Matumizi ==
Tadelakt ni mipako ya jadi inayotumika katika  (bafu za jadi za umma), mabafu ya kifalme, na  (makazi ya jadi yenye ua wa ndani) nchini Morocco.

Ukarabati na urejeshaji wa riad nchini Moroko umechangia kufufuka kwa matumizi ya tadelakt, baada ya kuwa yalikuwa yamepungua kwa kipindi fulani.

Katika nyakati za kisasa, tadelakt imeanza kutumika pia nje ya Moroko, hasa katika [[usanifu]] wa kisasa wa majengo na mapambo ya ndani. Hutumika kupamba kuta, mabafu, sinki, sakafu, dari na sehemu nyingine za majengo, kutokana na uwezo wake wa kuzuia maji, uimara wake na mwonekano wake laini unaong'aa.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.scientific.net/AMR.688.60&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=KwgQBgAAQBAJ&amp;q=Tadelakt+berber/&amp;pg=PA28&amp;redir_esc=y&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271999881_Hydrophobized_Lime_Plasters_as_Protective_Surface_in_Wet_Rooms_in_Monument_Preservation&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://authenticplasterfx.com/exterior-vancouver-tadelakt-plaster-project-complete/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-teknolojia}}
[[Jamii:Ujenzi]]
[[Jamii:teknolojia]]</text>
      <sha1>4i3jt32bk6r642bf1xc7x2u7xywzsuj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ken Bugul</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243027</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583200</id>
      <parentid>1582435</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T12:22:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1583200</origin>
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      <text bytes="2307" sha1="nscawa99yo3kcy812dmyl2cz18l9ifu" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Ken Bugul 20100328 Salon du livre de Paris 2.jpg|thumb|'''Ken Bugul''']]
'''Ken Bugul''' (alizaliwa Ndoucoumane, [[Senegal]], [[1947]]) ni jina la kalamu la [[mwandishi]] wa [[riwaya]] wa Senegali anayeandika kwa lugha ya [[Kifaransa]], Mariètou Mbaye Biléoma.

Katika lugha ya Kiwolof, jina lake la kalamu &quot;Ken Bugul&quot; linamaanisha &quot;mtu asiyetakiwa&quot; au &quot;mtu asiyehitajika.&quot; Jina hilo linaakisi baadhi ya mada zinazojitokeza katika [[maandishi]] yake, kama vile kutengwa na [[jamii]], utambulisho, nafasi ya [[mwanamke]], na athari za [[ukoloni]].

== Maisha ya awali ==
Ken Bugul alikulia katika [[familia]] ya wake wengi. Baba yake alikuwa marabout mwenye umri wa [[miaka]] 85 wakati alipozaliwa. ''Marabout'' ni kiongozi wa [[dini]] ya [[Kiislamu]], [[mwalimu]] wa dini au mtu anayeheshimika kwa [[elimu]] na mafundisho ya Kiislamu, hasa katika nchi za [[Afrika Magharibi]].

Baada ya kumaliza elimu ya msingi katika kijiji chake alikozaliwa, alisoma katika [[Shule]] ya [[Sekondari]] ya Malick Sy mjini Thiès.

Baada ya kukaa kwa mwaka mmoja mjini [[Dakar]], alipata udhamini wa masomo  uliomwezesha kuendelea na masomo yake nchini [[Ubelgiji]].

== Kazi ==
Baadhi ya kazi za fasihi za '''Ken Bugul''' ni:

* ''Le Baobab Fou'' ([[1982]]) —  (Mbuyu Wazimu).
* ''Cendres et braises'' ([[1994]]) — ''Majivu na Makaa ya Moto''.
* ''Riwan ou le Chemin de Sable'' ([[1999]]) — ''Riwan, au Njia ya Mchanga''.
* ''La Folie et la mort'' ([[2000]]) — ''Wazimu na Kifo''.
* ''De l'autre côté du regard'' ([[2002]]) — ''Kutoka Upande wa Pili wa Mtazamo''.
* ''Rue Félix-Faure'' ([[2005]]) — ''Mtaa wa Félix-Faure''.
* ''La pièce d'or'' ([[2005]]) — ''Sarafu ya Dhahabu''.
* ''Mes hommes à moi'' ([[2008]]) — ''Wanaume Wangu''.
* ''Aller et Retour'' ([[2014]]) — ''Kwenda na Kurudi''.
* ''Cacophonie'' (2014) — ''Mkanganyiko wa Sauti'' au ''Kakofonia''.
* ''Le Trio bleu'' ([[2022]]) — ''Watatu wa Samawati''   &lt;ref&gt;https://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/KenBugulEng.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.upress.virginia.edu/title/3735/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20180516140610/http://www.iun.edu/~minaua/interviews/Azodo_Interview_with_Ken_Bugul.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Senegal]]</text>
      <sha1>nscawa99yo3kcy812dmyl2cz18l9ifu</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Emmanuel Dongala</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243028</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583201</id>
      <parentid>1583031</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T12:23:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="2611" sha1="bcvzwhp486xsjk2zkk0o1qu4y2325cq" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Emmanuel Dongala IMG 3239.jpg|thu'''Emmanuel Dongala.]]
'''Emmanuel Boundzéki Dongala''' (alizaliwa [[Brazzaville]], [[1941]]) ni [[mwanakemia]] na [[mwandishi]] wa [[riwaya]] kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]].

Mnamo mwaka [[2014]], alikuwa Profesa wa Richard B. Fisher katika [[Sayansi]] za [[Asili]] katika [[Chuo]] cha Bard katika Simon's Rock.

Kama mwanakemia, utaalamu wake uko katika maeneo yafuatayo:
* Stereokemia  – tawi la kemia linalochunguza mpangilio wa atomi katika molekuli katika nafasi ya pande tatu na jinsi mpangilio huo unavyoathiri sifa za dutu.
* Usanisi usiolingana  – mbinu za kutengeneza misombo ya kikemia yenye mpangilio maalumu wa [[atomi]], hasa katika utengenezaji wa [[dawa]].
* Toksikolojia ya mazingira – [[taaluma]] inayochunguza athari za kemikali na uchafuzi wa [[mazingira]] kwa viumbe hai na mazingira.

Dongala pia ni mwandishi wa riwaya kadhaa zilizoshinda tuzo, zikiwemo:
* ''Johnny Mad Dog'' (Kifaransa: ''Johnny chien méchant'' – ''Johnny Mbwa Mkali'').
* ''Little Boys Come from the Stars'' (''Wavulana Wadogo Wanatoka Nyotani'').

== Elimu na kazi ==
Emmanuel Dongala alisafiri kwenda [[Marekani]] kusomea kemia, ambako alipata [[shahada]] ya kwanza  katika Kemia kutoka Chuo cha Oberlin na shahada ya [[uzamili]] kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Rutgers.

Baadaye alipata shahada ya [[uzamivu]]  katika Kemia kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Montpellier nchini [[Ufaransa]].

Baada ya kumaliza masomo yake, alirejea nchini  Kongo. , ambako alifundisha kemia ya polima  katika Chuo Kikuu cha Marien Ngouabi.

== Kazi za fasihi ==
Kupitia kazi zake za [[fasihi]], Emmanuel Dongala alipanua wasomaji wake kutoka Jamhuri ya Kongo hadi katika makoloni yote ya zamani ya Ufaransa barani [[Afrika]].

Mada zinazojitokeza katika maandishi yake zinahusu:

* ukoloni wa Kifaransa na athari zake;
* matatizo changamano ya kiuchumi, kijamii na kisiasa yaliyotokana na ukoloni;
* changamoto zinazofanana zinazozikumba nchi zinazotumia [[lugha]] ya Kifaransa.

Kupitia riwaya zake, Dongala anachunguza [[historia]], utambulisho wa Waafrika, migogoro ya kijamii, [[siasa]] na mabadiliko yanayoikumba jamii za Afrika baada ya ukoloni.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.jstor.org/stable/26860313&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20230116082459/https://simons-rock.edu/_documents/sr-2014-spring-magazine.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20131009045350/http://www.lesfrancophonies.com/maison-des-auteurs/dongala-emmanuel#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1941]]
[[Jamii:waandishi wa Jamhuri ya Kongo]]</text>
      <sha1>bcvzwhp486xsjk2zkk0o1qu4y2325cq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jacob Egharevba</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243029</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583202</id>
      <parentid>1582444</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T12:25:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1583202</origin>
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      <text bytes="3144" sha1="8ex3k20oej2qdktnllwsuq0uha8khis" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Person|jina=Jacob Uwadiae Egharevba|picha=Jacob Egharevba.jpg|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=1893|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=[[Idanre]]|mahala_alipofia=[[Benin City]]|tarehe ya kufa=1980 (aged 86–87)
Benin City}}
'''Jacob Uwadiae Egharevba''' ([[1893]]–[[1980]]) alikuwa [[mwanahistoria]] wa [[kabila]] la Bini na chifu wa kimila, ambaye [[maandishi]] yake yalijikita zaidi katika [[historia]] ya [[Ufalme wa Benin]]. Alijulikana kwa kuhifadhi na kuandika simulizi za kihistoria kuhusu wafalme (Oba), utamaduni, mila na matukio muhimu ya Ufalme wa Benin.

== Maisha ==

==== Maisha ya awali ====
Jacob Uwadiae Egharevba alizaliwa huko Idanre, [[Jimbo la Ondo]], [[Nigeria]]. Baba yake alikuwa na uhusiano wa kifamilia na Ohenmwen, ambaye alikuwa Iyase ([[waziri]] mkuu wa jadi) wa Ufalme wa Benin, wakati mama yake, Okunzuwa, alikuwa mjukuu wa Ogie Ezomo I.

Baba yake alikuwa mfanyabiashara, lakini alifariki mwaka [[1902]]. Baada ya kifo cha baba yake, Egharevba alitumia sehemu ya utoto wake wa awali akiishi katika makazi ya shangazi yake huko Idanre.

[[Elimu]] yake ilikuwa fupi na isiyo endelevu. Mwaka [[1899]], alisoma kwa mwaka mmoja katika [[Shule]] y'''a''' Mtakatifu [[Yakobo]] ya CMS, kisha akawa nje ya shule kwa kipindi fulani kabla ya kuendelea na masomo yake baadaye.

== Kazi zake ==
Kazi maarufu zaidi ya Jacob Uwadiae Egharevba ni [[kitabu]] chake (''A Short History of Benin)'' (''Historia Fupi ya Benin''). Kitabu hicho kilichapishwa katika matoleo mbalimbali, na baadhi ya matoleo hayo yana tofauti kubwa katika aya fulani ikilinganishwa na mengine.

Vitabu vyake vilivyoandika na kuhifadhi historia simulizi na utamaduni wa [[Benin]] vilihusisha nyanja mbalimbali za maarifa. Hata hivyo, maudhui yake makuu yalilenga masuala, matukio, taasisi, [[mila]] na desturi, pamoja na watu mashuhuri katika historia ya Ufalme wa Benin.

Kupitia maandishi yake, Egharevba alichangia kwa kiasi kikubwa kuhifadhi kumbukumbu za kale za watu wa Bini na historia ya Ufalme wa Benin.

== Baadhi ya maandishi yake yaliyochaguliwa ==

# ''A Short History of Benin'' – ''Historia Fupi ya Benin''
# ''Benin Law and Custom'' – ''Sheria na Mila za Benin''
# ''Concise Lives of the Famous Iyases of Benin'' – ''Maisha Mafupi ya Iyase Maarufu wa Benin''
# ''The Murder of Imaguero and Tragedy of Idah War'' – ''Mauaji ya Imaguero na Janga la Vita vya Idah''
# ''Benin Games and Sports'' – ''Michezo na Shughuli za Kimichezo za Benin''
# ''Some Stories of Ancient Benin'' – ''Baadhi ya Hadithi za Benin ya Kale''
# ''Some Tribal Gods of Southern Nigeria'' – ''Baadhi ya Miungu ya Kikabila ya Kusini mwa Nigeria''
# ''Ozedu-Interpreter'' – ''Ozedu-Mkalimani''
# ''The Origin of Benin'' – ''Asili ya Benin''  &lt;ref&gt;https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-in-africa/article/abs/origins-of-the-benin-kingship-in-the-works-of-jacob-egharevba/EB682F2E6B3B487C45965F467AECB4AA&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-in-africa/article/abs/scholarship-of-jacob-egharevba-of-benin/E266635435737813E7FFC5FD6F1D88A6&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
{{BD|1893|1980}}
[[Jamii:wanahistoria wa Nigeria]]</text>
      <sha1>8ex3k20oej2qdktnllwsuq0uha8khis</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>AK Comics</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243031</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583203</id>
      <parentid>1582448</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T12:25:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Marejeo */</comment>
      <origin>1583203</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2344" sha1="szg3ahg9eqn2eu3s3sty9dnr411t9cs" xml:space="preserve">'''AK Comics''' ni [[kampuni]] ya [[uchapishaji]] wa [[vichekesho]] vya mashujaa  yenye makao yake nchini [[Misri]], na ni kampuni ya kwanza kufanya uzalishaji mkubwa wa aina hiyo ya vichekesho katika [[Mashariki]] ya Kati.

Kampuni hiyo ilianzishwa na Ayman Kandeel. Dærick Gröss Sr. ndiye mhariri mkuu, Waleed Al-Telbany ni mkurugenzi wa [[sanaa]], Mohie El-Dein Sideiq ni mhariri wa [[lugha]] ya [[Kiarabu]], na Sara Kareem ni mhariri wa lugha ya [[Kiingereza]] wa kampuni hiyo.

== Muhtasari ==
Kama ilivyoelezwa katika ukurasa wa kwanza wa ndani wa matoleo mbalimbali ya AK Comics, lengo la kampuni hiyo ni &quot;kuziba pengo la kitamaduni lililojitokeza kwa [[miaka]] mingi kwa kutoa mifano ya kuigwa yenye asili ya Kiarabu; katika hali hii, mashujaa wa Kiarabu, ili wawe chanzo cha fahari kwa vizazi vyetu vya [[vijana]].&quot;

== Mashujaa wakuu ==
Kuna mashujaa wanne wakuu katika AK Comics:

# Zein  Ni [[profesa]] wa [[falsafa]] na mtu wa mwisho kutoka katika [[ukoo]] wa kale wa mafarao. Anaishi katika Jiji la Asili, mji unaofanana na [[Cairo]], na hutumia teknolojia ya kale pamoja na nguvu zake za kipekee kupambana na wahalifu.
# Aya  Ni [[mwanafunzi]] wa [[sheria]] ambaye alianza kupambana na uhalifu baada ya mama yake kushtakiwa kimakosa kwa mauaji ya baba yake. Hana nguvu zozote za ajabu, lakini anapigania haki na usawa wa kijinsia.
# Jalila  Ni [[mwanasayansi]] [[mwanamke]] ambaye akiwa na [[umri]] wa miaka [[16]] alinusurika katika mlipuko wa kituo cha nyuklia cha Dimodona (jina linalorejelea kituo cha [[nyuklia]] cha Dimona kinachohusishwa na mpango wa [[silaha]] za nyuklia wa [[Israel]] ambao haujatangazwa rasmi). Baada ya kuathiriwa na mionzi, alipata nguvu za ajabu. Analinda Jiji la Imani Zote, linalotokana na [[Yerusalemu]], dhidi ya [[jeshi]] linaloitwa (Zios Army na United Liberation Force).
# Rakan  Ni [[shujaa]] wa enzi za kati aliyenusurika uvamizi wa [[Wamongolia]] huko Mesopotamia na kulelewa na paka mwenye [[meno]] makubwa. Nchi yake hushambuliwa mara kwa mara na Wamongolia, [[Waturuki]] na Wanajeshi wa [[Msalaba]].&lt;ref&gt;http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4312547.stm&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A27727-2005Feb15.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.metroactive.com/papers/sonoma/02.02.05/ak-0505.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-uchumi}}
[[Jamii:Kampuni za Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>szg3ahg9eqn2eu3s3sty9dnr411t9cs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Trademark look</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243032</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583204</id>
      <parentid>1582920</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T12:26:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1583204</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1551" sha1="jfej578bwn6vhcir1ipepu1e23ucxg9" xml:space="preserve">'''Mwonekano wa kipekee unaomtambulisha''' au '''mwonekano wa kipekee''' ni mavazi ya jukwaani au alama nyingine bainifu zinazotumiwa na mhusika fulani au mwigizaji/msanii, ambazo humfanya mtu huyo kutambulika zaidi na watazamaji. Wanasiasa pia wanaweza kuwa na alama zao za kipekee, kama vile suti ya Rais wa Marekani [[Barack Obama]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/columns/kate-finnigan/TMG10476093/Signature-looks-12-of-the-best.html |work=The Telegraph |title=Signature looks: 12 of the best |access-date=15 January 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; au ishara ya mikono ya Merkel-Raute ya Kansela wa Ujerumani Angela Merkel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.liveabout.com/barack-obamas-trademark-suit-has-everyone-talking-4139873 |work=about.com |title=Barack Obama's Trademark Suit Has Everyone Talking |access-date=15 January 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pia inaweza kumaanisha mavazi ya jamii ndogo ya kitamaduni (*subculture*) fulani.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Teddy Girls|url=http://history-is-made-at-night.blogspot.com/2008/12/teddy-girls.html|work=History is made at night|accessdate=25 August 2013|date=31 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Baadhi ya alama za kipekee zinaweza kuwa zilianza kama utani wa ndani (*in-joke*), lakini baadaye zikaja kutambuliwa na hadhira pana.

Watu maarufu kama Steve Jobs na Mark Zuckerberg wanajulikana kwa kuwa na mitindo yao rahisi na ya kipekee ya [[mavazi]]. Sababu inayotajwa ni kupunguza muda unaotumika kila siku kufanya uamuzi wa mavazi ya kuvaa.

== Marejeo ==
{{Marejeo}}
{{mbegu-utamaduni}}
[[Jamii:Mavazi]]
[[Jamii:Utamaduni]]</text>
      <sha1>jfej578bwn6vhcir1ipepu1e23ucxg9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Coladeira</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243047</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583205</id>
      <parentid>1582468</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T12:28:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1583205</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2126" sha1="08dyvukyskrwf4srug8799k7hv5lwma" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox music genre|name=Coladeira|asili ya mtindo=''[[Morna (music)|Morna]]''|asili ya utamaduni=[[Cape Verde]]}}
[[Faili:Koladera rhythm.png|thumb|Muundo wa mdundo wa coladeira, mapigo 106–120 kwa dakika (BPM)]]
'''Coladeira''' (matamshi ya Kireno ya eneo: ''[kulɐˈdejɾɐ]''; kwa lugha ya Kabuverdianu: koladera ''[kolɐˈdeɾɐ]'') ni aina ya [[muziki]] kutoka [[Cabo Verde]].

Aina hii ya muziki hutambulika kwa kuwa na:
* [[Mdundo]] wenye kasi inayobadilika.
* Mpangilio wa mapigo mawili kwa kila [[kipimo]] cha muziki.
* Katika mfumo wake wa [[jadi]] zaidi, muundo wa [[sauti]] unaotegemea mzunguko wa noti za tano.
* Muundo wa [[maneno]] ya [[nyimbo]] hupangwa katika beti  ambazo hubadilishana na sehemu ya kurudia.

Kwa kifupi, Coladeira ni muziki wa jadi wa Cape Verde wenye asili ya visiwani, unaojulikana kwa midundo ya kuchezeka, beti na kiitikio, pamoja na matumizi ya mpangilio maalumu wa sauti.

== Aina ya Muziki ==
Kama aina ya muziki, coladeira hutambulika kwa kuwa na [[kasi]] ya mdundo inayobadilika, kuanzia kasi ya juu  hadi kasi ya taratibu, pamoja na kuwa na mpangilio wa mapigo mawili kwa kila kipimo cha muziki.

Katika mfumo wake wa jadi zaidi, coladeira huwa na muundo wa sauti  unaotegemea mzunguko wa tano , huku muundo wa [[maneno]] ya nyimbo ukipangwa katika beti  zinazobadilishana na kiitikio.

Mara nyingi, coladeira huwa ni ya toni moja, maana yake hutungwa kwa kutumia mlio mkuu mmoja wa muziki. [[Nyimbo]] zinazotumia zaidi ya toni moja ni nadra, na mara nyingi huwa ni zile zinazobadilika kutoka toni ndogo  kwenda toni kubwa, au kinyume chake.

== Urithi ==
[[Tuzo]] ya (''Muziki ya Cape Verde kwa Coladeira Bora'') ilianzishwa [[mwaka]] [[2011]]. Tuzo hiyo hutolewa kila mwaka kwa wimbo [[bora]] unaohusiana na aina hii ya muziki.

Tuzo hii imekuwa njia ya kutambua na kuendeleza mchango wa coladeira katika utamaduni na muziki wa Cape Verde.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kap_Verd_Band&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.attambur.com/Recolhas/PDF/FormasMusicaisCaboVerde.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-muziki}}
[[Jamii:Muziki wa Afrika]]
[[Jamii:utamaduni wa Cabo Verde]]</text>
      <sha1>08dyvukyskrwf4srug8799k7hv5lwma</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Marlene Green</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243048</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583206</id>
      <parentid>1582556</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T12:28:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1583206</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2380" sha1="6wzogtrs9177e19ote39txwqno0ksh6" xml:space="preserve">'''Marlene Green''' ([[Novemba 9]], [[1940]] – [[Oktoba 31]], [[2002]]) alikuwa [[mwanaharakati]] wa jamii wa [[Kanada]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=ETFO |title=Black Canadian Calendar |url=https://www.etfo.ca/SupportingMembers/Resources/pages/blackcanadiancal.aspx |website=ETFO: Building a Just Society |publisher=ETFO |access-date=20 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[mwalimu]], na mfanyakazi wa uwanjani wa mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali (NGO). Anajulikana zaidi kama mwanzilishi wa Black Education Project, shirika lililoendeshwa na wanaojitolea lililoanzishwa ili kushughulikia ukosefu wa usawa wa kikabila katika mfumo wa [[elimu]] wa [[Toronto]].&lt;ref name=&quot;now&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Brand |first1=Dionne |title=Marlene Green 1940 – 2002 |url=https://nowtoronto.com/news/marlene-green-1940-2002/ |website=NOW Magazine |publisher=NOW Central Communications Inc. |access-date=20 February 2021 |date=November 7, 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Maisha ya awali==
Alizaliwa nchini [[Dominika]], Green alihamia Kanada mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1960, kipindi ambacho kilishuhudia watu 64,000 kutoka Karibiani wakihamia Kanada baada ya [[sheria]] ya uhamiaji ya Kanada kufanyiwa marekebisho na kuwa huria zaidi.&lt;ref name=&quot;york&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Aladejebi |first1=Funké Omotunde |title=&quot;Girl You Better Apply to Teachers' College&quot;: The History of Black Women Educators in Ontario, 1940s–1980s |url=https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/33442/Aladejebi_Funke_O_2016_PhD.pdf?sequence=2&amp;isAllowed=y |website=Yorkspace |publisher=York University |access-date=20 February 2021 |page=258 |date=November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;feministarchive&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Our Lives |title=Our Lives: Canada's First Black Women's Newspaper |url=https://riseupfeministarchive.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/OURLIVES-02-01-MAR-APR-1987.pdf |website=Rise Up Feminist Archives |publisher=Our Lives |access-date=20 February 2021 |date=1987}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Kimataifa===
Katika miongo miwili iliyofuata, Green alifanya kazi kimataifa, akishiriki katika shughuli zilizopinga ubaguzi wa rangi wa [[Afrika Kusini]] (apartheid) na kujikita katika maendeleo ya jamii. Alichukua nafasi ya uongozi katika Cuso InternationaL, akihudumu kama mratibu wa kikanda wa shirika la kimataifa la maendeleo.

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-mwandishi}}
{{BD|1940|2002}}
[[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Kanada]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>6wzogtrs9177e19ote39txwqno0ksh6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Violet King Henry</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243053</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583207</id>
      <parentid>1582505</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T12:30:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1583207</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1878" sha1="1eg35aipfpof9jqghvmclt0x8io9r05" xml:space="preserve">'''Violet Pauline King Henry''' ([[18 Oktoba]] [[1929]] – [[30 Machi]] [[1982]]) alikuwa [[mwanasheria]] na [[mwanaharakati]] wa [[Kanada]]. King alikuwa [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza Mweusi kuwa mwanasheria nchini Kanada, mtu wa kwanza Mweusi kuhitimu sheria huko Alberta na mtu wa kwanza Mweusi kupokelewa katika Chama cha Mawakili cha Alberta (Alberta Bar). Pia alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kuteuliwa kushika nafasi ya uongozi wa juu katika shirika la YMCA la kitaifa la [[Marekani]].

==Maisha ya awali na elimu==

=== Maisha ya awali ===
Violet Pauline King alizaliwa tarehe 18 Oktoba 1929 huko [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]], akiwa binti wa John Emerson King na Stella King. Kuzaliwa kwake kulitokea wiki chache kabla ya kuanza kwa Mgogoro Mkuu wa [[Uchumi]] (Great Depression), mgogoro mkubwa wa kiuchumi duniani uliounda [[mazingira]] ya kijamii na kiuchumi ya utoto wake huko Calgary.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Violet King |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/violet-king |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alikulia katika eneo la Hillhurst–Sunnyside la jiji hilo pamoja na ndugu zake watatu: Vern, Lucille, na Ted.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Violet King: Calgary trailblazer |url=https://calgaryherald.com/news/local-news/sunnyside-honours-canada-first-black-female-lawyer-violet-king-park |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=[[Calgary Herald]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Familia ===
Baba yake King, John, pamoja na familia yake ya ukoo walihamia Amber Valley, Alberta...&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Alberta Black settlement subject of new doc|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/alberta-black-settlement-subject-of-new-doc-1.3962952|access-date=February 4, 2017|publisher=CBC Calgary|date=February 1, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1929|1982}}
[[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Kanada]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>1eg35aipfpof9jqghvmclt0x8io9r05</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tamar Huggins</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243054</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583208</id>
      <parentid>1582573</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T12:31:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Marejeo */</comment>
      <origin>1583208</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2995" sha1="s656xepzah12t0u2ato5cb5lzhzjlny" xml:space="preserve">[[picha:Tamarhuggins-13-02-2025.jpg|thumb|Tamar Huggins]]'''Tamar Huggins''' ni [[mjasiriamali]] wa [[teknolojia]] wa [[Kanada]], [[mwandishi]], na [[mwalimu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea habari |date=2020-02-11 |title=Rebels and rocket scientists: Ten Canadian women who blazed a trail in STEM |language=en-CA |work=The Toronto Star |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2020/02/11/10-canadian-women-in-stem-fields.html |access-date=2022-06-24 |issn=0319-0781}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Rejea habari |last=Thompson |first=Wanna |date=2021-05-25 |title=Black tech founders to watch in 2021 |language=en-CA |work=The Globe and Mail |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/featured-reports/article-black-tech-founders-to-watch-in-2021/ |access-date=2022-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yeye ni mtetezi wa anuwai, usawa, na ujumuishaji (diversity, equity, and inclusion) katika elimu ya teknolojia, ambapo kazi yake inalenga katika kuendeleza mfumo wa teknolojia wa watu Weusi nchini [[Kanada]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea habari |last=Evans |first=Mark |date=2012-04-23 |title=Digital startup accelerator targets minorities, women |language=en-CA |work=The Globe and Mail |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/small-business/startups/digital-startup-accelerator-targets-minorities-women/article4101371/ |access-date=2022-07-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Huggins alianzisha DRIVEN Accelerator Group, kituo cha kuharakisha maendeleo ya kampuni za teknolojia (**tech accelerator**) kwa waanzilishi wa biashara ambao hawajawakilishwa vya kutosha nchini Kanada. Pia alianzisha Tech Spark, [[shule]] ya teknolojia ya Kanada kwa [[vijana]] Weusi, wasichana, na vijana wengine wenye asili ya rangi mbalimbali. Aidha, aliunda Spark Plug AI.

== Elimu ==
Huggins alihitimu mwaka 2007 kutoka Chuo cha Centennial (Centennial College), ambako alisomea utangazaji wa ubunifu (creative advertising) akiwa amebobea katika upangaji wa vyombo vya [[habari]] (media planning).

== Kazi ==

Huggins alianza kujihusisha na ujasiriamali mwaka 2009 baada ya kupoteza kazi yake ya utangazaji wakati wa mgogoro wa [[uchumi]].  

Mwaka 2012, alianzisha kituo cha kwanza cha kuharakisha maendeleo ya kampuni za [[teknolojia]] (tech accelerator) kwa viongozi wa BIPOC nchini Kanada, kilichoitwa DRIVEN. Kituo hicho kilikusanya dola milioni 1.1 kwa ajili ya kampuni changa za teknolojia zinazoongozwa na watu Weusi, watu wa kahawia, na [[wanawake]] nchini Kanada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=TVO {{!}} Current affairs, documentaries and education |url=https://www.tvo.org/article/hidden-no-longer-women-and-visible-minorities-in-science-and-math |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=www.tvo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;Mwaka 2015, Huggins alianzisha shule ya teknolojia nchini Kanada iliyolenga wanafunzi wa [[BIPOC]], iitwayo Tech Spark.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |date=2022-02-27 |title=Tamar Huggins |url=https://blackontrack.ca/2022/02/tamar-huggins/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Black on Track |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>s656xepzah12t0u2ato5cb5lzhzjlny</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dana Inkster</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243055</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583209</id>
      <parentid>1582522</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T12:31:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1583209</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1340" sha1="bjd3d4bj61ii6s7jvlkjl5nhpc1lu9y" xml:space="preserve">'''Dana Inkster''' ni [[msanii]] wa vyombo vya [[habari]] na mtengenezaji [[filamu]] wa [[Kanada]].

== Wasifu ==
Inkster alikulia huko [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]]. Wakati wa masomo yake ya shahada ya kwanza katika Chuo Kikuu cha Queen’s, alijikita katika masomo ya [[siasa]]. Pia ana Diploma ya Uzamili katika Masomo ya Mawasiliano kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Concordia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Maclean's&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The activists: Into the fire. no grumbling from the sidelines with this group, they are doers who jump in with both feet. look among their ranks for the leaders of tomorrow series: 100 to watch|publisher=Maclean's|id={{ProQuest|218540358}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa sasa anaishi na kufanya kazi huko [[Lethbridge]], [[Alberta]], ambako anaishi pamoja na mwenzi wake na [[mtoto]] wao wa kiume.

== Kazi ya kisanii ==
Kazi za Inkster mara nyingi hufanya majaribio na usimulizi wa hadithi huku zikichunguza ugumu wa utambulisho, ambao kwa sehemu unatokana na uzoefu wake kama [[mwanamke]] Mweusi, na [[mwanaharakati]] wa kifeministi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABC Art Books Canada Distribution&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Anthem / Hymne: Perspectives on Home and Native Land|date=2008 |publisher=ABC Art Books Canada Distribution|isbn=978-0770905194}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD||}}
[[Jamii:Watengenezaji filamu wa Kanada]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>bjd3d4bj61ii6s7jvlkjl5nhpc1lu9y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Felukah</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243056</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583210</id>
      <parentid>1582525</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T12:32:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1583210</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6471" sha1="pxbtefaeivstv2ezl74znkk59ocra4g" xml:space="preserve">'''Felukah'''  ni rapa, mwimbaji na mshairi kutoka Misri anayeishi [[Jiji la New York|New York]] . 

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Felukah alizaliwa mjini Kairo, Misri. Jina lake la kisanii linatokana na mashua za jadi za Misri zinazoitwa ''feluka'', ambazo hutumiwa katika Mto[[Nile]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;GrammyFelukah&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Felukah|url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/felukah/|work=GRAMMY.com|publisher=The Recording Academy|accessdate=23 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka 2017 alihamia Jiji la New York, ambako alisomea uandishi wa ubunifu katika The New School na Hunter College. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Alotaishan|first=Shahinaz|date=2022-03-10|title=Felukah|url=https://metalmagazine.eu/en/post/felukah|accessdate=2024-12-26|work=Metal Magazine|language=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mbali na muziki, amechapisha mashairi chini ya jina bandia la Kahirati.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unlabelled2021&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Felukah - &quot;What She Does&quot; An Ode to Women Everywhere|url=https://www.unlabelledmagazine.com/post/felukah-what-she-does-an-ode-to-women-everywhere|work=Unlabelled Magazine|date=18 March 2021|accessdate=23 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ==
Felukah alianza kujitegemea kutoa muziki wake mtandaoni na kutumbuiza mjini Kairo kabla ya kuhamia Marekani. Mojawapo ya kazi zake za awali ilikuwa ''Battery Acid'' (2018). &lt;ref name=&quot;EgyptianStreets2019&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hip Hop Heat Hits Cairo: Meet Felukah|url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2019/08/18/hip-hop-heat-hits-cairo-meet-felukah/|work=Egyptian Streets|date=18 August 2019|accessdate=23 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mtindo wake wa muziki unaathiriwa na hip-hop ya Mashariki ya Kati pamoja na Afrofuturism, na amemtaja Erykah Badu kuwa mmoja wa wasanii waliompa msukumo mkubwa wa kisanii. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Wagner|first=Amuna|date=2023-03-24|title=Sonic Futures: Felukah on Arabfuturism|url=https://pan-african-music.com/en/felukah-arabfuturism/|accessdate=2024-12-26|work=PAM - Pan African Music|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwaka 2018 alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza, ''Battery Acid'', ikifuatiwa na ''Citadel'' mwaka 2019. Mwaka 2021 alitoa ''Dream 23'' kupitia Abu Recordings. &lt;ref name=&quot;AbuDream23&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Felukah – Dream 23|url=https://www.aburecordings.com/2020/08/13/felukah-dream-23/|work=Abu Recordings|date=13 August 2020|accessdate=23 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pia mwaka 2021 alishirikiana na rapa wa Palestina The Synaptik katika mradi uliotolewa kwa ajili ya Tamasha la Shubbak, ambao ulijumuisha pia onyesho la moja kwa moja katika Jazz Cafe mjini London. &lt;ref name=&quot;ShubbakCommission&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Synaptik + Felukah Shubbak Festival Commission|url=https://www.shubbak.co.uk/the-synaptik-and-felukah-shubbak-festival-commission/|work=Shubbak Festival|accessdate=23 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;MARSMJazzCafe&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Synaptik and Felukah: LONDON CONCERT|url=https://marsm.co.uk/event/the-synaptik-and-felukah-live-in-london-shubbak-festival/|work=MARSM|accessdate=23 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Felukah ameshirikiana na wasanii wengi kutoka eneo la SWANA, wakiwemo Ma-Beyn, Nayomi, Dounia na Nadine El Roubi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Toerkell|first=Ilo|date=2024-10-18|title=Felukah on Dance Music and Radical Joy {{!}} Interview|url=https://nbhap.com/stories/felukah-before-the-sun|accessdate=2024-12-26|work=Nothing But Hope And Passion|language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka 2022 alishirikiana na Danna Paola na Tamtam katika kurekodi toleo la kuimba upya (''cover'') la wimbo &quot;A Kind of Magic&quot; kwa ajili ya [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 2022|Kombe la Dunia la FIFA la 2022.]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Hernandez|first=Jeanette|date=November 3, 2022|title=Danna Paola, Tamtam &amp; Felukah Talk About their World Cup Song Collaboration|url=https://remezcla.com/features/music/danna-paola-tamtam-felukah-talk-world-cup-song-collaboration-interview/|accessdate=2025-01-13|work=Remezcla|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;BillboardWorldCup2022&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Ultimate 2022 World Cup Playlist: Jennifer Lopez, Shakira, Pitbull &amp; More|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/world-cup-2022-playlist-jennifer-lopez-shakira-pitbull-ozuna-1235169268/|work=Billboard|date=14 November 2022|accessdate=23 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;UMGMENA2022&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coca-Cola Reimagines Queen's “A Kind of Magic” to Celebrate FIFA World Cup 2022|url=https://www.universalmusicmena.com/en/news/coca-cola-reimagines-queens-a-kind-of-magic-to-celebrate-fifa-world-cup-2022/|work=Universal Music Group MENA|date=21 October 2022|accessdate=23 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baadaye alitoa ''Love Serum'' mwaka 2023, na ''Qabl Al Shams (Before the Sun)'' mwaka 2024. Kazi hizi zilirekodiwa kwa lugha ya Kiingereza na Kiarabu. Mwaka 2024 alitumbuiza katika tukio la kimataifa la Right Here, Right Now, lililohusiana na mabadiliko ya tabianchi na kuandaliwa kwa ushirikiano na Recording Academy. &lt;ref name=&quot;RApress2024&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Recording Academy®, United Nations Human Rights and University of Oxford Celebrate Right Here, Right Now Global Climate Alliance Partnership in New York City|url=https://www.recordingacademy.com/press-releases/recording-academy-un-human-rights-university-of-oxford-global-climate-alliance|work=RecordingAcademy.com|publisher=The Recording Academy|accessdate=23 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;GrammyClimate2024&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Recording Academy, UN Human Rights &amp; University Of Oxford Join Forces For Climate Justice In NYC|url=https://grammy.com/news/recording-academy-right-here-right-now-climate-justice-event-nyc-september-2024|work=GRAMMY.com|publisher=The Recording Academy|date=26 September 2024|accessdate=23 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baadaye mwaka huo, Felukah alianzisha ziara yake ya kwanza akiwa msanii mkuu, iliyopewa jina la Qabl Al Shams. &lt;ref name=&quot;MilleTour2024&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Felukah Uses Her First World Tour to Give Back|url=https://www.milleworld.com/felukah-tour/|work=MILLE|date=17 October 2024|accessdate=23 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;SceneNowTour2025&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Backstage: Felukah|url=https://scenenow.com/Noise/Backstage-Felukah|work=SceneNow|date=6 January 2025|accessdate=23 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;MinaBTour&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Felukah – World Tour|url=https://www.minab.fr/projects/felukah-world-tour|work=Mise En Abyme (MINAB)|accessdate=23 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:waimbaji wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Articles with hCards]]</text>
      <sha1>pxbtefaeivstv2ezl74znkk59ocra4g</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Yeelen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243057</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583211</id>
      <parentid>1582526</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T12:33:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1583211</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2599" sha1="h4fmh8eb5lc16484dnkqpoyy7o3nofg" xml:space="preserve">'''''Yeelen''''' (kwa lugha ya [[Kibambara]] maana yake ni &quot;mwangaza&quot; au &quot;nuru&quot;) ni [[filamu]] ya [[Mali]] ya [[mwaka]] [[1987]], iliyoandikwa, kuongozwa na kutayarishwa na Souleymane Cissé.

Filamu hii ilirekodiwa kwa [[lugha]] za Kibambara na Kifula, na inategemea simulizi la [[jadi]] la watu wa Bambara.

Ingawa kipindi halisi cha matukio hakijaelezwa wazi, inaaminika kuwa filamu hiyo imewekwa katika [[karne]] ya [[13]], wakati wa Milki ya Mali. Ni simulizi la [[safari]] ya kishujaa linalohusisha uchawi na uwezo wa kuona au kutabiri matukio yajayo.

Souleymane Cissé alisema katika mahojiano na Cahiers du Cinéma kwamba filamu ''Yeelen'' &quot;kwa sehemu ilitengenezwa kama upinzani dhidi ya filamu za kiethnografia za [[Ulaya]].&quot; Pia alieleza kuwa &quot;alitaka kutoa jibu kwa mtazamo wa watu wa nje—mtazamo wa wataalamu wa kiufundi na wasomi [[weupe]]—ambao ulikuwa mtazamo wa kigeni kwa [[jamii]] yake.&quot;

Kwa maneno mengine, Cissé alikusudia kuwasilisha [[historia]], utamaduni na [[imani]] za [[Waafrika]] kutoka mtazamo wa Waafrika wenyewe, badala ya kutegemea [[tafsiri]] au mitazamo ya watafiti na watengenezaji filamu kutoka nje ya Afrika.

== Muhtasari wa hadithi ==
Baba yake Nianankoro, anayeitwa Soma, ni mwanachama wa Komo, kundi la kitamaduni linalojihusisha na [[uchawi]]. Hata hivyo, Soma hutumia [[nguvu]] zake za kichawi kwa manufaa yake binafsi.

Baada ya kupata maono yanayoonyesha kuwa mwanawe atasababisha [[kifo]] chake, Soma anaamua kumuua Nianankoro ili kuzuia unabii huo kutimia.

Kwa msaada wa mama yake, Nianankoro anaiba baadhi ya hirizi takatifu  za baba yake na kukimbia kijijini kwao ili kumtafuta mjomba wake, akitumaini kupata msaada.

Soma anamfuatilia mwanawe akitumia nguzo ya kichawi iliyorogwa, ambayo ina uwezo wa kutambua mahali alipo Nianankoro na kuvunja vizuizi vyote vinavyojaribu kuizuia katika [[safari]] yake ya kumfikia.

== Waigizaji ==
* Issiaka Kane – Nianankoro
* Aoua Sangare – Attou
* Niamanto Sanogo – Soma / Djigui
* Balla Moussa Keita – Rouma Boll, mfalme wa Wafula
* Soumba Traore – Mah
* Ismaila Sarr – Bofing
* Youssouf Tenin Cissé – Mvulana mdogo wa Attou
* Koke Sangare – Kiongozi wa Komo   &lt;ref&gt;https://www.albany.edu/writers-inst/webpages4/filmnotes/fns05n4.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20131012040614/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/69714/Yeelen/#articles-reviews?articleId=719955&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://jonathanrosenbaum.net/2021/09/brightness-yeleen/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/yeelen&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-filamu}}
[[Jamii:Filamu za Mali]]
[[Jamii:Filamu za 1987]]</text>
      <sha1>h4fmh8eb5lc16484dnkqpoyy7o3nofg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carol Wall</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243059</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583218</id>
      <parentid>1582529</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T13:48:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1583218</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1511" sha1="roc41ttp3s7nf6iy3dr85ifeco9b6za" xml:space="preserve">'''Carol Wall''' (takriban [[1953]] – [[22 Aprili]] [[2023]]) alikuwa [[mwanaharakati]] wa [[Kanada]] katika harakati za wafanyakazi na haki za kijamii.

== Kazi ya kisiasa ==
Wall alijihusisha na [[siasa]] za wafanyakazi wakati wa miaka kumi na saba aliyofanya kazi katika [[gazeti]] la ''Toronto Star'', ambako alishika nyadhifa mbalimbali.&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsWire&quot;&gt;(May 6, 2005). &quot;Carol Wall challenges Georgetti for CLC president&quot;, [[Canada NewsWire]].&lt;/ref&gt; Huko alianza kujihusisha kama mwanaharakati katika Southern Ontario Newspaper Guild (SONG).

Alianza kama mwakilishi wa wafanyakazi (shop steward), kisha akawa mwakilishi wa chama hicho katika mashirika mbalimbali ya wafanyakazi. Mwaka 1995, akawa mwakilishi wa Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada.&lt;ref&gt;(May 9, 2005). &quot;'It's like we don't have a role anymore,' says CLC challenger: Challenge to Canadian Labour Congress president sparks debate on labour's role&quot;, [[Canadian Press]]. Reprinted in ''Sudbury Star'', p. A7.&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka 1998, alikuwa mwenyekiti mwenza wa Mkutano wa Utafiti wa Jumuiya ya Madola (Commonwealth Study Conference). Pia aliandika kwa ushirikiano kitabu ''Education for Changing Unions'' (Elimu kwa ajili ya Kubadilisha Vyama vya Wafanyakazi).

Mwaka 2000, Wall aliajiriwa kuwa mkurugenzi wa kwanza wa [[haki za binadamu]] katika Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada.

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1953|2023}}
[[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Kanada]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>roc41ttp3s7nf6iy3dr85ifeco9b6za</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jessica Ware</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243060</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583219</id>
      <parentid>1582543</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T13:50:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1583219</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2773" sha1="8ux8nvwuzrwklpfw71fwx2yg4th64ih" xml:space="preserve">'''Jessica Lee Ware''' ni [[mwanabiolojia]] wa [[Mageuko ya spishi|mageuko]] (evolutionary biologist) na mtaalamu wa wadudu (entomologist) wa [[Kanada]] - [[Marekani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea habari|url=https://theintercept.com/2017/04/22/why-they-march-science-and-scientists-are-now-under-attack/|title=Why They March: &quot;Science and Scientists Are Now Under Attack&quot;|last=Lerner|first=Sharon|date=April 22, 2017|work=The Intercept|access-date=June 6, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Black Entomologists&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Riddick|first1=EW|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N0VRawEACAAJ&amp;q=memoirs+of+black+entomologists|title=Memoirs of Black Entomologists: Reflections on Childhood, University, and Career Experiences|last2=Samuel-Foo|first2=M|last3=Bryan|first3=WW|last4=Simmons|first4=AM|date=2015|publisher=Entomological Society of America|isbn=9780977620999|pages=120–121|author-link2=Michelle Samuel-Foo}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yeye ni msimamizi (curator) na mwenyekiti wa Idara ya Zoolojia ya [[Wanyama]] Wasio na Mgongo (Division of Invertebrate Zoology) katika Makumbusho ya Historia ya Asili ya Marekani (American Museum of Natural History) huko [[New York City]].

Aidha, yeye ni mtafiti mkuu (principal investigator) katika Taasisi ya Jenomiki Linganishi (Institute for Comparative Genomics) na ni profesa katika [[Shule]] ya Wahitimu ya Richard Gilder (Richard Gilder Graduate School).Ware amewahi kuwa rais wa Jumuiya ya Entomolojia ya Marekani (Entomological Society of America) na pia rais wa Jumuiya ya Kimataifa ya Kereng’ende (Worldwide Dragonfly Association). Kwa sasa ni rais wa Society of Systematic Biologists.&lt;ref name=&quot;AMNH&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Jessica Ware|url=http://www.amnh.org/our-research/staff-directory/jessica-ware/|website=AMNH|publisher=American Museum of Natural History|access-date=4 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anafanya utafiti kuhusu mageuzi ya fiziolojia na tabia za wadudu, hasa kereng’ende (dragonflies) na Dictyoptera (mende, mchwa wa mbao/termites, na mantis), pamoja na biogeografia yao (usambazaji wao wa kijiografia).   

==Maisha ya awali na elimu==
Jessica Lee Ware alizaliwa mwaka 1977 huko [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]] na ana kaka yake pacha, msanii na [[mwanaharakati]] [[Syrus Marcus Ware]].  

Ware amesema kuwa alianza kupendezwa na biolojia kwa sababu babu na bibi yake, Gwen na Harold Irons, waliokuwa [[kaskazini]] mwa Kanada, walimhimiza kukusanya nyoka, wadudu, na vyura.&lt;ref name=&quot;Untamed Science&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Jessica Ware – Untamed Science|url=http://www.untamedscience.com/jessica-ware/|access-date=4 June 2017|website=Untamed Science}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-mwanasayansi}}
{{BD|1977|}}
[[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Kanada]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]]
[[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>8ux8nvwuzrwklpfw71fwx2yg4th64ih</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Juanita Westmoreland-Traoré</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243061</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583221</id>
      <parentid>1582545</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T13:51:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1583221</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1685" sha1="1ghymxifcbyrqwz9q5g2gq908z2024k" xml:space="preserve">'''Juanita Westmoreland-Traore''' (alizaliwa [[Verdun]], ambayo sasa ni sehemu ya [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], [[10 Machi]], [[1942]]), ni [[jaji]] wa kwanza Mweusi katika historia ya [[Quebec]]. Pia ndiye Mweusi wa kwanza kuwa mkuu wa kitivo cha [[sheria]] (katika Kitivo cha Sheria cha Chuo Kikuu cha Windsor) katika historia ya [[Kanada]].

== Maisha ya awali na elimu == 
Westmoreland-Traoré ni binti wa wahamiaji kutoka [[Guyana]]. Alisoma katika Marianopolis College, kisha akapata shahada ya sheria kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Montréal (Université de Montréal) mwaka 1966 na shahada ya uzamivu (udaktari) kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Paris.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|title=Who's who in Black Canada : Black success and Black excellence in Canada : a contemporary directory, 2002|author=Williams, Dawn P.|date=2002|publisher=D.P. Williams &amp; Associates|isbn=0973138408|location=Toronto, ON|pages=367–8|oclc=52478669}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi
Alikubaliwa kuwa mwanachama wa Chama cha Mawakili cha Quebec (Quebec Bar) mwaka 1969, na mwaka 1970 alianza kufanya kazi ya uwakili katika kampuni ya sheria ya Mergler, Melançon.

Pia amekuwa mwanachama wa Chama cha Mawakili cha Ontario (Ontario Bar) tangu mwaka 1997. Katika miaka ya 1970, Westmoreland-Traoré alifundisha katika Chuo Kikuu cha Montréal (Université de Montréal) kuanzia mwaka 1972 hadi 1976.&lt;ref name=on&gt;{{Rejea tovuti
 |url= http://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=164
 |title=Juanita Westmoreland-Traoré
 |work= Secrétariat de l'Ordre national du Québec 
 |accessdate=16 February 2012
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1942|}}
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]]
[[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>1ghymxifcbyrqwz9q5g2gq908z2024k</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Aileen Williams</title>
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        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="2383" sha1="kbchjinmv65rra90ojmrtornea1gmbo" xml:space="preserve">'''Aileen Theodora Williams''' ([[1924]] – [[2015]]) alikuwa [[mwanaharakati]] Mweusi wa Kanada na mmoja wa waanzilishi wa Canadian Women's Negro Association (CANEWA).

==Maisha ya awali==
Binti wa Frances Louise Gollinger na William Bertram Gollinger, Williams alizaliwa kwa jina la Aileen Gollinger huko [[Toronto]] na alipata elimu katika Duke of York Public School na Northern Secondary School.&lt;ref name=&quot;obit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Aileen Williams's Obituary on Toronto Star|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/thestar/obituary.aspx?pid=175800885|website=Toronto Star|accessdate=1 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alikuwa mshiriki wa First Baptist Church huko Toronto, na wakati wa [[ujana]] wake alihudhuria mara kwa mara shughuli zilizofanyika katika ukumbi wa Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA).

==Kazi==
Mwaka 1940, Williams alijiunga na The Dilettantes (baadaye ikajulikana kama Canadian Negro Women's Association), klabu ya kijamii ya wanawake Weusi mjini [[Toronto]].&lt;ref name=&quot;W-Z&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Wharton-Zaretsky|first1=Marcia|title=Foremothers of Black Women's Community Organizing in Toronto|journal=Atlantis|date=Spring–Summer 2000|volume=24|issue=2|pages=61–71|url=http://journals.msvu.ca/index.php/atlantis/article/view/1590}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pamoja na Kay Livingstone na Phyllis Simmons Brooks, Williams alichukua nafasi muhimu katika kuibadilisha klabu hiyo na kuunda Canadian Women's Negro Club (baadaye Canadian Women's Negro Association – CANEWA), ambayo ilijikita katika kushughulikia matatizo ya kijamii na kuanzisha udhamini wa masomo (scholarships) na ruzuku za masomo (bursaries) kwa ajili ya kusaidia [[vijana]] Weusi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Congress&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Congress of Black Women of Canada (CBWC) / Congrès des femmes noires du Canada |url=https://riseupfeministarchive.ca/activism/organizations/congress-of-black-women-of-canada-cbwc/?highlight=aileen%20williams |website=Rise Up: A digital archive of feminist activism |accessdate=3 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pia alifanya kazi kwa karibu na Penny Hodge.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Magram|first1=Khalid|title=Ontario seniors honoured|url=http://torontoobserver.ca/2008/02/27/ontario-seniors-honoured/|website=The Toronto Observer|accessdate=1 February 2018|date=27 February 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1924|2015}}
[[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Kanada]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>kbchjinmv65rra90ojmrtornea1gmbo</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Mary Matilda Winslow</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243063</id>
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      <id>1583340</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-03T00:10:35Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="1482" sha1="jvwgyi4rq008iqflsw30ducgyqy6xpr" xml:space="preserve">'''Mary Matilda (Tilly) Winslow''' Alikuwa [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza mweusi wa [[Kanada]] kuhudhuria, kuanzia mwaka 1901, na kuhitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha New Brunswick. Alihitimu mwaka 1905 akiwa na shahada ya Sanaa (BA) katika Masomo ya [[Lugha]] na [[Utamaduni]] wa Kale (Classics) na alikuwa wa kwanza darasani kwa ufaulu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WIH&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Women In History |url=https://www.nbblackhistorysociety.org/women-in-history.html |website=New Brunswick Black History Society |accessdate=29 December 2019 |language=en |archive-date=2020-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810105453/https://www.nbblackhistorysociety.org/women-in-history.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alizaliwa huko [[Woodstock]], [[New Brunswick]], mwaka 1882. Baada ya kushindwa kupata ajira katika jimbo lake la nyumbani, alihamia [[Nova Scotia]], kisha akahamia [[Marekani]] (Birmingham, Alabama), ambako alikutana na mume wake mtarajiwa, Francis P. McAlpine, aliyekuwa mhariri na mchapishaji wa [[gazeti]] la The Birmingham Free Speech. Walifunga ndoa nchini Kanada.

Baadaye alikuja kuwa Mkuu wa Idara ya Mafunzo ya Ualimu (Dean of the Normal Department) katika Central College, chuo cha [[wanawake]] pekee kilichokuwa [[Alabama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Holmlund |first1=Mona |title=Inspiring women : a celebration of Herstory |date=2003 |publisher=Coteau Books |isbn=978-1550502046 |page=132 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD||}}
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>jvwgyi4rq008iqflsw30ducgyqy6xpr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Irene Kitchings</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243067</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583223</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="3811" sha1="qyeec25wsocf51kmnoqcr7r6hlgzlau" xml:space="preserve">'''Irene Armstrong Wilson Kitchings''' ([[1908]] hivi - [[4 Machi]] [[1975]]) alikuwa mpiga piano wa [[muziki]] wa [[jazz]], kiongozi wa [[bendi]], na [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] mwenye na asili ya Afrika kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alitumbuiza kama msanii wa kujitegemea na pia akiwa na bendi mbalimbali. Kitchings alishiriki katika kuandika nyimbo &quot;Some Other Spring&quot;, &quot;Ghost of Yesterday&quot;, na &quot;I'm Pulling Through&quot;, ambazo zote zilirekodiwa na [[Billie Holiday]].

== Maisha na kazi ==
Irene Kitchings alizaliwa Violet Irene Armstrong huko Marietta, [[Ohio]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=A Tale of Two Irenes {{!}} WNYC {{!}} New York Public Radio, Podcasts, Live Streaming Radio, News|url=https://www.wnyc.org/story/tale-two-irenes/|access-date=2021-03-26|website=WNYC|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|last=Placksin|first=Sally|title=American Women in Jazz: 1900 To The Present : Their Words, Lives, and Music|publisher=Seaview Books|year=1982|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka wake wa kuzaliwa ni [[1903]] au 1908. Akiwa mtoto, aliishi Muncie, [[Indiana]], pamoja na [[wazazi]] wake na [[dada]] yake, Grace. Alihamia [[Detroit, Michigan|Detroit]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 13 kuishi na [[shangazi]]. Mama yake alimfundisha kucheza piano akiwa mtoto.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Akiwa na umri wa miaka 18, Kitchings alikuwa akiishi [[Chicago]] na akitumbuiza katika vilabu vya jazz kama mpiga piano wa jazz wakujitegemea na mwanachama wa bendi mbalimbali. Wakati mwingine alitumia [[jina la kisanii]] Irene Armstrong Edie. Bendi moja iliyoongozwa na Kitchings ilijumuisha wanamuziki kama [[Budd Johnson]], [[Walter Fuller (musician)|Walter Fuller]], na [[Dolly Jones (trumpeter)|Dolly Jones]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Kitchings alifunga ndoa na mpiga piano wa jazz anayeitwa Teddy Wilson karibu mwaka [[1931]]. Wanandoa hao walihamia [[New York]] mnamo mwaka [[1934]], ambapo Wilson alijiunga na Benny Goodman Trio.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Kitchings aliacha kutumbuiza baada ya kuhamia New York.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|last=Green|first=Laura Gayle|title=Research Guides: Lesser-Known Composer of the Month: Brief Sketches: Irene Kitchings|url=https://guides.lib.fsu.edu/c.php?g=353115&amp;p=2383515|access-date=2021-03-26|website=guides.lib.fsu.edu|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kitchings alikutana na kuwa [[rafiki]] wa Billie Holiday baada ya [[wanawake]] hao wawili kutambulishwa na Wilson. Baada ya Kitchings kuachana na Wilson, Holiday alimtambulisha kwa mtunzi wa nyimbo na [[mtunzi]], Arthur Herzog, Jr. Kwa pamoja, Herzog na Kitchings waliandika &quot;Some Other Spring&quot;, wimbo ambao ulirekodiwa kwa mara ya kwanza na Holiday. Nyimbo zao mbili zingine ni &quot;Ghost of Yesterday,&quot; na &quot;I'm Pulling Through&quot;, ambazo pia zilirekodiwa na Holiday.

Kitchings, ambaye alikuwa akisumbuliwa na [[ugonjwa]] wa Eales, aliugua na kuhamia [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]] kuishi na shangazi yake. Alipokuwa Cleveland, alikutana na kufunga [[ndoa]] na Elden Kitchings, akajifunza kupiga [[kinanda]], na akawa mshiriki hai kanisani kwake.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Kifo na urithi ==
Kitchings alifariki mwaka [[1975]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

[[Waandishi]] na [[wanahistoria]] mara nyingi humchanganya Kitchings na [[Irene Higginbotham|Irene Higgenbotham]], ambaye ni mtunzi wa nyimbo na mpiga kinanda wa Kiafrika-Amerika, na ambaye pia aliandika nyimbo zilizowahi kuimbwa na Billie Holiday.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Mwimbaji wa muziki wa Jazz [[Carmen McRae]] alimtambua Kitchings kama mlezi na mshauri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Carmen McRae: 'Painter of Song'|url=https://www.npr.org/2007/12/05/16892615/carmen-mcrae-painter-of-song|accessdate=2021-03-26|work=NPR.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Jamii:Wamarekani Weusi]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1900]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1975]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>qyeec25wsocf51kmnoqcr7r6hlgzlau</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Robert Kuhn</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="1613" sha1="23q1pkvbw7zmxli2qr0f9464ubc5h4a" xml:space="preserve">'''Robert Kuhn''' (alizaliwa 1983) ni Mjerumani mtaalamu wa mambo ya Misri. Anafanya kazi katika Kisiwa cha Makumbusho cha Berlin, ambapo picha ya Nefertiti pia inaonyeshwa. Anaongoza uchimbaji nchini Misri kwa niaba ya Jumba la Makumbusho la Misri. 
&lt;ref&gt; https://www.smb.museum/ueber-uns/mitarbeit/detail/robert-kuhn/&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt; https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/ein-berliner-archaologe-will-handel-mit-kulturraub-verhindern-mit-einem-brettspiel-4294384.html&lt;/ref&gt;
Katika mwaka 2026 alichaguliwa kuwa rais wa [[Jumuiya ya Berlin ya Anthropolojia, Ethnolojia na Historia ya Awali]], ambayo inajulikana duniani kwa mkusanyo wake wa mafuvu ya binadamu yaliyoibwa.&lt;ref&gt; 
http://www.bgaeu.de/kontakt.html&lt;/ref&gt;
Kwa miaka mingi, amechapisha kazi kwa pamoja na mlezi wa makusanyo wa jamii hiyo, Barbara Tessmann, ambaye anajulikana kwa utafiti na nadharia zake za ubaguzi wa rangi.&lt;ref&gt; R. Kuhn/B. Tessmann, II.5. „Little is known about the history of the necropolis at Abusir during Dynasties 7 to 17“, in: M. Barta (Hg.), Kings of the Sun. Studies, Praha 2021, 125-136.&lt;/ref&gt; 
&lt;ref&gt;R. Kuhn/B. Teßmann: Auf der Suche nach den verlorenen Skeletten des Mittleren Reiches. Die Grabungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft im Friedhof von Abusir (Ägypten). Mitteilungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte 43 (2022), 27-46.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt; https://www.tagesschau.de/investigativ/ndr-wdr/schaedel-kolonialzeit-101.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; https://www.pressreader.com/canada/toronto-star/20201218/281479279012511&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}
{{BD|1983|}}
[[Jamii:wataalamu wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>23q1pkvbw7zmxli2qr0f9464ubc5h4a</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1583275</id>
      <parentid>1583224</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T16:29:26Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="1617" sha1="rfacag9iy29ef29kjk3091uhiqqs6ly" xml:space="preserve">'''Robert Kuhn''' (alizaliwa 1983) ni Mjerumani mtaalamu wa mambo ya Misri. Anafanya kazi katika Kisiwa cha Makumbusho cha Berlin, ambapo picha ya Nefertiti pia inaonyeshwa. Anaongoza uchimbaji nchini Misri kwa niaba ya Jumba la Makumbusho la Misri. 
&lt;ref&gt; https://www.smb.museum/ueber-uns/mitarbeit/detail/robert-kuhn/&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt; https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/ein-berliner-archaologe-will-handel-mit-kulturraub-verhindern-mit-einem-brettspiel-4294384.html&lt;/ref&gt;
Katika mwaka 2026 alichaguliwa kuwa rais wa [[Jumuiya ya Berlin ya Anthropolojia, Ethnolojia na Historia ya Awali]], ambayo inajulikana duniani kwa mkusanyo wake wa mafuvu ya binadamu yaliyoibwa.&lt;ref&gt; 
http://www.bgaeu.de/kontakt.html&lt;/ref&gt;
Kwa miaka mingi, amechapisha kazi kwa pamoja na mlezi wa makusanyo wa jamii hiyo, [[Barbara Teßmann]], ambaye anajulikana kwa utafiti na nadharia zake za ubaguzi wa rangi.&lt;ref&gt; R. Kuhn/B. Tessmann, II.5. „Little is known about the history of the necropolis at Abusir during Dynasties 7 to 17“, in: M. Barta (Hg.), Kings of the Sun. Studies, Praha 2021, 125-136.&lt;/ref&gt; 
&lt;ref&gt;R. Kuhn/B. Teßmann: Auf der Suche nach den verlorenen Skeletten des Mittleren Reiches. Die Grabungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft im Friedhof von Abusir (Ägypten). Mitteilungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte 43 (2022), 27-46.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt; https://www.tagesschau.de/investigativ/ndr-wdr/schaedel-kolonialzeit-101.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; https://www.pressreader.com/canada/toronto-star/20201218/281479279012511&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}
{{BD|1983|}}
[[Jamii:wataalamu wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>rfacag9iy29ef29kjk3091uhiqqs6ly</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Mbalax</title>
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        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
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      <text bytes="1831" sha1="pa2pwr1396wek8k03ycx2tffojc2l4r" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Tamadrum YoussouNdour.jpg|thumb|Mpiga ngoma ya mazungumzo akiwa pamoja na Youssou N'Dour]]
'''Mbalax''' (au '''mbalakh''') ni aina ya [[muziki]] wa [[dansi]] wa mijini unaopatikana nchini [[Senegal]], [[Mauritania]], na [[Gambia]].

Mtindo huu wa muziki una [[asili]] yake katika mitindo ya uimbaji na upigaji ala unaoandamana na midundo changamani ya [[ngoma]] za sabar  za Wolof. Wolof ni utambulisho wa kijamii unaojumuisha Wolof wa asili wa [[eneo]] la Senegambia Kubwa  pamoja na utambulisho wa mijini unaojumuisha [[makabila]] mbalimbali, uliokua wakati wa kipindi cha [[ukoloni]].

== Historia na ushawishi ==
Aina ya jadi ya mbalax ilitokana na sabar, ambayo ni mtindo wa muziki wa Wolof. Kihistoria, sabar uliibuka kutokana na muunganiko wa mitindo ya muziki na [[desturi]] za kitamaduni za makabila mbalimbali, ikiwemo Njuup, ambao ni muziki wa kidini wa Waserer.

Kwa hiyo, mbalax ulijengwa juu ya urithi wa muziki wa sabar na ukapokea ushawishi kutoka kwa tamaduni mbalimbali za eneo la Senegambia, hasa muziki wa kidini wa Waserer na mila za watu wa Wolof.

== Wasanii wa Mbalax ==
Baadhi ya wasanii mashuhuri wa muziki wa mbalax ni:
* Youssou N'Dour
* Habib Faye
* Thione Seck na Raam Daan (bendi yake)
* Omar Pène na Super Diamono (bendi yake)
* Yusupha Ngum
* Pape Diouf
* Alioune Mbaye Nder
* Viviane N'Dour
* Coumba Gawlo
* Titi
* Ismaël Lô   &lt;ref&gt;https://rightforeducation.org/2021/01/27/mbalax-dance-music-of-senegal-and-gambia/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2013/11/19/photo-blog-the-beat-of-the-gambia/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=wvb2DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA327&amp;q=senegambian,mbalax&amp;redir_esc=y&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}
{{Mbegu-muziki-Afrika}}
[[Jamii:Muziki wa Afrika]]
[[Jamii:utamaduni wa Senegal]]
[[Jamii:utamaduni wa Mauritania]]
[[Jamii:utamaduni wa Gambia]]</text>
      <sha1>pa2pwr1396wek8k03ycx2tffojc2l4r</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Wai Young</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>1583226</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-02T13:56:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="1581" sha1="nmkn8kwiomyt2epl7xwvm0gxy80he8v" xml:space="preserve">[[picha:Wai Young (cropped).jpg|thumb| Wai Young]]
'''Wai Yee Young''' (jina la kuzaliwa Wai Yee Siu; alizaliwa [[20 Mei|Mei 20]], [[1960]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa nchini [[Kanada]] katika jiji la [[Vancouver]], katika [[jimbo]] la [[British Kolumbia|British Columbia]].

Alichaguliwa kuwa [[mbunge]] wa Bunge la Kanada (House of Commons of Canada) katika uchaguzi mkuu wa mwaka 2011, akiuwakilisha Jimbo la Uchaguzi la Vancouver South kupitia Chama cha Conservative cha Kanada (Conservative Party of Canada). Hata hivyo, katika uchaguzi wa mwaka 2015, alipoteza kiti hicho baada ya kushindwa na mgombea wa Chama cha Liberal, Harjit Sajjan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Global151019&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://globalnews.ca/news/2284476/liberal-harjit-sajjan-defeats-tory-incumbent-wai-young-in-vancouver-south/|title=Liberal Harjit Sajjan defeats Tory incumbent Wai Young in Vancouver South|publisher=[[Global News]]|first=Jon|last=Azpiri|date=October 19, 2015|accessdate=October 19, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baadaye, aligombea nafasi ya Meya wa Jiji la Vancouver katika uchaguzi wa mwaka 2018 akiwa kiongozi wa chama cha Coalition Vancouver, na pia aligombea tena katika uchaguzi mkuu wa shirikisho wa mwaka 2019 kama mgombea wa Chama cha Conservative, lakini hakufanikiwa kushinda katika uchaguzi huo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://alumni.ubc.ca/files/pdf/connect/volunteer/volunteer-list2010.pdf|title=Volunteer list|publisher=[[University of British Columbia]] Alumni Association|accessdate=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>nmkn8kwiomyt2epl7xwvm0gxy80he8v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lila Acheson Wallace</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243074</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583227</id>
      <parentid>1582596</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T13:57:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1583227</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1269" sha1="oujqzbwgohtln7zfckm73t52j94ok9m" xml:space="preserve">'''Lila Bell Wallace''' ([[25 Desemba]] [[1889]] – [[8 Mei]] [[1984]]) alikuwa mchapishaji wa majarida na mfadhili kutoka [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.historicacanada.ca/on_this_day/birth-lila-bell-acheson|title=Birth of Lila Bell Acheson|website=Historica Canada|access-date=2019-02-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alianzisha kwa pamoja jarida la Reader's Digest akiwa na mume wake, Dewitt Wallace. Toleo la kwanza la jarida hilo lilichapishwa mwaka 1922, na baadaye likawa mojawapo ya majarida maarufu zaidi duniani kutokana na makala zake fupi, zenye elimu na burudani.

Mbali na mafanikio yake katika sekta ya uchapishaji, Lila Bell Wallace alijulikana pia kwa shughuli zake za uhisani, akichangia maendeleo ya elimu, sanaa, utamaduni na miradi mbalimbali ya kijamii kupitia misaada na taasisi za kifadhili.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea habari|date=1957-12-06|title=Dr. Barclay Acheson, Editor, Dies at 70; International Reader's Digest Official|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1957/12/06/archives/dr-barclay-acheson-editor-dies-at-70-international-readers-digest.html|access-date=2022-07-23|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1889]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1984]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>oujqzbwgohtln7zfckm73t52j94ok9m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chander Pahar</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243075</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583228</id>
      <parentid>1583008</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T13:58:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1583228</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3633" sha1="0271iclarqw7m7gz9gcz8i22mxbj7xi" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Chander Pahar Page-21.jpg|thumb|Shankar akimkabili simba]]
'''''Chander Pahar''''' (maana yake &quot;Mlima wa Mwezi&quot;) ni [[riwaya]] ya matukio iliyoandikwa kwa [[lugha]] ya [[Kibengali]] na Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay, na kuchapishwa [[mwaka]] [[1937]].

Riwaya hii inasimulia [[safari]] na matukio ya kusisimua ya kijana mmoja wa Kibengali anayesafiri katika [[misitu]] ya [[Afrika]]. Katika safari yake, anakumbana na wanyamapori hatari, mazingira magumu na matukio mbalimbali ya kutafuta hazina na kugundua maeneo yasiyojulikana.

Chander Pahar ni mojawapo ya riwaya za matukio zinazopendwa zaidi katika [[fasihi]] ya Kibengali, na pia ni miongoni mwa kazi maarufu zaidi za Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay. Umaarufu wake umeifanya kuwa chanzo cha mfululizo wa kazi za [[vyombo]] vya [[habari]], ikiwemo [[filamu]] na kazi nyingine zilizoongozwa na riwaya hiyo.

== Muhtasari wa hadithi ==
Riwaya hii inasimulia hadithi ya Shankar Ray Choudhuri, [[kijana]] wa kawaida kutoka Bengal, anayesafiri barani Afrika katika miaka ya [[1909]] na [[1910]] kutafuta maisha ya kujitegemea na kufanya safari za kimatukio.

Baada ya kuhitimu [[chuo]] akiwa na [[umri]] wa miaka [[20]], matatizo ya kifedha ya [[familia]] yake yanakaribia kumlazimisha kukubali kazi katika [[kiwanda]] cha magunia  kilichoko Shyamnagar. Hata hivyo, Shankar anachukia wazo hilo kabisa kwa sababu ndoto yake ni kusafiri, kugundua maeneo mapya na kuishi maisha ya matukio.

Katika safari yake barani Afrika, anakumbana na mazingira ya porini yenye hatari nyingi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[simba]], wanyamapori wengine wakali, na changamoto mbalimbali zinazojaribu ujasiri na uvumilivu wake. Riwaya hiyo inamfuatilia Shankar akipambana na hatari hizo huku akifuatilia [[ndoto]] yake ya kuwa mvumbuzi na msafiri.

== Wahusika ==

* Shankar Ray Choudhuri — [[Mhusika]] mkuu wa riwaya. Ni kijana kutoka kijiji kimoja nchini Bengal. Ana akili, ni jasiri, na ana shauku kubwa ya kufanya safari na kuishi [[maisha]] ya matukio.
* Diego Alvarez — Mpelelezi kutoka [[Ureno]]. Ni rafiki na mshauri wa Shankar, na wawili hao husafiri pamoja kuchunguza maeneo ya ndani kabisa ya Richtersveld wakitafuta [[Mlima]] wa [[Mwezi]].
* Jim Carter — Mpelelezi kutoka [[Uingereza]] ambaye alikuwa mwenzake Diego Alvarez katika safari yake ya awali. Alvarez anamweleza Shankar kwamba Carter aliuawa na Bunyip, kiumbe wa kufikirika, wakati walipokuwa wakichunguza Milima ya Mwezi.
* Attilio Gatti — Mpelelezi kutoka [[Italia]]. Aligundua mapango yenye [[mgodi]] wa [[almasi]] mnamo takriban mwaka [[1879]], lakini alifariki ndani ya [[pango]] hilo (baadaye lililogunduliwa na Shankar) alipokuwa akirejea, baada ya kusalitiwa na kuuawa na baadhi ya wafuasi wake.
* Prasad Das Bandyopadhyay — Mmoja wa wahusika katika riwaya.
* Tirumal Appa — Mmoja wa wahusika katika riwaya.
* &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20171008231656/http://eprahaar.in/bibhutibhushan-classic-chander-pahar-now-as-graphic-novel/&lt;/ref&gt;Mama wa Shankar — [[Mama]] wa mhusika mkuu, Shankar Ray Choudhuri.
* Baba wa Shankar — [[Baba]] wa mhusika mkuu, Shankar Ray Choudhuri.    &lt;ref&gt;https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bandyopadhyay,_Bibhutibhushan&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/kamaleswars-african-safari/articleshow/18852456.cms? https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/kamaleswars-african-safari/articleshow/18852456.cms?]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20171008231656/http://eprahaar.in/bibhutibhushan-classic-chander-pahar-now-as-graphic-novel/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}
{{mbegu-kitabu}}
[[Jamii:Vitabu]]</text>
      <sha1>0271iclarqw7m7gz9gcz8i22mxbj7xi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Flo (kundi)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243077</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583231</id>
      <parentid>1582789</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T14:03:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1583231</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="905" sha1="ozhx7hpnxjqxpwsz47ejr50wlt4r05c" xml:space="preserve">'''FLO''' ni kikundi cha [[wasichana]] cha [[Uingereza]] kilichoundwa na kusajiliwa chini ya lebo ya ''Island Records''. Kikundi hiki chenye makazi yake jijini [[London]], kinaundwa na wanachama watatu: Jorja Douglas, Stella Quaresema, na Renée Downer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Brand new London-based trio FLO have shared their debut single, 'Cardboard Box'|url=https://readdork.com/news/flo-debut-single-cardboard-box|work=readdork.com|date=2022-03-24|accessdate=2026-07-31|language=en|author=Dork Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=FLO Reveals Name And Release Date Of Highly-Anticipated Debut Album - Blavity|url=https://blavity.com/flo-reveals-name-release-date-of-debut-album|work=Blavity News &amp; Entertainment|accessdate=2026-07-31|language=en|author=Aria Bell}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Ulaya}}
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Uingereza]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uingereza]]</text>
      <sha1>ozhx7hpnxjqxpwsz47ejr50wlt4r05c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jazmine Gray</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243078</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583232</id>
      <parentid>1582815</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T14:03:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1583232</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="790" sha1="a6ns5r4zhw2v2yku9iruuh944wfndn9" xml:space="preserve">'''Jazmine Gray''' (alizaliwa Februari 23, 1993) ni [[mchezaji]] wa raga ya wachezaji saba (rugby sevens) wa [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Jaz Gray Embraces the Life Rugby Has Given Her|url=https://www.si.com/olympics/2022/06/06/jaz-gray-usa-rugby-100-influential-black-women|work=SI|date=2022-06-06|accessdate=2026-07-31|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Former Spartan Jaz Gray Excels in Transition From Court to Pitch|url=https://nsuspartans.com/news/2022/7/21/general-former-spartan-jaz-gray-excels-in-transition-from-court-to-pitch.aspx|work=Norfolk State University Athletics|date=2023-09-29|accessdate=2026-07-31|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1993]]
[[Jamii:wachezaji wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>a6ns5r4zhw2v2yku9iruuh944wfndn9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Awa Sène Sarr</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243083</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583233</id>
      <parentid>1582654</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T14:05:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1583233</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3193" sha1="j5cillo85v4tfz4uu7ydkdx0yze4blj" xml:space="preserve">'''Awa Sène Sarr''' ni mwigizaji na mchekeshaji kutoka Senegal.

== Wasifu ==
Akiwa na ndoto ya kuwa wakili, Sarr alisomea sheria katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Cheikh Anta Diop|Chuo Kikuu cha Dakar]]. Baadaye alijiunga na Taasisi ya Kitaifa ya Sanaa ya Dakar nchini Senegal na kuhitimu mwaka 1980. Amekuwa mwanachama wa Ukumbi wa Kitaifa wa Daniel Sorano mjini Dakar tangu mwaka 1980.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|language=French|title=Awa Sène Sarr|url=http://africultures.com/personnes/?no=6603|work=Africultures|accessdate=6 October 2020}} https://africultures.com/personnes/?no=6603&lt;/ref&gt;

Sarr ameshiriki katika tamasha mbalimbali za filamu, likiwemo Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes mwaka 2005. Mwaka 2000, aliigiza nafasi ya Mada katika filamu ''Faat Kiné'' ya Ousmane Sembène.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|language=French|title=Awa Sène Sarr|url=http://africultures.com/personnes/?no=6603|work=Africultures|accessdate=6 October 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://africultures.com/personnes/?no=6603 &quot;Awa Sène Sarr&quot;]. ''Africultures'' (in French)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 October&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Pia ameigiza katika zaidi ya michezo 40 ya kuigiza, ikiwemo kazi zilizoandikwa na Marie N'Diaye, Ahmadou Kourouma, Catherine Anne na Philippe Blasband. Kila mwezi, huandaa mkutano wa fasihi unaoitwa ''Horlonge du Sud'' mjini Brussels, unaolenga kuhamasisha na kuangazia fasihi ya Kiafrika. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Awa Sène Sarr dans Bruxelles revit : de la littérature africaine aux &quot;masques pour tous&quot;|url=https://bx1.be/dossiers/wake-up-brussels/awa-sene-sarr-dans-bruxelles-revit-de-la-litterature-africaine-aux-masques-pour-tous/|work=BX1|accessdate=6 October 2020|language=French|date=11 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vilevile, aliwahi kuandaa kipindi cha redio kuhusu ushairi wa lugha ya Wolof kilichoitwa ''Taalifi Doomi Réewmi'' kwenye Radiodiffusion Télévision Sénégalaise (RTS).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Sarr alitoa sauti ya mhusika Karaba, mchawi, katika filamu tatu za [[Michel Ocelot|Michel Ocelot kama]] ''[[Kirikou na Mchawi|Kirikou and the Sorceress]]'' (1998), ''Kirikou and the Wild Beasts'' (2005), na [[Kirikou na wanaume na wanawake|''Kirikou and the Men and Women'']] (2012).

Katika filamu ya mwisho, alimshauri Ocelot kujumuisha tukio la mkusanyiko wa wanakijiji chini ya mti wa mbuyu, likimhusisha griot (msimulizi wa jadi wa Afrika Magharibi). &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|language=French|title=Awa Sene Sarr|url=http://www.rfi.fr/fr/emission/20170406-awa-sene-sarr|work=RFI|date=6 April 2017|accessdate=6 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Filamu ya sehemu ==

* 1989 : ''[[Dakar Clando]]''
* 1989 : ''[[Le grotto de Sou Jacob]]''
* 1997 : ''[[Une couleur café d'Henri Duparc]]''
* 1998 : ''[[Kirikou na Mchawi]]''
* 2000 : ''Faat Kiné''
* 2000 : ''[[Amul Yakaar]]''
* 2000 : ''[[Battù]]''
* 2001 : ''Karmen Geï''
* 2005 : ''Kirikou na Wanyama Pori''
* 2012 ''[[Kirikou na wanaume na wanawake|Kirikou na Wanaume na Wanawake]]''

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:waigizaji filamu wa Senegal]]
[[Jamii:Articles with hCards]]</text>
      <sha1>j5cillo85v4tfz4uu7ydkdx0yze4blj</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voussoir</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243084</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583263</id>
      <parentid>1582678</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T14:40:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1583263</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2404" sha1="ov29j0ixj3ee8lh8ya2j0gdt9ztwg74" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Old College, University of Edinburgh courtyard facade detail.jpg|thumb|Voussoir]]
[[Faili:Voussoirs, Mausoleum of Theodoric, Ravenna, 2012 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Upinde wa mawe ya kabari (''voussoir'') yaliyofungamana kwa kuchongana, uliopo katika Kaburi la [[Theodoriki Mkuu|Theodoriko]] huko [[Ravenna]], [[Italia]]]]
[[Faili:Part of Dome of the Dome of the Rock inside (2018) 2.jpg|thumb|Mwonekano wa ndani ukiangalia juu katika Kuba la Mwamba, ukionyesha mawe ya kabari (''voussoirs'') yenye rangi mbalimbali na yaliyopambwa kwa ustadi wa kina]]
'''Voussoir''' ni jiwe au kipande cha [[ujenzi]] chenye umbo la kabari, ambacho hutumiwa katika ujenzi wa upinde  au [[paa]] la upinde .

Upinde wa voussoir uliounganishwa kwa mfumo wa ''joggled'', uliopo katika [[kaburi]] kubwa la kifalme, mjini Ravenna (takriban [[mwaka]] [[520]] [[Baada ya Kristo|BK]]).

Kila voussoir hutengenezwa kwa umbo maalumu ili ilingane kikamilifu na sehemu nyingine ndani ya upinde au paa la upinde linalojengwa. Kwa kawaida, [[mawe]] ya rangi tofauti huchongwa ili yaungane katika umbo la mviringo. Muundo huu hutegemea msawazo wa nguvu kati ya mawe yote, hivyo huifanya upinde au paa hilo lisimame imara bila kuanguka.

Umbo la kila kipande cha kabari (''voussoir'') hutofautiana kulingana na aina ya upinde unaojengwa, kama vile upinde wa duara, upinde wenye ncha, upinde wa umbo la [[kiatu]] cha [[farasi]].

== Ishara na maana ==
Upinde wenye mistari, unaoundwa kwa mawe ya kabari  ya rangi zinazobadilishana, ulikuwa na maana maalumu za kihistoria na kisiasa katika usanifu wa Enzi za Kati.

Katika usanifu wa awali wa [[Kiislamu]], matumizi ya ''voussoirs'' za rangi zinazobadilishana yalionyesha nguvu, mamlaka na [[utajiri]] wa nasaba ya Umawiyya (Umayyad).

Baada ya kuanguka kwa Ukhalifa wa Umawiyya nchini [[Syria]], Abd al-Rahman I alitumia ''voussoirs'' za [[matofali]] na mawe yanayobadilishana rangi katika [[Msikiti]] Mkuu wa Qurtuba.

Mtindo huo uliiga upambo wa marumaru wa Msikiti wa Umawiyya, na ukawa ishara ya kuendelea kwa mamlaka na urithi wa Umawiyya katika Rasi ya Iberia.

== Asili ya neno ==
Neno voussoir ni istilahi ya wachonga mawe. Lilikopwa katika [[Kiingereza]] cha Kati  kutoka katika vitenzi vya [[Kifaransa]] vinavyomaanisha &quot;kugeuza&quot; au &quot;kupindua&quot; .&lt;ref&gt;https://sites.pitt.edu/~medart/menuglossary/voussoir.htm&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}
{{mbegu-utamaduni}}
[[Jamii:Ujenzi]]</text>
      <sha1>ov29j0ixj3ee8lh8ya2j0gdt9ztwg74</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eben Etzebeth</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243113</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583234</id>
      <parentid>1583000</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T14:09:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1583234</origin>
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      <text bytes="2299" sha1="c8aw8xfa0huyizk06rjo8292q859248" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Eben Etzebeth 2022.jpg|thumb|Eben Etzebeth]]
'''Eben Etzebeth''' (alizaliwa [[29 Oktoba]] [[1991]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[raga]]  kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. Kwa sasa anachezea [[klabu]] ya Sharks katika mashindano ya (United Rugby Championship) (URC) na pia ni mchezaji wa timu ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini.

Etzebeth alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza ya kimataifa kwa Springboks [[mwaka]] [[2012]]. Tangu wakati huo ameichezea timu hiyo katika [[mechi]] [[141]], jambo lililomfanya kuwa [[mchezaji]] aliyeichezea Springboks mechi nyingi zaidi katika [[historia]].

Nafasi yake ya kawaida uwanjani ni Mchezaji wa safu ya pili, hasa (loosehead lock), ambayo katika mfumo wa namba unaotumiwa Afrika Kusini ni namba 4. Wachezaji wa nafasi hii huwa mstari wa pili wa scrum na majukumu yao makuu ni kushindania mipira ya Mstari wa kurusha mpira kutoka pembeni kutoa nguvu katika scrum, na kuimarisha ulinzi pamoja na mashambulizi ya timu.

== Maisha ya awali ==
Eben Etzebeth alizaliwa katika [[familia]] ya wapiganaji wa mieleka wa kulipwa na alikulia katika [[eneo]] la Parow, nchini Afrika Kusini.

Akiwa [[mtoto]], hakukua haraka kimwili kama wachezaji wengine. Alipoanza darasa la saba, alikuwa na urefu wa takribani [[mita]] 1.5 na [[uzito]] wa karibu [[kilo]] 56, hivyo alicheza katika timu ya pili ya shule  kama winga, kiungo wa kati  au kiungo mshambuliaji.

Mbali na raga, Etzebeth pia alikuwa [[mwanariadha]] aliyeshiriki [[mbio]] fupi  na kuruka juu.

== Tuzo na mafanikio ==
* [[Mshindi]] wa Currie Cup: [[2012]]

==== Sharks ====
* Mshindi wa European Rugby Challenge Cup: [[2023]]–24

==== Afrika Kusini ====
* Mshindi wa The Rugby Championship: 2019, [[2024]], [[2025]]
* Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia la Raga (Rugby World Cup): [[2019]], 2023
* Mshindi wa Ziara ya British &amp; Irish Lions nchini Afrika Kusini: [[2021]]

==== Tuzo za SA Rugby ====
* Mchezaji Bora wa Mwaka wa Wanaume wa SA Rugby (SA Rugby Men's Player of the Year): [[2022]], 2023   &lt;ref&gt;https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/teams/south-africa/player/43559&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theroar.com.au/2016/08/23/little-eben-etzebeth-grows/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://iol.co.za/sport/rugby/2012-02-22-etzebeth-to-make-stormers-debut/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1991]]</text>
      <sha1>c8aw8xfa0huyizk06rjo8292q859248</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Daphne Sheppard</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243115</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583235</id>
      <parentid>1582970</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T14:10:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1583235</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2602" sha1="d14tqng9xrwd6mcxrebitsfrov6fzpv" xml:space="preserve">'''Daphne Sheppard''' alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa safu za maoni, [[mwandishi wa habari]], meneja na mhariri aliyefanya kazi mjini Brooklyn katika gazeti la New York Amsterdam News kuanzia mwaka 1955 hadi 1970. New York Amsterdam News ni mojawapo ya magazeti ya zamani na makubwa zaidi yaliyoanzishwa na, kwa ajili ya, na kuhusu jamii ya Waamerika Weusi nchini Marekani. Gazeti hilo la kila wiki lilianzishwa mjini Harlem mwaka 1910, na linaendelea kuchapishwa hadi leo.

== Kazi ==
Sheppard aliorodheshwa kama Meneja wa Brooklyn kwenye ukurasa wa taarifa za uongozi wa [[gazeti]] kuanzia mwaka 1955 hadi 1965, na makala ya The New York Times ya mwaka 1970 ilimtaja kuwa Mhariri wa Brooklyn wa gazeti hilo&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=URBAN LEAGUE CITES EIGHT JOURNALISTS|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1970/04/28/78121683.html|work=The New York Times|language=en|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2026-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Kuanzia mwaka 1955 hadi 1970, Sheppard pia alikuwa mmoja wa waandishi wakuu wa gazeti hilo la kila wiki.

Katika safu yake ya mara kwa mara iliyoitwa &quot;Kings Diary&quot;, ambayo aliandika zaidi ya makala 180, Sheppard aliripoti na kutoa maoni kuhusu matukio ya kijamii na kisiasa katika jamii zenye idadi kubwa ya Waamerika Weusi za Bedford-Stuyvesant, Ocean Hill na Brownsville, zilizoko katikati mwa Brooklyn. Mada za safu yake zilihusisha siasa za eneo, shughuli za mashirika ya kiraia, biashara, [[elimu]] na kijamii, pamoja na taarifa na maoni kuhusu watu mashuhuri wa jamii.

Akiwa mwandishi wa habari, Sheppard pia alifuatilia maendeleo na mijadala kuhusu kuondoa ubaguzi wa rangi katika shule, usawa wa fursa na uongozi wa [[shule]] za umma za katikati mwa Brooklyn. Aliandika kuhusu Jaribio la Udhibiti wa Jamii (Community Control Experiment), ambapo bodi ya viongozi wa jamii ilipewa jukumu la kusimamia shule mbili za umma katika maeneo ya Ocean Hill na Brownsville, pamoja na kuanzishwa kwa Chuo cha Medgar Evers, chuo cha Chuo Kikuu cha Jiji la New York (City University of New York) mwaka 1970.

Sheppard pia aliripoti kuhusu ushindi wa kihistoria wa Shirley Chisholm katika uchaguzi wa mwaka 1968, alipokuwa mwanamke wa kwanza Mwamerika Mweusi kuchaguliwa kuhudumu katika Bunge la Marekani. Katika uchaguzi huo alimshinda mpinzani wake James Farmer, mmoja wa viongozi mashuhuri wa harakati za haki za kiraia, na kuwa mwakilishi wa wilaya ya 12 ya jimbo la New York, iliyojumuisha Bedford-Stuyvesant na vitongoji vingine vya Brooklyn na Queens.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa habari]]
[[Jamii:watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>d14tqng9xrwd6mcxrebitsfrov6fzpv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alma Jean Billingslea</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243116</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583236</id>
      <parentid>1583073</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T14:11:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1583236</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1832" sha1="s3mjo3xmbt86f2xczxn5wo4o8j55hqj" xml:space="preserve">'''Alma Jean Billingslea''' (alizaliwa 1946) ni msomi, mwalimu na mkongwe wa harakati za [[haki]] za kiraia nchini [[Marekani]].

Alizaliwa katika mji wa Albany, jimbo la Georgia,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qjm6B4xirD0C&amp;pg=PA156|title=Short Stories of the Civil Rights Movement: An Anthology|last=Whitt|first=Margaret Earley|date=2006|publisher=University of Georgia Press|isbn=978-0-8203-2799-0|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; lakini alikulia katika mji wa Orange, jimbo la New Jersey, ambako alikuwa miongoni mwa wanafunzi wa kwanza Waamerika Weusi kushiriki katika kuondoa ubaguzi wa [[rangi]] katika mfumo wa shule za umma za Orange. Kuanzia mwaka 1967 hadi 1971, alifanya kazi kama mfanyakazi wa uwanjani wa Kongamano la Uongozi wa Kikristo Kusini, shirika lililoanzishwa na Martin Luther King Jr. Baadaye alikua profesa mstaafu na mmoja wa waanzilishi wa programu ya Masomo ya Diaspora ya [[Afrika]] katika Chuo cha Spelman kilichopo Atlanta, Georgia.

Alipata shahada ya kwanza kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Rutgers, shahada ya uzamili kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Atlanta, na shahada ya uzamivu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Texas kilichopo Dallas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=404 Error Page|url=https://www.spelman.edu/academics/majors-and-programs/english/faculty/alma-billingslea-brown|work=www.spelman.edu|accessdate=2026-08-01|language=en-US|archive-date=2015-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220155114/http://www.spelman.edu/academics/majors-and-programs/english/faculty/alma-billingslea-brown|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Billingslea ndiye mwandishi wa kitabu ''Kuvuka Mipaka Kupitia Fasihi Simulizi: Hadithi za Kubuni na Sanaa za Wanawake Waamerika Weusi'', kilichochapishwa mwaka 1999.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1946]]
[[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>s3mjo3xmbt86f2xczxn5wo4o8j55hqj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pernella Anderson</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243117</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583237</id>
      <parentid>1583001</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T14:12:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1583237</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1093" sha1="cx1m7konvogbmy5htaswpjwebshicvi" xml:space="preserve">'''Pernella Mae Center Anderson''' ([[1903]]–[[1980]]) alikuwa mhojiwa wa [[historia]] simulizi Mwamerika Mweusi aliyefanya [[kazi]] katika Mradi wa Waandishi wa Shirikisho. Alitokea mjini El Dorado, jimbo la [[Arkansas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Pernella Anderson (1903–1980)|url=https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/pernella-anderson-5927/|work=Encyclopedia of Arkansas|accessdate=2026-08-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alikuwa mwanamke pekee Mwamerika Mweusi katika jimbo la Arkansas aliyewahoji watu waliokuwa watumwa wa zamani ili kuhifadhi simulizi za [[maisha]] yao. Baadaye aliendelea na kazi ya ualimu katika mji wa Detroit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXbJDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA18|title=After Redemption: Jim Crow and the Transformation of African American Religion in the Delta, 1875-1915|last=Giggie|first=John M.|date=2007-11-21|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-530404-6|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1903]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1980]]
[[Jamii:utumwa]]
[[Jamii:Wamarekani Weusi]]</text>
      <sha1>cx1m7konvogbmy5htaswpjwebshicvi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lucy Mooney</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243119</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583238</id>
      <parentid>1583004</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T14:13:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Marejeo */</comment>
      <origin>1583238</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1099" sha1="1vglnt1zi6puuyxtavuq610ozmp0rms" xml:space="preserve">'''Lucy Mooney''' (takribani [[1880]] – [[1969]]) alikuwa msanii wa nchini [[Marekani]]. Anahusishwa na kikundi cha watengenezaji wa mablanketi ya Gee's Bend na pia alifanya kazi katika Freedom Quilting Bee. Licha ya kupoteza mkono mmoja kabla ya kuanza kufanya [[kazi]] katika Freedom Quilting Bee, alikuwa [[fundi]] stadi wa kutengeneza mablanketi. Mwanamuziki Pete Seeger alikuwa mmiliki wa mojawapo ya mablanketi aliyoyatengeneza. Kazi zake zimeonyeshwa katika Makumbusho ya Sanaa ya Houston na Makumbusho ya Sanaa ya Frist.

== Maisha ==
Mooney na [[mume]] wake, Needom, walifanya kazi kama wahudumu wa nyumbani katika [[nyumba]] ya Sandy Hill, iliyokuwa shamba la zamani la Van de Graaff lililopo Gee's Bend. Wakati huo, mwajiri wao aliyekuwa akiishi katika nyumba hiyo alikuwa W. C. Travis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lucy Mooney {{!}} Souls Grown Deep|url=https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/lucy-mooney|work=www.soulsgrowndeep.org|accessdate=2026-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1880]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1969]]
[[Jamii:wasanii wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>1vglnt1zi6puuyxtavuq610ozmp0rms</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jaeda-Lei Jeffers</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243121</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583240</id>
      <parentid>1583005</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T14:14:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1583240</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1428" sha1="83zb8y2a46xy4icoynsvg3r845zb4cd" xml:space="preserve">'''Jaeda-Lei Jeffers''' (alizaliwa [[Birmingham]], Uingereza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=We’re the National Governing Body for gymnastics in the UK.|url=https://www.british-gymnastics.org/articles/history-makers-trampoline-junior-worlds|work=www.british-gymnastics.org|accessdate=2026-08-01|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, 2007) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa [[Uingereza]] anayeshiriki mchezo wa mazoezi ya viungo kwenye trampolini.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=JEFFERS Jaeda-Lei - FIG Athlete Profile|url=https://www.gymnastics.sport/site/athletes/bio_detail.php?id=72690|work=www.gymnastics.sport|accessdate=2026-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ya michezo ==
Katika Mashindano ya Dunia ya Mazoezi ya Viungo kwenye Trampolini ya mwaka 2022, alishinda medali ya fedha katika fainali ya wanawake ya kundi la umri wa miaka 15–16 ya mchezo wa tumbling.

Mwaka 2023, alitwaa ubingwa wa [[dunia]] wa vijana kwa wanawake.

Mwaka 2024, alikuwa miongoni mwa wanamichezo wa akiba wa [[timu]] ya Mashindano ya Ulaya ya Mazoezi ya Viungo kwenye Trampolini.

Jeffers alishiriki [[Mashindano]] ya Dunia ya Mazoezi ya Viungo kwenye Trampolini ya mwaka 2025, ambako alishinda medali ya fedha.

Katika Mashindano ya Ulaya ya Mazoezi ya Viungo kwenye Trampolini ya mwaka 2026, alijishindia medali mbili za shaba.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2007]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Uingereza]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uingereza]]</text>
      <sha1>83zb8y2a46xy4icoynsvg3r845zb4cd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Emma Wools</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243139</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583241</id>
      <parentid>1583083</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T14:17:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1583241</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1593" sha1="kku6cts6td4x1iws9pee757647bdytb" xml:space="preserve">[[Picha:South Wales PCC Emma Wools.jpg|thumb|Wools manmo mwaka 2014]]
'''Emma Wools''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Chama cha Labour na Ushirika nchini [[Wales]], anayehudumu kama [[Kamishna]] wa [[Polisi]] na Uhalifu wa Wales Kusini tangu mwaka [[2024]]. Hapo awali alifanya kazi katika huduma ya uangalizi wa wahalifu, na aliwahi kuwa Naibu Kamishna wa Polisi na Uhalifu kuanzia mwaka [[2016]] hadi [[2024]].

== Maisha na Elimu ==
Wools alizaliwa na kukulia [[Cardiff]] na alisoma [[Elimunafsia|Saikolojia]] katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Wales Kusini]].

== Kazi ya kitaaluma ==
Wools alifanya kazi katika [[huduma]] za uangalizi wa wahalifu. Katika kipindi hiki, alishika nyadhifa mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na Mkuu wa Uratibu wa Huduma za Wahalifu ndani ya Huduma ya Kitaifa ya Usimamizi wa Wahalifu, ambapo alisimamia ushirikiano kati ya magereza ya sekta ya umma na Huduma ya Kitaifa ya Uangalizi wa Wahalifu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Manamo mwaka [[2016]], Wools alitunukiwa tuzo ya [[Kiongozi]] wa Kizazi Kijacho na [[tuzo]] za [[Uongozi]] za Wales.

Tangu mwaka [[2021]], Wools amekuwa [[mwenyekiti]] wa mwenza wa Kikosi Kazi cha Polisi nchini Wales kuhusu [[Ukatili]] dhidi ya [[Wanawake]], [[Ukatili wa majumbani|Ukatili wa Majumbani]] na [[Ukatili wa kijinsia]], pamoja na Eleri Thomas, ambaye ni Naibu Kamishna wa Polisi na Uhalifu wa Gwent.

Mnamo [[Mei]] [[2023]], Wools alitambuliwa na ''Ethnic Minority Welsh Women Achievement Association'' kwa uongozi wake.

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Wales]]
[[Jamii:Polisi wa Uingereza]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Wales]]</text>
      <sha1>kku6cts6td4x1iws9pee757647bdytb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1583242</id>
      <parentid>1583241</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T14:17:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1583242</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1548" sha1="seq72c95wu10avtr76ucyh8etpsqq6n" xml:space="preserve">[[Picha:South Wales PCC Emma Wools.jpg|thumb|Wools manmo mwaka 2014]]
'''Emma Wools''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Chama cha Labour na Ushirika nchini [[Wales]], anayehudumu kama [[Kamishna]] wa [[Polisi]] na Uhalifu wa Wales Kusini tangu mwaka [[2024]]. Hapo awali alifanya kazi katika huduma ya uangalizi wa wahalifu, na aliwahi kuwa Naibu Kamishna wa Polisi na Uhalifu kuanzia mwaka [[2016]] hadi [[2024]].

== Maisha na Elimu ==
Wools alizaliwa na kukulia [[Cardiff]] na alisoma [[Elimunafsia|Saikolojia]] katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Wales Kusini]].

== Kazi ya kitaaluma ==
Wools alifanya kazi katika [[huduma]] za uangalizi wa wahalifu. Katika kipindi hiki, alishika nyadhifa mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na Mkuu wa Uratibu wa Huduma za Wahalifu ndani ya Huduma ya Kitaifa ya Usimamizi wa Wahalifu, ambapo alisimamia ushirikiano kati ya magereza ya sekta ya umma na Huduma ya Kitaifa ya Uangalizi wa Wahalifu.

Manamo mwaka [[2016]], Wools alitunukiwa tuzo ya [[Kiongozi]] wa Kizazi Kijacho na [[tuzo]] za [[Uongozi]] za Wales.

Tangu mwaka [[2021]], Wools amekuwa [[mwenyekiti]] wa mwenza wa Kikosi Kazi cha Polisi nchini Wales kuhusu [[Ukatili]] dhidi ya [[Wanawake]], [[Ukatili wa majumbani|Ukatili wa Majumbani]] na [[Ukatili wa kijinsia]], pamoja na Eleri Thomas, ambaye ni Naibu Kamishna wa Polisi na Uhalifu wa Gwent.

Mnamo [[Mei]] [[2023]], Wools alitambuliwa na ''Ethnic Minority Welsh Women Achievement Association'' kwa uongozi wake.

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Welisi]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Welisi]]</text>
      <sha1>seq72c95wu10avtr76ucyh8etpsqq6n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>René Hicks</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243142</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583243</id>
      <parentid>1583092</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T14:19:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1583243</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1080" sha1="9p4alyl14r48fmhwfzancopb67irpcx" xml:space="preserve">'''René Hicks''' ([[Juni 28]], [[1956]] - [[Julai 27]], [[2026]]) alikuwa [[mchekeshaji]] na [[Mwigizaji|mwigizaji wa filamu]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. Aliwahi kuonekana kwenye kipindi cha ''Comedy Central Presents'' cha ''Comedy Central'' na katika maonyesho mengi ya [[vyuo vikuu]]. Alitajwa mara mbili na [[shirika]] la ''National Association for Campus Activities'' kuwa Mburudishaji Bora wa [[Vichekesho]] wa Mwaka, kwa mwaka [[1995]] na [[1997]]. Hicks pia aliwahi kufanya [[kazi]] kama mhasibu na [[mwanariadha]] wa zamani akiwa chuoni. Miongoni mwa kazi zake za televisheni ni pamoja na kuonekana kama mgeni kwenye ''Hangin' na Mr. Cooper'' na ''Midnight Caller''.

== Filamu ==
* ''A Low Down Dirty Shame'' (1994)
* ''Coming Out Party'' (2003) 
* ''Out on the Edge'' (2004)

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}

==Viungo vya nje==
*[http://www.renehicks.com/ Tovuti ya René Hicks']
*{{IMDb name|id=0382944|name=René Hicks}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2026]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wachekeshaji wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>9p4alyl14r48fmhwfzancopb67irpcx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Franco Mostert</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243145</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583245</id>
      <parentid>1583125</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T14:23:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1583245</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="967" sha1="h9lueldn72eibnqhz2mb1a3w3crdb0a" xml:space="preserve">'''Franco Mostert''' (alizaliwa [[27 Novemba]] [[1990]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[raga]]  kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. Kwa sasa anachezea [[klabu]] ya Honda Heat nchini [[Japani]] na pia ni mchezaji wa timu ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini .

Nafasi yake ya kawaida ni mchezaji wa safu ya pili, lakini mara nyingi pia hucheza kama flanker (mchezaji wa safu ya tatu).

Mostert alikuwa miongoni mwa wachezaji wa Springboks waliotwaa ubingwa wa [[Kombe]] la [[Dunia]] la Raga (Rugby World Cup) mwaka [[2019]] nchini Japani na tena mwaka [[2023]] nchini [[Ufaransa]].

== Tuzo na mafanikio ==

==== Afrika Kusini ====
* Mshindi wa The Rugby Championship: 2025  &lt;ref&gt;http://rugbyworldcup.com/2023/teams/south-africa/player/58426&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20161019153233/http://www.lourugby.fr/actualites/communique-officiel-franco-mostert/23661/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1990]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]]</text>
      <sha1>h9lueldn72eibnqhz2mb1a3w3crdb0a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bongi Mbonambi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243146</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583246</id>
      <parentid>1583126</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T14:23:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1583246</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2151" sha1="lodzv2geek5zst4zg4i4ad5cby5fklm" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Bongi Mbonambi 2022.jpg|thumb|'''Bongi Mbonambi''']]
'''Bongi Mbonambi''' (jina kamili '''Mbongeni Theo Mbonambi''', alizaliwa [[7 Januari]] [[1991]]), anayejulikana zaidi kwa jina la Bongi, ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya chama  kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]].

Kwa sasa anacheza katika nafasi ya mchezaji wa mstari wa mbele (hooker) kwa klabu ya Sharks na pia kwa timu ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini ya raga.

Hapo awali alichezea timu ya Blue Bulls, ambako alicheza [[mechi]] yake ya kwanza katika ngazi ya wakubwa wakati wa msimu wa Super Rugby wa [[2012]] dhidi ya Crusaders mjini [[Pretoria]].

Mbonambi pia alikuwa mwanachama wa timu ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini ya wachezaji wenye [[umri]] chini ya miaka [[20]]  iliyoshiriki Mashindano ya [[Dunia]] ya Vijana ya IRB  mwaka [[2011]].

== Raga ya kimataifa ==
Mnamo 28 Mei [[2016]], Bongi Mbonambi alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha wachezaji [[31]] cha timu ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini  kwa ajili ya mfululizo wa mechi tatu za majaribio  dhidi ya timu ya taifa ya [[Ireland]] iliyokuwa imefanya ziara nchini Afrika Kusini.

Mbonambi aliteuliwa pia katika kikosi cha Afrika Kusini kilichoshiriki Kombe la Dunia la Raga la [[2019]]  nchini [[Japani]]. Afrika Kusini ilitwaa ubingwa wa mashindano hayo baada ya kuifunga [[England]] kwa mabao 32–12 katika mechi ya [[fainali]].

Aidha, Mbonambi alijumuishwa tena katika kikosi cha Afrika Kusini kilichoshiriki Kombe la Dunia la Raga la [[2023]]  nchini [[Ufaransa]], ambapo Springboks walifanikiwa kutetea ubingwa wao kwa kutwaa taji hilo kwa mara nyingine.

== Tuzo na mafanikio ==

==== Afrika Kusini ====
* Mshindi wa The Rugby Championship: 2025  &lt;ref&gt;https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/teams/south-africa/player/43544&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.walesonline.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-news/bongi-mbonambi-breaks-silence-tom-28063959&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.skysports.com/rugby-union/news/12321/12992900/bongi-mbonambi-world-rugby-says-insufficient-evidence-to-charge-south-africa-hooker-over-alleged-racial-slur-at-tom-curry&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1991]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]]</text>
      <sha1>lodzv2geek5zst4zg4i4ad5cby5fklm</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Lutisha Pettway</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243151</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583327</id>
      <parentid>1583184</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T21:06:08Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="2013" sha1="o2yt3ows7rsbkaqz34vh8zj9xnp2xla" xml:space="preserve">'''Lutisha Pettway''' (1925–2001) alikuwa msanii wa [[Marekani]] aliyehusishwa na kikundi cha watengenezaji wa mablanketi cha Gee's Bend.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Quilt {{!}} The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston|url=https://www.mfah.org/art/detail/56749|work=www.mfah.org|accessdate=2026-08-02|archive-date=2019-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421040640/https://www.mfah.org/art/detail/56749|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTCWY6VrqHcC&amp;pg=PA68|title=The Quilts of Gee's Bend|last=Beardsley|first=John|last2=Houston|first2=Museum of Fine Arts|date=2002|publisher=Tinwood Books|isbn=978-0-9653766-4-8|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kazi zake zinahifadhiwa katika mkusanyiko wa Makumbusho ya [[Sanaa]] ya Houston.

== Maisha ==
Mbali na changamoto za kiuchumi zilizowakabili wakazi wengi wa Gee's Bend, Lutisha Pettway pia alipitia matatizo makubwa ya [[maisha]] binafsi. Mama yake alifariki alipokuwa bado mdogo sana, na baba yake alibaki akiwalea yeye pamoja na ndugu zake. Baba yake alipooa tena, mke wake hakupendezwa na jukumu la kuwalea watoto wake, hivyo majukumu mengi ya nyumbani yakamwangukia Lutisha.

Pettway hakuwahi kuolewa. Alifanya kazi ya kilimo pamoja na baba yake hadi pale shirika la Rentz Realty &amp; Investments lilipochukua ardhi ya baba yake. Baada ya hapo, Lutisha alihamia mjini Mobile, Alabama, ambako alifanya kazi za uhudumu wa nyumbani kwa familia za Wazungu.

Ongezeko hilo la kipato lilimwezesha kumtumia baba yake fedha huko Gee's Bend ili kusaidia gharama za kulea watoto wake tisa, akiwemo mwanawe aliyekuwa na ugonjwa wa (Down Syndrome). Alifanya [[kazi]] mjini Mobile kwa muda wa miaka sita na nusu, kisha akarudi Gee's Bend baada ya baba yake kuugua. Baada ya baba yake kufariki, ardhi yake ilirithiwa na kaka yake Lutisha, Yancy.

Lutisha Pettway alifariki mwaka 2001 akiwa na umri wa miaka 76.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1925]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2001]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>o2yt3ows7rsbkaqz34vh8zj9xnp2xla</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kurt-Lee Arendse</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243155</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583249</id>
      <parentid>1583140</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T14:25:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <origin>1583249</origin>
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      <text bytes="2740" sha1="7yxuij7tdba4lu427scaj0iqvxfopni" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Kurt-Lee Arendse 2022.jpg|thumb|Kurt-Lee Arendse]]
'''Kurt-Lee Arendse''' (alizaliwa [[17 Juni]] [[1996]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya [[chama]]  kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]].

Kwa sasa anacheza katika nafasi ya winga kwa klabu ya Bulls katika mashindano ya United Rugby Championship (URC) na pia ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[timu]] ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini.

Arendse anajulikana kwa:

* Kasi kubwa 
* Uwezo wa kubadilisha mwelekeo kwa haraka 
* Uwezo wa kufunga pointi kupitia majaribio 

Tangu alipoanza kucheza kwa mara ya kwanza kwa Springboks mwaka [[2022]], amekuwa mmoja wa wachezaji muhimu katika safu ya nyuma ya timu hiyo, akitoa mchango mkubwa katika mashambulizi ya Afrika Kusini.

== Maisha ya awali ==
Kurt-Lee Arendse alizaliwa katika mji wa [[Paarl]], nchini Afrika Kusini. Alisoma katika Shule ya Sekondari ya Paulus Joubert , ambako alianza kuonyesha uwezo wake katika mchezo wa raga.

Mwaka [[2014]], alichaguliwa kujiunga na timu ya Boland Cavaliers sevens iliyoshiriki mashindano ya SARU ya chini ya miaka 18.

Ushiriki huo ulimsaidia kuendeleza vipaji vyake katika raga ya wachezaji saba  kabla ya baadaye kuendelea na taaluma ya raga ya wachezaji 15  na kufikia kiwango cha kuchezea timu ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini.

== Tuzo na mafanikio ==

==== Afrika Kusini ====

*  Kombe la Dunia la Raga (Rugby World Cup)
** Mshindi: 2023
*  The Rugby Championship
** Mshindi: 2024, 2025

==== Blitzboks (Timu ya Raga ya Wachezaji 7 ya Afrika Kusini) ====

*  Mashindano ya World Rugby 
** Mshindi wa Canada Sevens: 2019
** Mshindi wa Singapore Sevens: 2019
** Mshindi wa Dubai Sevens: 2019
** Mshindi wa USA Sevens: 2020

==== Bulls ====

*  Super Rugby Unlocked
** Mshindi: 2020
** 

=== Tuzo na mafanikio ===

==== Bulls ====

*  Currie Cup
** Mshindi: 2020–21
*  United Rugby Championship (URC)
** Mshindi wa pili (Runner-up): 2021–22

=== Tuzo binafsi ===

*  Mchezaji Bora wa Mwezi wa United Rugby Championship (Afrika Kusini)
** Machi 2022
*  United Rugby Championship Elite XV (Kikosi bora cha wachezaji wa URC)
** Amechaguliwa: 2022–23, 2023–24

=== Tuzo za Bulls ===

*  Vodacom Bulls Heineken Champions Cup Player of the Year
** 2022–23
*  Vodacom Fans Player of the Year – APP
** 2023
*  Vodacom Players’ Player of the Year
** 2023
*  Vodacom Player of the Year
** 2023    &lt;ref&gt;https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/teams/south-africa/player/60620&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://rugby365.com/schools/news-sa-schools/wp-u18-sevens-champs/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://iol.co.za/sport/rugby/springboks/2025-01-08-watch-the-kurt-lee-arendse-story-from-the-butchery-to-springbok-star-and-the-influence-of-chester-williams/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}
{{BD|1996|}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]]</text>
      <sha1>7yxuij7tdba4lu427scaj0iqvxfopni</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Canan Moodie</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243156</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583250</id>
      <parentid>1583141</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T14:26:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <origin>1583250</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1153" sha1="75liftnt14rxj4291ntrmzkj3jch57r" xml:space="preserve">'''Canan Moodie''' (alizaliwa [[5 Novemba]] [[2002]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya chama kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]].

Kwa sasa anacheza kwa klabu ya Bulls katika mashindano ya (URC) na pia ni [[mchezaji]] wa timu ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini.

Nafasi yake ya kawaida uwanjani ni winga .

== Kazi ya kimataifa ==
Mnamo [[Agosti]] [[2022]], Canan Moodie alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Springboks kilichofanya ziara ya mechi za ugenini dhidi ya [[Australia]] katika mashindano ya mashindano ya kimataifa ya raga.

Katika [[mchezo]] wake wa kwanza wa kimataifa  dhidi ya Australia mjini Sydney, Moodie alifunga jaribio  katika dakika ya [[38]] ya mchezo.

Uchezaji huo ulimsaidia kujitambulisha katika kiwango cha kimataifa na kuonyesha uwezo wake kama mmoja wa wachezaji chipukizi muhimu wa safu ya nyuma  ya timu ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ultimaterugby.com/canan-moodie&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://rugby365.com/tournaments/rugby-championship/news-rugby-championship/boks-end-their-drought-down-under/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2002]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]]</text>
      <sha1>75liftnt14rxj4291ntrmzkj3jch57r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jesse Kriel</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243157</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583252</id>
      <parentid>1583144</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T14:27:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="1396" sha1="3pzrdgj1tlvyh535nhft0vki97ti1i3" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Jesse Kriel 2015 RWC USA (cropped).jpg|thumb|Jesse Kriel 2015 RWC USA]]
[[Faili:Jesse Kriel 210327a.jpg|thumb|Jesse Kriel ]]
'''Jesse Kriel''' (alizaliwa [[15 Februari]] [[1994]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya [[chama]] kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]].

Kwa sasa anacheza kwa klabu ya Canon Eagles katika [[Ligi]] Kuu ya Raga ya [[Japani]] na pia anaiwakilisha timu ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini.

Nafasi yake ya kawaida uwanjani ni  (mchezaji wa safu ya nyuma anayeweza kucheza nafasi mbalimbali), lakini pia anaweza kucheza kama:

*  ([[kiungo]] wa kati wa safu ya nyuma)
*  ([[winga]])
*  ([[mlinzi]] wa mwisho)

Kriel alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha timu ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini kilichoshinda:

*  [[Kombe]] la Dunia la Raga la 2019 
*  Kombe la Dunia la Raga la 2023 

Katika mashindano ya Kombe la Dunia la Raga la [[2023]], alicheza katika mechi zote za mashindano hayo, akitoa mchango muhimu katika mafanikio ya timu ya taifa ya raga ya chama na  kutwaa ubingwa.

== Tuzo na mafanikio ==

==== Afrika Kusini ====
*  Mshindi wa The Rugby Championship: 2025  &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20160607185606/http://www.sarugby.co.za/article.aspx?id=2411934&amp;fullview=true&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20160609210229/http://www.sarugby.co.za/article.aspx?id=3122474&amp;leagueid=2204&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1994|}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]]</text>
      <sha1>3pzrdgj1tlvyh535nhft0vki97ti1i3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Faf de Klerk</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243158</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583253</id>
      <parentid>1583145</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T14:28:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="1960" sha1="o6if4e4k903nnhxrmrkwzmv4kl5vdpl" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Faf de Klerk 2022.jpg|thumb|Faf de Klerk 2022]]
'''Faf de Klerk''' (jina kamili François de Klerk, alizaliwa [[19 Oktoba]] [[1991]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya [[chama]] kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa jina lake la utani Faf.

Kwa sasa anacheza katika nafasi ya (mchezaji wa namba 9) kwa klabu ya Yokohama Canon Eagles katika mashindano ya [[Japan]] Rugby League One, na pia anaiwakilisha timu ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini.

Faf de Klerk alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha Afrika Kusini kilichoshinda:

*  [[Kombe]] la Dunia la Raga la 2019  nchini Japani.
*  Kombe la [[Dunia]] la Raga la 2023  nchini [[Ufaransa]].

Anajulikana kwa:

* Kasi na uchezaji wa haraka.
* Uwezo mkubwa wa kusambaza mipira .
* Ulinzi mkali licha ya kuwa na mwili mdogo ukilinganisha na wachezaji wengi wa raga.
* Uongozi na ushawishi mkubwa ndani ya timu ya Springboks.

== Kazi ya uchezaji ==
Faf de Klerk alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Lions kwa [[msimu]] wa Super Rugby wa [[2014]].

Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza  katika ushindi wa [[21]]–[[20]] dhidi ya Cheetahs mjini Bloemfontein.

[[Mechi]] hiyo ilikuwa hatua muhimu katika kuanza kwa [[safari]] yake ya kitaaluma katika raga ya kiwango cha juu, kabla ya baadaye kuwa mmoja wa wachezaji muhimu wa Springboks na kushinda Kombe la Dunia la Raga mwaka [[2019]] na [[2023]]. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/teams/south-africa/player/56104&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.news24.com/life/relationships/parenting/meet-baby-yuke-faf-and-mine-de-klerk-welcome-their-second-daughter-20251125-0557#:~:text=The%20couple%2C%20married%20since%202022%2C%20are%20now,eldest%2C%20Remi-R%C3%A9%2C%20stepping%20into%20her%20big-sister%20role&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20150704000948/http://www.lionsrugby.co.za/lionsnews.aspx?item=4128&amp;multiid=1363&amp;archive=0&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1991]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]]</text>
      <sha1>o6if4e4k903nnhxrmrkwzmv4kl5vdpl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Yvette Greer-Albrecht</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243185</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583254</id>
      <parentid>1583173</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T14:28:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1583254</origin>
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      <text bytes="1043" sha1="dbydvfiqu14lug2pug0q82t3yskwpaz" xml:space="preserve">'''Yvette Greer-Albrecht''' ni [[mwanariadha]] wa Marekani aliyebobea katika mbio za kuruka viunzi, na [[kocha]] wa timu ya riadha.

Mwaka 1979, alitunukiwa tuzo ya Mwanamichezo Bora wa Kike wa Vyuo Vikuu na Chama cha Waandishi wa Michezo cha South Dakota. Mwaka 1982, Greer-Albrecht alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza katika Chuo Kikuu cha South Dakota kutambuliwa kama mwanariadha wa kiwango cha kitaifa (All-American) katika [[mchezo]] wa riadha. Pia ameingizwa katika kumbi mbili za heshima za michezo kutokana na mafanikio yake.

== Maisha binafsi ==
Greer-Albrecht alizaliwa mjini Sioux City, jimbo la Iowa, akiwa binti wa Wardell Greer na Ruth Greer.

Anaishi mjini Redfield, jimbo la South Dakota, na ana watoto wawili.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Article clipped from The Sioux City Journal|date=2005-04-25|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sioux-city-journal/171170487/|work=The Sioux City Journal|pages=17|access-date=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>dbydvfiqu14lug2pug0q82t3yskwpaz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Marie Imogene Williams</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243187</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583255</id>
      <parentid>1583188</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T14:29:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1583255</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="834" sha1="78rpx2rk32fqviyeh9x0jifj7uuzdqr" xml:space="preserve">'''Marie Imogene Williams''' (alizaliwa 5 Novemba 1870) alikuwa [[daktari]] wa meno na [[mwalimu]] wa Marekani. Alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza Mwamerika Mweusi kuhitimu kutoka [[shule]] ya udaktari wa meno ya Chuo Kikuu cha Howard mwaka 1896.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pWgljwJvKfMC&amp;pg=PA399|title=The Crisis|last=Inc|first=The Crisis Publishing Company|date=1979-11|publisher=The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc.|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ssMBzqrUpjwC&amp;pg=PA497|title=Notable Black American Women|last=Smith|first=Jessie Carney|date=1992|publisher=VNR AG|isbn=978-0-8103-9177-2|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1870]]
[[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Walimu wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wamarekani Weusi]]</text>
      <sha1>78rpx2rk32fqviyeh9x0jifj7uuzdqr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cobus Reinach</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243188</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583256</id>
      <parentid>1583176</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T14:30:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1583256</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1890" sha1="tl4pumpf90yjmwtha0170ce69wj2jco" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Reinach 2021.jpg|thumb|Reinach 2021]]
'''Jaco Reinach''' (jina kamili '''Jacobus Meyer Reinach''', alizaliwa [[7 Februari]] [[1990]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya [[chama]] kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]].

Kwa sasa anacheza katika nafasi ya  (mchezaji wa namba 9) kwa klabu ya Stormers katika mashindano ya United Rugby Championship (URC) na pia anaiwakilisha timu ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini.

Reinach ni mtoto wa mchezaji wa zamani wa Springboks, Jaco Reinach, ambaye alicheza nafasi ya winga  kwa timu ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini.

Alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha Springboks kilichoshinda:

*  [[Kombe]] la Dunia la Raga la [[2019]]  nchini [[Japani]].
*  Kombe la [[Dunia]] la Raga la [[2023]]  nchini [[Ufaransa]].

Jaco Reinach anajulikana kwa kasi yake, uwezo wa kusoma mchezo na uchezaji wa haraka katika nafasi ya  namba 9 , ambayo ni nafasi muhimu katika kuanzisha mashambulizi ya [[timu]].

== Kazi ya awali ==
Jaco Reinach alizaliwa na kukulia katika [[mji]] wa [[Bloemfontein]], Afrika Kusini. Alisoma katika [[shule]] maarufu ya raga ya Grey , ambayo inajulikana kwa kuzalisha [[wachezaji]] wengi wa kiwango cha juu wa raga nchini Afrika Kusini.

Mwanzoni mwa [[safari]] yake ya raga, alicheza katika viwango vya umri  kwa timu ya Free State.

Mwaka [[2009]], alihamia Durban ili kujiunga na mfumo wa maendeleo wa Sharks. Katika sehemu ya kazi yake ya [[klabu]], pia alicheza nafasi ya  (mchezaji wa namba 9) kwa timu ya Durban  iliyodhaminiwa na SA Home Loans.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.northamptonsaints.co.uk/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-05-17/sharks-beat-crusaders-despite-red-card/5459936&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.sarugbymag.co.za/reinach-in-coenie-and-kolisi-out/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-union/39103649&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1990]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
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  <page>
    <title>Joyce Ferriabough Bolling</title>
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      <text bytes="1846" sha1="0o3eoxk2644h2um7fmz82myggj7dwwr" xml:space="preserve">'''Joyce Ferriabough Bolling''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa habari wa [[gazeti]] la ''Boston Herald'' na mshauri wa mikakati ya Chama cha Democratic.

Mwaka 2011, Bolling alitambuliwa kama mmoja wa washindi wa tuzo ya &quot;Mwanamke Jasiri&quot; iliyotolewa na Jumuiya ya Wanawake wa Kisiasa ya Massachusetts, pamoja na Spika wa zamani wa Baraza la Wawakilishi Nancy Pelosi, mwanaharakati wa haki za binadamu Rubina Bhatti, na Waziri wa zamani wa Kazi Alexis Herman.

Mwaka 2023, alitambuliwa kuwa miongoni mwa &quot;wanawake viongozi Waamerika Weusi wanaoheshimika, kupendwa na kufanikiwa zaidi wa Boston&quot; na mradi wa Black Women Lead.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Portraits along Blue Hill Avenue honor Boston's Black women leaders|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/portraits-honor-boston-black-women-leaders-roxbury/|language=en-US|access-date=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Black Women Lead - Greater Grove Hall Main Streets|url=https://www.greatergrovehall.org/black-women-lead/|work=Greater Grove Hall Main Streets|language=en-US|access-date=2026-08-02|archive-date=2025-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516191601/https://www.greatergrovehall.org/black-women-lead/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwaka 2024, aliteuliwa na [[Seneta]] wa Jimbo Liz Miranda na kuingizwa katika kundi la Mashujaa [[Wanawake]] wa Jumuiya ya Madola ya Massachusetts.

Kwa kushirikiana na Mjumbe wa Baraza la Jiji la Boston, Bruce Bolling, Joyce Bolling alisaidia kupitishwa kwa sheria ya uhusiano ya Boston (linkage law), ambayo iliweka masharti kwamba miradi ya ujenzi wa majengo ya kibiashara ipate kibali kwa kuhusisha ujenzi wa nyumba za bei nafuu. Baada ya kazi hiyo, wawili hao walioana na waliendelea kuwa pamoja hadi kifo cha Bruce mnamo Septemba 2012.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hortense Allen Jordan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="2401" sha1="jptyn5jnc2e6bod98574hj0oeuhjera" xml:space="preserve">'''Hortense Allen Jordan''' (17 Septemba 1919 – 15 Machi 2008) alikuwa mcheza dansi, mbunifu wa [[maonyesho]] ya dansi, mbunifu wa mavazi na mtayarishaji wa vipindi kutoka jamii ya Waamerika Weusi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ex-dancer Hortense Allen Jordan dies at 88|url=https://www.inquirer.com/philly/obituaries/20080323_Ex-dancer_Hortense_Allen_Jordan_dies_at_88.html|work=Inquirer.com|date=2008-03-23|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en|author=Gayle Ronan Sims, Inquirer Staff Writer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha binafsi ==
Alizaliwa kwa jina la Hiawatha Hortense Allen tarehe 17 Septemba 1919.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hortense Allen Jordan|url=https://www.folkloreproject.org/artists/hortense-allen-jordan|work=Philadelphia Folklore Project|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alikuwa na ndugu 12 na alilelewa katika eneo la East St. Louis, jimbo la Illinois.

Hortense Jordan aliolewa na Theodore Jordan, aliyekuwa mpelelezi wa [[polisi]] mjini Philadelphia, mwaka 1955. Alikuwa na watoto watatu wa kiume: Dewey Allen, Theodore Jordan Jr. na Philip Allen.

Alifariki tarehe 15 Machi 2008 kutokana na kushindwa kufanya kazi kwa moyo.

== Kazi ==
Alianza [[kazi]] yake ya dansi akiwa na umri wa miaka 14. Mwanzoni mwa kazi yake, alipata mafunzo na ushauri kutoka kwa Leonard Reed na Larry Steele.

Mwaka 1947, Jordan alionekana pamoja na Billy Eckstine na bendi yake katika [[filamu]] ''Rhythm in a Riff''.

Katika miaka ya 1950, alikuwa akicheza dansi na kuongoza vikundi vya wacheza dansi katika ukumbi wa Paramount Theater, Apollo Theater, Club Harlem na Robin Hood Dell.

Katika miaka ya 1970, Jordan aliongoza kikundi cha wacheza dansi wanawake wengi Waamerika Weusi mjini Philadelphia kilichojulikana kama Hortense Allen Dancers. Kikundi hicho kilifanya maonyesho mara kwa mara katika Robin Hood Dell katika miaka ya 1970 na kiliambatana na maonyesho ya wanamuziki maarufu kama Lionel Hampton, Count Basie na Woody Herman.

Mwaka 1995, Jordan alikuwa mkurugenzi wa kisanii wa onyesho la Stepping in Time, lililokuwa na muziki na dansi za wasanii Waamerika Weusi, lililofadhiliwa na kutayarishwa na Mradi wa [[Sanaa]] za Jadi wa Philadelphia.

Maisha yake ya uchezaji dansi pia yaliangaziwa katika filamu ya maandishi Plenty of Good Women Dancers, iliyorushwa kwenye televisheni ya umma mwaka 2004.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1919]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2008]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <text bytes="2428" sha1="i1kg86ooh5ajpuue9tueebd8hwpala3" xml:space="preserve">'''Hortense Allen Jordan''' (17 Septemba 1919 – 15 Machi 2008) alikuwa mcheza dansi, mbunifu wa [[maonyesho]] ya dansi, mbunifu wa mavazi na mtayarishaji wa vipindi kutoka jamii ya Waamerika Weusi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ex-dancer Hortense Allen Jordan dies at 88|url=https://www.inquirer.com/philly/obituaries/20080323_Ex-dancer_Hortense_Allen_Jordan_dies_at_88.html|work=Inquirer.com|date=2008-03-23|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en|author=Gayle Ronan Sims, Inquirer Staff Writer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha binafsi ==
Alizaliwa kwa jina la Hiawatha Hortense Allen tarehe 17 Septemba 1919.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hortense Allen Jordan|url=https://www.folkloreproject.org/artists/hortense-allen-jordan|work=Philadelphia Folklore Project|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alikuwa na ndugu 12 na alilelewa katika eneo la East St. Louis, jimbo la Illinois.

Hortense Jordan aliolewa na Theodore Jordan, aliyekuwa mpelelezi wa [[polisi]] mjini Philadelphia, mwaka 1955. Alikuwa na watoto watatu wa kiume: Dewey Allen, Theodore Jordan Jr. na Philip Allen.

Alifariki tarehe 15 Machi 2008 kutokana na kushindwa kufanya kazi kwa moyo.

== Kazi ==
Alianza [[kazi]] yake ya dansi akiwa na umri wa miaka 14. Mwanzoni mwa kazi yake, alipata mafunzo na ushauri kutoka kwa Leonard Reed na Larry Steele.

Mwaka 1947, Jordan alionekana pamoja na Billy Eckstine na bendi yake katika [[filamu]] ''Rhythm in a Riff''.

Katika miaka ya 1950, alikuwa akicheza dansi na kuongoza vikundi vya wacheza dansi katika ukumbi wa Paramount Theater, Apollo Theater, Club Harlem na Robin Hood Dell.

Katika miaka ya 1970, Jordan aliongoza kikundi cha wacheza dansi wanawake wengi Waamerika Weusi mjini Philadelphia kilichojulikana kama Hortense Allen Dancers. Kikundi hicho kilifanya maonyesho mara kwa mara katika Robin Hood Dell katika miaka ya 1970 na kiliambatana na maonyesho ya wanamuziki maarufu kama Lionel Hampton, Count Basie na Woody Herman.

Mwaka 1995, Jordan alikuwa mkurugenzi wa kisanii wa onyesho la Stepping in Time, lililokuwa na muziki na dansi za wasanii Waamerika Weusi, lililofadhiliwa na kutayarishwa na Mradi wa [[Sanaa]] za Jadi wa Philadelphia.

Maisha yake ya uchezaji dansi pia yaliangaziwa katika filamu ya maandishi Plenty of Good Women Dancers, iliyorushwa kwenye televisheni ya umma mwaka 2004.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1919]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2008]]
[[Jamii:Wamarekani Weusi]]</text>
      <sha1>i1kg86ooh5ajpuue9tueebd8hwpala3</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ox Nché</title>
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      <text bytes="1473" sha1="qge233y0bq88ewcsh0485opg9x4qndm" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Ox Nché 2015.jpg|thumb|Ox Nché 2015]]
'''Ox Nché''' (jina kamili '''Retshegofaditswe &quot;Tshego&quot; Nché''', alizaliwa [[23 Julai]] [[1995]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya chama kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]].

Anajulikana zaidi kwa jina la utani Ox Nché. Kwa sasa anacheza kwa klabu ya Sharks katika mashindano ya United Rugby Championship (URC) na pia anaiwakilisha timu ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini.

Nafasi yake ya kawaida uwanjani ni  mchezaji wa mstari wa mbele, namba 1.

Nché anatambulika kimataifa kwa uwezo wake mkubwa katika  mchuano wa kusukumana wa wachezaji wa mbele, na anasifiwa kama mmoja wa wachezaji bora [[duniani]] katika [[eneo]] hilo.

== Raga ya klabu ==

==== Vijana (2011–2014) ====
Ox Nché alipata uteuzi wake wa kwanza wa ngazi ya [[mkoa]]  mwaka [[2011]], alipoteuliwa kujiunga na kikosi cha Free State kilichoshiriki mashindano ya [[vijana]] ya chini ya miaka 16  Grant Khomo Week yaliyofanyika mjini [[Queenstown]].

Mashindano hayo yalikuwa sehemu ya [[programu]] za kukuza vipaji vya wachezaji vijana nchini Afrika Kusini, na yalitoa nafasi kwa wachezaji wenye uwezo kuonekana na kuchaguliwa kwenda ngazi za juu za raga.&lt;ref&gt;https://briefly.co.za/106964-ox-nche-age-dob-height-weight-family-espn-injury-stats.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.espn.com.au/rugby/story/_/id/38733572/ox-nc-skill-key-springboks-charge-final&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hope Whitehead</title>
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    <id>243193</id>
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      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1012" sha1="8p1eor42afkrkemxxvrvuvoklztzof8" xml:space="preserve">'''Hope Elizabeth Whitehead''' (alizaliwa tarehe 30 Januari 1959) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Marekani]]. Aliwahi kuwa mjumbe wa Baraza la Wawakilishi la Missouri akiwakilisha wilaya ya 57.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hope Whitehead|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Hope_Whitehead|work=Ballotpedia|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwaka 2020, Whitehead alikua Mwamerika Mweusi wa kwanza kushika nafasi ya Msimamizi wa [[Mahakama]] (Judicial Administrator). Anafanya [[kazi]] katika [[Mahakama]] ya Mzunguko ya Kaunti ya St. Louis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hope E. Whitehead sworn in as St. Louis County Circuit Court judicial administrator|url=https://www.stlamerican.com/business/people-on-the-move/hope-e-whitehead-sworn-in-as-st-louis-county-circuit-court-judicial-administrator/|work=St. Louis American|date=2020-01-16|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en-US|author=Staff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>8p1eor42afkrkemxxvrvuvoklztzof8</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <text bytes="1005" sha1="1z94uf0h0d13j7txrbjq0i35udlcqx8" xml:space="preserve">'''Hope Elizabeth Whitehead''' (alizaliwa 30 Januari 1959) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Marekani]]. Aliwahi kuwa mjumbe wa Baraza la Wawakilishi la Missouri akiwakilisha wilaya ya 57.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hope Whitehead|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Hope_Whitehead|work=Ballotpedia|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwaka 2020, Whitehead alikua Mwamerika Mweusi wa kwanza kushika nafasi ya Msimamizi wa [[Mahakama]] (Judicial Administrator). Anafanya [[kazi]] katika [[Mahakama]] ya Mzunguko ya Kaunti ya St. Louis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hope E. Whitehead sworn in as St. Louis County Circuit Court judicial administrator|url=https://www.stlamerican.com/business/people-on-the-move/hope-e-whitehead-sworn-in-as-st-louis-county-circuit-court-judicial-administrator/|work=St. Louis American|date=2020-01-16|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en-US|author=Staff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>1z94uf0h0d13j7txrbjq0i35udlcqx8</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Dolores Salinas</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243194</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="2326" sha1="o6qu4fb2kzujpkemx8neyq2dyeoaror" xml:space="preserve">'''Dolores Salinas''' (1933–2011) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa nyimbo kutoka Colombia. Alikuwa mshiriki wa kikundi cha [[muziki]] Las Alegres Ambulancias, ambacho kilipata umaarufu kupitia wimbo wake maarufu &quot;La Maldita Vieja&quot;.

== Maisha ==
Dolores Salinas alizaliwa mwaka 1933 katika mji wa San Basilio de Palenque, katika jimbo la Bolívar nchini Colombia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Dolores Salinas: una década sin “La maldita vieja”|url=https://www.radionacional.co/actualidad/dolores-salinas-la-maldita-vieja-las-alegras-ambulancias|work=www.radionacional.co|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=es|author=Radio Nacional de Colombia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alikuwa mwimbaji katika kikundi cha Las Alegres Ambulancias, kilichoongozwa na Graciela Salgado. Kikundi hicho kiliimba kwenye mazishi huko San Basilio de Palenque kama sehemu ya [[utamaduni]] wa jadi wa lumbalú.

Salinas ndiye aliyekipa kikundi hicho jina la Las Alegres Ambulancias, na mara nyingi aliimba sauti za usaidizi katika nyimbo zao. Pia aliimba pamoja na Graciela Salgado na Cristobalina Estrada katika kikundi kilichoitwa Las Tres Mujeres. Kikundi hicho kilishiriki katika albamu Los Colores de la Tierra, iliyotayarishwa na Caja Agraria na Wizara ya Utamaduni ya Colombia.

Kikundi cha Las Alegres Ambulancias kilipata [[mafanikio]] makubwa kupitia wimbo &quot;La Maldita Vieja&quot;, ambao uliandikwa na Salinas kutokana na tukio la ugomvi aliokuwa nao na jirani yake aliyekuwa akimvizia mume wake. Wimbo huo baadaye uliimbwa tena na wasanii na vikundi mbalimbali, vikiwemo La Mojarra Eléctrica, Faraón Bantú, na vikundi mbalimbali vya muziki wa bullerengue kutoka eneo la Karibiani la Colombia.

Baadaye jina la wimbo huo, &quot;La Maldita Vieja&quot;, lilianza kutumiwa pia kama jina la utani la Dolores Salinas.

Dolores Salinas alifariki tarehe 11 Mei 2011 mjini Cartagena akiwa na umri wa miaka 78. Graciela Salgado aliimba katika ibada ya kumuaga, na Petrona Martínez alihudhuria [[mazishi]] yake.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Murió cantadora Dolores Salinas|url=https://www.eluniversal.com.co/cultural/2011/05/12/murio-cantadora-dolores-salinas/|work=www.eluniversal.com.co|date=2011-05-12|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1933]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2011]]
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Kolombia]]</text>
      <sha1>o6qu4fb2kzujpkemx8neyq2dyeoaror</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Vincent Koch</title>
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      <text bytes="1547" sha1="1h2nbq5dr6zm0rf8vi9v9co14nbd18r" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Vincent Koch 2022.jpg|thumb|Vincent Koch ]]
'''Vincent Koch''' (alizaliwa [[13 Machi]] [[1990]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya chama kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]].

Kwa sasa anacheza kwa [[klabu]] ya Sharks katika mashindano ya United Rugby Championship (URC) na pia anaiwakilisha timu ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini.

Nafasi yake ya kawaida uwanjani ni  mchezaji wa mstari wa mbele, namba 3.

Koch anajulikana kwa:

* Uwezo mkubwa katika  mchuano wa kusukumana wa wachezaji wa mbele.
* [[Nguvu]] katika uchezaji wa karibu na mstari wa mbele.
* Uzoefu mkubwa katika raga ya kimataifa akiwa sehemu ya kizazi cha mafanikio cha Springboks.

== Kazi ya klabu ==
Vincent Koch hucheza mara kwa mara katika nafasi ya  mchezaji wa mstari wa mbele. Hapo awali aliwahi kuiwakilisha timu za:

* Blue Bulls
* UP Tuks
* Pumas

Mwaka [[2015]], alijiunga na Stormers kwa ajili ya msimu wa (Super Rugby) 2015, lakini baadaye alirejea kuchezea Pumas katika mashindano ya Currie Cup.

Mwaka [[2016]], [[Koch]] alihamia klabu ya [[Uingereza]] ya Saracens, ambako aliendelea kukuza taaluma yake katika raga ya kiwango cha juu.

== Tuzo na mafanikio ==

==== Afrika Kusini ====

* Mshindi wa The Rugby Championship: 2025  &lt;ref&gt;https://saracens.com/vincent-koch-to-leave-saracens-at-the-end-of-the-season/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-union/36459911&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-union/59596425&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1990]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Arlonzia Pettway</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243196</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583262</id>
      <parentid>1583191</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T14:34:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Marejeo */</comment>
      <origin>1583262</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2988" sha1="4fjvg1i4cjoc7t48zehq84aivslmvcr" xml:space="preserve">'''Arlonzia Pettway''' (1923–2008) alikuwa msanii wa [[Marekani]] aliyehusishwa na kikundi cha watengenezaji wa mablanketi cha Gee's Bend. Alianza kutengeneza mablanketi akiwa na umri wa miaka 13.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oULezQjE5hwC&amp;pg=PA54|title=Gee's Bend: The Architecture of the Quilt|last=Arnett|first=William|date=2006|publisher=Tinwood Books|isbn=978-0-9719104-7-8|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwaka 2006, [[kazi]] yake ya mto iliyokuwa na muundo wa &quot;Chinese Coins&quot; ilionekana kwenye stempu ya [[posta]] ya Marekani katika mfululizo uliotolewa kuwaenzi watengenezaji wa mablanketi wa Gee's Bend. Kazi zake zinahifadhiwa katika mkusanyiko wa Makumbusho ya Sanaa ya Houston na Makumbusho ya Sanaa ya Juu yaliyopo Atlanta, Georgia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=High Museum of Art Receives 54 Artworks from Souls Grown Deep Foundation|url=http://www.artfixdaily.com/artwire/release/9125-high-museum-of-art-receives-54-artworks-from-souls-grown-deep-fou|work=ArtfixDaily|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ==
Arlonzia Pettway alilelewa katika shamba la Pettway na wazazi wake hadi mwaka 1941, baba yake alipofariki. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 18, yeye na kaka yake Ike walichukua jukumu la kuendesha shamba baada ya kifo cha baba yao.

Walilima zaidi pamba, [[mahindi]], njegere na viazi vitamu. Baadaye walianza pia kulima matango na turnips kwa ajili ya kampuni moja iliyokuwa Montgomery, Alabama.

Mwaka 1940, nyumba ya utotoni ya Pettway iliyokuwa imejengwa kwa mtindo wa kibanda cha magogo ilibadilishwa na serikali ya shirikisho kuwa nyumba mpya ya mradi. Nyumba hiyo ilikuwa na vyumba vitatu vya kulala, jiko, [[chumba]] cha kulia na bafu mbili, lakini haikuwa na maji ya bomba.

Familia yake ilipata mfumo wa maji ya ndani mwaka 1974, umeme mwaka 1964, na walinunua simu yao ya kwanza mwaka 1976.

Pettway aliolewa na Bizzell, mwana wa Jennie Pettway, akiwa na umri wa miaka 20. Waliishi pamoja wakilima na kulea watoto wao kumi na wawili — wasichana wanne na wavulana wanane — katika nyumba ya familia ya Pettway.

Mume wake alifariki mwaka 1964, na Arlonzia Pettway alifariki mwaka 2008.

== Kazi ==
Pettway alijiona kuwa mtu mwenye uwezo wa kutumia [[rasilimali]] alizonazo, na alitengeneza vitu vingi kwa mikono yake mwenyewe. Aliamini kuwa kipaji chake kilikuwa sehemu ya asili yake, akisema:

''&quot;Nilikuwa na uwezo wa kufanya jambo lolote. Ilikuwa ndani yangu tangu kuzaliwa kutengeneza vitu.&quot;''

Alikumbuka kutengeneza vitanda, rafu za vitabu, makabati ya televisheni na vyombo vya kupandia mimea kwa kutumia maboya ya mtoni.

Akiwa na umri wa miaka tisa, alitengeneza magauni yake na ya [[dada]] yake kwa kutumia kitambaa cha rangi ya bluu cha tafta, jambo lililomfurahisha sana mama yake. Inaaminika kuwa mama yake ndiye aliyemfundisha kushona na kutengeneza mablanketi kabla hajafikisha umri wa miaka tisa.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1923]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2008]]
[[Jamii:wasanii wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>4fjvg1i4cjoc7t48zehq84aivslmvcr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Angelica Lisk-Hann</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243197</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583274</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T16:28:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Angelica Lisk-Hann''' ni mtaalamu wa maonyesho ya hatari na mratibu wa [[maonyesho]] ya hatari kutoka Kanada anayefanya kazi katika filamu na televisheni. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kushinda mara mbili Tuzo za Canadian Screen katika kipengele cha Uratibu Bora wa Maonyesho ya Hatari. Alishinda tuzo hiyo mwaka 2020 kutokana na kazi yake katika ''Mary Kills People'', na mwaka 2026 kwa filamu ''40 Acres''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=CSAs ’26: R.T. Thorne’s 40 Acre...'</comment>
      <origin>1583274</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1521" sha1="malownxdfwav3ule5l5oqg3b4sckh8o" xml:space="preserve">'''Angelica Lisk-Hann''' ni mtaalamu wa maonyesho ya hatari na mratibu wa [[maonyesho]] ya hatari kutoka Kanada anayefanya kazi katika filamu na televisheni. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kushinda mara mbili Tuzo za Canadian Screen katika kipengele cha Uratibu Bora wa Maonyesho ya Hatari. Alishinda tuzo hiyo mwaka 2020 kutokana na kazi yake katika ''Mary Kills People'', na mwaka 2026 kwa filamu ''40 Acres''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=CSAs ’26: R.T. Thorne’s 40 Acres leads cinematic arts winners|url=https://playbackonline.ca/2026/05/28/csas-26-r-t-thornes-40-acres-leads-cinematic-arts-winners/|accessdate=2026-08-02|author=Jamie Casemore}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pia aliteuliwa kwa tuzo hiyo mwaka 2022 kutokana na ''The Retreat'' na mwaka 2024 kwa ''Robyn Hood''.

Alikuwa [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza mweusi nchini [[Kanada]] kufanya kazi kama mratibu wa maonyesho ya [[hatari]]. Vilevile, alichukua nafasi muhimu katika kushawishi kuanzishwa kwa kipengele cha tuzo za Canadian Screen kinachotambua kazi za maonyesho ya hatari. Alianza taaluma yake kama mtaalamu wa maonyesho ya hatari kabla ya kuhamia katika kazi ya uratibu wa maonyesho hayo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Simonpillai|first=Radheyan|title=Angelica Lisk-Hann is a Black stunt coordinator in a snow-white industry|date=2022-04-08|url=https://nowtoronto.com/movies/angelica-lisk-hann-is-a-black-stunt-coordinator-in-a-snow-white-industry/|work=NOW Toronto|language=en-US|access-date=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>malownxdfwav3ule5l5oqg3b4sckh8o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anajá Caetano</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243198</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583276</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T16:32:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Anajá Caetano''' alikuwa mwandishi Mwafrika-Mbrazili aliyeandika kuhusu utumwa, dini na [[ubaguzi]]. Alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kuandika na kuchapisha riwaya nchini Brazili katika karne ya 20.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDssBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA120|title=The Future is Now: A New Look at African Diaspora Studies|last=Valdés|first=Vanessa K.|date=2012-01-17|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-3677-7|language=en}}&lt;...'</comment>
      <origin>1583276</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1516" sha1="921dmpe8a4lianj4uw0dg9cn10f8jh6" xml:space="preserve">'''Anajá Caetano''' alikuwa mwandishi Mwafrika-Mbrazili aliyeandika kuhusu utumwa, dini na [[ubaguzi]]. Alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kuandika na kuchapisha riwaya nchini Brazili katika karne ya 20.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDssBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA120|title=The Future is Now: A New Look at African Diaspora Studies|last=Valdés|first=Vanessa K.|date=2012-01-17|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-3677-7|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wasifu ==
Anajá Caetano alizaliwa katika [[mji]] wa São Sebastião do Paraíso, nchini Brazili. Alikuwa na asili ya Angola, hasa kutoka kabila la Chokwe.

Katika maandishi yake, Caetano alizungumzia maisha ya Waafrika-Wabrazili, akigusia masuala ya [[utumwa]], dini na ubaguzi wa rangi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f8gVCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA176|title=Moving Beyond Boundaries (Vol. 2): Black Women's Diasporas|last=Boyce-Davies|first=Carole|last2=Ogundipe-Leslie|first2=Molara|date=1995-04|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-1239-9|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kitabu chake ''Negra Efigênia, Paixão do Senhor Branco'' kilichapishwa mwaka 1966. Kilikuwa riwaya ya kwanza kuandikwa na kuchapishwa na mwanamke nchini Brazili katika karne ya 20.

Riwaya hiyo, ambayo simulizi lake linafanyika katika karne ya 19, inaelezea maisha ya Ifigenia, mwanamke aliyekuwa mtumwa ambaye alitekwa nyara na mkulima mzungu ili awe mke wake.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Brazil]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Brazil]]</text>
      <sha1>921dmpe8a4lianj4uw0dg9cn10f8jh6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Yinka Sunmonu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243199</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583277</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T16:36:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Yinka Sunmonu''' (aliyezaliwa mwaka 1962) ni [[mwandishi]] na mwanahabari wa [[Uingereza]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfdpdZ9DwH0C&amp;pg=PA290|title=Companion to Contemporary Black British Culture|last=Donnell|first=Alison|date=2002-09-11|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-70025-7|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  == Maisha == Yinka Sunmonu alizaliwa mwaka 1962 jijini London. Alipata [[shahada]] ya kwanza katika lugha ya Kiingereza, masomo y...'</comment>
      <origin>1583277</origin>
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      <text bytes="1825" sha1="qjxxl3wjubi5ewn9985j6gbaqe15krj" xml:space="preserve">'''Yinka Sunmonu''' (aliyezaliwa mwaka 1962) ni [[mwandishi]] na mwanahabari wa [[Uingereza]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfdpdZ9DwH0C&amp;pg=PA290|title=Companion to Contemporary Black British Culture|last=Donnell|first=Alison|date=2002-09-11|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-70025-7|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ==
Yinka Sunmonu alizaliwa mwaka 1962 jijini London. Alipata [[shahada]] ya kwanza katika lugha ya Kiingereza, masomo ya Afrika na Karibiani, pamoja na shahada ya uzamili katika uandishi wa ubunifu na uandishi wa maisha kutoka Chuo cha Goldsmiths.

Mwaka 1999, alichangia hadithi katika diwani ya ''Afrobeat: New Black British Fiction''. Riwaya yake ya kwanza, ''Cherish'', inaelezea migogoro inayomkumba msichana wa Kinigeria anayelelewa kwa siri na familia ya wazungu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=James|first=John|title=Yinka Sunmonu|date=2003-11-05|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2003/nov/05/adoptionandfostering.adoption|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sunmonu ni mtaalamu wa masuala ya kuasili na kulea watoto katika [[jamii]] ya watu weusi. Pia ameandika kuhusu huduma kwa watu wenye ugonjwa wa kupoteza kumbukumbu (dementia) ndani ya jamii hiyo.

Ameandika makala katika machapisho mbalimbali, yakiwemo ''Aspire Magazine'', ''West Africa'', ''Community Care'', ''Woman to Woman'', ''The Voice'', ''Foster Care'', na ''Adoption &amp; Fostering''.

== Kazi zake ==

* &quot;Why Black Carers Are Deterred from Adoption&quot; (''Kwa nini walezi weusi hukatishwa tamaa kuasili watoto''), ''Adoption &amp; Fostering'', Juzuu ya 24, Toleo la 1 (Aprili 2000), ukurasa 59–60.
* Cherish, London: Mango Publishing, 2003.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Uingereza]]</text>
      <sha1>qjxxl3wjubi5ewn9985j6gbaqe15krj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1583284</id>
      <parentid>1583277</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T17:45:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1828" sha1="7skbomikmttxpls5cv2c0zpr8bw217b" xml:space="preserve">'''Yinka Sunmonu''' (aliyezaliwa mwaka 1962) ni [[mwandishi]] na mwanahabari wa [[Uingereza]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfdpdZ9DwH0C&amp;pg=PA290|title=Companion to Contemporary Black British Culture|last=Donnell|first=Alison|date=2002-09-11|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-70025-7|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ==
Yinka Sunmonu alizaliwa mwaka 1962 jijini London. Alipata [[shahada]] ya kwanza katika lugha ya Kiingereza, masomo ya Afrika na Karibiani, pamoja na shahada ya uzamili katika uandishi wa ubunifu na uandishi wa maisha kutoka Chuo cha Goldsmiths.

Mwaka 1999, alichangia hadithi katika diwani ya ''Afrobeat: New Black British Fiction''. Riwaya yake ya kwanza, ''Cherish'', inaelezea migogoro inayomkumba msichana wa Kinigeria anayelelewa kwa siri na familia ya wazungu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=James|first=John|title=Yinka Sunmonu|date=2003-11-05|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2003/nov/05/adoptionandfostering.adoption|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sunmonu ni mtaalamu wa masuala ya kuasili na kulea watoto katika [[jamii]] ya watu weusi. Pia ameandika kuhusu huduma kwa watu wenye ugonjwa wa kupoteza kumbukumbu (dementia) ndani ya jamii hiyo.

Ameandika makala katika machapisho mbalimbali, yakiwemo ''Aspire Magazine'', ''West Africa'', ''Community Care'', ''Woman to Woman'', ''The Voice'', ''Foster Care'', na ''Adoption &amp; Fostering''.

== Kazi zake ==

* &quot;Why Black Carers Are Deterred from Adoption&quot; (''Kwa nini walezi weusi hukatishwa tamaa kuasili watoto''), ''Adoption &amp; Fostering'', Juzuu ya 24, Toleo la 1 (Aprili 2000), ukurasa 59–60.
* Cherish, London: Mango Publishing, 2003.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Uingereza]]</text>
      <sha1>7skbomikmttxpls5cv2c0zpr8bw217b</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Olive Diggs</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243200</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583278</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T16:41:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Olive Myrl Diggs''' (22 Aprili 1908 – 10 Novemba 1980) alikuwa [[mhariri]] mkuu mtendaji wa gazeti la Chicago Bee, linalomilikiwa na Anthony Overton, kuanzia mwaka 1929 hadi gazeti hilo lilipofungwa mwaka 1947. Pia alikuwa afisa wa umma aliyepigania maslahi ya jamii ya Waafrika-Wamarekani mjini Chicago na mtaalamu wa mipango miji.  Alizaliwa mjini Mound City, Illinois. Alipata [[shahada]] ya kwanza ya Sayansi katika Uchumi na Uhasibu kutoka Chuo Kikuu...'</comment>
      <origin>1583278</origin>
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      <text bytes="1640" sha1="7o8kvjihlq0f2ss2xbmunhpfiwo5uiv" xml:space="preserve">'''Olive Myrl Diggs''' (22 Aprili 1908 – 10 Novemba 1980) alikuwa [[mhariri]] mkuu mtendaji wa gazeti la Chicago Bee, linalomilikiwa na Anthony Overton, kuanzia mwaka 1929 hadi gazeti hilo lilipofungwa mwaka 1947. Pia alikuwa afisa wa umma aliyepigania maslahi ya jamii ya Waafrika-Wamarekani mjini Chicago na mtaalamu wa mipango miji.

Alizaliwa mjini Mound City, Illinois. Alipata [[shahada]] ya kwanza ya Sayansi katika Uchumi na Uhasibu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Northwestern na shahada ya uzamili kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Roosevelt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Site Protection - Verification Required|url=https://bmrc.lib.uchicago.edu/turnstile/challenge/?next=/portal/|work=bmrc.lib.uchicago.edu|accessdate=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akiwa katika gazeti la ''Chicago Bee'', Diggs alijikita katika kuandika kuhusu makazi ya Waafrika-Wamarekani mjini [[Chicago]] na alitetea uboreshaji na ufufuaji wa vitongoji vyao. Pia alikuwa mkurugenzi wa mpango wa Neighborhood Youth Corps na mshauri wa National Youth Administration.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FEIDAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=Olive+Diggs&amp;pg=PA8|title=Jet|last=Company|first=Johnson Publishing|date=1980-12-04|publisher=Johnson Publishing Company|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baadaye alihudumu kama Naibu Mkurugenzi wa Tume ya Illinois ya Mahusiano ya Kibinadamu. Alikuwa pia mzungumzaji wa umma aliyetoa hotuba kuhusu masuala mbalimbali ya kijamii. Mwaka 1979 alistaafu akiwa Msaidizi wa Utawala katika Idara ya Mipango, Maendeleo ya Jiji na Jamii ya Jiji la Chicago.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1980]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1908]]</text>
      <sha1>7o8kvjihlq0f2ss2xbmunhpfiwo5uiv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1583335</id>
      <parentid>1583278</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T21:58:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1583335</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1647" sha1="mevvdnkw21on084gwwbc6x98nnxsdzd" xml:space="preserve">'''Olive Myrl Diggs''' (22 Aprili 1908 – 10 Novemba 1980) alikuwa [[mhariri]] mkuu mtendaji wa gazeti la Chicago Bee, linalomilikiwa na Anthony Overton, kuanzia mwaka 1929 hadi gazeti hilo lilipofungwa mwaka 1947. Pia alikuwa afisa wa umma aliyepigania maslahi ya jamii ya Waafrika-Wamarekani mjini Chicago na mtaalamu wa mipango miji.

Alizaliwa mjini Mound City, Illinois. Alipata [[shahada]] ya kwanza ya Sayansi katika Uchumi na Uhasibu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Northwestern na shahada ya uzamili kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Roosevelt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Site Protection - Verification Required|url=https://bmrc.lib.uchicago.edu/turnstile/challenge/?next=/portal/|work=bmrc.lib.uchicago.edu|accessdate=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akiwa katika gazeti la ''Chicago Bee'', Diggs alijikita katika kuandika kuhusu makazi ya Waafrika-Wamarekani mjini [[Chicago]] na alitetea uboreshaji na ufufuaji wa vitongoji vyao. Pia alikuwa mkurugenzi wa mpango wa Neighborhood Youth Corps na mshauri wa National Youth Administration.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FEIDAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=Olive+Diggs&amp;pg=PA8|title=Jet|last=Company|first=Johnson Publishing|date=1980-12-04|publisher=Johnson Publishing Company|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baadaye alihudumu kama Naibu Mkurugenzi wa Tume ya Illinois ya Mahusiano ya Kibinadamu. Alikuwa pia mzungumzaji wa umma aliyetoa hotuba kuhusu masuala mbalimbali ya kijamii. Mwaka 1979 alistaafu akiwa Msaidizi wa Utawala katika Idara ya Mipango, Maendeleo ya Jiji na Jamii ya Jiji la Chicago.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1980]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1908]]</text>
      <sha1>mevvdnkw21on084gwwbc6x98nnxsdzd</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Nellie B. Nicholson</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243201</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583279</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T16:48:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Nellie Blythe Nicholson Taylor''' (22 Julai 1888 – 20 Desemba 1965) alikuwa [[mwanaharakati]] wa haki ya wanawake kupiga kura na [[mwalimu]] kutoka jamii ya Waafrika-Wamarekani.  Nicholson alikuwa kiongozi wa mashirika ya wanawake na alishirikiana na Sadie L. Jones kuanzisha tawi la Women's College Club of Delaware.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Biographical Sketch of Nellie B. Nicholson (Taylor), 1888-1965  {{!}} Alexander Street, part of Clarivate|url=https:...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1845" sha1="ej9lblnhcza1syc3r5t88664ucit3xb" xml:space="preserve">'''Nellie Blythe Nicholson Taylor''' (22 Julai 1888 – 20 Desemba 1965) alikuwa [[mwanaharakati]] wa haki ya wanawake kupiga kura na [[mwalimu]] kutoka jamii ya Waafrika-Wamarekani.

Nicholson alikuwa kiongozi wa mashirika ya wanawake na alishirikiana na Sadie L. Jones kuanzisha tawi la Women's College Club of Delaware.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Biographical Sketch of Nellie B. Nicholson (Taylor), 1888-1965  {{!}} Alexander Street, part of Clarivate|url=https://search.alexanderstreet.com/view/work/bibliographic_entity%7Cbibliographic_details%7C3893394|work=search.alexanderstreet.com|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pia alikuwa mmoja wa waanzilishi wa tawi la Zeta Omega la [[chama]] cha wanawake cha Alpha Kappa Alpha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Our History {{!}} Alpha Kappa Alpha Zeta Omega Chapter {{!}} Wilmington|url=https://www.akazetaomega.org/our-history|work=AKA Zeta Omega Chapt|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwaka 1914, alikuwa mmoja wa waanzilishi wa Equal Suffrage Study Club, kikundi kilichoanzishwa kwa ajili ya kujifunza na kutetea haki ya wanawake weusi kupiga kura. Mwaka huo, wanachama wa kikundi hicho walishiriki katika maandamano ya kwanza ya kudai haki ya wanawake kupiga kura yaliyofanyika mjini Wilmington, wakitembea kama kundi lao maalumu.

Baada ya kupitishwa kwa [[Marekebisho]] ya Kumi na Tisa ya Katiba ya Marekani, yaliyowapa wanawake haki ya kupiga kura, kikundi hicho kilihamasisha wanawake Waafrika-Wamarekani kujiandikisha na kushiriki katika uchaguzi.

Wanachama wa klabu hiyo pia walisaidia kuanzishwa kwa tawi la NAACP mjini Wilmington mwaka 1915, na Nellie Blythe Nicholson Taylor alikuwa afisa wa kwanza wa mahusiano na vyombo vya habari wa tawi hilo.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1888]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1965]]
[[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1853" sha1="o8s24vsmg5fdc8tdk6vnfkij6tvdh10" xml:space="preserve">'''Nellie Blythe Nicholson Taylor''' (22 Julai 1888 – 20 Desemba 1965) alikuwa [[mwanaharakati]] wa haki ya wanawake kupiga kura na [[mwalimu]] kutoka jamii ya Waafrika-Wamarekani.

Nicholson alikuwa kiongozi wa mashirika ya wanawake na alishirikiana na Sadie L. Jones kuanzisha tawi la Women's College Club of Delaware.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Biographical Sketch of Nellie B. Nicholson (Taylor), 1888-1965  {{!}} Alexander Street, part of Clarivate|url=https://search.alexanderstreet.com/view/work/bibliographic_entity%7Cbibliographic_details%7C3893394|work=search.alexanderstreet.com|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pia alikuwa mmoja wa waanzilishi wa tawi la Zeta Omega la [[chama]] cha wanawake cha Alpha Kappa Alpha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Our History {{!}} Alpha Kappa Alpha Zeta Omega Chapter {{!}} Wilmington|url=https://www.akazetaomega.org/our-history|work=AKA Zeta Omega Chapt|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwaka 1914, alikuwa mmoja wa waanzilishi wa Equal Suffrage Study Club, kikundi kilichoanzishwa kwa ajili ya kujifunza na kutetea haki ya wanawake weusi kupiga kura. Mwaka huo, wanachama wa kikundi hicho walishiriki katika maandamano ya kwanza ya kudai haki ya wanawake kupiga kura yaliyofanyika mjini Wilmington, wakitembea kama kundi lao maalumu.

Baada ya kupitishwa kwa [[Marekebisho]] ya Kumi na Tisa ya Katiba ya Marekani, yaliyowapa wanawake haki ya kupiga kura, kikundi hicho kilihamasisha wanawake Waafrika-Wamarekani kujiandikisha na kushiriki katika uchaguzi.

Wanachama wa klabu hiyo pia walisaidia kuanzishwa kwa tawi la NAACP mjini Wilmington mwaka 1915, na Nellie Blythe Nicholson Taylor alikuwa afisa wa kwanza wa mahusiano na vyombo vya habari wa tawi hilo.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1888]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1965]]
[[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>o8s24vsmg5fdc8tdk6vnfkij6tvdh10</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <text bytes="1989" sha1="ouks4xl3b55j2a4uc2tzeeuegzuz1py" xml:space="preserve">'''Nellie Blythe Nicholson Taylor''' (22 Julai 1888 – 20 Desemba 1965) alikuwa [[mwanaharakati]] wa haki ya wanawake kupiga kura na [[mwalimu]] kutoka jamii ya Waafrika-Wamarekani.

Nicholson alikuwa kiongozi wa mashirika ya wanawake na alishirikiana na Sadie L. Jones kuanzisha tawi la Women's College Club of Delaware.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Biographical Sketch of Nellie B. Nicholson (Taylor), 1888-1965  {{!}} Alexander Street, part of Clarivate|url=https://search.alexanderstreet.com/view/work/bibliographic_entity%7Cbibliographic_details%7C3893394|work=search.alexanderstreet.com|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pia alikuwa mmoja wa waanzilishi wa tawi la Zeta Omega la [[chama]] cha wanawake cha Alpha Kappa Alpha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Our History {{!}} Alpha Kappa Alpha Zeta Omega Chapter {{!}} Wilmington|url=https://www.akazetaomega.org/our-history|work=AKA Zeta Omega Chapt|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en|archive-date=2023-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206201256/https://www.akazetaomega.org/our-history|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwaka 1914, alikuwa mmoja wa waanzilishi wa Equal Suffrage Study Club, kikundi kilichoanzishwa kwa ajili ya kujifunza na kutetea haki ya wanawake weusi kupiga kura. Mwaka huo, wanachama wa kikundi hicho walishiriki katika maandamano ya kwanza ya kudai haki ya wanawake kupiga kura yaliyofanyika mjini Wilmington, wakitembea kama kundi lao maalumu.

Baada ya kupitishwa kwa [[Marekebisho]] ya Kumi na Tisa ya Katiba ya Marekani, yaliyowapa wanawake haki ya kupiga kura, kikundi hicho kilihamasisha wanawake Waafrika-Wamarekani kujiandikisha na kushiriki katika uchaguzi.

Wanachama wa klabu hiyo pia walisaidia kuanzishwa kwa tawi la NAACP mjini Wilmington mwaka 1915, na Nellie Blythe Nicholson Taylor alikuwa afisa wa kwanza wa mahusiano na vyombo vya habari wa tawi hilo.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1888]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1965]]
[[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>ouks4xl3b55j2a4uc2tzeeuegzuz1py</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Big Mountain</title>
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        <id>379</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[File:2018 - Pol’and’Rock Festival - Big Mountain 23.jpg|thumb|250px|Joaquin &quot;Quino&quot; McWhinney, mwimbaji mkuu wa Big Mountain, akitumbuiza mwaka 2018.]]  '''Big Mountain''' ni kundi la muziki wa [[reggae]] kutoka nchini [[Marekani]] lililoundwa mnamo mwaka [[1986]] katika mji wa [[San Diego]], jimbo la [[California]], na mwimbaji mkuu Joaquin &quot;Quino&quot; McWhinney. Kundi hili lilipata umaarufu mkubwa duniani kote na kufahamika zaidi kufuatia kurudia wimbo...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="7671" sha1="3idu3kgamxx0yqfh1lnnf0s1ffszfbp" xml:space="preserve">[[File:2018 - Pol’and’Rock Festival - Big Mountain 23.jpg|thumb|250px|Joaquin &quot;Quino&quot; McWhinney, mwimbaji mkuu wa Big Mountain, akitumbuiza mwaka 2018.]]

'''Big Mountain''' ni kundi la muziki wa [[reggae]] kutoka nchini [[Marekani]] lililoundwa mnamo mwaka [[1986]] katika mji wa [[San Diego]], jimbo la [[California]], na mwimbaji mkuu Joaquin &quot;Quino&quot; McWhinney. Kundi hili lilipata umaarufu mkubwa duniani kote na kufahamika zaidi kufuatia kurudia wimbo wa [[Peter Frampton]] unaoitwa &quot;[[Baby, I Love Your Way]]&quot;. Wimbo huo ulikuwa miongoni mwa nyimbo kumi bora zaidi nchini Marekani mapema mwaka 1994, ukishika nafasi ya 6 kwenye chati za [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], nafasi ya kwanza kwenye chati za [[Mainstream Top 40]], na nafasi ya 2 katika chati za nchi ya Uingereza.

== Historia na maendeleo ya kundi ==
Mageuzi na mwanzo wa kundi la Big Mountain yalianzia mwaka 1986 wakati lilipoanzishwa mjini San Diego, California, likijulikana kwa jina la Rainbow Warriors.&lt;ref name=&quot;Torre&quot;&gt;de la Torre, Chito (1994) &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140921211936/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-2281413.html Big Mountain Does Reggae]&quot;, ''[[La Prensa de San Antonio]]'', September 30, 1994.&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo mwaka 1988, aliyekuja kuwa kiongozi na mwimbaji mkuu wa Big Mountain, Joaquin &quot;Quino&quot; McWhinney, alijiunga kama mwimbaji mkuu wa kundi hilo ambalo kwa wakati huo lilikuwa likiitwa Shiloh. Quino ana asili ya mchanganyiko wa [[Meksiko]] na [[Ueire]], na wanafamilia wake kadhaa walikuwa wanamuziki wa mtindo wa [[mariachi]]. Utashi na nia yake katika muziki wa reggae vilianza kufuatia kutazama filamu ya makala kuhusu mwanamuziki nguli [[Bob Marley]] pamoja na mada za imani ya [[Rastafari]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Daniels&quot;&gt;Daniels, Ron (1994) &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140921211934/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-2271505.html Big Mountain are Reggae Visionaries]&quot;, ''The New York Beacon'', August 19, 1994.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Iliipofika mwaka 1989, Shiloh ilifanikiwa kupata mkataba wao wa kwanza wa kurekodi muziki na kuachia albamu yao ya kwanza iliyokwenda kwa jina la ''California Reggae''. Mwaka 1991, wajumbe wa kundi waliamua kubadilisha jina la kundi na kujiita Big Mountain, jina ambalo lilipatikana kutoka kwenye eneo la hifadhi ya Wahindi Wekundu (Native Americans) lililopo jimboni Arizona. Safu ya awali ya wajumbe wa kundi hili ilikuwa na wajumbe sita ambao ni Quino (mwimbaji), Lynn Copeland (mpiga besi), Gregory Blakney (mpiga ngoma), Jerome Cruz (mpiga gitaa), Manfred Reinke (mpiga kinanda), na Lance Rhodes (mpiga ngoma).&lt;ref name=&quot;Bush&quot;&gt;Bush, John &quot;[{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p37417/biography|pure_url=yes}} Big Mountain Biography]&quot;, ''[[AllMusic]]'', Macrovision Corporation&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Larkin&quot;&gt;Larkin, Colin (1998) ''The Virgin Encyclopedia of Reggae'', Virgin Books, {{ISBN|0-7535-0242-9}}, p.25&lt;/ref&gt;

Kundi hili lilifanikiwa kuingia kwenye chati za kimuziki kwa mara ya kwanza kabisa kupitia wimbo wao uitwao &quot;Touch My Light&quot; ilipofika msimu wa chipukizi mwaka 1993, wimbo ambao ulitoka kwenye albamu yao ya kwanza iliyoitwa ''Wake Up''. Kabla ya kundi kurekodi albamu yao ya pili iliyopewa jina la ''[[Unity (Big Mountain album)|Unity]]'' mnamo mwaka 1993, wajumbe kadhaa ikiwa ni pamoja na Blakney, Cruz, Reinke, na Rhodes walijiondoa kwenye kundi. Mabadiliko haya yaliwalazimu McWhinney na Copeland kutafuta wajumbe mbadala ambapo waliwapata wanamuziki wawili raia wa [[Jamaika]], [[Valentine Chin|Tony Chin]] (mpiga gitaa) na [[Carlton &quot;Santa&quot; Davis]] (mpiga ngoma), pamoja na wapiga kinanda Michael Hyde na Billy &quot;Bones&quot; Stoll, na mpiga vyombo vya mdundo (percussionist) James McWhinney. 

Kufuatia mabadiliko haya makubwa ya safu ya wajumbe, kundi hili lilianza kupata fursa ya kuchezwa sana kwenye vituo vikuu vya redio duniani. Wimbo wao wa &quot;Baby, I Love Your Way&quot; ulijumuishwa kwenye albamu ya nyimbo za filamu ya ''[[Reality Bites]]'', na kufanikiwa kupanda hadi nafasi ya 6 kwenye chati za [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] nchini Marekani na nafasi ya 2 kwenye chati za [[UK Singles Chart]] nchini Uingereza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Daniels&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Larkin&quot; /&gt; Wimbo wao uliofuata ulioitwa &quot;Sweet Sensual Love&quot; ulifikia nafasi ya 51 nchini Uingereza, huku albamu ya ''Unity'' ikiuza zaidi ya nakala milioni moja duniani kote.&lt;ref name=&quot;Larkin&quot; /&gt; Wimbo mwingine wa Big Mountain uliotoka baadaye uitwao &quot;Get Together&quot; ulikuwa miongoni mwa nyimbo tano bora zaidi nchini [[Brazili]] na [[Norwe]].

Big Mountain walitumbuiza katika tamasha maarufu la [[Reggae Sunsplash]] nchini Jamaika katika miaka yote miwili ya 1994 na 1995. Mnamo mwaka 1998, mpiga ngoma na mtayarishaji wa muziki raia wa Jamaika, Paul &quot;Groove Galore&quot; Kastick, alichukua nafasi ya Carlton &quot;Santa&quot; Davis kama mpiga ngoma wa kudumu na mtayarishaji mkuu wa kundi. Kastick aliongoza utayarishaji wa albamu sita zilizofuata za Big Mountain kuanzia mwaka 1998 hadi 2007. 

Baada ya kufanya ziara za kimuziki na kutumbuiza jukwaani kwa miaka 10 mfululizo, Big Mountain waliamua kuchukua mapumziko mnamo mwaka 2005. Katika kipindi hicho cha mapumziko, Quino McWhinney alijipatia ajira na kuwa mwalimu wa shule ya sekondari katika shule ya [[Olympian High School]]. Katika kipindi cha kati ya mwaka 2005 na 2013, Big Mountain walikuwa wakikutana mara chache kwa ajili ya maonyesho ya kimataifa na matamasha ya kuchangia harakati za kijamii na kiutu. 

Mnamo mwaka 2013, Quino, Hyde, na Kastick walirejesha kundi tena wakiwa na safu iliyopanuka zaidi iliyowajumuisha Carlos Arias (mpiga besi), Richard &quot;Goofy&quot; Campbell (mpiga kinanda), Reggie Griffin (gitaa na saksofono), Stephen Kamada (mpiga gitaa), Danny Lopilato (gitaa na mwimbaji), pamoja na Tim Pacheco (mdundo na mwimbaji). Mabadiliko zaidi ya safu ya kundi yaliendelea kutokea, na hivi sasa kundi hili linaundwa na Quino na James McWhinney, Paul Kastick, Goofy Campbell, Chizzy Chisholm na Michael (Mikey) Ortiz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Blue-Skies-Big-Mountain/dp/B00G0OMUO4|title=Big Mountain - Blue Skies - Amazon.com Music|work=amazon.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo Mei 2016, kundi liliachia albamu yao ya kwanza baada ya miaka 14, iliyokwenda kwa jina la ''Perfect Summer''.&lt;ref&gt;Campbell, Howard (2016) &quot;[https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/entertainment/Big-Mountain-returns-with-Perfect-Summer Big Mountain returns with Perfect Summer]&quot;, ''[[Jamaica Observer]]'', May 26, 2016. Retrieved June 5, 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wanachama wa kundi ==

{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
'''Wanachama wa sasa'''
* Joaquin &quot;Quino&quot; McWhinney – sauti, gitaa &lt;small&gt;(1988–sasa)&lt;/small&gt;
* Paul &quot;GrooveGalore&quot; Kastick – ngoma &lt;small&gt;(1998–sasa)&lt;/small&gt;
* Richard &quot;Goofy&quot; Campbell – kinanda &lt;small&gt;(1999–sasa)&lt;/small&gt;
* Audley Chisholm – gitaa, sauti &lt;small&gt;(2013–sasa)&lt;/small&gt;
* Michael Ortiz – besi &lt;small&gt;(2013–sasa)&lt;/small&gt;
* James McWhinney – sauti, mdundo &lt;small&gt;(2013–sasa)&lt;/small&gt;
{{col-3}}
'''Wanachama wa zamani'''
* Lynn Copeland – besi &lt;small&gt;(1988–1995)&lt;/small&gt;
* Gregory Blakney – ngoma &lt;small&gt;(1988–1992)&lt;/small&gt;
* Jerome Cruz – gitaa &lt;small&gt;(1988–1993)&lt;/small&gt;
* Manfred Reinke – kinanda &lt;small&gt;(1988–1993)&lt;/small&gt;
* Lance Rhodes – ngoma &lt;small&gt;(1988–1995)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Valentine Chin|Tony Chin]] – gitaa &lt;small&gt;(1994–2002)&lt;/small&gt;
* Billy &quot;Bones&quot; Stoll – kinanda &lt;small&gt;(1994–1997)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Carlton &quot;Santa&quot; Davis]] – ngoma &lt;small&gt;(1994–1998)&lt;/small&gt;
* Carlos Arias – besi &lt;small&gt;(2013)&lt;/small&gt;
* Stephen Kamada – gitaa &lt;small&gt;(2013)&lt;/small&gt;
* Tim Pacheco – sauti, mdundo &lt;small&gt;(2016)&lt;/small&gt;
{{col-3}}
{{col-end}}

== Tazama pia ==
* [[Reggae]]
* [[Bob Marley]]

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa reggae]]
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]]</text>
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        <id>379</id>
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[[File:2018 - Pol’and’Rock Festival - Big Mountain 23.jpg|thumb|250px|Joaquin &quot;Quino&quot; McWhinney, mwimbaji mkuu wa Big Mountain, akitumbuiza mwaka 2018.]]

'''Big Mountain''' ni kundi la muziki wa [[reggae]] kutoka nchini [[Marekani]] lililoundwa mnamo mwaka [[1986]] katika mji wa [[San Diego]], jimbo la [[California]], na mwimbaji mkuu Joaquin &quot;Quino&quot; McWhinney. Kundi hili lilipata umaarufu mkubwa duniani kote na kufahamika zaidi kufuatia kurudia wimbo wa [[Peter Frampton]] unaoitwa &quot;[[Baby, I Love Your Way]]&quot;. Wimbo huo ulikuwa miongoni mwa nyimbo kumi bora zaidi nchini Marekani mapema mwaka 1994, ukishika nafasi ya 6 kwenye chati za [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], nafasi ya kwanza kwenye chati za [[Mainstream Top 40]], na nafasi ya 2 katika chati za nchi ya Uingereza.

== Historia na maendeleo ya kundi ==
Mageuzi na mwanzo wa kundi la Big Mountain yalianzia mwaka 1986 wakati lilipoanzishwa mjini San Diego, California, likijulikana kwa jina la Rainbow Warriors.&lt;ref name=&quot;Torre&quot;&gt;de la Torre, Chito (1994) &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140921211936/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-2281413.html Big Mountain Does Reggae]&quot;, ''[[La Prensa de San Antonio]]'', September 30, 1994.&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo mwaka 1988, aliyekuja kuwa kiongozi na mwimbaji mkuu wa Big Mountain, Joaquin &quot;Quino&quot; McWhinney, alijiunga kama mwimbaji mkuu wa kundi hilo ambalo kwa wakati huo lilikuwa likiitwa Shiloh. Quino ana asili ya mchanganyiko wa [[Meksiko]] na [[Ueire]], na wanafamilia wake kadhaa walikuwa wanamuziki wa mtindo wa [[mariachi]]. Utashi na nia yake katika muziki wa reggae vilianza kufuatia kutazama filamu ya makala kuhusu mwanamuziki nguli [[Bob Marley]] pamoja na mada za imani ya [[Rastafari]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Daniels&quot;&gt;Daniels, Ron (1994) &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140921211934/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-2271505.html Big Mountain are Reggae Visionaries]&quot;, ''The New York Beacon'', August 19, 1994.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Iliipofika mwaka 1989, Shiloh ilifanikiwa kupata mkataba wao wa kwanza wa kurekodi muziki na kuachia albamu yao ya kwanza iliyokwenda kwa jina la ''California Reggae''. Mwaka 1991, wajumbe wa kundi waliamua kubadilisha jina la kundi na kujiita Big Mountain, jina ambalo lilipatikana kutoka kwenye eneo la hifadhi ya Wahindi Wekundu (Native Americans) lililopo jimboni Arizona. Safu ya awali ya wajumbe wa kundi hili ilikuwa na wajumbe sita ambao ni Quino (mwimbaji), Lynn Copeland (mpiga besi), Gregory Blakney (mpiga ngoma), Jerome Cruz (mpiga gitaa), Manfred Reinke (mpiga kinanda), na Lance Rhodes (mpiga ngoma).&lt;ref name=&quot;Bush&quot;&gt;Bush, John &quot;[{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p37417/biography|pure_url=yes}} Big Mountain Biography]&quot;, ''[[AllMusic]]'', Macrovision Corporation&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Larkin&quot;&gt;Larkin, Colin (1998) ''The Virgin Encyclopedia of Reggae'', Virgin Books, {{ISBN|0-7535-0242-9}}, p.25&lt;/ref&gt;

Kundi hili lilifanikiwa kuingia kwenye chati za kimuziki kwa mara ya kwanza kabisa kupitia wimbo wao uitwao &quot;Touch My Light&quot; ilipofika msimu wa chipukizi mwaka 1993, wimbo ambao ulitoka kwenye albamu yao ya kwanza iliyoitwa ''Wake Up''. Kabla ya kundi kurekodi albamu yao ya pili iliyopewa jina la ''[[Unity (Big Mountain album)|Unity]]'' mnamo mwaka 1993, wajumbe kadhaa ikiwa ni pamoja na Blakney, Cruz, Reinke, na Rhodes walijiondoa kwenye kundi. Mabadiliko haya yaliwalazimu McWhinney na Copeland kutafuta wajumbe mbadala ambapo waliwapata wanamuziki wawili raia wa [[Jamaika]], [[Valentine Chin|Tony Chin]] (mpiga gitaa) na [[Carlton &quot;Santa&quot; Davis]] (mpiga ngoma), pamoja na wapiga kinanda Michael Hyde na Billy &quot;Bones&quot; Stoll, na mpiga vyombo vya mdundo (percussionist) James McWhinney. 

Kufuatia mabadiliko haya makubwa ya safu ya wajumbe, kundi hili lilianza kupata fursa ya kuchezwa sana kwenye vituo vikuu vya redio duniani. Wimbo wao wa &quot;Baby, I Love Your Way&quot; ulijumuishwa kwenye albamu ya nyimbo za filamu ya ''[[Reality Bites]]'', na kufanikiwa kupanda hadi nafasi ya 6 kwenye chati za [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] nchini Marekani na nafasi ya 2 kwenye chati za [[UK Singles Chart]] nchini Uingereza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Daniels&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Larkin&quot; /&gt; Wimbo wao uliofuata ulioitwa &quot;Sweet Sensual Love&quot; ulifikia nafasi ya 51 nchini Uingereza, huku albamu ya ''Unity'' ikiuza zaidi ya nakala milioni moja duniani kote.&lt;ref name=&quot;Larkin&quot; /&gt; Wimbo mwingine wa Big Mountain uliotoka baadaye uitwao &quot;Get Together&quot; ulikuwa miongoni mwa nyimbo tano bora zaidi nchini [[Brazili]] na [[Norwe]].

Big Mountain walitumbuiza katika tamasha maarufu la [[Reggae Sunsplash]] nchini Jamaika katika miaka yote miwili ya 1994 na 1995. Mnamo mwaka 1998, mpiga ngoma na mtayarishaji wa muziki raia wa Jamaika, Paul &quot;Groove Galore&quot; Kastick, alichukua nafasi ya Carlton &quot;Santa&quot; Davis kama mpiga ngoma wa kudumu na mtayarishaji mkuu wa kundi. Kastick aliongoza utayarishaji wa albamu sita zilizofuata za Big Mountain kuanzia mwaka 1998 hadi 2007. 

Baada ya kufanya ziara za kimuziki na kutumbuiza jukwaani kwa miaka 10 mfululizo, Big Mountain waliamua kuchukua mapumziko mnamo mwaka 2005. Katika kipindi hicho cha mapumziko, Quino McWhinney alijipatia ajira na kuwa mwalimu wa shule ya sekondari katika shule ya [[Olympian High School]]. Katika kipindi cha kati ya mwaka 2005 na 2013, Big Mountain walikuwa wakikutana mara chache kwa ajili ya maonyesho ya kimataifa na matamasha ya kuchangia harakati za kijamii na kiutu. 

Mnamo mwaka 2013, Quino, Hyde, na Kastick walirejesha kundi tena wakiwa na safu iliyopanuka zaidi iliyowajumuisha Carlos Arias (mpiga besi), Richard &quot;Goofy&quot; Campbell (mpiga kinanda), Reggie Griffin (gitaa na saksofono), Stephen Kamada (mpiga gitaa), Danny Lopilato (gitaa na mwimbaji), pamoja na Tim Pacheco (mdundo na mwimbaji). Mabadiliko zaidi ya safu ya kundi yaliendelea kutokea, na hivi sasa kundi hili linaundwa na Quino na James McWhinney, Paul Kastick, Goofy Campbell, Chizzy Chisholm na Michael (Mikey) Ortiz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Blue-Skies-Big-Mountain/dp/B00G0OMUO4|title=Big Mountain - Blue Skies - Amazon.com Music|work=amazon.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo Mei 2016, kundi liliachia albamu yao ya kwanza baada ya miaka 14, iliyokwenda kwa jina la ''Perfect Summer''.&lt;ref&gt;Campbell, Howard (2016) &quot;[https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/entertainment/Big-Mountain-returns-with-Perfect-Summer Big Mountain returns with Perfect Summer]&quot;, ''[[Jamaica Observer]]'', May 26, 2016. Retrieved June 5, 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wanachama wa kundi ==

{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
'''Wanachama wa sasa'''
* Joaquin &quot;Quino&quot; McWhinney – sauti, gitaa &lt;small&gt;(1988–sasa)&lt;/small&gt;
* Paul &quot;GrooveGalore&quot; Kastick – ngoma &lt;small&gt;(1998–sasa)&lt;/small&gt;
* Richard &quot;Goofy&quot; Campbell – kinanda &lt;small&gt;(1999–sasa)&lt;/small&gt;
* Audley Chisholm – gitaa, sauti &lt;small&gt;(2013–sasa)&lt;/small&gt;
* Michael Ortiz – besi &lt;small&gt;(2013–sasa)&lt;/small&gt;
* James McWhinney – sauti, mdundo &lt;small&gt;(2013–sasa)&lt;/small&gt;
{{col-3}}
'''Wanachama wa zamani'''
* Lynn Copeland – besi &lt;small&gt;(1988–1995)&lt;/small&gt;
* Gregory Blakney – ngoma &lt;small&gt;(1988–1992)&lt;/small&gt;
* Jerome Cruz – gitaa &lt;small&gt;(1988–1993)&lt;/small&gt;
* Manfred Reinke – kinanda &lt;small&gt;(1988–1993)&lt;/small&gt;
* Lance Rhodes – ngoma &lt;small&gt;(1988–1995)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Valentine Chin|Tony Chin]] – gitaa &lt;small&gt;(1994–2002)&lt;/small&gt;
* Billy &quot;Bones&quot; Stoll – kinanda &lt;small&gt;(1994–1997)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Carlton &quot;Santa&quot; Davis]] – ngoma &lt;small&gt;(1994–1998)&lt;/small&gt;
* Carlos Arias – besi &lt;small&gt;(2013)&lt;/small&gt;
* Stephen Kamada – gitaa &lt;small&gt;(2013)&lt;/small&gt;
* Tim Pacheco – sauti, mdundo &lt;small&gt;(2016)&lt;/small&gt;
{{col-3}}
{{col-end}}

== Tazama pia ==
* [[Reggae]]
* [[Bob Marley]]

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa reggae]]
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]]</text>
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[[File:2018 - Pol’and’Rock Festival - Big Mountain 23.jpg|thumb|250px|Joaquin &quot;Quino&quot; McWhinney, mwimbaji mkuu wa Big Mountain, akitumbuiza mwaka 2018.]]

'''Big Mountain''' ni kundi la muziki wa [[reggae]] kutoka nchini [[Marekani]] lililoundwa mnamo mwaka [[1986]] katika mji wa [[San Diego]], jimbo la [[California]], na mwimbaji mkuu Joaquin &quot;Quino&quot; McWhinney. Kundi hili lilipata umaarufu mkubwa duniani kote na kufahamika zaidi kufuatia kurudia wimbo wa [[Peter Frampton]] unaoitwa &quot;[[Baby, I Love Your Way]]&quot;. Wimbo huo ulikuwa miongoni mwa nyimbo kumi bora zaidi nchini Marekani mapema mwaka 1994, ukishika nafasi ya 6 kwenye chati za [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], nafasi ya kwanza kwenye chati za [[Mainstream Top 40]], na nafasi ya 2 katika chati za nchi ya Uingereza.

== Historia na maendeleo ya kundi ==
Mageuzi na mwanzo wa kundi la Big Mountain yalianzia mwaka 1986 wakati lilipoanzishwa mjini San Diego, California, likijulikana kwa jina la Rainbow Warriors.&lt;ref name=&quot;Torre&quot;&gt;de la Torre, Chito (1994) &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140921211936/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-2281413.html Big Mountain Does Reggae]&quot;, ''[[La Prensa de San Antonio]]'', September 30, 1994.&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo mwaka 1988, aliyekuja kuwa kiongozi na mwimbaji mkuu wa Big Mountain, Joaquin &quot;Quino&quot; McWhinney, alijiunga kama mwimbaji mkuu wa kundi hilo ambalo kwa wakati huo lilikuwa likiitwa Shiloh. Quino ana asili ya mchanganyiko wa [[Meksiko]] na [[Ueire]], na wanafamilia wake kadhaa walikuwa wanamuziki wa mtindo wa [[mariachi]]. Utashi na nia yake katika muziki wa reggae vilianza kufuatia kutazama filamu ya makala kuhusu mwanamuziki nguli [[Bob Marley]] pamoja na mada za imani ya [[Rastafari]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Daniels&quot;&gt;Daniels, Ron (1994) &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140921211934/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-2271505.html Big Mountain are Reggae Visionaries]&quot;, ''The New York Beacon'', August 19, 1994.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Iliipofika mwaka 1989, Shiloh ilifanikiwa kupata mkataba wao wa kwanza wa kurekodi muziki na kuachia albamu yao ya kwanza iliyokwenda kwa jina la ''California Reggae''. Mwaka 1991, wanachama wa kundi waliamua kubadilisha jina la kundi na kujiita Big Mountain, jina ambalo lilipatikana kutoka kwenye eneo la hifadhi ya Wahindi Wekundu (Native Americans) lililopo jimboni Arizona. Safu ya awali ya wanachama wa kundi hili ilikuwa na wanachama sita ambao ni Quino (mwimbaji), Lynn Copeland (mpiga besi), Gregory Blakney (mpiga ngoma), Jerome Cruz (mpiga gitaa), Manfred Reinke (mpiga kinanda), na Lance Rhodes (mpiga ngoma).&lt;ref name=&quot;Bush&quot;&gt;Bush, John &quot;[{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p37417/biography|pure_url=yes}} Big Mountain Biography]&quot;, ''[[AllMusic]]'', Macrovision Corporation&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Larkin&quot;&gt;Larkin, Colin (1998) ''The Virgin Encyclopedia of Reggae'', Virgin Books, {{ISBN|0-7535-0242-9}}, p.25&lt;/ref&gt;

Kundi hili lilifanikiwa kuingia kwenye chati za kimuziki kwa mara ya kwanza kabisa kupitia wimbo wao uitwao &quot;Touch My Light&quot; ilipofika msimu wa chipukizi mwaka 1993, wimbo ambao ulitoka kwenye albamu yao ya kwanza iliyoitwa ''Wake Up''. Kabla ya kundi kurekodi albamu yao ya pili iliyopewa jina la ''[[Unity (Big Mountain album)|Unity]]'' mnamo mwaka 1993, wanachama kadhaa ikiwa ni pamoja na Blakney, Cruz, Reinke, na Rhodes walijiondoa kwenye kundi. Mabadiliko haya yaliwalazimu McWhinney na Copeland kutafuta wanachama mbadala ambapo waliwapata wanamuziki wawili raia wa [[Jamaika]], [[Valentine Chin|Tony Chin]] (mpiga gitaa) na [[Carlton &quot;Santa&quot; Davis]] (mpiga ngoma), pamoja na wapiga kinanda Michael Hyde na Billy &quot;Bones&quot; Stoll, na mpiga vyombo vya mdundo (percussionist) James McWhinney. 

Kufuatia mabadiliko haya makubwa ya safu ya wanachama, kundi hili lilianza kupata fursa ya kuchezwa sana kwenye vituo vikuu vya redio duniani. Wimbo wao wa &quot;Baby, I Love Your Way&quot; ulijumuishwa kwenye albamu ya nyimbo za filamu ya ''[[Reality Bites]]'', na kufanikiwa kupanda hadi nafasi ya 6 kwenye chati za [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] nchini Marekani na nafasi ya 2 kwenye chati za [[UK Singles Chart]] nchini Uingereza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Daniels&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Larkin&quot; /&gt; Wimbo wao uliofuata ulioitwa &quot;Sweet Sensual Love&quot; ulifikia nafasi ya 51 nchini Uingereza, huku albamu ya ''Unity'' ikiuza zaidi ya nakala milioni moja duniani kote.&lt;ref name=&quot;Larkin&quot; /&gt; Wimbo mwingine wa Big Mountain uliotoka baadaye uitwao &quot;Get Together&quot; ulikuwa miongoni mwa nyimbo tano bora zaidi nchini [[Brazili]] na [[Norwe]].

Big Mountain walitumbuiza katika tamasha maarufu la [[Reggae Sunsplash]] nchini Jamaika katika miaka yote miwili ya 1994 na 1995. Mnamo mwaka 1998, mpiga ngoma na mtayarishaji wa muziki raia wa Jamaika, Paul &quot;Groove Galore&quot; Kastick, alichukua nafasi ya Carlton &quot;Santa&quot; Davis kama mpiga ngoma wa kudumu na mtayarishaji mkuu wa kundi. Kastick aliongoza utayarishaji wa albamu sita zilizofuata za Big Mountain kuanzia mwaka 1998 hadi 2007. 

Baada ya kufanya ziara za kimuziki na kutumbuiza jukwaani kwa miaka 10 mfululizo, Big Mountain waliamua kuchukua mapumziko mnamo mwaka 2005. Katika kipindi hicho cha mapumziko, Quino McWhinney alijipatia ajira na kuwa mwalimu wa shule ya sekondari katika shule ya [[Olympian High School]]. Katika kipindi cha kati ya mwaka 2005 na 2013, Big Mountain walikuwa wakikutana mara chache kwa ajili ya maonyesho ya kimataifa na matamasha ya kuchangia harakati za kijamii na kiutu. 

Mnamo mwaka 2013, Quino, Hyde, na Kastick walirejesha kundi tena wakiwa na safu iliyopanuka zaidi iliyowajumuisha Carlos Arias (mpiga besi), Richard &quot;Goofy&quot; Campbell (mpiga kinanda), Reggie Griffin (gitaa na saksofono), Stephen Kamada (mpiga gitaa), Danny Lopilato (gitaa na mwimbaji), pamoja na Tim Pacheco (mdundo na mwimbaji). Mabadiliko zaidi ya safu ya kundi yaliendelea kutokea, na hivi sasa kundi hili linaundwa na Quino na James McWhinney, Paul Kastick, Goofy Campbell, Chizzy Chisholm na Michael (Mikey) Ortiz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Blue-Skies-Big-Mountain/dp/B00G0OMUO4|title=Big Mountain - Blue Skies - Amazon.com Music|work=amazon.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo Mei 2016, kundi liliachia albamu yao ya kwanza baada ya miaka 14, iliyokwenda kwa jina la ''Perfect Summer''.&lt;ref&gt;Campbell, Howard (2016) &quot;[https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/entertainment/Big-Mountain-returns-with-Perfect-Summer Big Mountain returns with Perfect Summer]&quot;, ''[[Jamaica Observer]]'', May 26, 2016. Retrieved June 5, 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wanachama wa kundi ==

{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
'''Wanachama wa sasa'''
* Joaquin &quot;Quino&quot; McWhinney – sauti, gitaa &lt;small&gt;(1988–sasa)&lt;/small&gt;
* Paul &quot;GrooveGalore&quot; Kastick – ngoma &lt;small&gt;(1998–sasa)&lt;/small&gt;
* Richard &quot;Goofy&quot; Campbell – kinanda &lt;small&gt;(1999–sasa)&lt;/small&gt;
* Audley Chisholm – gitaa, sauti &lt;small&gt;(2013–sasa)&lt;/small&gt;
* Michael Ortiz – besi &lt;small&gt;(2013–sasa)&lt;/small&gt;
* James McWhinney – sauti, mdundo &lt;small&gt;(2013–sasa)&lt;/small&gt;
{{col-3}}
'''Wanachama wa zamani'''
* Lynn Copeland – besi &lt;small&gt;(1988–1995)&lt;/small&gt;
* Gregory Blakney – ngoma &lt;small&gt;(1988–1992)&lt;/small&gt;
* Jerome Cruz – gitaa &lt;small&gt;(1988–1993)&lt;/small&gt;
* Manfred Reinke – kinanda &lt;small&gt;(1988–1993)&lt;/small&gt;
* Lance Rhodes – ngoma &lt;small&gt;(1988–1995)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Valentine Chin|Tony Chin]] – gitaa &lt;small&gt;(1994–2002)&lt;/small&gt;
* Billy &quot;Bones&quot; Stoll – kinanda &lt;small&gt;(1994–1997)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Carlton &quot;Santa&quot; Davis]] – ngoma &lt;small&gt;(1994–1998)&lt;/small&gt;
* Carlos Arias – besi &lt;small&gt;(2013)&lt;/small&gt;
* Stephen Kamada – gitaa &lt;small&gt;(2013)&lt;/small&gt;
* Tim Pacheco – sauti, mdundo &lt;small&gt;(2016)&lt;/small&gt;
{{col-3}}
{{col-end}}

== Tazama pia ==
* [[Reggae]]
* [[Bob Marley]]

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa reggae]]
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]]</text>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox person |jina = Glenn Medeiros |majina mengine = |picha = Glenn Medeiros (2018).jpg |caption = Glenn Medeiros mwaka 2018 |mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Lihue, Hawaii]], Marekani |tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1970|6|24}} |tarehe ya kufariki = |mahali pa kufariki = |utaifa = Mmarekani |kazi yake = Mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo, mwanamuziki, mwalimu |miaka ya kazi = 1986–2007 |mwenza = |Watoto = |mhitimu = Chuo Kikuu cha Hawaiʻi huko West Oʻah...'</comment>
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|mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Lihue, Hawaii]], Marekani
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|tarehe ya kufariki =
|mahali pa kufariki =
|utaifa = Mmarekani
|kazi yake = Mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo, mwanamuziki, mwalimu
|miaka ya kazi = 1986–2007
|mwenza =
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|mhitimu = Chuo Kikuu cha Hawaiʻi huko West Oʻahu, Chuo Kikuu cha Phoenix, Chuo Kikuu cha Kusini mwa California
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'''Glenn Alan Medeiros''' (amezaliwa 24 Juni 1970) ni mwanamuziki wa zamani wa Marekani anayejulikana zaidi kwa kurudia wimbo wa [[George Benson]] wa mwaka 1987 unaoitwa &quot;[[Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You]]&quot;. Wimbo huo ulishika nafasi ya 12 kwenye chati za ''[[Billboard Hot 100]]'' na kuongoza chati katika nchi mbalimbali ikiwemo Canada, Ufaransa, Ireland, Uholanzi na Uingereza.&lt;ref&gt;https://music.apple.com/lk/artist/glenn-medeiros/27532961&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo mwaka 2009, wimbo huo ulitumiwa nchini Ufaransa kwenye tangazo la biashara la sponji za Spontex.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Musique de pub Spontex, love story entre hérisson et éponge... |url=http://www.musique-pub.com/musique-de-pub-spontex-love-story-entre-herisson-et-eponge/ |publisher=Musique de Pub |date=14 July 2009 |language=fr |access-date=22 September 2010 |archive-date=16 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100916094127/http://www.musique-pub.com/musique-de-pub-spontex-love-story-entre-herisson-et-eponge/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ya muziki ==
Mnamo 1986, akiwa na umri wa miaka 16, Medeiros alishinda shindano la kusaka vipaji la redio ya [[KIKI (AM)|KIKI]] mjini [[Honolulu]] baada ya kuimba wimbo wa George Benson wa &quot;Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You&quot;. Wimbo huo ulirekodiwa na kutoa albamu kupitia studio ndogo ya kujitegemea.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pacificedgemagazine.com/leadership/glenn-medeiros/|title=Glenn Medeiros|date=2019-08-27|website=Pacific Edge Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kufikia katikati ya mwaka 1987, wimbo huo ulikuwa umepata mafanikio makubwa nchini Marekani na kimataifa, ambapo uliongoza chati za Uingereza kwa wiki nne na kutunukiwa cheti cha Dhahabu na shirika la [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]]. Mnamo Mei 1987, alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza iliyokwenda kwa jina la ''[[Glenn Medeiros (1987 album)|Glenn Medeiros]]''.

Mnamo 1988, alitoa kibao cha &quot;[[Un Roman d'amitié (Friend You Give Me a Reason)]]&quot;, alichoimba pamoja na mwimbaji wa Ufaransa [[Elsa Lunghini]]. Wimbo huo ulipata mafanikio makubwa na kuongoza chati za Ufaransa kwa wiki sita mfululizo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Habib 2002 141&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=Elia |last=Habib |title=Muz hit.tubes |publisher=Alinéa Bis |year=2002 |language=fr |page=141 |isbn=2-9518832-0-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pia ulijumuishwa kwenye albamu yake ya pili, ''[[Not Me (album)|Not Me]]'' (1988), iliyotunukiwa cheti cha Dhahabu nchini Ufaransa na Hispania. Mnamo 1989, alirekodi nyimbo zilizotumika kwenye filamu ya ''[[The Karate Kid Part III]]''.

Mnamo 1990, Medeiros alipata mafanikio mengine makubwa kupitia wimbo wa &quot;[[She Ain't Worth It]]&quot; alioimba na mwanamuziki wa R&amp;B [[Bobby Brown]]. Wimbo huo ulishika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye chati za Billboard nchini Marekani na kutunukiwa cheti cha Dhahabu na [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]. Pia alifanya kazi na [[Ray Parker Jr.]] katika wimbo &quot;All I'm Missing Is You&quot; na [[Thomas Anders]] wa bendi ya [[Modern Talking]] katika wimbo &quot;Standing Alone&quot; (1992). Katikati ya miaka ya 1990, alijiondoa kwenye tasnia ya muziki kutokana na matumizi mabaya ya dawa za kulevya viwandani na shinikizo la kuomba huduma za kijinsia ili kusaidiwa kimuziki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-56029660|title=Singer Glenn Medeiros: 'Sexual favours were the norm in music industry'|website=BBC|date=17 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya binafsi ==
Medeiros ana asili ya Ureno; alizaliwa [[Līhuʻe]], Kauaʻi, Hawaii, na kulelewa katika mji wa [[Lāwaʻi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Yeye na mke wake, Tammy Armstrong, wamefunga ndoa tangu mwaka 1996 na wamefanikiwa kupata watoto wawili: mtoto wa kiume aitwaye Chord na wa kike aitwaye Lyric. Binti yake, Lyric Medeiros, ameshiriki kwenye mashindano ya ''[[American Idol]]'' na ''[[Big Brother (American TV series)|Big Brother]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.heraldnews.com/story/news/local/ojornal/2023/03/03/portuguese-american-lyric-medeiros-american-idol-katy-perry-luke-bryan-glenn-medeiros/69968152007/|title=There's a Portuguese-American contestant on American Idol. Who's her famous father?|website=[[The Herald News]]|date=March 3, 2023 |access-date=July 7, 2026|last=da Silva |first=Lurdes C.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tazama pia ==
* [[George Benson]]
* [[Bobby Brown]]
* [[Modern Talking]]

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}

[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]]

{{BD|1970}}</text>
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      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="4989" sha1="2vfkg62lt69kdl7qgad8gind0xtcqg9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
|jina = Glenn Medeiros
|majina mengine =
|picha = Glenn Medeiros (2018).jpg
|caption = Glenn Medeiros mwaka 2018
|mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Lihue, Hawaii]], Marekani
|tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1970|6|24}}
|tarehe ya kufariki =
|mahali pa kufariki =
|utaifa = Mmarekani
|kazi yake = Mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo, mwanamuziki, mwalimu
|miaka ya kazi = 1986–2007
|mwenza =
|Watoto =
|mhitimu = Chuo Kikuu cha Hawaiʻi huko West Oʻahu, Chuo Kikuu cha Phoenix, Chuo Kikuu cha Kusini mwa California
|wavuti =
}}
'''Glenn Alan Medeiros''' (amezaliwa 24 Juni 1970) ni mwanamuziki wa zamani wa Marekani anayejulikana zaidi kwa kurudia wimbo wa [[George Benson]] wa mwaka 1987 unaoitwa &quot;[[Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You]]&quot;. Wimbo huo ulishika nafasi ya 12 kwenye chati za ''[[Billboard Hot 100]]'' na kuongoza chati katika nchi mbalimbali ikiwemo Canada, Ufaransa, Ireland, Uholanzi na Uingereza.&lt;ref&gt;https://music.apple.com/lk/artist/glenn-medeiros/27532961&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo mwaka 2009, wimbo huo ulitumiwa nchini Ufaransa kwenye tangazo la biashara la sponji za Spontex.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Musique de pub Spontex, love story entre hérisson et éponge... |url=http://www.musique-pub.com/musique-de-pub-spontex-love-story-entre-herisson-et-eponge/ |publisher=Musique de Pub |date=14 July 2009 |language=fr |access-date=22 September 2010 |archive-date=16 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100916094127/http://www.musique-pub.com/musique-de-pub-spontex-love-story-entre-herisson-et-eponge/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ya muziki ==
Mnamo 1986, akiwa na umri wa miaka 16, Medeiros alishinda shindano la kusaka vipaji la redio ya [[KIKI (AM)|KIKI]] mjini [[Honolulu]] baada ya kuimba wimbo wa George Benson wa &quot;Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You&quot;. Wimbo huo ulirekodiwa na kutoa albamu kupitia studio ndogo ya kujitegemea.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.pacificedgemagazine.com/leadership/glenn-medeiros/|title=Glenn Medeiros|date=2019-08-27|website=Pacific Edge Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kufikia katikati ya mwaka 1987, wimbo huo ulikuwa umepata mafanikio makubwa nchini Marekani na kimataifa, ambapo uliongoza chati za Uingereza kwa wiki nne na kutunukiwa cheti cha Dhahabu na shirika la [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]]. Mnamo Mei 1987, alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza iliyokwenda kwa jina la ''[[Glenn Medeiros (1987 album)|Glenn Medeiros]]''.

Mnamo 1988, alitoa kibao cha &quot;[[Un Roman d'amitié (Friend You Give Me a Reason)]]&quot;, alichoimba pamoja na mwimbaji wa Ufaransa [[Elsa Lunghini]]. Wimbo huo ulipata mafanikio makubwa na kuongoza chati za Ufaransa kwa wiki sita mfululizo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Habib 2002 141&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=Elia |last=Habib |title=Muz hit.tubes |publisher=Alinéa Bis |year=2002 |language=fr |page=141 |isbn=2-9518832-0-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pia ulijumuishwa kwenye albamu yake ya pili, ''[[Not Me (album)|Not Me]]'' (1988), iliyotunukiwa cheti cha Dhahabu nchini Ufaransa na Hispania. Mnamo 1989, alirekodi nyimbo zilizotumika kwenye filamu ya ''[[The Karate Kid Part III]]''.

Mnamo 1990, Medeiros alipata mafanikio mengine makubwa kupitia wimbo wa &quot;[[She Ain't Worth It]]&quot; alioimba na mwanamuziki wa R&amp;B [[Bobby Brown]]. Wimbo huo ulishika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye chati za Billboard nchini Marekani na kutunukiwa cheti cha Dhahabu na [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]. Pia alifanya kazi na [[Ray Parker Jr.]] katika wimbo &quot;All I'm Missing Is You&quot; na [[Thomas Anders]] wa bendi ya [[Modern Talking]] katika wimbo &quot;Standing Alone&quot; (1992). Katikati ya miaka ya 1990, alijiondoa kwenye tasnia ya muziki kutokana na matumizi mabaya ya dawa za kulevya viwandani na shinikizo la kuomba huduma za kijinsia ili kusaidiwa kimuziki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-56029660|title=Singer Glenn Medeiros: 'Sexual favours were the norm in music industry'|website=BBC|date=17 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya binafsi ==
Medeiros ana asili ya Ureno; alizaliwa [[Līhuʻe]], Kauaʻi, Hawaii, na kulelewa katika mji wa [[Lāwaʻi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Yeye na mke wake, Tammy Armstrong, wamefunga ndoa tangu mwaka 1996 na wamefanikiwa kupata watoto wawili: mtoto wa kiume aitwaye Chord na wa kike aitwaye Lyric. Binti yake, Lyric Medeiros, ameshiriki kwenye mashindano ya ''[[American Idol]]'' na ''[[Big Brother (American TV series)|Big Brother]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.heraldnews.com/story/news/local/ojornal/2023/03/03/portuguese-american-lyric-medeiros-american-idol-katy-perry-luke-bryan-glenn-medeiros/69968152007/|title=There's a Portuguese-American contestant on American Idol. Who's her famous father?|website=[[The Herald News]]|date=March 3, 2023 |access-date=July 7, 2026|last=da Silva |first=Lurdes C.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tazama pia ==
* [[George Benson]]
* [[Bobby Brown]]
* [[Modern Talking]]

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}

[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]]

{{BD|1970}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Naomi Polk</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243205</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583287</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T18:35:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Naomi Polk''' (1892 – 1 Mei 1984) alikuwa msanii wa [[Marekani]].  == Maisha ya awali na historia ya familia == Naomi Polk (aliyezaliwa kwa jina la Naomi Howard) alizaliwa mwaka 1892 mjini Houston, Texas, akiwa binti wa Woodson na Josephine Howard (aliyezaliwa Walton). Kwa upande wa baba yake alikuwa na asili ya kabila la Cherokee, na kwa upande wa mama yake alikuwa na asili ya Waafrika waliowahi kufanywa watumwa nchini Marekani.  Alisoma katika Shule...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="2425" sha1="5n8ur08lk4cuk03z4ifky6g58qzr75u" xml:space="preserve">'''Naomi Polk''' (1892 – 1 Mei 1984) alikuwa msanii wa [[Marekani]].

== Maisha ya awali na historia ya familia ==
Naomi Polk (aliyezaliwa kwa jina la Naomi Howard) alizaliwa mwaka 1892 mjini Houston, Texas, akiwa binti wa Woodson na Josephine Howard (aliyezaliwa Walton). Kwa upande wa baba yake alikuwa na asili ya kabila la Cherokee, na kwa upande wa mama yake alikuwa na asili ya Waafrika waliowahi kufanywa watumwa nchini Marekani.

Alisoma katika Shule ya Gregory na Shule ya Booker T. Washington huko Houston kabla ya kuacha [[shule]] ili kusaidia kulea binamu zake wadogo. Alikulia katika eneo la Fourth Ward na baadaye Acres Homes, ambalo wakati huo lilikuwa kitongoji cha Houston.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Naomi Polk: A Pioneer of Folk Art and Resilience|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/polk-naomi|work=Texas State Historical Association|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en|author=Texas State Historical Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=British Art Studies|url=https://main--britishartstudies-03.netlify.app/issues/03/undefined|work=British Art Studies|date=2016-07-18|accessdate=2026-08-02|doi=10.17658/issn.2058-5462/issue-03/japplin/p4|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha binafsi ==
Naomi Polk aliolewa na Bill Myers, na walipata [[watoto]] watatu. Mwaka 1933, mume wake aliuawa na polisi mmoja wa jiji la Dallas.

== Kazi ==
Katika miaka ya 1950, Polk alihamia Acres Homes, ambalo wakati huo bado lilikuwa [[kitongoji]] cha Houston. Mwaka 1961, nyumba yake iliteketea kwa moto na kazi zake nyingi za sanaa na maandishi zikaharibiwa. Baada ya tukio hilo, alitumia miaka mingi kujaribu kuunda upya michoro na mashairi aliyokuwa ameyapoteza.

Pia alichora mfululizo wa michoro ya [[rangi]] za maji ulioitwa Lonesome Road. Hakuwahi kuonyesha kazi zake za sanaa kwenye maonyesho wakati wa uhai wake.

== Kifo na urithi ==
Naomi Polk alifariki mjini Houston tarehe 1 Mei 1984.

Baada ya kifo chake, kazi zake zilianza kuonyeshwa katika [[maonyesho]] mbalimbali ya sanaa. Taasisi za Diverse Works na Leslie Muth Gallery huko Houston zilionyesha kazi zake. Mwaka 1987, kazi zake zilijumuishwa katika maonyesho ya sanaa yaliyosafiri sehemu mbalimbali yaliyoitwa Handmade and Heartfelt: Folk Art in Texas.

Nyaraka zake zimehifadhiwa katika Houston Metropolitan Research Center.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1892]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1964]]
[[Jamii:Wasanii wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>5n8ur08lk4cuk03z4ifky6g58qzr75u</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1583333</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-02T21:51:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="2433" sha1="q4lxrgqfegxnvh8wujsfbxbz0wce6n8" xml:space="preserve">'''Naomi Polk''' (1892 – 1 Mei 1984) alikuwa msanii wa [[Marekani]].

== Maisha ya awali na historia ya familia ==
Naomi Polk (aliyezaliwa kwa jina la Naomi Howard) alizaliwa mwaka 1892 mjini Houston, Texas, akiwa binti wa Woodson na Josephine Howard (aliyezaliwa Walton). Kwa upande wa baba yake alikuwa na asili ya kabila la Cherokee, na kwa upande wa mama yake alikuwa na asili ya Waafrika waliowahi kufanywa watumwa nchini Marekani.

Alisoma katika Shule ya Gregory na Shule ya Booker T. Washington huko Houston kabla ya kuacha [[shule]] ili kusaidia kulea binamu zake wadogo. Alikulia katika eneo la Fourth Ward na baadaye Acres Homes, ambalo wakati huo lilikuwa kitongoji cha Houston.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Naomi Polk: A Pioneer of Folk Art and Resilience|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/polk-naomi|work=Texas State Historical Association|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en|author=Texas State Historical Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=British Art Studies|url=https://main--britishartstudies-03.netlify.app/issues/03/undefined|work=British Art Studies|date=2016-07-18|accessdate=2026-08-02|doi=10.17658/issn.2058-5462/issue-03/japplin/p4|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha binafsi ==
Naomi Polk aliolewa na Bill Myers, na walipata [[watoto]] watatu. Mwaka 1933, mume wake aliuawa na polisi mmoja wa jiji la Dallas.

== Kazi ==
Katika miaka ya 1950, Polk alihamia Acres Homes, ambalo wakati huo bado lilikuwa [[kitongoji]] cha Houston. Mwaka 1961, nyumba yake iliteketea kwa moto na kazi zake nyingi za sanaa na maandishi zikaharibiwa. Baada ya tukio hilo, alitumia miaka mingi kujaribu kuunda upya michoro na mashairi aliyokuwa ameyapoteza.

Pia alichora mfululizo wa michoro ya [[rangi]] za maji ulioitwa Lonesome Road. Hakuwahi kuonyesha kazi zake za sanaa kwenye maonyesho wakati wa uhai wake.

== Kifo na urithi ==
Naomi Polk alifariki mjini Houston tarehe 1 Mei 1984.

Baada ya kifo chake, kazi zake zilianza kuonyeshwa katika [[maonyesho]] mbalimbali ya sanaa. Taasisi za Diverse Works na Leslie Muth Gallery huko Houston zilionyesha kazi zake. Mwaka 1987, kazi zake zilijumuishwa katika maonyesho ya sanaa yaliyosafiri sehemu mbalimbali yaliyoitwa Handmade and Heartfelt: Folk Art in Texas.

Nyaraka zake zimehifadhiwa katika Houston Metropolitan Research Center.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1892]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1964]]
[[Jamii:Wasanii wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>q4lxrgqfegxnvh8wujsfbxbz0wce6n8</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Nannie C. Burden</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243206</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583288</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Nannie C. Burden''' (1891–1947) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa opera mwenye sauti ya juu na kiongozi wa mashirika ya wanawake mjini New York&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=asKKDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT107|title=After the Vote: Feminist Politics in La Guardia's New York|last=Perry|first=Elisabeth Israels|date=2019-03-06|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-934186-3|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Marekani]]. Pia aligombea nafasi za uongozi wa ki...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1690" sha1="i1cjpg865vle2w5u6b1fyk6o527aw8h" xml:space="preserve">'''Nannie C. Burden''' (1891–1947) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa opera mwenye sauti ya juu na kiongozi wa mashirika ya wanawake mjini New York&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=asKKDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT107|title=After the Vote: Feminist Politics in La Guardia's New York|last=Perry|first=Elisabeth Israels|date=2019-03-06|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-934186-3|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Marekani]]. Pia aligombea nafasi za uongozi wa kisiasa.

Alijulikana kimataifa kwa umahiri wake katika uimbaji wa opera na alisifiwa kuwa mmoja wa waimbaji bora wa sauti ya juu wenye asili ya Waafrika-Wamarekani. Mwezi Oktoba mwaka 1916, alitumbuiza katika kanisa moja mjini Philadelphia.

Burden alikuwa mwanachama wa Chama cha Kitaifa cha [[Wanawake]] Weusi. Mwaka 1929 aliteuliwa kuwa rais wa kanda wa Shirikisho la [[Klabu]] za Wanawake la Jimbo la New York. Pia alikuwa mwenyekiti wa Ofisi ya Wasanii ya Burden, ambapo Julia P. H. Coleman alikuwa katibu.

Aidha, alikuwa mshiriki wa [[Kanisa]] la Mtakatifu Marko la Kimethodisti mjini New York.

Alizikwa katika Bustani ya Kumbukumbu ya Frederick Douglass kwenye Kisiwa cha Staten. Mwaka 1950, Robert T. Bess alitoa hotuba ya kumuenzi wakati wa maadhimisho ya Siku ya Ukumbusho. Baadaye, Bess alianzisha Klabu ya Wapenda Vitabu ya Nannie C. Burden na kuwa rais wake.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KM-7AAAAIAAJ&amp;dq=Ellen+Maud+Talbot+Robert+Theophilus+Bess&amp;pg=PA100|title=Who's who in Commerce and Industry|date=1965|publisher=Marquis Who's Who|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1891]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1947]]
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>i1cjpg865vle2w5u6b1fyk6o527aw8h</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1583332</id>
      <parentid>1583288</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T21:50:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1696" sha1="fc3c9ru1og4dwrke3lnqm9yrpa8n6rl" xml:space="preserve">'''Nannie C. Burden''' (1891–1947) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa opera mwenye sauti ya juu na kiongozi wa mashirika ya wanawake mjini New York&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=asKKDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT107|title=After the Vote: Feminist Politics in La Guardia's New York|last=Perry|first=Elisabeth Israels|date=2019-03-06|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-934186-3|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Marekani]]. Pia aligombea nafasi za uongozi wa kisiasa.

Alijulikana kimataifa kwa umahiri wake katika uimbaji wa opera na alisifiwa kuwa mmoja wa waimbaji bora wa sauti ya juu wenye asili ya Waafrika-Wamarekani. Mwezi Oktoba mwaka 1916, alitumbuiza katika kanisa moja mjini Philadelphia.

Burden alikuwa mwanachama wa Chama cha Kitaifa cha [[Wanawake]] Weusi. Mwaka 1929 aliteuliwa kuwa rais wa kanda wa Shirikisho la [[Klabu]] za Wanawake la Jimbo la New York. Pia alikuwa mwenyekiti wa Ofisi ya Wasanii ya Burden, ambapo Julia P. H. Coleman alikuwa katibu.

Aidha, alikuwa mshiriki wa [[Kanisa]] la Mtakatifu Marko la Kimethodisti mjini New York.

Alizikwa katika Bustani ya Kumbukumbu ya Frederick Douglass kwenye Kisiwa cha Staten. Mwaka 1950, Robert T. Bess alitoa hotuba ya kumuenzi wakati wa maadhimisho ya Siku ya Ukumbusho. Baadaye, Bess alianzisha Klabu ya Wapenda Vitabu ya Nannie C. Burden na kuwa rais wake.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KM-7AAAAIAAJ&amp;dq=Ellen+Maud+Talbot+Robert+Theophilus+Bess&amp;pg=PA100|title=Who's who in Commerce and Industry|date=1965|publisher=Marquis Who's Who|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1891]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1947]]
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>fc3c9ru1og4dwrke3lnqm9yrpa8n6rl</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Myra Miller</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243207</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583289</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T18:46:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Myra Miller''' (takriban 1811–1891) alikuwa mfanyabiashara wa [[vyakula]] na mwokaji mikate kutoka [[jamii]] ya Waafrika-Wamarekani mjini Atlanta wakati wa kipindi cha Ujenzi Mpya nchini Marekani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Oakland Cemetery raises money to help restore African American graves|url=https://www.ajc.com/lifestyles/oakland-cemetery-raises-money-help-restore-african-american-graves/xWgnE6JcGLBJSDrCa3ZKDM/|work=ajc|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=e...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1414" sha1="bqegs1idnncm8xha71j9m9zmzn61hm7" xml:space="preserve">'''Myra Miller''' (takriban 1811–1891) alikuwa mfanyabiashara wa [[vyakula]] na mwokaji mikate kutoka [[jamii]] ya Waafrika-Wamarekani mjini Atlanta wakati wa kipindi cha Ujenzi Mpya nchini Marekani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Oakland Cemetery raises money to help restore African American graves|url=https://www.ajc.com/lifestyles/oakland-cemetery-raises-money-help-restore-african-american-graves/xWgnE6JcGLBJSDrCa3ZKDM/|work=ajc|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=DeKalb History Center presents Lunch &amp; Learn:  Atlanta’s African American Culinary History|url=https://www.visitdecaturgeorgia.com/visit/page/dekalb-history-center-presents-lunch-learn-atlanta%E2%80%99s-african-american-culinary-history|work=City of Decatur,  GA|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alizaliwa Virginia mnamo takriban mwaka 1811. Akiwa mtumwa, aliuzwa kwa mtu mmoja huko Rome, Georgia, ili afanye kazi ya upishi.

Baada ya utumwa kufutwa nchini Marekani, mwaka 1871 alihamia [[Atlanta]] pamoja na [[mume]] wake na kuanzisha duka la kuoka mikate.

Duka lake lilijulikana sana mjini Atlanta, na keki zake za matunda za harusi zilisafirishwa na kuuzwa katika maeneo mbalimbali nchini.

Myra Miller alifariki mwaka 1891 na akazikwa katika sehemu ya Makaburi ya Oakland iliyotengwa kwa Waafrika-Wamarekani.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1810]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1891]]</text>
      <sha1>bqegs1idnncm8xha71j9m9zmzn61hm7</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1583331</id>
      <parentid>1583289</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T21:49:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1583331</origin>
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      <text bytes="1422" sha1="rv8agdzrlwp8ktdtvxn30hcymzmlczp" xml:space="preserve">'''Myra Miller''' (takriban 1811–1891) alikuwa mfanyabiashara wa [[vyakula]] na mwokaji mikate kutoka [[jamii]] ya Waafrika-Wamarekani mjini Atlanta wakati wa kipindi cha Ujenzi Mpya nchini Marekani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Oakland Cemetery raises money to help restore African American graves|url=https://www.ajc.com/lifestyles/oakland-cemetery-raises-money-help-restore-african-american-graves/xWgnE6JcGLBJSDrCa3ZKDM/|work=ajc|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=DeKalb History Center presents Lunch &amp; Learn:  Atlanta’s African American Culinary History|url=https://www.visitdecaturgeorgia.com/visit/page/dekalb-history-center-presents-lunch-learn-atlanta%E2%80%99s-african-american-culinary-history|work=City of Decatur,  GA|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alizaliwa Virginia mnamo takriban mwaka 1811. Akiwa mtumwa, aliuzwa kwa mtu mmoja huko Rome, Georgia, ili afanye kazi ya upishi.

Baada ya utumwa kufutwa nchini Marekani, mwaka 1871 alihamia [[Atlanta]] pamoja na [[mume]] wake na kuanzisha duka la kuoka mikate.

Duka lake lilijulikana sana mjini Atlanta, na keki zake za matunda za harusi zilisafirishwa na kuuzwa katika maeneo mbalimbali nchini.

Myra Miller alifariki mwaka 1891 na akazikwa katika sehemu ya Makaburi ya Oakland iliyotengwa kwa Waafrika-Wamarekani.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1810]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1891]]</text>
      <sha1>rv8agdzrlwp8ktdtvxn30hcymzmlczp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Roxette</title>
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    <id>243208</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583290</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Muddyb</username>
        <id>379</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox musical artist 2  |jina = Roxette  |background = group_or_band  |picha = Roxette at the Beacon, September 2012.jpg  |maelezo ya picha = [[Marie Fredriksson]] na [[Per Gessle]] wakitumbuiza kama Roxette mwaka 2012  |jina la kuzaliwa =  |jina lingine =  |asili yake = [[Halmstad]], Sweden  |tarehe ya kuzaliwa=  |mahali pa kuzaliwa=  |tarehe ya kufa =  |mahali alipofia=  |aina = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[pop rock]], [[power pop]], [[alternative pop]], d...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="4418" sha1="qup1u8iirstvcmpuddcr08gejw98wcq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist 2

|jina = Roxette

|background = group_or_band

|picha = Roxette at the Beacon, September 2012.jpg

|maelezo ya picha = [[Marie Fredriksson]] na [[Per Gessle]] wakitumbuiza kama Roxette mwaka 2012

|jina la kuzaliwa =

|jina lingine =

|asili yake = [[Halmstad]], Sweden

|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=

|mahali pa kuzaliwa=

|tarehe ya kufa =

|mahali alipofia=

|aina = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[pop rock]], [[power pop]], [[alternative pop]], [[dance-pop]], [[dance-rock]], [[alternative rock]]

|kazi yake = Kikundi cha muziki

|miaka ya kazi= 1986–2019

|studio = [[EMI]], [[Edel Music]], [[Capitol Records|Capitol]], [[RCA Records|RCA]], [[Warner Music Group|Warner Music]], [[Parlophone]]

|ameshirikiana na = [[Per Gessle]], [[Marie Fredriksson]]

|wavuti = {{URL|roxette.se}}

}}
{{Databox}}

'''Roxette''' ilikuwa bendi ya [[Pop rock|pop-rok]] kutoka nchini [[Uswidi]] iliyoundwa na [[Marie Fredriksson]] pamoja na [[Per Gessle]].&lt;ref name=&quot;latimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-05-13-ca-266-story.html|title=Roxette Ridicules Rumors|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|author=Hunt, Dennis|date=13 May 1990|access-date=22 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kabla ya kuunda bendi hii, wote wawili walikuwa wanamuziki waliofanikiwa nchini mwao; Fredriksson kama msanii wa kujitegemea na Gessle akiwa mwandishi wa nyimbo na mwimbaji mkuu wa bendi ya [[Gyllene Tider]]. Kwa ushauri wa studio yao ya [[EMI]], walishirikiana kutoa kibao chao cha kwanza cha &quot;[[Neverending Love]]&quot; mnamo mwaka 1986.&lt;ref name=&quot;Roxettestory-p1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.expressen.se/article.asp?id=63603|title=Sagan om Roxette: Här börjar triumftåget|newspaper=Expressen|date=13 April 2001|first=Ninni|last=O Schulman|language=sv}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ya muziki ==
Mnamo mwaka 1988, Roxette walipata mafanikio makubwa kimataifa kupitia albamu yao ya pili, ''[[Look Sharp! (Roxette album)|Look Sharp!]]''. Albamu hii ilitoa nyimbo mbili zilizotamba hadi nafasi ya kwanza kwenye chati za ''[[Billboard Hot 100]]'' nchini Marekani: &quot;[[The Look]]&quot; na &quot;[[Listen to Your Heart (Roxette song)|Listen to Your Heart]]&quot;. Wimbo wao &quot;[[It Must Have Been Love]]&quot;, uliotumika kwenye filamu maarufu ya ''[[Pretty Woman]]'' (1990), pia ulishika nafasi ya kwanza nchini Marekani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Breihan&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.stereogum.com/2161239/the-number-ones-roxettes-it-must-have-been-love/columns/the-number-ones/|title=The Number Ones: Roxette's 'It Must Have Been Love'|author=Breihan, Tom|work=[[Stereogum]]|date=22 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Albamu yao iliyofuata, ''[[Joyride (albamu ya Roxette)|Joyride]]'' (1991), ilikuwa ya mafanikio zaidi kibiashara baada ya kuuza nakala zaidi ya milioni 11 duniani kote, huku wimbo wake mkuu wa &quot;Joyride&quot; ukishika nafasi ya kwanza Marekani. Albamu zao zilizofuata ni pamoja na ''[[Tourism (Roxette album)|Tourism]]'' (1992), ''[[Crash! Boom! Bang!]]'' (1994), na albamu ya nyimbo zilizotamba ya ''[[Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus!]]'' (1995), ambazo kila moja iliuza nakala zaidi ya milioni 5 kote duniani.

Albamu za ''[[Have a Nice Day (albamu ya Roxette)|Have a Nice Day]]'' (1999) na ''[[Room Service (Roxette album)|Room Service]]'' (2001) zilipata vyeti vya Dhahabu na Platinamu barani Ulaya na Amerika ya Kusini. Mnamo mwaka 2002, Fredriksson aligundulika kuwa na [[Kansa|uvimbe kwenye ubongo]], jambo lililopelekea bendi hiyo kusimama kwa muda mrefu. Walirudi tena jukwaani mnamo 2009 kwa ajili ya ziara kubwa ya dunia na kutoa albamu za ''[[Charm School (Roxette album)|Charm School]]'' (2011), ''Travelling'' (2012), na ''[[Good Karma]]'' (2016).

== Mafanikio na mwisho wa bendi ==
Roxette ndio kundi la pili kwa mauzo makubwa ya muziki nchini Uswidi baada ya [[ABBA]]. Waliuza kati ya rekodi milioni 75 na 80 duniani kote, wakiwa na nyimbo 19 zilizofika 40 bora nchini Uingereza na nyimbo nne zilizoshika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye chati za Billboard nchini Marekani.

Mnamo mwaka 2016, Fredriksson alitangaza kuacha kufanya ziara kutokana na hali yake ya afya, na baadaye alifariki dunia mnamo Desemba 9, 2019 kutokana na athari za kansa. Mnamo 2022, Gessle alitoa albamu ya ''[[Pop-Up Dynamo!]]'' chini ya jina la [[PG Roxette]], na mnamo 2024 alitangaza ziara mpya akimshirikisha mwimbaji Lena Philipsson.

== Tazama pia ==
* [[ABBA]]
* [[Per Gessle]]
* [[Marie Fredriksson]]

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}

[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Uswidi]]
[[Jamii:Bendi za Uswidi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Magalene Wilson</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243209</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583291</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Magalene Wilson''' (1898–2001), pia alijulikana kama '''Magdalene Wilson''',&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Can You Copyright a Quilt?|date=2018-10-29|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/gees-bend-quilt-alabama/|work=The Nation|language=en-US|access-date=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; alikuwa msanii wa [[Marekani]]. Anahusishwa na kikundi cha utengenezaji wa mablanketi ya kushona cha Gee’s Bend. [[Kazi]] zake zimeonyeshwa katika Jumba la [[Makumbusho]] la Sanaa Nzuri l...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1583" sha1="dz7i28m81r56fbt81xxmr9pfewwgn1e" xml:space="preserve">'''Magalene Wilson''' (1898–2001), pia alijulikana kama '''Magdalene Wilson''',&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Can You Copyright a Quilt?|date=2018-10-29|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/gees-bend-quilt-alabama/|work=The Nation|language=en-US|access-date=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; alikuwa msanii wa [[Marekani]]. Anahusishwa na kikundi cha utengenezaji wa mablanketi ya kushona cha Gee’s Bend. [[Kazi]] zake zimeonyeshwa katika Jumba la [[Makumbusho]] la Sanaa Nzuri la Houston, na baadhi ya kazi zake zimehifadhiwa katika mkusanyiko wa Jumba la Makumbusho la Sanaa la Philadelphia.

== Maisha ==
Wilson alikuwa rafiki wa karibu wa Martha Jane Pettway na Prissy, ambaye alikuwa nyanya wa Loretta Pettway. Hakuwa na watoto. Alimiliki ardhi yake mwenyewe na mara nyingi aliwaruhusu majirani zake kuitumia kwa [[kilimo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Magalene Wilson {{!}} Souls Grown Deep|url=https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/magalene-wilson|work=www.soulsgrowndeep.org|accessdate=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alikuwa mtu mkarimu kwa majirani zake na alikuwa akifuga paka wengi. Baadaye alistaafu na kuhamia katika jamii moja mjini Mobile, Alabama, lakini aliendelea kuishi kwa kujitegemea na kujihudumia mwenyewe.

== Kazi ==
Ingawa marafiki na majirani zake mara nyingi walishona mablanketi kwa pamoja, Wilson alitengeneza na kushona mablanketi yake mwenyewe. Kufanya hivyo kulimpa [[muda]] na nafasi ya kushona kwa umakini mkubwa na kuongeza maelezo mengi katika kazi zake.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1898]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2001]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>dz7i28m81r56fbt81xxmr9pfewwgn1e</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>78697</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1587" sha1="9sntddiqvm7hywnvpslhjvz68vj86y4" xml:space="preserve">'''Magalene Wilson''' (1898–2001), pia alijulikana kama '''Magdalene Wilson''',&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Can You Copyright a Quilt?|date=2018-10-29|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/gees-bend-quilt-alabama/|work=The Nation|language=en-US|access-date=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; alikuwa msanii wa [[Marekani]]. Anahusishwa na kikundi cha utengenezaji wa mablanketi ya kushona cha Gee’s Bend. [[Kazi]] zake zimeonyeshwa katika Jumba la [[Makumbusho]] la Sanaa Nzuri la Houston, na baadhi ya kazi zake zimehifadhiwa katika mkusanyiko wa Jumba la Makumbusho la Sanaa la Philadelphia.

== Maisha ==
Wilson alikuwa rafiki wa karibu wa Martha Jane Pettway na Prissy, ambaye alikuwa nyanya wa Loretta Pettway. Hakuwa na watoto. Alimiliki ardhi yake mwenyewe na mara nyingi aliwaruhusu majirani zake kuitumia kwa [[kilimo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Magalene Wilson {{!}} Souls Grown Deep|url=https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/magalene-wilson|work=www.soulsgrowndeep.org|accessdate=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alikuwa mtu mkarimu kwa majirani zake na alikuwa akifuga paka wengi. Baadaye alistaafu na kuhamia katika jamii moja mjini Mobile, Alabama, lakini aliendelea kuishi kwa kujitegemea na kujihudumia mwenyewe.

== Kazi ==
Ingawa marafiki na majirani zake mara nyingi walishona mablanketi kwa pamoja, Wilson alitengeneza na kushona mablanketi yake mwenyewe. Kufanya hivyo kulimpa [[muda]] na nafasi ya kushona kwa umakini mkubwa na kuongeza maelezo mengi katika kazi zake.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1898]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2001]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>9sntddiqvm7hywnvpslhjvz68vj86y4</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-02T21:38:52Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="1741" sha1="rx9tzqgp3lx1m391i62994zuqylobix" xml:space="preserve">'''Magalene Wilson''' (1898–2001), pia alijulikana kama '''Magdalene Wilson''',&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Can You Copyright a Quilt?|date=2018-10-29|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/gees-bend-quilt-alabama/|work=The Nation|language=en-US|access-date=2026-08-02|archive-date=2019-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421014735/https://www.thenation.com/article/gees-bend-quilt-alabama/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; alikuwa msanii wa [[Marekani]]. Anahusishwa na kikundi cha utengenezaji wa mablanketi ya kushona cha Gee’s Bend. [[Kazi]] zake zimeonyeshwa katika Jumba la [[Makumbusho]] la Sanaa Nzuri la Houston, na baadhi ya kazi zake zimehifadhiwa katika mkusanyiko wa Jumba la Makumbusho la Sanaa la Philadelphia.

== Maisha ==
Wilson alikuwa rafiki wa karibu wa Martha Jane Pettway na Prissy, ambaye alikuwa nyanya wa Loretta Pettway. Hakuwa na watoto. Alimiliki ardhi yake mwenyewe na mara nyingi aliwaruhusu majirani zake kuitumia kwa [[kilimo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Magalene Wilson {{!}} Souls Grown Deep|url=https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/magalene-wilson|work=www.soulsgrowndeep.org|accessdate=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alikuwa mtu mkarimu kwa majirani zake na alikuwa akifuga paka wengi. Baadaye alistaafu na kuhamia katika jamii moja mjini Mobile, Alabama, lakini aliendelea kuishi kwa kujitegemea na kujihudumia mwenyewe.

== Kazi ==
Ingawa marafiki na majirani zake mara nyingi walishona mablanketi kwa pamoja, Wilson alitengeneza na kushona mablanketi yake mwenyewe. Kufanya hivyo kulimpa [[muda]] na nafasi ya kushona kwa umakini mkubwa na kuongeza maelezo mengi katika kazi zake.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1898]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2001]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>rx9tzqgp3lx1m391i62994zuqylobix</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Marie Fredriksson</title>
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        <username>Muddyb</username>
        <id>379</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox person  |jina = Marie Fredriksson  |picha = Roxette 2014-04-08 002 (cropped).jpg  |alt = Fredriksson akitabasamu kuelekea kamera. Kuna mwali wa mshumaa unaoonekana juu ya bega lake la kushoto.  |maelezo ya picha = Marie Fredriksson mwaka 2014  |jina la kuzaliwa = Gun-Marie Fredriksson  |tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date|df=y|1958|05|30}}  |mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Össjö]], Sweden  |tarehe ya kufariki = {{Death date and age|df=y|2019|12|09|1958|05...'</comment>
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|jina = Marie Fredriksson

|picha = Roxette 2014-04-08 002 (cropped).jpg

|alt = Fredriksson akitabasamu kuelekea kamera. Kuna mwali wa mshumaa unaoonekana juu ya bega lake la kushoto.

|maelezo ya picha = Marie Fredriksson mwaka 2014

|jina la kuzaliwa = Gun-Marie Fredriksson

|tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date|df=y|1958|05|30}}

|mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Össjö]], Sweden

|tarehe ya kufariki = {{Death date and age|df=y|2019|12|09|1958|05|30}}

|mahali alipofia = [[Djursholm]], Sweden

|kazi yake = Mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo

|miaka ya kazi = 1978–2018

|mwenza = {{marriage|Mikael Bolyos|1994}}

|watoto = 2

|wavuti = {{URL|mariefredriksson.se}}

}}
'''Gun-Marie Fredriksson''' (30 Mei 1958 – 9 Desemba 2019) alikuwa mwanamuziki, mwandishi wa nyimbo na mwimbaji mkuu wa kundi la [[pop rock|pop-rok]] la [[Roxette]], aliloliunda mwaka 1986 akiwa na [[Per Gessle]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AllMusic&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mn0000938399|title=Marie Fredriksson Biography|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=2018-09-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kundi hilo lilipata mafanikio makubwa duniani mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1980 na mapema miaka ya 1990 kupitia albamu za ''[[Look Sharp! (albamu)|Look Sharp!]]'' (1988) na ''[[Joyride (albamu ya Roxette)|Joyride]]'' (1991), na kutawala chati za ''[[Billboard Hot 100]]'' nchini Marekani.

Alizaliwa katika kijiji cha [[Össjö]] nchini [[Uswidi]] na alionyesha mapenzi ya muziki tangu utotoni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mariefredriksson.net/about/|title=Biography|publisher=MarieFredriksson.net|access-date=2018-09-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kabla ya kuunda Roxette, alikuwa mwanamuziki wa bendi za [[panki]] kama Strul na MaMas Barn, kabla ya kuanza kazi ya kujitegemea na kutoa albamu yake ya kwanza, ''[[Het vind]]'', mnamo 1984.&lt;ref name=&quot;look&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Thorselius|first=Robert|title=The Look for Roxette|year=2003|publisher=Premium Förlag Publishing|isbn=978-9197189484}}&lt;/ref&gt; Albamu zake zingine za kujitegemea ni pamoja na ''[[Den sjunde vågen]]'' (1986), ''[[Den ständiga resan]]'' (1992), na ''[[Nu!]]'' (2013).

Mnamo mwaka 2002, Fredriksson aligundulika kuwa na [[Kansa|uvimbe kwenye ubongo]]. Licha ya matibabu, aliendelea kurekodi muziki wa kujitegemea kama vile albamu ya ''[[The Change (albamu)|The Change]]'' (2004) na baadaye kuungana tena na Gessle kwa ziara za kimataifa za Roxette. Fredriksson alifariki dunia mnamo Desemba 9, 2019 kutokana na matatizo ya kiafya yaliyotokana na saratani hiyo.

== Tazama pia ==
* [[Roxette]]
* [[Per Gessle]]

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}

{{BD|1958|2019}}

[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Uswidi]]
[[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Uswidi]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2761" sha1="qt7uwi27vhh6f61dbv9l1g4olgixpf6" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person

|jina = Marie Fredriksson

|picha = Roxette 2014-04-08 002 (cropped).jpg

|alt = Fredriksson akitabasamu kuelekea kamera. Kuna mwali wa mshumaa unaoonekana juu ya bega lake la kushoto.

|maelezo ya picha = Marie Fredriksson mwaka 2014

|jina la kuzaliwa = Gun-Marie Fredriksson

|tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date|df=y|1958|05|30}}

|mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Össjö]], Sweden

|tarehe ya kufariki = {{Death date and age|df=y|2019|12|09|1958|05|30}}

|mahali alipofia = [[Djursholm]], Sweden

|kazi yake = Mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo

|miaka ya kazi = 1978–2018

|mwenza = {{marriage|Mikael Bolyos|1994}}

|watoto = 2

|wavuti = {{URL|mariefredriksson.se}}

}}
'''Gun-Marie Fredriksson''' (30 Mei 1958 – 9 Desemba 2019) alikuwa mwanamuziki, mwandishi wa nyimbo na mwimbaji mkuu wa kundi la [[pop rock|pop-rok]] la [[Roxette]], aliloliunda mwaka 1986 akiwa na [[Per Gessle]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AllMusic&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mn0000938399|title=Marie Fredriksson Biography|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=2018-09-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kundi hilo lilipata mafanikio makubwa duniani mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1980 na mapema miaka ya 1990 kupitia albamu za ''[[Look Sharp! (albamu)|Look Sharp!]]'' (1988) na ''[[Joyride (albamu ya Roxette)|Joyride]]'' (1991), na kutawala chati za ''[[Billboard Hot 100]]'' nchini Marekani.

Alizaliwa katika kijiji cha [[Össjö]] nchini [[Uswidi]] na alionyesha mapenzi ya muziki tangu utotoni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mariefredriksson.net/about/|title=Biography|publisher=MarieFredriksson.net|access-date=2018-09-11|archive-date=2018-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914061319/http://mariefredriksson.net/about/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kabla ya kuunda Roxette, alikuwa mwanamuziki wa bendi za [[panki]] kama Strul na MaMas Barn, kabla ya kuanza kazi ya kujitegemea na kutoa albamu yake ya kwanza, ''[[Het vind]]'', mnamo 1984.&lt;ref name=&quot;look&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Thorselius|first=Robert|title=The Look for Roxette|year=2003|publisher=Premium Förlag Publishing|isbn=978-9197189484}}&lt;/ref&gt; Albamu zake zingine za kujitegemea ni pamoja na ''[[Den sjunde vågen]]'' (1986), ''[[Den ständiga resan]]'' (1992), na ''[[Nu!]]'' (2013).

Mnamo mwaka 2002, Fredriksson aligundulika kuwa na [[Kansa|uvimbe kwenye ubongo]]. Licha ya matibabu, aliendelea kurekodi muziki wa kujitegemea kama vile albamu ya ''[[The Change (albamu)|The Change]]'' (2004) na baadaye kuungana tena na Gessle kwa ziara za kimataifa za Roxette. Fredriksson alifariki dunia mnamo Desemba 9, 2019 kutokana na matatizo ya kiafya yaliyotokana na saratani hiyo.

== Tazama pia ==
* [[Roxette]]
* [[Per Gessle]]

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}

{{BD|1958|2019}}

[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Uswidi]]
[[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Uswidi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lizelia Augusta Jenkins Moorer</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243211</id>
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      <id>1583293</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Lizelia Augusta Jenkins Moorer''' (Septemba 1868 – 24 Mei 1936) alikuwa mshairi na [[mwalimu]] Mwafrika-Mmarekani mjini Orangeburg, Carolina ya kusini.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lizelia Augusta Jenkins Moorer at AllPoetry|url=https://allpoetry.com/Lizelia_Augusta_Jenkins_Moorer|work=allpoetry.com|accessdate=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;  == Maisha ya awali == Moorer alizaliwa mwezi [[Septemba]] mwaka 1868 huko Pickens, South Carolina. Wazazi wake walikuwa Warren D. J...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="778" sha1="4hwo4pxupdn4tthfpnit3ob28tqfvd2" xml:space="preserve">'''Lizelia Augusta Jenkins Moorer''' (Septemba 1868 – 24 Mei 1936) alikuwa mshairi na [[mwalimu]] Mwafrika-Mmarekani mjini Orangeburg, Carolina ya kusini.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lizelia Augusta Jenkins Moorer at AllPoetry|url=https://allpoetry.com/Lizelia_Augusta_Jenkins_Moorer|work=allpoetry.com|accessdate=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya awali ==
Moorer alizaliwa mwezi [[Septemba]] mwaka 1868 huko Pickens, South Carolina. Wazazi wake walikuwa Warren D. Jenkins na Mattie Miller.

Alifanya [[kazi]] ya ualimu katika Shule za Kawaida na Sarufi za Chuo Kikuu cha Claflin, Orangeburg, South Carolina, kuanzia mwaka 1895 hadi 1899.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1868]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1936]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Washairi wa Marekani]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1583322</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-02T20:50:37Z</timestamp>
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        <id>78697</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="782" sha1="4x31vkej155vyxe5ft6tujemi7lqi9m" xml:space="preserve">'''Lizelia Augusta Jenkins Moorer''' (Septemba 1868 – 24 Mei 1936) alikuwa mshairi na [[mwalimu]] Mwafrika-Mmarekani mjini Orangeburg, Carolina ya kusini.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lizelia Augusta Jenkins Moorer at AllPoetry|url=https://allpoetry.com/Lizelia_Augusta_Jenkins_Moorer|work=allpoetry.com|accessdate=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya awali ==
Moorer alizaliwa mwezi [[Septemba]] mwaka 1868 huko Pickens, South Carolina. Wazazi wake walikuwa Warren D. Jenkins na Mattie Miller.

Alifanya [[kazi]] ya ualimu katika Shule za Kawaida na Sarufi za Chuo Kikuu cha Claflin, Orangeburg, South Carolina, kuanzia mwaka 1895 hadi 1899.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1868]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1936]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Washairi wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>4x31vkej155vyxe5ft6tujemi7lqi9m</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Per Gessle</title>
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        <username>Muddyb</username>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox musical artist 2  |jina = Per Gessle  |background = solo_singer  |picha = Per Gessle-Roxette at Bospop festival The Netherlands 2011.jpg  |maelezo ya picha = Per Gessle akitumbuiza mwaka 2011  |jina la kuzaliwa = Per Håkan Gessle  |tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1959|1|12|df=yes}}  |mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Halmstad]], Sweden  |aina = Pop, rock, dance  |kazi yake = Mwanamuziki, mtunzi wa nyimbo  |miaka ya kazi = 1976–sasa  |ala = Saut...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="2423" sha1="e30osp2t7yh0dzckkjsdseij7p0qsba" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist 2

|jina = Per Gessle

|background = solo_singer

|picha = Per Gessle-Roxette at Bospop festival The Netherlands 2011.jpg

|maelezo ya picha = Per Gessle akitumbuiza mwaka 2011

|jina la kuzaliwa = Per Håkan Gessle

|tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1959|1|12|df=yes}}

|mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Halmstad]], Sweden

|aina = Pop, rock, dance

|kazi yake = Mwanamuziki, mtunzi wa nyimbo

|miaka ya kazi = 1976–sasa

|ala = Sauti, gitaa

|studio = [[EMI Records|EMI]], [[Sony BMG|Sony]], Fundamental

|ameshirikiana na = [[Roxette]], [[Gyllene Tider]]

|wavuti =

}}
'''Per Håkan Gessle''' (alizaliwa 12 Januari 1959) ni mwimbaji, mwandishi wa nyimbo na mpiga gitaa kutoka nchini [[Uswidi]]. Anajulikana zaidi kama mwanamuziki mwenza na mwandishi mkuu wa nyimbo wa kundi la [[pop rock|pop-rok]] la [[Roxette]], aliloliunda mwaka 1986 akiwa na [[Marie Fredriksson]].&lt;ref name=&quot;billboard&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/rock/per-gessle-nick-lowe-nashville-8455151/|title=Roxette's Per Gessle on Working With 'Musical Hero' Nick Lowe|author=Fred Bronson|magazine=Billboard|date=2018-08-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kundi hilo lilipata mafanikio makubwa duniani mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1980 na mapema miaka ya 1990 kupitia albamu za ''[[Look Sharp! (albamu)|Look Sharp!]]'' (1988) na ''[[Joyride (albamu ya Roxette)|Joyride]]'' (1991), na kutawala chati za ''[[Billboard Hot 100]]'' mara nne nchini Marekani kupitia nyimbo kama &quot;[[It Must Have Been Love]]&quot;.

Kabla na baada ya uundaji wa Roxette, Gessle pia alipata mafanikio makubwa nchini Uswidi akiwa mwimbaji mkuu wa bendi ya [[Gyllene Tider]].&lt;ref name=&quot;heartlandlinernotes&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://gyllenetider.eu/~gt/dgraphy/gta_thehe.php|title=The Heartland Café CD liner notes|publisher=gyllenetider.eu|access-date=2009-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zaidi ya kazi zake na bendi hizo, amekuwa na kazi ndefu ya kujitegemea na kutoa albamu nyingi za solo kwa Kiswidi na Kiingereza, zikiwemo ''[[Per Gessle (albamu)|Per Gessle]]'' (1982), ''[[Mazarin (albamu)|Mazarin]]'' (2003), na ''[[Small Town Talk]]'' (2018).

Baada ya kifo cha Fredriksson mwaka 2019, Gessle aliendeleza mradi wa muziki chini ya jina la [[PG Roxette]] na kutoa albamu ya ''[[Pop-Up Dynamo!]]'' mnamo 2022.

== Tazama pia ==
* [[Roxette]]
* [[Marie Fredriksson]]
* [[Gyllene Tider]]

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}

{{BD|1959}}

[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Uswidi]]
[[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Uswidi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kenny Williams (mwalimu)</title>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Kenny J. Williams''' (1927–2003) alikuwa msomi na [[mwandishi]] Mwafrika-Mmarekani, pamoja na kuwa [[profesa]] wa fasihi ya Kiingereza katika Chuo Kikuu cha Duke.  Williams alizaliwa Kentucky, Marekani (jina lake la utani &quot;Kenny&quot; lilitokana na jina la jimbo hilo), na alipata [[shahada]] yake ya uzamivu (PhD) kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Pennsylvania mwaka 1959. Kuanzia mwaka 1977 hadi alipofariki, alikuwa profesa katika Idara ya Kiingereza ya Chuo Kikuu cha...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1539" sha1="7ccs8khxhhb4m12joc7wp6yi5gi5bf3" xml:space="preserve">'''Kenny J. Williams''' (1927–2003) alikuwa msomi na [[mwandishi]] Mwafrika-Mmarekani, pamoja na kuwa [[profesa]] wa fasihi ya Kiingereza katika Chuo Kikuu cha Duke.

Williams alizaliwa Kentucky, Marekani (jina lake la utani &quot;Kenny&quot; lilitokana na jina la jimbo hilo), na alipata [[shahada]] yake ya uzamivu (PhD) kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Pennsylvania mwaka 1959. Kuanzia mwaka 1977 hadi alipofariki, alikuwa profesa katika Idara ya Kiingereza ya Chuo Kikuu cha Duke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Upstream: A Lone Duke English Professor Takes Her Stand|url=http://www.mugu.com/cgi-bin/Upstream/hamilton-duke?embedded=yes&amp;cumulative_category_title=Literature&amp;cumulative_category_id=Literature|work=www.mugu.com|accessdate=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Duke News Briefs, Jan. 9, 2004|url=http://dukenews.duke.edu/2004/01/symphony_0104.html|work=dukenews.duke.edu|accessdate=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baba yake alikuwa Joseph Harrison Jackson, aliyekuwa [[rais]] wa Mkutano wa Kitaifa wa Wabaptisti kuanzia mwaka 1941 hadi 1990.

Mwaka 1986, Williams alipokea Tuzo la MidAmerica kutoka kwa Jumuiya ya Utafiti wa Fasihi ya Midwest kwa mchango wake mkubwa katika utafiti wa fasihi hiyo. Mwaka 1991, aliteuliwa na Rais George H. W. Bush kuwa mjumbe wa Baraza la Kitaifa la Binadamu.

Alikuwa mwanachama wa Bodi ya Utendaji ya Chama cha Fasihi ya Marekani na pia alihudumu katika Baraza la Shirika la Kitaifa la [[Binadamu]].

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1927]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2003]]
[[Jamii:Walimu wa Marekani]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-02T20:20:57Z</timestamp>
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        <id>78697</id>
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      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1547" sha1="lvhrof138ukg5itny9r2nua309su20d" xml:space="preserve">'''Kenny J. Williams''' (1927–2003) alikuwa msomi na [[mwandishi]] Mwafrika-Mmarekani, pamoja na kuwa [[profesa]] wa fasihi ya Kiingereza katika Chuo Kikuu cha Duke.

Williams alizaliwa Kentucky, Marekani (jina lake la utani &quot;Kenny&quot; lilitokana na jina la jimbo hilo), na alipata [[shahada]] yake ya uzamivu (PhD) kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Pennsylvania mwaka 1959. Kuanzia mwaka 1977 hadi alipofariki, alikuwa profesa katika Idara ya Kiingereza ya Chuo Kikuu cha Duke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Upstream: A Lone Duke English Professor Takes Her Stand|url=http://www.mugu.com/cgi-bin/Upstream/hamilton-duke?embedded=yes&amp;cumulative_category_title=Literature&amp;cumulative_category_id=Literature|work=www.mugu.com|accessdate=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Duke News Briefs, Jan. 9, 2004|url=http://dukenews.duke.edu/2004/01/symphony_0104.html|work=dukenews.duke.edu|accessdate=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baba yake alikuwa Joseph Harrison Jackson, aliyekuwa [[rais]] wa Mkutano wa Kitaifa wa Wabaptisti kuanzia mwaka 1941 hadi 1990.

Mwaka 1986, Williams alipokea Tuzo la MidAmerica kutoka kwa Jumuiya ya Utafiti wa Fasihi ya Midwest kwa mchango wake mkubwa katika utafiti wa fasihi hiyo. Mwaka 1991, aliteuliwa na Rais George H. W. Bush kuwa mjumbe wa Baraza la Kitaifa la Binadamu.

Alikuwa mwanachama wa Bodi ya Utendaji ya Chama cha Fasihi ya Marekani na pia alihudumu katika Baraza la Shirika la Kitaifa la [[Binadamu]].

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1927]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2003]]
[[Jamii:Walimu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>lvhrof138ukg5itny9r2nua309su20d</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Wham!</title>
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    <id>243214</id>
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      <id>1583297</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T19:09:12Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox musical artist 2  |jina = Wham!  |background = group_or_band  |picha = Wham in 1984 2.jpg  |maelezo ya picha = Wham! mwaka 1984. Juu hadi chini: [[Andrew Ridgeley]] na [[George Michael]]  |alt = Picha nyeusi na nyeupe ya wanachama wa kundi la muziki la Kiingereza Wham!, takriban mwaka 1985.  |asili yake = [[Bushey]], [[Hertfordshire]], [[England]], Uingereza  |aina = Pop, dance-pop, post-disco  |miaka ya kazi = 1981–1986  |studio = Columbia R...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="5945" sha1="qoi85ktvx6ohhy27hi90eadmisn5odw" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist 2

|jina = Wham!

|background = group_or_band

|picha = Wham in 1984 2.jpg

|maelezo ya picha = Wham! mwaka 1984. Juu hadi chini: [[Andrew Ridgeley]] na [[George Michael]]

|alt = Picha nyeusi na nyeupe ya wanachama wa kundi la muziki la Kiingereza Wham!, takriban mwaka 1985.

|asili yake = [[Bushey]], [[Hertfordshire]], [[England]], Uingereza

|aina = Pop, dance-pop, post-disco

|miaka ya kazi = 1981–1986

|studio = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Innervision Records|Innervision]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music|Sony]]

|ameshirikiana na = [[George Michael]], [[Andrew Ridgeley]]

|wavuti = {{URL|wham.world/}}

}}
'''Wham!''' ilikuwa bendi ya muziki wa [[pop]] kutoka nchini [[Uingereza]], iliyoundwa mwaka 1981 mjini [[Bushey]] na wanamuziki [[George Michael]] na [[Andrew Ridgeley]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AllMusic&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/wham!-mn0000246960/biography|title=Wham! Biography &amp; History|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=2016-12-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Walikuwa miongoni mwa wanamuziki waliopata mafanikio makubwa zaidi duniani katika miaka ya 1980, wakiuza zaidi ya nakala milioni 30 za rekodi zilizothibitishwa kati ya mwaka 1982 na 1986. Nyimbo zao maarufu kama &quot;[[Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go]]&quot;, &quot;[[Careless Whisper]]&quot;, na &quot;[[Everything She Wants]]&quot; zilitawala chati za ''[[Billboard Hot 100]]'' nchini Marekani. Wimbo wao wa Krismasi wa mwaka 1984, &quot;[[Last Christmas]]&quot;, umekuwa moja ya nyimbo maarufu zaidi za msimu wa likizo.

Bendi hiyo ilitoa albamu yao ya kwanza, ''[[Fantastic (albamu ya Wham!)|Fantastic]]'', mwaka 1983 na albamu ya pili, ''[[Make It Big]]'', mwaka 1984 ambayo ilipata mafanikio makubwa duniani kote na kushika namba moja nchini Uingereza na Marekani. Mnamo mwaka 1985, Wham! ilifanya ziara ya siku kumi nchini Uchina, ikiwa bendi ya kwanza ya pop kutoka Magharibi kufanya hivyo.

Bendi ilivunjika rasmi mnamo mwaka 1986 baada ya George Michael kutaka kuanza kazi ya kujitegemea na kutengeneza muziki wa watu wazima. Kabla ya kutengana, walitoa wimbo wa kuaga &quot;[[The Edge of Heaven]]&quot; na albamu ya nyimbo bora za kuaga iliyoitwa ''[[The Final (albamu)|The Final]]''.

== Historia ==
=== 1975–1981: Kuanzishwa ===
Mwaka 1975, Michael na Ridgeley walikutana katika Shule ya Bushey Meads mjini Bushey karibu na mji wa Watford huko Hertfordshire. Wawili hao walianza kutumbuiza kwenye bendi ya muziki wa [[ska]] iliyoitwa The Executive pamoja na rafiki zao wa shuleni kama [[David Austin (mwimbaji)|David Austin]]. Bendi hiyo ilipovunjika, Michael na Ridgeley walianzisha Wham! mnamo 1981.

=== 1982–1983: Mkataba wa Innervision na Albamu ya Fantastic ===
Mnamo Februari 1982, Mark Dean kutoka lebo ya Innervision Records aliwasajili Wham!. Awali walitunga nyimbo pamoja, lakini wakati wa kurekodi albamu ya kwanza, Ridgeley alikiri kuwa Michael alikuwa mtunzi mzuri zaidi wa nyimbo na kumwachia uongozi wa kiufundi. Wimbo wao wa kwanza ulikuwa &quot;Wham Rap!&quot; mnamo Juni 1982. 

Baadaye walitoa wimbo wa &quot;[[Young Guns (Go for It)]]&quot; ambao ulipata mafanikio makubwa baada ya kutumbuiza kwenye kipindi cha BBC cha ''[[Top of the Pops]]''. Bendi ilifuatia na nyimbo kama &quot;[[Bad Boys (wimbo wa Wham!)|Bad Boys]]&quot; na &quot;[[Club Tropicana]]&quot;. Albamu yao ya kwanza, ''[[Fantastic (albamu ya Wham!)|Fantastic]]'', ilikaa wiki mbili kwenye nafasi ya kwanza katika chati za albamu za Uingereza mwaka 1983.&lt;ref name=&quot;OCC&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/19823/wham/|title=WHAM! Artist Official Charts|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|access-date=2012-12-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1983–1984: Migogoro ya Kisheria na Albamu ya Make It Big ===
Baada ya migogoro ya kisheria na lebo ya Innervision, bendi hiyo ilihamia lebo ya [[Epic Records]]. Mnamo 1984, walitoa wimbo &quot;[[Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go]]&quot; ambao ulikuwa wimbo wao wa kwanza kushika namba moja nchini Uingereza na Marekani. Katika majira ya joto ya mwaka 1984, walirekodi albamu yao ya pili, ''[[Make It Big]]''. Wimbo wa &quot;[[Careless Whisper]]&quot; ulitolewa kama wimbo wa kujitegemea wa George Michael katika maeneo mengi na ukauza zaidi ya nakala milioni 1.3 nchini Uingereza.

Wimbo wa &quot;[[Last Christmas]]&quot; ulikuwa miongoni mwa nyimbo zilizouza sana nchini Uingereza, na bendi ilichangia faida yote ya wimbo huo kusaidia waathirika wa njaa nchini [[Uhabeshi]].

=== 1985–1986: Ziara ya Uchina na Kuvunjika kwa Bendi ===
Mnamo Aprili 1985, Wham! ilifanya ziara ya kihistoria ya siku 10 nchini Uchina, ikiwa kundi la kwanza la muziki wa pop kutoka Magharibi kutumbuiza nchini humo. Ziara hiyo ilionekana kama hatua kubwa katika kuboresha uhusiano wa kidiplomasia kati ya Uchina na nchi za Magharibi.

Mnamo mwaka 1986, bendi iliamua kuvunjika rasmi ili kumruhusu George Michael kuendelea na kazi ya kujitegemea. Walifanya tamasha lao la mwisho la kuaga lililoitwa ''The Final'' katika Uwanja wa Wembley mbele ya mashabiki 72,000.
== Diskografia ==
{{Main|Diskografia ya Wham!}}

* ''[[Fantastic (albamu ya Wham!)|Fantastic]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Make It Big]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Music from the Edge of Heaven]]'' (1986)

== Filmografia ==
* ''[[Wham! in China: Foreign Skies]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Wham! (filamu)|Wham!]]'' (2023)
* ''Wham!: Last Christmas Unwrapped'' (2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=29 October 2024 |title=BBC Two and BBC Music Present WHAM!: Last Christmas Unwrapped |url=https://www.sonymusic.com/legacy/bbc-wham-last-christmas-unwrapped/ |publisher=[[Sony Music]] |access-date=29 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Wham! 10 Days in China]]'' (2026)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 March 2026 |title=Zinc Media Group's Supercollider launches &quot;WHAM! 10 Days in China&quot; |url=https://senalnews.com/en/content/zinc-media-groups-supercollider-launches-wham-10-days-in-china |website=Señal News |access-date=14 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tazama pia ==
* [[George Michael]]
* [[Andrew Ridgeley]]

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}

[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Uingereza]]
[[Jamii:Makundi ya muziki ya Uingereza]]
[[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Uingereza]]</text>
      <sha1>qoi85ktvx6ohhy27hi90eadmisn5odw</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jonell Nash</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243215</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583298</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T19:12:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jonell Nash''' (20 Desemba 1942 – 27 Februari 2015) alikuwa mhariri wa masuala ya chakula katika jarida la ''Essence'' kuanzia [[mwaka]] 1984 hadi 2008, na alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa kitabu cha mapishi ''Low-Fat Soul'', kilichochapishwa mwaka 1996.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Annual Cookbook Issue : BOOK REVIEW : The Essence of Good Cooking : ESSENCE BRINGS YOU GREAT COOKING By Jonell Nash (Amistad: 1994; $29.95; illustrated, 465 pp.)|url=https://www.latimes.c...'</comment>
      <origin>1583298</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1528" sha1="jayfeagwfzr3k8zui9mzhzbmpq2moi3" xml:space="preserve">'''Jonell Nash''' (20 Desemba 1942 – 27 Februari 2015) alikuwa mhariri wa masuala ya chakula katika jarida la ''Essence'' kuanzia [[mwaka]] 1984 hadi 2008, na alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa kitabu cha mapishi ''Low-Fat Soul'', kilichochapishwa mwaka 1996.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Annual Cookbook Issue : BOOK REVIEW : The Essence of Good Cooking : ESSENCE BRINGS YOU GREAT COOKING By Jonell Nash (Amistad: 1994; $29.95; illustrated, 465 pp.)|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-12-15-fo-9105-story.html|work=Los Angeles Times|date=1994-12-15|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en-US|author=Barbara Hansen}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya awali ==
Jonell Nash alizaliwa huko Delhi, Louisiana. Alikuwa mmoja kati ya watoto wanne wa Willie Henry Nash Sr. na Mollie Osborne.

Ndugu zake walikuwa Gertrude Cherry, Marva Stanton, na Willie Nash.

Baba yake, Willie Henry Nash Sr., alifanya kazi katika [[kiwanda]] cha plastiki, huku mama yake, Mollie Osborne, akifanya [[kazi]] katika duka la kusafisha nguo.

Familia yake baadaye ilihama kutoka Louisiana na kuhamia Detroit, Michigan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Roberts|first=Sam|title=Jonell Nash, Who Cut Fat, Not Flavor, Out of Soul Food, Dies at 72|date=2015-03-10|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/11/us/jonell-nash-who-cut-fat-not-flavor-out-of-soul-food-dies-at-72.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1942]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2005]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>jayfeagwfzr3k8zui9mzhzbmpq2moi3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1583312</id>
      <parentid>1583298</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T20:11:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1583312</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1532" sha1="13pj71oe19kh5bul4s9kt093udapxxt" xml:space="preserve">'''Jonell Nash''' (20 Desemba 1942 – 27 Februari 2015) alikuwa mhariri wa masuala ya chakula katika jarida la ''Essence'' kuanzia [[mwaka]] 1984 hadi 2008, na alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa kitabu cha mapishi ''Low-Fat Soul'', kilichochapishwa mwaka 1996.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Annual Cookbook Issue : BOOK REVIEW : The Essence of Good Cooking : ESSENCE BRINGS YOU GREAT COOKING By Jonell Nash (Amistad: 1994; $29.95; illustrated, 465 pp.)|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-12-15-fo-9105-story.html|work=Los Angeles Times|date=1994-12-15|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en-US|author=Barbara Hansen}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya awali ==
Jonell Nash alizaliwa huko Delhi, Louisiana. Alikuwa mmoja kati ya watoto wanne wa Willie Henry Nash Sr. na Mollie Osborne.

Ndugu zake walikuwa Gertrude Cherry, Marva Stanton, na Willie Nash.

Baba yake, Willie Henry Nash Sr., alifanya kazi katika [[kiwanda]] cha plastiki, huku mama yake, Mollie Osborne, akifanya [[kazi]] katika duka la kusafisha nguo.

Familia yake baadaye ilihama kutoka Louisiana na kuhamia Detroit, Michigan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Roberts|first=Sam|title=Jonell Nash, Who Cut Fat, Not Flavor, Out of Soul Food, Dies at 72|date=2015-03-10|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/11/us/jonell-nash-who-cut-fat-not-flavor-out-of-soul-food-dies-at-72.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1942]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2005]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>13pj71oe19kh5bul4s9kt093udapxxt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>George Michael</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243216</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583300</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T19:18:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muddyb</username>
        <id>379</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox person  |jina = George Michael  |picha = George Michael.jpeg  |maelezo ya picha = George Michael akitumbuiza mwaka 1988  |jina la kuzaliwa = Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou  |tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date|df=yes|1963|6|25}}  |mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[East Finchley]], Middlesex, Uingereza  |tarehe ya kufariki = {{death date and age|df=yes|2016|12|25|1963|6|25}}  |mahali alipofia = [[Goring-on-Thames]], South Oxfordshire, Uingereza  |mahali pa kuzik...'</comment>
      <origin>1583300</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="4357" sha1="emvtl41x032b79thxla5rxronsgt9pi" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person

|jina = George Michael

|picha = George Michael.jpeg

|maelezo ya picha = George Michael akitumbuiza mwaka 1988

|jina la kuzaliwa = Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou

|tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date|df=yes|1963|6|25}}

|mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[East Finchley]], Middlesex, Uingereza

|tarehe ya kufariki = {{death date and age|df=yes|2016|12|25|1963|6|25}}

|mahali alipofia = [[Goring-on-Thames]], South Oxfordshire, Uingereza

|mahali pa kuzikwa = [[Highgate Cemetery|Highgate Cemetery West]], London

|majina mengine =

|kazi yake = Mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo, mtayarishaji wa rekodi

|mwenza = Anselmo Feleppa (1991–1993)&lt;br&gt;Kenny Goss (1996–2009)&lt;br&gt;Fadi Fawaz (2012–2016)

|miaka ya kazi = 1981–2016

|tovuti = {{URL|georgemichael.com}}

}}
'''George Michael''' (jina la kuzaliwa '''Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou'''; 25 Juni 1963 – 25 Desemba 2016) alikuwa mwimbaji, mwandishi wa nyimbo, na mtayarishaji wa muziki kutoka nchini [[Uingereza]]. Anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa wanamuziki bora na wenye mafanikio makubwa zaidi wa muda wote duniani,&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=2016-12-26|title=George Michael: Chart topper and cultural icon dead at 53|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/12/25/entertainment/george-michael-obituary/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=2024-03-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; akitambuliwa kwa uwezo wake mkubwa wa utunzi wa nyimbo, uimbaji, na maonyesho ya jukwaani. Mnamo mwaka 2023, aliingizwa kwenye Ukumbi wa Sifa wa Rock and Roll ([[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;rhall23&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 2023 Inductees|url=https://www.rockhall.com/2023-inductees|publisher=The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|access-date=2023-05-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Michael alipata umaarufu mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1980 baada ya kuunda kundi la muziki wa pop la [[Wham!]] akiwa na mwanamuziki mwenzake [[Andrew Ridgeley]]. Mnamo mwaka 1987, alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza ya kujitegemea iliyoitwa ''[[Faith (albamu ya George Michael)|Faith]]'', ambayo ilishinda Tuzo ya Grammy ya Albamu Bora ya Mwaka na kuuza zaidi ya nakala milioni 25 duniani kote. Albamu zake nyingine zilizopata mafanikio makubwa ni pamoja na ''[[Listen Without Prejudice Vol. 1]]'' (1990), ''[[Older (albamu ya George Michael)|Older]]'' (1996), na ''[[Patience (albamu ya George Michael)|Patience]]'' (2004).

Katika maisha yake, Michael alikuwa na nyimbo 10 zilizoshika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye chati za ''[[Billboard Hot 100]]'' nchini Marekani na nyimbo 13 kwenye chati za Uingereza, zikiwemo &quot;[[Careless Whisper]]&quot;, &quot;[[Faith (wimbo)|Faith]]&quot;, &quot;[[Father Figure]]&quot;, na &quot;[[Freedom! '90]]&quot;. Pia alijulikana kwa harakati zake za kutetea haki za kijamii na kuchangisha fedha za usaidizi wa waathirika wa UKIMWI. Alifariki dunia kwa magonjwa ya moyo siku ya Krismasi mnamo mwaka 2016 akiwa nyumbani kwake huko [[Goring-on-Thames]].

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou alizaliwa mjini [[East Finchley]], [[London]], akiwa mtoto wa tatu na wa pekee wa kiume katika familia yake. Baba yake, Kyriacos &quot;Jack&quot; Panayiotou, alikuwa mmiliki wa mgahawa wa Kigiriki aliyesafiri kutoka [[Siprasi]] kwenda Uingereza mnamo miaka ya 1950. Mama yake, Lesley Angold, alikuwa mnenguaji wa Kiingereza.

Michael alikulia katika eneo la Kingsbury, London, na kusoma katika Shule ya Sekondari ya Kingsbury. Baadaye familia yake ilihamia Radlett, ambapo alianza kuhudhuria Shule ya Bushey Meads na kukutana na rafiki yake wa maisha [[Andrew Ridgeley]]. Wawili hao walishirikiana na kuunda bendi ya muziki wa [[ska]] iliyoitwa The Executive kabla ya kuanzisha kundi la Wham!.

== Wham! ==
{{Kuu|Wham!}}

[[Picha:Wham! circa 1984-1985 (editing).jpg|thumb|Michael (kushoto) na [[Andrew Ridgeley]] wakiwa kwenye kundi la Wham!, takriban 1984–1985|right]]
Mnamo mwaka 1981, Michael na Ridgeley walianzisha kundi la [[Wham!]]. Katika kipindi hiki, aliamua kubadilisha jina lake rasmi na kujiita George Michael ili kurahisisha utambulisho wake wa kisanii. Albamu yao ya kwanza, ''[[Fantastic (albamu ya Wham!)|Fantastic]]'', ilishika nafasi ya kwanza nchini Uingereza mnamo 1983. Albamu yao ya pili, ''[[Make It Big]]'' (1984), ilipata mafanikio makubwa duniani kote na kutoa nyimbo zilizotawala chati za kimataifa kama &quot;[[Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go]]&quot; na &quot;[[Careless Whisper]]&quot;.

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}

{{BD|1963|2016}}

[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Uingereza]]</text>
      <sha1>emvtl41x032b79thxla5rxronsgt9pi</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Steven Kitshoff</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243217</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583302</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T19:21:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1583302</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2439" sha1="r8oql71nvpelm8juurcgp4cmcyzb7nl" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Steven Kitshoff LQ 2022.jpg|thumb|Steven Kitshoff ]]
Steven Kitshoff (alizaliwa [[tarehe]] [[10]] [[Februari]] [[1992]]) ni aliyekuwa [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya chama kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]].

Alicheza [[mechi]] yake ya mwisho akiwa na [[klabu]] ya Stormers. Nafasi yake ya kawaida uwanjani ilikuwa  mchezaji wa mstari wa mbele, namba 1.

Katika maisha yake ya uchezaji, Kitshoff aliiwakilisha timu ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini  na pia aliwahi kuchezea:

* Bordeaux Bègles katika mashindano ya Top [[14]] nchini [[Ufaransa]].
* Western Province katika mashindano ya Currie Cup.

Kwa msimu wa [[2023]]–[[24]], alijiunga na klabu ya Ulster Rugby kabla ya kurejea Afrika Kusini.

Kitshoff anahesabiwa kuwa mmoja wa mchezaji wa mstari wa mbele bora wa kizazi chake na alikuwa sehemu muhimu ya mafanikio ya Springboks, ikiwemo kutwaa Kombe la [[Dunia]] la Raga mara mbili.

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Steven Kitshoff alisoma katika [[Shule]] ya Msingi ya Hendrik Louw, kabla ya kuendelea na masomo katika Paul Roos Gymnasium, mojawapo ya shule maarufu za [[sekondari]] nchini Afrika Kusini zinazojulikana kwa kukuza vipaji vya [[mchezo]] wa raga.

== Raga ya kimataifa ==
Mnamo [[28]] Mei [[2016]], Steven Kitshoff alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha wachezaji [[31]] cha timu ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini (Springboks) kwa ajili ya mfululizo wa [[mechi]] tatu za majaribio  dhidi ya timu ya taifa ya [[Ireland]] iliyokuwa imefanya ziara nchini Afrika Kusini.

Kitshoff aliteuliwa pia katika kikosi cha Afrika Kusini kilichoshiriki:

*  Kombe la Dunia la Raga la 2019 (Rugby World Cup) nchini [[Japani]].
*  Kombe la Dunia la Raga la 2023 (Rugby World Cup) nchini [[Ufaransa]].

Afrika Kusini ilitwaa ubingwa wa mashindano yote mawili:

* Mwaka [[2019]], iliifunga England katika mchezo wa fainali.
* Mwaka [[2023]], iliifunga New Zealand katika mchezo wa fainali.

Kitshoff alikuwa mmoja wa wachezaji muhimu wa Springboks katika mafanikio hayo ya kutwaa mataji mawili ya Kombe la Dunia la Raga. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/teams/south-africa/player/45555&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20160606095848/http://www.sarugby.co.za/article.aspx?id=1355211&amp;leagueid=1171&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.sowetan.co.za/sport/2017-06-26-kitshoff-conundrum-for-stormers/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo]]</text>
      <sha1>r8oql71nvpelm8juurcgp4cmcyzb7nl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Elva Lee C. Abdal-Khallaq</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243218</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583303</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T19:22:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elva Lee Abdal-Khallaq''' (aliyezaliwa Collins; takriban 1914–2010) alikuwa [[mwalimu]], mfanyabiashara na [[mwanaharakati]] wa jamii aliyefanya kazi mjini Boston.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Matriach of A Nubian Notion, Inc. family dies at 96 – The Bay State Banner|url=https://baystatebanner.com/2010/11/23/matriach-of-a-nubian-notion-inc-family-dies-at-96/|work=www.baystatebanner.com|accessdate=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;  == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Abdal-Khal...'</comment>
      <origin>1583303</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1816" sha1="n3tvggxsl0nocn212b44bwrjp9d9wbb" xml:space="preserve">'''Elva Lee Abdal-Khallaq''' (aliyezaliwa Collins; takriban 1914–2010) alikuwa [[mwalimu]], mfanyabiashara na [[mwanaharakati]] wa jamii aliyefanya kazi mjini Boston.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Matriach of A Nubian Notion, Inc. family dies at 96 – The Bay State Banner|url=https://baystatebanner.com/2010/11/23/matriach-of-a-nubian-notion-inc-family-dies-at-96/|work=www.baystatebanner.com|accessdate=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Abdal-Khallaq alizaliwa Baldwin, Louisiana. Alilelewa Houston, Texas, ambako pia alisoma [[shule]] ya sekondari. Baadaye aliolewa na mume wake Malik na kuhamia Boston, Massachusetts.

== Kazi ==
Akiwa Boston, Abdal-Khallaq alianzisha pamoja na [[mume]] wake biashara iitwayo A Nubian Notion. Duka hilo lililokuwa katika eneo la Dudley Square, Roxbury, lilikuwa mojawapo ya maduka maarufu ya bidhaa zenye mtazamo wa Kiafrika (Afro-centric) mjini Boston kwa miaka mingi.

Katika miaka ya 1990, duka hilo lilifungua tawi jingine katika kituo cha Ruggles. Matawi yote mawili baadaye yalifungwa.

Mbali na biashara yake, Abdal-Khallaq alifundisha katika shule kadhaa za [[jamii]]. Pia alikuwa katibu wa kumbukumbu wa kikundi cha Goldenaires, kilichokuwa na makao katika Freedom House huko Roxbury, kuanzia mwaka 1989 hadi 1993.

== Heshima na tuzo ==
Mwaka 2023, Abdal-Khallaq alitambuliwa na mradi wa Black Women Lead kama mmoja wa &quot;wanawake weusi viongozi wa Boston wanaoheshimiwa, kupendwa na waliofanikiwa zaidi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Portraits along Blue Hill Avenue honor Boston's Black women leaders|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/portraits-honor-boston-black-women-leaders-roxbury/|language=en-US|access-date=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Walimu wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2010]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1920]]</text>
      <sha1>n3tvggxsl0nocn212b44bwrjp9d9wbb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1583306</id>
      <parentid>1583303</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T19:33:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1583306</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1820" sha1="mvlgwtp9hsgy02f8mj6pmejnrsgxtdo" xml:space="preserve">'''Elva Lee Abdal-Khallaq''' (aliyezaliwa Collins; takriban 1914–2010) alikuwa [[mwalimu]], mfanyabiashara na [[mwanaharakati]] wa jamii aliyefanya kazi mjini Boston.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Matriach of A Nubian Notion, Inc. family dies at 96 – The Bay State Banner|url=https://baystatebanner.com/2010/11/23/matriach-of-a-nubian-notion-inc-family-dies-at-96/|work=www.baystatebanner.com|accessdate=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Abdal-Khallaq alizaliwa Baldwin, Louisiana. Alilelewa Houston, Texas, ambako pia alisoma [[shule]] ya sekondari. Baadaye aliolewa na mume wake Malik na kuhamia Boston, Massachusetts.

== Kazi ==
Akiwa Boston, Abdal-Khallaq alianzisha pamoja na [[mume]] wake biashara iitwayo A Nubian Notion. Duka hilo lililokuwa katika eneo la Dudley Square, Roxbury, lilikuwa mojawapo ya maduka maarufu ya bidhaa zenye mtazamo wa Kiafrika (Afro-centric) mjini Boston kwa miaka mingi.

Katika miaka ya 1990, duka hilo lilifungua tawi jingine katika kituo cha Ruggles. Matawi yote mawili baadaye yalifungwa.

Mbali na biashara yake, Abdal-Khallaq alifundisha katika shule kadhaa za [[jamii]]. Pia alikuwa katibu wa kumbukumbu wa kikundi cha Goldenaires, kilichokuwa na makao katika Freedom House huko Roxbury, kuanzia mwaka 1989 hadi 1993.

== Heshima na tuzo ==
Mwaka 2023, Abdal-Khallaq alitambuliwa na mradi wa Black Women Lead kama mmoja wa &quot;wanawake weusi viongozi wa Boston wanaoheshimiwa, kupendwa na waliofanikiwa zaidi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Portraits along Blue Hill Avenue honor Boston's Black women leaders|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/portraits-honor-boston-black-women-leaders-roxbury/|language=en-US|access-date=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Walimu wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2010]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1920]]</text>
      <sha1>mvlgwtp9hsgy02f8mj6pmejnrsgxtdo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Andrew Ridgeley</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243219</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583304</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T19:24:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muddyb</username>
        <id>379</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox musical artist 2  |jina = Andrew Ridgeley  |background = solo_singer  |picha = Andrew_Ridgeley_20191205.jpg  |maelezo ya picha = Andrew Ridgeley mwaka 2019  |jina la kuzaliwa = Andrew John Ridgeley  |tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1963|1|26}}  |mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Windlesham]], [[Surrey]], Uingereza  |aina = Pop, rock  |kazi yake = Mwanamuziki, mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo, mtayarishaji wa rekodi  |ala = Gitaa, sauti  |miaka ya...'</comment>
      <origin>1583304</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5073" sha1="r8ypgt77zt1cydzh041a86ilxtywg6i" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist 2

|jina = Andrew Ridgeley

|background = solo_singer

|picha = Andrew_Ridgeley_20191205.jpg

|maelezo ya picha = Andrew Ridgeley mwaka 2019

|jina la kuzaliwa = Andrew John Ridgeley

|tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1963|1|26}}

|mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Windlesham]], [[Surrey]], Uingereza

|aina = Pop, rock

|kazi yake = Mwanamuziki, mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo, mtayarishaji wa rekodi

|ala = Gitaa, sauti

|miaka ya kazi = 1981–1991, 2005, 2018–sasa

|studio = [[Innervision Records|Innervision]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]

|ameshirikiana na = [[Wham!]]

|wavuti =

}}
'''Andrew John Ridgeley''' (alizaliwa 26 Januari 1963)&lt;ref name=&quot;rttnews1&quot;/&gt; ni mwanamuziki kutoka nchini [[Uingereza]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kazi yake katika miaka ya 1980 akiwa kwenye kundi la muziki la [[Wham!]], lililoundwa na yeye pamoja na [[George Michael]]. Wham! walikuwa miongoni mwa wanamuziki wa pop waliopata mafanikio makubwa zaidi katika miaka ya 1980, wakiuza zaidi ya nakala milioni 30 za rekodi zilizothibitishwa duniani kote kuanzia mwaka 1982 hadi 1986.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Music Industry: The End of Vinyl? |first=John |last=Qualen |year=1985 |location=London |publisher=Routledge |series=Comedia's Media and Communications Industry Profile Series |volume=5 |isbn=0-906890-58-6 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyimbo zao tano zilikaa kwenye nafasi ya kwanza nchini Uingereza, na nyimbo zao mbili, &quot;[[Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go]]&quot; na &quot;[[Everything She Wants]]&quot;, zilitawala chati za ''[[Billboard Hot 100]]'' nchini Marekani. Mnamo mwaka 2019, Shirika la [[Penguin Random House]] lilichapisha kitabu cha kumbukumbu cha Ridgeley kilichoandikwa ''Wham! George &amp; Me''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/10/10/768857582/in-book-andrew-ridgeley-pays-tribute-to-george-michael-and-a-more-innocent-pop-e|title=In Book, Andrew Ridgeley Pays Tribute To George Michael And A More Innocent Pop Era|website=NPR.org|date=10 October 2019 |last1=Johnston |first1=Maura }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya awali ==
Ridgeley alizaliwa mwaka 1963 huko [[Windlesham]], [[Surrey]],&lt;ref name=&quot;rttnews1&quot;/&gt; akiwa mtoto wa Jennifer Jill na Alberto Mario Zacharia (ambaye baadaye alibadilisha jina la familia kuwa ''Ridgeley''). Mama yake alikuwa na asili ya Uingereza na Uskoti, huku baba yake akiwa na asili ya Kitaliano, Yemeni, na Misri. Familia ya baba yake ilifukuzwa kutoka Misri kufuatia Mshikamano wa [[Mfereji wa Suez]].&lt;ref name=&quot;rttnews1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Saner |first=Emine |date=2023-07-19 |title='Oh God, I envied his voice!': Andrew Ridgeley on ego, angst and loving George Michael |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/jul/19/oh-god-i-envied-his-voice-andrew-ridgeley-on-ego-angst-and-loving-george-michael |access-date=2023-07-19 |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ridgeley alikulia mjini [[Bushey]], [[Hertfordshire]], na kusoma katika Shule ya Bushey Meads.&lt;ref name=&quot;rttnews1&quot;/&gt; [[George Michael]] alipoanza masomo katika shule hiyo, Ridgeley alijitolea kumsaidia na kumweka karibu.&lt;ref name=&quot;rttnews1&quot;/&gt;

== Kazi ya muziki ==
Baada ya kuvunjika kwa bendi yao ya muda mfupi iliyoitwa ''The Executive'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/ajridgeley/status/815239959309414400|title=Andrew Ridgeley on Twitter|newspaper=Twitter|quote=No 'Harry Tadayon' in The Executive GM, AJR, David Austin, Andrew Leaver &amp; Paul Ridgeley Jamie Gould &amp; Tony Bywaters joined us at 1 point 2|access-date=31 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Michael na Ridgeley walianzisha kundi la Wham! mnamo mwaka 1981. Michael alikuwa mwimbaji mkuu na mwandishi mkuu wa nyimbo, wakati Ridgeley alikuwa akisaidia utunzi, kupiga gitaa, na kuimba sauti za usaidizi. Walisaini mkataba wa kwanza na lebo ya Innervision Records kabla ya kuhamia [[Epic Records]].

=== Wham! ===
{{Kuu|Wham!}}

[[Picha:Andrew Ridgeley circa 1984-1985.jpg|thumb|Ridgeley mnamo 1985]]
Wham! walipata mafanikio makubwa kupitia albamu yao ya kwanza, ''[[Fantastic (albamu ya Wham!)|Fantastic]]'', iliyoshika nafasi ya kwanza nchini Uingereza. Albamu yao ya pili, ''[[Make It Big]]'', ilileta mafanikio makubwa nchini Marekani na kutoa nyimbo tatu zilizoshika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati za Uingereza na Marekani.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/wham!/ |title= WHAM! |publisher= Official Charts |access-date=24 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mnamo Aprili 1985, Ridgeley na Michael walifanya ziara ya kihistoria ya siku kumi nchini Uchina, na kuwa kundi la kwanza la muziki wa pop kutoka Magharibi kutumbuiza nchini humo. Ziara hiyo ilirekodiwa katika filamu ya kumbukumbu iliyoitwa ''[[Wham! in China: Foreign Skies]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= How Wham! brought the West to China |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4379399.stm |work= BBC News |date= 24 March 2005 |access-date=24 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kundi hilo lilivunjika rasmi mnamo mwaka 1986 baada ya tamasha lao la kuaga lililoitwa &quot;The Final&quot; kwenye Uwanja wa Wembley mbele ya mashabiki 72,000.

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}

{{BD|1963}}

[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Uingereza]]</text>
      <sha1>r8ypgt77zt1cydzh041a86ilxtywg6i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Clara W. Hall</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243220</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583305</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T19:32:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Clara E. Walke Hall''' (3 Oktoba 1930 – 28 Mei 2014) alikuwa [[mwanasayansi]] wa utafiti wa kemia nchini [[Marekani]] katika Taasisi za Kitaifa za Afya (NIH) kuanzia mwaka 1959 hadi 1999.  Utafiti wake pamoja na mtaalamu wa vinasaba Elizabeth F. Neufeld kuhusu magonjwa ya kurithi yanayoathiri lisosomu (sehemu za [[seli]] zinazohusika na uchakataji wa taka za seli) ulisaidia Neufeld kupokea Tuzo la Lasker-DeBakey la Utafiti wa Tiba ya Kliniki mwaka 198...'</comment>
      <origin>1583305</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2142" sha1="svz12ps5wjip41ogqty5umrwm3s3a6s" xml:space="preserve">'''Clara E. Walke Hall''' (3 Oktoba 1930 – 28 Mei 2014) alikuwa [[mwanasayansi]] wa utafiti wa kemia nchini [[Marekani]] katika Taasisi za Kitaifa za Afya (NIH) kuanzia mwaka 1959 hadi 1999.

Utafiti wake pamoja na mtaalamu wa vinasaba Elizabeth F. Neufeld kuhusu magonjwa ya kurithi yanayoathiri lisosomu (sehemu za [[seli]] zinazohusika na uchakataji wa taka za seli) ulisaidia Neufeld kupokea Tuzo la Lasker-DeBakey la Utafiti wa Tiba ya Kliniki mwaka 1982.

== Elimu na kazi ==
Clara E. Walke Hall alizaliwa tarehe 3 Oktoba 1930 mjini New York.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clara E. Hall Obituary - Washington, DC|url=https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/washington-dc/clara-e-hall-5989692|work=Dignity Memorial|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alipata shahada ya kwanza ya [[sayansi]] katika kemia kutoka Chuo cha Hunter.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=NIH Record Ceases Publication {{!}} National Institutes of Health (NIH)|url=https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-news-publications/nih-record-ceases-publication|work=www.nih.gov|date=2026-01-30|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kabla ya kujiunga na Taasisi za Kitaifa za Afya mwaka 1959, Hall alikuwa mwanasayansi wa utafiti katika Chuo cha Madaktari na Wafanya Upasuaji cha Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia.

Akiwa NIH, alijiunga na Taasisi ya Kitaifa ya Magonjwa ya Viungo, Mabadiliko ya Mwili na Mfumo wa Mmeng’enyo wa Chakula, ambayo baadaye ikawa Taasisi ya Kitaifa ya Kisukari, Magonjwa ya Mfumo wa Mmeng’enyo na [[Figo]].

Hall alifanya kazi pamoja na Elizabeth F. Neufeld katika kuchunguza magonjwa ya kurithi yanayoathiri lisosomu. Magonjwa hayo yanaweza kusababisha matatizo ya mifupa, ulemavu wa kiakili na kupunguza umri wa kuishi.

Mwaka 1982, utafiti wao uliwafanya Neufeld kupokea Tuzo la Lasker-DeBakey la Utafiti wa [[Tiba]] ya Kliniki. Hata hivyo, Hall, ambaye alikuwa mwanasayansi Mwafrika-Mmarekani, hakupokea tuzo hiyo, ingawa Neufeld alitaka mchango wa mwenzake utambuliwe.

Clara E. Walke Hall alistaafu mwaka 1999.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1930]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2014]]
[[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>svz12ps5wjip41ogqty5umrwm3s3a6s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Malcolm Marx</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243221</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583307</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T19:35:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1583307</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1641" sha1="dj2ioh0c4jds12q4znee3qegc8eusfs" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Malcolm Marx 210227b.jpg|thumb|Malcolm Marx ]]
Malcolm Marx (jina kamili Malcolm Justin Marx, alizaliwa [[tarehe]] 13 Julai [[1994]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya chama (rugby union) kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]].

Kwa sasa anacheza kwa [[timu]] ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini  na klabu ya Kubota Spears katika mashindano ya [[Japan]] Rugby League One.

Nafasi yake ya kawaida uwanjani ni mchezaji wa mstari wa mbele, namba 2. Hata hivyo, alipokuwa katika ngazi za vijana aliwahi pia kucheza kama  mchezaji wa safu ya tatu kwa timu ya Golden Lions.

Marx anatambuliwa kimataifa kuwa mmoja wa hooker bora zaidi katika mchezo wa World Rugby, kutokana na uwezo wake mkubwa katika:

* mchuano wa kusukumana kati ya wachezaji wa mstari wa mbele
*  kuanzisha tena mchezo baada ya mpira kutoka nje ya uwanja
* Kuiba mipira kwenye awamu ya mchezo inayotokea mara tu baada ya mchezaji kubebwa chini
* Uongozi na nguvu katika [[mchezo]] wa mbele.

Kutokana na kiwango chake bora, alitunukiwa [[tuzo]] ya World Rugby Men's 15s Mchezaji [[Bora]] wa Mwaka mwaka [[2025]], ambayo hutolewa kwa mchezaji bora wa dunia katika raga ya wachezaji 15. 

== Maisha binafsi ==
Malcolm Marx ameoa mke wake Kirsten, na pamoja wamejaliwa [[watoto]] wawili: mtoto wa kiume na mtoto wa kike.

Malcolm alikulia pamoja na dada yake Carina na kaka yake Jean Pierre. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-union/articles/c075e4xgvn8o&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rugby15.co.za/sa-schools-and-sa-academy-teams-announced/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1994]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>dj2ioh0c4jds12q4znee3qegc8eusfs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Annie Bell Pettway</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243222</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583308</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T19:40:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Annie Bell Pettway''' (1930–2003) alikuwa [[msanii]] wa [[Marekani]]. Anahusishwa na kikundi cha utengenezaji wa mablanketi ya kushona cha Gee’s Bend, pamoja na binti yake Belinda Pettway.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Annie Bell Pettway {{!}} Souls Grown Deep|url=https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/annie-bell-pettway|work=www.soulsgrowndeep.org|accessdate=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTCWY6VrqHcC|title=The Quilt...'</comment>
      <origin>1583308</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1991" sha1="qur74ao28sd6bkyfo6iz97trpx5krhi" xml:space="preserve">'''Annie Bell Pettway''' (1930–2003) alikuwa [[msanii]] wa [[Marekani]]. Anahusishwa na kikundi cha utengenezaji wa mablanketi ya kushona cha Gee’s Bend, pamoja na binti yake Belinda Pettway.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Annie Bell Pettway {{!}} Souls Grown Deep|url=https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/annie-bell-pettway|work=www.soulsgrowndeep.org|accessdate=2026-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTCWY6VrqHcC|title=The Quilts of Gee's Bend|last=Beardsley|first=John|last2=Houston|first2=Museum of Fine Arts|date=2002|publisher=Tinwood Books|isbn=978-0-9653766-4-8|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya awali ==
Annie Bell Pettway alikuwa mtoto wa kwanza wa kike na mtoto wa pili kwa ujumla wa Clement Pettway na Cherokee Pettway.

Baba yake alianza kuugua na kushindwa kutembea bila sababu iliyojulikana Annie alipokuwa na umri wa miaka sita. Wakati huo, yeye na kaka yake mkubwa Eddie Lee Pettway walichukua jukumu lote la kuendesha shughuli za shamba kwa sababu baba yao alihitaji mama yao awe naye muda wote kwa ajili ya kumhudumia. Annie alikumbuka kuwa alikuwa akiugua mara nyingi katika kipindi kikubwa cha utoto wake.

Aliolewa na [[rafiki]] yake wa karibu wa utotoni, John L. Pettway, alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 18, huku mume wake akiwa na miaka 21. Walilea watoto saba kwa jumla—wavulana wanne na wasichana watatu.

Wawili kati ya wanawe waliishi Connecticut na wawili waliishi Gee’s Bend. Kati ya mabinti zake watatu, mmoja aliishi Georgia, mmoja New York, na mmoja, Belinda Pettway, aliendelea kuishi Gee’s Bend.

Annie Bell Pettway alifariki mwaka [[2003]].

== Kazi ==
Mama yake, Cherokee, alimfundisha kutengeneza mablanketi ya kushona kwa kutumia tena suruali za [[kazi]] zilizotumika. Alijifunza ushonaji huo akiwa na umri wa miaka sita na baadaye aliendeleza [[utamaduni]] huo kwa kuwafundisha mabinti zake.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1930]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2003]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>qur74ao28sd6bkyfo6iz97trpx5krhi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>RG Snyman</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243223</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583310</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T19:51:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1583310</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1674" sha1="8x1iqd7yzvfab6kwsadv5jvp4s72zuh" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:RG Snyman, Blou Bulle, 5-2017, a.jpg|thumb|RG Snyman]]
RG Snyman (jina kamili Rudolph Gerhardus Snyman, alizaliwa [[tarehe]] 29 [[Januari]] [[1995]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[raga]] ya chama  kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] ambaye hucheza katika nafasi ya  (mchezaji wa safu ya pili ya mstari wa mbele) kwenye  [[klabu]] ya Leinster Rugby inayoshiriki mashindano ya United Rugby Championship (URC), na pia huichezea timu ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini.

Snyman alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha Afrika Kusini kilichoshinda [[Kombe]] la Dunia la Raga (Rugby World Cup) mwaka [[2019]] na [[2023]].

Miongoni mwa mashabiki na wachezaji wenzake, Snyman anajulikana sana kwa jina la utani &quot;The Viking&quot;, jina alilopewa kutokana na mwonekano wake, hususan [[urefu]] wake, nywele ndefu na ndevu zinazomfanya afanane na wapiganaji wa kale wa Kivikingi.

== Tuzo na mafanikio ==

==== Munster Rugby ====

*  United Rugby Championship
** Mshindi (mara 1): [[2022]]–23

==== Leinster Rugby ====

*  United Rugby Championship
** Mshindi (mara 1): [[2024]]–25

==== Afrika Kusini ====

*  Kombe la Dunia la Raga (Rugby World Cup)
** Mshindi (mara 2): 2019, 2023
*  The Rugby Championship
** Mshindi (mara 2): 2019, [[2025]]  &lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-union/50273291&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.planetrugby.com/news/rg-snyman-five-things-to-know-about-the-munsters-rugby-world-cup-winning-springbok-lock&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;timeslive.co.za/sunday-times-daily/sport/2023-06-01-mark-keohane--despite-dhl-loss-sa-was-the-big-winner-in-munsters-rg-snyman/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1995]]</text>
      <sha1>8x1iqd7yzvfab6kwsadv5jvp4s72zuh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Duane Vermeulen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243224</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583311</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T20:08:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1583311</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2102" sha1="njkjcs81yfn2w6906erqtz7u2e32tnn" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Duane Vermeulen 2012 Springboks.jpg|thumb|Duane Vermeulen ]]
Duane Vermeulen (jina kamili Daniel Johannes &quot;Duane&quot; Vermeulen, alizaliwa [[tarehe]] 3 [[Julai]] [[1986]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa kulipwa wa raga ya chama  kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]], ambaye aliwahi kuiwakilisha timu ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini .

Pia aliwahi kucheza kwa [[klabu]] mbalimbali zikiwemo:

* Ulster Rugby katika mashindano ya United Rugby Championship (URC).
* Blue Bulls.
* Pumas.
* Free State Cheetahs.
* Western Province katika mashindano ya ndani ya Afrika Kusini.

Pia alicheza kwa klabu ya [[Ufaransa]]:

* RC Toulon katika mashindano ya Top 14.

Vermeulen alijulikana kama mmoja wa wachezaji bora wa nafasi ya namba 8  katika [[raga]] ya dunia, akiwa na nguvu kubwa katika kushambulia, ulinzi na kuwania mipira. Alikuwa sehemu muhimu ya mafanikio ya Springboks, ikiwemo kushinda Kombe la Dunia la Raga la [[2019]].

== Historia ya maisha ==
Baba yake Vermeulen alifariki kutokana na ugonjwa wa [[saratani]] takribani mwaka [[1997]].

Wakati huo, Vermeulen alikuwa na [[umri]] wa karibu miaka 10 au 11. 

== Tuzo na mafanikio ==

* Mchezaji Bora wa Mwaka wa SARU (South African Rugby Union): 2014
*  Mchezaji Bora wa Mwaka wa Super Rugby: [[2014]]
*  Mteule wa [[Tuzo]] ya Mchezaji Bora wa Mwaka wa IRB  2014
*  Mchezaji Bora wa Mwaka wa Super Rugby na Super Rugby Unlocked: [[2020]]
*  Mchezaji Bora wa Mwaka wa Raga wa Afrika Kusini  2020
*  Mshindi wa Currie Cup: 2020–21
*  Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia la Raga  2019, [[2023]]
*  Mshindi wa The Rugby Championship: 2019       &lt;ref&gt;https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/teams/south-africa/player/37137&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/rugby/springboks/confirmed-springbok-legend-duane-vermeulen-retires-after-world-cup-win-breaking-08-november-2023/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.citizen.co.za/news/opinion/duane-vermeulen-builds-businesses-life-post-rugby-november-2022/&lt;/ref&gt;


== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1986]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo]]</text>
      <sha1>njkjcs81yfn2w6906erqtz7u2e32tnn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Schalk Burger</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243225</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583313</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T20:20:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1583313</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1283" sha1="7rdj91wb2rg0sf9a85rwgbac09lrpjb" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Schalk Burger.jpg|thumb|Schalk Burger]]
Schalk Burger (jina kamili Schalk Willem Petrus Burger Jr., alizaliwa [[tarehe]] 13 [[Aprili]] [[1983]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya chama kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]].

Alicheza katika nafasi ya  (mchezaji wa safu ya tatu) kwa klabu ya Saracens katika [[Ligi]] Kuu ya [[Uingereza]] ya Raga.

Burger aliichezea timu ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini (Springboks) na alicheza jumla ya mechi [[86]] za kimataifa.

== Kazi ya raga ==
Baada ya kucheza katika [[timu]] ya Springboks ya chini ya [[miaka]] 21 iliyoshinda Kombe la [[Dunia]] la Raga la U21 mwaka [[2002]], na baadaye kuwa nahodha wa timu hiyo mwaka 2003, Schalk Burger alichaguliwa kujiunga na kikosi kikuu cha Springboks.

Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kimataifa  dhidi ya [[Georgia]] mwaka [[2003]] katika Kombe la Dunia la Raga. &lt;ref&gt;https://sahistory.org.za/dated-event/springbok-rugby-player-schalk-burger-born-port-elizabeth&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/international/5096410.stm&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/6988734.stm&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]]</text>
      <sha1>7rdj91wb2rg0sf9a85rwgbac09lrpjb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dionne Warwick</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243226</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583316</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T20:26:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muddyb</username>
        <id>379</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox person  |jina = Dionne Warwick  |picha = Dionne Warwick 2021.jpg  |maelezo ya picha = Dionne Warwick mwaka 2021  |jina la kuzaliwa = Marie Dionne Warrick  |tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1940|12|12}}  |mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[East Orange, New Jersey]], Marekani  |elimu =Chuo Kikuu cha Hartford  |kazi yake = Mwimbaji, mwigizaji, mtangazaji wa televisheni  |miaka ya kazi = 1955–sasa  |mwenza = {{plainlist| *{{marriage|William Elliott...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="6275" sha1="naady3ww0tme72nqolv78zw0loqy7qw" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person

|jina = Dionne Warwick

|picha = Dionne Warwick 2021.jpg

|maelezo ya picha = Dionne Warwick mwaka 2021

|jina la kuzaliwa = Marie Dionne Warrick

|tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1940|12|12}}

|mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[East Orange, New Jersey]], Marekani

|elimu =Chuo Kikuu cha Hartford

|kazi yake = Mwimbaji, mwigizaji, mtangazaji wa televisheni

|miaka ya kazi = 1955–sasa

|mwenza = {{plainlist|
*{{marriage|[[William Elliott (actor, born 1934)|William Elliott]]|1966|1967|reason=talaka}}
*{{marriage||1967|1975|reason=talaka}}
}}

|watoto = 2, akiwemo [[Damon Elliott|Damon]]

|ndugu = [[Dee Dee Warwick]] (dada)&lt;br&gt;[[Cissy Houston]] (shangazi wa upande wa mama)&lt;br&gt;[[Whitney Houston]] (binamu wa kwanza wa upande wa mama)&lt;br&gt;[[Gary Garland]] (binamu wa kwanza wa upande wa mama)&lt;br&gt;[[Bobbi Kristina Brown]] (binamu wa kizazi cha pili wa upande wa mama)&lt;br&gt;[[Leontyne Price]] (binamu wa kizazi cha pili wa upande wa mama)

|tovuti = {{URL|officialdionnewarwick.com}}

}}
'''Marie Dionne Warwick''' (jina la kuzaliwa '''Warrick'''; alizaliwa 12 Desemba 1940) ni mwimbaji, mwigizaji, na mtangazaji wa televisheni kutoka nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pronounceitright.com/pronunciation/dionne-warwick-1010 |title=How to pronounce Dionne Warwick – PronounceItRight}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katika kazi yake ya kimuziki ya miongo kadhaa, Warwick ameshinda tuzo nyingi zikiwemo [[Tuzo za Grammy]] sita, na kuingizwa kwenye Ukumbi wa Sifa wa Rock and Roll ([[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]]) na Ukumbi wa Sifa wa Grammy. Mnamo mwaka 2019, alitunukiwa Tuzo ya Grammy ya Mafanikio ya Maisha. Nyimbo zake tatu (&quot;[[Walk On By]]&quot;, &quot;[[Alfie (wimbo)|Alfie]]&quot;, na &quot;[[Don't Make Me Over (wimbo)|Don't Make Me Over]]&quot;) zimeingizwa kwenye Ukumbi wa Sifa wa Grammy.

Warwick ni mmoja wa wanamuziki wenye mafanikio makubwa zaidi kwenye chati za ''[[Billboard Hot 100]]'', akiwa na nyimbo 56 zilizotamba kwenye chati hizo kati ya mwaka 1962 na 1998.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kennedy&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Dionne Warwick |url=https://www.kennedy-center.org/Artist/A104941 |website=The Kennedy Center |publisher=The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts |access-date=August 4, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Globe&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sullivan |first1=James |title=Dionne Warwick knows the way to a hit |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/music/2019/06/20/dionne-warwick-knows-way-hit/eslFL0YcuSW1AS6fXBGu3K/story.html |access-date=August 4, 2019 |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |date=June 20, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pia alipata kuhudumu kama Balozi wa Nyakati Njema wa Shirika la Chakula na Kilimo la [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] (FAO).

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Marie Dionne Warrick alizaliwa na Arthur Lee Drinkard pamoja na Mancel Warrick.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arthur&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QK58-R57B |title=Arthur Lee Warrick [Obituary] |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=FamilySearch}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DeeDee&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QKWP-99QW |title=Delia Juanita 'dee Dee' Warrick [Obituary] |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=FamilySearch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mama yake alikuwa meneja wa kundi la [[The Drinkard Singers]], na baba yake alikuwa mhamasishaji wa rekodi na mhasibu. Alikuwa na dada yake, [[Dee Dee Warwick]], ambaye pia alikuwa mwimbaji, na kaka yake Mancel Jr. Alipewa jina la Dionne kutokana na shangazi yake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Today&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.today.com/id/39949144/ns/today-today_books/t/dionne-warwick-recalls-her-first-time-stage |title=Dionne Warwick recalls her first time on stage |work=[[Today (kipindi cha TV)|Today]] |date=November 2, 2010 |access-date=September 28, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Warwick alikulia katika eneo la [[East Orange, New Jersey]], na kuanza kuimba muziki wa [[gospeli]] tangu utotoni katika kanisa la babu yake la [[New Hope Baptist Church (Newark)|New Hope Baptist Church]] huko Newark.&lt;ref name=&quot;Houston&quot;&gt;{{Cite AV media |first=Cissy |last=Houston |title=Visionary Project Video Interview – Cissy Houston: My Family |date=September 2, 2009 |url=http://www.visionaryproject.org/houstoncissy |access-date=February 11, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baada ya kumaliza elimu ya sekondari katika Shule ya Sekondari ya East Orange mnamo 1959, aliendeleza masomo ya muziki katika Chuo cha Muziki cha Hartt huko [[West Hartford, Connecticut]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NJMonthly&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Warwick |first=Dionne |url=https://njmonthly.com/articles/jersey-living/we-all-walked-together/ |title=We All Walked Together |work=[[New Jersey Monthly]] |date=November 15, 2010 |access-date=September 11, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alipokuwa akiimba sauti za usaidizi jijini New York, alikutana na mtunzi wa nyimbo [[Burt Bacharach]], jambo lililomfungulia njia ya kupata mkataba wake wa kwanza wa rekodi za kujitegemea.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.biography.com/people/dionne-warwick-9524457#synopsis |title=Dionne Warwick Biography |website=Biography.com |access-date=June 6, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Diskografia ==

* Presenting Dionne Warwick (1963)
* Anyone Who Had a Heart (1964)
* Make Way for Dionne Warwick (1964)
* The Sensitive Sound of Dionne Warwick (1965)
* Here I Am (1965)
* Here Where There Is Love (1966)
* On Stage and in the Movies (1967)
* The Windows of the World (1967)
* Dionne Warwick in Valley of the Dolls (1968)
* The Magic of Believing (1968)
* Promises, Promises (1968)
* Soulful (1969)
* I'll Never Fall in Love Again (1970)
* Very Dionne (1970)
* Dionne (1972)
* Just Being Myself (1973)
* Then Came You (1975)
* Track of the Cat (1975)
* Love at First Sight (1977)
* Dionne (1979)
* No Night So Long (1980)
* Friends in Love (1982)
* Heartbreaker (1982)
* How Many Times Can We Say Goodbye (1983)
* Finder of Lost Loves (1985)
* Friends (1985)
* Reservations for Two (1987)
* Dionne Warwick Sings Cole Porter (1990)
* Friends Can Be Lovers (1993)
* Aquarela do Brasil (1994)
* Dionne Sings Dionne (1998)
* Dionne Sings Dionne, Vol. 2 (2000)
* My Favorite Time of the Year (2004)
* My Friends &amp; Me (2006)
* Why We Sing (2008)
* Only Trust Your Heart (2011)
* Now (2012)
* Feels So Good (2014)
* She's Back (2019)
* Dionne Warwick &amp; the Voices of Christmas (2019)
== Tazama pia ==
* [[Burt Bacharach]]
* [[Dee Dee Warwick]]

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}

{{BD|1940}}

[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-03T03:46:45Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="6287" sha1="fy6orvzr6ch89fj54h22a8gg6r79g1j" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person

|jina = Dionne Warwick

|picha = Dionne Warwick 2021.jpg

|maelezo ya picha = Dionne Warwick mwaka 2021

|jina la kuzaliwa = Marie Dionne Warrick

|tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1940|12|12}}

|mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[East Orange, New Jersey]], Marekani

|elimu =Chuo Kikuu cha Hartford

|kazi yake = Mwimbaji, mwigizaji, mtangazaji wa televisheni

|miaka ya kazi = 1955–sasa

|mwenza = {{plainlist|
*{{marriage|[[William Elliott (actor, born 1934)|William Elliott]]|1966|1967|reason=talaka}}
*{{marriage||1967|1975|reason=talaka}}
}}

|watoto = 2, akiwemo [[Damon Elliott|Damon]]

|ndugu = [[Dee Dee Warwick]] (dada)&lt;br&gt;[[Cissy Houston]] (shangazi wa upande wa mama)&lt;br&gt;[[Whitney Houston]] (binamu wa kwanza wa upande wa mama)&lt;br&gt;[[Gary Garland]] (binamu wa kwanza wa upande wa mama)&lt;br&gt;[[Bobbi Kristina Brown]] (binamu wa kizazi cha pili wa upande wa mama)&lt;br&gt;[[Leontyne Price]] (binamu wa kizazi cha pili wa upande wa mama)

|tovuti = {{URL|officialdionnewarwick.com}}

}}
'''Marie Dionne Warwick''' (jina la kuzaliwa '''Warrick'''; alizaliwa 12 Desemba 1940) ni mwimbaji, mwigizaji, na mtangazaji wa televisheni kutoka nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pronounceitright.com/pronunciation/dionne-warwick-1010 |title=How to pronounce Dionne Warwick – PronounceItRight}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katika kazi yake ya kimuziki ya miongo kadhaa, Warwick ameshinda tuzo nyingi zikiwemo [[Tuzo za Grammy]] sita, na kuingizwa kwenye Ukumbi wa Sifa wa Rock and Roll ([[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]]) na Ukumbi wa Sifa wa Grammy. Mnamo mwaka 2019, alitunukiwa Tuzo ya Grammy ya Mafanikio ya Maisha. Nyimbo zake tatu (&quot;[[Walk On By]]&quot;, &quot;[[Alfie (wimbo)|Alfie]]&quot;, na &quot;[[Don't Make Me Over (wimbo)|Don't Make Me Over]]&quot;) zimeingizwa kwenye Ukumbi wa Sifa wa Grammy.

Warwick ni mmoja wa wanamuziki wenye mafanikio makubwa zaidi kwenye chati za ''[[Billboard Hot 100]]'', akiwa na nyimbo 56 zilizotamba kwenye chati hizo kati ya mwaka 1962 na 1998.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kennedy&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Dionne Warwick |url=https://www.kennedy-center.org/Artist/A104941 |website=The Kennedy Center |publisher=The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts |access-date=August 4, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Globe&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sullivan |first1=James |title=Dionne Warwick knows the way to a hit |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/music/2019/06/20/dionne-warwick-knows-way-hit/eslFL0YcuSW1AS6fXBGu3K/story.html |access-date=August 4, 2019 |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |date=June 20, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pia alipata kuhudumu kama Balozi wa Nyakati Njema wa Shirika la Chakula na Kilimo la [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] (FAO).

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Marie Dionne Warrick alizaliwa na Arthur Lee Drinkard pamoja na Mancel Warrick.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arthur&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QK58-R57B |title=Arthur Lee Warrick [Obituary] |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=FamilySearch}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DeeDee&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QKWP-99QW |title=Delia Juanita 'dee Dee' Warrick [Obituary] |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=FamilySearch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mama yake alikuwa meneja wa kundi la [[The Drinkard Singers]], na baba yake alikuwa mhamasishaji wa rekodi na mhasibu. Alikuwa na dada yake, [[Dee Dee Warwick]], ambaye pia alikuwa mwimbaji, na kaka yake Mancel Jr. Alipewa jina la Dionne kutokana na shangazi yake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Today&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.today.com/id/39949144/ns/today-today_books/t/dionne-warwick-recalls-her-first-time-stage |title=Dionne Warwick recalls her first time on stage |work=[[Today (kipindi cha TV)|Today]] |date=November 2, 2010 |access-date=September 28, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Warwick alikulia katika eneo la [[East Orange, New Jersey]], na kuanza kuimba muziki wa [[gospeli]] tangu utotoni katika kanisa la babu yake la [[New Hope Baptist Church (Newark)|New Hope Baptist Church]] huko Newark.&lt;ref name=&quot;Houston&quot;&gt;{{Cite AV media |first=Cissy |last=Houston |title=Visionary Project Video Interview – Cissy Houston: My Family |date=September 2, 2009 |url=http://www.visionaryproject.org/houstoncissy |access-date=February 11, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baada ya kumaliza elimu ya sekondari katika Shule ya Sekondari ya East Orange mnamo 1959, aliendeleza masomo ya muziki katika Chuo cha Muziki cha Hartt huko [[West Hartford, Connecticut]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NJMonthly&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Warwick |first=Dionne |url=https://njmonthly.com/articles/jersey-living/we-all-walked-together/ |title=We All Walked Together |work=[[New Jersey Monthly]] |date=November 15, 2010 |access-date=September 11, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alipokuwa akiimba sauti za usaidizi jijini New York, alikutana na mtunzi wa nyimbo [[Burt Bacharach]], jambo lililomfungulia njia ya kupata mkataba wake wa kwanza wa rekodi za kujitegemea.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.biography.com/people/dionne-warwick-9524457#synopsis |title=Dionne Warwick Biography |website=Biography.com |access-date=June 6, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Diskografia ==

* Presenting Dionne Warwick (1963)
* Anyone Who Had a Heart (1964)
* Make Way for Dionne Warwick (1964)
* The Sensitive Sound of Dionne Warwick (1965)
* Here I Am (1965)
* Here Where There Is Love (1966)
* On Stage and in the Movies (1967)
* The Windows of the World (1967)
* Dionne Warwick in Valley of the Dolls (1968)
* The Magic of Believing (1968)
* Promises, Promises (1968)
* Soulful (1969)
* I'll Never Fall in Love Again (1970)
* Very Dionne (1970)
* Dionne (1972)
* Just Being Myself (1973)
* Then Came You (1975)
* Track of the Cat (1975)
* Love at First Sight (1977)
* Dionne (1979)
* No Night So Long (1980)
* Friends in Love (1982)
* Heartbreaker (1982)
* How Many Times Can We Say Goodbye (1983)
* Finder of Lost Loves (1985)
* Friends (1985)
* Reservations for Two (1987)
* Dionne Warwick Sings Cole Porter (1990)
* Friends Can Be Lovers (1993)
* Aquarela do Brasil (1994)
* Dionne Sings Dionne (1998)
* Dionne Sings Dionne, Vol. 2 (2000)
* My Favorite Time of the Year (2004)
* My Friends &amp; Me (2006)
* Why We Sing (2008)
* Only Trust Your Heart (2011)
* Now (2012)
* Feels So Good (2014)
* She's Back (2019)
* Dionne Warwick &amp; the Voices of Christmas (2019)
== Tazama pia ==
* [[Burt Bacharach]]
* [[Dee Dee Warwick]]

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}

{{BD|1940}}

[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Victor Matfield</title>
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    <id>243227</id>
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      <id>1583317</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T20:32:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1583317</origin>
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      <text bytes="1725" sha1="k3y9riotzmg7u81qmenu8892i7uk6cs" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Victor Matfield (cropped).jpg|thumb|Victor Matfield 2006]]
[[Faili:Line up Lions Bulls.jpg|thumb|Matfield (kulia) akishinda mpira kwenye line-out dhidi ya Lions]]
Victor Matfield (alizaliwa tarehe 11 [[Mei]] [[1977]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya chama  kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]].

Alikuwa akicheza na pia aliwahi kuwa [[nahodha]] wa timu ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini. Pia aliichezea:

* Blue Bulls katika mashindano ya Currie Cup.
* Bulls katika mashindano ya Super Rugby.

Matfield anachukuliwa kwa ujumla kuwa mmoja wa wachezaji bora wa nafasi ya  (mchezaji wa safu ya pili) kuwahi kuichezea Afrika Kusini.

Alikuwa na ushirikiano mkubwa na wa [[mafanikio]] na mchezaji mwenzake wa Springboks na Blue Bulls, Bakkies Botha. Wawili hao walijulikana kama moja ya jozi bora kabisa za safu ya pili katika [[historia]] ya raga ya Afrika Kusini.

== Tuzo na mafanikio ==

* [[Mshindi]] wa Currie Cup akiwa na Blue Bulls: [[2002]], 2004, 2009
* Mshindi wa Super Rugby akiwa na Bulls: [[2007]], 2009, [[2010]]
* Mshindi wa Tri-Nations akiwa na Afrika Kusini: [[2004]], 2009
* Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia la Raga (Rugby World Cup): 2007
* Mshindi wa mfululizo wa mechi za majaribio dhidi ya British &amp; Irish Lions (British and Irish Lions test series): 2009  &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20091028021322/http://www.planetrugby.com/story/0,25883,16016_5652114,00.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20140202161828/http://thebulls.co.za/news/2014/01/31/matfield/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://sportsbrief.com/rugby/59071-get-victor-matfield-south-african-rugby-player/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mareje0 ==
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1977]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Afrika Kusini]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Richard Marx</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243228</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583318</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T20:34:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muddyb</username>
        <id>379</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox musical artist 2  |jina = Richard Marx  |background = solo_singer  |picha = Richard Marx, Birmingham, AL 2025 (cropped).jpg  |maelezo ya picha = Richard Marx mwaka 2025  |jina la kuzaliwa = Richard Noel Marx  |tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1963|09|16}}  |mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Chicago]], Illinois, Marekani  |asili yake = [[Highland Park, Illinois]], Marekani  |aina = Pop, soft rock, adult contemporary, pop rock  |kazi yake = Mwimbaji,...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="3682" sha1="ti01zd92acqgnu8zlz6qu7v8a2uegnu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist 2

|jina = Richard Marx

|background = solo_singer

|picha = Richard Marx, Birmingham, AL 2025 (cropped).jpg

|maelezo ya picha = Richard Marx mwaka 2025

|jina la kuzaliwa = Richard Noel Marx

|tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1963|09|16}}

|mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Chicago]], Illinois, Marekani

|asili yake = [[Highland Park, Illinois]], Marekani

|aina = Pop, soft rock, adult contemporary, pop rock

|kazi yake = Mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo

|mwenza = {{marriage|[[Cynthia Rhodes]]|1989|2014|reason=talaka}}&lt;br&gt;{{marriage|[[Daisy Fuentes]]|2015}}

|ala = Sauti, piano, gitaa

|miaka ya kazi = 1968–sasa

|studio = [[Capitol Records|Capitol]], [[EMI]], [[Manhattan Records|Manhattan]], Signal 21, Zanzibar, [[Frontiers Records|Frontiers]], [[Kobalt Label Services]]

|wavuti = {{Official URL}}

}}
'''Richard Noel Marx''' (alizaliwa 16 Septemba 1963) ni mwimbaji na mwandishi wa nyimbo kutoka nchini Marekani.&lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biography &amp; Career Highlights |url=http://www.richardmarxonline.com/web/bio_personal.htm |publisher=Richard Marx Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ameuza zaidi ya albamu milioni 30 duniani kote.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Live from The GRAMMY Museum: Richard Marx – GRAMMY Museum |url=https://grammymuseum.org/event/live-from-the-grammy-museum-richard-marx/ |access-date=September 19, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafanikio ya kwanza ya Marx kama mwandishi wa wimbo aliyeshika nafasi ya kwanza yalikuja mnamo 1984 kupitia wimbo wa &quot;What About Me?&quot;, uliorekodiwa na [[Kenny Rogers]], [[Kim Carnes]], na [[James Ingram]]. Wimbo wake wa pili kuongoza chati ulikuwa &quot;Crazy&quot; wa mwaka 1985, ulioimbwa na Kenny Rogers. Albamu yake ya kwanza iliyoitwa kwa jina lake mwenyewe ilipata mafanikio makubwa mnamo 1987, na kibao chake cha kwanza, &quot;Don't Mean Nothing&quot;, kilishika nafasi ya tatu kwenye chati za Billboard Hot 100.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Feely |first=Paul |date=March 21, 2019 |title=Richard Marx 'Right Here Waiting' for another show in NH |url=https://www.unionleader.com/nh/arts_and_ent/music/richard-marx-right-here-waiting-for-another-show-in-nh/article_64cffacd-a38a-5dc4-bf1d-1b762b241953.html |website=UnionLeader.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kati ya mwaka 1987 na 1994, alikuwa na nyimbo 14 zilizoingia kwenye 20 Bora, zikiwemo nyimbo tatu zilizoshika nafasi ya kwanza.

Marx ni msanii pekee wa kiume katika historia aliyefikisha nyimbo zake saba za kwanza kwenye 5 Bora za chati za Billboard. Ameshinda au kuandika jumla ya nyimbo 14 zilizoshika nafasi ya kwanza, kama mwimbaji, mwandishi au mtayarishaji. Kama mwimbaji, nyimbo zake zilizoshika namba moja ni pamoja na &quot;Hazard&quot;, &quot;[[Right Here Waiting]]&quot;, &quot;Hold On to the Nights&quot;, &quot;Endless Summer Nights&quot;, na &quot;Satisfied&quot;.

Pia ameandika na kushirikiana kwenye nyimbo za wasanii wengine, ukiwemo wimbo wa &quot;This I Promise You&quot; wa NSYNC na &quot;Dance with My Father&quot; wa Luther Vandross. Marx amewahi kuteuliwa kuwania Tuzo za Grammy mara tano, na kufanikiwa kushinda Tuzo ya Grammy ya Wimbo Bora wa Mwaka kupitia wimbo wa &quot;Dance with My Father&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 23, 2020 |title=Grammy Award results for Richard Marx |url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/richard-marx/9393 |website=Grammy.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Diskografia ==

=== Albamu za Studio ===
* Richard Marx (1987)
* Repeat Offender (1989)
* Rush Street (1991)
* Paid Vacation (1994)
* Flesh and Bone (1997)
* Days in Avalon (2000)
* My Own Best Enemy (2004)
* Emotional Remains (2008)
* Sundown (2008)
* Christmas Spirit (2012)
* Beautiful Goodbye (2014)
* Limitless (2020)
* Songwriter (2022)
* After Hours (2026)

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}{{BD|1963}}
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3698" sha1="3877ed7m9cv72iv1p594hidiq9of8b9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist 2

|jina = Richard Marx

|background = solo_singer

|picha = Richard Marx, Birmingham, AL 2025 (cropped).jpg

|maelezo ya picha = Richard Marx mwaka 2025

|jina la kuzaliwa = Richard Noel Marx

|tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1963|09|16}}

|mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Chicago]], Illinois, Marekani

|asili yake = [[Highland Park, Illinois]], Marekani

|aina = Pop, soft rock, adult contemporary, pop rock

|kazi yake = Mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo

|mwenza = {{marriage|[[Cynthia Rhodes]]|1989|2014|reason=talaka}}&lt;br&gt;{{marriage|[[Daisy Fuentes]]|2015}}

|ala = Sauti, piano, gitaa

|miaka ya kazi = 1968–sasa

|studio = [[Capitol Records|Capitol]], [[EMI]], [[Manhattan Records|Manhattan]], Signal 21, Zanzibar, [[Frontiers Records|Frontiers]], [[Kobalt Label Services]]

|wavuti = {{Official URL}}

}}
'''Richard Noel Marx''' (alizaliwa 16 Septemba 1963) ni mwimbaji na mwandishi wa nyimbo kutoka nchini Marekani.&lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Biography &amp; Career Highlights |url=http://www.richardmarxonline.com/web/bio_personal.htm |publisher=Richard Marx Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ameuza zaidi ya albamu milioni 30 duniani kote.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Live from The GRAMMY Museum: Richard Marx – GRAMMY Museum |url=https://grammymuseum.org/event/live-from-the-grammy-museum-richard-marx/ |access-date=September 19, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafanikio ya kwanza ya Marx kama mwandishi wa wimbo aliyeshika nafasi ya kwanza yalikuja mnamo 1984 kupitia wimbo wa &quot;What About Me?&quot;, uliorekodiwa na [[Kenny Rogers]], [[Kim Carnes]], na [[James Ingram]]. Wimbo wake wa pili kuongoza chati ulikuwa &quot;Crazy&quot; wa mwaka 1985, ulioimbwa na Kenny Rogers. Albamu yake ya kwanza iliyoitwa kwa jina lake mwenyewe ilipata mafanikio makubwa mnamo 1987, na kibao chake cha kwanza, &quot;Don't Mean Nothing&quot;, kilishika nafasi ya tatu kwenye chati za Billboard Hot 100.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |last=Feely |first=Paul |date=March 21, 2019 |title=Richard Marx 'Right Here Waiting' for another show in NH |url=https://www.unionleader.com/nh/arts_and_ent/music/richard-marx-right-here-waiting-for-another-show-in-nh/article_64cffacd-a38a-5dc4-bf1d-1b762b241953.html |website=UnionLeader.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kati ya mwaka 1987 na 1994, alikuwa na nyimbo 14 zilizoingia kwenye 20 Bora, zikiwemo nyimbo tatu zilizoshika nafasi ya kwanza.

Marx ni msanii pekee wa kiume katika historia aliyefikisha nyimbo zake saba za kwanza kwenye 5 Bora za chati za Billboard. Ameshinda au kuandika jumla ya nyimbo 14 zilizoshika nafasi ya kwanza, kama mwimbaji, mwandishi au mtayarishaji. Kama mwimbaji, nyimbo zake zilizoshika namba moja ni pamoja na &quot;Hazard&quot;, &quot;[[Right Here Waiting]]&quot;, &quot;Hold On to the Nights&quot;, &quot;Endless Summer Nights&quot;, na &quot;Satisfied&quot;.

Pia ameandika na kushirikiana kwenye nyimbo za wasanii wengine, ukiwemo wimbo wa &quot;This I Promise You&quot; wa NSYNC na &quot;Dance with My Father&quot; wa Luther Vandross. Marx amewahi kuteuliwa kuwania Tuzo za Grammy mara tano, na kufanikiwa kushinda Tuzo ya Grammy ya Wimbo Bora wa Mwaka kupitia wimbo wa &quot;Dance with My Father&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |date=November 23, 2020 |title=Grammy Award results for Richard Marx |url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/richard-marx/9393 |website=Grammy.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Diskografia ==

=== Albamu za Studio ===
* Richard Marx (1987)
* Repeat Offender (1989)
* Rush Street (1991)
* Paid Vacation (1994)
* Flesh and Bone (1997)
* Days in Avalon (2000)
* My Own Best Enemy (2004)
* Emotional Remains (2008)
* Sundown (2008)
* Christmas Spirit (2012)
* Beautiful Goodbye (2014)
* Limitless (2020)
* Songwriter (2022)
* After Hours (2026)

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}{{BD|1963}}
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3874" sha1="d3pmv70efpse3xu00er5d5gnesf5vpe" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist 2

|jina = Richard Marx

|background = solo_singer

|picha = Richard Marx, Birmingham, AL 2025 (cropped).jpg

|maelezo ya picha = Richard Marx mwaka 2025

|jina la kuzaliwa = Richard Noel Marx

|tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1963|09|16}}

|mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Chicago]], Illinois, Marekani

|asili yake = [[Highland Park, Illinois]], Marekani

|aina = Pop, soft rock, adult contemporary, pop rock

|kazi yake = Mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo

|mwenza = {{marriage|[[Cynthia Rhodes]]|1989|2014|reason=talaka}}&lt;br&gt;{{marriage|[[Daisy Fuentes]]|2015}}

|ala = Sauti, piano, gitaa

|miaka ya kazi = 1968–sasa

|studio = [[Capitol Records|Capitol]], [[EMI]], [[Manhattan Records|Manhattan]], Signal 21, Zanzibar, [[Frontiers Records|Frontiers]], [[Kobalt Label Services]]

|wavuti = {{Official URL}}

}}
'''Richard Noel Marx''' (alizaliwa 16 Septemba 1963) ni mwimbaji na mwandishi wa nyimbo kutoka nchini Marekani.&lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Biography &amp; Career Highlights |url=http://www.richardmarxonline.com/web/bio_personal.htm |publisher=Richard Marx Online |accessdate=2026-08-02 |archive-date=2007-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526024359/http://www.richardmarxonline.com/web/bio_personal.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ameuza zaidi ya albamu milioni 30 duniani kote.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Live from The GRAMMY Museum: Richard Marx – GRAMMY Museum |url=https://grammymuseum.org/event/live-from-the-grammy-museum-richard-marx/ |access-date=September 19, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafanikio ya kwanza ya Marx kama mwandishi wa wimbo aliyeshika nafasi ya kwanza yalikuja mnamo 1984 kupitia wimbo wa &quot;What About Me?&quot;, uliorekodiwa na [[Kenny Rogers]], [[Kim Carnes]], na [[James Ingram]]. Wimbo wake wa pili kuongoza chati ulikuwa &quot;Crazy&quot; wa mwaka 1985, ulioimbwa na Kenny Rogers. Albamu yake ya kwanza iliyoitwa kwa jina lake mwenyewe ilipata mafanikio makubwa mnamo 1987, na kibao chake cha kwanza, &quot;Don't Mean Nothing&quot;, kilishika nafasi ya tatu kwenye chati za Billboard Hot 100.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |last=Feely |first=Paul |date=March 21, 2019 |title=Richard Marx 'Right Here Waiting' for another show in NH |url=https://www.unionleader.com/nh/arts_and_ent/music/richard-marx-right-here-waiting-for-another-show-in-nh/article_64cffacd-a38a-5dc4-bf1d-1b762b241953.html |website=UnionLeader.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kati ya mwaka 1987 na 1994, alikuwa na nyimbo 14 zilizoingia kwenye 20 Bora, zikiwemo nyimbo tatu zilizoshika nafasi ya kwanza.

Marx ni msanii pekee wa kiume katika historia aliyefikisha nyimbo zake saba za kwanza kwenye 5 Bora za chati za Billboard. Ameshinda au kuandika jumla ya nyimbo 14 zilizoshika nafasi ya kwanza, kama mwimbaji, mwandishi au mtayarishaji. Kama mwimbaji, nyimbo zake zilizoshika namba moja ni pamoja na &quot;Hazard&quot;, &quot;[[Right Here Waiting]]&quot;, &quot;Hold On to the Nights&quot;, &quot;Endless Summer Nights&quot;, na &quot;Satisfied&quot;.

Pia ameandika na kushirikiana kwenye nyimbo za wasanii wengine, ukiwemo wimbo wa &quot;This I Promise You&quot; wa NSYNC na &quot;Dance with My Father&quot; wa Luther Vandross. Marx amewahi kuteuliwa kuwania Tuzo za Grammy mara tano, na kufanikiwa kushinda Tuzo ya Grammy ya Wimbo Bora wa Mwaka kupitia wimbo wa &quot;Dance with My Father&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |date=November 23, 2020 |title=Grammy Award results for Richard Marx |url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/richard-marx/9393 |website=Grammy.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Diskografia ==

=== Albamu za Studio ===
* Richard Marx (1987)
* Repeat Offender (1989)
* Rush Street (1991)
* Paid Vacation (1994)
* Flesh and Bone (1997)
* Days in Avalon (2000)
* My Own Best Enemy (2004)
* Emotional Remains (2008)
* Sundown (2008)
* Christmas Spirit (2012)
* Beautiful Goodbye (2014)
* Limitless (2020)
* Songwriter (2022)
* After Hours (2026)

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}{{BD|1963}}
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Boyzone</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243229</id>
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      <id>1583319</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T20:40:22Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Muddyb</username>
        <id>379</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox musical artist 2  |jina = Boyzone  |background = group_or_band  |picha = Boyzone.jpg  |maelezo ya picha = Boyzone wakati wa onyesho mwaka 2009  |asili yake = [[Dublin]], Ireland  |aina = Pop  |miaka ya kazi = 1993–2000, 2007–2019, 2026  |studio = [[Polydor Records|Polydor]], [[Warner Music Group|Warner]]  |wavuti = {{URL|boyzonenetwork.com}}  |ameshirikiana na = [[Michael Graham (singer)|Michael Graham]], [[Keith Duffy]], [[Stephen Gately]],...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="7524" sha1="cw1bjlh2k0act64kuhrjfty7cd8gbpn" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist 2

|jina = Boyzone

|background = group_or_band

|picha = Boyzone.jpg

|maelezo ya picha = Boyzone wakati wa onyesho mwaka 2009

|asili yake = [[Dublin]], Ireland

|aina = Pop

|miaka ya kazi = 1993–2000, 2007–2019, 2026

|studio = [[Polydor Records|Polydor]], [[Warner Music Group|Warner]]

|wavuti = {{URL|boyzonenetwork.com}}

|ameshirikiana na = [[Michael Graham (singer)|Michael Graham]], [[Keith Duffy]], [[Stephen Gately]], [[Shane Lynch]], [[Ronan Keating]]

}}
'''Boyzone''' ilikuwa bendi ya vijana kutoka [[Eire Kaskazini|Eire]] iliyoundwa mnamo mwaka 1993 na meneja [[Louis Walsh]]. Kabla hata ya kurekodi wimbo wowote, Boyzone walionekana kwenye kipindi cha [[RTÉ]] cha ''[[The Late Late Show (Ireland)|The Late Late Show]]''. Wanachama wake maarufu zaidi walikuwa [[Keith Duffy]], [[Stephen Gately]], [[Michael Graham (singer)|Mikey Graham]], [[Ronan Keating]], na [[Shane Lynch]]. Hadi kufikia mwaka 2018, Boyzone walikuwa wametoa albamu saba za studio na albamu tisa za mchanganyiko.

Mnamo mwaka 2012, asasi ya [[Official Charts Company]] iliitaja Boyzone kuwa msanii wa 29 kwenye orodha ya wanamuziki waliouza nyimbo nyingi zaidi katika historia ya chati za Uingereza, na bendi ya pili ya vijana yenye mafanikio zaidi nchini Uingereza baada ya [[Take That]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-official-singles-charts-biggest-selling-artists-of-all-time-revealed-1431/ |title=Official Singles Charts' biggest selling artists of all time revealed |publisher=Officialcharts.com |access-date=17 February 2013 |archive-date=9 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609103357/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-official-singles-charts-biggest-selling-artists-of-all-time-revealed-1431/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kulingana na [[British Phonographic Industry]] (BPI), Boyzone wamethibitishwa kuuza albamu milioni 6.4 na nyimbo milioni 8.6 nchini Uingereza,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certified-awards.aspx |title=Certified Awards |publisher=Bpi.co.uk |access-date=4 March 2019 |archive-date=24 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124005813/http://www.bpi.co.uk/certified-awards.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; huku wakiza jumla ya rekodi milioni 25 duniani kote kufikia mwaka 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Hope|first1=Hannah|title=Boyzone celebrate 20 years at the top - and pledge to make it 50 like the Rolling Stones|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/boyzone-celebrate-20-years-top-2862385|newspaper=[[Daily Mirror]]|access-date=1 January 2015|date=29 November 2013|archive-date=18 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218004407/http://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/boyzone-celebrate-20-years-top-2862385|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.virginmedia.com/music/pictures/profiles/boyzone-v-take-that.php?ssid=3|title=Who's sold the most records? - Boyzone v Take That - Pictures - Music|website=Virginmedia.com|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115352/http://www.virginmedia.com/music/pictures/profiles/boyzone-v-take-that.php?ssid=3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Boyzone walipata nyimbo sita zilizoshika nafasi ya kwanza nchini Uingereza na nyimbo tisa zilizoshika nafasi ya kwanza nchini Uyeralandi. Kati ya nyimbo 24 walizotoa nchini Uingereza, 21 ziingia kwenye 40 Bora za [[UK Singles Chart|Uingereza]] na nyimbo 22 zikaingia kwenye chati za [[Irish Singles Chart|Uyeralandi]]. Pia wamekuwa na albamu tano zilizoshika nafasi ya kwanza nchini Uingereza.

Boyzone walitengana mnamo mwaka 1999, lakini walirudi tena pamoja mwaka 2007 kwa ajili ya ziara ya tamasha. Gately alifariki dunia mnamo 10 Oktoba 2009 kutokana na matatizo ya moyo ya [[kuzaliwa nayo]] akiwa likizoni katika kisiwa cha [[Mallorca]], Hispania.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/music/news/stephen-gatelys-family-hurt-by-wild-drugs-rumours-14533947.html|title=Stephen Gately's family hurt by 'wild' drugs rumours|date=16 October 2009|access-date=16 October 2009|work=[[The Belfast Telegraph]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016124416/http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/music/news/stephen-gatelys-family-hurt-by-wild-drugs-rumours-14533947.html|archive-date=16 October 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Boyzone walifanya ziara mwishoni mwa mwaka 2018 kusherehekea miaka 25 tangu kuundwa kwao, na kutoa albamu ya maadhimisho hayo mnamo 16 Novemba 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/thank-you-goodnight/1394148956|title=Thank You &amp; Goodnight by Boyzone on iTunes|website=Music.apple.com|date=16 November 2018|access-date=16 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://metro.co.uk/2017/09/05/boyzone-have-ditched-the-love-ballads-and-gone-urban-on-their-comeback-album-6904570/ |title=Boyzone have ditched the ballads and gone 'urban' for comeback album &amp;#124; Metro News |publisher=Metro.co.uk |date=5 September 2017 |access-date=23 September 2017 |archive-date=6 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906040412/http://metro.co.uk/2017/09/05/boyzone-have-ditched-the-love-ballads-and-gone-urban-on-their-comeback-album-6904570/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.irishmirror.ie/showbiz/irish-showbiz/keith-duffy-boyzone-getting-back-10349916 |title=Keith Duffy on Boyzone getting back together again after signing record deal for 25th anniversary - Irish Mirror Online |website=Irishmirror.ie |date=3 May 2017 |access-date=23 September 2017 |archive-date=6 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906040839/http://www.irishmirror.ie/showbiz/irish-showbiz/keith-duffy-boyzone-getting-back-10349916 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tarehe 28 Aprili 2018, ilitangazwa kuwa bendi hiyo ingevunjika rasmi baada ya maadhimisho yao yaliyokamilika mwaka 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ok.co.uk/celebrity-news/1361300/boyzone-album-stephen-gately-ronan-keating-keith-duffy-shane-lynch|title=Boyzone 'to split for good' after Stephen Gately tribute|first=Mary|last=Gallagher|date=27 April 2018|website=Ok.co.uk|access-date=28 April 2018|archive-date=1 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501172933/https://www.ok.co.uk/celebrity-news/1361300/boyzone-album-stephen-gately-ronan-keating-keith-duffy-shane-lynch|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kufuatia mafanikio ya filamu yao ya kumbukumbu (dokumentari) mnamo mwaka 2025, Boyzone walirudiana tena kwa ajili ya onyesho la kipekee la kuaga kwenye uwanja wa michezo mnamo mwaka 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/music/2025/09/30/boyzone-to-reunite-for-one-off-stadium-show-in-london/|title=Boyzone to reunite for one-off stadium show next year|date=30 September 2025|website=irishtimes.com|access-date=7 October 2025|archive-date=7 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007024801/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/music/2025/09/30/boyzone-to-reunite-for-one-off-stadium-show-in-london/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Diskografia ==
{{Kuu|Diskografia ya Boyzone}}

* ''[[Said and Done]]'' (1995)
* ''[[A Different Beat (albamu ya Boyzone)|A Different Beat]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Where We Belong (albamu)|Where We Belong]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Brother (albamu ya Boyzone)|Brother]]'' (2010)
* ''[[BZ20]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Dublin to Detroit]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Thank You &amp; Goodnight]]'' (2018)

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}

[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Ireland]]
[[Jamii:Makundi ya muziki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aerosmith</title>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox musical artist 2  |jina = Aerosmith  |background = group_or_band  |picha = Aerosmith member.png  |maelezo ya picha = Wanachama wa Aerosmith. Kwa mpangilio wa saa kuanzia juu kushoto: [[Steven Tyler]], [[Tom Hamilton (musician)|Tom Hamilton]], [[Brad Whitford]], [[Joe Perry (musician)|Joe Perry]] na [[Joey Kramer]]  |asili yake = [[Boston]], Massachusetts, Marekani  |aina = Hard rock, blues rock, heavy metal  |kazi zake = Orodha ya albamu, nyimbo,...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="12522" sha1="5m5880vuzjhwrs9bsb1w6ksr4j8jw66" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist 2

|jina = Aerosmith

|background = group_or_band

|picha = Aerosmith member.png

|maelezo ya picha = Wanachama wa Aerosmith. Kwa mpangilio wa saa kuanzia juu kushoto: [[Steven Tyler]], [[Tom Hamilton (musician)|Tom Hamilton]], [[Brad Whitford]], [[Joe Perry (musician)|Joe Perry]] na [[Joey Kramer]]

|asili yake = [[Boston]], Massachusetts, Marekani

|aina = Hard rock, blues rock, heavy metal

|kazi zake = Orodha ya albamu, nyimbo, video za muziki na ziara za matamasha

|miaka ya kazi = 1970–sasa

|studio = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Geffen Records|Geffen]], [[Capitol Records|Capitol]]

|miradi iliyotokana = [[The Joe Perry Project]], [[Whitford/St. Holmes]]

|tuzo = Orodha kamili ya tuzo na uteuzi

|wavuti = {{URL|aerosmith.com}}

|washiriki wa sasa = [[Steven Tyler]], [[Tom Hamilton (musician)|Tom Hamilton]], [[Joey Kramer]], [[Joe Perry (musician)|Joe Perry]], [[Brad Whitford]]

|washiriki wa zamani = [[Ray Tabano]], [[Jimmy Crespo]], [[Rick Dufay]]

}}
'''Aerosmith''' ni bendi ya muziki wa [[rock]] kutoka nchini [[Marekani]] iliyoundwa mjini [[Boston]] mnamo mwaka 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;rockhall.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://rockhall.com/inductees/aerosmith/timeline/ |title=Aerosmith &amp;#124; The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum|publisher=Rockhall.com |date=April 15, 2013|access-date=August 26, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Burlingame |first=Jeff |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GxCDDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Aerosmith+1970&amp;pg=PA29 |title=Aerosmith |date=2018-12-15 |publisher=Enslow Publishing, LLC |isbn=978-1-9785-0521-6 |page=29 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Furniss |first=Matters |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aPhzUuZyXuoC&amp;dq=Aerosmith+1970&amp;pg=PA1968 |title=Aerosmith - Uncensored on the Record |date=February 2012 |publisher=Coda Books Ltd |isbn=978-1-78158-014-1 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bendi hiyo inaundwa na mwimbaji mkuu [[Steven Tyler]], mpiga besi [[Tom Hamilton (musician)|Tom Hamilton]], mpiga ngoma [[Joey Kramer]], pamoja na wapiga gitaa [[Joe Perry (musician)|Joe Perry]] na [[Brad Whitford]]. Mtindo wao wa muziki una msingi kwenye [[blues]] na [[hard rock]],&lt;ref name=&quot;allmusic&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p3508 |pure_url=yes}} | title = Aerosmith Biography |author=Stephen Thomas Erlewine |website = Allmusic |access-date=August 22, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Aerosmith: Biography: Rolling Stone&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/aerosmith/biography|title=Aerosmith: Biography: Rolling Stone|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=August 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330065344/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/aerosmith/biography|archive-date=March 30, 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; pia ukiingiza vipengele vya [[pop rock]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Aerosmith &amp; KISS will be performing at the Tweeter Center on September 26, 2003|first=Darryl |last=Cater |publisher=ChicagoGigs.com|url=http://www.chicagogigs.com/features/aerosmith_kiss.htm |access-date=April 12, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028152329/http://www.chicagogigs.com/features/aerosmith_kiss.htm|archive-date=October 28, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]],&lt;ref name=&quot;allmusic&quot; /&gt; [[glam metal]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Aerosmith_glam1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/10/magazine/heavy-metal-weighty-words.html?pagewanted=all|title=Heavy Metal, Weighty Words – NYTimes.com|last=Pareles|first=Jon|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=May 16, 2010|date=July 10, 1988}}&lt;/ref&gt; na [[rhythm and blues]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Aerosmith: Get A Grip: Music Reviews: Rolling Stone&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|title=Aerosmith: Get A Grip: Music Reviews: Rolling Stone|first=Mark|last=Coleman|magazine=Rolling Stone|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/aerosmith/albums/album/232882/review/6212283/get_a_grip|access-date=March 31, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505010654/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/aerosmith/albums/album/232882/review/6212283/get_a_grip |archive-date=May 5, 2008 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; na umevutia wasanii wengi wa baadaye wa rock.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allmusic – Pop-metal&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=allmusic&amp;nbsp;– Pop-Metal|website=[[AllMusic]]|url=https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d7728|access-date=April 12, 2008|archive-date=February 5, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205030622/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d7728|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mara kadhaa Aerosmith inajulikana kama &quot;The Bad Boys from Boston&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://rockhall.com/inductees/aerosmith/bio/|title=Aerosmith Biography|publisher=The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum|access-date=October 20, 2011|archive-date=January 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119222322/http://rockhall.com/inductees/aerosmith/bio/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; na &quot;America's Greatest Rock and Roll Band&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Newman 20&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EwoEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA20|last=Newman|first=Melinda |title=The Billboard Interview – Aerosmith|magazine=Billboard |volume=110|issue=33|pages=19–20 |date=August 15, 1998|issn=0006-2510}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mtv.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Aerosmith's Opening Night: Crazy Amazing For Hell's Angels And 'Jaded' Kids|first=Brian|last=Ives|publisher=MTV |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1444335/20010607/story.jhtml|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328123224/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1444335/20010607/story.jhtml |archive-date=March 28, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mieses B.05&quot;&gt;{{citation|last=Mieses|first=Stanley|title=Still Walking the Walk, Leading the Way|newspaper=Newsday|page=B.05|date=August 9, 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; Timu kuu ya uandishi wa nyimbo ya Tyler na Perry mara zote hupewa jina la &quot;[[Toxic Twins]]&quot;.

Perry na Hamilton mwanzoni walikuwa pamoja kwenye bendi iliyoitwa Jam Band, ambapo walikutana na Tyler, Kramer, mpiga gitaa [[Ray Tabano]], na kuunda Aerosmith; mnamo 1971, Tabano alibadilishwa na Whitford. Walitoa mfululizo wa albamu zilizopata mafanikio makubwa kuanzia albamu yao ya kwanza iliyoitwa kwa jina lao wenyewe [[Aerosmith (album)|Aerosmith]] mnamo 1973, ikifuatiwa na ''[[Get Your Wings]]'' mwaka mmoja baadaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Book of Golden Discs 2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Joseph|last=Murrells|year=1978|title=The Book of Golden Discs|edition=2nd|publisher=Barrie and Jenkins Ltd|location=London|page=341|isbn=0-214-20512-6|url=https://archive.org/details/bookofgoldendisc00murr/page/341}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bendi hiyo ilipata umaarufu mkubwa kupitia albamu mbili zilizofuata, ''[[Toys in the Attic (album)|Toys in the Attic]]'' (1975) na ''[[Rocks (Aerosmith album)|Rocks]]'' (1976).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Aerosmith Just Keeps on Rockin'|publisher=Articlecity.com|url=http://www.articlecity.com/articles/music_and_movies/article_237.shtml|access-date=April 6, 2008|archive-date=July 7, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707165425/http://www.articlecity.com/articles/music_and_movies/article_237.shtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Albamu za ''[[Draw the Line (Aerosmith album)|Draw the Line]]'' na ''[[Night in the Ruts]]'' zilifuata mnamo 1977 na 1979. Katika miaka ya 1970, bendi hiyo ilifanya ziara nyingi na kuingiza nyimbo kadhaa kwenye chati za [[Billboard Hot 100]], ikiwa ni pamoja na wimbo wao wa kwanza kufika Top 40, &quot;[[Sweet Emotion]]&quot;, pamoja na nyimbo zilizofika Top 10 kama &quot;[[Dream On (Aerosmith song)|Dream On]]&quot; na &quot;[[Walk This Way]]&quot;. Kufikia mwishoni mwa muongo huo, walikuwa miongoni mwa bendi maarufu zaidi za hard rock duniani na kuwa na mashabiki wengi waliojulikana kama &quot;[[Blue Army (Aerosmith)|Blue Army]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=autogenerated1&gt;Davis, p. 239&lt;/ref&gt; Matatizo ya matumizi ya dawa za kulevya na migogoro ya ndani yalisababisha kuondoka kwa Perry na Whitford mnamo 1979 na 1981.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aerosmith: Biography: Rolling Stone&quot;/&gt; Bendi hiyo haikufanya vyema na albamu ya ''[[Rock in a Hard Place]]'' (1982) haikufikia mafanikio ya hapo awali.

Perry na Whitford walirejea Aerosmith mnamo 1984. Baada ya ziara ya kurejea, walirekodi ''[[Done with Mirrors]]'' (1985), ambayo haikufikia matarajio ya kibiashara. Haikuwa hadi waliposhirikiana mnamo 1986 na kundi la rap la [[Run-DMC|Run–D.M.C.]] kurudia wimbo wa &quot;[[Walk This Way]]&quot;, pamoja na albamu yao iliyouza sana ya ''[[Permanent Vacation (Aerosmith album)|Permanent Vacation]]'' (1987), ndipo waliporejesha kiwango chao cha zamani cha umaarufu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Aerosmith&amp;nbsp;– Full Biography|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/424/Aerosmith/biography|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904130649/https://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/424/Aerosmith/biography |archive-date=September 4, 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2015 |url-status=dead|access-date=April 18, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1980 na 1990, bendi ilishinda tuzo nyingi kupitia albamu za ''[[Pump (album)|Pump]]'' (1989), ''[[Get a Grip]]'' (1993), na ''[[Nine Lives (Aerosmith album)|Nine Lives]]'' (1997). Nyimbo zao maarufu zaidi katika kipindi hiki ni pamoja na &quot;[[Dude (Looks Like a Lady)]]&quot;, &quot;[[Angel (Aerosmith song)|Angel]]&quot;, &quot;[[Rag Doll (Aerosmith song)|Rag Doll]]&quot;, &quot;[[Love in an Elevator]]&quot;, &quot;[[Janie's Got a Gun]]&quot;, &quot;[[What It Takes (Aerosmith song)|What it Takes]]&quot;, &quot;[[Livin' on the Edge]]&quot;, &quot;[[Cryin']]&quot;, na &quot;[[Crazy (Aerosmith song)|Crazy]]&quot;. Pia walitengeneza video maarufu za muziki na kuonekana kwenye televisheni, filamu na michezo ya video. Mnamo 1998, walipata wimbo wao wa kwanza kushika nafasi ya kwanza kupitia &quot;[[I Don't Want to Miss a Thing]]&quot; kutoka kwenye albamu ya filamu ya ''Armageddon''. Kurejea kwao kuemelezewa kama miongoni mwa mambo ya kuvutia zaidi katika historia ya rock.&lt;ref name=&quot;allmusic&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Aerosmith: Biography: Rolling Stone&quot; /&gt; Albamu zingine kama ''[[Just Push Play]]'' (iliyojumuisha wimbo wa &quot;[[Jaded (Aerosmith song)|Jaded]]&quot;), ''[[Honkin' on Bobo]]'', na ''[[Music from Another Dimension!]]'' zilifuata mnamo 2001, 2004, na 2012. Baada ya Steven Tyler kuumia sauti mnamo 2023, Aerosmith walitangaza kustaafu kufanya ziara za matamasha mnamo 2024. Walitoa muziki wao mpya wa kwanza baada ya miaka kumi na tatu kupitia EP ya ushirikiano na [[Yungblud]], ''[[One More Time (Aerosmith and Yungblud EP)|One More Time]]'', mnamo 2025.

Aerosmith ndiyo bendi ya Marekani ya hard rock iliyouza rekodi nyingi zaidi katika historia, ikiwa imeuza zaidi ya nakala milioni 150 duniani kote.&lt;ref name=&quot;Press of Atlantic City&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/_shorecast/aerosmith-guitarist-perry-tells-all-band-hits-a-c-sunday/article_c4e2528e-2e1d-11e4-889a-0019bb2963f4.html|title=Aerosmith guitarist Perry tells all; band hits A.C. Sunday|last=DiGiacomo|first=Robert|date=August 27, 2014|publisher=[[The Press of Atlantic City]]|access-date=October 15, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RIAA&amp;nbsp;— Top Selling Artists&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Top Selling Artists|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA.com)|url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblTopArt|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701163039/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblTopArt|archive-date=July 1, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wameshinda tuzo nne za [[Tuzo za Grammy|Grammy]], tuzo sita za [[American Music Awards]], na tuzo kumi za [[MTV Video Music Awards]]. Waluingizwa kwenye Ukumbi wa Sifa wa Rock and Roll ([[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]]) mnamo mwaka 2001,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|title=The Immortals&amp;nbsp;– The Greatest Artists of All Time: 57) Aerosmith|magazine=Rolling Stone|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/7235473/57_aerosmith|access-date=March 25, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401091038/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/7235473/57_aerosmith|archive-date=April 1, 2008 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; na mnamo 2013, Tyler na Perry walioingizwa kwenye Ukumbi wa Sifa wa Waandishi wa Nyimbo (Songwriters Hall of Fame).

== Diskografia ==
{{Kuu|Diskografia ya Aerosmith}}

'''Albamu za Studio'''
* Aerosmith (1973)
* Get Your Wings (1974)
* Toys in the Attic (1975)
* Rocks (1976)
* Draw the Line (1977)
* Night in the Ruts (1979)
* Rock in a Hard Place (1982)
* Done with Mirrors (1985)
* Permanent Vacation (1987)
* Pump (1989)
* Get a Grip (1993)
* Nine Lives (1997)
* Just Push Play (2001)
* Honkin' on Bobo (2004)
* Music from Another Dimension! (2012)

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}

[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Makundi ya muziki]]
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]]
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  <page>
    <title>Bryan Habana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243231</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583323</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T20:52:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
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      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1583323</origin>
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      <text bytes="2179" sha1="ln683tnb3zir1vf9ko09naqqcyp04fu" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:25th Laureus World Sports Awards - Habana - 240421 172738-2.jpg|thumb|Habana akizungumza katika Tuzo za 25 za Laureus za Michezo Duniani mwaka 2024]]
[[Faili:Bryan Habana in Springbok change kit.jpg|thumb|Bryan Habana]]
Bryan Habana (jina kamili Bryan Gary Habana, alizaliwa [[tarehe]] [[12]] [[Juni]] [[1983]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya chama  kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]].

Alicheza zaidi katika nafasi ya wing (mshambuliaji wa pembeni), na anatambuliwa kwa ujumla kuwa mmoja wa wachezaji bora zaidi katika [[historia]] ya mchezo wa raga.

Katika taaluma yake, Habana aliwahi kucheza kwa timu na [[klabu]] mbalimbali zikiwemo:

* Golden Lions nchini Afrika Kusini.
* Blue Bulls nchini Afrika Kusini.
* Western Province nchini Afrika Kusini.
* Bulls katika mashindano ya Super Rugby.
* Stormers katika mashindano ya Super Rugby.
* RC Toulon katika ligi ya [[Ufaransa]] ya Top 14.

Pia aliichezea timu ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini na alicheza jumla ya mechi [[124]] za kimataifa .

Habana alijulikana hasa kwa:

* Kasi yake kubwa ya kukimbia.
* Uwezo wa kufunga  (magoli ya raga).
* Uchezaji bora wa nafasi ya wing.

Alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha Springboks kilichoshinda [[Kombe]] la [[Dunia]] la Raga la [[2007]].

== Kazi ya raga ==

=== Mwanzo wa maisha na elimu ===
Bryan Habana alizaliwa katika jiji la [[Johannesburg]], Afrika Kusini, na aliitwa jina la Bryan Gary Habana kutokana na wachezaji wawili wa zamani wa [[klabu]] ya soka ya [[Manchester United]], ambao ni Bryan Robson na Gary Bailey.

Habana alipata [[elimu]] yake katika Shule ya King Edward VII, na baadaye akasoma katika [[Chuo]] Kikuu cha Johannesburg, ambayo zamani ilijulikana kama Chuo Kikuu cha Rand Afrikaans.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20060406133903/http://www.bryanhabana.com/About.aspx&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://readrugbyunion.com/2026/04/30/2015-toulon-leinster/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.foxsports.com.au/rugby/one-of-the-greatest-springboks-record-tryscorer-bryan-habana-retires-from-rugby/news-story/aa7d04be781b5abe1af705e7e211d577&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mtu}}


[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Afrika]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Toni Braxton</title>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox person  |jina = Toni Braxton  |picha = Toni Braxton press photo 2015.png  |maelezo ya picha = Toni Braxton mwaka 2015  |jina la kuzaliwa = Toni Michele Braxton  |tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1967|10|7}}  |mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Severn, Maryland]], Marekani  |kazi yake = Mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo, mwigizaji, mhusika wa televisheni  |miaka ya kazi = 1989–sasa  |mwenza = {{marriage|Keri Lewis|2001|2013|reason=talaka}}&lt;br&gt;{{marriage|[...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="8268" sha1="brgt97rw5vlie76zr06u5k8osm6yxs1" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person

|jina = Toni Braxton

|picha = Toni Braxton press photo 2015.png

|maelezo ya picha = Toni Braxton mwaka 2015

|jina la kuzaliwa = Toni Michele Braxton

|tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1967|10|7}}

|mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Severn, Maryland]], Marekani

|kazi yake = Mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo, mwigizaji, mhusika wa televisheni

|miaka ya kazi = 1989–sasa

|mwenza = {{marriage|Keri Lewis|2001|2013|reason=talaka}}&lt;br&gt;{{marriage|[[Birdman (rapper)|Birdman]]|2024}}

|watoto = 2

|ndugu = 
* [[Traci Braxton]] (dada)
* [[Towanda Braxton]] (dada)
* [[Trina Braxton]] (dada)
* [[Tamar Braxton]] (dada)

|tuzo = Orodha kamili ya tuzo na uteuzi

|aina = [[Contemporary R&amp;B|R&amp;B]], [[Pop music|pop]]

|ala = Sauti

|studio = [[LaFace Records|LaFace]], [[Arista Records|Arista]], [[Blackground Records|Blackground]], [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]], Inot, [[Motown]], [[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]], [[Island Records|Island]]

|ameshirikiana na = [[The Braxtons]]

|wavuti = {{URL|tonibraxton.com}}

|saini = Toni Braxton signature.svg

}}
{{Databox}}

'''Toni Michele Braxton''' (alizaliwa 7 Oktoba 1967) ni mwimbaji, mwandishi wa nyimbo, mwigizaji, na mtangazaji wa televisheni kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Braxton ameshinda [[Tuzo za Grammy]] saba, [[Billboard Music Awards|''Billboard'' Music Awards]] tisa, [[American Music Awards]] saba, pamoja na tuzo nyingine kibao. Mnamo mwaka 2011, Braxton aliingizwa kwenye Ukumbi wa Sifa wa Muziki wa Georgia ([[Georgia Music Hall of Fame]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;GAHall&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Georgia Music Hall of Fame Inductees |url=https://www.georgiamusic.org |access-date=December 1, 2020 |website=Georgia Music Hall of Fame}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo mwaka 2017, alitunukiwa Tuzo ya Mkongwe (Legend Award) kwenye [[2017 Soul Train Music Awards|Soul Train Music Awards]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Legend&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Anthony Anderson presents the Legend Award to Toni Braxton onstage at...|url=https://www.gettyimages.ch/detail/nachrichtenfoto/anthony-anderson-presents-the-legend-award-to-toni-nachrichtenfoto/870716248|access-date=December 1, 2020|website=Getty Images|date=November 6, 2017 |language=it|archive-date=February 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213094125/https://www.gettyimages.ch/detail/nachrichtenfoto/anthony-anderson-presents-the-legend-award-to-toni-nachrichtenfoto/870716248|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1980, Braxton alianza kutumbuiza na dada zake katika kundi la R&amp;B la [[The Braxtons|the Braxtons]]; kundi hilo lilipata mkataba na [[Arista Records]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BraxtonsArista&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Braxtons Biography |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-braxtons-mn0000034637/biography |website=AllMusic |access-date=December 1, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baada ya kuvutia umakini wa watayarishaji [[Antonio &quot;L.A.&quot; Reid]] na [[Kenneth &quot;Babyface&quot; Edmonds]], alisaini mkataba na lebo yao ya [[LaFace Records]] kama msanii wa kujitegemea ili kutoa [[Toni Braxton (albamu)|albamu yake ya kwanza ya studio iliyoitwa kwa jina lake]] (1993).&lt;ref name=&quot;LaFaceSign&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Reynolds |first=JR |title=LaFace's Toni Braxton Ready to Make Solo Statement |url=https://www.billboard.com |work=Billboard |date=July 17, 1993}}&lt;/ref&gt; Albamu hiyo ilifikia nafasi ya kwanza kwenye chati ya [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], ikauza nakala milioni 10 duniani kote, na kutoa nyimbo zilizotamba kimataifa kama &quot;[[Another Sad Love Song]]&quot; na &quot;[[Breathe Again]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;DebutSales&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Toni Braxton Chart History (Billboard 200) |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/toni-braxton/chart-history/tlp/ |website=Billboard |access-date=December 1, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pia ikiwa imepata mafanikio makubwa ya kikosoaji, albamu hiyo ilimpa Braxton [[Tuzo za Grammy]] tatu, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Grammy Award for Best New Artist|Msanii Mpya Bora]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Grammys1994&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Toni Braxton Artist Profile |url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/toni-braxton/12170 |website=Grammy.com |access-date=December 1, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mafanikio yake yaliendelea kupitia albamu ya ''[[Secrets (albamu ya Toni Braxton)|Secrets]]'' (1996), iliyojumuisha nyimbo zilizoshika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] za &quot;[[You're Makin' Me High]]/[[Let It Flow (wimbo)|Let It Flow]]&quot; na &quot;[[Un-Break My Heart]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;SecretsHot100&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Toni Braxton Chart History (Hot 100) |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/toni-braxton/chart-history/hsi/ |website=Billboard |access-date=December 1, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Albamu ya tatu ya studio ya Braxton, ''[[The Heat (albamu ya Toni Braxton)|The Heat]]'' (2000), ilianza katika nafasi ya pili kwenye ''Billboard'' 200, ikitoa wimbo ulioshika nafasi tano za juu kimataifa wa &quot;[[He Wasn't Man Enough]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;TheHeatBB&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Dansby |first=Andrew |title=Toni Braxton Scores Hot Hits |url=https://www.rollingstone.com |work=Rolling Stone |date=May 4, 2000}}&lt;/ref&gt; Albamu zake zilizofuata za studio, ''[[Snowflakes (albamu)|Snowflakes]]'' (2001), ''[[More Than a Woman (albamu)|More Than a Woman]]'' (2002), ''[[Libra (albamu ya Toni Braxton)|Libra]]'' (2005) na ''[[Pulse (albamu ya Toni Braxton)|Pulse]]'' (2010), zilitolewa katikati ya migogoro ya mikataba na matatizo ya kiafya.&lt;ref name=&quot;HealthLegal&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Lewis |first=Pete |title=Toni Braxton: Un-Break My Heart |url=http://www.bluesandsoul.com |work=Blues &amp; Soul |date=May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo mwaka 2014, Braxton na aliyekuwa bosi wake wa lebo, Babyface, walitoa albamu ya pamoja ya nyimbo za kushirikiana iliyoitwa ''[[Love, Marriage &amp; Divorce]]'' (2014), iliyoshinda tuzo ya [[Grammy Award for Best R&amp;B Album|Albamu Bora ya R&amp;B]] kwenye [[57th Annual Grammy Awards|Tuzo za 57 za Kila Mwaka za Grammy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Grammy2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=57th Annual GRAMMY Awards Winners &amp; Nominees |url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/57th-annual-grammy-awards-2014 |website=Grammy.com |access-date=December 1, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mabadiliko zaidi ya lebo yalishuhudia kutolewa kwa albamu ya ''[[Sex &amp; Cigarettes]]'' (2018) chini ya [[Def Jam Recordings]] na ''[[Spell My Name]]'' (2020) chini ya [[Island Records|Island]].&lt;ref name=&quot;DefJamIsland&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Gail |title=Toni Braxton Signs With Island Records |url=https://www.billboard.com |work=Billboard |date=July 14, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Braxton pia yuko hai katika utayarishaji na uwasilishaji wa vipindi vya televisheni. Alishiriki katika [[Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 7)|msimu wa saba]] wa mfululizo wa mashindano ya uwasilishaji halisi wa ''[[Dancing with the Stars]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;DWTS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dancing With The Stars Season 7 Cast Announced |url=https://abcnews.go.com |website=ABC News |date=August 25, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alikuwa mtayarishaji mkuu na mshiriki katika ''[[Braxton Family Values]]'', mfululizo wa vipindi halisi vya televisheni vilivyotushwa kwenye [[We TV]] kuanzia mwaka 2011 hadi 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=WE tv Renews 'Braxton Family Values' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com |website=The Hollywood Reporter |date=July 19, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Braxton pia alikuwa mtayarishaji mkuu wa ''[[Tamar &amp; Vince]]'', kipindi cha pembeni cha uwasilishaji halisi kilichomshirikisha dada yake mdogo, Tamar.&lt;ref name=&quot;TamarVince&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=WE tv Announces Order for Tamar &amp; Vince |url=https://www.thefutoncritic.com |website=The Futon Critic |date=December 19, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}

[[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]]
== Diskografia ==
{{Kuu|Diskografia ya Toni Braxton}} {{tazama pia|Diskografia ya The Braxtons}}

'''Albamu za studio'''
* ''[[Toni Braxton (albamu)|Toni Braxton]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Secrets (albamu ya Toni Braxton)|Secrets]]'' (1996)
* ''[[The Heat (albamu ya Toni Braxton)|The Heat]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Snowflakes (albamu)|Snowflakes]]'' (2001)
* ''[[More Than a Woman (albamu)|More Than a Woman]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Libra (albamu ya Toni Braxton)|Libra]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Pulse (albamu ya Toni Braxton)|Pulse]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Sex &amp; Cigarettes]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Spell My Name]]'' (2020)

'''Albamu za ushirikiano'''

''[[Love, Marriage &amp; Divorce]]'' &lt;small&gt;(akiwa na [[Babyface (mwanamuziki)|Babyface]])&lt;/small&gt; (2014)
[[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]]
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      <text bytes="8320" sha1="6o2yk9amxrtjlncq4cj1urfcq9vk6bk" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person

|jina = Toni Braxton

|picha = Toni Braxton press photo 2015.png

|maelezo ya picha = Toni Braxton mwaka 2015

|jina la kuzaliwa = Toni Michele Braxton

|tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1967|10|7}}

|mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Severn, Maryland]], Marekani

|kazi yake = Mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo, mwigizaji, mhusika wa televisheni

|miaka ya kazi = 1989–sasa

|mwenza = {{marriage|Keri Lewis|2001|2013|reason=talaka}}&lt;br&gt;{{marriage|[[Birdman (rapper)|Birdman]]|2024}}

|watoto = 2

|ndugu = 
* [[Traci Braxton]] (dada)
* [[Towanda Braxton]] (dada)
* [[Trina Braxton]] (dada)
* [[Tamar Braxton]] (dada)

|tuzo = Orodha kamili ya tuzo na uteuzi

|aina = [[Contemporary R&amp;B|R&amp;B]], [[Pop music|pop]]

|ala = Sauti

|studio = [[LaFace Records|LaFace]], [[Arista Records|Arista]], [[Blackground Records|Blackground]], [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]], Inot, [[Motown]], [[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]], [[Island Records|Island]]

|ameshirikiana na = [[The Braxtons]]

|wavuti = {{URL|tonibraxton.com}}

|saini = Toni Braxton signature.svg

}}
{{Databox}}

'''Toni Michele Braxton''' (alizaliwa 7 Oktoba 1967) ni mwimbaji, mwandishi wa nyimbo, mwigizaji, na mtangazaji wa televisheni kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Braxton ameshinda [[Tuzo za Grammy]] saba, [[Billboard Music Awards|''Billboard'' Music Awards]] tisa, [[American Music Awards]] saba, pamoja na tuzo nyingine kibao. Mnamo mwaka 2011, Braxton aliingizwa kwenye Ukumbi wa Sifa wa Muziki wa Georgia ([[Georgia Music Hall of Fame]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;GAHall&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Georgia Music Hall of Fame Inductees |url=https://www.georgiamusic.org |access-date=December 1, 2020 |website=Georgia Music Hall of Fame}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo mwaka 2017, alitunukiwa Tuzo ya Mkongwe (Legend Award) kwenye [[2017 Soul Train Music Awards|Soul Train Music Awards]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Legend&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Anthony Anderson presents the Legend Award to Toni Braxton onstage at...|url=https://www.gettyimages.ch/detail/nachrichtenfoto/anthony-anderson-presents-the-legend-award-to-toni-nachrichtenfoto/870716248|access-date=December 1, 2020|website=Getty Images|date=November 6, 2017 |language=it|archive-date=February 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213094125/https://www.gettyimages.ch/detail/nachrichtenfoto/anthony-anderson-presents-the-legend-award-to-toni-nachrichtenfoto/870716248|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1980, Braxton alianza kutumbuiza na dada zake katika kundi la R&amp;B la [[The Braxtons|the Braxtons]]; kundi hilo lilipata mkataba na [[Arista Records]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BraxtonsArista&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=The Braxtons Biography |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-braxtons-mn0000034637/biography |website=AllMusic |access-date=December 1, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baada ya kuvutia umakini wa watayarishaji [[Antonio &quot;L.A.&quot; Reid]] na [[Kenneth &quot;Babyface&quot; Edmonds]], alisaini mkataba na lebo yao ya [[LaFace Records]] kama msanii wa kujitegemea ili kutoa [[Toni Braxton (albamu)|albamu yake ya kwanza ya studio iliyoitwa kwa jina lake]] (1993).&lt;ref name=&quot;LaFaceSign&quot;&gt;{{Rejea habari |last=Reynolds |first=JR |title=LaFace's Toni Braxton Ready to Make Solo Statement |url=https://www.billboard.com |work=Billboard |date=July 17, 1993}}&lt;/ref&gt; Albamu hiyo ilifikia nafasi ya kwanza kwenye chati ya [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], ikauza nakala milioni 10 duniani kote, na kutoa nyimbo zilizotamba kimataifa kama &quot;[[Another Sad Love Song]]&quot; na &quot;[[Breathe Again]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;DebutSales&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Toni Braxton Chart History (Billboard 200) |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/toni-braxton/chart-history/tlp/ |website=Billboard |access-date=December 1, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pia ikiwa imepata mafanikio makubwa ya kikosoaji, albamu hiyo ilimpa Braxton [[Tuzo za Grammy]] tatu, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Grammy Award for Best New Artist|Msanii Mpya Bora]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Grammys1994&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Toni Braxton Artist Profile |url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/toni-braxton/12170 |website=Grammy.com |access-date=December 1, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mafanikio yake yaliendelea kupitia albamu ya ''[[Secrets (albamu ya Toni Braxton)|Secrets]]'' (1996), iliyojumuisha nyimbo zilizoshika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] za &quot;[[You're Makin' Me High]]/[[Let It Flow (wimbo)|Let It Flow]]&quot; na &quot;[[Un-Break My Heart]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;SecretsHot100&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Toni Braxton Chart History (Hot 100) |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/toni-braxton/chart-history/hsi/ |website=Billboard |access-date=December 1, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Albamu ya tatu ya studio ya Braxton, ''[[The Heat (albamu ya Toni Braxton)|The Heat]]'' (2000), ilianza katika nafasi ya pili kwenye ''Billboard'' 200, ikitoa wimbo ulioshika nafasi tano za juu kimataifa wa &quot;[[He Wasn't Man Enough]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;TheHeatBB&quot;&gt;{{Rejea habari |last=Dansby |first=Andrew |title=Toni Braxton Scores Hot Hits |url=https://www.rollingstone.com |work=Rolling Stone |date=May 4, 2000}}&lt;/ref&gt; Albamu zake zilizofuata za studio, ''[[Snowflakes (albamu)|Snowflakes]]'' (2001), ''[[More Than a Woman (albamu)|More Than a Woman]]'' (2002), ''[[Libra (albamu ya Toni Braxton)|Libra]]'' (2005) na ''[[Pulse (albamu ya Toni Braxton)|Pulse]]'' (2010), zilitolewa katikati ya migogoro ya mikataba na matatizo ya kiafya.&lt;ref name=&quot;HealthLegal&quot;&gt;{{Rejea habari |last=Lewis |first=Pete |title=Toni Braxton: Un-Break My Heart |url=http://www.bluesandsoul.com |work=Blues &amp; Soul |date=May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo mwaka 2014, Braxton na aliyekuwa bosi wake wa lebo, Babyface, walitoa albamu ya pamoja ya nyimbo za kushirikiana iliyoitwa ''[[Love, Marriage &amp; Divorce]]'' (2014), iliyoshinda tuzo ya [[Grammy Award for Best R&amp;B Album|Albamu Bora ya R&amp;B]] kwenye [[57th Annual Grammy Awards|Tuzo za 57 za Kila Mwaka za Grammy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Grammy2015&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=57th Annual GRAMMY Awards Winners &amp; Nominees |url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/57th-annual-grammy-awards-2014 |website=Grammy.com |access-date=December 1, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mabadiliko zaidi ya lebo yalishuhudia kutolewa kwa albamu ya ''[[Sex &amp; Cigarettes]]'' (2018) chini ya [[Def Jam Recordings]] na ''[[Spell My Name]]'' (2020) chini ya [[Island Records|Island]].&lt;ref name=&quot;DefJamIsland&quot;&gt;{{Rejea habari |last=Mitchell |first=Gail |title=Toni Braxton Signs With Island Records |url=https://www.billboard.com |work=Billboard |date=July 14, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Braxton pia yuko hai katika utayarishaji na uwasilishaji wa vipindi vya televisheni. Alishiriki katika [[Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 7)|msimu wa saba]] wa mfululizo wa mashindano ya uwasilishaji halisi wa ''[[Dancing with the Stars]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;DWTS&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Dancing With The Stars Season 7 Cast Announced |url=https://abcnews.go.com |website=ABC News |date=August 25, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alikuwa mtayarishaji mkuu na mshiriki katika ''[[Braxton Family Values]]'', mfululizo wa vipindi halisi vya televisheni vilivyotushwa kwenye [[We TV]] kuanzia mwaka 2011 hadi 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFV&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=WE tv Renews 'Braxton Family Values' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com |website=The Hollywood Reporter |date=July 19, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Braxton pia alikuwa mtayarishaji mkuu wa ''[[Tamar &amp; Vince]]'', kipindi cha pembeni cha uwasilishaji halisi kilichomshirikisha dada yake mdogo, Tamar.&lt;ref name=&quot;TamarVince&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=WE tv Announces Order for Tamar &amp; Vince |url=https://www.thefutoncritic.com |website=The Futon Critic |date=December 19, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}

[[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]]
== Diskografia ==
{{Kuu|Diskografia ya Toni Braxton}} {{tazama pia|Diskografia ya The Braxtons}}

'''Albamu za studio'''
* ''[[Toni Braxton (albamu)|Toni Braxton]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Secrets (albamu ya Toni Braxton)|Secrets]]'' (1996)
* ''[[The Heat (albamu ya Toni Braxton)|The Heat]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Snowflakes (albamu)|Snowflakes]]'' (2001)
* ''[[More Than a Woman (albamu)|More Than a Woman]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Libra (albamu ya Toni Braxton)|Libra]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Pulse (albamu ya Toni Braxton)|Pulse]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Sex &amp; Cigarettes]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Spell My Name]]'' (2020)

'''Albamu za ushirikiano'''

''[[Love, Marriage &amp; Divorce]]'' &lt;small&gt;(akiwa na [[Babyface (mwanamuziki)|Babyface]])&lt;/small&gt; (2014)
[[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lionel Richie</title>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Databox}} '''Lionel Brockman Richie Jr.''' (alizaliwa 20 Juni 1949) ni mwimbaji, mwandishi wa nyimbo, mwanamuziki, mtayarishaji wa rekodi, na mtangazaji wa televisheni kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Alipata umaarufu katika miaka ya 1970 kama mwandishi wa nyimbo na mwimbaji mkuu mwenza wa kundi la muziki la [[Motown]] la [[Commodores]]; akiandika na kurekodi nyimbo zilizotamba sana kama &quot;[[Easy (wimbo wa Commodores)|Easy]]&quot;, &quot;[[Sail On (wimbo)|Sail On]]&quot;, &quot;[...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="9352" sha1="h6x813tqgu3p8obl4h77cv6a5zknkkr" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lionel Brockman Richie Jr.''' (alizaliwa 20 Juni 1949) ni mwimbaji, mwandishi wa nyimbo, mwanamuziki, mtayarishaji wa rekodi, na mtangazaji wa televisheni kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Alipata umaarufu katika miaka ya 1970 kama mwandishi wa nyimbo na mwimbaji mkuu mwenza wa kundi la muziki la [[Motown]] la [[Commodores]]; akiandika na kurekodi nyimbo zilizotamba sana kama &quot;[[Easy (wimbo wa Commodores)|Easy]]&quot;, &quot;[[Sail On (wimbo)|Sail On]]&quot;, &quot;[[Three Times a Lady]]&quot;, na &quot;[[Still (wimbo wa Commodores)|Still]]&quot; akiwa na kundi hilo kabla ya kuondoka. Mnamo mwaka 1980, aliandika na kutayarisha wimbo ulioshika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye chati za US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] wa &quot;[[Lady (wimbo wa Kenny Rogers)|Lady]]&quot; uliombwa na [[Kenny Rogers]].

Mnamo mwaka 1981, Richie aliandika na kutayarisha wimbo wa &quot;[[Endless Love (wimbo)|Endless Love]]&quot;, ambao aliurekodi kama wimbo wa ushirikiano na [[Diana Ross]]; wimbo huo unabaki kuwa miongoni mwa nyimbo 20 zilizouza sana katika historia, na ndio wimbo uliopata mafanikio makubwa zaidi ya kikazi kwa wasanii wote wawili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100-60th-anniversary|title=Hot 100 turns 60|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=August 6, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo mwaka 1982, Alizindua rasmi kazi yake ya kujitegemea kwa albamu iliyoitwa kwa jina lake ya ''[[Lionel Richie (albamu)|Lionel Richie]]'', iliyouza zaidi ya nakala milioni nne na kutoa nyimbo maarufu kama &quot;[[You Are (wimbo wa Lionel Richie)|You Are]]&quot;, &quot;[[My Love (wimbo wa Lionel Richie)|My Love]]&quot;, na wimbo ulioshika nafasi ya kwanza wa &quot;[[Truly (wimbo wa Lionel Richie)|Truly]]&quot;.

Albamu ya pili ya Richie, ''[[Can't Slow Down (albamu ya Lionel Richie)|Can't Slow Down]]'' (1983), ilishika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye chati ya US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] na kuuza zaidi ya nakala milioni 20 duniani kote, ikawa moja ya [[Orodha ya albamu zilizouza zaidi|albamu zilizouza zaidi katika historia]], na ikazalisha nyimbo zilizoshika nafasi ya kwanza za &quot;[[All Night Long (All Night)]]&quot; na &quot;[[Hello (wimbo wa Lionel Richie)|Hello]]&quot;. Kisha akaandika kwa pamoja wimbo wa hisani wa mwaka 1985 wa &quot;[[We Are the World]]&quot; akiwa na [[Michael Jackson]], ambao uliuza zaidi ya nakala milioni 20.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/01/28/entertainment/feat-we-are-the-world-30-years-where-are-they-now/ | title='We Are the World' at 30: Where are they now? | publisher=CNN | first=Todd | last=Leopold | date=January 28, 2015 | access-date=January 8, 2017 | archive-date=January 8, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108191834/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/01/28/entertainment/feat-we-are-the-world-30-years-where-are-they-now/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Albamu yake ya tatu, ''[[Dancing on the Ceiling]]'' (1986), ilijumuisha wimbo ulioshika nafasi ya kwanza wa &quot;[[Say You, Say Me]]&quot; (kutoka kwenye filamu ya mwaka 1985 ya ''[[White Nights (filamu ya 1985)|White Nights]]'') na [[Dancing on the Ceiling (wimbo wa Lionel Richie)|wimbo ulibeba jina la albamu]] ulioshika nafasi ya pili. Kuanzia mwaka 1986 hadi 1996, Richie alichukua mapumziko kutoka kwenye kurekodi; tangu wakati huo ametoa albamu za studio saba. Jiunge na shindano la kuimba la ''[[American Idol]]'' kutumika kama jaji, kuanzia [[American Idol msimu wa 16|msimu wake wa 16]] (2018 hadi sasa).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Goldberg|first1=Lesley|date=August 5, 2019|title='American Idol' Judges Close Deals to Return for Season 3 on ABC|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/american-idol-judges-close-deals-return-season-3-abc-1229134|access-date=August 5, 2019|website=The Hollywood Reporter|archive-date=August 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805171341/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/american-idol-judges-close-deals-return-season-3-abc-1229134|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wakati wa kazi yake ya kujitegemea, Richie alikuwa mmoja wa waimbaji wa nyimbo za taratibu (ballads) waliofanikiwa zaidi katika miaka ya 1980, na ameuza zaidi ya rekodi milioni 90 duniani kote, ikimfanya kuwa mmoja wa [[Orodha ya wasanii wa muziki waliouza zaidi|wasanii wa muziki waliouza zaidi duniani katika historia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/9399479/lionel-richie-musical-all-night-long-disney|title=Lionel Richie Musical 'All Night Long' In the Works From Disney|first=Borys|last=Kit|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=June 10, 2020|access-date=June 10, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ameshinda [[Tuzo za Grammy]] nne, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Wimbo Bora wa Mwaka]] kwa ajili ya &quot;We Are the World&quot;, na [[Grammy Award for Album of the Year|Albamu Bora ya Mwaka]] kwa ajili ya ''Can't Slow Down''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-11-23|title=Lionel Richie|url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/lionel-richie/17291|access-date=2021-12-20|website=GRAMMY.com|language=en|archive-date=December 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220135624/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/lionel-richie/17291|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Endless Love&quot; iliteuliwa kuwania [[Tuzo za Akademi]] (Academy Award), wakati &quot;Say You, Say Me&quot; ilishinda tuzo zote mbili ya Tuzo ya Akademi na tuzo ya [[Tuzo ya Golden Globe|Golden Globe]] kwa Wimbo Bora wa Asili.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Lionel Richie Golden Globe &amp; Academy Award History |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com |access-date=January 8, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mnamo mwaka 2016, Richie alipokea heshima ya juu zaidi ya Ukumbi wa Sifa wa Waandishi wa Nyimbo ([[Songwriters Hall of Fame]]), Tuzo ya [[Johnny Mercer]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/lionel-richie-chics-nile-rodgers-enter-songwriters-hall/story?id=39752429|title=Lionel Richie, Chic's Nile Rodgers and More Enter Songwriters Hall of Fame|last=Rothman|first=Michael|date=June 10, 2016|work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|access-date=January 8, 2017|archive-date=January 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109021501/http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/lionel-richie-chics-nile-rodgers-enter-songwriters-hall/story?id=39752429|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo mwaka 2022, alipokea Tuzo ya [[Gershwin Prize for Popular Song]] kutoka Maktaba ya Bunge la Marekani ([[Library of Congress]]);&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Ulaby|first=Neda|date=2022-01-13|title=The Gershwin Prize for Popular Song is going to pop star Lionel Richie|language=en|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/01/13/1072448995/the-gershwin-prize-for-popular-song-is-going-to-pop-star-lionel-richie|access-date=2022-02-02|archive-date=February 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202154800/https://www.npr.org/2022/01/13/1072448995/the-gershwin-prize-for-popular-song-is-going-to-pop-star-lionel-richie|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; pamoja na Tuzo ya [[American Music Awards Icon Award]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lionel Richie Says It's 'Surreal' to Receive Icon Award at the 2022 AMAs: 'I'm Immensely Grateful' |url=https://people.com/music/amas-2022-lionel-richie-to-receive-icon-award/ |first=Jack |last=Irvin |date=November 7, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=Peoplemag |language=en |archive-date=November 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107200135/https://people.com/music/amas-2022-lionel-richie-to-receive-icon-award/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pia aliingizwa kwenye Ukumbi wa Sifa wa Walk of Fame wa Muziki na Burudani wa Watu Weusi ([[Black Music &amp; Entertainment Walk of Fame]]), na Ukumbi wa Sifa wa Rock and Roll ([[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]]) mnamo mwaka 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|date=May 4, 2022|title=Eminem, Dolly Parton, Duran Duran, Lionel Richie Lead Rock &amp; Roll Hall of Fame 2022 Class|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/eminem-dolly-parton-duran-duran-lionel-richie-rock-roll-hall-of-fame-2022-1346913/|access-date=May 4, 2022|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Diskografia ==
{{Tazama pia|Diskografia ya Lionel Richie}}

=== Albamu za pekee ===
{{col div}}
* ''[[Lionel Richie (albamu)|Lionel Richie]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Can't Slow Down (albamu ya Lionel Richie)|Can't Slow Down]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Dancing on the Ceiling]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Louder Than Words (albamu)|Louder Than Words]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Time (albamu ya Lionel Richie)|Time]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Renaissance (albamu ya Lionel Richie)|Renaissance]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Just for You (albamu ya Lionel Richie)|Just for You]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Coming Home (albamu ya Lionel Richie)|Coming Home]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Sounds of the Season (albamu)|Sounds of the Season]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Just Go (albamu)|Just Go]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Tuskegee (albamu)|Tuskegee]]'' (2012)
{{col div end}}

=== Akiwa na Commodores ===
{{col div}}
* ''[[Machine Gun (albamu ya Commodores)|Machine Gun]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Caught in the Act (albamu ya Commodores)|Caught in the Act]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Movin' On (albamu ya Commodores)|Movin' On]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Hot on the Tracks]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Commodores (albamu)|Commodores]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Natural High (albamu ya Commodores)|Natural High]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Midnight Magic (albamu)|Midnight Magic]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Heroes (albamu ya Commodores)|Heroes]]'' (1980)
* ''[[In the Pocket (albamu ya Commodores)|In the Pocket]]'' (1981)
{{col div end}}

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}

{{BD|1949}}

[[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]]
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'''Lionel Brockman Richie Jr.''' (alizaliwa 20 Juni 1949) ni mwimbaji, mwandishi wa nyimbo, mwanamuziki, mtayarishaji wa rekodi, na mtangazaji wa televisheni kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Alipata umaarufu katika miaka ya 1970 kama mwandishi wa nyimbo na mwimbaji mkuu mwenza wa kundi la muziki la [[Motown]] la [[Commodores]]; akiandika na kurekodi nyimbo zilizotamba sana kama &quot;[[Easy (wimbo wa Commodores)|Easy]]&quot;, &quot;[[Sail On (wimbo)|Sail On]]&quot;, &quot;[[Three Times a Lady]]&quot;, na &quot;[[Still (wimbo wa Commodores)|Still]]&quot; akiwa na kundi hilo kabla ya kuondoka. Mnamo mwaka 1980, aliandika na kutayarisha wimbo ulioshika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye chati za US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] wa &quot;[[Lady (wimbo wa Kenny Rogers)|Lady]]&quot; uliombwa na [[Kenny Rogers]].

Mnamo mwaka 1981, Richie aliandika na kutayarisha wimbo wa &quot;[[Endless Love (wimbo)|Endless Love]]&quot;, ambao aliurekodi kama wimbo wa ushirikiano na [[Diana Ross]]; wimbo huo unabaki kuwa miongoni mwa nyimbo 20 zilizouza sana katika historia, na ndio wimbo uliopata mafanikio makubwa zaidi ya kikazi kwa wasanii wote wawili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100-60th-anniversary|title=Hot 100 turns 60|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=August 6, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo mwaka 1982, Alizindua rasmi kazi yake ya kujitegemea kwa albamu iliyoitwa kwa jina lake ya ''[[Lionel Richie (albamu)|Lionel Richie]]'', iliyouza zaidi ya nakala milioni nne na kutoa nyimbo maarufu kama &quot;[[You Are (wimbo wa Lionel Richie)|You Are]]&quot;, &quot;[[My Love (wimbo wa Lionel Richie)|My Love]]&quot;, na wimbo ulioshika nafasi ya kwanza wa &quot;[[Truly (wimbo wa Lionel Richie)|Truly]]&quot;.

Albamu ya pili ya Richie, ''[[Can't Slow Down (albamu ya Lionel Richie)|Can't Slow Down]]'' (1983), ilishika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye chati ya US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] na kuuza zaidi ya nakala milioni 20 duniani kote, ikawa moja ya [[Orodha ya albamu zilizouza zaidi|albamu zilizouza zaidi katika historia]], na ikazalisha nyimbo zilizoshika nafasi ya kwanza za &quot;[[All Night Long (All Night)]]&quot; na &quot;[[Hello (wimbo wa Lionel Richie)|Hello]]&quot;. Kisha akaandika kwa pamoja wimbo wa hisani wa mwaka 1985 wa &quot;[[We Are the World]]&quot; akiwa na [[Michael Jackson]], ambao uliuza zaidi ya nakala milioni 20.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/01/28/entertainment/feat-we-are-the-world-30-years-where-are-they-now/ | title='We Are the World' at 30: Where are they now? | publisher=CNN | first=Todd | last=Leopold | date=January 28, 2015 | access-date=January 8, 2017 | archive-date=January 8, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108191834/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/01/28/entertainment/feat-we-are-the-world-30-years-where-are-they-now/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Albamu yake ya tatu, ''[[Dancing on the Ceiling]]'' (1986), ilijumuisha wimbo ulioshika nafasi ya kwanza wa &quot;[[Say You, Say Me]]&quot; (kutoka kwenye filamu ya mwaka 1985 ya ''[[White Nights (filamu ya 1985)|White Nights]]'') na [[Dancing on the Ceiling (wimbo wa Lionel Richie)|wimbo ulibeba jina la albamu]] ulioshika nafasi ya pili. Kuanzia mwaka 1986 hadi 1996, Richie alichukua mapumziko kutoka kwenye kurekodi; tangu wakati huo ametoa albamu za studio saba. Jiunge na shindano la kuimba la ''[[American Idol]]'' kutumika kama jaji, kuanzia [[American Idol msimu wa 16|msimu wake wa 16]] (2018 hadi sasa).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Goldberg|first1=Lesley|date=August 5, 2019|title='American Idol' Judges Close Deals to Return for Season 3 on ABC|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/american-idol-judges-close-deals-return-season-3-abc-1229134|access-date=August 5, 2019|website=The Hollywood Reporter|archive-date=August 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805171341/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/american-idol-judges-close-deals-return-season-3-abc-1229134|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wakati wa kazi yake ya kujitegemea, Richie alikuwa mmoja wa waimbaji wa nyimbo za taratibu (ballads) waliofanikiwa zaidi katika miaka ya 1980, na ameuza zaidi ya rekodi milioni 90 duniani kote, ikimfanya kuwa mmoja wa [[Orodha ya wasanii wa muziki waliouza zaidi|wasanii wa muziki waliouza zaidi duniani katika historia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/9399479/lionel-richie-musical-all-night-long-disney|title=Lionel Richie Musical 'All Night Long' In the Works From Disney|first=Borys|last=Kit|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=June 10, 2020|access-date=June 10, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ameshinda [[Tuzo za Grammy]] nne, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Wimbo Bora wa Mwaka]] kwa ajili ya &quot;We Are the World&quot;, na [[Grammy Award for Album of the Year|Albamu Bora ya Mwaka]] kwa ajili ya ''Can't Slow Down''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-11-23|title=Lionel Richie|url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/lionel-richie/17291|access-date=2021-12-20|website=GRAMMY.com|language=en|archive-date=December 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220135624/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/lionel-richie/17291|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Endless Love&quot; iliteuliwa kuwania [[Tuzo za Akademi]] (Academy Award), wakati &quot;Say You, Say Me&quot; ilishinda tuzo zote mbili ya Tuzo ya Akademi na tuzo ya [[Tuzo ya Golden Globe|Golden Globe]] kwa Wimbo Bora wa Asili.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Lionel Richie Golden Globe &amp; Academy Award History |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com |access-date=January 8, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mnamo mwaka 2016, Richie alipokea heshima ya juu zaidi ya Ukumbi wa Sifa wa Waandishi wa Nyimbo ([[Songwriters Hall of Fame]]), Tuzo ya [[Johnny Mercer]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/lionel-richie-chics-nile-rodgers-enter-songwriters-hall/story?id=39752429|title=Lionel Richie, Chic's Nile Rodgers and More Enter Songwriters Hall of Fame|last=Rothman|first=Michael|date=June 10, 2016|work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|access-date=January 8, 2017|archive-date=January 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109021501/http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/lionel-richie-chics-nile-rodgers-enter-songwriters-hall/story?id=39752429|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo mwaka 2022, alipokea Tuzo ya [[Gershwin Prize for Popular Song]] kutoka Maktaba ya Bunge la Marekani ([[Library of Congress]]);&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea habari|last=Ulaby|first=Neda|date=2022-01-13|title=The Gershwin Prize for Popular Song is going to pop star Lionel Richie|language=en|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/01/13/1072448995/the-gershwin-prize-for-popular-song-is-going-to-pop-star-lionel-richie|access-date=2022-02-02|archive-date=February 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202154800/https://www.npr.org/2022/01/13/1072448995/the-gershwin-prize-for-popular-song-is-going-to-pop-star-lionel-richie|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; pamoja na Tuzo ya [[American Music Awards Icon Award]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |title=Lionel Richie Says It's 'Surreal' to Receive Icon Award at the 2022 AMAs: 'I'm Immensely Grateful' |url=https://people.com/music/amas-2022-lionel-richie-to-receive-icon-award/ |first=Jack |last=Irvin |date=November 7, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=Peoplemag |language=en |archive-date=November 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107200135/https://people.com/music/amas-2022-lionel-richie-to-receive-icon-award/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pia aliingizwa kwenye Ukumbi wa Sifa wa Walk of Fame wa Muziki na Burudani wa Watu Weusi ([[Black Music &amp; Entertainment Walk of Fame]]), na Ukumbi wa Sifa wa Rock and Roll ([[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]]) mnamo mwaka 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|date=May 4, 2022|title=Eminem, Dolly Parton, Duran Duran, Lionel Richie Lead Rock &amp; Roll Hall of Fame 2022 Class|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/eminem-dolly-parton-duran-duran-lionel-richie-rock-roll-hall-of-fame-2022-1346913/|access-date=May 4, 2022|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Diskografia ==
{{Tazama pia|Diskografia ya Lionel Richie}}

=== Albamu za pekee ===
{{col div}}
* ''[[Lionel Richie (albamu)|Lionel Richie]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Can't Slow Down (albamu ya Lionel Richie)|Can't Slow Down]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Dancing on the Ceiling]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Louder Than Words (albamu)|Louder Than Words]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Time (albamu ya Lionel Richie)|Time]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Renaissance (albamu ya Lionel Richie)|Renaissance]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Just for You (albamu ya Lionel Richie)|Just for You]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Coming Home (albamu ya Lionel Richie)|Coming Home]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Sounds of the Season (albamu)|Sounds of the Season]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Just Go (albamu)|Just Go]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Tuskegee (albamu)|Tuskegee]]'' (2012)
{{col div end}}

=== Akiwa na Commodores ===
{{col div}}
* ''[[Machine Gun (albamu ya Commodores)|Machine Gun]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Caught in the Act (albamu ya Commodores)|Caught in the Act]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Movin' On (albamu ya Commodores)|Movin' On]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Hot on the Tracks]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Commodores (albamu)|Commodores]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Natural High (albamu ya Commodores)|Natural High]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Midnight Magic (albamu)|Midnight Magic]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Heroes (albamu ya Commodores)|Heroes]]'' (1980)
* ''[[In the Pocket (albamu ya Commodores)|In the Pocket]]'' (1981)
{{col div end}}

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}

{{BD|1949}}

[[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>rms0s529uzrhs1cxhh6hx6lxvxwrnt2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>John Smit</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243234</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583328</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T21:11:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1583328</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1566" sha1="fn7so6zq4mje33skdp6fya8hsjcn2ts" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:John Smit.jpg|thumb|John Smit]]
John Smit (jina kamili John William Smit, alizaliwa [[tarehe]] 3 [[Aprili]] [[1978]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya chama  kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]], na pia aliwahi kuwa Afisa Mkuu Mtendaji (CEO) wa [[klabu]] ya Sharks.

Alikuwa nahodha wa [[50]] wa timu ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini ya raga  na aliiongoza [[timu]] hiyo kutwaa [[Kombe]] la Dunia la Raga la [[2007]].

Katika sehemu kubwa ya taaluma yake, Smit alicheza nafasi ya  (mchezaji wa mstari wa mbele, namba 2). Hata hivyo, pia alicheza kama  (mchezaji wa mstari wa mbele, namba 1 au 3) na alicheza jumla ya [[mechi]] 13 za kimataifa  akiwa katika nafasi hiyo.

Akiwa kijana, Smit pia aliwahi kucheza kama mchezaji wa mstari wa mbele kwa timu ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini ya chini ya miaka [[21]].

== Maisha ya awali (Early life) ==
John Smit alizaliwa tarehe 3 Aprili 1978 katika mji wa Pietersburg, Afrika Kusini.

Alisoma katika Wesvalia (ambayo zamani iliitwa Saamtrek) iliyopo Klerksdorp. Baadaye aliendelea na masomo katika shule ya sekondari ya wavulana Pretoria.

Akiwa katika shule hiyo:

* Alikuwa mkuu wa viongozi wa [[wanafunzi]]  mwaka [[1996]].
* Alicheza katika timu ya kwanza ya raga ya [[shule]]  kuanzia mwaka [[1994]] hadi [[1996]].&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20090220162846/http://www.thetimes.co.za/Sport/Article.aspx?id=871125&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.news24.com/sport&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1978]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika]]</text>
      <sha1>fn7so6zq4mje33skdp6fya8hsjcn2ts</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1583329</id>
      <parentid>1583328</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T21:11:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1583329</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1553" sha1="gsy5eyza1rn6912sli6bhxj0xooy9v4" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:John Smit.jpg|thumb|John Smit]]
John Smit (jina kamili John William Smit, alizaliwa [[tarehe]] 3 [[Aprili]] [[1978]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya chama  kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]], na pia aliwahi kuwa Afisa Mkuu Mtendaji (CEO) wa [[klabu]] ya Sharks.

Alikuwa nahodha wa [[50]] wa timu ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini ya raga  na aliiongoza [[timu]] hiyo kutwaa [[Kombe]] la Dunia la Raga la [[2007]].

Katika sehemu kubwa ya taaluma yake, Smit alicheza nafasi ya  (mchezaji wa mstari wa mbele, namba 2). Hata hivyo, pia alicheza kama  (mchezaji wa mstari wa mbele, namba 1 au 3) na alicheza jumla ya [[mechi]] 13 za kimataifa  akiwa katika nafasi hiyo.

Akiwa kijana, Smit pia aliwahi kucheza kama mchezaji wa mstari wa mbele kwa timu ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini ya chini ya miaka [[21]].

== Maisha ya awali ==
John Smit alizaliwa tarehe 3 Aprili 1978 katika mji wa Pietersburg, Afrika Kusini.

Alisoma katika Wesvalia (ambayo zamani iliitwa Saamtrek) iliyopo Klerksdorp. Baadaye aliendelea na masomo katika shule ya sekondari ya wavulana Pretoria.

Akiwa katika shule hiyo:

* Alikuwa mkuu wa viongozi wa [[wanafunzi]]  mwaka [[1996]].
* Alicheza katika timu ya kwanza ya raga ya [[shule]]  kuanzia mwaka [[1994]] hadi [[1996]].&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20090220162846/http://www.thetimes.co.za/Sport/Article.aspx?id=871125&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.news24.com/sport&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1978]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika]]</text>
      <sha1>gsy5eyza1rn6912sli6bhxj0xooy9v4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vivian Caver</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243235</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583344</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T02:20:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Vivian Leona Mead Caver''' (13 Juni 1928 – 22 Agosti 2021) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa Marekani katika jimbo la Washington. Aliteuliwa kujaza nafasi iliyokuwa wazi katika Wilaya ya 37 na kuwa [[mwanamke]] wa tatu Mwafrika-Mmarekani kuhudumu katika Baraza la Wawakilishi la Jimbo la Washington. Aliiwakilisha Wilaya ya 37 kuanzia mwaka 1994 hadi 1995.  Alisoma katika Chuo cha Morgan State na Chuo Kikuu cha Washington. Pia alikuwa [[mwanaharakati]] wa haki...'</comment>
      <origin>1583344</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1449" sha1="4m70qcmzw4m2q04vt1k0k612ld30lde" xml:space="preserve">'''Vivian Leona Mead Caver''' (13 Juni 1928 – 22 Agosti 2021) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa Marekani katika jimbo la Washington. Aliteuliwa kujaza nafasi iliyokuwa wazi katika Wilaya ya 37 na kuwa [[mwanamke]] wa tatu Mwafrika-Mmarekani kuhudumu katika Baraza la Wawakilishi la Jimbo la Washington. Aliiwakilisha Wilaya ya 37 kuanzia mwaka 1994 hadi 1995.

Alisoma katika Chuo cha Morgan State na Chuo Kikuu cha Washington. Pia alikuwa [[mwanaharakati]] wa haki za binadamu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e3MnAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=Vivian+Caver+1928|title=Washington State Yearbook|date=1994|publisher=Information Press|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kabla ya kuteuliwa kuwa [[mbunge]] wa Baraza la Wawakilishi la Jimbo la Washington, alikuwa [[mkurugenzi]] wa Tume ya Haki za Binadamu ya Seattle.

Vivian Leona Mead Caver alifariki tarehe 22 Agosti 2021 mjini Seattle, Washington, akiwa na umri wa miaka 93.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vivian L. Caver, who fought for change in Seattle for more than half a century, dies at 93|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/vivian-l-caver-a-warrior-woman-who-fought-for-change-in-seattle-for-more-than-half-a-century-dies-at-93/|work=The Seattle Times|date=2021-08-27|accessdate=2026-08-03|language=en-US|author=Chris Talbott: is a Seattle-based writer, editor.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1928]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>4m70qcmzw4m2q04vt1k0k612ld30lde</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1583376</id>
      <parentid>1583344</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T07:19:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1583376</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1456" sha1="m8usuzno3u0en991jjouyocf7o71u2y" xml:space="preserve">'''Vivian Leona Mead Caver''' (13 Juni 1928 – 22 Agosti 2021) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa Marekani katika jimbo la Washington. Aliteuliwa kujaza nafasi iliyokuwa wazi katika Wilaya ya 37 na kuwa [[mwanamke]] wa tatu Mwafrika-Mmarekani kuhudumu katika Baraza la Wawakilishi la Jimbo la Washington. Aliiwakilisha Wilaya ya 37 kuanzia mwaka 1994 hadi 1995.

Alisoma katika Chuo cha Morgan State na Chuo Kikuu cha Washington. Pia alikuwa [[mwanaharakati]] wa haki za binadamu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e3MnAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=Vivian+Caver+1928|title=Washington State Yearbook|date=1994|publisher=Information Press|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kabla ya kuteuliwa kuwa [[mbunge]] wa Baraza la Wawakilishi la Jimbo la Washington, alikuwa [[mkurugenzi]] wa Tume ya Haki za Binadamu ya Seattle.

Vivian Leona Mead Caver alifariki tarehe 22 Agosti 2021 mjini Seattle, Washington, akiwa na umri wa miaka 93.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Vivian L. Caver, who fought for change in Seattle for more than half a century, dies at 93|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/vivian-l-caver-a-warrior-woman-who-fought-for-change-in-seattle-for-more-than-half-a-century-dies-at-93/|work=The Seattle Times|date=2021-08-27|accessdate=2026-08-03|language=en-US|author=Chris Talbott: is a Seattle-based writer, editor.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1928]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>m8usuzno3u0en991jjouyocf7o71u2y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Stefanie Jackson</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243236</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583345</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T02:26:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Stefanie Jackson''' ni mchoraji wa [[Marekani]] ambaye kazi zake za sanaa zinahusu [[historia]] ya Waafrika-Wamarekani na siasa za kisasa za Marekani.  == Maisha na elimu == Jackson alizaliwa mjini Detroit. Alipata [[shahada]] ya kwanza ya sanaa (BFA) kutoka Shule ya Ubunifu ya Parsons mwaka 1979 na shahada ya uzamili ya sanaa (MFA) kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Cornell mwaka 1988.  Kwa sasa ni profesa mshiriki wa masomo ya [[uchoraji]] na uchoraji wa rangi kat...'</comment>
      <origin>1583345</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1094" sha1="5c13eutc6og6zunf6ijjj4d6h7oefwe" xml:space="preserve">'''Stefanie Jackson''' ni mchoraji wa [[Marekani]] ambaye kazi zake za sanaa zinahusu [[historia]] ya Waafrika-Wamarekani na siasa za kisasa za Marekani.

== Maisha na elimu ==
Jackson alizaliwa mjini Detroit. Alipata [[shahada]] ya kwanza ya sanaa (BFA) kutoka Shule ya Ubunifu ya Parsons mwaka 1979 na shahada ya uzamili ya sanaa (MFA) kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Cornell mwaka 1988.

Kwa sasa ni profesa mshiriki wa masomo ya [[uchoraji]] na uchoraji wa rangi katika [[Shule]] ya Sanaa ya Lamar Dodd, Chuo Kikuu cha Georgia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=You are being redirected...|url=https://www.dia.org/news/1882/Detroit-Institute-of-Arts-acquires-two-works-by-contemporary-African-American-artists-Photograph-by-Hank-Willis-Thomas-and-painting-by-Stefanie-Jackson-now-on-view.aspx|work=www.dia.org|accessdate=2026-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=PastPerfect|url=https://mocaga.catalogaccess.com/people/1350|work=mocaga.catalogaccess.com|accessdate=2026-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>5c13eutc6og6zunf6ijjj4d6h7oefwe</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1583374</id>
      <parentid>1583345</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T06:55:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1583374</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1102" sha1="31frzu566gv3ov6wi4lw0x16akaufl3" xml:space="preserve">'''Stefanie Jackson''' ni mchoraji wa [[Marekani]] ambaye kazi zake za sanaa zinahusu [[historia]] ya Waafrika-Wamarekani na siasa za kisasa za Marekani.

== Maisha na elimu ==
Jackson alizaliwa mjini Detroit. Alipata [[shahada]] ya kwanza ya sanaa (BFA) kutoka Shule ya Ubunifu ya Parsons mwaka 1979 na shahada ya uzamili ya sanaa (MFA) kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Cornell mwaka 1988.

Kwa sasa ni profesa mshiriki wa masomo ya [[uchoraji]] na uchoraji wa rangi katika [[Shule]] ya Sanaa ya Lamar Dodd, Chuo Kikuu cha Georgia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=You are being redirected...|url=https://www.dia.org/news/1882/Detroit-Institute-of-Arts-acquires-two-works-by-contemporary-African-American-artists-Photograph-by-Hank-Willis-Thomas-and-painting-by-Stefanie-Jackson-now-on-view.aspx|work=www.dia.org|accessdate=2026-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=PastPerfect|url=https://mocaga.catalogaccess.com/people/1350|work=mocaga.catalogaccess.com|accessdate=2026-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>31frzu566gv3ov6wi4lw0x16akaufl3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pearlie Posey</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243237</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583346</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T02:33:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika 'Pearlie Posey (1894–1984) alikuwa [[msanii]] wa Marekani aliyebobea katika utengenezaji wa mablanketi ya kushona na alikuwa mama wa Sarah Mary Taylor. Alijulikana kwa mablanketi yake yaliyopambwa kwa mbinu ya kushona vipande vya kitambaa juu ya kitambaa kingine ili kuunda [[picha]] au michoro.  == Wasifu == Pearlie Posey alizaliwa mwaka 1894. Alikuwa mwanamke aliyethamini sana familia na alitumia siku zake akifanya kazi katika shamba kubwa.  Kabla ya mam...'</comment>
      <origin>1583346</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2313" sha1="q8ptpp5fbapjgpv023m6usvx9w4ckd2" xml:space="preserve">Pearlie Posey (1894–1984) alikuwa [[msanii]] wa Marekani aliyebobea katika utengenezaji wa mablanketi ya kushona na alikuwa mama wa Sarah Mary Taylor. Alijulikana kwa mablanketi yake yaliyopambwa kwa mbinu ya kushona vipande vya kitambaa juu ya kitambaa kingine ili kuunda [[picha]] au michoro.

== Wasifu ==
Pearlie Posey alizaliwa mwaka 1894. Alikuwa mwanamke aliyethamini sana familia na alitumia siku zake akifanya kazi katika shamba kubwa.

Kabla ya mama yake kufariki, mama yake pamoja na bibi yake walimfundisha kutengeneza mablanketi ya kushona. Baadaye alimfundisha binti yake, Sarah Mary Taylor, mbinu hiyo na hata alitengeneza vielelezo vya [[mifumo]] ya mablanketi ambayo Taylor alitumia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tulane Exhibits.|url=https://exhibits.tulane.edu/exhibit/women-in-power-in-the-arts/pearlie_posey/|accessdate=2026-08-03|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mablanketi ya Posey mara nyingi yalikuwa na picha za watu na [[wanyama]], zikionyesha utamaduni wa simulizi za Waafrika-Wamarekani na namna ujuzi wa kushona mablanketi ulivyorithishwa kutoka kizazi kimoja hadi kingine. Katika kipindi alichoishi, utengenezaji wa mablanketi ulionekana zaidi kama kazi ya nyumbani kuliko sanaa ya kiwango cha juu.

Kazi zake zimehifadhiwa katika Jumba la Makumbusho la Sanaa la Philadelphia na Jumba la Makumbusho la Sanaa ya Watu la Marekani.

Kazi zake pia zilijumuishwa katika maonyesho yaliyosafiri sehemu mbalimbali kati ya mwaka 2008 na 2009 yaliyoitwa (Ancestry &amp; Innovation: African American Art from the American Folk Art Museum), yaliyoandaliwa na Huduma ya Maonyesho ya Taasisi ya Smithsonian. Aidha, mwaka 2009 alijumuishwa katika maonyesho (Quilt Stories: The Ella King Torrey Collection of African American Quilts and Other Recent Quilt Acquisitions) yaliyofanyika katika Jumba la [[Makumbusho]] la Sanaa la Philadelphia.

Pearlie Posey alifariki mwaka 1984.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Philadelphia Museum of Art - Exhibitions - Quilt Stories: The Ella King Torrey Collection of African American Quilts and Other Recent Quilt Acquisitions|url=https://www.philamuseum.org/exhibitions/306.html|work=www.philamuseum.org|accessdate=2026-08-03|author=Philadelphia Museum of Art}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wasanii wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1894]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1984]]</text>
      <sha1>q8ptpp5fbapjgpv023m6usvx9w4ckd2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1583371</id>
      <parentid>1583346</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T06:27:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
      <origin>1583371</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2321" sha1="b9ynfyve1f02l5hbg0rwfck66o1qs5z" xml:space="preserve">Pearlie Posey (1894–1984) alikuwa [[msanii]] wa Marekani aliyebobea katika utengenezaji wa mablanketi ya kushona na alikuwa mama wa Sarah Mary Taylor. Alijulikana kwa mablanketi yake yaliyopambwa kwa mbinu ya kushona vipande vya kitambaa juu ya kitambaa kingine ili kuunda [[picha]] au michoro.

== Wasifu ==
Pearlie Posey alizaliwa mwaka 1894. Alikuwa mwanamke aliyethamini sana familia na alitumia siku zake akifanya kazi katika shamba kubwa.

Kabla ya mama yake kufariki, mama yake pamoja na bibi yake walimfundisha kutengeneza mablanketi ya kushona. Baadaye alimfundisha binti yake, Sarah Mary Taylor, mbinu hiyo na hata alitengeneza vielelezo vya [[mifumo]] ya mablanketi ambayo Taylor alitumia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tulane Exhibits.|url=https://exhibits.tulane.edu/exhibit/women-in-power-in-the-arts/pearlie_posey/|accessdate=2026-08-03|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mablanketi ya Posey mara nyingi yalikuwa na picha za watu na [[wanyama]], zikionyesha utamaduni wa simulizi za Waafrika-Wamarekani na namna ujuzi wa kushona mablanketi ulivyorithishwa kutoka kizazi kimoja hadi kingine. Katika kipindi alichoishi, utengenezaji wa mablanketi ulionekana zaidi kama kazi ya nyumbani kuliko sanaa ya kiwango cha juu.

Kazi zake zimehifadhiwa katika Jumba la Makumbusho la Sanaa la Philadelphia na Jumba la Makumbusho la Sanaa ya Watu la Marekani.

Kazi zake pia zilijumuishwa katika maonyesho yaliyosafiri sehemu mbalimbali kati ya mwaka 2008 na 2009 yaliyoitwa (Ancestry &amp; Innovation: African American Art from the American Folk Art Museum), yaliyoandaliwa na Huduma ya Maonyesho ya Taasisi ya Smithsonian. Aidha, mwaka 2009 alijumuishwa katika maonyesho (Quilt Stories: The Ella King Torrey Collection of African American Quilts and Other Recent Quilt Acquisitions) yaliyofanyika katika Jumba la [[Makumbusho]] la Sanaa la Philadelphia.

Pearlie Posey alifariki mwaka 1984.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Philadelphia Museum of Art - Exhibitions - Quilt Stories: The Ella King Torrey Collection of African American Quilts and Other Recent Quilt Acquisitions|url=https://www.philamuseum.org/exhibitions/306.html|work=www.philamuseum.org|accessdate=2026-08-03|author=Philadelphia Museum of Art}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wasanii wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1894]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1984]]</text>
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      <id>1583384</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-03T08:12:42Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="2465" sha1="k9lya0la1saiwggr1i56uvh217bjdf6" xml:space="preserve">Pearlie Posey (1894–1984) alikuwa [[msanii]] wa Marekani aliyebobea katika utengenezaji wa mablanketi ya kushona na alikuwa mama wa Sarah Mary Taylor. Alijulikana kwa mablanketi yake yaliyopambwa kwa mbinu ya kushona vipande vya kitambaa juu ya kitambaa kingine ili kuunda [[picha]] au michoro.

== Wasifu ==
Pearlie Posey alizaliwa mwaka 1894. Alikuwa mwanamke aliyethamini sana familia na alitumia siku zake akifanya kazi katika shamba kubwa.

Kabla ya mama yake kufariki, mama yake pamoja na bibi yake walimfundisha kutengeneza mablanketi ya kushona. Baadaye alimfundisha binti yake, Sarah Mary Taylor, mbinu hiyo na hata alitengeneza vielelezo vya [[mifumo]] ya mablanketi ambayo Taylor alitumia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tulane Exhibits.|url=https://exhibits.tulane.edu/exhibit/women-in-power-in-the-arts/pearlie_posey/|accessdate=2026-08-03|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mablanketi ya Posey mara nyingi yalikuwa na picha za watu na [[wanyama]], zikionyesha utamaduni wa simulizi za Waafrika-Wamarekani na namna ujuzi wa kushona mablanketi ulivyorithishwa kutoka kizazi kimoja hadi kingine. Katika kipindi alichoishi, utengenezaji wa mablanketi ulionekana zaidi kama kazi ya nyumbani kuliko sanaa ya kiwango cha juu.

Kazi zake zimehifadhiwa katika Jumba la Makumbusho la Sanaa la Philadelphia na Jumba la Makumbusho la Sanaa ya Watu la Marekani.

Kazi zake pia zilijumuishwa katika maonyesho yaliyosafiri sehemu mbalimbali kati ya mwaka 2008 na 2009 yaliyoitwa (Ancestry &amp; Innovation: African American Art from the American Folk Art Museum), yaliyoandaliwa na Huduma ya Maonyesho ya Taasisi ya Smithsonian. Aidha, mwaka 2009 alijumuishwa katika maonyesho (Quilt Stories: The Ella King Torrey Collection of African American Quilts and Other Recent Quilt Acquisitions) yaliyofanyika katika Jumba la [[Makumbusho]] la Sanaa la Philadelphia.

Pearlie Posey alifariki mwaka 1984.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Philadelphia Museum of Art - Exhibitions - Quilt Stories: The Ella King Torrey Collection of African American Quilts and Other Recent Quilt Acquisitions|url=https://www.philamuseum.org/exhibitions/306.html|work=www.philamuseum.org|accessdate=2026-08-03|author=Philadelphia Museum of Art|archive-date=2022-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204184917/https://www.philamuseum.org/exhibitions/306.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wasanii wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1894]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1984]]</text>
      <sha1>k9lya0la1saiwggr1i56uvh217bjdf6</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Nona Conner</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Nona Moselle Conner''' (12 Desemba 1983 – 13 Mei 2021) alikuwa [[mwanaharakati]] wa haki za wafanyakazi wa ngono, wanawake weusi na [[wanawake]] waliobadili jinsia nchini [[Marekani]].  == Kazi == Conner alikuwa mwanachama wa shirika la Kupigania Usalama wa Watu Katika Maeneo ya Umma, linalopambana na unyanyasaji wa watu mitaani. Alijiunga na shirika hilo baada ya kutambulishwa kwa mkurugenzi wake na rafiki yake.  Kuanzia mwaka 2016, alifanya kazi kat...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1962" sha1="8if35aez35bgusg51qhv8u1tbo7idok" xml:space="preserve">'''Nona Moselle Conner''' (12 Desemba 1983 – 13 Mei 2021) alikuwa [[mwanaharakati]] wa haki za wafanyakazi wa ngono, wanawake weusi na [[wanawake]] waliobadili jinsia nchini [[Marekani]].

== Kazi ==
Conner alikuwa mwanachama wa shirika la Kupigania Usalama wa Watu Katika Maeneo ya Umma, linalopambana na unyanyasaji wa watu mitaani. Alijiunga na shirika hilo baada ya kutambulishwa kwa mkurugenzi wake na rafiki yake.

Kuanzia mwaka 2016, alifanya kazi katika shirika hilo kwa [[mshahara]]. Pia alikuwa mmoja wa waandaaji wa kampeni ya DecrimNow, iliyolenga kuondoa adhabu za kisheria dhidi ya kazi ya ngono.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Decriminalizing Sex Work Is a Matter of Survival|url=https://truthout.org/articles/decriminalizing-sex-work-is-a-matter-of-survival/|work=Truthout|date=2019-03-02|accessdate=2026-08-03|language=en-US|author=Jordan N. DeLoach}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha binafsi ==
Conner alijitambulisha kuwa alikuwa katika makundi matatu yaliyokumbana na [[ubaguzi]]: alikuwa Mweusi, shoga na mwanamke aliyebadili jinsia.

Aliwahi kushambuliwa kwa kuchomwa kisu mara 48 na mwanaume katika tukio lililoshukiwa kuwa uhalifu wa chuki dhidi ya watu waliobadili jinsia, baada ya kukataa ombi lake la kufanya naye ngono ya mdomo.

Pia aliwahi kukosa [[makazi]] ya kudumu, kukumbwa na matatizo ya kifedha na kujihusisha na kazi ya ngono.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Vargas|first=Theresa|title=Perspective {{!}} Before she died, a Black transgender woman wrote she was ‘tired of being not heard.’ Her loved ones hope people now listen.|date=2021-05-22|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/nona-moselle-conner-dc-transgender-advocate/2021/05/22/4c6b2832-ba8c-11eb-96b9-e949d5397de9_story.html|work=The Washington Post|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=2026-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nona Moselle Conner alifariki tarehe 13 Mei 2021.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]]</text>
      <sha1>8if35aez35bgusg51qhv8u1tbo7idok</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1583368</id>
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        <id>78697</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1966" sha1="22rwjj06f0ss4jxcs8bgw5kjc4slvo6" xml:space="preserve">'''Nona Moselle Conner''' (12 Desemba 1983 – 13 Mei 2021) alikuwa [[mwanaharakati]] wa haki za wafanyakazi wa ngono, wanawake weusi na [[wanawake]] waliobadili jinsia nchini [[Marekani]].

== Kazi ==
Conner alikuwa mwanachama wa shirika la Kupigania Usalama wa Watu Katika Maeneo ya Umma, linalopambana na unyanyasaji wa watu mitaani. Alijiunga na shirika hilo baada ya kutambulishwa kwa mkurugenzi wake na rafiki yake.

Kuanzia mwaka 2016, alifanya kazi katika shirika hilo kwa [[mshahara]]. Pia alikuwa mmoja wa waandaaji wa kampeni ya DecrimNow, iliyolenga kuondoa adhabu za kisheria dhidi ya kazi ya ngono.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Decriminalizing Sex Work Is a Matter of Survival|url=https://truthout.org/articles/decriminalizing-sex-work-is-a-matter-of-survival/|work=Truthout|date=2019-03-02|accessdate=2026-08-03|language=en-US|author=Jordan N. DeLoach}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha binafsi ==
Conner alijitambulisha kuwa alikuwa katika makundi matatu yaliyokumbana na [[ubaguzi]]: alikuwa Mweusi, shoga na mwanamke aliyebadili jinsia.

Aliwahi kushambuliwa kwa kuchomwa kisu mara 48 na mwanaume katika tukio lililoshukiwa kuwa uhalifu wa chuki dhidi ya watu waliobadili jinsia, baada ya kukataa ombi lake la kufanya naye ngono ya mdomo.

Pia aliwahi kukosa [[makazi]] ya kudumu, kukumbwa na matatizo ya kifedha na kujihusisha na kazi ya ngono.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Vargas|first=Theresa|title=Perspective {{!}} Before she died, a Black transgender woman wrote she was ‘tired of being not heard.’ Her loved ones hope people now listen.|date=2021-05-22|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/nona-moselle-conner-dc-transgender-advocate/2021/05/22/4c6b2832-ba8c-11eb-96b9-e949d5397de9_story.html|work=The Washington Post|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=2026-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nona Moselle Conner alifariki tarehe 13 Mei 2021.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]]</text>
      <sha1>22rwjj06f0ss4jxcs8bgw5kjc4slvo6</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Monifa Phillips</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
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        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Monifa Louise Phillips''' ni [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza Mweusi kupata shahada ya [[uzamivu]] (PhD) katika fizikia kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Glasgow, kilichoanzishwa mwaka 1451.  Alifanya masomo yake ya uzamivu katika kundi la Fizikia ya Nyenzo na Fizikia ya Mifumo Imara. Tasnifu yake ilikuwa kuhusu uchunguzi wa kispektroskopia wa mifumo ya ubadilishaji wa upinzani katika tabaka nyembamba za oksidi za [[metali]] zilizotengenezwa kwa teknolojia ya leza.  Utafiti...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="2092" sha1="qxys4wkxk4egyq56klcsf5f3wxegdlv" xml:space="preserve">'''Monifa Louise Phillips''' ni [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza Mweusi kupata shahada ya [[uzamivu]] (PhD) katika fizikia kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Glasgow, kilichoanzishwa mwaka 1451.

Alifanya masomo yake ya uzamivu katika kundi la Fizikia ya Nyenzo na Fizikia ya Mifumo Imara. Tasnifu yake ilikuwa kuhusu uchunguzi wa kispektroskopia wa mifumo ya ubadilishaji wa upinzani katika tabaka nyembamba za oksidi za [[metali]] zilizotengenezwa kwa teknolojia ya leza.

Utafiti wake wa maabara ulihusisha utengenezaji na uchambuzi wa tabaka nyembamba za oksidi za metali kwa matumizi katika kumbukumbu za RRAM, teknolojia mpya ya kuhifadhi taarifa ambayo huhifadhi data hata umeme unapokatika. Alitunukiwa shahada yake ya uzamivu mwaka 2019.

Phillips, ambaye asili yake ni London, alihitimu shahada ya uzamili ya fizikia kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Sheffield mwaka 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Scottish Parliament|url=https://www.parliament.scot/chamber-and-committees/votes-and-motions/votes-and-motions-search/S5M-18037|work=www.parliament.scot|accessdate=2026-08-03|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amezungumzia wazi ukosefu wa uwakilishi wa watu kutoka makundi mbalimbali katika [[taaluma]] ya fizikia. Baada ya kuhitimu, alisema kuwa alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza Mweusi kupata shahada ya uzamivu ya [[fizikia]] kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Glasgow, na alieleza kuwa alifanikiwa kujenga nafasi yake katika taaluma iliyotawaliwa na wanaume na watu weupe, akisisitiza kuwa mafanikio hayo yaliwezekana kutokana na msaada wa familia na jamii yake.

Bunge la Scotland lilipokea hoja ya kumpongeza kwa kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza Mweusi kupata [[shahada]] hiyo kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Glasgow.

Kwa sasa, Phillips anapata mafunzo ya kuwa wakili wa hataza katika fani za vifaa vya kielektroniki na uhandisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Monifa Phillips : Venner Shipley|url=https://www.vennershipley.co.uk/people/profile/monifa-phillips|work=www.vennershipley.co.uk|accessdate=2026-08-03|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}}
[[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uingereza]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2096" sha1="pzhnerxe9jg6bs9bes43wqoabxkfcdt" xml:space="preserve">'''Monifa Louise Phillips''' ni [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza Mweusi kupata shahada ya [[uzamivu]] (PhD) katika fizikia kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Glasgow, kilichoanzishwa mwaka 1451.

Alifanya masomo yake ya uzamivu katika kundi la [[Fizikia]] ya Nyenzo na Fizikia ya Mifumo Imara. Tasnifu yake ilikuwa kuhusu uchunguzi wa kispektroskopia wa mifumo ya ubadilishaji wa upinzani katika tabaka nyembamba za oksidi za [[metali]] zilizotengenezwa kwa teknolojia ya leza.

Utafiti wake wa maabara ulihusisha utengenezaji na uchambuzi wa tabaka nyembamba za oksidi za metali kwa matumizi katika kumbukumbu za RRAM, teknolojia mpya ya kuhifadhi taarifa ambayo huhifadhi data hata umeme unapokatika. Alitunukiwa shahada yake ya uzamivu mwaka 2019.

Phillips, ambaye asili yake ni London, alihitimu shahada ya uzamili ya fizikia kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Sheffield mwaka 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Scottish Parliament|url=https://www.parliament.scot/chamber-and-committees/votes-and-motions/votes-and-motions-search/S5M-18037|work=www.parliament.scot|accessdate=2026-08-03|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amezungumzia wazi ukosefu wa uwakilishi wa watu kutoka makundi mbalimbali katika [[taaluma]] ya fizikia. Baada ya kuhitimu, alisema kuwa alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza Mweusi kupata shahada ya uzamivu ya [[fizikia]] kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Glasgow, na alieleza kuwa alifanikiwa kujenga nafasi yake katika taaluma iliyotawaliwa na wanaume na watu weupe, akisisitiza kuwa mafanikio hayo yaliwezekana kutokana na msaada wa familia na jamii yake.

Bunge la Scotland lilipokea hoja ya kumpongeza kwa kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza Mweusi kupata [[shahada]] hiyo kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Glasgow.

Kwa sasa, Phillips anapata mafunzo ya kuwa wakili wa hataza katika fani za vifaa vya kielektroniki na uhandisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Monifa Phillips : Venner Shipley|url=https://www.vennershipley.co.uk/people/profile/monifa-phillips|work=www.vennershipley.co.uk|accessdate=2026-08-03|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}}
[[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uingereza]]</text>
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        <id>78697</id>
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      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="2104" sha1="1uek50i6u4xf7cj8ld2la2ga3oyenwm" xml:space="preserve">'''Monifa Louise Phillips''' ni [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza Mweusi kupata shahada ya [[uzamivu]] (PhD) katika fizikia kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Glasgow, kilichoanzishwa mwaka 1451.

Alifanya masomo yake ya uzamivu katika kundi la [[Fizikia]] ya Nyenzo na Fizikia ya Mifumo Imara. Tasnifu yake ilikuwa kuhusu uchunguzi wa kispektroskopia wa mifumo ya ubadilishaji wa upinzani katika tabaka nyembamba za oksidi za [[metali]] zilizotengenezwa kwa teknolojia ya leza.

Utafiti wake wa maabara ulihusisha utengenezaji na uchambuzi wa tabaka nyembamba za oksidi za metali kwa matumizi katika kumbukumbu za RRAM, teknolojia mpya ya kuhifadhi taarifa ambayo huhifadhi data hata umeme unapokatika. Alitunukiwa shahada yake ya uzamivu mwaka 2019.

Phillips, ambaye asili yake ni London, alihitimu shahada ya uzamili ya fizikia kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Sheffield mwaka 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Scottish Parliament|url=https://www.parliament.scot/chamber-and-committees/votes-and-motions/votes-and-motions-search/S5M-18037|work=www.parliament.scot|accessdate=2026-08-03|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amezungumzia wazi ukosefu wa uwakilishi wa watu kutoka makundi mbalimbali katika [[taaluma]] ya fizikia. Baada ya kuhitimu, alisema kuwa alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza Mweusi kupata shahada ya uzamivu ya [[fizikia]] kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Glasgow, na alieleza kuwa alifanikiwa kujenga nafasi yake katika taaluma iliyotawaliwa na wanaume na watu weupe, akisisitiza kuwa mafanikio hayo yaliwezekana kutokana na msaada wa familia na jamii yake.

Bunge la Scotland lilipokea hoja ya kumpongeza kwa kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza Mweusi kupata [[shahada]] hiyo kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Glasgow.

Kwa sasa, Phillips anapata mafunzo ya kuwa wakili wa hataza katika fani za vifaa vya kielektroniki na uhandisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Monifa Phillips : Venner Shipley|url=https://www.vennershipley.co.uk/people/profile/monifa-phillips|work=www.vennershipley.co.uk|accessdate=2026-08-03|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}}
[[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uingereza]]</text>
      <sha1>1uek50i6u4xf7cj8ld2la2ga3oyenwm</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Judith Martin Cadore</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-03T02:46:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Judith Martin Cadore''' (aliyezaliwa Judith Martin mwaka 1957) ni [[daktari]] wa tiba ya familia nchini [[Marekani]] anayehudumia hasa wakazi wa maeneo ya vijijini wanaokabiliwa na changamoto za kupata huduma za afya katika eneo la Bay City, Texas. Hapo awali alikuwa mhadhiri katika Hospitali ya San Jacinto Methodist na mwalimu wa kliniki pamoja na profesa msaidizi wa jamii katika Idara ya Tiba ya Familia ya Chuo Kikuu cha Texas Medical Branch.  == Mais...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1984" sha1="4bae060fupk2cljddlfbnfvit4ycqes" xml:space="preserve">'''Judith Martin Cadore''' (aliyezaliwa Judith Martin mwaka 1957) ni [[daktari]] wa tiba ya familia nchini [[Marekani]] anayehudumia hasa wakazi wa maeneo ya vijijini wanaokabiliwa na changamoto za kupata huduma za afya katika eneo la Bay City, Texas. Hapo awali alikuwa mhadhiri katika Hospitali ya San Jacinto Methodist na mwalimu wa kliniki pamoja na profesa msaidizi wa jamii katika Idara ya Tiba ya Familia ya Chuo Kikuu cha Texas Medical Branch.

== Maisha ==
Cadore alizaliwa Bay City, Texas, mwaka 1957, akiwa binti wa Bw. na Bi. Rudolph Martin. Bibi yake, Virginia Brown Gaskin, alikuwa mmoja wa watu waliomlea na kumtia moyo kufikia malengo yake.

Mwaka 1976, alihitimu katika Shule ya Sekondari ya Bay City akiwa [[mwanafunzi]] wa kwanza Mwafrika-Mmarekani kushika nafasi ya kwanza darasani. Hata hivyo, alinyimwa fursa ya kutoa hotuba ya kawaida ya mwanafunzi bora na kuongoza wahitimu wenzake katika sherehe za kuhitimu.

Baadaye alipata ufadhili kupitia Mpango wa Kitaifa wa Usomi wa Sifa na kujiunga na [[Taasisi]] ya Teknolojia ya Massachusetts (MIT). Huko alisomea kwa pamoja kemia na uandishi wa ubunifu.

Akiwa MIT, alitunukiwa Tuzo ya Bolt kwa ubora katika ushairi, nathari na maandishi, na pia alitambuliwa kama Msomi wa Eugene McDermott.

Baada ya kuhitimu mwaka 1980, alibaki Boston ambako alifanya [[kazi]] kama mtafiti wa [[kemia]] katika kampuni ya Water Associates huku akiendelea na masomo ya uzamili katika Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard.

Mwaka 1984, alirejea Texas kusomea udaktari. Akiwa Chuo Kikuu cha Texas Medical Branch, alikuwa mmoja wa wanafunzi waliopokea Usomi wa Kempner.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Biography - Dr. Judith Martin Cadore|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/changing-the-face-of-medicine/physicians/biography_judith_cadore.html?id=item-49|work=www.nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=2026-08-03|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1957]]
[[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>4bae060fupk2cljddlfbnfvit4ycqes</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1583361</id>
      <parentid>1583349</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T04:33:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1988" sha1="kpfrqvrzjgrd5h0e5fm9j3c0yjyqvmk" xml:space="preserve">'''Judith Martin Cadore''' (aliyezaliwa Judith Martin mwaka 1957) ni [[daktari]] wa tiba ya familia nchini [[Marekani]] anayehudumia hasa wakazi wa maeneo ya vijijini wanaokabiliwa na changamoto za kupata huduma za afya katika eneo la Bay City, Texas. Hapo awali alikuwa mhadhiri katika Hospitali ya San Jacinto Methodist na mwalimu wa kliniki pamoja na profesa msaidizi wa jamii katika Idara ya Tiba ya Familia ya Chuo Kikuu cha Texas Medical Branch.

== Maisha ==
Cadore alizaliwa Bay City, Texas, mwaka 1957, akiwa binti wa Bw. na Bi. Rudolph Martin. Bibi yake, Virginia Brown Gaskin, alikuwa mmoja wa watu waliomlea na kumtia moyo kufikia malengo yake.

Mwaka 1976, alihitimu katika Shule ya Sekondari ya Bay City akiwa [[mwanafunzi]] wa kwanza Mwafrika-Mmarekani kushika nafasi ya kwanza darasani. Hata hivyo, alinyimwa fursa ya kutoa hotuba ya kawaida ya mwanafunzi bora na kuongoza wahitimu wenzake katika sherehe za kuhitimu.

Baadaye alipata ufadhili kupitia Mpango wa Kitaifa wa Usomi wa Sifa na kujiunga na [[Taasisi]] ya Teknolojia ya Massachusetts (MIT). Huko alisomea kwa pamoja kemia na uandishi wa ubunifu.

Akiwa MIT, alitunukiwa Tuzo ya Bolt kwa ubora katika ushairi, nathari na maandishi, na pia alitambuliwa kama Msomi wa Eugene McDermott.

Baada ya kuhitimu mwaka 1980, alibaki Boston ambako alifanya [[kazi]] kama mtafiti wa [[kemia]] katika kampuni ya Water Associates huku akiendelea na masomo ya uzamili katika Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard.

Mwaka 1984, alirejea Texas kusomea udaktari. Akiwa Chuo Kikuu cha Texas Medical Branch, alikuwa mmoja wa wanafunzi waliopokea Usomi wa Kempner.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Biography - Dr. Judith Martin Cadore|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/changing-the-face-of-medicine/physicians/biography_judith_cadore.html?id=item-49|work=www.nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=2026-08-03|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1957]]
[[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>kpfrqvrzjgrd5h0e5fm9j3c0yjyqvmk</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Gerunda Hughes</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243241</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583350</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T02:51:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Gerunda Burke Hughes''' (aliyezaliwa mwaka 1951) ni msomi wa [[elimu]] kutoka [[Marekani]] anayejikita katika tathmini ya elimu, hasa katika elimu ya hisabati. Ni profesa mstaafu katika Shule ya Elimu ya Chuo Kikuu cha Howard, ambako alifundisha katika Idara ya Mitaala na Ufundishaji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hay Award 2026|url=https://awm-math.org/awards/hay-award/hay-award-2026/|work=Association for Women in Mathematics (AWM)|accessdate=2026-08-03|languag...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="2175" sha1="lf3nbokyjtbal2oisnk4orxdnhbra2i" xml:space="preserve">'''Gerunda Burke Hughes''' (aliyezaliwa mwaka 1951) ni msomi wa [[elimu]] kutoka [[Marekani]] anayejikita katika tathmini ya elimu, hasa katika elimu ya hisabati. Ni profesa mstaafu katika Shule ya Elimu ya Chuo Kikuu cha Howard, ambako alifundisha katika Idara ya Mitaala na Ufundishaji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hay Award 2026|url=https://awm-math.org/awards/hay-award/hay-award-2026/|work=Association for Women in Mathematics (AWM)|accessdate=2026-08-03|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Elimu na kazi ==
Hughes alizaliwa mwaka 1951 mjini Miami, Florida. Alikuwa mmoja wa watoto watano wa Gerald Clayton Burke, mwalimu wa [[hisabati]] Mwafrika-Mmarekani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gerald Clayton Burke, Ph.D. Obituary - The Palm Beach Post|url=https://palmbeachpost.com/obituaries/psar1091356|work=palmbeachpost.com|date=2025-02-13|accessdate=2026-08-03|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alisomea hisabati katika shahada ya kwanza katika Chuo Kikuu cha Rhode Island. Baadaye alipata shahada ya uzamili ya hisabati kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Maryland, College Park.

Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1970, alianza kazi kama mwalimu wa hisabati ya msingi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Howard. Akiendelea kufanya kazi chuoni hapo, alipata shahada ya uzamivu katika saikolojia ya elimu, akiwa chini ya usimamizi wa Sylvia Taylor Johnson, ambaye pia alikuwa mshauri wake.

Miaka kadhaa baada ya kukamilisha shahada yake ya [[uzamivu]], alipandishwa cheo kutoka mwalimu hadi profesa msaidizi katika Idara ya Mitaala na Ufundishaji.

Akiwa Chuo Kikuu cha Howard, Hughes aliongoza Ofisi ya Tathmini na Upimaji wa [[Taasisi]]. Pia alikuwa mhariri mkuu mwenza wa Jarida la Elimu ya Watu Weusi, kabla ya kustaafu na kuwa profesa mstaafu.

== Tuzo na heshima ==
Mwaka 2026, Hughes alitunukiwa Tuzo ya Louise Hay kutoka Chama cha [[Wanawake]] katika Hisabati. Alitunukiwa tuzo hiyo kwa mchango wake mkubwa katika tathmini ya elimu ya hisabati katika ngazi zote, huduma yake ya muda mrefu kwa jamii ya elimu, pamoja na juhudi zake za kuwaongoza na kuwatetea wanafunzi kutoka makundi yaliyokuwa na uwakilishi mdogo.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Walimu wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>lf3nbokyjtbal2oisnk4orxdnhbra2i</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1583360</id>
      <parentid>1583350</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T04:06:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="2183" sha1="2ges8m88nli9qdnrbn38b3xnuhhbdh2" xml:space="preserve">'''Gerunda Burke Hughes''' (aliyezaliwa mwaka 1951) ni msomi wa [[elimu]] kutoka [[Marekani]] anayejikita katika tathmini ya elimu, hasa katika elimu ya hisabati. Ni profesa mstaafu katika Shule ya Elimu ya Chuo Kikuu cha Howard, ambako alifundisha katika Idara ya Mitaala na Ufundishaji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hay Award 2026|url=https://awm-math.org/awards/hay-award/hay-award-2026/|work=Association for Women in Mathematics (AWM)|accessdate=2026-08-03|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Elimu na kazi ==
Hughes alizaliwa mwaka 1951 mjini Miami, Florida. Alikuwa mmoja wa watoto watano wa Gerald Clayton Burke, mwalimu wa [[hisabati]] Mwafrika-Mmarekani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gerald Clayton Burke, Ph.D. Obituary - The Palm Beach Post|url=https://palmbeachpost.com/obituaries/psar1091356|work=palmbeachpost.com|date=2025-02-13|accessdate=2026-08-03|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alisomea hisabati katika shahada ya kwanza katika Chuo Kikuu cha Rhode Island. Baadaye alipata shahada ya uzamili ya hisabati kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Maryland, College Park.

Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1970, alianza kazi kama mwalimu wa hisabati ya msingi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Howard. Akiendelea kufanya kazi chuoni hapo, alipata shahada ya uzamivu katika saikolojia ya elimu, akiwa chini ya usimamizi wa Sylvia Taylor Johnson, ambaye pia alikuwa mshauri wake.

Miaka kadhaa baada ya kukamilisha shahada yake ya [[uzamivu]], alipandishwa cheo kutoka mwalimu hadi profesa msaidizi katika Idara ya Mitaala na Ufundishaji.

Akiwa Chuo Kikuu cha Howard, Hughes aliongoza Ofisi ya Tathmini na Upimaji wa [[Taasisi]]. Pia alikuwa mhariri mkuu mwenza wa Jarida la Elimu ya Watu Weusi, kabla ya kustaafu na kuwa profesa mstaafu.

== Tuzo na heshima ==
Mwaka 2026, Hughes alitunukiwa Tuzo ya Louise Hay kutoka Chama cha [[Wanawake]] katika Hisabati. Alitunukiwa tuzo hiyo kwa mchango wake mkubwa katika tathmini ya elimu ya hisabati katika ngazi zote, huduma yake ya muda mrefu kwa jamii ya elimu, pamoja na juhudi zake za kuwaongoza na kuwatetea wanafunzi kutoka makundi yaliyokuwa na uwakilishi mdogo.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Walimu wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>2ges8m88nli9qdnrbn38b3xnuhhbdh2</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ethel Terrell</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243242</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583353</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T03:39:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ethel Miller Terrell''' (28 Februari 1926 – 1 Machi 1994) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa jimbo la Michigan, Marekani.  == Maisha ya awali == Terrell alizaliwa tarehe 28 Februari 1926 huko Uniontown, Alabama. Wazazi wake walikuwa Mchungaji Julis Miller na Alberta Miller.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Legislator Details - Legislators|url=https://mdoe.state.mi.us/legislators/legislator/LegislatorDetail/2232|work=mdoe.state.mi.us|accessdate=2026-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;  == Elimu...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="2286" sha1="q9w0e0wgu1v0wfbo94qbdv4gma4acob" xml:space="preserve">'''Ethel Miller Terrell''' (28 Februari 1926 – 1 Machi 1994) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa jimbo la Michigan, Marekani.

== Maisha ya awali ==
Terrell alizaliwa tarehe 28 Februari 1926 huko Uniontown, Alabama. Wazazi wake walikuwa Mchungaji Julis Miller na Alberta Miller.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Legislator Details - Legislators|url=https://mdoe.state.mi.us/legislators/legislator/LegislatorDetail/2232|work=mdoe.state.mi.us|accessdate=2026-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Elimu ==
Alisoma katika Shule ya [[Muziki]] ya Art Center ya Detroit na Chuo cha Jamii cha Wayne County. Pia alipata shahada kutoka Taasisi ya Mafunzo ya Baptist Training Union. Baadaye alitunukiwa shahada ya heshima ya Udaktari wa Sheria kutoka Chuo cha Urban Baptist mjini Detroit.

== Kazi ==
Mwaka 1962, Terrell aligombea katika uchaguzi wa mchujo wa Chama cha Democratic ili kuwa mjumbe wa [[mkutano]] wa kutunga katiba ya jimbo la Michigan, akiwakilisha Wilaya ya Tatu ya Useneta.

Mwaka 1964, alikuwa mjumbe wa jimbo la Michigan katika Mkutano Mkuu wa Kitaifa wa Chama cha Democratic.

Mwaka 1968, alichaguliwa kuwa mjumbe wa Baraza la Jiji la Highland Park, na kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza Mweusi kuchaguliwa katika baraza la jiji lolote nchini Michigan, na pia mwanamke wa kwanza kuhudumu katika Baraza la Jiji la Highland Park.

Tarehe 7 Novemba 1978, alichaguliwa kuwa mbunge wa Baraza la Wawakilishi la Jimbo la Michigan, akiuwakilisha Wilaya ya 9 kuanzia tarehe 10 Januari 1979 hadi mwaka 1990. Mwaka 1990 alishindwa katika uchaguzi wa mchujo alipokuwa akitetea nafasi hiyo.

Mwaka 1988, aligombea katika [[uchaguzi]] wa mchujo wa nafasi ya seneta wa jimbo la Michigan kwa Wilaya ya 2, lakini hakufanikiwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Templeman to Terror|url=https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/templeton-terrill.html|work=politicalgraveyard.com|accessdate=2026-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha binafsi ==
Terrell alikuwa ameolewa na Rohne. Alifiwa na mume wake takriban mwaka 1985. Alikuwa Mkristo wa dhehebu la Baptist.

== Kifo ==
Ethel Miller Terrell alifariki tarehe 1 Machi 1994 mjini Detroit. Makazi yake ya mwisho yalikuwa Highland Park, Michigan.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1926]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1994]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>q9w0e0wgu1v0wfbo94qbdv4gma4acob</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1583359</id>
      <parentid>1583353</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T03:56:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="2294" sha1="ru4odf4cczoxia9tin5xm4wifjysnsb" xml:space="preserve">'''Ethel Miller Terrell''' (28 Februari 1926 – 1 Machi 1994) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa jimbo la Michigan, Marekani.

== Maisha ya awali ==
Terrell alizaliwa tarehe 28 Februari 1926 huko Uniontown, Alabama. Wazazi wake walikuwa Mchungaji Julis Miller na Alberta Miller.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Legislator Details - Legislators|url=https://mdoe.state.mi.us/legislators/legislator/LegislatorDetail/2232|work=mdoe.state.mi.us|accessdate=2026-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Elimu ==
Alisoma katika Shule ya [[Muziki]] ya Art Center ya Detroit na Chuo cha Jamii cha Wayne County. Pia alipata shahada kutoka Taasisi ya Mafunzo ya Baptist Training Union. Baadaye alitunukiwa shahada ya heshima ya Udaktari wa Sheria kutoka Chuo cha Urban Baptist mjini Detroit.

== Kazi ==
Mwaka 1962, Terrell aligombea katika uchaguzi wa mchujo wa Chama cha Democratic ili kuwa mjumbe wa [[mkutano]] wa kutunga katiba ya jimbo la Michigan, akiwakilisha Wilaya ya Tatu ya Useneta.

Mwaka 1964, alikuwa mjumbe wa jimbo la Michigan katika Mkutano Mkuu wa Kitaifa wa Chama cha Democratic.

Mwaka 1968, alichaguliwa kuwa mjumbe wa Baraza la Jiji la Highland Park, na kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza Mweusi kuchaguliwa katika baraza la jiji lolote nchini Michigan, na pia mwanamke wa kwanza kuhudumu katika Baraza la Jiji la Highland Park.

Tarehe 7 Novemba 1978, alichaguliwa kuwa mbunge wa Baraza la Wawakilishi la Jimbo la Michigan, akiuwakilisha Wilaya ya 9 kuanzia tarehe 10 Januari 1979 hadi mwaka 1990. Mwaka 1990 alishindwa katika uchaguzi wa mchujo alipokuwa akitetea nafasi hiyo.

Mwaka 1988, aligombea katika [[uchaguzi]] wa mchujo wa nafasi ya seneta wa jimbo la Michigan kwa Wilaya ya 2, lakini hakufanikiwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Templeman to Terror|url=https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/templeton-terrill.html|work=politicalgraveyard.com|accessdate=2026-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha binafsi ==
Terrell alikuwa ameolewa na Rohne. Alifiwa na mume wake takriban mwaka 1985. Alikuwa Mkristo wa dhehebu la Baptist.

== Kifo ==
Ethel Miller Terrell alifariki tarehe 1 Machi 1994 mjini Detroit. Makazi yake ya mwisho yalikuwa Highland Park, Michigan.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1926]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1994]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>ru4odf4cczoxia9tin5xm4wifjysnsb</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Sophie Womack</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243243</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Sophie Jan Thompson Womack''' (29 Agosti 1954 – 17 Februari 2008) alikuwa [[daktari]] wa [[Marekani]] aliyebobea katika tiba ya watoto wachanga, hasa wanaozaliwa kabla ya wakati au wenye matatizo makubwa ya kiafya.  Alizaliwa San Antonio, Texas, akiwa binti wa Clarence na Irene Thompson. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Howard na Chuo cha Tiba cha Meharry. Pia alipata shahada ya uzamili kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Tennessee, Knoxville.  Womack alikuwa makamu...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1952" sha1="336mr1pgzuls9p96gmtnk7s9esu6pm1" xml:space="preserve">'''Sophie Jan Thompson Womack''' (29 Agosti 1954 – 17 Februari 2008) alikuwa [[daktari]] wa [[Marekani]] aliyebobea katika tiba ya watoto wachanga, hasa wanaozaliwa kabla ya wakati au wenye matatizo makubwa ya kiafya.

Alizaliwa San Antonio, Texas, akiwa binti wa Clarence na Irene Thompson. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Howard na Chuo cha Tiba cha Meharry. Pia alipata shahada ya uzamili kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Tennessee, Knoxville.

Womack alikuwa makamu wa rais wa masuala ya tiba katika Hospitali ya Harper University na [[Hospitali]] ya Wanawake ya Hutzel. Pia aliwahi kuwa mkuu wa kitengo cha tiba ya watoto wachanga katika Hospitali ya Sinai-Grace.

Kuanzia mwaka 2004 hadi 2006, alikuwa rais wa wafanyakazi wa kitabibu wa Kituo cha Tiba cha Detroit. Alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza na Mwafrika-Mmarekani wa kwanza kushika nafasi hiyo.

Pia alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza Mweusi na mwanamke wa tatu kuchaguliwa kuwa rais wa Jumuiya ya Madaktari ya Kaunti ya Wayne, Michigan.

Kituo cha afya kilichopo Detroit kinachoitwa Kituo cha Afya cha Dkt. Sophie Womack kilipewa jina lake kwa heshima ya mchango wake katika huduma za afya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dr. Sophie Womack Health Center|url=https://www.dchcquality.org/dr-sophie-womack-health-center|work=Detroit Community He|accessdate=2026-08-03|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alikuwa ameolewa na Mchungaji Jimmy Womack, na walikuwa na mabinti wawili, Brandi na Ashley.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sophie Jan Womack, 53 - pioneering neonatologist dies following surgery|url=https://groups.google.com/g/alt.obituaries/c/OF8a7UBz_g4|work=groups.google.com|accessdate=2026-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwa kushirikiana na mume wake, alianzisha [[shirika]] la The Coalition Inc. – Circle of Hope, ambalo lilikusanya zaidi ya dola milioni moja za Marekani kwa ajili ya kuendeleza afya na ustawi wa watoto.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1954]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2008]]
[[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>336mr1pgzuls9p96gmtnk7s9esu6pm1</sha1>
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        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1960" sha1="04s1lfpg6eshmmd19i6ay5402c4g3r6" xml:space="preserve">'''Sophie Jan Thompson Womack''' (29 Agosti 1954 – 17 Februari 2008) alikuwa [[daktari]] wa [[Marekani]] aliyebobea katika tiba ya watoto wachanga, hasa wanaozaliwa kabla ya wakati au wenye matatizo makubwa ya kiafya.

Alizaliwa San Antonio, Texas, akiwa binti wa Clarence na Irene Thompson. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Howard na Chuo cha Tiba cha Meharry. Pia alipata shahada ya uzamili kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Tennessee, Knoxville.

Womack alikuwa makamu wa rais wa masuala ya tiba katika Hospitali ya Harper University na [[Hospitali]] ya Wanawake ya Hutzel. Pia aliwahi kuwa mkuu wa kitengo cha tiba ya watoto wachanga katika Hospitali ya Sinai-Grace.

Kuanzia mwaka 2004 hadi 2006, alikuwa rais wa wafanyakazi wa kitabibu wa Kituo cha Tiba cha Detroit. Alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza na Mwafrika-Mmarekani wa kwanza kushika nafasi hiyo.

Pia alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza Mweusi na mwanamke wa tatu kuchaguliwa kuwa rais wa Jumuiya ya Madaktari ya Kaunti ya Wayne, Michigan.

Kituo cha afya kilichopo Detroit kinachoitwa Kituo cha Afya cha Dkt. Sophie Womack kilipewa jina lake kwa heshima ya mchango wake katika huduma za afya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Dr. Sophie Womack Health Center|url=https://www.dchcquality.org/dr-sophie-womack-health-center|work=Detroit Community He|accessdate=2026-08-03|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alikuwa ameolewa na Mchungaji Jimmy Womack, na walikuwa na mabinti wawili, Brandi na Ashley.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sophie Jan Womack, 53 - pioneering neonatologist dies following surgery|url=https://groups.google.com/g/alt.obituaries/c/OF8a7UBz_g4|work=groups.google.com|accessdate=2026-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwa kushirikiana na mume wake, alianzisha [[shirika]] la The Coalition Inc. – Circle of Hope, ambalo lilikusanya zaidi ya dola milioni moja za Marekani kwa ajili ya kuendeleza afya na ustawi wa watoto.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1954]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2008]]
[[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>04s1lfpg6eshmmd19i6ay5402c4g3r6</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Sharon Banks</title>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Sharon D. Banks''' alikuwa [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza Mwafrika-Mmarekani kuongoza Wilaya ya [[Usafiri]] ya Alameda-Contra Costa (AC Transit) katika eneo la East Bay, San Francisco, Marekani.  Baada ya kumaliza masomo yake ya [[sheria]] huko San Francisco, aliifanya California kuwa makazi yake. Alitambulika kama kiongozi wa kitaifa katika sekta ya usafiri wa umma. Alitetea usafiri endelevu na alisaidia kuiweka AC Transit kuwa miongoni mwa taasisi zinazoongoz...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1453" sha1="aizhvaeygjhasvus37x65qvnx17frsr" xml:space="preserve">'''Sharon D. Banks''' alikuwa [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza Mwafrika-Mmarekani kuongoza Wilaya ya [[Usafiri]] ya Alameda-Contra Costa (AC Transit) katika eneo la East Bay, San Francisco, Marekani.

Baada ya kumaliza masomo yake ya [[sheria]] huko San Francisco, aliifanya California kuwa makazi yake. Alitambulika kama kiongozi wa kitaifa katika sekta ya usafiri wa umma. Alitetea usafiri endelevu na alisaidia kuiweka AC Transit kuwa miongoni mwa taasisi zinazoongoza katika utunzaji wa mazingira.

Mwaka 1998, Banks aliteuliwa kuwa mwenyekiti wa Bodi ya Utafiti wa Usafiri ya Chuo cha Kitaifa cha Sayansi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=AC Transit Chief Sharon Banks Dies -- Pioneer in Field / First black, woman to head bus agency|url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/AC-Transit-Chief-Sharon-Banks-Dies-Pioneer-in-2887228.php|work=SFGATE|date=1999-12-29|accessdate=2026-08-03|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Sharon D. Banks alizaliwa na kukulia Cairo, Illinois. Alianza elimu yake ya juu kwa kupata [[shahada]] ya kwanza ya sayansi katika Tiba ya Matatizo ya Usemi na Usikivu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Southern Illinois.

Baadaye alipata shahada ya uzamili katika Elimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha California State, Hayward, kabla ya kuendelea kusomea sheria katika [[Chuo]] cha Sheria cha Hastings huko San Francisco.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1999]]</text>
      <sha1>aizhvaeygjhasvus37x65qvnx17frsr</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1457" sha1="mx1zrvj9seqs5s1nf0xd6z41yzwpdj9" xml:space="preserve">'''Sharon D. Banks''' alikuwa [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza Mwafrika-Mmarekani kuongoza Wilaya ya [[Usafiri]] ya Alameda-Contra Costa (AC Transit) katika eneo la East Bay, San Francisco, Marekani.

Baada ya kumaliza masomo yake ya [[sheria]] huko San Francisco, aliifanya California kuwa makazi yake. Alitambulika kama kiongozi wa kitaifa katika sekta ya usafiri wa umma. Alitetea usafiri endelevu na alisaidia kuiweka AC Transit kuwa miongoni mwa taasisi zinazoongoza katika utunzaji wa mazingira.

Mwaka 1998, Banks aliteuliwa kuwa mwenyekiti wa Bodi ya Utafiti wa Usafiri ya Chuo cha Kitaifa cha Sayansi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=AC Transit Chief Sharon Banks Dies -- Pioneer in Field / First black, woman to head bus agency|url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/AC-Transit-Chief-Sharon-Banks-Dies-Pioneer-in-2887228.php|work=SFGATE|date=1999-12-29|accessdate=2026-08-03|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Sharon D. Banks alizaliwa na kukulia Cairo, Illinois. Alianza elimu yake ya juu kwa kupata [[shahada]] ya kwanza ya sayansi katika Tiba ya Matatizo ya Usemi na Usikivu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Southern Illinois.

Baadaye alipata shahada ya uzamili katika Elimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha California State, Hayward, kabla ya kuendelea kusomea sheria katika [[Chuo]] cha Sheria cha Hastings huko San Francisco.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1999]]</text>
      <sha1>mx1zrvj9seqs5s1nf0xd6z41yzwpdj9</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Patricia Holmes (mwanasiasa)</title>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Patricia A. Holmes''' (aliyezaliwa takriban mwaka 1959) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa zamani aliyewahi kuwa mjumbe wa [[Seneti]] ya Jimbo la Michigan, Marekani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Patricia Holmes takes father's Senate seat|date=1994-11-30|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-herald-patricia-holmes-takes-f/82388730/|work=The Times Herald|pages=3|access-date=2026-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Holmes alikuwa binti wa David S. Holmes Jr., aliyekuwa seneta wa jimbo la...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1328" sha1="9ulih38olv4wep8bx6abhpiama1ythx" xml:space="preserve">'''Patricia A. Holmes''' (aliyezaliwa takriban mwaka 1959) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa zamani aliyewahi kuwa mjumbe wa [[Seneti]] ya Jimbo la Michigan, Marekani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Patricia Holmes takes father's Senate seat|date=1994-11-30|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-herald-patricia-holmes-takes-f/82388730/|work=The Times Herald|pages=3|access-date=2026-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Holmes alikuwa binti wa David S. Holmes Jr., aliyekuwa seneta wa jimbo la Michigan. Baada ya kifo cha baba yake, alishinda uchaguzi maalumu uliomruhusu kuchukua nafasi yake.

Alihudumu katika Seneti ya Michigan akiwakilisha [[Wilaya]] ya 4 kuanzia tarehe 29 Novemba 1994 hadi 31 Desemba 1994. Hata hivyo, hakushinda uchaguzi wa mchujo wa Chama cha Democratic kwa nafasi hiyo katika mwaka huohuo.

Wakati alipokuwa mbunge, Holmes aliishi Detroit.

Mwaka 2016, alijaribu kurudi katika nafasi ya useneta wa jimbo aliyoishikilia awali kupitia [[uchaguzi]] maalumu, lakini alishindwa katika uchaguzi wa mchujo wa Chama cha Democratic tarehe 2 Agosti dhidi ya Ian Conyers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Patricia Holmes|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Patricia_Holmes|work=Ballotpedia|accessdate=2026-08-03|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1950]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Marekani]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1332" sha1="qcd7vs5dp7qdxq55b814igj2s7svkbx" xml:space="preserve">'''Patricia A. Holmes''' (aliyezaliwa takriban mwaka 1959) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa zamani aliyewahi kuwa mjumbe wa [[Seneti]] ya Jimbo la Michigan, Marekani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Patricia Holmes takes father's Senate seat|date=1994-11-30|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-herald-patricia-holmes-takes-f/82388730/|work=The Times Herald|pages=3|access-date=2026-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Holmes alikuwa binti wa David S. Holmes Jr., aliyekuwa seneta wa jimbo la Michigan. Baada ya kifo cha baba yake, alishinda uchaguzi maalumu uliomruhusu kuchukua nafasi yake.

Alihudumu katika Seneti ya Michigan akiwakilisha [[Wilaya]] ya 4 kuanzia tarehe 29 Novemba 1994 hadi 31 Desemba 1994. Hata hivyo, hakushinda uchaguzi wa mchujo wa Chama cha Democratic kwa nafasi hiyo katika mwaka huohuo.

Wakati alipokuwa mbunge, Holmes aliishi Detroit.

Mwaka 2016, alijaribu kurudi katika nafasi ya useneta wa jimbo aliyoishikilia awali kupitia [[uchaguzi]] maalumu, lakini alishindwa katika uchaguzi wa mchujo wa Chama cha Democratic tarehe 2 Agosti dhidi ya Ian Conyers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Patricia Holmes|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Patricia_Holmes|work=Ballotpedia|accessdate=2026-08-03|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1950]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>qcd7vs5dp7qdxq55b814igj2s7svkbx</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Pam Dickerson</title>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Pam Dickerson''' (amezaliwa 14 Januari 1953) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Marekani]] aliyekuwa mjumbe wa Baraza la Wawakilishi la [[Jimbo]] la Georgia kuanzia mwaka 2011 hadi 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pam Dickerson|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Pam_Dickerson|work=Ballotpedia|accessdate=2026-08-03|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Georgia General Assembly|url=https://www.legis.ga.gov/members/house/771/?session=25|work=www.legis.ga.gov|accessdate=2026-08-...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="605" sha1="7zy6swo9yj9qqfzgn56xayj6pyufroa" xml:space="preserve">'''Pam Dickerson''' (amezaliwa 14 Januari 1953) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Marekani]] aliyekuwa mjumbe wa Baraza la Wawakilishi la [[Jimbo]] la Georgia kuanzia mwaka 2011 hadi 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pam Dickerson|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Pam_Dickerson|work=Ballotpedia|accessdate=2026-08-03|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Georgia General Assembly|url=https://www.legis.ga.gov/members/house/771/?session=25|work=www.legis.ga.gov|accessdate=2026-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1953]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>7zy6swo9yj9qqfzgn56xayj6pyufroa</sha1>
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      <id>1583369</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-03T06:24:22Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>#2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web-&gt;Rejea tovuti, Cite journal-&gt;Rejea jarida, Cite book-&gt;Rejea kitabu, Cite news-&gt;Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced.</comment>
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      <text bytes="613" sha1="m2yzbshkakor35wqi6t5ia2xrazkaau" xml:space="preserve">'''Pam Dickerson''' (amezaliwa 14 Januari 1953) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Marekani]] aliyekuwa mjumbe wa Baraza la Wawakilishi la [[Jimbo]] la Georgia kuanzia mwaka 2011 hadi 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Pam Dickerson|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Pam_Dickerson|work=Ballotpedia|accessdate=2026-08-03|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Georgia General Assembly|url=https://www.legis.ga.gov/members/house/771/?session=25|work=www.legis.ga.gov|accessdate=2026-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1953]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>m2yzbshkakor35wqi6t5ia2xrazkaau</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Chimwemwe Undi</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367374928|Chimwemwe Undi]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Chimwemwe Undi''' (aliyezaliwa mwaka 1994 au 1995) ni mshairi na mwanasheria wa Kanada kutoka [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]] . Kwa sasa ndiye Mshairi wa Bunge la Kanada, na hapo awali alikuwa Mshairi wa Jiji la Winnipeg kuanzia mwaka 2023 na 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Winnipeg poet Chimwemwe Undi selected as Canada's 11th parliamentary poet laureate|work=[[Winnipeg Free Press]]|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/parliamentary-poet-laureate-chimwemwe-undi-1.7445121|date=January 29, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Undi alizaliwa mjini Winnipeg lakini alihamia [[Namibia]] akiwa na umri wa miaka miwili kabla ya kurejea Manitoba akiwa bado mdogo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Weighing her words|publisher=[[Winnipeg Free Press]]|author=A.V. Kitching|url=https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/arts-and-life/2022/12/07/weighing-her-words|date=December 7, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;Alisoma elimu ya sekondari katika Fort Richmond Collegiate kabla ya kuanza masomo ya sheria. Mwaka 2022, alitunukiwa Tuzo ya John Hirsch ya Mwandishi Anayechipukia wa Manitoba katika Tuzo za Vitabu za Manitoba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Chimwemwe Undi|publisher=Poetry in Voice|url=https://poetryinvoice.ca/read/poets/chimwemwe-undi|accessdate=September 14, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka huohuo, aliteuliwa kuwa Mshairi wa tatu wa Jiji la Winnipeg. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Poetry of Why: poet Chimwemwe Undi on a lifetime of questions in verse|publisher=CBC.ca|url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/ideas/chimwemwe-undi-1.7142402|date=March 13, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Diwani yake fupi ya kwanza ya mashairi, ''The Habitual Be'', ilichapishwa mwaka 2017 na Akashic Books na kujumuishwa katika mkusanyiko ''New-Generation African Poets: A Chapbook Box Set'', uliohaririwa na Chris Abani pamoja na Kwame Dawes. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=New-Generation African Poets: A Chapbook Box Set (Nne)|url=https://www.akashicbooks.com/catalog/new-generation-african-poets-a-chapbook-box-set-nne/|work=Akashic Books|date=2017|accessdate=6 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Diwani yake ya kwanza kamili ya mashairi, ''Scientific Marvel'', ilichapishwa na House of Anansi Press mwaka 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Four books of Canadian poetry to read this month|work=[[Toronto Star]]|author=Wanda Praamsma|url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/books/four-books-of-canadian-poetry-to-read-this-month-and-soothe-your-soul/article_6c1c9a34-d4c0-11ee-86e7-67743567f012.html|date=February 28, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kitabu hicho kilishinda Tuzo ya Gavana Mkuu ya Ushairi wa Kiingereza katika Tuzo za Gavana Mkuu za mwaka 2024, na pia Tuzo ya Raymond Souster mwaka 2025. Aidha, kiliingia katika orodha fupi ya Tuzo ya Gerald Lampert ya mwaka 2025.

Mnamo tarehe 29 Januari 2025, alitangazwa kuwa Mshairi wa 11 wa Bunge la Kanada.

== Marejeo ==

[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fourie du Preez</title>
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      <text bytes="2549" sha1="2po134vkq44bqms7oellwvl1nqoensi" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Fourie du Preez 2007 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Fourie du Preez 2007]]
Fourie du Preez (jina kamili Petrus Fourie du Preez, alizaliwa [[tarehe]] 24 [[Machi]] [[1982]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya [[chama]]  kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]].

Alicheza katika nafasi ya  (kiungo wa mbinu ya kuanza tena mchezo) kwa Bulls kuanzia mwaka [[2001]] hadi [[2011]], na baadaye akachezea Suntory Sungoliath nchini [[Japani]] kuanzia mwaka 2011 hadi [[2016]].

Aliiwakilisha timu ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini (Springboks) kuanzia mwaka [[2004]] hadi [[2015]], ambapo alicheza jumla ya mechi [[76]] za kimataifa  na kufunga  alama [[16]] katika mechi za kimataifa.

Du Preez alishiriki katika mashindano matatu ya [[Kombe]] la [[Dunia]] la Raga, na alikuwa mmoja wa wachezaji muhimu walioisaidia Afrika Kusini kutwaa Kombe la Dunia la Raga la [[2007]].

== Maisha binafsi ==
Fourie du Preez alimuoa Jané mwaka 2007, na wanandoa hao wamejaliwa [[watoto]] wawili.

Baada ya kustaafu kucheza raga, Du Preez alijikita katika shughuli za [[biashara]]. Mwaka 2016, alijiunga na [[kampuni]] ya uwekezaji binafsi ya Fledge Capital iliyopo [[Pretoria]].

Pia amewahi kufanya kazi kwa muda kama mshauri wa ukocha  wa klabu ya Bulls.

== Tuzo na mafanikio ==

==== Afrika Kusini ====

*  Kombe la Dunia la Raga (Rugby World Cup)
** Mshindi: 2007
*  Tri Nations
** Mshindi: 2004, 2009

==== Bulls ====

* 🏆 Super 14
** Mshindi: 2007, 2009, 2010
* 🏆 Currie Cup
** Mshindi: 2003, 2004, 2009

==== Tokyo Sungoliath (zamani Suntory Sungoliath) ====

* 🏆 Top League
** Mshindi: 2011–12, 2012–13
* 🏆 All-Japan Rugby Football Championship
** Mshindi: 2011–12, 2012–13

==== Timu ya Afrika Kusini ya Chini ya Miaka 21 ====

* 🏆 Kombe la Dunia la Raga la Chini ya Miaka 21
** Mshindi: 2002

==== Tuzo binafsi ====

* 🏅 Mchezaji Bora wa Mwaka wa SA Rugby
** 2006, 2009
* 🏅 Mteule wa Tuzo ya Mchezaji Bora wa Mwaka wa IRB
** 2006
* 🏅 Aliingizwa katika Ukumbi wa Heshima wa Michezo wa Chuo Kikuu cha Pretoria
** 2004     &lt;ref&gt;https://www.news24.com/sport/9-things-you-didnt-know-about-fourie-du-preez-20151001&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/sport/rugby/280369/Fortune-favours-brave-du-Preez&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://rugby365.com/schools/craven-week/south-african-schools-players-1974-2008/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.sarugbymag.co.za/how-fourie-du-preez-was-nearly-a-lions-player/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mtu}}


[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1982]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika]]
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'''Jacob Cohen''' (Aprili 20, 1923 - Januari 20, 1998) &lt;ref name=&quot;jama&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last=Borenstein|first=Michael|title=Jacob Cohen, PhD, 1923-1998|url=http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/extract/56/6/581|volume=56|issue=6|page=581|year=1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808075641/http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/extract/56/6/581|periodical=Archives of General Psychiatry|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.56.6.581|pmid=23538686|archive-date=August 8, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; alikuwa mwanasaikolojia na mtaalamu wa takwimu wa Marekani anayejulikana zaidi kwa kazi yake kuhusu nguvu ya takwimu (''statistical power'') na ukubwa wa athari (''effect size''), ambayo ilisaidia kuweka msingi wa uchanganuzi wa kisasa wa meta na mbinu za takwimu za makadirio. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/04/04708608/0470860804-2.pdf|title=Cohen's entry in Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science|accessdate=2008-02-15|archivedate=2016-01-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130075524/http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/04/04708608/0470860804-2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;jama&quot; /&gt;  Alihusishwa pia na vipimo vinavyojulikana kama kappa ya Cohen, d ya Cohen, na h ya Cohen. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118445112|title=Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online|date=2014-09-29|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-118-44511-2|editor-last=Kenett|editor-first=Ron S.|edition=1|language=en|doi=10.1002/9781118445112.stat06274|editor-last2=Longford|editor-first2=Nicholas T.|editor-last3=Piegorsch|editor-first3=Walter W.|editor-last4=Ruggeri|editor-first4=Fabrizio}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/0470013192|title=Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science|date=2005-04-15|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-470-86080-9|editor-last=Everitt|editor-first=Brian S.|edition=1|language=en|doi=10.1002/0470013192.bsa109|editor-last2=Howell|editor-first2=David C.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Elimu na kazi ==
Cohen alikulia katika familia iliyozungumza Kiyidi na alijifunza Kiingereza shuleni. Alihudhuria Shule ya Upili ya Townsend Harris na kuhitimu akiwa na umri wa miaka 15. Baadaye alijiunga na Chuo cha Jiji la New York, ambako mwanzoni alisoma hisabati. Hata hivyo, masomo yake yalikatizwa alipohudumu katika kitengo cha ujasusi cha Jeshi la Marekani wakati wa  [[Vita Vikuu vya Pili vya Dunia|Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]]  barani Ulaya. Hatimaye alipata Shahada ya Kwanza katika Saikolojia mwaka 1947 kutoka Chuo cha Jiji la New York. &lt;ref name=&quot;Saxon&quot;&gt;{{Rejea habari}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kisha alipata Shahada ya Uzamili mwaka 1948 na Shahada ya Uzamivu katika Saikolojia ya Kimatibabu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha New York (NYU) mwaka 1950. Mshauri wake wa tasnifu ya uzamivu alikuwa Avrum Ben-Avi.&lt;ref name=&quot;thesis&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cohen|first=Jacob|date=1950|title=A comparative analysis of the factors underlying intelligence test performance of different neuropsychiatric groups|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/301832256}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baada ya kuhitimu, Cohen alifanya kazi katika hospitali zilizokuwa chini ya Utawala wa Maveterani, kwanza Bronx na baadaye katika Kituo cha Matibabu cha Montrose VA, ambako alikuwa mkurugenzi wa utafiti. Kuanzia mwaka 1959 hadi alipostaafu mwaka 1993, alifanya kazi katika Idara ya Saikolojia ya NYU, na baadaye akawa mkuu wa kitengo cha saikolojia ya kiasi.  Mwaka 1969, Cohen alimuoa Patricia Ruth Childs (1936–2018), ambaye baadaye alijulikana kama Patricia Cohen na ambaye alikuwa mwanafunzi wa zamani wa uzamivu wa saikolojia katika NYU.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Patricia Cohen, Who Tracked Mental Health of Children, Dies at 81|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/31/obituaries/patricia-cohen-who-tracked-mental-health-of-children-dies-at-81.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731233306/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/31/obituaries/patricia-cohen-who-tracked-mental-health-of-children-dies-at-81.html|archive-date=2018-07-31|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baada ya kustaafu kutoka NYU, Cohen aliendelea kufanya kazi kama mshauri wa takwimu katika Kituo cha Matibabu cha Columbia Presbyterian, Taasisi ya Saikolojia ya Jimbo la New York, na katika kituo chao cha pamoja cha utafiti wa kitabibu na kitabia kuhusu VVU. Cohen alifariki mwaka 1998 katika Hospitali na Kituo cha Matibabu cha St. Vincent mjini New York. Cohen alikuwa rais wa Chama cha Saikolojia ya Majaribio ya Multivariate mwaka 1969. Alitunukiwa Tuzo ya Mafanikio ya Maisha Yote na Chama cha Saikolojia cha Marekani mwaka 1997 na alikuwa mwanachama wa Chama cha Marekani cha Maendeleo ya Sayansi, Chama cha Saikolojia cha Marekani, na Chama cha Takwimu cha Marekani. 

== Uchambuzi wa nguvu na upimaji wa umuhimu ==
Mbali na kuwa mtetezi wa uchanganuzi wa nguvu na ukubwa wa athari, Cohen alikuwa mkosoaji wa utegemezi mkubwa na ukosefu wa uelewa wa taratibu za upimaji wa umuhimu wa takwimu, hasa kuhusu tafsiri ya upimaji wa umuhimu wa dhana batili.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|first=Joachim I.|author=Krueger|title=What Cohen meant|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/one-among-many/201104/what-cohen-meant|work=Psychology Today|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hasa, alibainisha kuwa kulikuwa na &quot;tafsiri potofu iliyoenea ya thamani ya p kama uwezekano kwamba H₀ ni ya uongo, pamoja na dhana potofu kwamba kinyume chake kinawakilisha uwezekano wa matokeo kurudiwa, na kwamba kukataa H₀ kunathibitisha nadharia iliyochochea utafiti huo.&quot; Badala yake, alisisitiza umuhimu wa kuzingatia tafiti za mtu mmoja mmoja kama tafiti za uchunguzi na kutegemea urudiaji wa tafiti (''replication'') ili kuthibitisha matokeo. Cohen pia alitengeneza viwango vinavyojulikana vya kutafsiri ukubwa wa athari kwa uwiano wa r na kipimo cha tofauti sanifu ya wastani d.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Holmes|first=Alexander|date=2023-12-13|title=10.2 Cohen's Standards for Small, Medium, and Large Effect Sizes - Introductory Business Statistics 2e {{!}} OpenStax|url=https://openstax.org/books/introductory-business-statistics-2e/pages/10-2-cohens-standards-for-small-medium-and-large-effect-sizes|work=openstax.org|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeleo ==

[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1998]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1923]]
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'''Jacob Cohen''' (Aprili 20, 1923 - Januari 20, 1998) &lt;ref name=&quot;jama&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last=Borenstein|first=Michael|title=Jacob Cohen, PhD, 1923-1998|url=http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/extract/56/6/581|volume=56|issue=6|page=581|year=1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808075641/http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/extract/56/6/581|periodical=Archives of General Psychiatry|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.56.6.581|pmid=23538686|archive-date=August 8, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; alikuwa mwanasaikolojia na mtaalamu wa takwimu wa Marekani anayejulikana zaidi kwa kazi yake kuhusu nguvu ya takwimu (''statistical power'') na ukubwa wa athari (''effect size''), ambayo ilisaidia kuweka msingi wa uchanganuzi wa kisasa wa meta na mbinu za takwimu za makadirio. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/04/04708608/0470860804-2.pdf|title=Cohen's entry in Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science|accessdate=2008-02-15|archivedate=2016-01-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130075524/http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/04/04708608/0470860804-2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;jama&quot; /&gt;  Alihusishwa pia na vipimo vinavyojulikana kama kappa ya Cohen, d ya Cohen, na h ya Cohen. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118445112|title=Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online|date=2014-09-29|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-118-44511-2|editor-last=Kenett|editor-first=Ron S.|edition=1|language=en|doi=10.1002/9781118445112.stat06274|editor-last2=Longford|editor-first2=Nicholas T.|editor-last3=Piegorsch|editor-first3=Walter W.|editor-last4=Ruggeri|editor-first4=Fabrizio}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/0470013192|title=Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science|date=2005-04-15|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-470-86080-9|editor-last=Everitt|editor-first=Brian S.|edition=1|language=en|doi=10.1002/0470013192.bsa109|editor-last2=Howell|editor-first2=David C.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Elimu na kazi ==
Cohen alikulia katika familia iliyozungumza Kiyidi na alijifunza Kiingereza shuleni. Alihudhuria Shule ya Upili ya Townsend Harris na kuhitimu akiwa na umri wa miaka 15. Baadaye alijiunga na Chuo cha Jiji la New York, ambako mwanzoni alisoma hisabati. Hata hivyo, masomo yake yalikatizwa alipohudumu katika kitengo cha ujasusi cha Jeshi la Marekani wakati wa  [[Vita Vikuu vya Pili vya Dunia|Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]]  barani Ulaya. Hatimaye alipata Shahada ya Kwanza katika Saikolojia mwaka 1947 kutoka Chuo cha Jiji la New York.

Kisha alipata Shahada ya Uzamili mwaka 1948 na Shahada ya Uzamivu katika Saikolojia ya Kimatibabu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha New York (NYU) mwaka 1950. Mshauri wake wa tasnifu ya uzamivu alikuwa Avrum Ben-Avi.&lt;ref name=&quot;thesis&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cohen|first=Jacob|date=1950|title=A comparative analysis of the factors underlying intelligence test performance of different neuropsychiatric groups|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/301832256}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baada ya kuhitimu, Cohen alifanya kazi katika hospitali zilizokuwa chini ya Utawala wa Maveterani, kwanza Bronx na baadaye katika Kituo cha Matibabu cha Montrose VA, ambako alikuwa mkurugenzi wa utafiti. Kuanzia mwaka 1959 hadi alipostaafu mwaka 1993, alifanya kazi katika Idara ya Saikolojia ya NYU, na baadaye akawa mkuu wa kitengo cha saikolojia ya kiasi.  Mwaka 1969, Cohen alimuoa Patricia Ruth Childs (1936–2018), ambaye baadaye alijulikana kama Patricia Cohen na ambaye alikuwa mwanafunzi wa zamani wa uzamivu wa saikolojia katika NYU.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Patricia Cohen, Who Tracked Mental Health of Children, Dies at 81|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/31/obituaries/patricia-cohen-who-tracked-mental-health-of-children-dies-at-81.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731233306/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/31/obituaries/patricia-cohen-who-tracked-mental-health-of-children-dies-at-81.html|archive-date=2018-07-31|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baada ya kustaafu kutoka NYU, Cohen aliendelea kufanya kazi kama mshauri wa takwimu katika Kituo cha Matibabu cha Columbia Presbyterian, Taasisi ya Saikolojia ya Jimbo la New York, na katika kituo chao cha pamoja cha utafiti wa kitabibu na kitabia kuhusu VVU. Cohen alifariki mwaka 1998 katika Hospitali na Kituo cha Matibabu cha St. Vincent mjini New York. Cohen alikuwa rais wa Chama cha Saikolojia ya Majaribio ya Multivariate mwaka 1969. Alitunukiwa Tuzo ya Mafanikio ya Maisha Yote na Chama cha Saikolojia cha Marekani mwaka 1997 na alikuwa mwanachama wa Chama cha Marekani cha Maendeleo ya Sayansi, Chama cha Saikolojia cha Marekani, na Chama cha Takwimu cha Marekani. 

== Uchambuzi wa nguvu na upimaji wa umuhimu ==
Mbali na kuwa mtetezi wa uchanganuzi wa nguvu na ukubwa wa athari, Cohen alikuwa mkosoaji wa utegemezi mkubwa na ukosefu wa uelewa wa taratibu za upimaji wa umuhimu wa takwimu, hasa kuhusu tafsiri ya upimaji wa umuhimu wa dhana batili.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|first=Joachim I.|author=Krueger|title=What Cohen meant|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/one-among-many/201104/what-cohen-meant|work=Psychology Today|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hasa, alibainisha kuwa kulikuwa na &quot;tafsiri potofu iliyoenea ya thamani ya p kama uwezekano kwamba H₀ ni ya uongo, pamoja na dhana potofu kwamba kinyume chake kinawakilisha uwezekano wa matokeo kurudiwa, na kwamba kukataa H₀ kunathibitisha nadharia iliyochochea utafiti huo.&quot; Badala yake, alisisitiza umuhimu wa kuzingatia tafiti za mtu mmoja mmoja kama tafiti za uchunguzi na kutegemea urudiaji wa tafiti (''replication'') ili kuthibitisha matokeo. Cohen pia alitengeneza viwango vinavyojulikana vya kutafsiri ukubwa wa athari kwa uwiano wa r na kipimo cha tofauti sanifu ya wastani d.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Holmes|first=Alexander|date=2023-12-13|title=10.2 Cohen's Standards for Small, Medium, and Large Effect Sizes - Introductory Business Statistics 2e {{!}} OpenStax|url=https://openstax.org/books/introductory-business-statistics-2e/pages/10-2-cohens-standards-for-small-medium-and-large-effect-sizes|work=openstax.org|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeleo ==

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'''Jacob Cohen''' (Aprili 20, 1923 - Januari 20, 1998) &lt;ref name=&quot;jama&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last=Borenstein|first=Michael|title=Jacob Cohen, PhD, 1923-1998|url=http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/extract/56/6/581|volume=56|issue=6|page=581|year=1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808075641/http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/extract/56/6/581|periodical=Archives of General Psychiatry|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.56.6.581|pmid=23538686|archive-date=August 8, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; alikuwa mwanasaikolojia na mtaalamu wa takwimu wa Marekani anayejulikana zaidi kwa kazi yake kuhusu nguvu ya takwimu (''statistical power'') na ukubwa wa athari (''effect size''), ambayo ilisaidia kuweka msingi wa uchanganuzi wa kisasa wa meta na mbinu za takwimu za makadirio. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/04/04708608/0470860804-2.pdf|title=Cohen's entry in Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science|accessdate=2008-02-15|archivedate=2016-01-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130075524/http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/04/04708608/0470860804-2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;jama&quot; /&gt;  Alihusishwa pia na vipimo vinavyojulikana kama kappa ya Cohen, d ya Cohen, na h ya Cohen. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118445112|title=Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online|date=2014-09-29|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-118-44511-2|editor-last=Kenett|editor-first=Ron S.|edition=1|language=en|doi=10.1002/9781118445112.stat06274|editor-last2=Longford|editor-first2=Nicholas T.|editor-last3=Piegorsch|editor-first3=Walter W.|editor-last4=Ruggeri|editor-first4=Fabrizio}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/0470013192|title=Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science|date=2005-04-15|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-470-86080-9|editor-last=Everitt|editor-first=Brian S.|edition=1|language=en|doi=10.1002/0470013192.bsa109|editor-last2=Howell|editor-first2=David C.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Elimu na kazi ==
Cohen alikulia katika familia iliyozungumza Kiyidi na alijifunza Kiingereza shuleni. Alihudhuria Shule ya Upili ya Townsend Harris na kuhitimu akiwa na umri wa miaka 15. Baadaye alijiunga na Chuo cha Jiji la New York, ambako mwanzoni alisoma hisabati. Hata hivyo, masomo yake yalikatizwa alipohudumu katika kitengo cha ujasusi cha Jeshi la Marekani wakati wa  [[Vita Vikuu vya Pili vya Dunia|Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]]  barani Ulaya. Hatimaye alipata Shahada ya Kwanza katika Saikolojia mwaka 1947 kutoka Chuo cha Jiji la New York.

Kisha alipata Shahada ya Uzamili mwaka 1948 na Shahada ya Uzamivu katika Saikolojia ya Kimatibabu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha New York (NYU) mwaka 1950. Mshauri wake wa tasnifu ya uzamivu alikuwa Avrum Ben-Avi.&lt;ref name=&quot;thesis&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cohen|first=Jacob|date=1950|title=A comparative analysis of the factors underlying intelligence test performance of different neuropsychiatric groups|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/301832256}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baada ya kuhitimu, Cohen alifanya kazi katika hospitali zilizokuwa chini ya Utawala wa Maveterani, kwanza Bronx na baadaye katika Kituo cha Matibabu cha Montrose VA, ambako alikuwa mkurugenzi wa utafiti. Kuanzia mwaka 1959 hadi alipostaafu mwaka 1993, alifanya kazi katika Idara ya Saikolojia ya NYU, na baadaye akawa mkuu wa kitengo cha saikolojia ya kiasi.  Mwaka 1969, Cohen alimuoa Patricia Ruth Childs (1936–2018), ambaye baadaye alijulikana kama Patricia Cohen na ambaye alikuwa mwanafunzi wa zamani wa uzamivu wa saikolojia katika NYU.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea habari|title=Patricia Cohen, Who Tracked Mental Health of Children, Dies at 81|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/31/obituaries/patricia-cohen-who-tracked-mental-health-of-children-dies-at-81.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731233306/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/31/obituaries/patricia-cohen-who-tracked-mental-health-of-children-dies-at-81.html|archive-date=2018-07-31|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baada ya kustaafu kutoka NYU, Cohen aliendelea kufanya kazi kama mshauri wa takwimu katika Kituo cha Matibabu cha Columbia Presbyterian, Taasisi ya Saikolojia ya Jimbo la New York, na katika kituo chao cha pamoja cha utafiti wa kitabibu na kitabia kuhusu VVU. Cohen alifariki mwaka 1998 katika Hospitali na Kituo cha Matibabu cha St. Vincent mjini New York. Cohen alikuwa rais wa Chama cha Saikolojia ya Majaribio ya Multivariate mwaka 1969. Alitunukiwa Tuzo ya Mafanikio ya Maisha Yote na Chama cha Saikolojia cha Marekani mwaka 1997 na alikuwa mwanachama wa Chama cha Marekani cha Maendeleo ya Sayansi, Chama cha Saikolojia cha Marekani, na Chama cha Takwimu cha Marekani. 

== Uchambuzi wa nguvu na upimaji wa umuhimu ==
Mbali na kuwa mtetezi wa uchanganuzi wa nguvu na ukubwa wa athari, Cohen alikuwa mkosoaji wa utegemezi mkubwa na ukosefu wa uelewa wa taratibu za upimaji wa umuhimu wa takwimu, hasa kuhusu tafsiri ya upimaji wa umuhimu wa dhana batili.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|first=Joachim I.|author=Krueger|title=What Cohen meant|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/one-among-many/201104/what-cohen-meant|work=Psychology Today|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hasa, alibainisha kuwa kulikuwa na &quot;tafsiri potofu iliyoenea ya thamani ya p kama uwezekano kwamba H₀ ni ya uongo, pamoja na dhana potofu kwamba kinyume chake kinawakilisha uwezekano wa matokeo kurudiwa, na kwamba kukataa H₀ kunathibitisha nadharia iliyochochea utafiti huo.&quot; Badala yake, alisisitiza umuhimu wa kuzingatia tafiti za mtu mmoja mmoja kama tafiti za uchunguzi na kutegemea urudiaji wa tafiti (''replication'') ili kuthibitisha matokeo. Cohen pia alitengeneza viwango vinavyojulikana vya kutafsiri ukubwa wa athari kwa uwiano wa r na kipimo cha tofauti sanifu ya wastani d.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Holmes|first=Alexander|date=2023-12-13|title=10.2 Cohen's Standards for Small, Medium, and Large Effect Sizes - Introductory Business Statistics 2e {{!}} OpenStax|url=https://openstax.org/books/introductory-business-statistics-2e/pages/10-2-cohens-standards-for-small-medium-and-large-effect-sizes|work=openstax.org|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeleo ==

[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1998]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1923]]
[[Jamii:Articles with hCards]]</text>
      <sha1>jypmym30udfbb2n22nanp8q4olo8uc9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Percy Montgomery</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243250</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583381</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T07:53:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1583381</origin>
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      <text bytes="1531" sha1="f7ux7crm4zjcnweobxrbe9hunf0chdg" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Percy Montgomery 2007.jpg|thumb|Percy Montgomery 2007]]
Percy Montgomery (jina kamili Percival Colin Montgomery, alizaliwa [[tarehe]] 15 [[Machi]] [[1974]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya [[chama]]  kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]].

Alicheza katika nafasi ya  (beki wa mwisho). Anachukuliwa na wengi kuwa mmoja wa wachezaji bora zaidi kuwahi kucheza katika nafasi ya beki wa mwisho  katika [[historia]] ya mchezo wa raga.

Alipomaliza taaluma yake ya kimataifa mwezi Agosti [[2008]], alikuwa anashikilia rekodi za Afrika Kusini za:

* mechi nyingi zaidi za kimataifa , na
* alama nyingi zaidi  alizowahi kufunga kwa timu ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini.

Kutokana na mafanikio hayo, Percy Montgomery anatambuliwa kama mmoja wa beki wa mwisho  bora zaidi kuwahi kutokea katika historia ya raga.

== Maisha binafsi ==
Percy Montgomery ana [[watoto]] wawili, aliowapata katika [[ndoa]] yake ya kwanza na aliyekuwa [[mke]] wake, Tasmin.

Kwa sasa, yuko katika uhusiano na mwenzi wake wa muda mrefu, Doris van Niekerk.

Mwaka [[2021]], Montgomery na Doris walianzisha El Centurion 102, chapa ya vinywaji vya [[pombe]] ambayo imepata mafanikio makubwa.  &lt;ref&gt;https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/beast-percy-montgomery-turns-heads-in-the-us-video/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.walesonline.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-news/finding-percy-montgomery-welsh-rugbys-24495697&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1974]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika]]</text>
      <sha1>f7ux7crm4zjcnweobxrbe9hunf0chdg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Joost van der Westhuizen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243251</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583383</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T08:10:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1583383</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1493" sha1="2bopocxmcq3v6am9dayq72e6c10mb9w" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Joost RWC 1995.jpg|thumb|Joost RWC 1995]]
Joost van der Westhuizen ([[20]] [[Februari]] [[1971]] – 6 Februari [[2017]]) alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya chama kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]].

Aliichezea timu ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini  katika [[mechi]] 89 za kimataifa  na kufunga  majaribio 38.

Alicheza zaidi katika nafasi ya (kiungo wa scrum) na alishiriki katika mashindano matatu ya [[Kombe]] la [[Dunia]] la Raga . Mashindano yaliyompatia umaarufu zaidi yalikuwa ya mwaka [[1995]], ambapo Afrika Kusini ilitwaa ubingwa wa Kombe la Dunia la Raga.

Joost van der Westhuizen anatambuliwa na wengi kuwa mmoja wa wachezaji bora zaidi wa nafasi ya mchezaji wa kiungo   katika [[historia]] ya mchezo wa raga.

== Maisha ya awali ==
Joost van der Westhuizen alizaliwa tarehe 20 Februari 1971 katika jiji la [[Pretoria]], Afrika Kusini.

Alipata elimu yake katika Hoërskool F.H. Odendaal na baadaye katika [[Chuo]] Kikuu cha Pretoria, ambako alihitimu [[shahada]] ya [[Biashara]].

Mwaka [[1992]], alicheza kwa timu ya taifa ya [[vijana]] ya Afrika Kusini ya Junior Springboks. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.ruck.co.uk/ranking-10-best-scrum-halves-rugby-history/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/feb/06/joost-van-der-westhuizen-obituary&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://news24.com/xArchive/Archive/Joost-van-der-Westhuizen-20031003&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2017]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika]]</text>
      <sha1>2bopocxmcq3v6am9dayq72e6c10mb9w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mtumiaji:Nkolomboka</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>243252</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583385</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T08:28:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nkolomboka</username>
        <id>91394</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */ halo</comment>
      <origin>1583385</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8" sha1="hiu0wzwp0pr72jvaeui2t1zrlojqalw" xml:space="preserve">Karatasi</text>
      <sha1>hiu0wzwp0pr72jvaeui2t1zrlojqalw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Francois Pienaar</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243253</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583386</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T08:29:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1583386</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2515" sha1="mp0oob0o7fsw8aoytakl13tb55mp28k" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Francois Pienaar 2017.jpg|thumb|Francois Pienaar 2017]]
Francois Pienaar (jina kamili Jacobus Francois Pienaar, alizaliwa [[tarehe]] 2 [[Januari]] [[1967]]) ni [[mchezaji]] mstaafu wa [[raga]] ya [[chama]]  kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]].

Alicheza nafasi ya  (mchezaji wa safu ya tatu) kwa [[timu]] ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini  kuanzia mwaka [[1993]] hadi [[1996]].

Katika kipindi chake cha kimataifa:

* Alicheza jumla ya [[mechi]] 29 za kimataifa.
* Mechi zote hizo alicheza akiwa [[nahodha]] wa Springboks.

Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuiongoza Afrika Kusini kutwaa ushindi katika [[Kombe]] la [[Dunia]] la Raga la mwaka [[1995]] . Ushindi huo ulikuwa wa kihistoria kwa sababu ulikuja wakati wa mabadiliko makubwa ya kijamii nchini Afrika Kusini.

Baada ya kuondolewa kwenye kikosi cha Springboks mwaka [[1996]], Pienaar aliendelea na [[taaluma]] yake ya raga katika [[klabu]] ya [[Uingereza]] Saracens.


== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Francois Pienaar alizaliwa katika mji wa [[Vereeniging]], Afrika Kusini, katika [[familia]] ya Waafrika  wa tabaka la wafanyakazi.

Alikuwa mkubwa kati ya wavulana wanne katika familia yao.

Baada ya kumaliza [[shule]] ya [[sekondari]] katika Hoërskool Patriot Witbank, alipata ufadhili wa masomo kwa ajili ya [[michezo]]  katika [[Chuo]] cha Rand Afrikaans , ambako alisoma [[sheria]].

== Tuzo na heshima ==
Francois Pienaar alipata [[tuzo]] na heshima mbalimbali kutokana na mchango wake katika raga:

* Mwaka 1995, alichaguliwa kuwa Mtu wa Michezo wa [[Mwaka]] wa Raga na Rugby Union Writers' Club ya [[Uingereza]]. Pia alitajwa kuwa Mtu wa [[Habari]] wa Mwaka nchini Afrika Kusini.
* Mwaka 2004, alichaguliwa kuwa wa nafasi ya [[50]] katika orodha ya Waafrika Kusini [[100]] Maarufu Zaidi.
* Mwaka [[2005]], aliingizwa katika Ukumbi wa Umaarufu wa Kimataifa wa Raga (International Rugby Hall of Fame).
* Tarehe 24 Oktoba [[2011]], aliingizwa katika Ukumbi wa Umaarufu wa IRB (IRB Hall of Fame), ambao baadaye ulijulikana kama World Rugby Hall of Fame.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-06-23-from-the-archives-rugby-world-cup-1995-madiba-and-francois-pienaar-give-hope-to-the-new-south-africa/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.walesonline.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-news/greatest-one-liner-world-cup-26075558&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/08/nelson-mandela-francois-pienaar-rugby-world-cup&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1967]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika Kusini]]</text>
      <sha1>mp0oob0o7fsw8aoytakl13tb55mp28k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beast Mtawarira</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243254</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583389</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T08:55:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1583389</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1771" sha1="3d38jeo6fwj49llzkptje9rskr3po47" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Tendai Mtawarira.jpg|thumb|Tendai Mtawarira]]
Tendai Mtawarira (alizaliwa [[tarehe]] 1 [[Agosti]] [[1985]]) ni [[mchezaji]] mstaafu wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya [[chama]]  mwenye asili ya [[Zimbabwe]] na [[Afrika Kusini]].

Alicheza kwa mara ya mwisho katika [[klabu]] ya Old Glory DC katika mashindano ya Major League Rugby (MLR). Kabla ya hapo aliichezea timu ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini  na klabu ya Sharks katika mashindano ya Super Rugby.

Mtawarira alizaliwa nchini Zimbabwe na alipata sifa ya kuiwakilisha Afrika Kusini kutokana na kuishi nchini humo kwa muda unaotakiwa kisheria . Baadaye alipata pia [[uraia]] wa Afrika Kusini.

Alicheza nafasi ya  (mchezaji wa mstari wa mbele) na anajulikana sana kwa jina la utani &quot;Beast&quot; (Mnyama).

== Maisha ya awali ==
Tendai Mtawarira alizaliwa tarehe 1 Agosti 1985 katika jiji la Harare, Zimbabwe.

Alisoma katika Shule ya  Churchill huko Harare kwa muda wa miaka mitano, kabla ya kupata ufadhili kamili wa masomo  kwenda kusoma katika shule ya wavulana Peterhouse , ambayo ni shule binafsi iliyopo mashariki mwa Zimbabwe.

Akiwa na [[umri]] wa [[miaka]] [[15]], wakati akisoma Shule ya Churchill, aligunduliwa na [[kocha]] wa Zimbabwe Joey Muwadzuri, ambaye alimwalika kujiunga na timu ya taifa ya vijana ya chini ya miaka 19  katika Tamasha la Kitaifa la Shule.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20230722084523/https://www.herald.co.zw/its-the-beast-here-just-to-say-thank-you/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-union/50273291&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20150924201742/http://www.sarugby.net/component/supersportcontent/8461?view=news&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mtu}}


[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1985]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Zimbabwe]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo]]</text>
      <sha1>3d38jeo6fwj49llzkptje9rskr3po47</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Francois Louw</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243255</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583392</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T09:14:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1583392</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1499" sha1="mqj1y4jnvad6cxm2t2t5xgzji3mnclw" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Francois Louw.jpg|thumb|Francois Louw]]
Francois Louw (alizaliwa [[tarehe]] 15 [[Juni]] [[1985]]) ni [[mchezaji]] mstaafu wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya [[chama]]  kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]].

Alicheza katika nafasi ya  (mchezaji wa safu ya tatu). Alichezea timu na klabu mbalimbali zikiwemo:

* Western Province
* Stormers
* Bath Rugby ya Uingereza.

Aliichezea timu ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini (Springboks) katika [[mechi]] [[76]] za kimataifa.

Alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha Afrika Kusini kilichoshinda [[Kombe]] la Dunia la Raga mwaka [[2019]].

== Maisha ya awali ==
Francois Louw alizaliwa katika jiji la Cape Town, Afrika Kusini.

Yeye ni mjuku wa Jan Pickard, aliyekuwa mchezaji wa zamani wa kimataifa wa raga wa Afrika Kusini.

Alisoma katika [[Chuo]] cha Bishops huko [[Cape Town]], na baadaye alisomea na kucheza raga katika Chuo Kikuu cha  [[Stellenbosch]].

== Maelezo ==
Francois Louw alicheza kwa ajili ya Afrika Kusini katika [[mechi]] mbili zisizo za kimataifa rasmi  dhidi ya timu za Wachezaji Bora wa Dunia  zilizofanyika huko Cape Town mwaka [[2014]] na [[2015]].&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20151108111023/http://www.rugbyworldcup.com/stats/2015/players/turnoverswon&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-union/50273291&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20120618040653/http://www.premiershiprugby.com/home.php&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1985]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika Kusini]]</text>
      <sha1>mqj1y4jnvad6cxm2t2t5xgzji3mnclw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bismarck du Plessis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243256</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583393</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T09:28:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1583393</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1544" sha1="hrouskgfvdn8a4a1dse6qgqc5h8fxn8" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Bismarck du Plessis.jpg|thumb|Bismarck du Plessis]]
Bismarck du Plessis (alizaliwa [[tarehe]] 22 Mei [[1984]]) ni [[mchezaji]] mstaafu wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya [[chama]]  kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]].

Alicheza kwa ajili ya Bulls katika mashindano ya Mashindano ya Umoja ya Raga, na pia aliichezea Blue Bulls katika Currie Cup.

Alianza kucheza kwa Free State Cheetahs mwaka [[2003]], kabla ya kuhamia Sharks mwaka [[2005]], ambako alitumia sehemu kubwa ya taaluma yake ya raga.

Baadaye alihamia [[klabu]] ya Montpellier Hérault Rugby inayoshiriki katika mashindano ya Top 14 ya [[Ufaransa]].

Anatambulika sana kama mmoja wa wachezaji bora zaidi wa nafasi ya  (mchezaji wa kati wa safu ya mbele) katika kipindi chake, kutokana na mafanikio yake akiwa na klabu na timu ya [[taifa]].

== Maisha binafsi ==
Bismarck du Plessis amefunga ndoa na Anja du Plessis (aliyezaliwa van Zyl) tangu mwishoni mwa mwaka 2015, muda mfupi kabla ya kuhamia Ufaransa kujiunga na klabu  ya Raga ya  [[Montpellier]] Hérault.

Wawili hao wana [[watoto]] watano pamoja, wakiwemo mapacha wa kiume na mapacha wa kike.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20080607172659/http://www.planet-rugby.com/Story/0%2C18259%2C3824_2649068%2C00.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/6923349.stm&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-07-13/springbok-du-plessis-handed-three-week-suspension/2571360&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika Kusini]]</text>
      <sha1>hrouskgfvdn8a4a1dse6qgqc5h8fxn8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jannie du Plessis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243257</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583395</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T09:44:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1583395</origin>
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      <text bytes="1932" sha1="9p9y1vum392jsnw4nu3qm4bbva5d05u" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Jannie du Plessis 2007.jpg|thumb|Jannie du Plessis 2007]]
Jannie du Plessis (jina kamili Jan Nathaniel du Plessis, alizaliwa tarehe [[16]] [[Novemba]] [[1982]] katika Bethlehem,Jimbo la Free State) ni [[mchezaji]] mstaafu wa [[raga]] ya [[chama]]  kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]].

Alicheza katika nafasi ya  (mchezaji wa mstari wa mbele) kwa [[klabu]] ya Raga  [[Montpellier]] Hérault  katika mashindano ya Top 14 ya [[Ufaransa]], na pia kwa Lions katika mashindano ya [[Ligi]] Kuu ya Raga.

Aliichezea Free State Cheetahs katika mashindano ya Currie Cup, na Cheetahs katika Ligi kuu hadi mwaka [[2007]].

Mwaka 2007, alijiunga na [[klabu]] ya Sharks yenye makao yake mjini [[Durban]], ambako alicheza hadi mwaka [[2015]].

Kati ya mwaka 2007 na 2015, aliichezea timu ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini  katika mechi [[70]] za kimataifa .

== Maisha binafsi na maisha ya awali ==
Jannie du Plessis alionyesha kipaji kikubwa cha raga tangu akiwa mdogo. Mwaka [[1995]], aliteuliwa kuwa [[nahodha]] wa [[timu]] ya vijana ya Eastern Free State katika mashindano ya Craven Week.

Alipoendelea kukua katika mchezo wa raga, aliichezea timu za uwakilishi za Free State za chini ya miaka [[18]] na chini ya miaka [[19]], lakini hakuwahi kuiwakilisha Afrika Kusini katika ngazi ya timu za vijana.

Alisomea [[udaktari]] katika [[Chuo]] Kikuu cha Free Statena baadaye alifanya kazi kama daktari. Hali hiyo ilimfanya kuwa mmoja wa wachezaji wachache wa kulipwa wa raga ya chama katika enzi ya mchezo wa kulipwa waliokuwa pia na [[taaluma]] nyingine nje ya raga.&lt;ref&gt;http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/6923349.stm&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20071011014436/http://www.rugbyworldcup.com/home/fixtures/round%3D101/match%3D10115/announcementa.html#update+south+africa+team+rsa+fji&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1982]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo]]</text>
      <sha1>9p9y1vum392jsnw4nu3qm4bbva5d05u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:InsideNormality</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>243258</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583396</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T09:48:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1583396</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3462" sha1="osebkxms72hws4cq7e97llhoo389vvp" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 3 Agosti 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>osebkxms72hws4cq7e97llhoo389vvp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nkolomboka</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>243259</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583397</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T09:48:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1583397</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3462" sha1="osebkxms72hws4cq7e97llhoo389vvp" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 3 Agosti 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>osebkxms72hws4cq7e97llhoo389vvp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mario-dental</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>243260</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583398</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T09:48:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1583398</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3462" sha1="osebkxms72hws4cq7e97llhoo389vvp" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 3 Agosti 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>osebkxms72hws4cq7e97llhoo389vvp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Oatavo Gonuar</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>243261</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583399</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T09:48:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1583399</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3462" sha1="osebkxms72hws4cq7e97llhoo389vvp" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 3 Agosti 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>osebkxms72hws4cq7e97llhoo389vvp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Maxmovaghar</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>243262</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583400</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T09:48:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1583400</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3462" sha1="osebkxms72hws4cq7e97llhoo389vvp" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 3 Agosti 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>osebkxms72hws4cq7e97llhoo389vvp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Yummie1209</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>243263</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583401</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T09:49:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1583401</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3462" sha1="0lkat0b4qc39awe0s01syw4vw03j9xs" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 3 Agosti 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>0lkat0b4qc39awe0s01syw4vw03j9xs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mark1385600</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>243264</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583402</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T09:49:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1583402</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3462" sha1="0lkat0b4qc39awe0s01syw4vw03j9xs" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 3 Agosti 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>0lkat0b4qc39awe0s01syw4vw03j9xs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Chlod</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>243265</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583403</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T09:49:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1583403</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3462" sha1="0lkat0b4qc39awe0s01syw4vw03j9xs" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 3 Agosti 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>0lkat0b4qc39awe0s01syw4vw03j9xs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Amrendra kumar ray</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>243266</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583404</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T09:49:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1583404</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3462" sha1="0lkat0b4qc39awe0s01syw4vw03j9xs" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 3 Agosti 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>0lkat0b4qc39awe0s01syw4vw03j9xs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ellen Poghosyan</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>243267</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583405</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T09:49:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1583405</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3462" sha1="0lkat0b4qc39awe0s01syw4vw03j9xs" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 3 Agosti 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>0lkat0b4qc39awe0s01syw4vw03j9xs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:PaulLeGrandGent</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>243268</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583406</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T09:49:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1583406</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3462" sha1="0lkat0b4qc39awe0s01syw4vw03j9xs" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 3 Agosti 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>0lkat0b4qc39awe0s01syw4vw03j9xs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Fiih</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>243269</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583407</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T09:50:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1583407</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3462" sha1="731e0fkvd6f72kr1cq6mabrjy1nls0y" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 3 Agosti 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>731e0fkvd6f72kr1cq6mabrjy1nls0y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Punithbhaskar Maragowdanahlli</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>243270</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583408</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T09:50:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1583408</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3462" sha1="731e0fkvd6f72kr1cq6mabrjy1nls0y" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 3 Agosti 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>731e0fkvd6f72kr1cq6mabrjy1nls0y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Linason Blessing</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>243271</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583409</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T09:50:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1583409</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3462" sha1="731e0fkvd6f72kr1cq6mabrjy1nls0y" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 3 Agosti 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>731e0fkvd6f72kr1cq6mabrjy1nls0y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Leirbag reib</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>243272</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583410</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T09:50:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1583410</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3462" sha1="731e0fkvd6f72kr1cq6mabrjy1nls0y" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 3 Agosti 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>731e0fkvd6f72kr1cq6mabrjy1nls0y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ezra Kamugisha</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>243273</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583411</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T09:50:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1583411</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3462" sha1="731e0fkvd6f72kr1cq6mabrjy1nls0y" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 3 Agosti 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>731e0fkvd6f72kr1cq6mabrjy1nls0y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AMI LEER</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>243274</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583412</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T09:50:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1583412</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3462" sha1="731e0fkvd6f72kr1cq6mabrjy1nls0y" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 3 Agosti 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>731e0fkvd6f72kr1cq6mabrjy1nls0y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Iuliusnanus</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>243275</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583413</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T09:51:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1583413</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3462" sha1="hby5xa1xr24ibsr4pjsfbfrzqt8xp0q" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 3 Agosti 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mbaningo Shaban Mselem</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>243276</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583414</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T09:51:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1583414</origin>
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      <text bytes="3462" sha1="hby5xa1xr24ibsr4pjsfbfrzqt8xp0q" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 3 Agosti 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pat Lambie</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243277</id>
    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
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      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
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      <text bytes="2300" sha1="qscest61fjghk9b2hjtr107mjt18kfb" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Patrick Lambie cropped.jpg|thumb|Patrick Lambie]]
Patrick Lambie (alizaliwa [[tarehe]] [[17]] [[Oktoba]] [[1990]]) ni [[mchezaji]] mstaafu wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya [[chama]]  kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]].

Aliiwakilisha [[klabu]] za Sharks na Racing 92, akicheza katika nafasi za  (kiungo wa mchezo), na (beki wa mwisho) na  (mchezaji wa kati).

Anachukuliwa na wengi kuwa mmoja wa wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini waliokuwa watulivu zaidi chini ya shinikizo na wenye vipaji vikubwa zaidi wa kizazi chake.

Kati ya mwaka [[2010]] na [[2016]], aliichezea timu ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini  katika [[mechi]] 56 rasmi za kimataifa.

Alihitimisha taaluma yake ya uchezaji akiwa na klabu ya Racing 92 katika mashindano ya Top 14 ya [[Ufaransa]], kabla ya kutangaza kustaafu mwezi Januari [[2019]] kutokana na kupata mtikisiko wa [[ubongo]] ( mara nyingi.

== Maisha ya awali ==
Patrick Lambie alizaliwa na Ian Lambie na Catherine Lambie.

Alisoma katika [[Shule]] ya Msingi ya Clifton mjini [[Durban]], kabla ya kujiunga na Michaelhouse kuanzia mwaka [[2004]] hadi [[2008]].

Akiwa Michaelhouse, alikuwa kiongozi mkuu wa wanafunzi na pia alikuwa [[nahodha]] wa timu za raga na kriketi za shule.

Katika kipindi hicho, aliiwakilisha KwaZulu-Natal kwenye mashindano ya Craven Week mwaka 2007 na 2008, na alichaguliwa kuichezea timu ya shule za Afrika Kusini  katika miaka yote miwili.

Mwaka 2010, alikua mchezaji wa kwanza wa Springboks kutoka Michaelhouse katika [[historia]] ya shule hiyo ya miaka 115.

== Heshima na mafanikio ==

==== Sharks ====
Currie Cup

* Bingwa: 2010
* Bingwa: 2013

==== Afrika Kusini ====
Kombe la [[Dunia]] la Raga 

* Nafasi ya tatu: 2015

==== Tuzo binafsi ====

* Mchezaji Bora Chipukizi wa Mwaka wa SARU ( Mshindi (2011)
* Mchezaji Bora wa Mwaka wa SARU  Mteuliwa (2012)
* Timu Bora ya Mwaka ya Afrika Kusini Mjumbe wa kikosi (2012)   &lt;ref&gt;https://www.scotsman.com/sport/scottish-roots-remain-key-to-proud-bok-patrick-lambie-2441892&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://rugby365.com/schools/craven-week/lambies-craven-week-journey/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20110807151801/http://www.sharksrugby.co.za/article.aspx?id=337007&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1990]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika Kusini]]</text>
      <sha1>qscest61fjghk9b2hjtr107mjt18kfb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Handré Pollard</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243278</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583418</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T10:20:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1583418</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1668" sha1="hshya63ndhrh6torm6ssra7uzoe4txz" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Handré Pollard 2019.jpg|thumb|Handré Pollard 2019]]
[[Faili:Handre Pollard 2015 RWC USA.jpg|thumb|Handre Pollard 2015]]
Handré Pollard (alizaliwa tarehe 11 [[Machi]] [[1994]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya [[chama]]  kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]], ambaye kwa sasa anachezea Bulls katika Mashindano ya Umoja ya Raga (URC) na timu ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini.

Nafasi zake za kawaida uwanjani ni:

*  (kiungo wa nyuma anayesimamia mchezo na kupiga mateke) — nafasi ambayo alianza nayo katika [[timu]] ya Afrika Kusini wakati iliposhinda Fainali ya [[Kombe]] la [[Dunia]] la Raga [[2019]].
*  (mchezaji wa kati upande wa ndani).

Kabla ya hapo, aliwahi kuchezea timu mbalimbali zikiwemo:

* Blue Bulls nchini Afrika Kusini.
* Osaka Red Hurricanes nchini [[Japani]].
* Montpellier Hérault Rugby nchini [[Ufaransa]].
* Leicester Tigers katika Ligi Kuu ya Raga ya [[Uingereza]].

Handré Pollard ni mmoja kati ya wachezaji [[43]] duniani waliowahi kushinda Kombe la Dunia la Raga mara nyingi, ambapo kati yao [[24]] ni Waafrika Kusini.

== Heshima na mafanikio ==
Heshima na mafanikio

Afrika Kusini

Mshindi wa Mashindano ya Raga ya mwaka [[2025]].

== Kazi ya kimataifa ==
Pollard akipiga [[mpira]] kwa ajili ya Afrika Kusini katika Kombe la Dunia la Raga la 2015.

=== Afrika Kusini Shule ===
Handré Pollard alichaguliwa katika timu ya Shule za Afrika Kusini mwaka 2012.

Katika timu hiyo, alifunga pointi [[37]] katika mechi zake tatu alizocheza dhidi ya:

* [[Ufaransa]] 
* [[Wales]]
* Uingereza 

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mtu}}


[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1994]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika]]</text>
      <sha1>hshya63ndhrh6torm6ssra7uzoe4txz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lood de Jager</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243279</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583419</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T10:34:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1583419</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1449" sha1="7v7xl5lwghvcyrvj1fof0odamlb46rn" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Lood de Jager 2015 RWC.jpg|thumb|Lood de Jager 2015]]
Lodewyk de Jager (alizaliwa [[tarehe]] [[17]] [[Desemba]] [[1992]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya [[chama]]  kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]].

Anachezea timu ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini  na Saitama Panasonic Wild Knights katika [[ligi]] ya raga ya [[Japani]].

Nafasi yake ya kawaida uwanjani ni  (mchezaji wa safu ya pili).

== Kazi ya uchezaji ==
Lodewyk de Jager alicheza raga katika ngazi za vijana kwa Leopards, na pia aliichezea timu ya chuo kikuu ya NWU Pukke iliyopo Potchefstroom.

Mwaka [[2012]], alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Leopards cha Currie Cup, lakini hakupata nafasi ya kucheza katika [[mechi]] yoyote.

Hata hivyo, kutokana na kiwango chake kizuri katika Mashindano ya Raga ya Mikoa ya Afrika Kusini kwa Wachezaji wa Chini ya Miaka [[21]]  mwaka 2012, alipata nafasi ya kuhamia Free State Cheetahs.

Baadaye alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha mwisho cha Cheetahs kwa ajili ya msimu wa Ligi Kuu ya Raga wa mwaka [[2013]].

== Heshima na mafanikio ==
Heshima na mafanikio

Afrika Kusini

Mshindi wa Mashindano ya Raga ya [[mwaka]] 2025.   &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20160705142716/http://thebulls.co.za/news/2016/07/05/lood-bulls&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.fscheetahs.co.za/news/gw-kry-jp-marnus-terug-20130208&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika Kusini]]</text>
      <sha1>7v7xl5lwghvcyrvj1fof0odamlb46rn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pieter-Steph du Toit</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243280</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583421</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T10:47:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1583421</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1708" sha1="02c8lqvkmrmxcij2muvyiyvfd4lqtul" xml:space="preserve">Pieter-Steph du Toit (alizaliwa [[tarehe]] 20 [[Agosti]] [[1992]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya [[chama]]  kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]].

Anacheza katika nafasi za  (mchezaji wa safu ya pili) au  (mchezaji wa pembeni wa safu ya mbele) kwa ajili ya [[timu]] ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini  na [[klabu]] ya Toyota Verblitz katika [[Ligi]] ya Raga ya [[Japani]].

Ameshinda mara mbili [[tuzo]] ya Mchezaji Bora wa Raga ya Wanaume (Wachezaji 15) wa Mwaka wa Dunia:

* [[2019]]
* [[2024]]

Anatambuliwa kama mmoja wa wachezaji bora na wa kipekee zaidi wa kizazi chake katika mchezo wa raga.

== Maisha binafsi ==
Pieter-Steph du Toit ni Mkristo na anajulikana kwa jina la utani &quot;Kombora la Malmesbury&quot; (Malmesbury Missile).

Ameoa Willemien, na wawili hao wana [[watoto]] watatu.

[[Mtoto]] wake wa kwanza wa kiume pia anaitwa Pieter Stephanus du Toit, akiendeleza utamaduni wa [[familia]] wa kutumia jina hilo ambao sasa umefikia vizazi vinane.

== Heshima na mafanikio ==
Afrika Kusini 

=== Kombe la Dunia la Raga ===

* Bingwa: 2019, 2023

=== Mfululizo wa British &amp; Irish Lions ===

* Bingwa: 2021

=== Mashindano ya Raga ya Mataifa ya Kusini ===

* Bingwa: 2019, 2024, 2025

=== Mashindano ya Dunia ya Raga ya Vijana ya IRB ===

* Bingwa: 2012       &lt;ref&gt;https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/teams/south-africa/player/45550&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.sarugbymag.co.za/du-toits-flank-success-no-fluke/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/jul/22/pietersteph-du-toit-i-grew-up-with-a-sense-of-destiny-i-feel-responsibility-carrying-this-name&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika]]</text>
      <sha1>02c8lqvkmrmxcij2muvyiyvfd4lqtul</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Frans Malherbe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243281</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583422</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T11:07:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1583422</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1303" sha1="itygbrnsm6bb081mcykqzza7ncxsmnn" xml:space="preserve">Jozua Malherbe (alizaliwa [[tarehe]] 14 [[Machi]] [[1991]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya [[chama]] kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]].

Anacheza nafasi ya  (mchezaji wa mbele anayesukuma upande wa kulia katika safu ya mwanzo ) kwa [[klabu]] ya Stormers katika Mashindano ya [[Umoja]] ya Raga (URC) na pia kwa timu ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini .

== Maisha ya awali ==
[[Shule]] ya [[Sekondari]] ya Wavulana ya Paarl ndiko Jozua Malherbe alikosoma, na akiwa hapo pia alikuwa [[nahodha]] wa timu ya kwanza ya raga ya shule  na kuiongoza kupata ushindi katika mashindano ya Mashindano ya shule mbalimbali wakati wa [[mwaka]] wake wa mwisho wa shule

== Heshima na mafanikio ==

* Bingwa wa Currie Cup: 2012

Stormers

* Bingwa wa United Rugby Championship (URC): 2022

Afrika Kusini 

* Bingwa wa Rugby Championship: 2019
* Bingwa wa Kombe la Dunia la Raga 2019
* Bingwa wa Ziara ya British &amp; Irish Lions nchini Afrika Kusini [[2021]]
* Bingwa wa Kombe la Dunia la Raga 2023
* Bingwa wa Rugby Championship [[2024]]     &lt;ref&gt;https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/teams/south-africa/player/47012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://stormers.co.za/players/frans-malherbe/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1991]]</text>
      <sha1>itygbrnsm6bb081mcykqzza7ncxsmnn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rassie Erasmus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243282</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583423</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T11:21:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1583423</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1698" sha1="3ybhjwekty64bzqoeho5u5wqgedkcrc" xml:space="preserve">Rassie Erasmus (jina lake kamili Johan &quot;Rassie&quot; Erasmus, alizaliwa [[tarehe]] 5 [[Novemba]] [[1972]]) ni [[kocha]] wa [[raga]] ya [[chama]]  kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] na pia alikuwa mchezaji wa zamani wa raga.

Kwa sasa ni kocha mkuu wa [[Timu]] ya Taifa ya Afrika Kusini ya Raga ya Chama , timu ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini, na hii ni mara yake ya pili kushika nafasi hiyo.

Aliongoza Afrika Kusini kushinda:

* Kombe la Dunia la Raga  mwaka [[2019]]
* [[Kombe]] la Dunia la Raga  mwaka [[2023]]

Anatambuliwa kama mmoja wa watu wenye uwezo mkubwa zaidi wa kupanga mbinu za mchezo  katika kizazi chake.

== Heshima na mafanikio ==
Mchezaji 

=== Afrika Kusini ===
Kombe la Dunia la Raga / Kombe la Webb Ellis 

* Nafasi ya tatu: [[1999]]

(Mashindano ya Mataifa Matatu)

* Washindi: [[1998]]
* Washika nafasi ya pili: [[1997]]

=== Cats ===
Super 12

* Nusu fainali: [[2000]], [[2001]]

=== Free State Cheetahs ===
Currie Cup

* Washika nafasi ya pili: [[1994]], [[1997]]

Kocha 

=== Free State Cheetahs ===
Currie Cup

* Mabingwa: [[2005]], [[2006]] ''(walishirikiana ubingwa na Blue Bulls)''

=== Stormers ===
Super 14

* Washika nafasi ya pili: 2010

=== Western Province ===
Currie Cup

* Washika nafasi ya pili: [[2010]]     &lt;ref&gt;https://www.walesonline.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-news/rassie-erasmus-scared-alcoholic-upbringing-27938885&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.news24.com/sport/rugby/worldcup/rassie-erasmus-the-bok-puppet-master-who-divides-opinion-im-a-quiet-uncomplicated-person-20230919&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://iol.co.za/capeargus/sport/2001-04-30-mains-erasmus-deny-talk-of-cat-fight-in-camp/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1972]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo]]
[[Jamii:Afrika Kusini]]</text>
      <sha1>3ybhjwekty64bzqoeho5u5wqgedkcrc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Joe van Niekerk</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243283</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583425</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T11:39:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1583425</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1532" sha1="rp3vlb8k1py2cxohwegknq98oved2yf" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:USO - RCT - 28-09-2013 - Stade Mathon - Johann Christiaan Van Niekerk.jpg|thumb|Joe van Niekerk]]
Joe van Niekerk (jina lake kamili Johann &quot;Joe&quot; van Niekerk, alizaliwa [[tarehe]] [[14]] [[Mei]] [[1980]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya [[chama]] kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]].

Alicheza katika nafasi za:

*  mchezaji wa pembeni wa safu ya mbele
* Number 8   mchezaji wa namba 8 katika safu ya mbele.

== Timu alizochezea ==

* (Shule za Afrika Kusini): [[1997]]–1998
* (Afrika Kusini chini ya miaka [[19]]): [[1998]]
* (Afrika Kusini chini ya miaka [[21]]): [[2000]]/[[2001]]
* (Timu ya Raga ya Wachezaji 7 ya Afrika Kusini) [[2001]]
* (Gauteng Lions chini ya miaka 21): 1998–2001
* Gauteng Lions: 2001–2003
* (Timu ya Lions katika Super 12): [[2002]]–[[2003]]
* (Timu ya Stormers katika Super Rugby): 2004–[[2007]]
* Western Province: 2004–2007
* Springboks ([[Timu]] ya Taifa ya Raga ya Afrika Kusini): 2001–[[2012]]
* Toulon ([[Ufaransa]]): 2008–2014    

== Heshima na mafanikio ==
RC Toulon

* Kombe la Heineken  Bingwa 2013, 2014
* Mshindi wa pili wa European Challenge Cup  2009–2010, 2011–2012
* Top 14: [[Bingwa]] 2014
* Mshindi wa pili wa Top 14  2012, 2013   &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA_Sports_Illustrated&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rugbyworld.com/news/spiritual-journey-takes-joe-van-niekerk-from-toulon-to-the-jungle-100693&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Afrika Kusini]]</text>
      <sha1>rp3vlb8k1py2cxohwegknq98oved2yf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bobby Skinstad</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>243284</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1583426</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T11:54:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kelvin kevoo</username>
        <id>48194</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1583426</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1812" sha1="n3blb3jn27wipz9i56o4reztzyg0dh7" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Bobby Skinstad cropped.jpg|thumb|Bobby Skinstad]]
Bob Skinstad (jina lake kamili Robert Brian Skinstad, alizaliwa [[tarehe]] [[3]] [[Julai]] [[1976]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya [[chama]].

Alizaliwa nchini Rhodesia (sasa ni [[Zimbabwe]]), na aliwakilisha timu ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini, ambapo alicheza jumla ya mechi [[42]] za kimataifa.

Alicheza katika nafasi za:

*  mchezaji wa pembeni wa safu ya mbele
*  mchezaji wa namba 8 katika safu ya mbele

== Kazi ya awali ==
Bob Skinstad alichaguliwa na Western Province kucheza katika Currie Cup na Super 12, na baadaye akawa [[nahodha]] wa [[timu]] zote mbili.

Kisha alihamia [[Johannesburg]] na kucheza msimu wa [[2003]] kwa:

* Golden Lions katika Currie Cup
* Cats katika Super 12

Baada ya hapo aliondoka Afrika Kusini na kwenda [[Uingereza]]  kuendeleza kazi yake ya uchezaji.

== Heshima na mafanikio ==

=== Currie Cup (akiwa na Western Province) ===

* Bingwa: [[1997]], 2000, 2001
* Mshiriki wa fainali: [[1998]]

=== Super Rugby (akiwa na Sharks) ===

* Mshiriki wa fainali: [[2007]]

=== Tri-Nations (akiwa na Afrika Kusini) ===

* Bingwa: 1998

=== Kombe la Dunia la Raga (akiwa na Afrika Kusini) ===

* Bingwa: 2007
* Nafasi ya tatu: [[1999]].  &lt;ref&gt;https://www.independent.ie/sport/bobby-steps-out-in-wrong-shade-of-green/a/149781092.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/6910156.stm&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20070929082926/http://www.sarugby.co.za/default.asp?des=article&amp;id=222817&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.chrisvonulmenstein.com/blog/cape-town/bob-skinstad-new-tourism-ambassador-for-overstrand-first-for-western-cape/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Mbegu-mtu}}


[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika Kusini]]</text>
      <sha1>n3blb3jn27wipz9i56o4reztzyg0dh7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>