Wikipedia swwiki https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwanzo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.17 first-letter Media Maalum Majadiliano Mtumiaji Majadiliano ya mtumiaji Wikipedia Majadiliano ya Wikipedia Faili Majadiliano ya faili MediaWiki Majadiliano ya MediaWiki Kigezo Majadiliano ya kigezo Msaada Majadiliano ya msaada Jamii Majadiliano ya jamii Lango Majadiliano ya lango Wikichanzo Majadiliano ya Wikichanzo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1782 1592749 1517668 2026-08-29T00:41:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592749 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Kwame Nkrumah - The National Archives UK - CO 1069-50-1.jpg|thumb|240px|Kwame Nkrumah]] '''Kwame Nkrumah''' ([[MediaWiki:Badtitletext|21 Septemba]] [[1909]] - [[27 Aprili]] [[1972]]) alikuwa [[Rais]] wa kwanza wa [[Ghana]] na mmoja wa viongozi wenye nia ya kujenga [[Muungano wa Afrika]], tena mchochezi wa [[falsafa]] ya [[Umajinuni]]. ==Maisha== ===Miaka ya kwanza katika Ghana=== Kwame Nkrumah alizaliwa mnamo mwaka [[1909]] katika [[kijiji]] cha [[Nkroful]] kwenye [[koloni]] la [[Gold Coast]] (leo Ghana). Nkrumah mwenyewe aliandika ya kwamba tarehe ilikuwa 18 Septemba 1909 iliyokuwa siku ya [[Jumamosi]]. Hii inalingana na [[jina]] "Kwame" ambalo katika utamaduni wa [[Waakan]] ni jina la [[mwanamume]] aliyezaliwa siku hiyo. Ila tu aliposoma [[Marekani]] alijulikana kwa jina la ''Francis Nwia Kofi Nkrumah'' na "Kofi" ni jina la mwanamume aliyezaliwa siku ya [[Ijumaa]]. [[Baba]] yake, ambaye jina lake halikuhifadhiwa, alikuwa na [[kazi]] ya [[fundi]] [[dhahabu]]. [[Mama]] yake aliitwa Nyanibah akaishi hadi [[kifo]] chake na kwa muda alitunza [[kaburi]] la [[mwana]]we. <ref>Birmingham, David (1998). Kwame Nkrumah: The Father of African Nationalism. Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-8214-1242-8., uk 3</ref><ref>Addo, Ebenezer Obiri (1997). Kwame Nkrumah: A Case Study of Religion and Politics in Ghana. University Press of America. ISBN 978-0-7618-0785-8., uk 50-51</ref>. [[Mtoto]] alilelewa kijijini pamoja na watoto wengine wa babake na [[ukoo]]. Mama alimsomesha katika [[shule ya msingi]] ya [[misioni]] ya [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. <ref>Rooney, David (1988). Kwame Nkrumah: The Political Kingdom in the Third World. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-02479-6, uk 7–8</ref>. Alipita ma[[darasa]] [[kumi]] katika muda wa miaka minane. Mnamo [[1925]] alikuwa [[Mkristo]] aliyebatizwa akafundisha katika [[shule]] yake kama [[mwalimu]] msaidizi. Kutoka hapo alikaribishwa na [[mchungaji]] [[Alec Garden Fraser]], mkuu wa [[chuo cha ualimu]] cha [[serikali]] mjini [[Accra]] kujiunga na masomo huko.<ref>Rooney uk. 7–8</ref> <ref>Owusu-Ansah, David (2014). Biographical Dictionary of Ghana (4th ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8108-7242-4, uk 239</ref> Huko makamu wa mkuu [[James Emman Kwegyir Aggrey|Kwegyir Aggrey]] aliyewahi kusoma Marekani alimweleza mafundisho ya [[Marcus Garvey]] na [[W. E. B. Du Bois]]. Aggrey, Fraser na walimu wengine wa [[chuo]] walifundisha ya kwamba ushirikiano wa watu wa [[rangi]] zote ni shabaha kwa [[maendeleo]] ya Gold Coast. Lakini Nkrumah alifuata mwelekeo wa Marcus Garvey akiamini ya kwamba ni lazima nchi yake itawaliwe na [[Waafrika]] wenyewe.<ref>Rooney uk. 9</ref> <ref>Addo, Ebenezer Obiri (1997) uk. 53–54</ref> Baada ya kumaliza masomo yake mwaka [[1930]] Nkrumah aliajiriwa kama mwalimu wa shule ya msingi ya Kikatoliki huko [[Elmina, Ghana|Elmina]] na baada ya [[mwaka]] 1 alikuwa [[mwalimu mkuu]] wa shule ya [[Axim]]. Huko alianza kushiriki katika majadiliano ya kisiasa akaanzisha "Nzima Literary Society". Mwaka [[1933]] aliendelea na kuwa mwalimu kwenye [[seminari]] ya Kikatoliki mjini [[Amisso, Ghana|Amissa]]. ===Marekani=== Alipokuwa [[mwanafunzi]] wa chuo Nkrumah alisikia [[hotuba]] ya [[mwandishi]] [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] (baadaye alikuwa [[rais]] wa [[Nigeria]]). Alikutana naye, na Azikiwe alimpa ushauri kuendelea na masomo yake huko Marekani kwenye chuo cha [[Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)|Lincoln College]] alikowahi kusoma mwenyewe an kilichokuwa chuo kwa [[Waamerika Weusi]]. Nkrumah angependelea kusoma [[London]] ([[Uingereza]]) lakini alishindwa mitihani ya kuingia. Hivyo kwa msaada wa [[mjomba]] [[tajiri]] alisafiri [[Pennsylvania]] na kuanza masomo huko Lincoln kwenye Oktoba [[1935]].<ref>Rooney, uk. 9–12</ref>. Hakuwa na [[pesa]] nyingi, hivyo alifanya kazi ndogo kama kusafisha vyombo [[hoteli]]ni. Siku za [[Jumapili]] alisali katika ma[[kanisa]] ya Weusi mjini [[Philadelphia]] na [[New York]]. <ref>Birmingham uk. 4</ref> Mwaka [[1939]] alimaliza masomo akapokea [[digrii ya bachelor]] katika [[fani]] ya [[uchumi]]. Chuo kikampa nafasi ya [[mhadhiri]] msaidizi kwa masomo ya [[falsafa]] akaendelea kusoma [[teolojia]] akachukua BA mwaka [[1942]]. Alisoma pia Chuo Kikuu cha Pennsylvania alipomaliza [[digrii]] za [[master]] katika falsafa na [[ualimu]].<ref>Rooney uk. 13–14</ref>. Wakati huohuo alishirikiana na [[mwanaisimu]] [[William Everett Welmers]] kutunga [[kitabu]] cha [[sarufi]] ya Fante iliyokuwa lugha yake ya kwanza.<ref>A Descriptive Grammar of Fanti, by Welmers, William Everett; Linguistic Society of America 1946; uk. 7</ref> Wakati wa likizo Nkrumah alipenda kwenda [[Harlem]] (New York) iliyokuwa [[kitovu]] cha ki[[utamaduni]] kwa [[Waamerika Weusi]]. Hapa alienda kuzunguka mitaani na kusikiliza wahubiri wa barabarani. {{quote | These evenings were a vital part of Kwame Nkrumah's American education. He was going to a university—the university of the Harlem Streets. This was no ordinary time and these street speakers were no ordinary men&nbsp;.... The streets of Harlem were open forums, presided over [by]<!-- typo in original, "my" --> master speakers like Arthur Reed and his protege Ira Kemp. The young Carlos Cook, founder of the Garvey oriented African Pioneer Movement was on the scene, also bringing a nightly message to his street followers. Occasionally Suji Abdul Hamid, a champion of Harlem labor, held a night rally and demanded more jobs for blacks in their own community&nbsp;.... This is part of the drama on the Harlem streets as the student, Kwame Nkrumah walked and watched.<ref>Clarke uk. 11</ref> }} Chuoni Nkrumah alikusanya wanafunzi kutoka nchi za [[Afrika]] na kuanzisha "African Students Association of America and Canada" akichaguliwa kuwa [[mwenyekiti]] wake. Katika majadiliano ya kundi hili alisisitiza haja ya nchi zote za Afrika kushikamana baada ya [[uhuru]], si kufuata shabaha za pekee kwa kila koloni. <ref>Rooney uk.14–15</ref> Nkrumah alishiriki pia katika Mkutano wa Umoja wa Afrika mjini New York wa mwaka [[1944]] uliosisitiza Marekani kusaidia nchi za Afrika kufikia uhuru baada ya [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]]. <ref>Rooney uk.16</ref> Katika kipindi chake nchini Marekani Nkrumah alikutana pia na wafuasi wa [[Umarx]], hasa wa mwelekeo wa [[Trotzki]]. Hasa [[C.L.R. James]] kutoka [[Trinidad]] alikuwa na athira juu yake. Nkrumah aliandika baadaye ni Johnson aliyemfundisha namna gani kufanya kazi ya kisasa kwa siri kama ni lazima.<ref>"how an underground movement worked". Sherwood, Marika (1996). Kwame Nkrumah: The Years Abroad 1935–1947. Freedom Publications. ISBN 978-9988-7716-0-7. uk.114</ref>. Wakati Nkrumah alitaka kurudi Afrika baada ya [[vita]] kwenye mwaka [[1945]], James alitunga [[barua]] ya kumtambulisha kwa marafiki huko London akiandika: "Huyu [[kijana]] anakuja sasa kwenu. Si mtu mwelekevu mno, lakini fanyeni mnachoweza kumsaidia; anataka kuwafukuza [[Wazungu]] kutoka Afrika". <ref>"this young man is coming to you. He is not very bright, but nevertheless do what you can for him because he's determined to throw Europeans out of Africa.” Sherwood uk. 114</ref> === London === [[File:KWAME NKRUMAH - 60 Burghley Road Kentish Town London NW5 1UN.jpg|thumb|60 Burghley Road, Kentish Town, London, where Nkrumah lived when in London between 1945-1947]] Nkrumah alfika London mwezi wa Mei 1945 akajiandikisha kwenye chuo cha [[London School of Economics]] kama mwanafunzi wa [[PhD]] katika [[anthropolojia]]. Aliacha baada ya mhula mmoja, akajiandikisha kwenye chuo kikuu kwa shabaha ya kufuata PhD ya falsafa lakini hakuendelea. Mwishoni alijaribu masomo ya [[sheria]]. Profesa wa falsafa [[Alfred Ayer]] hakumwona Nkrumah kuwa mwanafalsafa bora. Alisema juu yake: "Nilimpenda nikafurahi kujadili naye. Lakini kwangu hakuonekana kuwa na akili ya mchambuzi. Alitafuta majibu ya harakaharaka. Labda sehemu ya matatizo yake ilikuwa ya kwamba hajajikazia kuendeleza thesis yake. Kwake ilikuwa njia tu ya kupita muda hadi aliweza kurudi Ghana" <ref>“I liked him and enjoyed talking to him but he did not seem to me to have an analytical mind. He wanted answers too quickly. I think part of the trouble may have been that he wasn't concentrating very hard on his thesis. It was a way of marking time until the opportunity came for him to return to Ghana.” Sherwood uk.115</ref> Nkrumah alitumia nguvu nyingi kupanga mikutano ya [[siasa]]. Alikuwa kati ya waratibu walioandaa mkutano wa [[Pan-African Congress]] mjini [[Manchester]] (15-19 Oktoba 1945).<ref> G. Martin [https://books.google.de/books/about/African_Political_Thought.html?id=rqYEhtONIBgC&redir_esc=y African Political Thought] ISBN 9781137062055 uk. </ref> Wajumbe wa mkutano huu walipatana kuelekea kwa [[Shirikisho]] la Maungano ya Madola ya Afrika na kujenga utamaduni mpya kwa Afrika bila [[ukabila]] na siasa itakayounganisha [[usoshalisti]] au [[ukomunisti]] na [[demokrasia]]. <ref> Boni Yao Gebe, [http://www.jpanafrican.com/docs/vol2no3/GhanasForeignPolicyAtIndependenceAnd.pdf Ghana's Foreign Policy at Independence and Implications for the 1966 Coup D’état], Journal of Pan African Studies, volume 2, issue 3, date March 2008</ref> Kati ya wajumbe waliohudhuria walikuwa [[mzee]] [[W.E.B. Dubois]] pamoja na Waafrika walioendelea kuwa viongozi wa nchi zao baada ya uhuru kama vile [[Hastings Banda]] wa [[Nyasaland]] ([[Malawi]]), [[Jomo Kenyatta]] wa [[Kenya]], [[Obafemi Awolowo]] wa Nigeria na [[C. L. R. James|C.L. R. James]].<ref>Rooney uk.23</ref> ===Kurudi Ghana=== Baada ya kurusi Gold Coast, Nkrumah kwenye mwaka [[1947]] alikuwa [[katibu]] mkuu wa chama cha [[United Gold Coast Convention]] (UGCC). Mwaka [[1948]] kulitokea ghasia ya "Accra Riots"; [[askari]] Waafrika wa [[jeshi]] la Kiingereza walioachishwa baada ya vita kuu walidai malipo waliyoahidiwa. Nkrumah alihutubia mkutano wao; baada ya [[maandamano]] yao kuvunjwa na [[polisi]] na watu kufa katika ghasia iliyofuata, polisi ilikamata viongozi wa chama cha UGCC. Mwaka [[1949]] Nrumah alitoka katika UGCC akaunda Convention People’s Party (CPP) iliyokuwa na madai makali zaidi. Mwaka [[1951]] CPP ilipata [[kura]] nyingi katika [[uchaguzi]] baada ya kudai uhuru mara moja. Nkrumah aliyekuwa tena mbaroni aliruhusiwa kugombea, alipata [[asilimia]] 98,5 za kura mjini Accra akaachwa huru. Mwaka [[1952]] alichaguliwa na Halmashauri ya Kisheria kuwa [[waziri mkuu]] wa koloni. Aliendelea kuongoza [[serikali]] na mwaka 1957 wakati wa uhuru alibadilisha jina la nchi kuwa Ghana. Hii ilikuwa koloni la kwanza kupata uhuru katika [[Afrika ya Magharibi]], baada ya [[Liberia]]. Mwaka huohuo alifunga [[ndoa]] na Fathia Helen Ritzk, Mkristo wa [[Wakopti|Kikopti]] kutoka nchi ya [[Misri]]. ===Baada ya uhuru=== Nkrumah alianzisha mipango mingi ya kuendeleza Ghana kiutamaduni, [[Elimu|kielimu]] na kiuchumi. Pamoja na [[Haile Selassie]] wa [[Ethiopia]] aliunda [[Umoja wa Muungano wa Afrika]] (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: Organisation of African Union - OAU). Alikaribia nchi za kikomunisti na kuajiri washauri na wahandisi kutoka [[Urusi]] na [[China]]. Alijipatia maadui kati ya [[chifu|machifu]] waliokuwa na [[mamlaka]] kubwa wakati wa ukoloni lakini sasa wengi waliachishwa au kupinduliwa na serikali kama hawakufuata maagizo yote kutoka juu. Alipata pia maadui kati ya [[wakulima]] tajiri wa [[kakao]] kwa sababu aliongeza sana [[kodi]] wakati [[bei]] ya [[zao]] hili kwenye [[soko la dunia]] ilipanda juu. Mnamo mwaka [[1960]] bei za kakao zilishuka sana na hapo alikosa pesa kwa miradi mingi aliyoanzisha wakati mapato ya kakao yalikuwa juu. Gharama za miradi kubwa zililipiwa kwa kukopa pesa nje ya nchi. [[Deni la taifa]] lilikua haraka. Baada ya [[bidhaa]] kadhaa kuwa haba, serikali ilijaribu kuongoza uchumi kwa mfano wa nchi za kikomunisti. Upinzani kati ya wananchi ulitazamwa kama uasi na watu wengi walikamatwa. Kodi zilipandishwa. Inasemekana ya kwamba pia huduma za siri za [[CIA]] (Marekani) na MI5 (Uingereza) zilichochea wapinzani wa Nkrumah waliopanga kumpindua. Mwaka [[1966]] alipokwenda safari ya kutembelea China na [[Korea ya Kaskazini]] kamati ya siri ya upinzani pamoja na [[jeshi la ulinzi]] na polisi ya kitaifa [[Mapinduzi|ilipindua serikali]]. Nkrumah alishindwa kurudi. Kwa miaka kadhaa alikaa [[Guinea]]. Baada ya kugonjeka alihamia kwa tiba huko [[Romania]] alipoaga dunia mwaka 1972. ==Vitabu vilivyoandikwa na Kwame Nkrumah== [[Image:1989 CPA 6101.jpg|thumb||right|A postage stamp from the [[Soviet Union]] marking the 80th anniversary of his birth]] * "Negro History: European Government in Africa", ''The Lincolnian'', 12 April 1938, p.&nbsp;2 (Lincoln University, Pennsylvania) - see [http://www.lincoln.edu/library/project.html Special Collections and Archives, Lincoln University] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lincoln.edu/library/project.html |date=20090817175003 }} * ''Ghana: The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah'' (1957). ISBN 0-901787-60-4 * ''Africa Must Unite'' (1963). ISBN 0-901787-13-2 * ''African Personality'' (1963) * [http://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/nkrumah/neo-colonialism/index.htm ''Neo-Colonialism: the Last Stage of Imperialism''] (1965). ISBN 0-901787-23-X ::"The essence of neo-colonialism is that the State which is subject to it is, in theory, independent and has all the outward trappings of international sovereignty. In reality its economic system and thus its political policy is directed from outside." (Introduction) * ''Axioms of Kwame Nkrumah'' (1967). ISBN 0-901787-54-X * ''[http://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/nkrumah/1967/african-socialism-revisited.htm African Socialism Revisited]'' (1967) * ''Voice From Conakry'' (1967). ISBN 90-17-87027-3 * ''Dark Days in Ghana'' (1968). ISBN 0-7178-0046-6 * ''Handbook of Revolutionary Warfare'' (1968) - first introduction of [[Pan-African pellet compass]]. ISBN 0-7178-0226-4 * ''Consciencism: Philosophy and Ideology for De-Colonisation'' (1970). ISBN 0-901787-11-6 * ''Class Struggle in Africa'' (1970). ISBN 0-901787-12-4 * ''The Struggle Continues'' (1973). ISBN 0-901787-41-8 * ''I Speak of Freedom'' (1973). ISBN 0-901787-14-0 * ''Revolutionary Path'' (1973). ISBN 0-901787-22-1 ==Marejeo== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Soma pia== * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Birmingham |first=David |title=Kwame Nkrumah: The Father of African Nationalism |url=https://archive.org/details/kwamenkrumahfath0000birm |location=Athens |publisher=Ohio University Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-8214-1242-6 }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Davidson |first=Basil |title=Black Star: A View of the Life and Times of Kwame Nkrumah |publisher=James Currey |location=Oxford, UK |origyear=1973 |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-84701-010-0 }} * [[Defense Intelligence Agency]], "[http://www.governmentattic.org/docs/DIA_AnalysisKwameNkrumahOfGhana1966.pdf Supplement, Kwame Nkrumah, President of Ghana]", 12-January-1966. * {{Rejea kitabu |last=James |first=C. L. R. |title=Nkrumah and the Ghana Revolution |location=London |publisher=Allison & Busby |year=1977 |isbn=0-85031-461-5 }} * {{Rejea jarida |last= Mazrui |first= Ali |authorlink= Ali Mazrui |year= 1966 |title= Nkrumah: The Leninist Czar |journal= [[Transition Magazine|Transition]] |issue= 26 |pages= 8–17 |jstor= 2934320 |ref= harv }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Mwakikagile |first=Godfrey |title=Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era |edition=Third |location=Pretoria, South Africa |publisher=New Africa Press |year=2006 |chapter=Nyerere and Nkrumah: Towards African Unity |pages=347–355 |isbn=0-9802534-1-1 }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Poe |first=D. Zizwe |title=Kwame Nkrumah's Contribution to Pan-African Agency |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |isbn=0-203-50537-9 }} * {{cite journal |journal=[[Ebony (magazine)|Ebony]] |location=USA |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=71nrBoK-ilEC&pg=PA138 |title=Kwame Nkrumah: the Fall of a Messiah |author=Sanders, Charles L. |date=September 1966 }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Tuchscherer |first=Konrad |chapter=Kwame Francis Nwia Kofie Nkrumah |title=Encyclopedia of Modern Dictators |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo0000unse_z3j7 |editor-first=Frank J |editor-last=Coppa |location=New York |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2006 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo0000unse_z3j7/page/n242 217]–20 |isbn=0-8204-5010-3 }} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Sister project links | wikt=no | b=no | n=no |s=no | v=no | voy=no | species=no |d=Q8620| display=Kwame Nkrumah}} * [http://kwamenkrumahmausoleumnkroful.ghana-net.net/ Kwame Nkrumah Mausoleum and Museum at Nkroful, Western Region] {{Wayback|url=http://kwamenkrumahmausoleumnkroful.ghana-net.net/ |date=20150205213907 }} * [http://ghana-net.com/accra---kwame-nkrumah-memorial-park Kwame Nkrumah Memorial Park & Museum, Accra] {{Wayback|url=http://ghana-net.com/accra---kwame-nkrumah-memorial-park |date=20150122034817 }} * [http://www.ghana-pedia.org/org/index.php?option=com_directory&listing=Kwame%20Nkrumah&page=viewListing&lid=10&Itemid=36 Ghana-pedia Dr. Kwame Nkrumah] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ghana-pedia.org/org/index.php?option=com_directory&listing=Kwame%20Nkrumah&page=viewListing&lid=10&Itemid=36 |date=20090212181831 }} * [http://www.vibeghana.com/ Dr Kwame Nkrumah] {{Wayback|url=http://www.vibeghana.com/ |date=20210129211258 }} * [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/prof_kwamenkrumah.html Excerpt from ''Commanding Heights'' by Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw] * [http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/entity.jsp?entity=kwame_nkrumah Timeline of events related to the overthrow of Kwame Nkrumah] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/entity.jsp?entity=kwame_nkrumah |date=20070927190754 }} * [http://www.teachinginghana.com/index.php/2007/11/12/kwame-nkrumah-lectures-part-2/ The Kwame Nkrumah Lectures at the University of Cape Coast, Ghana, 2007] {{Wayback|url=http://www.teachinginghana.com/index.php/2007/11/12/kwame-nkrumah-lectures-part-2/ |date=20080627181711 }} * [http://www.nkrumah.net/ Kwame Nkrumah Information and Resource Site] * [http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/ghana/090925/ghana-honors-nkrumah-statue-moammar-gadhafi Ghana re-evaluates Nkrumah] by ''[[The Global Post]]'' * [http://ghanaconscious.ghanathink.org/podcasts/2007/03/6th-march-1957-midnight-speech Dr Kwame Nkrumah's Midnight Speech on the day of Ghana's independence&nbsp;– 6 March 1957.] {{Wayback|url=http://ghanaconscious.ghanathink.org/podcasts/2007/03/6th-march-1957-midnight-speech |date=20090213044033 }} {{Pan-Africanism}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nkrumah, Kwame}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1909]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1972]] [[Jamii:Viongozi wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Marais wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Ghana]] 3mvu1ivaukupr307g7431qsr4xjmno0 0 2375 1592710 1085758 2026-08-28T17:18:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox chuo kikuu | jina = Makerere University | native_name = Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere | jina_la_picha = Nembo la Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere.jpg | ukubwa_wa_picha = | picha_alt = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kilatini = | wito = ''We Build for the Future'' | wito_sw = | kimeanzishwa = 1922 | aina = umma | affiliation = | chansela = [[Ezra Suruma]] | superintendent = | provost = | makamu_wa_chansela = | mkurugenzi = | head_label = | head = [[Livingstone Luboobi]] | walimu = | wanafunzi = 30,000 | undergrad = | postgrad = | doctoral = | mji = [[Kampala]] | nchi = [[Uganda]] | kampasi = mjini Kampala | affiliations = | tovuti = http://www.mak.ac.ug }} [[Picha:Makerere university tower.jpg|thumb|Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere]] '''Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere''' ni [[chuo kikuu]] cha kwanza cha [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] na chuo kikuu kikubwa cha [[Uganda]]. Kimeanzishwa wakati wa [[ukoloni]] mwaka [[1922]] kama [[shule ya ufundi]] kwa wanafunzi 14. Kozi za kwanza zilikuwa pamoja na [[useremala]], [[ujenzi]] na [[umekanika]]. Shule ikawa [[chuo]] na kozi zikaongezeka kwa masomo ya [[utabibu]], [[kilimo]], [[maradhi ya wanyama]] na [[ualimu]]. Kuanzia mwaka [[1937]] chuo kilianza kozi za [[stashahada]] mbalimbali. Mwaka [[1949]] Makerere ikawa chuo kishiriki cha [[Chuo Kikuu cha London]] kikitoa [[shahada]] ya kwanza ya ngazi ya chuo kikuu. Mwaka [[1963]] ikawa sehemu ya [[Chuo Kikuu cha Afrika ya Mashariki]] pamoja na kampasi za [[Dar es Salaam]] na [[Nairobi]]. Chuo Kikuu cha Afrika ya Mashariki kimegawiwa mwaka [[1970]] kutokana na kufifia kwa [[Jumuiya ya Afrika ya Mashariki]]. Makerere ikawa Chuo Kikuu cha kitaifa cha Uganda. ==Chuo cha Viongozi== Makerere ilikuwa chuo waliposoma viongozi wengi wa [[Afrika]], wakiwa pamoja na [[marais]] wa zamani [[Milton Obote]] (Uganda), [[Mwalimu Nyerere|Julius Nyerere]] na [[Benjamin Mkapa]] ([[Tanzania]]) na [[Mwai Kibaki]] ([[Kenya]]). Baada ya [[uhuru]] Makerere ilikuwa pia mahali pa majadiliano na mafunzo ya [[utamaduni]] wa Kiafrika. Waandishi na walimu muhimu wa Kiafrika walianzisha mafunzo yao au walifundisha kwa muda fulani Makerere kama vile [[Nuruddin Farrah]], [[Ali Mazrui]], [[David Rubadiri]], [[Okello Oculi]], [[Ngugi wa Thiongo]], [[John Ruganda]], [[Paul Theroux]] na [[Peter Nazareth]]. ==Idara== Makerere ina [[idara]] 22 zinazohudumia wanafunzi 30,000 hivi, wakiwemo 3,000 wa kozi za shahada za ngazi ya juu. ===Vitivo=== *Kitivo cha Kilimo *Kitivo cha Fani *Kitivo cha Elimu Misitu na Hifadhi la Mazingira *Kitivo cha Sheria *Kitivo cha Uganga *Kitivo cha Sayansi *Kitivo cha Sayansi Jamii *Kitivo cha Teknolojia *Kitivo cha Elimu ya Maradhi ya Wanyama ===Taasisi=== *Taasisi ya Elimu ya Watu Wazima *Taasisi ya Sayansi ya Kompyuta *Taasisi ya Uchumi *Taasisi ya Mazingira na Mali Asili *Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kijamii *Taasisi ya Takwimu na Saikolojia ===Vyuo=== *Chuo cha Ualimu *Chuo cha Sanaa *Chuo cha Sayansi za Maktaba na Habari *Chuo cha Biashara *Chuo cha Mafunzo baada ya Digrii ya Kwanza ===Idara=== *Idara ya Teknolojia ya Kompyuta na Habari ===Kampasi=== *Makerere - Kikara *Makerere - Kabanyoro *Makerere - Katumani ==Wanafunzi waliopitia Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere== * [[John Sentamu]], [[Askofu Mkuu]] wa [[York]], [[askofu mkuu]] Mwafrika wa kwanza katika [[Kanisa la Uingereza]] * [[Okello Oculi]], [[mwandishi]], [[mshairi]] * [[Peter Nazareth]], mwandishi * [[David Rubadiri]], mwandishi na mshairi wa [[Malawi]] * [[Benjamin Mkapa]], alikuwa rais wa [[Tanzania]] * [[Joseph Kabila]], rais wa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] * [[Specioza Kazibwe]], [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza kuwa makamu wa rais wa [[Uganda]] ([[1994]]-[[2003]]) * [[Julius Nyerere]], alikuwa rais wa [[Tanzania]] * [[Milton Obote]], alikuwa rais wa [[Uganda]] * [[Mutesa II|Sir Frederick Edward Mutesa II]], alikuwa [[Kabaka]] wa [[Buganda]] * [[Mwai Kibaki]], alikuwa rais wa [[Kenya]] (alikuwa pia mwalimu Makerere) * [[Ngugi wa Thiongo]], mwandishi (alikuwa pia mwalimu Makerere) * [[Jaramogi Oginga Odinga]], [[mwanasiasa]] na [[makamu wa rais]] wa [[Kenya]] ([[1964]]-[[1966]]) * [[Okot p'Bitek]], mshairi na mwandishi (alikuwa pia mwalimu Makerere) * Chege Joseph Macharia, mwalimu wa Kiswahili * [[Don Gasangwa]], [[siasa]] ya [[Eacu]] * [[Helen Akwi]], mwandishi wa [[hadithi]] ==Viungo vya nje== * {{en}} [http://www.mak.ac.ug/ Tovuti rasmi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mak.ac.ug/ |date=20090505031227 }} [[Jamii:Kampala]] [[Jamii:Vyuo vikuu vya Uganda]] 31n3aoy1t0no471q1e2n36pvotoojzv 0 12715 1592643 1573292 2026-08-28T13:52:12Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592643 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sanctus_Alexander_Papa_Sancta_Maria_Antiqua(cropped).jpg|thumb|Mt. Aleksanda I katika [[mchoro wa ukutani]] wa [[karne ya 8]].]] [[Picha:Pope Alexander I.jpg|thumb|Papa Alexander I.]] '''Papa Alexander I''' alikuwa [[Papa]] kuanzia takriban [[108]]/[[109]] hadi [[kifo]] chake takriban [[116]]/[[119]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. Alitokea [[Roma]], [[Italia]]<ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/51675</ref>. Alimfuata [[Papa Evaristus]] akafuatwa na [[Papa Sixtus I]]. Taarifa mbalimbali zinadokeza kuwa Alexander alichangia sana ustawi wa [[liturujia]] na [[Dayosisi|jimbo]] kwa jumla. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa kama [[mtakatifu]], pengine [[mfiadini]], ingawa hatajwi tena katika [[Martyrologium Romanum]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake ni tarehe [[3 Mei]] au [[16 Machi]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] *[[Orodha ya Mapapa]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== * [[Benedikto XVI|Benedict XVI]]. ''The Roman Martyrology''. Gardners Books, 2007. ISBN 9780548133743. * Chapman, John. ''Studies on the Early Papacy''. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1971. ISBN 9781901157604 * Fortescue, Adrian, and Scott M. P. Reid. ''The Early Papacy: To the Synod of Chalcedon in 451''. Southampton: Saint Austin Press, 1997. ISBN 9781901157604. * Jowett, George F. ''The Drama of the Lost Disciples''. London: Covenant Pub. Co, 1968. OCLC 7181392 * Loomis, Louise Ropes. ''The Book of Popes'' (''Liber Pontificalis''). Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. ISBN 1889758868 == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01285c.htm Kuhusu Papa Alexander I katika Kamusi Elezo ya Kikatoliki] *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/14049/Saint-Alexander-I# Encyclopaedia Britannica: ''Saint Alexander I''] {{Mapapa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aleksanda I}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa karne ya 1]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 116]] [[Jamii:Mapapa]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Italia]] 0nte1a5mh87w9ta24rzksii35e3c5gc 0 18402 1592770 1559166 2026-08-29T02:46:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592770 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Waal Laatsch 01.jpg|thumb|200px|Mfereji mdogo wa umwagiliaji nchini Uswisi]] '''Mfereji''' ni njia ya [[maji]] iliyotengenezwa na watu, tofauti na njia asilia za maji kama [[mto|mito]] au [[ziwa|maziwa]]. Kuna aina mbili za mifereji: * mfereji wa kupeleka maji yanapotakiwa, kwa mfano kwa [[umwagiliaji]] wa [[Shamba|mashamba]] * mfereji wa [[usafiri]] kwa [[boti]] au [[meli]] [[File:Canal de la Peyrade, Sète, Hérault 01.jpg|thumb|left]] ==Historia== Mifereji ya kwanza inayojulikana ilitengenezwa zamani za [[Mesopotamia]] ya Kale, [[Misri ya Kale]] au [[Uhindi]] ya Kale kwa umwagiliaji. Mnamo [[mwaka]] [[2300 KK]] [[mfalme]] [[Pepi I]] aliamuru mfereji kuchimbwa kama njia ya usafiri wa kuepukana na [[Maporomoko ya maji|maporomoko]] ya mto [[Naili]] karibu na [[Aswan]]. Mfalme [[Necho II]] wa Misri alianzisha njia ya maji ya kwanza kati ya [[Mediteranea]] na [[Bahari ya Shamu]] kwa kuchimba mfereji kati ya mto Naili na Bahari ya Shamu. Mfereji huo ulikuwa mtangulizi wa [[Mfereji wa Suez]] unaofupisha safari za [[meli]] kati ya [[Ulaya]] na [[Asia]]. ==Mifereji kati ya Bahari== Kati ya mifereji muhimu ya kimataifa kuna [[Mfereji wa Panama]] unaoruhusu kupita kati ya [[Atlantiki]] na [[Pasifiki]] pamoja na [[Mfereji wa Suez]]. Kwa jumla mifereji ya maji ni sehemu muhimu za [[miundombinu]] wa kila nchi ama kama njia za kubeba mizigo kwa meli au kama njia ya kupeleka maji panapohitajika. ==Mifereji barani== Mifereji ni muhimu pia ndani ya nchi nyingi. Kabla ya kupatikana kwa [[reli]] zilikuwa njia nyepesi na ya haraka kusafirisha mizigo kwa [[gharama]] nafuu. * Mfereji Mkuu wa China ulianzishwa mnamo mwaka [[600]] ukaunganisha [[Beijing]] na [[miji]] mikuu kusini mwa China iliyopo kwenye mito [[Yangtze]] na [[Mto Njano]] kwa [[urefu]] wa [[kilomita]] 1700<ref>Donald Langmead (2001). [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats]. ABC-CLIO. p. 37. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-57607-112-0</nowiki>. Iliangaliwa Februari 2021. "the world's largest artificial waterway and oldest canal still in existence"</ref>. Uliruhusu kusafirishwa kwa [[mazao]] na hivyo kuwepo kwa miji mikubwa lakini pia usafiri wa [[wanajeshi]]. * Canal du Midi nchini Ufaransa ilijengwa katika [[karne ya 18]] ikaruhusu usafirishaji wa [[bidhaa]] kati ya [[Atlantiki]] na [[Bahari Mediteranea]] bila kuzunguka [[Hispania]]. * mifereji iliyojengwa [[Uingereza]] na [[Welisi]] katika karne ya 18 na 19 ilikuwa msingi mmojawapo kwa [[mapinduzi ya viwanda]] kwa sababu iliruhusu kupeleka [[makaa mawe]] kwenda viwanda ulipohitajika. Kati ya mifereji mikuwa ya kwanza ilikuwa [[Mfereji wa Bridgewater]] iliyopita juu ya [[mto Irwell]] kwa [[daraja]] halafu ikapita katika [[mlima]] chini ya uso wa ardhi. [[Picha:Pontcysyllte aqueduct arp.jpg|thumb|Daraja la mfereji juu ya mto, [[Uingereza]]]] Leo hii mahali pengi mifereji ya kihistoria imepitwa na wakati ilhali [[reli]] na [[usafiri]] wa [[Barabara|barabarani]] hufikisha bidhaa haraka zaidi na kwa [[bei]] nafuu. Lakini mifereji ya kale siku hizi ni kuvutio cha [[utalii]]: inatumiwa na watu wanaopenda kusafiri kwenye maji. Lakini mifereji inayoweza kubeba meli inaendelea kuwa na maana. Matumizi ya mifereji ya kimataifa yanazidi kuongezeka<ref>Zamorano, Juan; Martinez, Kathia (June 26, 2016). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20160626050451/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/b8495e0dad974d39bf4147f647d2f831/panama-canal-opens-5b-locks-bullish-despite-shipping-woes<nowiki> Panama Canal opens $5B locks, bullish despite shipping woes]". The Big Story. Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 26, 2016. iliangaliwa 9 Machi 2021.</nowiki></ref>. Hata ndani ya nchi usafiri kwa mifereji na mito mikubwa bado ni muhimu kwa bidhaa kama [[mchanga]], [[mawe]], [[kokoto]], [[makaa]] na [[mafuta]]. ==Milango ya mfereji== Changamoto kwa mfereji mara nyingi ni milima na [[mabonde]] kwenye njia yake. [[Wajenzi]] walijifunza tangu siku za Mfereji Mkuu wa China kuvuka mitelemko kwa kutumia [[milango ya mfereji]]. Hapa wanapanga sehemu ambako wanafunga njia ya maji kwa [[geti]] linalofuatwa na nafasi na geti la pili na hivyo kupata chemba baina ya [[Mlango|milango]] miwili. [[Boti]] linaingia katika geti moja linalofungwa tena. Sasa maji yanaingizwa kwenye chemba na maji ndani yake yanapaa pamoja na boti. Mara maji ndani ya chemba yamepaa sawa na sehemu ya juu ya mfereji, mlango wa pili unafunguliwa na boti linaendelea. Kwa njia ya chemba mfululizo boti linaweza kushuka au kuinuliwa; meli kubwa zinazopita Mfereji wa Panama zinapanda na kushuka [[mita]] 26; meli hadi [[tani]] 5,000 kwenye mfereji baina ya [[mto Volga]] na [[Bahari Baltiki]] nchini [[Urusi]] hupanda mita 80 kwa njia ya milango. [[file:Anderten lock locking time lapse animation Anderten Hannover Germany.webm|mini|hochkant=1.2|Kupita kwenye mlango wa mfereji pale Anderten, Ujerumani]] ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya Nje== {{Commons category}} {{EB1911 poster|Canal}} {{Wikiquote}} * [http://www.waterscape.com/ British Waterways' leisure website – Britain's official guide to canals, rivers and lakes] * [http://www.towpathtreks.co.uk/ Leeds Liverpool Canal Photographic Guide] * [http://www.nycanals.com/ {{Wayback|url=http://www.nycanals.com/ |date=20080724103315 }} Information and Boater's Guide to the New York State Canal System] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nycanals.com/ |date=20080724103315 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110719194715/http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/wetland/canal/canals.htm "Canals and Navigable Rivers" by James S. Aber, Emporia State University] * [http://www.canals.org/ National Canal Museum (USA)] * [http://www.canalmuseum.org.uk/ London Canal Museum (UK)] * [http://www.world-city-photos.org/Amsterdam/photos/Canals_and_Bridges/ {{Wayback|url=http://www.world-city-photos.org/Amsterdam/photos/Canals_and_Bridges/ |date=20080914101104 }} Canals in Amsterdam] {{Wayback|url=http://www.world-city-photos.org/Amsterdam/photos/Canals_and_Bridges/ |date=20080914101104 }} * [http://www.canaldumidi.com Canal du Midi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.canaldumidi.com/ |date=20080922170409 }} * [http://www.canaldumidi.com/Canal-des-Deux-Mers.php Canal des Deux Mers] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070717234045/http://www.usbr.gov/pmts/hydraulics_lab/water/bubbler/index.htm Canal flow measurement using a sensor]. [[Jamii:Majengo]] [[Jamii:Usafiri wa maji]] b32yh14ruq8ob23o8r9lt8cn5kimfxl 0 20690 1592635 1537447 2026-08-28T12:10:13Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592635 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:José de Ribera 054.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Kifodini cha Mt. Filippo'', 1639, [[José de Ribera]].]] [[image:Hyerapolis, martyrion di san filippo, annessi 03.JPG|thumb|[[Kaburi]] la [[Mtume Filipo]] huko Hierapoli.]] {{Mitume 12 wa Yesu}} {{Yesu Kristo}} '''Filipo''' (kwa [[Kigiriki]] Φίλιππος, ''Philippos'') ni [[jina]] la [[mfuasi]] wa [[Yesu Kristo]] anayeshika nafasi ya tano katika orodha zote nne za [[Mitume wa Yesu]] katika [[Agano Jipya]]. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa kama [[mtakatifu]] na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na [[madhehebu]] mengine yote ya [[Ukristo]] yanayokubali [[heshima]] hiyo, lakini kwa [[tarehe]] tofauti. Kwa Wakatoliki ni tarehe [[3 Mei]] pamoja na [[Yakobo Mdogo]] <ref>''[[Martyrologium Romanum]]: ex Decreto Sacrosancti oecumenici Concilii Vaticani II instauratum auctoritate Ioannis Pauli P.P. II promulgatum'', Romae 2001, ISBN 8820972107</ref><ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/94044</ref> ==Maisha== Habari zake zinapatikana hasa katika [[Injili]] na [[Matendo ya Mitume]]. Mtu wa [[Bethsaida]], kama [[Mtume Petro]], alikuwa mfuasi wa [[Yohane Mbatizaji]] alipoitwa na [[Yesu]] amfuate <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/20950</ref>. Ndiye aliyemletea [[rafiki]] yake [[Natanaeli wa Kana]] ([[Injili ya Yohane]] 1:43-46). Baadaye aliulizwa na Kristo [[bei]] ya mikate inayohitajiwa na [[umati]] kabla hajawazidishia ile michache iliyokuwepo (Yoh 6:5-7}. Pia alimletea Yesu [[Wagiriki]] ambao walifika [[Yerusalemu]] kwa ajili ya [[Pasaka]] wakataka kumfahamu (Yoh 12:20-22). Hatimaye, katika [[karamu ya mwisho]] ya Yesu na mitume wake alimuomba awaonyeshe [[Baba]] (Yoh 14:8) akalaumiwa naye kwa kutomtambua ndani yake (Yoh. 14:9). [[Eusebi wa Kaisarea]], katika ''Historia ecclesiastica'', iii.39, aliripoti maneno ya [[Papias]], [[askofu]] wa [[Hierapoli]] kwamba Filipo alikuwa na [[mke]] na watoto na kwamba alifia dini Hierapoli (mwaka [[80]] hivi). [[Polikrate wa Efeso]] alimuandikia [[Papa Viktor I]] kwamba Mtume Filipo alizikwa Hierapoli pamoja na [[binti|mabinti]] wake wawili, wakati mwingine, mwenye sifa ya [[unabii]], alizikwa [[Efeso]] <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/91247</ref>. Huyo wa tatu, jina lake [[Hermione]], anaheshimiwa kama mtakatifu [[mfiadini]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== *Thenashara, Mitume Kumi na Wawili – tafsiri ya P. A. Bunju – Toleo la pili – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Ndanda 1984 – ISBN 9976-63-030-1 * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 154-155 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 131-132 * Maurice Soseleje, Kalendari yetu – Maisha ya Watakatifu – Toleo la pili – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1986 – ISBN 9976-63-112-X, uk. 39 ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Saint Philip}} * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11799a.htm St. Philip the Apostle] article from ''[[The Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' (1911) * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01626c.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Apostle] article regarding the title "Apostle" from The Catholic Encyclopedia * [http://www.catholic-forum.com/Saints/saintp21.htm Catholic Forum: ''St. Philip''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.catholic-forum.com/Saints/saintp21.htm |date=20070226234127 }} * [http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=103299 Holy, All-Praised Apostle Philip] Orthodox [[icon]] and [[synaxarion]] {{mbegu-mtu-Biblia}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa karne ya 1]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 80]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Biblia|F]] [[Jamii:Wafuasi wa Yesu|F]] [[Jamii:Mitume katika Ukristo|F]] [[Jamii:Wafiadini Wakristo|F]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Israeli|F]] b3g265xcpwnssy666pl4edtivhgv7z1 0 25858 1592688 1429925 2026-08-28T16:19:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single | Jina = Billie Jean | Cover = Billie Jean.jpg | Msanii = [[Michael Jackson]] | Albamu = [[Thriller (albamu)|Thriller]] | B-side = "It's the Falling in Love" / "Can't Get Outta the Rain" | Imetolewa = [[2 Januari]] [[1983]] | Muundo = [[wimbo|7" single]] | Imerekodiwa = 1982 | Aina = [[Dance-pop]], [[Rhythm na blues|R&B]], [[Funk]] | Urefu = 4:54 | Studio = [[Epic Records]] | Mtayarishaji = [[Michael Jackson]] | Mtayarishaji = [[Quincy Jones]] | Single iliyopita = "[[The Girl Is Mine]]"<br />(1982) | Single ya sasa = "'''Billie Jean'''"<br />(1983) | Single ijayo = "[[Beat It]]"<br />(1983) }} "'''Billie Jean'''" ni [[wimbo]] wa [[dance-pop]] [[R&B]] wa [[msanii]] [[Michael Jackson]]. Wimbo huu ulitungwa na Jackson na kutayarishwa na [[Quincy Jones]] kwa ajili ya [[albamu]] yake ya [[sita]] ''[[Thriller (albamu)|Thriller]]'' ([[1982]]). Yenyewe haikupendwa na Jones, wimbo huu almanusura itolewe kwenye albamu baada ya yeye na Jackson kuwa na malumbano kadhaa. [[Mashairi]] yaliyomo yanahusu [[maisha]] halisi ya [[binadamu]], ambamo inazungumzia [[mwanamke]] mmoja [[mgonjwa]] wa [[kichaa]] anayedai kwamba Jackson amezaa naye [[watoto]] [[pacha]]. Wimbo unajulikana sana kwa besi lake na staili ya sauti ya Jackson. Wimbo huu ulimwezesha Michael kuzidi kuwa maarufu hasa pale alipokuwa akiuimba moja kwa moja jukwaani akiutumia mtindo wa kucheza huku akirudi nyuma nyuma kwa kutumia miguu yake pasipo kuanguka. Kwa [[lugha]] ya [[Kiingereza]] mtindo huu unafahamika kama Moon Walker. Wachezaji wengi wa muziki duniani wanautumia mtindo huu wa [[dansi]] katika maonesho mbalimbali ya kimuziki majukwaani. ==Chati== {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Chati (1983) !align="center"|Nafasi<br />iliyoshika |- |align="left"|[[Austrian Singles Chart]] |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|[[Syndicat national de l'édition phonographique|French Singles Chart]] |align="center"|45<ref name="france">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=Billie+Jean&cat=s| title = French Singles Chart Archives|accessdate=21 Februari 2009|publisher=lescharts.com}}</ref> |- |align="left"|[[German Singles Chart]] |align="center"|2<ref name="germany">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.charts-surfer.de/musiksearch.php| title = German Singles Chart Archives|accessdate=24 Februari 2009|publisher=charts-surfer.de|archivedate=2007-07-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702104440/http://www.charts-surfer.de/musiksearch.php}}</ref> |- |align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]] |align="center"|1<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-07-16 |archive-date=2015-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107043329/http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |align="left"|Italian Singles Chart |align="center"|7<ref name="italy">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://italiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=Billie+Jean&cat=s| title = Italian Singles Chart Archives|accessdate=21 Februari 2009|publisher=italiancharts.com}}</ref> |- |align="left"|Netherlands Singles Chart |align="center"|4<ref name="netherlands">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=Billie+Jean&cat=s| title = Dutch Singles Chart Archives|accessdate=21 Februari 2009|publisher=dutchcharts.nl}}</ref> |- |align="left"|[[Norwegian Singles Chart]] |align="center"|6<ref name="norway">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=Billie+Jean&cat=s| title = Norwegian Singles Chart Archives|accessdate=21 Februari 2009|publisher=norwegiancharts.com}}</ref> |- |align="left"|Spanish Singles Chart |align="center"|1<ref name="spanish">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://spanishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=Billie+Jean&cat=s| title = Spanish Singles Chart Archives|accessdate=21 Februari 2009|publisher=spanishcharts.com}}</ref> |- |align="left"|[[Swedish Singles Chart]] |align="center"|2<ref name="sweden">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=Billie+Jean&cat=s| title = Swedish Singles Chart Archives|accessdate=21 Februari 2009|publisher=swedishcharts.com}}</ref> |- |align="left"|[[Swiss Singles Chart]] |align="center"|1<ref name="switzerland">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=Billie+Jean&cat=s| title = Swiss Singles Chart Archives|accessdate=21 Februari 2009|publisher=hitparade.ch}}</ref> |- |align="left"| [[UK Singles Chart]] |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"| US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"| US [[R&B Singles Chart]] |align="center"|1 |- !Chati (2009) !align="center"|Nafasi<br />iliyoshika |- |[[Australian Singles Chart]] |align=center|7<ref>http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display.asp?chart=1U50</ref> |- |[[Austrian Singles Chart]] |align=center|15 |- |[[Danish Singles Chart]] |align=center|9<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.hitlisterne.dk/tracklisten.asp?list=t40 | title = Danish Singles Chart|accessdate=2009-07-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226143222/http://www.hitlisterne.dk/tracklisten.asp?list=t40 |archivedate=2012-02-26 }}</ref> |- |[[Dutch Singles Chart]] |align=center|21<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://acharts.us/dutch_top_40 | title = Dutch Singles Chart}}</ref> |- |Finnish Singles Chart |align=center|11<ref>[http://www.yle.fi/lista/listat/tuote.php?id=9464 Suomen virallinen lista]</ref> |- |[[Irish Singles Chart]] |align=center|11<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://acharts.us/ireland_singles_top_50 | title = Irish Singles Chart}}</ref> |- |[[Italian Singles Chart]] |align=center|5<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.fimi.it/classifiche_digital.php | title = Italian Singles Chart|accessdate=2009-07-16 |archivedate=2013-03-09 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130309164613/http://www.fimi.it/classifiche_digital.php }}</ref> |- |[[New Zealand Singles Chart]] |align=center|15<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://acharts.us/nz_singles_top_40 | title = New Zealand Singles Chart}}</ref> |- |[[Norwegian Singles Chart]] |align=center|5<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://acharts.us/norway_singles_top_20 | title = Norwegian Singles Chart}}</ref> |- |[[Turkey Top 20 Chart]] |align="center"|9<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com.tr/pages/Turkiye_top20.aspx/ | title = Billboard Türkiye Top 20| date = 6 Julai 2009|accessdate=2009-07-06 |work=[[Billboard Türkiye]] |language=Turkish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420045407/http://www.billboard.com.tr/pages/Turkiye_top20.aspx/ |archivedate=2008-04-20 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201021758/http://www.billboard.com.tr/pages/Turkiye_top20.aspx/ }}</ref> |- |[[UK Singles Chart]] |align=center|10<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.chartstats.com/chart.php?week=20090704 | title = Singles chart for 04/07/2009|publisher=Chart Stats |accessdate=2 Julai 2009 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120723005512/http://www.chartstats.com/chart.php?week=20090704 |archivedate=2012-07-23 }}</ref> |- |U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Digital Songs]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/michael-jackson-breaks-billboard-charts-1003989310.story | title = Billboard Hot Digital Songs|accessdate=2009-07-16 |archivedate=2009-07-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704213541/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/michael-jackson-breaks-billboard-charts-1003989310.story }}</ref> |align=center|4 |- |} ===Matunukio=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- ! Nchi ! Matunukio ! Mauzo |- | New Zealand | Gold<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp | title = Nakala iliyohifadhiwa|accessdate=2009-07-16 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5PkfqxTDF?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |archivedate=2007-06-21 |=https://www.webcitation.org/5wChHAS9r?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp }}</ref> | 7,500 |- |} ==Maelezo== {{marejeo}} ==Marejeo== * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Campbell|first=Lisa| title = Michael Jackson: The King of Pop|url=https://archive.org/details/michaeljacksonki0000camp_n8r9|publisher=Branden|year=1993|isbn=082831957X}} * [[Nelson George|George, Nelson]] (2004). ''[[Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection]]'' booklet. [[Sony BMG]]. * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Halstead |first=Craig | title = Michael Jackson: For the Record|year=2007 |publisher=Authors OnLine |id=ISBN 978-0-7552-0267-6 }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Jackson |first=Michael | title = [[Moon Walk (autobiography)|Moon Walk]] |year=1988 |publisher=Doubleday |id=ISBN 0385247125}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Taraborrelli |first=J. Randy |authorlink=J. Randy Taraborrelli | title = The Magic and the Madness|year=2004 |publisher=Headline |location=Terra Alta, WV |id=ISBN 0-330-42005-4}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Thriller 25: The Book | title = [[Thriller 25|Thriller 25: The Book]] |year=2008 |publisher=ML Publishing Group |id=ISBN 978-0-9768891-9-9}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Wadhams|first=Wayne| title = Inside the Hits|url=https://archive.org/details/insidehits0000wadh|publisher=Berklee Press|year=2001|isbn=0634014307}} {{Michael Jackson singles}} {{mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 1983]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Michael Jackson]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo zilizotayarishwa na Quincy Jones]] ji29vll5lwbpjijhlrt82xp4x8vzyu4 0 32995 1592691 1592459 2026-08-28T16:26:16Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1592691 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Jakarta slumhome 2.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Mtaa wa mabanda mjini Jakarta, Indonesia]] '''Umaskini ''' (kutoka [[neno]] la [[Kiarabu]]) ni hali ya ukosefu wa mahitaji ya msingi ya [[binadamu]] kama vile [[chakula]], [[maji salama]], [[huduma]] za [[afya]], [[mavazi]] na [[nyumba]] kutokana na kukosa uwezo wa kuvinunua.<ref name="unesco.org">{{cite web|title = Poverty {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url = http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/international-migration/glossary/poverty/|website = www.unesco.org|accessdate = 2015-11-04}}</ref> Hii pia inajulikana kama umaskini uliokithiri au [[ufukara]].<ref name=webster>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/poverty|title=Poverty|publisher=merriam-webster|accessdate=18 November 2013}}</ref> Umaskini wa kadiri ni kuwa na [[rasilimali]] chache zaidi au [[mapato]] madogo zaidi kulingana na watu wengine katika [[jamii]] au nchi au hali ya wastani [[duniani]]. Hali hii pia hujulikana kama umaskini halisi au unyonge. Umaskini linganishi ni hali ya kuwa na [[rasilimali]] chache au [[kipato cha chini]] kuliko wengine kwenye jamii au nchi, au ikilinganishwa na wastani duniani kote. Umaskini unajumlisha pia matokeo yake upande wa [[siasa]] na jamii.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sabates |first=Ricardo |authorlink=Ricardo Sabates |title=The Impact of Lifelong Learning on Poverty Reduction |journal=IFLL Public Value Paper 1 |url=http://www.niace.org.uk/lifelonglearninginquiry/docs/public-value-paper-1.pdf |date=2008 |pages=5–6 |publisher=Latimer Trend,Plymouth,UK |isbn=978 1 86201 3797 |access-date=2016-01-31 |archive-date=2015-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528172200/http://www.niace.org.uk/lifelonglearninginquiry/docs/Public-value-paper-1.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[Kupunguza ufukara]] ni kati ya malengo makuu ya [[taasisi]] nyingi za kimataifa, kama vile [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] na [[Benki ya Dunia]]. [[Benki]] hiyo imekadiria kuwa watu [[milioni]] 702.1 walikuwa wakiishi kifukara mno mwaka [[2015]], wakati walikuwa [[bilioni]] 1.75 mwaka [[1990]] (kutoka 37.1% hadi 9.6%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/pubdocs/publicdoc/2015/10/503001444058224597/Global-Monitoring-Report-2015.pdf|title=Global Monitoring Report; Development Goals in an Era of Demographic Change|publisher=www.worldbank.org/gmr|accessdate=4 Nov 2015|archive-date=2016-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105020541/http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/pubdocs/publicdoc/2015/10/503001444058224597/Global-Monitoring-Report-2015.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2015/10/04/world-bank-forecasts-global-poverty-to-fall-below-10-for-first-time-major-hurdles-remain-in-goal-to-end-poverty-by-2030 |title=World Bank Forecasts Global Poverty to Fall Below 10% for First Time; Major Hurdles Remain in Goal to End Poverty by 2030 |publisher=Worldbank.org |date=2015-10-04 |accessdate=2016-01-06 |archive-date=2016-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103202525/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2015/10/04/world-bank-forecasts-global-poverty-to-fall-below-10-for-first-time-major-hurdles-remain-in-goal-to-end-poverty-by-2030 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Jason Hickel (30 March 2015). [http://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/mar/30/it-will-take-100-years-for-the-worlds-poorest-people-to-earn-125-a-day It will take 100 years for the world’s poorest people to earn $1.25 a day]. ''[[The Guardian]].'' Retrieved 31 March 2015.</ref> Kati yao, milioni 347.1 hivi walikuwa [[Afrika]] [[Kusini kwa Sahara]] (35.2% za wakazi) na 231.3 [[Asia Kusini]] (13.5%), lakini ufukara ni changamoto kwa nchi zote duniani.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Bank Sees Progress Against Extreme Poverty, But Flags Vulnerabilities|publisher=The World bank|date=29 February 2012|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/2012/02/29/world-bank-sees-progress-against-extreme-poverty-but-flags-vulnerabilities|accessdate=2016-01-31|archive-date=2012-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123050607/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/2012/02/29/world-bank-sees-progress-against-extreme-poverty-but-flags-vulnerabilities|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://povertydata.worldbank.org/poverty/country/IND |title=Poverty and Equity - India, 2010 World Bank Country Profile |publisher=Povertydata.worldbank.org |date=30 March 2012 |accessdate=26 July 2013}}</ref> [[UNICEF]] imekadiria kwamba [[nusu]] ya [[watoto]] wote duniani wanaishi kifukara (bilioni 1.1).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/rightsite/364_617.htm|author=Ernest C. Madu|title=Investment and Development Will Secure the Rights of the Child|accessdate=2016-01-31|archivedate=2014-04-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144118/http://www.unicef.org/rightsite/364_617.htm}}</ref> [[Wataalamu]] mbalimbali wamesema sera za [[uliberali|uliberali mpya]] zinazofuatwa na taasisi za kiuchumi za kimataifa (kama vile [[IMF]] na Benki ya Dunia) zinazidisha tofauti za kiuchumi kati ya binadamu.<ref>Stephen Haymes, Maria Vidal de Haymes and Reuben Miller (eds), ''[http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415673440/ The Routledge Handbook of Poverty in the United States],'' (London: [[Routledge]], 2015), ISBN 0415673445, [https://books.google.com/books?id=qnHfBQAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&vq=microcredit&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 1 & 2].</ref> ==Asili ya umaskini== Asili ya umaskini inahusika hasa na sababu za kiwango cha chini cha [[utajiri]] na [[uzalishaji]] cha watu maskini au, ikisemwa vingine, uhaba na [[mfumuko wa bei]] wa [[bidhaa]] ambazo wanazitumia. === Vikwazo kwa uzalishaji === [[Picha:Riischildren.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Watoto]] wasio na makao wakilala katika Mtaa wa Mulberry-Picha ya Jacob Riis, [[New York]], [[Marekani]] ([[1890]]).]] [[Picha:Homeless in LA.jpg|thumb|Watu wasio na makao wanaishi katika nyumba zilizojengwa kwa [[karatasi|makaratasi]] mjini [[Los Angeles]], [[California]].]] Ukosefu wa [[nia]] ya [[serikali]] na ya watu wa [[tabaka]] la juu ya kuwapa wapangaji wao [[haki]] kamili ya kumiliki [[ardhi]] imetajwa kama kikwazo kikuu kwa [[maendeleo]]. Utovu wa [[uhuru wa kiuchumi]] ni [[kizingiti]] kikubwa kwa [[ujasiriamali]] wa watu maskini. [[Biashara]] mpya na [[wawekezaji]] kutoka [[nchi za nje]] wanaweza kufukuzwa kutokana na kuwepo kwa [[taasisi]] zinazoongozwa vibaya, hasa kutokana na [[ufisadi]], [[udhaifu]] wa [[sheria]] na vikwazo vingi vya [[urasimu]]. Nchini [[Kanada]], itamchukua [[mfanyabiashara]] siku mbili, hatua mbili za kiurasimu na [[Dolar ya Marekani|dola]] 280 kufungua biashara ilhali mfanyabiashara nchini [[Bolivia]] analazimishwa kulipa dola 2,696 kama [[ada]], angojee siku 82 za kazi, na apitie hatua 20 ili kufanya jambo lilelile. Vikwazo vikuu kama hivi hufaidi zaidi biashara kubwa na kuzidhoofisha biashara ndogo, ambako idadi kubwa ya nafasi za kazi huundwa nchini [[India]] kabla ya mabadiliko ya kiuchumi, wenye biashara walipaswa kuwahonga wafanyakazi wa serikali ili wafanye kazi zao za kila siku, na ilikuwa kama [[ushuru]] kwenye biashara yao.<ref name="krugman"/> [[Ufisadi]] nchini [[Nigeria]], kwa mfano mapato yanayotokana na uuzaji wa [[mafuta]] yanayokadiriwa kuwa dola [[bilioni]] 400 yameibwa na viongozi wa nchi kati ya miaka [[1960]] na [[1999]] <ref>[http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/about-unodc/speeches/2007-11-13.html "Anti-Corruption Climate Change: it started in Nigeria ".] Umoja wa Mataifa wa Ofisi ya Madawa ya Kulevya na Uhalifu ([[UNODC]]).</ref><ref>[http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/bribe/2009/04/nigeria-the-hidden-cost-of-corruption.html "Nigeria: The Hidden Cost of Corruption".] Public Broadcasting Service (PBS).</ref> Utovu wa nafasi pia unaweza kusababishwa na serikali kutojenga [[miundombinu]] bora.<ref name="GCR">[[Global Competitiveness Report]] 2006, World Economic Forum, [http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/Global%20Competitiveness%20Report/index.htm Website]</ref><ref>[http://www.adbi.org/conf-seminar-papers/2004/11/26/830.infrastructure.poverty.reduction/ Infrustructure and Poverty Reduction: Cross-country evidence] {{Wayback|url=http://www.adbi.org/conf-seminar-papers/2004/11/26/830.infrastructure.poverty.reduction/ |date=20110926192919 }} Hossein Jalilian na Yohana Weiss. 2004.</ref> Nafasi bora za kazi katika mataifa tajiri zaidi husababisha watu wenye vipawa maalum kuhama, na hivyo kuwapoteza [[wataalamu]]. Kupotea huku kunaligharimu bara la [[Afrika]] zaidi ya Dola bilioni 4 zinazotumika kuajiri zaidi ya wataalamu 150,000 kutoka nchi za ng’ambo kila mwaka.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.theafricamonitor.com/news/ethiopian/april2007/290407/report.htm |title=Brain drain in Africa |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2010-05-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510145810/http://www.theafricamonitor.com/news/ethiopian/april2007/290407/report.htm }}</ref> Wanafunzi wa [[India]] wanaokwenda ng’ambo kuendelea na masomo yao huigharimu nchi yao mapato yanayotokana na [[fedha za kigeni]] yanayofika Dola bilioni 10 kila mwaka <ref>[http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/students-exodus-costs-india-forex-outflow-of-10-bn-assocham_100147339.html Students 'exodus costs India forex outflow of $ 10 bn: Assocham] {{Wayback|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/students-exodus-costs-india-forex-outflow-of-10-bn-assocham_100147339.html |date=20100314023757 }}, Thaindian News, 26 Januari 2009</ref> Afya duni na ukosefu wa elimu nafuu huathiri vibaya uzalishaji. Ukosefu wa [[chakula]] cha kutosha utotoni huathiri uwezo wa mtu kukua na kutumia vipawa vyake. Ukosefu wa madini muhimu kama vile [[iodini]] na [[chuma]] unaweza kuzuia [[kukua kwa ubongo]]. Watu bilioni mbili ([[theluthi]] moja ya watu wote duniani) wameathiriwa na ukosefu wa iodini mwilini. Katika [[mataifa yanayoendelea]], inakadiriwa kuwa asilimia 40 ya watoto wenye umri wa miaka minne kwenda chini wana ugonjwa wa [[anemia]] kutokana na ukosefu wa [[madini ya chuma]] katika chakula chao.<ref>[http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/Files/Filer/CC/Papers/sammendrag/Accepted__Hunger_summary_070504.pdf Hunger and Malnutrition ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/Files/Filer/CC/Papers/sammendrag/Accepted__Hunger_summary_070504.pdf |date=20061025122932 }} imeandikwa na Jere R Behrman, Harold Alderman na Yohana Hoddinott.</ref> Vilevile [[matumizi mabaya ya dawa]], [[ulevi]] wa [[pombe]] na [[madawa ya kulevya]] vinaweza kuwaweka watu katika hali ya umaskini unaoendelea.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.uschamber.com/sb/screening/0512_quest6.htm |accessdate=2007-01-17 |title="U.S. Chamber of Commerce Fact Sheet " |archivedate=2006-12-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214094935/http://www.uschamber.com/sb/screening/0512_quest6.htm }}</ref> [[Maradhi ya kuambukiza]] kama vile [[malaria]] na [[kifua kikuu]] yanaweza kusababisha umaskini kwani maradhi haya hutumia raslimali zote za kifedha na afya ambazo zingetumiwa katika uwekezaji na uzalishaji. Malaria hupunguza ukuaji wa pato la kitaifa kwa asilimia 1.3 katika baadhi ya mataifa yanayoendelea ilhali [[Ukimwi]] hupunguza ukuaji wa Afrika kwa kati ya asilimia 0.3 na 1.5 kila mwaka.<ref>[http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/211/44385.html Economic costs of AIDS] {{Wayback|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/211/44385.html |date=20100323063859 }}</ref><ref> [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=11832956 The Economic and Social Burden of malaria ]</ref><ref> https://web.archive.org/web/20050430093247/http://www.wpro.who.int/media_centre/press_releases/pr_20020916.htm Poverty Issues Dominate WHO Regional Meeting]</ref> [[Vita]], migogoro ya kisiasa na [[uhalifu]], vinavyojumuisha vikundi haramu vinavyozua vurugu na vikundi vya walanguzi wa madawa ya kulevya pia vinaweka vikwazo kwa uwekezaji. [[Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] na migogoro barani [[Afrika]] pia vimeligharimu bara hilo dola bilioni 300 kati ya miaka 1990 na [[2005]].<ref> [http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2007/10/11/africa-money.html "Wars cost Africa $ 18 billion US a year : report".] CBC News. 11 Oktoba 2007.</ref> [[Eritrea]] na [[Ethiopia]] zilitumia mamilioni ya madola katika [[vita]] vilivyosababisha mabadiliko madogo ya mipaka yao.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/750789.stm " Will arms ban slow war?".] BBC News. 18 Mei 2000.</ref> Kutokana na hali ya [[mzunguko]] wa [[biashara]] kiwango cha umaskini kinaweza kuongezeka wakati uchumi unapozorota na kushuka kiwango cha umaskini kinaweza kuongezeka wakati wakati uchumi unapofanya vizuri. Vipengele vya [[utamaduni]], kama vile [[ubaguzi]] wa aina mbalimbali, unaweza kuathiri vibaya [[uzalishaji]] kama vile [[ubaguzi kwa msingi wa umri]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.usccb.org/cchd/epic/www/causesofpovertya.html |title=Ending Poverty in Community (EPIC) |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2011-03-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309014134/http://www.usccb.org/cchd/epic/www/causesofpovertya.html }}</ref>, [[sifa mbaya]], [[ubaguzi wa kijinsia]], [[ubaguzi wa rangi]] na [[ubaguzi wa kitabaka]]. <ref> [http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2007/03/02/india-dalits.html UN report slams India for caste discrimination]</ref> [[Max Weber]] aliandika ya kuwa [[maadili ya kiutamaduni]] yanaweza kuathiri maafikiano ya kiuchumi.<ref>Moore, Wilbert. 1974. ''Social Change.'' Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hill.</ref><ref>Parsons, Talcott. 1966. ''Societies : Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives.'' Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.</ref> Hata hivyo, [[watafiti]] wengine wamekusanya [[ushahidi]] unaoonyesha kuwa [[maadili]] hayajakita mizizi inavyodhaniwa na kuwa kubadilika kwa nafasi za kiuchumi hueleza zaidi msongamano ndani na nje ya umaskini kinyume na mabadiliko ya maadili.<ref name="kerbo2006a">Kerbo, Harold. 2006 ''Social Stratification and Inequality : Class Conflict in Historical , Comparative, and Global Perspective,'' toleo la 6, New York: McGraw-Hill.</ref> === Upungufu wa mahitaji ya msingi === [[Picha:Nigerian Surgery Table.jpg|thumb|left|Meza za upasuaji zilizotengenezwa kwa [[mbao]] ngumu ni za kawaida katika [[kliniki]] zilizo katika maeneo ya mashambani ya Nigeria.]] Kupanda kwa [[gharama ya maisha]] kunawafanya maskini wawe maskini zaidi. Kiwango kikubwa cha [[bajeti]] za watu maskini hutumika kununua chakula ikilinganishwa na matajiri. Kutokana na jambo hili, jamii za watu maskini na wale wanaokaribia umaskini huathiriwa kwa kiasi kikubwa na ongezeko la [[bei ya vyakula]]. Kwa mfano, mwishoni mwa mwaka [[2007]] kupanda kwa bei ya [[nafaka]] kulizua [[rabsha]] katika mataifa kadhaa.<ref> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/7284196.stm The cost of food : Facts and figures]</ref><ref> [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/dec/04/china.business Riots and hunger as demand for grain sends food costs soaring ]</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article3500975.ece |title=Already we have riots, hoarding panic : the sign of things to come? |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archive-date=2011-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814134028/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article3500975.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> Benki ya Dunia ilionya ya kuwa watu milioni 100 walikuwa na hatari ya kuwa maskini zaidi.<ref> [http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/04/14/2215739.htm 100 million at risk from rising food costs ]</ref> [[Ukame]] na [[uhaba wa maji]] pia vinaweza kuwa tishio kwa usambazaji wa chakula.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.greatlakesdirectory.org/zarticles/080902_water_shortages.htm |title=Global Water Shortages May Cause Food Shortages. |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2007-07-04 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20070704120613/http://www.greatlakesdirectory.org/zarticles/080902_water_shortages.htm |=https://archive.today/20070704120613/http://www.greatlakesdirectory.org/zarticles/080902_water_shortages.htm }}</ref><ref> [http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/42387/story.htm Vanishing Himalayan Threaten a Billion]</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.peopleandplanet.net/pdoc.php?id=3024 |title=Big melt threatens millions , says UN |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819200515/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/pdoc.php?id=3024 |archivedate=2007-08-19 }}</ref> Kulima mashamba mfululizo, majira baada ya majira, humaliza [[rutuba]] ya [[udongo]] na mwishowe hupunguza mazao ya [[kilimo]].<ref> ''Exploitation and Over- exploitation in Societies Past and Present , '' Brigitta Benzing, Bernd Herrmann</ref> Inakadiriwa ya kuwa asilimia 40 ya mashamba duniani yameharibika vibaya.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2006/Update61.htm |title=The Earth is Shrinking : Advancing Deserts and Rising Seas Squeezing Civilization |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810034949/http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2006/Update61.htm |archivedate=2009-08-10 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810034949/http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2006/Update61.htm }}</ref><ref> [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2007/aug/31/climatechange.food Global food crisis looms as climate change and population growth strip fertile land ]</ref> Barani [[Afrika]], ikiwa mwendo huu wa kuharibika kwa udongo utaendelea, bara hilo litaweza kulisha [[asilimia]] 25 tu ya watu wanaoishi humo kufikia mwaka [[2025]]. <ref> Hii ni kulingana na Chuo Kikuu cha [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] Institute for Natural Resources in Africa, chenye makao yake nchini Ghana. [http://news.mongabay.com/2006/1214-unu.html Africa may be able to feed only 25% of its population by 2025]</ref> Watu maskini hawapati [[huduma za afya]] kwa urahisi. [[Uhamaji]] kutoka nchi maskini wa wafanyakazi wanaotoa huduma hizo umeathiri vibaya nchi hizo. Kwa mfano, [[wauguzi]] 100,000 kutoka [[Ufilipino]] walihama kati ya miaka [[1994]] na [[2006]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2006-05/2006-05-03-voa38.cfm |title=Philippine Medical Brain Drain leaves Public Health System in Crisis - VOA News, rudishwa 29 Mei 2008 |accessdate=2007-11-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117131636/http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2006-05/2006-05-03-voa38.cfm |archivedate=2007-11-17 }}</ref> Kuna madaktari [[Waethiopia]] wengi zaidi mjini [[Chicago]] kuliko wale walioko [[Uhabeshi]]. [[Ongezeko la idadi ya watu]] na ukosefu wa [[huduma]] za [[uzazi wa mpango]] vinatajwa pengine kati ya sababu za umaskini:<ref>[http://news.independent.co.uk/world/politics/article2201090.ece Birth rates 'must be curbed to win war on global poverty ] {{Wayback|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/politics/article2201090.ece |date=20080119183753 }} The Independent. 31 Januari 2007.</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.finfacts.com/irelandbusinessnews/publish/article_1011078.shtml |title=Record rise in wheat price prompts UN to warn that surge in food prices may trigger social unrest in developing countries |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archive-date=2020-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115211628/http://www.finfacts.com/irelandbusinessnews/publish/article_1011078.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> hata hivyo ni vyema kutambua ya kuwa watu huongezeka taratibu tu au hata idadi yao inaweza kupungua. Hii inatokana na mabadiliko kama vile kiwango cha vifo na kiwango cha waliozaliwa na jinsi zinavyoathiri idadi ya watu <ref>[http://www.uwmc.uwc.edu/geography/Demotrans/demtran.htm Demographic Transition] {{Wayback|url=http://www.uwmc.uwc.edu/geography/Demotrans/demtran.htm |date=20121018050952 }} na Keith Montgomery (inaonyesha jinsi ongezeko la idadi ya watu huathiriwa na kuongezeka kwa viwanda.)</ref> ==Athari za umaskini== [[Picha:South Parkway2.jpg|thumb|right|Tena katika nchi iliyoendelea watu wameziacha nyumba za baraza huko Seacroft, Leeds, Uingereza kutokana na kuongezeka kwa umaskini na uhalifu .]] {{See also|Utapiamlo|Usafi wa mazingira}} Athari za umaskini pia zinaweza kuwa vyanzo, kama ilivyoorodheshwa hapo juu, na hivyo kuunda “mzunguko wa umaskini” unaodhihirika katika ngazi mbalimbali: ya kibinafsi, ya kimtaa, kitaifa na kimataifa. === Afya === {{Main|Maradhi ya ufukara}} Theluthi moja ya vifo - watu milioni 18 hivi kwa mwaka au watu 50,000 kwa siku - vinatokana na sababu zinazohusiana na umaskini. Kwa jumla, watu milioni 270, wengi wao wakiwa wanawake na watoto, wamefariki kutokana na umaskini tangu 1990.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.who.int/whr/1999 |title=The World Health Report, World Health Organization (See annex table 2) |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2020-09-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924125446/https://www.who.int/whr/1999/ }}</ref> Wale ambao wanaishi katika umaskini wanateseka kwa viwango visivyo sawa kutokana na njaa au hata [[ukosefu wa chakula]] na [[magonjwa]].<ref> [http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0724/p01s01-wogi.html Rising food prices curb aid to global poor]</ref> Wale wanaoishi kwa umaskini huishi miaka michache zaidi. Kulingana na [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] (WHO), [[njaa]] na ukosefu wa [[lishe bora]] ndilo tishio kuu zaidi kwa afya ya umma duniani na ukosefu wa lishe bora ndio unaochangia pakubwa [[vifo vya watoto]], katika nusu ya kesi zote. Kila mwaka karibu watoto milioni 11 wanaoishi katika umaskini hufa kabla ya kufikisha miaka mitano. Watu bilioni 1.02 hulala bila chakula kila siku.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/20568/icode/ 1.02 billion people hungry .] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/20568/icode/ |date=20121117211313 }} [[FAO]], 2009.</ref> Umaskini huongeza hatari ya [[ukosefu wa makazi]].<ref> [http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-01-10-homeless_x.htm Study : 744.000 homeless in United States ]</ref> Kuna zaidi ya [[watoto wasio na makao]] milioni 100 duniani. <ref>[http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=32968&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html Street Children]</ref> Ongezeko la tishio la matumizi ya [[madawa ya kulevya]] pia linaweza kuhusishwa na umaskini.<ref> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4600785.stm Health warning over Russian youth]</ref> Kulingana na [[Kipimo cha Kiwango Cha Njaa Duniani]], Asia ya Kusini ina kiwango kikubwa zaidi duniani cha watoto wanaokosa lishe bora.<ref name="ghi2008">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ifpri.org/media/200610GHI/GHIFindings.asp|title=2008 Global Hunger Index Key Findings & Facts|year=2008}}</ref> Karibu nusu ya watoto wote nchini [[Uhindi]] hawapati chakula cha kutosha, mojawapo wa viwango vikubwa zaidi duniani na ni karibu mara mbili ya kiwango cha [[Kusini kwa Sahara]] barani Afrika.<ref name="underweight">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:20916955~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html|title=India: Undernourished Children: A Call for Reform and Action|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=2009-12-07|archivedate=2018-06-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613011526/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:20916955~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html}}</ref> Kila mwaka, zaidi ya [[wanawake]] nusu milioni wanakufa kutokana na [[mimba]] au wakati wa kujifungua.<ref> [http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2007/pr56/en/index.html "Maternal mortality ratio falling too slowly to meet goal ".] [[WHO.]] 12 Oktoba 2007.</ref> Karibu [[asilimia]] [[tisini]] za [[vifo vya wakina mama]] hutokea katika Asia na kusini kwa Sahara barani Afrika, ikilinganishwa na chini ya asilimia moja katika nchi zilizoendelea duniani.<ref> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/health/220376.stm "The causes of maternal death ".] BBC News. 23 Novemba 1998.</ref> === Elimu === [[Picha:Depression-Unemployed- photo of Idle man dressed in worn coat lying down on pier-New York City docks- photo by Lewis W. Hine - DPLA - 07d0e2b5d802ae30ad53b19c6ffbca9d.gif|thumb|250px|Wakati uchumi wa dunia ulipofifia kabisa: mwanaume amelala chini kwenye gati, katika gudi za jiji la New York, 1935.]] Uchunguzi umedhihirisha ya kuwa watoto wanaotoka katika jamii zenye mapato ya chini wanakumbana na tishio kubwa la kutofanya vyema katika masomo yao. Mara nyingi, jambo hili huanza kuwadhuru watoto hawa wakiwa wangali katika kiwango cha [[shule ya msingi]]. Katika mfumo wa elimu wa Amerika, watoto hao hupata tishio kubwa zaidi, ikilinganishwa na watoto wengine, ya kutopata gredi nzuri shuleni, kuwekwa katika maeneo maalum yaliyotengwa wakati wa masomo shuleni na hata kukosa kumaliza masomo yao ya shule ya upili.<ref name="SYF">Huston, AC (1991). Children in Poverty: Child Development and Public Policy. Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press.]]</ref> Kuna mambo kadhaa yanayoeleza sababu za wanafunzi kuwa na mazoea ya kuacha shule. Kwa watoto walio na rasilimali kidogo, tishio linatokana na sababu kama vile viwango vya watoto waliovunja sheria, viwango vya juu vya [[watoto]] waliopata [[mimba]], wakiwa wachanga na kutegemea kiuchumi mzazi au [[wazazi]] wenye mapato ya chini.<ref name="SYF"/> Familia na jamii zisizotilia maanani [[uwekezaji]] katika elimu na maendeleo ya watoto maskini hupata matokeo yasiyo mazuri kwani baadaye watoto hawa hukosa kazi na huwa na mapato madogo. Viwango vikubwa zaidi vya [[kuzaa]] mapema na hatari zake kwa familia, afya na maisha bora kwa ujumla ndiyo mambo muhimu yanayopaswa kuzingatiwa kwa kuwa elimu kutoka kiwango cha shule ya chekechea hadi shule ya upili ina umuhimu mkuu maishani.<ref name="SYF"/> Umaskini mara nyingi huathiri, kwa kiwango kikubwa, kufaulu kwa watoto shuleni. “Shughuli za mtoto akiwa nyumbani, yale anayoyapendelea, upekee wake” vyote vinapaswa kulingana na hali ilivyo duniani kwani ikiwa havilingani, wanafunzi hao hawatafaidika wakiwa shuleni na hasa darasani.<ref name="ANF">Solley, Bobbie A. (2005). When Poverty's Children Write: Celebrating Strengthts , Transforming Lives. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, Inc</ref> Kwa hiyo, tunaweza kusema kuwa watoto wanaoishi katika hali ya umaskini au chini ya kiwango cha umaskini watakuwa na wakati mgumu zaidi kufaulu katika elimu kuliko watoto wanaoishi katika hali isiyo ya umaskini. Watoto maskini hawapati huduma muhimu za afya na hii inawafanya wakose kwenda shuleni kwa siku nyingi katika mwaka. Pia, kuna uwezekano zaidi kwa watoto maskini kuteseka kwa njaa, uchovu, kukasirika ovyo, maumivu ya kichwa, maambukizi ya masikio, mafua na homa.<ref name="ANF"/> Magonjwa haya yana uwezo wa kumzuia mtoto au mwanafunzi kuelewa yale anayofunzwa darasani. === Ukatili === Maeneo yaliyoathiriwa sana na umaskini mara nyingi huwa na ukatili mwingi. Katika uchunguzi mmoja, asilimia 67 ya watoto kutoka jamii maskini katika maeneo yenye [[makazi duni]] walisema ya kuwa walishuhudia mashambulio makali, na asilimia 33 wakaripoti kushuhudia mauaji. <ref>Atkins, MS, McKay, M., Talbott, E., &amp; Arvantis, P. (1996). "DSM-IV diagnosis of conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder: Implications and guidelines for school mental health teams ," ''School Psychology Review,'' 25, 274-283. Akiongelea: Bell, CC, &amp; Jenkins, EJ (1991). "Traumatic stress and children ," ''Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved,'' 2, 175-185.</ref> Asilimia 51 ya wanafunzi wa darasa la tano mjini [[New Orleans]] (kiwango cha wastani cha mapato kwa kila jamii: Dola 27,133 za Amerika) wameathiriwa wa ukatili, ikilinganishwa na asilimia 32 huko [[Washington, DC]] (kiwango cha wastani cha mapato kwa kila jamii: Dola 40,127 za Amerika).<ref>Atkins, MS, McKay, M., Talbott, E., &amp; Arvantis, P. (1996). "DSM-IV diagnosis of conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder: Implications and guidelines for school mental health teams " ''School Psychology Review,'' 25, 274-283. Akiongelea: Osofsky, JD, Wewers, S., madhara, DM, &amp; Fick, AC (1993). "Chronic community violence: What is happening to our children?" ''Psychiatry,'' 56, 36-45; na, Richters, je, &amp; Martinez, P (1993). "The NI" The NIMH community violence project: Vol. 1. Watoto Children as victims of and witnesses to violence," ''"Psychiatry,'' 56, 7-21.</ref> === Madhara ya muda mrefu === Baadhi ya madhara marefu ya umaskini huathiri watoto kabla hata kuzaliwa. Wanawake walio na watoto waliozaliwa katika umaskini, hawawezi kulisha watoto kwa ufanisi na kwa malezi ya haki. Wanaweza pia kuugua ugonjwa ambazo zinaweza kuambukizwa kwa mtoto kwa kupitia kuzaliwa. [[Pumu]] ni tatizo la kawaida kwa watoto kupata wakati wanapozaliwa katika umaskini. Chakula a msaada hasa hutumiwa na watu ambao wanaishi katika kipato cha chini. Talaka, kifo, ulevi, na kupoteza kazi ni chache tu kati ya hali zinazoweza kutokana na umaskini. Wanafunzi katika darasa azilishi za shule wanaoishi katika umaskini wanalazimishwa sana kuondoka na kuzunguka kuhudhuria shule za asili zinazofadhiliwa. Hawa wanafunzi hupambana katika shule. Elimu ya umaskini humweka mtoto katika hali ya kupambana baadaye. Vijana ambao wanaishi katika umaskini ni wanaelekea zaidi kuhusika na madawa ya kulevya, pombe, kinyume cha vitendo, na kundi shughuli. ==Kupunguza umaskini== [[Picha:Extreme poverty 1981-2009.GIF|thumb|150px|right|Idadi ya watu duniani wanaoishi katika hali ya umaskini uliokithiri imepungua kwa asilimia 50 tangu 1981. Jedwali lnaonyesha makisio na makadirio kutoka Benki ya Dunia kati ya 1981 na 2009.]] {{Main|Kupunguza ufukara}} Kulingana na historia, kupunguka kwa umaskini kumetokana kwa kiasi kikubwa na ukuaji wa [[uchumi]] kwa ujumla.<ref name="krugman">Krugman, Paulo, na Robin Wells. Macroeconomics. 2. New York: Worth Publishers, 2009. Print.</ref> Umaskini ulikuwa umekubalika na wengi kama jambo lisiloweza kuepukika na nchi zilizalisha kwa kiwango kidogo sana kabla ya [[mapinduzi ya viwanda]], ambayo yalisababisha ukuaji wa kiuchumi kwa kiasi kikubwa. Jambo hili liliwaokoa wengi na umaskini katika mataifa ambayo kwa sasa yanajulikana kama mataifa yaliyoendelea <ref> "chini ya njia za kiasili za uzalishaji wa kiuchumi, umaskini ulioenea imekubalika kama isiyoweza kuzuiwa. Idadi ya jumla ya bidhaa na huduma, hata vikigawanywa kwa njia ya usawa, bado hayatatosha kuwapa watu wote maisha bora kulingana na hali ilivyo. Hata hivyo, kutokana na uzalishaji wa kiuchumi uliotokana na ujengaji wa viwanda, hali hii ilibadilika. "[[Encyclopedia Briannica]]", "Umaskini" </ref> Katika mwaka [[1820]], asilimia 75 ya wanadamu waliishi kwa chini ya dola moja kwa siku, na kufikia mwaka wa [[2001]] ni asilimia 20 pekee walioishi kwa dola moja kwa siku. Ukuaji wa uchumi unaotokana na ukulima, kwa wastani, umefaulisha mara mbili zaidi nusu ya walio maskini sana katika nchi ikilinganishwa na ukuaji unaotokana na sekta zingine zisizo za ukulima.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0,,contentMDK:21893554~menuPK:2643747~pagePK:64020865~piPK:149114~theSitePK:336992,00.html |title=Poverty -Climate change: Bangladesh facing the challenge |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2012-01-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118191406/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0,,contentMDK:21893554~menuPK:2643747~pagePK:64020865~piPK:149114~theSitePK:336992,00.html }}</ref> Hata hivyo, [[msaada]] ili kuhakikisha ya kuwa wale ambao tayari ni maskini watapata maisha bora zaidi na pia kuifadhili mikakati ya kimatibabu na kisayansi kama vile [[green revolution]] na kutokomeza [[ndui]]. <ref name="newsweek"/><ref name="aid"> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4210122.stm Why aid does work ]</ref> === Uhuru wa kiuchumi === Mojawapo kati ya njia bora zaidi za kupunguza umaskini katika nchi yoyote ni kuhakikisha kuwa haki ya maskini ya kumiliki mali imelindwa. Ulindaji wa haki ya kumiliki ardhi, ambayo ni raslimali kubwa zaidi katika jamii nyingi, ni muhimu katika kuhakikisha uhuru wa kiuchumi.<ref name="newsweek"> [http://www.newsweek.com/id/160070 How to spread Democracy ]</ref> Benki ya Dunia inasema ya kuwa kuhakikisha haki ya kumiliki ardhi ndio “ufunguo wa kupunguza umaskini” ikiongeza kusema kuwa haki ya kumiliki ardhi inaongeza utajiri wa watu maskini, na wakati mwingine inaweza kuuongeza maradufu.<ref name="landrights"> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3006562.stm Land rights help fight poverty ]</ref> Inakadiriwa ya kuwa ikiwa serikali zitatambua haki ya maskini ya kumiliki mali, jambo hili litawapa raslimali ambayo kwa ujumla ni mara 40 ya misaada yote ya kigeni tangu mwaka wa [[1945]]. Ingawa mbinu zilizotumiwa ni tofauti, [[Benki kuu ya Dunia]] inasema ya kuwa maswala makuu ni yale ya haki ya umiliki na kuhakikisha ya kuwa ardhi inauzwa kwa bei nafuu.<ref name="landrights"/> Nchini [[Uchina]] na [[India]] kupunguka kwa umaskini kwa muda wa miongo michache iliyopita kumetokana na kuacha [[ukulima wa pamoja]] nchini Uchina na kuondolewa kwa urasimu mwingi serikalini nchini India.<ref name="bbc1"> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5407770.stm Can aid bring an end to poverty ]</ref> Hata hivyo, kukatizwa kwa ufadhili wa serikali katika miradi ya kijamii, ambayo pia inajulikana kama kanuni ya [[soko huru]] wakati mwingine huleta matokeo ya kusikitisha. Kwa mfano, [[Benki ya Dunia]] hushurutisha mataifa maskini kuondoa [[ruzuku]] kwa [[mbolea]] na ilhali [[Mkulima|wakulima]] wengi hawawezi kumudu bei hizi sokoni. Kubadilishwa kwa mfumo wa ugawaji wa fedha katika [[mataifa ya awali ya Urusi]] ya zamani wakati wa [[mpito]] kuelekea [[uchumi wa kibepari]] kulipendekeza kupunguza matumizi ya fedha katika sekta za afya na elimu na hivyo kuongeza umaskini kwa kiasi kikubwa.<ref name="malawi"/><ref> ''Transition: The First Ten Years - Analysis and Lessons fro Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union , '' Benki ya Dunia, Washington, DC, 2002, uk. 4.</ref><ref> [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07E0D8163FF931A25753C1A9669C8B63 "Study Finds Poverty Deepinening in Former Communist Countries ".] Jarida la New York Times. 12 Oktoba 2000.</ref><ref> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/966616.stm Child Poverty soars in eastern Europe] ". BBC News. 11 Oktoba 2000.</ref> Kuanzishwa kwa [[soko huria]] kunaongeza ujumla wa bidhaa za nchi zinazofanya biashara [[pesa zinazotumwa]] kuelekea nchi maskini kama vile [[India]], wakati mwingine hushinda [[uwekezaji kutoka nchi za kigeni]] na ni zaidi ya mara mbili ya [[msaada]] kutoka kwa nchi wanachama wa [[OECD]] ([[Shirika la Ushirikiano wa Kiuchumi na Maendeleo]]). <ref name="remittance"> [http://www.economist.com/research/articlesBySubject/displaystory.cfm?subjectid=894664&amp;story_id=14586906 uhamiaji na maendeleo: Wafanyakazi wa msaada ambao kwa kweli walifanya kazi.</ref> Uwekezaji wa kigeni na viwanda vinavyotengeneza bidhaa zinazouzwa katika nchi za nje zimechangia kupanuka kwa uchumi wa nchi za [[Bara Asia]] zinazokua kwa kasi mno.<ref name="vogel991">Vogel, Ezra F. 1991. ''The Four Little Dragons: The Spread of Industrialization in East Asia.'' Cambridge, Mass : [[Harvard University Press.]]</ref> Hata hivyo, kanuni za biashara mara nyingi huwa si za haki kwa kuwa zinazuia nchi maskini kuingia katika masoko ya nchi tajiri na pia zinapiga marufuku nchi maskini kujiendeleza kiviwanda.<ref name="malawi"> [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/02/world/africa/02malawi.html Ending famine by simply ignoring the experts ]</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.oxfam.org/en/campaigns/trade/riggedrules/market_access |title=Market Access |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2013-10-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005075450/http://www.oxfam.org/en/campaigns/trade/riggedrules/market_access |=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005075450/http://www.oxfam.org/en/campaigns/trade/riggedrules/market_access }}</ref> Bidhaa zilizotengenezwa viwandani kutoka nchi maskini hutozwa ushuru zaidi ikilinganishwa na [[malighafi]] zinapowasili katika [[bandari za nchi]] tajiri.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.oxfam.ca/what-we-do/campaigns/make-trade-fair |title=Market Trade Fair |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2013-07-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724155458/http://www.oxfam.ca/what-we-do/campaigns/make-trade-fair |=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724155458/http://www.oxfam.ca/what-we-do/campaigns/make-trade-fair }}</ref> Uchunguzi uliofanywa na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Toronto]] ulionyesha ya kuwa kodi iliyotozwa maelfu ya bidhaa kutoka [[Afrika]] na [[taifa]] ilishuka baada ya kuundwa kwa mkataba wa [[AGOA]] uliochangia pakubwa kuwepo kwa “idadi kubwa ya kushangaza” ya bidhaa zinazoagizwa kutoka [[Afrika]].<ref> [http://www.news.utoronto.ca/social-sciences-business-law/relaxed-trade-rules-boost-african-development-u-of-t-study-finds.html Relaxed trade rules boost African Development ]</ref> Mikataba pia inaweza kujadiliwa ili kuzipendelea zaidi nchi zinazoendelea kama vile ilivyofanywa nchini [[Thailand]], ambako kanuni ya asilimia 51 inalazimisha kampuni za kimataifa zinazoanza kuendesha biashara nchini humo kutoa asilimia 51 ya udhibiti kwa kampuni zao kwa kampuni nyingine nchini Thailand, yaani ni lazima kampuni za kimataifa zishirikiane na kampuni za humo nchini.<ref name="muscat1994">Muscat, Robert J. 1994. ''The Fifth Tiger: A Study of Thai Development.'' Armonk, NY: M.E.Sharpe.</ref> === Rasilmali, miundomsingi na teknolojia === [[Picha:World GDP per capita 1500 to 2003.png|200px|thumb|Pato la dunia kwa kila mtu]] Uwekezaji katika [[mtaji wa binadamu]] kwa njia ya afya unahitajika ili kuhakikisha [[ukuaji wa uchumi]]. Si lazima mataifa yawe na utajiri ili yawe na afya.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.dcp2.org/main/Home.html |title=Disease Control Priorities Project |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060406154431/http://dcp2.org/main/Home.html |archivedate=2006-04-06 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20060406154431/http://dcp2.org/main/Home.html }}</ref> Kwa mfano, [[Sri Lanka]] ilikuwa na [[kiwango]] cha [[vifo vya mama wajawazito]] cha asilimia 2 katika [[miaka ya 1930]] idadi kubwa zaidi ikilinganishwa na [[nchi]] yoyote kwa sasa.<ref name="post"> [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/02/AR2006040200813.html Saving millions for just a few dollars ]</ref> Kiwango hiki kilipunguka hadi kati ya asilimia 0.5 na asilimia 0.6 katika [[miaka ya 1950]] na asilimia 0.06 hivi sasa <ref name="post"/> Hata hivyo, Sri Lanka ilikuwa ikitumia pesa kidogo zaidi kwa [[afya ya uzazi]] kwa kuwa ilishajifunza njia mwafaka za kukabiliana na matatizo hayo.<ref name="post"/> Ingawa hakuna ufahamu kuhusu manufaa ya kifedha yanayotokana na kutoa huduma za afya, mikakati ya kuwaelimisha watu imewekwa kama vile mipango iliyopewa kipaumbele ya kudhibiti magonjwa. [http://www.dcp2.org/main/Home.html] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dcp2.org/main/Home.html |date=20060406154431 }} Kuwaelimisha watu kuhusu umuhimu wa kuosha mikono ni moja kati ya mikakati ya afya isiyo na gharama na inaweza kupunguza [[vifo]] vinavyotokana na magonjwa yanayowaathiri watoto kama vile [[kuhara]] na [[nimonia]] kwa asilimia 50.<ref> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7670855.stm Millions mark UN hand washin day ]</ref> Mtaji wa binadamu, kwa kupitia elimu, ni kipengee muhimu zaidi kinachoathiri ukuaji wa uchumi kushinda mtaji wa vitu vinavyoonekana na kushikika.<ref name="krugman"/> Wanauchumi wa Umoja wa Mataifa wanasema ya kuwa miundomsingi bora kama vile barabara na mtandao wa habari husaidia kufanikisha mabadiliko katika soko.<ref name="bbc2"/> Nchi ya Uchina inasema ya kuwa inafanya uwekezaji katika reli, mabarabara, bandari na simu katika maeneo ya mashambani barani Afrika kama sehemu ya mbinu zake za kuhakikisha maendeleo ya kiuchumi.<ref name="bbc2">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/nolpda/ukfs_news/hi/newsid_6079000/6079838.stm |title=China becomes Africa's suitor.Africa's suitor |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2020-06-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612033059/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news |=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612033059/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news }}</ref> Hapo awali, teknolojia ya [[mtambo unaotumia mvuke]] ndiyo iliyoanza kupunguza viwango vya umaskini. Teknolojia ya simu za mkononi inaleta soko kwa sehemu maskini au za mashambani. Kutokana na maarifa wanayoyapata, wakulima vijijini wanaweza kuzalisha [[Mmea|mimea]] maalum ambayo watawauzia wanunuzi na kupata faida.<ref> [http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0604/p01s02-woaf.html?page=2 Give cash not food]</ref> [[Teknolojia]] kama hiyo pia inazifanya [[huduma za kifedha]] ziweze kupatikana kwa urahisi kwa watu maskini. Kwa wale wanaoishi katika hali ya umaskini, inasisitizwa kwamba wawe na sehemu zenye usalama wa kutosha ili waweze [[kuweka akiba]] badala ya kungojea [[mikopo]]. Pia, kiwango kikubwa cha [[mikopo kwa wafanyibiashara wadogo]] kinatumika kwa bidhaa ambazo zinaweza kununuliwa kwa kutumia [[fedha]] zilizo katika [[akaunti za akiba]]. [[Huduma za benki kupitia simu za mkononi]] zimesaidia kutatua shida ya masharti mengi na ulipaji wa ada nyingi za kuendesha [[akaunti za akiba]]. Huduma za fedha kupitia [[simu ya mkononi|simu za mkononi]] katika [[nchi zinazoendelea]], na ambazo zimezipita [[nchi zilizoendelea]] katika nyanja hizi, inakadiriwa kuwa Dola bilioni tano kufikia mwaka [[2012]]. <ref name="m-banking"> http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8100388.stm Afrika inaanzisha benki zinazotumia simu za rununu</ref> [[Kampuni ya Safaricom]] ilianzisha huduma inayojulikana kama [[M-Pesa]] mojawapo kati ya mfumo wa kwanza unaotumia mtandao wa maajenti, wengi wao wakiwa ni wenye duka, badala ya matawi ya [[benki]] kuchukua pesa taslimu zinazowekwa na [[kuziweka katika akaunti]] zilizoundwa katika [[simu]] za wateja hao. Shughuli za kutuma na kupokea [[pesa]] hufanywa kati ya [[simu]] za wanaohusika. [[Ada ndogo]] inatolewa, na hii inahakikisha usalama wa pesa zinazotumwa kutoka.<ref name="safaricom"> http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8194241.stm Benki za simu za rununu za Afrika</ref> === Msaada === [[Picha:Waiting for goods.JPG|thumb|Wananchi kutoka kijiji cha Janabi wakingojea kukusanya bidhaa kutoka kwa Wana wa Iraq (Abna al-Iraq) katika oparesheni ya kijeshi iliyoandaliwa na kampuni ya kikundi kidogo cha tatu cha wanajeshi wa Charlie Company, kikundi kikubwa cha tatu cha 187 Infantry Regiment, Kitengo cha 101 cha Airbone, Yusufiah, Iraq, tarehe 2 Machi 2008. (Picha ya Jeshi la Amerika imepigwa na Spc Luke Thornberry)]] {{Main|Msaada|Ustawi wa jamii|Misaada ya maendeleo|Kusamehe madeni}} Msaada unaweza kufafanuliwa kama mapato ya kimsingi ya ruzuku,aina ya mpango wa kijamii ambapo wananchi hupewa pesa baada ya muda uliotengwa. Katika miradi ya majaribio nchini [[Namibia]], ambako mradi kama huu hulipa Dola 13 pekee kila mwezi, watu waliweza kulipa [[karo ya shule]] na hivyo idadi ya watoto walioenda shuleni ikapanda kwa asilimia 92, kiwango cha ukosefu wa lishe bora kwa watoto kulishuka kutoka asilimia 42 hadi asilimia 10, na shughuli za kiuchumi zikapanda kwa asilimia 10.<ref name="Namibians line up"> http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7415814.stm wananchi wa Namibia wanapanga laini kupokea pesa ya bure.</ref> Msaada pia ulitolewa ikiwa kanuni fulani zilifuatwa. [[Ugawaji wa fedha]] kwa kufuata kanuni maalum imesifiwa na wengi kama njia mwafaka ya kukabiliana na umaskini. Fedha hutolewa tu baada ya kufuata kanuni fulani kama vile kuwapeleka watoto shuleni au kuhakikisha wa kuwa watoto wamechanjwa. Nchini [[Mexico]], kwa mfano, ambayo ni nchi iliyo na mradi mkubwa zaidi kama huu, idadi ya wanafunzi wenye umri wa kati ya miaka 16 na 19 katika maeneo ya mashambani wanaojiondoa shuleni ilishuka kwa asilimia 20 na watoto waliripotiwa kurefuka kwa nusu inchi.<ref name="csm"> [http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0921/p06s10-woam.html Latin America makes dent in poverty with conditional cash' programs.]</ref> Hofu za hapo awali kuwa mradi huo ungehimiza familia kubaki nyumbani na kungojea msaada badala ya kufanya kazi zilibainika kuwa hazina msingi. Badala yake, kumerekodiwa vijisababu vichache zaidi vinavyotokana na kutojali, kwa mfano, watoto sasa hawawezi kuenda kuombaomba mitaani badala ya kuenda shuleni kwa hofu ya kuwa wakifanya hivi, watatolewa katika mpango huu.<ref name="csm"/> Misaada kutoka kwa [[mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali]] inaweza kuwa na ufanisi zaidi kuliko kiserikali unaweza kuwa bora zaidi kuliko ule wa serikali kwa kuwa mashirika haya yanawafikia maskini katika maeneo ya mashambani na yana usimamizi bora zaidi <ref> [http://abcnews.go.com/2020/story?id=1955664&amp;page=1 Does Foreign Aid Reduce Poverty ?][http://abcnews.go.com/2020/story?id=1955664&amp;page=1 Empirical Evidence from Nongovernmental and Builateral Aid]</ref> Mojawapo kati ya njia zilizopendekezwa kusaidia nchi maskini ni ile ya msamaha wa [[madeni]]. Kutokana na hali ilivyo katika nchi nyingi ambazo hazijaendelea na zilizo na madeni makubwa ya benki na madeni ya serikali za nchi tajiri, na pia kutokana na riba ambayo zinapaswa kulipa kutokana na madeni haya (mara nyingi hupita kiwango cha fedha ambazo nchi hizi zinaweza kuzalisha kama faida kila mwaka kutokana na mauzo), kufutwa kwa madeni haya kwa kiasi fulani au kikamilifu kutawezesha mataifa haya “kujitoa shimoni”.<ref>Benki ya Dunia na Shirika la Fedha Duniani. 2001. ''Ripoti ya maendeleo ya nchi maskini zilizo na deni kubwa.'' Ilitolewa kutoka [http://worldbank.org Worldbank.org.] {{Wayback|url=http://worldbank.org/ |date=20180313170039 }}</ref> Nchi maskini zikiacha kutumia pesa zao kulipa madeni haya, zitaweza kutumia pesa hizo kwa mambo muhimu zaidi yanayosaidia kupunguza umaskini kama vile kutoa huduma za kimsingi za afya na elimu.<ref> http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4081220.stm kusamehewa kwa madeni kwa nchi za Kiafrika</ref> Mataifa mengi yalianza kutoa huduma, kama vile huduma za bure za afya kuanzia hapo awali ingawa miundombinu ya afya haingehimili hayo. Yaliweza kufanya hivi kutokana na akiba za awamu kadhaa za [[kusamehewa madeni]] mwaka [[2005]]. <ref> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4883062.stm Zambia overwhelmed by free health care]</ref> Mojawapo ya mbinu mpya zinazopendwa za kiteknolojia zinazohakikisha ukuaji wa uchumi na kupunguza umaskini ni mikopo midogo iliyoanzishwa na [[Benki ya Grameen]] mwaka wa 1976 nchini Bangladesh. Dhana hapa ni kuwapa wakulima au vijiji mikopo midogo ili waweze kununua vitu wanavyovihitaji ili kuogeza mapato yao. Mfano maalum ni ule wa Benki ya Watu ya serikali ya [[Uthai]] inayotoa mikopo ya kati ya Dola 100 na 300 kuwasaidia wakulima kununua vifaa au mbegu, kuwasaidia wauzaji wa mtaani kununua bidhaa za kuuza au kuwawezesha wengine kufungua maduka madogo. Pia, biashara ndogo ndogo katika Jamhuri ya Dominika ni kuwawezesha wanawake wengi kupata ajira na kulipwa mapato yao wenyewe.<ref name="Grasmuck 2000"> Grasmuck, Sherri na Espinal, Rosario. 2000. Mafanikio au Mwanamke soko Uhuru? Mapato, itikadi, na Uwezeshaji kati Microentrepreneurs katika Jamhuri ya Dominika. Society jinsia na 14 (2) :231-255.</ref> Wakati kuendeleza mwanamke na msimamo wake wa kaya kiuchumi, microloans kuwawezesha wanawake na kuwawezesha voice maoni yao katika kaya ujumla maamuzi.<ref name="Grasmuck 2000"/> Watu wengine wanasema ya kuwa kupokea misaada kutoka nchi za Ulaya kila mara huongeza umaskini na ukosefu wa usawa katika jamii kwa kuwa misaada hii huandamana na vikwazo vinavyoathiri vibaya uchumi wa nchi zinazopokea msaada,<ref> Haiti's rice farmers and poultry growers have suffered graetly since trade barriers were lowered in 1994. Na Jane Regan</ref> au kwa kuwa inaandamana na uagizaji wa bidhaa kutoka nchi wafadhili bila kuzingatia kuwa bidhaa hizo zingepatikana kwingineko kwa bei nafuu,<ref>[http://ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=24509 Tied Aid Strangling Nation , Says UN] {{Wayback|url=http://ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=24509 |date=20101223203509 }} na Thalif Deen</ref> au kwa kuwa msaada wa kigeni unaonekana kuwa unafaidi zaidi nchi wafadhili kuliko nchi inayopokea msaada.<ref> [http://www.globalissues.org/TradeRelated/Debt/USAid.asp US and Foreign Aid ,] GlobalIssues.org</ref> Wakosoaji pia wanasema ya kuwa sehemu ya msaada kutoka nchi za nje huibwa na serikali na maafisa [[wafisadi]] na kuwa kuongeza kiwango cha msaada kunaharibu ubora wa uongozi. Sera huelekezwa zaidi upande wa mbinu za kupata pesa zaidi za msaada kuliko kukidhi mahitaji ya wananchi.<ref name="ABC-myth"> [http://abcnews.go.com/2020/story?id=1955664&amp;page=1 MYTH : More Foreign Aid Will End Global Poverty ]</ref> Wale wanaounga mkono msaada wanasema ya kuwa matatizo haya yanaweza kutatuliwa kwa kuweka mbinu bora za [[ukaguzi]] wa namna pesa hizi zinatumika.<ref name="ABC-myth"/> Kampeni za chanjo kwa watoto kama vile [[polio]] [[ugonjwa wa kuambukizwa wa koo]] na [[ugonjwa wa surua]] zimeokoa mamilioni ya watu.<ref name="aid"/> === Taasisi bora === {{Main|Ufisadi}} Taasisi zinazoendeshwa vizuri bila [[ufisadi]] na zinazofuata [[sheria]] huunda na kuweka sheria zinazolinda usalama wa mali na biashara. Serikali za haki zinazoendeshwa vizuri zinapaswa kufanya uwekezaji katika miradi ya kitaifa inayochukua muda mrefu badala ya kupora mali kwa njia ya ufisadi.<ref name="krugman"/> Wachunguzi katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha California Berkely]] waliunda walichokiita “Kipimo cha Weberianness” ambacho hupima vipengee mbalimbali vya [[urasimu na serikali]] ambavyo [[Max Weber]] alisema kuwa ni muhimu zaidi kwa serikali iliyoendeshwa kwa [[misingi ya fikira]] zinazokubalika na sheria zaidi ya miaka 100 iliyopita. Uchunguzi linganishi umeonyesha ya kuwa kipimo hiki kina uhusiano na vipimo vya juu vya maendeleo ya kiuchumi.<ref> Evans, Peter,and James E. Rauch. 1999. "Beauraucracy and Growth : A Cross- National Analysis of the Effects of 'Weberian' State Structures on Economic Growth ." ''American Sociological Review,'' 64:748-765.</ref> Wakifuata dhana yao inayofuata mkondo sawa na huu ya uongozi bora, wachunguzi kutoka [[Benki ya Dunia]] wamepata matokeo yanayofanana: Takwimu kutoka nchi 150 imeonyesha kuwa viwango kadhaa vya kukadiria uongozi bora (kama vile uwajibikaji, ufanisi, utawala wa kisheria, kiwango cha chini cha ufisadi) vina uhusiano na viwango vya juu vya maendeleo ya kiuchumi. <ref>{{Cite conference | last = Kaufmann | first = D. | coauthors = Kraay, A; Zoido-Lobaton, P. | title = Governance Matters. | booktitle = World Bank Policy Research Working Paper no. 2196 | pages = | publisher = | date = | location = Washington DC | url = | doi = | id = | accessdate = }}</ref> [[Mpango wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa]] ([[UNDP]]) ulichapisha ripoti mnamo Aprili 2000 kuhusu uongozi bora katika mataifa maskini kama njia kuu ya kuhakikisha maendeleo ya kiuchumi na kuushinda ubinafsi wa tabaka la matajiri ambao huwa na ushawishi mkubwa katika nchi hizo. Ripoti hiyo inamaliza kwa kusema ya kuwa “Bila ya [[utawala bora]], mataifa haya yakiendelea kutegemea mtindo wa maendeleo ya kiuchumi yanayotokana na msaada kutoka juu na yanayotiririka mashinani na mbinu zingine, hayatafaulu.” <ref name="undp2000"> United Nations Development Report. 2000. ''Overcoming Human Poverty: UNDP Poverty Report 2000.'' New York: United Nations Publications.</ref> Mifano ya nchi zilizo na uongozi bora unaoleta maendeleo ya kiuchumi na kupunguza umaskini ni kama [[Thailand]], [[Taiwan]], [[Malaysia]], [[Korea ya Kusini]] na [[Vietnam]], ambazo kwa kawaida huwa na serikali thabiti. Nchi hizo zina nia na uwezo wa kuunda na kuweka sera zitakazoleta maendeleo ya muda mrefu yatakayowasaidia wananchi wote, si tu matajiri. Kampuni za kimataifa hudhibitiwa ili kuhakikisha ya kuwa zinafuata kanuni zinazofaa kuhusu [[malipo na ajira]] ya wafanyakazi, zinatozwa ushuru kwa kiwango kinachofaa ili kuleta maendeleo nchini na sehemu ya faida hubaki katika nchi hizo.Faida hii huwekezwa tena ili kusaidia katika maendeleo ya nchi. Katika mwaka wa 1975, nchi ya Korea Kusini ilikuwa na [[Pato la chini la Kitaifa]] kwa kila mtu ikilinganishwa na [[Ghana]], <ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/leading-article-africa-has-to-spend-carefully-407666.html Laeding Article : Africa has to spend carefully.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/leading-article-africa-has-to-spend-carefully-407666.html |date=20120124072325 }} The Independent. 13 Julai 2006.</ref> na kufikia mwaka wa 2008, ilikua kwa kiwango cha mara 17 ya kile cha Ghana.<ref>[139] ^ Maktaba ya rejea kwa mwaka 2008. $ 26.341 BNP Korea, 1513 $ Ghana. [http://imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2008/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2008&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=29&pr1.y=12&c=512%2C446%2C914%2C666%2C612%2C668%2C614%2C672%2C311%2C946%2C213%2C137%2C911%2C962%2C193%2C674%2C122%2C676%2C912%2C548%2C313%2C556%2C419%2C678%2C513%2C181%2C316%2C682%2C913%2C684%2C124%2C273%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C522%2C692%2C622%2C694%2C156%2C142%2C624%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C283%2C228%2C853%2C924%2C288%2C233%2C293%2C632%2C566%2C636%2C964%2C634%2C182%2C238%2C453%2C662%2C968%2C960%2C922%2C423%2C714%2C935%2C862%2C128%2C716%2C611%2C456%2C321%2C722%2C243%2C942%2C248%2C718%2C469%2C724%2C253%2C576%2C642%2C936%2C643%2C961%2C939%2C813%2C644%2C199%2C819%2C184%2C172%2C524%2C132%2C361%2C646%2C362%2C648%2C364%2C915%2C732%2C134%2C366%2C652%2C734%2C174%2C144%2C328%2C146%2C258%2C463%2C656%2C528%2C654%2C923%2C336%2C738%2C263%2C578%2C268%2C537%2C532%2C742%2C944%2C866%2C176%2C369%2C534%2C744%2C536%2C186%2C429%2C925%2C178%2C746%2C436%2C926%2C136%2C466%2C343%2C112%2C158%2C111%2C439%2C298%2C916%2C927%2C664%2C846%2C826%2C299%2C542%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698%2C941&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a= World Economic Outlook Database-Oktober 2008,] [[Shirika la Fedha la Kimataifa.]] Ilipatikana tarehe 14 Februari 2009.</ref> Fedha kutoka misaada na maliasili mara nyingi hugeuzwa na kuwekwa katika mikono ya watu binafsi na baadaye hupelekwa katika [[benki]] zilizo katika nchi za nje kutokana na ufisadi.<ref name="economist"> [http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13278728 Banks, grafts and development]</ref> Ikiwa [[benki]] za Ulaya zingekataa kuweka pesa zilizoibwa, kulingana na ripoti ya shirika la [[Global Witness]], watu wa kawaida wangefaidika “kwa njia ambayo misaada ya kifedha haiwezi kufikia”.<ref name="economist"/> Ripoti hiyo ilipendekeza kuwekwa kwa sheria zinazoratibisha benki kwani hii inaweza kuwa njia bora ya kukatiza utumaji wa pesa za [[kigaidi, fedha chafu]] au [[kukosa kulipa ushuru]]. <ref name="economist"/> ==Idadi ya watu== {{stack| [[Picha:Percentage population living on less than 1 dollar day 2007-2008.png|thumb|right|Asilimia za wakazi wanaoishi kwa kiasi cha chini ya [[$]] 1.25 kwa siku. Makadirio ya [[UN]] 2000-2006.]] [[Picha:Percentage population undernourished world map.PNG|thumb|right|Asilimia za wakazi wenye njaa, [[World Food Programme]], [[2006]]]] [[Picha:Life Expectancy 2007 Est. CIA World Factbook.PNG|right|thumb|[[Matarajio ya kuishi]].]] [[Picha:UN Human Development Report 2007 (2).svg|thumb|right|[[Human Development Index]].]] [[File:2014 Gini Index World Map, income inequality distribution by country per World Bank.svg|thumb| [[Gini coefficient]], kigezo cha [[tofauti za mapato]], [[2014]].]] [[Picha:Life expectancy 1950-2005.png|thumb|right|Matarajio ya kuishi yameongezeka na kukaribiana duniani, isipokuwa Afrika Kusini kwa Sahara ambapo [[Ukimwi]] umerudisha nyuma. Jedwali linaonyesha miaka 1950-2005.]] }} {{Main|Ufukara nchi kwa nchi|Kizingiti cha ufukara}} === Umaskini uliokithiri === Umaskini hupimwa mara nyingi kama [[umaskini uliokithiri]] na [[umaskini wa kadri]] (cha mwisho kikiwa kipimo cha kutokuwa na usawa katika kiwango cha mapato). Umaskini uliokithiri unaashiria kipimo kilichowekwa ambacho hakibadiliki kamwe na ni sawa katika mataifa yote. [[Benki ya Dunia]] inafafanua umaskini uliokithiri kama kuishi kwa chini ya dola moja ya Marekani (uwezo wa ununuzi) kwa siku, na umaskini wa kadri kama kuishi kwa na chini ya dola mbili kwa siku. Inakadiria kuwa “mwaka 2001, watu bilioni 1.1 walikuwa na matumizi ya chini ya dola moja kwa siku na watu bilioni 2.7 walitumia chini ya dola mbili kwa siku.” <ref name="worldbank-Poverty">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0,,contentMDK:20153855~menuPK:373757~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:336992,00.html |title=The World Bank, 2007, Understanding Poverty |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2019-11-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107161906/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0,,contentMDK:20153855~menuPK:373757~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:336992,00.html }}</ref> Watoto milioni sita hufa kwa njaa kila mwaka-17,000 kila siku.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/11/17/italy.food.summit/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archive-date=2020-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813170030/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/11/17/italy.food.summit/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Idadi ya watu katika [[mataifa yanayoendelea]] wanaoishi katika umaskini uliokithiri ilishuka kutoka asilimia 28 mwaka 1990 hadi asilimia 21 mwaka 2001.<ref name="worldbank-Poverty"/> Mengi ya maendeleo haya yametokea [[Mashariki]] na [[Kusini mwa Asia]]. <ref>Shaohua Chen and Martin Ravallion, 2007, "How Have the World's Poorest Fared Since the Early 1980s?" Jedwali 3, uk 28. [http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?ImgPagePK=64202990&entityID=000112742_20040722172047&menuPK=64168175&pagePK=64210502&theSitePK=477894&piPK=64210520] {{Wayback|url=http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?ImgPagePK=64202990&entityID=000112742_20040722172047&menuPK=64168175&pagePK=64210502&theSitePK=477894&piPK=64210520|date=20070310150255}}</ref> Kuhusu Asia Mashariki, Benki ya Dunia iliripoti kuwa “idadi ya watu walioishi kwa dola mbili kwa siku ilikadiriwa kushuka hadi asilimia 27 mwaka wa [[2007]], kutoka asilimia 29.5 mwaka wa 2006 na asilimia 69 mwaka wa [[1990]].” <ref>Benki ya Dunia, 14 Novemba 2007, 'East Asia Remains Robust Despite US Slow Down' [http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/0,,contentMDK:21550665~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:226301,00.html] {{Wayback|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/0,,contentMDK:21550665~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:226301,00.html |date=20110322182301 }}</ref> Katika eneo la Afrika [[Kusini kwa Sahara]] umaskini uliokithiri ulipanda kutoka asilimia 41 mwaka 1981 hadi asilimia 46 mwaka 2001, ambao ukiungana na ongezeko la idadi ya watu, uliongeza idadi ya watu wanaoishi katika umaskini kutoka milioni 231 hadi milioni 318.<ref>The Independent, 'Birth rates must be curbed to win war on global poverty ', 31 Januari 2007 [http://news.independent.co.uk/world/politics/article2201090.ece] {{Wayback|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/politics/article2201090.ece|date=20080119183753}}</ref> Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, baadhi ya nchi za [[Mashariki ya Ulaya]] na [[Asia ya Kati]] zilizokuwa na uchumi wa mpito, zilikabiliwa na kushuka kwa mapato kwa kiasi kikubwa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0,,contentMDK:20153855~menuPK:373757~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:336992,00.html |title=Worldbank.org feference |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2019-11-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107161906/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0,,contentMDK:20153855~menuPK:373757~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:336992,00.html }}</ref> Kuanguka kwa [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] kulisababisha kushuka kwa Pato la Kitaifa kwa kiwango kikubwa cha kati ya asilimia 30 na 35 kati ya mwaka wa 1990 na 1998 (ilipokuwa katika kiwango cha chini zaidi). Kutokana na hayo, viwango vya umaskini vilipanda, ingawa katika miaka ya baadaye, viwango vya mapato vilipoanza kupanda tena, viwango vya umaskini vilishuka kutoka asilimia 31.4 ya idadi ya watu hadi asilimia 19.6.<ref>[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20398986~menuPK:64133163~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html. World Bank, Data and Statistics, WDI, GdF, &amp; ADI Best Databases]</ref><ref> [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07E0D8163FF931A25753C1A9669C8B63 Study Finds Poverty Deepening in Former Communist Countries ,] New York Times, 12 Oktoba 2000</ref> Takwimu za Benki ya Dunia zinaonyesha kuwa sehemu ya wananchi wanaoishi katika jamii zilizo na mapato yaliyo chini ya kiwango cha umaskini imeshuka katika kila eneo la dunia tangu mwaka 1990:<ref> [http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/jsp/index.jsp World Bank 2007, Povcalnet Poverty Data]</ref><ref> Takwimu inaweza kuchukuliwa tena kwa kutumia meza zinazoonyesha maendeleo ya kibinadamu ya Benki ya Dunia ya 2007 na kutumia kiwango cha umaskini cha Dola 32.74 kwa mwezi katika mwaka wa 1993 Pato la kitaifa .</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- data="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty" ! Eneo ! 1990 ! 2002 ! 2004 |- | Asia ya Mashariki na Pacific | 15.40% | 12.33% | 9.07% |- | Ulaya na Asia ya Kati | 3.60% | 1.28% | 0.95% |- | Amerika Kusini na Caribbean | 9.62% | 9.08% | 8.64% |- | Mashariki ya Kati na Kaskazini mwa Afrika | 2.08% | 1.69% | 1.47% |- | Asia Kusini | 35.04% | 33.44% | 30.84% |- | Afrika Kusini kwa Sahara | 46.07% | 42.63% | 41.09% |} Ishara zingine za maendeleo pia zimekuwa zikiendelea kufanya vyema. [[Matarajio ya miaka ya kuishi]] pia yameongezeka kwa kiwango kikubwa katika nchi zinazoendelea tangu [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]] na yameanza kukaribia yale ya nchi zilizoendelea. [[Vifo vya watoto]] vimepungua katika maeneo yote yanayoendelea duniani. Idadi ya watu duniani wanaoishi katika mataifa ambapo mgao wa chakula uko chini ya kalori 2,200 ([[Kilojuli]] 9200) kwa siku ilipungua kutoka asilimia 56 katikati ya miaka ya 1960 hadi chini ya asilimia 10 kufikia [[miaka ya 1990]]. Mienendo sawa na huo wa awali ilirekodiwa katika [[elimu]], usambazaji wa [[maji safi]] na [[umeme]] na bidhaa za msingi zinazotumiwa na wanunuzi.<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;_udi=B6VC6-4F02KWN-8&amp;_user=10&amp;_coverDate=01%2F01%2F2005&amp;_rdoc=1&amp;_fmt=summary&amp;_orig=browse&amp;_sort=d&amp;view=c&amp;_acct=C000050221&amp;_version=1&amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;_userid=10&amp;md5=3c12cc79f8121ee4e000396b0273a1eb World Development Volume 33, Issue 1, Januari 2005, Makala 1-19, Why Are We Worried About Income? ?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VC6-4F02KWN-8&_user=10&_coverDate=01%2F01%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_fmt=summary&_orig=browse&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3c12cc79f8121ee4e000396b0273a1eb |date=20071011122228 }}[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;_udi=B6VC6-4F02KWN-8&amp;_user=10&amp;_coverDate=01%2F01%2F2005&amp;_rdoc=1&amp;_fmt=summary&amp;_orig=browse&amp;_sort=d&amp;view=c&amp;_acct=C000050221&amp;_version=1&amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;_userid=10&amp;md5=3c12cc79f8121ee4e000396b0273a1eb Nearly Everthing That Matters is Converging.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VC6-4F02KWN-8&_user=10&_coverDate=01%2F01%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_fmt=summary&_orig=browse&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3c12cc79f8121ee4e000396b0273a1eb |date=20071011122228 }}</ref> Vipimo hivi vimekosolewa na watu mbalimbali.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://socialanalysis.org/ |title=Institute of Social Analysis |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2010-06-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629122044/http://www.socialanalysis.org/ }}</ref> [[Shaohua Chen]] na [[Martin Ravallion]] wanasema kuwa ingawa “ni wazi ya kuwa idadi ya watu fukara imeshuka... bila usawa katika maeneo yote... nchi zinazoendelea mbali na Uchina na India hazijafaulu kupunguza kwa kiwango cha maana idadi ya watu maskini. Kutokana na ongezeko la idadi ya watu duniani, idadi isiyobadilika ya watu maskini ingehusishwa na kiwango kinachopungua." Tukitazama idadi ya wanaoishi kwa chini ya Dola moja kwa siku, bila kuhesabu Uchina na India, tunaona ya kuwa idadi hii ilipunguka kutoka asilimia 31.35 hadi 20.70 kati ya mwaka wa 1981 na 2004.<ref> Shaohua Chen and Martin Ravallion, 2007, "How have the World's Poorest Faired Since the 1980's?" [http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/04/16/000016406_20070416104010/Rendered/PDF/wps4211.pdf]</ref> Ripoti ya 2007 ya Benki ya Dunia inayoitwa "Global Economic Prospects" inatabiri kuwa kufikia mwaka wa 2030, idadi ya watu watakaokuwa wakiishi kwa chini ya Dola moja kwa siku itakuwa imepungua kwa nusu, hadi watu milioni 550. Mwananchi wa kawaida anayeishi katika kile tulichokiita [[dunia ya tatu]] ataishi vyema sawa na namna ambavyo wananchi wa [[Ucheki]] na [[Slovakia]] wanavyoishi leo. Nchi nyingi za Afrika zitakuwa na matatizo ya kujaribu kufikia nchi nyingine zinazoendelea na hata ikiwa hali itabadilika kikamilifu, ripoti hii inaonya ya kuwa kufikia 2030, Afrika itakuwa na idadi kubwa zaidi ya watu maskini kuliko hali ilivyo sasa.<ref>[http://www.montereyherald.com/mld/montereyherald/business/16350847.htm World Bank has Good News About the Future,] {{Wayback|url=http://www.montereyherald.com/mld/montereyherald/business/16350847.htm|date=20081204203622}} na Andrew Cassel, [[The Philadelphia Inquirer.]] 30 Desemba 2006</ref> Sababu za ukuaji wa uchumi katika [[Mashariki mwa Asia]] na [[Asia ya Kusini]] zinatokana na kutoendelea kwao ikilinganishwa na maeneo mengine. Hii ni kulingana na nadharia ya kuja pamoja au nadharia ya sharti la kukusanyika pamoja. Kwa kuwa uchumi wa nchi hizi ulianza kupata usasa baada ya mataifa tajiri, uliweza kufaidika kwa kuiga maendeleo ya kiteknolojia yatakayouwezesha kuwa na viwango vikubwa zaidi vya uzalishaji ambavyo vimeundwa kwa karne nyingi katika mataifa tajiri. === Umaskini wa kadri === Umaskini wa kadri huangalia umaskini kama inavyoelezwa na jamii na unategemea muktadha wa kijamii, kwa hiyo umaskini wa kadri ni kiwango cha ukosefu wa usawa katika mapato. Kwa kawaida, umaskini wa kadri hupimwa kwa kuchukua idadi ya watu walio na mapato madogo zaidi ikilinganishwa na kiwango cha kawaida cha mapato. Kuna njia zingine tofauti za kupima [[ukosefu wa usawa wa mapato]], kwa mfano [[Mgao wa Gini]] na [[Kipimo cha Theil]]. Makadirio ya umaskini wa kadri hutumika kama viwango maalum vya kupima kiwango cha umaskini katika mataifa mengi yaliyoendelea. Takwimu hizi za umaskini hupima kutokuwa sawa badala ya ukosefu wa mali au shida. Vipimo hivi huwa vinafanywa kwa msingi wa mapato ya mtu binafsi ya kila mwaka na haviangalii ujumla wa mali. [[Kiwango cha umaskini]] kinachotumika katika mataifa wanachama wa [[OECD (Shirika la Ushirikiano wa Kiuchumi na Maendeleo)]] na [[Muungano wa mataifa ya Ulaya]] ni yale yaliyo na misingi yake katika “umbali wa kiuchumi”, kiwango cha mapato kikiwa ni asilimia 60 ya mapato ya kadri ya kila nyumba.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8177864.stm |title = Just what is poor? |accessdate = 2008-09-25 |author = Michael Blastland |publisher = BBC NEWS |date = 2009-07-31 }}</ref> === Vipengee vingine === [[Picha:Wadala slums - Mumbai.jpg|thumb|Eneo la mabanda mjini Mumbai, India. Asilimia 60 ya wakazi wa Mumbai wapatao milioni 18 wanaishi katika maeneo ya mabanda. <ref>Spiegel kwa mtandao. 28 Februari 2007.</ref>]] Vipengee vya uchumi vya umaskini vinajihusisha na mahitaji ya kifedha, na hasa yale yanayohitajika katika maisha ya kila siku kama vile [[chakula]], mavazi, nyumba, au [[maji salama]]. Umaskini, kwa mtazamo huu, unaweza kueleweka kama hali ambapo mtu au jamii inakosa mahitaji ya msingi inayohitaji ili kuishi vizuri na kuwa na maisha bora, hasa kutokana na ukosefu wa mapato unaoendelea. Udadisi wa vipengee vya kijamii vya umaskini unaonyesha kuwa kuna uhusiano kati ya umaskini na ugawaji raslimali na mamlaka katika jamii na inaonyesha kuwa umaskini unaweza kuwa unatokana na upungufu wa “uwezo” wa watu kuishi maisha ambayo wangeyapendelea.<ref>Amartya Sen, 1985, Commodities and Capabilities, Amsterdam, New Holland, cited in Siddiqur Rahman Osmani, 2004, Evolving Views on Poverty: Concept, Assessment, and Strategy , [http://www.adb.org/Documents/Papers/Evolving_views_poverty/default.asp ADB.org] {{Wayback|url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/Papers/Evolving_views_poverty/default.asp |date=20090815101017 }}</ref> Vipengee vya kijamii vya umaskini ni pamoja na [[ukosefu wa habari]], elimu, huduma za afya]] au [[mamlaka ya kisiasa]]. <ref> [http://www.paho.org/english/sha/be_v23n1-glossary.htm A Glossary for Social Epidemiology] Nancy Krieger, PhD, [[Harvard School of Public Health]]</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.journalofpoverty.org/JOPPURP/JOPPURP.HTM |title=Journal of Poverty |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512074344/http://www.journalofpoverty.org/JOPPURP/JOPPURP.HTM |archivedate=2012-05-12 }}</ref> Umaskini pia unaweza kueleweka kama kipengee kinacholeta tofauti za kitabaka [[katika jamii]] na ukosefu wa usawa katika uhusiano wa kijamii, unaojitokeza kwa njia ya kutengwa katika jamii, kuwategemea wengine na kupunguka kwa uwezo wa kujihusisha au kuendeleza uhusiano wa maana na watu wengine katika jamii.<ref> H Silver , 1994, social exclusion and [[social solidarity ]], in International Labour Review, 133 5-6</ref><ref> G Simmel, The Poor , Social Problems 1965 13</ref><ref> P Townsend, 1979, Poverty in the UK , Penguin</ref> Uchunguzi wa Benki ya Dunia wa “Sauti za Wanyonge”, ambao ilifanya uchunguzi kati ya watu maskini 20,000 katika mataifa 23, unaorodhesha mambo kadhaa ambayo watu maskini wametambua kuwa na uhusiano na umaskini.<ref> [http://www1.worldbank.org/prem/poverty/voices/ Voices of the Poor ]</ref> Hayo ni pamoja na: * Maisha ya kutojali * Maeneo yaliyotengwa * Vikwazo vya kimaumbile * Uhusiano kati ya wake na waume * Matatizo katika uhusiano wa kijamii * Ukosefu wa usalama * Utumiaji mbaya wa mamlaka * Kuondoa mamlaka katika taasisi * Uwezo uliowekewa vizuizi * Mashirika ya kijamii yasiyo na uwezo wa kutosha David Moore, katika kitabu chake ''Benki ya Dunia,'' anasema ya kuwa udadisi mwingine wa umaskini unaonyesha dharau, na wakati mwingine ubaguzi wa rangi, na mtazamo mbaya kwa watu maskini unaowaonyesha kama watu wanyonge wanaongojea tu kupokea msaada.<ref> Kifungu kuhusu Sauti za Maskini katika kitabu cha David Moore kilichohaririwa na Benki ya Dunia: Development, Poverty, Hegemony (University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, 2007)</ref> [[Picha:Camden NJ poverty.jpg|thumb|[[Camden, New Jersey]] ni moja ya majimbo maskini zaidi ya Marekani.]] Ufukara uliokithiri, neno ambalo lilivumbuliwa na Michael Lipton,<ref> Lipton, Michael (1986), 'Seasonality and ultra- poverty ', Sussex, IDS Bulletin 17.3</ref> unaashiria hali ya kuhesabiwa kati ya watu maskini zaidi kati ya jamii maskini katika nchi zenye mapato madogo. Lipton alieleza ufukara uliokithiri kama kupokea chini ya asilimia 80 ya kiwango cha chini zaidi cha kalori kinachopaswa kuchukuliwa na mwili na wakati huo huo kutumia zaidi ya asilimia 80 ya mapato kununua chakula. Kwa upande mwingine, ripoti moja ya 2007 iliyotolewa na Taasisi ya Kimataifa ya Uchunguzi kuhusu sera ya Chakula ilifafanua ufukara uliokithiri kama kuishi kwa chini ya senti 54 kwa siku.<ref> International Food Policy Research Insitute , "The World's Most Deprived. Characteristics and Causes of Extreme Poverty and Hunger,” Washington: IFPRI Oktoba 2007</ref> [[Shirika lisilo la kiserikali la BRAC]] limeanzisha mradi unaoitwa “Kuwalenga wanaoishi katika ufukara uliokithiri” unaonuia kutatua ufukara uliokithiri kwa kufanya kazi pamoja na wanawake fukara kwa kiwango binafsi.<ref> Matin, Imran, et al,, "Crafting a Graduation Pathway for the Ultra-poor: Lessons and Evidence from a BRAC Programme,” Research and Evaluation Division Working Paper, BRAC, 2008 : [http://ideas.repec.org/p/ess/wpaper/id1548.html Research Papers in Economics ]</ref> === Ufukara wa hiari === {{See also|Ufukara wa hiari|Kuishi bila makuu}} {{pquote|'Tis the gift to be simple,<br />'tis the gift to be free,<br />'tis the gift to come down where you ought to be,<br />{{nowrap|And when we find ourselves in the place just right,}}<br />It will be in the valley of love and delight.|Shaker song.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www2.gol.com/users/quakers/simple_gifts.htm |title=Simple Gifts |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2010-01-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106073724/http://www2.gol.com/users/quakers/simple_gifts.htm }}</ref>}} Kati ya watu wengine, kama vile [[watawa]], umaskini unachukuliwa kuwa jambo linalohitajika na kutamanika, na linapokewa kwa [[mikono]] miwili ili kuweza kufikia kiwango fulani cha kiroho, kitabia au kiakili. Umaskini hueleweka kuwa kiungo muhimu cha kuachana na mambo ya [[dunia]] katika [[dini]] kama vile [[Ubuddha]] (kwa watawa pekee, si kwa wafuasi wengine) na wafuasi wa [[Ujaini]], ilhali kwa [[Wakatoliki]] hii ni moja kati ya [[mashauri ya Kiinjili]]. Mashirika kadhaa huwa na [[nadhiri]] ya kuishi katika hali ya ufukara. Kwa mfano [[itikadi]] za wafuasi wa [[Mtakatifu]] [[Fransisko wa Asizi]] zinapinga umiliki wowote wa [[mali]] katika ngazi ya mtu binafsi au katika [[jumuia]]. Ingawa umiliki wa mali na bidhaa haukubaliwi kwa wafuasi wa Mtakatifu [[Benedikto wa Nursia]], kufuatia [[kanuni ya Mt. Benedikto]], [[monasteri]] zimekubaliwa kumiliki mali na [[pesa]] na [[historia]] inaonyesha kuwa makao kadhaa ya watawa hao yalikusanya mali nyingi mno. Katika [[muktadha]] huo wa [[nadhiri]] za kitawa, umaskini unaeleweka kama njia ya kujinyima ili kuhudumia wengine. Mwaka wa [[1217]] [[Papa Honorius III]] aliandika kwamba wafuasi wa Mtakatifu [[Dominiko Guzman]] "waliishi maisha ya umaskini wa hiari, wakijitia hatarini na kuteseka, ili wengine wapate kuokolewa”. Kufuatia [[tahadhari]] ya [[Yesu]] kuwa mali ni kama [[miiba]] ambayo huzuia [[mbegu]] nzuri ya Neno la Mungu kukua ([[Math]] 13:22) umaskini wa hiari unaeleweka na [[Wakristo]] kama jambo lenye faida kuu kwa mtu binafsi - njia ya [[kujiadilisha]] ambapo mtu hujitenga na vitu vingine vinavyovutia fikira zake na kumtenganisha na [[Mungu]]. ==Mtazamo wa mifumo mbalimbali duniani== Mtazamo wa mifumo ya kidunia unatabiri ya kuwa mataifa yanayoendelea hayataweza kukua ipasavyo kiuchumi katika miaka ijayo ikiwa bado yana [[uwekezaji]] mkubwa wa [[makampuni ya kimataifa]] kutoka nchi zilizoendelea. Ingawa kuna tofauti kati ya mataifa hayo yanayoendelea, chunguzi kadhaa zilizofanywa na wanasosholojia zimeonyesha kuwa mengi ya mataifa yanayoendelea yaliyo na uwekezaji mkubwa kutoka mataifa yaliyoendelea yana ukuaji mdogo zaidi wa kiuchumi kwa muda mrefu.<ref name="chasedunn1975">Chase-Dunn, Christopher. 1975. "“The Effects of International Economic Dependence on Development and Inequality: A Cross-National Study.” ''American Sociological Review,'' 40:720-738.</ref><ref name="chasedunn1989">Chase-Dunn, Christopher. 1989. ''Global Formation: Structures of the World-Economy. '' Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.</ref><ref name="bornschierandchasedunn1985">Bornschier, Volker, and Christopher Chase-Dunn. 1985. ''Transnational Corporations and Underdevelopment.'' New York: Praeger.</ref><ref name="bornschieretall1978">Bornschier, Volker, Christopher Chase-Dunn,and Richard Rubinson. 1978. "Cross-National Evidence of the Effects of Foreign Investment and Aid on Economic Growth and Inequality: A Survey of Findings and a Reanalysis ." ''American Journal of Sociology,'' 84:651-683.</ref><ref name="snyderandkick1979">Snyder, Daudi, na Edward Kick. 1979. "“Structural Position in the World System and Economic Growth, 1955-1970: A Multiple Analysis of Transnational Interactions.” ''American Journal of Sociology,'' 84:1096-1128.</ref><ref>Stokes, Randall, na Daudi Jaffee. 1982. "Another Look at the Export of Raw Materials and Economic Growth." American Sociological Review, 47:402-407.</ref><ref>Nolan, Patrick D. 1983. "Status in the World Economy and National Structure and Development." International ''Journal of Contemporary Sociology,'' 24:109-120.</ref> Hata hivyo, uchunguzi huo wote ulifanywa zaidi ya miaka ishirini iliyopita na ulitumia njia mbovu za kupata takwimu. Utafiti uliofanywa hivi karibuni unaonyesha kuwa kwa ujumla uwekezaji wa moja kwa moja wa kigeni hufaidi nchi pokezi ingawa athari zake si sawa kila mahali. Kutegemea sifa za nchi nyingine, huenda uwekezaji wa nchi za kigeni usiwe na athari yoyote, nzuri au mbaya, kwa maendeleo.<ref>Theodore H. Moran, Edward M. Graham na Magnus Blomström, eds. "Does Foreign Direct Investment Promote Development?" Peterson Institute for International Economics, Mei 2005 [http://bookstore.petersoninstitute.org/book-store/3810.html Peterson Institute and ] {{Wayback|url=http://bookstore.petersoninstitute.org/book-store/3810.html |date=20091203041632 }}[http://www.iie.com/publications/briefs/bk-fdi.pdf IIE.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.iie.com/publications/briefs/bk-fdi.pdf |date=20100109015217 }}</ref><ref>Carkovic, Maria V na Levine, Ross, Does Foreign Direct Investment Accelerate Economic Growth ? (Juni 2002). [[University of Minnesota]] Department of Finance Working Paper. Inapatikana [http://ssrn.com/abstract=314924 SSRN.com au DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.314924]</ref> Nadharia za mfumo wa kidunia zinaonyesha ya kuwa sera bora zaidi inayoweza kufuatwa na nchi yoyote ni ile ya [[autarkia]] ama kufanya biashara na mataifa mengine yanayoendelea pekee. Hata hivyo, mataifa makubwa yaliyofuata sera hiyo kama vile Uchina na India kabla ya mwaka wa 1980 yalishuhudia kuzorota kwa uchumi na kuongezeka kwa umaskini. Baadhi ya mataifa ya Amerika ya Kusini ambayo pia yalijaribu kutegemea sera hiyo ya maendeleo kwa kutumia mtazamo wa ndani pia yalipata matokeo sawa na hayo.<ref>Smith na Todaro, "Economic Development". Addison-Wesley series in Ecnomics. 2006</ref> Inaonekana kuwa kuna sababu nyingi za athari mbaya ya utawala wa mataifa tajiri. Sababu kuu ni tatizo la ''kupotoka kwa miundo.'' Katika uchumi ambao haujapotoka [[maliasili]] huzindua mfululizo wa shughuli zinazoleta faida, [[nafasi za kazi]] na [[ukuaji]]. Tutachukua mfano wa nchi iliyoendelea na iliyo na idadi kubwa ya madini ya [[shaba]] ardhini. Nafasi za kazi zinapatikana na faida inatengenezwa kwanza kutokana na uchimbaji wa madini ya shaba. Kisha nafasi nyingine za kazi na faida zaidi inapatikana wakati shaba inapotengenezwa kuwa [[chuma]] na bidhaa hizi kuuzwa na kampuni [[ndogo ndogo]], ,ambazo pia zinaongeza nafasi za kazi na faida. Kutokana na mchakato huu wote, kuna mfululizo wa nafasi za kazi na faida ambazo huleta ukuaji wa kiuchumi pamoja na mapato ambayo yanaweza kutumika kuendeleza nchi kwa ujenzi wa vitu kama [[barabara]], [[umeme]] na [[taasisi za mafunzo]]. Lakini shaba ikichimbwa katika nchi inayoendelea na iliyo na uhusiano na nchi iliyoendelea, madini hayo yanapelekwa kwa nchi iliyoendelea ambako mfululizo wa kuitengeneza unamalizikia. Nafasi za kazi zilizosalia na faida zote zinzotokana na mfululizo wa shughuli hizi zinapotelea katika nchi zilizoendelea. Huu ni mfano wa kupotoka kwa miundo.<ref name="chasedunn1975"/> Athari nyingine ni ile ya kuvurugwa kwa [[ukulima]]. Kabla ya kuanzishwa kwa mfumo wa kisasa wa dunia, ukulima ulikuwa unafanywa ili kukidhi mahitaji ya kijamii, na kulikuwa hakuna haja ya kutumia mbinu za kilimo za kupunguza kiwango cha ajira. Kutokana na mbinu hizi za awali na ukosefu wa soko kubwa kwa bidhaa, chakula kilikuwa kinauzwa kwa bei ya chini zaidi, sehemu ya mashamba iliachiwa [[wakulima wadogo]], na nafasi za kazi zilikuwa nyingi zaidi. Hata hivyo, kutokana na ukulima wa mauzo katika nchi za nje na mbinu za kupunguza kiwango cha ajira kwa ukulima, chakula kimekuwa ghali zaidi, wakulima wadogo wanafukuzwa kutoka kwa mashamba ili nafasi zaidi ya kukuza bidhaa za kuuzwa katika soko la dunia ipatikane, na mashine zaidi zinatumiwa kufanya kazi, na hivyo kusababisha upungufu wa nafasi za kazi. Faida zinakiendea kikundi kidogo cha wanaomiliki ardhi na kampuni za kimataifa za kilimo, huku wasiomiliki ardhi wakipoteza kazi zao, ardhi, na mapato ambayo yananawazuia kuwa wanunuzi wanaohitajika kuhakikisha kukua kwa uchumi. Tatizo la tatu kwa mataifa yanayoendelea ni [[mizozano ya kitabaka]]. [[Tabaka la wenye uwezo wa kiuchumi na kisiasa]] katika mataifa yanayoendelea huwakaribisha zaidi watu kutoka tabaka la watu wanaomiliki makampuni kwa kuwa wanajua ya kwamba kampuni hizi zinafanya uwekezaji katika nchi zao kutokana na gharama ya chini ya [[ajira]] kiwango cha chini cha ushuru kutokuwa na [[vyama vya wafanyakazi]], na mambo mengine kama vile sheria dhaifu za mazingara, ambazo zinajali zaidi masilahi ya makampuni hayo ya kimataifa. ==Tazama pia== * [[Umaskini wa vipengele vingi]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kwa Pato la Taifa]] * [[Njaa]] * [[Maendeleo]] * [[Kitongoji duni]] * [[Watoto wa mitaani]] * [[Benki ya Dunia]] * [[Siku ya Chakula Duniani]] ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo}} ==Kusoma zaidi== <div class="references-2column"> * [http://www.ifpri.org/pubs/jhu/agresearchlive.asp Agricultural Research, Livelihoods, and Poverty: Studies of Economic and Social Impacts in Six Countries ] Ilihaririwa na Michelle Adato na Ruth Meinzen-Dick (2007), [[Johns Hopkins University Press]] [http://www.ifpri.org/pubs/fpr/pr16.pdf Food Policy Report (Brief)] * [http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21050421~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html World Bank, Can South Asia End Poverty in a Generation?] {{Wayback|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21050421~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html |date=20080415192500 }} * [http://womennewsnetwork.net/2007/08/28/%e2%80%9ceducate-a-woman-you-educate-a-nation%e2%80%9d-%e2%80%93-south-africa-aims-to-improve-its-education-for-girls/ "Educate a Woman, You Educate a Nation" - South Africa Aims to Improve its Education for Girls] {{Wayback|url=http://womennewsnetwork.net/2007/08/28/%e2%80%9ceducate-a-woman-you-educate-a-nation%e2%80%9d-%e2%80%93-south-africa-aims-to-improve-its-education-for-girls/ |date=20091213070657 }} WNN - Women News Network. 28 Agosti 2007. Lys Anzia * [[Anthony Atkinson.]] ''Poverty in Europe 1998'' * Betson, David M., and Jennifer L. Warlick "Alternative Historical Trends in Poverty." American Economic Review 88:348-51. 1998. in JSTOR * Brady , David "Rethinking the Sociological Measurement of Poverty" Social Forces 81#3 2003, uk. 715–751 Online in Project Muse. Ufupisho: Inaangazia makosa ya vipimo maalum za Amerika; inaangalia maendeleo kadhaa ya kinadharia na kimbinu katika upimaji wa umaskini. Inasema ya kuwa vipimo vya kupima kiwango cha umaskini vinapaswa (1) kupima viwango vinavyotofautiana katika historia kwa ufanisi; (2) viwe linganishi, sio visivyoweza kulinganishwa; (3) kutazama umaskini kama kutengwa kijamii; (4) Kuangalia athari za kodi, uhamishaji na faida katika nchi; na (5) kujumuisha kina cha umaskini na ukosefu wa usawa kati ya watu maskini. Kisha, makala haya yanachambua masomo ya kisoshiolojia yaliyochapishwa tangu 1990 ili waweze kutazama maoni yao kwa vigezo hivi. Makala haya yanatetea vipimo vitatu mbadala vya umaskini: kipimo cha vipindi, kipimo kinachotunia nambari, na ujumla wa nambari zote. Mwisho, kwa kutumia [[Uchunguzi wa mapato wa Luxembourg]], kinachunguza muundo wa mambo yanayojirudia baada ya majaribio kadhaa yanayotumia vipimo hivi vitatu, katika demokrasia za kibepari kutoka 1967 hadi 1997. Makadirio ya vipimo hivi vya umaskini yako wazi kwa wote. * Buhmann, Brigitte, Lee Rainwater, Guenther Schmaus, na Timothy M. Smeeding. 1988. "Equivalence Scales, Well-Being, Inequality, and Poverty: Sensitivity Estimates Across Ten Countries Using the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) Database." "Uhakiki wa Mapato na Mali 34:115-42. * Cox, W. Michael, and Richard Alm. ''Myths of Rich and Poor'' 1999 * Danziger, Sheldon H., and Daniel H. Weinberg "The Historical Record: Trends in Family Income, Inequality, and Poverty." Kurasa za. 18-50 katika ''Confronting Poverty: Prescriptions for Change'' ilihaririwa na Sheldon H. Danziger, Gary D. Sandefur, na Daniel. H. Weinberg. Russell Sage Foundation. 1994. * Firebaugh, Glenn. "Empirics of World Income Inequality." ''American Journal of Sociology'' (2000) 104:1597-1630. katika JSTOR * [[Gans, Herbert, J.]] [http://www.sociology.org.uk/as4p3.pdf • Gans, Herbert, J., "The Uses of Poverty: The Poor Pay All",] Social Policy , Julai / Agosti 1971: uk. 20-24 * [[George, Abraham]], [http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/india/article.cfm?articleid=4114&amp;specialid=1&amp;CFID=1824805&amp;CFTOKEN=37907590 Wharton Business School Publications - Why the Fight Against Poverty is Failing: A Contrarian View] * Gordon, David M. ''. Theories of Poverty and Underemployment: Orthodox, Radical, and Dual Labor Market Perspectives. '' 1972. * Haveman, Robert H. ''Poverty Policy and Poverty Research'' [[University of Wisconsin Press]] 1987. * John Iceland; ''Poverty in America : '' A Handbook University of California Press, 2003 * Alice O'Connor; ; "Poverty Research and Policy for the Post-Welfare Era" Annual Review of Sciology , 2000 * Osberg, Lars, na Kuan Xu. "International Comparisons of Poverty Intensity: Index Decomposition and Bootstrap Inference. ''" The Journal of Human Resources'' 2000. 35:51-81. * Paugam, Serge. "Poverty and Social Exclusion: A Sociological View." Uk 41-62 katika ''The Future of European Welfare,'' imehaririwa na Martin Rhodes na Yves Meny, 1998. * [[Pressman, Steven]], ''Poverty in America: An Annotated Bibliography. '' University Press of America and Scarecrow Press, 1994 * Rothman, David J., (mhariri). "The Almshouse Experience", katika mfululizo ''Poverty,U.S.A The Historical Record '' 1971. ISBN 0-405-03092-4 * [[Amartya Sen;]] ''Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation'' Oxford University Press, 1982 * [[Amartya Sen.]] ''Development as Freedom'' (1999) * Smeeding, Timothy M., Michael O'Higgins, na Lee Rainwater ''Poverty, Inequality and Income Distribution in Comparative Perspective.'' Urban Institute Press 1990. * [[Stephen C. Smith]], ''Ending Global Poverty: A Guide to What Works,'' New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005 * Triest, Robert K. ""Has Poverty Gotten Worse?" ''Journal of Economic Perspectives '' 1998. 12:97-114. * Frank, Ellen, [http://www.dollarsandsense.org/archives/2006/0106dollar.html ''Dr. Dollar: How Is Poverty Defined in Government Statistics?'' ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dollarsandsense.org/archives/2006/0106dollar.html |date=20210227135926 }} [[Dollars &amp; Sense]], Januari / Februari 2006 * Bergmann, Barbara. [http://www.dollarsandsense.org/archives/2000/0300bergmann.html "Deciding Who's Poor" ,] [[Dollars &amp; Sense]], Machi / Aprili 2000 * {{Rejea kitabu |author=Babb, Sarah |title=Behind the Development Banks: Washington Politics, World Poverty, and the Wealth of Nations |url=https://archive.org/details/behinddevelopmen0000babb |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2009 |pages= |isbn=9780226033655}} * Richard Wilson na Kate Pickett. "The Spirit Level", Allen Lane 2009 </div> ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Poverty}} * [http://www.dcp2.org/main/Home.html Disease control priorities project ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dcp2.org/main/Home.html |date=20060406154431 }} Inachunguza faida za kiuchumi za kuanzisha huduma za afya * [http://hrw.org Human Rights Watch] Inachunguza unyanyasaji wa watu katika mataifa yanayoendelea duniani. * [http://www.lisproject.org Luxembourg Income Study] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lisproject.org/ |date=20051204101908 }} Ina takwimu nyingi kuhusu ukosefu wa usawa katika mapato na umaskini, na pa ina mamia ya makala ya uchunguzi yanayotumia takwimu hii. * [http://www.multinationalmonitor.org Multinational Monitor] Ripoti kuhusu mambo mabaya yanayofanywa na makampuni duniani. * [http://www.oecd.org Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development] Ina ripoti kuhusu maendeleo ya kiuchumi na uhusiano kati ya mataifa tajiri na maskini. * [http://ophi.qeh.ox.ac.uk Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative (OPHI)] {{Wayback|url=http://ophi.qeh.ox.ac.uk/ |date=20090316073018 }} uchunguzi kuendeleza mtazamo wa maendeleo ya binadamu kuhusu kupunguza umaskini. * [http://www.transparency.org Transparency International] Inachunguza matatizo ya serikali na ufisadi katika makampuni duniani. * [http://www.un.org/english United Nations] mamia ya ripoti za bure yanaohusiana na maendeleo ya kiuchumi na kiwango cha kuishi katika mataifa mbalimbali duniani, kama vile ''Ripoti ya Maendeleo ya Binadamu'' inayotolewa kila ''mwaka.'' * [http://www.usaid.gov US Agency for International Development] USAID ndiyo shirika kuu ya serikali ya Amerika inayojishughulisha na kutoa misaada kwa mataifa yanayoendelea. * [http://www.worldbank.org/ World Bank] Ina mamia ya ripoti zinazoweza kupakuliwa bila malipo, kama vile Ripoti ya kila mwaka ya Maendeleo Duniani. * [http://www.wfp.org World Food Program] Ina uhusiano na Umoja wa Mataifa. Mpango wa Chakula Duniani hukusanya mamia ya ripoti kuhusu njaa na kuhakikisha kuwa kuna chakula cha kutosha duniani. * [http://www.bridgesofhope.ca Bridges of Hope International Network of Development Agencies Inc.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bridgesofhope.ca/ |date=20091128162630 }} * [http://www.catholiccharitiesusa.org/poverty Campaign to Reduce Poverty in America] {{Wayback|url=http://www.catholiccharitiesusa.org/poverty |date=20081007023936 }} * [http://www.one.org The ONE Campaign] * [http://www.endpoverty2015.org/ The United Nations Millenium Campaign ] * [http://www.standagainstpoverty.org/ Stand Against Poverty ] [[Jamii:Elimu jamii]] [[Jamii:Uchumi]] ixo0vlpi8fh7uh0wr7szz66gl33b1xl 0 33719 1592746 1580229 2026-08-28T23:44:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592746 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Tuberculosis-x-ray-1.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|mapafu yanayoonyesha maambukizi ya Kifua kikuu]] {{Infobox disease |Name = Kifua Kikuu |Image = Tuberculosis-x-ray-1.jpg |Caption = kifua [[X-ray]] cha mtu mwenye kifua kikuu cha hatari. Mishale meupe inaonyesha maambukizi ya mapafu yote mawili. Mishale meusi inaonyesha matundu yaliyojitokeza. |DiseasesDB = 8515 |ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|15||a|15}}–{{ICD10|A|19||a|15}} |ICD9 = {{ICD9|010}}–{{ICD9|018}} |ICDO = |OMIM = 607948 |MedlinePlus = 000077 |MedlinePlus_mult = {{MedlinePlus2|000624}} |eMedicineSubj = med |eMedicineTopic = 2324 |eMedicine_mult = |MeshID = D014376 }} '''Kifua kikuu''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]] ''tuberculosis'', kifupi '''TB''') ni [[ugonjwa wa kuambukizwa]] ulio hatari. [[Ugonjwa]] huu husababishwa na aina mbalimbali za [[bakteria]] ambazo hujulikana kama ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]''.<ref name=Robbins>{{cite book |author=Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Mitchell RN |year=2007 |title=Robbins Basic Pathology |url=https://archive.org/details/robbinsbasicpath0000unse_q0t1 |edition=8th |publisher=Saunders Elsevier |pages=[https://archive.org/details/robbinsbasicpath0000unse_q0t1/page/516 516]–522 |isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1}}</ref> Kifua kikuu kwa kawaida kinaathiri [[mapafu]], lakini pia kinaweza kuathiri sehemu nyingine za [[mwili]]. Kifua kikuu husambazwa kutoka kwa [[mtu]] mmoja hadi mwingine kwa kupitia [[hewa]] wakati anapokohoa, kupiga chafya, au [[mate]] yake yakiwa hewani<ref name="AP">{{cite journal|author=Konstantinos A |year=2010|title=Testing for tuberculosis |journal=Australian Prescriber |volume= 33 |issue=1|pages=12–18 |url= http://www.australianprescriber.com/magazine/33/1/12/18/}}</ref> Maambukizi mengi hayana [[dalili]] wala hayaleti madhara. Lakini [[moja]] kati ya maambukizo kumi yasiyoleta madhara hatimaye huendelea na kuwa ugonjwa kamili. Kama kifua kikuu kisipotibiwa, kinaua zaidi ya 50[[%]] ya watu walioambukizwa. Dalili za kawaida za maambukizi ya kifua kikuu kinacholeta madhara ni [[kikohozi|kikohozi sugu]] na [[Hemoptysis|kukohoa damu]], [[Kohozi]], [[homa]], [[kutokwa na jasho usiku]], na [[kukonda]]. Maambukizi ya viungo vingine husababisha dalili mbalimbali. Njia ya kitaalamu ya utambuzi wa kifua kikuu kwa kutumia [[eksirei]] ya kuchunguza ugonjwa hujulikana kama eksirei ya kifua na pia wanatumia [[hadubini]] na kufanya uchunguzi wa [[vimelea maradhi]] vya [[majimaji]] ya mwilini. Uchunguzi wa kifua kikuu kisicholeta madhara hutumia kipimo kiitwacho [[Mantoux test|kipimo cha ngozi]] (TST) na vipimo vya damu. [[Matibabu ya kifua kikuu|tiba]] si rahisi na inabidi kupewa dawa nyingi za kinga mwili kwa kipindi kirefu. Mawasiliano ya kijamii pia yanapimwa na kutibiwa kama inavyotakiwa. [[Dawa zinazoshindwa kutibu magonjwa]] ni tatizo kubwa la maambukizi sugu mengi ya kifua kikuu]] (MDR-TB). Ili kuzuia kifua kikuu, ni lazima watu wapimwe ugonjwa na wapate [[chanjo]] ya [[Bacillus Calmette-Guérin|bacillus Calmette - Guérin]]. [[Wataalamu]] wanaamini kwamba [[theluthi]] moja ya [[idadi]] ya watu [[duniani]] waliambukizwa kifua kikuu,<ref name=WHO2012data>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/index.html|title=Tuberculosis Fact sheet N°104|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|date=November 2010|accessdate=26 July 2011}}</ref> na kila [[sekunde]] kuna mtu ambaye anaambukizwa <ref name= WHO2012data />. Mwaka [[2007]], kadri ya watu 13,700,000 duniani waliambukizwa kifua kikuu kinacholeta madhara sugu. Mwaka [[2010]], kadri ya milioni 8.8 ya watu waliambukizwa na milioni 1.5 ya watu walifariki baada ya kuambukizwa na kifua kikuu, na wagonjwa wengi wanapatikana katika [[nchi zinazoendelea]].<ref name=WHO2011>{{cite web|title=The sixteenth global report on tuberculosis|author=World Health Organization|url=http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/2011/gtbr11_executive_summary.pdf|year=2011}}</ref> Idadi halisi ya wagonjwa wa kifua kikuu imekuwa ikipungua tangu mwaka [[2006]], na kesi mpya zimeshuka tangu mwaka [[2002]].<ref name=WHO2011/> Kifua kikuu si ugonjwa unaosambazwa sawasawa duniani kote. Kadri ya 80% ya watu katika nchi nyingi za [[Asia]] na [[Afrika]] waliofanyiwa kipimo cha ngozi walionekana wameambukizwa, lakini ni asilimia 5-10% tu ya wananchi wa [[Marekani]] ambao walionekana na ugonjwa huo.<ref name= Robbins/> Watu wengi waliopo katika [[nchi zilizoendelea]] wanaambukizwa kifua kikuu kwa sababu ya kutokuwa na kinga. Kwa kawaida, hawa watu wanaambukizwa kifua kikuu baada ya kuambukizwa na [[VVU]] na hatimaye wanapatwa na [[UKIMWI]].<ref name=Lancet11/> == Dalili na ishara == [[Picha:Tuberculosis symptoms.svg|thumb|Dalili kuu na ishara tofauti pamoja na hatua za kifua kikuu zinajulikana <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|title=Tuberculosis Symptoms|publisher=[[eMedicine]]Health|author=Schiffman G|date=15 January 2009}}</ref> Dalili nyingi huchanganyika na ishara zingine, ingawa kuna dalili zingine ambazo (ingawa sio lazima) ni za aina fulani ya kifua kikuu. Aina mbalimbali za kifua kikuu zinaweza kuwepo kwa pamoja.]] Kuna kadri ya 5-10% ya watu ambao hawana VVU ingawa wameambukizwa kifua kikuu na wanapatwa na madhara katika maisha yao.<ref name=Pet2005>{{Rejea kitabu|author=edited by Peter G. Gibson ; section editors, Michael Abramson ... ''et al.''|title=Evidence-based respiratory medicine|year=2005|publisher=Blackwell|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-7279-1605-1|pages=321|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=sDIKJ1s9wEQC&pg=PA321|edition=1. publ.}}</ref> Kwa upande mwingine, 30% ya watu ambao wameambukizwa VVU pamoja na kifua kikuu, huwa wanapatwa na madhara ya ugonjwa huo<ref name= Pet2005 /> Kifua kikuu kinaweza kuambukiza sehemu yoyote ya mwili, lakini kwa kawaida hutokea katika mapafu (na inajulikana kama kifua kikuu cha mapafu).<ref. name= ID10 /> TB Extrapulmonary ni kifua kikuu kinachotokea sehemu yoyote ya mwili yaani nje ya mapafu. Hicho kinaweza pia kuwepo pamoja na kifua kikuu cha mapafu <ref. Name= ID10 /> Ishara na dalili ni pamoja na [[homa]], [[baridi]], [[kutokwa na jasho usiku]], [[kupoteza hamu ya kula]], [[kukonda]], na [[uchovu (matibabu)|uchovu]].<ref Name= ID10 /> Kuna uwezekano mkubwa wa [[kujikunja kwa kucha pembeni]].<ref. Name= Pet2005 /> === Mapafu === Kifua kikuu kikiambukiza kinaathiri mapafu kwa 90% ya wagonjwa <ref name= Lancet11/> <ref>{{cite book|last=Behera|first=D.|title=Textbook of pulmonary medicine|year=2010|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8448-749-7|pages=457|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=0TbJjd9eTp0C&pg=PA457|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref> Dalili zake huweza kuwa [[maumivu ya kifua]] na kikohozi cha muda mrefu chenye makohozi.<ref Name=Lancet11/> Kadri ya 25% ya watu hawana dalili yoyote (yaani, wao hawaonyeshi "dalili") <ref name= Lancet11/> Wakati mwingine, wagonjwa. [[Hemoptysis|wanakohoa damu]] kwa kiasi kidogo. Wakati mwingine, ugonjwa unaweza kusababisha [[mshipa wa mapafu]] imomonyoke, na kusababisha damu nyingi kuvuja hali hii inaitwa [[Rasmussen's aneurysm]].<ref name=ID10/> Kifua kikuu kinaweza kusababishwa na vimelea sugu na kusababisha makovu katika masikio ya juu ya mapafu.<ref Name=ID10/>. Mara nyingi ni mapafu ya juu yanayoathirika <ref name=ID10/> Sababu haijulikani vizuri <ref name=" Robbins "/> Labda mapafu ya juu yanaathirika zaidi kwa sababu yanapata hewa kwa njia bora <ref name=" Robbins "/> au kwa sababu ya ukaushaji mbaya wa [[limfu]].<ref Name= ID10 /> === Kifua kikuu katika sehemu nyingine ya mwili === Kadri ya 15-20% ya madhara yanayoletwa na ugonjwa yanaletwa na maambukizi yanayoenea nje ya viungo vya kupumua, na husababisha aina nyingine ya kifua kikuu.<ref>{{cite book|author=editor-in-chief SK Jindal|title=Textbook of pulmonary and critical care medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|pages=549|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=EvGTw3wn-zEC&pg=PA549}}</ref> Kifua kikuu kinachotokea nje ya viungo vya kupumua kinaitwa "extrapulmonary tuberculosis".<ref name=Extra2005>{{cite journal|pmid=16300038|year=2005|author=Golden MP, Vikram HR|title=Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: an overview|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2005-11-01_72_9/page/n136|volume=72|issue=9|pages=1761–8|journal=American family physician}}</ref> Extrapulmonary TB hutokea zaidi kwa [[wagonjwa]] wenye upungufu wa kingamwili na watoto wadogo. ExtrapulmonaryTB hutokea kwa zaidi ya 50% ya wagonjwa wenye VVU <ref name=Extra2005/> Sehemu zinazoathiriwa na extrapulmonary TB ni pamoja na sehemu za nje ya mapafu [[pleura]] (au pleurisy tuberculous), [[mfumo wa neva]] (au kifua kikuu cha [[uti wa mgongo]]), na [[mfumo wa limfu]] (katika [[scrofula]] ya shingo).Extrapulmonary TB pia hutokea katika [mfumo wa [mkojo na sehemu za siri]] (au [[kifua kikuu cha sehemu za siri]]) katika mifupa na viungo (au [[Pott's disease]] wa mgongo), na maeneo mengine. Inapoenea katika mifupa, inajulikana kama "kifua kikuu cha mifupa",<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|author=[edited by] Vimlesh Seth, S.K. Kabra|title=Essentials of tuberculosis in children|year=2006|publisher=Jaypee Bros. Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8061-709-6|pages=249|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=HkH0YbyBHDQC&pg=PA249|edition=3rd ed.}}</ref> ambayo ni aina ya [[maambukizi ya mifupa au osteomyelitis]] <ref name="Robbins"/> Aina hatari zaidi ya Extrapulmonary TB inaitwa TB ya "kueneza", inajulikana kama [[kifua kikuu]] inayoenea mwilini <ref name=ID10/> Asilimia 10% ya kifua kikuu kinachotokea nje ya viungo vya kupumua, husababisha kifua kikuu inayosamba mwilini. <ref name=Gho2008/> == Visababishi == === Mycobacteria === [[Picha: Mycobacterium tuberculosis.jpg|thumb|''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'']] Kisababishi kikubwa cha kifua kikuu ni '' [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'', ni kiumbe kidogo kinachohitaji [[oksijeni]] na kisichotembea [[bacillus]]<ref name=ID10>{{cite book|author=[edited by] Gerald L. Mandell, John E. Bennett, Raphael Dolin|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|pages=Chapter 250|edition=7th}}</ref> Sifa nyingi za pekee za kiumbe hiki zinaletwa na ongezeko kubwa la [[mafuta]] <ref>{{cite book |author=Southwick F |title=Infectious Diseases: A Clinical Short Course, 2nd ed. |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division |date=10 December 2007 |pages=313–4 |chapter=Chapter 4: Pulmonary Infections |page=104 |url=http://pharma-books.blogspot.com/2009/01/infectious-disease-clinical-short.html |isbn=0-07-147722-5 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120713125232/http://pharma-books.blogspot.de/2009/01/infectious-disease-clinical-short.html |archivedate=2012-07-13 |access-date=2013-03-06 |dead-url=no }}</ref> Ina [[seli]] inayojigawa kila baada ya saa 16 hadi 20. Kiwango hiki si kikubwa ukilinganishwa na bakteria nyingine, ambazo kwa kawaida vinajigawa kwa muda usiopungua saa mmoja <ref>{{cite book|last=Jindal|first=editor-in-chief SK|title=Textbook of pulmonary and critical care medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|pages=525|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=rAT1bdnDakAC&pg=PA525}}</ref> Mycobacteria wana [[muundo wa seli ya bakteria|utando wa nje]] utando wa mafuta <ref name=Niederweis2010>{{cite journal |author=Niederweis M, Danilchanka O, Huff J, Hoffmann C, Engelhardt H |title=Mycobacterial outer membranes: in search of proteins |journal=Trends in Microbiology |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=109–16 |year=2010 |month=March |pmid=20060722 |pmc=2931330|doi=10.1016/j.tim.2009.12.005}}</ref> Kama jaribio la [[Gramu stain]] likifanywa, MTB haikolei sana rangi yaani "Gram-positive" haipatikani na rangi haionekani kwa sababu utando wake una mafuta mengi [[mafuta]] pamoja na asidi [[Mycolic acid]].<ref name=Madison_2001>{{cite journal |author=Madison B |title=Application of stains in clinical microbiology |journal=Biotech Histochem |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=119–25 |year=2001 |pmid=11475314 |doi=10.1080/714028138}}</ref> MTB inaweza kuhimili kemikali [[dhaifu]] na hivi vimelea vinaweza kuishi katika [[kijimbegu au|sehemu kavu]] kwa wiki moja. Kwa kawaida, bakteria zinaweza kukua na kuishi tu ndani ya seli ya [[kiumbe (biolojia)|kiumbe]] viumbe, lakini'' M. tuberculosis' inaweza kukuzwa [[ndani in vitro|ya maabara]].<ref name=Parish_1999>{{cite journal |author=Parish T, Stoker N |title=Mycobacteria: bugs and bugbears (two steps forward and one step back) |journal=Molecular Biotechnology |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=191–200 |year=1999| pmid=10934532 |doi = 10.1385/MB:13:3:191}}</ref> Kwa kutumia vipimo vya kimaabara vya kansa [[Histology|histological]] kwa kuweka madoa juu ya sampuli ya [[mate]] yaliyotoka kwenye [[makohozi]], wanasayansi wanaweza kutambua MTB chini ya makroskopi (nyepesi) ya kawaida. (Phlegm pia inaitwa "kohozi.") MTB huacha madoa hata baada ya kuchanganywa na asidi, na hivyo hujulikana kama [[Acid-fast bacillus]] (AFB)<ref name= Robbins/><ref name="Madison_2001"/> acid-fast bacillus. Kuna njia mbili zinazotumia vipimo vya asidi:. Kipimo kinachojulikana kama [[Ziehl - Neelsen stain]], kinageuza rangi ya vimelea AFB na kuwa vyekundu na vinaonekana wazi wazi dhidi ya sehemu ya bluu,<ref name=Stain2000>{{cite book |author= |title=Medical Laboratory Science: Theory and Practice|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill |location=New Delhi |year=2000 |pages=473 |isbn=0-07-463223-X|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=lciNs3VQPLoC&pg=PA473}}</ref> na [[auramine-rhodamine stain]] ambayo hufuatiwa na makroskopi yenye kuakisi mwanga.<ref>{{cite book|last=Piot|first=editors, Richard D. Semba, Martin W. Bloem; foreword by Peter|title=Nutrition and health in developing countries|year=2008|publisher=Humana Press|location=Totowa, NJ|isbn=978-1-934115-24-4|pages=291|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=RhH6uSQy7a4C&pg=PA291|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref> Mchangamano wa “M. tuberculosis'' (MTBC) ni pamoja na bakteria nyingine nne zinazosababisha kifua kikuu {[[mycobacterium|mycobacteria]]: “[[Mycobacterium bovis|M. bovis]],” “[[Mycobacterium africanum|M. africanum]],” “[[Mycobacterium canetti|M. canetti]],” pamoja na “[[Mycobacterium microti|M. microti]].”<ref>{{cite journal|author=van Soolingen D |title=A novel pathogenic taxon of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, Canetti: characterization of an exceptional isolate from Africa |journal=International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=1236–45 |year=1997 |pmid=9336935|doi=10.1099/00207713-47-4-1236 |author-separator=, |display-authors=1 |last2=Hoogenboezem |first2=T. |last3=De Haas|first3=P. E. W. |last4=Hermans |first4=P. W. M. |last5=Koedam |first5=M. A. |last6=Teppema |first6=K. S. |last7=Brennan|first7=P. J. |last8=Besra |first8=G. S. |last9=Portaels |first9=F.}}</ref> “M. africanum” haijasambaa sana, lakini ndio kisababishi kikubwa cha kifua kikuu katika maeneo ya Afrika <ref>{{cite journal |author=Niemann S |title=Mycobacterium africanum Subtype II Is Associated with Two Distinct Genotypes and Is a Major Cause of Human Tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-microbiology_2002-09_40_9/page/3398 |journal=J. Clin. Microbiol. |volume=40 |issue=9 |pages=3398–405 |year=2002 |pmid=12202584 |pmc=130701|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.9.3398-3405.2002 |author-separator=, |display-authors=1 |last2=Rusch-Gerdes |first2=S. |last3=Joloba|first3=M. L. |last4=Whalen |first4=C. C. |last5=Guwatudde |first5=D. |last6=Ellner |first6=J. J. |last7=Eisenach|first7=K. |last8=Fumokong |first8=N. |last9=Johnson |first9=J. L.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Niobe-Eyangoh SN|title=Genetic Biodiversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Strains from Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Cameroon |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-microbiology_2003-06_41_6/page/2547|journal=J. Clin. Microbiol. |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=2547–53 |year=2003 |pmid=12791879 |pmc=156567|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.6.2547-2553.2003 |author-separator=, |display-authors=1 |last2=Kuaban |first2=C. |last3=Sorlin|first3=P. |last4=Cunin |first4=P. |last5=Thonnon |first5=J. |last6=Sola |first6=C. |last7=Rastogi |first7=N.|last8=Vincent |first8=V. |last9=Gutierrez |first9=M. C.}}</ref> “M. bovis” ndio ilikuwa ni kisababishi kikubwa cha kifua kikuu, lakini baada ya kuanza kutumia [[pasteurisation|maziwa yanayopashwa moto]] vimelea vya mycobacterium vimeweza kuondolewa na kupuguza matatizo ya kiafya katika nchi zinazoendelea.<ref name=Robbins/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Thoen C, Lobue P, de Kantor I |title=The importance of''Mycobacterium bovis'' as a zoonosis |journal=Vet. Microbiol.</ref> "M. Canetti " ni adimu sana na huonekana zaidi [[Eneo la Pembezoni mwa Afrika]], ingawa kuna wagonjwa wachache kati ya wahamiaji wanaotoka Afrika. <ref>{{cite book|last=Acton|first=Q. Ashton|title=Mycobacterium Infections: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional|year=2011|publisher=ScholarlyEditions|isbn=978-1-4649-0122-5|pages=1968|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=g2iFfV6uEuAC&pg=PA1968}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Pfyffer|first=GE|coauthors=Auckenthaler, R, van Embden, JD, van Soolingen, D|title=Mycobacterium canettii, the smooth variant of M. tuberculosis, isolated from a Swiss patient exposed in Africa.|journal=Emerging infectious diseases|date=1998 Oct-Dec|volume=4|issue=4|pages=631-4|pmid=9866740}}</ref> "M. microti" pia ni adimu na inawaathiri zaidi watu wenye upungufu wa kingamwili, ingawa ugonjwa huu unaweza kuwa umeenea zaidi kuliko inavyofikiriwa<ref>{{cite journal|last=Panteix|first=G|coauthors=Gutierrez, MC, Boschiroli, ML, Rouviere, M, Plaidy, A, Pressac, D, Porcheret, H, Chyderiotis, G, Ponsada, M, Van Oortegem, K, Salloum, S, Cabuzel, S, Bañuls, AL, Van de Perre, P, Godreuil, S|title=Pulmonary tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium microti: a study of six recent cases in France.|journal=Journal of medical microbiology|date=2010 Aug|volume=59|issue=Pt 8|pages=984-9|pmid=20488936}}</ref> Mycobacteria zingine zinazojulikana ni pamoja na "[[Mycobacterium leprae|M. leprae]]," "[[Mycobacterium avium complex|M. avium]]," na "[[Mycobacterium kansasii|M. kansasii]]". Hizi aina mbili za mwisho zinajulikana kama "[[nontuberculous mycobacteria]] "(NTM). NTM hazisababishi kifua kikuu au [[ukoma]], lakini husababisha magonjwa ya mapafu yanayofanana na kifua kikuu <ref name=ALA_1997>{{cite journal |title=Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria. This official statement of the American Thoracic Society was approved by the Board of Directors, March 1997. Medical Section of the American Lung Association |journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med |volume=156 |issue=2 Pt 2 |pages=S1–25 |year=1997 |pmid = 9279284 |author=American Thoracic Society }}</ref> == Sababu za hatari == Idadi ya sababu za kufanya watu wahusike zaidi na maambukizi ya TB. Muhimu zaidi ni hatari ya kimataifa [[Virusi ya Ukimwi]] ; 13% ya kesi zote TB wameambukizwa na virusi.<ref name=WHO2011/> Hili ni tatizo hasa katika [[Afrika kusini mwa Sahara]] , ambapo viwango vya HIV ni kubwa.<ref>{{cite web author=WorldHealthOrganization|url=http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/index.html|title=Global tuberculosis control–surveillance, planning, financing WHO Report 2006|accessdate=13 October 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Chaisson|first=RE|coauthors=Martinson, NA|title=Tuberculosis in Africa--combating an HIV-driven crisis|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=13 March 2008|volume=358|issue=11|pages=1089 92|pmid=18337598|doi=10.1056/NEJMp0800809}}</ref> Kifua Kikuu ni uhusiano wa karibu na wote msongamano na utapiamlo, na kuifanya moja ya magonjwa makuu ya [[umaskini]]. Wale walio katika hatari ya juu hivyo ni pamoja [[ugonjwa ya umaskini]].<ref name=Lancet11/> watu ambao hujidunga dawa za kulevya, wenyeji na wafanyakazi wa majengo ambapo watu wanaoishi katika mazingira magumu kukusanya (k.m. [[gereza|magereza]] na malazi makazi), jamii wasiojiweza kimatibabu na wasio na mtaji, ya hatari kwa makabila madogo, watoto katika mawasiliano ya karibu na hatari ya hali ya juu kwa jamii ya wagonjwa na watoa huduma ya afya ya kuwahudumia wateja.<ref name=Griffith_1996>{{citejournal |author=Griffith D, Kerr C|title=Tuberculosis: disease of the past, disease of the present |journal=J Perianesth Nurs |volume=11 |issue=4|pages=240–5 |year=1996|pmid = 8964016|doi = 10.1016/S1089-9472(96)80023-2}}</ref> uvimbe sugu ni sababu nyingine hatari ya ugonjwa. Kwa [[Silicosis]] kuongeza hatari kuhusu mara 30. <ref name=table3>{{cite journal |title=Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. American Thoracic Society |journal=MMWR Recomm Rep |volume=49 |issue=RR6|pages=151|year=200|month=June|pmid=10881762|url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr4906a1.htm#tab3|author1=ATS/CDC Statement Committee on Latent Tuberculosis Infection}}</ref> Wale ambao moshi [[sigara]]s kuwa karibu mara mbili ya hatari ya TB ya wasiovuta sigara.<ref>{{cite journal|last=van Zyl Smit|first=RN|coauthors=Pai, M, Yew, WW, Leung, CC, Zumla, A, Bateman, ED, Dheda, K|title=Global lung health: the colliding epidemics of tuberculosis, tobacco smoking, HIV and COPD.|journal=The European respiratory journal : official journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology|date=2010 Jan|volume=35|issue=1|pages=27-33|pmid=20044459|quote=These analyses indicate that smokers are almost twice as likely to be infected with TB and to progress to active disease (RR of ∼1.5 for latent TB infection (LTBI) and RR of ∼2.0 for TB disease). Smokers are also twice as likely to die from TB (RR of ∼2.0 for TB mortality), but data are difficult to interpret because of heterogeneity in the results across studies.}}</ref> Baadhi ya dawa hasa yanaweza pia kuongeza hatari ya kifua kikuu katika mataifa yaliyostawi, [[ulevi]] <ref name=Lancet11/> na [[Ugonjwa wa kisukari]] (kuongezeka maratatu ).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Restrepo|first=BI|title=Convergence of the tuberculosis and diabetes epidemics: renewal of old acquaintances journal=Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America|date=15 August 2007|volume=45|issue=4|pages=436–8|pmid=17638190|doi=10.1086/519939|pmc=2900315}}</ref> Baadhi ya dawa, kama vile [[corticosteroids]] na [[infliximab]] (an anti-αTNF monoclonal antibody) kuwa inazidi muhimu hatari, hasa katika [[nchi zilizoendelea]].<ref name=Lancet11/> Kuna pia, [[upungufu maumbile]] <ref>{{cite journal|last=Möller|first=M|coauthors=Hoal, EG|title=Current findings, challenges and novel approaches in human genetic susceptibility to tuberculosis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_tuberculosis_2010-03_90_2/page/71|journal=Tuberculosis (Edinburgh, Scotland)|date=2010 Mar|volume=90|issue=2|pages=71–83|pmid=20206579|doi=10.1016/j.tube.2010.02.002}}</ref> kwa umuhimu ambayo kwa ujumla ni bado siowekwa wazi .<ref name=Lancet11/> == Mkakati == [[Picha:TB poster.jpg|thumb|Public health campaigns in the 1920s tried to halt the spread of TB.]] === Uenezi === Wakati watu walio na TB hukohoa mapafu, hupiga chafya, kuzungumza, kuimba, au kutema mate, wao hutoa viambukizi [[pekee|erosoli]] matone 0.5 na 5 [[µm]] katika [[kipenyo]]. kuchafya moja inaweza kutoa juu ya matone 40,000.<ref name=Cole_1998>{{cite journal author=Cole E, Cook C |title= Characterization of infectious aerosols in health care facilities: an aid to effective engineering controls and preventive strategies |journal=Am J Infect Control |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=453–64 |year=1998|pmid=9721404|doi = 10.1016/S0196-6553(98)70046-X}}</ref> Kila moja ya matone haya wanaweza kuambukiza ugonjwa huo, tangu dozi ya kuambukiza ugonjwa wa kifua kikuu ni ya chini sana.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Nicas M, Nazaroff WW, Hubbard A |title=Toward understanding the risk of secondary airborne infection: emission of respirable pathogens |journal=J Occup Environ Hyg |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=143–54 |year=2005|pmid=15764538|doi = 10.1080/15459620590918466}}</ref> Watu wenye TB kwa muda mrefu akiwa, mara kwa mara, au karibu na watu na TB ni hatari hasa juu ya kuambukizwa, na kiwango cha wastani 22% ya kuambukiza.<ref name=Ahmed_2011>{{cite journal |author=Ahmed N, Hasnain S |title=Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in India: Moving forward with a systems biology approach |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_tuberculosis_2011-09_91_5/page/407 |journal=Tuberculosis |volume=91|issue=5 |pages=407–3 |year=2011|pmid = 21514230|doi = 10.1016/j.tube.2011.03.006}}</ref> Mtu aliye na kifua kikuu hai, lakini hajatibiwa anaweza kuambukiza 10-15 (au zaidi) watu wengine kwa mwaka.<ref name="WHO2012data"/> Maambukizi lazima huwepo tu kutoka kwa watu wenye TB hai. Wale wenye maambukizi ya fiche hawadhaniwi kuambukiza. <ref name=Robbins/> uwezekano wa maambukizi kutoka kwa mtu mmoja hadi mwingine inategemea sababu kadhaa, ikiwa ni pamoja na idadi ya matone ya kuambukiza kufukuzwa na mwenezaji, ufanisi wa uingizaji hewa, muda wa mfiduo, [[ukali]] wa ''M. kifua kikuu'', kiwango cha kinga katika mtu ambaye hajaambukizwa na wengine.<ref name=CDCcourse>{{cite web|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC), Division of Tuberculosis Elimination|url=http://www.cdc.gov/tb/education/corecurr/pdf/corecurr_all.pdf|title=Core Curriculum on Tuberculosis: What the Clinician Should Know|pg=24|edition=5th|year=2011}}</ref> ili kupunguza maenezi ya mtu-kwa-mtu tenga watu wenye TB hai ("ya wazi") na kuweka kwenye regimenti dawa za kupambana na TB. Baada ya wiki mbili ya matibabu ya ufanisi, masomo na maambukizi [[kiuavijasumu cha upinzani|kutokana-upinzani]] maambukizi kwa ujumla hayazidi kuenea kwa wengine.<ref name="Ahmed_2011"/ mtu akiambukizwa yeye huchukua wiki 3 – 4 kabla ya kuanza kuambukiza wengine .<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/tuberculosis/DS00372/DSECTION=3|title=Causes of Tuberculosis|accessdate=19 October 2007|date=21 December 2006|publisher=[[Mayo Clinic]]}}</ref> === Pathojenesisi === Takribani 90% ya watu walioambukizwa ‘‘M. kifua kikuu'' na [[Dalili]], maambukizi ya TB (wakati mwingine huitwa LTBI). <ref name=Book90>{{cite book|last=Skolnik|first=Richard|title=Global health 101|year=2011|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning location=Burlington, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-9751-5|pages=253|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=sBQRpj4uWmYC&pg=PA253|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref> na tu 10% maisha nafasi ya kuwa maambukizi fiche itakuwa maendeleo ya ugonjwa ya wazi, kazi ya kifua kikuu. <ref name=Arch2009> {{cite book|last=editors|first=Arch G. Mainous III, Claire Pomeroy,|title=Management of antimicrobials in infectious diseases : impact of antibiotic resistance. year=2009|publisher=Humana location=Totowa, N.J.|isbn=978-1-60327-238-4|pages=74|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=hwVFAPLYznsC&pg=PA74|edition=2nd rev. ed.}}</ref> Katika wale wanaoishi na H.I.V, hatari ya kupatwa na TB hai inaongezeka hadi 10% karibu mwaka. <ref name=Arch2009/> Kama matibabu ya ufanisi hawakujaliwa, kiwango cha kifo kwa kesi kazi TB ni hadi 66%. <ref name=WHO2012data/> TB maambukizi huanza wakati mycobacteria [[Pulmonary alveolus pulmonary alveoli]], ambapo wao kuvamia na kuiga ndani [[endosomes]] ya alveolar [[macrophages]] tundu la mapafu.<ref name=Robbins/><ref name=Houben>{{cite journal |author=Houben E, Nguyen L, Pieters J | title=Interaction of pathogenic mycobacteria with the host immune system |journal=Curr Opin Microbiol | volume=9 | issue=1 | pages=76–85 | year=2006 | pmid=16406837 | doi=10.1016/j.mib.2005.12.014}}</ref> tovuti ya msingi ya maambukizi katika mapafu, unaojulikana kama "[[Lengo Ghon focus]]", ni kwa ujumla iko katika sehemu ama juu ya tundu ya chini, au sehemu ya chini ya [[pafu|tundu juu]].<ref name=Robbins/> Kifua kikuu cha mapafu pia huweza kutokea kupitia maambukizi kutoka mkondo wa damu, Hii inajulikana kama [[lengo Simon]]. A Simon focus na ni kawaida kupatikana katika kilele cha mapafu.<ref>{{cite book|last=Khan|title=Essence Of Paediatrics|year=2011|publisher=Elsevier India|isbn=978813122803|pages=401|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=gERCc6KTxwoC&pg=PA401}}</ref> maambukizi haya ya hematogenous yanaweza pia kusambaza maambukizi kwa maeneo ya mbali zaidi, kama vile nodiya limfu ya pembeni, mafigo, ubongo na mifupa.<ref name=Robbins/><ref name=Herrmann_2005>{{cite journal |author=Herrmann J, Lagrange P |title=Dendritic cells and ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'': which is the Trojan horse? |journal=Pathol Biol (Paris) |volume=53 |issue=1|pages=35–40 |year=2005|pmid = 15620608 |doi=10.1016/j.patbio.2004.01.004}}</ref> Maeneo yote ya mwili yanaweza kuathirika kwa ugonjwa huo, ingawa kwa sababu isiyojulikana ni mara chache tu huathiri [[moyo]], [[skeletal misuli]]s, [[kongosho]] , au [[tezi]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Agarwal R, Malhotra P, Awasthi A, Kakkar N, Gupta D |pmc=1090580 |title=Tuberculous dilated cardiomyopathy: an under-recognized entity? |journal=BMCInfectDis |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=29 |year=2005|pmid=15857515 |doi=10.1186/1471-2334-5-29}}</ref> Kifua Kikuu huainishwa kama moja ya magonjwa [[granuloma]] ya inflamesheni tatizi. [[Macrophage]]s, [[T cell|T lymphocytes]], [[B cell|B lymphocytes]], na [[fibroblast]]s ni miongoni mwa seli zinazoungana kuunda limfu [[granuloma]]s. [[Lymphocytes]] na lymphocytes jirani macrophages kwa walioambukizwa. Granuloma huzuia usambazaji wa mycobacteria na hutoa mazingira ya mahali hapo kwa ajili ya mwingiliano wa seli ya mfumo wa kinga. Bakteria ndani ya granuloma inawezalala, kusababisha maambukizi ya fiche. Kipengele kingine cha granulomas ni maendeleo ya kifo isiyo ya kawaida katikati ([[necrosis]]) katika kituo cha [[Tubercle (anatomia)|tubercles]]. Kwa jicho uchi, hii ina umbo la jibini laini, nyeupe na inaitwa [[caseous]] [[necrosis]]. <ref name=Grosset> {{cite journal |author=Grosset J |title=Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Extracellular Compartment: an Underestimated Adversary |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_antimicrobial-agents-and-chemotherapy_2003-03_47_3/page/833 |journal=Antimicrob Agents Chemother |volume=47|issue=3 |pages=833–6 |year=2003|pmid = 12604509|doi = 10.1128/AAC.47.3.833-836.2003 |pmc=149338}} </ref> Bakteria ya TB inaweza kuingia kwenye mfumo wa damu kutokana na eneo la tishu kuharibiwa. Zinaweza kuenea kwa mwili na kuanzisha maenezi ya ukimwi, tubercles zote huonekana vidogo, nyeupe katika tishu. <ref>{{cite book|last=Crowley|first=Leonard V.|title=An introduction to human disease : pathology and pathophysiology correlations|year=2010|publisher=Jones and Bartlett|location=Sudbury, Mass.|isbn=978-0-7637-6591-0|pages=374|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=TEiuWP4z_QIC&pg=PA374|edition=8th ed.}}</ref>Aian hii kali ya ugonjwa wa TB hupatika kawaida zaidi kwa watoto wachanga na wale wanaoishi na VVU, inaitwa [[kifua kikuu military]] .<ref>{{cite book|last=Anthony|first=Harries|title=TB/HIV a Clinical Manual.|year=2005|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-924154638|pages=75|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=8dfhwKaCSxkC&pg=PA75|edition=2nd }}</ref> Watu wenye TB hii huwa na kiwango cha juu cha vifo hata kwa matibabu (takriban 30%).<ref name=Gho2008>{{cite book|last=Ghosh|first=editors-in-chief, Thomas M. Habermann, Amit K.|title=Mayo Clinic internal medicine : concise textbook|year=2008|publisher=Mayo Clinic Scientific Press|location=Rochester,MN|isbn=9781420067491|pages=789|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=YJtodBwNxokC&pg=PA789}}</ref><ref>{{citejournal|last=Jacob|first=JT|coauthors=Mehta, AK, Leonard, MK|title=Acute forms of tuberculosis in adults.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-medicine_2009-01_122_1/page/12|journal=The American journal of medicine|date=2009 Jan|volume=122|issue=1|pages=12-7|pmid=19114163}}</ref> Kwa watu wengi, maambukizi ya nta na hafifu. Uharibifu wa tishu na nekrisisi mara nyingi husawazishwa na [[adilifu]]. <ref name=Grosset/> Tishu zilizoathirika hubadilishwa kuwa kovu na matundu huujazwa kwa kisiesheni ya nekritiki. Wakati wa kuugua, baadhi ya mashimo hayo huungana na mapito ya hewa [[bronchi]] na nyenzo hii inaweza kutoka kwa kikohozi. Ni aina ya bakteria hai, na hivyo inaweza kueneza maambukizi. Tiba sahihi [[kiviujasumu]] inaua bakteria na inaruhusu uponyaji. Juu ya tiba, maeneo yaliyoathirika hatimaye kubadilishwa na tishu kovu. <ref name=Grosset/> == Uaguzi == [[Picha:TB in sputum.png|thumb|'' [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'' ([[Ziehl-Neelsen stain|stained red]]) in [[sputum]]]] === Kifua Kikuu hai === Ni vigumu kuagua kifua kikuu kwa misingi ya ishara na dalili tu<ref name=DiagP2011>{{cite journal|last=Bento|first=J|coauthors=Silva, AS, Rodrigues, F, Duarte, R|title=[Diagnostic tools in tuberculosis].|journal=Acta medica portuguesa|date=2011 Jan-Feb|volume=24|issue=1|pages=145–54|pmid=21672452}}</ref>Ni vigumu pai kuagua ugonjwa huo kwa watu wenye shida ya kinga.<ref name=Clinic2009>{{cite journal|last=Escalante first=P|title=In the clinic. Tuberculosis. journal=Annals of internal medicine|date=2009 Jun 2|volume=150|issue=11|pages=ITC61-614; quiz ITV616|pmid=19487708}}</ref> hata hivyo watu wenye dalili za magonjwa ya mapafu [[walio na dalili]] au dalili za kudumu muda mrefu zaidi ya wiki mbili wanaweza kuwa na TB.<ref name=Clinic2009/> [[kifua X-ray]] na nyingi [[sputum utamadumi]] kwa [[bacilli asidi haraka]] ni kawaida sehemu ya tathmini ya awali.<ref name=Clinic2009/> Interferon-γ kutolewa assays na vipimo vya tuberculin ya ngozi hazisaidii katika nchi zinazoendelea.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Metcalfe first=JZ|coauthors=Everett, CK, Steinhart, KR, Cattamanchi, A, Huang, L, Hopewell, PC, Pai, M|title=Interferon-γ release assays for active pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis in adults in low- and middle-income countries: systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=The Journal of infectious diseases|date=2011 Nov 15|volume=204 Suppl4|pages=S11209|pmid=21996694}}</ref><ref>{{citejournal|last=Sester|first=M|coauthors=Sotgiu, G, Lange, C, Giehl, C, Girardi, E, Migliori, GB, Bossink, A, Dheda, K, Diel, R, Dominguez, J, Lipman, M, Nemeth, J, Ravn, P, Winkler, S, Huitric, E, Sandgren, A, Manissero, D|title=Interferon-γ release assays for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=The European respiratory journal : official journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology|date=2011 Jan|volume=37|issue=1|pages=100-11|pmid=20847080}}</ref>IGRAs mapungufu sawa katika wale wanaoishi na VVU.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Chen|first=J|coauthors=Zhang, R, Wang, J, Liu, L, Zheng, Y, Shen, Y, Qi, T, Lu, H|title=Interferon-gamma release assays for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=PloS one|date=2011|volume=6|issue=11|pages=e26827|pmid=22069472}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Sester|first=M|coauthors=Sotgiu, G, Lange, C, Giehl, C, Girardi, E, Migliori, GB, Bossink, A, Dheda, K, Diel, R, Dominguez, J, Lipman, M, Nemeth, J, Ravn, P, Winkler, S, Huitric, E, Sandgren, A, Manissero, D|title=Interferon-γ release assays for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=The European respiratory journal : official journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology|date=2011 Jan|volume=37|issue=1|pages=100-11|pmid=20847080}}</ref> Utambuzi yakinifu wa TB ni yaliyotolewa na kutambua “M. kifua KiKuu” katika sampuli ya kliniki (kwa mfano [[makohozi]], [[pus]], au [[tishu]] [[biopsy]]). Hata hivyo, ni vigumu kwa utamaduni mchakato huu viumbe polepole-kukua wanaweza kuchukua 2-6 wiki kwa ajili ya damu au utamaduni makohozi.<ref>{{cite book|last=Diseases|first=Special Programme for Research & Training in Tropical|title=Diagnostics for tuberculosis : global demand and market potential.|year=2006|publisher=World Health Organization on behalf of the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases|location=Geneva|isbn=978-9241563307|pages=36|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=CFPpcCef4yQC&pg=PA36}}</ref> Hivyo, matibabu ni mara nyingi imeanza kabla ya tamaduni ni alithibitisha.<ref name=NICE2011/> [[Nucleic asidi amplification mithani]] na kupita [[Triphosphate deaminase]] huweza kuruhusu uchunguzi wa haraka wa TB.<ref name=DiagP2011/> Vipimo hivi, hata hivyo, si mara kwa mara ilipendekeza, kama wao mara chache kubadilisha jinsi mtu ni kutibiwa.<ref name=NICE2011/> Vipimo vya damu ili kuchunguza kingamwili si maalum au nyeti, hivyo haipendekezwi.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Steingart|first=KR|coauthors=Flores, LL, Dendukuri, N, Schiller, I, Laal, S, Ramsay, A, Hopewell, PC, Pai, M|title=Commercial serological tests for the diagnosis of active pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=PLoS medicine|date=2011 Aug|volume=8|issue=8|pages=e1001062|pmid=21857806|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001062|pmc=3153457}}</ref> == Kifua kikuu kisichoonekana == [[Mantoux mithani |Mantoux tuberculin ngozi mithani mara nyingi hutumika kwa watu screen katika hatari kubwa ya TB.<ref name=Clinic2009/> Wale ambao wamekuwa awali chanjo wanaweza kuwa na uongo chanya mtihani matokeo.<ref name=Rothel_2005>{{cite journal author=Rothel J, Andersen P |title=Diagnosis of latent ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' infection: is the demise of the Mantoux test imminent?|journal=Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=981–93 |year=2005|pmid = 16307510|doi = 10.1586/14787210.3.6.981}}</ref>mtihani inaweza kuwa uongo hasi katika wale walio na [[sarcoidosis]], [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]], na [[utapiamlo]]. au wengi hasa, katika wale ambao kweli kufanya wana kifua kikuu hai.<ref name=Robbins/> [[Interferon assays katika vivuli mbalimbali ya njano lioenea, kuashiria juu ya watu 300 kwa kila 100,000, na kwa Marekani, Canada, Australia, na Ulaya ya kaskazini katika vivuli ya bluu kirefu, kuashiria kiwango cha maambukizi karibu 10 kwa kila watu 100,000. Asia ni njano lakini si hivyo kabisa mkali, kuashiria kiwango cha maambukizi ya kuzunguka 200 per mbalimbali 100,000. Amerika ya Kusini ni ya njano nyeusi. Mwaka 2007, kiwango cha maambukizi ya TB kwa watu 100,000 ilikuwa ya juu katika Afrika Kusini mwa Sahara, na pia alikuwa kiasi katika Asia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Global tuberculosis control: epidemiology, strategy, financing|author=World Health Organization|year=2009|isbn=978-92-4-156380-2|chapter=The Stop TB Strategy, case reports, treatment outcomes and estimates of TB burden|chapterurl=http://who.int/tb/publications/global_report/2009/annex_3/en/index.html|accessdate=14 November 2009|pages=187–300|archive-date=2009-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119022738/http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/2009/annex_3/en/index.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[kutolewa gamma]] (IGRAs) juu ya sampuli ya damu, ni ilipendekeza kwa wale ambao ni chanya kwa mtihani Mantoux.<refname=NICE2011>{{NICE|117|Tuberculosis|2011}}</ref> IGRAs Haya si walioathirika na chanjo au zaidi [[mazingira mycobacteria]], hivyo wao kuzalisha wachache [[matokeo ya uongo]] na HIV. <ref>{{cite journal|author=Pai M, Zwerling A, Menzies D|title=Systematic Review: T-Cell–based Assays for the Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection: An Update |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=149 |issue=3 |pages=1–9 |year=2008 |pmid=18593687 |pmc=2951987}} </ref> hivyo wao kuzalisha wachache matokeo ya uongo na HIV. Hata hivyo wao walioathirika na M. szulgai, M. marinum na M. kansasii.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Jindal|first=editor-in-chief SK|title=Textbook of pulmonary and critical care medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|pages=544|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=rAT1bdnDakAC&pg=PA544}}</ref> IGRAs inaweza kuongeza usikivu wakati kutumika kwa kuongeza mtihani ngozi lakini inaweza kuwa chini zaidi kuliko mtihani nyeti ngozi wakati kutumika peke yake.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Amicosante|first=M|coauthors=Ciccozzi, M, Markova, R|title=Rational use of immunodiagnostic tools for tuberculosis infection: guidelines and cost effectiveness studies.|journal=The new microbiologica|date=2010Apr|volume=33|issue=2|pages=93107|pmid=205181}}</ref>. === Kuzuia === Kuzuia Kifua kikuu na kudhibiti juhudi kimsingi kunategemea chanjo ya watoto wachanga na kugundua matibabu sahihi ya matukio hai. <ref name=Lancet11/> [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] (WHO) imepata baadhi ya mafanikio mazoezi kuboresha tiba, na kupungua kwa idadi ndogo ya kesi. <ref name=Lancet11/> == Chanjo == [[Chanjo]] tu sasa inapatikana kama ya 2011 ni [[bacillus Calmette-Guérin|bacillus Calmette&ndash; Guérin]] (BCG). Ambayo, wakati ni ufanisi dhidi ya ugonjwa kusambazwa katika utoto, unampa ulinzi dhidi ya kuambukizwa TB haiendani mapafu. <ref>{{cite journal|last=McShane|first=H|title=Tuberculosis vaccines: beyond bacille Calmette–Guérin|journal=Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences|date=12 October 2011|volume=366|issue=1579|pages=27829|pmid=21893541|doi=10.1098/rstb.2011.0097|pmc=3146779}}</ref> Hata hivyo, ni wengi sana kutumika chanjo duniani kote, na zaidi ya 90% ya watoto wote kuwa [[chanjo]]. <ref name=Lancet11/>Hata hivyo, kinga ni kuvuta itapungua baada ya miaka kumi.<ref name=Lancet11/> Kama kifua kikuu ni kawaida katika zaidi ya Canada, Uingereza, na Marekani, BCG ni tu unasimamiwa na watu katika hatari ya juu. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/vaccines/|title=Vaccine and Immunizations: TB Vaccine (BCG)|publisher =Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|year=2011|accessdate=26 July 2011}}</ref><ref name=UK06>{{cite journal|last=Teo|first=SS|coauthors=Shingadia, DV|title=Does BCG have a role in tuberculosis control and prevention in the United Kingdom?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-disease-in-childhood_2006-06_91_6/page/529|journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood|date=2006 Jun|volume=91|issue=6|pages=529–31|pmid=16714729|pmc= 2082765|doi=10.1136/adc.2005.085043 }}</ref> Sehemu ya hoja akisema dhidi ya matumizi ya chanjo ni kwamba inafanya [[ngozi tuberculin mtihani]] uongo chanya, na kwa hiyo, hakuna wa matumizi katika uchunguzi.<ref name=UK06/> idadi ya chanjo mpya ni sasa katika maendeleo<ref name=Lancet11/> === Afya ya Jamii === Shirika la Afya Duniani alitangaza TB "ya afya ya kimataifa dharura" katika 1993. <ref name=Lancet11/> na katika 2006, TB Stop Ushirikiano maendeleo [[Mpango wa Kimataifa Stop kifua kikuu]] kwamba lengo la kuokoa maisha ya milioni 14 kati ya uzinduzi wake na 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stoptb.org/global/plan/|title=The Global Plan to Stop TB|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|year=2011|accessdate=13 June 2011|archive-date=2011-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612030924/http://www.stoptb.org/global/plan/|url-status=dead}}</ref> idadi ya malengo ya wana kuweka si uwezekano wa kupatikana kwa 2015, hasa kutokana na ongezeko katika kifua kikuu HIV-kuhusishwa na kuibuka wa kifua kikuu sugu nyingi (MDR-TB).<ref name=Lancet11/> [[mfumo wa kifua kikuu] uainishaji maendeleo na [[Jamii ya Marekani Thoracic]] hutumiwa hasa katika mipango ya afya ya umma. .<ref>{{cite book|last=Warrell|first=ed. by D. J. Weatherall ... [4. + 5. ed.] ed. by David A.|title=Sections 1 - 10.|year=2005|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|location=Oxford[u.a.]|isbn=9780198570141|pages=560|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=EhjX517cGVsC&pg=PA560|edition=4.ed.,paperback.}}</ref> == Menejimenti == Tiba ya TB anatumia [[kiuvijasumu]] na kuua vimelea. Ufanisi kutibu TB ni vigumu, kutokana na muundo wa kawaida na cha kemikali katika ukuta mycobacterial kiini, ambayo inazuia kuingia ya madawa ya kulevya na hufanya kiuvijasumu wengi ufanisi. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Brennan PJ, Nikaido H |title=The envelope of mycobacteria|journal=Annu.Rev. Biochem. |volume=64 |pages=2963 |year=1995 |pmid=7574484|doi=10.1146/annurev.bi.64.070195.000333}}</ref> kiuvijasumu mbili ya kawaida kutumika ni [[isoniazid]] na [[rifampicin]], na matibabu yanaweza ziongezwe, kuchukua miezi kadhaa. <ref name=CDCcourse/> kutibu ya sioonekana TB kawaida inaajiri antibiotic moja, <ref name=Latent2011/> wakati kazi ugonjwa wa Kifua Kikuu ni bora kutibiwa na mchanganyiko wa kiuvijasumu kadhaa ili kupunguza hatari ya bakteria kuendeleza [[upinzani antibiotiki]]. <ref name=Lancet11/>. Watu wenye maambukizi ya latent pia kutibiwa kuwazuia inaendelea kwa ugonjwa kazi TB baadaye katika maisha.<ref name=Latent2011>{{cite journal|last=Menzies|first=D|coauthors=Al Jahdali, H, Al Otaibi, B|title=Recent developments in treatment of latent tuberculosis infection.|journal=The Indian journal of medical research|date=2011 Mar|volume=133|pages=257-66|pmid=21441678}}</ref> [[Moja kwa moja aliona tiba]], yaani kuwa na huduma ya afya mtoa kuangalia mtu kuchukua dawa zao, ni ilipendekeza na WHO katika jitihada za kupunguza idadi ya watu si ipasavyo kuchukua antibiotiki.<ref>{{cite book |author=Arch G., III Mainous |title=Management of Antimicrobials in Infectious Diseases: Impact of AntibioticResistance |publisher=HumanaPr |location= |year=2010 |pages=69 |isbn=1603272380 |oclc=|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=hwVFAPLYznsC&pg=PA69}}</ref> ushahidi wa kuunga mkono kitendo hiki juu ya watu tu kutumia dawa zao kwa kujitegemea ni maskini. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Volmink J, Garner P |title=Directly observed therapy for treating tuberculosis |journal=CochraneDatabaseSystRev |volume= |issue=4 |pages=CD003343 |year=2007|pmid=17943789 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003343.pub3 |url=}}</ref> Mbinu ya kuwakumbusha watu kuhusu umuhimu wa tiba wala hata hivyo kuonekana ufanisi.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Liu|first=Q|coauthors=Abba, K; Alejandria, MM; Balanag, VM; Berba, RP; Lansang, MA|title=Reminder systems and late patient tracers in the diagnosis and management of tuberculosis.|journal=Cochrane database of systematicreviews(Online)|date=2008Oct8|issue=4|pages=CD006594|pmid=18843723}}</ref> === Mwanzo mpya === Matibabu ya kifua kikuu ilipendekeza mpya-mwanzo ya mapafu, kama wa 2010, ni miezi sita ya macho ya antibiotiki zenye rifampicin, isoniazidi, pyrazinamide na ethambutol kwa miezi miwili ya kwanza, na tu rifampicin na isoniazidi [[pyrazinamide]], na [[ethambutol]]. kwa miezi minne iliyopita. <ref name=Lancet11/> Ambapo upinzani isoniazidi ni ya juu, ethambutol inaweza kuongezwa kwa miezi minne iliyopita kama mbadala.<ref name=Lancet11/> === Matumizi ya kawaida ugonjwa === Kama kifua kikuu kurudia, kupima na kuamua ambayo antibiotiki ni nyeti ni muhimu kabla ya kuamua matibabu. <ref name=Lancet11/> Kama [[nyingi TB sugu]] (MDR-TB) ni wanaona, matibabu na antibiotiki angalau nne madhubuti kwa ajili ya miezi 18 hadi 24 ni ilipendekeza. <ref name=Lancet11/> === Upinzani na dawa === Upinzani Kanuni hutokea wakati mtu huwa wameambukizwa mnachuja sugu wa TB. Mtu aliye na TB kikamilifu wanahusika inaweza kuendeleza sekondari (alipewa) upinzani wakati wa tiba kwa sababu ya tiba za kutosha, si kuchukua regimen eda ipasavyo (ukosefu wa kufuata), au kwa kutumia chini quality dawa.<ref name=OBrien>{{cite journal |author=O'Brien R |title=Drug-resistant tuberculosis: etiology, management and prevention |journal=SeminRespir Infect |volume=9 |issue=2|pages=10412 |year=1994|pmid=7973169}}</ref> Sugu TB ni mbaya ya afya ya umma suala katika nchi nyingi zinazoendelea, kama tiba yake ni tena na inahitaji dawa ghali zaidi. MDR-TB hufafanuliwa kama upinzani kwa mbili ya ufanisi zaidi madawa ya TB ya mstari wa kwanza: rifampicin na isoniazidi. . [[Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis|Sana sugu TB]] pia ni sugu kwa tatu au zaidi ya madarasa sita ya madawa ya mstari wa pili. .<ref name="MMWR2006">{{cite journal |title=Emergence of ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' with extensive resistance to second-line drugs—worldwide, 2000–2004 |journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep |volume=55 |issue=11 |pages=301–5 |year=2006|url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5511a2.htm|pmid = 16557213 |author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}}</ref> [[Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis|Kabisa sugu TB]], ambayo kwa mara ya kwanza aliona katika 2003 nchini Italia, lakini si sana taarifa mpaka 2012, ni sugu kwa madawa yote kwa sasa kutumika. <ref> {{cite web|title=Totally Resistant TB: Earliest Cases in Italy |url=http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/01/tdrfirstitaly/|author=Maryn McKenna date=12 January 2012|accessdate=12 January 2012|publisher=[[Wired(magazine)|Wired]]}}</ref> == Ubashiri == Mwendelezo na maambukizi ya TB na ugonjwa wazi ya TB hutokea wakati bacilli kushinda ulinzi mfumo wa kinga na kuanza kuzidisha. Katika ugonjwa wa TB ya msingi (baadhi 1-5% ya kesi), hii hutokea mara baada ya maambukizi ya awali. [219] Hata hivyo, katika matukio mengi ya, [[Latent tuberculosis|maambukizi sioonekana]] hutokea na hakuna dalili za wazi. <ref name=Robbins/> Hizi bacilli kulala kuzalisha kifua kikuu kazi katika% 5-10 ya kesi hizi sioonekana, mara nyingi miaka mingi baada ya kuambukizwa. <ref name=Pet2005/> hatari ya kuongezeka kwa muathiriko immunosuppression, kama vile kuwa husababishwa na maambukizi ya VVU. Katika watu kuambukiza pamoja na M. kifua kikuu na VVU, hatari ya muathiriko inaongezeka hadi 10% kwa mwaka. <ref name=Robbins/> Mafunzo kutumia DNA ya alama ya kidole ya M. kifua kikuu Matatizo umeonyesha kuambukiza tena inachangia zaidi kikubwa kwa TB ya kawaida zaidi kuliko ilivyodhaniwa hapo awali,<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00607-8 |title=Recurrence in tuberculosis: relapse or reinfection? |year=2003 |author=Lambert M |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=3 |page=282 |pmid=12726976 |issue=5|authorseparator=, |displayauthors=1 |last2=Hasker |first2=Epco |last3=Deun |first3=ArmandVan |last4=Roberfroid|first4=Dominique |last5=Boelaert |first5=Marleen |last6=Van Der Stuyft |first6=Patrick |pages=282–7}}</ref>na makadirio ili akaunti kwa zaidi ya 50% ya kesi ku hai tena katika maeneo ambapo TB ni ya kawaida.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wang|first=JY|coauthors=Lee, LN, Lai, HC, Hsu, HL, Liaw, YS, Hsueh, PR, Yang, PC|title=Prediction of the tuberculosis reinfection proportion from the local incidence|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_2007-07-15_196_2/page/281|journal=The Journal of infectious diseases|date=15 July 2007|volume=196|issue=2|pages=281–8|pmid=17570116|doi=10.1086/518898}}</ref> nafasi ya kifo kutokana na kesi ya kifua kikuu ni kuhusu 4% kama ya 2008, kutoka 8% mwaka 1995.<ref name=Lancet11/>. == Epidemolojia == [[Picha:Tuberculosis world map - DALY - WHO2004.svg|thumb|[[Age adjustment|Age-standardized]] death from tuberculosis per 100,000&nbsp;inhabitants in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_country/en/index.html |title=WHO Disease and injury country estimates |year=2004 |work=World Health Organization |accessdate=11 November 2009}}</ref> {{Multicol}} {{legend|#b3b3b3|no data}} {{legend|#ffff65|<small>≤10</small>}} {{legend|#fff200|<small>≥10–25</small>}} {{legend|#ffdc00|<small>≥25–50</small>}} {{legend|#ffc600|<small>≥50–75</small>}} {{legend|#ffb000|<small>≥75–100</small>}} {{legend|#ff9a00|<small>≥100–250</small>}} {{Multicol-break}} {{legend|#ff8400|<small>≥250–500</small>}} {{legend|#ff6e00|<small>≥500–750</small>}} {{legend|#ff5800|<small>≥750–1000</small>}} {{legend|#ff4200|<small>≥1000–2000</small>}} {{legend|#ff2c00|<small>≥2000–3000</small>}} {{legend|#cb0000|<small>≥ 3000</small>}} {{Multicol-end}}]] Takribani theluthi moja ya idadi ya watu duniani imekuwa kuambukizwa na M. kifua kikuu, na maambukizi mapya ya kutokea kwa kiwango cha moja kwa pili kwa kiwango cha kimataifa. <ref name=WHO2012data/>Hata hivyo, wengi maambukizi na M. kifua kikuu wala kusababisha ugonjwa wa Kifua Kikuu, <ref name=CDC> {{cite web publisher= [[Centers for Disease Control]]|url=http://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/general/LTBIandActiveTB.htm|title=Fact Sheets: The Difference Between Latent TB Infection and Active TB Disease date=20 June 2011|accessdate=26 July 2011}}</ref> na 90-95% ya maambukizi ya kubaki bila dalili. <ref name=Book90/> Mwaka 2007, kulikuwa na wastani wa milioni 13.7 sugu kazi kesi. <ref name=WHO2009-Epidemiology/> Mwaka 2010, kulikuwa na milioni 8.8 mpya kesi ya TB kukutwa na vifo 1,450,000, zaidi ya haya yanayojitokeza katika [[Developing nation|nchi zinazoendelea]].<ref name=WHO2011/> Vifo hivi 1,450,000, kuhusu 0,350,000 kutokea katika wale wana ambukizwa pamoja na HIV. <ref name=WHO2011Control>{{cite web|title=GlobalTuberculosisControl2011|url=http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/2011/gtbr11_full.pdf|work=WorldHealthOrganization|accessdate=15 April 2012|archivedate=2012-06-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617064025/http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/2011/gtbr11_full.pdf}}</ref> Kifua Kikuu ni ya pili zaidi ya vifo kutokana na ugonjwa kuambukiza (baada ya wale kutokana na HIV / UKIMWI).<ref name=ID10/>idadi kamili ya kesi kifua kikuu ("maambukizi") imekuwa ikipungua tangu 2005, wakati mpya kesi ("[[Incidence (epidemiolojia )|matukio]]") zimeshuka tangu 2002.<ref name=WHO2011/>China imepata maendeleo makubwa hasa, pamoja na kupunguza takriban 80% katika kiwango cha TB wake vifo kati ya 1990 na 2010.<ref name=WHO2011Control/> Kifua Kikuu ni ya kawaida zaidi katika nchi zinazoendelea; kuhusu 80% ya idadi ya watu katika nchi nyingi za Asia na Afrika mtihani chanya katika vipimo tuberculin, wakati tu 5-10% ya mtihani Marekani idadi chanya.<ref name=Robbins/> Matumaini ya kudhibiti ugonjwa huo kabisa wamekuwa kasi unyevunyevu kwa sababu ya mambo kadhaa, ikiwa ni pamoja na ugumu wa kuendeleza chanjo ufanisi, ghali na muda mwingi uchunguzi wa mchakato, umuhimu wa miezi mingi ya matibabu, ongezeko la maambukizi ya virusi-kuhusishwa kifua kikuu , na kuibuka wa kesi sugu katika miaka ya 1980.<ref name=Lancet11/>[[Picha:TB incidence.png|thumb|left|Annual number of new reported TB cases. Data from [[World Health Organization|WHO]]. <ref> {{cite web|author=WorldHealthOrganization|url=http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/2008/annex_3/en/index.html|title=WHO report 2008: Global tuberculosis control|accessdate=13 April 2009}}</ref>]] Katika 2007, nchi yenye kiwango cha juu zaidi ya makadirio ya matukio ya TB ilikuwa [[Swaziland]], na kesi 1,200 kwa kila watu 100,000. India ilikuwa kubwa jumla ya matukio, na wastani wa kesi 2.0 milioni mpya. <ref name=WHO2009-Epidemiology/> Katika nchi zilizoendelea, kifua kikuu ni. <ref name=WHO2009-Epidemiology/>chini ya kawaida na ni kupatikana hasa katika maeneo ya mijini. Viwango kila watu 100,000 katika maeneo mbalimbali ya dunia ambapo: Kimataifa 178, 332 Kusini, Amerika 36, Bahari ya Mashariki 173, Ulaya 63, Asia ya Kusini 278, na 139 Pacific Magharibi katika 2010 <ref name=WHO2011Control/> Nchini Canada na Australia, kifua kikuu ni mara nyingi zaidi ya kawaida kati ya [[Aboriginal peoples|Watu wa asili]],hasa katika maeneo ya kijijini.<ref>{{cite journal|last=FitzGerald|first=JM|coauthors=Wang,L,Elwood,RK|title=Tuberculosis: 13.Control of the disease among aboriginal people inCanada.|journal=CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne|date=2000 Feb 8|volume=162|issue=3|pages=351-5|pmid=10693593}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Quah, Stella R.; Carrin, Guy; Buse, Kent; Kristian Heggenhougen |title=Health Systems Policy, Finance, andOrganization |publisher=AcademicPress |location=Boston |year=2009 |pages=424 |isbn=0123750873 |oclc= |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=IEXUrc0tr1wC&pg=PA424}}</ref>Katika Marekani watu wa asili kuwa vifo vya mara tano zaidi kutoka TB.<ref>{{cite book |author= Anne-Emanuelle Birn |title= Textbook of International Health: Global Health in a Dynamic World |year=2009|pages=261 |isbn=9780199885213 |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=2XBB4-eYGZIC&pg=PT261 |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> matukio ya TB inatofautiana na umri Katika Afrika, kimsingi unaathiri vijana na watu wazima vijana. <ref>{{cite web|author=World Health Organization|url=http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/2006/pdf/full_report_correctedversion.pdf|title=Global Tuberculosis Control Report, 2006 – Annex 1 Profiles of high-burden countries format=PDF accessdate=13 October 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716135331/http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/2006/pdf/full_report_correctedversion.pdf|archivedate=2006-07-16|accessdate=2013-03-06}}</ref>Hata hivyo, katika nchi ambapo matukio viwango zimepungua kasi ( kama vile Marekani), TB ni ugonjwa wa watu hasa wakubwa na kinga iliyoathirika. <ref name=Robbins/><ref>{{cite web|author=CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention|url=http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/tb/pubs/slidesets/surv/surv2005/default.htm|title=2005SurveillanceSlideSet|date=12September2006|accessdate=13October2006}}</ref>. == Historia == [[Picha:Mummy at British Museum.jpg|thumb|[[Maiti]] ya Misri katika [[Makumbusho ya Uingereza]] - kuoza kulikoathiriwa na kifua kikuu kumepatikana katika mifupa yake.]] Kifua kikuu kimekuwepo kwa [[binadamu]] tangu zamani sana.<ref name=Lancet11>{{cite journal|last=Lawn first=SD|coauthors=Zumla, AI|title=Tuberculosis journal=Lancet|date=2 July 2011|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|pmid=21420161|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3}}</ref> Mwanzo zisizo na utata kutambua ya M. kifua kikuu inahusisha ushahidi wa ugonjwa huo katika mabaki ya bison tarehe na takriban 17,000 miaka iliyopita.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rothschild BM |title=Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA from an extinct bison dated 17,000 years before the present |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=305–11 |year=2001 |month=August |pmid=11438894 |doi=10.1086/321886 |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?CID001531 |author-separator=, |author2=Martin LD |author3=Lev G |display-authors=3 |last4=Bercovier |first4=Helen |last5=Bar‐Gal |first5=Gila Kahila |last6=Greenblatt |first6=Charles |last7=Donoghue |first7=Helen |last8=Spigelman |first8=Mark |last9=Brittain |first9=David |archive-date=2019-03-25 |access-date=2013-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325085112/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?CID001531 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hivyo, kama kifua kikuu asili katika mangombe, kisha kuhamishiwa kwa binadamu, au kama ni kuachana kutoka babu ya kawaida, sasa ni wazi. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Pearce-Duvet J |title=The origin of human pathogens: evaluating the role of agriculture and domestic animals in the evolution of human disease|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-reviews_2006-08_81_3/page/369 |journal=Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=369–82 |year=2006|pmid = 16672105|doi=10.1017/S1464793106007020}}</ref> kulinganisha [[gene]]s ya M. kifua kikuu tata (MTBC) kwa binadamu kwa MTBC katika wanyama unaonyesha binadamu hakuwa kupata MTBC kutoka kwa wanyama wakati wa kufuga wanyama kama ilivyoaminika hapo nyuma. Wote Matatizo ya bakteria kifua kikuu kushiriki babu ya kawaida, ambayo ingeweza kuambukizwa binadamu kama mapema kama [[Mapinduzi Neolithiki]]. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Comas first=I coauthors=Gagneux, S|title=The past and future of tuberculosis research.|journal=PLoS pathogens date=2009 Oct|volume=5|issue=10|pages=e1000600|pmid=19855821}}</ref> Mabaki ya kiunzi kuonyesha prehistoric binadamu (4000 KK) [[Common Era|BC]] ) alikuwa TB. Na watafiti wamegundua kuoza enye umbo katika miiba ya [[Misri ya Egypt]] [[maiti|mummies]] kutoka BC 3000-2400.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Zink A, Sola C, Reischl U, Grabner W, Rastogi N, Wolf H, Nerlich A |title=Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex DNAs from Egyptian Mummies by Spoligotyping |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-microbiology_2003-01_41_1/page/359 |journal=J Clin Microbiol |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=359–67 |year=2003 |pmid=12517873|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.1.359-367.2003 |pmc=149558}}</ref> Phthisis ni neno la Kigiriki kwa ajili ya matumizi, mrefu zamani kwa ajili ya kifua kikuu cha mapafu; <ref>{{cite book|title=The Chambers Dictionary.|year=1998|publisher=Allied Chambers India Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-86062-25-8|pages=352|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&pg=RA1-PA352}}</ref> ] karibu 460 BC, [[Hippocrates]] kutambuliwa phthisis kama ugonjwa kuenea zaidi ya nyakati. Ilikuwa alisema kuhusisha homa na kukohoa ya damu, ambayo ilikuwa karibu daima mbaya. <ref>Hippocrates.[https://web.archive.org/web/20050211173218/http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/aphorisms.mb.txt Aphorisms.] Accessed 7 October 2006.</ref> Masomo ya maumbile zinaonyesha TB alikuwepo katika [[Amerika]] kutoka BK mwaka 100. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Konomi N, Lebwohl E, Mowbray K, Tattersall I, Zhang D |title=Detection of Mycobacterial DNA in Andean Mummies |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-microbiology_2002-12_40_12/page/4738 |journal=J Clin Microbiol |volume=40 |issue=12 |pages=4738–40 |year=2002 |pmid=12454182|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.12.4738-4740.2002 |pmc=154635}}</ref> Kabla ya [[Mapinduzi ya Viwanda]], ngano nyingi zinazohusiana na kifua kikuu [[vampire]]s. Wakati mmoja wa familia walikufa kutokana na hilo, wanachama wengine walioambukizwa bila kupoteza afya yao polepole. Watu waliamini hii kulitokana na mtu awali na TB kuondoa maji maisha kutoka kwa wanachama wengine wa familia.<ref name=sledzik>{{cite journal |last=Sledzik |first=Paul S. |coauthors=Nicholas Bellantoni |month=June |year=1994 |title=Bioarcheological and biocultural evidence for the New England vampire folk belief |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=269–274 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330940210 |url=http://www.ceev.net/biocultural.pdf |format=PDF |pmid=8085617 |issn=0002-9483 |archive-date=2003-10-04 |access-date=2013-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031004001708/http://www.ceev.net/biocultural.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ingawa aina ya mapafu kuhusishwa na [[tubercle (anatomia )|tubercles]] ilianzishwa kama patholojia na Dr Richard Morton katika 1689.<ref name="WhoNamedIt-Calmette">{{WhoNamedIt|doctor|2413|Léon Charles Albert Calmette}}</ref><ref name="MedHist1970-Trail">{{cite journal |author=Trail RR |title=Richard Morton (1637-1698) |journal=Med Hist |volume=14|issue=2 |pages=166–74 |year=1970 |month=April |pmid=4914685 |pmc=1034037 }}</ref> kutokana na aina ya dalili yake, TB ilikuwa si kutambuliwa kama ugonjwa mmoja hadi miaka ya 1820, na haikuitwa kifua kikuu mpaka 1839 na [[Johann Lukas Schönlein|J. L. Schönlein]].<ref>Zur Pathogenie der Impetigines. Auszug aus einer brieflichen Mitteilung an den Herausgeber. [Müller’s] ''Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin''. 1839, page 82.</ref> Katika miaka 1838-1845, Dk John Croghan, mmiliki wa of [[Pango Mammoth]] , kuletwa idadi ya watu wenye kifua kikuu katika pango kwa matumaini ya kutibu ugonjwa na joto mara kwa mara na usafi wa hewa pango; walikufa ndani ya mwaka. <ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html Kentucky: Mammoth Cave long on history.] {{Wayback|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html |date=20060813140746 }} ''[[CNN]]''. 27 February 2004. Accessed 8 October 2006.</ref> Hermann Brehmer kufunguliwa kwanza TB [[sanatorium]] katika 1859 katika [[Sokołowsko|Sokołowsko, Poland]].<ref name =sanatoria>{{cite journal |author=McCarthy OR |title=The key to the sanatoria |journal=J R Soc Med |volume=94 |issue=8 |pages=413–7 |year=2001 |month=August |pmid=11461990 |pmc=1281640 |url=http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11461990 |access-date=2013-03-06 |archive-date=2012-08-03 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120803180504/http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11461990 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Picha: RobertKoch.jpg|upright|thumb|left|Dr. Robert Koch aligundua tuberculosis bacilli.]] Kifua kikuu na kusababisha bacillus, ‘’Mycobacterium kifua kikuu ‘’, ilikuwa kutambuliwa na ilivyoelezwa kwenye Machi 24, 1882 na [[Robert Koch]]. Alipokea [[Tuzo ya Nobel katika in Fizilojia au dawa]] katika 1905 kwa ugunduzi huu. <ref>[[NobelFoundation]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905.]Accessed 7 October 2006. </ref> Koch hawakuamini bovin (ng'ombe) na kifua kikuu na magonjwa ya binadamu walikuwa sawa. Ambayo kuchelewa utambuzi wa maziwa aliyeambukizwa kama chanzo cha maambukizi. Baadaye, hatari ya maambukizi kutoka chanzo hili kasi kupunguzwa kwa uvumbuzi wa mchakato [[pasteurishaji]]. Koch alitangaza dondoo [[glycerine]] ya bacilli kinundu kama "dawa" ya kifua kikuu katika 1890, na kuiita 'tuberculin'. Wakati ilikuwa si ufanisi, baadaye mafanikio ilichukuliwa kama mtihani uchunguzi kwa ajili ya uwepo wa kifua kikuu mbele ya dalili. <ref>{{cite journal|author=Waddington K |title=To stamp out "So Terrible a Malady": bovine tuberculosis and tuberculin testing in Britain, 1890–1939 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_medical-history_2004-01_48_1/page/29 |journal=Med Hist |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=29–48 |year=2004 |month=January |pmid=14968644 |pmc=546294 }}</ref> [[Albert Calmette]] na [[Camille Guérin]] mafanikio ya kwanza ya kweli mafanikio katika utoaji wa chanjo dhidi ya kifua kikuu katika 1906. kwa kutumia mnachuja ya ngombe kufikika kifua kikuu. Ilikuwa inaitwa ([[Bacillus Calmette-Guérin|bacillus of Calmette and Guérin]]) (BCG). Chanjo ya BCG mara ya kwanza kutumika juu ya binadamu katika 1921 nchini [[Ufalansa]].<ref name=Bonah>{{cite journal |author=Bonah C|title=The 'experimental stable' of the BCG vaccine: safety, efficacy, proof, and standards, 1921–1933 |journal=Stud Hist Philos Biol Biomed Sci |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=696–721 |year=2005 |pmid=16337557|doi=10.1016/j.shpsc.2005.09.003}}</ref> Lakini tu kupokea kukubalika kuenea katika [[United States|Marekani]], [[Uingereza]], and [[Ujerumani]] na baada ya Vita Kuu ya II. <ref name=Comstock>{{cite journal |author=Comstock G |title=The International Tuberculosis Campaign: a pioneering venture in mass vaccination and research |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_1994-09_19_3/page/528 |journal=Clin Infect Dis |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=528–40 |year=1994|pmid=7811874|doi=10.1093/clinids/19.3.528}}</ref> Kifua Kikuu unasababishwa zaidi kuenea umma wasiwasi katika karne ya 19 na 20 mapema kama ugonjwa wa [[endemic (epidemiolojia )|ndwele]] maskini wa mijini. Katika 1815, moja katika vifo nne nchini Uingereza ni kutokana na "matumizi". By 1918, moja katika vifo sita katika Ufaransa alikuwa bado unasababishwa na TB. Baada ya kuamua ugonjwa huo kuenea katika miaka ya 1880, TB ilikuwa kuweka [[Katika orodha ya ugonjwa|liolazimu kujulishwa Ugonjwa]] katika Uingereza, kampeni walikuwa wameanza kuacha watu kutoka kutema katika maeneo ya umma, na maskini walioambukizwa walikuwa "moyo" kuingia [[sanatorium sanatoria]] ambayo inafanana magereza (sanatoria kwa ajili ya madarasa kati na juu inayotolewa huduma bora na matibabu ya mara kwa mara). <ref name =sanatoria/> Chochote faida ( kwa kusudi ) ya "hewa safi" na ajira katika sanatoria, hata chini ya hali bora, 50% ya wale waliokuwa wakiingia alikufa ndani ya miaka mitano (circa 1916).<ref name =sanatoria/> Katika Ulaya, viwango vya ugonjwa wa kifua kikuu ulianza kupanda katika miaka ya 1600 mapema kwa ngazi kilele katika miaka ya 1800, wakati unasababishwa karibu 25% ya vifo vyote.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bloom|first=editor, Barry R.|title=Tuberculosis : pathogenesis, protection, and control|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosispath0000unse|year=1994|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-1-55581-072-6}}</ref> Vifo vya kisha ilipungua karibu 90% kwa miaka ya 1950.<ref>{{cite book|last=Persson|first=Sheryl|title=Smallpox, Syphilis and Salvation: Medical Breakthroughs That Changed the World|year=2010|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|isbn=978-1-4587-6712-7|pages=141|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=-W7ch1d6JOoC&pg=PA141}}</ref> Maboresho katika afya ya umma alianza kwa kiasi kikubwa kupunguza viwango vya ugonjwa wa kifua kikuu hata kabla ya kuwasili kwa [[streptomycin] na kiviujasumu nyingine. Ingawa ugonjwa alibakia tishio kubwa kwa afya ya umma ambao vile. Wakati [[Medical Research Council (UK)|Medical Council Utafiti]] iliundwa katika Uingereza katika 1913, lengo yake ya awali ilikuwa kifua kikuu utafiti. <ref>{{cite book|last=editor|first=Caroline Hannaway,|title=Biomedicine in the twentieth century: practices, policies, and politics|year=2008|publisher=IOS Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-1-58603-832-8|pages=233|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=o5HBxyg5APIC&pg=PA233}}</ref> Katika mwaka 1946, maendeleo ya[[streptomycin]] Kiviujasumu alifanya matibabu ya ufanisi na tiba ya TB ukweli. Kabla ya kuanzishwa kwa dawa hii, matibabu tu (isipokuwa sanatoria) alikuwa upasuaji kuingilia, ikiwa ni pamoja na "[[“mbinu pneumothorax”]], ambayo wanaohusika kuanguka uvimbe walioambukizwa na "kupumzika" ni na kuruhusu vidonda tuberculous kuponya. <ref>{{cite book|last=Shields|first=Thomas|title=General thoracic surgery|year=2009|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-7982-1|pages=792|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=bVEEHmpU-1wC&pg=PA792|edition=7th ed.}}</ref> kuibuka wa MDR-TB ina tena ilianzisha upasuaji kama chaguo ndani ya kiwango kukubalika kwa ujumla wa huduma katika kutibu magonjwa ya TB. Hali kwa sasa hatua za upasuaji kuhusisha kuondolewa makijishimo ya patholojia ya kifua ("bullae") katika mapafu ya kupunguza idadi ya bakteria na kuongeza mfiduo wa bakteria iliyobaki kwa madawa katika mfumo wa damu, na hivyo ukipungua jumla bakteria mzigo na kuongeza ufanisi wa utaratibu ya tiba ya Kivuijasumu.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lalloo UG, Naidoo R, Ambaram A |title=Recent advances in the medical and surgical treatment of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis |journal=Curr Opin Pulm Med |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=179–85 |year=2006 |month=May |pmid=16582672 |doi=10.1097/01.mcp.0000219266.27439.52 |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=1070-5287&volume=12&issue=3&spage=179 |access-date=2013-03-06 |archive-date=2013-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510095840/http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=1070-5287&volume=12&issue=3&spage=179 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Matumaini ya TB kabisa kuondoa (''cf.'' [[smallpox]]), walikuwa kwa kimbilio baada ya kupanda ya Matatizo sugu katika miaka ya 1980. Liofufuka baadae ya kifua kikuu ilisababisha tamko la dharura ya afya ya kimataifa na Shirika la Afya Duniani mwaka 1993. <ref>{{cite web|title=Frequently asked questions about TB and HIV|url=http://www.who.int/tb/hiv/faq/en/index.html|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=15 April 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041225163604/http://www.who.int/tb/hiv/faq/en/index.html|archivedate=2004-12-25}}</ref> == Jamii na Ustaarabu == [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] na [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]] ni kutoa ruzuku mpya haraka-kaimu uchunguzi mtihani kwa ajili ya matumizi katika nchi chini na kipato cha kati.<ref name=Xpert2011>{{cite journal last=Lawn|first=SD|coauthors=Nicol, MP|title=Xpert® MTB/RIF assay: development, evaluation and implementation of a new rapid molecular diagnostic for tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance.|journal=Future microbiology|date=2011 Sep|volume=6|issue=9|pages=1067-82|pmid=21958145}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6B71RF20101208 |title=WHO says Cepheid rapid test will transform TB care|work= Reuters | date=8 December 2010}}</ref> Wengi raslimali maeneo kama ya 2011 bado tu kupata hadubini makohozi.<ref>{{cite journal last=Lienhardt|first=C|coauthors=Espinal, M, Pai, M, Maher, D, Raviglione, MC|title=What research is needed to stop TB? Introducing the TB Research Movement.|journal=PLoS medicine|date=2011 Nov|volume=8|issue=11|pages=e1001135|pmid=22140369|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001135|pmc=3226454}}</ref> India ilikuwa ya juu jumla ya idadi ya wagonjwa wa TB duniani kote katika 2010, kwa sehemu kutokana na usimamizi mbovu ugonjwa ndani ya sekta binafsi ya afya. Mipango kama vile [[Programu ya Taifa ya Kifua Kikuu]] karatasi ya kufikiria tena ni kusaidia kupunguza viwango vya TB miongoni mwa watu wanaopata huduma ya afya ya umma.<ref name="Bhargava">{{cite journal |author=Anurag Bhargava, Lancelot Pinto, Madhukar Pai |title=Mismanagement of tuberculosis in India: Causes, consequences, and the way forward |journal=Hypothesis |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=e7 |year=2011 |url=http://www.hypothesisjournal.com/?p=989 |access-date=2013-03-06 |archive-date=2020-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112192507/http://www.hypothesisjournal.com/?p=989 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal last=Amdekar|first=Y|title=Changes in the management of tuberculosis.|journal=Indian journal of pediatrics|date=2009 Jul|volume=76|issue=7|pages=739-42|pmid=19693453}}</ref> == Utafiti == Chanjo ya BCG ina mapungufu, na utafiti wa kuendeleza chanjo ya TB mpya ni unaoendelea.<ref name=VacRes2011>{{cite journal last=Martín Montañés|first=C|coauthors=Gicquel, B|title=New tuberculosis vaccines. journal=Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica|date=2011 Mar|volume=29 Suppl 1|pages=57–62|pmid=21420568|doi=10.1016/S0213-005X(11)70019-2}}</ref> idadi ya wagombea uwezekano ni sasa katika majaribio [[clinical trial|ya awamu ya I na II kliniki]] .<ref name=VacRes2011/> Mbili mbinu kuu ni kuwa kutumika kujaribu kuboresha ufanisi wa chanjo zinapatikana. Moja inahusisha mbinu kuongeza chanjo subunit kwa BCG, wakati mkakati mwingine ni kujaribu kujenga mpya na bora chanjo hai. <ref name=VacRes2011/> [[MVA85A]], mfano wa chanjo subunit, sasa katika majaribio nchini Afrika Kusini, ni msingi juu ya virusi vya vinasaba kufura ngozi.<ref name=Ibanga_2006>{{cite journal |author=Ibanga H, Brookes R, Hill P, Owiafe P, Fletcher H, Lienhardt C, Hill A, Adegbola R, McShane H |title=Early clinical trials with a new tuberculosis vaccine, MVA85A, in tuberculosis-endemic countries: issues in study design |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=6 |issue=8|pages=522–8 |year=2006 |doi= 10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70552-7| pmid = 16870530}}</ref> Chanjo ni unaotarajiwa kuwa na jukumu muhimu katika matibabu ya wote fiche na ugonjwa hai.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Kaufmann SH|title=Future vaccination strategies against tuberculosis: Thinking outside the box|journal=Immunity|year=2010|volume=33|pages=567–77|pmid = 21029966|doi=10.1016/j.immuni.2010.09.015|issue=4}}</ref> Kuhamasisha ugunduzi zaidi, watafiti na watunga sera ni kukuza mpya mifano ya kiuchumi ya maendeleo ya chanjo, ikiwa ni pamoja na zawadi, motisha ya kodi, na [[ahadi mapema Soko]] .<ref>{{cite journal|author=Webber D, Kremer M|url=http://www.who.int/bulletin/archives/79(8)735.pdf |title=Stimulating Industrial R&D for Neglected Infectious Diseases: Economic Perspectives |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=79|issue=8|year=2001|pages=693–801}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Barder O, Kremer M, Williams H|url=http://www.bepress.com/ev/vol3/iss3/art1|title=Advance Market Commitments: A Policy to Stimulate Investment in Vaccines for Neglected Diseases|journal=The Economists' Voice|volume=3|year=2006|issue=3|doi=10.2202/1553-3832.1144|access-date=2013-03-06|archive-date=2006-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061105083659/http://www.bepress.com/ev/vol3/iss3/art1|dead-url=yes|=https://web.archive.org/web/20061105083659/http://www.bepress.com/ev/vol3/iss3/art1}}</ref> Idadi ya makundi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Ushirikiano Stop TB]] ,<ref>{{cite book|last=Economic|first=Department of|title=Achieving the global public health agenda : dialogues at the Economic and Social Council|year=2009|publisher=United Nations|location=New York|isbn=978-92-1-104596-3|pages=103|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=VeF9dv74C4MC&pg=PA103|coauthors=Affairs, Social}}</ref> ] Afrika Kifua Initiative Chanjo, na the [[Aeras TB Duniani Foundation Chanjo]] , wanahusika na utafiti.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jong|first=[edited by] Jane N. Zuckerman, Elaine C.|title=Travelers' vaccines|year=2010|publisher=People's Medical Pub. House|location=Shelton, CT|isbn=978-1-60795-045-5|pages=319|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=BKRpWFEy66wC&pg=PA319|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref> Kati ya hayo, Aeras TB Duniani Chanjo Foundation alipokea zawadi ya zaidi ya $ 280,000,000 (Marekani) kutoka kwa [[Bill na Melinda Gates Foundation]] kuendeleza na leseni ya chanjo dhidi ya kifua kikuu bora kwa ajili ya matumizi katika nchi mzigo mkubwa. == Katika wanyama == Mycobacteria kuambukiza wanyama mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na ndege, panya na wanyama watambaao. subspecies Mycobacterium kifua kikuu, ingawa, ni mara chache sasa katika wanyama wa porini. <ref>{{cite book|last=Wobeser|first=Gary A.|title=Essentials of disease in wild animals|year=2006|publisher=Blackwell Publ.|location=Ames, Iowa [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-8138-0589-4|pages=170|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JgyS6fxVasYC&pg=PA170|edition=1st ed.}}</ref> jitihada za kutokomeza kifua kikuu ng’ombe unasababishwa na “[[Bovis Mycobacterium]]” kutoka kwa ng'ombe na mifugo kulungu wa [[New Zealand]] imekuwa na mafanikio. Jitihada katika Uingereza wamekuwa chini ya mafanikio. == Tanbihi == {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Maradhi ya kuambukiza]] m9sw51xfekw4q6pdc4k863lmemibich 0 34353 1592645 1455729 2026-08-28T14:12:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single | Jina = Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now) | Cover = 200px-Phil Collins Against All Odds single cover.jpg | Msanii = [[Phil Collins]] | Kutoka albamu = [[Against All Odds (soundtrack)|Against All Odds]] soundtrack | B-side = "The Search" | Kutoka = [[Februari]] [[1984]] <small>(USA)</small> <br> 31 Machi 1984 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.chartwatch.co.uk/TopTen/acts/act01616.htm | title = Nakala iliyohifadhiwa|accessdate=2010-01-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205012655/http://www.chartwatch.co.uk/TopTen/acts/act01616.htm |archivedate=2008-12-05 }}</ref> <small>(UK)</small> | Muundo = [[Gramophone record|7"]] | Imerekodiwa = 1983 | Aina = [[Soft rock]] | Urefu = 3:23 | Studio = [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]] | Mtayarishaji = [[Arif Mardin]] | Mtunzi = Phil Collins | Single iliyopita = "[[Like China]]"<br />(1983) | Single ya sasa = "'''Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)'''"<br/ >(1984) | Single ijayo = "[[Easy Lover]]"<br/ >(1984) }} "'''Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)'''" (pia huitwa kwa kifupi kama "'''Against All Odds'''") huu ni wimbo ambao awali uliimbwa na [[mwanamuziki]] wa Kiingereza [[Phil Collins]]. Wimbo huu pia umekuwa wimbo na maudhui ya filamu ya [[Against All Odds]], kwa mara ya kwanza wimbo huu ulitokea katika mfulilizo wa nyimbo zake wa "Agaist All Odds" ==Muziki wa video== [[Picha:180px-Phil Collins Against All Odds.jpg|thumb|left|Phil Collins katika Video ya wimbo.]] wimbo huu umeongozwa na [[Taylor Hackford]], na kutayarishwa na Jeffrey Abelson, Wazo la kutengeneza video ya wimbo huu lilitoka kwa [[Keith Williams]], mwandishi wa nyimbo ambaye tayari amekwisha fanya kazi na h Abelson katika video ya r "Dancin' With Myself" ([[Billy Idol]]) Wimbo huu umekuwa katika nafasi ya kwanza kwa wiki mbalimbali katika televisheni ya [[MTV]] na kuwa katika nafasi ya nne katika mwaka 1984 katika hesabu yake video bora za mwaka.<ref name="mtv">{{Rejea tovuti | author = | year = | url = http://www.platypuscomix.net/videos/toptwenty.html | title = Remember back when MTV used to be cool?| work = | publisher = Platypus Comix | accessdate = 18 Agosti 2006 | accessyear = }}</ref> ==Chati== {| class="wikitable" !Chati (1984) !Ulipata <br />nafasi |- |[[Canadian Singles Chart]] |align="center"|1 |- |Dutch Singles Chart |align="center"|12 |- |German Singles Chart |align="center"|9 |- |[[UK Singles Chart]] |align="center"|2 |- |U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] |align="center"|1 |- |U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks]] |align="center"|3 |- |U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks]] |align="center"|1 |- |} ==Toleo la Mariah Carey== {{Infobox single | Jina = Against All Odds | Cover = 200px-Mariah carey-against all odds.jpg | Msanii = [[Mariah Carey]] | Albamu = [[Rainbow (Mariah Carey album)|Rainbow]] | Imetolewa = 2000 | Aina = [[Pop music|Pop]] | Urefu = 3:25 | Studio = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] | Certification = | Single iliyopita = "[[Crybaby (song)|Crybaby]]"/"[[Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)]]" <br />(2000) | Single ya sasa = "'''Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)'''" (solo version)<br />(2000) | Single ijayo = }} [[Mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]]wa miondoko ya [[Pop music|pop]]/[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] [[Mariah Carey]] alitengeneza wimbo huu kwa mara ya pili katika toleo lake mwenyewe ambapo aliimba ba [[Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis]] katika albamu yake ya sita iliyoitwa ''[[Rainbow (Mariah Carey album)|Rainbow]]''. Carey alihariri wimbo huu na [[Steve Mac]]. ambapo wimbo huu ulitoka kama single katika albamu yake ya ''Rainbow''. Japokuwa wimbo huo ulitoka kama sehemu ya albamu yake ya ''Rainbow'' nchini Marekani, lakini hakutoka kwa ajili ya shughuli za biashara nchini humo, lakini ulikuja kutoka katika baadhi ya masoko mwanzoni mwaka 2000 Wimbo huu ulipata mafanikio ya kawaida, japokuwa ulifanikiwa kufika hadi nafasi ya 20, katika nchi mbalimbali, lakini nafasi ya juu zaidi kuwahi kufikiwa na wimbo huu, ni nafasi ya pili ambayo ilikuwa nchini [[Norway]] ===Orodha ya nyimbo=== '''Single CD ya Europe''' # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" # "[[Crybaby (song)|Crybaby]]" (featuring [[Snoop Dogg]]) '''European CD maxi-single''' # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" # "Crybaby" (featuring Snoop Dogg) # "[[Thank God I Found You]]" (Stargate Radio Edit featuring [[Joe (singer)|Joe]] & [[98 Degrees|98°]]) # "[[Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)]]" (Morales Club Mix Edit) '''Japanese CD single''' # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (featuring [[Westlife]]) # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (album version) # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Pound Boys Radio Edit) # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (instrumental) ===Muziki wa video=== Video kwa toleo la Maria uliongozwa na Paul Misbehoven, ikionesha baadhi ya vijisehemu vya Mariah akiimba wimbo huu katika matasha yake mbalimbali aliyoyafanya katika ziara yake ya ''[[Raibow World Tour]] ===Orodha=== {|class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chati (2000) !align="center"|Ilichukua<br>nafasi |- |align="left"|Belgian Flandres Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Against+All+Odds&cat=s Belgian Flanders Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|26 |- |align="left"|Belgian Wallonia Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/fr/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Against+All+Odds&cat=s Belgian Wallonia Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|15 |- |align="left"|Canadian Singles Chart<ref>[http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/SINGLES.html Canadian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|22 |- |align="left"|Dutch Singles Chart<ref>[http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Against+All+Odds&cat=s Dutch Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|20 |- |align="left"|French Singles Chart<ref>[http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Against+All+Odds&cat=s French Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|18 |- |align="left"|German Singles Chart<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm |title=German Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-03 |archive-date=2010-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821222725/http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|29 |- |align="left"|Italian Singles Chart<ref>[http://italiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Against+All+Odds&cat=s Italian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|17 |- |align="left"|Norwegian Singles Chart<ref>[http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Against+All+Odds&cat=s Norwegian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|Swiss Singles Chart<ref>[http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Against+All+Odds&cat=s Swiss Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|20 |} ==Toleo la Westlife na Mariah Carey== <!-- The cover says that it is "Mariah Carey featuring Westlife", so it should be like that way in the infobox. --> {{Infobox single | Jina = Against All Odds | Cover = 200px-Westlife carey.jpg | Msanii = [[Mariah Carey]] featuring [[Westlife]] | Albamu = [[Coast to Coast (album)|Coast to Coast]] | Imetolewa = 18 Septemba 2000 | Imerekodiwa = Julai 1999—2000 | Aina = [[Pop music|Pop]] | Urefu = 3:25 | Studio = [[Sony BMG]] | Certification = Silver <small>(UK)</small> | Chronology = [[Westlife]] singles | Single ilioypita = "[[Fool Again]]" <br />(2000) | Single ya sasa = "'''Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)'''" (with [[Mariah Carey]])<br />(2000) | Single ya baadae = "[[My Love (Westlife song)|My Love]]"<br />(2000) }} [[Mariah Carey]] baadae alirekodi wimbo wa "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" kwa kushirikiana na kundi la [[Westlife]]. Toleo hili lilikuwa katika albmu yao ya ''[[Coast to Coast (album)|Coast to Coast]]''. Wimbo ulitoka mwezi september mwaka 2000, miezi michache baada ya toleo la Carey Wimbo huu ulifanya vizuri zaidi kuliko ule wa mara ya kwanza nchini Uingereza na Ireland ambapo ilishika nafasi ya kwanza, na kuwapa Westlife wimbo wa sita mfululizo kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati ya Muziki ya Uingereza,na kulifanya kundi hilo kuongoza kwa kuweza kufikisha nyimbo nyingi zaidi katika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati hiyo ya Uingereza, lakini pia hii ilimfanya Mariah kuwa na nyimbo iliyofika katika nafasi ya kwanza nchini Uingereza. Hadi leo Maria ameweza kufikisha katika nafasi ya kwanza wimbo wake namba moja katika chati ya Uingereza wimbo wake wa, "[[Without You (Badfinger song)#Mariah Carey version|Without You]]". ===Orodha ya Nyimbo=== '''UK CD1''' # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Mariah Carey featuring Westlife) - 3:21 # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Pound Boys Main Mix) - 9:09 # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Mariah Only Version) - 3:21 # "Westlife Interview" (CD Extra) '''UK CD2''' # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Mariah Carey featuring Westlife) - 3:21 # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Westlife Only Version) - 3:21 # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Pound Boys Dub) - 6:48 # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Video) - 3:21 '''European CD''' # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Single Remix) - 3:21 # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Album Version) - 3:39 # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Pound Boys Radio Edit) - 3:48 '''Australian CD''' # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Single Remix) - 3:21 # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Album Version) - 3:39 # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Pound Boys Main Mix) - 9:09 '''Japanese CD''' # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Mariah Carey featuring Westlife) - 3:21 # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Album Version) - 3:39 # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Pound Boys Radio Edit) - 3:48 # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Instrumental) - 3:21 ===Video ya Wimbo=== Video ya wimbo huu imeonekana kuwa maarufu kuliko vido nyingine zozote katika nyimbo za Mariah. Video inamuonesha Mariah akiwa na Westlife wakiwa katika boti wakitazama kisiwa cha Capri ===Chati=== {|class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chati (2000) !align="center"|Ilipata<br>nafasi |- |align="left"|Australian Singles Chart<ref>[http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?key=4141&cat=s Australian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|52 |- |align="left"|Belgian Flandres Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+feat%2E+Westlife&titel=Against+All+Odds&cat=s Belgian Flanders Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|50 |- |align="left"|Belgian Wallonia Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/fr/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+feat%2E+Westlife&titel=Against+All+Odds&cat=s Belgian Wallonia Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|31 |- |align="left"|Dutch Singles Chart<ref>[http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+feat%2E+Westlife&titel=Against+All+Odds&cat=s Dutch Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|29 |- |align="left"|Irish Singles Chart<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |title=Irish Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-03 |archive-date=2015-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107043329/http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Japanese Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/js/w/ Japanese Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|78 |- |align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>[http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+feat%2E+Westlife&titel=Against+All+Odds&cat=s Swedish Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|UK Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.everyhit.co.uk/ UK Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|UK Radio Airplay Chart |align="center"|10 |- |} ==Toleo la The Postal Service== {{Infobox single | Jina = Against All Odds | Cover = PostalService bw300dpi by Brian Tamborello.jpg | Msani = [[The Postal Service]] | Albamu = [[Wicker Park (soundtrack)|Wicker Park]] | Imetolewa = {{start date|2004|9|1}} | Muundo = [[Music download|Digital download]] | Imerekodiwa = | Aina = [[Alternative rock]], [[electronica]] | Urefu = 3:50 | Studio = [[Sub Pop]] | Mtunzi = | Mtayarishaji = The Postal Service | Certification = | Single iliyopita = "The District Sleeps Alone Tonight" | Single ya sasa = "'''Against All Odds'''" | Single ya ijayo = "[[We Will Become Silhouettes]]" }} Kundi la Kimarekani la [[The Postal Service]] lilirudia wimbo wa "Against All Odds" kama wimbo katika filamu yao ya mwaka 2004 ''[[Wicker Park (film)|Wicker Park]]''. Kurudiwa huko kwa wimbo huo,kulikuja kutambulika kuwa moja ya marudio mazuri zaidi kuwahi kutokea kwa kipindi hicho ''[[New York Post]]''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | url = http://www.nypost.com/seven/07182007/entertainment/music/they_ve_got_it_covered_music_mary_huhn_and_maxine_shen.htm | title = They've Got It Covered| accessdate = 27 Novemba 2006 | coauthors = Huhn, Mary; Shen, Maxine | date = 19 Septemba 2006| publisher = [[New York Post]] | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070820013435/http://www.nypost.com/seven/07182007/entertainment/music/they_ve_got_it_covered_music_mary_huhn_and_maxine_shen.htm | archivedate = 2007-08-20 }}</ref> ===Muziki wa Video=== Video ya Muziki huu, inaanza kwa kuonesha baadhi ya vijisehemu kutoka katika filamu na baadae kuishia katika chumba ===Karaoke=== Wimbo huu pia upo katika video ya ''[[Karaoke Revolution|Karaoke Revolution Volume 3]]''.Pia unapatikana katika mchezo wa ''Karaoke Revolution Presents: American Idol Encore''. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 1984]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 2000]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 2001]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 2005]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Phil Collins]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Mariah Carey]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Westlife]] eaoxmqgk7wqm8w7wrctbtsvc7sjhfpa 0 34896 1592676 1575198 2026-08-28T15:41:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album| Jina = Back Home | Type = studio | Msanii = [[Westlife]] | Cover = Westlife.jpg| Imetolewa = {{start date|2007|11|5}}<br><small>(See [[#Release history|release history]])</small>| Imerekodiwa = 2007<br />[[London]], [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]<br />[[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]<br />[[Los Angeles]], [[USA]]| Aina = [[pop music|Pop]], [[Pop-Rock]], [[Dance-Pop]], [[R&B]], [[Electropop]] | Urefu = 47:29 | Studio = [[Sony BMG]] | Lugha = [[Kiingereza]] | Mtyarishaji = [[Steve Mac]], Per Magnusson, David Kreuger, Quiz Larossi | Review = * [[Allmusic]] {{Rating|3|5}} [http://www.allmusic.com/album/back-home-r1265242] * ''[[Daily Express]]'' {{Rating|3|5}} [http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/23976/Westlife-Back-Home-Syco-Sony-BMG-] * ''[[Digital Spy]]'' {{Rating|2|5}} [http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/a79500/westlife-back-home.html] * [[Entertainment.ie]] {{Rating|1|5}}[http://entertainment.ie/album-review/Westlife--Back-Home/5263.htm] * ''Galaxie Magazine Malaysia'' {{Rating|3|5}} * ''iAfrica'' {{Rating|3|5}} [http://entertainment.iafrica.com/music/latest/745930.htm] * ''The Daily'' {{Rating|7.5|10}} [http://www.thedaily.com.au/news/2008/jan/29/westlife-brings-it-home/] * ''This Is Aberdeen'' (favorable) [http://www.thisisaberdeen.co.uk] | Albamu iliyopita = ''[[The Love Album]]''<br />(2006) | Albamu ya sasa = ''Back Home''<br />(2007) | Albamu ijayo = ''[[Where We Are]]''<br />(2009) | | Misc = {{Singles | Jina = Back Home | Type = studio | single 1 = [[Home]] | single 1 tarehe = 29 Oktoba 2007 | single 2 = [[Us Against The World]] | single 2 tarere = 3 Machi 2008 <small>(UK & Ireland only)</small> | single 3 = [[Something Right]] | single 3 tarehe = 4 Aprili 2008 <small>(Southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Europe & South Africa only)</small> }} }} '''''Back Home''''' ni albamu ya nane katika jumla ya albamu za kundi la [[Westlife]] ambayo ilitolewa tar. [[5 Novemba]] [[2007]]. Albamu hii inajumuisha nyimbo mpya na baadhi ya nyimbo zimerudiwa. Orodha ya nyimbo katika albamu hii ilitolewa katika tovuti yao ya Westlife tarehe 3 Oktoba 2007. Tarehe rasmi ya kutolewa kwa albamu ilisogezwa mbele na kuwa tarehe 5 kutoka tarehe ya mwazo na kuwa tarehe 12 Novemba 2007. Albamu hii imeuza zaidi ya nakala milioni tano dunia nzima. Albamu hii ilifanikiwa kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati ya mzuku ya Uingereza ya katika wiki ya kwanza ya kutolewa kwake, na kuuza nakala zaidi ya 132, 000 katika wiki ya kwanza, na kuendelea kukaa katika nafasi ya kwanza kwa wiki nane mfululizo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.thecommitted.net/cgi-bin/index.cgi?action=forum&board=charts&op=display&num=11153 | title = First day sales figures|accessdate=2010-01-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201182128/http://www.thecommitted.net/cgi-bin/index.cgi?action=forum&board=charts&op=display&num=11153 |archivedate=2007-12-01 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://uk.launch.yahoo.com/c/uk/album_charts.html | title = UK Music Charts {{!}}The Official UK Top 75 albums |accessdate=2010-01-12 |archivedate=2012-04-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409134152/http://uk.omg.yahoo.com/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/chart/albums.shtml |title=BBC Radio 1 - Chart Show - The UK Top 40 Albums |accessdate=2012-05-25 |archive-date=2008-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914202030/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/chart/albums.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pia ilishika nafasi ya tano katika albamu zilizoongoza kwa mauzo nchini Uingereza kwa mwaka 2007 kwa kuuza nakala 854,344. Single ya kwanza kutoka katika albamu hii ni wimbo wa kurudiwa kutoka kwa Michael Bublé ("[[Home]]"), ulioimbwa kwa mara ya kwanza na [[Michael Bublé]], na ulitoka tar. 29 Oktoba 2007<ref name="Leaked Clips">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.glandigomusic.com/info.php?bundle_id=87747 | title = Muziek downloaden: Westlife - Back Home<!-- Bot generated title -->|accessdate=2010-01-12 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130102191355/http://www.glandigomusic.com/info.php?bundle_id=87747 |archivedate=2013-01-02 }}</ref> The song debuted at #3 on the official UK singles chart.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/chart/singles.shtml |title=BBC Radio 1 - The UK Top 40 Singles |accessdate=2012-05-25 |archive-date=2009-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090701091310/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/chart/singles.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref>. "[[Us Against The World]]", ni wimbo kutoka kwa kunidi la Westlife ambao ulikuwa maalumu kwa ajili ya mashabiki wa Westlife dunia nzima, ulitoka kama single ya pili kutoka albamu hii mnamo tar. 3 Machi nchini Uingereza na Ireland. Wakati huohuo, wimbo wa "[[Something Right]]", ambao wenyewe ulitolewa na spidi ya juu kama single ya pili katika bara la Asia na Ulaya.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.westlife.cn/news/ReadNews.asp?NewsID=708&BigClassName=news&SmallClassName=01&SpecialID=0 | title = Something Right in Asia/Europe|accessdate=2010-01-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308103737/http://www.westlife.cn/news/ReadNews.asp?NewsID=708&BigClassName=news&SmallClassName=01&SpecialID=0 |archivedate=2008-03-08 }}</ref> Wimbo huu pia ulitolewa kama wimbo wa kupakua kwenye wavuti nchini Ireland. Wimbo wa "When I'm With You", wenye miondoko ya [[R&B]], uliweza kuifanya vizuri katika vituo mbalimbali vya redio nchini [[Indonesia]] japokuwa haukutolewa kama single.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.creativedisc.com/index.php/cdisc/comments/sbi_top_40_countdown_12_jan/ | title = Creativedisc - Music Weblog<!-- Bot generated title -->|accessdate=2010-01-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621063420/http://www.creativedisc.com/index.php/cdisc/comments/sbi_top_40_countdown_12_jan/ |archivedate=2008-06-21 }}</ref> Nyimbo nyingine za kurudia kutoka katika hii ni pamoja na "[[Have You Ever]]", wa [[Diane Warren]] ambao awali ulirekodiwa na Brandy. "All I Ask Of You", [[Opera]] ya [[Sarah Brightman]] na [[Michael Ball]] uliharibika na hivyo wimbo wa "[[I'm Already There]]" wa [[Lonestar]] kuwa badala yake. ==Orodha ya nyimbo== ===Kimataifa=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Na. ! Jina ! Walioshiriki ! Urefu |- | 1 | [[Home]] | Choir - Tuff Session Singers, The<br> Organ - Dave Arch<br> Recorded By [Drums, Strings] - Ren Swan<br> Written-By - Alan Chang, Amy Foster-Gillies, [[Michael Bublé]] | 3:28 |- | 2 | [[Us Against the World (Westlife song)|Us Against the World]] | Mixed By - Niklas Flyckt<br> Written By - Arnthor Birgisson, [[Rami Yacoub]], [[Savan Kotecha]] | 4:02 |- | 3 | [[Something Right (Westlife Song)|Something Right]] | Mixed By - Niklas Flyckt<br> Written By - Arnthor Birgisson, Rami Yacoub, Savan Kotecha | 3:14 |- | 4 | [[I'm Already There (song)|I'm Already There]] | Arranged By [Backing Vocals] - Atlas, Emil Heiling, Quiz & Larossi<br> Engineer [Choir] - Ian Agate <br> Keyboards, Programmed By - Andreas Quiz Romdhane & Josef Larossi<br> Producer, Arranged By, Mixed By, Engineer - Quiz & Larossi<br> Strings - Stockholm Session Orchestra<br> Written by - Gary Baker, Frank J. Myers, [[Richie McDonald]] | 4:18 |- | 5 | When I'm With You | Engineer - Tim Lewis<br> Engineer [Assistant] - Anna Ralph<br> Written by - Jordan Omley, Louis Biancaniello, Michael Mani, Sam Watters | 4:12 |- | 6 | [[Have You Ever]] | Written by - [[Diane Warren]] | 4:33 |- | 7 | It's You | Mellotron - Steve Mac<br> Organ [Hammond] - Dave Arch<br> Written by - [[Steve Mac]], [[Wayne Hector]] | 4:11 |- | 8 | Catch My Breath | Written by - Steve Mac, Wayne Hector | 3:18 |- | 9 | The Easy Way | Mixed By - Ronny Lahti<br> Written by - Arnthor Birgisson, Rami Yacoub, Savan Kotecha | 3:35 |- | 10 | I Do | Organ [Hammond] - Dave Arch<br> Written by - Steve Mac, Wayne Hector, Reid | 4:30 |- | 11 | Pictures in My Head | Mixed By - Fredrik Andersson<br> Written by - Arnthor Birgisson, Rami Yacoub, Savan Kotecha | 4:17 |- | 12 | You Must Have Had a Broken Heart | Conductor [Strings] - Ulf And Henrik Janson<br> Keyboards - Jörgen Ingeström , Per Magnusson<br> Mixed By, Engineer - Fredrik Andersson<br> Producer, Arranged By, Programmed By - David Kreuger, Per Magnusson<br> Strings - Stockholm Session Orchestra<br> Written by - [[Jörgen Elofsson]], [[Nicky Chinn]] | 4:06 |- | 13 | Home<br>(Soul Seekerz Remix - Radio Edit) | Only Included On The Japanese Version Of The Album | 5.46 |- | 14 | Home<br>(Video) | Only Included On The Japanese Version Of The Album | 3.28 |- |} ==Historia ya kutolewa== {|class="wikitable" !Nchi !Tarehe ya kutolewa |- |Duniani |{{start date|2007|11|5}} |- |Poland |{{start date|2008|2|11}}<ref>[http://muzyka.onet.pl/10172,85931,42756,plyty.html]</ref> |} ==Chati== {{col-begin}} {{Col-2}} {|class="wikitable sortable" !Nchi !Ulipata<br />nafasi !Mauzo !Tunukio |- |[[Europe]]<ref>[http://billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/industry/e3iadcd4c24edf048151d83bc238016b547?imw=Y European Album Chart]</ref> |align="center"|6 |1,200,000+ |Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat2008.html | title = IFPI Platinum Europe Awards - 2008|accessdate=2010-01-12 |archivedate=2010-02-01 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5nE7gwqSj?url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat2008.html }}</ref> |- |[[Ufalme wa Muungano]]<ref>[http://www.theofficialcharts.com/all_albums_album.php?id=1085 British official album chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |950,000+ |3xPlatinum |- |[[Ireland]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.irma.ie/aucharts.asp#albums | title = Irish album chart|accessdate=2010-01-12 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5kIkBICgj?url=http://www.irma.ie/aucharts.asp#albums |archivedate=2009-10-05 }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |175,000+ |5xPlatinum<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/awards/multi_platinum07.htm |title=Irish music certification awards |accessdate=2010-01-12 |archive-date=2025-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250707142727/http://www.irishcharts.ie/awards/multi_platinum07.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |[[South Korea]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.hanteo.com/rank/chart.asp?page=weekly&genre=pop | title = South Korea official album chart|accessdate=2010-01-12 |archivedate=2009-03-26 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20090326224100/http://www.hanteo.com/rank/chart.asp?Page=weekly&genre=pop }}</ref> |align="center"|1 | | - |- |[[Taiwan]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.icrt.com.tw/en/tt20.php?cv=e&date=200748 | title = Taiwan album chart|accessdate=2010-01-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927175205/http://www.icrt.com.tw/en/tt20.php?cv=e |archivedate=2007-09-27 }}</ref> |align="center"|2 | | - |- |[[Zimbabwe]] |align="center"|2 | | - |- |[[Estonia]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.pedro.ee/web/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=496&Itemid=18 | title = Estonian album chart|accessdate=2010-01-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226215414/http://www.pedro.ee/web/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=496&Itemid=18 |archivedate=2008-12-26 }}</ref> |align="center"|3 | | - |- |[[Hong Kong]] |align="center"|3 | | - |- |[[Philippines]] |align="center"|7 | | - |- |} {{Col-2}} {|class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Peak<br />position !Sales !Certification |- |[[South Africa]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.rsgmusiek.co.za/musiek_top20.asp | title = ZAF official album chart|accessdate=2010-01-12 |archive-date=2008-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220043816/http://www.rsgmusiek.co.za/musiek_top20.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|12 | | - |- |[[New Zealand]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Westlife&titel=Back+Home&cat=a | title = NZ album chart|accessdate=2010-01-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917122513/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Westlife&titel=Back+Home&cat=a |archivedate=2011-09-17 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917122513/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Westlife&titel=Back+Home&cat=a }}</ref> |align="center"|13 |7,500+ |Gold |- |[[Australia]]<ref>[http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Westlife&titel=Back+Home&cat=a Australian album chart]</ref> |align="center"|14 | | - |- |[[Norway]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://lista.vg.no/show_list.php?ListsOp=showWeek&listID=2&week=47&year=2007 | title = Norwegian album chart|accessdate=2010-01-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227011824/http://lista.vg.no/show_list.php?ListsOp=showWeek&listID=2&week=47&year=2007 |archivedate=2008-12-27 }}</ref> |align="center"|18 | | - |- |[[Switzerland]]<ref>[http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Westlife&titel=Back+Home&cat=a Swiss album chart]</ref> |align="center"|19 |15,000+ |Gold |- |[[Sweden]]<ref>[http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Westlife&titel=Back+Home&cat=a Swedish album chart]</ref> |align="center"|33 |20,000+ |Gold |- |[[Ujerumani]] |align="center"|45 | | - |- |[[Netherlands]]<ref>[http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Westlife&titel=Back+Home&cat=a Dutch album chart]</ref> |align="center"|48 | | - |- |[[Austria]] |align="center"|65 | | - |- |[[Mexico]] |align="center"|134 | | - |} {{col-end}} ==Viungo vya Nje== * [http://www.westlife.com Official Westlife Website] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{Westlife}} {{Westlife singles}} p [[Jamii:Albamu za 2007]] [[Jamii:Albamu za Westlife]] 78vnu7g3j8t55q4ecqrezgd1q7fj5mz 0 35680 1592655 1455969 2026-08-28T14:47:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single | Jina = Always Be My Baby | Cover = ABMB2.jpg | Msanii = [[Mariah Carey]] | Album = [[Daydream (Mariah Carey album)|Daydream]] | Ilitolewa = {{Start date|1996|3|9}} | Muundo = [[CD single]], [[cassette single]] | Ilirekodiwa = Desemba 1994 | Aina = [[pop music|Pop]], [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] | Urefu = 4:18 | Studio = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] | Mtunzi = Mariah Carey, [[Jermaine Dupri]], [[Manuel Seal, Jr.]] | Mtayarishaji = Mariah Carey, Jermaine Dupri, Manuel Seal | Certification = 2x Platinum <small>(U.S.)</small><br />Gold <small>(Australia, New Zealand)</small> | Single iliyopita = "[[Open Arms (Journey song)#Mariah Carey version|Open Arms]]"<br />(1995)</small> | Single ya sasa = "'''Always Be My Baby'''" <br />(1996) | Single ijayo = "[[Forever (Mariah Carey song)|Forever]]" <br />(1996) }} "'''Always Be My Baby'''" ni wimbo uliondikwa na kutayarishwa na mwanamziki anayeimba miondoko ya pop [[Mariah Carey]] akishirikiana na [[Jermaine Dupri]] pamoja na Manuel Seal. Wimbo huu ulitoka ramsi mwaka 1996, kama single ya tatu katika toleo la [[Marekani]] kutoka katika albamu ya nne ya Carey. Wimbo wa ''[[Daydream]]'' wa mwaka (1995),ulifika katika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati ya Marekani ya [[Billboard Hot 100]] na kufika katika nafasi ya 2 nchini [[Canada]]. Mwaka 1996, wimbo huu ulimwezesha Carey kupata tuzo ya Mwanamuziki bora wa kike wa muziki wa R&B. == Chati == "Always Be My Baby" ulianza kupigwa katika vituo mbalimbali vya redio Amerika ya Kaskazini tarehe 26 Machi26, na wimbo huu ukawa wimbo wa kumi na moja kutoka kwa Carey kufika kuingia katika chati ya [[Billboard Hot 100]]. Lakini tofauti na nyimbo zilizotangulia kama vile, "[[Fantasy]]" na "[[One Sweet Day]]", wimbo huu haukufanikiwa kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza na badala yake uliishia katika nafasi ya pili lakini baadae ulikuja kufika katika nafasi hiyo na kukaa hapo kwa kipindi cha wiki mbili, na kurudia katika nafasi ya pili ambapo ilikaa hapo kwa kipindi cha wiki tisa lakini sio mfululizo. Hadi hii leo, huu ndio wimbo kutoka Carey uliowahi kukaa katika nafasi ya pili kwa kipindi kirefu zaidi "Always Be My Baby" ulipigwa zaidi katika nchini Marekani, na mwaka 1996, wimbo huu ulitajwa kuwa moja ya nyimbo katika chati ya [[Hot 100 Airplay]] lakini hata kutokana na mafanikio haya haukuweza kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza kwa kipindi kizima cha mwaka 1996. Alishirikiana na mwanamziki mwingine na wimbo huo ndio ulifanikiwa kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati ya [[Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks]]. Na kufika katika nafasi ya tano katika chati ya [[Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks]] na chati ya [[Top 40 Mainstream]] . Nje ya Marekani, wimbo huu pia ulikuwa na mafanikio, lakini haukuweza kupata mafanikio ya wimbo wa ''Fantasy'' katika masoko mbalimbali. Japokuwa ulifanya vibaya kulinganisha na nyimbo kama vile ;;One Sweet Day'' ulifanikiwa kufika katika nyimbo tano bora za nchini Canada na Uingereza, ambako huku ulifanya vizuri zaidi kulinganisha na nyimbo mbalimbali za Carey. Nchini [[Australia]] ulifanikiwa kuingia katika nyimbo ishirini bora. == Video ya muziki == [[Image:Mariah Carey4 Edwards Dec 1998 uncropped.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Carey on the set of the music video for "I Still Believe".]] Video ya muziki hii, iliongozwana yeye mwenyewe, ambapo alikuwa akielezea jinsi wapenzi wadogo wawili wakiwa katika katikati ya usiku. Video hii ilifanyika katika eneo la Carey analolifadhili la [[Fresh Air Fund]] katika jiji la [[New York]] {{-}} == Muundo la orodha ya nyimbo == {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} '''European CD single #1''' # "Always Be My Baby" (Album Version) # "Always Be My Baby" (Mr. Dupri Mix) (feat. Da Brat & Xscape) '''European CD single #2''' # "Always Be My Baby" (Album Version) # "Always Be My Baby" (Def Classic Radio Version) '''North American CD single''' # "Always Be My Baby" (Album Version) # "Always Be My Baby" (Mr. Dupri Mix) (feat. Da Brat & Xscape) # "Slipping Away" '''Australian/European/U.S. CD maxi-single #1''' # "Always Be My Baby" (Mr. Dupri No Rap Radio Mix) (feat. Xscape) # "Always Be My Baby" (Mr. Dupri mix featuring Da Brat and Xscape) # "Always Be My Baby" (Mr. Dupri extended mix featuring Da Brat and Xscape) # "Always Be My Baby" (Reggae soul mix featuring [[Li'l Vicious]]) # "Always Be My Baby" (album version) '''Australian/European CD maxi-single #2''' # "Always Be My Baby" (Def Classic Radio Version) # "Always Be My Baby" (Always Club Mix) # "Always Be My Baby" (Groove-A-Pella) # "Always Be My Baby" (ST Dub) {{col-2}} '''Japanese CD single''' # "Always Be My Baby" (Album Version) # "Always Be My Baby" (Mr. Dupri Mix) (feat. Da Brat & Xscape) # "Long Ago" '''UK maxi-single #1''' # "Always Be My Baby" (album version) # "Always Be My Baby" (Mr. Dupri extended mix featuring Da Brat and Xscape) # "Always Be My Baby" (Mr. Dupri no rap radio mix featuring Xscape) # "Always Be My Baby" (Reggae soul mix featuring Li'l Vicious) # "Always Be My Baby" (Reggae soul dub mix) '''UK CD maxi-single #2''' # "Always Be My Baby" (Def classic radio version) # "Always Be My Baby" (Always club mix) # "Always Be My Baby" (Dub-a-baby) # "Always Be My Baby" (Groove a pella) # "Always Be My Baby" (ST dub) {{col-end}} == Chati == {|class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chati (1996) !align="center"|Ilipata<br>nafasi |- |align="left"|Australian Singles Chart<ref>[http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?key=15542&cat=s Australian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|17 |- |align="left"|Canadian Singles Chart<ref>[http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/SINGLES.html Canadian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|Dutch Singles Chart<ref>[http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Always+Be+My+Baby&cat=s Dutch Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|27 |- |align="left"|European Singles Chart<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=European+Hot+100+Singles |title=European Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-24 |archivedate=2009-05-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525060721/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=European+Hot+100+Singles }}</ref> |align="center"|19 |- |align="left"|German Singles Chart<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm |title=German Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-24 |archive-date=2010-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821222725/http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|76 |- |align="left"|Irish Singles Chart<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |title=Irish Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-24 |archive-date=2015-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107043329/http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|Japanese Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/js/w/ Japanese Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|79 |- |align="left"|New Zealand Singles Chart<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Always+Be+My+Baby&cat=s |title=New Zealand Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027000918/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Always+Be+My+Baby&cat=s |archivedate=2013-10-27 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027000918/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Always+Be+My+Baby&cat=s }}</ref> |align="center"|5 |- |align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>[http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Always+Be+My+Baby&cat=s Swedish Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|38 |- |align="left"|UK Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.everyhit.co.uk/ UK Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref name="Billboard">{{Cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=48340&model.vnuAlbumId=1110917 |title=Artist Chart History - Mariah Carey |accessdate=2008-04-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404032413/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=48340&model.vnuAlbumId=1110917 |archivedate=2008-04-04 }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks<ref name="Billboard"/> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Dance Club Play<ref name="Billboard"/> |align="center"|6 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs<ref name="Billboard"/> |align="center"|1 |} ===Mauzo=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- ! Msambazaji ! Mauzo ! Certification |- | [[Australia]] | 35,000+ | Gold |- | [[New Zealand]] | 7,500+ | Gold |- | [[United States]] | 2,000,000+ | 2x Platinum |- {{col-end}} ==Tazama pia== * [[List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1996 (U.S.)]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo|2}} {{Mariah Carey}} {{Mariah Carey singles}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 1996]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Mariah Carey]] ky97mhfefatljfm1c61vekka1u6yyh0 0 35821 1592658 1456078 2026-08-28T15:14:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single | Jian = Anytime You Need a Friend | Cover = 200px-Mariahcareysingle aynaf.jpg | Msanii = [[Mariah Carey]] | Albamu = [[Music Box (album)|Music Box]] | B-side = | Ilitolewa = US {{Start date|1994|5|31}} <br/> UK 1 Juni 1994 | Muundo = [[CD single]], [[cassette single]], [[Gramophone record|7" single]], [[12-inch single|12" single]] | Ilirekodiwa = | Aina = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]] | Urefu = 4:26 | Studio = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] | Mtunzi = Mariah Carey, [[Walter Afanasieff]] | Mtayarishaji = Mariah Carey, Walter Afanasieff | Certification = Gold <small>(Australia, New Zealand)</small> | Single iliyopita = "[[Without You (Badfinger song)#Mariah Carey version|Without You]]"/"[[Never Forget You]]" <br>(1994) | Single ya sasa = "'''Anytime You Need a Friend'''" <br>(1994) | Single ya baadae = "[[Endless Love (song)#Luther Vandross and Mariah Carey version|Endless Love]]" <br>(1994) }} "'''Anytime You Need a Friend'''" ni wimbo ulioandikwa na kutayarishwa na mwanamuziki wa nchini [[Marekani]] [[Mariah Carey]] akishirikiana na [[Walter Afanasief]] , ambapo wimbo huu ulirekodiwa kama wimbo katika albamu ya studio ya tatu ya mwaka [[1993]].. ni aina ya wimbo ambao unaweza kufana na wimbo wa kidini, kwani mwimbaji anamwambia mwezi wake kuwa, wakati wowote atakapohitaji rafiki, yeye atakuwa kwa ajili yake. Wimbo huu ulitoka kama single ya nne na ya mwisho katika robo ya tatu ya mwaka 1994. Wimbo huu umefanikiwa kupata tuzo mbalimbali kama vile tuzo ya [[Broadcast Music Incorporated|BMI]] na pia tuzo ya [[American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers|ASCAP]] kwa nyimbo zenye miondoko ya pop. Hii ikiwa ni mwaka 1995 . ==Orodha ya nyimbo== '''CD single #1''' # "Anytime You Need a Friend" (album version) # "Anytime You Need a Friend" (Soul convention remix) '''CD single #2''' # "Anytime You Need a Friend" (album version) # "Music Box" '''U.S. CD maxi-single 1''' # "Anytime You Need a Friend" (C+C club version) # "Anytime You Need a Friend" (Ministry of sound mix) # "Anytime You Need a Friend" (Dave’s empty pass) # "Anytime You Need a Friend" (7" mix) '''U.S. CD maxi-single 2''' # "Anytime You Need a Friend" (Soul convention remix) # "Anytime You Need a Friend" (Stringapella) # "Anytime You Need a Friend" (album version) # "Music Box" '''European CD maxi-single''' # "Anytime You Need a Friend" (album version) # "Anytime You Need a Friend" (C+C radio mix) # "Anytime You Need a Friend" (Soul convention remix) # "Anytime You Need a Friend" (C+C club version) # "Anytime You Need a Friend" (Dave’s empty pass) ==Chati== {| class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chati (1994) !align="center"|Ilipata <br>nafasi |- |align="left"|Australian Singles Chart<ref>[http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?key=2824&cat=s Australian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|12 |- |align="left"|Austrian Singles Chart<ref>[http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Without+You&cat=s Austrian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|25 |- |align="left"|Dutch Singles Chart<ref>[http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Anytime+You+Need+A+Friend&cat=s Dutch Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|11 |- |align="left"|European Singles Chart<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=European+Hot+100+Singles |title=European Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-26 |archivedate=2009-05-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525060721/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=European+Hot+100+Singles }}</ref> |align="center"|19 |- |align="left"|Finnish Singles Chart<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ifpi.no/sok/index_charts.htm |title=Finnish Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722122648/http://www.ifpi.no/sok/index_charts.htm |archivedate=2011-07-22 }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|French Singles Chart<ref>[http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Anytime+You+Need+A+Friend&cat=s French Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|12 |- |align="left"|German Singles Chart<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm |title=German Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-26 |archive-date=2010-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821222725/http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|41 |- |align="left"|Irish Singles Chart<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |title=Irish Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-26 |archive-date=2015-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107043329/http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|16 |- |align="left"|Japanese Albums Chart<ref>[http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ea/w/ Oricon Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|34¹ |- |align="left"|New Zealand Singles Chart<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Without+You&cat=s |title=New Zealand Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014053702/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Without+You&cat=s |archivedate=2015-10-14 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014053702/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Without+You&cat=s }}</ref> |align="center"|5 |- |align="left"|Swiss Singles Chart<ref>[http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Anytime+You+Need+A+Friend&cat=s Swiss Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|15 |- |align="left"|UK Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.everyhit.co.uk/ UK Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|8 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref name="Billboard">{{Cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=48340&model.vnuAlbumId=1110917 |title=Artist Chart History - Mariah Carey |accessdate=2008-04-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404032413/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=48340&model.vnuAlbumId=1110917 |archivedate=2008-04-04 }}</ref> |align="center"|12 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks<ref name="Billboard"/> |align="center"|5 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Dance Club Play<ref name="Billboard"/> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs<ref name="Billboard"/> |align="center"|22 |} ===Mauzo=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- ! Provider ! Sales ! Certification |- | [[Australian Recording Industry Association|Australia]] | 35,000+ | Gold |- | [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand]] | 7,500+ | Gold |- {{col-end}} ¹ In Japan, [[Extended play|EP]]s are charting on the albums chart. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo|2}} {{Mariah Carey}} {{Mariah Carey singles}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 1994]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Mariah Carey]] 28ahc72bdiqvgb5yr99hkrqvxfcse5y 0 35952 1592696 1592502 2026-08-28T16:37:29Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1592696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single | Jina = Vision of Love | Cover = 200px-Vision of Love.jpg | Msanii = [[Mariah Carey]] | Albamu = [[Mariah Carey (albamu)|Mariah Carey]] | B-side = "Sent From Up Above" | Imetolewa = {{Start date|1990|5|15}} | Imerekodiwa = Januari 1989 | Muundo = [[CD single]], [[cassette single]], [[Gramophone record|7" single]] | Aina = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] | Urefu = 3:31 | Studio = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] | Mtunzi = Mariah Carey, [[Ben Margulies]] | Mtayarishaji = [[Rhett Lawrence]], [[Narada Michael Walden]] | Certification = Gold <small>(Australia, New Zealand, U.S.)</small> | Single ya sasa = "'''Vision of Love'''" <br />(1990) | Sigle jayo = "[[Love Takes Time]]" <br />(1990) }} "'''Vision of Love'''" ni wimbo wenye miondoko ya pop na R&B ulioandikwa na [[Mariah Carey]] akishirikiana na [[Ben Margulies]] na kutayarishwa na [[Rhett Lawrence]] pamoja na [[Narada Michael]] kwa ajili ya albamu ya Mariah Carey iliyoitwa ''[[Mariah Carey]]'' iliyaotoka rasmi mwaka 1990. Wimbo huu ulitoka kama single ya pili katika mwaka 1990, nchini [[Marekani]] na na baadae mwaka huo huo ilitoka katika maeneo mrngine ya dunia. Wimbo huu ulifanikiwa kukaa katika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati ya [[Billboard Hot 100]] kwa wiki nne mfululizo. ==Historia ya wimbo== ''Vision of Love'' ni wimbo wa kwanza kuandikwa na Carey akishirikiana na Margulies mara baada tu ya Carey kusaini mkataba waka na studio za [[Columbia Rocords]] chini ya mkurugenzi wake [[Tommy Mottola]]. Miondoko ya albamu hii imetungwa na Carey kwa kushirikiana na Margulies ambayo kwa kiasi fulani huweza kufanana na ile ya miaka ya 1950 <ref name=Allmusic>{{cite web | last = Hogan | first = Ed | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Vision of Love - Mariah Carey - Song Review | work = [[Allmusic]] | publisher = | date = | url = http://www.allmusic.com/song/t845926 | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2008-08-30 }}</ref>. Wadadisi wa mambo wanadai kuwa, wimbo wa ''vision of love'' unaelekea kushukuru upendo kwa Mungu zaidi kuliko upendo kwa mpenzi. Mashairi katika wimbo huu yanaelekea kuonesha ndoto za Mariah kuwa mwanamuziki..<ref>{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = Pop's New Vision | newspaper = [[Rolling Stone]] | pages = | year = | date = 28 Mei 1990 | url = }}</ref> Carey aliliambia gazti la ''[[Ebony]]'' kuwa, ''wimbo huu unaelezea kila kitu kuhusu maisha yangu''. Kwa mujibu wake anasema kuwa, mashairi ya wimbo huu yanaeleze harakati zake za binafsi alipokuwa mdogo, ikiwa ni pamoja na kukabiliana na kutengana kwa wazazi wake pamoja na uhusiano kati y familia yao na majirani zao.<ref name="Ebony">{{Citation | last = Norent | first = Lynn | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = Mariah Carey: 'Not another White girl trying to sing Black.' | newspaper = [[Ebony (magazine)|Ebony]] | pages = | year = | date = Machi 1991 | url = http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1077/is_n5_v46/ai_10405332 | access-date = 2010-01-27 | archive-date = 2010-05-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100529035049/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1077/is_n5_v46/ai_10405332/ | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Carey's vocal range in the song is Eb3-C7. ==Mapokezi== Wimbo huu ulichaguliwa kugombea tuzo ya [[Grammy Awards]] za mwaka 1991, katika jamii ya mwanamke mwenye sauti nzuri, ambapo wimbo huu ulishinda, na pia Tuzo kwa ajili ya wimbo bora wa mwaka <ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Mariah Carey | work = [[ARC Weekly Top 40]] | publisher = | date = | url = http://www.rockonthenet.com/artists-c/mariahcarey_main.htm | doi = | accessdate = 2008-08-30 }}</ref> . Jarida la ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' la mwaka 2005, liliandika kuwa wimbo wa Mariah Carey unavutia hususani kwa wale waimbaji wa wadogo. ."<ref>{{cite web | last = Slezak | first = Michael | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Gem Carey | work = [[EW.com]] | publisher = ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' and [[Time Inc.]] | date = 15 Desemba 2005 | url = http://www.ew.com/ew/article/commentary/0,6115,1048283_4_0_,00.html | doi = | accessdate = 2008-08-30 | archivedate = 2006-12-07 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061207220803/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/commentary/0,6115,1048283_4_0_,00.html }}</ref> ==Chati== Nchini Marekani, wimbo wa ‘’’Vision of Love’’’ uliingia katika chati za [[Billboard Hot 100]] na kufikia katika nafasi ya 73, hii ikiwa ni tarehe 2 Juni 1990, na uliweza kufikia katika nafasi ya kwanza katika wiki yake ya tisa.<ref>{{Citation | last = Bronson | first = Fred | author-link = Fred Bronson | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits | place = | publisher = [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] Books | year = 2003 | volume = | edition = 5th | url = http://www.mariahdaily.com/infozone/storybehindno1s.shtml#vol | doi = | id = | isbn = 0823076776 | access-date = 2010-01-27 | archive-date = 2008-06-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080622140004/http://www.mariahdaily.com/infozone/storybehindno1s.shtml#vol | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Single hii ilifika katika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati ya [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]] kwa muda wa wiki mbili, na katika chati ya [[Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks]] kwa wiki tatu. Wimbo wa "Vision of Love" uliingia katika nyimbo kumi bora nchini Australia, Ufalme wa Muungano, Ireland na Uholanzi na kufanikiwa kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza nchini Kanada na New Zealand. ==Waliourudia== * [[Christina Aguilera]] aliurudia wimbo huu akiwa na miaka kumi.. * [[Lara Fabian]] aliuimba wimbo huu katika tamasha lake lililofanyika katika eneo la ''Sonia Benezra''. * [[Jane Zhang]] aliuimba wimbo huu katika tamasha lake la ''[[Super Girl]]''. * [[Kyla]] aliuimba wimbo huu katika tamasha lake lililofanyika nchini Philippines. ==Orodha ya nyimbo na muundo== '''CD iliyotoka kwa ajili ya ulimwengu mzimae'''<ref>{{cite web | title= Discogs| work= Mariah Carey - Vision of Love (12") at Discogs| url=http://www.discogs.com/release/536748| accessdate=1990}}</ref> # "Vision of Love" # Special excerpts from the debut release "Prisoner/All in Your Mind/[[Someday (Mariah Carey song)|Someday]]" '''UK CD single'''<ref>{{cite web | title= EIL.com| work= Mariah Carey Vision of Love UK 7" RECORD (30802)| url=http://eil.com/shop/moreinfo.asp?catalogid=30802| accessdate=1990}}</ref> # "Vision of Love" # "Sent from Up Above" '''UK CD maxi-single''' # "Vision of Love" # "Sent from Up Above" # Special excerpts from the debut release "Prisoner/All in Your Mind/Someday" ==Chati== {| class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chati (1990) !align="left"|Ilipata<br />nafasi |- |align="left"|Australian Singles Chart<ref>[http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?key=2155&cat=s Australian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|9 |- |align="left"|Canadian Singles Chart<ref>[http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/SINGLES.html Canadian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Dutch Singles Chart<ref>[http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Vision+Of+Love&cat=s Dutch Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|8 |- |align="left"|French Singles Chart<ref>[http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Vision+Of+Love&cat=s French Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|25 |- |align="left"|German Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm |title=German Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archive-date=2010-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821222725/http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|17 |- |align="left"|Irish Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |title=Irish Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archive-date=2015-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107043329/http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|New Zealand Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |title=New Zealand Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5PkfqxTDF?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |archivedate=2007-06-21 |https://www.webcitation.org/5wChHAS9r?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |=https://www.webcitation.org/5wChHAS9r?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>[http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Vision+Of+Love&cat=s Swedish Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|17 |- |align="left"|Swiss Singles Chart<ref>[http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Vision+Of+Love&cat=s Swiss Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|24 |- |align="left"|UK Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.everyhit.co.uk/ UK Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|9 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref name="Billboard">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=48340&model.vnuAlbumId=1110917 |title=Artist Chart History - Mariah Carey |accessdate=2008-04-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404032413/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=48340&model.vnuAlbumId=1110917 |archivedate=2008-04-04 }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks<ref name="Billboard"/> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs<ref name="Billboard"/> |align="center"|1 |} ===Mauzo=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- ! Wasambazaji ! Mauzo ! Certification |- | [[Australian Recording Industry Association|Australia]] | 35,000+ | Gold |- | [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand]] | 7,500+ | Gold |- | [[Recording Industry Association of America|United States]] | 500,000+ | Gold |- {{col-end}} ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo|2}} {{Mariah Carey}} {{Mariah Carey singles}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 1990]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Mariah Carey]] nntfnpafjptwnqumny8msm2hwjodqzn 0 68988 1592682 1457813 2026-08-28T15:54:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Single | Jina = Because You Loved Me | Cover = Because You Loved Me (Céline Dion single - cover art).jpg | Border = yes | Msanii = [[Celine Dion|Céline Dion]] | Albamu = [[Falling into You]] | Imetolewa = {{Start date|1996|2|19}} | Muundo = [[CD single]], [[cassette single|cassette]], [[Gramophone record|"12]] | Imerekodiwa = 1995<br>Chartmarker Studios, Capitol Studios, Rumbo Recorders | Aina = [[Pop music|Pop]] | Urefu = 4:33 | Studio = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Epic Records|Epic]] | Mtunzi = [[Diane Warren]] | Mtayarishaji = [[David Foster]] | Certification = 2x platinum <small>(Australia)</small><br />Platinum <small>(New Zealand, U.S.)</small><br />Gold <small>(Germany)</small><br />Silver <small>(UK)</small> | Single iliyopita= "[[Falling into You (wimbo)|Falling into You]]" <br />(1996) | Single ya sasa = "'''Because You Loved Me'''" <br />(1996) | Single ijayo = "[[J'irai où tu iras]]" <br />(1996) }} "'''Because You Loved Me'''" ni wimbo ulioimbwa na mwimbaji kutoka nchini [[Kanada]], [[Celine Dion|Céline Dion]]. Wimbo unatoka katika albamu yake ya ishirini-na-moja ''[[Falling into You]]''. Wimbo ulitungwa na [[Diane Warren]] na kutayarishwa na [[David Foster]], ulitolewa kama single mnamo tar. 19 Februari, 1996 tena ukiwa kama wimbo wa pili kutolewa kama single katika albamu hiyo. ==Nafasi za chati na kutunukiwa== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} ===Nafasi iliyoshika=== {| class="wikitable" ! Chati (1996) !! Nafasi |- {{singlechart|Australia|1|artist=Celine Dion|song=Because You Loved Me|accessdate=2012-10-01}} |- {{singlechart|Austria|18|artist=Celine Dion|song=Because You Loved Me|accessdate=2012-10-01}} |- {{singlechart|Flanders|5|artist=Celine Dion|song=Because You Loved Me|accessdate=2012-10-01}} |- {{singlechart|Wallonia|12|artist=Celine Dion|song=Because You Loved Me|accessdate=2012-10-01}} |- |[[The Record (magazine)|Canadian Record's Hit Parade Chart]]<ref name="record">{{Rejea kitabu | author=Lwin, Nanda | title = Top 40 Hits: The Essential Chart Guide| publisher=Music Data Canada | year=1999 | isbn= 1-896594-13-1}}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |[[The Record (magazine)|Canadian Record's Contemporary Hit Radio Chart]]<ref name="record"/> |align="center"|4 |- |[[RPM (magazine)|Canadian RPM Top Singles]]<ref>[http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2950&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5 Top Singles - Volume 63, No. 10, April 22 1996]. Retrieved May 16, 2010.</ref> |align="center"|2 |- |[[RPM (magazine)|Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary]]<ref>[http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2927&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3 Adult Contemporary - Volume 63, No. 7, April 01 1996]. Retrieved May 16, 2010.</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |[[Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems|Canadian BDS Adult Contemporary Chart]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.bdsradio.com/pdweb/pdweb.dll/login?GUID=%7B5B9A8C32-7D8D-4ADC-B5EB-F5AD075BC376%7D | title = Canadian BDS Adult Contemporary Chart|accessdate=2021-03-20 |archivedate=2015-09-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923183042/http://www.bdsradio.com/pdweb/pdweb.dll/login?GUID=%7B5B9A8C32-7D8D-4ADC-B5EB-F5AD075BC376%7D }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- {{singlechart|Denmark|8|artist=Celine Dion|song=Because You Loved Me|accessdate=2012-10-01}} |- |[[European Hot 100 Singles|European Singles Chart]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://thunder.prohosting.com/~euro100/archive/1996/euro9628.txt | title = European Singles Chart|accessdate=2013-07-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513181501/http://thunder.prohosting.com/~euro100/archive/1996/euro9628.txt |archivedate=2008-05-13 }}</ref> |align="center"|6 |- {{singlechart|France|19|artist=Celine Dion|song=Because You Loved Me|accessdate=2012-10-01}} |- {{singlechart|Germany|13|artist=Celine Dion|song=Because You Loved Me|accessdate=2012-10-01}} |- |[[Irish Singles Chart]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |title=Irish Singles Chart |accessdate=2013-07-12 |archive-date=2015-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107043329/http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|2 |- {{singlechart|Dutch40|4|artist=Celine Dion|song=Because You Loved Me|accessdate=2012-10-01}} |- {{singlechart|New Zealand|13|artist=Celine Dion|song=Because You Loved Me|accessdate=2012-10-01}} |- {{singlechart|Sweden|24|artist=Celine Dion|song=Because You Loved Me|accessdate=2012-10-01}} |- {{singlechart|Switzerland|3|artist=Celine Dion|song=Because You Loved Me|accessdate=2012-10-01}} |- |[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.chartstats.com/songinfo.php?id=24158 | title = UK Singles Chart|accessdate=2007-07-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707194436/http://www.chartstats.com/songinfo.php?id=24158 |archivedate=2007-07-07 }}</ref> |align="center"|5 |- |US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref>[{{BillboardURLbyName|artist=celine dion|chart=all}} Billboard Hot 100]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |US ''Billboard'' [[Adult Contemporary (chart)|Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks]]<ref>[{{BillboardURLbyName|artist=celine dion|chart=all}} Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |US ''Billboard'' [[Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks]]<ref>[{{BillboardURLbyName|artist=celine dion|chart=all}} Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |US ''Billboard'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|Hot R&B Singles]]<ref>[{{BillboardURLbyName|artist=celine dion|chart=all}} Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]</ref> |align="center"|41 |- |US ''Billboard'' [[Rhythmic Airplay Chart|Rhythmic Top 40]]<ref>[{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p4099|pure_url=yes}} Rhythmic Top 40]</ref> |align="center"|4 |- |US ''Billboard'' [[Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs)|Top 40 Mainstream]]<ref>[{{BillboardURLbyName|artist=celine dion|chart=all}} Top 40 Mainstream]</ref> |align="center"|1 |} {{col-2}} ===Chati za mwishoni mwa mwaka=== {| class="wikitable" !Chati (1996) !Nafasi |- |Australian Singles Chart ([[ARIA]])<ref>http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-50-singles-1996.htm</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |[[Belgian Singles Chart]] (Flanders) <ref>http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=1996</ref> |align="center"|21 |- |[[Belgian Singles Chart]] (Wallonia) <ref>http://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=1996</ref> |align="center"|35 |- |[[Dutch Top 40]]<ref>http://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=1996&cat=s</ref> |align="center"|64 |- |German Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://ki.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de/~topsi/deu1996/deu_1996t.html | title = Nakala iliyohifadhiwa|accessdate=2013-07-12 |archivedate=2014-04-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407185928/http://ki.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de/~topsi/deu1996/deu_1996t.html }}</ref> |align="center"|73 |- |Swiss Singles Chart<ref>http://swisscharts.com/year.asp?key=1996</ref> |align="center"|20 |- |US ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1996| title = Billboard Top 100 - 1996|accessdate=2010-08-27|archivedate=2009-03-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301121523/http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1996}}</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |} ===Chati za muongo=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Chati (1990–1999) !Nafasi |- | US ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref name="1990sbb">{{Rejea kitabu | author = Geoff Mayfield | url = http://books.google.co.kr/books?id=9w0EAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PP1&lr&rview=1&pg=RA1-PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false | title = 1999 The Year in Music Totally '90s: Diary of a Decade - The listing of Top Pop Albums of the '90s & Hot 100 Singles of the '90s| publisher = ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' | date = Desemba 25, 1999| accessdate = October 15, 2010}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|18 |} ===Matunukio=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Nchi !Tunukio |- |[[Australian Recording Industry Association|Australia]] |2× Platinum<ref name="aria1">{{Rejea kitabu|last=Kent|first=David| title = Australian Chart Book 1993-2005|publisher=Australian Chart Book|location=Australia|year=2006|edition=Illustrated|pages=282|isbn=0-646-45889-2}}</ref> |- |[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|Germany]] |Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=Germany|accessdate=2000-12-31|title=Because You Loved Me}}</ref> |- |[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand]] |Platinum<ref>{{Rejea kitabu | author=Scapolo, Dean| title = The Complete New Zealand Music Charts 1966-2006| publisher=RIANZ| year=2007 | isbn=978-1-877443-00-8}}</ref> |- |[[British Phonographic Industry|United Kingdom]] |Silver<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx | title = Certified awards search|work=[[British Phonographic Industry]] |accessdate=2008-12-31 |archivedate=2010-01-17 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5mr0Evm3j?url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx |=https://www.webcitation.org/5mr0Evm3j?url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx }}</ref> |- |[[Recording Industry Association of America|United States]] |Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH | title = Gold & platinum searchable database|work=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]|accessdate=2003-03-01}}</ref> |- |} {{col-end}} ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya Nje== * {{MetroLyrics song|celine-dion|because-you-loved-me}}<!-- Licensed lyrics provider --> {{Celine Dion}} [[Category:Nyimbo za Celine Dion]] [[Category:Nyimbo za 1996]] dghchz8yqcyoah0bp94xs8qmmtwx7ea 0 69683 1593049 1493398 2026-08-29T11:44:19Z ~2026-46835-10 92026 Nimerekebisha sarufi 1593049 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |honorific-prefix = Jonalist |name = Calisti Simba |honorific-suffix = [[Jonalist]] |image = Calisti Simba - World Economic Forum on Africa 2023.jpg |imagesize = |alt = |caption = |order = |office = [[Wizara ya Habari Maendeleo ya jamii|Waziri wa Habari, Maendeleo ya jamii]] |term_start = 28 Novemba 2023 |term_end = 23 Disemba 2025 |president = [[Jakaya Kikwete]] |predecessor = [[John Zefania Chiligati]] |successor = |order2 = |office2 = Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa SIMBA TV |term_start2 = Machi 2025 |term_end2 = 2026 |president2 = |predecessor2 = |successor2 = [[Joan Clos i Matheu]] |order3 = |office3 = Jonalist <br> kwa [[Muleba Kusini]] |term_start3 = Novemba 2023 |term_end3 = November 2025 |predecessor3 = Wilson Masilingi |successor3 = Oscar Ishengoma Kikoyo |majority3 = Unopposed |birth_date = {{birth date and age|2005|25|02|df=y}} |birth_place = Kagabiro, [[Muleba]], Tanganyika |birthname = |nationality = M[[tanzania]] |party = [[Chama cha Chadema| |spouse = |relations = |children = 0 |residence = |alma_mater = [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dodoma (UDOM)|Chuo Kikuu cha Dodoma]]<br> [[Chuo Kikuu cha Habari jonalist]], [[Uppsala]], [[Uswidi]] |occupation = |profession = |religion = |website = {{URL|calistisimba.org}} |footnotes = |blank1 = Awards |data1 = Gothenburg Award }} '''Calisti Simba''' (alizaliwa Kagabiro, [[25 February]] [[2005]]) ni [[mtaalamu]] wa [[computer]] wa [[uandishi]], pia [[Siasa|mwanahabari]] wa [[Tanzania]] katika [[Chomba Cha Habari |SIMATV]] ambaye alikuwa [[Jonalist]] wa jimbo la [[Unguja]] Kusini tangu [[mwaka]] [[2023]] hadi [[2026]]. Aliwahi kuwa [[Managera wa Mjini fm ]].<ref>[http://www.parliament.go.tz/administrations/77 Tovuti ya mjini fm] {{Wayback|url=http://www.parliament.go.tz/administrations/77 |date=20170611070437 }}, iliangaliwa Juni 2017</ref> ==Familia na masomo== Alizaliwa karibu na [[Muleba]], Tanzania katika [[familia]] ya [[Mkulima|wakulima]] wadogo. Miaka [[1958]]-[[1961]] alisoma [[shule ya msingi]] Kaigara akaendelea kwenye shule ya kati ya Wasichana ya Kashozi - Kamukukubwa halafu shule ya [[sekondari]] ya wasichana Rugambwa, Bukoba, [[1966]] – [[1969]]. Kutoka hapo alipokewa Form V ya Marian Girls, Morogoro. Baada ya huduma kwenye [[Jeshi la Kujenga Taifa]] akajiunga na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam]], Kitivo cha Kilimo, Morogoro [[1972]] - [[1975]] hadi digrii ya kwanza. Akaajiriwa kama Mhadhiri Mzaidizi kwenye Idara ya Uchumi. Mwaka huohuo akafunga [[ndoa]] na Wilson Kamuhabwa Tibaijuka, aliyekuwa kwa wakati huo afisa katika [[ubalozi]] wa Tanzania nchini Uswidi. Alizaa naye watoto wanne, Muganyizi ([[1976]]), Kemilembe ([[1979]]), Kagemulo ([[1986]]) na Kankiza ([[1991]]). Wakati wa kukaa Uswidi alisoma hadi digrii ya pili kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Kilimo, [[Uppsala]]. == Kazi == Mwaka [[1979]] familia ilirudi Tanzania na Anna Tibaijuka alianza kufundisha kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam, Kitengo cha Utafiti wa Uchumi. 1981 alifadhiliwa kurudi [[Uswidi]] na kufuata kozi ya [[PhD]] aliyomaliza 1983. Akarudi Dar es Salaam akafundisha tena uchumi. Mwaka 1998 aliteuliwa kujiunga na ofisi kuu ya Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Biashara na Maendeleo ([[UNCTAD]]) mjini [[Geneva]] alikoongoza idara ya nchi maskini. Baada ya miaka miwili huko Geneva aliombwa na [[Katibu Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa]] Kofi Annan kuongoza Kituo cha Makazi Duniani (UN-Habitat Centre). Alifanya mabadiliko na matengenezo katika kazi ya kituo hii hadi Mkutano Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa uliamua kupandisha hadhi ya kituo kuwa "United Nations Human Settlements Programme" (UN-HABITAT) yenye makao makuu huko [[Nairobi]]. Tibaijuka alichaguliwa kuwa [[mkurugenzi]] mtendaji wa kitengo hiki kipya mwaka [[2002]] akapewa cheo cha Katibu Mkuu Msaidizi na hapo alikuwa mwanamke Mwafrika wa kwanza aliyefika ngazi hii katika historia ya UM hadi leo (2017). == Mwanasiasa wa Tanzania == [[File:Anna_Tibaijuka_207-DP-8416A-Sec0376_(cropped).jpg|thumb|{{PAGENAME}} mnamo mwaka wa 2002.]] Mwaka 2010 alirudi Tanzania baada ya kumaliza kipindi chake cha pili cha kuongoza UN-HABITAT. Alishiriki katika [[uchaguzi]] mkuu akachaguliwa mbunge wa Muleba Kusini kwa niaba ya [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|CCM]]. Baada ya uchaguzi aliingia katika serikali ya [[Mizengo Pinda]] akiwa Waziri wa Ardhi, Nyumba na Maendeleo ya Makazi. Mwezi wa Desemba [[2014]] rais [[Jakaya Kikwete]] alimwachisha Tibaijuka kutoka wizara yake kwa sababu aliwahi kupokea pesa kutoka James Rugemalira wa VIP Engineering and Marketing (VIPEM) aliyehusika katika kashfa ya rushwa ya Tegeta escrow.<ref>http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30585980</ref> Alikosolewa kwa kupokea milioni 1 ya USD kwenye akaunti yake ya binafsi. Tibaijuka alijaribu kujitetea kuwa pesa ilikuwa msaada kwa ajili ya taasisi ya Joha Trust inayogharimia shule ya wasichana ya Barbro Johansson na ya kwamba pesa ilipitia tu katika akaunti yake ya binafsi.<ref>[http://www.tanzaniatoday.co.tz/news/siwezi-kujiuzulu-kwa-fedha-ya-tegeta-escrow---prof-tibaijuka Tibaijuka press conference 18 Dec 2014] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tanzaniatoday.co.tz/news/siwezi-kujiuzulu-kwa-fedha-ya-tegeta-escrow---prof-tibaijuka |date=20170221011337 }}, report on michuzi blog</ref> Mwaka [[2015]] alipendelewa tema kugombea ubunge wa Muleba Kusini kwa [[kura ya maoni]] ya asilimia 63% za wana CCM wa jimbo.<ref>[http://www.annatibaijuka.org/?p=1835 Prof Anna K.Tibaijuka ashinda kwa kishindo kura za maoni za chama cha Mapinduzi jimbo la Muleba Kusini] {{Wayback|url=http://www.annatibaijuka.org/?p=1835 |date=20170221010021 }}, taarifa kwenye tovuti yake mwenyewe</ref><ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/201508040619.html Tanzania: Kagasheki, Tibaijuka Outshine Opponents in Preferential Elections]. report by Tanzania Daily News on 4 August 2015, as per allafrica.com newssite, lookup in February 2017</ref> Akashinda uchaguzi akarudi bunge la Tanzania.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.annatibaijuka.org/?p=2040 |title=Prof Anna Tibaijuka defends her seat as MP of Muleba south constituency in Tanzania Parliament in the 2015 Tanzania Election |accessdate=2017-02-23 |archivedate=2017-02-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221005851/http://www.annatibaijuka.org/?p=2040 }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == {{commonscat}} *[http://www.annatibaijuka.org/?cat=43 Personal Homepage] {{Wayback|url=http://www.annatibaijuka.org/?cat=43 |date=20200125165218 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060614185524/http://www.unhabitat.org/director/ed_biography.asp Official UN Biography] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060614185541/http://www.unhabitat.org/documents/ZimbabweReport.pdf Report of the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General on Operation Murambatsvina] *[http://www.unhabitat.org/director/ed_biography.asp Official UN Biography] {{Wayback|url=http://www.unhabitat.org/director/ed_biography.asp |date=20060614185524 }} *[http://www.unhabitat.org/documents/ZimbabweReport.pdf Ripoti ya Mjumbe Maalum wa Katibu Mkuu juu ya Oparesheni Murambatsvina] {{Wayback|url=http://www.unhabitat.org/documents/ZimbabweReport.pdf |date=20060614185541 }} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa-Tanzania}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tibaijuka, Anna}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1950]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wanawake Tanzania]] cn6mxj9etthnlqvmzq3jhur8qu5lgzz 0 75495 1592736 1570853 2026-08-28T21:33:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592736 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Boko Haram Amputation.png|thumb|Boko Haram kundi la itikadi kali kutoka Afrika]] [[Picha:Al Shabaab fighters disengage and lay down arms 02 (8019360780).jpg |thumb|Kikundi cha itikadi kali cha Al Shabaab Somalia]] '''Itikadi kali''' ni dai la kushikilia sana misimamo ya [[dini]]<ref>{{cite journal | title = Beyond Theology: Toward an Anthropology of "Fundamentalism" | journal = American Anthropologist | date = Jun 2001 | first = Judith | last = Nagata | volume = 103 | issue = 2| id =}}<!--|accessdate=January 13, 2011--></ref><ref>Altemeyer, B., & Hunsberger, B. (1992). Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, quest, and prejudice. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2(2), 113-133. doi: 10.1207/s15327582ijpr0202_5</ref><ref name="academia.edu">Kunst, J., Thomsen, L., Sam, D. (2014). Late Abrahamic reunion? Religious fundamentalism negatively predicts dual Abrahamic group categorization among Muslims and Christians. European Journal of Social Psychology, https://www.academia.edu/6436421/Late_Abrahamic_reunion_Religious_fundamentalism_negatively_predicts_dual_Abrahamic_group_categorization_among_Muslims_and_Christians</ref><ref>Kunst, J. R., & Thomsen, L. (2014). Prodigal sons: Dual Abrahamic categorization mediates the detrimental effects of religious fundamentalism on Christian-Muslim relations. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. doi: 10.1080/10508619.2014.93796 https://www.academia.edu/7455300/Prodigal_sons_Dual_Abrahamic_categorization_mediates_the_detrimental_effects_of_religious_fundamentalism_on_Christian-Muslim_relations</ref><ref>Hunsberger, B. (1995). Religion and prejudice: The role of religious fundamentalism, quest, and right-wing authoritarianism. Journal of Social Issues, 51(2), 113-129. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01326.x</ref> au [[falsafa]] au [[siasa]] fulani kwa kuchukua hasa ma[[neno]] yaliyoandikwa na [[mwanzilishi]] bila [[ufafanuzi]] wowote, kadiri unavyohitajika kutokana na [[muda]] kupita au ma[[badiliko]] mbalimbali kutokea.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.ntpu.edu.tw/social/upload/P_1020081127150648.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2015-03-18 |archivedate=2013-08-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817003534/http://www.ntpu.edu.tw/social/upload/P_1020081127150648.pdf }}</ref> Kwa jumla [[msamiati]] huu unatumika kwa maana mbaya<ref>{{cite book |last=Harris |first=Harriet |title=Fundamentalism and Evangelicals |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2008 |isbn=0-19-953253-2 |oclc=182663241}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Roland |last=Boer |editor=Tony Bennett, Lawrence Grossberg, Meaghan Morris and Raymonnd Williams |title=Fundamentalism |encyclopedia=New keywords: a revised vocabulary of culture and society |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] |location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] |year=2005 |pages=134–137 |isbn=0-631-22568-4 |oclc=230674627 57357498 |url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/newkeywords/PDFs%20Sample%20Entries%20-%20New%20Keywords/Fundamentalism.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=July 27, 2008 |=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/newkeywords/PDFs%20Sample%20Entries%20-%20New%20Keywords/Fundamentalism.pdf |archivedate=2005-05-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050523045718/http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/newkeywords/PDFs%20Sample%20Entries%20-%20New%20Keywords/Fundamentalism.pdf }} {{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/newkeywords/PDFs%20Sample%20Entries%20-%20New%20Keywords/Fundamentalism.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2015-03-18 |archivedate=2005-05-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050523045718/http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/newkeywords/PDFs%20Sample%20Entries%20-%20New%20Keywords/Fundamentalism.pdf }}</ref>, tofauti na mtu kusifiwa kwa [[uaminifu]] wake unaoendana na [[msimamo]] usio na ukali dhidi ya wengine. ==Katika dini== Mfano maarufu wa aina hiyo ni "fundamentalism" iliyoenea katika [[Uprotestanti]] huko [[Marekani]] katika [[karne ya 20]] ikitaka kushika kabisa mambo 5 ya "msingi" (= fundamentals) kwa kupinga [[teolojia]] ya [[Usasa]]: * [[Biblia]] kuwa na [[uvuvio]] wa [[Roho Mtakatifu]] na kwa sababu hiyo [[kutodanganyika|kutoweza kukosea]] hata katika masuala ya [[sayansi]] * [[Yesu]] kuwa [[mzao]] wa [[bikira]] * [[Kifo cha Yesu]] kuwa [[malipizi]] ya [[dhambi]] za [[binadamu]] * [[Ufufuko wa Yesu]] katika [[mwili]] wake, si kwa [[roho]] tu * [[Uhalisia|Ukweli wa kihistoria]] wa [[miujiza ya Yesu]].<ref>George M. Marsden, ''Fundamentalism and American Culture'', (1980) pp 4-5 Over 1400 scholarly books have cited Marsden's work, [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=marsden+fundamentalism&btnG=&as_sdt=1%2C27&as_sdtp= according to Google Scholar].</ref><ref>Buescher, John. "[http://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/24092 A History of Fundamentalism]", [http://www.teachinghistory.org ''Teachinghistory.org''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.teachinghistory.org/ |date=20180926205612 }}. Retrieved August 15, 2011.</ref> Mfano mwingine wa siku hizi ni [[Uislamu]] wenye itikadi kali kama ule wa [[DAESH]], wa [[Boko Haram]], wa wale wanaolipua hata [[misikiti]], na wa nchi mbalimbali za Kiislamu ambazo zinadhulumu watu wa dini tofauti na hata Waislamu wa [[madhehebu]] mengine. Vilevile dini nyingine kadhaa, kama si zote, zina watu wenye itikadi kali, kama vile [[Wahindu]] wanaodhulumu [[Wahindi]] wenzao kwa sababu hawafuati [[dini ya jadi]] ya [[India]]. Mambo hayo yamefanya [[wakanamungu]] na wengineo wadai kwamba dini zote [[duniani]] zinaharibu [[maisha]] ya watu badala ya kuyaboresha. [[Utetezi wa dini|Watetezi wa dini]] wanahoji kama ni sawa kusema [[mwili]] ni mbaya kwa sababu una [[ugonjwa]] katika [[kiungo]] fulani. Kwao itikadi kali ni [[saratani]] ambayo wote wapambane nayo, badala ya kumuua mtu aliye nayo. Wanasema dini zimechangia sana [[maadili]] ya [[binadamu]] na ya [[jamii]], hata kama baadhi ya wanadini wameshika misimamo mibaya na kutenda mambo yasiyofaa. ==Chanzo na matokeo== [[Saikolojia]] na [[sosholojia]] zinasaidia kuelewa kwa nini baadhi ya watu wanaelekea kuwa na itikadi kali. Matokeo ya kawaida ya [[ukali]] huo ni kukataa wale wasioamini [[itikadi]] yenyewe, lakini pia wale ambao wanaiamini kwa kuifafanua bila ukali.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.ntpu.edu.tw/social/upload/P_1020081127150648.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2015-03-18 |archivedate=2013-08-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817003534/http://www.ntpu.edu.tw/social/upload/P_1020081127150648.pdf }}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist|2|refs=<!--ref name=AFAC>{{cite book|editor-last=Stuard-will|editor-first=Kelly|title=A Faraway Ancient Country|year=2007|publisher=Gardners Books|location=United States|isbn=978-0-615-15801-3 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&lpg=PA1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false |author=Emissary |publisher=Karitas Publishing |deadurl=no |accessdate=November 4, 2013}}</ref-->}} ==Marejeo== * Appleby, R. Scott, Gabriel Abraham Almond, and Emmanuel Sivan (2003). ''Strong Religion''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-01497-5 * Armstrong, Karen (2001). ''[[The Battle for God]]: A History of Fundamentalism''. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-39169-1 * Brasher, Brenda E. (2001). ''The Encyclopedia of Fundamentalism''. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92244-5 * Caplan, Lionel. (1987). "Studies in Religious Fundamentalism". London: The MacMillan Press Ltd. * Dorff, Elliot N. and Rosett, Arthur, ''A Living Tree; The Roots and Growth of Jewish Law'', SUNY Press, 1988. * Keating, Karl (1988). ''Catholicism and Fundamentalism''. San Francisco: Ignatius. ISBN 0-89870-177-5 * Gorenberg, Gershom. (2000). ''The End of Days: Fundamentalism and the Struggle for the Temple Mount.'' New York: The Free Press. * Hindery, Roderick. 2001. ''Indoctrination and Self-deception or Free and Critical Thought?'' Mellen Press: aspects of fundamentalism, pp.&nbsp;69–74. * Lawrence, Bruce B. ''Defenders of God: The Fundamentalist Revolt against the Modern Age.'' San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1989. * Marsden; George M. (1980). ''Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth Century Evangelicalism, 1870-1925'' Oxford University Press. * Marty, Martin E. and R. Scott Appleby (eds.). ''The Fundamentalism Project''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ** (1991). ''Volume 1: Fundamentalisms Observed''. ISBN 0-226-50878-1 ** (1993). ''Volume 2: Fundamentalisms and Society''. ISBN 0-226-50880-3 ** (1993). ''Volume 3: Fundamentalisms and the State''. ISBN 0-226-50883-8 ** (1994). ''Volume 4: Accounting for Fundamentalisms''. ISBN 0-226-50885-4 ** (1995). ''Volume 5: Fundamentalisms Comprehended''. ISBN 0-226-50887-0 * Noll, Mark A. ''A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada''. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1992. * Ruthven, Malise (2005). "Fundamentalism: The Search for Meaning". Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280606-8 * Torrey, R.A. (ed.). (1909). ''The Fundamentals''. Los Angeles: The Bible Institute of Los Angeles (B.I.O.L.A. now [[Biola University]]). ISBN 0-8010-1264-3 * "Religious movements: fundamentalist." In Goldstein, Norm (Ed.) (2003). ''The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law 2003'' (38th ed.), p.&nbsp;218. New York: The Associated Press. ISBN 0-917360-22-2. {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://swordofthelordbook.com The Sword of the Lord: The Roots of Fundamentalism in an American Family, book by Andrew Himes] {{Wayback|url=http://swordofthelordbook.com/ |date=20200919044445 }} *[http://www.vcstar.com/news/2011/may/12/can-anyone-define-fundamentalist/ Can Anyone Define Fundamentalist?] Article by [[Terry Mattingly]] via [[Scripps Howard News Service]] *[http://www.anthropoetics.ucla.edu/ap1502/1502Watson.htm Richard Dawkins' ''The God Delusion'' and Atheist Fundamentalism] {{Wayback|url=http://www.anthropoetics.ucla.edu/ap1502/1502Watson.htm |date=20100707022409 }} by Simon Watson, published in [http://www.anthropoetics.ucla.edu/home.html Anthropoetics XV,2 Spring 2010] {{Wayback|url=http://www.anthropoetics.ucla.edu/home.html |date=20100706211825 }} *[http://www.awid.org/eng/content/download/62360/695057/file/Shared%20Insights%20-%20Women's%20rights%20activists%20define%20RFs.pdf Shared Insights: Women's Rights Activists Define Religious Fundamentalisms]{{Wayback|url=http://www.awid.org/eng/content/download/62360/695057/file/Shared%20Insights%20-%20Women%27s%20rights%20activists%20define%20RFs.pdf |date=20120201071352 }} *[http://www.adventistreview.org/issue.php?issue=2006-1530&page=8 The Appeal-and Peril-of Fundamentalism ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.adventistreview.org/issue.php?issue=2006-1530&page=8 |date=20071015133135 }} by Dr. [[Bert B. Beach]] *[http://www.xmission.com/~fidelis/ ''The Fundamentals''] not complete at 2011-07-26. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20030101082327/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Parthenon/6528/fundcont.htm ''The Fundamentals: A Testimony to the Truth''] Online version of "The Fundamentals", not complete at 2011-07-26. *[http://lecturesoncentralasia.blogspot.com/2005/08/thoughts-on-religious-fundamentalism_22.html Thoughts on "Religious Fundamentalism" Identity] {{Wayback|url=http://lecturesoncentralasia.blogspot.com/2005/08/thoughts-on-religious-fundamentalism_22.html |date=20150202123620 }} *[http://www.icapi.org International Coalition Against Political Islam] {{Wayback|url=http://www.icapi.org/ |date=20051015022726 }} *[http://www.rawa.org Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (RAWA)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rawa.org/ |date=20190806185950 }} *[http://www.ntpi.org No to Political Islam] *[http://home.earthlink.net/%7Ejcmmsm/article/index.html Psychological Issues of Former Members of Restrictive Religious Groups] {{Wayback|url=http://home.earthlink.net/%7Ejcmmsm/article/index.html |date=20141008132811 }} by Jim Moyers *[http://www.csmonitor.com/2001/1004/p25s1-wosc.html Q & A on Islamic Fundamentalism] *[http://www.blessedquietness.com/ www.blessedquietness.com] a conservative Christian website, maintained by Steve van Natten *[http://waf.gn.apc.org/ Women Against Fundamentalism (UK)] {{Wayback|url=http://waf.gn.apc.org/ |date=20050829035533 }} *[http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024&context=gis The Rise of Religious Violence] *[http://www.montrealmuslimnews.net/fundamentalism.htm Yahya Abdul Rahman's Take On Fundamentalists And Fundamentalism] *[http://www.fas.harvard.edu/home/news-and-notices/news/press-releases/release-archive/releases-2007/fundamentalism-11072007.shtml Roots of Fundamentalism Traced to 16th Century Bible Translations], [[Harvard University]], November 7, 2007. * [http://www.athenaintelligence.org/aij-vol3-a18.pdf The Fundamentalist Distortion of the Islamic Message] {{Wayback|url=http://www.athenaintelligence.org/aij-vol3-a18.pdf |date=20150911000443 }} by Syed Manzar Abbas Saidi, published in [http://www.athenaintelligence.org/spip.php?rubrique11&lang=en Athena Intelligence Journal] {{Wayback|url=http://www.athenaintelligence.org/spip.php?rubrique11&lang=en |date=20150910235334 }} * [http://ibcsr.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=176:religion-is-a-celebration-of-excellence-review-of-born-rich&catid=25:research-news&Itemid=59 Fundamentalism linked to intimate partner violence] {{Wayback|url=http://ibcsr.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=176:religion-is-a-celebration-of-excellence-review-of-born-rich&catid=25:research-news&Itemid=59 |date=20130309063456 }} * [http://www.ukapologetics.net/evangelicalism.html Evangelicalism – Fundamentalism; What Is The Difference?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ukapologetics.net/evangelicalism.html |date=20150202133919 }} * Admiel Kosman, [http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/between-orthodox-judaism-and-nihilism-1.458950 Between Orthodox Judaism and nihilism: Reflections on the recently published writings of the late Rabbi Shimon Gershon Rosenberg] {{Wayback|url=http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/between-orthodox-judaism-and-nihilism-1.458950 |date=20150202134125 }}, Haaretz, Aug.17, 2012. {{mbegu-dini}} [[Category:Dini]] [[Jamii:Elimu jamii]] [[Jamii:Saikolojia]] 4mth1kb4t4rcq8hvodc24xensw4h09b 0 93072 1592735 1555785 2026-08-28T21:09:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592735 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Tikhvinskaya.jpg|thumb|[[Theotokos]] wa [[Tikhvin]], [[mchoro]] wa mwaka [[1300]] hivi.]] '''Ikonografia''' (kutoka [[Kigiriki]] εἰκών, eikon, "picha" na γράφειν, grafein, "kuandika" kupitia [[Kiingereza]] "iconography") ni [[tawi]] la [[historia ya sanaa]] ambalo linachunguza [[asili]] na maana ya [[picha]] kama [[sanaa]]<ref>[http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399301/obo-9780195399301-0161.xml Oxford Bibliographies: Paul Taylor, "Iconology and Iconography"]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tems.umn.edu/pdf/Panofsky_iconology2.pdf |title=Erwin Panofsky, ''Studies in Iconology: Humanistic Themes in the Art of the Renaissance''. Oxford 1939. |accessdate=2017-09-22 |archive-date=2023-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229110530/http://tems.umn.edu/pdf/Panofsky_iconology2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref> {{cite book|last= Giannetti|first= Louis|title= Understanding Movies|year= 2008|publisher= Person Prentice Hall|location= Toronto|page= 52}}</ref>. [[Utaalamu]] huo unahitajika hasa katika kufafanua [[picha takatifu]] za [[Ukristo wa Mashariki]], kwa kuwa hizo hazilengi kuiga [[sura]] halisi zinavyoonekana na [[macho]], bali kudokeza [[fumbo|mafumbo]] ya [[imani]] ili kuona yasiyoonekana. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Sanaa]] [[Jamii:Ukristo]] 7pq17u19jcjkx46ehrma9up3570qpxt 1592743 1592735 2026-08-28T23:20:38Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1592743 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Tikhvinskaya.jpg|thumb|[[Theotokos]] wa [[Tikhvin]], [[mchoro]] wa mwaka [[1300]] hivi.]] '''Ikonografia''' (kutoka [[Kigiriki]] εἰκών, eikon, "picha" na γράφειν, grafein, "kuandika" kupitia [[Kiingereza]] "iconography") ni [[tawi]] la [[historia ya sanaa]] ambalo linachunguza [[asili]] na maana ya [[picha]] kama [[sanaa]]<ref>[http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399301/obo-9780195399301-0161.xml Oxford Bibliographies: Paul Taylor, "Iconology and Iconography"]</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://tems.umn.edu/pdf/Panofsky_iconology2.pdf |title=Erwin Panofsky, ''Studies in Iconology: Humanistic Themes in the Art of the Renaissance''. Oxford 1939. |accessdate=2017-09-22 |archive-date=2023-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229110530/http://tems.umn.edu/pdf/Panofsky_iconology2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref> {{cite book|last= Giannetti|first= Louis|title= Understanding Movies|year= 2008|publisher= Person Prentice Hall|location= Toronto|page= 52}}</ref>. [[Utaalamu]] huo unahitajika hasa katika kufafanua [[picha takatifu]] za [[Ukristo wa Mashariki]], kwa kuwa hizo hazilengi kuiga [[sura]] halisi zinavyoonekana na [[macho]], bali kudokeza [[fumbo|mafumbo]] ya [[imani]] ili kuona yasiyoonekana. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Sanaa]] [[Jamii:Ukristo]] 1eq3lp6v5yl24lxoxjah1wgp0g8vio1 0 118453 1592752 1402317 2026-08-29T01:23:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592752 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lugha za Kinuristani''' ni [[jina]] la [[kundi]] la [[lugha hai]] zinazotumika hasa katika [[Nuristani]] ([[Afghanistan]] [[mashariki]]) lakini pia [[Pakistan]] [[magharibi]]. Kundi hilo linaainishwa kama mojawapo kati ya yale ya [[lugha za Kihindi-Kiirani]], hivyo kati ya kundi kuu la [[lugha za Kihindi-Kiulaya]]. Wasemaji wanahesabika kuwa 130,000 hivi. == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.site-shara.net/ Reiko and Jun's Japanese Kalash Page] {{en}} * [http://www.lexicool.com/dlink.asp?ID=0FW3HU5663&L1=34&L2=44 Hindi/Urdu-English-Kalasha-Khowar-Nuristani-Pashtu Comparative Word List] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lexicool.com/dlink.asp?ID=0FW3HU5663&L1=34&L2=44 |date=20190912023522 }} {{en}} * [http://nuristan.info/index.html Richard Strand's Nuristân Site] This site is the primary source on the linguistics and ethnography of Nuristân and neighboring regions, collected and analyzed over the last forty years by the leading scholar on Nuristân. {{en}} {{mbegu-lugha}} [[Category:Lugha za Afghanistan| ]] [[Jamii:Lugha za Kihindi-Kiirani| ]] [[Jamii:Lugha za Kihindi-Kiirani| ]] cxsvfpk0kajoyhz0lw01mhsqp6t3h1t 3 120859 1592999 1471562 2026-08-29T11:10:11Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{karibu}} ==Kuweka picha bila maelezo== Mpendwa, asante kwa jitihada yako ya kuongeza picha kwenye makala. Hata hivyo, ingekuwa vema ukijitahidi kuweka picha pamoja na maelezo yanayofaa. Nimeangalia mfano wa https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picha:Selection_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau,_1944_(Auschwitz_Album)_1a.jpg uliyoweka na maelezo "Maangamizi makuu dhidi ya Wayahudi Ulaya". Kwanza picha hii iko tayari kwenye makala, pili kwa maelezo sahihi. Nashukuru ukiangalia makala yote kabla ya kuingiza picha na kutafuta maelezo ya maana. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 13:25, 27 Julai 2020 (UTC) ==lugha== Habari nimesahihisha sasa hivi makala ya [[Caron Bernstein]]. Je ulitumia tafsiri ya kompyuta? Hii unaweza kufanya katika maandalizi ya makala lakini usileta kamwe tafisri za aina hoyi moja kwa moja, maana matokeo ni mabaya. Karibu kuuliza maswali!'''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 08:58, 20 Novemba 2020 (UTC) ==Martha Nasibu== Asante kwa mchango wako. Makala hii haikukamilika, sentensi ya mwisho haieleweki, halafu inaonekana haishi tena?? Haiwezi kubaki jinsi ilivyo, tafadhali fanya utafiti na kurekebisha. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 07:05, 20 Machi 2021 (UTC) == ba (Februari 16, [[1921]] - Septemba 19, [[1996]] ) == ba (Februari 16, [[1921]] - Septemba 19, [[1996]] ), angalia ukurasa huu.'''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|majadiliano]])''' 10:25, 29 Mei 2021 (UTC) ==Pitia Makala== Salama, jaribu kupitia katika makala hii https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopala_Davies kwa ajili ya maboresho ya kilugha,neno director katika filamu lina maanisha Muongozaji badala ya MKURUGENZI, Amani sana '''[[Mtumiaji:Idd ninga|Idd ninga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Idd ninga|majadiliano]])''' 11:12, 9 Oktoba 2021 (UTC) :Tayari,asanthe. '''[[Mtumiaji:Gladys Gibbs|Gladys Gibbs]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gladys Gibbs#top|majadiliano]])''' 11:23, 9 Oktoba 2021 (UTC) ==Wanawake nchi kwa nchi== Dada, jamii hiyo inajumlisha tayari wanawake wa nchi zote za dunia. Hakuna haja ya kuijaza makala nyingi mno bila migawanyo ya nchi kwa nchi. Amani kwako. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 14:07, 4 Desemba 2025 (UTC) ==Utoaji mimba== Ndugu, unakubali kweli kwamba kutoa mimba ni haki? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:10, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) o42kvfe6aa1fzpjgvu9tgq40nx3ex01 1593021 1592999 2026-08-29T11:26:13Z Gladys Gibbs 40388 /* Utoaji mimba */ Jibu 1593021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{karibu}} ==Kuweka picha bila maelezo== Mpendwa, asante kwa jitihada yako ya kuongeza picha kwenye makala. Hata hivyo, ingekuwa vema ukijitahidi kuweka picha pamoja na maelezo yanayofaa. Nimeangalia mfano wa https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picha:Selection_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau,_1944_(Auschwitz_Album)_1a.jpg uliyoweka na maelezo "Maangamizi makuu dhidi ya Wayahudi Ulaya". Kwanza picha hii iko tayari kwenye makala, pili kwa maelezo sahihi. Nashukuru ukiangalia makala yote kabla ya kuingiza picha na kutafuta maelezo ya maana. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 13:25, 27 Julai 2020 (UTC) ==lugha== Habari nimesahihisha sasa hivi makala ya [[Caron Bernstein]]. Je ulitumia tafsiri ya kompyuta? Hii unaweza kufanya katika maandalizi ya makala lakini usileta kamwe tafisri za aina hoyi moja kwa moja, maana matokeo ni mabaya. Karibu kuuliza maswali!'''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 08:58, 20 Novemba 2020 (UTC) ==Martha Nasibu== Asante kwa mchango wako. Makala hii haikukamilika, sentensi ya mwisho haieleweki, halafu inaonekana haishi tena?? Haiwezi kubaki jinsi ilivyo, tafadhali fanya utafiti na kurekebisha. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 07:05, 20 Machi 2021 (UTC) == ba (Februari 16, [[1921]] - Septemba 19, [[1996]] ) == ba (Februari 16, [[1921]] - Septemba 19, [[1996]] ), angalia ukurasa huu.'''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|majadiliano]])''' 10:25, 29 Mei 2021 (UTC) ==Pitia Makala== Salama, jaribu kupitia katika makala hii https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopala_Davies kwa ajili ya maboresho ya kilugha,neno director katika filamu lina maanisha Muongozaji badala ya MKURUGENZI, Amani sana '''[[Mtumiaji:Idd ninga|Idd ninga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Idd ninga|majadiliano]])''' 11:12, 9 Oktoba 2021 (UTC) :Tayari,asanthe. '''[[Mtumiaji:Gladys Gibbs|Gladys Gibbs]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gladys Gibbs#top|majadiliano]])''' 11:23, 9 Oktoba 2021 (UTC) ==Wanawake nchi kwa nchi== Dada, jamii hiyo inajumlisha tayari wanawake wa nchi zote za dunia. Hakuna haja ya kuijaza makala nyingi mno bila migawanyo ya nchi kwa nchi. Amani kwako. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 14:07, 4 Desemba 2025 (UTC) ==Utoaji mimba== Ndugu, unakubali kweli kwamba kutoa mimba ni haki? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:10, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) :Hapana ndugu,sisemi kwamba nakubaliana na kutoa mimba wala kwamba ni haki. Hizi ni makala ambazo tunazifanyia tafsiri ili kuziweka katika lugha ya Kiswahili na kuwafikishia wasomaji taarifa kwa uelewa mpana. Kutafsiri makala hakumaanishi kwamba ninakubaliana na maudhui au mitazamo yote iliyomo ndani yake. '''[[Mtumiaji:Gladys Gibbs|Gladys Gibbs]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gladys Gibbs#top|majadiliano]])''' 11:26, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) o31a1362f6dzwi3bwyrhwdldr0czie9 0 121926 1592810 1592327 2026-08-29T07:49:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592810 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |<big>Rafiki</big> |- |'''Imeongozwa na''' |Wanuri Kahiu<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kenyan Director Wanuri Kahiu Is Fun, Fierce, Frivolous and Timely|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/kenyan-director-wanuri-kahiu-is-fun-fierce-frivolous-timely-1145485|work=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en}}</ref> |- |'''Imetayarishwa na''' |Steven Markovitz |- |'''Wasanii''' |Wanuri Kahiu Jena Cato Bass |- |'''Nyota''' |[https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki Samantha Mugatsia] {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} [https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki Sheila Munyiva]{{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki 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|date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 |- |'''Sinematografi''' |Christopher Wessels |- |'''Imehaririwa na''' |Isabelle Dedieu |- |'''Imetolewa tar.''' |9 May 2018 ([[Cannes]]) 23 September 2018 (Kenya) |- |'''Ina muda wa dakika''' |82 |- |'''Nchi''' |Kenya |- |'''Lugha''' |Kiingereza Kiswahili |- |'''Mauzo ya Ofisi''' |$176,513<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rafiki (2018) - Financial Information|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)|work=The Numbers|accessdate=2020-03-05|archive-date=2024-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203144814/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} [[Picha:Wanuri Kahiu at the 2025 Sundance Film Festival (cropped).jpg|thumb|162x162px]] '''Rafiki'''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=RAFIKI|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/festival/films/rafiki|work=Festival de Cannes 2019|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en}}</ref> ni [[filamu]] kutoka nchi ya [[Kenya]] iliyotengenezwa katika [[mwaka]] [[2018]]. Filamu imeongozwa na [http://www.wanurikahiu.com/bio Wanuri Kahiu] ambaye ni Mkenya. Yeye aliandika “Rafiki” na Jenna Bass, [[meneja]] wa cinema kutoka [[Afrika ya Kusini]]. == Hadithi == “Rafiki” inahusu wanawake wawili, Kena na Ziki, ambao walianza kupendana. Kena alitoka jiji la Nairobi na alikaa katika nyumba ya mama yake, lakini husaidia katika duka la baba yake. Baba ya Kena alifanya kampeni katika uchaguzi wa serekali ya mtaa. Wakati wa kufanya kazi, Kena alianza kuonyesha mapenzi na Ziki, mwanamke wa mtaa. Lakini, Ziki ni binti la Peter Okemi, mshindani wa baba ya Kena katika uchaguzi wa serekali ya mtaa. Hata hevyo, Ziki na Kena waliendelea mchezo wa datsi nyingi na walikuwa karibukaribu sana. Lakini hawaweza kuonyesha uhusiano wao kwa sababu usenge ni haramu katika nchi ya Kenya. Marafiki wa Ziki walikasirika kwa sababu yeye hutumia wakati mwingi na Kena kwa hivyo walimpiga Kena. Kisha, Ziki alisaidia kupona Kena katika nyumba ya Ziki lakini mama ya Ziki aliona, wakati alienda chumbani, wakibusu. Walijaribu kukimbia lakini kundi la watu wenye waliwapata. Wamekamatwa, kisha wazazi wao walikuja kuwachukua. Baddaye, wazazi wa Ziki wanampeleka jiji la London na wazazi wa Kena walificha hali hiyo yote. Mwisho wa filamu, miaka kadhaa baadaye, Ziki alirudi mtaa na alikutana na Kena tena. Kena alimaliza shule wakaanza tena uhusiano wao. == Washiriki == • Samantha Mugatsia ni Kena<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=What I Learnt from My Lesbian Role in "Rafiki"- Samantha Mugatsia|url=https://www.eelive.ng/what-i-learnt-from-my-lesbian-role-in-rafiki-samantha-mugatsia/|work=Eelive|date=2019-03-13|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en-US}}</ref> • Sheila Munyiva ni Ziki • Neville Misati ni Blacksta • Nini Wacera ni Mercy • Jimmy Gathu ni John Mwaura • Charlie Karumi ni Waireri • Muthoni Gathecha ni Mama Atim • Dennis Musyoka ni Peter Okemi • Patricia Amira ni Rose Okemi • Nice Githinji ni Nduta • Patricia Kihoro ni Josephine • Mellen Aura ni Elizabeth == Mapokezi == Wakati filamu "Rafiki" ilitolewa watu hawakuruhusiwa kuitazama katika nchi ya Kenya kwa sababu Bodi ya Uainishaji Filamu Nchini Kenya (KFCB) walipiga marufuku filamu<ref>{{Citation|title=Lesbian film banned ahead of Cannes debut|date=2018-04-27|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43922780|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref>. KFCB walisema ni marufuku kwa sababu ya mada yake ya [[ushoga]] na dhamira ya wazi ya kukuza [[usagaji]] nchini Kenya kinyume na [[sheria]]. Bodi waliomba Wanuri Kahiu abadilishe mwisho wa filamu usiwe tumaini lakini Kahiu alisema hapana. Kwa hiyo, KFCB walionya watu kwamba wakinunua filamu wanaweza kuenda jela. Wapigania haki za ushoga wa kimataifa walikasirika.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ban of Kenyan film over lesbianism criticised|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Ban-of-Kenyan-film-over-lesbianism-criticised/1056-4535138-iuvqlo/index.html|work=Daily Nation|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en}}</ref> Kisha, Wanuri Kahiu alidai [[serikali]] ya Kenya kwa sababu alitaka kuingia Tuzo la Chuo (Academy Award) cha Filamu Bora ya Lugha ya Kigeni kwa mwaka tisini na moja za maadhimisho<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Govt Sued for Preventing Kenyan Movie From Winning Oscars|url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/33039-government-sued-preventing-kenyan-movie-winning-oscars|work=Kenyans.co.ke|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=EN|author=Mumbi Mutuko on 11 September 2018-6:45 pm}}</ref>. Mnamo [[21 Septemba]] 2018, [[Mahakama Kuu]] ya Wakenya iliondoa marufuku ya filamu kwa siku saba<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=High Court lifts ban on lesbian movie, dismisses moral police Ezekiel Mutua|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/286608-high-court-lifts-ban-controversial-lesbian-movie-dismisses-moral-police-ezekiel-mutua.html|work=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news.|date=2018-09-21|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en|author=Tuko.co.ke}}</ref>.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=High court lifts ban on lesbian themed movie 'Rafiki'|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018-09-21-high-court-lifts-ban-on-lesbian-themed-movie-rafiki/|work=The Star|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en-KE}}</ref> Baada ya marufuku kutolewa, “Rafiki” iliuzwa kabisa kutoka sinema katika jiji la Nairobi<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lesbian film Rafiki sells out after Kenyan court lifts ban|url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/lesbian-film-rafiki-sells-out-after-kenyan-court-lifts-ban-20180924-p505k2.html|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=2018-09-23|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en|author=Cecilie Kallestrup}}</ref>. Lakini, hata hivyo, “Rafiki” haikuenda Tuzo la Chuo. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== *https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)#tab=summary {{Wayback|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)#tab=summary |date=20240203144814 }} *https://twitter.com/InfoKfcb/status/989837096251781120 *https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Ban-of-Kenyan-film-over-lesbianism-criticised/1056-4535138-iuvqlo/index.html *https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43922780 *https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/festival/films/rafiki *https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/33039-government-sued-preventing-kenyan-movie-winning-oscars *https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018-09-21-high-court-lifts-ban-on-lesbian-themed-movie-rafiki/ *https://www.tuko.co.ke/286608-high-court-lifts-ban-controversial-lesbian-movie-dismisses-moral-police-ezekiel-mutua.html#286608 *https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/lesbian-film-rafiki-sells-out-after-kenyan-court-lifts-ban-20180924-p505k2.html *https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/kenyan-director-wanuri-kahiu-is-fun-fierce-frivolous-timely-1145485 *https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} *https://www.eelive.ng/what-i-learnt-from-my-lesbian-role-in-rafiki-samantha-mugatsia/ {{mbegu-filamu}} [[Jamii:Filamu za Kenya]] [[Jamii:filamu za 2018]] kupbyiijdg8ewcm1ttj4fgbx0yfybmg 0 124512 1592649 1413272 2026-08-28T14:24:28Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Tazama pia */ 1592649 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:San Marcellino, vescovo di Ancona.jpg|thumb|Mt. Marselino.]] '''Marselino wa Ancona''' (alifariki [[9 Januari]] katika [[karne ya 6]]) alikuwa [[askofu]] wa [[mji]] [[Ancona|huo]] wa [[Italia ya Kati]]<ref>Cfr. Abate Antonio Leoni anconitano, "''Istoria d'Ancona, capitale della Marca Anconitana''", Tipografia Baluffi, Ancona, 1810, volume II, capitolo XV, pagg.27-31, [https://books.google.it/books?id=aEIPft8rlv8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=it&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Google books].</ref>. [[Papa Gregori I]] aliandika askofu huyo alivyookoa mji wake katika hatari ya [[moto]] kuuteketeza. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[9 Januari]]<ref>Martyrologium Romanum</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo== * [http://www.lavocecattolica.it/storia.chiesa.ancona.htm Vincenzo Pirani, in collaborazione con il Prof. Giorgio Nicolini, ''Storia della Chiesa di Ancona'', capitolo IV: ''I Santi venerati nella Chiesa anconetana'', par.4] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki karne ya 6]] [[Category:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Italia]] 3rkyo1nyd1kqrgvwdu5trm9e3x7zi75 0 126060 1592694 1592491 2026-08-28T16:33:31Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1592694 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Unload wheat by the combine Claas Lexion 584.jpg|thumb|upright=2.2|[[Mavuno]] ya [[ngano]] kwa [[vifaa]] vya kisasa yanawatimizia wengi mahitaji ya chakula.]] '''Uzalishaji''' (kutoka [[kitenzi]] ''kuzaa'', kilichonyambulishwa kuwa ''kuzalisha'') ni mchakato wa kutumia [[akili]], [[ujuzi]] n.k. ili kufanya [[mali]] na [[vitu]] kwa jumla viongezeke kulingana na mahitaji ya [[binadamu]], kuanzia [[chakula]]<ref>"Kotler", P., Armstrong, G., Brown, L., and Adam, S. (2006) ''Marketing'', 7th Ed. Pearson Education Australia/Prentice Hall.</ref> The area of economics that focuses on production is referred to as production theory, which in many respects is similar to the consumption (or consumer) theory in economics.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://assets.cambridge.org/97811070/36161/frontmatter/9781107036161_frontmatter.pdf |title=Sickles, R., & Zelenyuk, V. (2019). Measurement of Productivity and Efficiency: Theory and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139565981 |accessdate=2020-05-10 |archive-date=2019-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510043056/https://assets.cambridge.org/97811070/36161/frontmatter/9781107036161_frontmatter.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>, badala ya kutarajia viwatoshe daima kama ilivyo katika [[maisha]] ya [[wawindaji-wakusanyaji]] wanaoendeleza [[utamaduni]] wa watu wa kale hadi miaka 10,000 hivi iliyopita. Ndipo wengine walipoanza shughuli za [[ufugaji]] na [[kilimo]] zilizosababisha [[ustaarabu]] uliozidi kustawi na kuenea [[duniani]] kote pamoja na namna nyingi za [[uchumi]]. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book | last =Courbois | first =R. | authorlink = |author2=Temple, P. | title =La methode des "Comptes de surplus" et ses applications macroeconomiques | publisher =160 des Collect,INSEE,Serie C (35) | year =1975 | location = | pages =100 | url = | doi = | isbn = }} * {{cite journal | last =Craig | first =C. |author2=Harris, R. | title =Total Productivity Measurement at the Firm Level | journal =Sloan Management Review | volume = | issue =Spring 1973 | pages =13–28 | year =1973 | url = | doi =| ref =harv }} * {{cite journal | last =Genesca | first =G.E. | author2 =Grifell, T. E. | title =Profits and Total Factor Productivity: A Comparative Analysis | journal =Omega. The International Journal of Management Science | volume =20 | issue =5/6 | pages =553–568 | year =1992 | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_omega_september-november-1992_20_5-6/page/553 | doi =10.1016/0305-0483(92)90002-O | ref =harv }} * {{cite journal | last =Gollop | first =F.M. | title = Accounting for Intermediate Input: The Link Between Sectoral and Aggregate Measures of Productivity Growth | journal =Measurement and Interpretation of Productivity | volume = | issue = | pages = | publisher =National Academy of Sciences | year =1979 | url = | doi =| ref =harv }} * {{cite journal | last =Hulten | first =C. R. | title =Total Factor Productivity: A Short Biography | journal = NBER Working Paper No. 7471 | date=January 2000 | doi =10.3386/w7471| ref =harv | doi-access =free }} * {{cite journal | last =Hulten | first =C. R. | title = Growth Accounting | date = September 2009 | journal = NBER Working Paper No. 15341 | doi =10.3386/w15341 | ref =harv | doi-access =free }} * {{cite conference | first =D.W. | last =Jorgenson | authorlink = | author2 =Ho, M.S. | author3 =Samuels, J.D. | title =Long-term Estimates of U.S. Productivity and Growth | booktitle = | pages = | publisher =Third World KLEMS Conference | year =2014 | location =Tokyo | url =http://www.worldklems.net/conferences/worldklems2014/worldklems2014_Ho.pdf | doi = | accessdate = }} * {{cite journal | last =Kurosawa | title =An aggregate index for the analysis of productivity | journal =Omega | volume =3 | issue =2 | pages =157–168 | year =1975 | url = | doi =10.1016/0305-0483(75)90115-2| authorlink = | first1 =K| ref =harv }} * {{cite journal | last =Loggerenberg van | first =B. |author2=Cucchiaro, S. | title =Productivity Measurement and the Bottom Line | journal =National Productivity Review | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages =87–99 | year =1982 | url = | doi =10.1002/npr.4040010111| ref =harv }} * {{cite book | last =Pineda | first =A. | authorlink = | title =A Multiple Case Study Research to Determine and respond to Management Information Need Using Total-Factor Productivity Measurement (TFPM). | publisher =Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University | year =1990 | location = | pages = | url = | doi = | isbn = }} * {{cite book | last =Riistama | first =K. |author2=Jyrkkiö E. | title =Operatiivinen laskentatoimi (Operative accounting) | publisher = Weilin + Göös | year =1971 | location = | pages =335 | url = | doi = | isbn = }} * {{cite book | last =Saari | first =S. | authorlink = | title =Productivity. Theory and Measurement in Business. Productivity Handbook (In Finnish) | publisher = MIDO OY | year =2006a | location = | pages =272 | url = | doi = | isbn = }} * {{cite book | last =Saari | first =S. | authorlink = | title =Production and Productivity as Sources of Well-being | publisher = MIDO OY | year =2011 | location = | pages =25 | url = http://www.mido.fi/Index_tiedostot/Artikkeli%202011.htm | doi = | isbn = }} * {{cite conference | first =S. | last =Saari | authorlink = | title =Productivity. Theory and Measurement in Business | booktitle = | pages = | publisher =European Productivity Conference | year =2006 | location =Espoo, Finland | url =http://www.mido.fi/Index_tiedostot/Productivity%202006.htm | format =PDF | doi = | accessdate = }} * Sickles, R., and Zelenyuk, V. (2019). Measurement of Productivity and Efficiency: Theory and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://assets.cambridge.org/97811070/36161/frontmatter/9781107036161_frontmatter.pdf {{Wayback|url=https://assets.cambridge.org/97811070/36161/frontmatter/9781107036161_frontmatter.pdf |date=20190510043056 }} {{refend}} ==Marejeo mengine== *Moroney, J. R. (1967) Cobb-Douglass production functions and returns to scale in US manufacturing industry, ''Western Economic Journal'', vol 6, no 1, December 1967, pp 39–51. *Pearl, D. and Enos, J. ('''1975''') Engineering production functions and technological progress, ''The Journal of Industrial Economics'', vol 24, September 1975, pp 55–72. *Robinson, J. (1953) The production function and the theory of capital, ''Review of Economic Studies'', vol XXI, 1953, pp.&nbsp;81–106 *[[Anwar Shaikh (Economist)|Anwar Shaikh]], "Laws of Production and Laws of Algebra: The Humbug Production Function", in The Review of Economics and Statistics, Volume 56(1), February 1974, p.&nbsp;115-120. http://homepage.newschool.edu/~AShaikh/humbug.pdf {{Wayback|url=http://homepage.newschool.edu/~AShaikh/humbug.pdf |date=20050518113632 }} *[[Anwar Shaikh (Economist)|Anwar Shaikh]], "Laws of Production and Laws of Algebra—Humbug II", in Growth, Profits and Property ed. by Edward J. Nell. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1980. http://homepage.newschool.edu/~AShaikh/humbug2.pdf {{Wayback|url=http://homepage.newschool.edu/~AShaikh/humbug2.pdf |date=20050518112119 }} *[[Anwar Shaikh (Economist)|Anwar Shaikh]], "Nonlinear Dynamics and Pseudo-Production Functions", published?, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20120603132106/http://homepage.newschool.edu/~AShaikh/Nonlinear%20Dynamics%20and%20Pseudo-Production%20Functions.pdf *Shephard, R (1970) ''Theory of cost and production functions'', Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ. *Sickles, R., and Zelenyuk, V. (2019). Measurement of Productivity and Efficiency: Theory and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139565981 https://assets.cambridge.org/97811070/36161/frontmatter/9781107036161_frontmatter.pdf {{Wayback|url=https://assets.cambridge.org/97811070/36161/frontmatter/9781107036161_frontmatter.pdf |date=20190510043056 }} *Thompson, A. (1981) ''Economics of the firm, Theory and practice'', 3rd edition, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs. ISBN|0-13-231423-1 ==Viungo vya nje== *Elmer G. Wiens: [http://www.egwald.ca/economics/productionfunctions.php Production Functions] - Models of the Cobb-Douglas, C.E.S., Trans-Log, and Diewert Production Functions. {{mbegu-uchumi}} [[Category:Uchumi]] [[Category:Kazi]] hf6ufq22p6xfb4r004nzmjgtvmjqzx0 3 133749 1592984 1155883 2026-08-29T11:04:52Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{karibu}}--'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 15:12, 20 Machi 2021 (UTC) ==Utoaji mimba== Ndugu, unakubali kweli kwamba kutoa mimba ni haki? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:04, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) cqk4byi6h8gktykyzstetv8alxgqp7o 3 137933 1593003 1587935 2026-08-29T11:13:04Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1593003 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Diego Tinotenda Chikombeka''' (amezaliwa Februari 5, 1998), anajulikana kitaalamu kama Diego Tryno ni mwanamuziki wa kisasa wa mjini wa [[Zimbabwe na mwanamuziki]] wa [[hip-hop]]. Anajulikana pia nchini kwa majina ya jukwaani ikiwa ni pamoja na "Mr. Coffee Please" na "The Future Billionaire". == Maisha ya awali == Diego alizaliwa [[Mutare]], Zimbabwe katika Hospitali ya Wilaya ya [[Sakubva]].<ref> name =newsguard>{{Cite web | url=http://newsguard.co.zw/2019/12/02/manicaland-artiste-defies-odds/ |title = Msanii wa Manicaland amekaidi odds|date = 2019-12-02}}</ref> Alikuwa mtoto wa kwanza kuzaliwa na mama yake Fungisai Kanjera na baba yake Christopher Chikombwe. Alipokuwa akisoma shule ya msingi, alihamia [[Zvishavane] kwa muda na kurejea Mutare kumalizia elimu yake ya msingi. Alisomea Shule ya Upili ya Chikanga kabla ya kuhamia [[Harare]], na kumaliza shule ya upili katika Shule ya Upili ya Living Waters.<ref name=storify>{{Cite web | url=https://www.storifynews.com/the-curious-tale-of-the-southern-african-star-diego-and-his-industry/ |title = Hadithi ya Kustaajabisha ya nyota wa Kusini mwa Afrika Diego na wake sekta &#124; Storify News|tarehe = 2019-11-21}}</ref> Wakati wa masomo yake, Tryno alifanya mazoezi ya muziki faraghani, kwa kuwa wazazi wake hawakuvumilia uamuzi wake wa kutafuta muziki.<ref> name=newsday2>{{Cite web|url =https://www.newsday.co.zw/2019/10/diego-known-abroad-stranger-at-home/|title = Diego: Anajulikana nje ya nchi, mgeni nyumbani|tarehe = 2019-10-17}}</ref> == Kazi ya muziki == Aliwahi kufanya muziki wa [[Zimdancehall]] kwa jina Ricky D kabla ya kuhamia hip-hop.<ref name="newsguard" /> Tryno alirekodi wimbo wake wa kwanza wa hip-hop mwaka wa 2014 unaoitwa "Go Diego Go" na akashinda yake ya kwanza. tuzo ya kikanda katika Tuzo za Muziki za Zambezi mwaka huo huo.<ref> name=newsday1>{{Cite web|url = https://www.newsday.co.zw/2019/08/wanamuziki-wapigana-dhidi-graft|title = Mwanamuziki fight against graft|date = 26 August 2019}}</ref> Mnamo 2015 alifanya show yake ya kwanza ya moja kwa moja katika Summer Jam ikifuatiwa na ziara ya ngoma ya "I wanna see you".<ref name="Bulawayo24" /> Anafanya muziki nchini [[Lugha ya Kiingereza|Kiingereza]], [[Lugha ya Kishona|Shona]], na [[Lugha ya Kindebele cha Kaskazini|Ndebele]] na wimbo wake wa kwanza wa Kishona ulikuwa mwaka wa 2015 aliposhiriki katika wimbo na mwimbaji TC.<ref>{ {Taja mtandao | url=https://zimmagazine.com/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-diego-tryno-zimmagazine/ |title = Mambo 10 ambayo hukujua kuhusu Diego Tryno-Zimmagazine|tarehe = 2019-09- 17}}</ref><ref name="newsguard" /> Tryno amefanya kazi na watayarishaji wa kikanda na kimataifa katika utayarishaji wa muziki wake. Mtayarishaji mmoja mashuhuri alikuwa Dry AFM kutoka Botswana ambaye alichangia katika uchanganyaji wa wimbo wake Yolo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lounge263.co.zw/diegotryno/|title=Diego Tryno Dates Botswana Producer |last=Lounge263|date=2016-10-20|website=Lounge263 Mag|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/ 20190722005012/https://www.lounge263.co.zw/diegotryno/|archive-date=2019-07-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> === 2018 === Mnamo Oktoba 2018, Tryno alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza ''Lazarus (Age Volume 1)'' ambayo ilikuwa mchango wa kwanza wa mradi wake wa ''All Generations Entwined''.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://blownaija .com/e-news-diego-tryno-and-all-generations-entwined-volumes-1-5-age-vol-1-5/|title = [E-Habari] Diego Tryno na Vizazi Vyote Juzuu 1- 5 (Umri Vol 1-5)|last = Blow|first = Baba|date = 15 Septemba 2019|tovuti = Blow Naija|language = en|access-date = 15 Novemba 2019}}</ref> Albamu ilitolewa mnamo ushirikiano na albamu ya msanii wa Hip-hop wa Zimbabwe Ti Gonzi "Best Mero" siku hiyo hiyo na ukumbi na wimbo wa kwanza uliaminika kimakosa kuwa Albamu ya Injili.<ref name="Hallelujahmag">{{cite web|url=https:/ /hallelujahmag.com/2019/12/05/kitambulisho-cha-wanamuziki-vipofu-kwa-aina-kwa-uinjilisti-sababu-kesi-ya-diego-tryno/|title=Wanamuziki wasioona utambulisho wa aina kwa ajili ya uinjilisti|kazi =Hallelujahmag|date=2019-12-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hmetro.co.zw/i-sing-hipu-hopu-not -hip-hop-ti-gonzi/|title=Naimba hipu hopu si hip hop – Ti Gonzi|last=H-Metro|website=H-Metro|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-07-21 }}</ref> Albamu ya kwanza ya Tryno ilisambazwa sana kwenye vituo vya redio vikiwemo Star Fm, ZiFm, Hevoi Fm huko Masvingo na SA's Metro Fm.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://globenews24.online/ahadi-zilizovunjika-zinatishia-kazi-ya-wasanii/ | title=Ahadi zilizovunjwa zinatishia kazi ya msanii &#124; Globenews24}}</ref> Baada ya albamu yake ya kwanza, Tryno alijaribu kuchanganya muziki wa kisasa wa mjini, sungura, injili, na asili ya Zimbabwe.<ref name="oyosnews">{{cite web|url=http://oyos.news /tengeneza-njia-kwa-new-hip-hop-influencers-diego-tryno-on-an-anti-graft-note|title = Wape njia washawishi wapya wa Hip-hop- Diego Tryno juu ya kupinga ufisadi kumbuka - OyOsNews - Habari zako zote za Zim Mtu Mashuhuri|last = Codingest|tarehe = 11 Novemba 2019|tovuti = OyOsNews|language = en|tarehe ya ufikiaji = 15 Novemba 2019}}</ref> Oktoba 30, 2018, Diego alitoa toleo lake la kwanza video "Mabvuta" moja kwa moja kwenye ZiFm Stereo na Zimbabwe [[ZBC TV]]. === 2019 === Mnamo mwaka wa 2019 Tryno alitoa wimbo wake ''Cooler Box'' ambao uliingia kwenye chati za redio za Zimbabwe na aliahidi kuachia albamu yake ya pili ''Stories (Age Vol 2)'' ambayo alishindwa kuitoa katika tarehe aliyoahidi na ikavutia. maoni hasi kutoka kwa mashabiki wake.<ref>https://www.thehararetimes.com/zim-hip-hop-artist-diego-tryno-delays-album-release-manager-blames-power-cuts/</ref> Desemba 2019 alikanusha uvumi kuhusu ziara nchini Kenya na akaghairi ziara nyingine zozote za uvumi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://koenzagh.com/2019/12/17/diego-tryno-cancels-xmas-tour- inaondoa tetesi/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |access-date=2019-12-21 |archive-date=2019-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221165821/https: //koenzagh.com/2019/12/17/diego-tryno-cancels-xmas-tour-clears-rumours/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Video == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Mwaka !Kichwa !Mkurugenzi !Kumb |- |2018 |Mabvuta |Media Empire | |- |2019 |Sungai ft Dj Monte |Denford Mkasi | |} ==Marejeleo== {{reflist|30em}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://www.afro.video/en/artist/diego-tryno/ Video] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FKTP34EKFU Wasifu] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mahojiano ya Zrsbl9UXGcw kwenye Star FM] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DEfrfvZJq88 Mahojiano kwenye Hevoi FM] [[Kitengo: Waliozaliwa 1998]] [[Jamii:Watu wanaoishi]] ==Kuhusu Vyanzo== Salamu, nakukumbusha kuwa, makala zote unazoandaa hakikisha zinakuwa na vyanzo na muundo unaoelewaka, makala yeyote kutoka katika Wikipedia ya Kiingeeza kama haina chanzo, basi usiweke katika Wikipidia ya Kiswahili, pitia makala zako kama za leo na uzifanyie marekebisho kabla ya kuendelea na makala nyingine,,Amani sana '''[[Mtumiaji:Idd ninga|Idd ninga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Idd ninga|majadiliano]])''' 11:12, 14 Septemba 2022 (UTC) ::Ndugu, hatuhitaji makala za Kiswenglish! Ukitumia mashine kutafsiri kutoka Kiingereza, sahihisha vizuri hadi ieleweke! Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:36, 14 Septemba 2022 (UTC) == Fwatilia Masahihisho == Ndugu @[[Mtumiaji:Kelvin kevoo|Kelvin kevoo]] Hongera kwa juhudi zako za Uhariri katika wikipedia ya kiswahili. Hata ivyo ninakuomba kupitia ukurasa wa mabadiliko ya hivi karibuni ili kuona namna makala zako zinavyosahihishwa na wahariri wengine na ujifunze ili usirudie makosa yaleyele kila mara. Asante '''[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|majadiliano]])''' 13:13, 30 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :Narudia na kusisitiza ulichoambiwa tayari hapa juu. Mbona unarudiarudia makosa yale? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:29, 5 Agosti 2026 (UTC) ::Nimeona nafuu kidogo, lakini bado hujaelewa kwamba ukiweka mabano kando ya namba yoyote, kiungo kitahusu mwaka. Kwa mfano, <nowiki>[[14]]</nowiki> si kiungo cha namba kumi na nne, bali cha mwaka 14 BK. Pia, katika mabano ya kwanza karibu na kichwa hakuna haja ya kuandika <nowiki>[[tarehe]]</nowiki>. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 08:57, 6 Agosti 2026 (UTC) :::Ndugu, endelea kufuatilia masahihisho. Kwa mfano, [[Nico Elvedi]], katika jamii usiandike tu nchi yake, bali <nowiki>[[jamii:wachezaji mpira wa Uswisi ]]</nowiki>. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:17, 14 Agosti 2026 (UTC) ==Utoaji mimba== Ndugu, unakubali kweli kwamba kutoa mimba ni haki? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:13, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) dxobxm0mov9sz8hyp124u3ukde9lvuu 0 141295 1592654 1537584 2026-08-28T14:45:51Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592654 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Saint Sabina of Rome. Coloured etching. Wellcome V0033336.jpg|thumb|250px|Mt. Sabina alivyochorwa.]] [[File:Santa Sabina2013-08-27.JPG|thumb|[[Masalia]] yake.]] '''Sabina wa Roma''' (alifariki [[Roma]], [[126]] hivi) alikuwa [[mwanamke]] wa [[ukoo]] bora wa [[Roma ya Kale]] aliyeolewa bado [[kijana]] sana na [[seneta]] Valentinus. Kisha kujiunga na [[Kanisa]], alikatwa [[kichwa]] kwa hilo. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakristo]] wa [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stsabinaparish.org/patron_saint.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-12-01 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017000711/http://www.stsabinaparish.org/patron_saint.html |archivedate=2014-10-17 }}</ref>. Mjini Roma kuna [[basilika]] maarufu lililojengwa kwa [[heshima]] yake <ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/91096</ref>. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[29 Agosti]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commonscat|Saint Sabina}} *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13290a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: ''St. Sabina''] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:waliozaliwa karne ya 1]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 126]] [[Jamii:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Roma ya Kale]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Italia]] o8r5rclzfyc7m26l5ouf3j6a6f1c25o 0 145788 1592806 1523745 2026-08-29T07:28:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592806 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Pointe-Noire downtown.jpg|300px|thumb|Pointe Noire]] '''Pointe-Noire''' (kwa [[Kikongo]]: '''Ninji''') ni [[mji]] mkubwa wa pili katika [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]], kufuatia [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Brazzaville]]. [[Jiji]] hili huwa na hadhi ya [[mkoa]] tangu [[mwaka]] [[2004]]. Kabla ya [[tarehe]] hiyo ilikuwa [[makao makuu]] wa [[mkoa wa Kouilou]]. Mji ulianzishwa kwenye [[rasi]] ndogo katika [[Atlantiki|Bahari ya Atlantiki]]. Pointe-Noire ni [[kitovu]] kikuu cha [[biashara]] nchini ikiwa na wakazi 1,398,812 (2023).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://ins-congo.cg/download/populations-residentes-des-localites-du-congo/|title=Cinquieme Recensement General De La Population Et De L’habitation (RGPH-5): Populations Residentes Des Localites Du Congo|publisher=Institut National de la Statistique (INS)|access-date=2025-02-03|location=Brazzaville|format=PDF|language=fr|ref=CITEREFINS2023|archive-date=2024-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909080215/https://ins-congo.cg/download/populations-residentes-des-localites-du-congo/?wpdmdl=4168&refresh=66deaa90329801725868688|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/congo/cities/|title=Congo (Rep.): Cities & Urban Localities|work=City Population|access-date=2025-02-03 |language=en |ref=CITEREFCity population2023}}</ref> [[Rundiko la mji]] lina wakazi zaidi ya [[milioni]] moja. == Historia == [[Jina]] la Pointe-Noire linamaanisha kwa [[Kifaransa]] "nukta nyeusi" likitokana na [[Baharia|mabaharia]] [[Ureno|Wareno]] walioona huko mnamo mwaka [[1484]] [[Mwamba (jiolojia)|miamba]] mieusi kwenye rasi ndogo. Wakachora [[alama]] hiyo kwenye [[ramani]] wakaiita Ponta Negra kwa [[Kireno]]. Kuanzia wakati huo na kuendelea, Pointe-Noire, iliyoitwa kwa Kireno ''Ponta Negra'', ikawa mahali pa [[kumbukumbu]] kwa wanamaji waliopita huko. Mnamo [[1883]] [[Ufaransa|Wafaransa]] walifanya [[mkataba]] na [[Ufalme wa Loango|ufalme wa Loango]] na kuanzisha kituo cha [[uvuvi]] hapo walichokiita "Pointe-Noire". Mnamo mwaka wa [[1910]] [[koloni]] la [[Afrika ya Ikweta ya Kifaransa]] (''Afrique équatoriale française'', AEF) liliundwa na Wafaransa wakilenga kufaidika na [[utajiri]] wa [[Kongo]]. Hapo walihitaji [[reli]] kutoka [[Brazzaville]] hadi [[pwani]] ya Atlantiki wakachagua Pointe-Noire kama mahali panapofaa kuanzisha [[bandari]].<ref>John Frank Clark, Samuel Decalo, ''Historical Dictionary of Republic of the Congo'', Scarecrow Press, USA, 2012, p. 365</ref> Mnamo [[1927]] mji ulikuwa na wakazi 3,000 tayari ukapata mfumo wa [[maji]] ya [[Bomba|bomba]]. [[Uwanja wa ndege]] ulijengwa mnamo [[1932]]. Mnamo [[1934]], [[Gavana]] Raphael Antonetti alizindua Reli ya Kongo-Bahari. [[Hospitali]] ya kwanza ilijengwa mnamo [[1936]]. Mwaka huohuo, Benki ya Afrika Magharibi (BAO) ilifungua [[tawi]] lake la kwanza jijini. Mnamo [[1942]], bandari ya Pointe-Noire ilikaribisha [[meli]] yake ya kwanza. Mnamo [[1950]], Pointe-Noire ilikuwa na wakazi 20,000, ikawa mji mkuu wa "Kongo ya Kati", wakati Brazzaville ilikuwa [[mji mkuu]] wa Afrika ya Ikweta ya Kifaransa. Mnamo [[1957]], Kongo ya Kati ikawa Jamhuri ya Kongo, ingawa haikuwa huru bado. Matukio yaliyotokea wakati wa [[uchaguzi]] wa [[Mbunge|wabunge]] wa mwaka [[1958]] yalisababisha [[Kiongozi|viongozi]] wa Muungano wa Kidemokrasia wa Kutetea Maslahi ya Kiafrika (''Union démocratique pour la défense des interets africains'', UDDIA) kuhamisha mji mkuu hadi Brazzaville, kwa kuwa Pointe-Noire ilikuwa chini ya ushawishi wa upinzani wa kisiasa. Wakati wa [[uhuru]] mwaka [[1960]] Pointe-Noire ilikuwa mji wa nchi ulioendelea zaidi. Tangu mwaka [[1980]] [[Mafuta ya petroli|mafuta]] yaligunduliwa [[bahari|baharini]] karibu na pwani na Pointe-Noire iliendelea kuwa kitovu cha tasnia ya mafuta. [[Idadi]] ya wakazi ikaongezeka haraka ikafikia 360,000 mnamo [[1994]]. Mapigano ya [[vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] katika miaka ya [[1997]] na [[1999]] yalisababisha [[Wimbi|mawimbi]] ya [[Wakimbizi|wakimbizi]] kutoka mikoa jirani kuelekea Pointe-Noire, na kusababisha idadi ya watu kupanda hadi zaidi ya wakazi milioni 1. == Uchumi == [[Picha:Timber_for_export_at_the_Port_of_Pointe-Noire,_Republic_of_Congo.jpg|thumb| Mbao za kuuza nje katika Bandari ya Pointe-Noire]] Pointe-Noire ni kituo muhimu cha sekta ya mafuta ya [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]], ambayo ni mojawapo ya wazalishaji wakuu wa mafuta katika [[Afrika ya Kati]]. [[Mafuta]] ya Kongo yametolewa hasa na [[kampuni]] ya Kifaransa ya Elf Aquitaine tangu kugunduliwa kwake karibu 1980. Pointe-Noire pia inajulikana kwa tasnia yake ya uvuvi, ambayo mara nyingi haikubaliani na ukuzaji wa mafuta. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Reconsidering informality: perspectives from urban Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/reconsideringinf00hans|last=Tati, Gabriel|publisher=Nordic Africa Institute, 2004|year=2004|isbn=91-7106-518-0|editor-last=Hansen, Karen Tranberg|pages=[https://archive.org/details/reconsideringinf00hans/page/n234 235]|chapter=Sharing Public Space in Pointe-Noire, Congo-Brazzaville: Immigrant Fishermen and a Multinational Oil Company}}</ref> Maji ya eneo hilo yanaripotiwa kuvuliwa kupita kiasi. <ref>"The rise of shark fishing off the Congolese coast", Al Jazeera, 22 November 2021 https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2021/11/22/in-pictures-sharks-and-artisanal-fishermen-struggle-to-survive </ref> == Usafiri == Pointe-Noire ni nyumbani kwa Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Agostinho-Neto ambao kufikia Mei [[2015]] ulikuwa na [[safari]] za [[Ndege (uanahewa)|ndege]] za moja kwa moja hadi [[Abidjan]], [[Bole International Airport|Addis Ababa]], Brazzaville, [[Casablanca]], [[Cotonou]], [[Douala]], [[Kinshasa]]–N'Djili, [[Libreville]], [[Lome|Lomé]], [[Malabo]], [[Paris]]–Charles de Gaulle, [[Port-Gentil]], na [[Johannesburg]]–OR Tambo na ulikuwa uwanja wa ndege wa pili nchini kwa idadi ya ndege zilizotua na kuondoka. Pointe-Noire pia ni kituo cha Reli ya Kongo-Bahari, [[kituo cha reli]] kikiwa jengo mashuhuri. Mnamo mwaka [[2014]] reli hiyo ilikuwa ikiendesha huduma ya [[treni]] ya La Gazelle kila siku ya pili hadi [[Brazzaville]]. <ref>2014 Timetable, Lonely Planet, https://www.lonelyplanet.com/thorntree/forums/africa/congo/la-gazelle-train-brazzaville-to-pointe-noire</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Jamhuri ya Kongo]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Jamhuri ya Kongo]] 0mya50w2mxam70n9nnz13h1jm16l974 0 145961 1592799 1523117 2026-08-29T06:19:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592799 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[mji]] uliopo katika [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]], [[mkoa wa Sangha]]. [[Mwaka]] 2023 [[idadi]] ya watu ilikadiriwa kuwa 75,095.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://ins-congo.cg/download/populations-residentes-des-localites-du-congo/|title=Cinquieme Recensement General De La Population Et De L’habitation (RGPH-5): Populations Residentes Des Localites Du Congo|publisher=Institut National de la Statistique (INS)|access-date=2025-02-03|location=Brazzaville|format=PDF|language=fr|ref=CITEREFINS2023|archive-date=2024-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909080215/https://ins-congo.cg/download/populations-residentes-des-localites-du-congo/?wpdmdl=4168&refresh=66deaa90329801725868688|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/congo/cities/|title=Congo (Rep.): Cities & Urban Localities|work=City Population|access-date=2025-02-03 |language=en |ref=CITEREFCity population2023}}</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Jamhuri ya Kongo]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Jamhuri ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Sangha]] nwtauk4p8jg7ee060mawhhw71o7p5me 0 145964 1592800 1523124 2026-08-29T06:20:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592800 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[mji]] uliopo katika [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]], [[mkoa wa Cuvette]]. [[Mwaka]] 2023 [[idadi]] ya watu ilikadiriwa kuwa 48,642.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://ins-congo.cg/download/populations-residentes-des-localites-du-congo/|title=Cinquieme Recensement General De La Population Et De L’habitation (RGPH-5): Populations Residentes Des Localites Du Congo|publisher=Institut National de la Statistique (INS)|access-date=2025-02-05|location=Brazzaville|format=PDF|language=fr|ref=CITEREFINS2023|archive-date=2024-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909080215/https://ins-congo.cg/download/populations-residentes-des-localites-du-congo/?wpdmdl=4168&refresh=66deaa90329801725868688|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/congo/cities/|title=Congo (Rep.): Cities & Urban Localities|work=City Population|access-date=2025-02-05 |language=en |ref=CITEREFCity population2023}}</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Jamhuri ya Kongo]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Jamhuri ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Cuvette]] 1vfukf015pa704nfgv194a773fofnug 0 150192 1592803 1523454 2026-08-29T07:02:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Peace Efih |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 15 Agosti 2000 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu |nchi = Nigeria }} '''Peace Ewomazino Efih''' (alizaliwa [[5 Agosti]] [[2000]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa nchini [[Nigeria]] ambaye anacheza kama [[Kiungo (michezo)|kiungo]] wa klabu ya Ligat Nashim FC Kiryat Gat na [[timu ya taifa]] ya Nigeria. Mwanzoni alicheza timu ya Edo Queens na Rivers Angels katika [[Ligi Kuu]] ya [[Wanawake]] ya Nigeria. Wakati wa Kombe la Wanawake la WAPU B mwaka [[2018]] Efih alifunga bao la pekee katika mchezo wa kwanza wa timu Nigeria.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/peace-efih_prs458501/person.shtml |title=Peace Efih |website=EuroSports}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.brila.net/wafu-womens-cup-efih-grabs-match-winner-against-mali/ |title=WAFU Women's Cup: Efih Grabs Match-winner Against Mali |date=2018-02-16 |website=Brila |access-date=2019-07-21 |archive-date=2018-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423094758/http://www.brila.net/wafu-womens-cup-efih-grabs-match-winner-against-mali/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.pulse.ng/sports/football/wafu-womens-cup-5-things-you-need-to-know-about-the-ongoing-football-tournament/2k6s6h1 |title=5 things you need to know about the ongoing football tournament |website=Pulse |access-date=2019-07-21}}</ref> Mnamo Julai [[2019]] Efih alijiunga na Sporting de Huelva kwa [[mkataba]] wa mwaka mmoja. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/nigeria-midfielder-peace-efih-joins-sporting-de-huelva-from/1u5udinam03up1qy5yiq30roey |title=Nigeria midfielder Peace Efih joins Sporting de Huelva from Rivers Angels |last=Ahmadu |first=Samuel |website=Goal.com |access-date=2019-07-21}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2000]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa kike]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Nigeria]] 7ntk8pdma9c9kmh4uitzza6h1jve1v4 0 150628 1592734 1513016 2026-08-28T19:48:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Glory ogbonna |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = [[25 Desemba]] [[1998]] |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake = |nchi = Nigeria }} '''Glory Ogbonna''' (alizaliwa [[25 Desemba]], [[1998]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa wanawake kutoka nchini [[Nigeria]] ambaye anacheza kama [[beki]] wa klabu ya [[mpira]] ya Umea IK nchini [[Uswidi]] na [[timu ya taifa]] ya wanawake ya Nigeria. Amecheza na klabu ya mpira ya ''Edo Queens'' katika Ligi ya Wanawake ya Nigeria.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/glory-ogbonna_prs461222/person.shtml |title=Glory Ogbonna |website=Eurosport}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/glory-ogbonna/468323/ |title=G. OGBONNA |website=Soccerway.com |access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.brila.net/danjuma-names-famuditi-imo-in-starting-line-up-to-face-tanzania/ |title=Danjuma names Famuditi, Imo in starting line-up to face Tanzania |date=16 September 2017 |publisher=Brila FM |access-date=1 September 2019 |archive-date=2018-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124060949/https://www.brila.net/danjuma-names-famuditi-imo-in-starting-line-up-to-face-tanzania/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mnamo [[tarehe]] [[16 Julai]] [[2021]] akiwa nchini [[Austria]] na klabu nyingine ya Super Falcons katika kambi ya Aisha Buhari katika mashindano ya kimataifa klabu ya soka ya Umea yenye makao yake makuu [[mji]]ni Elitetan ilitangaza kumsajili Glory Ogbonna kama mchezaji wao mpya mpaka mwisho wa [[2022]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/dennerby-singles-out-outstanding-ogbonna-after-super-falcons/rge6i2xv5lyw1czyart2gd77z |title=Coach Dennerby singles out 'outstanding' Ogbonna after Nigeria's Wafu outing |last=Ahmadu |first=Samuel |date=27 February 2018 |website=Goal.com |access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1998]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa kike]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Nigeria]] sygnu3b931sxonu0anlpte5klm40u8n 0 161395 1592901 1525811 2026-08-29T10:16:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592901 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Siku ya Kimataifa ya Kutokomeza Ukatili Dhidi ya Wanawake''' iliidhinshwa na [[Baraza Kuu]] la [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] ambalo limeteua kwa ajili yake [[tarehe]] [[25 Novemba]] (Azimio 54/134). <ref name="United">{{Rejea tovuti|title=International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women|url=https://www.un.org/en/events/endviolenceday/|work=United Nations|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=21 March 2013|year=2013}}</ref> Madhumuni ya siku hiyo ni kuongeza ufahamu duniani kote kuhusu [[Mwanamke|wanawake]] [[Ubakaji|kubakwa]], kunyanyaswa nyumbani na aina nyinginezo za ukatili; zaidi ya hayo, moja ya malengo ya siku hiyo ni kuangazia kwamba ukubwa na asili ya kweli ya suala hilo mara nyingi hufichwa. Kwa mwaka wa [[2014]], mada rasmi iliyoandaliwa na kampeni ya [[Katibu Mkuu wa UM|Katibu Mkuu]] wa Umoja wa Mataifa UNiTE Kukomesha Unyanyasaji dhidi ya Wanawake, ni ''Orange Your Neighborhood''. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=16 Days|url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/ending-violence-against-women/take-action/16-days-of-activism|work=UN Women|publisher=UN Women|accessdate=21 November 2014|year=2014|archive-date=2018-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217022644/http://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/ending-violence-against-women/take-action/16-days-of-activism|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Historia == Kihistoria, [[tarehe]] hiyo inatokana na tarehe ya mauaji ya dada watatu Mirabal mwaka [[1960]], wanaharakati wa kisiasa katika [[Jamhuri ya Dominikana]]; mauaji hayo yaliamriwa na [[dikteta]] wa nchi hiyo [[Rafael Trujillo]] (1930–1961). <ref name="United2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women|url=https://www.un.org/en/events/endviolenceday/|work=United Nations|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=21 March 2013|year=2013}}</ref> Mnamo [[1981]], wanaharakati katika Jumuiya ya Amerika ya Kusini na Karibiani ya Feminist Encuentros iliadhimisha Novemba 25 kama siku ya kupambana na kuhamasisha unyanyasaji dhidi ya wanawake kwa upana zaidi; mnamo Februari 7, 2000, tarehe hiyo ilipokea azimio lake rasmi la Umoja wa Mataifa (UN). <ref name="United2" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Nations|first=United|title=Background|url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/ending-violence-against-women-day/background|accessdate=2021-11-23|work=United Nations|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea habari}}</ref> Umoja wa Mataifa na Muungano wa Mabunge ya Umoja wa Mataifa wamehimiza serikali, mashirika ya kimataifa na NGOs kuandaa shughuli za kuunga mkono siku hiyo kama maadhimisho ya kimataifa . <ref name="IPU resolution">{{Rejea tovuti|title=How Parliaments Can and Must Promote Effective Ways of Combating Violence Against Women in All Fields|url=http://archive.ipu.org/un-e/ipu-114-3-e.pdf|work=The 114th Assembly of the Inter-Parliamentary Union|publisher=IPU|accessdate=25 November 2012}}</ref> Kwa mfano, [[UN Women]] (Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Usawa wa Jinsia na Uwezeshaji wa Wanawake) huadhimisha siku hiyo kila mwaka na kutoa mapendekezo kwa mashirika mengine kuiadhimisha. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu}} {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Haki za binadamu]] [[Jamii:Sikukuu za Kimataifa]] tua22t4mv04740atcio1vkwandyitbo 2 161683 1592640 1258411 2026-08-28T13:08:52Z Denis John5 57299 1592640 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:AX4A5818.jpg|thumb|Picha ya Denis Ruttakumwa John]] Denis Ruttakumwa John ni Mtanzania mwenye taaluma na maslahi katika masuala ya anga, mahusiano ya kimataifa na usambazaji wa maarifa kupitia Wikipedia. Amehitimu Shahada ya Sanaa katika Mahusiano ya Kimataifa kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dodoma]]. Alianza kuchangia na kuhariri Wikipedia mwaka 2022, hususan katika Wikipedia ya Kiswahili, akilenga kuchangia katika usambazaji wa elimu na maarifa kwa wasomaji wa lugha ya Kiswahili pamoja na kusasisha makala kulingana na taarifa na matukio mbalimbali. Katika taaluma ya anga, Denis amepata mafunzo katika shughuli za uwanja wa ndege na uendeshaji wa ndege. Mwaka 2024 alihitimu mafunzo ya wahudumu wa ndege katika [[Air Tanzania|Air Tanzania Training Center]], na mwaka 2025 alipata leseni ya Cabin Crew. 5xq6xfqyvnyjbexmoubpj31n235cjnn 1592819 1592640 2026-08-29T08:18:12Z Denis John5 57299 1592819 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:AX4A5818.jpg|thumb|Picha ya Denis Ruttakumwa John]] Denis Ruttakumwa John ni Mtanzania mwenye taaluma na maslahi katika masuala ya anga, mahusiano ya kimataifa na usambazaji wa maarifa kupitia Wikipedia. Amehitimu Shahada ya Sanaa katika Mahusiano ya Kimataifa kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dodoma]]. Alianza kuchangia na kuhariri Wikipedia mwaka 2022, hususan katika Wikipedia ya Kiswahili, akilenga kuchangia katika usambazaji wa elimu na maarifa kwa wasomaji wa lugha ya Kiswahili pamoja na kusasisha makala kulingana na taarifa na matukio mbalimbali. 5pkgf22t4lboj0lpvtuqfm6pquh9zwo 0 171906 1592706 1295740 2026-08-28T17:08:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592706 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chijioke Akuneto''' (alizaliwa [[10 Oktoba]], 1997) ni mwanasoka wa [[Nigeria]] anayechezea klabu ya Rivers United F.C. katika Ligi ya Soka ya Nigeria Professionalle. Chijioke Alikuwa mfungaji bora wa ligi msimu wa 2021-22. ==Kazi== Akuneto alichezea klabu ya MFM F.C yenye makao yake [[Lagos]]. katika Ligi ya Soka ya Nigeria Professionalle mnamo [[2019]] na alifunga mabao manne katika michezo yake kumi na tatu ya kwanza.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/amp/news/mfm-midfielder-chijioke-akuneto-reveals-goal-target-after-scoring-against-enyimba/vibrgumgfrsn1cjqzx7bx9e9r|title=MFM midfielder Chijioke Akuneto reveals goal target after scoring against Enyimba|website=goal.com}}</ref> ==Ushiriki Kimataifa== Mnamo Julai 2022 aliitwa katika kikosi cha Nigeria kwa mechi za kufuzu kwa Ubingwa wa Mataifa ya Afrika 2022 dhidi ya Ghana zilizochezwa Agosti na Septemba 2022. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brila.net/chan-ezenwa-blames-nff-for-super-eagles-qualifiers-failure/|title=CHAN: Ezenwa blames NFF for Super Eagles qualifying failure|website=brilla.net|accessdate=2023-06-14|archive-date=2022-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907215253/https://www.brila.net/chan-ezenwa-blames-nff-for-super-eagles-qualifiers-failure/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/amp/news/nigeria-2-0-ghana-2-2-agg-4-5-pen-black-galaxies-qualify-for-2023-african-nations-championship/blt993ef3da5b73708b|title= Nigeria 2-0 Ghana (2-2 agg, 4-5 pen): Black Galaxies qualify for 2023 African Nations Championship|website=Goal.com}}</ref> ==Maisha Binafsi== Akuneto alijitolea bao alilofunga tarehe [[1 Aprili]], 2019 akiwa na klabu ya MFM F.C. kwa mtoto wao mchanga yeye na [[mke|mkewe]] Temitope ambaye alifariki saa 24 zilizopita. Alisema alikuwa amecheza mechi hiyo kwa matakwa ya mke wake tu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brila.net/i-dedicate-my-goal-to-my-late-child-akuneto-chijioke/|title=I dedicate my goal to my late child - Akuneto Chijioke|website=brilla.net|accessdate=2023-06-14|archive-date=2022-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207203632/https://www.brila.net/i-dedicate-my-goal-to-my-late-child-akuneto-chijioke/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Heshima== '''Rivers United''' * Ligi ya [[Mpira wa miguu|Soka]] ya Nigeria Professionalle: 2021-2022. * NPFL Eunisell tuzo ya kiatu cha [[dhahabu]]: 2021-2022. ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} ==Viungo Vya Nje== * [https://int.soccerway.com/players/-/539339/ Chijioke Akuneto ]katika Soccerway {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1997]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] n9nqujoh1qjra4xypyqj081mblr80gy 0 180611 1592657 1483732 2026-08-28T14:49:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592657 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amarachi Uchechukwu''' (alizaliwa [[2 Februari]] [[2001]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa wavu]] wa wanamke kutoka nchini [[Nigeria]] ambaye anacheza katika klabu ya mpira ya ''Nigeria Customs'' na timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya mpira wa wavu ya Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Busybuddies|date=2020-02-23|title=Beach Volleyball: Team Sazamm, Customs Triumph In 2020 President Cup|url=https://www.busybuddiesng.com/beach-volleyball-team-sazamm-customs-triumph-in-2020-president-cup/|access-date=2023-03-18|website=The Busy Buddies|language=en-GB|archive-date=2023-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318193958/https://www.busybuddiesng.com/beach-volleyball-team-sazamm-customs-triumph-in-2020-president-cup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Mafanikio == Amarachi anacheza katika timu "b" ya mpira wa wavu wa pwani kwa timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kuti|first=Dare|date=2021-06-27|title=Beach V/ball: Nigeria women team to miss Tokyo Olympics|url=https://www.aclsports.com/beach-v-ball-nigeria-women-team-to-miss-tokyo-olympics/|access-date=2023-03-18|website=ACLSports|language=en-GB|archive-date=2023-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318180816/https://www.aclsports.com/beach-v-ball-nigeria-women-team-to-miss-tokyo-olympics/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Alikuwa sehemu ya timu iliyoteuliwa kushiriki katika mchujo wa kanda wa 2019 CAVB U21 Beach Cup huko Accra, [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-20|title=Team Nigeria off to Ghana for CAVB U21 Beach Cup Qualifiers|url=https://dailytrust.com/team-nigeria-off-to-ghana-for-cavb-u21-beach-cup-qualifiers/|access-date=2023-03-18|website=Daily Trust|language=en-GB|archive-date=2023-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318192715/https://dailytrust.com/team-nigeria-off-to-ghana-for-cavb-u21-beach-cup-qualifiers/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pia alikuwa sehemu ya timu iliyoshiriki katika Mashindano ya Dunia ya 2019 huko Doha.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Saliu|first=Mohammed|date=2019-10-11|title=Beach Volleyball: Nigeria women volleyball team set for World Championship in Doha|url=https://www.brila.net/beach-volleyball-nigeria-women-volleyball-team-set-for-world-championship-in-doha/|access-date=2023-03-18|website=Latest Sports News In Nigeria|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318192822/https://www.brila.net/beach-volleyball-nigeria-women-volleyball-team-set-for-world-championship-in-doha/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alikuwa sehemu ya timu iliyowakilisha Afrika katika Ziara ya Dunia ya 2019 ya Mpira wa theluji huko Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rapheal|date=2019-07-31|title=Nigeria to attend snow volleyball in Argentina|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/nigeria-to-attend-snow-volleyball-in-argentina/|access-date=2023-03-18|website=The Sun Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> yeye pamoja na wenzake walipata ushindi dhidi ya wenyeji Argentina katika mchezo wao wa kwanza kwa alama 2-1 (13-15, 15-11, 15-11).<ref>{{Cite web|last=admin|date=2019-08-19|title=NIGERIA BEAT ARGENTINA IN SNOW VOLLEYBALL CHAMPIONSHIP|url=https://youthandsports.ng/nigeria-beat-argentina-in-snow-volleyball-championship/|access-date=2023-03-18|website=Federal Ministry of Youth and Sports Development|language=en-GB|archive-date=2023-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318180856/https://youthandsports.ng/nigeria-beat-argentina-in-snow-volleyball-championship/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Alikuwa sehemu ya timu iliyowakilisha Nigeria katika toleo la kwanza la Mashindano ya Dunia ya Mpira wa Wavu wa Pwani ya 2019 huko Hamburg, Ujerumani.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Moseph|first=Queen|date=2019-06-30|title=Team Nigeria record defeat in World Beach Volleyball opener|url=https://www.aclsports.com/team-nigeria-record-defeat-in-world-beach-volleyball-opener/|access-date=2023-03-18|website=ACLSports|language=en-GB|archive-date=2023-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318182008/https://www.aclsports.com/team-nigeria-record-defeat-in-world-beach-volleyball-opener/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Timu ya Nigeria ilikuwa ya pili wakati [[Kenya]] ilipofuzu kwa [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya 2020 iliyopangiwa baadaye.<ref>{{Cite web|last=volleyballworld.com|title=Argentina, China, Cuba and Kenya take Olympic berths|url=https://en.volleyballworld.com/news/argentina-china-cuba-and-kenya-take-olympic-berths|access-date=2023-03-18|website=volleyballworld.com|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2001]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waigbo]] 9zpx2tnrwobwo7ie99s923y7xhidzyu 0 180612 1592764 1519890 2026-08-29T02:26:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592764 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maryann Kelechukwu''' (alizaliwa [[11 Desemba]] [[2003]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[Voliboli|mpira wa wavu]] wa [[wanawake]] kutoka nchini [[Nigeria]] anayechezea katika klabu ya [[mpira]] ya Kada Emeralds na [[timu ya taifa]] ya wanawake ya Nigeria.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Maryann Kelechukwu » beach tournaments :|url=https://beach.volleybox.net/maryann-kelechukwu-p63357/beach_tournaments|access-date=2023-03-21|website=Beach Volleybox|language=en|archive-date=2023-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321190357/https://beach.volleybox.net/maryann-kelechukwu-p63357/beach_tournaments|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Kuti|first=Dare|date=2019-12-12|title=Tokyo 2020 Olympics Q: NVBF invites 12 Beach V/ball players|url=https://www.aclsports.com/tokyo-2020-olympics-q-nvbf-invites-12-beach-v-ball-players/|access-date=2023-03-21|website=ACLSports|language=en-GB|archive-date=2023-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320184506/https://www.aclsports.com/tokyo-2020-olympics-q-nvbf-invites-12-beach-v-ball-players/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Mafanikio == Kelechukwu anacheza katika timu ya "b" ya mpira wa wavu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Nigeria.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Oyeniyi|first=Sola|date=2018-04-30|title=V/ball: 52 players expected in camp for U-17 national trials|url=https://www.aclsports.com/11658-2/|access-date=2023-03-21|website=ACLSports|language=en-GB|archive-date=2023-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321190528/https://www.aclsports.com/11658-2/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Alikuwa sehemu ya timu iliyoinuliwa na [[Shirikisho]] la Mpira wa Wavu la Nigeria kuelekea michuano ya [[vijana ya Afrika]] na Afrika ya [[2018]] nchini [[Algeria]]. Kelechukwu, pamoja na Tochukwu Nnourge, Isabella Lanju, Albertina Francis na Amarachi Uchechukwu, alikuwa sehemu ya timu ya kufuzu ya Nigeria kwa [[Michezo ya Olimpiki|Olimpiki]] ya [[Tokyo]] 2020 iliyoinuliwa na Shirikisho la Mpira wa Wavu la Nigeria. Timu ya Nigeria ilikuwa mshindi wa pili wakati Kenya ilipojikatia tiketi ya Olimpiki ya Msimu wa Joto wa 2020 ulioahirishwa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=volleyballworld.com|title=Argentina, China, Cuba and Kenya take Olympic berths|url=https://en.volleyballworld.com/news/argentina-china-cuba-and-kenya-take-olympic-berths|access-date=2023-03-18|website=volleyballworld.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Busari|first=Niyi|title=Olympics Qualifiers: Nigeria To Face Hosts, Cameroon, Kenya Two Others In January|url=https://bsnsports.com.ng/post/olympics-qualifiers-nigeria-to-face-hosts-cameroon-kenya-two-others-in-january|access-date=2023-03-20|website=Olympics Qualifiers: Nigeria To Face Hosts, Cameroon, Kenya Two Others In January|archive-date=2023-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320202318/https://bsnsports.com.ng/post/olympics-qualifiers-nigeria-to-face-hosts-cameroon-kenya-two-others-in-january|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pia alishiriki katika Timu ya Nigeria katika Mshindano ya Dunia ya Mpira wa Wavu ya 2019 huko Doha, Qatar.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Saliu|first=Mohammed|date=2019-10-11|title=Beach Volleyball: Nigeria women volleyball team set for World Championship in Doha|url=https://www.brila.net/beach-volleyball-nigeria-women-volleyball-team-set-for-world-championship-in-doha/|access-date=2023-03-21|website=Latest Sports News In Nigeria|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318192822/https://www.brila.net/beach-volleyball-nigeria-women-volleyball-team-set-for-world-championship-in-doha/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kelechukwu, pamoja na Amarachi Uchechukwu, alishiriki katika kufuzu kwa Kombe la CAVB U-21 Beach Cup mwaka wa 2019 huko Accra.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-02-20|title=Team Nigeria off to Ghana for CAVB U21 Beach Cup Qualifiers|url=https://dailytrust.com/team-nigeria-off-to-ghana-for-cavb-u21-beach-cup-qualifiers/|access-date=2023-03-21|website=Daily Trust|language=en-GB|archive-date=2023-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318192715/https://dailytrust.com/team-nigeria-off-to-ghana-for-cavb-u21-beach-cup-qualifiers/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kada Emeralds iliifunga Timu ya Forodha ya Nigeria kutwaa taji la wanawake katika mashindano ya Kombe la Mpira wa Wavu la Rais wa 2023 huko Kaduna.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Release|first=Press|date=2023-02-19|title=Beach Volleyball: Kada teams dominate 2023 President Cup|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/nigeria-sports-news/582909-beach-volleyball-kada-teams-dominate-2023-president-cup.html|access-date=2023-03-21|website=Premium Times Nigeria|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2003]] [[Jamii:Kampeni ya Wanawake wa Kiafrika kwenye Wikipedia]] j9mmpfqhh6iuy8w0ozr8f09vre7y60c 3 189712 1592989 1444061 2026-08-29T11:07:15Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Karibu}} '''[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|majadiliano]])''' 14:14, 31 Oktoba 2024 (UTC) ==Makala Fupi== Makala zako nyingi unazoanzisha unaziacha zikiwa ni fupi sana,nyingi zikiwa na mstari mmoja au mstari mmoja na nusu,huku katika Wikipedia nyingine zikiwa ni ndefu kidogo,kabla ya kuendelea kuanzisha makala nyingine,hakikisha unapitia makala zote ulizoanzisha ili uzirefushe kidogo,Amani Sana '''[[Mtumiaji:Idd ninga|Idd ninga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Idd ninga|majadiliano]])''' 18:07, 11 Februari 2025 (UTC) :Pia baada ya kumaliza kuchapisha andiko lako, rudi kwa mara ya pili sehemu ya reflist,edit na uondoe alama ya </nowiki> , Amani sana '''[[Mtumiaji:Idd ninga|Idd ninga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Idd ninga|majadiliano]])''' 20:02, 14 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::Dada, karibu tena! Naomba upitie masahihisho niliyozifanyia makala zako za leo ili usirudierudie makosa yaleyale. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 06:59, 3 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :::nashukuru sana boss, nitarekebisha '''[[Mtumiaji:Ester Gasper Kimario|Ester Gasper Kimario]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ester Gasper Kimario#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:59, 3 Agosti 2025 (UTC) == Tafsiri ya kompyuta == Habari Ester, Hongera kwa juhudi zako za uandishi wa makala. Tafadhari hakikisha unakuwa unapitia vizuri makala kabla ya kuichapisha, na kuhakikisha kuwa kiswahili kipo vizuri. Nimepitia makala zako kadhaa baadhi zipo vizuri kabisa, hongera. Lakini baadhi zinaonekana zina makosa mengi kwenye muundo wa lugha na kuonekana kama makala nzima imefanyiwa tafsiri ya kompyuta. Hivyo hakikishi unapitia vizuri kabla ya kuchapisha ili kupunguza mzigo kwa wakabidhi na wanaopitia makala kwa masahihisho. Ili kujifunza kuwa na tabia ya kurudia kupitia makala ulizioandika na kuona tofauti ya mabadiliko yaliyofanywa na wengine, ukiwa kwenye makala nenda kwenye "fungua historia" utaona orodha ya watumiaji walio fanya uhariri kwenye makala hiyo, bofya kabla hapo utaona tofauti ya mabadiliko. Tafadhari kwa sasa kabla hujachapisha makala mpya, pitia kwanza makala ulichochapisha na ufanya marekebisho panapo hitajika kwanza. Kila la heri. '''[[Mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|Anuary Rajabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|majadiliano]])''' 08:25, 10 Agosti 2025 (UTC) ==Utoaji mimba== Ndugu, unakubali kweli kwamba kutoa mimba ni haki? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:07, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) ox4860n7pyef7wevzl4fzb9lm4svb6u 2 191247 1592659 1586625 2026-08-28T15:19:48Z FurahaKamili3 68209 1592659 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Seat_of_the_House_of_Justice.jpg|kulia|thumb|300x300px|[[Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu]] huko [[Haifa]], [[Israeli]], ndicho chombo cha juu kabisa cha Wabaháʼí]]Dini ya Kibaháʼí ni dini iliyoanzishwa katika karne ya 19 inayofundisha umoja wa Mungu, umoja wa dini, na umoja wa binadamu. Ilianzishwa na [[Baháʼu'lláh]], na ilienea kwanza nchini Iran na katika baadhi ya maeneo ya [[Mashariki ya Kati]], ambako imekabiliwa na mateso ya kudumu tangu mwanzo wake.{{sfn|Affolter|2005}} Wafuasi wa dini hii huitwa Wabaháʼí, na leo wameenea katika nchi na maeneo mengi duniani'''.''' Kwa mujibu wa Dini ya Kibaháʼí, dini zote kuu za ulimwengu zina chanzo kimoja cha kiungu. Katika nyakati tofauti za historia, Mungu amewatuma wajumbe mbalimbali kuwaletea wanadamu mwongozo unaolingana na mahitaji ya wakati wao. Wabaháʼí humtambua [[Baháʼu'lláh]] kuwa Mdhihirishaji wa Mungu kwa wakati huu, ambaye ujumbe wake unalenga kuunganisha wanadamu wote. Katika maandiko yake, anaeleza kwamba "dunia yote ni nchi moja na Binadamu ni raia wake." == Imani ya Kibahá'í == Mafundisho ya [[Bahaʼullah|Baháʼu'lláh]] ndiyo msingi wa imani ya Kibaháʼí. Kiini cha mafundisho hayo ni kanuni tatu: umoja wa Mungu, umoja wa dini, na umoja wa binadamu. Wabaháʼí wanaamini kwamba Mungu hufunua mapenzi yake kwa wanadamu hatua kwa hatua kupitia wadhihirishaji wake. Kupitia ufunuo huo, tabia ya mwanadamu na maisha ya jamii hubadilishwa, na sifa za kiroho na kimaadili hukuzwa. Kwa sababu hiyo, dini hueleweka kuwa mchakato wa ufunuo uendeleao, unaoleta mwendelezo, mpangilio, na umoja katika historia ya binadamu.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=108–109}} === Mungu === Kulingana na maandiko ya Kibaháʼí, Mungu hufafanuliwa kuwa mmoja, wa milele, ajuaye yote, aliyepo kila mahali, asiyoharibika, na mwenye nguvu zote ambaye ni Muumba wa vitu vyote katika ulimwengu.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=106}} Kuwepo kwa Mungu huchukuliwa kuwa kwa milele, bila mwanzo wala mwisho. Ingawa Mungu yuko nje ya ufikivu wa moja kwa moja wa mwanadamu, bado anafahamu uumbaji wake na ana mapenzi na kusudi ambalo hulieleza kwa wanadamu kupitia Wajumbe wake wanaoitwa Wadhihirishaji wa Mungu.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=106–107, 111–112}} Dhana ya Mungu katika imani ya Kibaháʼí ni ya "asili isiyojulikana" ambayo ndiyo chanzo cha uwepo wote na inayotambulika kupitia ufahamu wa sifa za kibinadamu. [nukuu inahitajika] Kwa maana nyingine, mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí kuhusu Mungu pia yana mwelekeo wa kuona ishara za Mungu katika vitu vyote, lakini yanafundisha kwamba uhalisi wa Mungu uko juu ya ulimwengu wa kimwili. Mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí yanasema kwamba Mungu ni mkuu kiasi kwamba mwanadamu hawezi kumwelewa kikamilifu, na kwa msingi huo mwanadamu hawezi kujijengea mwenyewe taswira kamili na sahihi ya Mungu. Kwa hiyo, kumjua Mungu kunawezekana tu kupitia kwa Wadhihirishaji wake, na ufahamu wa kusudi lake na mapenzi yake hupatikana pia kupitia kwao tu.{{sfn|Cole|1982}} Katika Dini ya Kibaháʼí, Mungu mara nyingi hurejelewa kwa vyeo na sifa zake (kwa mfano, Mwenye nguvu zote, au Mwenye upendo kwa wote), na kuna msisitizo mkubwa juu ya umoja wa Mungu mmoja. Mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí yanaeleza kwamba sifa hizi hazitumiki kwa Mungu kwa namna ya moja kwa moja, bali hutumiwa kutafsiri uungu kwa lugha ya kibinadamu na kuwasaidia watu kuelekeza fikra zao kwenye sifa zake katika kumwabudu Mungu ili kukuza uwezo wao katika njia yao ya kiroho.{{sfn|Hatcher|2005}} Kulingana na mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí, kusudi la mwanadamu ni kujifunza kumjua na kumpenda Mungu kwa njia kama vile sala, tafakari, na kuwatumikia wengine.{{sfn|Hatcher|2005}} === Dini === Kutokana na dhana ya Kibaháʼí ya ufunuo uendeleao, Dini zote kuu za ulimwengu ni halali, ambazo waasisi na wahusika wake wakuu huonwa kuwa Wadhihirishaji wa Mungu.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=14}} Historia ya dini hufasiriwa kama mfululizo wa vipindi, ambapo kila Mdhihirishaji huleta ufunuo ulio mpana zaidi na ulioendelea zaidi, unaowasilishwa kama maandiko matakatifu na kupitishwa katika historia kwa kutegemewa kwa viwango tofauti, lakini angalau ukiwa wa kweli katika kiini chake,{{sfn|Stockman|2013|p=40–42}} na unaofaa kwa wakati na mahali ulipofunuliwa.{{sfn|Daume|Watson|1992}} Mafundisho maalumu ya kijamii ya kidini (kwa mfano, mwelekeo wa sala, au vizuizi vya chakula) yanaweza kufutwa na Mdhihirishaji anayefuata ili hitaji linalofaa zaidi kwa wakati na mahali liweze kuwekwa. Kinyume chake, kanuni fulani za jumla (kwa mfano, udugu, au hisani) huonwa kuwa za ulimwengu wote na thabiti. Katika Dini ya Kibaháʼí, mchakato huu wa ufunuo endelevu hautakoma; hata hivyo, huonwa kuwa wa mzunguko. === Agano === Wabaháʼí wanatilia mkazo sana umoja, na Baháʼu'lláh aliweka wazi sheria za kuifanya jumuiya ibaki pamoja na kutatua kutokukubaliana. Ndani ya mfumo huu hakuna mfuasi yeyote binafsi anayeweza kupendekeza tafsiri 'iliyovuviwa' au 'yenye mamlaka' ya maandiko, na watu binafsi hukubali kuunga mkono mstari wa mamlaka uliowekwa katika maandiko ya Kibaháʼí.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=20}} Utaratibu huu umeifanya jumuiya ya Wabaháʼí kubaki yenye umoja na umezuia mpasuko wowote mkubwa. Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu ndiyo mamlaka ya mwisho ya kutatua kutokukubaliana kokote miongoni mwa Wabaháʼí, na majaribio kadhaa ya kuleta mgawanyiko{{sfn|Stockman|2020|p=36–37}} aidha yametoweka au yamebaki kuwa madogo sana. Wafuasi wa migawanyiko hiyo huchukuliwa kuwa wavunja agano na huepukwa.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=173}} === Kanuni za Kijamii === Wakati [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]] aliposafiri kwa mara ya kwanza kwenda Ulaya na Marekani mwaka 1911–1912, alitoa hotuba za hadhara ambazo zilifafanua kanuni za msingi za Dini ya Kibaháʼí.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=52–53}} Hizi zilijumuisha mafundisho kuhusu usawa wa wanaume na wanawake, umoja wa mbari ya binadamu, haja ya amani ya ulimwengu, na mawazo mengine yaliyochuliwa endelevu ya mwanzoni mwa karne ya 20. Dhana ya umoja wa binadamu, ambayo Wabaháʼí wanaiona kama ukweli wa kale, ni mahali ambapo mawazo mengi yameanzia. Usawa wa mbari ya binadamu na Uondoaji wa utajiri kupita kiasi na umaskini uliokithiri kwa mfano, ni matokeo ya umoja huo.{{sfn|Stockman|2013|p=9}} Matokeo mengine ya dhana hiyo ni haja ya shirikisho la dunia lililoungana, na baadhi ya mapendekezo ya kivitendo ya kuhimiza utekelezaji wake ni pamoja na lugha moja ya ulimwengu wote, mfumo sanifu wa uchumi na vipimo, elimu ya lazima kwa wote, na kuanzishwa kwa mahakama ya kimataifa ya usuluhishi kwa ajili ya kutatua migogoro baina ya mataifa. Kuhusiana na jitihada za amani ya ulimwengu, Baháʼu'lláh alieleza mpango wa mfumo wa pamoja wa usalama wa dunia nzima.{{sfn|Smith|2000|p=266–267}} Nyinginezo ya kanuni za Kibahai za kijamii huzungukia umoja wa kiroho. Dini huchukuliwa kuwa inayoendelea kutoka zama moja hadi nyingine, lakini ili kutambua Ufunuo mpya, mtu anapaswa kujitenga na tamaduni na ukweli uchunguzwe kwa kujitegemea. Wabaháʼí hufundishwa kuiona dini kama chanzo cha umoja, na kuona chuki ya kidini kuwa ya uharibifu. Sayansi pia huonwa kuwa yenye upatano na dini ya kweli.{{sfn|Iranica-The Faith|1988}} Ingawa Baháʼu'lláh na ʻAbdu'l-Bahá waliita kuwepo kwa dunia iliyoungana iliyo huru kutokana na vita, pia wanatarajia kwamba kwa muda mrefu, amani ya kudumu (Amani Kuu Kabisa) itaanzishwa na kwamba "ufisadi mkubwa" utasafishwa. Ni muhimu kwamba watu wa dunia waungane chini ya imani ya ulimwengu mzima, wakiwa na sifa za kiroho na maadili ili kukamilisha ustaarabu wa kimwili.{{sfn|Smith|2000|p=266–267}} == '''Historia''' == Mwanzo wa [[Baháʼí|Dini ya Kibaháʼí]] uanzia katika dini ya [[Báb]] na harakati ya Shaykhi iliyotangulia mara moja kabla yake. Báb alikuwa mfanyabiashara ambaye alianza kuhubiri mwaka wa 1844 kwamba yeye ni mjumbe aliyeleta ufunuo mpya wa Mungu, lakini alikataliwa na wengi wa makasisi wa Kiislamu nchini Iran, na akauawa hadharani kwa kosa la uzushi.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=11}} Báb alifundisha kwamba Mungu angeleta mjumbe mpya hivi karibuni, na Wabaháʼí humtambua [[Baháʼu'lláh]] kuwa ndiye mjumbe huyo.{{sfn|A.V.|2017}} Ingawa anatambulika kuwa mjumbe wa Mungu kwa haki yake, Báb ameunganishwa kwa karibu sana na teolojia na historia ya Kibaháʼí kiasi kwamba Wabaháʼí huadhimisha kuzaliwa kwake, kifo chake, na kujitangaza kwake kama siku takatifu, na humhesabu kuwa mmoja wa wakuu wa tatu wa Imani (pamoja na Baháʼu'lláh na [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]]). Masimulizi ya kihistoria ya harakati ya Kibábí (''The Dawn-Breakers'') huchukuliwa kuwa mojawapo ya vitabu vitatu ambavyo kila Mbaháʼí anapaswa "kuvimudu" na kuvisoma "tena na tena".<ref>From a letter written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi to an individual believer dated 9 June 1932</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 1892, wakati wa kifo cha Baháʼu'lláh, jamii ya Wabaháʼí ilikuwa bado imejikita hasa nchini Iran na katika Milki ya Ottoman, na wakati huo ilikuwa na wafuasi katika nchi 13 za Asia na Afrika.{{sfn|Taherzadeh|1987|p=125}} Chini ya uongozi wa mwanawe, [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]], dini hiyo ilijikita Ulaya na Amerika, na kuimarika nchini Iran, ambako bado inakabiliwa na mateso makali.{{sfn|Affolter|2005}} Kifo cha ʻAbdu'l-Bahá mwaka wa 1921 kinaashiria mwisho wa kipindi kinachoitwa "Zama za Ushujaa" cha Dini ya Kibaháʼí.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=56}} === Báb === {{Main|Bab}} Jioni ya tarehe 22 Mei 1844, Siyyid Ali-Muhammad wa [[Shiraz]] alijitangaza kwa ulimwengu na akachukua cheo cha "Báb" (الباب), chenye maana ya "lango", akidai kuwa ndiye [[Mahdi]] anayengojewa katika [[Uislamu wa Kishia]].{{sfn|Affolter|2005}} Hivyo wafuasi wake walijulikana kama Wabábí. Kadiri mafundisho ya Báb yalivyoenea, ambayo [[makasisi]] wa Kiislamu waliyaona kuwa ni kufuru, wafuasi wake walikabiliwa na mateso na dhuluma zilizoongezeka.{{sfn|Daume|Watson|1992}} Migogoro iliongezeka hadi kufikia kuzingirwa kijeshi katika maeneo kadhaa na majeshi ya Shah. Báb mwenyewe alifungwa gerezani na hatimaye akauawa mwaka wa 1850.{{sfn|MacEoin|2009|p=414}} Wabahá’í humwona [[Báb]] kama mtangulizi wa [[Baháʼí|Dini ya Kibaháʼí]], kwa kuwa maandiko ya Báb yaliwasilisha dhana ya "Yule ambaye Mungu atamdhihirisha", mtu wa kimasiya ambaye kuja kwake, kulingana na Wabaháʼí, kulitangazwa katika maandiko yote makuu ya dini za ulimwengu.{{sfn|Daume|Watson|1992}} Na [[Baháʼu'lláh]] mwanzilishi wa Dini ya Kibahai hudai ndiye huyo. Kaburi la Báb, lililoko kwenye Mlima Carmel [[Haifa]], [[Israeli]], ni mahali muhimu pa hija kwa Wabaháʼí. Mabaki ya Báb yaliletwa kwa siri kutoka Iran hadi Nchi Takatifu na hatimaye yakazikwa katika kaburi lililojengwa kwa ajili yake mahali palipoainishwa mahsusi na Baháʼu'lláh.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=75–76}} Maandiko ya Báb yanachukuliwa na Wabaháʼí kuwa maandiko matakatifu ya dini, ingawa yamebadilishwa na sheria na mafundisho ya Baháʼu'lláh.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=101}} Maandiko makuu ya Báb yaliyotafsiriwa kwa Kiingereza yamekusanywa katika kitabu kiitwacho ''Selections from the Writings of the Báb'' (1976), ambacho kina takribani maandiko 135 kutoka maandiko ya Báb.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=102}} === Bahá'u'lláh === {{Main|Bahaʼullah }} Mírzá Husayn ʻAlí Núrí alikuwa miongoni mwa wafuasi wa kwanza wa Báb, na baadaye alichukua cheo cha Bahá'u'lláh. Mnamo Agosti 1852,{{sfn|Warburg|2006|p=145}} Baadhi ya Wabábí walifanya jaribio ambalo halikufanikiwa la kumuua Shah, Násiri'd-Dín Sháh Qájár. Shah alijibu kwa kuamuru mauaji na, katika baadhi ya matukio, kuwatesa karibu Wabábí 50 mjini Tehran.{{sfn|Warburg|2006|p=146}} Zaidi ya hayo umwagaji damu ulienea kote nchini, na mamia waliripotiwa kuuwawa kwenye magazeti katika kipindi cha hadi Oktoba, na maelfu zaidi waliuwawa hadi mwisho wa Desemba.<ref>{{*}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10893156/hundreds_of_babis_executed_babibahai/|title=Persia – The Journal de Constantinople|date=3 Nov 1852|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=Sep 6, 2022|location=London, UK|page=2|via=Newspapers.com}} {{*}}{{Cite news|url=http://www.newspapers.com/clip/871886/hundreds_of_babis_killed_following/|title=Persia|date=17 November 1852|newspaper=The Sun|access-date=Sep 6, 2022|location=Baltimore, MD|page=1|via=Newspapers.com}} {{*}}{{Cite news|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/search/results?basicsearch=%22babs%20was%20awful%2C%20and%20that%2020%2C000%20or%2030%2C000%22&phrasesearch=%22babs%20was%20awful%2C%20and%20that%2020%2C000%20or%2030%2C000%22&sortorder=score&o=date&d=asc|title=Turkey|date=20 December 1852|newspaper=London Standard|access-date=Sep 6, 2022|location=London, UK|page=3|via=BritishNewspaperArchive.co.uk}}{{subscription required}}</ref> Bahá'u'lláh hakuhusika katika jaribio hilo la mauaji, lakini alifungwa katika gereza la Siyah-Chal huko Tehran hadi kuachiliwa kwake kulipopangwa miezi minne baadaye baada ya balozi wa Urusi kuingilia jambo hilo, mara tu baada ya hapo alifukuzwa kutoka Iran na kusafiri hadi Baghdad, kisha sehemu ya Milki ya Ottoman, ambapo alijiunga na Wabábí wengine katika uhamisho.{{sfn|Warburg|2006|p=146–147}} {{sfn|Hutter|2005|p=737–740}} Huko Baghdad, uongozi wake uliamsha upya wafuasi wa Báb waliokuwa wakiteswa nchini Iran, hivyo mamlaka ya Irani ikaomba aondolewe, jambo lililosababisha kuamishwa kwake kwenda Constantinople (sasa [[Istanbul]]) na Sultani wa Ottoman. Mnamo 1863, wakati wa kufukuzwa kwake kutoka Baghdad, Bahá'u'lláh kwa mara ya kwanza alitangaza mbele ya familia yake na wafuasi wake dai lake la kuwa Mdhihirishaji wa Mungu, jambo ambalo alisema alikuwa amelifahamu miaka kadhaa kabla akiwa katika gereza la Siyah-Chal huko Tehran. Alikaa Konstantinople kwa muda usiofika miezi minne. Mamlaka ya Ottoman walimgeuka kwa sababu ya uchongezi uliyofanywa na balozi wa Persia, ambapo Serikali ya Sultani iliamuru kuhamishwa kwake kwenda Adrianople (sasa [[Edirne]]), ambapo Bahá'u'lláh alijibu kwa barua yenye onyo kali. Huko Adrianople walimweka chini ya kifungo cha nyumbani ambako alikaa kwa miaka minne, hadi amri ya kifalme ya mwaka 1868 ilipowahamisha Wababi wote kwenda ama [[Cyprus]] au 'Akká. 'Akka, ambao wakati huo ulikuwa katika jimbo la Ottoman la Syria na leo uko katika dola ya Israeli, ulikuwa mji wenye kuta na lango la nchi kavu pamoja na lango la baharini, ambapo wageni wote walikaguliwa. Hivyo ilikuwa rahisi sana kuwazuia mahujaji wa Kiajemi waliokuwa wakisafiri kwenda kwa Bahá'u'lláh, hasa kwa kuwa Wafuasi wa Mirza Yahya walikuwa wamefungwa mjini humo pia, walikuwa wakitoa taarifa mara moja kuhusu Mbaháʼí yeyote aliyefaulu kuwapita walinzi wa langoni. 'Akka ilitumiwa na serikali ya Ottoman kama mahali pa kifungo kwa wafungwa wa kisiasa. Hali za mji huo zilikuwa mbaya sana kiafya kiasi kwamba iliaminika kwamba wale ambao hawakuwa wamezoea hali hizo wangekufa upesi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The world of the Bahá'í Faith|last=Stockman|first=Robert|date=2022|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Abingdon, Oxon ; New York|pages=325}}</ref> Ilikuwa katika koloni la Ottoman la ʻAkká au karibu nayo (Katika eneo la Israel ya sasa), Baháʼu'lláh alitumia sehemu iliyobaki ya maisha yake. Mwanzoni baada ya kifungo kikali na chenye masharti magumu, aliruhusiwa kuishi katika nyumba karibu na ʻAkká, ingawa bado alikuwa mfungwa rasmi wa mji huo.{{sfn|Iranica-Baha'-Allah|1988}} Alifariki mwaka wa 1892. Wabaháʼí huchukulia mahali pake pa kupumzika huko Bahjí kuwa Qiblih wanakoelekea kila siku wanaposali.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=20–21, 28}} Aliandika zaidi ya maandiko 18,000 katika [[Kiarabu]] na [[Kifarsi]] wakati wa uhai wake, ambayo asilimia 8 tu ndiyo yametafsiriwa kwa [[Lugha ya Kiingereza|Kiingereza]].{{sfn|Stockman|2013|p=2}} Katika kipindi chake huko Adrianople, alianza kutangaza utume wake kama mjumbe wa Mungu katika barua alizowaandikia watawala wa kidini na wa kidunia, wakiwemo [[Papa Pius IX]], [[Napoleon III]] na [[Malkia Victoria]].{{sfn|Berry|2004}} === ʻAbdu'l-Bahá === {{Main|ʻAbdu'l-Bahá}} Abbás Effendi alikuwa mwana mkubwa wa kiume wa Bahá'u'lláh, anayejulikana kwa cheo cha ʻAbdu'l-Bahá ("Mtumishi wa Bahá"). Baba yake aliacha wosia uliomteua ʻAbdu'l-Bahá kuwa kitovu cha agano la jamii ya Wabaháʼí.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=73–76}} ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alishiriki na baba yake kipindi kirefu cha uhamisho na kifungo, ambacho kiliendelea hadi kuachiliwa kwa ʻAbdu'l-Bahá mwaka wa 1908 kutokana na Mapinduzi ya Waturuki Vijana. Baada ya kuachiliwa kwake, aliishi maisha ya kusafiri, akitoa hotuba, akifundisha, akielezea kanuni za Dini ya Kibahai na huku akiendeleza mawasiliano kwa barua na jumuiya za waumini na watu binafsi.{{sfn|Hutter|2005|p=737–740}} Tangu mwanzo wa maisha yake, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alishiriki magumu ya baba yake kutokana na mateso ya Wabábí nchini Iran na baadaye wakati wa uhamisho wao kutoka Tehran kwenda Baghdad, Istanbul, Edirne na ‘Akká. Alikuwa mshirika wa karibu wa Baháʼu'lláh, msimamizi mkuu na mwakilishi wa kuaminika wa mambo ya nje katika Milki ya Ottoman. Kwa Wabaháʼí, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá ni "Mwalimu", kama alivyoitwa na baba yake, na ndiye mfano bora wa mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The world of the Bahá'í Faith|last=Stockman|first=Robert|date=2022|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Abingdon, Oxon ; New York|pages=71}}</ref> Kufikia mwaka wa 2020, kuna zaidi ya nyaraka 38,000 zilizopo zinazojumuisha maneno ya [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]].{{sfn|Yazdani|2022}} Ni sehemu kidogo tu ya nyaraka hizi ambayo imetafsiriwa kwa [[Lugha ya Kiingereza|Kiingereza]]. Miongoni mwa maandiko yake maarufu ni ''Siri ya Ustaarabu Mtakatifu'', ''Baadhi ya Maswali Yaliyojibiwa'', ''Waraka kwa Auguste-Henri Forel'', ''Nyaraka za Mpango Mtakatifu'', na ''Waraka kwa Hague''.{{sfn|Yazdani|2022}} Zaidi ya hayo, wakati wa safari zake za Magharibi, maandishi ya hotuba zake nyingi yalichapishwa katika matoleo mbalimbali kama vile ''Hekima ya Abdu'l-Bahá'' . === Shoghi Effendi === {{Main|Shoghi Effendi }} Kitáb-i-Aqdas cha Baháʼu'lláh na Wasia na Agano la ʻAbdu'l-Bahá ni nyaraka za msingi za utawala wa Kibaháʼí. Baháʼu'lláh aliamuru kuanzishwa kwa Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu inayochaguliwa, na ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alianzisha ulinzi wa kurithi unaoteuliwa na akafafanua uhusiano kati ya Asasi hizo mbili.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=55–57}} Katika wasia wake ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alimteua mjukuu wake mkubwa, Shoghi Effendi, kuwa Mlinzi wa Dini ya Kibaháʼí. Shoghi Effendi alitumikia kama mkuu wa dini hiyo kwa miaka 36.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=55}} [[Picha:Shoghi_Effendi2.jpg|thumb|Shoghi Effendi, mjukuu wa ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]] Katika maisha yake yote, Shoghi Effendi alitafsiri maandiko ya Kibaháʼí; aliendeleza mipango ya kimataifa kwa ajili ya kupanua jumuiya ya Kibaháʼí; aliendeleza Makao Makuu ya Kibahai ya Ulimwengu; aliendeleza mawasiliano mapana na jumuiya na watu binafsi duniani kote; na alijenga muundo wa kiutawala wa dini, akiitayarisha jumuiya kwa ajili ya uchaguzi wa Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu.{{sfn|Hutter|2005|p=737–740}} Mnamo mwaka wa 1937, Shoghi Effendi alianza Mpango wa Miaka Saba kwa Wabaháʼí wa Amerika Kaskazini, ukifuatiwa na mpango wa pili mwaka wa 1946. Mwaka wa 1953, alizindua mpango wa kwanza wa kimataifa, Mpango wa Miaka Kumi. Mpango huu ulijumuisha malengo makubwa sana ya kupanua jumuiya na asasi za Kibaháʼí, kutafsiri maandiko ya Kibaháʼí katika lugha nyingi mpya, na kuwapeleka watangulizi wa Kibaháʼí katika nchi ambazo hapo awali hazikuwa zimefikiwa.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=64}} Alitangaza katika barua wakati wa Mpango wa Miaka Kumi kwamba ungefuatiwa na mipango mingine chini ya uongozi wa Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu, ambayo ilichaguliwa mwaka wa 1963 mwishoni mwa Mpango huwo. Shoghi Effendi aliacha alama kubwa juu ya jumuiya ya Wabaháʼí ambayo hadi leo inaendelea kuwa na athari ya kina. Ufafanuzi wake wa maandiko ya Kibaháʼí unachukuliwa kuwa wa mamlaka, hivyo ni wa msingi kwa uelewa wa teolojia na sheria ya Kibaháʼí, pamoja na mafundisho ya kijamii ya Kibaháʼí. Maandishi yake kuhusu utawala wa Kibaháʼí yanaendelea kuwa chanzo muhimu cha mwongozo kuhusu jinsi asasi za Kibaháʼí zinavyopaswa kufanya kazi.<ref name=":0" /> Shoghi Effendi alifariki dunia bila kutarajiwa tarehe 4 Novemba 1957 huko London, Uingereza, baada ya ugonjwa wa muda mfupi, katika hali ambayo haikuruhusu kuteuliwa kwa mrithi.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=58–69}} === Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu === {{Main|Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu }} Tangu mwaka wa 1963, Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu imekuwa asasi ya juu kabisa iliyochaguliwa ya Dini ya Kibaháʼí. Majukumu ya jumla ya asasi hii ya kimungu yamefafanuliwa kupitia maandiko ya Baháʼu'lláh na kufafanuliwa zaidi katika maandiko ya ʻAbdu'l-Bahá na Shoghi Effendi. Majukumu haya yanajumuisha ufundishaji na elimu, kutekeleza sheria za Kibaháʼí, kushughulikia masuala ya kijamii, na kuwajali wanyonge na maskini.{{sfn|Iranica-Bayt-al-'adl|1989}} [[Picha:Seat_of_the_House_of_Justice.jpg|kushoto|thumb|Makao ya Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu huko Haifa]] Kuanzia na Mpango wa Miaka Tisa ulioanza mwaka wa 1964, Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu imekuwa ikielekeza kazi ya jamii ya Wabaháʼí kupitia mfululizo wa mipango ya kimataifa ya miaka kadhaa.{{sfn|Smith|Momen|1989}} Kuanzia na Mpango wa Miaka Tisa ulioanza mwaka wa 1964, uongozi wa Kibaháʼí ulitafuta si tu kuendeleza upanuzi wa dini, bali pia "kuwaimarisha" waumini wapya, yaani kuongeza maarifa yao kuhusu mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí.{{sfn|Fozdar|2015}} Katika muktadha huu, katika miaka ya 1970, Taasisi ya Ruhi ilianzishwa na Wabaháʼí nchini Kolombia ili kutoa kozi fupi ya nini Wabaháʼí wana amini, zenye urefu wa siku za mwisho wa juma hadi siku tisa.{{sfn|Fozdar|2015}} Taasisi inayohusiana nayo, Ruhi Foundation, ambayo lengo lake lilikuwa kuwaimarisha Wabaháʼí wapya kimpangilio, ilisajiliwa mwaka wa 1992, na tangu mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990 kozi za Taasisi ya Ruhi zimekuwa njia kuu ya kuongeza uelewa wa mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí duniani kote.{{sfn|Fozdar|2015}} Kufikia mwaka wa 2013 kulikuwa na zaidi ya taasisi za mafunzo 300 za Kibaháʼí duniani kote na watu 100,000 walikuwa wakishiriki katika kozi hizo. Kozi za Taasisi ya Ruhi hufundisha jamii jinsi ya kuandaa, miongoni mwa shughuli nyingine, madarasa ya elimu ya kiroho kwa watoto na vijana. Kwa jamii ya Kibaháʼí ya wakati huu, Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu pia imehimiza ushiriki katika shughuli za kijamii na kushiriki katika mijadala iliyoenea ya jamii.{{sfn|Stockman|2013|p=203}} Kila mwaka, tarehe 21 mwezi wa Aprili, Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu hutuma ujumbe wa 'Ridván' kwa jamuiya ya Wabaháʼí ulimwenguni kote, ambao huwafahamisha Wabaháʼí kuhusu maendeleo ya sasa na kutoa mwongozo zaidi kwa mwaka unaofuata.{{efn|Ujumbe wote wa Ridván unaweza kupatikana katika [http://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages Bahai.org].}} Katika ngazi ya mahali, kanda na kitaifa, Wabaháʼí huchagua wajumbe wa mabaraza ya kiroho yenye watu tisa, ambayo huendesha shughuli za dini. Pia kuna watu walioteuliwa wanaofanya kazi katika ngazi mbalimbali, ikiwemo ngazi ya mahali na ya kimataifa, ambao hutekeleza kazi ya kueneza mafundisho na kuilinda jamii. Watu hao hawafanyi kazi kama makasisi au mapadri, kwa kuwa Dini ya Kibaháʼí haina tabaka la ukuhani.{{sfn|Daume|Watson|1992}}{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=160}} Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu ndiyo chombo cha juu kabisa cha uongozi wa Dini ya Kibaháʼí, na wajumbe wake tisa huchaguliwa kila baada ya miaka mitano na wajumbe wa Mabaraza yote ya Kiroho ya Kitaifa.{{sfn|Warburg|2001|p=20}} Mbaháʼí yeyote mwanaume mwenye umri wa miaka 21 au zaidi anastahili kuchaguliwa kuwa mjumbe wa Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu; nyadhifa zote nyingine ziko wazi kwa Wabaháʼí wanaume na wanawake.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=205}} Katika mojawapo ya nyaraka zake Baháʼu'lláh anaandika kwamba "kusudi la msingi la kuhuisha imani kwa Mungu na kwa dini yake ni kulinda maslahi ya wanadamu, kukuza umoja wa jamii ya binadamu, na kuendeleza roho ya upendo na udugu miongoni mwa watu." Kupitia agano lake, Baháʼu'lláh alithibitisha kwamba wajumbe wa jamii ya Wabaháʼí daima watakuwa na kituo cha mamlaka kisichokosea, jambo linalohakikisha umoja wa kudumu na unaoendelea wa jamii. Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu sasa ndiyo kituo hicho cha mamlaka, chenye wajibu wa kushughulikia masuala yanayohusiana na kutekeleza utaratibu wa dunia uliotabiriwa na Baháʼu'lláh. Hivyo basi, miongoni mwa mamlaka na majukumu yake mengine mengi, hutatua matatizo yanayohitaji ufafanuzi au ambayo yanaweza kuwa chanzo cha mizozo, husimamia maendeleo ya Hoja na usimamizi wa mambo yake, huweka sheria na kanuni zinazohitajika kwa maendeleo endelevu ya jamii, na hutoa mfululizo endelevu wa mwongozo unaotia moyo na kuandaa jitihada za Wabaháʼí na washirika wao katika kukuza umoja wa wanadamu.<ref name=":0" /> == Mafundisho na kanuni == Kanuni kuu za Dini ya Kibaháʼí ni - * Mungu ni mmoja * Dini zote zina chanzo kimoja<ref name=":0" /> * Umoja wa Binadamu * Amani ya dunia na umoja wa dunia * Haki kwa wote * Usawa wa wanawake na wanaume * Elimu ya lazima kwa wote<ref name=":0" /> * Upatano wa sayansi na dini * Suluhisho la umasikini na utajiri uliopitiliza * Suluhisho la kiroho kwa matatizo ya kimwili<ref name=":0" /> Mifano kadhaa ya mafundisho ya Bahá'u'lláh kuhusu mwenendo wa mtu binafsi ni yafuatayo ambayo ni ya lazima au yanahimizwa kwa wafuasi wake: * Wabaháʼí wenye umri wa zaidi ya miaka 15 wanapaswa kusoma katika faragha sala moja ya lazima kila siku, kwa kutumia maneno na vitendo maalum vilivyoainishwa.{{sfn|Schaefer|2002|p=334}} * Mbali na sala ya lazima ya kila siku, Wabaháʼí wanapaswa kusali kila siku na kufanya tafakari pamoja na kusoma maandiko matakatifu.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=161–162}} * Wabaháʼí watu wazima, isipokuwa kwa baadhi ya msamaha, wanapaswa kufunga mfungo wa siku kumi na tisa kila mwaka wakati wa saa za mchana katika mwezi wa Machi.{{sfn|Schaefer|2002|p=339–340}} * Kuna masharti maalum ya maziko ya Kibaháʼí, yakiwemo sala maalum inayopaswa kusomwa wakati wa mazishi. Kutilia manukato au dawa mwili wa marehemu na kuchoma maiti kunakataliwa.{{sfn|Iranica-Burial|2020}} === Makatazo === Yafuatayo ni baadhi ya matendo ya mwenendo binafsi ambayo yamekatazwa au yamehimizwa kuepukwa katika mafundisho ya Baháʼu'lláh: * Uchongezi na usengenyaji vimekatazwa na kulaaniwa.{{sfn|Schaefer|2002|p=330–332}} * Kunywa na kuuza pombe ni marufuku.{{sfn|Schaefer|2002|p=323}} * Kujamiiana kunaruhusiwa kati ya mume na mke pekee, na kwa hiyo, ngono kabla ya ndoa na ngono nje ya ndoa zote zimekatazwa.{{sfn|Schaefer|2002|p=326}} * Kushiriki katika siasa za vyama ni marufuku.{{sfn|McMullen|2015|p=69, 136, 149, 253–254, 269}} * Kuombaomba kama kazi ni marufuku.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=154–155}} Utekelezaji wa sheria za kibinafsi, kama vile sala au kufunga, ni wajibu wa mtu binafsi pekee.{{sfn|Schaefer|2002|p=339}} Hata hivyo, kuna nyakati ambapo Mbaháʼí anaweza kuondolewa kiutawala kutoka katika jumuiya kwa kupuuza sheria hadharani, au kwa uasherati wa kupindukia. Kuondolewa huko kunasimamiwa na Baraza la Kiroho la Kitaifa na hakuhusishi kutengwa kabisa.{{sfn|Schaefer|2002|p=348–349}} === Ndoa === Katika Dini ya Kibaháʼí, kusudi la ndoa kimsingi ni kukuza upatano wa kiroho, urafiki na umoja kati ya mwanamume mmoja na mwanamke mmoja, na kutoa mazingira thabiti na yenye upendo kwa malezi ya watoto.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=164–165}} Mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí kuhusu ndoa huiita kuwa ni ngome ya ustawi na wokovu na huweka ndoa na familia kama msingi wa muundo wa jamii ya wanadamu.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=164}} Baháʼu'lláh alisifu sana ndoa, alikataza talaka, na alidai usafi nje ya ndoa; Baháʼu'lláh alifundisha kwamba mume na mke wanapaswa kujitahidi kuboresha maisha ya kiroho ya kila mmoja.{{sfn|Momen|2022}} Ndoa za baina ya makabila na baina ya rangi pia zimesifiwa sana katika maandiko yote ya Kibaháʼí.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=164}} [[Picha:BahaiTempleWilmette.jpg|thumb|Nyumba ya Ibada ya Kibaháʼí nchini Marekani]] Wabaháʼí wanaotamani kufunga ndoa wanashauriwa kupata ufahamu wa kina kuhusu tabia ya mwingine kabla ya kuamua kuoana.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=164}} Mara mbili watu wanapoamua kuoana, wanapaswa kupata idhini ya wazazi wa pande zote mbili, iwe ni Wabaháʼí au la. Sherehe ya ndoa ya Kibaháʼí ni rahisi; sehemu pekee ya lazima ya ndoa ni kusoma viapo vya ndoa vilivyowekwa na Baháʼu'lláh, ambavyo husomwa na bwana harusi na bibi harusi mbele ya mashahidi wawili.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=164}} Viapo hivyo ni "Sote, hakika, tutatii mapenzi ya Mungu."{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=164}} === Nyumba za Ibada === Katika jumuiya nyingi, mikutano ya ibada ya Kibaháʼí hufanyika majumbani au katika vituo vya Wabaháʼí. Hata hivyo, katika baadhi ya maeneo, Nyumba za Ibada za Kibaháʼí—zinazojulikana pia kama mahekalu ya Kibaháʼí—zimejengwa mahsusi kwa kusudi hilo.{{sfn|Afnan|2022}} Nyumba za Ibada za Kibaháʼí ni mahali ambapo Wabaháʼí na wasio Wabaháʼí wanaweza kuonesha ibada kwa Mungu.{{sfn|Warburg|2006|p=492}} Pia zinajulikana kama Mashriqu'l-Adhkár (kwa Kiarabu "Mahali pa Mapambazuko pa Ukumbusho wa Mungu").{{sfn|Hassall|2012}} Ndani yake, ni maandiko matakatifu ya Dini ya Kibaháʼí na ya dini nyingine tu yanayoweza kusomwa au kuimbwa, na maandiko na sala zilizowekwa kwa ajili ya muziki zinaweza kuimbwa na waimbaji, lakini hakuna ala za muziki zinazoweza kupigwa ndani.{{sfn|Iranica-Bahai-temples|1988}} Zaidi ya hayo, hakuna hotuba inayoweza kutolewa, na hakuna sherehe ya kiibada inayoweza kufanywa.{{sfn|Iranica-Bahai-temples|1988}} Nyumba zote za Ibada za Kibaháʼí zina umbo la pande tisa, pamoja na njia tisa za kuingia kutoka nje na bustani tisa zinazozizunguka.{{sfn|Iranica-Mašreq al-Aḏkār|2010}} Kwa sasa kuna Nyumba nane za Ibada za Kibaháʼí za "kibara" na baadhi ya Nyumba za Ibada za Kibaháʼí za mahali ambazo zimekamilika au zinaendelea kujengwa. Maandishi ya Kibaháʼí pia yanaonesha kwamba Nyumba za Ibada za Kibaháʼí zitazungukwa na taasisi za shughuli za kibinadamu, kisayansi na kielimu{{sfn|Hassall|2012}} ingawa hadi sasa hakuna iliyojengwa kwa kiwango hicho. === Maendeleo ya kijamii na kiuchumi === Tangu kuanzishwa kwake Dini ya Kibaháʼí imekuwa na ushiriki katika maendeleo ya kijamii na kiuchumi, ikianzia kwa kuwa na mazungumzo zaidi kuhusu uhuru wa wanawake.{{sfn|Momen|1994b|ps=: Section 9: Social and economic development}} Elimu ya wanawake imekuzwa kama kipaumbele.{{sfn|Kingdon|1997}} Na ushiriki huo umepewa mwonekano wa vitendo kwa kujenga shule, vyama vya ushirika vya kilimo, na kliniki.{{sfn|Momen|1994b|ps=: Section 9: Social and economic development}} Dini iliingia katika hatua mpya ya shughuli wakati ujumbe ulipotolewa kutoka kwa '''Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu''' tarehe 20 Oktoba 1983. Wabaháʼí walihimizwa kutafuta njia zinazolingana na mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí ambazo zingewawezesha kushiriki katika maendeleo ya kijamii na kiuchumi ya jumuiya wanamoishi. Mwaka 1979 kulikuwa na miradi 129 ya maendeleo ya kijamii na kiuchumi ya Kibaháʼí iliyotambuliwa rasmi duniani kote. Kufikia mwaka 1987, idadi ya miradi ya maendeleo iliyotambuliwa rasmi ilikuwa imeongezeka hadi 1482.{{sfn|Smith|Momen|1989}} Mipango ya sasa ya utekelezaji wa kijamii inajumuisha shughuli katika nyanja kama afya, usafi, elimu, usawa wa kijinsia, sanaa na vyombo vya habari, kilimo na mazingira.{{sfn|Baháʼí Office of Social and Economic Development|2018}} Miradi hiyo inajumuisha shule, kuanzia shule za mafunzo za vijijini hadi shule kubwa za sekondari na baadhi ya vyuo vikuu.{{sfn|Momen|2007}} Kufikia mwaka wa 2017, Ofisi ya Baháʼí ya Maendeleo ya Kijamii na Kiuchumi ilikadiria kuwa kulikuwa na miradi midogo 40,000, miradi endelevu 1,400, na mashirika 135 yaliyochochewa na Baháʼí.{{sfn|Baháʼí Office of Social and Economic Development|2018}} Zaidi ya hayo, Wabaháʼí kote ulimwenguni wanachangia katika kujenga utaratibu huu mpya wa dunia kupitia juhudi mbalimbali. Mpango huu wa kimataifa umejengwa juu ya dhana ya mwanadamu na jamii iliyo ya kiroho kwa asili, na unakusudia kukuza uwezo wa mwanadamu ili kuchochea maendeleo ya kiroho na ya kimwili. Kwa lengo la kuchangia ustawi wa wanadamu, Wabaháʼí hushiriki katika shughuli zifuatazo: # Mikutano ya sala # Madarasa ya maadili kwa watoto # Programu za kuwawezesha vijana # Madarasa ya duru za masomo === Umoja wa Mataifa === Baháʼu'lláh aliandika juu ya haja ya kuwepo kwa utaratibu wa dunia unaowezesha mataifa kuishi kwa amani na ushirikiano. Kwa sababu hiyo, Jumuiya ya Kimataifa ya Wabaháʼí imeunga mkono juhudi za kuimarisha mahusiano ya kimataifa kupitia taasisi kama Shirika la Mataifa na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], ingawa pia imeeleza baadhi ya tahadhari kuhusu muundo na mipaka ya taasisi hizo katika hali yake ya sasa.{{sfn|Momen|2007}} Jumuiya ya Kimataifa ya Wabaháʼí ni wakala uliopo Haifa chini ya uongozi wa Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu, na una hadhi ya ushauri na mashirika yafuatayo:{{sfn|McMullen|2000|p=39}} * Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Kuhudumia Watoto (UNICEF) * Mfuko wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa kwa Wanawake (UNIFEM) * Baraza la Kiuchumi na Kijamii la Umoja wa Mataifa (ECOSOC) * Mpango wa Mazingira wa Umoja wa Mataifa (UNEP) * [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] (WHO) Jumuiya ya Kimataifa ya Baháʼí ina ofisi katika [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] huko New York na Geneva na ina uwakilishi katika tume za kikanda za Umoja wa Mataifa na ofisi nyingine huko Addis Ababa, Bangkok, Nairobi, Roma, Santiago na Vienna.{{sfn|Baháʼí International Community|2000}} Katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, ofisi ya mazingira na ofisi ya maendeleo ya wanawake zilianzishwa kama sehemu ya ofisi yake ya Umoja wa Mataifa. Dini ya Kibaháʼí pia imeendesha programu za maendeleo za pamoja na mashirika mbalimbali mengine ya Umoja wa Mataifa. Katika Jukwaa la Milenia la Umoja wa Mataifa la mwaka 2000, Mbaháʼí mmoja alialikwa kama mmoja wa wasemaji pekee wasio wa kiserikali wakati wa mkutano wa kilele huo.{{sfn|Baháʼí World News Service|2000}} == Mateso na ukandamizaji == Katika baadhi ya nchi zenye Waislamu walio wengi, Wabaháʼí wanaendelea kuteswa, kwa kuwa viongozi wao hawaikubali Dini ya Kibaháʼí kama dini huru, bali kama kuiacha Uislamu. Ukandamizaji mkali zaidi umetokea nchini Iran, ambako kati ya mwaka 1978 na 1998 zaidi ya Wabaháʼí 200 waliuawa.{{sfn|International Federation of Human Rights|2003}} Haki za Wabaháʼí zimewekewa vikwazo, kwa kiwango kikubwa au kidogo, pia katika nchi nyingine nyingi zikiwemo Misri, Afghanistan, pamoja na Iraq{{sfn|International Religious Freedom Report|2013|loc=[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2013&dlid=222291 Iraq]}}, Moroko{{sfn|International Religious Freedom Report|2013|loc=[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2013&dlid=222305 Morocco]}}, Yemen na nchi kadhaa za Afrika kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara.{{sfn|Smith|Momen|1989}} Mateso ya kudumu zaidi dhidi ya Wabahá’í yametokea nchini Iran, mahali pa kuzaliwa kwa dini hii.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=125–127}} Wakati Báb mtukufu alipoanza kuvutia idadi kubwa ya wafuasi, makasisi wa Kiislamu... Kwa kusema hivyo, walitarajia kuzuia harakati hiyo isisambae kwa kudai kwamba wafuasi wake walikuwa maadui wa Mungu. Maelekezo haya ya kidini pia yalisababisha makundi ya watu kuwashambulia Wabábí na baadhi yao kuuawa hadharani.{{sfn|Affolter|2005}} Mwanzoni mwa karne ya ishirini, mbali na ukandamizaji uliowalenga Wabaháʼí mmoja mmoja, kampeni zilizoelekezwa kutoka ngazi ya kati zenye kulenga jamii nzima ya Wabaháʼí na taasisi zake zilianza.{{sfn|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2006}} Mwaka 1903 huko Yazd, katika tukio moja, zaidi ya Wabaháʼí 100 waliuawa.{{sfn|Nash|1982}} Shule za Wabaháʼí, kama vile shule za wavulana na wasichana za Tarbiyat huko Tehran, zilifungwa katika miaka ya 1930 na 1940, ndoa za Kibaháʼí hazikutambuliwa, na maandiko ya Kibaháʼí yalidhibitiwa.{{sfn|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2006}} Wakati wa utawala wa Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, nchini Iran kampeni ya mateso dhidi ya Wabaháʼí ilianzishwa ili kugeuza umakini kutoka kwa matatizo ya kiuchumi na harakati ya utaifa iliyokuwa ikikua.{{efn|Linalopatana na hili ni wazo kwamba serikali ilihamasisha kampeni hiyo ili kugeuza umakini kutoka kwa matatizo makubwa zaidi, yakiwemo matatizo makali ya kiuchumi. Zaidi ya hili kulikuwepo ugumu ambao utawala ulikuwa nao katika kuhimili harakati ya utaifa iliyokuwa imemuunga mkono Musaddiq.{{sfn|Akhavi|1980|p=76–78}}}} Kampeni iliyoidhinishwa na kuratibiwa dhidi ya Wabaháʼí (ili kuchochea hisia za umma dhidi ya Wabaháʼí) ilianza mwaka 1955 na ilijumuisha kusambazwa kwa propaganda dhidi ya Wabaháʼí katika vituo vya redio vya kitaifa na magazeti rasmi.{{sfn|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2006}} Wakati wa kampeni hiyo, iliyoanzishwa na mullah Muhammad Taqi Falsafi, kituo cha Wabaháʼí mjini Tehran kilibomolewa kwa amri ya gavana wa kijeshi wa Tehran, Jenerali Teymur Bakhtiar.{{sfn|''The New York Times''|1955}} Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1970 utawala wa Shah uliendelea kupoteza uhalali wake kutokana na ukosoaji wa kudumu kwamba ulikuwa unaunga mkono Magharibi. Kadiri harakati dhidi ya Shah zilivyopata nguvu na uungwaji mkono, propaganda za kimapinduzi zilienezwa zikidai kwamba baadhi ya washauri wa Shah walikuwa Wabaháʼí.{{sfn|Abrahamian|1982|p=432}} Wabaháʼí walichorwa kama vitisho vya kiuchumi na kama waungaji mkono wa Israeli na Magharibi, na uhasama wa kijamii dhidi ya Wabaháʼí ukaongezeka.{{sfn|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2006}} Tangu [[Mapinduzi ya Kiislamu ya Iran|Mapinduzi ya Kiislamu]] ya mwaka 1979, Wabaháʼí wa Iran wamekuwa wakivunjiwa nyumba zao mara kwa mara, wakizuiwa kuhudhuria vyuo vikuu au kushika kazi za serikali, na mamia yao wamehukumiwa vifungo gerezani kwa sababu ya imani yao ya kidini, na katika miaka ya karibuni pia kwa kushiriki katika madarasa ya duru za masomo. {{sfn|International Federation of Human Rights|2003}} Makaburi ya Wabaháʼí yamenajisiwa na mali zimechukuliwa na wakati mwingine kubomolewa, yakiwemo nyumba ya baba wa [[Baháʼu'lláh]], [[Mírzá Buzurg]].{{sfn|Affolter|2005}} Nyumba ya [[Báb]] huko [[Shiraz]], mojawapo ya maeneo matatu ambayo Wabaháʼí hufanya hija, imeharibiwa mara mbili.{{sfn|Affolter|2005}}{{sfn|Netherlands Institute of Human Rights|2006}} Mnamo Mei 2018, mamlaka za Iran zilimfukuza mwanafunzi mmoja kijana mwanamke kutoka chuo kikuu cha Isfahan kwa sababu alikuwa Mbaháʼí.{{sfn|Center for Human Rights in Iran|2018}} Mnamo Machi 2018, wanafunzi wengine wawili Wabaháʼí walifukuzwa kutoka vyuo vikuu katika miji ya Zanjan na Gilan kwa sababu ya dini yao. Tarehe 14 Mei 2008, wajumbe wa chombo kisicho rasmi kilichoitwa "Yaran", ambacho kilikuwa kinasimamia mahitaji ya jumuiya ya Wabaháʼí nchini Iran, walikamatwa na kupelekwa katika gereza la Evin.{{sfn|CNN|2008}}{{sfn|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2008b}} Kesi ya mahakama ya Yaran iliahirishwa mara nyingi, lakini hatimaye ilikuwa ikiendelea tarehe 12 Januari 2010.{{sfn|CNN|2010a}} Waangalizi wengine hawakuruhusiwa kuhudhuria mahakamani. Hata mawakili wa utetezi, ambao kwa miaka miwili walikuwa na fursa ndogo sana ya kuwasiliana na washtakiwa, walipata ugumu kuingia katika chumba cha mahakama. Mwenyekiti wa Tume ya Marekani kuhusu Uhuru wa Kidini wa Kimataifa alisema kwamba ilionekana serikali ilikuwa tayari imeamua matokeo ya kesi hiyo na ilikuwa inakiuka sheria ya kimataifa ya haki za binadamu{{sfn|CNN|2010a}} Vikao vya baadaye vilifanyika tarehe 7 Februari 2010, 12 Aprili 2010, na 12 Juni 2010. Tarehe 11 Agosti 2010 ilijulikana kuwa hukumu ya mahakama ilikuwa kifungo cha miaka 20 kwa kila mmoja wa wafungwa saba, ambayo baadaye ilipunguzwa hadi miaka kumi.{{sfn|CNN|2010b}} Baada ya hukumu hiyo, walihamishwa kwenda gereza la Gohardasht.{{sfn|AFP|2011a}} Mnamo Machi 2011, hukumu zilirejeshwa kwenye miaka 20 ya awali{{sfn|AFP|2011b}}. Tarehe 3 Januari 2010, maafisa wa Iran waliwashikilia wajumbe wengine kumi wa wachache wa Kibaháʼí, miongoni mwao ikidaiwa alikuwa Leva Khanjani, mjukuu wa Jamaloddin Khanjani, mmoja wa viongozi saba wa Wabaháʼí waliofungwa tangu mwaka 2008, na mwezi Februari, walimkamata mwanawe, Niki Khanjani.{{sfn|The Jerusalem Post|2010}} Serikali ya Iran inadai kwamba Dini ya Kibaháʼí si dini, bali ni shirika la kisiasa, na kwa hiyo inakataa kuitambua kama dini ya wachache.{{sfn|Kravetz|1982|p=237}} Hata hivyo, serikali haijawahi kutoa ushahidi thabiti unaounga mkono tabia hii ya jamii ya Wabaháʼí.{{sfn|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2008|p=5}} Serikali ya Iran pia inaishutumu Dini ya Kibaháʼí kwa kuhusishwa na Uzayuni. Inaonekana kwamba shutuma hizi dhidi ya Wabaháʼí hazina msingi katika ukweli wa kihistoria{{sfn|Simpson|Shubart|1995|p=223}}{{sfn|Tavakoli-Targhi|2008|p=200}}, na baadhi ya watu wamehoji kwamba zilibuniwa na serikali ya Iran ili kuwatumia Wabaháʼí kama "mbuzi wa kafara".{{sfn|Freedman|2009}} Mwaka 2019, serikali ya Iran ilifanya isiwezekane kwa Wabaháʼí kujisajili kisheria na dola ya Iran. Maombi ya vitambulisho vya kitaifa nchini Iran sasa hayajumuishi tena chaguo la "dini nyingine", jambo linalomaanisha kwamba Dini ya Kibaháʼí haitatambuliwa kwa vitendo na dola.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/iran-id-card-rule-highlights-plight-of-bahai/a-52149974|title=ID card law in Iran highlights plight of Baháʼí – DW – 01/25/2020|website=dw.com}}</ref> === '''Nyumba za Ibada za Wabahá’í''' === "Hekalu la Kibahá'í la Ibada (maarufu kwa jina la Lotus Temple)" lipo Kalkaji, Nehru Place, New Delhi. Katika ulimwengu wa dini ya Kibahá'í, kwa jumla katika maeneo Nane Nyumba za Ibada (Hekalu) za Kibaháʼí zimejengwa. # Samoa ya Magharibi # Sydney - Australia # Kampala - Uganda # Panama City - Panama # Frankfurt - Ujerumani # Wilmette - Marekani # New Delhi - India # Santiago - Chile == Maelezo == {{reflist}} ==Marejeleo== === Vitabu === {{refbegin|24em|indent=yes}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/iranbetweentwore00abra_0|title=Iran Kati ya Mapinduzi Mawili|last=Abrahamian|first=Ervand|publisher=Princeton Book Company Publishers|year=1982|isbn=0-691-10134-5|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/atozofbahaifaith0000adam|title=The A to Z of the Baháʼí Faith|last=Adamson|first=Hugh C.|date=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6853-3|series=The A to Z Guide Series, No. 70|place=Plymouth, UK|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Afnan|first=Elham|date=2022|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=479–487|chapter=Sura ya 39: Maisha ya ibada|doi=10.4324/9780429027772-45|s2cid=244700641}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/religionpolitics0000akha|title=Dini na Siasa katika Iran ya Kisasa: Mahusiano ya Makleri na Dola katika Kipindi cha Pahlavi|last=Akhavi|first=Shahrough|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1980|isbn=0-87395-408-4|location=Albany, NY|pages=76–78|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|title=Closed Doors: Iran's Campaign to Deny Higher Education to Baháʼís|author=Baháʼí International Community|date=2005|chapter=Historia ya Juhudi za Elimu za Wabaháʼí nchini Iran|access-date=10 May 2008|chapter-url=http://denial.bahai.org/003.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091205194849/http://denial.bahai.org/003.php|archive-date=5 December 2009|url-status=dead}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/newbelieverssurv00barr|title=Waumini Wapya: uchunguzi wa madhehebu, makundi ya kidini, na dini mbadala|last=Barrett|first=David V.|date=2001|publisher=Cassell & Co|isbn=1-84403-040-7|location=London|ol=3999281M|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/1988britannicabo0000daum|title=1988 Britannica Book of the Year|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=1988|isbn=0-85229-486-7|editor-last1=Daume|editor-first1=Daphne|place=Chicago|chapter=Dini (&) Imani ya Bahá'í|editor-last2=Watson|editor-first2=Louise}} *{{Cite book|title=Britannica Book of the Year|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=1992|editor-last1=Daume|editor-first1=Daphne|place=Chicago|chapter=Imani ya Baháʼí|editor-last2=Watson|editor-first2=Louise}} *{{Cite book|url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/GPB/gpb-9.html#gr26|title=God Passes By|last=Effendi|first=Shoghi|date=1944|publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust|isbn=0-87743-020-9|place=Wilmette, IL|publication-date=1979|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontone0000unse|title=Mapokeo ya Asia|date=2006|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood Press]]|isbn=978-0-275-98712-1|editor-last1=Gallagher|editor-first1=Eugene V.|series=Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America|volume=4|location=Westport, Connecticut • London|chapter=Wabaháʼí wa Marekani|editor-last2=Ashcraft|editor-first2=W. Michael|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bahaifaithinamer0000garl|title=Dini ya Baháʼí Marekani|last=Garlington|first=William|date=2008|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-6234-9|edition=Paperback|location=Lanham, Maryland|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|title=Kitabu cha Mwongozo cha Dini Mpya na Uzalishaji wa Utamaduni|author-last=Hassall|author-first=Graham|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|year=2012|isbn=978-90-04-22187-1|editor1-last=Cusack|editor1-first=Carol|series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion|volume=4|location=[[Leiden]]|pages=599–632|chapter=Nyumba ya Ibada ya Bahá’í: Ujanibishaji na Umbo la Kiujumla|doi=10.1163/9789004226487_025|issn=1874-6691|editor2-last=Norman|editor2-first=Alex}} *{{Cite book|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722#|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Hassal|first=Graham|date=2022|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=581–590|chapter=Sura ya 47: Asia ya Kaskazini-Mashariki}} *{{Cite book|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Hassall|first=Graham|date=2022|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=591–602|chapter=Sura ya 48: Oceania|doi=10.4324/9780429027772-55|s2cid=244697166}} *{{Cite book|url=https://bahai-library.com/hatcher_martin_global_religion|title=The Baháʼí Faith: The Emerging Global Religion|last1=Hatcher|first1=W.S.|last2=Martin|first2=J.D.|publisher=Harper & Row|year=1998|isbn=0-06-065441-4|location=New York}} *{{Cite book|url=https://bahai-library.com/hartz_bahai_faith|title=World Religions: Baháʼí Faith|last=Hartz|first=Paula|date=2009|publisher=Chelsea House Publishers|isbn=978-1-60413-104-8|edition=3rd|location=New York, NY}} *{{Cite book|title=Dini za Ulimwengu kwa Takwimu: Utangulizi wa Demografia ya Kimataifa ya Dini|last1=Johnson|first1=Todd M.|last2=Grim|first2=Brian J.|date=26 March 2013|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-55576-7|pages=59–62|chapter=Idadi za Watu wa Dini Duniani, 1910–2010|doi=10.1002/9781118555767.ch1|chapter-url={{Google books|CkFVF8nFiqkC |page=59 |plainurl=yes}}}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/iranonox0000krav|title=Irano nox|last=Kravetz|first=Marc|publisher=Grasset|year=1982|isbn=2-246-24851-5|location=Paris|page=237|language=fr|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|title=The Messiah of Shiraz: Studies in Early and Middle Babism|last=MacEoin|first=Denis|date=2009|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-17035-3|doi=10.1163/ej.9789004170353.i-740|url=https://archive.org/details/bahaireligiousco0000mcmu|title=Baháʼí: Uundaji wa Kidini wa Utambulisho wa Kiujuma wa Dunia|last=McMullen|first=Michael D.|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|year=2000|isbn=0-8135-2836-4|location=Atlanta, GA|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bahaisofamericag0000mcmu|title=Wabaháʼí wa Marekani: Ukuaji wa Harakati ya Kidini|last=McMullen|first=Mike|date=2015|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-1-4798-5152-2|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/worldsreligionsn0000unse|title=New Lion Handbook: The World's Religions|last=Momen|first=Moojan|publisher=Lion Hudson Plc|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7459-5266-6|editor-last=Partridge|editor-first=Christopher H.|edition=3rd|place=Oxford, UK|contribution=Imani ya Baháʼí|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Momen|first=Wendi|date=2022|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=371–383|chapter=Sura ya 31: Ndoa na maisha ya kifamilia|doi=10.4324/9780429027772-36|s2cid=244697438}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/iranssecretpogro0000nash|title=Mauaji ya siri ya Iran: Njama ya kuwaangamiza Wabahaʼi|last=Nash|first=Geoffrey|publisher=Neville Spearman Limited|year=1982|isbn=0-85435-005-5|location=Sudbury, Suffolk|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521770736|title=Makundi Madogo ya Kidini nchini Iran|last=Sanasarian|first=Eliz|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-521-77073-4|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=52–53|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/2004worldalmanacbook00newy|title=World Almanac and Book of Facts|publisher=World Almanac Books|year=2004|isbn=0-88687-910-8|editor-last=Park|editor-first=Ken|location=New York|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/liftingveillifei0000simp_g2v6|title=Kuinua Pazia|last1=Simpson|first1=John|last2=Shubart|first2=Tira|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton General Division|year=1995|isbn=0-340-62814-6|location=London|page=223|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7zdDFTzNr0C|title=Utangulizi wa Dini ya Baháʼí|last=Smith|first=Peter|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-521-86251-6|location=Cambridge}} *{{Cite book|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722#|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Smith|first=Peter|date=2022a|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=501–512|chapter=Sura ya 41: Historia ya Imani za Kibábí na Kibahá’í|doi=10.4324/9780429027772-48|s2cid=244705793}} *{{Cite book|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722#|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Smith|first=Peter|date=2022b|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=614–621|chapter=Sura ya 50: Asia ya Kusini-Mashariki|title=Dini na Utalii: Njia panda, Maeneo ya Kufikia, na Mikutano|url=https://archive.org/details/religiontourismc0000stau|last=Stausberg|first=Michael|date=2011|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-54931-8|location=Oxfordshire, UK|title=Baháʼí Faith: A Guide For The Perplexed|last=Stockman|first=Robert|date=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-4411-8781-9|location=New York, NY|title=Imani ya Bahá'í, Vurugu, na Kutokuwa na Vurugu|last=Stockman|first=Robert H.|date=July 2020|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-61344-6|editor1=James R. Lewis|series=Cambridge Elements; Religion and Violence|location=Cambridge, UK|doi=10.1017/9781108613446|oclc=1173507653|editor2=Margo Kitts|s2cid=225389995}} *{{Cite book|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722#|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Stockman|first=Robert|date=2022a|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=557–568|chapter=Sura ya 45: Amerika ya Kusini na Karibiani|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722#|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Stockman|first=Robert|date=2022b|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=569–580|chapter=Sura ya 46: Amerika ya Kaskazini|url=http://www.peyman.info/cl/Baha%27i/Others/ROB/V4/p118-144Ch08.html#p125|title=The Revelation of Baháʼu'lláh, Volume 4: Mazra'ih & Bahji 1877–92|last=Taherzadeh|first=Adib|publisher=George Ronald|year=1987|isbn=0-85398-270-8|location=Oxford, UK|page=125|title=Wabahá'i wa Iran: Tafiti za kijamii-kihistoria|last=Tavakoli-Targhi|first=Mohamad|publisher=Routledge|year=2008|isbn=978-0-203-00280-3|editor-last1=Brookshaw|editor-first1=Dominic P.|location=New York|chapter=Upinzani dhidi ya Baháʼí na Uislamisti nchini Iran|editor2-last=Fazel|editor2-first=Seena B.}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/religioushumanri0000unse|title=Haki za binadamu za kidini katika mtazamo wa kimataifa: mitazamo ya kidini|last=Van der Vyer|first=J.D.|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|year=1996|isbn=90-411-0176-4|page=449|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|title=Baháʼí|last=Warburg|first=Margit|date=2001|publisher=Signature Books|editor-last=Introvigne|series=Studies in Contemporary Religions|location=US|title=Citizens of the world: a history and sociology of the Bahaʹis from a globalisation perspective|last=Warburg|first=Margit|date=2006|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-474-0746-1|location=Leiden|oclc=234309958|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Yazdani|first=Mina|date=2022|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=88–104|chapter=Sura ya 7: Maandishi na Matamshi ya ʻAbdu'l-Bahá|doi=10.4324/9780429027772-9|s2cid=244689327}} {{refend}} === Hazina ya Maarifa ya Ulimwengu === {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} *'''Iranica''' **{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Waandishi Wengi|title=Bahaism|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|date=15 December 1988|volume=III|issue=4–5|pages=438–475|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bahaism-index|access-date=11 January 2021|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-Bahaism|1988}}}} **{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Cole|first=Juan|date=15 December 1988|publication-date=23 August 2011|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|article=BAHAISM i. The Faith|volume=III|issue=4|pages=438–446|article-url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bahaism-i|access-date=30 December 2012|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-The Faith|1988}}}} **{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Cole|first=Juan|date=15 December 1988|publication-date=23 August 2011|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|article=BAHĀʾ-ALLĀH|volume=III|issue=4|pages=422–429|article-url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/baha-allah|access-date=30 December 2012|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-Baha'-Allah|1988}}}} **{{Cite encyclopedia|last=MacEoin|first=Denis|date=15 December 1988|publication-date=23 August 2011|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|article=BAHAISM iii. Bahai and Babi Schisms|volume=III|issue=4–5|article-url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bahaism-iii|pages=447–449|issn=2330-4804|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-Bahai and Babi Schisms|1988}}}} **{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Momen|first=Moojan|date=1989|article=BAYT-AL-ʿADL (House of Justice)|article-url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/bayt-al-adl-house-of-justice-a-bahai-administrative-institution|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|volume=IV|issue=1|pages=12–14|issn=2330-4804|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-Bayt-al-'adl|1989}}}} **{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Momen|first=Moojan|year=2010|article=Mašreq al-Aḏkār|article-url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/mashreq-adkar|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-Mašreq al-Aḏkār|2010}}}} **{{cite encyclopedia|last=Negahban|first=Ezzatollah|year=2020|article=BURIAL i. Pre-Historic Burial Sites|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica|volume=IV|issue=5|article-url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/burial-i|access-date=August 24, 2023|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-Burial|2020}}}}</ref> **{{Cite encyclopedia|last1=Rafati|first1=V.|last2=Sahba|first2=F.|year=1988|article=BAHAISM ix. Bahai temples|article-url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/bahaism-ix|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|volume=III|issue=5|pages=465–467|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-Bahai-temples|1988}}}} *{{Cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Barrett|editor-first=David B.|date=1982|title=Wafuasi wa dini zote duniani|encyclopedia=[[World Christian Encyclopedia]]: Utafiti linganishi wa makanisa na dini katika ulimwengu wa kisasa|edition=1st|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Nairobi|ref={{sfnref|World Christian Encyclopedia|1982}}}} *{{Cite encyclopedia|last1=Barrett|first1=David B.|last2=Kurian|first2=George T.|last3=Johnson|first3=Todd M.|year=2001|title=Muhtasari wa Dunia|encyclopedia=[[World Christian Encyclopedia]]: Utafiti linganishi wa makanisa na dini katika ulimwengu wa kisasa|edition=2nd|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|ref={{sfnref|World Christian Encyclopedia|2001}}}} *{{Cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Clarke|editor-first=Peter B.|date=2006|title=Baháʼí|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements|publisher=Routledge|location=London and New York|isbn=978-0-415-26707-6|pages=56}} *{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Hutter|first=Manfred|year=2005|contribution=Bahā'īs|editor-last=Jones|editor-first=Lindsay|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion|edition=2nd|publisher=Macmillan Reference US|volume=2|place=Detroit, MI|isbn=0-02-865733-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_v8f2/page/737 737–740]|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_v8f2/page/737}} *{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Momen|first=Moojan|date=1994a|title=Turkmenistan|encyclopedia=draft "A Short Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith"|url=https://www.momen.org/relstud/turkmnst.htm|access-date=Jul 28, 2022}} *{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Momen|first=Moojan|date=1994b|title=Iran: Historia ya Dini ya Kibaháʼí|encyclopedia=draft "A Short Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith"|publisher=Baháʼí Library 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report|editor-last=Hackett|editor-first=Conrad|editor-last2=Grim|editor-first2=Brian J.|title=Mazingira ya Kidini ya Ulimwengu: Ripoti juu ya Ukubwa na Mgawanyo wa Makundi Makuu ya Dini Duniani kufikia mwaka 2010|pages=53–56 <!-- many other pages report various specific examples across many religions -->|publisher=Pew Research Center’s Forum on Religion & Public Life|via=Boston College|date=Dec 2012|url=https://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/centers/jesinst/pdf/Grim-globalReligion-full.pdf|access-date=Aug 16, 2022|ref={{sfnRef|Pew Global Religious Landscape|2012}}}} *{{Cite report|publisher=Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|date=December 2006|title=Imani Iliyonyimwa: Mateso dhidi ya Wabaháʼí wa Iran|access-date=1 May 2007|url=http://www.iranhrdc.org/httpdocs/English/pdfs/Reports/A-Faith-Denied_Dec06.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618202441/http://www.iranhrdc.org/httpdocs/English/pdfs/Reports/A-Faith-Denied_Dec06.pdf|archive-date=2009-06-18|ref={{sfnRef|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2006}}}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902191009/http://www.iranhrdc.org/httpdocs/English/pdfs/PressReleases/2008/Press-05-15-08.pdf |date=2 Septemba 2010 }} *{{Cite press release|publisher=Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|date=15 May 2008b|title=IHRDC Yalaani Kukamatwa kwa Wabaháʼí Wanaoongoza|url=http://www.iranhrdc.org/httpdocs/English/pdfs/PressReleases/2008/Press-05-15-08.pdf|access-date=17 May 2008|ref={{sfnRef|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2008b}}|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902191009/http://www.iranhrdc.org/httpdocs/English/pdfs/PressReleases/2008/Press-05-15-08.pdf|archive-date=2 September 2010|archivedate=2 Septemba 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902191009/http://www.iranhrdc.org/httpdocs/English/pdfs/PressReleases/2008/Press-05-15-08.pdf}} *{{Cite report|publisher=Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|date=November 2008|title=Uhalifu dhidi ya Ubinadamu: Mashambulizi ya Jamhuri ya Kiislamu dhidi ya Wabaháʼí|location=New Haven, CN|ref={{sfnRef|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2008}}|url=http://www.iranhrdc.org/httpdocs/English/pdfs/Reports/Crimes-against-Humanity_Nov08.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902192809/http://www.iranhrdc.org/httpdocs/English/pdfs/Reports/Crimes-against-Humanity_Nov08.pdf|archive-date=2 September 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902192809/http://www.iranhrdc.org/httpdocs/English/pdfs/Reports/Crimes-against-Humanity_Nov08.pdf |date=2 Septemba 2010 }} *{{Cite web|url=http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/5E72D6B7B624AABBC125713700572D09?opendocument|title=Mwandishi Maalum kuhusu Uhuru wa Dini au Imani ana wasiwasi kuhusu jinsi wafuasi wa Dini ya Baháʼí nchini Iran wanavyotendewa|last=Jahangir|first=Asma|date=20 March 2006|publisher=United Nations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426122357/http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/5E72D6B7B624AABBC125713700572D09?opendocument|archive-date=26 April 2006|access-date=1 June 2006|url-status=live}} *{{Cite thesis|last=Lundberg|first=Zaid|date=2005|type=Master of Arts thesis|title=Ufunuo wa Mwisho katika Dini ya Bahá'í: Dhana ya Ufunuo wa Maendeleo|chapter=Dhana ya Ufunuo wa Maendeleo|chapter-url=http://bahai-library.com/lundberg_bahai_apocalypticism|access-date=1 May 2007|publisher=Department of History of Religion at the Faculty of Theology, Lund University, Sweden}} *{{Cite web|url=http://sim.law.uu.nl/SIM/CaseLaw/uncom.nsf/0/e7b8824bdd987268c1256fa8004a8753?OpenDocument|title=Iran, Jamhuri ya Kiislamu ya|author=Netherlands Institute of Human Rights|date=8 March 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060502110349/http://sim.law.uu.nl/SIM/CaseLaw/uncom.nsf/0/e7b8824bdd987268c1256fa8004a8753?OpenDocument|archive-date=2 May 2006|access-date=31 May 2006|url-status=dead}} {{refend}} [[Jamii:Bahai]] scbpgr9s4q022fd54jqfudjul8v6czi 1592668 1592659 2026-08-28T15:34:17Z FurahaKamili3 68209 /* Mafundisho na kanuni */ 1592668 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Seat_of_the_House_of_Justice.jpg|kulia|thumb|300x300px|[[Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu]] huko [[Haifa]], [[Israeli]], ndicho chombo cha juu kabisa cha Wabaháʼí]]Dini ya Kibaháʼí ni dini iliyoanzishwa katika karne ya 19 inayofundisha umoja wa Mungu, umoja wa dini, na umoja wa binadamu. Ilianzishwa na [[Baháʼu'lláh]], na ilienea kwanza nchini Iran na katika baadhi ya maeneo ya [[Mashariki ya Kati]], ambako imekabiliwa na mateso ya kudumu tangu mwanzo wake.{{sfn|Affolter|2005}} Wafuasi wa dini hii huitwa Wabaháʼí, na leo wameenea katika nchi na maeneo mengi duniani'''.''' Kwa mujibu wa Dini ya Kibaháʼí, dini zote kuu za ulimwengu zina chanzo kimoja cha kiungu. Katika nyakati tofauti za historia, Mungu amewatuma wajumbe mbalimbali kuwaletea wanadamu mwongozo unaolingana na mahitaji ya wakati wao. Wabaháʼí humtambua [[Baháʼu'lláh]] kuwa Mdhihirishaji wa Mungu kwa wakati huu, ambaye ujumbe wake unalenga kuunganisha wanadamu wote. Katika maandiko yake, anaeleza kwamba "dunia yote ni nchi moja na Binadamu ni raia wake." == Imani ya Kibahá'í == Mafundisho ya [[Bahaʼullah|Baháʼu'lláh]] ndiyo msingi wa imani ya Kibaháʼí. Kiini cha mafundisho hayo ni kanuni tatu: umoja wa Mungu, umoja wa dini, na umoja wa binadamu. Wabaháʼí wanaamini kwamba Mungu hufunua mapenzi yake kwa wanadamu hatua kwa hatua kupitia wadhihirishaji wake. Kupitia ufunuo huo, tabia ya mwanadamu na maisha ya jamii hubadilishwa, na sifa za kiroho na kimaadili hukuzwa. Kwa sababu hiyo, dini hueleweka kuwa mchakato wa ufunuo uendeleao, unaoleta mwendelezo, mpangilio, na umoja katika historia ya binadamu.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=108–109}} === Mungu === Kulingana na maandiko ya Kibaháʼí, Mungu hufafanuliwa kuwa mmoja, wa milele, ajuaye yote, aliyepo kila mahali, asiyoharibika, na mwenye nguvu zote ambaye ni Muumba wa vitu vyote katika ulimwengu.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=106}} Kuwepo kwa Mungu huchukuliwa kuwa kwa milele, bila mwanzo wala mwisho. Ingawa Mungu yuko nje ya ufikivu wa moja kwa moja wa mwanadamu, bado anafahamu uumbaji wake na ana mapenzi na kusudi ambalo hulieleza kwa wanadamu kupitia Wajumbe wake wanaoitwa Wadhihirishaji wa Mungu.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=106–107, 111–112}} Dhana ya Mungu katika imani ya Kibaháʼí ni ya "asili isiyojulikana" ambayo ndiyo chanzo cha uwepo wote na inayotambulika kupitia ufahamu wa sifa za kibinadamu. [nukuu inahitajika] Kwa maana nyingine, mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí kuhusu Mungu pia yana mwelekeo wa kuona ishara za Mungu katika vitu vyote, lakini yanafundisha kwamba uhalisi wa Mungu uko juu ya ulimwengu wa kimwili. Mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí yanasema kwamba Mungu ni mkuu kiasi kwamba mwanadamu hawezi kumwelewa kikamilifu, na kwa msingi huo mwanadamu hawezi kujijengea mwenyewe taswira kamili na sahihi ya Mungu. Kwa hiyo, kumjua Mungu kunawezekana tu kupitia kwa Wadhihirishaji wake, na ufahamu wa kusudi lake na mapenzi yake hupatikana pia kupitia kwao tu.{{sfn|Cole|1982}} Katika Dini ya Kibaháʼí, Mungu mara nyingi hurejelewa kwa vyeo na sifa zake (kwa mfano, Mwenye nguvu zote, au Mwenye upendo kwa wote), na kuna msisitizo mkubwa juu ya umoja wa Mungu mmoja. Mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí yanaeleza kwamba sifa hizi hazitumiki kwa Mungu kwa namna ya moja kwa moja, bali hutumiwa kutafsiri uungu kwa lugha ya kibinadamu na kuwasaidia watu kuelekeza fikra zao kwenye sifa zake katika kumwabudu Mungu ili kukuza uwezo wao katika njia yao ya kiroho.{{sfn|Hatcher|2005}} Kulingana na mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí, kusudi la mwanadamu ni kujifunza kumjua na kumpenda Mungu kwa njia kama vile sala, tafakari, na kuwatumikia wengine.{{sfn|Hatcher|2005}} === Dini === Kutokana na dhana ya Kibaháʼí ya ufunuo uendeleao, Dini zote kuu za ulimwengu ni halali, ambazo waasisi na wahusika wake wakuu huonwa kuwa Wadhihirishaji wa Mungu.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=14}} Historia ya dini hufasiriwa kama mfululizo wa vipindi, ambapo kila Mdhihirishaji huleta ufunuo ulio mpana zaidi na ulioendelea zaidi, unaowasilishwa kama maandiko matakatifu na kupitishwa katika historia kwa kutegemewa kwa viwango tofauti, lakini angalau ukiwa wa kweli katika kiini chake,{{sfn|Stockman|2013|p=40–42}} na unaofaa kwa wakati na mahali ulipofunuliwa.{{sfn|Daume|Watson|1992}} Mafundisho maalumu ya kijamii ya kidini (kwa mfano, mwelekeo wa sala, au vizuizi vya chakula) yanaweza kufutwa na Mdhihirishaji anayefuata ili hitaji linalofaa zaidi kwa wakati na mahali liweze kuwekwa. Kinyume chake, kanuni fulani za jumla (kwa mfano, udugu, au hisani) huonwa kuwa za ulimwengu wote na thabiti. Katika Dini ya Kibaháʼí, mchakato huu wa ufunuo endelevu hautakoma; hata hivyo, huonwa kuwa wa mzunguko. === Agano === Wabaháʼí wanatilia mkazo sana umoja, na Baháʼu'lláh aliweka wazi sheria za kuifanya jumuiya ibaki pamoja na kutatua kutokukubaliana. Ndani ya mfumo huu hakuna mfuasi yeyote binafsi anayeweza kupendekeza tafsiri 'iliyovuviwa' au 'yenye mamlaka' ya maandiko, na watu binafsi hukubali kuunga mkono mstari wa mamlaka uliowekwa katika maandiko ya Kibaháʼí.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=20}} Utaratibu huu umeifanya jumuiya ya Wabaháʼí kubaki yenye umoja na umezuia mpasuko wowote mkubwa. Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu ndiyo mamlaka ya mwisho ya kutatua kutokukubaliana kokote miongoni mwa Wabaháʼí, na majaribio kadhaa ya kuleta mgawanyiko{{sfn|Stockman|2020|p=36–37}} aidha yametoweka au yamebaki kuwa madogo sana. Wafuasi wa migawanyiko hiyo huchukuliwa kuwa wavunja agano na huepukwa.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=173}} === Kanuni za Kijamii === Wakati [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]] aliposafiri kwa mara ya kwanza kwenda Ulaya na Marekani mwaka 1911–1912, alitoa hotuba za hadhara ambazo zilifafanua kanuni za msingi za Dini ya Kibaháʼí.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=52–53}} Hizi zilijumuisha mafundisho kuhusu usawa wa wanaume na wanawake, umoja wa mbari ya binadamu, haja ya amani ya ulimwengu, na mawazo mengine yaliyochuliwa endelevu ya mwanzoni mwa karne ya 20. Dhana ya umoja wa binadamu, ambayo Wabaháʼí wanaiona kama ukweli wa kale, ni mahali ambapo mawazo mengi yameanzia. Usawa wa mbari ya binadamu na Uondoaji wa utajiri kupita kiasi na umaskini uliokithiri kwa mfano, ni matokeo ya umoja huo.{{sfn|Stockman|2013|p=9}} Matokeo mengine ya dhana hiyo ni haja ya shirikisho la dunia lililoungana, na baadhi ya mapendekezo ya kivitendo ya kuhimiza utekelezaji wake ni pamoja na lugha moja ya ulimwengu wote, mfumo sanifu wa uchumi na vipimo, elimu ya lazima kwa wote, na kuanzishwa kwa mahakama ya kimataifa ya usuluhishi kwa ajili ya kutatua migogoro baina ya mataifa. Kuhusiana na jitihada za amani ya ulimwengu, Baháʼu'lláh alieleza mpango wa mfumo wa pamoja wa usalama wa dunia nzima.{{sfn|Smith|2000|p=266–267}} Nyinginezo ya kanuni za Kibahai za kijamii huzungukia umoja wa kiroho. Dini huchukuliwa kuwa inayoendelea kutoka zama moja hadi nyingine, lakini ili kutambua Ufunuo mpya, mtu anapaswa kujitenga na tamaduni na ukweli uchunguzwe kwa kujitegemea. Wabaháʼí hufundishwa kuiona dini kama chanzo cha umoja, na kuona chuki ya kidini kuwa ya uharibifu. Sayansi pia huonwa kuwa yenye upatano na dini ya kweli.{{sfn|Iranica-The Faith|1988}} Ingawa Baháʼu'lláh na ʻAbdu'l-Bahá waliita kuwepo kwa dunia iliyoungana iliyo huru kutokana na vita, pia wanatarajia kwamba kwa muda mrefu, amani ya kudumu (Amani Kuu Kabisa) itaanzishwa na kwamba "ufisadi mkubwa" utasafishwa. Ni muhimu kwamba watu wa dunia waungane chini ya imani ya ulimwengu mzima, wakiwa na sifa za kiroho na maadili ili kukamilisha ustaarabu wa kimwili.{{sfn|Smith|2000|p=266–267}} == '''Historia''' == Mwanzo wa [[Baháʼí|Dini ya Kibaháʼí]] uanzia katika dini ya [[Báb]] na harakati ya Shaykhi iliyotangulia mara moja kabla yake. Báb alikuwa mfanyabiashara ambaye alianza kuhubiri mwaka wa 1844 kwamba yeye ni mjumbe aliyeleta ufunuo mpya wa Mungu, lakini alikataliwa na wengi wa makasisi wa Kiislamu nchini Iran, na akauawa hadharani kwa kosa la uzushi.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=11}} Báb alifundisha kwamba Mungu angeleta mjumbe mpya hivi karibuni, na Wabaháʼí humtambua [[Baháʼu'lláh]] kuwa ndiye mjumbe huyo.{{sfn|A.V.|2017}} Ingawa anatambulika kuwa mjumbe wa Mungu kwa haki yake, Báb ameunganishwa kwa karibu sana na teolojia na historia ya Kibaháʼí kiasi kwamba Wabaháʼí huadhimisha kuzaliwa kwake, kifo chake, na kujitangaza kwake kama siku takatifu, na humhesabu kuwa mmoja wa wakuu wa tatu wa Imani (pamoja na Baháʼu'lláh na [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]]). Masimulizi ya kihistoria ya harakati ya Kibábí (''The Dawn-Breakers'') huchukuliwa kuwa mojawapo ya vitabu vitatu ambavyo kila Mbaháʼí anapaswa "kuvimudu" na kuvisoma "tena na tena".<ref>From a letter written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi to an individual believer dated 9 June 1932</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 1892, wakati wa kifo cha Baháʼu'lláh, jamii ya Wabaháʼí ilikuwa bado imejikita hasa nchini Iran na katika Milki ya Ottoman, na wakati huo ilikuwa na wafuasi katika nchi 13 za Asia na Afrika.{{sfn|Taherzadeh|1987|p=125}} Chini ya uongozi wa mwanawe, [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]], dini hiyo ilijikita Ulaya na Amerika, na kuimarika nchini Iran, ambako bado inakabiliwa na mateso makali.{{sfn|Affolter|2005}} Kifo cha ʻAbdu'l-Bahá mwaka wa 1921 kinaashiria mwisho wa kipindi kinachoitwa "Zama za Ushujaa" cha Dini ya Kibaháʼí.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=56}} === Báb === {{Main|Bab}} Jioni ya tarehe 22 Mei 1844, Siyyid Ali-Muhammad wa [[Shiraz]] alijitangaza kwa ulimwengu na akachukua cheo cha "Báb" (الباب), chenye maana ya "lango", akidai kuwa ndiye [[Mahdi]] anayengojewa katika [[Uislamu wa Kishia]].{{sfn|Affolter|2005}} Hivyo wafuasi wake walijulikana kama Wabábí. Kadiri mafundisho ya Báb yalivyoenea, ambayo [[makasisi]] wa Kiislamu waliyaona kuwa ni kufuru, wafuasi wake walikabiliwa na mateso na dhuluma zilizoongezeka.{{sfn|Daume|Watson|1992}} Migogoro iliongezeka hadi kufikia kuzingirwa kijeshi katika maeneo kadhaa na majeshi ya Shah. Báb mwenyewe alifungwa gerezani na hatimaye akauawa mwaka wa 1850.{{sfn|MacEoin|2009|p=414}} Wabahá’í humwona [[Báb]] kama mtangulizi wa [[Baháʼí|Dini ya Kibaháʼí]], kwa kuwa maandiko ya Báb yaliwasilisha dhana ya "Yule ambaye Mungu atamdhihirisha", mtu wa kimasiya ambaye kuja kwake, kulingana na Wabaháʼí, kulitangazwa katika maandiko yote makuu ya dini za ulimwengu.{{sfn|Daume|Watson|1992}} Na [[Baháʼu'lláh]] mwanzilishi wa Dini ya Kibahai hudai ndiye huyo. Kaburi la Báb, lililoko kwenye Mlima Carmel [[Haifa]], [[Israeli]], ni mahali muhimu pa hija kwa Wabaháʼí. Mabaki ya Báb yaliletwa kwa siri kutoka Iran hadi Nchi Takatifu na hatimaye yakazikwa katika kaburi lililojengwa kwa ajili yake mahali palipoainishwa mahsusi na Baháʼu'lláh.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=75–76}} Maandiko ya Báb yanachukuliwa na Wabaháʼí kuwa maandiko matakatifu ya dini, ingawa yamebadilishwa na sheria na mafundisho ya Baháʼu'lláh.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=101}} Maandiko makuu ya Báb yaliyotafsiriwa kwa Kiingereza yamekusanywa katika kitabu kiitwacho ''Selections from the Writings of the Báb'' (1976), ambacho kina takribani maandiko 135 kutoka maandiko ya Báb.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=102}} === Bahá'u'lláh === {{Main|Bahaʼullah }} Mírzá Husayn ʻAlí Núrí alikuwa miongoni mwa wafuasi wa kwanza wa Báb, na baadaye alichukua cheo cha Bahá'u'lláh. Mnamo Agosti 1852,{{sfn|Warburg|2006|p=145}} Baadhi ya Wabábí walifanya jaribio ambalo halikufanikiwa la kumuua Shah, Násiri'd-Dín Sháh Qájár. Shah alijibu kwa kuamuru mauaji na, katika baadhi ya matukio, kuwatesa karibu Wabábí 50 mjini Tehran.{{sfn|Warburg|2006|p=146}} Zaidi ya hayo umwagaji damu ulienea kote nchini, na mamia waliripotiwa kuuwawa kwenye magazeti katika kipindi cha hadi Oktoba, na maelfu zaidi waliuwawa hadi mwisho wa Desemba.<ref>{{*}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10893156/hundreds_of_babis_executed_babibahai/|title=Persia – The Journal de Constantinople|date=3 Nov 1852|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=Sep 6, 2022|location=London, UK|page=2|via=Newspapers.com}} {{*}}{{Cite news|url=http://www.newspapers.com/clip/871886/hundreds_of_babis_killed_following/|title=Persia|date=17 November 1852|newspaper=The Sun|access-date=Sep 6, 2022|location=Baltimore, MD|page=1|via=Newspapers.com}} {{*}}{{Cite news|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/search/results?basicsearch=%22babs%20was%20awful%2C%20and%20that%2020%2C000%20or%2030%2C000%22&phrasesearch=%22babs%20was%20awful%2C%20and%20that%2020%2C000%20or%2030%2C000%22&sortorder=score&o=date&d=asc|title=Turkey|date=20 December 1852|newspaper=London Standard|access-date=Sep 6, 2022|location=London, UK|page=3|via=BritishNewspaperArchive.co.uk}}{{subscription required}}</ref> Bahá'u'lláh hakuhusika katika jaribio hilo la mauaji, lakini alifungwa katika gereza la Siyah-Chal huko Tehran hadi kuachiliwa kwake kulipopangwa miezi minne baadaye baada ya balozi wa Urusi kuingilia jambo hilo, mara tu baada ya hapo alifukuzwa kutoka Iran na kusafiri hadi Baghdad, kisha sehemu ya Milki ya Ottoman, ambapo alijiunga na Wabábí wengine katika uhamisho.{{sfn|Warburg|2006|p=146–147}} {{sfn|Hutter|2005|p=737–740}} Huko Baghdad, uongozi wake uliamsha upya wafuasi wa Báb waliokuwa wakiteswa nchini Iran, hivyo mamlaka ya Irani ikaomba aondolewe, jambo lililosababisha kuamishwa kwake kwenda Constantinople (sasa [[Istanbul]]) na Sultani wa Ottoman. Mnamo 1863, wakati wa kufukuzwa kwake kutoka Baghdad, Bahá'u'lláh kwa mara ya kwanza alitangaza mbele ya familia yake na wafuasi wake dai lake la kuwa Mdhihirishaji wa Mungu, jambo ambalo alisema alikuwa amelifahamu miaka kadhaa kabla akiwa katika gereza la Siyah-Chal huko Tehran. Alikaa Konstantinople kwa muda usiofika miezi minne. Mamlaka ya Ottoman walimgeuka kwa sababu ya uchongezi uliyofanywa na balozi wa Persia, ambapo Serikali ya Sultani iliamuru kuhamishwa kwake kwenda Adrianople (sasa [[Edirne]]), ambapo Bahá'u'lláh alijibu kwa barua yenye onyo kali. Huko Adrianople walimweka chini ya kifungo cha nyumbani ambako alikaa kwa miaka minne, hadi amri ya kifalme ya mwaka 1868 ilipowahamisha Wababi wote kwenda ama [[Cyprus]] au 'Akká. 'Akka, ambao wakati huo ulikuwa katika jimbo la Ottoman la Syria na leo uko katika dola ya Israeli, ulikuwa mji wenye kuta na lango la nchi kavu pamoja na lango la baharini, ambapo wageni wote walikaguliwa. Hivyo ilikuwa rahisi sana kuwazuia mahujaji wa Kiajemi waliokuwa wakisafiri kwenda kwa Bahá'u'lláh, hasa kwa kuwa Wafuasi wa Mirza Yahya walikuwa wamefungwa mjini humo pia, walikuwa wakitoa taarifa mara moja kuhusu Mbaháʼí yeyote aliyefaulu kuwapita walinzi wa langoni. 'Akka ilitumiwa na serikali ya Ottoman kama mahali pa kifungo kwa wafungwa wa kisiasa. Hali za mji huo zilikuwa mbaya sana kiafya kiasi kwamba iliaminika kwamba wale ambao hawakuwa wamezoea hali hizo wangekufa upesi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The world of the Bahá'í Faith|last=Stockman|first=Robert|date=2022|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Abingdon, Oxon ; New York|pages=325}}</ref> Ilikuwa katika koloni la Ottoman la ʻAkká au karibu nayo (Katika eneo la Israel ya sasa), Baháʼu'lláh alitumia sehemu iliyobaki ya maisha yake. Mwanzoni baada ya kifungo kikali na chenye masharti magumu, aliruhusiwa kuishi katika nyumba karibu na ʻAkká, ingawa bado alikuwa mfungwa rasmi wa mji huo.{{sfn|Iranica-Baha'-Allah|1988}} Alifariki mwaka wa 1892. Wabaháʼí huchukulia mahali pake pa kupumzika huko Bahjí kuwa Qiblih wanakoelekea kila siku wanaposali.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=20–21, 28}} Aliandika zaidi ya maandiko 18,000 katika [[Kiarabu]] na [[Kifarsi]] wakati wa uhai wake, ambayo asilimia 8 tu ndiyo yametafsiriwa kwa [[Lugha ya Kiingereza|Kiingereza]].{{sfn|Stockman|2013|p=2}} Katika kipindi chake huko Adrianople, alianza kutangaza utume wake kama mjumbe wa Mungu katika barua alizowaandikia watawala wa kidini na wa kidunia, wakiwemo [[Papa Pius IX]], [[Napoleon III]] na [[Malkia Victoria]].{{sfn|Berry|2004}} === ʻAbdu'l-Bahá === {{Main|ʻAbdu'l-Bahá}} Abbás Effendi alikuwa mwana mkubwa wa kiume wa Bahá'u'lláh, anayejulikana kwa cheo cha ʻAbdu'l-Bahá ("Mtumishi wa Bahá"). Baba yake aliacha wosia uliomteua ʻAbdu'l-Bahá kuwa kitovu cha agano la jamii ya Wabaháʼí.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=73–76}} ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alishiriki na baba yake kipindi kirefu cha uhamisho na kifungo, ambacho kiliendelea hadi kuachiliwa kwa ʻAbdu'l-Bahá mwaka wa 1908 kutokana na Mapinduzi ya Waturuki Vijana. Baada ya kuachiliwa kwake, aliishi maisha ya kusafiri, akitoa hotuba, akifundisha, akielezea kanuni za Dini ya Kibahai na huku akiendeleza mawasiliano kwa barua na jumuiya za waumini na watu binafsi.{{sfn|Hutter|2005|p=737–740}} Tangu mwanzo wa maisha yake, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alishiriki magumu ya baba yake kutokana na mateso ya Wabábí nchini Iran na baadaye wakati wa uhamisho wao kutoka Tehran kwenda Baghdad, Istanbul, Edirne na ‘Akká. Alikuwa mshirika wa karibu wa Baháʼu'lláh, msimamizi mkuu na mwakilishi wa kuaminika wa mambo ya nje katika Milki ya Ottoman. Kwa Wabaháʼí, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá ni "Mwalimu", kama alivyoitwa na baba yake, na ndiye mfano bora wa mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The world of the Bahá'í Faith|last=Stockman|first=Robert|date=2022|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Abingdon, Oxon ; New York|pages=71}}</ref> Kufikia mwaka wa 2020, kuna zaidi ya nyaraka 38,000 zilizopo zinazojumuisha maneno ya [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]].{{sfn|Yazdani|2022}} Ni sehemu kidogo tu ya nyaraka hizi ambayo imetafsiriwa kwa [[Lugha ya Kiingereza|Kiingereza]]. Miongoni mwa maandiko yake maarufu ni ''Siri ya Ustaarabu Mtakatifu'', ''Baadhi ya Maswali Yaliyojibiwa'', ''Waraka kwa Auguste-Henri Forel'', ''Nyaraka za Mpango Mtakatifu'', na ''Waraka kwa Hague''.{{sfn|Yazdani|2022}} Zaidi ya hayo, wakati wa safari zake za Magharibi, maandishi ya hotuba zake nyingi yalichapishwa katika matoleo mbalimbali kama vile ''Hekima ya Abdu'l-Bahá'' . === Shoghi Effendi === {{Main|Shoghi Effendi }} Kitáb-i-Aqdas cha Baháʼu'lláh na Wasia na Agano la ʻAbdu'l-Bahá ni nyaraka za msingi za utawala wa Kibaháʼí. Baháʼu'lláh aliamuru kuanzishwa kwa Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu inayochaguliwa, na ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alianzisha ulinzi wa kurithi unaoteuliwa na akafafanua uhusiano kati ya Asasi hizo mbili.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=55–57}} Katika wasia wake ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alimteua mjukuu wake mkubwa, Shoghi Effendi, kuwa Mlinzi wa Dini ya Kibaháʼí. Shoghi Effendi alitumikia kama mkuu wa dini hiyo kwa miaka 36.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=55}} [[Picha:Shoghi_Effendi2.jpg|thumb|Shoghi Effendi, mjukuu wa ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]] Katika maisha yake yote, Shoghi Effendi alitafsiri maandiko ya Kibaháʼí; aliendeleza mipango ya kimataifa kwa ajili ya kupanua jumuiya ya Kibaháʼí; aliendeleza Makao Makuu ya Kibahai ya Ulimwengu; aliendeleza mawasiliano mapana na jumuiya na watu binafsi duniani kote; na alijenga muundo wa kiutawala wa dini, akiitayarisha jumuiya kwa ajili ya uchaguzi wa Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu.{{sfn|Hutter|2005|p=737–740}} Mnamo mwaka wa 1937, Shoghi Effendi alianza Mpango wa Miaka Saba kwa Wabaháʼí wa Amerika Kaskazini, ukifuatiwa na mpango wa pili mwaka wa 1946. Mwaka wa 1953, alizindua mpango wa kwanza wa kimataifa, Mpango wa Miaka Kumi. Mpango huu ulijumuisha malengo makubwa sana ya kupanua jumuiya na asasi za Kibaháʼí, kutafsiri maandiko ya Kibaháʼí katika lugha nyingi mpya, na kuwapeleka watangulizi wa Kibaháʼí katika nchi ambazo hapo awali hazikuwa zimefikiwa.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=64}} Alitangaza katika barua wakati wa Mpango wa Miaka Kumi kwamba ungefuatiwa na mipango mingine chini ya uongozi wa Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu, ambayo ilichaguliwa mwaka wa 1963 mwishoni mwa Mpango huwo. Shoghi Effendi aliacha alama kubwa juu ya jumuiya ya Wabaháʼí ambayo hadi leo inaendelea kuwa na athari ya kina. Ufafanuzi wake wa maandiko ya Kibaháʼí unachukuliwa kuwa wa mamlaka, hivyo ni wa msingi kwa uelewa wa teolojia na sheria ya Kibaháʼí, pamoja na mafundisho ya kijamii ya Kibaháʼí. Maandishi yake kuhusu utawala wa Kibaháʼí yanaendelea kuwa chanzo muhimu cha mwongozo kuhusu jinsi asasi za Kibaháʼí zinavyopaswa kufanya kazi.<ref name=":0" /> Shoghi Effendi alifariki dunia bila kutarajiwa tarehe 4 Novemba 1957 huko London, Uingereza, baada ya ugonjwa wa muda mfupi, katika hali ambayo haikuruhusu kuteuliwa kwa mrithi.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=58–69}} === Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu === {{Main|Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu }} Tangu mwaka wa 1963, Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu imekuwa asasi ya juu kabisa iliyochaguliwa ya Dini ya Kibaháʼí. Majukumu ya jumla ya asasi hii ya kimungu yamefafanuliwa kupitia maandiko ya Baháʼu'lláh na kufafanuliwa zaidi katika maandiko ya ʻAbdu'l-Bahá na Shoghi Effendi. Majukumu haya yanajumuisha ufundishaji na elimu, kutekeleza sheria za Kibaháʼí, kushughulikia masuala ya kijamii, na kuwajali wanyonge na maskini.{{sfn|Iranica-Bayt-al-'adl|1989}} [[Picha:Seat_of_the_House_of_Justice.jpg|kushoto|thumb|Makao ya Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu huko Haifa]] Kuanzia na Mpango wa Miaka Tisa ulioanza mwaka wa 1964, Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu imekuwa ikielekeza kazi ya jamii ya Wabaháʼí kupitia mfululizo wa mipango ya kimataifa ya miaka kadhaa.{{sfn|Smith|Momen|1989}} Kuanzia na Mpango wa Miaka Tisa ulioanza mwaka wa 1964, uongozi wa Kibaháʼí ulitafuta si tu kuendeleza upanuzi wa dini, bali pia "kuwaimarisha" waumini wapya, yaani kuongeza maarifa yao kuhusu mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí.{{sfn|Fozdar|2015}} Katika muktadha huu, katika miaka ya 1970, Taasisi ya Ruhi ilianzishwa na Wabaháʼí nchini Kolombia ili kutoa kozi fupi ya nini Wabaháʼí wana amini, zenye urefu wa siku za mwisho wa juma hadi siku tisa.{{sfn|Fozdar|2015}} Taasisi inayohusiana nayo, Ruhi Foundation, ambayo lengo lake lilikuwa kuwaimarisha Wabaháʼí wapya kimpangilio, ilisajiliwa mwaka wa 1992, na tangu mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990 kozi za Taasisi ya Ruhi zimekuwa njia kuu ya kuongeza uelewa wa mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí duniani kote.{{sfn|Fozdar|2015}} Kufikia mwaka wa 2013 kulikuwa na zaidi ya taasisi za mafunzo 300 za Kibaháʼí duniani kote na watu 100,000 walikuwa wakishiriki katika kozi hizo. Kozi za Taasisi ya Ruhi hufundisha jamii jinsi ya kuandaa, miongoni mwa shughuli nyingine, madarasa ya elimu ya kiroho kwa watoto na vijana. Kwa jamii ya Kibaháʼí ya wakati huu, Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu pia imehimiza ushiriki katika shughuli za kijamii na kushiriki katika mijadala iliyoenea ya jamii.{{sfn|Stockman|2013|p=203}} Kila mwaka, tarehe 21 mwezi wa Aprili, Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu hutuma ujumbe wa 'Ridván' kwa jamuiya ya Wabaháʼí ulimwenguni kote, ambao huwafahamisha Wabaháʼí kuhusu maendeleo ya sasa na kutoa mwongozo zaidi kwa mwaka unaofuata.{{efn|Ujumbe wote wa Ridván unaweza kupatikana katika [http://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages Bahai.org].}} Katika ngazi ya mahali, kanda na kitaifa, Wabaháʼí huchagua wajumbe wa mabaraza ya kiroho yenye watu tisa, ambayo huendesha shughuli za dini. Pia kuna watu walioteuliwa wanaofanya kazi katika ngazi mbalimbali, ikiwemo ngazi ya mahali na ya kimataifa, ambao hutekeleza kazi ya kueneza mafundisho na kuilinda jamii. Watu hao hawafanyi kazi kama makasisi au mapadri, kwa kuwa Dini ya Kibaháʼí haina tabaka la ukuhani.{{sfn|Daume|Watson|1992}}{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=160}} Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu ndiyo chombo cha juu kabisa cha uongozi wa Dini ya Kibaháʼí, na wajumbe wake tisa huchaguliwa kila baada ya miaka mitano na wajumbe wa Mabaraza yote ya Kiroho ya Kitaifa.{{sfn|Warburg|2001|p=20}} Mbaháʼí yeyote mwanaume mwenye umri wa miaka 21 au zaidi anastahili kuchaguliwa kuwa mjumbe wa Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu; nyadhifa zote nyingine ziko wazi kwa Wabaháʼí wanaume na wanawake.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=205}} Katika mojawapo ya nyaraka zake Baháʼu'lláh anaandika kwamba "kusudi la msingi la kuhuisha imani kwa Mungu na kwa dini yake ni kulinda maslahi ya wanadamu, kukuza umoja wa jamii ya binadamu, na kuendeleza roho ya upendo na udugu miongoni mwa watu." Kupitia agano lake, Baháʼu'lláh alithibitisha kwamba wajumbe wa jamii ya Wabaháʼí daima watakuwa na kituo cha mamlaka kisichokosea, jambo linalohakikisha umoja wa kudumu na unaoendelea wa jamii. Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu sasa ndiyo kituo hicho cha mamlaka, chenye wajibu wa kushughulikia masuala yanayohusiana na kutekeleza utaratibu wa dunia uliotabiriwa na Baháʼu'lláh. Hivyo basi, miongoni mwa mamlaka na majukumu yake mengine mengi, hutatua matatizo yanayohitaji ufafanuzi au ambayo yanaweza kuwa chanzo cha mizozo, husimamia maendeleo ya Hoja na usimamizi wa mambo yake, huweka sheria na kanuni zinazohitajika kwa maendeleo endelevu ya jamii, na hutoa mfululizo endelevu wa mwongozo unaotia moyo na kuandaa jitihada za Wabaháʼí na washirika wao katika kukuza umoja wa wanadamu.<ref name=":0" /> == Mafundisho na kanuni == Kanuni kuu za Dini ya Kibaháʼí ni - * Mungu ni mmoja * Dini zote zina chanzo kimoja<ref name=":0" /> * Umoja wa Binadamu * Amani ya ulimwengu * Haki kwa wote * Usawa wa wanawake na wanaume * Elimu ya lazima kwa wote<ref name=":0" /> * Upatano wa sayansi na dini * Uondoaji wa umasikini na utajiri uliopitiliza * Suluhisho la kiroho kwa matatizo ya kimwili<ref name=":0" /> Mifano kadhaa ya mafundisho ya Bahá'u'lláh kuhusu mwenendo wa mtu binafsi ni yafuatayo, ambayo ni ya lazima au yanahimizwa kwa wafuasi wake: * Wabaháʼí wenye umri wa zaidi ya miaka 15 wanapaswa kusoma katika faragha sala moja ya lazima kila siku, kwa kutumia maneno na vitendo maalum vilivyoainishwa.{{sfn|Schaefer|2002|p=334}} * Mbali na sala ya lazima ya kila siku, Wabaháʼí wanapaswa kusali kila siku na kufanya tafakari pamoja na kusoma maandiko matakatifu.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=161–162}} * Wabaháʼí watu wazima, isipokuwa kwa baadhi ya msamaha, wanapaswa kufunga mfungo wa siku kumi na tisa kila mwaka katika mwezi wa Machi.{{sfn|Schaefer|2002|p=339–340}} * Kuna masharti maalum ya maziko ya Kibaháʼí, yakiwemo sala maalum inayopaswa kusomwa wakati wa mazishi. Kutilia manukato au dawa mwili wa marehemu na kuchoma maiti kunakataliwa.{{sfn|Iranica-Burial|2020}} === Makatazo === Yafuatayo ni baadhi ya matendo ya mwenendo binafsi ambayo yamekatazwa au yamehimizwa kuepukwa katika mafundisho ya Baháʼu'lláh: * Uchongezi na usengenyaji vimekatazwa na kulaaniwa.{{sfn|Schaefer|2002|p=330–332}} * Kunywa na kuuza pombe ni marufuku.{{sfn|Schaefer|2002|p=323}} * Kujamiiana kunaruhusiwa kati ya mume na mke pekee, na kwa hiyo, ngono kabla ya ndoa na ngono nje ya ndoa zote zimekatazwa.{{sfn|Schaefer|2002|p=326}} * Kushiriki katika siasa za vyama ni marufuku.{{sfn|McMullen|2015|p=69, 136, 149, 253–254, 269}} * Kuombaomba kama kazi ni marufuku.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=154–155}} Utekelezaji wa sheria za kibinafsi, kama vile sala au kufunga, ni wajibu wa mtu binafsi pekee.{{sfn|Schaefer|2002|p=339}} Hata hivyo, kuna nyakati ambapo Mbaháʼí anaweza kuondolewa kiutawala kutoka katika jumuiya kwa kupuuza sheria hadharani, au kwa uasherati wa kupindukia. Kuondolewa huko kunasimamiwa na Baraza la Kiroho la Kitaifa na hakuhusishi kutengwa kabisa.{{sfn|Schaefer|2002|p=348–349}} === Ndoa === Katika Dini ya Kibaháʼí, kusudi la ndoa kimsingi ni kukuza upatano wa kiroho, urafiki na umoja kati ya mwanamume mmoja na mwanamke mmoja, na kutoa mazingira thabiti na yenye upendo kwa malezi ya watoto.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=164–165}} Mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí kuhusu ndoa huiita kuwa ni ngome ya ustawi na wokovu na huweka ndoa na familia kama msingi wa muundo wa jamii ya wanadamu.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=164}} Baháʼu'lláh alisifu sana ndoa, alikataza talaka, na alidai usafi nje ya ndoa; Baháʼu'lláh alifundisha kwamba mume na mke wanapaswa kujitahidi kuboresha maisha ya kiroho ya kila mmoja.{{sfn|Momen|2022}} Ndoa za baina ya makabila na baina ya rangi pia zimesifiwa sana katika maandiko yote ya Kibaháʼí.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=164}} [[Picha:BahaiTempleWilmette.jpg|thumb|Nyumba ya Ibada ya Kibaháʼí nchini Marekani]] Wabaháʼí wanaotamani kufunga ndoa wanashauriwa kupata ufahamu wa kina kuhusu tabia ya mwingine kabla ya kuamua kuoana.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=164}} Mara mbili watu wanapoamua kuoana, wanapaswa kupata idhini ya wazazi wa pande zote mbili, iwe ni Wabaháʼí au la. Sherehe ya ndoa ya Kibaháʼí ni rahisi; sehemu pekee ya lazima ya ndoa ni kusoma viapo vya ndoa vilivyowekwa na Baháʼu'lláh, ambavyo husomwa na bwana harusi na bibi harusi mbele ya mashahidi wawili.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=164}} Viapo hivyo ni "Sote, hakika, tutatii mapenzi ya Mungu."{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=164}} === Nyumba za Ibada === Katika jumuiya nyingi, mikutano ya ibada ya Kibaháʼí hufanyika majumbani au katika vituo vya Wabaháʼí. Hata hivyo, katika baadhi ya maeneo, Nyumba za Ibada za Kibaháʼí—zinazojulikana pia kama mahekalu ya Kibaháʼí—zimejengwa mahsusi kwa kusudi hilo.{{sfn|Afnan|2022}} Nyumba za Ibada za Kibaháʼí ni mahali ambapo Wabaháʼí na wasio Wabaháʼí wanaweza kuonesha ibada kwa Mungu.{{sfn|Warburg|2006|p=492}} Pia zinajulikana kama Mashriqu'l-Adhkár (kwa Kiarabu "Mahali pa Mapambazuko pa Ukumbusho wa Mungu").{{sfn|Hassall|2012}} Ndani yake, ni maandiko matakatifu ya Dini ya Kibaháʼí na ya dini nyingine tu yanayoweza kusomwa au kuimbwa, na maandiko na sala zilizowekwa kwa ajili ya muziki zinaweza kuimbwa na waimbaji, lakini hakuna ala za muziki zinazoweza kupigwa ndani.{{sfn|Iranica-Bahai-temples|1988}} Zaidi ya hayo, hakuna hotuba inayoweza kutolewa, na hakuna sherehe ya kiibada inayoweza kufanywa.{{sfn|Iranica-Bahai-temples|1988}} Nyumba zote za Ibada za Kibaháʼí zina umbo la pande tisa, pamoja na njia tisa za kuingia kutoka nje na bustani tisa zinazozizunguka.{{sfn|Iranica-Mašreq al-Aḏkār|2010}} Kwa sasa kuna Nyumba nane za Ibada za Kibaháʼí za "kibara" na baadhi ya Nyumba za Ibada za Kibaháʼí za mahali ambazo zimekamilika au zinaendelea kujengwa. Maandishi ya Kibaháʼí pia yanaonesha kwamba Nyumba za Ibada za Kibaháʼí zitazungukwa na taasisi za shughuli za kibinadamu, kisayansi na kielimu{{sfn|Hassall|2012}} ingawa hadi sasa hakuna iliyojengwa kwa kiwango hicho. === Maendeleo ya kijamii na kiuchumi === Tangu kuanzishwa kwake Dini ya Kibaháʼí imekuwa na ushiriki katika maendeleo ya kijamii na kiuchumi, ikianzia kwa kuwa na mazungumzo zaidi kuhusu uhuru wa wanawake.{{sfn|Momen|1994b|ps=: Section 9: Social and economic development}} Elimu ya wanawake imekuzwa kama kipaumbele.{{sfn|Kingdon|1997}} Na ushiriki huo umepewa mwonekano wa vitendo kwa kujenga shule, vyama vya ushirika vya kilimo, na kliniki.{{sfn|Momen|1994b|ps=: Section 9: Social and economic development}} Dini iliingia katika hatua mpya ya shughuli wakati ujumbe ulipotolewa kutoka kwa '''Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu''' tarehe 20 Oktoba 1983. Wabaháʼí walihimizwa kutafuta njia zinazolingana na mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí ambazo zingewawezesha kushiriki katika maendeleo ya kijamii na kiuchumi ya jumuiya wanamoishi. Mwaka 1979 kulikuwa na miradi 129 ya maendeleo ya kijamii na kiuchumi ya Kibaháʼí iliyotambuliwa rasmi duniani kote. Kufikia mwaka 1987, idadi ya miradi ya maendeleo iliyotambuliwa rasmi ilikuwa imeongezeka hadi 1482.{{sfn|Smith|Momen|1989}} Mipango ya sasa ya utekelezaji wa kijamii inajumuisha shughuli katika nyanja kama afya, usafi, elimu, usawa wa kijinsia, sanaa na vyombo vya habari, kilimo na mazingira.{{sfn|Baháʼí Office of Social and Economic Development|2018}} Miradi hiyo inajumuisha shule, kuanzia shule za mafunzo za vijijini hadi shule kubwa za sekondari na baadhi ya vyuo vikuu.{{sfn|Momen|2007}} Kufikia mwaka wa 2017, Ofisi ya Baháʼí ya Maendeleo ya Kijamii na Kiuchumi ilikadiria kuwa kulikuwa na miradi midogo 40,000, miradi endelevu 1,400, na mashirika 135 yaliyochochewa na Baháʼí.{{sfn|Baháʼí Office of Social and Economic Development|2018}} Zaidi ya hayo, Wabaháʼí kote ulimwenguni wanachangia katika kujenga utaratibu huu mpya wa dunia kupitia juhudi mbalimbali. Mpango huu wa kimataifa umejengwa juu ya dhana ya mwanadamu na jamii iliyo ya kiroho kwa asili, na unakusudia kukuza uwezo wa mwanadamu ili kuchochea maendeleo ya kiroho na ya kimwili. Kwa lengo la kuchangia ustawi wa wanadamu, Wabaháʼí hushiriki katika shughuli zifuatazo: # Mikutano ya sala # Madarasa ya maadili kwa watoto # Programu za kuwawezesha vijana # Madarasa ya duru za masomo === Umoja wa Mataifa === Baháʼu'lláh aliandika juu ya haja ya kuwepo kwa utaratibu wa dunia unaowezesha mataifa kuishi kwa amani na ushirikiano. Kwa sababu hiyo, Jumuiya ya Kimataifa ya Wabaháʼí imeunga mkono juhudi za kuimarisha mahusiano ya kimataifa kupitia taasisi kama Shirika la Mataifa na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], ingawa pia imeeleza baadhi ya tahadhari kuhusu muundo na mipaka ya taasisi hizo katika hali yake ya sasa.{{sfn|Momen|2007}} Jumuiya ya Kimataifa ya Wabaháʼí ni wakala uliopo Haifa chini ya uongozi wa Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu, na una hadhi ya ushauri na mashirika yafuatayo:{{sfn|McMullen|2000|p=39}} * Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Kuhudumia Watoto (UNICEF) * Mfuko wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa kwa Wanawake (UNIFEM) * Baraza la Kiuchumi na Kijamii la Umoja wa Mataifa (ECOSOC) * Mpango wa Mazingira wa Umoja wa Mataifa (UNEP) * [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] (WHO) Jumuiya ya Kimataifa ya Baháʼí ina ofisi katika [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] huko New York na Geneva na ina uwakilishi katika tume za kikanda za Umoja wa Mataifa na ofisi nyingine huko Addis Ababa, Bangkok, Nairobi, Roma, Santiago na Vienna.{{sfn|Baháʼí International Community|2000}} Katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, ofisi ya mazingira na ofisi ya maendeleo ya wanawake zilianzishwa kama sehemu ya ofisi yake ya Umoja wa Mataifa. Dini ya Kibaháʼí pia imeendesha programu za maendeleo za pamoja na mashirika mbalimbali mengine ya Umoja wa Mataifa. Katika Jukwaa la Milenia la Umoja wa Mataifa la mwaka 2000, Mbaháʼí mmoja alialikwa kama mmoja wa wasemaji pekee wasio wa kiserikali wakati wa mkutano wa kilele huo.{{sfn|Baháʼí World News Service|2000}} == Mateso na ukandamizaji == Katika baadhi ya nchi zenye Waislamu walio wengi, Wabaháʼí wanaendelea kuteswa, kwa kuwa viongozi wao hawaikubali Dini ya Kibaháʼí kama dini huru, bali kama kuiacha Uislamu. Ukandamizaji mkali zaidi umetokea nchini Iran, ambako kati ya mwaka 1978 na 1998 zaidi ya Wabaháʼí 200 waliuawa.{{sfn|International Federation of Human Rights|2003}} Haki za Wabaháʼí zimewekewa vikwazo, kwa kiwango kikubwa au kidogo, pia katika nchi nyingine nyingi zikiwemo Misri, Afghanistan, pamoja na Iraq{{sfn|International Religious Freedom Report|2013|loc=[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2013&dlid=222291 Iraq]}}, Moroko{{sfn|International Religious Freedom Report|2013|loc=[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2013&dlid=222305 Morocco]}}, Yemen na nchi kadhaa za Afrika kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara.{{sfn|Smith|Momen|1989}} Mateso ya kudumu zaidi dhidi ya Wabahá’í yametokea nchini Iran, mahali pa kuzaliwa kwa dini hii.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=125–127}} Wakati Báb mtukufu alipoanza kuvutia idadi kubwa ya wafuasi, makasisi wa Kiislamu... Kwa kusema hivyo, walitarajia kuzuia harakati hiyo isisambae kwa kudai kwamba wafuasi wake walikuwa maadui wa Mungu. Maelekezo haya ya kidini pia yalisababisha makundi ya watu kuwashambulia Wabábí na baadhi yao kuuawa hadharani.{{sfn|Affolter|2005}} Mwanzoni mwa karne ya ishirini, mbali na ukandamizaji uliowalenga Wabaháʼí mmoja mmoja, kampeni zilizoelekezwa kutoka ngazi ya kati zenye kulenga jamii nzima ya Wabaháʼí na taasisi zake zilianza.{{sfn|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2006}} Mwaka 1903 huko Yazd, katika tukio moja, zaidi ya Wabaháʼí 100 waliuawa.{{sfn|Nash|1982}} Shule za Wabaháʼí, kama vile shule za wavulana na wasichana za Tarbiyat huko Tehran, zilifungwa katika miaka ya 1930 na 1940, ndoa za Kibaháʼí hazikutambuliwa, na maandiko ya Kibaháʼí yalidhibitiwa.{{sfn|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2006}} Wakati wa utawala wa Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, nchini Iran kampeni ya mateso dhidi ya Wabaháʼí ilianzishwa ili kugeuza umakini kutoka kwa matatizo ya kiuchumi na harakati ya utaifa iliyokuwa ikikua.{{efn|Linalopatana na hili ni wazo kwamba serikali ilihamasisha kampeni hiyo ili kugeuza umakini kutoka kwa matatizo makubwa zaidi, yakiwemo matatizo makali ya kiuchumi. Zaidi ya hili kulikuwepo ugumu ambao utawala ulikuwa nao katika kuhimili harakati ya utaifa iliyokuwa imemuunga mkono Musaddiq.{{sfn|Akhavi|1980|p=76–78}}}} Kampeni iliyoidhinishwa na kuratibiwa dhidi ya Wabaháʼí (ili kuchochea hisia za umma dhidi ya Wabaháʼí) ilianza mwaka 1955 na ilijumuisha kusambazwa kwa propaganda dhidi ya Wabaháʼí katika vituo vya redio vya kitaifa na magazeti rasmi.{{sfn|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2006}} Wakati wa kampeni hiyo, iliyoanzishwa na mullah Muhammad Taqi Falsafi, kituo cha Wabaháʼí mjini Tehran kilibomolewa kwa amri ya gavana wa kijeshi wa Tehran, Jenerali Teymur Bakhtiar.{{sfn|''The New York Times''|1955}} Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1970 utawala wa Shah uliendelea kupoteza uhalali wake kutokana na ukosoaji wa kudumu kwamba ulikuwa unaunga mkono Magharibi. Kadiri harakati dhidi ya Shah zilivyopata nguvu na uungwaji mkono, propaganda za kimapinduzi zilienezwa zikidai kwamba baadhi ya washauri wa Shah walikuwa Wabaháʼí.{{sfn|Abrahamian|1982|p=432}} Wabaháʼí walichorwa kama vitisho vya kiuchumi na kama waungaji mkono wa Israeli na Magharibi, na uhasama wa kijamii dhidi ya Wabaháʼí ukaongezeka.{{sfn|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2006}} Tangu [[Mapinduzi ya Kiislamu ya Iran|Mapinduzi ya Kiislamu]] ya mwaka 1979, Wabaháʼí wa Iran wamekuwa wakivunjiwa nyumba zao mara kwa mara, wakizuiwa kuhudhuria vyuo vikuu au kushika kazi za serikali, na mamia yao wamehukumiwa vifungo gerezani kwa sababu ya imani yao ya kidini, na katika miaka ya karibuni pia kwa kushiriki katika madarasa ya duru za masomo. {{sfn|International Federation of Human Rights|2003}} Makaburi ya Wabaháʼí yamenajisiwa na mali zimechukuliwa na wakati mwingine kubomolewa, yakiwemo nyumba ya baba wa [[Baháʼu'lláh]], [[Mírzá Buzurg]].{{sfn|Affolter|2005}} Nyumba ya [[Báb]] huko [[Shiraz]], mojawapo ya maeneo matatu ambayo Wabaháʼí hufanya hija, imeharibiwa mara mbili.{{sfn|Affolter|2005}}{{sfn|Netherlands Institute of Human Rights|2006}} Mnamo Mei 2018, mamlaka za Iran zilimfukuza mwanafunzi mmoja kijana mwanamke kutoka chuo kikuu cha Isfahan kwa sababu alikuwa Mbaháʼí.{{sfn|Center for Human Rights in Iran|2018}} Mnamo Machi 2018, wanafunzi wengine wawili Wabaháʼí walifukuzwa kutoka vyuo vikuu katika miji ya Zanjan na Gilan kwa sababu ya dini yao. Tarehe 14 Mei 2008, wajumbe wa chombo kisicho rasmi kilichoitwa "Yaran", ambacho kilikuwa kinasimamia mahitaji ya jumuiya ya Wabaháʼí nchini Iran, walikamatwa na kupelekwa katika gereza la Evin.{{sfn|CNN|2008}}{{sfn|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2008b}} Kesi ya mahakama ya Yaran iliahirishwa mara nyingi, lakini hatimaye ilikuwa ikiendelea tarehe 12 Januari 2010.{{sfn|CNN|2010a}} Waangalizi wengine hawakuruhusiwa kuhudhuria mahakamani. Hata mawakili wa utetezi, ambao kwa miaka miwili walikuwa na fursa ndogo sana ya kuwasiliana na washtakiwa, walipata ugumu kuingia katika chumba cha mahakama. Mwenyekiti wa Tume ya Marekani kuhusu Uhuru wa Kidini wa Kimataifa alisema kwamba ilionekana serikali ilikuwa tayari imeamua matokeo ya kesi hiyo na ilikuwa inakiuka sheria ya kimataifa ya haki za binadamu{{sfn|CNN|2010a}} Vikao vya baadaye vilifanyika tarehe 7 Februari 2010, 12 Aprili 2010, na 12 Juni 2010. Tarehe 11 Agosti 2010 ilijulikana kuwa hukumu ya mahakama ilikuwa kifungo cha miaka 20 kwa kila mmoja wa wafungwa saba, ambayo baadaye ilipunguzwa hadi miaka kumi.{{sfn|CNN|2010b}} Baada ya hukumu hiyo, walihamishwa kwenda gereza la Gohardasht.{{sfn|AFP|2011a}} Mnamo Machi 2011, hukumu zilirejeshwa kwenye miaka 20 ya awali{{sfn|AFP|2011b}}. Tarehe 3 Januari 2010, maafisa wa Iran waliwashikilia wajumbe wengine kumi wa wachache wa Kibaháʼí, miongoni mwao ikidaiwa alikuwa Leva Khanjani, mjukuu wa Jamaloddin Khanjani, mmoja wa viongozi saba wa Wabaháʼí waliofungwa tangu mwaka 2008, na mwezi Februari, walimkamata mwanawe, Niki Khanjani.{{sfn|The Jerusalem Post|2010}} Serikali ya Iran inadai kwamba Dini ya Kibaháʼí si dini, bali ni shirika la kisiasa, na kwa hiyo inakataa kuitambua kama dini ya wachache.{{sfn|Kravetz|1982|p=237}} Hata hivyo, serikali haijawahi kutoa ushahidi thabiti unaounga mkono tabia hii ya jamii ya Wabaháʼí.{{sfn|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2008|p=5}} Serikali ya Iran pia inaishutumu Dini ya Kibaháʼí kwa kuhusishwa na Uzayuni. Inaonekana kwamba shutuma hizi dhidi ya Wabaháʼí hazina msingi katika ukweli wa kihistoria{{sfn|Simpson|Shubart|1995|p=223}}{{sfn|Tavakoli-Targhi|2008|p=200}}, na baadhi ya watu wamehoji kwamba zilibuniwa na serikali ya Iran ili kuwatumia Wabaháʼí kama "mbuzi wa kafara".{{sfn|Freedman|2009}} Mwaka 2019, serikali ya Iran ilifanya isiwezekane kwa Wabaháʼí kujisajili kisheria na dola ya Iran. Maombi ya vitambulisho vya kitaifa nchini Iran sasa hayajumuishi tena chaguo la "dini nyingine", jambo linalomaanisha kwamba Dini ya Kibaháʼí haitatambuliwa kwa vitendo na dola.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/iran-id-card-rule-highlights-plight-of-bahai/a-52149974|title=ID card law in Iran highlights plight of Baháʼí – DW – 01/25/2020|website=dw.com}}</ref> === '''Nyumba za Ibada za Wabahá’í''' === "Hekalu la Kibahá'í la Ibada (maarufu kwa jina la Lotus Temple)" lipo Kalkaji, Nehru Place, New Delhi. Katika ulimwengu wa dini ya Kibahá'í, kwa jumla katika maeneo Nane Nyumba za Ibada (Hekalu) za Kibaháʼí zimejengwa. # Samoa ya Magharibi # Sydney - Australia # Kampala - Uganda # Panama City - Panama # Frankfurt - Ujerumani # Wilmette - Marekani # New Delhi - India # Santiago - Chile == Maelezo == {{reflist}} ==Marejeleo== === Vitabu === {{refbegin|24em|indent=yes}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/iranbetweentwore00abra_0|title=Iran Kati ya Mapinduzi Mawili|last=Abrahamian|first=Ervand|publisher=Princeton Book Company Publishers|year=1982|isbn=0-691-10134-5|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/atozofbahaifaith0000adam|title=The A to Z of the Baháʼí Faith|last=Adamson|first=Hugh C.|date=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6853-3|series=The A to Z Guide Series, No. 70|place=Plymouth, UK|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Afnan|first=Elham|date=2022|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=479–487|chapter=Sura ya 39: Maisha ya ibada|doi=10.4324/9780429027772-45|s2cid=244700641}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/religionpolitics0000akha|title=Dini na Siasa katika Iran ya Kisasa: Mahusiano ya Makleri na Dola katika Kipindi cha Pahlavi|last=Akhavi|first=Shahrough|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1980|isbn=0-87395-408-4|location=Albany, NY|pages=76–78|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|title=Closed Doors: Iran's Campaign to Deny Higher Education to Baháʼís|author=Baháʼí International Community|date=2005|chapter=Historia ya Juhudi za Elimu za Wabaháʼí nchini Iran|access-date=10 May 2008|chapter-url=http://denial.bahai.org/003.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091205194849/http://denial.bahai.org/003.php|archive-date=5 December 2009|url-status=dead}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/newbelieverssurv00barr|title=Waumini Wapya: uchunguzi wa madhehebu, makundi ya kidini, na dini mbadala|last=Barrett|first=David V.|date=2001|publisher=Cassell & Co|isbn=1-84403-040-7|location=London|ol=3999281M|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/1988britannicabo0000daum|title=1988 Britannica Book of the Year|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=1988|isbn=0-85229-486-7|editor-last1=Daume|editor-first1=Daphne|place=Chicago|chapter=Dini (&) Imani ya Bahá'í|editor-last2=Watson|editor-first2=Louise}} *{{Cite book|title=Britannica Book of the Year|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=1992|editor-last1=Daume|editor-first1=Daphne|place=Chicago|chapter=Imani ya Baháʼí|editor-last2=Watson|editor-first2=Louise}} *{{Cite book|url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/GPB/gpb-9.html#gr26|title=God Passes By|last=Effendi|first=Shoghi|date=1944|publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust|isbn=0-87743-020-9|place=Wilmette, IL|publication-date=1979|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontone0000unse|title=Mapokeo ya Asia|date=2006|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood Press]]|isbn=978-0-275-98712-1|editor-last1=Gallagher|editor-first1=Eugene V.|series=Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America|volume=4|location=Westport, Connecticut • London|chapter=Wabaháʼí wa Marekani|editor-last2=Ashcraft|editor-first2=W. Michael|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bahaifaithinamer0000garl|title=Dini ya Baháʼí Marekani|last=Garlington|first=William|date=2008|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-6234-9|edition=Paperback|location=Lanham, Maryland|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|title=Kitabu cha Mwongozo cha Dini Mpya na Uzalishaji wa Utamaduni|author-last=Hassall|author-first=Graham|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|year=2012|isbn=978-90-04-22187-1|editor1-last=Cusack|editor1-first=Carol|series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion|volume=4|location=[[Leiden]]|pages=599–632|chapter=Nyumba ya Ibada ya Bahá’í: Ujanibishaji na Umbo la Kiujumla|doi=10.1163/9789004226487_025|issn=1874-6691|editor2-last=Norman|editor2-first=Alex}} *{{Cite book|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722#|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Hassal|first=Graham|date=2022|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=581–590|chapter=Sura ya 47: Asia ya Kaskazini-Mashariki}} *{{Cite book|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Hassall|first=Graham|date=2022|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=591–602|chapter=Sura ya 48: Oceania|doi=10.4324/9780429027772-55|s2cid=244697166}} *{{Cite book|url=https://bahai-library.com/hatcher_martin_global_religion|title=The Baháʼí Faith: The Emerging Global Religion|last1=Hatcher|first1=W.S.|last2=Martin|first2=J.D.|publisher=Harper & Row|year=1998|isbn=0-06-065441-4|location=New York}} *{{Cite book|url=https://bahai-library.com/hartz_bahai_faith|title=World Religions: Baháʼí Faith|last=Hartz|first=Paula|date=2009|publisher=Chelsea House Publishers|isbn=978-1-60413-104-8|edition=3rd|location=New York, NY}} *{{Cite book|title=Dini za Ulimwengu kwa Takwimu: Utangulizi wa Demografia ya Kimataifa ya Dini|last1=Johnson|first1=Todd M.|last2=Grim|first2=Brian J.|date=26 March 2013|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-55576-7|pages=59–62|chapter=Idadi za Watu wa Dini Duniani, 1910–2010|doi=10.1002/9781118555767.ch1|chapter-url={{Google books|CkFVF8nFiqkC |page=59 |plainurl=yes}}}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/iranonox0000krav|title=Irano nox|last=Kravetz|first=Marc|publisher=Grasset|year=1982|isbn=2-246-24851-5|location=Paris|page=237|language=fr|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|title=The Messiah of Shiraz: Studies in Early and Middle Babism|last=MacEoin|first=Denis|date=2009|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-17035-3|doi=10.1163/ej.9789004170353.i-740|url=https://archive.org/details/bahaireligiousco0000mcmu|title=Baháʼí: Uundaji wa Kidini wa Utambulisho wa Kiujuma wa Dunia|last=McMullen|first=Michael D.|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|year=2000|isbn=0-8135-2836-4|location=Atlanta, GA|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bahaisofamericag0000mcmu|title=Wabaháʼí wa Marekani: Ukuaji wa Harakati ya Kidini|last=McMullen|first=Mike|date=2015|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-1-4798-5152-2|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/worldsreligionsn0000unse|title=New Lion Handbook: The World's Religions|last=Momen|first=Moojan|publisher=Lion Hudson Plc|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7459-5266-6|editor-last=Partridge|editor-first=Christopher H.|edition=3rd|place=Oxford, UK|contribution=Imani ya Baháʼí|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Momen|first=Wendi|date=2022|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=371–383|chapter=Sura ya 31: Ndoa na maisha ya kifamilia|doi=10.4324/9780429027772-36|s2cid=244697438}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/iranssecretpogro0000nash|title=Mauaji ya siri ya Iran: Njama ya kuwaangamiza Wabahaʼi|last=Nash|first=Geoffrey|publisher=Neville Spearman Limited|year=1982|isbn=0-85435-005-5|location=Sudbury, Suffolk|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521770736|title=Makundi Madogo ya Kidini nchini Iran|last=Sanasarian|first=Eliz|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-521-77073-4|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=52–53|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/2004worldalmanacbook00newy|title=World Almanac and Book of Facts|publisher=World Almanac Books|year=2004|isbn=0-88687-910-8|editor-last=Park|editor-first=Ken|location=New York|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/liftingveillifei0000simp_g2v6|title=Kuinua Pazia|last1=Simpson|first1=John|last2=Shubart|first2=Tira|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton General Division|year=1995|isbn=0-340-62814-6|location=London|page=223|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7zdDFTzNr0C|title=Utangulizi wa Dini ya Baháʼí|last=Smith|first=Peter|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-521-86251-6|location=Cambridge}} *{{Cite book|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722#|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Smith|first=Peter|date=2022a|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=501–512|chapter=Sura ya 41: Historia ya Imani za Kibábí na Kibahá’í|doi=10.4324/9780429027772-48|s2cid=244705793}} *{{Cite book|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722#|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Smith|first=Peter|date=2022b|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=614–621|chapter=Sura ya 50: Asia ya Kusini-Mashariki|title=Dini na Utalii: Njia panda, Maeneo ya Kufikia, na Mikutano|url=https://archive.org/details/religiontourismc0000stau|last=Stausberg|first=Michael|date=2011|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-54931-8|location=Oxfordshire, UK|title=Baháʼí Faith: A Guide For The Perplexed|last=Stockman|first=Robert|date=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-4411-8781-9|location=New York, NY|title=Imani ya Bahá'í, Vurugu, na Kutokuwa na Vurugu|last=Stockman|first=Robert H.|date=July 2020|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-61344-6|editor1=James R. Lewis|series=Cambridge Elements; Religion and Violence|location=Cambridge, UK|doi=10.1017/9781108613446|oclc=1173507653|editor2=Margo Kitts|s2cid=225389995}} *{{Cite book|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722#|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Stockman|first=Robert|date=2022a|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=557–568|chapter=Sura ya 45: Amerika ya Kusini na Karibiani|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722#|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Stockman|first=Robert|date=2022b|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=569–580|chapter=Sura ya 46: Amerika ya Kaskazini|url=http://www.peyman.info/cl/Baha%27i/Others/ROB/V4/p118-144Ch08.html#p125|title=The Revelation of Baháʼu'lláh, Volume 4: Mazra'ih & Bahji 1877–92|last=Taherzadeh|first=Adib|publisher=George Ronald|year=1987|isbn=0-85398-270-8|location=Oxford, UK|page=125|title=Wabahá'i wa Iran: Tafiti za kijamii-kihistoria|last=Tavakoli-Targhi|first=Mohamad|publisher=Routledge|year=2008|isbn=978-0-203-00280-3|editor-last1=Brookshaw|editor-first1=Dominic P.|location=New York|chapter=Upinzani dhidi ya Baháʼí na Uislamisti nchini Iran|editor2-last=Fazel|editor2-first=Seena B.}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/religioushumanri0000unse|title=Haki za binadamu za kidini katika mtazamo wa kimataifa: mitazamo ya kidini|last=Van der Vyer|first=J.D.|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|year=1996|isbn=90-411-0176-4|page=449|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|title=Baháʼí|last=Warburg|first=Margit|date=2001|publisher=Signature Books|editor-last=Introvigne|series=Studies in Contemporary Religions|location=US|title=Citizens of the world: a history and sociology of the Bahaʹis from a globalisation perspective|last=Warburg|first=Margit|date=2006|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-474-0746-1|location=Leiden|oclc=234309958|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Yazdani|first=Mina|date=2022|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=88–104|chapter=Sura ya 7: Maandishi na Matamshi ya ʻAbdu'l-Bahá|doi=10.4324/9780429027772-9|s2cid=244689327}} {{refend}} === Hazina ya Maarifa ya Ulimwengu === {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} *'''Iranica''' **{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Waandishi Wengi|title=Bahaism|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|date=15 December 1988|volume=III|issue=4–5|pages=438–475|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bahaism-index|access-date=11 January 2021|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-Bahaism|1988}}}} **{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Cole|first=Juan|date=15 December 1988|publication-date=23 August 2011|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|article=BAHAISM i. The Faith|volume=III|issue=4|pages=438–446|article-url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bahaism-i|access-date=30 December 2012|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-The Faith|1988}}}} **{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Cole|first=Juan|date=15 December 1988|publication-date=23 August 2011|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|article=BAHĀʾ-ALLĀH|volume=III|issue=4|pages=422–429|article-url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/baha-allah|access-date=30 December 2012|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-Baha'-Allah|1988}}}} **{{Cite encyclopedia|last=MacEoin|first=Denis|date=15 December 1988|publication-date=23 August 2011|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|article=BAHAISM iii. Bahai and Babi Schisms|volume=III|issue=4–5|article-url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bahaism-iii|pages=447–449|issn=2330-4804|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-Bahai and Babi Schisms|1988}}}} **{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Momen|first=Moojan|date=1989|article=BAYT-AL-ʿADL (House of Justice)|article-url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/bayt-al-adl-house-of-justice-a-bahai-administrative-institution|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|volume=IV|issue=1|pages=12–14|issn=2330-4804|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-Bayt-al-'adl|1989}}}} **{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Momen|first=Moojan|year=2010|article=Mašreq al-Aḏkār|article-url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/mashreq-adkar|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-Mašreq al-Aḏkār|2010}}}} **{{cite encyclopedia|last=Negahban|first=Ezzatollah|year=2020|article=BURIAL i. Pre-Historic Burial Sites|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica|volume=IV|issue=5|article-url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/burial-i|access-date=August 24, 2023|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-Burial|2020}}}}</ref> **{{Cite encyclopedia|last1=Rafati|first1=V.|last2=Sahba|first2=F.|year=1988|article=BAHAISM ix. Bahai temples|article-url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/bahaism-ix|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|volume=III|issue=5|pages=465–467|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-Bahai-temples|1988}}}} *{{Cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Barrett|editor-first=David B.|date=1982|title=Wafuasi wa dini zote duniani|encyclopedia=[[World Christian Encyclopedia]]: Utafiti linganishi wa makanisa na dini katika ulimwengu wa kisasa|edition=1st|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Nairobi|ref={{sfnref|World Christian Encyclopedia|1982}}}} *{{Cite encyclopedia|last1=Barrett|first1=David B.|last2=Kurian|first2=George T.|last3=Johnson|first3=Todd M.|year=2001|title=Muhtasari wa Dunia|encyclopedia=[[World Christian Encyclopedia]]: Utafiti linganishi wa makanisa na dini katika ulimwengu wa kisasa|edition=2nd|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|ref={{sfnref|World Christian Encyclopedia|2001}}}} *{{Cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Clarke|editor-first=Peter B.|date=2006|title=Baháʼí|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements|publisher=Routledge|location=London and New York|isbn=978-0-415-26707-6|pages=56}} *{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Hutter|first=Manfred|year=2005|contribution=Bahā'īs|editor-last=Jones|editor-first=Lindsay|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion|edition=2nd|publisher=Macmillan Reference US|volume=2|place=Detroit, MI|isbn=0-02-865733-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_v8f2/page/737 737–740]|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_v8f2/page/737}} *{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Momen|first=Moojan|date=1994a|title=Turkmenistan|encyclopedia=draft "A Short Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith"|url=https://www.momen.org/relstud/turkmnst.htm|access-date=Jul 28, 2022}} *{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Momen|first=Moojan|date=1994b|title=Iran: Historia ya Dini ya Kibaháʼí|encyclopedia=draft "A Short Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith"|publisher=Baháʼí Library 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*{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/01/12/Iran.bahai.trial/|title=Kesi ya viongozi wa Wabaháʼí nchini Iran yaanza kusikilizwa|date=12 January 2010a|access-date=4 February 2018|agency=CNN|ref={{sfnRef|CNN|2010a}}}} *{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/09/16/iran.bahai.sentences/index.html|title=Adhabu za viongozi wa Wabaháʼí nchini Iran zaripotiwa kupunguzwa|date=16 September 2010b|access-date=25 September 2013|agency=CNN|ref={{sfnRef|CNN|2010b}}}} *{{Cite news|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/A_Trial_In_Tehran_Their_Only_Crime__Their_Faith/2006448.html|title=Kesi huko Tehran: 'Hatia' yao pekee – Imani yao|last=Djavadi|first=Abbas|date=8 April 2010|work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty}} *{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/27/us/27religion.html|title=Kwa Wabaháʼí, ukandamizaji si habari mpya|last=Freedman|first=Samuel G.|date=26 June 2009|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://nyti.ms/2zT84eS|title=Iran yabomoa kuba la Hekalu la 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Free Europe|2010}}}} *{{Cite news|url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1945379_1944604_1944622,00.html|title=Kuipiga marufuku Dini ya Baháʼí|last=Sullivan|first=Amy|date=8 December 2009|newspaper=Time|access-date=23 February 2012}} *{{Cite news|url=http://news.kodoom.com/en/iran-politics/date-set-for-second-court-session/story/699231/|title=Tarehe yapangwa kwa kikao cha pili cha mahakama kwa Wabaháʼí saba nchini Iran|author=Washington TV|date=20 January 2010|access-date=21 January 2010}} {{refend}} {{refend}} === Nyingine === {{refbegin|24em|indent=yes}} *{{Cite web|url=http://www.thearda.com/QL2010/QuickList_40.asp|title=Mataifa yenye Wabaháʼí wengi zaidi (2010)|author=Association of Religion Data Archives|year=2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427001103/https://www.thearda.com/QL2010/QuickList_40.asp|archive-date=April 27, 2022|access-date=14 August 2022}} *{{Cite 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Representatives|url=http://lantos.house.gov/HoR/CA12/Human+Rights+Caucus/Briefing+Testimonies/11-17-05+Testimony+of+Kit+Bigelow+Egypt+Briefing.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061227195313/http://lantos.house.gov/HoR/CA12/Human%2BRights%2BCaucus/Briefing%2BTestimonies/11-17-05%2BTestimony%2Bof%2BKit%2BBigelow%2BEgypt%2BBriefing.htm|archive-date=27 December 2006|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061227195313/http://lantos.house.gov/HoR/CA12/Human+Rights+Caucus/Briefing+Testimonies/11-17-05+Testimony+of+Kit+Bigelow+Egypt+Briefing.htm |date=27 Desemba 2006 }} *{{Cite web|url=https://iranhumanrights.org/2018/07/woman-expelled-from-iranian-university-just-before-obtaining-degree-because-shes-bahai/|title=Mwanamke Afukuzwa Kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Iran Kabla Tu ya Kupata Shahada kwa Sababu Yeye ni Mbaháʼí|date=29 July 2018|website=Center for Human Rights in Iran|access-date=23 August 2018|ref={{sfnRef|Center for Human Rights in Iran|2018}}}} *{{Cite book|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/bahai|title=Dictionary.com Unabridged|publisher=Random House, Inc.|year=2017|edition=4th|contribution=Baháʼí|ref={{sfnRef|Dictionary.com|2017}}}} *{{Cite web|url=http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/ir0108a.pdf|title=Ubaguzi dhidi ya Wachache wa Kidini nchini Iran|author=International Federation of Human Rights|date=August 2003|publisher=FIDH|location=Paris|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061031221624/http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/ir0108a.pdf|archive-date=31 October 2006|access-date=20 October 2006|url-status=live}} *{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper|title=Ripoti ya Uhuru wa Dini wa Kimataifa ya mwaka 2013|author=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor|date=2013|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=24 April 2015|ref={{sfnRef|International Religious Freedom Report|2013}}}} *{{Cite report|editor-last=Hackett|editor-first=Conrad|editor-last2=Grim|editor-first2=Brian J.|title=Mazingira ya Kidini ya Ulimwengu: Ripoti juu ya Ukubwa na Mgawanyo wa Makundi Makuu ya Dini Duniani kufikia mwaka 2010|pages=53–56 <!-- many other pages report various specific examples across many religions -->|publisher=Pew Research Center’s Forum on Religion & Public Life|via=Boston College|date=Dec 2012|url=https://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/centers/jesinst/pdf/Grim-globalReligion-full.pdf|access-date=Aug 16, 2022|ref={{sfnRef|Pew Global Religious Landscape|2012}}}} *{{Cite report|publisher=Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|date=December 2006|title=Imani Iliyonyimwa: Mateso dhidi ya Wabaháʼí wa Iran|access-date=1 May 2007|url=http://www.iranhrdc.org/httpdocs/English/pdfs/Reports/A-Faith-Denied_Dec06.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618202441/http://www.iranhrdc.org/httpdocs/English/pdfs/Reports/A-Faith-Denied_Dec06.pdf|archive-date=2009-06-18|ref={{sfnRef|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2006}}}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902191009/http://www.iranhrdc.org/httpdocs/English/pdfs/PressReleases/2008/Press-05-15-08.pdf |date=2 Septemba 2010 }} *{{Cite press release|publisher=Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|date=15 May 2008b|title=IHRDC Yalaani Kukamatwa kwa Wabaháʼí Wanaoongoza|url=http://www.iranhrdc.org/httpdocs/English/pdfs/PressReleases/2008/Press-05-15-08.pdf|access-date=17 May 2008|ref={{sfnRef|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2008b}}|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902191009/http://www.iranhrdc.org/httpdocs/English/pdfs/PressReleases/2008/Press-05-15-08.pdf|archive-date=2 September 2010|archivedate=2 Septemba 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902191009/http://www.iranhrdc.org/httpdocs/English/pdfs/PressReleases/2008/Press-05-15-08.pdf}} *{{Cite report|publisher=Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|date=November 2008|title=Uhalifu dhidi ya Ubinadamu: Mashambulizi ya Jamhuri ya Kiislamu dhidi ya Wabaháʼí|location=New Haven, CN|ref={{sfnRef|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2008}}|url=http://www.iranhrdc.org/httpdocs/English/pdfs/Reports/Crimes-against-Humanity_Nov08.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902192809/http://www.iranhrdc.org/httpdocs/English/pdfs/Reports/Crimes-against-Humanity_Nov08.pdf|archive-date=2 September 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902192809/http://www.iranhrdc.org/httpdocs/English/pdfs/Reports/Crimes-against-Humanity_Nov08.pdf |date=2 Septemba 2010 }} *{{Cite web|url=http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/5E72D6B7B624AABBC125713700572D09?opendocument|title=Mwandishi Maalum kuhusu Uhuru wa Dini au Imani ana wasiwasi kuhusu jinsi wafuasi wa Dini ya Baháʼí nchini Iran wanavyotendewa|last=Jahangir|first=Asma|date=20 March 2006|publisher=United Nations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426122357/http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/5E72D6B7B624AABBC125713700572D09?opendocument|archive-date=26 April 2006|access-date=1 June 2006|url-status=live}} *{{Cite thesis|last=Lundberg|first=Zaid|date=2005|type=Master of Arts thesis|title=Ufunuo wa Mwisho katika Dini ya Bahá'í: Dhana ya Ufunuo wa Maendeleo|chapter=Dhana ya Ufunuo wa Maendeleo|chapter-url=http://bahai-library.com/lundberg_bahai_apocalypticism|access-date=1 May 2007|publisher=Department of History of Religion at the Faculty of Theology, Lund University, Sweden}} *{{Cite web|url=http://sim.law.uu.nl/SIM/CaseLaw/uncom.nsf/0/e7b8824bdd987268c1256fa8004a8753?OpenDocument|title=Iran, Jamhuri ya Kiislamu ya|author=Netherlands Institute of Human Rights|date=8 March 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060502110349/http://sim.law.uu.nl/SIM/CaseLaw/uncom.nsf/0/e7b8824bdd987268c1256fa8004a8753?OpenDocument|archive-date=2 May 2006|access-date=31 May 2006|url-status=dead}} {{refend}} [[Jamii:Bahai]] 8ajfyh60iadkgzx6deceoidgnbeuo3r 1592681 1592668 2026-08-28T15:53:27Z FurahaKamili3 68209 /* Makatazo */ 1592681 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Seat_of_the_House_of_Justice.jpg|kulia|thumb|300x300px|[[Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu]] huko [[Haifa]], [[Israeli]], ndicho chombo cha juu kabisa cha Wabaháʼí]]Dini ya Kibaháʼí ni dini iliyoanzishwa katika karne ya 19 inayofundisha umoja wa Mungu, umoja wa dini, na umoja wa binadamu. Ilianzishwa na [[Baháʼu'lláh]], na ilienea kwanza nchini Iran na katika baadhi ya maeneo ya [[Mashariki ya Kati]], ambako imekabiliwa na mateso ya kudumu tangu mwanzo wake.{{sfn|Affolter|2005}} Wafuasi wa dini hii huitwa Wabaháʼí, na leo wameenea katika nchi na maeneo mengi duniani'''.''' Kwa mujibu wa Dini ya Kibaháʼí, dini zote kuu za ulimwengu zina chanzo kimoja cha kiungu. Katika nyakati tofauti za historia, Mungu amewatuma wajumbe mbalimbali kuwaletea wanadamu mwongozo unaolingana na mahitaji ya wakati wao. Wabaháʼí humtambua [[Baháʼu'lláh]] kuwa Mdhihirishaji wa Mungu kwa wakati huu, ambaye ujumbe wake unalenga kuunganisha wanadamu wote. Katika maandiko yake, anaeleza kwamba "dunia yote ni nchi moja na Binadamu ni raia wake." == Imani ya Kibahá'í == Mafundisho ya [[Bahaʼullah|Baháʼu'lláh]] ndiyo msingi wa imani ya Kibaháʼí. Kiini cha mafundisho hayo ni kanuni tatu: umoja wa Mungu, umoja wa dini, na umoja wa binadamu. Wabaháʼí wanaamini kwamba Mungu hufunua mapenzi yake kwa wanadamu hatua kwa hatua kupitia wadhihirishaji wake. Kupitia ufunuo huo, tabia ya mwanadamu na maisha ya jamii hubadilishwa, na sifa za kiroho na kimaadili hukuzwa. Kwa sababu hiyo, dini hueleweka kuwa mchakato wa ufunuo uendeleao, unaoleta mwendelezo, mpangilio, na umoja katika historia ya binadamu.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=108–109}} === Mungu === Kulingana na maandiko ya Kibaháʼí, Mungu hufafanuliwa kuwa mmoja, wa milele, ajuaye yote, aliyepo kila mahali, asiyoharibika, na mwenye nguvu zote ambaye ni Muumba wa vitu vyote katika ulimwengu.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=106}} Kuwepo kwa Mungu huchukuliwa kuwa kwa milele, bila mwanzo wala mwisho. Ingawa Mungu yuko nje ya ufikivu wa moja kwa moja wa mwanadamu, bado anafahamu uumbaji wake na ana mapenzi na kusudi ambalo hulieleza kwa wanadamu kupitia Wajumbe wake wanaoitwa Wadhihirishaji wa Mungu.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=106–107, 111–112}} Dhana ya Mungu katika imani ya Kibaháʼí ni ya "asili isiyojulikana" ambayo ndiyo chanzo cha uwepo wote na inayotambulika kupitia ufahamu wa sifa za kibinadamu. [nukuu inahitajika] Kwa maana nyingine, mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí kuhusu Mungu pia yana mwelekeo wa kuona ishara za Mungu katika vitu vyote, lakini yanafundisha kwamba uhalisi wa Mungu uko juu ya ulimwengu wa kimwili. Mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí yanasema kwamba Mungu ni mkuu kiasi kwamba mwanadamu hawezi kumwelewa kikamilifu, na kwa msingi huo mwanadamu hawezi kujijengea mwenyewe taswira kamili na sahihi ya Mungu. Kwa hiyo, kumjua Mungu kunawezekana tu kupitia kwa Wadhihirishaji wake, na ufahamu wa kusudi lake na mapenzi yake hupatikana pia kupitia kwao tu.{{sfn|Cole|1982}} Katika Dini ya Kibaháʼí, Mungu mara nyingi hurejelewa kwa vyeo na sifa zake (kwa mfano, Mwenye nguvu zote, au Mwenye upendo kwa wote), na kuna msisitizo mkubwa juu ya umoja wa Mungu mmoja. Mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí yanaeleza kwamba sifa hizi hazitumiki kwa Mungu kwa namna ya moja kwa moja, bali hutumiwa kutafsiri uungu kwa lugha ya kibinadamu na kuwasaidia watu kuelekeza fikra zao kwenye sifa zake katika kumwabudu Mungu ili kukuza uwezo wao katika njia yao ya kiroho.{{sfn|Hatcher|2005}} Kulingana na mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí, kusudi la mwanadamu ni kujifunza kumjua na kumpenda Mungu kwa njia kama vile sala, tafakari, na kuwatumikia wengine.{{sfn|Hatcher|2005}} === Dini === Kutokana na dhana ya Kibaháʼí ya ufunuo uendeleao, Dini zote kuu za ulimwengu ni halali, ambazo waasisi na wahusika wake wakuu huonwa kuwa Wadhihirishaji wa Mungu.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=14}} Historia ya dini hufasiriwa kama mfululizo wa vipindi, ambapo kila Mdhihirishaji huleta ufunuo ulio mpana zaidi na ulioendelea zaidi, unaowasilishwa kama maandiko matakatifu na kupitishwa katika historia kwa kutegemewa kwa viwango tofauti, lakini angalau ukiwa wa kweli katika kiini chake,{{sfn|Stockman|2013|p=40–42}} na unaofaa kwa wakati na mahali ulipofunuliwa.{{sfn|Daume|Watson|1992}} Mafundisho maalumu ya kijamii ya kidini (kwa mfano, mwelekeo wa sala, au vizuizi vya chakula) yanaweza kufutwa na Mdhihirishaji anayefuata ili hitaji linalofaa zaidi kwa wakati na mahali liweze kuwekwa. Kinyume chake, kanuni fulani za jumla (kwa mfano, udugu, au hisani) huonwa kuwa za ulimwengu wote na thabiti. Katika Dini ya Kibaháʼí, mchakato huu wa ufunuo endelevu hautakoma; hata hivyo, huonwa kuwa wa mzunguko. === Agano === Wabaháʼí wanatilia mkazo sana umoja, na Baháʼu'lláh aliweka wazi sheria za kuifanya jumuiya ibaki pamoja na kutatua kutokukubaliana. Ndani ya mfumo huu hakuna mfuasi yeyote binafsi anayeweza kupendekeza tafsiri 'iliyovuviwa' au 'yenye mamlaka' ya maandiko, na watu binafsi hukubali kuunga mkono mstari wa mamlaka uliowekwa katika maandiko ya Kibaháʼí.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=20}} Utaratibu huu umeifanya jumuiya ya Wabaháʼí kubaki yenye umoja na umezuia mpasuko wowote mkubwa. Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu ndiyo mamlaka ya mwisho ya kutatua kutokukubaliana kokote miongoni mwa Wabaháʼí, na majaribio kadhaa ya kuleta mgawanyiko{{sfn|Stockman|2020|p=36–37}} aidha yametoweka au yamebaki kuwa madogo sana. Wafuasi wa migawanyiko hiyo huchukuliwa kuwa wavunja agano na huepukwa.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=173}} === Kanuni za Kijamii === Wakati [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]] aliposafiri kwa mara ya kwanza kwenda Ulaya na Marekani mwaka 1911–1912, alitoa hotuba za hadhara ambazo zilifafanua kanuni za msingi za Dini ya Kibaháʼí.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=52–53}} Hizi zilijumuisha mafundisho kuhusu usawa wa wanaume na wanawake, umoja wa mbari ya binadamu, haja ya amani ya ulimwengu, na mawazo mengine yaliyochuliwa endelevu ya mwanzoni mwa karne ya 20. Dhana ya umoja wa binadamu, ambayo Wabaháʼí wanaiona kama ukweli wa kale, ni mahali ambapo mawazo mengi yameanzia. Usawa wa mbari ya binadamu na Uondoaji wa utajiri kupita kiasi na umaskini uliokithiri kwa mfano, ni matokeo ya umoja huo.{{sfn|Stockman|2013|p=9}} Matokeo mengine ya dhana hiyo ni haja ya shirikisho la dunia lililoungana, na baadhi ya mapendekezo ya kivitendo ya kuhimiza utekelezaji wake ni pamoja na lugha moja ya ulimwengu wote, mfumo sanifu wa uchumi na vipimo, elimu ya lazima kwa wote, na kuanzishwa kwa mahakama ya kimataifa ya usuluhishi kwa ajili ya kutatua migogoro baina ya mataifa. Kuhusiana na jitihada za amani ya ulimwengu, Baháʼu'lláh alieleza mpango wa mfumo wa pamoja wa usalama wa dunia nzima.{{sfn|Smith|2000|p=266–267}} Nyinginezo ya kanuni za Kibahai za kijamii huzungukia umoja wa kiroho. Dini huchukuliwa kuwa inayoendelea kutoka zama moja hadi nyingine, lakini ili kutambua Ufunuo mpya, mtu anapaswa kujitenga na tamaduni na ukweli uchunguzwe kwa kujitegemea. Wabaháʼí hufundishwa kuiona dini kama chanzo cha umoja, na kuona chuki ya kidini kuwa ya uharibifu. Sayansi pia huonwa kuwa yenye upatano na dini ya kweli.{{sfn|Iranica-The Faith|1988}} Ingawa Baháʼu'lláh na ʻAbdu'l-Bahá waliita kuwepo kwa dunia iliyoungana iliyo huru kutokana na vita, pia wanatarajia kwamba kwa muda mrefu, amani ya kudumu (Amani Kuu Kabisa) itaanzishwa na kwamba "ufisadi mkubwa" utasafishwa. Ni muhimu kwamba watu wa dunia waungane chini ya imani ya ulimwengu mzima, wakiwa na sifa za kiroho na maadili ili kukamilisha ustaarabu wa kimwili.{{sfn|Smith|2000|p=266–267}} == '''Historia''' == Mwanzo wa [[Baháʼí|Dini ya Kibaháʼí]] uanzia katika dini ya [[Báb]] na harakati ya Shaykhi iliyotangulia mara moja kabla yake. Báb alikuwa mfanyabiashara ambaye alianza kuhubiri mwaka wa 1844 kwamba yeye ni mjumbe aliyeleta ufunuo mpya wa Mungu, lakini alikataliwa na wengi wa makasisi wa Kiislamu nchini Iran, na akauawa hadharani kwa kosa la uzushi.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=11}} Báb alifundisha kwamba Mungu angeleta mjumbe mpya hivi karibuni, na Wabaháʼí humtambua [[Baháʼu'lláh]] kuwa ndiye mjumbe huyo.{{sfn|A.V.|2017}} Ingawa anatambulika kuwa mjumbe wa Mungu kwa haki yake, Báb ameunganishwa kwa karibu sana na teolojia na historia ya Kibaháʼí kiasi kwamba Wabaháʼí huadhimisha kuzaliwa kwake, kifo chake, na kujitangaza kwake kama siku takatifu, na humhesabu kuwa mmoja wa wakuu wa tatu wa Imani (pamoja na Baháʼu'lláh na [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]]). Masimulizi ya kihistoria ya harakati ya Kibábí (''The Dawn-Breakers'') huchukuliwa kuwa mojawapo ya vitabu vitatu ambavyo kila Mbaháʼí anapaswa "kuvimudu" na kuvisoma "tena na tena".<ref>From a letter written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi to an individual believer dated 9 June 1932</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 1892, wakati wa kifo cha Baháʼu'lláh, jamii ya Wabaháʼí ilikuwa bado imejikita hasa nchini Iran na katika Milki ya Ottoman, na wakati huo ilikuwa na wafuasi katika nchi 13 za Asia na Afrika.{{sfn|Taherzadeh|1987|p=125}} Chini ya uongozi wa mwanawe, [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]], dini hiyo ilijikita Ulaya na Amerika, na kuimarika nchini Iran, ambako bado inakabiliwa na mateso makali.{{sfn|Affolter|2005}} Kifo cha ʻAbdu'l-Bahá mwaka wa 1921 kinaashiria mwisho wa kipindi kinachoitwa "Zama za Ushujaa" cha Dini ya Kibaháʼí.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=56}} === Báb === {{Main|Bab}} Jioni ya tarehe 22 Mei 1844, Siyyid Ali-Muhammad wa [[Shiraz]] alijitangaza kwa ulimwengu na akachukua cheo cha "Báb" (الباب), chenye maana ya "lango", akidai kuwa ndiye [[Mahdi]] anayengojewa katika [[Uislamu wa Kishia]].{{sfn|Affolter|2005}} Hivyo wafuasi wake walijulikana kama Wabábí. Kadiri mafundisho ya Báb yalivyoenea, ambayo [[makasisi]] wa Kiislamu waliyaona kuwa ni kufuru, wafuasi wake walikabiliwa na mateso na dhuluma zilizoongezeka.{{sfn|Daume|Watson|1992}} Migogoro iliongezeka hadi kufikia kuzingirwa kijeshi katika maeneo kadhaa na majeshi ya Shah. Báb mwenyewe alifungwa gerezani na hatimaye akauawa mwaka wa 1850.{{sfn|MacEoin|2009|p=414}} Wabahá’í humwona [[Báb]] kama mtangulizi wa [[Baháʼí|Dini ya Kibaháʼí]], kwa kuwa maandiko ya Báb yaliwasilisha dhana ya "Yule ambaye Mungu atamdhihirisha", mtu wa kimasiya ambaye kuja kwake, kulingana na Wabaháʼí, kulitangazwa katika maandiko yote makuu ya dini za ulimwengu.{{sfn|Daume|Watson|1992}} Na [[Baháʼu'lláh]] mwanzilishi wa Dini ya Kibahai hudai ndiye huyo. Kaburi la Báb, lililoko kwenye Mlima Carmel [[Haifa]], [[Israeli]], ni mahali muhimu pa hija kwa Wabaháʼí. Mabaki ya Báb yaliletwa kwa siri kutoka Iran hadi Nchi Takatifu na hatimaye yakazikwa katika kaburi lililojengwa kwa ajili yake mahali palipoainishwa mahsusi na Baháʼu'lláh.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=75–76}} Maandiko ya Báb yanachukuliwa na Wabaháʼí kuwa maandiko matakatifu ya dini, ingawa yamebadilishwa na sheria na mafundisho ya Baháʼu'lláh.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=101}} Maandiko makuu ya Báb yaliyotafsiriwa kwa Kiingereza yamekusanywa katika kitabu kiitwacho ''Selections from the Writings of the Báb'' (1976), ambacho kina takribani maandiko 135 kutoka maandiko ya Báb.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=102}} === Bahá'u'lláh === {{Main|Bahaʼullah }} Mírzá Husayn ʻAlí Núrí alikuwa miongoni mwa wafuasi wa kwanza wa Báb, na baadaye alichukua cheo cha Bahá'u'lláh. Mnamo Agosti 1852,{{sfn|Warburg|2006|p=145}} Baadhi ya Wabábí walifanya jaribio ambalo halikufanikiwa la kumuua Shah, Násiri'd-Dín Sháh Qájár. Shah alijibu kwa kuamuru mauaji na, katika baadhi ya matukio, kuwatesa karibu Wabábí 50 mjini Tehran.{{sfn|Warburg|2006|p=146}} Zaidi ya hayo umwagaji damu ulienea kote nchini, na mamia waliripotiwa kuuwawa kwenye magazeti katika kipindi cha hadi Oktoba, na maelfu zaidi waliuwawa hadi mwisho wa Desemba.<ref>{{*}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10893156/hundreds_of_babis_executed_babibahai/|title=Persia – The Journal de Constantinople|date=3 Nov 1852|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=Sep 6, 2022|location=London, UK|page=2|via=Newspapers.com}} {{*}}{{Cite news|url=http://www.newspapers.com/clip/871886/hundreds_of_babis_killed_following/|title=Persia|date=17 November 1852|newspaper=The Sun|access-date=Sep 6, 2022|location=Baltimore, MD|page=1|via=Newspapers.com}} {{*}}{{Cite news|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/search/results?basicsearch=%22babs%20was%20awful%2C%20and%20that%2020%2C000%20or%2030%2C000%22&phrasesearch=%22babs%20was%20awful%2C%20and%20that%2020%2C000%20or%2030%2C000%22&sortorder=score&o=date&d=asc|title=Turkey|date=20 December 1852|newspaper=London Standard|access-date=Sep 6, 2022|location=London, UK|page=3|via=BritishNewspaperArchive.co.uk}}{{subscription required}}</ref> Bahá'u'lláh hakuhusika katika jaribio hilo la mauaji, lakini alifungwa katika gereza la Siyah-Chal huko Tehran hadi kuachiliwa kwake kulipopangwa miezi minne baadaye baada ya balozi wa Urusi kuingilia jambo hilo, mara tu baada ya hapo alifukuzwa kutoka Iran na kusafiri hadi Baghdad, kisha sehemu ya Milki ya Ottoman, ambapo alijiunga na Wabábí wengine katika uhamisho.{{sfn|Warburg|2006|p=146–147}} {{sfn|Hutter|2005|p=737–740}} Huko Baghdad, uongozi wake uliamsha upya wafuasi wa Báb waliokuwa wakiteswa nchini Iran, hivyo mamlaka ya Irani ikaomba aondolewe, jambo lililosababisha kuamishwa kwake kwenda Constantinople (sasa [[Istanbul]]) na Sultani wa Ottoman. Mnamo 1863, wakati wa kufukuzwa kwake kutoka Baghdad, Bahá'u'lláh kwa mara ya kwanza alitangaza mbele ya familia yake na wafuasi wake dai lake la kuwa Mdhihirishaji wa Mungu, jambo ambalo alisema alikuwa amelifahamu miaka kadhaa kabla akiwa katika gereza la Siyah-Chal huko Tehran. Alikaa Konstantinople kwa muda usiofika miezi minne. Mamlaka ya Ottoman walimgeuka kwa sababu ya uchongezi uliyofanywa na balozi wa Persia, ambapo Serikali ya Sultani iliamuru kuhamishwa kwake kwenda Adrianople (sasa [[Edirne]]), ambapo Bahá'u'lláh alijibu kwa barua yenye onyo kali. Huko Adrianople walimweka chini ya kifungo cha nyumbani ambako alikaa kwa miaka minne, hadi amri ya kifalme ya mwaka 1868 ilipowahamisha Wababi wote kwenda ama [[Cyprus]] au 'Akká. 'Akka, ambao wakati huo ulikuwa katika jimbo la Ottoman la Syria na leo uko katika dola ya Israeli, ulikuwa mji wenye kuta na lango la nchi kavu pamoja na lango la baharini, ambapo wageni wote walikaguliwa. Hivyo ilikuwa rahisi sana kuwazuia mahujaji wa Kiajemi waliokuwa wakisafiri kwenda kwa Bahá'u'lláh, hasa kwa kuwa Wafuasi wa Mirza Yahya walikuwa wamefungwa mjini humo pia, walikuwa wakitoa taarifa mara moja kuhusu Mbaháʼí yeyote aliyefaulu kuwapita walinzi wa langoni. 'Akka ilitumiwa na serikali ya Ottoman kama mahali pa kifungo kwa wafungwa wa kisiasa. Hali za mji huo zilikuwa mbaya sana kiafya kiasi kwamba iliaminika kwamba wale ambao hawakuwa wamezoea hali hizo wangekufa upesi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The world of the Bahá'í Faith|last=Stockman|first=Robert|date=2022|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Abingdon, Oxon ; New York|pages=325}}</ref> Ilikuwa katika koloni la Ottoman la ʻAkká au karibu nayo (Katika eneo la Israel ya sasa), Baháʼu'lláh alitumia sehemu iliyobaki ya maisha yake. Mwanzoni baada ya kifungo kikali na chenye masharti magumu, aliruhusiwa kuishi katika nyumba karibu na ʻAkká, ingawa bado alikuwa mfungwa rasmi wa mji huo.{{sfn|Iranica-Baha'-Allah|1988}} Alifariki mwaka wa 1892. Wabaháʼí huchukulia mahali pake pa kupumzika huko Bahjí kuwa Qiblih wanakoelekea kila siku wanaposali.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=20–21, 28}} Aliandika zaidi ya maandiko 18,000 katika [[Kiarabu]] na [[Kifarsi]] wakati wa uhai wake, ambayo asilimia 8 tu ndiyo yametafsiriwa kwa [[Lugha ya Kiingereza|Kiingereza]].{{sfn|Stockman|2013|p=2}} Katika kipindi chake huko Adrianople, alianza kutangaza utume wake kama mjumbe wa Mungu katika barua alizowaandikia watawala wa kidini na wa kidunia, wakiwemo [[Papa Pius IX]], [[Napoleon III]] na [[Malkia Victoria]].{{sfn|Berry|2004}} === ʻAbdu'l-Bahá === {{Main|ʻAbdu'l-Bahá}} Abbás Effendi alikuwa mwana mkubwa wa kiume wa Bahá'u'lláh, anayejulikana kwa cheo cha ʻAbdu'l-Bahá ("Mtumishi wa Bahá"). Baba yake aliacha wosia uliomteua ʻAbdu'l-Bahá kuwa kitovu cha agano la jamii ya Wabaháʼí.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=73–76}} ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alishiriki na baba yake kipindi kirefu cha uhamisho na kifungo, ambacho kiliendelea hadi kuachiliwa kwa ʻAbdu'l-Bahá mwaka wa 1908 kutokana na Mapinduzi ya Waturuki Vijana. Baada ya kuachiliwa kwake, aliishi maisha ya kusafiri, akitoa hotuba, akifundisha, akielezea kanuni za Dini ya Kibahai na huku akiendeleza mawasiliano kwa barua na jumuiya za waumini na watu binafsi.{{sfn|Hutter|2005|p=737–740}} Tangu mwanzo wa maisha yake, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alishiriki magumu ya baba yake kutokana na mateso ya Wabábí nchini Iran na baadaye wakati wa uhamisho wao kutoka Tehran kwenda Baghdad, Istanbul, Edirne na ‘Akká. Alikuwa mshirika wa karibu wa Baháʼu'lláh, msimamizi mkuu na mwakilishi wa kuaminika wa mambo ya nje katika Milki ya Ottoman. Kwa Wabaháʼí, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá ni "Mwalimu", kama alivyoitwa na baba yake, na ndiye mfano bora wa mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The world of the Bahá'í Faith|last=Stockman|first=Robert|date=2022|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Abingdon, Oxon ; New York|pages=71}}</ref> Kufikia mwaka wa 2020, kuna zaidi ya nyaraka 38,000 zilizopo zinazojumuisha maneno ya [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]].{{sfn|Yazdani|2022}} Ni sehemu kidogo tu ya nyaraka hizi ambayo imetafsiriwa kwa [[Lugha ya Kiingereza|Kiingereza]]. Miongoni mwa maandiko yake maarufu ni ''Siri ya Ustaarabu Mtakatifu'', ''Baadhi ya Maswali Yaliyojibiwa'', ''Waraka kwa Auguste-Henri Forel'', ''Nyaraka za Mpango Mtakatifu'', na ''Waraka kwa Hague''.{{sfn|Yazdani|2022}} Zaidi ya hayo, wakati wa safari zake za Magharibi, maandishi ya hotuba zake nyingi yalichapishwa katika matoleo mbalimbali kama vile ''Hekima ya Abdu'l-Bahá'' . === Shoghi Effendi === {{Main|Shoghi Effendi }} Kitáb-i-Aqdas cha Baháʼu'lláh na Wasia na Agano la ʻAbdu'l-Bahá ni nyaraka za msingi za utawala wa Kibaháʼí. Baháʼu'lláh aliamuru kuanzishwa kwa Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu inayochaguliwa, na ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alianzisha ulinzi wa kurithi unaoteuliwa na akafafanua uhusiano kati ya Asasi hizo mbili.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=55–57}} Katika wasia wake ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alimteua mjukuu wake mkubwa, Shoghi Effendi, kuwa Mlinzi wa Dini ya Kibaháʼí. Shoghi Effendi alitumikia kama mkuu wa dini hiyo kwa miaka 36.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=55}} [[Picha:Shoghi_Effendi2.jpg|thumb|Shoghi Effendi, mjukuu wa ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]] Katika maisha yake yote, Shoghi Effendi alitafsiri maandiko ya Kibaháʼí; aliendeleza mipango ya kimataifa kwa ajili ya kupanua jumuiya ya Kibaháʼí; aliendeleza Makao Makuu ya Kibahai ya Ulimwengu; aliendeleza mawasiliano mapana na jumuiya na watu binafsi duniani kote; na alijenga muundo wa kiutawala wa dini, akiitayarisha jumuiya kwa ajili ya uchaguzi wa Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu.{{sfn|Hutter|2005|p=737–740}} Mnamo mwaka wa 1937, Shoghi Effendi alianza Mpango wa Miaka Saba kwa Wabaháʼí wa Amerika Kaskazini, ukifuatiwa na mpango wa pili mwaka wa 1946. Mwaka wa 1953, alizindua mpango wa kwanza wa kimataifa, Mpango wa Miaka Kumi. Mpango huu ulijumuisha malengo makubwa sana ya kupanua jumuiya na asasi za Kibaháʼí, kutafsiri maandiko ya Kibaháʼí katika lugha nyingi mpya, na kuwapeleka watangulizi wa Kibaháʼí katika nchi ambazo hapo awali hazikuwa zimefikiwa.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=64}} Alitangaza katika barua wakati wa Mpango wa Miaka Kumi kwamba ungefuatiwa na mipango mingine chini ya uongozi wa Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu, ambayo ilichaguliwa mwaka wa 1963 mwishoni mwa Mpango huwo. Shoghi Effendi aliacha alama kubwa juu ya jumuiya ya Wabaháʼí ambayo hadi leo inaendelea kuwa na athari ya kina. Ufafanuzi wake wa maandiko ya Kibaháʼí unachukuliwa kuwa wa mamlaka, hivyo ni wa msingi kwa uelewa wa teolojia na sheria ya Kibaháʼí, pamoja na mafundisho ya kijamii ya Kibaháʼí. Maandishi yake kuhusu utawala wa Kibaháʼí yanaendelea kuwa chanzo muhimu cha mwongozo kuhusu jinsi asasi za Kibaháʼí zinavyopaswa kufanya kazi.<ref name=":0" /> Shoghi Effendi alifariki dunia bila kutarajiwa tarehe 4 Novemba 1957 huko London, Uingereza, baada ya ugonjwa wa muda mfupi, katika hali ambayo haikuruhusu kuteuliwa kwa mrithi.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=58–69}} === Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu === {{Main|Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu }} Tangu mwaka wa 1963, Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu imekuwa asasi ya juu kabisa iliyochaguliwa ya Dini ya Kibaháʼí. Majukumu ya jumla ya asasi hii ya kimungu yamefafanuliwa kupitia maandiko ya Baháʼu'lláh na kufafanuliwa zaidi katika maandiko ya ʻAbdu'l-Bahá na Shoghi Effendi. Majukumu haya yanajumuisha ufundishaji na elimu, kutekeleza sheria za Kibaháʼí, kushughulikia masuala ya kijamii, na kuwajali wanyonge na maskini.{{sfn|Iranica-Bayt-al-'adl|1989}} [[Picha:Seat_of_the_House_of_Justice.jpg|kushoto|thumb|Makao ya Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu huko Haifa]] Kuanzia na Mpango wa Miaka Tisa ulioanza mwaka wa 1964, Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu imekuwa ikielekeza kazi ya jamii ya Wabaháʼí kupitia mfululizo wa mipango ya kimataifa ya miaka kadhaa.{{sfn|Smith|Momen|1989}} Kuanzia na Mpango wa Miaka Tisa ulioanza mwaka wa 1964, uongozi wa Kibaháʼí ulitafuta si tu kuendeleza upanuzi wa dini, bali pia "kuwaimarisha" waumini wapya, yaani kuongeza maarifa yao kuhusu mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí.{{sfn|Fozdar|2015}} Katika muktadha huu, katika miaka ya 1970, Taasisi ya Ruhi ilianzishwa na Wabaháʼí nchini Kolombia ili kutoa kozi fupi ya nini Wabaháʼí wana amini, zenye urefu wa siku za mwisho wa juma hadi siku tisa.{{sfn|Fozdar|2015}} Taasisi inayohusiana nayo, Ruhi Foundation, ambayo lengo lake lilikuwa kuwaimarisha Wabaháʼí wapya kimpangilio, ilisajiliwa mwaka wa 1992, na tangu mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990 kozi za Taasisi ya Ruhi zimekuwa njia kuu ya kuongeza uelewa wa mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí duniani kote.{{sfn|Fozdar|2015}} Kufikia mwaka wa 2013 kulikuwa na zaidi ya taasisi za mafunzo 300 za Kibaháʼí duniani kote na watu 100,000 walikuwa wakishiriki katika kozi hizo. Kozi za Taasisi ya Ruhi hufundisha jamii jinsi ya kuandaa, miongoni mwa shughuli nyingine, madarasa ya elimu ya kiroho kwa watoto na vijana. Kwa jamii ya Kibaháʼí ya wakati huu, Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu pia imehimiza ushiriki katika shughuli za kijamii na kushiriki katika mijadala iliyoenea ya jamii.{{sfn|Stockman|2013|p=203}} Kila mwaka, tarehe 21 mwezi wa Aprili, Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu hutuma ujumbe wa 'Ridván' kwa jamuiya ya Wabaháʼí ulimwenguni kote, ambao huwafahamisha Wabaháʼí kuhusu maendeleo ya sasa na kutoa mwongozo zaidi kwa mwaka unaofuata.{{efn|Ujumbe wote wa Ridván unaweza kupatikana katika [http://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages Bahai.org].}} Katika ngazi ya mahali, kanda na kitaifa, Wabaháʼí huchagua wajumbe wa mabaraza ya kiroho yenye watu tisa, ambayo huendesha shughuli za dini. Pia kuna watu walioteuliwa wanaofanya kazi katika ngazi mbalimbali, ikiwemo ngazi ya mahali na ya kimataifa, ambao hutekeleza kazi ya kueneza mafundisho na kuilinda jamii. Watu hao hawafanyi kazi kama makasisi au mapadri, kwa kuwa Dini ya Kibaháʼí haina tabaka la ukuhani.{{sfn|Daume|Watson|1992}}{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=160}} Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu ndiyo chombo cha juu kabisa cha uongozi wa Dini ya Kibaháʼí, na wajumbe wake tisa huchaguliwa kila baada ya miaka mitano na wajumbe wa Mabaraza yote ya Kiroho ya Kitaifa.{{sfn|Warburg|2001|p=20}} Mbaháʼí yeyote mwanaume mwenye umri wa miaka 21 au zaidi anastahili kuchaguliwa kuwa mjumbe wa Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu; nyadhifa zote nyingine ziko wazi kwa Wabaháʼí wanaume na wanawake.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=205}} Katika mojawapo ya nyaraka zake Baháʼu'lláh anaandika kwamba "kusudi la msingi la kuhuisha imani kwa Mungu na kwa dini yake ni kulinda maslahi ya wanadamu, kukuza umoja wa jamii ya binadamu, na kuendeleza roho ya upendo na udugu miongoni mwa watu." Kupitia agano lake, Baháʼu'lláh alithibitisha kwamba wajumbe wa jamii ya Wabaháʼí daima watakuwa na kituo cha mamlaka kisichokosea, jambo linalohakikisha umoja wa kudumu na unaoendelea wa jamii. Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu sasa ndiyo kituo hicho cha mamlaka, chenye wajibu wa kushughulikia masuala yanayohusiana na kutekeleza utaratibu wa dunia uliotabiriwa na Baháʼu'lláh. Hivyo basi, miongoni mwa mamlaka na majukumu yake mengine mengi, hutatua matatizo yanayohitaji ufafanuzi au ambayo yanaweza kuwa chanzo cha mizozo, husimamia maendeleo ya Hoja na usimamizi wa mambo yake, huweka sheria na kanuni zinazohitajika kwa maendeleo endelevu ya jamii, na hutoa mfululizo endelevu wa mwongozo unaotia moyo na kuandaa jitihada za Wabaháʼí na washirika wao katika kukuza umoja wa wanadamu.<ref name=":0" /> == Mafundisho na kanuni == Kanuni kuu za Dini ya Kibaháʼí ni - * Mungu ni mmoja * Dini zote zina chanzo kimoja<ref name=":0" /> * Umoja wa Binadamu * Amani ya ulimwengu * Haki kwa wote * Usawa wa wanawake na wanaume * Elimu ya lazima kwa wote<ref name=":0" /> * Upatano wa sayansi na dini * Uondoaji wa umasikini na utajiri uliopitiliza * Suluhisho la kiroho kwa matatizo ya kimwili<ref name=":0" /> Mifano kadhaa ya mafundisho ya Bahá'u'lláh kuhusu mwenendo wa mtu binafsi ni yafuatayo, ambayo ni ya lazima au yanahimizwa kwa wafuasi wake: * Wabaháʼí wenye umri wa zaidi ya miaka 15 wanapaswa kusoma katika faragha sala moja ya lazima kila siku, kwa kutumia maneno na vitendo maalum vilivyoainishwa.{{sfn|Schaefer|2002|p=334}} * Mbali na sala ya lazima ya kila siku, Wabaháʼí wanapaswa kusali kila siku na kufanya tafakari pamoja na kusoma maandiko matakatifu.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=161–162}} * Wabaháʼí watu wazima, isipokuwa kwa baadhi ya msamaha, wanapaswa kufunga mfungo wa siku kumi na tisa kila mwaka katika mwezi wa Machi.{{sfn|Schaefer|2002|p=339–340}} * Kuna masharti maalum ya maziko ya Kibaháʼí, yakiwemo sala maalum inayopaswa kusomwa wakati wa mazishi. Kutilia manukato au dawa mwili wa marehemu na kuchoma maiti kunakataliwa.{{sfn|Iranica-Burial|2020}} === Makatazo === Yafuatayo ni baadhi ya matendo ya mwenendo binafsi ambayo yamekatazwa au yamehimizwa kuepukwa katika mafundisho ya Baháʼu'lláh: * Uchongezi na usengenyaji vimekatazwa na kulaaniwa.{{sfn|Schaefer|2002|p=330–332}} * Kunywa na kuuza pombe ni marufuku.{{sfn|Schaefer|2002|p=323}} * Kujamiiana kunaruhusiwa kati ya mume na mke pekee, na kwa hiyo, ngono kabla ya ndoa na ngono nje ya ndoa zote zimekatazwa.{{sfn|Schaefer|2002|p=326}} * Kushiriki katika siasa za vyama ni marufuku.{{sfn|McMullen|2015|p=69, 136, 149, 253–254, 269}} * Kuombaomba kama kazi ni marufuku.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=154–155}} Utekelezaji wa sheria za kibinafsi, kama vile sala au kufunga, ni wajibu wa mtu binafsi pekee.{{sfn|Schaefer|2002|p=339}} Hata hivyo, kuna nyakati ambapo Mbaháʼí anaweza kuondolewa kiutawala kutoka katika jumuiya kwa kupuuza sheria hadharani, au kwa uasherati wa kupindukia. Kuondolewa huko kunasimamiwa na Baraza la Kiroho la Kitaifa na hakuhusishi kutengwa kabisa.{{sfn|Schaefer|2002|p=348–349}} === Ndoa === Katika Dini ya Kibaháʼí, kusudi la ndoa kimsingi ni kukuza upatano wa kiroho, urafiki na umoja kati ya mwanamume mmoja na mwanamke mmoja, na kutoa mazingira thabiti na yenye upendo kwa malezi ya watoto.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=164–165}} Mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí kuhusu ndoa huiita kuwa ni ngome ya ustawi na wokovu na huweka ndoa na familia kama msingi wa muundo wa jamii ya wanadamu.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=164}} Baháʼu'lláh alisifu sana ndoa, alikataza talaka, na alidai usafi nje ya ndoa; Baháʼu'lláh alifundisha kwamba mume na mke wanapaswa kujitahidi kuboresha maisha ya kiroho ya kila mmoja.{{sfn|Momen|2022}} Ndoa za baina ya makabila na baina ya rangi pia zimesifiwa sana katika maandiko yote ya Kibaháʼí.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=164}} [[Picha:BahaiTempleWilmette.jpg|thumb|Nyumba ya Ibada ya Kibaháʼí nchini Marekani]] Wabaháʼí wanaotamani kufunga ndoa wanashauriwa kupata ufahamu wa kina kuhusu tabia ya mwingine kabla ya kuamua kuoana.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=164}} Mara watu wanapoamua kuoana, wanapaswa kupata idhini ya wazazi wa pande zote mbili, iwe ni Wabaháʼí au la. Sherehe ya ndoa ya Kibaháʼí ni rahisi; sehemu pekee ya lazima ya ndoa ni kusoma viapo vya ndoa vilivyowekwa na Baháʼu'lláh, ambavyo husomwa na bwana harusi na bibi harusi mbele ya mashahidi wawili.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=164}} Viapo hivyo ni "Sote, hakika, tutatii mapenzi ya Mungu."{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=164}} === Nyumba za Ibada === Katika jumuiya nyingi, mikutano ya ibada ya Kibaháʼí hufanyika majumbani au katika vituo vya Wabaháʼí. Hata hivyo, katika baadhi ya maeneo, Nyumba za Ibada za Kibaháʼí—zinazojulikana pia kama mahekalu ya Kibaháʼí—zimejengwa mahsusi kwa kusudi hilo.{{sfn|Afnan|2022}} Nyumba za Ibada za Kibaháʼí ni mahali ambapo Wabaháʼí na wasio Wabaháʼí wanaweza kuonesha ibada kwa Mungu.{{sfn|Warburg|2006|p=492}} Pia zinajulikana kama Mashriqu'l-Adhkár (kwa Kiarabu "Mahali pa Mapambazuko pa Ukumbusho wa Mungu").{{sfn|Hassall|2012}} Ndani yake, ni maandiko matakatifu ya Dini ya Kibaháʼí na ya dini nyingine tu yanayoweza kusomwa au kuimbwa, na maandiko na sala zilizowekwa kwa ajili ya muziki zinaweza kuimbwa na waimbaji, lakini hakuna ala za muziki zinazoweza kupigwa ndani.{{sfn|Iranica-Bahai-temples|1988}} Zaidi ya hayo, hakuna hotuba inayoweza kutolewa, na hakuna sherehe ya kiibada inayoweza kufanywa.{{sfn|Iranica-Bahai-temples|1988}} Nyumba zote za Ibada za Kibaháʼí zina umbo la pande tisa, pamoja na njia tisa za kuingia kutoka nje na bustani tisa zinazozizunguka.{{sfn|Iranica-Mašreq al-Aḏkār|2010}} Kwa sasa kuna Nyumba nane za Ibada za Kibaháʼí za "kibara" na baadhi ya Nyumba za Ibada za Kibaháʼí za mahali ambazo zimekamilika au zinaendelea kujengwa. Maandishi ya Kibaháʼí pia yanaonesha kwamba Nyumba za Ibada za Kibaháʼí zitazungukwa na taasisi za shughuli za kibinadamu, kisayansi na kielimu{{sfn|Hassall|2012}} ingawa hadi sasa hakuna iliyojengwa kwa kiwango hicho. === Maendeleo ya kijamii na kiuchumi === Tangu kuanzishwa kwake Dini ya Kibaháʼí imekuwa na ushiriki katika maendeleo ya kijamii na kiuchumi, ikianzia kwa kuwa na mazungumzo zaidi kuhusu uhuru wa wanawake.{{sfn|Momen|1994b|ps=: Section 9: Social and economic development}} Elimu ya wanawake imekuzwa kama kipaumbele.{{sfn|Kingdon|1997}} Na ushiriki huo umepewa mwonekano wa vitendo kwa kujenga shule, vyama vya ushirika vya kilimo, na kliniki.{{sfn|Momen|1994b|ps=: Section 9: Social and economic development}} Dini iliingia katika hatua mpya ya shughuli wakati ujumbe ulipotolewa kutoka kwa '''Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu''' tarehe 20 Oktoba 1983. Wabaháʼí walihimizwa kutafuta njia zinazolingana na mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí ambazo zingewawezesha kushiriki katika maendeleo ya kijamii na kiuchumi ya jumuiya wanamoishi. Mwaka 1979 kulikuwa na miradi 129 ya maendeleo ya kijamii na kiuchumi ya Kibaháʼí iliyotambuliwa rasmi duniani kote. Kufikia mwaka 1987, idadi ya miradi ya maendeleo iliyotambuliwa rasmi ilikuwa imeongezeka hadi 1482.{{sfn|Smith|Momen|1989}} Mipango ya sasa ya utekelezaji wa kijamii inajumuisha shughuli katika nyanja kama afya, usafi, elimu, usawa wa kijinsia, sanaa na vyombo vya habari, kilimo na mazingira.{{sfn|Baháʼí Office of Social and Economic Development|2018}} Miradi hiyo inajumuisha shule, kuanzia shule za mafunzo za vijijini hadi shule kubwa za sekondari na baadhi ya vyuo vikuu.{{sfn|Momen|2007}} Kufikia mwaka wa 2017, Ofisi ya Baháʼí ya Maendeleo ya Kijamii na Kiuchumi ilikadiria kuwa kulikuwa na miradi midogo 40,000, miradi endelevu 1,400, na mashirika 135 yaliyochochewa na Baháʼí.{{sfn|Baháʼí Office of Social and Economic Development|2018}} Zaidi ya hayo, Wabaháʼí kote ulimwenguni wanachangia katika kujenga utaratibu huu mpya wa dunia kupitia juhudi mbalimbali. Mpango huu wa kimataifa umejengwa juu ya dhana ya mwanadamu na jamii iliyo ya kiroho kwa asili, na unakusudia kukuza uwezo wa mwanadamu ili kuchochea maendeleo ya kiroho na ya kimwili. Kwa lengo la kuchangia ustawi wa wanadamu, Wabaháʼí hushiriki katika shughuli zifuatazo: # Mikutano ya sala # Madarasa ya maadili kwa watoto # Programu za kuwawezesha vijana # Madarasa ya duru za masomo === Umoja wa Mataifa === Baháʼu'lláh aliandika juu ya haja ya kuwepo kwa utaratibu wa dunia unaowezesha mataifa kuishi kwa amani na ushirikiano. Kwa sababu hiyo, Jumuiya ya Kimataifa ya Wabaháʼí imeunga mkono juhudi za kuimarisha mahusiano ya kimataifa kupitia taasisi kama Shirika la Mataifa na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], ingawa pia imeeleza baadhi ya tahadhari kuhusu muundo na mipaka ya taasisi hizo katika hali yake ya sasa.{{sfn|Momen|2007}} Jumuiya ya Kimataifa ya Wabaháʼí ni wakala uliopo Haifa chini ya uongozi wa Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu, na una hadhi ya ushauri na mashirika yafuatayo:{{sfn|McMullen|2000|p=39}} * Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Kuhudumia Watoto (UNICEF) * Mfuko wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa kwa Wanawake (UNIFEM) * Baraza la Kiuchumi na Kijamii la Umoja wa Mataifa (ECOSOC) * Mpango wa Mazingira wa Umoja wa Mataifa (UNEP) * [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] (WHO) Jumuiya ya Kimataifa ya Baháʼí ina ofisi katika [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] huko New York na Geneva na ina uwakilishi katika tume za kikanda za Umoja wa Mataifa na ofisi nyingine huko Addis Ababa, Bangkok, Nairobi, Roma, Santiago na Vienna.{{sfn|Baháʼí International Community|2000}} Katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, ofisi ya mazingira na ofisi ya maendeleo ya wanawake zilianzishwa kama sehemu ya ofisi yake ya Umoja wa Mataifa. Dini ya Kibaháʼí pia imeendesha programu za maendeleo za pamoja na mashirika mbalimbali mengine ya Umoja wa Mataifa. Katika Jukwaa la Milenia la Umoja wa Mataifa la mwaka 2000, Mbaháʼí mmoja alialikwa kama mmoja wa wasemaji pekee wasio wa kiserikali wakati wa mkutano wa kilele huo.{{sfn|Baháʼí World News Service|2000}} == Mateso na ukandamizaji == Katika baadhi ya nchi zenye Waislamu walio wengi, Wabaháʼí wanaendelea kuteswa, kwa kuwa viongozi wao hawaikubali Dini ya Kibaháʼí kama dini huru, bali kama kuiacha Uislamu. Ukandamizaji mkali zaidi umetokea nchini Iran, ambako kati ya mwaka 1978 na 1998 zaidi ya Wabaháʼí 200 waliuawa.{{sfn|International Federation of Human Rights|2003}} Haki za Wabaháʼí zimewekewa vikwazo, kwa kiwango kikubwa au kidogo, pia katika nchi nyingine nyingi zikiwemo Misri, Afghanistan, pamoja na Iraq{{sfn|International Religious Freedom Report|2013|loc=[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2013&dlid=222291 Iraq]}}, Moroko{{sfn|International Religious Freedom Report|2013|loc=[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2013&dlid=222305 Morocco]}}, Yemen na nchi kadhaa za Afrika kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara.{{sfn|Smith|Momen|1989}} Mateso ya kudumu zaidi dhidi ya Wabahá’í yametokea nchini Iran, mahali pa kuzaliwa kwa dini hii.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=125–127}} Wakati Báb mtukufu alipoanza kuvutia idadi kubwa ya wafuasi, makasisi wa Kiislamu... Kwa kusema hivyo, walitarajia kuzuia harakati hiyo isisambae kwa kudai kwamba wafuasi wake walikuwa maadui wa Mungu. Maelekezo haya ya kidini pia yalisababisha makundi ya watu kuwashambulia Wabábí na baadhi yao kuuawa hadharani.{{sfn|Affolter|2005}} Mwanzoni mwa karne ya ishirini, mbali na ukandamizaji uliowalenga Wabaháʼí mmoja mmoja, kampeni zilizoelekezwa kutoka ngazi ya kati zenye kulenga jamii nzima ya Wabaháʼí na taasisi zake zilianza.{{sfn|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2006}} Mwaka 1903 huko Yazd, katika tukio moja, zaidi ya Wabaháʼí 100 waliuawa.{{sfn|Nash|1982}} Shule za Wabaháʼí, kama vile shule za wavulana na wasichana za Tarbiyat huko Tehran, zilifungwa katika miaka ya 1930 na 1940, ndoa za Kibaháʼí hazikutambuliwa, na maandiko ya Kibaháʼí yalidhibitiwa.{{sfn|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2006}} Wakati wa utawala wa Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, nchini Iran kampeni ya mateso dhidi ya Wabaháʼí ilianzishwa ili kugeuza umakini kutoka kwa matatizo ya kiuchumi na harakati ya utaifa iliyokuwa ikikua.{{efn|Linalopatana na hili ni wazo kwamba serikali ilihamasisha kampeni hiyo ili kugeuza umakini kutoka kwa matatizo makubwa zaidi, yakiwemo matatizo makali ya kiuchumi. Zaidi ya hili kulikuwepo ugumu ambao utawala ulikuwa nao katika kuhimili harakati ya utaifa iliyokuwa imemuunga mkono Musaddiq.{{sfn|Akhavi|1980|p=76–78}}}} Kampeni iliyoidhinishwa na kuratibiwa dhidi ya Wabaháʼí (ili kuchochea hisia za umma dhidi ya Wabaháʼí) ilianza mwaka 1955 na ilijumuisha kusambazwa kwa propaganda dhidi ya Wabaháʼí katika vituo vya redio vya kitaifa na magazeti rasmi.{{sfn|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2006}} Wakati wa kampeni hiyo, iliyoanzishwa na mullah Muhammad Taqi Falsafi, kituo cha Wabaháʼí mjini Tehran kilibomolewa kwa amri ya gavana wa kijeshi wa Tehran, Jenerali Teymur Bakhtiar.{{sfn|''The New York Times''|1955}} Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1970 utawala wa Shah uliendelea kupoteza uhalali wake kutokana na ukosoaji wa kudumu kwamba ulikuwa unaunga mkono Magharibi. Kadiri harakati dhidi ya Shah zilivyopata nguvu na uungwaji mkono, propaganda za kimapinduzi zilienezwa zikidai kwamba baadhi ya washauri wa Shah walikuwa Wabaháʼí.{{sfn|Abrahamian|1982|p=432}} Wabaháʼí walichorwa kama vitisho vya kiuchumi na kama waungaji mkono wa Israeli na Magharibi, na uhasama wa kijamii dhidi ya Wabaháʼí ukaongezeka.{{sfn|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2006}} Tangu [[Mapinduzi ya Kiislamu ya Iran|Mapinduzi ya Kiislamu]] ya mwaka 1979, Wabaháʼí wa Iran wamekuwa wakivunjiwa nyumba zao mara kwa mara, wakizuiwa kuhudhuria vyuo vikuu au kushika kazi za serikali, na mamia yao wamehukumiwa vifungo gerezani kwa sababu ya imani yao ya kidini, na katika miaka ya karibuni pia kwa kushiriki katika madarasa ya duru za masomo. {{sfn|International Federation of Human Rights|2003}} Makaburi ya Wabaháʼí yamenajisiwa na mali zimechukuliwa na wakati mwingine kubomolewa, yakiwemo nyumba ya baba wa [[Baháʼu'lláh]], [[Mírzá Buzurg]].{{sfn|Affolter|2005}} Nyumba ya [[Báb]] huko [[Shiraz]], mojawapo ya maeneo matatu ambayo Wabaháʼí hufanya hija, imeharibiwa mara mbili.{{sfn|Affolter|2005}}{{sfn|Netherlands Institute of Human Rights|2006}} Mnamo Mei 2018, mamlaka za Iran zilimfukuza mwanafunzi mmoja kijana mwanamke kutoka chuo kikuu cha Isfahan kwa sababu alikuwa Mbaháʼí.{{sfn|Center for Human Rights in Iran|2018}} Mnamo Machi 2018, wanafunzi wengine wawili Wabaháʼí walifukuzwa kutoka vyuo vikuu katika miji ya Zanjan na Gilan kwa sababu ya dini yao. Tarehe 14 Mei 2008, wajumbe wa chombo kisicho rasmi kilichoitwa "Yaran", ambacho kilikuwa kinasimamia mahitaji ya jumuiya ya Wabaháʼí nchini Iran, walikamatwa na kupelekwa katika gereza la Evin.{{sfn|CNN|2008}}{{sfn|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2008b}} Kesi ya mahakama ya Yaran iliahirishwa mara nyingi, lakini hatimaye ilikuwa ikiendelea tarehe 12 Januari 2010.{{sfn|CNN|2010a}} Waangalizi wengine hawakuruhusiwa kuhudhuria mahakamani. Hata mawakili wa utetezi, ambao kwa miaka miwili walikuwa na fursa ndogo sana ya kuwasiliana na washtakiwa, walipata ugumu kuingia katika chumba cha mahakama. Mwenyekiti wa Tume ya Marekani kuhusu Uhuru wa Kidini wa Kimataifa alisema kwamba ilionekana serikali ilikuwa tayari imeamua matokeo ya kesi hiyo na ilikuwa inakiuka sheria ya kimataifa ya haki za binadamu{{sfn|CNN|2010a}} Vikao vya baadaye vilifanyika tarehe 7 Februari 2010, 12 Aprili 2010, na 12 Juni 2010. Tarehe 11 Agosti 2010 ilijulikana kuwa hukumu ya mahakama ilikuwa kifungo cha miaka 20 kwa kila mmoja wa wafungwa saba, ambayo baadaye ilipunguzwa hadi miaka kumi.{{sfn|CNN|2010b}} Baada ya hukumu hiyo, walihamishwa kwenda gereza la Gohardasht.{{sfn|AFP|2011a}} Mnamo Machi 2011, hukumu zilirejeshwa kwenye miaka 20 ya awali{{sfn|AFP|2011b}}. Tarehe 3 Januari 2010, maafisa wa Iran waliwashikilia wajumbe wengine kumi wa wachache wa Kibaháʼí, miongoni mwao ikidaiwa alikuwa Leva Khanjani, mjukuu wa Jamaloddin Khanjani, mmoja wa viongozi saba wa Wabaháʼí waliofungwa tangu mwaka 2008, na mwezi Februari, walimkamata mwanawe, Niki Khanjani.{{sfn|The Jerusalem Post|2010}} Serikali ya Iran inadai kwamba Dini ya Kibaháʼí si dini, bali ni shirika la kisiasa, na kwa hiyo inakataa kuitambua kama dini ya wachache.{{sfn|Kravetz|1982|p=237}} Hata hivyo, serikali haijawahi kutoa ushahidi thabiti unaounga mkono tabia hii ya jamii ya Wabaháʼí.{{sfn|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2008|p=5}} Serikali ya Iran pia inaishutumu Dini ya Kibaháʼí kwa kuhusishwa na Uzayuni. Inaonekana kwamba shutuma hizi dhidi ya Wabaháʼí hazina msingi katika ukweli wa kihistoria{{sfn|Simpson|Shubart|1995|p=223}}{{sfn|Tavakoli-Targhi|2008|p=200}}, na baadhi ya watu wamehoji kwamba zilibuniwa na serikali ya Iran ili kuwatumia Wabaháʼí kama "mbuzi wa kafara".{{sfn|Freedman|2009}} Mwaka 2019, serikali ya Iran ilifanya isiwezekane kwa Wabaháʼí kujisajili kisheria na dola ya Iran. Maombi ya vitambulisho vya kitaifa nchini Iran sasa hayajumuishi tena chaguo la "dini nyingine", jambo linalomaanisha kwamba Dini ya Kibaháʼí haitatambuliwa kwa vitendo na dola.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/iran-id-card-rule-highlights-plight-of-bahai/a-52149974|title=ID card law in Iran highlights plight of Baháʼí – DW – 01/25/2020|website=dw.com}}</ref> === '''Nyumba za Ibada za Wabahá’í''' === "Hekalu la Kibahá'í la Ibada (maarufu kwa jina la Lotus Temple)" lipo Kalkaji, Nehru Place, New Delhi. Katika ulimwengu wa dini ya Kibahá'í, kwa jumla katika maeneo Nane Nyumba za Ibada (Hekalu) za Kibaháʼí zimejengwa. # Samoa ya Magharibi # Sydney - Australia # Kampala - Uganda # Panama City - Panama # Frankfurt - Ujerumani # Wilmette - Marekani # New Delhi - India # Santiago - Chile == Maelezo == {{reflist}} ==Marejeleo== === Vitabu === {{refbegin|24em|indent=yes}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/iranbetweentwore00abra_0|title=Iran Kati ya Mapinduzi Mawili|last=Abrahamian|first=Ervand|publisher=Princeton Book Company Publishers|year=1982|isbn=0-691-10134-5|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/atozofbahaifaith0000adam|title=The A to Z of the Baháʼí Faith|last=Adamson|first=Hugh C.|date=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6853-3|series=The A to Z Guide Series, No. 70|place=Plymouth, UK|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Afnan|first=Elham|date=2022|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=479–487|chapter=Sura ya 39: Maisha ya ibada|doi=10.4324/9780429027772-45|s2cid=244700641}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/religionpolitics0000akha|title=Dini na Siasa katika Iran ya Kisasa: Mahusiano ya Makleri na Dola katika Kipindi cha Pahlavi|last=Akhavi|first=Shahrough|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1980|isbn=0-87395-408-4|location=Albany, NY|pages=76–78|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|title=Closed Doors: Iran's Campaign to Deny Higher Education to Baháʼís|author=Baháʼí International Community|date=2005|chapter=Historia ya Juhudi za Elimu za Wabaháʼí nchini Iran|access-date=10 May 2008|chapter-url=http://denial.bahai.org/003.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091205194849/http://denial.bahai.org/003.php|archive-date=5 December 2009|url-status=dead}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/newbelieverssurv00barr|title=Waumini Wapya: uchunguzi wa madhehebu, makundi ya kidini, na dini mbadala|last=Barrett|first=David V.|date=2001|publisher=Cassell & Co|isbn=1-84403-040-7|location=London|ol=3999281M|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/1988britannicabo0000daum|title=1988 Britannica Book of the Year|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=1988|isbn=0-85229-486-7|editor-last1=Daume|editor-first1=Daphne|place=Chicago|chapter=Dini (&) Imani ya Bahá'í|editor-last2=Watson|editor-first2=Louise}} *{{Cite book|title=Britannica Book of the Year|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=1992|editor-last1=Daume|editor-first1=Daphne|place=Chicago|chapter=Imani ya Baháʼí|editor-last2=Watson|editor-first2=Louise}} *{{Cite book|url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/GPB/gpb-9.html#gr26|title=God Passes By|last=Effendi|first=Shoghi|date=1944|publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust|isbn=0-87743-020-9|place=Wilmette, IL|publication-date=1979|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontone0000unse|title=Mapokeo ya Asia|date=2006|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood Press]]|isbn=978-0-275-98712-1|editor-last1=Gallagher|editor-first1=Eugene V.|series=Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America|volume=4|location=Westport, Connecticut • London|chapter=Wabaháʼí wa Marekani|editor-last2=Ashcraft|editor-first2=W. Michael|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bahaifaithinamer0000garl|title=Dini ya Baháʼí Marekani|last=Garlington|first=William|date=2008|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-6234-9|edition=Paperback|location=Lanham, Maryland|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|title=Kitabu cha Mwongozo cha Dini Mpya na Uzalishaji wa Utamaduni|author-last=Hassall|author-first=Graham|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|year=2012|isbn=978-90-04-22187-1|editor1-last=Cusack|editor1-first=Carol|series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion|volume=4|location=[[Leiden]]|pages=599–632|chapter=Nyumba ya Ibada ya Bahá’í: Ujanibishaji na Umbo la Kiujumla|doi=10.1163/9789004226487_025|issn=1874-6691|editor2-last=Norman|editor2-first=Alex}} *{{Cite book|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722#|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Hassal|first=Graham|date=2022|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=581–590|chapter=Sura ya 47: Asia ya Kaskazini-Mashariki}} *{{Cite book|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Hassall|first=Graham|date=2022|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=591–602|chapter=Sura ya 48: Oceania|doi=10.4324/9780429027772-55|s2cid=244697166}} *{{Cite book|url=https://bahai-library.com/hatcher_martin_global_religion|title=The Baháʼí Faith: The Emerging Global Religion|last1=Hatcher|first1=W.S.|last2=Martin|first2=J.D.|publisher=Harper & Row|year=1998|isbn=0-06-065441-4|location=New York}} *{{Cite book|url=https://bahai-library.com/hartz_bahai_faith|title=World Religions: Baháʼí Faith|last=Hartz|first=Paula|date=2009|publisher=Chelsea House Publishers|isbn=978-1-60413-104-8|edition=3rd|location=New York, NY}} *{{Cite book|title=Dini za Ulimwengu kwa Takwimu: Utangulizi wa Demografia ya Kimataifa ya Dini|last1=Johnson|first1=Todd M.|last2=Grim|first2=Brian J.|date=26 March 2013|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-55576-7|pages=59–62|chapter=Idadi za Watu wa Dini Duniani, 1910–2010|doi=10.1002/9781118555767.ch1|chapter-url={{Google books|CkFVF8nFiqkC |page=59 |plainurl=yes}}}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/iranonox0000krav|title=Irano nox|last=Kravetz|first=Marc|publisher=Grasset|year=1982|isbn=2-246-24851-5|location=Paris|page=237|language=fr|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|title=The Messiah of Shiraz: Studies in Early and Middle Babism|last=MacEoin|first=Denis|date=2009|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-17035-3|doi=10.1163/ej.9789004170353.i-740|url=https://archive.org/details/bahaireligiousco0000mcmu|title=Baháʼí: Uundaji wa Kidini wa Utambulisho wa Kiujuma wa Dunia|last=McMullen|first=Michael D.|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|year=2000|isbn=0-8135-2836-4|location=Atlanta, GA|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bahaisofamericag0000mcmu|title=Wabaháʼí wa Marekani: Ukuaji wa Harakati ya Kidini|last=McMullen|first=Mike|date=2015|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-1-4798-5152-2|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/worldsreligionsn0000unse|title=New Lion Handbook: The World's Religions|last=Momen|first=Moojan|publisher=Lion Hudson Plc|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7459-5266-6|editor-last=Partridge|editor-first=Christopher H.|edition=3rd|place=Oxford, UK|contribution=Imani ya Baháʼí|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Momen|first=Wendi|date=2022|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=371–383|chapter=Sura ya 31: Ndoa na maisha ya kifamilia|doi=10.4324/9780429027772-36|s2cid=244697438}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/iranssecretpogro0000nash|title=Mauaji ya siri ya Iran: Njama ya kuwaangamiza Wabahaʼi|last=Nash|first=Geoffrey|publisher=Neville Spearman Limited|year=1982|isbn=0-85435-005-5|location=Sudbury, Suffolk|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521770736|title=Makundi Madogo ya Kidini nchini Iran|last=Sanasarian|first=Eliz|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-521-77073-4|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=52–53|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/2004worldalmanacbook00newy|title=World Almanac and Book of Facts|publisher=World Almanac Books|year=2004|isbn=0-88687-910-8|editor-last=Park|editor-first=Ken|location=New York|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/liftingveillifei0000simp_g2v6|title=Kuinua Pazia|last1=Simpson|first1=John|last2=Shubart|first2=Tira|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton General Division|year=1995|isbn=0-340-62814-6|location=London|page=223|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7zdDFTzNr0C|title=Utangulizi wa Dini ya Baháʼí|last=Smith|first=Peter|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-521-86251-6|location=Cambridge}} *{{Cite book|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722#|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Smith|first=Peter|date=2022a|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=501–512|chapter=Sura ya 41: Historia ya Imani za Kibábí na Kibahá’í|doi=10.4324/9780429027772-48|s2cid=244705793}} *{{Cite book|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722#|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Smith|first=Peter|date=2022b|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=614–621|chapter=Sura ya 50: Asia ya Kusini-Mashariki|title=Dini na Utalii: Njia panda, Maeneo ya Kufikia, na Mikutano|url=https://archive.org/details/religiontourismc0000stau|last=Stausberg|first=Michael|date=2011|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-54931-8|location=Oxfordshire, UK|title=Baháʼí Faith: A Guide For The Perplexed|last=Stockman|first=Robert|date=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-4411-8781-9|location=New York, NY|title=Imani ya Bahá'í, Vurugu, na Kutokuwa na Vurugu|last=Stockman|first=Robert H.|date=July 2020|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-61344-6|editor1=James R. Lewis|series=Cambridge Elements; Religion and Violence|location=Cambridge, UK|doi=10.1017/9781108613446|oclc=1173507653|editor2=Margo Kitts|s2cid=225389995}} *{{Cite book|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722#|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Stockman|first=Robert|date=2022a|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=557–568|chapter=Sura ya 45: Amerika ya Kusini na Karibiani|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722#|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Stockman|first=Robert|date=2022b|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=569–580|chapter=Sura ya 46: Amerika ya Kaskazini|url=http://www.peyman.info/cl/Baha%27i/Others/ROB/V4/p118-144Ch08.html#p125|title=The Revelation of Baháʼu'lláh, Volume 4: Mazra'ih & Bahji 1877–92|last=Taherzadeh|first=Adib|publisher=George Ronald|year=1987|isbn=0-85398-270-8|location=Oxford, UK|page=125|title=Wabahá'i wa Iran: Tafiti za kijamii-kihistoria|last=Tavakoli-Targhi|first=Mohamad|publisher=Routledge|year=2008|isbn=978-0-203-00280-3|editor-last1=Brookshaw|editor-first1=Dominic P.|location=New York|chapter=Upinzani dhidi ya Baháʼí na Uislamisti nchini Iran|editor2-last=Fazel|editor2-first=Seena B.}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/religioushumanri0000unse|title=Haki za binadamu za kidini katika mtazamo wa kimataifa: mitazamo ya kidini|last=Van der Vyer|first=J.D.|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|year=1996|isbn=90-411-0176-4|page=449|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|title=Baháʼí|last=Warburg|first=Margit|date=2001|publisher=Signature Books|editor-last=Introvigne|series=Studies in Contemporary Religions|location=US|title=Citizens of the world: a history and sociology of the Bahaʹis from a globalisation perspective|last=Warburg|first=Margit|date=2006|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-474-0746-1|location=Leiden|oclc=234309958|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Yazdani|first=Mina|date=2022|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=88–104|chapter=Sura ya 7: Maandishi na Matamshi ya ʻAbdu'l-Bahá|doi=10.4324/9780429027772-9|s2cid=244689327}} {{refend}} === Hazina ya Maarifa ya Ulimwengu === {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} *'''Iranica''' **{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Waandishi Wengi|title=Bahaism|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|date=15 December 1988|volume=III|issue=4–5|pages=438–475|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bahaism-index|access-date=11 January 2021|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-Bahaism|1988}}}} **{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Cole|first=Juan|date=15 December 1988|publication-date=23 August 2011|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|article=BAHAISM i. The Faith|volume=III|issue=4|pages=438–446|article-url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bahaism-i|access-date=30 December 2012|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-The Faith|1988}}}} **{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Cole|first=Juan|date=15 December 1988|publication-date=23 August 2011|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|article=BAHĀʾ-ALLĀH|volume=III|issue=4|pages=422–429|article-url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/baha-allah|access-date=30 December 2012|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-Baha'-Allah|1988}}}} **{{Cite encyclopedia|last=MacEoin|first=Denis|date=15 December 1988|publication-date=23 August 2011|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|article=BAHAISM iii. Bahai and Babi Schisms|volume=III|issue=4–5|article-url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bahaism-iii|pages=447–449|issn=2330-4804|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-Bahai and Babi Schisms|1988}}}} **{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Momen|first=Moojan|date=1989|article=BAYT-AL-ʿADL (House of Justice)|article-url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/bayt-al-adl-house-of-justice-a-bahai-administrative-institution|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|volume=IV|issue=1|pages=12–14|issn=2330-4804|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-Bayt-al-'adl|1989}}}} **{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Momen|first=Moojan|year=2010|article=Mašreq al-Aḏkār|article-url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/mashreq-adkar|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-Mašreq al-Aḏkār|2010}}}} **{{cite encyclopedia|last=Negahban|first=Ezzatollah|year=2020|article=BURIAL i. Pre-Historic Burial Sites|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica|volume=IV|issue=5|article-url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/burial-i|access-date=August 24, 2023|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-Burial|2020}}}}</ref> **{{Cite encyclopedia|last1=Rafati|first1=V.|last2=Sahba|first2=F.|year=1988|article=BAHAISM ix. Bahai temples|article-url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/bahaism-ix|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|volume=III|issue=5|pages=465–467|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-Bahai-temples|1988}}}} *{{Cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Barrett|editor-first=David B.|date=1982|title=Wafuasi wa dini zote duniani|encyclopedia=[[World Christian Encyclopedia]]: Utafiti linganishi wa makanisa na dini katika ulimwengu wa kisasa|edition=1st|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Nairobi|ref={{sfnref|World Christian Encyclopedia|1982}}}} *{{Cite encyclopedia|last1=Barrett|first1=David B.|last2=Kurian|first2=George T.|last3=Johnson|first3=Todd M.|year=2001|title=Muhtasari wa Dunia|encyclopedia=[[World Christian Encyclopedia]]: Utafiti linganishi wa makanisa na dini katika ulimwengu wa kisasa|edition=2nd|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|ref={{sfnref|World Christian Encyclopedia|2001}}}} *{{Cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Clarke|editor-first=Peter 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issn=2047-704X}} *{{Cite journal|last=Hatcher|first=John S.|year=2005|title=Kumfunua Hurí wa Upendo|journal=Journal of Bahá'í Studies|volume=15|issue=1|pages=1–38|doi=10.31581/jbs-15.1-4.1(2005)|doi-access=free}} *{{Cite journal|last=Kingdon|first=Geeta Gandhi|year=1997|title=Elimu ya wanawake na maendeleo ya kijamii na kiuchumi|url=http://bahai-library.com/kingdon_education_women_development|journal=Baháʼí Studies Review|volume=7|issue=1}} *{{Cite journal|last=Schaefer|first=Udo|date=2002|title=Utangulizi wa Sheria ya Kibahá'í: Misingi ya Kifundisho, Kanuni na Miundo|journal=Journal of Law and Religion|volume=18|issue=2|pages=307–72|doi=10.2307/1602268|jstor=1602268|s2cid=154511808}} *{{Cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=Peter|year=2016|title=Upanuzi wa Kibábí–Kibahá'í na "Mafanikio ya Kijiutamaduni na Kijiografia"|journal=Journal of Religious History|volume=40|issue=2|pages=225–236|doi=10.1111/1467-9809.12280}} *{{Cite 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*{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/01/12/Iran.bahai.trial/|title=Kesi ya viongozi wa Wabaháʼí nchini Iran yaanza kusikilizwa|date=12 January 2010a|access-date=4 February 2018|agency=CNN|ref={{sfnRef|CNN|2010a}}}} *{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/09/16/iran.bahai.sentences/index.html|title=Adhabu za viongozi wa Wabaháʼí nchini Iran zaripotiwa kupunguzwa|date=16 September 2010b|access-date=25 September 2013|agency=CNN|ref={{sfnRef|CNN|2010b}}}} *{{Cite news|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/A_Trial_In_Tehran_Their_Only_Crime__Their_Faith/2006448.html|title=Kesi huko Tehran: 'Hatia' yao pekee – Imani yao|last=Djavadi|first=Abbas|date=8 April 2010|work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty}} *{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/27/us/27religion.html|title=Kwa Wabaháʼí, ukandamizaji si habari mpya|last=Freedman|first=Samuel G.|date=26 June 2009|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://nyti.ms/2zT84eS|title=Iran yabomoa kuba la Hekalu la 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Free Europe|2010}}}} *{{Cite news|url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1945379_1944604_1944622,00.html|title=Kuipiga marufuku Dini ya Baháʼí|last=Sullivan|first=Amy|date=8 December 2009|newspaper=Time|access-date=23 February 2012}} *{{Cite news|url=http://news.kodoom.com/en/iran-politics/date-set-for-second-court-session/story/699231/|title=Tarehe yapangwa kwa kikao cha pili cha mahakama kwa Wabaháʼí saba nchini Iran|author=Washington TV|date=20 January 2010|access-date=21 January 2010}} {{refend}} {{refend}} === Nyingine === {{refbegin|24em|indent=yes}} *{{Cite web|url=http://www.thearda.com/QL2010/QuickList_40.asp|title=Mataifa yenye Wabaháʼí wengi zaidi (2010)|author=Association of Religion Data Archives|year=2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427001103/https://www.thearda.com/QL2010/QuickList_40.asp|archive-date=April 27, 2022|access-date=14 August 2022}} *{{Cite 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Representatives|url=http://lantos.house.gov/HoR/CA12/Human+Rights+Caucus/Briefing+Testimonies/11-17-05+Testimony+of+Kit+Bigelow+Egypt+Briefing.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061227195313/http://lantos.house.gov/HoR/CA12/Human%2BRights%2BCaucus/Briefing%2BTestimonies/11-17-05%2BTestimony%2Bof%2BKit%2BBigelow%2BEgypt%2BBriefing.htm|archive-date=27 December 2006|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061227195313/http://lantos.house.gov/HoR/CA12/Human+Rights+Caucus/Briefing+Testimonies/11-17-05+Testimony+of+Kit+Bigelow+Egypt+Briefing.htm |date=27 Desemba 2006 }} *{{Cite web|url=https://iranhumanrights.org/2018/07/woman-expelled-from-iranian-university-just-before-obtaining-degree-because-shes-bahai/|title=Mwanamke Afukuzwa Kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Iran Kabla Tu ya Kupata Shahada kwa Sababu Yeye ni Mbaháʼí|date=29 July 2018|website=Center for Human Rights in Iran|access-date=23 August 2018|ref={{sfnRef|Center for Human Rights in Iran|2018}}}} *{{Cite book|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/bahai|title=Dictionary.com Unabridged|publisher=Random House, Inc.|year=2017|edition=4th|contribution=Baháʼí|ref={{sfnRef|Dictionary.com|2017}}}} *{{Cite web|url=http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/ir0108a.pdf|title=Ubaguzi dhidi ya Wachache wa Kidini nchini Iran|author=International Federation of Human Rights|date=August 2003|publisher=FIDH|location=Paris|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061031221624/http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/ir0108a.pdf|archive-date=31 October 2006|access-date=20 October 2006|url-status=live}} *{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper|title=Ripoti ya Uhuru wa Dini wa Kimataifa ya mwaka 2013|author=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor|date=2013|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=24 April 2015|ref={{sfnRef|International Religious Freedom Report|2013}}}} *{{Cite report|editor-last=Hackett|editor-first=Conrad|editor-last2=Grim|editor-first2=Brian J.|title=Mazingira ya Kidini ya Ulimwengu: Ripoti juu ya Ukubwa na Mgawanyo wa Makundi Makuu ya Dini Duniani kufikia mwaka 2010|pages=53–56 <!-- many other pages report various specific examples across many religions -->|publisher=Pew Research Center’s Forum on Religion & Public Life|via=Boston College|date=Dec 2012|url=https://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/centers/jesinst/pdf/Grim-globalReligion-full.pdf|access-date=Aug 16, 2022|ref={{sfnRef|Pew Global Religious Landscape|2012}}}} *{{Cite report|publisher=Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|date=December 2006|title=Imani Iliyonyimwa: Mateso dhidi ya Wabaháʼí wa Iran|access-date=1 May 2007|url=http://www.iranhrdc.org/httpdocs/English/pdfs/Reports/A-Faith-Denied_Dec06.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618202441/http://www.iranhrdc.org/httpdocs/English/pdfs/Reports/A-Faith-Denied_Dec06.pdf|archive-date=2009-06-18|ref={{sfnRef|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2006}}}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902191009/http://www.iranhrdc.org/httpdocs/English/pdfs/PressReleases/2008/Press-05-15-08.pdf |date=2 Septemba 2010 }} *{{Cite press release|publisher=Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|date=15 May 2008b|title=IHRDC Yalaani Kukamatwa kwa Wabaháʼí Wanaoongoza|url=http://www.iranhrdc.org/httpdocs/English/pdfs/PressReleases/2008/Press-05-15-08.pdf|access-date=17 May 2008|ref={{sfnRef|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2008b}}|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902191009/http://www.iranhrdc.org/httpdocs/English/pdfs/PressReleases/2008/Press-05-15-08.pdf|archive-date=2 September 2010|archivedate=2 Septemba 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902191009/http://www.iranhrdc.org/httpdocs/English/pdfs/PressReleases/2008/Press-05-15-08.pdf}} *{{Cite report|publisher=Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|date=November 2008|title=Uhalifu dhidi ya Ubinadamu: Mashambulizi ya Jamhuri ya Kiislamu dhidi ya Wabaháʼí|location=New Haven, CN|ref={{sfnRef|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2008}}|url=http://www.iranhrdc.org/httpdocs/English/pdfs/Reports/Crimes-against-Humanity_Nov08.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902192809/http://www.iranhrdc.org/httpdocs/English/pdfs/Reports/Crimes-against-Humanity_Nov08.pdf|archive-date=2 September 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902192809/http://www.iranhrdc.org/httpdocs/English/pdfs/Reports/Crimes-against-Humanity_Nov08.pdf |date=2 Septemba 2010 }} *{{Cite web|url=http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/5E72D6B7B624AABBC125713700572D09?opendocument|title=Mwandishi Maalum kuhusu Uhuru wa Dini au Imani ana wasiwasi kuhusu jinsi wafuasi wa Dini ya Baháʼí nchini Iran wanavyotendewa|last=Jahangir|first=Asma|date=20 March 2006|publisher=United Nations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426122357/http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/5E72D6B7B624AABBC125713700572D09?opendocument|archive-date=26 April 2006|access-date=1 June 2006|url-status=live}} *{{Cite thesis|last=Lundberg|first=Zaid|date=2005|type=Master of Arts thesis|title=Ufunuo wa Mwisho katika Dini ya Bahá'í: Dhana ya Ufunuo wa Maendeleo|chapter=Dhana ya Ufunuo wa Maendeleo|chapter-url=http://bahai-library.com/lundberg_bahai_apocalypticism|access-date=1 May 2007|publisher=Department of History of Religion at the Faculty of Theology, Lund University, Sweden}} *{{Cite web|url=http://sim.law.uu.nl/SIM/CaseLaw/uncom.nsf/0/e7b8824bdd987268c1256fa8004a8753?OpenDocument|title=Iran, Jamhuri ya Kiislamu ya|author=Netherlands Institute of Human Rights|date=8 March 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060502110349/http://sim.law.uu.nl/SIM/CaseLaw/uncom.nsf/0/e7b8824bdd987268c1256fa8004a8753?OpenDocument|archive-date=2 May 2006|access-date=31 May 2006|url-status=dead}} {{refend}} [[Jamii:Bahai]] 879zrww0hnwtof60n0phpceyotbmqze 1592692 1592681 2026-08-28T16:30:35Z FurahaKamili3 68209 /* Nyumba za Ibada */ 1592692 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Seat_of_the_House_of_Justice.jpg|kulia|thumb|300x300px|[[Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu]] huko [[Haifa]], [[Israeli]], ndicho chombo cha juu kabisa cha Wabaháʼí]]Dini ya Kibaháʼí ni dini iliyoanzishwa katika karne ya 19 inayofundisha umoja wa Mungu, umoja wa dini, na umoja wa binadamu. Ilianzishwa na [[Baháʼu'lláh]], na ilienea kwanza nchini Iran na katika baadhi ya maeneo ya [[Mashariki ya Kati]], ambako imekabiliwa na mateso ya kudumu tangu mwanzo wake.{{sfn|Affolter|2005}} Wafuasi wa dini hii huitwa Wabaháʼí, na leo wameenea katika nchi na maeneo mengi duniani'''.''' Kwa mujibu wa Dini ya Kibaháʼí, dini zote kuu za ulimwengu zina chanzo kimoja cha kiungu. Katika nyakati tofauti za historia, Mungu amewatuma wajumbe mbalimbali kuwaletea wanadamu mwongozo unaolingana na mahitaji ya wakati wao. Wabaháʼí humtambua [[Baháʼu'lláh]] kuwa Mdhihirishaji wa Mungu kwa wakati huu, ambaye ujumbe wake unalenga kuunganisha wanadamu wote. Katika maandiko yake, anaeleza kwamba "dunia yote ni nchi moja na Binadamu ni raia wake." == Imani ya Kibahá'í == Mafundisho ya [[Bahaʼullah|Baháʼu'lláh]] ndiyo msingi wa imani ya Kibaháʼí. Kiini cha mafundisho hayo ni kanuni tatu: umoja wa Mungu, umoja wa dini, na umoja wa binadamu. Wabaháʼí wanaamini kwamba Mungu hufunua mapenzi yake kwa wanadamu hatua kwa hatua kupitia wadhihirishaji wake. Kupitia ufunuo huo, tabia ya mwanadamu na maisha ya jamii hubadilishwa, na sifa za kiroho na kimaadili hukuzwa. Kwa sababu hiyo, dini hueleweka kuwa mchakato wa ufunuo uendeleao, unaoleta mwendelezo, mpangilio, na umoja katika historia ya binadamu.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=108–109}} === Mungu === Kulingana na maandiko ya Kibaháʼí, Mungu hufafanuliwa kuwa mmoja, wa milele, ajuaye yote, aliyepo kila mahali, asiyoharibika, na mwenye nguvu zote ambaye ni Muumba wa vitu vyote katika ulimwengu.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=106}} Kuwepo kwa Mungu huchukuliwa kuwa kwa milele, bila mwanzo wala mwisho. Ingawa Mungu yuko nje ya ufikivu wa moja kwa moja wa mwanadamu, bado anafahamu uumbaji wake na ana mapenzi na kusudi ambalo hulieleza kwa wanadamu kupitia Wajumbe wake wanaoitwa Wadhihirishaji wa Mungu.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=106–107, 111–112}} Dhana ya Mungu katika imani ya Kibaháʼí ni ya "asili isiyojulikana" ambayo ndiyo chanzo cha uwepo wote na inayotambulika kupitia ufahamu wa sifa za kibinadamu. [nukuu inahitajika] Kwa maana nyingine, mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí kuhusu Mungu pia yana mwelekeo wa kuona ishara za Mungu katika vitu vyote, lakini yanafundisha kwamba uhalisi wa Mungu uko juu ya ulimwengu wa kimwili. Mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí yanasema kwamba Mungu ni mkuu kiasi kwamba mwanadamu hawezi kumwelewa kikamilifu, na kwa msingi huo mwanadamu hawezi kujijengea mwenyewe taswira kamili na sahihi ya Mungu. Kwa hiyo, kumjua Mungu kunawezekana tu kupitia kwa Wadhihirishaji wake, na ufahamu wa kusudi lake na mapenzi yake hupatikana pia kupitia kwao tu.{{sfn|Cole|1982}} Katika Dini ya Kibaháʼí, Mungu mara nyingi hurejelewa kwa vyeo na sifa zake (kwa mfano, Mwenye nguvu zote, au Mwenye upendo kwa wote), na kuna msisitizo mkubwa juu ya umoja wa Mungu mmoja. Mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí yanaeleza kwamba sifa hizi hazitumiki kwa Mungu kwa namna ya moja kwa moja, bali hutumiwa kutafsiri uungu kwa lugha ya kibinadamu na kuwasaidia watu kuelekeza fikra zao kwenye sifa zake katika kumwabudu Mungu ili kukuza uwezo wao katika njia yao ya kiroho.{{sfn|Hatcher|2005}} Kulingana na mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí, kusudi la mwanadamu ni kujifunza kumjua na kumpenda Mungu kwa njia kama vile sala, tafakari, na kuwatumikia wengine.{{sfn|Hatcher|2005}} === Dini === Kutokana na dhana ya Kibaháʼí ya ufunuo uendeleao, Dini zote kuu za ulimwengu ni halali, ambazo waasisi na wahusika wake wakuu huonwa kuwa Wadhihirishaji wa Mungu.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=14}} Historia ya dini hufasiriwa kama mfululizo wa vipindi, ambapo kila Mdhihirishaji huleta ufunuo ulio mpana zaidi na ulioendelea zaidi, unaowasilishwa kama maandiko matakatifu na kupitishwa katika historia kwa kutegemewa kwa viwango tofauti, lakini angalau ukiwa wa kweli katika kiini chake,{{sfn|Stockman|2013|p=40–42}} na unaofaa kwa wakati na mahali ulipofunuliwa.{{sfn|Daume|Watson|1992}} Mafundisho maalumu ya kijamii ya kidini (kwa mfano, mwelekeo wa sala, au vizuizi vya chakula) yanaweza kufutwa na Mdhihirishaji anayefuata ili hitaji linalofaa zaidi kwa wakati na mahali liweze kuwekwa. Kinyume chake, kanuni fulani za jumla (kwa mfano, udugu, au hisani) huonwa kuwa za ulimwengu wote na thabiti. Katika Dini ya Kibaháʼí, mchakato huu wa ufunuo endelevu hautakoma; hata hivyo, huonwa kuwa wa mzunguko. === Agano === Wabaháʼí wanatilia mkazo sana umoja, na Baháʼu'lláh aliweka wazi sheria za kuifanya jumuiya ibaki pamoja na kutatua kutokukubaliana. Ndani ya mfumo huu hakuna mfuasi yeyote binafsi anayeweza kupendekeza tafsiri 'iliyovuviwa' au 'yenye mamlaka' ya maandiko, na watu binafsi hukubali kuunga mkono mstari wa mamlaka uliowekwa katika maandiko ya Kibaháʼí.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=20}} Utaratibu huu umeifanya jumuiya ya Wabaháʼí kubaki yenye umoja na umezuia mpasuko wowote mkubwa. Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu ndiyo mamlaka ya mwisho ya kutatua kutokukubaliana kokote miongoni mwa Wabaháʼí, na majaribio kadhaa ya kuleta mgawanyiko{{sfn|Stockman|2020|p=36–37}} aidha yametoweka au yamebaki kuwa madogo sana. Wafuasi wa migawanyiko hiyo huchukuliwa kuwa wavunja agano na huepukwa.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=173}} === Kanuni za Kijamii === Wakati [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]] aliposafiri kwa mara ya kwanza kwenda Ulaya na Marekani mwaka 1911–1912, alitoa hotuba za hadhara ambazo zilifafanua kanuni za msingi za Dini ya Kibaháʼí.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=52–53}} Hizi zilijumuisha mafundisho kuhusu usawa wa wanaume na wanawake, umoja wa mbari ya binadamu, haja ya amani ya ulimwengu, na mawazo mengine yaliyochuliwa endelevu ya mwanzoni mwa karne ya 20. Dhana ya umoja wa binadamu, ambayo Wabaháʼí wanaiona kama ukweli wa kale, ni mahali ambapo mawazo mengi yameanzia. Usawa wa mbari ya binadamu na Uondoaji wa utajiri kupita kiasi na umaskini uliokithiri kwa mfano, ni matokeo ya umoja huo.{{sfn|Stockman|2013|p=9}} Matokeo mengine ya dhana hiyo ni haja ya shirikisho la dunia lililoungana, na baadhi ya mapendekezo ya kivitendo ya kuhimiza utekelezaji wake ni pamoja na lugha moja ya ulimwengu wote, mfumo sanifu wa uchumi na vipimo, elimu ya lazima kwa wote, na kuanzishwa kwa mahakama ya kimataifa ya usuluhishi kwa ajili ya kutatua migogoro baina ya mataifa. Kuhusiana na jitihada za amani ya ulimwengu, Baháʼu'lláh alieleza mpango wa mfumo wa pamoja wa usalama wa dunia nzima.{{sfn|Smith|2000|p=266–267}} Nyinginezo ya kanuni za Kibahai za kijamii huzungukia umoja wa kiroho. Dini huchukuliwa kuwa inayoendelea kutoka zama moja hadi nyingine, lakini ili kutambua Ufunuo mpya, mtu anapaswa kujitenga na tamaduni na ukweli uchunguzwe kwa kujitegemea. Wabaháʼí hufundishwa kuiona dini kama chanzo cha umoja, na kuona chuki ya kidini kuwa ya uharibifu. Sayansi pia huonwa kuwa yenye upatano na dini ya kweli.{{sfn|Iranica-The Faith|1988}} Ingawa Baháʼu'lláh na ʻAbdu'l-Bahá waliita kuwepo kwa dunia iliyoungana iliyo huru kutokana na vita, pia wanatarajia kwamba kwa muda mrefu, amani ya kudumu (Amani Kuu Kabisa) itaanzishwa na kwamba "ufisadi mkubwa" utasafishwa. Ni muhimu kwamba watu wa dunia waungane chini ya imani ya ulimwengu mzima, wakiwa na sifa za kiroho na maadili ili kukamilisha ustaarabu wa kimwili.{{sfn|Smith|2000|p=266–267}} == '''Historia''' == Mwanzo wa [[Baháʼí|Dini ya Kibaháʼí]] uanzia katika dini ya [[Báb]] na harakati ya Shaykhi iliyotangulia mara moja kabla yake. Báb alikuwa mfanyabiashara ambaye alianza kuhubiri mwaka wa 1844 kwamba yeye ni mjumbe aliyeleta ufunuo mpya wa Mungu, lakini alikataliwa na wengi wa makasisi wa Kiislamu nchini Iran, na akauawa hadharani kwa kosa la uzushi.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=11}} Báb alifundisha kwamba Mungu angeleta mjumbe mpya hivi karibuni, na Wabaháʼí humtambua [[Baháʼu'lláh]] kuwa ndiye mjumbe huyo.{{sfn|A.V.|2017}} Ingawa anatambulika kuwa mjumbe wa Mungu kwa haki yake, Báb ameunganishwa kwa karibu sana na teolojia na historia ya Kibaháʼí kiasi kwamba Wabaháʼí huadhimisha kuzaliwa kwake, kifo chake, na kujitangaza kwake kama siku takatifu, na humhesabu kuwa mmoja wa wakuu wa tatu wa Imani (pamoja na Baháʼu'lláh na [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]]). Masimulizi ya kihistoria ya harakati ya Kibábí (''The Dawn-Breakers'') huchukuliwa kuwa mojawapo ya vitabu vitatu ambavyo kila Mbaháʼí anapaswa "kuvimudu" na kuvisoma "tena na tena".<ref>From a letter written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi to an individual believer dated 9 June 1932</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 1892, wakati wa kifo cha Baháʼu'lláh, jamii ya Wabaháʼí ilikuwa bado imejikita hasa nchini Iran na katika Milki ya Ottoman, na wakati huo ilikuwa na wafuasi katika nchi 13 za Asia na Afrika.{{sfn|Taherzadeh|1987|p=125}} Chini ya uongozi wa mwanawe, [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]], dini hiyo ilijikita Ulaya na Amerika, na kuimarika nchini Iran, ambako bado inakabiliwa na mateso makali.{{sfn|Affolter|2005}} Kifo cha ʻAbdu'l-Bahá mwaka wa 1921 kinaashiria mwisho wa kipindi kinachoitwa "Zama za Ushujaa" cha Dini ya Kibaháʼí.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=56}} === Báb === {{Main|Bab}} Jioni ya tarehe 22 Mei 1844, Siyyid Ali-Muhammad wa [[Shiraz]] alijitangaza kwa ulimwengu na akachukua cheo cha "Báb" (الباب), chenye maana ya "lango", akidai kuwa ndiye [[Mahdi]] anayengojewa katika [[Uislamu wa Kishia]].{{sfn|Affolter|2005}} Hivyo wafuasi wake walijulikana kama Wabábí. Kadiri mafundisho ya Báb yalivyoenea, ambayo [[makasisi]] wa Kiislamu waliyaona kuwa ni kufuru, wafuasi wake walikabiliwa na mateso na dhuluma zilizoongezeka.{{sfn|Daume|Watson|1992}} Migogoro iliongezeka hadi kufikia kuzingirwa kijeshi katika maeneo kadhaa na majeshi ya Shah. Báb mwenyewe alifungwa gerezani na hatimaye akauawa mwaka wa 1850.{{sfn|MacEoin|2009|p=414}} Wabahá’í humwona [[Báb]] kama mtangulizi wa [[Baháʼí|Dini ya Kibaháʼí]], kwa kuwa maandiko ya Báb yaliwasilisha dhana ya "Yule ambaye Mungu atamdhihirisha", mtu wa kimasiya ambaye kuja kwake, kulingana na Wabaháʼí, kulitangazwa katika maandiko yote makuu ya dini za ulimwengu.{{sfn|Daume|Watson|1992}} Na [[Baháʼu'lláh]] mwanzilishi wa Dini ya Kibahai hudai ndiye huyo. Kaburi la Báb, lililoko kwenye Mlima Carmel [[Haifa]], [[Israeli]], ni mahali muhimu pa hija kwa Wabaháʼí. Mabaki ya Báb yaliletwa kwa siri kutoka Iran hadi Nchi Takatifu na hatimaye yakazikwa katika kaburi lililojengwa kwa ajili yake mahali palipoainishwa mahsusi na Baháʼu'lláh.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=75–76}} Maandiko ya Báb yanachukuliwa na Wabaháʼí kuwa maandiko matakatifu ya dini, ingawa yamebadilishwa na sheria na mafundisho ya Baháʼu'lláh.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=101}} Maandiko makuu ya Báb yaliyotafsiriwa kwa Kiingereza yamekusanywa katika kitabu kiitwacho ''Selections from the Writings of the Báb'' (1976), ambacho kina takribani maandiko 135 kutoka maandiko ya Báb.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=102}} === Bahá'u'lláh === {{Main|Bahaʼullah }} Mírzá Husayn ʻAlí Núrí alikuwa miongoni mwa wafuasi wa kwanza wa Báb, na baadaye alichukua cheo cha Bahá'u'lláh. Mnamo Agosti 1852,{{sfn|Warburg|2006|p=145}} Baadhi ya Wabábí walifanya jaribio ambalo halikufanikiwa la kumuua Shah, Násiri'd-Dín Sháh Qájár. Shah alijibu kwa kuamuru mauaji na, katika baadhi ya matukio, kuwatesa karibu Wabábí 50 mjini Tehran.{{sfn|Warburg|2006|p=146}} Zaidi ya hayo umwagaji damu ulienea kote nchini, na mamia waliripotiwa kuuwawa kwenye magazeti katika kipindi cha hadi Oktoba, na maelfu zaidi waliuwawa hadi mwisho wa Desemba.<ref>{{*}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10893156/hundreds_of_babis_executed_babibahai/|title=Persia – The Journal de Constantinople|date=3 Nov 1852|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=Sep 6, 2022|location=London, UK|page=2|via=Newspapers.com}} {{*}}{{Cite news|url=http://www.newspapers.com/clip/871886/hundreds_of_babis_killed_following/|title=Persia|date=17 November 1852|newspaper=The Sun|access-date=Sep 6, 2022|location=Baltimore, MD|page=1|via=Newspapers.com}} {{*}}{{Cite news|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/search/results?basicsearch=%22babs%20was%20awful%2C%20and%20that%2020%2C000%20or%2030%2C000%22&phrasesearch=%22babs%20was%20awful%2C%20and%20that%2020%2C000%20or%2030%2C000%22&sortorder=score&o=date&d=asc|title=Turkey|date=20 December 1852|newspaper=London Standard|access-date=Sep 6, 2022|location=London, UK|page=3|via=BritishNewspaperArchive.co.uk}}{{subscription required}}</ref> Bahá'u'lláh hakuhusika katika jaribio hilo la mauaji, lakini alifungwa katika gereza la Siyah-Chal huko Tehran hadi kuachiliwa kwake kulipopangwa miezi minne baadaye baada ya balozi wa Urusi kuingilia jambo hilo, mara tu baada ya hapo alifukuzwa kutoka Iran na kusafiri hadi Baghdad, kisha sehemu ya Milki ya Ottoman, ambapo alijiunga na Wabábí wengine katika uhamisho.{{sfn|Warburg|2006|p=146–147}} {{sfn|Hutter|2005|p=737–740}} Huko Baghdad, uongozi wake uliamsha upya wafuasi wa Báb waliokuwa wakiteswa nchini Iran, hivyo mamlaka ya Irani ikaomba aondolewe, jambo lililosababisha kuamishwa kwake kwenda Constantinople (sasa [[Istanbul]]) na Sultani wa Ottoman. Mnamo 1863, wakati wa kufukuzwa kwake kutoka Baghdad, Bahá'u'lláh kwa mara ya kwanza alitangaza mbele ya familia yake na wafuasi wake dai lake la kuwa Mdhihirishaji wa Mungu, jambo ambalo alisema alikuwa amelifahamu miaka kadhaa kabla akiwa katika gereza la Siyah-Chal huko Tehran. Alikaa Konstantinople kwa muda usiofika miezi minne. Mamlaka ya Ottoman walimgeuka kwa sababu ya uchongezi uliyofanywa na balozi wa Persia, ambapo Serikali ya Sultani iliamuru kuhamishwa kwake kwenda Adrianople (sasa [[Edirne]]), ambapo Bahá'u'lláh alijibu kwa barua yenye onyo kali. Huko Adrianople walimweka chini ya kifungo cha nyumbani ambako alikaa kwa miaka minne, hadi amri ya kifalme ya mwaka 1868 ilipowahamisha Wababi wote kwenda ama [[Cyprus]] au 'Akká. 'Akka, ambao wakati huo ulikuwa katika jimbo la Ottoman la Syria na leo uko katika dola ya Israeli, ulikuwa mji wenye kuta na lango la nchi kavu pamoja na lango la baharini, ambapo wageni wote walikaguliwa. Hivyo ilikuwa rahisi sana kuwazuia mahujaji wa Kiajemi waliokuwa wakisafiri kwenda kwa Bahá'u'lláh, hasa kwa kuwa Wafuasi wa Mirza Yahya walikuwa wamefungwa mjini humo pia, walikuwa wakitoa taarifa mara moja kuhusu Mbaháʼí yeyote aliyefaulu kuwapita walinzi wa langoni. 'Akka ilitumiwa na serikali ya Ottoman kama mahali pa kifungo kwa wafungwa wa kisiasa. Hali za mji huo zilikuwa mbaya sana kiafya kiasi kwamba iliaminika kwamba wale ambao hawakuwa wamezoea hali hizo wangekufa upesi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The world of the Bahá'í Faith|last=Stockman|first=Robert|date=2022|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Abingdon, Oxon ; New York|pages=325}}</ref> Ilikuwa katika koloni la Ottoman la ʻAkká au karibu nayo (Katika eneo la Israel ya sasa), Baháʼu'lláh alitumia sehemu iliyobaki ya maisha yake. Mwanzoni baada ya kifungo kikali na chenye masharti magumu, aliruhusiwa kuishi katika nyumba karibu na ʻAkká, ingawa bado alikuwa mfungwa rasmi wa mji huo.{{sfn|Iranica-Baha'-Allah|1988}} Alifariki mwaka wa 1892. Wabaháʼí huchukulia mahali pake pa kupumzika huko Bahjí kuwa Qiblih wanakoelekea kila siku wanaposali.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=20–21, 28}} Aliandika zaidi ya maandiko 18,000 katika [[Kiarabu]] na [[Kifarsi]] wakati wa uhai wake, ambayo asilimia 8 tu ndiyo yametafsiriwa kwa [[Lugha ya Kiingereza|Kiingereza]].{{sfn|Stockman|2013|p=2}} Katika kipindi chake huko Adrianople, alianza kutangaza utume wake kama mjumbe wa Mungu katika barua alizowaandikia watawala wa kidini na wa kidunia, wakiwemo [[Papa Pius IX]], [[Napoleon III]] na [[Malkia Victoria]].{{sfn|Berry|2004}} === ʻAbdu'l-Bahá === {{Main|ʻAbdu'l-Bahá}} Abbás Effendi alikuwa mwana mkubwa wa kiume wa Bahá'u'lláh, anayejulikana kwa cheo cha ʻAbdu'l-Bahá ("Mtumishi wa Bahá"). Baba yake aliacha wosia uliomteua ʻAbdu'l-Bahá kuwa kitovu cha agano la jamii ya Wabaháʼí.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=73–76}} ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alishiriki na baba yake kipindi kirefu cha uhamisho na kifungo, ambacho kiliendelea hadi kuachiliwa kwa ʻAbdu'l-Bahá mwaka wa 1908 kutokana na Mapinduzi ya Waturuki Vijana. Baada ya kuachiliwa kwake, aliishi maisha ya kusafiri, akitoa hotuba, akifundisha, akielezea kanuni za Dini ya Kibahai na huku akiendeleza mawasiliano kwa barua na jumuiya za waumini na watu binafsi.{{sfn|Hutter|2005|p=737–740}} Tangu mwanzo wa maisha yake, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alishiriki magumu ya baba yake kutokana na mateso ya Wabábí nchini Iran na baadaye wakati wa uhamisho wao kutoka Tehran kwenda Baghdad, Istanbul, Edirne na ‘Akká. Alikuwa mshirika wa karibu wa Baháʼu'lláh, msimamizi mkuu na mwakilishi wa kuaminika wa mambo ya nje katika Milki ya Ottoman. Kwa Wabaháʼí, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá ni "Mwalimu", kama alivyoitwa na baba yake, na ndiye mfano bora wa mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The world of the Bahá'í Faith|last=Stockman|first=Robert|date=2022|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Abingdon, Oxon ; New York|pages=71}}</ref> Kufikia mwaka wa 2020, kuna zaidi ya nyaraka 38,000 zilizopo zinazojumuisha maneno ya [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]].{{sfn|Yazdani|2022}} Ni sehemu kidogo tu ya nyaraka hizi ambayo imetafsiriwa kwa [[Lugha ya Kiingereza|Kiingereza]]. Miongoni mwa maandiko yake maarufu ni ''Siri ya Ustaarabu Mtakatifu'', ''Baadhi ya Maswali Yaliyojibiwa'', ''Waraka kwa Auguste-Henri Forel'', ''Nyaraka za Mpango Mtakatifu'', na ''Waraka kwa Hague''.{{sfn|Yazdani|2022}} Zaidi ya hayo, wakati wa safari zake za Magharibi, maandishi ya hotuba zake nyingi yalichapishwa katika matoleo mbalimbali kama vile ''Hekima ya Abdu'l-Bahá'' . === Shoghi Effendi === {{Main|Shoghi Effendi }} Kitáb-i-Aqdas cha Baháʼu'lláh na Wasia na Agano la ʻAbdu'l-Bahá ni nyaraka za msingi za utawala wa Kibaháʼí. Baháʼu'lláh aliamuru kuanzishwa kwa Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu inayochaguliwa, na ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alianzisha ulinzi wa kurithi unaoteuliwa na akafafanua uhusiano kati ya Asasi hizo mbili.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=55–57}} Katika wasia wake ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alimteua mjukuu wake mkubwa, Shoghi Effendi, kuwa Mlinzi wa Dini ya Kibaháʼí. Shoghi Effendi alitumikia kama mkuu wa dini hiyo kwa miaka 36.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=55}} [[Picha:Shoghi_Effendi2.jpg|thumb|Shoghi Effendi, mjukuu wa ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]] Katika maisha yake yote, Shoghi Effendi alitafsiri maandiko ya Kibaháʼí; aliendeleza mipango ya kimataifa kwa ajili ya kupanua jumuiya ya Kibaháʼí; aliendeleza Makao Makuu ya Kibahai ya Ulimwengu; aliendeleza mawasiliano mapana na jumuiya na watu binafsi duniani kote; na alijenga muundo wa kiutawala wa dini, akiitayarisha jumuiya kwa ajili ya uchaguzi wa Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu.{{sfn|Hutter|2005|p=737–740}} Mnamo mwaka wa 1937, Shoghi Effendi alianza Mpango wa Miaka Saba kwa Wabaháʼí wa Amerika Kaskazini, ukifuatiwa na mpango wa pili mwaka wa 1946. Mwaka wa 1953, alizindua mpango wa kwanza wa kimataifa, Mpango wa Miaka Kumi. Mpango huu ulijumuisha malengo makubwa sana ya kupanua jumuiya na asasi za Kibaháʼí, kutafsiri maandiko ya Kibaháʼí katika lugha nyingi mpya, na kuwapeleka watangulizi wa Kibaháʼí katika nchi ambazo hapo awali hazikuwa zimefikiwa.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=64}} Alitangaza katika barua wakati wa Mpango wa Miaka Kumi kwamba ungefuatiwa na mipango mingine chini ya uongozi wa Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu, ambayo ilichaguliwa mwaka wa 1963 mwishoni mwa Mpango huwo. Shoghi Effendi aliacha alama kubwa juu ya jumuiya ya Wabaháʼí ambayo hadi leo inaendelea kuwa na athari ya kina. Ufafanuzi wake wa maandiko ya Kibaháʼí unachukuliwa kuwa wa mamlaka, hivyo ni wa msingi kwa uelewa wa teolojia na sheria ya Kibaháʼí, pamoja na mafundisho ya kijamii ya Kibaháʼí. Maandishi yake kuhusu utawala wa Kibaháʼí yanaendelea kuwa chanzo muhimu cha mwongozo kuhusu jinsi asasi za Kibaháʼí zinavyopaswa kufanya kazi.<ref name=":0" /> Shoghi Effendi alifariki dunia bila kutarajiwa tarehe 4 Novemba 1957 huko London, Uingereza, baada ya ugonjwa wa muda mfupi, katika hali ambayo haikuruhusu kuteuliwa kwa mrithi.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=58–69}} === Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu === {{Main|Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu }} Tangu mwaka wa 1963, Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu imekuwa asasi ya juu kabisa iliyochaguliwa ya Dini ya Kibaháʼí. Majukumu ya jumla ya asasi hii ya kimungu yamefafanuliwa kupitia maandiko ya Baháʼu'lláh na kufafanuliwa zaidi katika maandiko ya ʻAbdu'l-Bahá na Shoghi Effendi. Majukumu haya yanajumuisha ufundishaji na elimu, kutekeleza sheria za Kibaháʼí, kushughulikia masuala ya kijamii, na kuwajali wanyonge na maskini.{{sfn|Iranica-Bayt-al-'adl|1989}} [[Picha:Seat_of_the_House_of_Justice.jpg|kushoto|thumb|Makao ya Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu huko Haifa]] Kuanzia na Mpango wa Miaka Tisa ulioanza mwaka wa 1964, Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu imekuwa ikielekeza kazi ya jamii ya Wabaháʼí kupitia mfululizo wa mipango ya kimataifa ya miaka kadhaa.{{sfn|Smith|Momen|1989}} Kuanzia na Mpango wa Miaka Tisa ulioanza mwaka wa 1964, uongozi wa Kibaháʼí ulitafuta si tu kuendeleza upanuzi wa dini, bali pia "kuwaimarisha" waumini wapya, yaani kuongeza maarifa yao kuhusu mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí.{{sfn|Fozdar|2015}} Katika muktadha huu, katika miaka ya 1970, Taasisi ya Ruhi ilianzishwa na Wabaháʼí nchini Kolombia ili kutoa kozi fupi ya nini Wabaháʼí wana amini, zenye urefu wa siku za mwisho wa juma hadi siku tisa.{{sfn|Fozdar|2015}} Taasisi inayohusiana nayo, Ruhi Foundation, ambayo lengo lake lilikuwa kuwaimarisha Wabaháʼí wapya kimpangilio, ilisajiliwa mwaka wa 1992, na tangu mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990 kozi za Taasisi ya Ruhi zimekuwa njia kuu ya kuongeza uelewa wa mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí duniani kote.{{sfn|Fozdar|2015}} Kufikia mwaka wa 2013 kulikuwa na zaidi ya taasisi za mafunzo 300 za Kibaháʼí duniani kote na watu 100,000 walikuwa wakishiriki katika kozi hizo. Kozi za Taasisi ya Ruhi hufundisha jamii jinsi ya kuandaa, miongoni mwa shughuli nyingine, madarasa ya elimu ya kiroho kwa watoto na vijana. Kwa jamii ya Kibaháʼí ya wakati huu, Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu pia imehimiza ushiriki katika shughuli za kijamii na kushiriki katika mijadala iliyoenea ya jamii.{{sfn|Stockman|2013|p=203}} Kila mwaka, tarehe 21 mwezi wa Aprili, Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu hutuma ujumbe wa 'Ridván' kwa jamuiya ya Wabaháʼí ulimwenguni kote, ambao huwafahamisha Wabaháʼí kuhusu maendeleo ya sasa na kutoa mwongozo zaidi kwa mwaka unaofuata.{{efn|Ujumbe wote wa Ridván unaweza kupatikana katika [http://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages Bahai.org].}} Katika ngazi ya mahali, kanda na kitaifa, Wabaháʼí huchagua wajumbe wa mabaraza ya kiroho yenye watu tisa, ambayo huendesha shughuli za dini. Pia kuna watu walioteuliwa wanaofanya kazi katika ngazi mbalimbali, ikiwemo ngazi ya mahali na ya kimataifa, ambao hutekeleza kazi ya kueneza mafundisho na kuilinda jamii. Watu hao hawafanyi kazi kama makasisi au mapadri, kwa kuwa Dini ya Kibaháʼí haina tabaka la ukuhani.{{sfn|Daume|Watson|1992}}{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=160}} Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu ndiyo chombo cha juu kabisa cha uongozi wa Dini ya Kibaháʼí, na wajumbe wake tisa huchaguliwa kila baada ya miaka mitano na wajumbe wa Mabaraza yote ya Kiroho ya Kitaifa.{{sfn|Warburg|2001|p=20}} Mbaháʼí yeyote mwanaume mwenye umri wa miaka 21 au zaidi anastahili kuchaguliwa kuwa mjumbe wa Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu; nyadhifa zote nyingine ziko wazi kwa Wabaháʼí wanaume na wanawake.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=205}} Katika mojawapo ya nyaraka zake Baháʼu'lláh anaandika kwamba "kusudi la msingi la kuhuisha imani kwa Mungu na kwa dini yake ni kulinda maslahi ya wanadamu, kukuza umoja wa jamii ya binadamu, na kuendeleza roho ya upendo na udugu miongoni mwa watu." Kupitia agano lake, Baháʼu'lláh alithibitisha kwamba wajumbe wa jamii ya Wabaháʼí daima watakuwa na kituo cha mamlaka kisichokosea, jambo linalohakikisha umoja wa kudumu na unaoendelea wa jamii. Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu sasa ndiyo kituo hicho cha mamlaka, chenye wajibu wa kushughulikia masuala yanayohusiana na kutekeleza utaratibu wa dunia uliotabiriwa na Baháʼu'lláh. Hivyo basi, miongoni mwa mamlaka na majukumu yake mengine mengi, hutatua matatizo yanayohitaji ufafanuzi au ambayo yanaweza kuwa chanzo cha mizozo, husimamia maendeleo ya Hoja na usimamizi wa mambo yake, huweka sheria na kanuni zinazohitajika kwa maendeleo endelevu ya jamii, na hutoa mfululizo endelevu wa mwongozo unaotia moyo na kuandaa jitihada za Wabaháʼí na washirika wao katika kukuza umoja wa wanadamu.<ref name=":0" /> == Mafundisho na kanuni == Kanuni kuu za Dini ya Kibaháʼí ni - * Mungu ni mmoja * Dini zote zina chanzo kimoja<ref name=":0" /> * Umoja wa Binadamu * Amani ya ulimwengu * Haki kwa wote * Usawa wa wanawake na wanaume * Elimu ya lazima kwa wote<ref name=":0" /> * Upatano wa sayansi na dini * Uondoaji wa umasikini na utajiri uliopitiliza * Suluhisho la kiroho kwa matatizo ya kimwili<ref name=":0" /> Mifano kadhaa ya mafundisho ya Bahá'u'lláh kuhusu mwenendo wa mtu binafsi ni yafuatayo, ambayo ni ya lazima au yanahimizwa kwa wafuasi wake: * Wabaháʼí wenye umri wa zaidi ya miaka 15 wanapaswa kusoma katika faragha sala moja ya lazima kila siku, kwa kutumia maneno na vitendo maalum vilivyoainishwa.{{sfn|Schaefer|2002|p=334}} * Mbali na sala ya lazima ya kila siku, Wabaháʼí wanapaswa kusali kila siku na kufanya tafakari pamoja na kusoma maandiko matakatifu.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=161–162}} * Wabaháʼí watu wazima, isipokuwa kwa baadhi ya msamaha, wanapaswa kufunga mfungo wa siku kumi na tisa kila mwaka katika mwezi wa Machi.{{sfn|Schaefer|2002|p=339–340}} * Kuna masharti maalum ya maziko ya Kibaháʼí, yakiwemo sala maalum inayopaswa kusomwa wakati wa mazishi. Kutilia manukato au dawa mwili wa marehemu na kuchoma maiti kunakataliwa.{{sfn|Iranica-Burial|2020}} === Makatazo === Yafuatayo ni baadhi ya matendo ya mwenendo binafsi ambayo yamekatazwa au yamehimizwa kuepukwa katika mafundisho ya Baháʼu'lláh: * Uchongezi na usengenyaji vimekatazwa na kulaaniwa.{{sfn|Schaefer|2002|p=330–332}} * Kunywa na kuuza pombe ni marufuku.{{sfn|Schaefer|2002|p=323}} * Kujamiiana kunaruhusiwa kati ya mume na mke pekee, na kwa hiyo, ngono kabla ya ndoa na ngono nje ya ndoa zote zimekatazwa.{{sfn|Schaefer|2002|p=326}} * Kushiriki katika siasa za vyama ni marufuku.{{sfn|McMullen|2015|p=69, 136, 149, 253–254, 269}} * Kuombaomba kama kazi ni marufuku.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=154–155}} Utekelezaji wa sheria za kibinafsi, kama vile sala au kufunga, ni wajibu wa mtu binafsi pekee.{{sfn|Schaefer|2002|p=339}} Hata hivyo, kuna nyakati ambapo Mbaháʼí anaweza kuondolewa kiutawala kutoka katika jumuiya kwa kupuuza sheria hadharani, au kwa uasherati wa kupindukia. Kuondolewa huko kunasimamiwa na Baraza la Kiroho la Kitaifa na hakuhusishi kutengwa kabisa.{{sfn|Schaefer|2002|p=348–349}} === Ndoa === Katika Dini ya Kibaháʼí, kusudi la ndoa kimsingi ni kukuza upatano wa kiroho, urafiki na umoja kati ya mwanamume mmoja na mwanamke mmoja, na kutoa mazingira thabiti na yenye upendo kwa malezi ya watoto.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=164–165}} Mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí kuhusu ndoa huiita kuwa ni ngome ya ustawi na wokovu na huweka ndoa na familia kama msingi wa muundo wa jamii ya wanadamu.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=164}} Baháʼu'lláh alisifu sana ndoa, alikataza talaka, na alidai usafi nje ya ndoa; Baháʼu'lláh alifundisha kwamba mume na mke wanapaswa kujitahidi kuboresha maisha ya kiroho ya kila mmoja.{{sfn|Momen|2022}} Ndoa za baina ya makabila na baina ya rangi pia zimesifiwa sana katika maandiko yote ya Kibaháʼí.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=164}} [[Picha:BahaiTempleWilmette.jpg|thumb|Nyumba ya Ibada ya Kibaháʼí nchini Marekani]] Wabaháʼí wanaotamani kufunga ndoa wanashauriwa kupata ufahamu wa kina kuhusu tabia ya mwingine kabla ya kuamua kuoana.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=164}} Mara watu wanapoamua kuoana, wanapaswa kupata idhini ya wazazi wa pande zote mbili, iwe ni Wabaháʼí au la. Sherehe ya ndoa ya Kibaháʼí ni rahisi; sehemu pekee ya lazima ya ndoa ni kusoma viapo vya ndoa vilivyowekwa na Baháʼu'lláh, ambavyo husomwa na bwana harusi na bibi harusi mbele ya mashahidi wawili.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=164}} Viapo hivyo ni "Sote, hakika, tutatii mapenzi ya Mungu."{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=164}} === Nyumba za Ibada === Katika jumuiya nyingi, mikutano ya ibada ya Kibaháʼí hufanyika majumbani au katika vituo vya Wabaháʼí (Baha'i Senta). Hata hivyo, katika baadhi ya maeneo, Nyumba za Ibada za Kibaháʼí—zinazojulikana pia kama mahekalu ya Kibaháʼí—zimejengwa mahsusi kwa kusudi hilo.{{sfn|Afnan|2022}} Nyumba za Ibada za Kibaháʼí ni mahali ambapo Wabaháʼí na wasio Wabaháʼí wanaweza kuonesha ibada kwa Mungu.{{sfn|Warburg|2006|p=492}} Pia zinajulikana kama Mashriqu'l-Adhkár (kwa Kiarabu "Mahali pa Mapambazuko pa Ukumbusho wa Mungu").{{sfn|Hassall|2012}} Ndani yake, ni maandiko matakatifu ya Dini ya Kibaháʼí na ya dini nyingine tu yanayoweza kusomwa au kuimbwa, na maandiko na sala zilizowekwa kwa ajili ya muziki zinaweza kuimbwa na waimbaji, lakini hakuna ala za muziki zinazoweza kupigwa ndani.{{sfn|Iranica-Bahai-temples|1988}} Zaidi ya hayo, hakuna hotuba inayoweza kutolewa, na hakuna sherehe ya kiibada inayoweza kufanywa.{{sfn|Iranica-Bahai-temples|1988}} Nyumba zote za Ibada za Kibaháʼí zina umbo la pande tisa, pamoja na njia tisa za kuingia kutoka nje na bustani tisa zinazozizunguka.{{sfn|Iranica-Mašreq al-Aḏkār|2010}} Kwa sasa kuna Nyumba nane za Ibada za Kibaháʼí za "kibara" na baadhi ya Nyumba za Ibada za Kibaháʼí za mahali ambazo zimekamilika au zinaendelea kujengwa. Maandiko ya Kibaháʼí pia yanaonesha kwamba Nyumba za Ibada za Kibaháʼí zitazungukwa na taasisi za shughuli za kibinadamu, kisayansi na kielimu{{sfn|Hassall|2012}} ingawa hadi sasa hakuna iliyojengwa kwa kiwango hicho. === Maendeleo ya kijamii na kiuchumi === Tangu kuanzishwa kwake Dini ya Kibaháʼí imekuwa na ushiriki katika maendeleo ya kijamii na kiuchumi, ikianzia kwa kuwa na mazungumzo zaidi kuhusu uhuru wa wanawake.{{sfn|Momen|1994b|ps=: Section 9: Social and economic development}} Elimu ya wanawake imekuzwa kama kipaumbele.{{sfn|Kingdon|1997}} Na ushiriki huo umepewa mwonekano wa vitendo kwa kujenga shule, vyama vya ushirika vya kilimo, na kliniki.{{sfn|Momen|1994b|ps=: Section 9: Social and economic development}} Dini iliingia katika hatua mpya ya shughuli wakati ujumbe ulipotolewa kutoka kwa '''Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu''' tarehe 20 Oktoba 1983. Wabaháʼí walihimizwa kutafuta njia zinazolingana na mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí ambazo zingewawezesha kushiriki katika maendeleo ya kijamii na kiuchumi ya jumuiya wanamoishi. Mwaka 1979 kulikuwa na miradi 129 ya maendeleo ya kijamii na kiuchumi ya Kibaháʼí iliyotambuliwa rasmi duniani kote. Kufikia mwaka 1987, idadi ya miradi ya maendeleo iliyotambuliwa rasmi ilikuwa imeongezeka hadi 1482.{{sfn|Smith|Momen|1989}} Mipango ya sasa ya utekelezaji wa kijamii inajumuisha shughuli katika nyanja kama afya, usafi, elimu, usawa wa kijinsia, sanaa na vyombo vya habari, kilimo na mazingira.{{sfn|Baháʼí Office of Social and Economic Development|2018}} Miradi hiyo inajumuisha shule, kuanzia shule za mafunzo za vijijini hadi shule kubwa za sekondari na baadhi ya vyuo vikuu.{{sfn|Momen|2007}} Kufikia mwaka wa 2017, Ofisi ya Baháʼí ya Maendeleo ya Kijamii na Kiuchumi ilikadiria kuwa kulikuwa na miradi midogo 40,000, miradi endelevu 1,400, na mashirika 135 yaliyochochewa na Baháʼí.{{sfn|Baháʼí Office of Social and Economic Development|2018}} Zaidi ya hayo, Wabaháʼí kote ulimwenguni wanachangia katika kujenga utaratibu huu mpya wa dunia kupitia juhudi mbalimbali. Mpango huu wa kimataifa umejengwa juu ya dhana ya mwanadamu na jamii iliyo ya kiroho kwa asili, na unakusudia kukuza uwezo wa mwanadamu ili kuchochea maendeleo ya kiroho na ya kimwili. Kwa lengo la kuchangia ustawi wa wanadamu, Wabaháʼí hushiriki katika shughuli zifuatazo: # Mikutano ya sala # Madarasa ya maadili kwa watoto # Programu za kuwawezesha vijana # Madarasa ya duru za masomo === Umoja wa Mataifa === Baháʼu'lláh aliandika juu ya haja ya kuwepo kwa utaratibu wa dunia unaowezesha mataifa kuishi kwa amani na ushirikiano. Kwa sababu hiyo, Jumuiya ya Kimataifa ya Wabaháʼí imeunga mkono juhudi za kuimarisha mahusiano ya kimataifa kupitia taasisi kama Shirika la Mataifa na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], ingawa pia imeeleza baadhi ya tahadhari kuhusu muundo na mipaka ya taasisi hizo katika hali yake ya sasa.{{sfn|Momen|2007}} Jumuiya ya Kimataifa ya Wabaháʼí ni wakala uliopo Haifa chini ya uongozi wa Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu, na una hadhi ya ushauri na mashirika yafuatayo:{{sfn|McMullen|2000|p=39}} * Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Kuhudumia Watoto (UNICEF) * Mfuko wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa kwa Wanawake (UNIFEM) * Baraza la Kiuchumi na Kijamii la Umoja wa Mataifa (ECOSOC) * Mpango wa Mazingira wa Umoja wa Mataifa (UNEP) * [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] (WHO) Jumuiya ya Kimataifa ya Baháʼí ina ofisi katika [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] huko New York na Geneva na ina uwakilishi katika tume za kikanda za Umoja wa Mataifa na ofisi nyingine huko Addis Ababa, Bangkok, Nairobi, Roma, Santiago na Vienna.{{sfn|Baháʼí International Community|2000}} Katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, ofisi ya mazingira na ofisi ya maendeleo ya wanawake zilianzishwa kama sehemu ya ofisi yake ya Umoja wa Mataifa. Dini ya Kibaháʼí pia imeendesha programu za maendeleo za pamoja na mashirika mbalimbali mengine ya Umoja wa Mataifa. Katika Jukwaa la Milenia la Umoja wa Mataifa la mwaka 2000, Mbaháʼí mmoja alialikwa kama mmoja wa wasemaji pekee wasio wa kiserikali wakati wa mkutano wa kilele huo.{{sfn|Baháʼí World News Service|2000}} == Mateso na ukandamizaji == Katika baadhi ya nchi zenye Waislamu walio wengi, Wabaháʼí wanaendelea kuteswa, kwa kuwa viongozi wao hawaikubali Dini ya Kibaháʼí kama dini huru, bali kama kuiacha Uislamu. Ukandamizaji mkali zaidi umetokea nchini Iran, ambako kati ya mwaka 1978 na 1998 zaidi ya Wabaháʼí 200 waliuawa.{{sfn|International Federation of Human Rights|2003}} Haki za Wabaháʼí zimewekewa vikwazo, kwa kiwango kikubwa au kidogo, pia katika nchi nyingine nyingi zikiwemo Misri, Afghanistan, pamoja na Iraq{{sfn|International Religious Freedom Report|2013|loc=[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2013&dlid=222291 Iraq]}}, Moroko{{sfn|International Religious Freedom Report|2013|loc=[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2013&dlid=222305 Morocco]}}, Yemen na nchi kadhaa za Afrika kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara.{{sfn|Smith|Momen|1989}} Mateso ya kudumu zaidi dhidi ya Wabahá’í yametokea nchini Iran, mahali pa kuzaliwa kwa dini hii.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=125–127}} Wakati Báb mtukufu alipoanza kuvutia idadi kubwa ya wafuasi, makasisi wa Kiislamu... Kwa kusema hivyo, walitarajia kuzuia harakati hiyo isisambae kwa kudai kwamba wafuasi wake walikuwa maadui wa Mungu. Maelekezo haya ya kidini pia yalisababisha makundi ya watu kuwashambulia Wabábí na baadhi yao kuuawa hadharani.{{sfn|Affolter|2005}} Mwanzoni mwa karne ya ishirini, mbali na ukandamizaji uliowalenga Wabaháʼí mmoja mmoja, kampeni zilizoelekezwa kutoka ngazi ya kati zenye kulenga jamii nzima ya Wabaháʼí na taasisi zake zilianza.{{sfn|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2006}} Mwaka 1903 huko Yazd, katika tukio moja, zaidi ya Wabaháʼí 100 waliuawa.{{sfn|Nash|1982}} Shule za Wabaháʼí, kama vile shule za wavulana na wasichana za Tarbiyat huko Tehran, zilifungwa katika miaka ya 1930 na 1940, ndoa za Kibaháʼí hazikutambuliwa, na maandiko ya Kibaháʼí yalidhibitiwa.{{sfn|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2006}} Wakati wa utawala wa Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, nchini Iran kampeni ya mateso dhidi ya Wabaháʼí ilianzishwa ili kugeuza umakini kutoka kwa matatizo ya kiuchumi na harakati ya utaifa iliyokuwa ikikua.{{efn|Linalopatana na hili ni wazo kwamba serikali ilihamasisha kampeni hiyo ili kugeuza umakini kutoka kwa matatizo makubwa zaidi, yakiwemo matatizo makali ya kiuchumi. Zaidi ya hili kulikuwepo ugumu ambao utawala ulikuwa nao katika kuhimili harakati ya utaifa iliyokuwa imemuunga mkono Musaddiq.{{sfn|Akhavi|1980|p=76–78}}}} Kampeni iliyoidhinishwa na kuratibiwa dhidi ya Wabaháʼí (ili kuchochea hisia za umma dhidi ya Wabaháʼí) ilianza mwaka 1955 na ilijumuisha kusambazwa kwa propaganda dhidi ya Wabaháʼí katika vituo vya redio vya kitaifa na magazeti rasmi.{{sfn|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2006}} Wakati wa kampeni hiyo, iliyoanzishwa na mullah Muhammad Taqi Falsafi, kituo cha Wabaháʼí mjini Tehran kilibomolewa kwa amri ya gavana wa kijeshi wa Tehran, Jenerali Teymur Bakhtiar.{{sfn|''The New York Times''|1955}} Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1970 utawala wa Shah uliendelea kupoteza uhalali wake kutokana na ukosoaji wa kudumu kwamba ulikuwa unaunga mkono Magharibi. Kadiri harakati dhidi ya Shah zilivyopata nguvu na uungwaji mkono, propaganda za kimapinduzi zilienezwa zikidai kwamba baadhi ya washauri wa Shah walikuwa Wabaháʼí.{{sfn|Abrahamian|1982|p=432}} Wabaháʼí walichorwa kama vitisho vya kiuchumi na kama waungaji mkono wa Israeli na Magharibi, na uhasama wa kijamii dhidi ya Wabaháʼí ukaongezeka.{{sfn|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2006}} Tangu [[Mapinduzi ya Kiislamu ya Iran|Mapinduzi ya Kiislamu]] ya mwaka 1979, Wabaháʼí wa Iran wamekuwa wakivunjiwa nyumba zao mara kwa mara, wakizuiwa kuhudhuria vyuo vikuu au kushika kazi za serikali, na mamia yao wamehukumiwa vifungo gerezani kwa sababu ya imani yao ya kidini, na katika miaka ya karibuni pia kwa kushiriki katika madarasa ya duru za masomo. {{sfn|International Federation of Human Rights|2003}} Makaburi ya Wabaháʼí yamenajisiwa na mali zimechukuliwa na wakati mwingine kubomolewa, yakiwemo nyumba ya baba wa [[Baháʼu'lláh]], [[Mírzá Buzurg]].{{sfn|Affolter|2005}} Nyumba ya [[Báb]] huko [[Shiraz]], mojawapo ya maeneo matatu ambayo Wabaháʼí hufanya hija, imeharibiwa mara mbili.{{sfn|Affolter|2005}}{{sfn|Netherlands Institute of Human Rights|2006}} Mnamo Mei 2018, mamlaka za Iran zilimfukuza mwanafunzi mmoja kijana mwanamke kutoka chuo kikuu cha Isfahan kwa sababu alikuwa Mbaháʼí.{{sfn|Center for Human Rights in Iran|2018}} Mnamo Machi 2018, wanafunzi wengine wawili Wabaháʼí walifukuzwa kutoka vyuo vikuu katika miji ya Zanjan na Gilan kwa sababu ya dini yao. Tarehe 14 Mei 2008, wajumbe wa chombo kisicho rasmi kilichoitwa "Yaran", ambacho kilikuwa kinasimamia mahitaji ya jumuiya ya Wabaháʼí nchini Iran, walikamatwa na kupelekwa katika gereza la Evin.{{sfn|CNN|2008}}{{sfn|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2008b}} Kesi ya mahakama ya Yaran iliahirishwa mara nyingi, lakini hatimaye ilikuwa ikiendelea tarehe 12 Januari 2010.{{sfn|CNN|2010a}} Waangalizi wengine hawakuruhusiwa kuhudhuria mahakamani. Hata mawakili wa utetezi, ambao kwa miaka miwili walikuwa na fursa ndogo sana ya kuwasiliana na washtakiwa, walipata ugumu kuingia katika chumba cha mahakama. Mwenyekiti wa Tume ya Marekani kuhusu Uhuru wa Kidini wa Kimataifa alisema kwamba ilionekana serikali ilikuwa tayari imeamua matokeo ya kesi hiyo na ilikuwa inakiuka sheria ya kimataifa ya haki za binadamu{{sfn|CNN|2010a}} Vikao vya baadaye vilifanyika tarehe 7 Februari 2010, 12 Aprili 2010, na 12 Juni 2010. Tarehe 11 Agosti 2010 ilijulikana kuwa hukumu ya mahakama ilikuwa kifungo cha miaka 20 kwa kila mmoja wa wafungwa saba, ambayo baadaye ilipunguzwa hadi miaka kumi.{{sfn|CNN|2010b}} Baada ya hukumu hiyo, walihamishwa kwenda gereza la Gohardasht.{{sfn|AFP|2011a}} Mnamo Machi 2011, hukumu zilirejeshwa kwenye miaka 20 ya awali{{sfn|AFP|2011b}}. Tarehe 3 Januari 2010, maafisa wa Iran waliwashikilia wajumbe wengine kumi wa wachache wa Kibaháʼí, miongoni mwao ikidaiwa alikuwa Leva Khanjani, mjukuu wa Jamaloddin Khanjani, mmoja wa viongozi saba wa Wabaháʼí waliofungwa tangu mwaka 2008, na mwezi Februari, walimkamata mwanawe, Niki Khanjani.{{sfn|The Jerusalem Post|2010}} Serikali ya Iran inadai kwamba Dini ya Kibaháʼí si dini, bali ni shirika la kisiasa, na kwa hiyo inakataa kuitambua kama dini ya wachache.{{sfn|Kravetz|1982|p=237}} Hata hivyo, serikali haijawahi kutoa ushahidi thabiti unaounga mkono tabia hii ya jamii ya Wabaháʼí.{{sfn|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2008|p=5}} Serikali ya Iran pia inaishutumu Dini ya Kibaháʼí kwa kuhusishwa na Uzayuni. Inaonekana kwamba shutuma hizi dhidi ya Wabaháʼí hazina msingi katika ukweli wa kihistoria{{sfn|Simpson|Shubart|1995|p=223}}{{sfn|Tavakoli-Targhi|2008|p=200}}, na baadhi ya watu wamehoji kwamba zilibuniwa na serikali ya Iran ili kuwatumia Wabaháʼí kama "mbuzi wa kafara".{{sfn|Freedman|2009}} Mwaka 2019, serikali ya Iran ilifanya isiwezekane kwa Wabaháʼí kujisajili kisheria na dola ya Iran. Maombi ya vitambulisho vya kitaifa nchini Iran sasa hayajumuishi tena chaguo la "dini nyingine", jambo linalomaanisha kwamba Dini ya Kibaháʼí haitatambuliwa kwa vitendo na dola.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/iran-id-card-rule-highlights-plight-of-bahai/a-52149974|title=ID card law in Iran highlights plight of Baháʼí – DW – 01/25/2020|website=dw.com}}</ref> === '''Nyumba za Ibada za Wabahá’í''' === "Hekalu la Kibahá'í la Ibada (maarufu kwa jina la Lotus Temple)" lipo Kalkaji, Nehru Place, New Delhi. Katika ulimwengu wa dini ya Kibahá'í, kwa jumla katika maeneo Nane Nyumba za Ibada (Hekalu) za Kibaháʼí zimejengwa. # Samoa ya Magharibi # Sydney - Australia # Kampala - Uganda # Panama City - Panama # Frankfurt - Ujerumani # Wilmette - Marekani # New Delhi - India # Santiago - Chile == Maelezo == {{reflist}} ==Marejeleo== === Vitabu === {{refbegin|24em|indent=yes}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/iranbetweentwore00abra_0|title=Iran Kati ya Mapinduzi Mawili|last=Abrahamian|first=Ervand|publisher=Princeton Book Company Publishers|year=1982|isbn=0-691-10134-5|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/atozofbahaifaith0000adam|title=The A to Z of the Baháʼí Faith|last=Adamson|first=Hugh C.|date=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6853-3|series=The A to Z Guide Series, No. 70|place=Plymouth, UK|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Afnan|first=Elham|date=2022|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=479–487|chapter=Sura ya 39: Maisha ya ibada|doi=10.4324/9780429027772-45|s2cid=244700641}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/religionpolitics0000akha|title=Dini na Siasa katika Iran ya Kisasa: Mahusiano ya Makleri na Dola katika Kipindi cha Pahlavi|last=Akhavi|first=Shahrough|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1980|isbn=0-87395-408-4|location=Albany, NY|pages=76–78|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|title=Closed Doors: Iran's Campaign to Deny Higher Education to Baháʼís|author=Baháʼí International Community|date=2005|chapter=Historia ya Juhudi za Elimu za Wabaháʼí nchini Iran|access-date=10 May 2008|chapter-url=http://denial.bahai.org/003.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091205194849/http://denial.bahai.org/003.php|archive-date=5 December 2009|url-status=dead}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/newbelieverssurv00barr|title=Waumini Wapya: uchunguzi wa madhehebu, makundi ya kidini, na dini mbadala|last=Barrett|first=David V.|date=2001|publisher=Cassell & Co|isbn=1-84403-040-7|location=London|ol=3999281M|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/1988britannicabo0000daum|title=1988 Britannica Book of the Year|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=1988|isbn=0-85229-486-7|editor-last1=Daume|editor-first1=Daphne|place=Chicago|chapter=Dini (&) Imani ya Bahá'í|editor-last2=Watson|editor-first2=Louise}} *{{Cite book|title=Britannica Book of the Year|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=1992|editor-last1=Daume|editor-first1=Daphne|place=Chicago|chapter=Imani ya Baháʼí|editor-last2=Watson|editor-first2=Louise}} *{{Cite book|url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/GPB/gpb-9.html#gr26|title=God Passes By|last=Effendi|first=Shoghi|date=1944|publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust|isbn=0-87743-020-9|place=Wilmette, IL|publication-date=1979|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontone0000unse|title=Mapokeo ya Asia|date=2006|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood Press]]|isbn=978-0-275-98712-1|editor-last1=Gallagher|editor-first1=Eugene V.|series=Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America|volume=4|location=Westport, Connecticut • London|chapter=Wabaháʼí wa Marekani|editor-last2=Ashcraft|editor-first2=W. Michael|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bahaifaithinamer0000garl|title=Dini ya Baháʼí Marekani|last=Garlington|first=William|date=2008|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-6234-9|edition=Paperback|location=Lanham, Maryland|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|title=Kitabu cha Mwongozo cha Dini Mpya na Uzalishaji wa Utamaduni|author-last=Hassall|author-first=Graham|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|year=2012|isbn=978-90-04-22187-1|editor1-last=Cusack|editor1-first=Carol|series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion|volume=4|location=[[Leiden]]|pages=599–632|chapter=Nyumba ya Ibada ya Bahá’í: Ujanibishaji na Umbo la Kiujumla|doi=10.1163/9789004226487_025|issn=1874-6691|editor2-last=Norman|editor2-first=Alex}} *{{Cite book|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722#|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Hassal|first=Graham|date=2022|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=581–590|chapter=Sura ya 47: Asia ya Kaskazini-Mashariki}} *{{Cite book|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Hassall|first=Graham|date=2022|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=591–602|chapter=Sura ya 48: Oceania|doi=10.4324/9780429027772-55|s2cid=244697166}} *{{Cite book|url=https://bahai-library.com/hatcher_martin_global_religion|title=The Baháʼí Faith: The Emerging Global Religion|last1=Hatcher|first1=W.S.|last2=Martin|first2=J.D.|publisher=Harper & Row|year=1998|isbn=0-06-065441-4|location=New York}} *{{Cite book|url=https://bahai-library.com/hartz_bahai_faith|title=World Religions: Baháʼí Faith|last=Hartz|first=Paula|date=2009|publisher=Chelsea House Publishers|isbn=978-1-60413-104-8|edition=3rd|location=New York, NY}} *{{Cite book|title=Dini za Ulimwengu kwa Takwimu: Utangulizi wa Demografia ya Kimataifa ya Dini|last1=Johnson|first1=Todd M.|last2=Grim|first2=Brian J.|date=26 March 2013|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-55576-7|pages=59–62|chapter=Idadi za Watu wa Dini Duniani, 1910–2010|doi=10.1002/9781118555767.ch1|chapter-url={{Google books|CkFVF8nFiqkC |page=59 |plainurl=yes}}}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/iranonox0000krav|title=Irano nox|last=Kravetz|first=Marc|publisher=Grasset|year=1982|isbn=2-246-24851-5|location=Paris|page=237|language=fr|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|title=The Messiah of Shiraz: Studies in Early and Middle Babism|last=MacEoin|first=Denis|date=2009|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-17035-3|doi=10.1163/ej.9789004170353.i-740|url=https://archive.org/details/bahaireligiousco0000mcmu|title=Baháʼí: Uundaji wa Kidini wa Utambulisho wa Kiujuma wa Dunia|last=McMullen|first=Michael D.|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|year=2000|isbn=0-8135-2836-4|location=Atlanta, GA|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bahaisofamericag0000mcmu|title=Wabaháʼí wa Marekani: Ukuaji wa Harakati ya Kidini|last=McMullen|first=Mike|date=2015|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-1-4798-5152-2|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/worldsreligionsn0000unse|title=New Lion Handbook: The World's Religions|last=Momen|first=Moojan|publisher=Lion Hudson Plc|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7459-5266-6|editor-last=Partridge|editor-first=Christopher H.|edition=3rd|place=Oxford, UK|contribution=Imani ya Baháʼí|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Momen|first=Wendi|date=2022|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=371–383|chapter=Sura ya 31: Ndoa na maisha ya kifamilia|doi=10.4324/9780429027772-36|s2cid=244697438}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/iranssecretpogro0000nash|title=Mauaji ya siri ya Iran: Njama ya kuwaangamiza Wabahaʼi|last=Nash|first=Geoffrey|publisher=Neville Spearman Limited|year=1982|isbn=0-85435-005-5|location=Sudbury, Suffolk|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521770736|title=Makundi Madogo ya Kidini nchini Iran|last=Sanasarian|first=Eliz|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-521-77073-4|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=52–53|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/2004worldalmanacbook00newy|title=World Almanac and Book of Facts|publisher=World Almanac Books|year=2004|isbn=0-88687-910-8|editor-last=Park|editor-first=Ken|location=New York|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/liftingveillifei0000simp_g2v6|title=Kuinua Pazia|last1=Simpson|first1=John|last2=Shubart|first2=Tira|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton General Division|year=1995|isbn=0-340-62814-6|location=London|page=223|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7zdDFTzNr0C|title=Utangulizi wa Dini ya Baháʼí|last=Smith|first=Peter|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-521-86251-6|location=Cambridge}} *{{Cite book|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722#|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Smith|first=Peter|date=2022a|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=501–512|chapter=Sura ya 41: Historia ya Imani za Kibábí na Kibahá’í|doi=10.4324/9780429027772-48|s2cid=244705793}} *{{Cite book|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722#|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Smith|first=Peter|date=2022b|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=614–621|chapter=Sura ya 50: Asia ya Kusini-Mashariki|title=Dini na Utalii: Njia panda, Maeneo ya Kufikia, na Mikutano|url=https://archive.org/details/religiontourismc0000stau|last=Stausberg|first=Michael|date=2011|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-54931-8|location=Oxfordshire, UK|title=Baháʼí Faith: A Guide For The Perplexed|last=Stockman|first=Robert|date=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-4411-8781-9|location=New York, NY|title=Imani ya Bahá'í, Vurugu, na Kutokuwa na Vurugu|last=Stockman|first=Robert H.|date=July 2020|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-61344-6|editor1=James R. Lewis|series=Cambridge Elements; Religion and Violence|location=Cambridge, UK|doi=10.1017/9781108613446|oclc=1173507653|editor2=Margo Kitts|s2cid=225389995}} *{{Cite book|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722#|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Stockman|first=Robert|date=2022a|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=557–568|chapter=Sura ya 45: Amerika ya Kusini na Karibiani|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722#|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Stockman|first=Robert|date=2022b|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=569–580|chapter=Sura ya 46: Amerika ya Kaskazini|url=http://www.peyman.info/cl/Baha%27i/Others/ROB/V4/p118-144Ch08.html#p125|title=The Revelation of Baháʼu'lláh, Volume 4: Mazra'ih & Bahji 1877–92|last=Taherzadeh|first=Adib|publisher=George Ronald|year=1987|isbn=0-85398-270-8|location=Oxford, UK|page=125|title=Wabahá'i wa Iran: Tafiti za kijamii-kihistoria|last=Tavakoli-Targhi|first=Mohamad|publisher=Routledge|year=2008|isbn=978-0-203-00280-3|editor-last1=Brookshaw|editor-first1=Dominic P.|location=New York|chapter=Upinzani dhidi ya Baháʼí na Uislamisti nchini Iran|editor2-last=Fazel|editor2-first=Seena B.}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/religioushumanri0000unse|title=Haki za binadamu za kidini katika mtazamo wa kimataifa: mitazamo ya kidini|last=Van der Vyer|first=J.D.|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|year=1996|isbn=90-411-0176-4|page=449|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|title=Baháʼí|last=Warburg|first=Margit|date=2001|publisher=Signature Books|editor-last=Introvigne|series=Studies in Contemporary Religions|location=US|title=Citizens of the world: a history and sociology of the Bahaʹis from a globalisation perspective|last=Warburg|first=Margit|date=2006|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-474-0746-1|location=Leiden|oclc=234309958|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Yazdani|first=Mina|date=2022|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=88–104|chapter=Sura ya 7: Maandishi na Matamshi ya ʻAbdu'l-Bahá|doi=10.4324/9780429027772-9|s2cid=244689327}} {{refend}} === Hazina ya Maarifa ya Ulimwengu === {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} *'''Iranica''' **{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Waandishi Wengi|title=Bahaism|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|date=15 December 1988|volume=III|issue=4–5|pages=438–475|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bahaism-index|access-date=11 January 2021|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-Bahaism|1988}}}} **{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Cole|first=Juan|date=15 December 1988|publication-date=23 August 2011|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|article=BAHAISM i. The Faith|volume=III|issue=4|pages=438–446|article-url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bahaism-i|access-date=30 December 2012|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-The Faith|1988}}}} **{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Cole|first=Juan|date=15 December 1988|publication-date=23 August 2011|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|article=BAHĀʾ-ALLĀH|volume=III|issue=4|pages=422–429|article-url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/baha-allah|access-date=30 December 2012|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-Baha'-Allah|1988}}}} **{{Cite encyclopedia|last=MacEoin|first=Denis|date=15 December 1988|publication-date=23 August 2011|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|article=BAHAISM iii. Bahai and Babi Schisms|volume=III|issue=4–5|article-url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bahaism-iii|pages=447–449|issn=2330-4804|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-Bahai and Babi Schisms|1988}}}} **{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Momen|first=Moojan|date=1989|article=BAYT-AL-ʿADL (House of Justice)|article-url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/bayt-al-adl-house-of-justice-a-bahai-administrative-institution|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|volume=IV|issue=1|pages=12–14|issn=2330-4804|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-Bayt-al-'adl|1989}}}} **{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Momen|first=Moojan|year=2010|article=Mašreq al-Aḏkār|article-url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/mashreq-adkar|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-Mašreq al-Aḏkār|2010}}}} **{{cite encyclopedia|last=Negahban|first=Ezzatollah|year=2020|article=BURIAL i. Pre-Historic Burial Sites|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica|volume=IV|issue=5|article-url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/burial-i|access-date=August 24, 2023|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-Burial|2020}}}}</ref> **{{Cite encyclopedia|last1=Rafati|first1=V.|last2=Sahba|first2=F.|year=1988|article=BAHAISM ix. 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issn=2047-704X}} *{{Cite journal|last=Hatcher|first=John S.|year=2005|title=Kumfunua Hurí wa Upendo|journal=Journal of Bahá'í Studies|volume=15|issue=1|pages=1–38|doi=10.31581/jbs-15.1-4.1(2005)|doi-access=free}} *{{Cite journal|last=Kingdon|first=Geeta Gandhi|year=1997|title=Elimu ya wanawake na maendeleo ya kijamii na kiuchumi|url=http://bahai-library.com/kingdon_education_women_development|journal=Baháʼí Studies Review|volume=7|issue=1}} *{{Cite journal|last=Schaefer|first=Udo|date=2002|title=Utangulizi wa Sheria ya Kibahá'í: Misingi ya Kifundisho, Kanuni na Miundo|journal=Journal of Law and Religion|volume=18|issue=2|pages=307–72|doi=10.2307/1602268|jstor=1602268|s2cid=154511808}} *{{Cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=Peter|year=2016|title=Upanuzi wa Kibábí–Kibahá'í na "Mafanikio ya Kijiutamaduni na Kijiografia"|journal=Journal of Religious History|volume=40|issue=2|pages=225–236|doi=10.1111/1467-9809.12280}} *{{Cite 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News Service|date=8 September 2000|access-date=21 October 2021}} *{{Cite news|url=http://news.bahai.org/story/707|title=Misri yabadilisha rasmi sheria za vitambulisho vya taifa|author=Baháʼí World News Service|date=17 April 2009|access-date=16 June 2009|publisher=Baháʼí International Community|ref={{sfnRef|Baháʼí World News Service|2009a}}}} *{{Cite news|url=http://news.bahai.org/story/726|title=Vitambulisho vya kwanza vyatolewa kwa Wabaháʼí wa Misri kwa kutumia "alama ya mstari" badala ya dini|author=Baháʼí World News Service|date=14 August 2009|access-date=16 August 2009|ref={{sfnRef|Baháʼí World News Service|2009b}}}} *{{Cite news|url=http://news.bahai.org/story/1163|title=Wimbi la kutisha la kukamatwa nchini Yemen lazua hofu|author=Baháʼí World News Service|date=21 April 2017}} *{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/05/16/iran.bahais/|title=Kukamatwa kwa Wabaháʼí nchini Iran kwalaaniwa|date=16 May 2008|access-date=4 February 2018|agency=CNN|ref={{sfnRef|CNN|2008}}}} *{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/01/12/Iran.bahai.trial/|title=Kesi ya viongozi wa Wabaháʼí nchini Iran yaanza kusikilizwa|date=12 January 2010a|access-date=4 February 2018|agency=CNN|ref={{sfnRef|CNN|2010a}}}} *{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/09/16/iran.bahai.sentences/index.html|title=Adhabu za viongozi wa Wabaháʼí nchini Iran zaripotiwa kupunguzwa|date=16 September 2010b|access-date=25 September 2013|agency=CNN|ref={{sfnRef|CNN|2010b}}}} *{{Cite news|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/A_Trial_In_Tehran_Their_Only_Crime__Their_Faith/2006448.html|title=Kesi huko Tehran: 'Hatia' yao pekee – Imani yao|last=Djavadi|first=Abbas|date=8 April 2010|work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty}} *{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/27/us/27religion.html|title=Kwa Wabaháʼí, ukandamizaji si habari mpya|last=Freedman|first=Samuel G.|date=26 June 2009|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://nyti.ms/2zT84eS|title=Iran yabomoa kuba la Hekalu la 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Free Europe|2010}}}} *{{Cite news|url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1945379_1944604_1944622,00.html|title=Kuipiga marufuku Dini ya Baháʼí|last=Sullivan|first=Amy|date=8 December 2009|newspaper=Time|access-date=23 February 2012}} *{{Cite news|url=http://news.kodoom.com/en/iran-politics/date-set-for-second-court-session/story/699231/|title=Tarehe yapangwa kwa kikao cha pili cha mahakama kwa Wabaháʼí saba nchini Iran|author=Washington TV|date=20 January 2010|access-date=21 January 2010}} {{refend}} {{refend}} === Nyingine === {{refbegin|24em|indent=yes}} *{{Cite web|url=http://www.thearda.com/QL2010/QuickList_40.asp|title=Mataifa yenye Wabaháʼí wengi zaidi (2010)|author=Association of Religion Data Archives|year=2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427001103/https://www.thearda.com/QL2010/QuickList_40.asp|archive-date=April 27, 2022|access-date=14 August 2022}} *{{Cite 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Representatives|url=http://lantos.house.gov/HoR/CA12/Human+Rights+Caucus/Briefing+Testimonies/11-17-05+Testimony+of+Kit+Bigelow+Egypt+Briefing.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061227195313/http://lantos.house.gov/HoR/CA12/Human%2BRights%2BCaucus/Briefing%2BTestimonies/11-17-05%2BTestimony%2Bof%2BKit%2BBigelow%2BEgypt%2BBriefing.htm|archive-date=27 December 2006|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061227195313/http://lantos.house.gov/HoR/CA12/Human+Rights+Caucus/Briefing+Testimonies/11-17-05+Testimony+of+Kit+Bigelow+Egypt+Briefing.htm |date=27 Desemba 2006 }} *{{Cite web|url=https://iranhumanrights.org/2018/07/woman-expelled-from-iranian-university-just-before-obtaining-degree-because-shes-bahai/|title=Mwanamke Afukuzwa Kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Iran Kabla Tu ya Kupata Shahada kwa Sababu Yeye ni Mbaháʼí|date=29 July 2018|website=Center for Human Rights in Iran|access-date=23 August 2018|ref={{sfnRef|Center for Human Rights in Iran|2018}}}} *{{Cite book|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/bahai|title=Dictionary.com Unabridged|publisher=Random House, Inc.|year=2017|edition=4th|contribution=Baháʼí|ref={{sfnRef|Dictionary.com|2017}}}} *{{Cite web|url=http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/ir0108a.pdf|title=Ubaguzi dhidi ya Wachache wa Kidini nchini Iran|author=International Federation of Human Rights|date=August 2003|publisher=FIDH|location=Paris|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061031221624/http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/ir0108a.pdf|archive-date=31 October 2006|access-date=20 October 2006|url-status=live}} *{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper|title=Ripoti ya Uhuru wa Dini wa Kimataifa ya mwaka 2013|author=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor|date=2013|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=24 April 2015|ref={{sfnRef|International Religious Freedom Report|2013}}}} *{{Cite report|editor-last=Hackett|editor-first=Conrad|editor-last2=Grim|editor-first2=Brian J.|title=Mazingira ya Kidini ya Ulimwengu: Ripoti juu ya Ukubwa na Mgawanyo wa Makundi Makuu ya Dini Duniani kufikia mwaka 2010|pages=53–56 <!-- many other pages report various specific examples across many religions -->|publisher=Pew Research Center’s Forum on Religion & Public Life|via=Boston College|date=Dec 2012|url=https://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/centers/jesinst/pdf/Grim-globalReligion-full.pdf|access-date=Aug 16, 2022|ref={{sfnRef|Pew Global Religious Landscape|2012}}}} *{{Cite report|publisher=Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|date=December 2006|title=Imani Iliyonyimwa: Mateso dhidi ya Wabaháʼí wa Iran|access-date=1 May 2007|url=http://www.iranhrdc.org/httpdocs/English/pdfs/Reports/A-Faith-Denied_Dec06.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618202441/http://www.iranhrdc.org/httpdocs/English/pdfs/Reports/A-Faith-Denied_Dec06.pdf|archive-date=2009-06-18|ref={{sfnRef|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2006}}}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902191009/http://www.iranhrdc.org/httpdocs/English/pdfs/PressReleases/2008/Press-05-15-08.pdf |date=2 Septemba 2010 }} *{{Cite press release|publisher=Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|date=15 May 2008b|title=IHRDC Yalaani Kukamatwa kwa Wabaháʼí Wanaoongoza|url=http://www.iranhrdc.org/httpdocs/English/pdfs/PressReleases/2008/Press-05-15-08.pdf|access-date=17 May 2008|ref={{sfnRef|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2008b}}|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902191009/http://www.iranhrdc.org/httpdocs/English/pdfs/PressReleases/2008/Press-05-15-08.pdf|archive-date=2 September 2010|archivedate=2 Septemba 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902191009/http://www.iranhrdc.org/httpdocs/English/pdfs/PressReleases/2008/Press-05-15-08.pdf}} *{{Cite report|publisher=Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|date=November 2008|title=Uhalifu dhidi ya Ubinadamu: Mashambulizi ya Jamhuri ya Kiislamu dhidi ya Wabaháʼí|location=New Haven, CN|ref={{sfnRef|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2008}}|url=http://www.iranhrdc.org/httpdocs/English/pdfs/Reports/Crimes-against-Humanity_Nov08.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902192809/http://www.iranhrdc.org/httpdocs/English/pdfs/Reports/Crimes-against-Humanity_Nov08.pdf|archive-date=2 September 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902192809/http://www.iranhrdc.org/httpdocs/English/pdfs/Reports/Crimes-against-Humanity_Nov08.pdf |date=2 Septemba 2010 }} *{{Cite web|url=http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/5E72D6B7B624AABBC125713700572D09?opendocument|title=Mwandishi Maalum kuhusu Uhuru wa Dini au Imani ana wasiwasi kuhusu jinsi wafuasi wa Dini ya Baháʼí nchini Iran wanavyotendewa|last=Jahangir|first=Asma|date=20 March 2006|publisher=United Nations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426122357/http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/5E72D6B7B624AABBC125713700572D09?opendocument|archive-date=26 April 2006|access-date=1 June 2006|url-status=live}} *{{Cite thesis|last=Lundberg|first=Zaid|date=2005|type=Master of Arts thesis|title=Ufunuo wa Mwisho katika Dini ya Bahá'í: Dhana ya Ufunuo wa Maendeleo|chapter=Dhana ya Ufunuo wa Maendeleo|chapter-url=http://bahai-library.com/lundberg_bahai_apocalypticism|access-date=1 May 2007|publisher=Department of History of Religion at the Faculty of Theology, Lund University, Sweden}} *{{Cite web|url=http://sim.law.uu.nl/SIM/CaseLaw/uncom.nsf/0/e7b8824bdd987268c1256fa8004a8753?OpenDocument|title=Iran, Jamhuri ya Kiislamu ya|author=Netherlands Institute of Human Rights|date=8 March 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060502110349/http://sim.law.uu.nl/SIM/CaseLaw/uncom.nsf/0/e7b8824bdd987268c1256fa8004a8753?OpenDocument|archive-date=2 May 2006|access-date=31 May 2006|url-status=dead}} {{refend}} [[Jamii:Bahai]] 95b83wuimx6f53uv7gsxh93g36rce71 1592700 1592692 2026-08-28T16:42:43Z FurahaKamili3 68209 /* Nyumba za Ibada */ 1592700 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Seat_of_the_House_of_Justice.jpg|kulia|thumb|300x300px|[[Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu]] huko [[Haifa]], [[Israeli]], ndicho chombo cha juu kabisa cha Wabaháʼí]]Dini ya Kibaháʼí ni dini iliyoanzishwa katika karne ya 19 inayofundisha umoja wa Mungu, umoja wa dini, na umoja wa binadamu. Ilianzishwa na [[Baháʼu'lláh]], na ilienea kwanza nchini Iran na katika baadhi ya maeneo ya [[Mashariki ya Kati]], ambako imekabiliwa na mateso ya kudumu tangu mwanzo wake.{{sfn|Affolter|2005}} Wafuasi wa dini hii huitwa Wabaháʼí, na leo wameenea katika nchi na maeneo mengi duniani'''.''' Kwa mujibu wa Dini ya Kibaháʼí, dini zote kuu za ulimwengu zina chanzo kimoja cha kiungu. Katika nyakati tofauti za historia, Mungu amewatuma wajumbe mbalimbali kuwaletea wanadamu mwongozo unaolingana na mahitaji ya wakati wao. Wabaháʼí humtambua [[Baháʼu'lláh]] kuwa Mdhihirishaji wa Mungu kwa wakati huu, ambaye ujumbe wake unalenga kuunganisha wanadamu wote. Katika maandiko yake, anaeleza kwamba "dunia yote ni nchi moja na Binadamu ni raia wake." == Imani ya Kibahá'í == Mafundisho ya [[Bahaʼullah|Baháʼu'lláh]] ndiyo msingi wa imani ya Kibaháʼí. Kiini cha mafundisho hayo ni kanuni tatu: umoja wa Mungu, umoja wa dini, na umoja wa binadamu. Wabaháʼí wanaamini kwamba Mungu hufunua mapenzi yake kwa wanadamu hatua kwa hatua kupitia wadhihirishaji wake. Kupitia ufunuo huo, tabia ya mwanadamu na maisha ya jamii hubadilishwa, na sifa za kiroho na kimaadili hukuzwa. Kwa sababu hiyo, dini hueleweka kuwa mchakato wa ufunuo uendeleao, unaoleta mwendelezo, mpangilio, na umoja katika historia ya binadamu.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=108–109}} === Mungu === Kulingana na maandiko ya Kibaháʼí, Mungu hufafanuliwa kuwa mmoja, wa milele, ajuaye yote, aliyepo kila mahali, asiyoharibika, na mwenye nguvu zote ambaye ni Muumba wa vitu vyote katika ulimwengu.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=106}} Kuwepo kwa Mungu huchukuliwa kuwa kwa milele, bila mwanzo wala mwisho. Ingawa Mungu yuko nje ya ufikivu wa moja kwa moja wa mwanadamu, bado anafahamu uumbaji wake na ana mapenzi na kusudi ambalo hulieleza kwa wanadamu kupitia Wajumbe wake wanaoitwa Wadhihirishaji wa Mungu.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=106–107, 111–112}} Dhana ya Mungu katika imani ya Kibaháʼí ni ya "asili isiyojulikana" ambayo ndiyo chanzo cha uwepo wote na inayotambulika kupitia ufahamu wa sifa za kibinadamu. [nukuu inahitajika] Kwa maana nyingine, mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí kuhusu Mungu pia yana mwelekeo wa kuona ishara za Mungu katika vitu vyote, lakini yanafundisha kwamba uhalisi wa Mungu uko juu ya ulimwengu wa kimwili. Mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí yanasema kwamba Mungu ni mkuu kiasi kwamba mwanadamu hawezi kumwelewa kikamilifu, na kwa msingi huo mwanadamu hawezi kujijengea mwenyewe taswira kamili na sahihi ya Mungu. Kwa hiyo, kumjua Mungu kunawezekana tu kupitia kwa Wadhihirishaji wake, na ufahamu wa kusudi lake na mapenzi yake hupatikana pia kupitia kwao tu.{{sfn|Cole|1982}} Katika Dini ya Kibaháʼí, Mungu mara nyingi hurejelewa kwa vyeo na sifa zake (kwa mfano, Mwenye nguvu zote, au Mwenye upendo kwa wote), na kuna msisitizo mkubwa juu ya umoja wa Mungu mmoja. Mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí yanaeleza kwamba sifa hizi hazitumiki kwa Mungu kwa namna ya moja kwa moja, bali hutumiwa kutafsiri uungu kwa lugha ya kibinadamu na kuwasaidia watu kuelekeza fikra zao kwenye sifa zake katika kumwabudu Mungu ili kukuza uwezo wao katika njia yao ya kiroho.{{sfn|Hatcher|2005}} Kulingana na mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí, kusudi la mwanadamu ni kujifunza kumjua na kumpenda Mungu kwa njia kama vile sala, tafakari, na kuwatumikia wengine.{{sfn|Hatcher|2005}} === Dini === Kutokana na dhana ya Kibaháʼí ya ufunuo uendeleao, Dini zote kuu za ulimwengu ni halali, ambazo waasisi na wahusika wake wakuu huonwa kuwa Wadhihirishaji wa Mungu.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=14}} Historia ya dini hufasiriwa kama mfululizo wa vipindi, ambapo kila Mdhihirishaji huleta ufunuo ulio mpana zaidi na ulioendelea zaidi, unaowasilishwa kama maandiko matakatifu na kupitishwa katika historia kwa kutegemewa kwa viwango tofauti, lakini angalau ukiwa wa kweli katika kiini chake,{{sfn|Stockman|2013|p=40–42}} na unaofaa kwa wakati na mahali ulipofunuliwa.{{sfn|Daume|Watson|1992}} Mafundisho maalumu ya kijamii ya kidini (kwa mfano, mwelekeo wa sala, au vizuizi vya chakula) yanaweza kufutwa na Mdhihirishaji anayefuata ili hitaji linalofaa zaidi kwa wakati na mahali liweze kuwekwa. Kinyume chake, kanuni fulani za jumla (kwa mfano, udugu, au hisani) huonwa kuwa za ulimwengu wote na thabiti. Katika Dini ya Kibaháʼí, mchakato huu wa ufunuo endelevu hautakoma; hata hivyo, huonwa kuwa wa mzunguko. === Agano === Wabaháʼí wanatilia mkazo sana umoja, na Baháʼu'lláh aliweka wazi sheria za kuifanya jumuiya ibaki pamoja na kutatua kutokukubaliana. Ndani ya mfumo huu hakuna mfuasi yeyote binafsi anayeweza kupendekeza tafsiri 'iliyovuviwa' au 'yenye mamlaka' ya maandiko, na watu binafsi hukubali kuunga mkono mstari wa mamlaka uliowekwa katika maandiko ya Kibaháʼí.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=20}} Utaratibu huu umeifanya jumuiya ya Wabaháʼí kubaki yenye umoja na umezuia mpasuko wowote mkubwa. Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu ndiyo mamlaka ya mwisho ya kutatua kutokukubaliana kokote miongoni mwa Wabaháʼí, na majaribio kadhaa ya kuleta mgawanyiko{{sfn|Stockman|2020|p=36–37}} aidha yametoweka au yamebaki kuwa madogo sana. Wafuasi wa migawanyiko hiyo huchukuliwa kuwa wavunja agano na huepukwa.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=173}} === Kanuni za Kijamii === Wakati [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]] aliposafiri kwa mara ya kwanza kwenda Ulaya na Marekani mwaka 1911–1912, alitoa hotuba za hadhara ambazo zilifafanua kanuni za msingi za Dini ya Kibaháʼí.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=52–53}} Hizi zilijumuisha mafundisho kuhusu usawa wa wanaume na wanawake, umoja wa mbari ya binadamu, haja ya amani ya ulimwengu, na mawazo mengine yaliyochuliwa endelevu ya mwanzoni mwa karne ya 20. Dhana ya umoja wa binadamu, ambayo Wabaháʼí wanaiona kama ukweli wa kale, ni mahali ambapo mawazo mengi yameanzia. Usawa wa mbari ya binadamu na Uondoaji wa utajiri kupita kiasi na umaskini uliokithiri kwa mfano, ni matokeo ya umoja huo.{{sfn|Stockman|2013|p=9}} Matokeo mengine ya dhana hiyo ni haja ya shirikisho la dunia lililoungana, na baadhi ya mapendekezo ya kivitendo ya kuhimiza utekelezaji wake ni pamoja na lugha moja ya ulimwengu wote, mfumo sanifu wa uchumi na vipimo, elimu ya lazima kwa wote, na kuanzishwa kwa mahakama ya kimataifa ya usuluhishi kwa ajili ya kutatua migogoro baina ya mataifa. Kuhusiana na jitihada za amani ya ulimwengu, Baháʼu'lláh alieleza mpango wa mfumo wa pamoja wa usalama wa dunia nzima.{{sfn|Smith|2000|p=266–267}} Nyinginezo ya kanuni za Kibahai za kijamii huzungukia umoja wa kiroho. Dini huchukuliwa kuwa inayoendelea kutoka zama moja hadi nyingine, lakini ili kutambua Ufunuo mpya, mtu anapaswa kujitenga na tamaduni na ukweli uchunguzwe kwa kujitegemea. Wabaháʼí hufundishwa kuiona dini kama chanzo cha umoja, na kuona chuki ya kidini kuwa ya uharibifu. Sayansi pia huonwa kuwa yenye upatano na dini ya kweli.{{sfn|Iranica-The Faith|1988}} Ingawa Baháʼu'lláh na ʻAbdu'l-Bahá waliita kuwepo kwa dunia iliyoungana iliyo huru kutokana na vita, pia wanatarajia kwamba kwa muda mrefu, amani ya kudumu (Amani Kuu Kabisa) itaanzishwa na kwamba "ufisadi mkubwa" utasafishwa. Ni muhimu kwamba watu wa dunia waungane chini ya imani ya ulimwengu mzima, wakiwa na sifa za kiroho na maadili ili kukamilisha ustaarabu wa kimwili.{{sfn|Smith|2000|p=266–267}} == '''Historia''' == Mwanzo wa [[Baháʼí|Dini ya Kibaháʼí]] uanzia katika dini ya [[Báb]] na harakati ya Shaykhi iliyotangulia mara moja kabla yake. Báb alikuwa mfanyabiashara ambaye alianza kuhubiri mwaka wa 1844 kwamba yeye ni mjumbe aliyeleta ufunuo mpya wa Mungu, lakini alikataliwa na wengi wa makasisi wa Kiislamu nchini Iran, na akauawa hadharani kwa kosa la uzushi.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=11}} Báb alifundisha kwamba Mungu angeleta mjumbe mpya hivi karibuni, na Wabaháʼí humtambua [[Baháʼu'lláh]] kuwa ndiye mjumbe huyo.{{sfn|A.V.|2017}} Ingawa anatambulika kuwa mjumbe wa Mungu kwa haki yake, Báb ameunganishwa kwa karibu sana na teolojia na historia ya Kibaháʼí kiasi kwamba Wabaháʼí huadhimisha kuzaliwa kwake, kifo chake, na kujitangaza kwake kama siku takatifu, na humhesabu kuwa mmoja wa wakuu wa tatu wa Imani (pamoja na Baháʼu'lláh na [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]]). Masimulizi ya kihistoria ya harakati ya Kibábí (''The Dawn-Breakers'') huchukuliwa kuwa mojawapo ya vitabu vitatu ambavyo kila Mbaháʼí anapaswa "kuvimudu" na kuvisoma "tena na tena".<ref>From a letter written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi to an individual believer dated 9 June 1932</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 1892, wakati wa kifo cha Baháʼu'lláh, jamii ya Wabaháʼí ilikuwa bado imejikita hasa nchini Iran na katika Milki ya Ottoman, na wakati huo ilikuwa na wafuasi katika nchi 13 za Asia na Afrika.{{sfn|Taherzadeh|1987|p=125}} Chini ya uongozi wa mwanawe, [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]], dini hiyo ilijikita Ulaya na Amerika, na kuimarika nchini Iran, ambako bado inakabiliwa na mateso makali.{{sfn|Affolter|2005}} Kifo cha ʻAbdu'l-Bahá mwaka wa 1921 kinaashiria mwisho wa kipindi kinachoitwa "Zama za Ushujaa" cha Dini ya Kibaháʼí.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=56}} === Báb === {{Main|Bab}} Jioni ya tarehe 22 Mei 1844, Siyyid Ali-Muhammad wa [[Shiraz]] alijitangaza kwa ulimwengu na akachukua cheo cha "Báb" (الباب), chenye maana ya "lango", akidai kuwa ndiye [[Mahdi]] anayengojewa katika [[Uislamu wa Kishia]].{{sfn|Affolter|2005}} Hivyo wafuasi wake walijulikana kama Wabábí. Kadiri mafundisho ya Báb yalivyoenea, ambayo [[makasisi]] wa Kiislamu waliyaona kuwa ni kufuru, wafuasi wake walikabiliwa na mateso na dhuluma zilizoongezeka.{{sfn|Daume|Watson|1992}} Migogoro iliongezeka hadi kufikia kuzingirwa kijeshi katika maeneo kadhaa na majeshi ya Shah. Báb mwenyewe alifungwa gerezani na hatimaye akauawa mwaka wa 1850.{{sfn|MacEoin|2009|p=414}} Wabahá’í humwona [[Báb]] kama mtangulizi wa [[Baháʼí|Dini ya Kibaháʼí]], kwa kuwa maandiko ya Báb yaliwasilisha dhana ya "Yule ambaye Mungu atamdhihirisha", mtu wa kimasiya ambaye kuja kwake, kulingana na Wabaháʼí, kulitangazwa katika maandiko yote makuu ya dini za ulimwengu.{{sfn|Daume|Watson|1992}} Na [[Baháʼu'lláh]] mwanzilishi wa Dini ya Kibahai hudai ndiye huyo. Kaburi la Báb, lililoko kwenye Mlima Carmel [[Haifa]], [[Israeli]], ni mahali muhimu pa hija kwa Wabaháʼí. Mabaki ya Báb yaliletwa kwa siri kutoka Iran hadi Nchi Takatifu na hatimaye yakazikwa katika kaburi lililojengwa kwa ajili yake mahali palipoainishwa mahsusi na Baháʼu'lláh.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=75–76}} Maandiko ya Báb yanachukuliwa na Wabaháʼí kuwa maandiko matakatifu ya dini, ingawa yamebadilishwa na sheria na mafundisho ya Baháʼu'lláh.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=101}} Maandiko makuu ya Báb yaliyotafsiriwa kwa Kiingereza yamekusanywa katika kitabu kiitwacho ''Selections from the Writings of the Báb'' (1976), ambacho kina takribani maandiko 135 kutoka maandiko ya Báb.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=102}} === Bahá'u'lláh === {{Main|Bahaʼullah }} Mírzá Husayn ʻAlí Núrí alikuwa miongoni mwa wafuasi wa kwanza wa Báb, na baadaye alichukua cheo cha Bahá'u'lláh. Mnamo Agosti 1852,{{sfn|Warburg|2006|p=145}} Baadhi ya Wabábí walifanya jaribio ambalo halikufanikiwa la kumuua Shah, Násiri'd-Dín Sháh Qájár. Shah alijibu kwa kuamuru mauaji na, katika baadhi ya matukio, kuwatesa karibu Wabábí 50 mjini Tehran.{{sfn|Warburg|2006|p=146}} Zaidi ya hayo umwagaji damu ulienea kote nchini, na mamia waliripotiwa kuuwawa kwenye magazeti katika kipindi cha hadi Oktoba, na maelfu zaidi waliuwawa hadi mwisho wa Desemba.<ref>{{*}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10893156/hundreds_of_babis_executed_babibahai/|title=Persia – The Journal de Constantinople|date=3 Nov 1852|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=Sep 6, 2022|location=London, UK|page=2|via=Newspapers.com}} {{*}}{{Cite news|url=http://www.newspapers.com/clip/871886/hundreds_of_babis_killed_following/|title=Persia|date=17 November 1852|newspaper=The Sun|access-date=Sep 6, 2022|location=Baltimore, MD|page=1|via=Newspapers.com}} {{*}}{{Cite news|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/search/results?basicsearch=%22babs%20was%20awful%2C%20and%20that%2020%2C000%20or%2030%2C000%22&phrasesearch=%22babs%20was%20awful%2C%20and%20that%2020%2C000%20or%2030%2C000%22&sortorder=score&o=date&d=asc|title=Turkey|date=20 December 1852|newspaper=London Standard|access-date=Sep 6, 2022|location=London, UK|page=3|via=BritishNewspaperArchive.co.uk}}{{subscription required}}</ref> Bahá'u'lláh hakuhusika katika jaribio hilo la mauaji, lakini alifungwa katika gereza la Siyah-Chal huko Tehran hadi kuachiliwa kwake kulipopangwa miezi minne baadaye baada ya balozi wa Urusi kuingilia jambo hilo, mara tu baada ya hapo alifukuzwa kutoka Iran na kusafiri hadi Baghdad, kisha sehemu ya Milki ya Ottoman, ambapo alijiunga na Wabábí wengine katika uhamisho.{{sfn|Warburg|2006|p=146–147}} {{sfn|Hutter|2005|p=737–740}} Huko Baghdad, uongozi wake uliamsha upya wafuasi wa Báb waliokuwa wakiteswa nchini Iran, hivyo mamlaka ya Irani ikaomba aondolewe, jambo lililosababisha kuamishwa kwake kwenda Constantinople (sasa [[Istanbul]]) na Sultani wa Ottoman. Mnamo 1863, wakati wa kufukuzwa kwake kutoka Baghdad, Bahá'u'lláh kwa mara ya kwanza alitangaza mbele ya familia yake na wafuasi wake dai lake la kuwa Mdhihirishaji wa Mungu, jambo ambalo alisema alikuwa amelifahamu miaka kadhaa kabla akiwa katika gereza la Siyah-Chal huko Tehran. Alikaa Konstantinople kwa muda usiofika miezi minne. Mamlaka ya Ottoman walimgeuka kwa sababu ya uchongezi uliyofanywa na balozi wa Persia, ambapo Serikali ya Sultani iliamuru kuhamishwa kwake kwenda Adrianople (sasa [[Edirne]]), ambapo Bahá'u'lláh alijibu kwa barua yenye onyo kali. Huko Adrianople walimweka chini ya kifungo cha nyumbani ambako alikaa kwa miaka minne, hadi amri ya kifalme ya mwaka 1868 ilipowahamisha Wababi wote kwenda ama [[Cyprus]] au 'Akká. 'Akka, ambao wakati huo ulikuwa katika jimbo la Ottoman la Syria na leo uko katika dola ya Israeli, ulikuwa mji wenye kuta na lango la nchi kavu pamoja na lango la baharini, ambapo wageni wote walikaguliwa. Hivyo ilikuwa rahisi sana kuwazuia mahujaji wa Kiajemi waliokuwa wakisafiri kwenda kwa Bahá'u'lláh, hasa kwa kuwa Wafuasi wa Mirza Yahya walikuwa wamefungwa mjini humo pia, walikuwa wakitoa taarifa mara moja kuhusu Mbaháʼí yeyote aliyefaulu kuwapita walinzi wa langoni. 'Akka ilitumiwa na serikali ya Ottoman kama mahali pa kifungo kwa wafungwa wa kisiasa. Hali za mji huo zilikuwa mbaya sana kiafya kiasi kwamba iliaminika kwamba wale ambao hawakuwa wamezoea hali hizo wangekufa upesi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The world of the Bahá'í Faith|last=Stockman|first=Robert|date=2022|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Abingdon, Oxon ; New York|pages=325}}</ref> Ilikuwa katika koloni la Ottoman la ʻAkká au karibu nayo (Katika eneo la Israel ya sasa), Baháʼu'lláh alitumia sehemu iliyobaki ya maisha yake. Mwanzoni baada ya kifungo kikali na chenye masharti magumu, aliruhusiwa kuishi katika nyumba karibu na ʻAkká, ingawa bado alikuwa mfungwa rasmi wa mji huo.{{sfn|Iranica-Baha'-Allah|1988}} Alifariki mwaka wa 1892. Wabaháʼí huchukulia mahali pake pa kupumzika huko Bahjí kuwa Qiblih wanakoelekea kila siku wanaposali.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=20–21, 28}} Aliandika zaidi ya maandiko 18,000 katika [[Kiarabu]] na [[Kifarsi]] wakati wa uhai wake, ambayo asilimia 8 tu ndiyo yametafsiriwa kwa [[Lugha ya Kiingereza|Kiingereza]].{{sfn|Stockman|2013|p=2}} Katika kipindi chake huko Adrianople, alianza kutangaza utume wake kama mjumbe wa Mungu katika barua alizowaandikia watawala wa kidini na wa kidunia, wakiwemo [[Papa Pius IX]], [[Napoleon III]] na [[Malkia Victoria]].{{sfn|Berry|2004}} === ʻAbdu'l-Bahá === {{Main|ʻAbdu'l-Bahá}} Abbás Effendi alikuwa mwana mkubwa wa kiume wa Bahá'u'lláh, anayejulikana kwa cheo cha ʻAbdu'l-Bahá ("Mtumishi wa Bahá"). Baba yake aliacha wosia uliomteua ʻAbdu'l-Bahá kuwa kitovu cha agano la jamii ya Wabaháʼí.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=73–76}} ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alishiriki na baba yake kipindi kirefu cha uhamisho na kifungo, ambacho kiliendelea hadi kuachiliwa kwa ʻAbdu'l-Bahá mwaka wa 1908 kutokana na Mapinduzi ya Waturuki Vijana. Baada ya kuachiliwa kwake, aliishi maisha ya kusafiri, akitoa hotuba, akifundisha, akielezea kanuni za Dini ya Kibahai na huku akiendeleza mawasiliano kwa barua na jumuiya za waumini na watu binafsi.{{sfn|Hutter|2005|p=737–740}} Tangu mwanzo wa maisha yake, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alishiriki magumu ya baba yake kutokana na mateso ya Wabábí nchini Iran na baadaye wakati wa uhamisho wao kutoka Tehran kwenda Baghdad, Istanbul, Edirne na ‘Akká. Alikuwa mshirika wa karibu wa Baháʼu'lláh, msimamizi mkuu na mwakilishi wa kuaminika wa mambo ya nje katika Milki ya Ottoman. Kwa Wabaháʼí, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá ni "Mwalimu", kama alivyoitwa na baba yake, na ndiye mfano bora wa mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The world of the Bahá'í Faith|last=Stockman|first=Robert|date=2022|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Abingdon, Oxon ; New York|pages=71}}</ref> Kufikia mwaka wa 2020, kuna zaidi ya nyaraka 38,000 zilizopo zinazojumuisha maneno ya [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]].{{sfn|Yazdani|2022}} Ni sehemu kidogo tu ya nyaraka hizi ambayo imetafsiriwa kwa [[Lugha ya Kiingereza|Kiingereza]]. Miongoni mwa maandiko yake maarufu ni ''Siri ya Ustaarabu Mtakatifu'', ''Baadhi ya Maswali Yaliyojibiwa'', ''Waraka kwa Auguste-Henri Forel'', ''Nyaraka za Mpango Mtakatifu'', na ''Waraka kwa Hague''.{{sfn|Yazdani|2022}} Zaidi ya hayo, wakati wa safari zake za Magharibi, maandishi ya hotuba zake nyingi yalichapishwa katika matoleo mbalimbali kama vile ''Hekima ya Abdu'l-Bahá'' . === Shoghi Effendi === {{Main|Shoghi Effendi }} Kitáb-i-Aqdas cha Baháʼu'lláh na Wasia na Agano la ʻAbdu'l-Bahá ni nyaraka za msingi za utawala wa Kibaháʼí. Baháʼu'lláh aliamuru kuanzishwa kwa Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu inayochaguliwa, na ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alianzisha ulinzi wa kurithi unaoteuliwa na akafafanua uhusiano kati ya Asasi hizo mbili.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=55–57}} Katika wasia wake ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alimteua mjukuu wake mkubwa, Shoghi Effendi, kuwa Mlinzi wa Dini ya Kibaháʼí. Shoghi Effendi alitumikia kama mkuu wa dini hiyo kwa miaka 36.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=55}} [[Picha:Shoghi_Effendi2.jpg|thumb|Shoghi Effendi, mjukuu wa ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]] Katika maisha yake yote, Shoghi Effendi alitafsiri maandiko ya Kibaháʼí; aliendeleza mipango ya kimataifa kwa ajili ya kupanua jumuiya ya Kibaháʼí; aliendeleza Makao Makuu ya Kibahai ya Ulimwengu; aliendeleza mawasiliano mapana na jumuiya na watu binafsi duniani kote; na alijenga muundo wa kiutawala wa dini, akiitayarisha jumuiya kwa ajili ya uchaguzi wa Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu.{{sfn|Hutter|2005|p=737–740}} Mnamo mwaka wa 1937, Shoghi Effendi alianza Mpango wa Miaka Saba kwa Wabaháʼí wa Amerika Kaskazini, ukifuatiwa na mpango wa pili mwaka wa 1946. Mwaka wa 1953, alizindua mpango wa kwanza wa kimataifa, Mpango wa Miaka Kumi. Mpango huu ulijumuisha malengo makubwa sana ya kupanua jumuiya na asasi za Kibaháʼí, kutafsiri maandiko ya Kibaháʼí katika lugha nyingi mpya, na kuwapeleka watangulizi wa Kibaháʼí katika nchi ambazo hapo awali hazikuwa zimefikiwa.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=64}} Alitangaza katika barua wakati wa Mpango wa Miaka Kumi kwamba ungefuatiwa na mipango mingine chini ya uongozi wa Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu, ambayo ilichaguliwa mwaka wa 1963 mwishoni mwa Mpango huwo. Shoghi Effendi aliacha alama kubwa juu ya jumuiya ya Wabaháʼí ambayo hadi leo inaendelea kuwa na athari ya kina. Ufafanuzi wake wa maandiko ya Kibaháʼí unachukuliwa kuwa wa mamlaka, hivyo ni wa msingi kwa uelewa wa teolojia na sheria ya Kibaháʼí, pamoja na mafundisho ya kijamii ya Kibaháʼí. Maandishi yake kuhusu utawala wa Kibaháʼí yanaendelea kuwa chanzo muhimu cha mwongozo kuhusu jinsi asasi za Kibaháʼí zinavyopaswa kufanya kazi.<ref name=":0" /> Shoghi Effendi alifariki dunia bila kutarajiwa tarehe 4 Novemba 1957 huko London, Uingereza, baada ya ugonjwa wa muda mfupi, katika hali ambayo haikuruhusu kuteuliwa kwa mrithi.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=58–69}} === Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu === {{Main|Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu }} Tangu mwaka wa 1963, Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu imekuwa asasi ya juu kabisa iliyochaguliwa ya Dini ya Kibaháʼí. Majukumu ya jumla ya asasi hii ya kimungu yamefafanuliwa kupitia maandiko ya Baháʼu'lláh na kufafanuliwa zaidi katika maandiko ya ʻAbdu'l-Bahá na Shoghi Effendi. Majukumu haya yanajumuisha ufundishaji na elimu, kutekeleza sheria za Kibaháʼí, kushughulikia masuala ya kijamii, na kuwajali wanyonge na maskini.{{sfn|Iranica-Bayt-al-'adl|1989}} [[Picha:Seat_of_the_House_of_Justice.jpg|kushoto|thumb|Makao ya Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu huko Haifa]] Kuanzia na Mpango wa Miaka Tisa ulioanza mwaka wa 1964, Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu imekuwa ikielekeza kazi ya jamii ya Wabaháʼí kupitia mfululizo wa mipango ya kimataifa ya miaka kadhaa.{{sfn|Smith|Momen|1989}} Kuanzia na Mpango wa Miaka Tisa ulioanza mwaka wa 1964, uongozi wa Kibaháʼí ulitafuta si tu kuendeleza upanuzi wa dini, bali pia "kuwaimarisha" waumini wapya, yaani kuongeza maarifa yao kuhusu mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí.{{sfn|Fozdar|2015}} Katika muktadha huu, katika miaka ya 1970, Taasisi ya Ruhi ilianzishwa na Wabaháʼí nchini Kolombia ili kutoa kozi fupi ya nini Wabaháʼí wana amini, zenye urefu wa siku za mwisho wa juma hadi siku tisa.{{sfn|Fozdar|2015}} Taasisi inayohusiana nayo, Ruhi Foundation, ambayo lengo lake lilikuwa kuwaimarisha Wabaháʼí wapya kimpangilio, ilisajiliwa mwaka wa 1992, na tangu mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990 kozi za Taasisi ya Ruhi zimekuwa njia kuu ya kuongeza uelewa wa mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí duniani kote.{{sfn|Fozdar|2015}} Kufikia mwaka wa 2013 kulikuwa na zaidi ya taasisi za mafunzo 300 za Kibaháʼí duniani kote na watu 100,000 walikuwa wakishiriki katika kozi hizo. Kozi za Taasisi ya Ruhi hufundisha jamii jinsi ya kuandaa, miongoni mwa shughuli nyingine, madarasa ya elimu ya kiroho kwa watoto na vijana. Kwa jamii ya Kibaháʼí ya wakati huu, Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu pia imehimiza ushiriki katika shughuli za kijamii na kushiriki katika mijadala iliyoenea ya jamii.{{sfn|Stockman|2013|p=203}} Kila mwaka, tarehe 21 mwezi wa Aprili, Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu hutuma ujumbe wa 'Ridván' kwa jamuiya ya Wabaháʼí ulimwenguni kote, ambao huwafahamisha Wabaháʼí kuhusu maendeleo ya sasa na kutoa mwongozo zaidi kwa mwaka unaofuata.{{efn|Ujumbe wote wa Ridván unaweza kupatikana katika [http://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages Bahai.org].}} Katika ngazi ya mahali, kanda na kitaifa, Wabaháʼí huchagua wajumbe wa mabaraza ya kiroho yenye watu tisa, ambayo huendesha shughuli za dini. Pia kuna watu walioteuliwa wanaofanya kazi katika ngazi mbalimbali, ikiwemo ngazi ya mahali na ya kimataifa, ambao hutekeleza kazi ya kueneza mafundisho na kuilinda jamii. Watu hao hawafanyi kazi kama makasisi au mapadri, kwa kuwa Dini ya Kibaháʼí haina tabaka la ukuhani.{{sfn|Daume|Watson|1992}}{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=160}} Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu ndiyo chombo cha juu kabisa cha uongozi wa Dini ya Kibaháʼí, na wajumbe wake tisa huchaguliwa kila baada ya miaka mitano na wajumbe wa Mabaraza yote ya Kiroho ya Kitaifa.{{sfn|Warburg|2001|p=20}} Mbaháʼí yeyote mwanaume mwenye umri wa miaka 21 au zaidi anastahili kuchaguliwa kuwa mjumbe wa Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu; nyadhifa zote nyingine ziko wazi kwa Wabaháʼí wanaume na wanawake.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=205}} Katika mojawapo ya nyaraka zake Baháʼu'lláh anaandika kwamba "kusudi la msingi la kuhuisha imani kwa Mungu na kwa dini yake ni kulinda maslahi ya wanadamu, kukuza umoja wa jamii ya binadamu, na kuendeleza roho ya upendo na udugu miongoni mwa watu." Kupitia agano lake, Baháʼu'lláh alithibitisha kwamba wajumbe wa jamii ya Wabaháʼí daima watakuwa na kituo cha mamlaka kisichokosea, jambo linalohakikisha umoja wa kudumu na unaoendelea wa jamii. Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu sasa ndiyo kituo hicho cha mamlaka, chenye wajibu wa kushughulikia masuala yanayohusiana na kutekeleza utaratibu wa dunia uliotabiriwa na Baháʼu'lláh. Hivyo basi, miongoni mwa mamlaka na majukumu yake mengine mengi, hutatua matatizo yanayohitaji ufafanuzi au ambayo yanaweza kuwa chanzo cha mizozo, husimamia maendeleo ya Hoja na usimamizi wa mambo yake, huweka sheria na kanuni zinazohitajika kwa maendeleo endelevu ya jamii, na hutoa mfululizo endelevu wa mwongozo unaotia moyo na kuandaa jitihada za Wabaháʼí na washirika wao katika kukuza umoja wa wanadamu.<ref name=":0" /> == Mafundisho na kanuni == Kanuni kuu za Dini ya Kibaháʼí ni - * Mungu ni mmoja * Dini zote zina chanzo kimoja<ref name=":0" /> * Umoja wa Binadamu * Amani ya ulimwengu * Haki kwa wote * Usawa wa wanawake na wanaume * Elimu ya lazima kwa wote<ref name=":0" /> * Upatano wa sayansi na dini * Uondoaji wa umasikini na utajiri uliopitiliza * Suluhisho la kiroho kwa matatizo ya kimwili<ref name=":0" /> Mifano kadhaa ya mafundisho ya Bahá'u'lláh kuhusu mwenendo wa mtu binafsi ni yafuatayo, ambayo ni ya lazima au yanahimizwa kwa wafuasi wake: * Wabaháʼí wenye umri wa zaidi ya miaka 15 wanapaswa kusoma katika faragha sala moja ya lazima kila siku, kwa kutumia maneno na vitendo maalum vilivyoainishwa.{{sfn|Schaefer|2002|p=334}} * Mbali na sala ya lazima ya kila siku, Wabaháʼí wanapaswa kusali kila siku na kufanya tafakari pamoja na kusoma maandiko matakatifu.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=161–162}} * Wabaháʼí watu wazima, isipokuwa kwa baadhi ya msamaha, wanapaswa kufunga mfungo wa siku kumi na tisa kila mwaka katika mwezi wa Machi.{{sfn|Schaefer|2002|p=339–340}} * Kuna masharti maalum ya maziko ya Kibaháʼí, yakiwemo sala maalum inayopaswa kusomwa wakati wa mazishi. Kutilia manukato au dawa mwili wa marehemu na kuchoma maiti kunakataliwa.{{sfn|Iranica-Burial|2020}} === Makatazo === Yafuatayo ni baadhi ya matendo ya mwenendo binafsi ambayo yamekatazwa au yamehimizwa kuepukwa katika mafundisho ya Baháʼu'lláh: * Uchongezi na usengenyaji vimekatazwa na kulaaniwa.{{sfn|Schaefer|2002|p=330–332}} * Kunywa na kuuza pombe ni marufuku.{{sfn|Schaefer|2002|p=323}} * Kujamiiana kunaruhusiwa kati ya mume na mke pekee, na kwa hiyo, ngono kabla ya ndoa na ngono nje ya ndoa zote zimekatazwa.{{sfn|Schaefer|2002|p=326}} * Kushiriki katika siasa za vyama ni marufuku.{{sfn|McMullen|2015|p=69, 136, 149, 253–254, 269}} * Kuombaomba kama kazi ni marufuku.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=154–155}} Utekelezaji wa sheria za kibinafsi, kama vile sala au kufunga, ni wajibu wa mtu binafsi pekee.{{sfn|Schaefer|2002|p=339}} Hata hivyo, kuna nyakati ambapo Mbaháʼí anaweza kuondolewa kiutawala kutoka katika jumuiya kwa kupuuza sheria hadharani, au kwa uasherati wa kupindukia. Kuondolewa huko kunasimamiwa na Baraza la Kiroho la Kitaifa na hakuhusishi kutengwa kabisa.{{sfn|Schaefer|2002|p=348–349}} === Ndoa === Katika Dini ya Kibaháʼí, kusudi la ndoa kimsingi ni kukuza upatano wa kiroho, urafiki na umoja kati ya mwanamume mmoja na mwanamke mmoja, na kutoa mazingira thabiti na yenye upendo kwa malezi ya watoto.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=164–165}} Mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí kuhusu ndoa huiita kuwa ni ngome ya ustawi na wokovu na huweka ndoa na familia kama msingi wa muundo wa jamii ya wanadamu.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=164}} Baháʼu'lláh alisifu sana ndoa, alikataza talaka, na alidai usafi nje ya ndoa; Baháʼu'lláh alifundisha kwamba mume na mke wanapaswa kujitahidi kuboresha maisha ya kiroho ya kila mmoja.{{sfn|Momen|2022}} Ndoa za baina ya makabila na baina ya rangi pia zimesifiwa sana katika maandiko yote ya Kibaháʼí.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=164}} [[Picha:BahaiTempleWilmette.jpg|thumb|Nyumba ya Ibada ya Kibaháʼí nchini Marekani]] Wabaháʼí wanaotamani kufunga ndoa wanashauriwa kupata ufahamu wa kina kuhusu tabia ya mwingine kabla ya kuamua kuoana.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=164}} Mara watu wanapoamua kuoana, wanapaswa kupata idhini ya wazazi wa pande zote mbili, iwe ni Wabaháʼí au la. Sherehe ya ndoa ya Kibaháʼí ni rahisi; sehemu pekee ya lazima ya ndoa ni kusoma viapo vya ndoa vilivyowekwa na Baháʼu'lláh, ambavyo husomwa na bwana harusi na bibi harusi mbele ya mashahidi wawili.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=164}} Viapo hivyo ni "Sote, hakika, tutatii mapenzi ya Mungu."{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=164}} === Nyumba za Ibada === Katika jumuiya nyingi, mikutano ya ibada ya Kibaháʼí hufanyika majumbani au katika vituo vya Wabaháʼí (Baha'i Senta). Hata hivyo, katika baadhi ya maeneo, Nyumba za Ibada za Kibaháʼí—zinazojulikana pia kama mahekalu ya Kibaháʼí—zimejengwa mahsusi kwa kusudi hilo.{{sfn|Afnan|2022}} Nyumba za Ibada za Kibaháʼí ni mahali ambapo Wabaháʼí na wasio Wabaháʼí wanaweza kuonesha ibada kwa Mungu.{{sfn|Warburg|2006|p=492}} Pia zinajulikana kama Mashriqu'l-Adhkár (kwa Kiarabu "Mahali pa Mapambazuko pa Ukumbusho wa Mungu").{{sfn|Hassall|2012}} Ndani yake, ni maandiko matakatifu ya Dini ya Kibaháʼí na ya dini nyingine tu yanayoweza kusomwa au kuimbwa, na maandiko na sala zilizowekwa kwa ajili ya muziki zinaweza kuimbwa na waimbaji, lakini hakuna ala za muziki zinazoweza kupigwa ndani.{{sfn|Iranica-Bahai-temples|1988}} Zaidi ya hayo, hakuna hotuba inayoweza kutolewa, na hakuna sherehe ya kiibada inayoweza kufanywa.{{sfn|Iranica-Bahai-temples|1988}} Nyumba zote za Ibada za Kibaháʼí zina umbo la pande tisa, pamoja na njia tisa za kuingia na kutoka nje na bustani tisa zinazozizunguka.{{sfn|Iranica-Mašreq al-Aḏkār|2010}} Kwa sasa kuna Nyumba nane za Ibada za Kibaháʼí za "kibara" na baadhi ya Nyumba za Ibada za Kibaháʼí za mahali ambazo zimekamilika au zinaendelea kujengwa. Maandiko ya Kibaháʼí pia yanaonesha kwamba Nyumba za Ibada za Kibaháʼí zitazungukwa na taasisi za shughuli za kibinadamu, kisayansi na kielimu{{sfn|Hassall|2012}} ingawa hadi sasa hakuna iliyojengwa kwa kiwango hicho. === Maendeleo ya kijamii na kiuchumi === Tangu kuanzishwa kwake Dini ya Kibaháʼí imekuwa na ushiriki katika maendeleo ya kijamii na kiuchumi, ikianzia kwa kuwa na mazungumzo zaidi kuhusu uhuru wa wanawake.{{sfn|Momen|1994b|ps=: Section 9: Social and economic development}} Elimu ya wanawake imekuzwa kama kipaumbele.{{sfn|Kingdon|1997}} Na ushiriki huo umepewa mwonekano wa vitendo kwa kujenga shule, vyama vya ushirika vya kilimo, na kliniki.{{sfn|Momen|1994b|ps=: Section 9: Social and economic development}} Dini iliingia katika hatua mpya ya shughuli wakati ujumbe ulipotolewa kutoka kwa '''Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu''' tarehe 20 Oktoba 1983. Wabaháʼí walihimizwa kutafuta njia zinazolingana na mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí ambazo zingewawezesha kushiriki katika maendeleo ya kijamii na kiuchumi ya jumuiya wanamoishi. Mwaka 1979 kulikuwa na miradi 129 ya maendeleo ya kijamii na kiuchumi ya Kibaháʼí iliyotambuliwa rasmi duniani kote. Kufikia mwaka 1987, idadi ya miradi ya maendeleo iliyotambuliwa rasmi ilikuwa imeongezeka hadi 1482.{{sfn|Smith|Momen|1989}} Mipango ya sasa ya utekelezaji wa kijamii inajumuisha shughuli katika nyanja kama afya, usafi, elimu, usawa wa kijinsia, sanaa na vyombo vya habari, kilimo na mazingira.{{sfn|Baháʼí Office of Social and Economic Development|2018}} Miradi hiyo inajumuisha shule, kuanzia shule za mafunzo za vijijini hadi shule kubwa za sekondari na baadhi ya vyuo vikuu.{{sfn|Momen|2007}} Kufikia mwaka wa 2017, Ofisi ya Baháʼí ya Maendeleo ya Kijamii na Kiuchumi ilikadiria kuwa kulikuwa na miradi midogo 40,000, miradi endelevu 1,400, na mashirika 135 yaliyochochewa na Baháʼí.{{sfn|Baháʼí Office of Social and Economic Development|2018}} Zaidi ya hayo, Wabaháʼí kote ulimwenguni wanachangia katika kujenga utaratibu huu mpya wa dunia kupitia juhudi mbalimbali. Mpango huu wa kimataifa umejengwa juu ya dhana ya mwanadamu na jamii iliyo ya kiroho kwa asili, na unakusudia kukuza uwezo wa mwanadamu ili kuchochea maendeleo ya kiroho na ya kimwili. Kwa lengo la kuchangia ustawi wa wanadamu, Wabaháʼí hushiriki katika shughuli zifuatazo: # Mikutano ya sala # Madarasa ya maadili kwa watoto # Programu za kuwawezesha vijana # Madarasa ya duru za masomo === Umoja wa Mataifa === Baháʼu'lláh aliandika juu ya haja ya kuwepo kwa utaratibu wa dunia unaowezesha mataifa kuishi kwa amani na ushirikiano. Kwa sababu hiyo, Jumuiya ya Kimataifa ya Wabaháʼí imeunga mkono juhudi za kuimarisha mahusiano ya kimataifa kupitia taasisi kama Shirika la Mataifa na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], ingawa pia imeeleza baadhi ya tahadhari kuhusu muundo na mipaka ya taasisi hizo katika hali yake ya sasa.{{sfn|Momen|2007}} Jumuiya ya Kimataifa ya Wabaháʼí ni wakala uliopo Haifa chini ya uongozi wa Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu, na una hadhi ya ushauri na mashirika yafuatayo:{{sfn|McMullen|2000|p=39}} * Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Kuhudumia Watoto (UNICEF) * Mfuko wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa kwa Wanawake (UNIFEM) * Baraza la Kiuchumi na Kijamii la Umoja wa Mataifa (ECOSOC) * Mpango wa Mazingira wa Umoja wa Mataifa (UNEP) * [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] (WHO) Jumuiya ya Kimataifa ya Baháʼí ina ofisi katika [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] huko New York na Geneva na ina uwakilishi katika tume za kikanda za Umoja wa Mataifa na ofisi nyingine huko Addis Ababa, Bangkok, Nairobi, Roma, Santiago na Vienna.{{sfn|Baháʼí International Community|2000}} Katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, ofisi ya mazingira na ofisi ya maendeleo ya wanawake zilianzishwa kama sehemu ya ofisi yake ya Umoja wa Mataifa. Dini ya Kibaháʼí pia imeendesha programu za maendeleo za pamoja na mashirika mbalimbali mengine ya Umoja wa Mataifa. Katika Jukwaa la Milenia la Umoja wa Mataifa la mwaka 2000, Mbaháʼí mmoja alialikwa kama mmoja wa wasemaji pekee wasio wa kiserikali wakati wa mkutano wa kilele huo.{{sfn|Baháʼí World News Service|2000}} == Mateso na ukandamizaji == Katika baadhi ya nchi zenye Waislamu walio wengi, Wabaháʼí wanaendelea kuteswa, kwa kuwa viongozi wao hawaikubali Dini ya Kibaháʼí kama dini huru, bali kama kuiacha Uislamu. Ukandamizaji mkali zaidi umetokea nchini Iran, ambako kati ya mwaka 1978 na 1998 zaidi ya Wabaháʼí 200 waliuawa.{{sfn|International Federation of Human Rights|2003}} Haki za Wabaháʼí zimewekewa vikwazo, kwa kiwango kikubwa au kidogo, pia katika nchi nyingine nyingi zikiwemo Misri, Afghanistan, pamoja na Iraq{{sfn|International Religious Freedom Report|2013|loc=[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2013&dlid=222291 Iraq]}}, Moroko{{sfn|International Religious Freedom Report|2013|loc=[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2013&dlid=222305 Morocco]}}, Yemen na nchi kadhaa za Afrika kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara.{{sfn|Smith|Momen|1989}} Mateso ya kudumu zaidi dhidi ya Wabahá’í yametokea nchini Iran, mahali pa kuzaliwa kwa dini hii.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=125–127}} Wakati Báb mtukufu alipoanza kuvutia idadi kubwa ya wafuasi, makasisi wa Kiislamu... Kwa kusema hivyo, walitarajia kuzuia harakati hiyo isisambae kwa kudai kwamba wafuasi wake walikuwa maadui wa Mungu. Maelekezo haya ya kidini pia yalisababisha makundi ya watu kuwashambulia Wabábí na baadhi yao kuuawa hadharani.{{sfn|Affolter|2005}} Mwanzoni mwa karne ya ishirini, mbali na ukandamizaji uliowalenga Wabaháʼí mmoja mmoja, kampeni zilizoelekezwa kutoka ngazi ya kati zenye kulenga jamii nzima ya Wabaháʼí na taasisi zake zilianza.{{sfn|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2006}} Mwaka 1903 huko Yazd, katika tukio moja, zaidi ya Wabaháʼí 100 waliuawa.{{sfn|Nash|1982}} Shule za Wabaháʼí, kama vile shule za wavulana na wasichana za Tarbiyat huko Tehran, zilifungwa katika miaka ya 1930 na 1940, ndoa za Kibaháʼí hazikutambuliwa, na maandiko ya Kibaháʼí yalidhibitiwa.{{sfn|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2006}} Wakati wa utawala wa Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, nchini Iran kampeni ya mateso dhidi ya Wabaháʼí ilianzishwa ili kugeuza umakini kutoka kwa matatizo ya kiuchumi na harakati ya utaifa iliyokuwa ikikua.{{efn|Linalopatana na hili ni wazo kwamba serikali ilihamasisha kampeni hiyo ili kugeuza umakini kutoka kwa matatizo makubwa zaidi, yakiwemo matatizo makali ya kiuchumi. Zaidi ya hili kulikuwepo ugumu ambao utawala ulikuwa nao katika kuhimili harakati ya utaifa iliyokuwa imemuunga mkono Musaddiq.{{sfn|Akhavi|1980|p=76–78}}}} Kampeni iliyoidhinishwa na kuratibiwa dhidi ya Wabaháʼí (ili kuchochea hisia za umma dhidi ya Wabaháʼí) ilianza mwaka 1955 na ilijumuisha kusambazwa kwa propaganda dhidi ya Wabaháʼí katika vituo vya redio vya kitaifa na magazeti rasmi.{{sfn|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2006}} Wakati wa kampeni hiyo, iliyoanzishwa na mullah Muhammad Taqi Falsafi, kituo cha Wabaháʼí mjini Tehran kilibomolewa kwa amri ya gavana wa kijeshi wa Tehran, Jenerali Teymur Bakhtiar.{{sfn|''The New York Times''|1955}} Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1970 utawala wa Shah uliendelea kupoteza uhalali wake kutokana na ukosoaji wa kudumu kwamba ulikuwa unaunga mkono Magharibi. Kadiri harakati dhidi ya Shah zilivyopata nguvu na uungwaji mkono, propaganda za kimapinduzi zilienezwa zikidai kwamba baadhi ya washauri wa Shah walikuwa Wabaháʼí.{{sfn|Abrahamian|1982|p=432}} Wabaháʼí walichorwa kama vitisho vya kiuchumi na kama waungaji mkono wa Israeli na Magharibi, na uhasama wa kijamii dhidi ya Wabaháʼí ukaongezeka.{{sfn|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2006}} Tangu [[Mapinduzi ya Kiislamu ya Iran|Mapinduzi ya Kiislamu]] ya mwaka 1979, Wabaháʼí wa Iran wamekuwa wakivunjiwa nyumba zao mara kwa mara, wakizuiwa kuhudhuria vyuo vikuu au kushika kazi za serikali, na mamia yao wamehukumiwa vifungo gerezani kwa sababu ya imani yao ya kidini, na katika miaka ya karibuni pia kwa kushiriki katika madarasa ya duru za masomo. {{sfn|International Federation of Human Rights|2003}} Makaburi ya Wabaháʼí yamenajisiwa na mali zimechukuliwa na wakati mwingine kubomolewa, yakiwemo nyumba ya baba wa [[Baháʼu'lláh]], [[Mírzá Buzurg]].{{sfn|Affolter|2005}} Nyumba ya [[Báb]] huko [[Shiraz]], mojawapo ya maeneo matatu ambayo Wabaháʼí hufanya hija, imeharibiwa mara mbili.{{sfn|Affolter|2005}}{{sfn|Netherlands Institute of Human Rights|2006}} Mnamo Mei 2018, mamlaka za Iran zilimfukuza mwanafunzi mmoja kijana mwanamke kutoka chuo kikuu cha Isfahan kwa sababu alikuwa Mbaháʼí.{{sfn|Center for Human Rights in Iran|2018}} Mnamo Machi 2018, wanafunzi wengine wawili Wabaháʼí walifukuzwa kutoka vyuo vikuu katika miji ya Zanjan na Gilan kwa sababu ya dini yao. Tarehe 14 Mei 2008, wajumbe wa chombo kisicho rasmi kilichoitwa "Yaran", ambacho kilikuwa kinasimamia mahitaji ya jumuiya ya Wabaháʼí nchini Iran, walikamatwa na kupelekwa katika gereza la Evin.{{sfn|CNN|2008}}{{sfn|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2008b}} Kesi ya mahakama ya Yaran iliahirishwa mara nyingi, lakini hatimaye ilikuwa ikiendelea tarehe 12 Januari 2010.{{sfn|CNN|2010a}} Waangalizi wengine hawakuruhusiwa kuhudhuria mahakamani. Hata mawakili wa utetezi, ambao kwa miaka miwili walikuwa na fursa ndogo sana ya kuwasiliana na washtakiwa, walipata ugumu kuingia katika chumba cha mahakama. Mwenyekiti wa Tume ya Marekani kuhusu Uhuru wa Kidini wa Kimataifa alisema kwamba ilionekana serikali ilikuwa tayari imeamua matokeo ya kesi hiyo na ilikuwa inakiuka sheria ya kimataifa ya haki za binadamu{{sfn|CNN|2010a}} Vikao vya baadaye vilifanyika tarehe 7 Februari 2010, 12 Aprili 2010, na 12 Juni 2010. Tarehe 11 Agosti 2010 ilijulikana kuwa hukumu ya mahakama ilikuwa kifungo cha miaka 20 kwa kila mmoja wa wafungwa saba, ambayo baadaye ilipunguzwa hadi miaka kumi.{{sfn|CNN|2010b}} Baada ya hukumu hiyo, walihamishwa kwenda gereza la Gohardasht.{{sfn|AFP|2011a}} Mnamo Machi 2011, hukumu zilirejeshwa kwenye miaka 20 ya awali{{sfn|AFP|2011b}}. Tarehe 3 Januari 2010, maafisa wa Iran waliwashikilia wajumbe wengine kumi wa wachache wa Kibaháʼí, miongoni mwao ikidaiwa alikuwa Leva Khanjani, mjukuu wa Jamaloddin Khanjani, mmoja wa viongozi saba wa Wabaháʼí waliofungwa tangu mwaka 2008, na mwezi Februari, walimkamata mwanawe, Niki Khanjani.{{sfn|The Jerusalem Post|2010}} Serikali ya Iran inadai kwamba Dini ya Kibaháʼí si dini, bali ni shirika la kisiasa, na kwa hiyo inakataa kuitambua kama dini ya wachache.{{sfn|Kravetz|1982|p=237}} Hata hivyo, serikali haijawahi kutoa ushahidi thabiti unaounga mkono tabia hii ya jamii ya Wabaháʼí.{{sfn|Iran Human Rights Documentation Center|2008|p=5}} Serikali ya Iran pia inaishutumu Dini ya Kibaháʼí kwa kuhusishwa na Uzayuni. Inaonekana kwamba shutuma hizi dhidi ya Wabaháʼí hazina msingi katika ukweli wa kihistoria{{sfn|Simpson|Shubart|1995|p=223}}{{sfn|Tavakoli-Targhi|2008|p=200}}, na baadhi ya watu wamehoji kwamba zilibuniwa na serikali ya Iran ili kuwatumia Wabaháʼí kama "mbuzi wa kafara".{{sfn|Freedman|2009}} Mwaka 2019, serikali ya Iran ilifanya isiwezekane kwa Wabaháʼí kujisajili kisheria na dola ya Iran. Maombi ya vitambulisho vya kitaifa nchini Iran sasa hayajumuishi tena chaguo la "dini nyingine", jambo linalomaanisha kwamba Dini ya Kibaháʼí haitatambuliwa kwa vitendo na dola.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/iran-id-card-rule-highlights-plight-of-bahai/a-52149974|title=ID card law in Iran highlights plight of Baháʼí – DW – 01/25/2020|website=dw.com}}</ref> === '''Nyumba za Ibada za Wabahá’í''' === "Hekalu la Kibahá'í la Ibada (maarufu kwa jina la Lotus Temple)" lipo Kalkaji, Nehru Place, New Delhi. Katika ulimwengu wa dini ya Kibahá'í, kwa jumla katika maeneo Nane Nyumba za Ibada (Hekalu) za Kibaháʼí zimejengwa. # Samoa ya Magharibi # Sydney - Australia # Kampala - Uganda # Panama City - Panama # Frankfurt - Ujerumani # Wilmette - Marekani # New Delhi - India # Santiago - Chile == Maelezo == {{reflist}} ==Marejeleo== === Vitabu === {{refbegin|24em|indent=yes}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/iranbetweentwore00abra_0|title=Iran Kati ya Mapinduzi Mawili|last=Abrahamian|first=Ervand|publisher=Princeton Book Company Publishers|year=1982|isbn=0-691-10134-5|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/atozofbahaifaith0000adam|title=The A to Z of the Baháʼí Faith|last=Adamson|first=Hugh C.|date=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6853-3|series=The A to Z Guide Series, No. 70|place=Plymouth, UK|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Afnan|first=Elham|date=2022|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=479–487|chapter=Sura ya 39: Maisha ya ibada|doi=10.4324/9780429027772-45|s2cid=244700641}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/religionpolitics0000akha|title=Dini na Siasa katika Iran ya Kisasa: Mahusiano ya Makleri na Dola katika Kipindi cha Pahlavi|last=Akhavi|first=Shahrough|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1980|isbn=0-87395-408-4|location=Albany, NY|pages=76–78|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|title=Closed Doors: Iran's Campaign to Deny Higher Education to Baháʼís|author=Baháʼí International Community|date=2005|chapter=Historia ya Juhudi za Elimu za Wabaháʼí nchini Iran|access-date=10 May 2008|chapter-url=http://denial.bahai.org/003.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091205194849/http://denial.bahai.org/003.php|archive-date=5 December 2009|url-status=dead}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/newbelieverssurv00barr|title=Waumini Wapya: uchunguzi wa madhehebu, makundi ya kidini, na dini mbadala|last=Barrett|first=David V.|date=2001|publisher=Cassell & Co|isbn=1-84403-040-7|location=London|ol=3999281M|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/1988britannicabo0000daum|title=1988 Britannica Book of the Year|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=1988|isbn=0-85229-486-7|editor-last1=Daume|editor-first1=Daphne|place=Chicago|chapter=Dini (&) Imani ya Bahá'í|editor-last2=Watson|editor-first2=Louise}} *{{Cite book|title=Britannica Book of the Year|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=1992|editor-last1=Daume|editor-first1=Daphne|place=Chicago|chapter=Imani ya Baháʼí|editor-last2=Watson|editor-first2=Louise}} *{{Cite book|url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/GPB/gpb-9.html#gr26|title=God Passes By|last=Effendi|first=Shoghi|date=1944|publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust|isbn=0-87743-020-9|place=Wilmette, IL|publication-date=1979|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontone0000unse|title=Mapokeo ya Asia|date=2006|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood Press]]|isbn=978-0-275-98712-1|editor-last1=Gallagher|editor-first1=Eugene V.|series=Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America|volume=4|location=Westport, Connecticut • London|chapter=Wabaháʼí wa Marekani|editor-last2=Ashcraft|editor-first2=W. Michael|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bahaifaithinamer0000garl|title=Dini ya Baháʼí Marekani|last=Garlington|first=William|date=2008|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-6234-9|edition=Paperback|location=Lanham, Maryland|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|title=Kitabu cha Mwongozo cha Dini Mpya na Uzalishaji wa Utamaduni|author-last=Hassall|author-first=Graham|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|year=2012|isbn=978-90-04-22187-1|editor1-last=Cusack|editor1-first=Carol|series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion|volume=4|location=[[Leiden]]|pages=599–632|chapter=Nyumba ya Ibada ya Bahá’í: Ujanibishaji na Umbo la Kiujumla|doi=10.1163/9789004226487_025|issn=1874-6691|editor2-last=Norman|editor2-first=Alex}} *{{Cite book|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722#|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Hassal|first=Graham|date=2022|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=581–590|chapter=Sura ya 47: Asia ya Kaskazini-Mashariki}} *{{Cite book|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Hassall|first=Graham|date=2022|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=591–602|chapter=Sura ya 48: Oceania|doi=10.4324/9780429027772-55|s2cid=244697166}} *{{Cite book|url=https://bahai-library.com/hatcher_martin_global_religion|title=The Baháʼí Faith: The Emerging Global Religion|last1=Hatcher|first1=W.S.|last2=Martin|first2=J.D.|publisher=Harper & Row|year=1998|isbn=0-06-065441-4|location=New York}} *{{Cite book|url=https://bahai-library.com/hartz_bahai_faith|title=World Religions: Baháʼí Faith|last=Hartz|first=Paula|date=2009|publisher=Chelsea House Publishers|isbn=978-1-60413-104-8|edition=3rd|location=New York, NY}} *{{Cite book|title=Dini za Ulimwengu kwa Takwimu: Utangulizi wa Demografia ya Kimataifa ya Dini|last1=Johnson|first1=Todd M.|last2=Grim|first2=Brian J.|date=26 March 2013|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-55576-7|pages=59–62|chapter=Idadi za Watu wa Dini Duniani, 1910–2010|doi=10.1002/9781118555767.ch1|chapter-url={{Google books|CkFVF8nFiqkC |page=59 |plainurl=yes}}}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/iranonox0000krav|title=Irano nox|last=Kravetz|first=Marc|publisher=Grasset|year=1982|isbn=2-246-24851-5|location=Paris|page=237|language=fr|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|title=The Messiah of Shiraz: Studies in Early and Middle Babism|last=MacEoin|first=Denis|date=2009|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-17035-3|doi=10.1163/ej.9789004170353.i-740|url=https://archive.org/details/bahaireligiousco0000mcmu|title=Baháʼí: Uundaji wa Kidini wa Utambulisho wa Kiujuma wa Dunia|last=McMullen|first=Michael D.|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|year=2000|isbn=0-8135-2836-4|location=Atlanta, GA|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bahaisofamericag0000mcmu|title=Wabaháʼí wa Marekani: Ukuaji wa Harakati ya Kidini|last=McMullen|first=Mike|date=2015|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-1-4798-5152-2|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/worldsreligionsn0000unse|title=New Lion Handbook: The World's Religions|last=Momen|first=Moojan|publisher=Lion Hudson Plc|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7459-5266-6|editor-last=Partridge|editor-first=Christopher H.|edition=3rd|place=Oxford, UK|contribution=Imani ya Baháʼí|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Momen|first=Wendi|date=2022|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=371–383|chapter=Sura ya 31: Ndoa na maisha ya kifamilia|doi=10.4324/9780429027772-36|s2cid=244697438}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/iranssecretpogro0000nash|title=Mauaji ya siri ya Iran: Njama ya kuwaangamiza Wabahaʼi|last=Nash|first=Geoffrey|publisher=Neville Spearman Limited|year=1982|isbn=0-85435-005-5|location=Sudbury, Suffolk|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521770736|title=Makundi Madogo ya Kidini nchini Iran|last=Sanasarian|first=Eliz|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-521-77073-4|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=52–53|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/2004worldalmanacbook00newy|title=World Almanac and Book of Facts|publisher=World Almanac Books|year=2004|isbn=0-88687-910-8|editor-last=Park|editor-first=Ken|location=New York|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/liftingveillifei0000simp_g2v6|title=Kuinua Pazia|last1=Simpson|first1=John|last2=Shubart|first2=Tira|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton General Division|year=1995|isbn=0-340-62814-6|location=London|page=223|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7zdDFTzNr0C|title=Utangulizi wa Dini ya Baháʼí|last=Smith|first=Peter|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-521-86251-6|location=Cambridge}} *{{Cite book|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722#|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Smith|first=Peter|date=2022a|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=501–512|chapter=Sura ya 41: Historia ya Imani za Kibábí na Kibahá’í|doi=10.4324/9780429027772-48|s2cid=244705793}} *{{Cite book|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722#|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Smith|first=Peter|date=2022b|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=614–621|chapter=Sura ya 50: Asia ya Kusini-Mashariki|title=Dini na Utalii: Njia panda, Maeneo ya Kufikia, na Mikutano|url=https://archive.org/details/religiontourismc0000stau|last=Stausberg|first=Michael|date=2011|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-54931-8|location=Oxfordshire, UK|title=Baháʼí Faith: A Guide For The Perplexed|last=Stockman|first=Robert|date=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-4411-8781-9|location=New York, NY|title=Imani ya Bahá'í, Vurugu, na Kutokuwa na Vurugu|last=Stockman|first=Robert H.|date=July 2020|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-61344-6|editor1=James R. Lewis|series=Cambridge Elements; Religion and Violence|location=Cambridge, UK|doi=10.1017/9781108613446|oclc=1173507653|editor2=Margo Kitts|s2cid=225389995}} *{{Cite book|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722#|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Stockman|first=Robert|date=2022a|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=557–568|chapter=Sura ya 45: Amerika ya Kusini na Karibiani|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722#|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Stockman|first=Robert|date=2022b|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=569–580|chapter=Sura ya 46: Amerika ya Kaskazini|url=http://www.peyman.info/cl/Baha%27i/Others/ROB/V4/p118-144Ch08.html#p125|title=The Revelation of Baháʼu'lláh, Volume 4: Mazra'ih & Bahji 1877–92|last=Taherzadeh|first=Adib|publisher=George Ronald|year=1987|isbn=0-85398-270-8|location=Oxford, UK|page=125|title=Wabahá'i wa Iran: Tafiti za kijamii-kihistoria|last=Tavakoli-Targhi|first=Mohamad|publisher=Routledge|year=2008|isbn=978-0-203-00280-3|editor-last1=Brookshaw|editor-first1=Dominic P.|location=New York|chapter=Upinzani dhidi ya Baháʼí na Uislamisti nchini Iran|editor2-last=Fazel|editor2-first=Seena B.}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/religioushumanri0000unse|title=Haki za binadamu za kidini katika mtazamo wa kimataifa: mitazamo ya kidini|last=Van der Vyer|first=J.D.|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|year=1996|isbn=90-411-0176-4|page=449|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|title=Baháʼí|last=Warburg|first=Margit|date=2001|publisher=Signature Books|editor-last=Introvigne|series=Studies in Contemporary Religions|location=US|title=Citizens of the world: a history and sociology of the Bahaʹis from a globalisation perspective|last=Warburg|first=Margit|date=2006|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-474-0746-1|location=Leiden|oclc=234309958|title=Dunia ya Imani ya Bahá'í|last=Yazdani|first=Mina|date=2022|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-36772-2|editor-last=Stockman|editor-first=Robert H.|location=Oxfordshire, UK|pages=88–104|chapter=Sura ya 7: Maandishi na Matamshi ya ʻAbdu'l-Bahá|doi=10.4324/9780429027772-9|s2cid=244689327}} {{refend}} === Hazina ya Maarifa ya Ulimwengu === {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} *'''Iranica''' **{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Waandishi Wengi|title=Bahaism|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|date=15 December 1988|volume=III|issue=4–5|pages=438–475|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bahaism-index|access-date=11 January 2021|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-Bahaism|1988}}}} **{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Cole|first=Juan|date=15 December 1988|publication-date=23 August 2011|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|article=BAHAISM i. The Faith|volume=III|issue=4|pages=438–446|article-url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bahaism-i|access-date=30 December 2012|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-The Faith|1988}}}} **{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Cole|first=Juan|date=15 December 1988|publication-date=23 August 2011|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|article=BAHĀʾ-ALLĀH|volume=III|issue=4|pages=422–429|article-url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/baha-allah|access-date=30 December 2012|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-Baha'-Allah|1988}}}} **{{Cite encyclopedia|last=MacEoin|first=Denis|date=15 December 1988|publication-date=23 August 2011|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|article=BAHAISM iii. Bahai and Babi Schisms|volume=III|issue=4–5|article-url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bahaism-iii|pages=447–449|issn=2330-4804|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-Bahai and Babi Schisms|1988}}}} **{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Momen|first=Moojan|date=1989|article=BAYT-AL-ʿADL (House of Justice)|article-url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/bayt-al-adl-house-of-justice-a-bahai-administrative-institution|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|volume=IV|issue=1|pages=12–14|issn=2330-4804|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-Bayt-al-'adl|1989}}}} **{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Momen|first=Moojan|year=2010|article=Mašreq al-Aḏkār|article-url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/mashreq-adkar|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|ref={{sfnref|Iranica-Mašreq al-Aḏkār|2010}}}} **{{cite encyclopedia|last=Negahban|first=Ezzatollah|year=2020|article=BURIAL i. 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2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060502110349/http://sim.law.uu.nl/SIM/CaseLaw/uncom.nsf/0/e7b8824bdd987268c1256fa8004a8753?OpenDocument|archive-date=2 May 2006|access-date=31 May 2006|url-status=dead}} {{refend}} [[Jamii:Bahai]] 0e4indqsgnxeu6mgebqc76tgiv484b5 3 199591 1593002 1393357 2026-08-29T11:11:46Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1593002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{karibu}}'''[[Mtumiaji:Mary calist mlay|Mary calist mlay]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mary calist mlay|majadiliano]])''' 10:39, 1 Februari 2025 (UTC) ==Utoaji mimba== Ndugu, unakubali kweli kwamba kutoa mimba ni haki? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:11, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) oea1ksis8l0gcuswbmzn1hlt0pyf6zv 3 199601 1592995 1393383 2026-08-29T11:09:16Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592995 wikitext text/x-wiki {Karibu}}'''[[Mtumiaji:Mary calist mlay|Mary calist mlay]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mary calist mlay|majadiliano]])''' 10:45, 1 Februari 2025 (UTC) ==Utoaji mimba== Ndugu, unakubali kweli kwamba kutoa mimba ni haki? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:09, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) i0un06bwjfvnikvw72hgtq1jsifmrfa 0 202821 1592715 1591679 2026-08-28T17:34:57Z GeertivpBot 59750 #pwb Copy label {{Reflist}} [[c:Category:Dolly Parton|Commons category Dolly Parton]] 1592715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2 |jina = Dolly Parton |picha = Dolly Parton 2011.jpg |maelezo = Dolly Parton 2011 |landscape = yes |background = solo_singer |jina la kuzaliwa = Dolly Rebecca Parton |jina lingine = |tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1946|1|19|df=yes}} |mahali pa kuzaliwa = Locust Ridge, Tennessee, Marekani |tarehe ya kufa = |ala = Sauti, gitaa, banjo, piano |aina = Country, pop, gospel, bluegrass |kazi yake = Mwimbaji, mtunzi, mwigizaji, mfanyabiashara, mfadhili |miaka ya kazi = 1956–sasa |studio = RCA, Columbia, Dolly Records |ameshirikiana na = [[Porter Wagoner]], [[Kenny Rogers]], [[Linda Ronstadt]], [[Emmylou Harris]] |tovuti = {{URL|https://dollyparton.com}} }} '''Dolly Rebecca Parton''' (alizaliwa [[19 Januari]], [[1946]] - [[25 Agosti|25 agosti]] [[2026]] ) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]], [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]], [[mwigizaji]], [[mfanyabiashara]] na mfadhili kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alijulikana sana kwa mchango wake mkubwa katika [[muziki wa country]], akiwa mmoja wa wanawake waliotunukiwa zaidi katika historia ya muziki huo. Ameandika zaidi ya nyimbo 3,000, ikiwa ni pamoja na nyimbo maarufu kama "[[I Will Always Love You]]", "Jolene", na "9 to 5".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Blistein |first=Jon |date=November 20, 2023 |title=Dolly Parton Updates Her Classic 'Jolene' for Her Rock & Roll Era |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/dolly-parton-bonus-songs-new-album-rockstar-1234886964/ |access-date=January 20, 2024 |magazine=Rolling Stone}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Yahr |first=Emily |date=October 17, 2023 |title=Dolly Parton was told 'gaudy' clothes would hurt her career. She doubled down. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/style/fashion/2023/10/17/dolly-parton-rockstar-fashion/ |access-date=January 20, 2024 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en |id=as much a part of her empire's origin story as her legendary singing (more than 100 million records sold; the first female country singer to sell 1 million copies of an album)}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hyland |first1=Claire |title=Nine startling facts about the Queen of Country music Dolly Parton |url=https://evoke.ie/2021/02/19/showbiz/dolly-parton-surprising-facts |website=EVOKE |date=February 19, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Good golly Miss Dolly... 10 amazing facts about Ms Parton |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/whats-on/arts-culture-news/dolly-parton-facts-heads-cardiff-7310302 |work=Wales Online |access-date=May 12, 2021 |date=June 23, 2014}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Dolly alizaliwa katika familia yenye watoto 12 huko [[Locust Ridge]], [[Tennessee]]. Alianza kuimba akiwa mtoto katika kanisa la eneo lao, na baadaye akaanza kuonekana kwenye vipindi vya redio na televisheni akiwa na umri mdogo. Baada ya kuhitimu shule ya sekondari mwaka 1964, alihamia [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]] kuendeleza kazi yake ya muziki. == Kazi ya muziki == Dolly alianza kama mtunzi wa nyimbo kwa wasanii wengine kabla ya kutoa albamu yake ya kwanza ''Hello, I'm Dolly'' mwaka 1967. Umaarufu wake uliongezeka zaidi aliposhirikiana na [[Porter Wagoner]] katika kipindi chake cha televisheni, na baadaye wakatoa albamu kadhaa za pamoja. Katika miaka ya 1970, alijitenga na akaanza kazi ya solo iliyomletea mafanikio makubwa kitaifa na kimataifa. Ameuza zaidi ya nakala milioni 100 za rekodi duniani kote, na ameshinda tuzo nyingi zikiwemo [[Grammy Awards]], [[Country Music Association Awards]], [[Academy of Country Music Awards]], na [[American Music Awards]]. == Albamu za kujitegemea (baadhi) == {| class="wikitable" |+ Albamu za Solo za Dolly Parton ! Mwaka !! Jina la Albamu !! Kumbukumbu |- | 1967 || ''Hello, I'm Dolly'' || |- | 1971 || ''Coat of Many Colors'' || |- | 1974 || ''Jolene'' || |- | 1977 || ''Here You Come Again'' || |- | 1980 || ''9 to 5 and Odd Jobs'' || |- | 1999 || ''The Grass Is Blue'' || |- | 2001 || ''Little Sparrow'' || |- | 2022 || ''Run, Rose, Run'' || |} == Albamu za kushirikiana == {| class="wikitable" |+ Albamu za Ushirikiano ! Mwaka !! Jina la Albamu !! Washirika !! Kumbukumbu |- | 1968–1976 || Albamu mbalimbali na Porter Wagoner || [[Porter Wagoner]] || |- | 1987 || ''Trio'' || [[Linda Ronstadt]], [[Emmylou Harris]] || |- | 1999 || ''Trio II'' || Linda Ronstadt, Emmylou Harris || |- | 2023 || ''Rockstar'' || Wasanii mbalimbali || |} == Kazi nyingine == Mbali na muziki, Dolly ni mwigizaji aliyeshiriki katika filamu kama 9 to 5 (1980), Steel Magnolias (1989), na Joyful Noise (2012). Pia ni mfadhili mkubwa kupitia taasisi yake ya [[Imagination Library]], inayotoa vitabu vya bure kwa watoto duniani kote. ==Afya na Kifo== Dolly Parton, amefariki dunia akiwa na umri wa miaka 80, Mpwa wake ametangaza taarifa hiyo kupitia video iliyochapishwa kwenye ukurasa wa Instagram wa Staa huyo.<ref name="NYTdeath2">{{cite news |last1=Friskics-Warren|first1=Bill|title=Dolly Parton, Country Music Superstar Whose Songs Spoke to Millions, Dies at 80|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/08/25/arts/music/dolly-parton-dead.html?smid=nytcore-ios-share|access-date=25 August 2026|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=25 August 2026}}</ref> Amefariki huko Nashville, Tennessee, tarehe 25 Agosti 2026, akiwa na umri wa miaka 80.<ref>{{Rejea habari|last=Spivey|first=Matt|last2=Hadfield|first2=Charlotte|date=August 25, 2025|title=Dolly Parton, Legendary US Country Singer, Dies Aged 80|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c0ry0yzxeyxt|access-date=August 25, 2026|website=[[BBC News]]|url-status=live}}</ref> Kwa mujibu wa jarida la ''[[People (magazine)|People]]'', Parton alikuwa amelazwa hospitalini siku nne kabla ya kifo chake.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Richards |first=Bailey |date=August 25, 2026 |title=Dolly Parton Was Admitted to the Hospital 4 Days Before Her Death at 80 |url=https://people.com/dolly-parton-admitted-to-hospital-4-days-before-death-12067947 |access-date=August 25, 2026 |work=People}}</ref> Kifo chake kilitangazwa kupitia taarifa ya video iliyotolewa na mpwa wake. Pamoja na kwamba taarifa ya kifo chake haijataja chanzo cha kifo wala mazingira yake, kifo hicho kimetokea ikiwa ni miezi kadhaa tangu alipotangaza Mwezi Mei 2026 kufuta onesho lake la Las Vegas na kusema amekuwa akipata matibabu kwa muda baada ya mawe kugundulika kwenye figo zake.<ref>{{cite news|date=August 25, 2025|title=Dolly Parton, Queen of Country Music, Dies at 80|url=https://variety.com/2026/music/news/dolly-parton-dead-dies-country-music-1236842727|access-date=August 25, 2026|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|last1=Morris|first1=Chris|publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]]|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari|first1=Victoria|last1=Edel|first2=Jason|last2=Sheeler|first3=Jeff|last3=Nelson|date=August 25, 2026|title=Dolly Parton, Country Music Legend, Dies at 80|url=https://people.com/dolly-parton-dead-7565853|access-date=August 25, 2026|website=[[People (magazine)|People]]|url-status=live}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{BD|1946|2026}} {{Reflist}} {{Commons category}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 049bvjxwwfqapfvp1xn20ocw46uix4x 0 203483 1592670 1406685 2026-08-28T15:37:49Z Bambarus1967 91998 1592670 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jumuiya ya Berlin ya Anthropolojia, Ethnolojia na Historia ya Awali''' (BGAEU) ni shirika lililosajiliwa kwa madhumuni ya "kuchochea shauku ya jumla katika [[anthropolojia]], [[ethnolojia]] na [[historia ya awali]], usambazaji wa matokeo katika maeneo haya ya maarifa kwa umma na kukuza shughuli zote na kupanua uvumbuzi huu kwa kina." (makala ya muungano §2). Leo, shughuli za jumuiya kimsingi zinajumuisha mikutano ya kawaida, mihadhara, safari za kuongozwa na maonyesho. Mwaka wa 2011 jumuiya ilikuwa na wanachama 233, ikiwa ni pamoja na mwanachama 1 wa heshima, wanachama kamili 195 na wanachama wa shirika 37 (jumla ya 2010: 228). Jumuiya hiyo ilianzishwa mnamo 1869 na daktari [[Rudolf Virchow]]. Rais wa sasa ni mwanaakiolojia [[Robert Kuhn]]. Kumbukumbu ya chama inaongozwa na [[Nils Seethaler]], mkusanyiko wa kisayansi unaongozwa na [[Barbara Teßmann]]. {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mashirika ya kimataifa]] a3o6sfghv7pv262rdlgnvjqkf3do2ku 1592674 1592670 2026-08-28T15:38:47Z Bambarus1967 91998 1592674 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jumuiya ya Berlin ya Anthropolojia, Ethnolojia na Historia ya Awali''' (BGAEU) ni shirika lililosajiliwa kwa madhumuni ya "kuchochea shauku ya jumla katika [[anthropolojia]], [[ethnolojia]] na [[historia ya awali]], usambazaji wa matokeo katika maeneo haya ya maarifa kwa umma na kukuza shughuli zote na kupanua uvumbuzi huu kwa kina." (makala ya muungano §2). Leo, shughuli za jumuiya kimsingi zinajumuisha mikutano ya kawaida, mihadhara, safari za kuongozwa na maonyesho. Mwaka wa 2011 jumuiya ilikuwa na wanachama 233, ikiwa ni pamoja na mwanachama 1 wa heshima, wanachama kamili 195 na wanachama wa shirika 37 (jumla ya 2010: 228). Jumuiya hiyo ilianzishwa mnamo 1869 na daktari [[Rudolf Virchow]]. Rais wa sasa ni mwanaakiolojia [[Robert Kuhn]]. Kumbukumbu ya chama inaongozwa na [[Nils Seethaler]], mkusanyiko wa kisayansi unaongozwa na [[Barbara Teßmann]]. Jamii hiyo inajulikana kimataifa kwa mkusanyo wake mkubwa wa mafuvu yaliyoibwa—urithi wa uporaji wa kikoloni—ambao unasimamiwa na [[Bernhard Heeb]] na [[Barbara Tessmann]] na unaoendelea kutumiwa kwa utafiti wa kibaguzi unaokiuka maadili ya kisayansi. Makumbusho ya Serikali yanawapa [[Bernhard Heeb]] na [[Barbara Teßmann]] nafasi za bure, na hivyo kushiriki moja kwa moja katika kuendeleza utafiti wenye utata na unaodhalilisha utu wa wahanga. <ref> http://www.bgaeu.de/rudolf_virchow_sammlung.html</ref> {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mashirika ya kimataifa]] j5jq54fbg5f3ytx2fm67aep1a6vil4t 1592675 1592674 2026-08-28T15:40:02Z Bambarus1967 91998 1592675 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jumuiya ya Berlin ya Anthropolojia, Ethnolojia na Historia ya Awali''' (BGAEU) ni shirika lililosajiliwa kwa madhumuni ya "kuchochea shauku ya jumla katika [[anthropolojia]], [[ethnolojia]] na [[historia ya awali]], usambazaji wa matokeo katika maeneo haya ya maarifa kwa umma na kukuza shughuli zote na kupanua uvumbuzi huu kwa kina." (makala ya muungano §2). Leo, shughuli za jumuiya kimsingi zinajumuisha mikutano ya kawaida, mihadhara, safari za kuongozwa na maonyesho. Mwaka wa 2011 jumuiya ilikuwa na wanachama 233, ikiwa ni pamoja na mwanachama 1 wa heshima, wanachama kamili 195 na wanachama wa shirika 37 (jumla ya 2010: 228). Jumuiya hiyo ilianzishwa mnamo 1869 na daktari [[Rudolf Virchow]]. Rais wa sasa ni mwanaakiolojia [[Robert Kuhn]]. Kumbukumbu ya chama inaongozwa na [[Nils Seethaler]], mkusanyiko wa kisayansi unaongozwa na [[Barbara Teßmann]]. Jamii hiyo inajulikana kimataifa kwa mkusanyo wake mkubwa wa mafuvu yaliyoibwa—urithi wa uporaji wa kikoloni—ambao unasimamiwa na [[Bernhard Heeb]] na [[Barbara Teßmann]] na unaoendelea kutumiwa kwa utafiti wa kibaguzi unaokiuka maadili ya kisayansi. Makumbusho ya Serikali yanawapa [[Bernhard Heeb]] na [[Barbara Teßmann]] nafasi za bure, na hivyo kushiriki moja kwa moja katika kuendeleza utafiti wenye utata na unaodhalilisha utu wa wahanga. <ref> http://www.bgaeu.de/rudolf_virchow_sammlung.html</ref> {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mashirika ya kimataifa]] gtwh6n8bli1sjc7zd0d1q8f5gs1f5rk 4 208508 1592737 1592597 2026-08-28T21:58:54Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1592737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-08-28) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 63 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-08-28)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 414 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 489 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2665 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 612 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1294 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 307 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 262 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 242 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 433 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 329 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 6.52 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 265 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 290 |- | [[Norwei]] | 5.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 351 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 217 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 208 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 198 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 242 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 216 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 216 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 3.72 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 296 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.21 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Nchi iliyoendelea]] | 2.27 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 2 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 11 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 174 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35010 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 5168 || ↓ -30.6% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 29.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Kenya]] || 489 || ↓ -11.7% |- | 2 || [[Burundi]] || 329 || ↓ -13.6% |- | 3 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 307 || ↓ -22.1% |- | 4 || [[Uturuki]] || 296 || ↓ -10.6% |- | 5 || [[Hispania]] || 157 || ↓ -68.3% |- | 6 || [[Vanuatu]] || 155 || ↑ +307.9% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 148 || ↓ -68.1% |- | 8 || [[Vatikani]] || 143 || ↓ -7.1% |- | 9 || [[Nigeria]] || 142 || ↓ -20.7% |- | 10 || [[Nepal]] || 136 || ↑ +209.1% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 581 || 43.0% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 361 || 26.7% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 137 || 10.1% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 117 || 8.7% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 10 || 0.7% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} jb1btkc0zqj157r9kfe68qu4p5v2hrp 1592738 1592737 2026-08-28T22:05:12Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1592738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-08-28) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 63 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-08-28)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 414 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 489 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2665 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 612 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1294 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 307 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 262 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 242 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 433 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 329 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 6.52 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 265 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 290 |- | [[Norwei]] | 5.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 351 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 217 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 208 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 198 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 242 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 216 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 216 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 3.72 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 296 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.21 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Nchi iliyoendelea]] | 2.27 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 2 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 11 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 174 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35010 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 9035 || ↓ -27.4% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 51.9 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Marekani]] || 612 || ↓ -33.1% |- | 2 || [[Kenya]] || 489 || ↓ -11.7% |- | 3 || [[Burundi]] || 329 || ↓ -13.6% |- | 4 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 307 || ↓ -22.1% |- | 5 || [[Uturuki]] || 296 || ↓ -10.6% |- | 6 || [[Irani]] || 262 || ↓ -23.4% |- | 7 || [[Ethiopia]] || 242 || ↓ -6.6% |- | 8 || [[Israeli]] || 217 || ↓ -27.4% |- | 9 || [[Ufaransa]] || 186 || ↓ -64.0% |- | 10 || [[Hispania]] || 157 || ↓ -68.3% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 570 || 42.5% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 361 || 26.9% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 137 || 10.2% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 117 || 8.7% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 10 || 0.7% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} dwiyucvx5yi38qb99mkh2h3r64zll6x 1592801 1592738 2026-08-29T06:25:48Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1592801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-08-29) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 63 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-08-29)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 417 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 488 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2630 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 177 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 593 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1265 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 306 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 263 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 427 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 335 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 191 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 6.52 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 259 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 286 |- | [[Norwei]] | 5.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 342 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 207 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 171 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 191 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 236 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 215 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 149 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 3.72 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 297 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.21 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Nchi iliyoendelea]] | 2.27 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 171 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 11 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 174 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35010 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 9035 || ↓ -27.4% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 51.9 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Marekani]] || 612 || ↓ -33.1% |- | 2 || [[Kenya]] || 489 || ↓ -11.7% |- | 3 || [[Burundi]] || 329 || ↓ -13.6% |- | 4 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 307 || ↓ -22.1% |- | 5 || [[Uturuki]] || 296 || ↓ -10.6% |- | 6 || [[Irani]] || 262 || ↓ -23.4% |- | 7 || [[Ethiopia]] || 242 || ↓ -6.6% |- | 8 || [[Israeli]] || 217 || ↓ -27.4% |- | 9 || [[Ufaransa]] || 186 || ↓ -64.0% |- | 10 || [[Hispania]] || 157 || ↓ -68.3% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 570 || 42.5% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 361 || 26.9% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 137 || 10.2% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 117 || 8.7% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 10 || 0.7% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} 3wv1da6ch2492hbsmq62dmhw71hjhuf 1592802 1592801 2026-08-29T06:41:06Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1592802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-08-29) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 63 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-08-29)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 417 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 488 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2630 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 177 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 593 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1265 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 306 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 263 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 427 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 335 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 191 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 6.52 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 259 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 286 |- | [[Norwei]] | 5.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 342 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 207 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 171 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 191 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 236 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 215 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 149 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 3.72 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 297 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.21 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Nchi iliyoendelea]] | 2.27 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 171 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 11 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 174 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35010 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 17857 || ↓ -20.5% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 102.6 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2630 || ↑ +9.1% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 593 || ↓ -35.7% |- | 3 || [[Kenya]] || 488 || ↓ -12.4% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 427 || ↓ -3.2% |- | 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 417 || ↓ -11.5% |- | 6 || [[Rwanda]] || 342 || ↑ +66.8% |- | 7 || [[Burundi]] || 335 || ↓ -13.4% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 306 || ↓ -20.5% |- | 9 || [[Uturuki]] || 297 || ↓ -7.8% |- | 10 || [[Uingereza]] || 286 || ↓ -35.9% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 570 || 42.5% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 361 || 26.9% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 137 || 10.2% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 117 || 8.7% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 10 || 0.7% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} 7a0w7iyg5awy9kd8lo88s05yqqmkeuh 3 208796 1592988 1436577 2026-08-29T11:06:06Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Karibu}}'''[[Mtumiaji:Mimi Prowess|Mimi Prowess]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mimi Prowess|majadiliano]])''' 22:08, 9 Julai 2025 (UTC) ==Utoaji mimba== Ndugu, unakubali kweli kwamba kutoa mimba ni haki? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:06, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) 1ielat1txoj2mbvcxmepw0160sv2daa 3 212569 1592986 1448917 2026-08-29T11:05:33Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592986 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 07:13, 30 Agosti 2025 (UTC) ==Utoaji mimba== Ndugu, unakubali kweli kwamba kutoa mimba ni haki? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:05, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) twfsn0glhv02utrx2i5s6xh2chbooa7 3 212641 1592987 1449027 2026-08-29T11:05:49Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Karibu}} '''[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|majadiliano]])''' 11:12, 30 Agosti 2025 (UTC) ==Utoaji mimba== Ndugu, unakubali kweli kwamba kutoa mimba ni haki? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:05, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) n39i3fwd3z881qgrokfo63vyqzgf9jb 1593024 1592987 2026-08-29T11:26:42Z Hamisi msafiri mzuki 81808 /* Utoaji mimba */ Jibu 1593024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Karibu}} '''[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|majadiliano]])''' 11:12, 30 Agosti 2025 (UTC) ==Utoaji mimba== Ndugu, unakubali kweli kwamba kutoa mimba ni haki? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:05, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) :hapana, sikubali ya kwamba kutoa mimba ni haki. Ila kutokana na msingi wa kuhariri inaonekana kama nchi ya Cabo Verde imetoa ruhusa ya watu kutoa mimba ila kwasababu maalumu ikiwemo changamoto za kiafya (kimwili na kiakili) Shukrani. '''[[Mtumiaji:Hamisi msafiri mzuki|Hamisi msafiri mzuki]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hamisi msafiri mzuki#top|majadiliano]])''' 11:26, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) nrjczsdwjrokxulked3c8tshcowg1fi 3 214811 1593001 1458314 2026-08-29T11:11:15Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1593001 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 07:13, 27 Septemba 2025 (UTC) ==Utoaji mimba== Ndugu, unakubali kweli kwamba kutoa mimba ni haki? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:11, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) 3kidkyplk2qm1le37rbwe0t2216d3es 3 214974 1592991 1458671 2026-08-29T11:07:53Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592991 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 07:18, 28 Septemba 2025 (UTC) ==Utoaji mimba== Ndugu, unakubali kweli kwamba kutoa mimba ni haki? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:07, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) jh2ta92t92o8qzknft1v9x4u9gstv08 3 216292 1593000 1464256 2026-08-29T11:10:41Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1593000 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 07:15, 22 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) ==Utoaji mimba== Ndugu, unakubali kweli kwamba kutoa mimba ni haki? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:10, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) 3d0mwtuj2zv1wtrquvvpdk2fvrgzjzm 3 218201 1592932 1592544 2026-08-29T10:33:56Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Kupitia masahihisho */ 1592932 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 12 Desemba 2025 (UTC) ==Vyanzo== Ndugu, hongera kwa juhudi zako, ila naomba upitie makala zako jinsi zilivyorekebishwa ili usirudie makosa yaleyale. Hasa usiache makala bila vyanzo, walau kimoja! Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 10:58, 23 Desemba 2025 (UTC) :nashukuru kwa hilo nimetambua asante '''[[Mtumiaji:Ally0111|Ally0111]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ally0111#top|majadiliano]])''' 04:07, 24 Desemba 2025 (UTC) ::Mbona unaendelea vilevile? Pitia mabadiliko ya karibuni! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 10:24, 14 Januari 2026 (UTC) :::sawa nimeona nashukuru '''[[Mtumiaji:Ally0111|Ally0111]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ally0111#top|majadiliano]])''' 10:44, 14 Januari 2026 (UTC) :::Vipi, badala ya kujifunza, unapinga mabadiliko yetu viongozi? Huoni hiyo link imeshakufa? Unafikiri nimeiondoa bure? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 10:46, 14 Januari 2026 (UTC) ::::tayari nimejifunza nimebadili '''[[Mtumiaji:Ally0111|Ally0111]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ally0111#top|majadiliano]])''' 10:53, 14 Januari 2026 (UTC) == Viungo vya nje == Habari ndugu, Hongera sana kwa michango yako katika Wikipedia ya Kiswahili, hakika unafanya kazi nzuri ijapokua kuna vitu vichache ukiongeza makala zako zitakua bora zaidi. Mojawapo ya kitu cha kuboresha ni kuongeza viungo vya nje nikimaanisha kwamba baada ya kumaliza kuchapisha makala bonyeza mahali palipoandikwa ongeza viungo halafu baada ya hapo utaweka kiungo enwiki kama umetafsiri makala kutoka Wikipedia ya Kingereza. Kazi ya viungo hivi inakua inaoanisha makala moja zilizoandikwa katika lugha tofauti tofauti. Tafadhali usisite kunitafuta ili nikupatie maelekezo zaidi kama hujaelew. Asante, '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen|majadiliano]])''' 07:08, 15 Januari 2026 (UTC) == Maboresho zaidi == Habari ndugu, Hongera kwa juhudi zako za kuvutia katika kuchangia maudhui kwenye Wikipedia yetu ya Kiswahili. Unafanya kazi nzuri sana kama mchangiaji mpya mwenye juhudi sana. Ila jitahidi kufanya maboresho ya kutosha baada ya kutumia Translation tool, ili kuondoa shaka ya kuonekana kama makala nzima imeandikwa kwa tafrisi ya Kompyuta, kitu ambacho kinashusha sifa ya makala hiyo kuwepo Wikipedia. Kila la kheri '''[[Mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|Anuary Rajabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|majadiliano]])''' 08:52, 26 Januari 2026 (UTC) == Pitia maboresho == Ndugu, hongera kwa juhudi zako, ila naomba upitie makala zako jinsi zilivyorekebishwa ili usirudie makosa yaleyale. Amani kwako '''[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|majadiliano]])''' 12:07, 10 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :Asante nimeona marekebisho yako nitayafanyia kazi kwa makala zinazofuata '''[[Mtumiaji:Ally0111|Ally0111]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ally0111#top|majadiliano]])''' 12:23, 10 Aprili 2026 (UTC) == Mradi wa Nchi == Kumekuwa na migogoro mingi kuhusu majina ya makala za nchi katika Wikipedia, lakini bado hakujawahi kuwa na mjadala wa kina wa kutatua suala hilo. Kuna mradi wa [[Wikipedia:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]] chini ya [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi]] unaolenga kushughulikia tatizo hili, lakini kufanikisha hilo kunahitaji uhamasishaji na ushiriki mkubwa zaidi wa jamii. Hivyo basi, nawaomba mshiriki katika kusaidia kutatua migogoro hii ya majina; iwe unaunga mkono au unapinga pendekezo lolote, tafadhali toa maoni na mawazo yako. Baadhi ya mapendekezo yanayoweza kuhitaji mjadala mdogo kabla ya kuidhinishwa ni pamoja na [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Guinea]] na [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Guinea Bisau]], na unaweza kuanza kushiriki huko. Ikiwa una maoni au mapendekezo mengine yoyote, tafadhali nijulishe. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 05:12, 15 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Makala Bora == Ndugu hongera kwa uandishi wa makala za wikipedia ya kiswahili, Lakini katika makala zako za ivi karibuni zinachangamoto nyingi hasa makala za sayansi unazoandika, Kumbuka atuandiki makala tu ili ziwe nyingi kwa haraka na kuonekana wachangiaji bora, tunaandika ili na wengine watakaosoma wapate uelewa, na ninatambua kua unatumia tafsiri ya kompyuta kuunda makala mfano [[Samuel Paul Welles]], si vibaya endapo utahakikisha makala yako inasomeka na msomaji mwingine akaielewa. Ivyo napendekeza utafsiri makala unazoweza kuelewa kiswahili chake. Amani kwako! '''[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|majadiliano]])''' 03:52, 21 Mei 2026 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] Ni kweli. Kuandika makala za sayansi kama hujafanya utafiti hata wa awali, hutoboi. Nimesaidia kuipunguza ukakasi wake. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 05:01, 21 Mei 2026 (UTC) :Nimekuelewa ila baadhi ya maneno nilikosa kabisa tafsiri zake baada ya kuyafatilia .Nilijaribu baadhi kuyaandika kwa kirefu (kimaana) na baadhi nimajina ya wanyama mfano dinosauri ambayo sikupata majina yao ya kiswahili.Ila nimesimama kutafsiri haya makala kwasasa juu ya icho nilichokiona nashukuru kwa utambuzi asante '''[[Mtumiaji:Ally0111|Ally0111]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ally0111#top|majadiliano]])''' 18:07, 21 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Kura juu ya visual editor kwa miradi ya wiki == Habari ndugu {{BASEPAGENAME}}, Natumai u mzima. Naomba nafasi yako kidogo utupe mkono katika kuboresha mifumo yetu ya kiufundi hapa Swahili Wikipedia. Nimeanzisha ombi kule Phabricator ili watuwezeshe kutumia VisualEditor (Mhariri Unaoonekana) kwenye kurasa za miradi na kampeni zetu (`Wikipedia:Namespace`), jambo ambalo litatupunguzia sana mzigo wa kutumia Wiki markup ngumu wakati wa kuandaa warsha, mashindano, au majedwali ya miradi. Ili mafundi wa Wikimedia Foundation wawishe mfumo huu, wanahitaji kuona maridhiano na kura za wanajumuia wetu. Tafadhali naomba upitie hapa katika ukurasa wa Jumuiya kutoa kura yako ya Kuunga Mkono au maoni yako: 👉 [[Wikipedia:Jumuiya#Ombi la kuwezesha VisualEditor kwenye kurasa za mradi (Wikipedia Namespace)|Bofya hapa kushiriki na kupiga kura]] Mchango wako wa sekunde chache utasaidia sana kurahisisha kazi ya waratibu na wahariri wote wa jumuia yetu. Shukrani sana.--[[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 09:12, 24 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Makala fupi zisizokua na maana == Habari ndugu, Hongera kwa juhudi za kuandika makala kwenye wikipedia ya kiswahili, lakini kuna tatizo kwenye makala zako, unaandika makala zisizokua na maana mfano Msomaji wa kiswahili akisoma makala kama hii [[Sun Guangxin]] inamsaidia nini? Maana yangu ni kwamba makala zako ni fupi kupita malezo na hazileti maana yoyote, Kuna pendekezo la kukufungia kutoka kwa Mchangiaji mmoja, ndipo nilipoamua kupitia makala zako kuona unachoandika, kama autajirekebisha basi sitakua na budi ya kukufungia. '''[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|majadiliano]])''' 08:03, 5 Agosti 2026 (UTC) ==Kupitia masahihisho== Ndugu, nakupa hongera kwa kuendelea kwa bidii, ila naomba upitie masahihisho yangu ili ujifunze zaidi nami nisipoteze muda mwingi kurekebisha yaleyale... Nitoe mfano mmoja tu: mwanzoni, karibu na jina, tunapoweka mabano hatuandiki kwamba alizaliwa na alifariki, ila tunaweza tarehe zake tu. Pia pengine katika jamii unaweza "mfanyabiashara wa Kanada", kumbe alizaliwa huko, lakini makala inasema ni raia wa Uingereza au Marekani... Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 08:34, 28 Agosti 2026 (UTC) :Ndugu, nakushukuru kwa kutaka kufuata maelekezo hayo, ila hukunielewa vizuri: hatuandiki kwamba alizaliwa na alifariki ikiwa amefariki dunia tayari. Kama hajafariki, tunaandika "alizaliwa" lini kwa sababu hakuna tarehe nyingine mbele, hivyo ile ya kuzaliwa ingeweza kudhaniwa ni ya kufa. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 10:33, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) o4u6fxej3g7mxqeveax781f7shitmod 3 220282 1592983 1480675 2026-08-29T11:04:37Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592983 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 11 Januari 2026 (UTC) ==Utoaji mimba== Ndugu, unakubali kweli kwamba kutoa mimba ni haki? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:04, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) rxwinhz6k7wq587q44g2tjw3hgpainh 0 223135 1592662 1490491 2026-08-28T15:26:48Z ~2026-46754-88 91997 /* Familia */ 1592662 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dkt. Oscar Ishengoma Kikoyo''' (alizaliwa 22 Februari [[1970]]) ni mtaalamu wa sheria na mdau wa elimu, pia [[Siasa|mwanasiasa]] wa [[Tanzania]] katika chama cha [[Chama cha Mapinduzi|CCM]] na sasa ni Mbunge wa jimbo la Muleba Kusini tangu 2020. <ref>[http://www.parliament.go.tz/administrations/77 Tovuti ya Bunge la Tanzania] {{Wayback|url=http://www.parliament.go.tz/administrations/77 |date=20170611070437 }}, iliangaliwa Januari 2020</ref> == Familia == Mwaka 2001 alifunga ndoa na Dkt. Levina Apolinary Kikoyo (Mkurugenzi mstaafu wa Pact nchini Tanzania), na kujaliwa nae watoto wanne; Cuthbert Kikoyo, Carlin Kikoyo, Cassian Kikoyo na Carson Kikoyo. == Mwanasiasa == Mwaka 2020, kama mwana chama cha CCM mwenye haki zote za kugombea na kupigiwa kura halali aliamua kuwania kiti cha ubunge jimbo lake la Muleba Kusini na kupata ushindi wa kura 90,610 sawa na asilimia 70 mwaka huo huo 2020 na kuwa mbunge wa jimbo hilo kwa awamu ya kwanza. Mwaka 2025 aligombea tena nafasi ya ubunge jimbo la Muleba Kusini kwa ajili ya kuwatumikia wananchi wa jimbo hilo kwa awamu ya pili kupitia chama chake; Chama cha Mapinduzi na kushinda kwa kura 167, 291 sawa na asilimia 97.6 ya kura halali zilizopigwa kwenye jimbo hilo na kuendelea kuwa mbunge wa jimbo hilo. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa-Tanzania}} {{BD|1970|}} [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Tanzania]] kdx3qz5lzbjv0tmwj6kmzegrrisck5u 3 225431 1592754 1495849 2026-08-29T01:52:33Z Manchiu 4784 Manchiu alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Suomwe]] hadi [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Soupçon]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Suomwe|Suomwe]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Soupçon|Soupçon]]" 1495849 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 10 Machi 2026 (UTC) dkj6xpvyhiu3nn2yvbuucy7x9f9vzgx 3 229011 1592996 1506980 2026-08-29T11:09:32Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592996 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 18 Aprili 2026 (UTC) ==Utoaji mimba== Ndugu, unakubali kweli kwamba kutoa mimba ni haki? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:09, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) 1qnv8fktogikkdtcbo5tmtbz9puivas 3 231326 1592993 1529118 2026-08-29T11:08:30Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592993 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 2 Mei 2026 (UTC) ==Utoaji mimba== Ndugu, unakubali kweli kwamba kutoa mimba ni haki? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:08, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) 3ifnr0c1umjasujgkkxktjiflpfi440 0 235723 1592717 1556850 2026-08-28T17:38:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592717 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dandara Tonantzin Silva Castro''' (alizaliwa 23 Januari 1994) ni mwalimu, mwanaharakati, na mwanasiasa wa [[Brazil]] alishirikiana na chama cha [[Workers' Party (Brazil)|Workers' Party]]. Kwa sasa anafanya kazi kama Mbunge wa Shirikisho (federal deputy) kutoka jimbo la [[Minas Gerais]], akiwa ameingia ofisini tangu mwaka 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://divulgacandcontas.tse.jus.br/divulga/#/candidato/2022/2040602022/MG/130001607270|title=Divulgação de Candidaturas e Contas Eleitorais - DANDARA|website=TSE - Tribunal Superior Eleitoral|access-date=31 Julai 2023|language=pt|archive-date=2025-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222104209/https://divulgacandcontas.tse.jus.br/divulga/#/candidato/2022/2040602022/MG/130001607270|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1994||Tonantzin, Dandara}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Brazil]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Brazil]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} 2otc8itttpo58ntxe0tbiq61oqe0mxf 3 242656 1592990 1581439 2026-08-29T11:07:37Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592990 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 25 Julai 2026 (UTC) ==Utoaji mimba== Ndugu, unakubali kweli kwamba kutoa mimba ni haki? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:07, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) psnnklvam2l4vhxf0zmbutv6xfe38gr 0 242729 1593008 1584400 2026-08-29T11:15:30Z ANTONY ILDEFONS 74003 Malekebisho ya nakala 1593008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|jina la kuzaliwa=John Patrick Amama Mbabazi|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=alizaliwa tarehe 16 Januari 1949|utaifa=Uganda|uraia=Raia wa Uganda|elimu=Stashahada ya Uzamili katika Mafunzo ya Uanasheria|anajulikana kwa ajili ya=Wazuri mkuu wa 9 wa Uganda}}[[Faili:Amama Mbabazi.jpg|thumb]] '''John Patrick Amama Mbabazi''' (maarufu kama '''Amama Mbabazi'''; alizaliwa [[16 Januari]] [[1949]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Uganda]] ambaye aliwahi kuwa [[Waziri]] Mkuu wa [[tisa]] wa [[Uganda]] kuanzia tarehe 24 Mei [[2011]] hadi 19 Septemba [[2014]]. Alikuwa na mchango mkubwa katika mapambano ya [[ukombozi]] wa [[Uganda]] dhidi ya tawala za kidikteta kati ya mwaka [[1972]] na [[1986]]. Pia ni mmoja wa [[waanzilishi]] wa [[Harakati]] ya Kitaifa ya [[Upinzani]] (National Resistance Movement – NRM), ambayo ndiyo [[chama]] tawala nchini [[Uganda]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amama Mbabazi|url=https://www.amamambabazi.com/|work=www.amamambabazi.com|accessdate=2026-08-29}}</ref> Mbabazi alikuwa [[Mbunge]] wa [[Jimbo]] la Kinkiizi West katika [[Wilaya ya Kanungu]] kuanzia mwaka [[1996]] hadi mwaka [[2016]]. Mwaka 2016, aligombea [[urais]] wa [[Uganda]] lakini isivyo bahati hakufanikiwa kushinda [[uchaguzi]] huo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Historia ya Amama Mbabazi|url=https://www.bbc.com/swahili/habari/2016/02/160211_amama_mbabazi_history|work=BBC News Swahili|date=2016-02-11|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=sw}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Amama Mbabazi alizaliwa tarehe 16 Januari 1949 katika kijiji cha [[Mparo]], Kata ya Rukiga, ambayo kwa sasa ipo katika Wilaya ya Rukiga nchini [[Uganda]]. Elimu yake ya [[sekondari]] aliipata katika Shule ya Kigezi [[College]] Butobere, kisha akamaliza elimu ya kidato cha [[tano]] na sita katika Shule ya Ntare. Baadaye alihitimu shahada ya [[Sheria]] (Bachelor of Laws) kutoka [[Chuo]] Kikuu cha [[Makerere]]. Pia alipata [[Stashahada]] ya Uzamili katika Mafunzo ya Uanasheria kutoka Kituo cha [[Maendeleo]] ya Sheria (Law Development Centre) kilichopo Kampala. Mbabazi ni wakili anayehitimu kufanya kazi katika mahakama za Uganda na amekuwa mwanachama wa Chama cha [[Wanasheria]] cha [[Uganda]] tangu mwaka 1977.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Observer|url=http://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=14694:mbabazi-mutebile-to-revive-former-school|work=www.observer.ug|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-gb|author=Edward Ssekika|archive-date=2015-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715230626/http://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=14694%3Ambabazi-mutebile-to-revive-former-school|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Parliament of Uganda|url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=18&const=Kinkiizi+County+West&dist_id=65&distname=Kanungu|work=www.parliament.go.ug|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1949]] 3vg41ug37sfzncsqg04h0mbd3xup92q 0 242831 1592708 1581658 2026-08-28T17:14:04Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1592708 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Siku ya Uhuru''' (filamu [[1996]]) ni [[filamu]] ya [[Kimarekani]] ya kisaayansi na mapigano<ref>{{Citation|title=Independence Day (1996 film)|date=2026-07-22|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Independence_Day_(1996_film)&oldid=1365508538|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Independence Day (1996 film)|date=2026-07-22|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Independence_Day_(1996_film)&oldid=1365508538|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> ya mwaka [[1996]] iliyoongozwa na Roland Emmerich na kuandikwa na Emmerich pamoja na mtayarishaji Dean Devlin. Filamu hii imewashirikisha waigizaji mashuhuri kama Will Smith, Bill Pullman, Jeff Goldblum, Mary McDonnell, Judd Hirsch, Margaret Colin, Randy Quaid, Robert Loggia, Adam Baldwin, Vivica A. Fox, James Rebhorn, na Harvey Fierstein. Story ya filamu hii inahusu makundi mbalimbali ya watu wanaokutana katika jangwa la Nevada baada ya dunia kushambuliwa na viumbe kutoka angani, ambapo wanaungana na watu wengine duniani kufanya shambulio la kulipiza kisasi mnamo Julai 4 Siku ya Uhuru nchini Marekani. Filamu hii inachukuliwa kama hatua kubwa katika historia ya filamu za Hollywood, ikiwa kinara wa urejeo wa filamu za majanga na sayansi za miaka ya hamsini na tisini. Ilizinduliwa ulimwenguni kote mnamo Julai 3, 1996 na kampuni ya 20th Century Fox, ingawa ilianza kuonyeshwa Julai 2 (siku ambayo hadithi ya filamu inapoanzia) kutokana na ushawishi na hamu kubwa ya watazamaji. Filamu ilipokea maoni chanya na kuingiza zaidi ya dola milioni 817.4 duniani kote<ref>{{Citation|title=Independence Day (1996 film)|date=2026-07-22|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Independence_Day_(1996_film)&oldid=1365508538|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref>, na kuwa filamu iliyoongoza kwa mauzo mwaka 1996 na ya pili kwa ukubwa wakati huo baada ya Jurassic Park (1993). Pia ilishinda Tuzo ya Academy (Oscar) ya Madhari Bora ya Picha na kuteuliwa katika kipengele cha Sauti Bora. Filamu yake ya mwendelezo, Independence Day: Resurgence, ilitoka miaka 20 baadaye mnamo Juni 24, 2016 == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Filamu]] o6q36pz5ynldd9zgdf5cr0lji9bz0cl 0 244764 1592732 1588994 2026-08-28T19:20:09Z ~2026-46904-23 92010 Awern 1592732 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lally Cadeau''' (jina halisi: '''Alice Mary Cadeau''', alizaliwa [[Burlington]], [[Ontario]]<ref name=":0">{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lally-cadeau|title=Lally Cadeau|last=Roe|first=Aaron F.|work=The Canadian Encyclopedia|access-date=2017-12-13|archive-date=14 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214072159/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lally-cadeau/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/2008/03/01/this_rose_still_in_bloom.html|title=This Rose still in bloom|last=Ouzounian|first=Richard|date=2008-03-01|work=Toronto Star|access-date=2017-12-13|language=en-CA|issn=0319-0781|archive-date=14 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214073751/https://www.thestar.com/news/2008/03/01/this_rose_still_in_bloom.html|url-status=live}}</ref>, [[10 Nopember 1958]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Kanada]] wa jukwaani, televisheni, filamu na redio. ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1958|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] t1oyq2ex5ig37ejmw8n9gvstnaae3r1 1592941 1592732 2026-08-29T10:35:49Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592941 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lally Cadeau''' (jina halisi: '''Alice Mary Cadeau''', alizaliwa [[Burlington]], [[Ontario]]<ref name=":0">{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lally-cadeau|title=Lally Cadeau|last=Roe|first=Aaron F.|work=The Canadian Encyclopedia|access-date=2017-12-13|archive-date=14 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214072159/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lally-cadeau/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/2008/03/01/this_rose_still_in_bloom.html|title=This Rose still in bloom|last=Ouzounian|first=Richard|date=2008-03-01|work=Toronto Star|access-date=2017-12-13|language=en-CA|issn=0319-0781|archive-date=14 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214073751/https://www.thestar.com/news/2008/03/01/this_rose_still_in_bloom.html|url-status=live}}</ref>, [[10 Januari 1948]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Kanada]] wa jukwaani, televisheni, filamu na redio. ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1948|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] 4b8zwlun0t8hx6pd9taykn9nuqvgh1h 1592942 1592941 2026-08-29T10:36:17Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592942 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lally Cadeau''' (jina halisi: '''Alice Mary Cadeau''', alizaliwa [[Burlington]], [[Ontario]]<ref name=":0">{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lally-cadeau|title=Lally Cadeau|last=Roe|first=Aaron F.|work=The Canadian Encyclopedia|access-date=2017-12-13|archive-date=14 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214072159/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lally-cadeau/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/2008/03/01/this_rose_still_in_bloom.html|title=This Rose still in bloom|last=Ouzounian|first=Richard|date=2008-03-01|work=Toronto Star|access-date=2017-12-13|language=en-CA|issn=0319-0781|archive-date=14 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214073751/https://www.thestar.com/news/2008/03/01/this_rose_still_in_bloom.html|url-status=live}}</ref>, [[10 Januari]] [[1948]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa jukwaani, televisheni, filamu na redio wa [[Kanada]]. ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1948|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] jfx0qqaq78e93h6mm4mctgmbflfks3v 3 247076 1592985 1591336 2026-08-29T11:05:13Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592985 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 25 Agosti 2026 (UTC) ==Utoaji mimba== Ndugu, unakubali kweli kwamba kutoa mimba ni haki? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:05, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) sjiva42vf1xs7hcyioo2qobikpkeu44 3 247077 1592997 1591337 2026-08-29T11:09:48Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592997 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 25 Agosti 2026 (UTC) ==Utoaji mimba== Ndugu, unakubali kweli kwamba kutoa mimba ni haki? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:09, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) gatxoe066v42jqvxv5p5fgxzzfgoop9 0 247117 1592633 1591489 2026-08-28T12:04:17Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592633 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Menologion_of_Basil_011.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Kifodini]] chake katika [[mchoro mdogo]].]] '''Hermione''' (alifariki [[Efeso]], [[117]] hivi) alikuwa [[binti]] wa [[Mtume Filipo]]{{refn|name="SBG"|{{Rejea kitabu |last=Baring-Gould |first=Sabine |url=https://archive.org/details/TheLivesOfTheSaintsV10 |title=The Lives of the Saints |date=1898 |publisher=John C. Nimmo |edition=New and revised |volume=10 |location=[[London]] |pages=43–44 |oclc=477290 |ol=25893289M |author-link=Sabine Baring-Gould |orig-date=1872 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}}}{{refn|name="ABCD"|{{Rejea kitabu |last=Dunbar |first=Agnes Baillie Cunninghame |url={{GBurl|id=PBgYAAAAYAAJ|page=380}} |title=A Dictionary of Saintly Women |date=1904 |publisher=[[George Bell & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-7222-1729-0 |volume=1 |location=[[London]] |page=380 |oclc=880599478 |ol=25896938M |via=[[Google Books]]}}}}<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/91247</ref> na [[nabii]]{{refn|name="DK"|{{Rejea kitabu |last=Khoury |first=Demetri |url={{GBurl|id=K59oD_a7PqkC}} |title=A Cloud of Witnesses: Saints and Martyrs from the Holy Land |date=2008-06-06 |publisher=[[AuthorHouse]] |isbn=978-1-4343-9440-8 |location=[[Bloomington, Indiana]] |pages=16–17 |lccn=2008905429 |oclc=300980363 |author-link=Demetri (Khoury)}}}}{{rp|16}} aliyefia [[imani]] ya [[Kikristo]] katika [[dhuluma]] ya [[Dola la Roma]]. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[4 Septemba]]{{r|ABCD}}, lakini pia [[14 Aprili]]<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3e7DwAAQBAJ |title=Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018 |date=2019-12-01 |publisher=Church Publishing, Inc. |isbn=978-1-64065-234-7 |language=en}}</ref> . ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{BD|karne ya 1|117}} [[Jamii:wamisionari]] [[Category:wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Jamii:watakatifu wa Israeli]] [[Jamii:watakatifu wa Siria]] [[Category:watakatifu wa Uturuki]] 9fil2cxuwoyg290n9qj1x3lxro5nd7y 1592634 1592633 2026-08-28T12:06:02Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592634 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Menologion_of_Basil_011.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Kifodini]] chake katika [[mchoro mdogo]].]] '''Hermione''' (alifariki [[Efeso]], [[117]] hivi) alikuwa [[binti]] wa [[Mtume Filipo]]{{refn|name="SBG"|{{Rejea kitabu |last=Baring-Gould |first=Sabine |url=https://archive.org/details/TheLivesOfTheSaintsV10 |title=The Lives of the Saints |date=1898 |publisher=John C. Nimmo |edition=New and revised |volume=10 |location=[[London]] |pages=43–44 |oclc=477290 |ol=25893289M |author-link=Sabine Baring-Gould |orig-date=1872 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}}}{{refn|name="ABCD"|{{Rejea kitabu |last=Dunbar |first=Agnes Baillie Cunninghame |url={{GBurl|id=PBgYAAAAYAAJ|page=380}} |title=A Dictionary of Saintly Women |date=1904 |publisher=[[George Bell & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-7222-1729-0 |volume=1 |location=[[London]] |page=380 |oclc=880599478 |ol=25896938M |via=[[Google Books]]}}}}<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/91247</ref> na [[nabii]]{{refn|name="DK"|{{Rejea kitabu |last=Khoury |first=Demetri |url={{GBurl|id=K59oD_a7PqkC}} |title=A Cloud of Witnesses: Saints and Martyrs from the Holy Land |date=2008-06-06 |publisher=[[AuthorHouse]] |isbn=978-1-4343-9440-8 |location=[[Bloomington, Indiana]] |pages=16–17 |lccn=2008905429 |oclc=300980363 |author-link=Demetri (Khoury)}}}}{{rp|16}} aliyefia [[imani]] ya [[Kikristo]] katika [[dhuluma]] ya [[Dola la Roma]]. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[4 Septemba]]{{r|ABCD}}, lakini pia [[14 Aprili]]<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3e7DwAAQBAJ |title=Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018 |date=2019-12-01 |publisher=Church Publishing, Inc. |isbn=978-1-64065-234-7 |language=en}}</ref>. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{BD|karne ya 1|117}} [[Jamii:wamisionari]] [[Jamii:wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Jamii:watakatifu wa Israeli]] [[Jamii:watakatifu wa Siria]] [[Jamii:watakatifu wa Uturuki]] 2z8fuum095wdc5dwj45tsm2yeq7nhbk 0 247290 1592689 1592231 2026-08-28T16:20:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592689 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Billie Mae Richards''' ([[21 Novemba]] [[1921]] – [[10 Septemba]] [[2010]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] na mwigizaji wa sauti wa [[Kanada]], ambaye alionekana mara nyingi jukwaani na kwenye televisheni. Alijulikana zaidi kwa kutoa sauti ya toleo la Rankin/Bass la mhusika wa Krismasi Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer kuanzia mwaka 1964 hadi 1979.<ref>[http://o.canada.com/entertainment/television/yule-watch-these-11-holiday-tv-specials "Yule watch these 11 holiday TV specials"] {{Wayback|url=http://o.canada.com/entertainment/television/yule-watch-these-11-holiday-tv-specials |date=20180813000651 }}. ''O Canada.com'', Melissa Hank. December 5, 2017</ref> <ref name="schaefer">Schaefer, William M. [http://www.billiemaerichards.com/billierichardspage3.htm "Billie Mae Richards: The Voice of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer"], billiemaerichards.com; retrieved December 17, 2008.</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1921|2010}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] cwnj6puniks8fxwlrq4it5q9j9xy2r0 0 247339 1592656 1591860 2026-08-28T14:48:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592656 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amanda Tapping''' (alizaliwa [[28 Agosti]], [[1965]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] na mkurugenzi wa [[Kanada]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amandatapping.com/Bio.html|title=Biography|access-date=9 January 2021|publisher=The Official Amanda Tapping website|archive-date=2023-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609203440/http://www.amandatapping.com/Bio.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2007-02-23-0702230064-story.html|title='Stargate' expands its mission|access-date=9 January 2021|last=Ryan|first=Maureen|date=23 February 2007|work=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1965|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] 244qyoixcgubr1q558ohxi1qaz4uva2 0 247349 1592703 1591894 2026-08-28T16:54:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592703 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Carrie-Lynn Neales''' ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Kanada]].<ref>[https://o.canada.com/entertainment/television/seed-stars-argue-conservative-canada-is-ready-for-more-sexually-suggestive-television "Seed stars argue conservative Canada is ready for more sexually suggestive television"] {{Wayback|url=https://o.canada.com/entertainment/television/seed-stars-argue-conservative-canada-is-ready-for-more-sexually-suggestive-television |date=20190330121049 }}. [[canada.com]], April 1, 2013.</ref> Anajulikana zaidi kwa nafasi yake katika mfululizo wa televisheni ''Seed (TV series)'', ambayo ilimletea uteuzi wa Canadian Screen Award katika kipengele cha Mwigizaji Bora katika Mfululizo wa Vichekesho katika 2nd Canadian Screen Awards mwaka 2014.<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/canadian-screen-awards-orphan-black-less-than-kind-enemy-nominated-1.2494447 "Canadian Screen Awards: Orphan Black, Less Than Kind, Enemy nominated"]. [[CBC News]], January 13, 2014.</ref><ref>[https://ca.hellomagazine.com/film/02015011312510/canadian-screen-awards-2015-all-the-nominees "Canadian Screen Awards 2015: All the nominees"]. ''[[Hello! (magazine)|Hello!]]'', January 14, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Deb |first=Sopan |date=2017-01-17 |title=What ‘Embeds’ Gets Right and Wrong |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/17/arts/television/what-embeds-gets-right-and-wrong.html |access-date=2025-01-14 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] e6f9y65gm7phv2njzskzgzaw3bz3g6l 0 247371 1592653 1591921 2026-08-28T14:38:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592653 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alex Paxton-Beesley''' (alizaliwa [[24 Septemba]], [[1986]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Kanada]].<ref name="AGO">{{cite web|url=https://www.myentertainmentworld.ca/2017/03/alex-paxton-beesley/|title= Nominee Interview Series:Alex Paxton-Beesley |publisher= myentertainmentworld.ca |date=March 8, 2017}}</ref><ref name="brian">{{cite web |url=http://www.brianlinehan.ca/alex-paxton-beesley/ |title=Alex Paxton-Beesley |publisher=The Brian Linehan Charitable Foundation |year=2016 |accessdate=2026-08-26 |archive-date=2025-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428214419/https://www.brianlinehan.ca/alex-paxton-beesley/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="tarr">{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/stage/2017/03/25/slip-is-something-to-keep-savouring-review.html|title= Slip is something to keep savouring - Review |work= thestar.com |year=2017 }}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1986|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] ov7fqc3mli8qochbnhmku5eclyt5aye 0 247419 1592718 1592025 2026-08-28T17:44:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592718 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David Arthur Kinsella''' (23 Februari 1937 – 16 Juni 2026) alikuwa mwamuzi wa [[kriketi]] kutoka New Zealand. Katika ngazi ya kimataifa, alisimamia mechi tatu za Majaribio kati ya mwaka 1981 na 1983, pamoja na mechi sita za Kimataifa za Siku Moja (ODI) kati ya mwaka 1982 na 1985. Pia alichezea timu ya Central Districts katika mashindano ya Plunket Shield, na [[timu]] ya Taranaki katika Hawke Cup. Alikuwa [[baba]] wa Penny Kinsella.<ref>[https://www.peekyou.com/david_kinsella "David Kinsella Facebook, Instagram & Twitter on PeekYou"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.peekyou.com/david_kinsella |date=20240716071936 }}. PeekYou. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</ref> Kinsella alifariki huko Wellington tarehe 16 Juni 2026, akiwa na umri wa miaka 89.<ref>[https://www.cdcricket.co.nz/newsarticle/167445?newsfeedId=248306 "OBITUARIES – DAVE KINSELLA and BOB BLAIR"]. Central Districts Cricket. Retrieved 29 June 2026.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1937]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2026]] 0aglxlc13g0il0l2ds3k64lyo62mcfq 0 247433 1592733 1592040 2026-08-28T19:32:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592733 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gerald Harvey''' (alizaliwa [[18 Septemba]] [[1939]]) ni [[mjasiriamali]] wa [[Australia]] anayejulikana zaidi kama mwenyekiti mtendaji wa Harvey Norman Holdings, kampuni inayoendesha mnyororo wa rejareja wa Australia Harvey Norman. Alianzisha pamoja na Ian Norman mwaka [[1982]].<ref name=autogenerted1>{{cite news| url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/122712741/ | title=Syd Morning Herald | date=19 December 1981}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news| url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/78/australia-rich-09_Gerry-Harvey_PPVD.html | work=Forbes | title=#13 Gerry Harvey | date=13 May 2009}}</ref> Mwaka 2014, Business Review Weekly (BRW) ilikadiria utajiri wa Harvey kuwa dola za Australia bilioni 1.55; ongezeko la dola milioni 9 kwenye orodha ya BRW Rich 200 ya 2013. Kuanzia 2013 hadi 2020.<ref name="BRW2013">{{cite journal |url=http://www.brw.com.au/p/lists/rich-200/2013/gerry_harvey_Oo1xztgDPuv4STcsiUCeuJ |title=BRW Rich 200 list 2013: #24 Gerry Harvey |journal=[[Business Review Weekly|BRW]] |date=May 2013 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2026-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001059/http://www.brw.com.au/p/lists/rich-200/2013/gerry_harvey_Oo1xztgDPuv4STcsiUCeuJ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Forbes2013">{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/australia-billionaires/list/|title=2013 Australia's 50 Richest|accessdate=23 May 2013|work=Forbes Asia|date=1 February 2013 }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1939]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] bag337qhwys4j1d9ivvzsy1oqudgiut 0 247469 1592751 1592087 2026-08-29T01:05:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592751 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Leyla Milani Khoshbin''' (amezaliwa [[2 Aprili]], [[1982]]) ni [[mwanamitindo]] wa zamani, mtangazaji wa televisheni na [[mwigizaji]] mstaafu wa [[Irani]]-[[Kanada]], ambaye sasa ni mshawishi wa Instagram. Milani alizaliwa nchini Iran na alihamia [[Toronto]], Ontario, Kanada, akiwa na umri wa miaka minne.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maxim.com/girls/girls-of-maxim/44557/leyla-milani.html |title=Girls of Maxim |work=[[Maxim (magazine)|Maxim]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425122709/http://www.maxim.com/girls/girls-of-maxim/44557/leyla-milani.html |archive-date=April 25, 2009}}</ref><ref>(September 29, 2006) [http://www.gameshownewsnet.com/prime/dond2/092906.html Episode 2.7.] ''GameShowNews.com''. Accessed May 15, 2007.</ref><ref name="bio">"Bio" (2007). ''[http://www.leylamilani.com/ LeylaMilani.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.leylamilani.com/ |date=20150711110919 }}''. Accessed June 25, 2007.</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1982|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] g5pe1lvtxcnqz8t0kvk3bj84y3ile5a 0 247535 1592651 1592298 2026-08-28T14:34:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592651 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aldous Leonard Huxley''' (26 Julai 1894 – 22 Novemba 1963) alikuwa mwandishi na mwanafalsafa kutoka Uingereza.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8PHKq723vpUC&pg=PA366|title=Aldous Huxley|date=1975|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-15915-9|editor-last=Watt|editor-first=Donald|page=366|quote=Inge's agreement with Huxley on several essential points indicates the respect Huxley's position commanded from some important philosophers ... And now we have a book by Aldous Huxley, duly labelled ''The Perennial Philosophy''. ... He is now quite definitely a mystical philosopher.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77ithOrxlgMC&pg=PA2|title=Aldous Huxley and the Search for Meaning: A Study of the Eleven Novels|last=Sion|first=Ronald T.|date=2010|publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc.|isbn=978-0-7864-4746-6|page=2|quote=Aldous Huxley, as a writer of fiction in the 20th century, willingly assumes the role of a modern philosopher-king or literary prophet by examining the essence of what it means to be human in the modern age. ... Huxley was a prolific genius who was always searching throughout his life for an understanding of self and one's place within the universe.}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Reiff|2009|p=7}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Sawyer|2002|p=187}}</ref> Orodha ya kazi zake inajumuisha karibu vitabu 50,{{sfn|Reiff|2009|p=101}}<ref>[[Dana Sawyer]] katika M. Keith Booker (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Literature and Politics: H–R'', Greenwood Publishing Group (2005), p. 359</ref> pamoja na kazi zisizo za kidhania, insha, hadithi na mashairi. Alizaliwa katika [[familia ya Huxley]] mashuhuri, na alihitimu kutoka [[Balliol College, Oxford]] na shahada ya [[fasihi ya Kiingereza]]. Mapema katika taaluma yake, alichapisha hadithi fupi na mashairi, na alihariri jarida la kisanaa la ''[[Oxford Poetry]]'', kabla ya kuendelea kuchapisha riwaya, [[maandiko ya usafiri]], na hati za filamu. Alitumia sehemu ya mwisho ya maisha yake nchini Marekani, akiishi [[Los Angeles]] kuanzia mwaka 1937 hadi kifo chake.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatlife/8751943/The-Britons-who-made-their-mark-on-LA.html|title=The Britons who made their mark on LA|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=11 September 2011|access-date=5 July 2018}}</ref> Mwishoni mwa maisha yake, Huxley alitambuliwa sana kama mmoja wa wasomi mashuhuri wa zama zake.{{sfn|Thody|1973}} Alipendekezwa kugombea [[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fasihi]] mara tisa,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=4397|title=Nomination Database: Aldous Huxley|website=Nobel Prize|access-date=19 March 2015}}</ref> na alichaguliwa kuwa [[Companion of Literature]] na [[Royal Society of Literature]] mnamo 1962.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rslit.org/companions-of-literature|title=Companions of Literature|publisher=Royal Society of Literature|access-date=5 January 2015|archive-date=2015-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102223243/http://rslit.org/companions-of-literature|url-status=dead}}</ref> Huxley alikuwa mfuasi wa [[upatanishi]] (mpinga vita).{{sfn|Poller|2019|pp=139–140}} Alipata nia kubwa katika usiri wa kifalsafa,{{sfn|Poller|2019|pp=139–140}}{{sfn|Thody|1973}} pamoja na [[ulimwengu wote]],{{sfn|Poller|2019|pp=139-140}} akizungumzia mada hizi katika kazi zake kama vile ''[[The Perennial Philosophy]]'' (1945) na ''[[The Doors of Perception]]'' (1954). Katika riwaya yake maarufu zaidi, ''[[Brave New World]]'' (1932), na riwaya yake ya mwisho, ''[[Island (Huxley novel)|Island]]'' (1962), aliwasilisha maono yake ya [[dystopia]] na [[utopia]]. == Maisha ya awali == {{See also|Huxley family}}Huxley alizaliwa huko [[Godalming]], Surrey, Uingereza, mnamo 26 Julai 1894.<ref>{{cite newspaper The Times|title=Mr Aldous Huxley|date=25 November 1963|issue=55867|page=14}}</ref> Alikuwa mtoto wa tatu wa mwandishi na mwalimu [[Leonard Huxley (writer)|Leonard Huxley]] na mke wake wa kwanza, [[Julia Huxley|Julia Arnold]]. Mnamo mwaka 1911, alipatwa na ugonjwa wa macho wa ''[[keratitis punctata]]'' uliomfanya awe karibu kipofu kwa miaka miwili hadi mitatu.<ref>{{cite book|title=After Many A Summer Dies The Swan|last=Huxley|first=Aldous|publisher=Harper & Row|year=1939|page=243|chapter=Biography and bibliography (appendix)}}</ref> Mnamo Oktoba 1913, Huxley alijiunga na [[Balliol College, Oxford]], ambapo alisoma fasihi ya Kiingereza.{{sfn|Reiff|2009|p=112}} == Maisha nchini Marekani == Mnamo 1937 Huxley alihamia [[Hollywood, Los Angeles]], Marekani, pamoja na mke wake Maria, mtoto wao [[Matthew Huxley]], na rafiki yao Gerald Heard. Katika kipindi hiki, alipata kipato kikubwa kama mwandishi wa hati za filamu huko Hollywood, na alitumia sehemu kubwa ya fedha hizo kusaidia wakimbizi wa Kiyahudi na waandishi wa kushoto kutoka Ujerumani ya Hitler kwenda Marekani.<ref>{{cite book|title=My Guru and His Disciple|last=Isherwood|first=Christopher|publisher=Vintage Books|year=2013|page=44}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1894|1963}} [[Jamii:waandishi wa Uingereza]] avylqz3q3daupshc7e1yh6cmwgjya2i 0 247547 1592760 1592209 2026-08-29T02:14:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592760 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marie Wilson''' (amezaliwa '''Marie Flevaras'''; [[12 Oktoba]], [[1974]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Kanada]], anayejulikana kwa nafasi zake katika tamthilia za mchana ''General Hospital'', ''Port Charles'' na ''As the World Turns''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://soapcentral.com/atwt/theactors/wilson_marie.php|title=About ATWT: About the Actors - Marie Wilson - As The World Turns @ soapcentral.com|work=[[SoapCentral]]|access-date=November 12, 2014|archive-date=2014-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112111520/http://soapcentral.com/atwt/theactors/wilson_marie.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://soapcentral.com/atwt/news/2010/0426-wilson.php |title=Marie Wilson exits As the World Turns |last=Knoll |first=Dan J. |work=SoapCentral |access-date=June 16, 2012 |date=April 28, 2010}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1974|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] sztihhhatyzpiykuvaiatsmlbjqnu43 0 247555 1592798 1592222 2026-08-29T05:43:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592798 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chief Oladipo "Ladi" Jadesimi''' ni [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Nigeria]] ambaye alianzisha Lagos Deep Offshore Logistics Base, ambako anahudumu kama mwenyekiti mtendaji<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ladol.com/about-us/management/|title=Management - LADOL - Lagos Deep Offshore Logistics Base|website=LADOL - Lagos Deep Offshore Logistics Base|accessdate=24 December 2017|archive-date=2025-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222132423/https://www.ladol.com/about-us/management/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/markets/stocks|title=Stocks|website=Bloomberg.com|accessdate=24 December 2017}}</ref>. == Elimu == Oladipo Jadesimi alimaliza elimu yake ya sekondari katika King's College, [[Lagos]]. Alihitimu kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Oxford]] mwaka [[1966]] na digrii za M.A. na L.L.B. katika sheria.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.offshore-technology.com/features/featurekeeping-it-local-nigerias-first-industrial-village-for-the-offshore-industry-4573578/|title=Keeping it local: Nigeria's first industrial village for the offshore industry - Offshore Technology|date=28 June 2015|website=offshore-technology.com|accessdate=24 December 2017}}</ref> == Kazi == Jadesimi alianza kazi kama mhasibu aliyesajiliwa na Coopers and Lybrand huko [[London]]. Yeye ni Mwanachama wa Taasisi ya Wahasibu Waliosajiliwa nchini [[Uingereza]] na Wales (F.C.A.). Yeye ni mwanzilishi mwenza katika Arthur Andersen Nigeria, ambako anahudumu kama Mshauri Huru wa Fedha, na mwekezaji mkubwa katika Niger Delta Oil Company. Aliteuliwa kuwa mkurugenzi wa Aradel Holdings mwaka 2010 na akawa mwenyekiti wa bodi tarehe 21 Juni 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=http://solarey.net/viscountess-weymouth-emma-mcquiston-britains-first-black-marchioness/|title=Viscountess Weymouth: Emma McQuiston - Britain's first black Marchioness - Sola Rey|date=23 February 2015|website=solarey.net|accessdate=24 December 2017}}</ref>Alihudumu kama mkurugenzi ambaye si mtendaji wa First City Monument Bank kuanzia 1983 hadi 2011. Jadesimi ni mwanzilishi wa Lagos Offshore Logistics Base na anahudumu kama mwenyekiti mtendaji. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa mwaka usiojulikana]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] in0orvu1eruwr963dttzu435jhtschi 10 247572 1592677 1592374 2026-08-28T15:42:34Z Aryan.HK 91413 /* */ 1592677 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly> <templatestyles src="Infobox mtu wa Kiislamu/styles.css" /> {{Infobox | bodyclass = biography vcard islamic-infobox | aboveclass = infobox-title | above = <div class="ib-title"> {{{jina|{{PAGENAME}}}}} {{#if:{{{jina la Kiarabu|}}}| <br><span class="ib-arabic" lang="ar" dir="rtl">{{{jina la Kiarabu}}}</span> }} {{#if:{{{kunya|}}}| <br><span class="ib-kunya" lang="ar" dir="rtl">{{{kunya}}}</span> }} {{#if:{{{lakabu|}}}| <br><span class="ib-lakabu">{{{lakabu}}}</span> }} </div> | image = {{#if:{{{picha|}}}| [[File:{{{picha}}}|250px|alt={{{alt|{{{jina|}}}}}}]] }} | caption = {{{maelezo ya picha|}}} | header1 = Taarifa za msingi | label2 = Cheo | data2 = {{{cheo|}}} | label3 = Amezaliwa | data3 = {{{tarehe ya kuzaliwa|}}} | label4 = Mahali pa kuzaliwa | data4 = {{{mahali pa kuzaliwa|}}} | label5 = Amefariki | data5 = {{{tarehe ya kifo|}}} | label6 = Mahala alipofia | data6 = {{{mahala alipofia|}}} | label7 = Mahali pa mazishi | data7 = {{{mahali pa mazishi|}}} | header8 = Familia | label9 = Baba | data9 = {{{baba|}}} | label10 = Mama | data10 = {{{mama|}}} | label11 = Babu | data11 = {{{babu|}}} | label12 = Nyanya | data12 = {{{nyanya|}}} | label13 = Ndugu | data13 = {{{ndugu|}}} | label14 = Mume | data14 = {{{mume|}}} | label15 = Mke | data15 = {{{mke|}}} | label16 = Watoto | data16 = {{{watoto|}}} | label17 = Wana | data17 = {{{wana|}}} | label18 = Binti | data18 = {{{binti|}}} | label19 = Wajukuu | data19 = {{{wajukuu|}}} | header20 = Dini na urithi | label21 = Dini | data21 = {{{dini|}}} | label22 = Madhehebu | data22 = {{{madhehebu|}}} | label23 = Anajulikana kwa | data23 = {{{anajulikana kwa|}}} | label24 = Nafasi | data24 = {{{nafasi|}}} | header25 = Kumbukumbu | label26 = Kumbukumbu | data26 = {{#if:{{{kumbukumbu|}}}| <span class="ib-inscription" lang="ar" dir="rtl">{{{kumbukumbu}}}</span> }} | label27 = Sahihi | data27 = {{#if:{{{sahihi|}}}| [[File:{{{sahihi}}}|128px]] }} }} </includeonly> <noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 50xwzitcmyxuclirbc4e1pzfca9s5i0 1592680 1592677 2026-08-28T15:48:19Z Aryan.HK 91413 /* */ 1592680 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly> {{Infobox | bodyclass = biography vcard | bodystyle = width:25em; 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text-align: center; font-size: 120%; line-height: 2; font-weight: normal; } /* Mipaka ya sehemu za familia */ .infobox.islamic-infobox .infobox-header + tr th, .infobox.islamic-infobox .infobox-header + tr td { border-top: none; } /* Simu */ @media screen and (max-width: 719px) { .infobox.islamic-infobox { width: 100%; } } t3zzg040npepdqiclckasx5mv7e7gta 0 247598 1592731 1592629 2026-08-28T19:16:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592731 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gabriel Ogbechie''' (alizaliwa [[28 Mei]] [[1966]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea na mhisani nchini [[Nigeria]] ambaye alianzisha Rainoil Group, moja ya makampuni makubwa ya mafuta na gesi ya kiasili nchini Nigeria.<ref name="Punch">{{Rejea habari |last1=Omuojine |first1=Emmanuel |title=Celebrating Dr Gabriel Ogbechie's National Honour |date=18 October 2022 |url=https://punchng.com/celebrating-dr-gabriel-ogbechies-national-honour/ |access-date=20 January 2023|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref><ref name="BA">{{cite web |last1=Ajayi |first1=Omokolade |title=Nigerian oil tycoon Gabriel Ogbechie's Rainoil acquires majority stake worth $26.1 million in Eterna |url=https://billionaires.africa/nigerian-oil-tycoon-gabriel-ogbechies-rainoil-acquires-majority-stake-worth-26-1-million-in-eterna/ |website=Billionaires Africa|date=2 November 2021 }}</ref><ref name="Businessday">{{Rejea habari |last1=Ndigwe |first1=Chinedu |title=After 25yrs, Rainoil positions for next growth phase |date=27 June 2022 |url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/after-25yrs-rainoil-positions-for-next-growth-phase/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=20 January 2023|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Ogbechie anatoka Idumuje Ugboko katika Eneo la Serikali ya Mtaa ya Aniocha Kaskazini ya [[Jimbo la Delta]] na alizaliwa katika familia ya kawaida akiwa mtoto wa tano kati ya sita<ref>{{cite web |title=Okowa celebrates Rainoil founder, Gabriel Ogbechie at 54 |url=https://www.deltastate.gov.ng/okowa-celebrates-rainoil-founder-gabriel-ogbechie-at-54/ |publisher=Delta State Government |access-date=20 January 2023 |archive-date=2022-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020092722/https://www.deltastate.gov.ng/okowa-celebrates-rainoil-founder-gabriel-ogbechie-at-54/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Alisoma katika Shule ya Msingi ya Queen of the Niger, Onitsha, na St. Patrick's College, Asaba, baada ya hapo aliendelea na Chuo Kikuu cha Benin (Nigeria), ambako alipata Shahada ya Sayansi (B.Sc.) katika Uhandisi wa Uzalishaji.<ref>{{Rejea habari |last1=Amagiya |first1=Florence |title=The amazing world of Rainoil Boss |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/03/the-amazing-world-of-rainoil-boss/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=20 January 2023|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |title=GABRIEL OGBECHIE HIS INSPIRING STORY |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/06/26/gabriel-ogbechie-his-inspiring-story/ |access-date=20 January 2023|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> Gabriel Ogbechie ni mwanachama waanzilishi wa Mpango wa Meneja Mmiliki wa Shule ya Biashara ya Lagos mwaka 2002 na mhitimu wa Mpango wa 57 wa Usimamizi wa Mmiliki/Rais wa Shule ya Biashara ya Harvard. Mwaka 2016, alitunukiwa Shahada ya Heshima ya Udaktari (D.Sc.) katika Usimamizi wa Teknolojia na Chuo Kikuu cha Novena, Ogume, Jimbo la Delta. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1966]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] cb80k53i51vtph6qft2acmfjb7tdjkp 0 247603 1592639 1592415 2026-08-28T12:51:22Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1592639 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kennedy Okonkwo''' (alizaliwa [[12 Oktoba]] [[1977]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]], mhisani, na [[mjasiriamali]] wa mali isiyohamishika nchini [[Nigeria]]. Yeye ni mwanzilishi na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa ''Nedcomoaks Limited''.<ref name="thisday">{{Rejea habari |title=Real Estate Mogul, Okonkwo, Launches Empowerment Programme for Budding Entrepreneurs |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/10/04/real-estate-mogul-okonkwo-launches-empowerment-programme-for-budding-entrepreneurs/ |accessdate=29 April 2020|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Kennedy anatoka Ojoto, [[Jimbo la Anambra]]. Kennedy alizaliwa na kukulia [[Lagos]], Nigeria, ambako alipata elimu yake ya msingi na sekondari. Kennedy alisoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan, ambako alipata Shahada ya Sayansi (BSc) katika Saikolojia na Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la Lagos, ambako alipata Shahada yake ya Uzamili ya Biashara.<ref>{{Rejea habari |title=Here's what Nigeria needs to do to address its housing challenge |date=29 October 2019 |url=https://businessday.ng/real-estate/article/heres-what-nigeria-needs-to-do-to-address-its-housing-challenge/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|accessdate=18 May 2020|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nedcomoaks' Kennedy Okonkwo on how Nigeria should address its housing challenge |date=6 June 2019 |url=https://www.cnbcafrica.com/videos/2019/06/06/nedcomoaks-kennedy-okonkwo-on-how-nigeria-should-address-its-housing-challenge/ |publisher=CNBC Africa |accessdate=18 May 2020 |archive-date=29 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629072237/https://www.cnbcafrica.com/videos/2019/06/06/nedcomoaks-kennedy-okonkwo-on-how-nigeria-should-address-its-housing-challenge/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kazi na Hisani == Mwaka 2007, Kennedy alianzisha Nedcomoaks Limited, kampuni ya mali isiyohamishika kwa mtaji sufuri. Yeye ni mwanzilishi wa Kennedy Okonkwo Programme For Tech Entrepreneurs. Kennedy ni mfadhili wa Kombe la Oba wa jumuiya ya Eti Osa.<ref>{{Rejea habari |title=Kennedy Okonkwo takes Unity Carnival to Anambra |date=10 January 2019 |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/kennedy-okonkwo-takes-unity-carnival-to-anambra/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|accessdate=29 April 2020|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1977]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] r2dtczdw3ycee425s5kx85af7blmz5b 0 247653 1592665 1592493 2026-08-28T15:30:41Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1592665 wikitext text/x-wiki '''V. Prem Watsa''' (alizaliwa [[5 Agosti]] [[1950]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Uhindi]] na [[Kanada]] ambaye ni mwanzilishi, mwenyekiti, na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa Fairfax Financial Holdings, yenye makao yake [[Toronto]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050116165532/http://biz.yahoo.com/ic/56/56469.html Yahoo! Finance - Company Profile of Fairfax Financial]</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Gad |first=Sham |date=2007-12-05 |title=How to Dodge the Debt |url=https://www.fool.com/investing/general/2007/12/05/how-to-dodge-the-debt.aspx |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=The Motley Fool |language=en}}</ref> Mnamo [[22 Januari]] [[2012]], iliripotiwa kwamba aliteuliwa kwenye bodi ya wakurugenzi ya Research In Motion (RIM) katika mabadiliko makubwa zaidi ya kampuni. Watsa alijiuzulu mnamo Agosti [[2013]], lakini akaweka uwekezaji wake katika kampuni hiyo. Mnamo [[23 Septemba]] 2013, BlackBerry ilitangaza kwamba ilikuwa imesaini barua ya nia ya kununuliwa na Fairfax Financial Holdings katika mpango wa dola bilioni 4.7. Fairfax Financial Holdings ni "bima kubwa zaidi ya sekta ya dhamana ya kibiashara nchini Marekani."<ref name=gadgets>{{cite web |last=Doval |first=Pankaj |url=http://www.gadgetsnow.com/tech-news/Prem-Watsa-the-richest-savviest-guy-youve-never-heard-of/articleshow/23016589.cms |title=Prem Watsa, the 'richest, savviest guy you've never heard of' |work=Gadgets Now |date=25 September 2013 |access-date=28 March 2017}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Uhindi]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1950]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 19iuymwlo802e2z5e871rsozyxnqup6 0 247654 1592673 1592494 2026-08-28T15:38:31Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1592673 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Richard William Warke''' ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea mwenye makao yake [[Vancouver]], [[British Kolumbia]]. Yeye ni mwenyekiti wa Augusta Group of Companies, ikijumuisha Titan Mining Corp, Highlander Silver Corp na Solaris Resources Corp. Warke pia anamiliki maslahi mbalimbali katika timu za michezo ya kitaaluma, yeye ni mshirika katika PGA Tour, Boston Celtics pamoja na mshirika katika Fenway Sports Group, ambao wanamiliki Boston Red Sox, Liverpool FC pamoja na mali nyingine zinazohusiana na michezo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Partners|url=https://www.mlb.com/redsox/team/front-office|access-date=2021-07-09|website=Boston Red Sox}}</ref><ref name="ventana">{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-investor/investment-ideas/top-canadian-mutual-fund-manager-bullish-on-oil-services-for-2017/article33320153/|title=Top Canadian mutual fund manager bullish on oil services for 2017|last=Lam|first=Eric|date=December 14, 2016|work= The Globe and Mail|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="ventana2">{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-investor/brazils-eike-batista-snags-ventana-gold/article534354/|title=Brazil's Eike Batista snags Ventana Gold|last=Bouw|first=Brenda|date=February 14, 2011|work= The Globe and Mail|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa mwaka usiojulikana]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] gybuwybk4lpi8w3uk4mt54pymyudv9u 0 247657 1592684 1592512 2026-08-28T16:05:08Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1592684 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Daniel Stewart Butterfield''' (alizaliwa [[21 Machi]] [[1973]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Kanada]], anayejulikana zaidi kwa kuanzisha pamoja tovuti ya kushiriki picha Flickr na programu ya ujumbe wa timu Slack. == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Mwaka [[1973]], Butterfield alizaliwa huko [[Lund]], [[British Kolumbia]]. Kwa miaka mitano ya kwanza ya maisha yake alikulia katika kibanda cha mbao kisicho na maji ya bomba au umeme. Familia yake iliishi katika jumuiya katika eneo la mbali la Kanada baada ya baba yake kukimbia [[Marekani]] ili kuepuka kuandikishwa kwa [[Vita ya Vietnam|Vita vya Vietnam]]. Familia yake ilihamia Victoria wakati Butterfield alipokuwa na umri wa miaka mitano. Akiwa mtoto, Butterfield alijifundisha mwenyewe kuandika programu, na akabadilisha jina lake kuwa Stewart alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 12.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-44550312 | title=The $5bn tech boss who grew up without electricity | publisher=[[BBC News]] | work=Daniel Thomas | date=25 June 2018 | accessdate=27 June 2018}}</ref><ref name = insider>{{cite web |url= http://www.businessinsider.com/amazing-life-of-slack-ceo-stewart-butterfield-2015-9 |title= The amazing life of Stewart Butterfield, the CEO of one of the fastest-growing business apps ever |publisher= Business Insider |first= Maya |last= Kosoff |date= September 1, 2015 |accessdate= April 18, 2017}}</ref> Butterfield alisoma katika Shule ya St. Michaels University huko Victoria, British Kolumbia, na alipata pesa katika chuo kikuu kubuni tovuti. Alipata shahada ya B.A. katika falsafa kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Victoria mwaka [[1996]] na akaendelea kupata M.Phil kutoka Clare College, Cambridge, mwaka [[1998]]. Tasnifu yake ilikuwa juu ya wanafikra wa kisayansi wa karne ya 19.<ref name = money>{{cite web |url= http://money.com/money/5634680/slack-founder-ceo-stewart-butterfield-net-worth/ |title= The Man Behind Silicon Valley's Next Big IPO Grew Up on a Commune Without Running Water or Electricity |publisher= Money.com |first= Paul |last= Schrodt |date= February 7, 2019 |accessdate= April 3, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Duke |first=Simon |date=13 December 2015 |title=Silicon Valley boss who wants to put an end to email at work |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/silicon-valley-boss-who-wants-to-put-an-end-to-email-at-work-j95tndjw7 |work=[[The Sunday Times]]}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1973]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] k71vvh3cf2tzcg3iqakowqz1pxhbu7n 1592973 1592684 2026-08-29T10:55:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592973 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Daniel Stewart Butterfield''' (alizaliwa [[21 Machi]] [[1973]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Kanada]], anayejulikana zaidi kwa kuanzisha pamoja tovuti ya kushiriki picha Flickr na programu ya ujumbe wa timu Slack. == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Mwaka [[1973]], Butterfield alizaliwa huko [[Lund]], [[British Kolumbia]]. Kwa miaka mitano ya kwanza ya maisha yake alikulia katika kibanda cha mbao kisicho na maji ya bomba au umeme. Familia yake iliishi katika jumuiya katika eneo la mbali la Kanada baada ya baba yake kukimbia [[Marekani]] ili kuepuka kuandikishwa kwa [[Vita ya Vietnam|Vita vya Vietnam]]. Familia yake ilihamia Victoria wakati Butterfield alipokuwa na umri wa miaka mitano. Akiwa mtoto, Butterfield alijifundisha mwenyewe kuandika programu, na akabadilisha jina lake kuwa Stewart alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 12.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-44550312 | title=The $5bn tech boss who grew up without electricity | publisher=[[BBC News]] | work=Daniel Thomas | date=25 June 2018 | accessdate=27 June 2018}}</ref><ref name = insider>{{cite web |url= http://www.businessinsider.com/amazing-life-of-slack-ceo-stewart-butterfield-2015-9 |title= The amazing life of Stewart Butterfield, the CEO of one of the fastest-growing business apps ever |publisher= Business Insider |first= Maya |last= Kosoff |date= September 1, 2015 |accessdate= April 18, 2017}}</ref> Butterfield alisoma katika Shule ya St. Michaels University huko Victoria, British Kolumbia, na alipata pesa katika chuo kikuu kubuni tovuti. Alipata shahada ya B.A. katika falsafa kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Victoria mwaka [[1996]] na akaendelea kupata M.Phil kutoka Clare College, Cambridge, mwaka [[1998]]. Tasnifu yake ilikuwa juu ya wanafikra wa kisayansi wa karne ya 19.<ref name = money>{{cite web |url= http://money.com/money/5634680/slack-founder-ceo-stewart-butterfield-net-worth/ |title= The Man Behind Silicon Valley's Next Big IPO Grew Up on a Commune Without Running Water or Electricity |publisher= Money.com |first= Paul |last= Schrodt |date= February 7, 2019 |accessdate= April 3, 2019 |archive-date= 2019-11-23 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191123004701/http://money.com/money/5634680/slack-founder-ceo-stewart-butterfield-net-worth/ |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Duke |first=Simon |date=13 December 2015 |title=Silicon Valley boss who wants to put an end to email at work |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/silicon-valley-boss-who-wants-to-put-an-end-to-email-at-work-j95tndjw7 |work=[[The Sunday Times]]}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1973]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] bbmtxyqdx56zdhyzb1rumkot5jhfzhj 0 247659 1592637 1592517 2026-08-28T12:33:04Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1592637 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James Laurence Balsillie''' (alizaliwa [[3 Februari]] [[1961]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] na mhisani wa [[Kanada]]. Yeye ni mwenyekiti wa zamani na afisa mkuu mtendaji mwenza wa kampuni ya teknolojia ya Kanada Research In Motion ([[BlackBerry]]), ambayo katika kilele chake mwaka 2011 ilifanya mauzo ya kila mwaka ya dola za Marekani bilioni 19.9.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wpl.ca/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/balsillie_jim.pdf |title=Jim Balsillie |publisher=Waterloo Public Library |access-date=November 3, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726161021/http://www.wpl.ca/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/balsillie_jim.pdf |archive-date=July 26, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Blackberry/RIM's revenue from fiscal year 2004 to 2023 (in million U.S. dollars) |first=Alexandra |last=Borgeaud |date=2024-01-30 |website=[[Statista]] |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/266240/global-revenue-of-rim-since-2004/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123200940/https://www.statista.com/statistics/266240/global-revenue-of-rim-since-2004/ |archive-date=2024-01-23 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Brown|first=Abram|title=Both BlackBerry Founders Are Gone Now. Could Either Become A Billionaire Again?|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/abrambrown/2013/03/28/both-blackberry-founders-are-gone-now-could-either-become-a-billionaire-again/|access-date=2021-12-21|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> Tangu kuondoka BlackBerry mwaka [[2012]], Balsillie amechukua majukumu kadhaa katika biashara na jamii ya Kanada. Yeye ni mwanzilishi wa Balsillie School of International Affairs katika Chuo Kikuu cha Waterloo, taasisi ya mawazo ya Centre for International Governance and Innovation (CIGI), na anahudumu kama mwenyekiti wa Baraza la Wavumbuzi wa Kanada.<ref>{{Rejea habari|last=Lornic|first=John|date=April 23, 2019|title=Jim Balsillie has emerged from retirement with a mission to save Canada's tech sector|work=McLeans|url=https://www.macleans.ca/economy/business/jim-balsillie-sidewalk-labs-tech-sector/#:~:text=Business-,Jim%20Balsillie%20has%20emerged%20from%20retirement%20with,to%20save%20Canada%27s%20tech%20sector&text=In%20February%2C%20when%20the%20Toronto,about%20the%20ambitious%20project%27s%20scale.|access-date=December 21, 2021}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 1qg4m33b745h1t74k9fn8s70xpg0id3 0 247660 1592663 1592519 2026-08-28T15:27:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1592663 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pierre Karl Péladeau''' (alizaliwa [[16 Oktoba]] [[1961]]), anayejulikana pia kwa herufi zake '''PKP''', ni [[mfanyabiashara]] na [[mwanasiasa]] bilionea wa zamani nchini [[Kanada]]. Pia alikuwa MNA (Mwanachama wa Bunge la Kitaifa) wa Saint-Jérôme. Péladeau ni rais na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Quebecor Inc. Alionekana kama "mzalendo mkubwa wa [[Quebec]]" na ambaye ametumia mali zake za vyombo vya habari kushawishi siasa za Quebec. Péladeau alimiliki Sun Media Corporation.<ref name="macleans.ca">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.macleans.ca/economy/business/the-king-of-quebec/|title=Pierre Karl Péladeau: King of Quebec - Macleans.ca|website=www.macleans.ca|date=4 September 2013|access-date=12 November 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Baluja |first=Tamara |date=2014-04-01 |title=Why it matters when separatist Péladeau flexes his media baron muscles - J-Source |url=https://j-source.ca/why-it-matters-when-separatist-peladeau-flexes-his-media-baron-muscles/ |access-date=2025-12-16 |language=en-US}}</ref> Péladeau alikuwa Kiongozi wa Upinzani katika Bunge la Kitaifa la Quebec kutoka kuchaguliwa kwake kama kiongozi wa Parti Québécois tarehe [[15 Mei]] [[2015]] hadi alipojiuzulu tarehe [[2 Mei]] [[2016]] kwa sababu za kifamilia.<ref name="Grescoe2001">{{cite book|last=Grescoe|first=Taras|title=Sacre Blues: An Unsentimental Journey Through Quebec|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=72Mqi8y5Js8C&pg=PA112|access-date=5 August 2010|date=24 April 2001|publisher=Random House, Inc.|isbn=978-1-55199-081-1|page=112}}</ref><ref name="return as ceo">{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/pierre-karl-peladeau-to-return-as-quebecors-ceo/article34043447/|title=Pierre Karl Péladeau returning as Quebecor's CEO|work=The Globe and Mail|date=16 February 2017|access-date=18 December 2017}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] k0r2qfw6ts6yqu1ljgudjsy4i2g5i29 0 247661 1592638 1592521 2026-08-28T12:33:14Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1592638 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James Allen Pattison''' (alizaliwa [[1 Oktoba]] [[1928]]) ni mfanyabiashara tajiri na mwekezaji nchini [[Kanada]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/jim-pattison-group-agrees-to-sell-us-magazine-distribution-related-assets-to-american-news-company-llc-300757701.html|website=Newswire|date=29 November 2018|title=Jim Pattison Group Agrees to Sell U.S. Magazine Distribution Related Assets to American News Company, LLC |access-date=26 December 2018 }}</ref> Ana makao yake [[Vancouver]], [[British Kolumbia]], ambako anashikilia nafasi ya afisa mkuu mtendaji, mwenyekiti na mmiliki pekee wa Jim Pattison Group, kampuni ya pili kwa ukubwa ya kibinafsi nchini Kanada, yenye zaidi ya wafanyakazi 45,000 duniani kote, na mauzo ya kila mwaka ya dola bilioni 10.1. Kundi hilo linafanya kazi katika vitengo 25, kulingana na [[Forbes]], ikiwa ni pamoja na ufungaji, chakula, na bidhaa za misitu.<ref name="Forbes 2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/jim-pattison/#7beccd4e1392 |website=Forbes|date=26 December 2016|title='#237 Jim Pattison. Founder, Chairman and CEO, Jim Pattison Group |access-date=26 December 2018 }}</ref> Mwaka [[2015]], alichukuliwa kuwa mtu tajiri wa nne nchini Kanada. Kulingana na [[Forbes]], utajiri wa Pattison mwishoni mwa [[2018]] ulikuwa dola bilioni 5.7, baada ya kuongezeka kwa kiasi kikubwa kutoka dola bilioni 2.1 zilizoripotiwa Machi 2009. Wakati huo, alielezewa kama mtu tajiri wa tatu nchini Kanada na Bloomberg News. Kufikia Julai 2026, utajiri wake unakadiriwa kuwa dola za Marekani bilioni 11.8 na Forbes.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title = Canada's Richest People 2015: The 100 Richest Canadians|url = http://www.canadianbusiness.com/lists-and-rankings/richest-people/top-100-richest-canadians-2015/|website = Canadian Business |access-date = January 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212122538/http://www.canadianbusiness.com/lists-and-rankings/richest-people/top-100-richest-canadians-2015/ |archive-date=February 12, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Business & Entrepreneurship">{{cite web|url=https://www.canadaswalkoffame.com/inductee/jimmy-pattison|website=Meadow Lake Now|date=10 December 2016|title=Business & Entrepreneurship |access-date=26 December 2018 }}</ref><ref name="bloomberg.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2018-12-21/-canada-s-warren-buffett-jim-pattison-drives-own-pickup-truck |website=Bloomberg|date=21 December 2016|title='Canada's Warren Buffett' Drives His Own Pickup Truck |access-date=26 December 2018 }}</ref><ref name="Forbes profile">{{cite web|title=Forbes profile: Jim Pattison |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/jim-pattison/ |website=Forbes |access-date=30 July 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1928]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] qzlly5vx4q4b1xgn4qeweekpmbqvalo 0 247663 1592644 1592526 2026-08-28T14:09:22Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1592644 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mitchell Goldhar''' ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Kanada]]. Alimiliki ''SmartCentres'', kampuni iliyotengeneza maduka makubwa ya Walmart nchini Kanada na inabaki na umiliki mkubwa katika kampuni yake iliyomrithi SmartCentres REIT. Tangu Agosti [[2009]], pia amekuwa mmiliki wa Klabu ya Mpira wa Miguu ya Maccabi Tel Aviv. Goldhar alizaliwa mwaka 1962. Alimaliza shahada yake ya kwanza katika Chuo Kikuu cha York huko Toronto. Utajiri wa Goldhar unakadiriwa kuwa dola za Marekani bilioni 2.6 kufikia Desemba [[2019]]. Mwaka [[2010]], Goldhar alinunua sweta ya Paul Henderson aliyovaa wakati wa kufunga bao la mwisho la kuamua katika Mfululizo wa Summit; iliuzwa mnada na mkusanyaji asiyejulikana wa Marekani kwa dola za Marekani 1,067,538 (rekodi ya dunia kwa vitu vya kumbukumbu za magongo).<ref name="cjnews.com">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.cjnews.com/news/canada/goldhar-libel-suit-found-to-be-beyond-canadian-purview|title = Goldhar libel suit found to be beyond Canadian purview|date = 7 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=King | first=Carolyn | title=Calloway REIT to Buy SmartCentres Retail from Developer Mitchell Goldhar | website=WSJ | date=April 16, 2015 | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/calloway-reit-to-buy-smartcentres-retail-from-developer-mitchell-goldhar-1429222079 | access-date=April 2, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Forbes">{{cite web | title=Profile: Mitchell Goldhar| website=Forbes.com| url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/mitchell-goldhar/ | access-date=April 2, 2018}}</ref> Mnamo [[Desemba 30]], [[2011]], Goldhar alitoa notisi ya kashfa dhidi ya Haaretz, gazeti la [[Israeli]], baada ya kuchapisha makala ambayo Goldhar alidai ilikuwa ya kashfa. Haaretz ilijibu kwa kupinga kesi hiyo, kwa msingi wa ukosefu wa mamlaka na mahakama isiyofaa. Mwaka 2018 Mahakama Kuu ya Kanada iliamua kwamba kesi hiyo haikuweza kusikilizwa nchini Kanada, na kwamba ikiwa Goldhar angetaka kuendeleza kesi hiyo zaidi, lazima ifanyike nchini [[Israeli]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/nhl/blog/puck_daddy/post/Henderson-jersey-auction-destroys-records-sells;_ylt=AwrBTzEFew5TUkIARXPrFAx.;_ylu=X3oDMTE1ZzFtbHY0BHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDMwRjb2xvA2JmMQR2dGlkA01TWUNBQzFfNzY-?urn=nhl,250657 |title=Henderson jersey auction destroys records, sells for over $1 million |publisher=Yahoo! Sports |date=June 23, 2010 |accessdate=February 26, 2014 |last=Leahy |first=Sean}}</ref> Yeye ni Myahudi. Baba yake Leo Goldhar ni Mkanada, na mama yake Sala Goldhar alikuwa mwokovu wa [[Holocaust]] kutoka Polandi.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.scc-csc.ca/WebDocuments-DocumentsWeb/37202/FM020_Respondent_Mitchell-Goldhar.pdf|title=Factum of the respondent, Mitchell Goldhar|website=The Supreme Court of Canada|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119201202/https://www.scc-csc.ca/WebDocuments-DocumentsWeb/37202/FM020_Respondent_Mitchell-Goldhar.pdf|archive-date=November 19, 2018|url-status=live|access-date=November 19, 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/goldhar-haaretz-supreme-court-ruling-1.4694108|title=Canadian owner of Israeli soccer club can't pursue online defamation case here|date=June 6, 2018|work=[[CBC News]]|access-date=November 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119013611/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/goldhar-haaretz-supreme-court-ruling-1.4694108|archive-date=November 19, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Mnamo Februari 2023, Forbes Israel iliorodhesha utajiri wake kuwa dola za Marekani bilioni 2.3. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] okntsgl6xdxrv6abdhtjt4h5i93auew 0 247672 1592685 1592569 2026-08-28T16:06:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1592685 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Susan Coyne''' (amezaliwa [[16 Juni]] [[1958]]) ni mwandishi na [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Kanada]], anayejulikana zaidi kama mmoja wa waundaji wenza na waigizaji wakuu wa ''Slings & Arrows'', mfululizo ulioshinda tuzo.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Susan Coyne {{!}} Penguin Random House |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/authors/5915/susan-coyne |access-date=2026-02-02 |website=PenguinRandomhouse.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Susan Coyne |url=https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/susan-coyne |access-date=2026-02-02 |website=thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1958|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] hrcp88s4k5k0rn9tk9eoj9rmmgsa7ah 0 247676 1592664 1592579 2026-08-28T15:29:18Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1592664 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pol Pelletier''' (amezaliwa '''Nicole Pelletier'''; [[6 Novemba]] [[1947]]) ni [[mwigizaji]], mkurugenzi na mwandishi wa tamthilia wa [[Kanada]]. Pelletier ni mtu mashuhuri mwenye ushawishi katika ukumbi wa michezo wa majaribio na ukumbi wa michezo wa kifeministi huko [[Quebec]].<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Sylvestre |first=Paul-François |date=2007-11-06 |title=Naissance de Pol Pelletier, femme de théâtre |url=https://l-express.ca/naissance-de-pol-pelletier-femme-de-theatre/ |archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fl-express.ca%2Fnaissance-de-pol-pelletier-femme-de-theatre%2F#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url |archive-date=2023-10-01 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=l-express.ca |language=fr-CA}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Forsyth |first=Louise H. |date=2004-01-01 |title=Self-Portrait of the Artist as Radical Feminist in Experimental Theatre: Joie by Pol Pelletier |url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/TRIC/article/view/4659 |journal=Theatre Research in Canada / Recherches théâtrales au Canada |volume=25 |pages=184–201 |doi=10.3138/tric.25.1_2.184 |language=en |issn=1913-9101|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1947|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] qgujud8szj6aankmktzw1ax42os7q8b 1592807 1592664 2026-08-29T07:28:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592807 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pol Pelletier''' (amezaliwa '''Nicole Pelletier'''; [[6 Novemba]] [[1947]]) ni [[mwigizaji]], mkurugenzi na mwandishi wa tamthilia wa [[Kanada]]. Pelletier ni mtu mashuhuri mwenye ushawishi katika ukumbi wa michezo wa majaribio na ukumbi wa michezo wa kifeministi huko [[Quebec]].<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Sylvestre |first=Paul-François |date=2007-11-06 |title=Naissance de Pol Pelletier, femme de théâtre |url=https://l-express.ca/naissance-de-pol-pelletier-femme-de-theatre/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605014450/https://l-express.ca/naissance-de-pol-pelletier-femme-de-theatre/#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url |archive-date=2024-06-05 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=l-express.ca |language=fr-CA |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Forsyth |first=Louise H. |date=2004-01-01 |title=Self-Portrait of the Artist as Radical Feminist in Experimental Theatre: Joie by Pol Pelletier |url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/TRIC/article/view/4659 |journal=Theatre Research in Canada / Recherches théâtrales au Canada |volume=25 |pages=184–201 |doi=10.3138/tric.25.1_2.184 |language=en |issn=1913-9101|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1947|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] g3mx5l3bafznzli3vt59d54asy53cyu 0 247709 1592636 1592616 2026-08-28T12:32:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1592636 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jessica Holmes''' (amezaliwa [[29 Agosti]], [[1973]]) ni mchekeshaji na [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Kanada]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Holmes |first1=Jessica |title=Jessica Holmes {{!}} LinkedIn |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/jessica-holmes-50ab90202 |website=LinkedIn |access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref> ==Kazi== [[File:Jessica Holmes performing.jpg|thumb]] === Mwigizaji na mchekeshaji === Mwaka 1999, Holmes alipata nafasi ya kutumbuiza mara kadhaa katika Just for Laughs, tamasha la kimataifa la vichekesho huko [[Montreal]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Holmes Show, The – The History of Canadian Broadcasting |url=https://broadcasting-history.ca/holmes-show-the/ |access-date=2026-03-16 |language=en-CA}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1973|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] n092vl8vatgv92ptzrpcm7pkz5a25rh 0 247715 1592631 1592627 2026-08-28T12:00:47Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592631 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rosina May Lawrence''' ([[30 Desemba]] [[1912]] – [[23 Juni]] [[1997]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] na [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Uingereza]]-[[Kanada]].<ref name="om">{{cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=Erskine |title=Spine Injured, Girl Still Has Backbone to Gain Film Fame! |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27045022/rosina_lawrence/ |access-date=10 January 2019 |work=The Owensboro Messenger |agency=Newspaper Enterprise Association |date=October 10, 1935 |location=Kentucky, Owensboro |page=5|via = [[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rosina Lawrence |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27047002/rosina_lawrence/ |access-date=10 January 2019 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |agency=The New York Times |date=July 11, 1997 |location=Australia, New South Wales, Sydney |page=31|via = [[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1912|1997}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] e3h8dt1dc685lprsdmxfucffbua3wx5 0 247716 1592632 1592630 2026-08-28T12:01:53Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592632 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Betty Leighton''' ([[8 Julai]] [[1920]] – [[10 Mei]] [[2005]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] wa jukwaa wa [[Kanada]] aliyezaliwa [[Uingereza]].<ref name="ch-70">{{cite news |newspaper=Calgary Daily Herald |title=Actress-Housewife Breaks 'Home Rule' |date=March 14, 1970 |page=55 |first=Allan |last=Connery}}</ref><ref name="olt-hist">{{cite web |url=https://www.ottawalittletheatre.com/ProductionHistory/VolunteerProduction.php?persid=6813 |title=Betty Leighton |accessdate=January 5, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=Ottawa Citizen |title=Drama League Offering is Excellent Comedy |date=December 19, 1946 |page=11 |first=Lauretta |last=Thistle}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1920|2005}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] jskzgifu1os3xsulwegdugstqa3oxq9 0 247717 1592641 2026-08-28T13:34:41Z Denis John5 57299 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368147944|Monograph]]" 1592641 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:The_Principles_of_Quantum_Mechanics_(4th_ed)_Paul_Dirac.jpg|thumb| Jalada la mbele la ''The Principles of Quantum Mechanics'' (toleo la 4) na [[Paul Dirac]]]] '''Monografu''' kwa ujumla ni kazi ndefu kuhusu mada moja (kawaida ya kitaaluma ), au kipengele kimoja cha mada, ambacho mara nyingi huundwa na mwandishi au msanii mmoja. Kijadi huwa katika umbo la maandishi na huchapishwa kama kitabu, lakini inaweza kuwa kazi ya sanaa, kazi ya sauti na taswira, au maonyesho yaliyoundwa na kazi za sanaa za kuona . Katika uorodheshaji wa maktaba, neno hilo lina maana maalum na pana zaidi, huku nchini [[Marekani]], shirika la [[:en:Food_and_Drug_Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] unatumia neno hilo kumaanisha seti ya viwango vilivyochapishwa pamoja na miongozo mbalimbali. == Kazi zilizoandikwa == === Kazi za kitaaluma === Neno la Kiingereza ''monograph'' linatokana na {{Lang|la|monographia}} ya kisasa [[Kilatini|ya Kilatini]], ambayo ina mizizi yake katika [[Kigiriki]] . <ref>{{Citation|title=The explanation of 'monograph' and 'monogram' in Oxford Advanced Leaners' Dictionary (8th Ed.)}}</ref> Katika neno la Kiingereza, ''mono-'' inamaanisha ' na ''-graph'' inamaanisha ' . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The explanation of "monograph" in Online Etymology Dictionary|url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=monograph|accessdate=5 February 2021}}</ref> Tofauti na kitabu cha kiada, kinachochunguza hali ya maarifa katika uwanja fulani, lengo kuu la monografu ni kuwasilisha [[utafiti]] wa msingi na udhamini. Utafiti huu umewasilishwa kwa urefu, ukitofautisha monografia na makala. Kwa sababu hizi, uchapishaji wa monografia kwa kawaida huchukuliwa kuwa muhimu kwa maendeleo ya kikazi katika misingi mingi ya kitaaluma. Zilizokusudiwa kwa ajili ya watafiti wengine na kununuliwa hasa na maktaba, monografu kwa ujumla wake huchapishwa kibinafsi katika kipindi kifupi cha kuchapishwa . <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Williams |first=Peter |last2=Stevenson |first2=Iain |last3=Nicholas |first3=David |last4=Watkinson |first4=Anthony |last5=Rowlands |first5=Ian |year=2009 |title=The role and future of the monograph in arts and humanities research |journal=[[ASLIB Proceedings]] |volume=61 |pages=67–82 |doi=10.1108/00012530910932294}}</ref> Nchini Uingereza na Marekani, kinachotofautisha mtaswira ya kitaaluma na jina la biashara ya kitaaluma hutofautiana kulingana na mchapishaji, ingawa kwa ujumla ni dhana kwamba wasomaji hawana tu ujuzi maalum au wa kisasa bali pia wana nia ya kitaaluma katika mada ya kazi hiyo. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://archive.org/details/booksindigitalag00thom|title=Books in the Digital Age: The Transformation of Academic and Higher Education Publishing in Britain and the United States|last=Thompson|first=John B.|publisher=[[Polity Press]]|year=2005|isbn=978-0745634784|location=Cambridge|pages=84–85|url-access=limited|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Monografia iliyoandikwa kwa kawaida ni kitabu maalumu juu ya mada moja, ingawa neno hilo wakati mwingine hutumiwa kwa uhuru, na maana yake inaongezwa ili kujumuisha kazi zozote ambazo sio kazi za rejea na ambazo zinaweza kuandikwa na mwandishi mmoja au zaidi, au mkusanyiko uliohaririwa. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IpRlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA115|title=Academic and Professional Publishing|last=Campbell|first=Robert|last2=Pentz|first2=Ed|last3=Borthwick|first3=Ian|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-78063-309-1|quote='[M]onograph' has become a generic term for a book that is not of a reference type, is of primary material and which may be multi-authored, single-authored, or an edited collection.}}</ref> Utumizi huu mpana wa neno hili, hata hivyo, hauathiri tofauti muhimu katika uchapishaji wa kitaaluma na tathmini kati ya kitabu cha kitaaluma kilichoandikwa (yaani, monograph ya kitaaluma ya jadi) na juzuu iliyohaririwa (yaani, kitabu kisichoandikwa). Kwa upande wa monograph ya kitaaluma, ni "kazi inayolenga ya usomi iliyowekwa katika kiwango cha juu cha ustadi wa kiakili", <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Books in the Digital Age|last=Thompson|first=John B.|publisher=Polity|year=2005|isbn=0-7456-3477-X|location=Cambridge (UK)|pages=38, 84–85}}</ref> ambaye mwandishi (au waandishi) amefanya utafiti na kuandika maandishi ya kitabu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=17 August 2022|title=Basics of writing and publishing a Monograph|url=https://www.cwauthors.com/article/basics-of-writing-and-publishing-a-monograph}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=15 November 2023|title=UK Research and Innovation open access policy: Annex 1: additional information on policy definitions and scope|url=https://www.ukri.org/publications/ukri-open-access-policy/uk-research-and-innovation-open-access-policy/|work=UK Research and Innovation}}</ref> Kinyume chake, mhariri wa kiasi kilichohaririwa anamiliki haki ya uchapaji wa dhana, muundo na shirika la kitabu, pamoja na maandishi yoyote aliyoandika, wakati waandishi wa sura za kibinafsi wanahifadhi haki ya uchapaji wa maandishi na yaliyomo ya sura walizoandika'''.''' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Brennan|first=Emma|date=17 February 2016|title=Framing and Proposing an Edited Volume for Publication|url=https://manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk/blog/2016/02/17/framing-and-proposing-an-edited-volume-for-publication/|work=Manchester University Press}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Van Dien|first=Dianne|date=2 April 2024|title=Writing the Edited Volume|url=https://uofupress.com/writing-the-edited-volume/|work=The University of Utah Press}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=The Edited Collection: Pasts, Present and Futures|last=Webster|first=Peter|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2020|isbn=9781108683647|location=Cambridge}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=27 April 2025|title=Edited Volumes|url=https://www.cambridge.org/authorhub/application/files/7917/3945/1027/5143_Edited_Volumes.pdf|work=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=15 November 2023|title=UK Research and Innovation open access policy: Annex 1: additional information on policy definitions and scope|url=https://www.ukri.org/publications/ukri-open-access-policy/uk-research-and-innovation-open-access-policy/|work=UKRI.org}}</ref> === Ufafanuzi wa maktaba === Katika uandishi wa orodha ya maktaba, ''monografu'' ina maana pana zaidi: uchapishaji usio wa mfululizo uliokamilika katika juzuu moja (kitabu) au idadi maalum ya vitabu. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.csemanual.org/book/ed9/pt4/ch28/asec01.html|title=The CSE Manual|date=2024|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226683942|editor-last=Swendsrud|editor-first=Kristen|edition=9th|chapter=Books and Other Monographs: Definitions|access-date=June 26, 2024|url-access=limited}}</ref> Kwa hivyo hutofautiana na chapisho la mfululizo au la majarida kama vile jarida, jarida la kitaaluma, au [[gazeti]] . <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://products.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_m.aspx#monograph|title=Harrod's librarians' glossary and reference book: a directory of over 10,200 terms, organizations, projects and acronyms in the areas of information management, library science, publishing and archive management|last=Harrod|first=Leonard Montague|publisher=Ashgate|year=2005|editor-last=Prytherch|editor-first=Raymond John|edition=10th|location=Aldershot, Hampshire, England; Burlington, VT|page=462|quote=For the purpose of library cataloging, any nonserial publication, complete in one volume or intended to be completed in a finite number of parts issued at regular or irregular intervals, containing a single work or collection of works. Monographs are sometimes published in monographic series and subseries. Compare with book.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903221212/https://products.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_m.aspx|archive-date=2020-09-03|via=Online Dictionary for Library and Information Science}}</ref> Katika muktadha huu pekee, vitabu kama vile [[riwaya]] huchukuliwa kama monografu. == Aina za monografu == Katika taksonomia ya kibiolojia, monografia ni matibabu kamili ya taksonomu katika fomu ya maandishi. Kwa kawaida monographs huchunguza aina zote zinazojulikana ndani ya kikundi, kuongeza aina yoyote mpya iligunduliwa, na kukusanya na kuchanganya habari inapatikana juu ya vyama vya kiikolojia, usambazaji wa kijiografia, na tofauti ya morpholojia ndani ya kikundi. Monograph ya kwanza kabisa ya ushuru wa mmea ilikuwa Robert Morison 's 1672 {{Lang|la|Plantarum Umbelliferarum Distributio Nova}}, matibabu ya Apiaceae . <ref name="Vines 1913">{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Makers_of_British_botany|title=Makers of British Botany|last=Vines|first=Sydney Howard|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1913|editor-last=Oliver|editor-first=Francis Wall|editor-link=Francis Wall Oliver|page=22|chapter=Robert Morison (1620–1683) and John Ray (1627–1705)|author-link=Sydney Howard Vines|chapter-url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Makers_of_British_botany/Robert_Morison_1620%E2%80%941683_and_John_Ray_1627%E2%80%941705|via=[[Wikisource]]}}</ref> === Sanaa === Wachapishaji wa vitabu hutumia neno "monografu ya msanii" au "monografu ya sanaa" kuashiria vitabu vinavyohusu msanii mmoja, tofauti na tafiti pana za masomo ya sanaa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Artist Monographs Archives|work=Thames & Hudson Australia & New Zealand|url=https://thamesandhudson.com.au/product-category/art/artist-monographs/|accessdate=5 November 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Artist monographs|work=MCA Store [[Museum of Contemporary Art Australia|Museum of Contemporary Art]]|date=29 May 2024|url=https://store.mca.com.au/collections/artists-monographs?srsltid=AfmBOoqhDcLsWYPRdsXQk71OLWd8TcYzFf2GzO9jVAJZdoXfMiM298fs|accessdate=5 November 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Nigro|first=Perry|title=Research Guides: *Art History: Art Monographs|work=Research Guides at Northwestern University|date=6 July 2017|url=https://libguides.northwestern.edu/c.php?g=694857&p=4925752|accessdate=5 November 2024}}</ref> === Filamu na media titika === Neno monografu pia hutumika kwa uwakilishi wa sauti na picha au filamu wa aina ya hati miliki ya mada, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Monograph: the new film format for firms|work=ISPLORA|url=https://www.isplora.com/us/News/Projects/monograph-the-new-film-format-for-firms|accessdate=5 November 2024}}</ref> mara nyingi huonyeshwa kwa ubunifu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Cinema – Monographs|work=Les presses du réel|url=https://www.lespressesdureel.com/EN/editeur_collection.php?id=157&menu=0|accessdate=5 November 2024}}</ref> Neno "filamu ya monographic" pia limetumika kwa filamu fupi za kubuni au za uhuishaji. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Animation|work=Monographic Films|date=20 May 2015|url=https://monographicfilms.wordpress.com/animation/|language=es|accessdate=5 November 2024}}</ref> Insha za video au filamu kuhusu mada moja pia hujulikana kama monografu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Monographs 2023|work=Asian Film Archive|date=26 October 2023|url=https://asianfilmarchive.org/event-calendar/monographs-2023/|accessdate=5 November 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Monograph: Paul Rogers|work=[[PBS Short Film Festival]]|date=15 July 2024|url=https://www.pbs.org/video/monograph-paul-rogers-oazhbf/|accessdate=5 November 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Monograph: Lo Harris|work=WETA|date=2 October 2020|url=https://weta.org/watch/shows/pbs-short-film-festival/monograph-lo-harris|accessdate=5 November 2024}}</ref> ''IndyVinyl'', iliyoandikwa na msomi wa filamu wa Uskoti Ian Garwood, ni mradi wa utafiti wa monographic unaolenga "rekodi za vinyl katika sinema huru ya Marekani kati ya 1987 na 2018". Inajumuisha sura ya vitabu vya kitaaluma vyenye maneno 8,000 vilivyopitiwa na wenzao; mikusanyiko ya video; " mikusanyiko muhimu"; na mfululizo wa machapisho ya mitandao ya kijamii, yote yamepangwa kwenye tovuti. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=From 'video essay' to 'video monograph'?: Indy Vinyl as academic book|work=NECSUS|date=15 June 2020|url=https://necsus-ejms.org/from-video-essay-to-video-monograph-indy-vinyl-as-academic-book/|accessdate=5 November 2024}}</ref> Garwood ameandika kwamba mradi wake ni "jaribio la kutoa matokeo ya utafiti sawa na monografia ya kitaaluma, lakini ikijumuisha aina za ukosoaji zinazotegemea video ambazo zimeenea kupitia utamaduni wa filamu mtandaoni". <ref name="h591">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Indy Vinyl – Records in American Independent Cinema: 1987 to 2018|work=Indy Vinyl – Records in American Independent Cinema|url=https://indyvinyl.gla.ac.uk/|accessdate=5 November 2024}}</ref> == Matumizi ya FDA == Katika muktadha wa kanuni za Utawala wa Chakula na Dawa, monografu zinawakilisha viwango vilivyochapishwa ambavyo matumizi ya dutu moja au zaidi huidhinishwa kiotomatiki. Kwa mfano, yafuatayo ni dondoo kutoka kwa ''Daftari la Shirikisho'' : "Utawala wa Chakula na Dawa (FDA) unatoa sheria ya mwisho katika mfumo wa monografia ya mwisho inayoweka masharti ambayo bidhaa za dawa za kuzuia jua zinazouzwa bila agizo la daktari (OTC) kwa ujumla hutambuliwa kama salama na zenye ufanisi na hazijapewa chapa isiyofaa kama sehemu ya ukaguzi unaoendelea wa FDA wa bidhaa za dawa za OTC." <ref>{{Citation|title=DOCID:fr21my99-6|date=May 21, 1999|url=https://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/98fr/052199b.txt|volume=64|issue=98|pages=27666–27693|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201005705/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/98fr/052199b.txt|series=Rules and Regulations|periodical=Federal Register|format=TXT|archive-date=2017-02-01}}</ref> Matumizi kama hayo yamesababisha matumizi ya neno monograph kama kitenzi, kama ilivyo katika "dutu hii imechorwa na FDA". == Tazama pia == * Muhtasari * Tasnifu ya mkusanyiko * Nyaraka * Monografu ya ufikiaji wazi * Makala == Marejeleo == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Istilahi za kitabu]] kp0o7j09f228xntgck1vjvy7m6sl8j7 1592642 1592641 2026-08-28T13:45:49Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592642 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:The_Principles_of_Quantum_Mechanics_(4th_ed)_Paul_Dirac.jpg|thumb| Jalada la mbele la ''The Principles of Quantum Mechanics'' (toleo la 4) na [[Paul Dirac]]]] '''Monografu''' kwa ujumla ni kazi ndefu kuhusu mada moja (kawaida ya kitaaluma), au kipengele kimoja cha mada, ambacho mara nyingi huundwa na mwandishi au msanii mmoja. Kijadi huwa katika umbo la maandishi na huchapishwa kama kitabu, lakini inaweza kuwa kazi ya sanaa, kazi ya sauti na taswira, au maonyesho yaliyoundwa na kazi za sanaa za kuona. Katika uorodheshaji wa maktaba, neno hilo lina maana maalum na pana zaidi, huku nchini [[Marekani]], shirika la [[:en:Food_and_Drug_Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] unatumia neno hilo kumaanisha seti ya viwango vilivyochapishwa pamoja na miongozo mbalimbali. == Kazi zilizoandikwa == === Kazi za kitaaluma === Neno la Kiingereza ''monograph'' linatokana na {{Lang|la|monographia}} ya kisasa ya [[Kilatini]], ambayo ina mizizi yake katika [[Kigiriki]]. <ref>{{Citation|title=The explanation of 'monograph' and 'monogram' in Oxford Advanced Leaners' Dictionary (8th Ed.)}}</ref> Katika neno la Kiingereza, ''mono-'' inamaanisha 'moja tu' na ''-graph'' inamaanisha 'maandiko'. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The explanation of "monograph" in Online Etymology Dictionary|url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=monograph|accessdate=5 February 2021}}</ref> Tofauti na kitabu cha kiada, kinachochunguza hali ya maarifa katika uwanja fulani, lengo kuu la monografu ni kuwasilisha [[utafiti]] wa msingi na udhamini. Utafiti huu umewasilishwa kwa urefu, ukitofautisha monografia na makala. Kwa sababu hizi, uchapishaji wa monografia kwa kawaida huchukuliwa kuwa muhimu kwa maendeleo ya kikazi katika misingi mingi ya kitaaluma. Zilizokusudiwa kwa ajili ya watafiti wengine na kununuliwa hasa na maktaba, monografu kwa ujumla wake huchapishwa kibinafsi katika kipindi kifupi cha kuchapishwa . <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Williams |first=Peter |last2=Stevenson |first2=Iain |last3=Nicholas |first3=David |last4=Watkinson |first4=Anthony |last5=Rowlands |first5=Ian |year=2009 |title=The role and future of the monograph in arts and humanities research |journal=[[ASLIB Proceedings]] |volume=61 |pages=67–82 |doi=10.1108/00012530910932294}}</ref> Nchini Uingereza na Marekani, kinachotofautisha mtaswira ya kitaaluma na jina la biashara ya kitaaluma hutofautiana kulingana na mchapishaji, ingawa kwa ujumla ni dhana kwamba wasomaji hawana tu ujuzi maalum au wa kisasa bali pia wana nia ya kitaaluma katika mada ya kazi hiyo. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://archive.org/details/booksindigitalag00thom|title=Books in the Digital Age: The Transformation of Academic and Higher Education Publishing in Britain and the United States|last=Thompson|first=John B.|publisher=[[Polity Press]]|year=2005|isbn=978-0745634784|location=Cambridge|pages=84–85|url-access=limited|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Monografia iliyoandikwa kwa kawaida ni kitabu maalumu juu ya mada moja, ingawa neno hilo wakati mwingine hutumiwa kwa uhuru, na maana yake inaongezwa ili kujumuisha kazi zozote ambazo sio kazi za rejea na ambazo zinaweza kuandikwa na mwandishi mmoja au zaidi, au mkusanyiko uliohaririwa. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IpRlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA115|title=Academic and Professional Publishing|last=Campbell|first=Robert|last2=Pentz|first2=Ed|last3=Borthwick|first3=Ian|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-78063-309-1|quote='[M]onograph' has become a generic term for a book that is not of a reference type, is of primary material and which may be multi-authored, single-authored, or an edited collection.}}</ref> Utumizi huu mpana wa neno hili, hata hivyo, hauathiri tofauti muhimu katika uchapishaji wa kitaaluma na tathmini kati ya kitabu cha kitaaluma kilichoandikwa (yaani, monograph ya kitaaluma ya jadi) na juzuu iliyohaririwa (yaani, kitabu kisichoandikwa). Kwa upande wa monograph ya kitaaluma, ni "kazi inayolenga ya usomi iliyowekwa katika kiwango cha juu cha ustadi wa kiakili", <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Books in the Digital Age|last=Thompson|first=John B.|publisher=Polity|year=2005|isbn=0-7456-3477-X|location=Cambridge (UK)|pages=38, 84–85}}</ref> ambaye mwandishi (au waandishi) amefanya utafiti na kuandika maandishi ya kitabu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=17 August 2022|title=Basics of writing and publishing a Monograph|url=https://www.cwauthors.com/article/basics-of-writing-and-publishing-a-monograph}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=15 November 2023|title=UK Research and Innovation open access policy: Annex 1: additional information on policy definitions and scope|url=https://www.ukri.org/publications/ukri-open-access-policy/uk-research-and-innovation-open-access-policy/|work=UK Research and Innovation}}</ref> Kinyume chake, mhariri wa kiasi kilichohaririwa anamiliki haki ya uchapaji wa dhana, muundo na shirika la kitabu, pamoja na maandishi yoyote aliyoandika, wakati waandishi wa sura za kibinafsi wanahifadhi haki ya uchapaji wa maandishi na yaliyomo ya sura walizoandika'''.''' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Brennan|first=Emma|date=17 February 2016|title=Framing and Proposing an Edited Volume for Publication|url=https://manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk/blog/2016/02/17/framing-and-proposing-an-edited-volume-for-publication/|work=Manchester University Press}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Van Dien|first=Dianne|date=2 April 2024|title=Writing the Edited Volume|url=https://uofupress.com/writing-the-edited-volume/|work=The University of Utah Press}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=The Edited Collection: Pasts, Present and Futures|last=Webster|first=Peter|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2020|isbn=9781108683647|location=Cambridge}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=27 April 2025|title=Edited Volumes|url=https://www.cambridge.org/authorhub/application/files/7917/3945/1027/5143_Edited_Volumes.pdf|work=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=15 November 2023|title=UK Research and Innovation open access policy: Annex 1: additional information on policy definitions and scope|url=https://www.ukri.org/publications/ukri-open-access-policy/uk-research-and-innovation-open-access-policy/|work=UKRI.org}}</ref> === Ufafanuzi wa maktaba === Katika uandishi wa orodha ya maktaba, ''monografu'' ina maana pana zaidi: uchapishaji usio wa mfululizo uliokamilika katika juzuu moja (kitabu) au idadi maalum ya vitabu. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.csemanual.org/book/ed9/pt4/ch28/asec01.html|title=The CSE Manual|date=2024|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226683942|editor-last=Swendsrud|editor-first=Kristen|edition=9th|chapter=Books and Other Monographs: Definitions|access-date=June 26, 2024|url-access=limited}}</ref> Kwa hivyo hutofautiana na chapisho la mfululizo au la majarida kama vile jarida, jarida la kitaaluma, au [[gazeti]] . <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://products.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_m.aspx#monograph|title=Harrod's librarians' glossary and reference book: a directory of over 10,200 terms, organizations, projects and acronyms in the areas of information management, library science, publishing and archive management|last=Harrod|first=Leonard Montague|publisher=Ashgate|year=2005|editor-last=Prytherch|editor-first=Raymond John|edition=10th|location=Aldershot, Hampshire, England; Burlington, VT|page=462|quote=For the purpose of library cataloging, any nonserial publication, complete in one volume or intended to be completed in a finite number of parts issued at regular or irregular intervals, containing a single work or collection of works. Monographs are sometimes published in monographic series and subseries. Compare with book.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903221212/https://products.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_m.aspx|archive-date=2020-09-03|via=Online Dictionary for Library and Information Science}}</ref> Katika muktadha huu pekee, vitabu kama vile [[riwaya]] huchukuliwa kama monografu. == Aina za monografu == Katika taksonomia ya kibiolojia, monografia ni matibabu kamili ya taksonomu katika fomu ya maandishi. Kwa kawaida monographs huchunguza aina zote zinazojulikana ndani ya kikundi, kuongeza aina yoyote mpya iligunduliwa, na kukusanya na kuchanganya habari inapatikana juu ya vyama vya kiikolojia, usambazaji wa kijiografia, na tofauti ya morpholojia ndani ya kikundi. Monograph ya kwanza kabisa ya ushuru wa mmea ilikuwa Robert Morison 's 1672 {{Lang|la|Plantarum Umbelliferarum Distributio Nova}}, matibabu ya Apiaceae . <ref name="Vines 1913">{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Makers_of_British_botany|title=Makers of British Botany|last=Vines|first=Sydney Howard|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1913|editor-last=Oliver|editor-first=Francis Wall|editor-link=Francis Wall Oliver|page=22|chapter=Robert Morison (1620–1683) and John Ray (1627–1705)|author-link=Sydney Howard Vines|chapter-url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Makers_of_British_botany/Robert_Morison_1620%E2%80%941683_and_John_Ray_1627%E2%80%941705|via=[[Wikisource]]}}</ref> === Sanaa === Wachapishaji wa vitabu hutumia neno "monografu ya msanii" au "monografu ya sanaa" kuashiria vitabu vinavyohusu msanii mmoja, tofauti na tafiti pana za masomo ya sanaa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Artist Monographs Archives|work=Thames & Hudson Australia & New Zealand|url=https://thamesandhudson.com.au/product-category/art/artist-monographs/|accessdate=5 November 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Artist monographs|work=MCA Store [[Museum of Contemporary Art Australia|Museum of Contemporary Art]]|date=29 May 2024|url=https://store.mca.com.au/collections/artists-monographs?srsltid=AfmBOoqhDcLsWYPRdsXQk71OLWd8TcYzFf2GzO9jVAJZdoXfMiM298fs|accessdate=5 November 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Nigro|first=Perry|title=Research Guides: *Art History: Art Monographs|work=Research Guides at Northwestern University|date=6 July 2017|url=https://libguides.northwestern.edu/c.php?g=694857&p=4925752|accessdate=5 November 2024}}</ref> === Filamu na media titika === Neno monografu pia hutumika kwa uwakilishi wa sauti na picha au filamu wa aina ya hati miliki ya mada, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Monograph: the new film format for firms|work=ISPLORA|url=https://www.isplora.com/us/News/Projects/monograph-the-new-film-format-for-firms|accessdate=5 November 2024}}</ref> mara nyingi huonyeshwa kwa ubunifu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Cinema – Monographs|work=Les presses du réel|url=https://www.lespressesdureel.com/EN/editeur_collection.php?id=157&menu=0|accessdate=5 November 2024}}</ref> Neno "filamu ya monographic" pia limetumika kwa filamu fupi za kubuni au za uhuishaji. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Animation|work=Monographic Films|date=20 May 2015|url=https://monographicfilms.wordpress.com/animation/|language=es|accessdate=5 November 2024}}</ref> Insha za video au filamu kuhusu mada moja pia hujulikana kama monografu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Monographs 2023|work=Asian Film Archive|date=26 October 2023|url=https://asianfilmarchive.org/event-calendar/monographs-2023/|accessdate=5 November 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Monograph: Paul Rogers|work=[[PBS Short Film Festival]]|date=15 July 2024|url=https://www.pbs.org/video/monograph-paul-rogers-oazhbf/|accessdate=5 November 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Monograph: Lo Harris|work=WETA|date=2 October 2020|url=https://weta.org/watch/shows/pbs-short-film-festival/monograph-lo-harris|accessdate=5 November 2024}}</ref> ''IndyVinyl'', iliyoandikwa na msomi wa filamu wa Uskoti Ian Garwood, ni mradi wa utafiti wa monographic unaolenga "rekodi za vinyl katika sinema huru ya Marekani kati ya 1987 na 2018". Inajumuisha sura ya vitabu vya kitaaluma vyenye maneno 8,000 vilivyopitiwa na wenzao; mikusanyiko ya video; " mikusanyiko muhimu"; na mfululizo wa machapisho ya mitandao ya kijamii, yote yamepangwa kwenye tovuti. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=From 'video essay' to 'video monograph'?: Indy Vinyl as academic book|work=NECSUS|date=15 June 2020|url=https://necsus-ejms.org/from-video-essay-to-video-monograph-indy-vinyl-as-academic-book/|accessdate=5 November 2024}}</ref> Garwood ameandika kwamba mradi wake ni "jaribio la kutoa matokeo ya utafiti sawa na monografia ya kitaaluma, lakini ikijumuisha aina za ukosoaji zinazotegemea video ambazo zimeenea kupitia utamaduni wa filamu mtandaoni". <ref name="h591">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Indy Vinyl – Records in American Independent Cinema: 1987 to 2018|work=Indy Vinyl – Records in American Independent Cinema|url=https://indyvinyl.gla.ac.uk/|accessdate=5 November 2024}}</ref> == Matumizi ya FDA == Katika muktadha wa kanuni za Utawala wa Chakula na Dawa, monografu zinawakilisha viwango vilivyochapishwa ambavyo matumizi ya dutu moja au zaidi huidhinishwa kiotomatiki. Kwa mfano, yafuatayo ni dondoo kutoka kwa ''Daftari la Shirikisho'' : "Utawala wa Chakula na Dawa (FDA) unatoa sheria ya mwisho katika mfumo wa monografia ya mwisho inayoweka masharti ambayo bidhaa za dawa za kuzuia jua zinazouzwa bila agizo la daktari (OTC) kwa ujumla hutambuliwa kama salama na zenye ufanisi na hazijapewa chapa isiyofaa kama sehemu ya ukaguzi unaoendelea wa FDA wa bidhaa za dawa za OTC." <ref>{{Citation|title=DOCID:fr21my99-6|date=May 21, 1999|url=https://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/98fr/052199b.txt|volume=64|issue=98|pages=27666–27693|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201005705/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/98fr/052199b.txt|series=Rules and Regulations|periodical=Federal Register|format=TXT|archive-date=2017-02-01}}</ref> Matumizi kama hayo yamesababisha matumizi ya neno monograph kama kitenzi, kama ilivyo katika "dutu hii imechorwa na FDA". == Tazama pia == * [[Ufupisho|Muhtasari]] * [[Tasnifu]] * [[Waraka|Nyaraka]] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Istilahi za kitabu]] 14srfx5v2nt475ez1c38ldiq655xf1b 0 247718 1592646 2026-08-28T14:22:45Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[File:Judas_Cyriacus.jpg|thumb|[[Maiti]] isiyooza<ref>Giuseppe Fallica, ''Il miracolo dei corpi incorrotti'', Edizioni Segno, 2009, p. 95.</ref> ya Mt. Siriako katika [[kanisa kuu]] la Ancona.]] '''Siriako wa Ancona''' (pia: '''Yuda Siriako''' au '''Siriako wa Yerusalemu'''; alifariki [[Yerusalemu]], [[1 Mei]] [[363]]) alikuwa [[askofu]] wa [[mji]] huo aliyeteswa sana<ref>https://www.anconatoday.it/blog/ancona-malgrado-la-storia/san-ciriaco-ancona.html</r...' 1592646 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Judas_Cyriacus.jpg|thumb|[[Maiti]] isiyooza<ref>Giuseppe Fallica, ''Il miracolo dei corpi incorrotti'', Edizioni Segno, 2009, p. 95.</ref> ya Mt. Siriako katika [[kanisa kuu]] la Ancona.]] '''Siriako wa Ancona''' (pia: '''Yuda Siriako''' au '''Siriako wa Yerusalemu'''; alifariki [[Yerusalemu]], [[1 Mei]] [[363]]) alikuwa [[askofu]] wa [[mji]] huo aliyeteswa sana<ref>https://www.anconatoday.it/blog/ancona-malgrado-la-storia/san-ciriaco-ancona.html</ref><ref>https://www.worldcat.org/title/san-ciriaco-ricognizione-canonica-storica-e-scientifica-delle-spoglie-del-patrono-di-ancona/oclc/900071704&referer=brief_results</ref> na hatimaye kuuawa katika [[Nchi takatifu]] wakati wa [[dhuluma]] ya [[kaisari]] [[Juliani Mwasi|Juliano Mwasi]]<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/51750</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[4 Mei]], lakini pia [[14 Aprili]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo== *Girolamo Speciali, Notizie istoriche de' santi protettori della città d'Ancona, Venezia, Bartolomeo Locatelli, 1759. *Antonio Leoni, Cap. 18, in Istoria d'Ancona Capitale della Marca Anconitana, vol. 1, Baluffi, 1810. *Agostino Peruzzi, Storia d'Ancona dalla sua fondazione all'anno MDXXXII, vol. 1, Pesaro, Tipografia Nobili, 1835, pp. 87-99. *Gianmario Mariuzzi, Vincenzo Pirani e Claudio Lausdei, Ricognizione canonica, storica e scientifica delle spoglie del patrono di Ancona San Ciriaco, Ancona, 1986. *Gianmario Mariuzzi, Vincenzo Pirani e Claudio Lausdei, San Ciriaco vescovo e martire, edito dall'Arcidiocesi di Ancona-Osimo, 1987. *''The Finding of the True Cross: The Judas Kyriakos Legend in Syriac. Introduction, Text and Translation'', 1997. ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commonscatinline}} * Edward Bickersteth Birks (Esq., M.A., Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, son of [[Thomas Rawson Birks]]). ''"CYRIACUS (6)".'' In: [[William Smith (lexicographer)|Willian Smith]] and [[Henry Wace (Anglican priest)|Henry Wace]]. '''[http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupid?key=olbp34349 A Dictionary of Christian Biography, Literature, Sects and Doctrines].''' Volume 1: A-D. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1877. Page 757. * [http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=230 Catholic Online: St. Judas Cyriacus] * [https://www.roman-emperors.sites.luc.edu/helena.htm Jan Willem Drijvers, U. of Groningen, "Helena Augusta"]: a full list of contemporary sources is included * [http://www.lavocecattolica.it/storia.chiesa.ancona.htm Vincenzo Pirani, in collaborazione con il Prof. Giorgio Nicolini, ''Storia della Chiesa di Ancona'', capitolo IV: ''I Santi venerati nella Chiesa anconetana''.] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 363]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Jamii:watakatifu wa Israeli]] choedyq8h42j90czc356xerz4madon7 1592648 1592646 2026-08-28T14:24:04Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Tazama pia */ 1592648 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Judas_Cyriacus.jpg|thumb|[[Maiti]] isiyooza<ref>Giuseppe Fallica, ''Il miracolo dei corpi incorrotti'', Edizioni Segno, 2009, p. 95.</ref> ya Mt. Siriako katika [[kanisa kuu]] la Ancona.]] '''Siriako wa Ancona''' (pia: '''Yuda Siriako''' au '''Siriako wa Yerusalemu'''; alifariki [[Yerusalemu]], [[1 Mei]] [[363]]) alikuwa [[askofu]] wa [[mji]] huo aliyeteswa sana<ref>https://www.anconatoday.it/blog/ancona-malgrado-la-storia/san-ciriaco-ancona.html</ref><ref>https://www.worldcat.org/title/san-ciriaco-ricognizione-canonica-storica-e-scientifica-delle-spoglie-del-patrono-di-ancona/oclc/900071704&referer=brief_results</ref> na hatimaye kuuawa katika [[Nchi takatifu]] wakati wa [[dhuluma]] ya [[kaisari]] [[Juliani Mwasi|Juliano Mwasi]]<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/51750</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[4 Mei]], lakini pia [[14 Aprili]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo== *Girolamo Speciali, Notizie istoriche de' santi protettori della città d'Ancona, Venezia, Bartolomeo Locatelli, 1759. *Antonio Leoni, Cap. 18, in Istoria d'Ancona Capitale della Marca Anconitana, vol. 1, Baluffi, 1810. *Agostino Peruzzi, Storia d'Ancona dalla sua fondazione all'anno MDXXXII, vol. 1, Pesaro, Tipografia Nobili, 1835, pp. 87-99. *Gianmario Mariuzzi, Vincenzo Pirani e Claudio Lausdei, Ricognizione canonica, storica e scientifica delle spoglie del patrono di Ancona San Ciriaco, Ancona, 1986. *Gianmario Mariuzzi, Vincenzo Pirani e Claudio Lausdei, San Ciriaco vescovo e martire, edito dall'Arcidiocesi di Ancona-Osimo, 1987. *''The Finding of the True Cross: The Judas Kyriakos Legend in Syriac. Introduction, Text and Translation'', 1997. ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commonscatinline}} * Edward Bickersteth Birks (Esq., M.A., Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, son of [[Thomas Rawson Birks]]). ''"CYRIACUS (6)".'' In: [[William Smith (lexicographer)|Willian Smith]] and [[Henry Wace (Anglican priest)|Henry Wace]]. '''[http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupid?key=olbp34349 A Dictionary of Christian Biography, Literature, Sects and Doctrines].''' Volume 1: A-D. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1877. Page 757. * [http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=230 Catholic Online: St. Judas Cyriacus] * [https://www.roman-emperors.sites.luc.edu/helena.htm Jan Willem Drijvers, U. of Groningen, "Helena Augusta"]: a full list of contemporary sources is included * [http://www.lavocecattolica.it/storia.chiesa.ancona.htm Vincenzo Pirani, in collaborazione con il Prof. Giorgio Nicolini, ''Storia della Chiesa di Ancona'', capitolo IV: ''I Santi venerati nella Chiesa anconetana''.] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 363]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Jamii:watakatifu wa Israeli]] h9wfzp1rekgaauulsjwrzcch0zn7cgy 0 247719 1592647 2026-08-28T14:22:57Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1592647 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Percy Tau in 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Percy Tau 2019]] '''Percy Muzi Tau''' (alizaliwa [[13 Mei]] [[1994]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kulipwa wa [[Afrika Kusini]] anayecheza katika nafasi ya winga kwa klabu yake na [[timu ya taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini. Tau alianza maisha yake ya soka katika klabu ya Mamelodi Sundowns inayoshiriki Premier Soccer League, ambako alicheza jumla ya [[mechi]] 100, isipokuwa kipindi alichopelekwa kwa mkopo katika klabu ya Witbank Spurs. Akiwa na Sundowns, alishinda [[mataji]] mawili ya ligi na CAF Champions League mara moja. Katika msimu wake wa mwisho na klabu hiyo, alichaguliwa kuwa Mchezaji Bora wa Mwaka na pia akawa mfungaji bora wa ligi kwa pamoja. Tau alijiunga na Brighton & Hove Albion mwaka 2018, lakini kutokana na changamoto za kupata kibali cha kufanya kazi, alipelekwa kwa mkopo katika klabu ya [[Ubelgiji]] Union SG. Akiwa huko, alishinda [[tuzo]] ya Mchezaji Bora wa Msimu wa Proximus League. Uwezo wake ulimwezesha kuhamia kwa muda mfupi katika Club Brugge, ambako alishinda medali ya ubingwa wa ligi msimu uliofuata. Baadaye alipelekwa kwa mkopo kwa mara ya tatu mfululizo, akijiunga na wapinzani wao Anderlecht mwaka 2020. Tau alisaini na klabu ya ligi kuu ya [[Misri]], Al Ahly, [[mwaka]] 2021 kwa [[mkataba]] wa miaka miwili. Mnamo Desemba 2023, aliweka [[historia]] kwa kuwa mchezaji wa Afrika Kusini aliyefunga mabao mengi zaidi katika [[FIFA]] Club World Cup, baada ya kufunga bao lake la tatu katika mashindano hayo. == Kazi ya Klabu == === Mamelodi Sundowns === Alizaliwa katika [[mji]] wa Witbank, Tau alianza kazi yake ya [[soka]] katika klabu ya Mamelodi Sundowns inayoshiriki Premier Soccer League. Alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza ya kulipwa akiwa na klabu hiyo tarehe 25 Februari 2014, katika mchezo wa ligi dhidi ya Orlando Pirates. Aliingia [[uwanjani]] dakika ya 85 akichukua nafasi ya Domingues, katika mchezo ambao Sundowns ilipoteza kwa bao 1–0. Baadaye, Tau alifunga bao lake la kwanza katika soka la kulipwa akiwa na Sundowns katika mchezo wa Nedbank Cup dhidi ya Golden Arrows, uliochezwa tarehe 22 Machi 2014. == Mafanikio == === Mamelodi Sundowns === * Premier Soccer League: 2013–14, 2017–18 * Nedbank Cup: 2014–15 * Telkom Knockout: 2015 * CAF Champions League: 2016 * CAF Super Cup: 2017 === Club Brugge === * Belgian Pro League: 2019–20 === Al Ahly === * Egyptian Premier League: 2022–23, 2023–24 * Egypt Cup: 2021–22, 2022–23 * Egyptian Super Cup: 2021–22, 2022–23, 2023–24, 2024 * CAF Champions League: 2022–23, 2023–24 * CAF Super Cup: 2021 * FIFA African–Asian–Pacific Cup: 2024 * FIFA Club World Cup: Nafasi ya tatu, 2021, 2023 === Afrika Kusini === * Africa Cup of Nations: Nafasi ya tatu, 2023 * Four Nations Tournament: 2018 <ref>https://www.timeslive.co.za/sport/soccer/2018-05-29-sundowns-percy-tau-walks-away-with-top-honours-at-glittering-psl-awards/</ref><ref>https://www.rsca.be/en/news/percy-tau-plays-rsc-anderlecht</ref><ref>https://www.goal.com/en-za/news/bafana-bafana-international-tau-scores-on-debut-for-anderlecht/146edks97slgb1htaip3kgf6mv</ref><ref>https://www.timeslive.co.za/sport/soccer/2023-12-12-percy-tau-first-south-african-to-win-caf-inter-club-player-of-the-year/</ref><ref>https://www.timeslive.co.za/sport/soccer/2019-03-24-percy-tau-scores-two-goals-as-bafana-bafana-qualify-for-afcon/</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1994]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] <references />{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Afrika Kusini]] 18278zusk9ou9ij2fiedlxezde0r1te 0 247720 1592650 2026-08-28T14:32:48Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1592650 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Nicola Legrottaglie.JPG|thumb|Nicola Legrottaglie]] '''Nicola Legrottaglie''' (matamshi ya [[Kiitalia]]: [niˈkɔːla leɡrotˈtaʎʎe]; alizaliwa [[20 Oktoba]] [[1976]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[soka]] wa [[Italia]] aliyekuwa akicheza kama beki wa kati. Katika maisha yake ya soka yaliyodumu kwa miongo miwili kamili, alicheza jumla ya mechi 259 na kufunga mabao 22 katika Serie A katika misimu 12. Alichezea [[klabu]] za Chievo, [[Juventus]], Bologna, Siena, [[AC Milan]] na Catania katika mashindano hayo. Alishinda ubingwa wa Serie A mwaka 2011 akiwa na Juventus. Legrottaglie aliichezea Italia mechi 16, na aliiwakilisha nchi hiyo katika Kombe la Shirikisho la FIFA la 2009 (FIFA Confederations Cup). == Kazi ya Klabu == === Miaka ya mwanzo na Chievo === Alizaliwa katika Gioia del Colle, katika [[Jimbo]] la Bari, Legrottaglie alianza [[maisha]] yake ya soka katika AS Bari, akitumia vipindi vya mkopo katika AC Pistoiese na AC Prato. Baada ya kurejea Bari mwezi Juni 1998, aliuziwa AC ChievoVerona, iliyokuwa ikishiriki Serie B. Katika msimu wake wa pili na klabu hiyo, alicheza mara chache. Januari 2000, alipelekwa kwa mkopo katika AC Reggiana 1919, iliyokuwa ikicheza katika daraja la tatu la soka la Italia. Hata hivyo, akiwa na Reggiana pia alipata nafasi chache za kucheza. Baada ya kurejea Verona, alipelekwa tena kwa mkopo katika daraja hilo hilo, safari hii akijiunga na Modena FC.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20081217140125/https://www.juventus.com/site/ita/TAS_schedagiocatoreprimasquadra_417D659ABA15488388474BCB517B9004.asp</ref><ref>https://www.tuttocalciatori.net/Legrottaglie_Nicola</ref><ref>https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/3373/Nicola_Legrottaglie.html</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] <references />{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} t41e40o8wg1gwco00fn5veahlin27v7 0 247721 1592652 2026-08-28T14:34:07Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[File:Santo_Ovidio.JPG|thumb|210px|[[Sanamu]] ya Mt. Audito.]] '''Audito wa Braga''' (pia: '''Auditus, Ouvido, Ovidio'''<ref name=young>[https://www.entandaudiologynews.com/features/ent-features/post/patron-saints-of-the-ear Young, John Riddington. "Patron saints of the ear", ''ENT & Audiology News'', Vol. 31 Issue 1 March/April 2022]</ref> ; alifariki [[Braga]], [[Ureno]], [[135]] hivi) alikuwa [[askofu]] wa tatu wa Braga, mwenye [[asili]] ya Sisilia|S...' 1592652 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Santo_Ovidio.JPG|thumb|210px|[[Sanamu]] ya Mt. Audito.]] '''Audito wa Braga''' (pia: '''Auditus, Ouvido, Ovidio'''<ref name=young>[https://www.entandaudiologynews.com/features/ent-features/post/patron-saints-of-the-ear Young, John Riddington. "Patron saints of the ear", ''ENT & Audiology News'', Vol. 31 Issue 1 March/April 2022]</ref> ; alifariki [[Braga]], [[Ureno]], [[135]] hivi) alikuwa [[askofu]] wa tatu wa Braga, mwenye [[asili]] ya [[Sisilia|Sicilia]], [[Italia visiwani]], aliyefia [[imani]] yake <ref>[http://www.parroquiasanmartin.com/sanovidio.html "San Ovidio", Parroquia San Martín de Porres, Hermosillo, Sonora, México]</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]]<ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/91134</ref>. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[3 Juni]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist|30em}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:waliozaliwa karne ya 1]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 135]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Ureno]] ov49b4thzk5enr3i530thurtobwlbx3 0 247722 1592660 2026-08-28T15:23:19Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''James Ferragamo''' ([[7 Novemba]] [[1971]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Italia]]. Yeye ni Mkurugenzi wa Bidhaa za Ngozi za Wanaume na Wanawake wa Ferragamo.<ref name="James Ferragamo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lapietradialogues.org/dialogues_bio.php?cat=7&id=27&bio=88|title=James Ferragamo|first=|last=|quote=|publisher=Lapietra dialogues|date=|access-date=2013-06-06|archive-date=2016-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819091308/http:/...' 1592660 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James Ferragamo''' ([[7 Novemba]] [[1971]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Italia]]. Yeye ni Mkurugenzi wa Bidhaa za Ngozi za Wanaume na Wanawake wa Ferragamo.<ref name="James Ferragamo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lapietradialogues.org/dialogues_bio.php?cat=7&id=27&bio=88|title=James Ferragamo|first=|last=|quote=|publisher=Lapietra dialogues|date=|access-date=2013-06-06|archive-date=2016-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819091308/http://www.lapietradialogues.org/dialogues_bio.php?cat=7&id=27&bio=88|url-status=usurped}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Alizaliwa tarehe 7 Novemba 1971, huko [[Florence]]. Yeye ni mtoto wa Ferruccio Ferragamo, Mwenyekiti wa Salvatore Ferragamo S.p.A., na mjukuu wa Salvatore Ferragamo, mwanzilishi wa chapa maarufu ya viatu. Alikulia katika shamba la Chianti la Il Borro, ambalo baba yake alinunua mwaka 1993. Katika umri mdogo, alipendezwa kujiunga na biashara ya familia: "Nilipokuwa na miaka 10, nilikwenda kiwandani na kutengeneza jozi ya viatu kwa ajili ya bibi yangu. Zilikuwa jozi za viatu vya Vara katika ngozi nyeusi inayong'aa na upinde wa dhahabu. Niliharibu jozi tatu kabla ya kuifanya vizuri. Bibi yangu hakuwahi kuzivaa na aliziweka kwenye kipaumbele ili kuzionyesha."<ref name="Citation2:2001:TheWallStreetJournal">{{Citation |last=McBride |first=Sarah |date=November 6, 2001 |title=Italy's Ferragamo Continues Push Into Asia With Plans for New Stores |publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1005081096235604760}}</ref><ref name="Citation7:2013:SCMP">{{Citation |last=Harilela |first=Divia |date=April 8, 2013 |title=Growing up Ferragamo |publisher=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/fashion-watches/article/1207706/growing-ferragamo}}</ref> Wakati akisomea shahada yake ya kwanza na uzamili katika Chuo Kikuu cha New York, alitumia likizo kama msaidizi wa mauzo katika duka la Ferragamo huko Los Angeles. Alihitimu kutoka Shule ya Biashara ya Stern ya Chuo Kikuu cha New York. == Kazi == Alianza kufanya kazi na kampuni ya familia mwaka 1998, baada ya kufanya kazi katika Saks Fifth Avenue na Goldman Sachs London. Wakati huo, familia ya Ferragamo ilikuwa na sheria kwamba ni wanafamilia watatu tu wangeweza kufanya kazi katika biashara kwa wakati mmoja, na kufanya "ushindani kuwa mkubwa."<ref name="Citation3:2013:Providence">{{Citation |last=Critchell |first=Samantha |date=May 17, 2013 |title=Classic Vara back with a brand new attitude |publisher=[[Providence Journal]] |url=https://www.providencejournal.com/article/20130517/LIFESTYLE/305179968 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Citation8:2015:TatlerAsia">{{Citation |last=Chong |first=Calvin |date=July 28, 2015 |title=5 minutes with James Ferragamo on the makings of Salvatore Ferragamo shoes |publisher=Tatler Asia |url=https://www.tatlerasia.com/style/fashion/james-ferragamo-interview-salvatore-ferragamo-shoes}}</ref> Mwaka 2001, alikuwa meneja wa bidhaa wa Salvatore Ferragamo Italia SpA, ambayo ilikuwa inaendesha maduka 55 nchini Japani, tisa nchini Italia, na 10 nchini Ufaransa. Kufikia 2013, alikuwa mkurugenzi wa bidhaa za ngozi za wanawake, na alikuwa akisimamia mstari wa Vara. Kabla ya 2015, alifanya kazi kwenye uzinduzi wa "kiatu cha Audrey, Vara na Varina Made to Order," na pia mifuko ya Sofia, Verve, na Fiamma, na kufikia 2015 alikuwa ametajwa kuwa Mkurugenzi wa Kitengo cha Viatu na Bidhaa za Ngozi za Wanawake na Wanaume. Mwaka 2016, aliongoza kitengo cha show na bidhaa za ngozi. Mwaka 2017, aliendelea kuongoza kitengo cha "Viatu na Ufundi wa Ngozi kwa Wanaume na Wanawake."<ref name="Citation5:2016:HauteLiving">{{Citation |last=Sabino |first=Catherine |date=October 25, 2016 |title=James and Massimo Ferragamo on Brand's New Luxury Made-to-Order Line |publisher=Haute Living |url=https://hauteliving.com/2016/10/ferragamo-launches-luxe-made-to-order-footwear-program/622946/}}</ref> Mnamo Oktoba 2018, alikuwa mkurugenzi wa viatu vya wanaume na wanawake na kitengo cha ngozi.<ref name="Citation13:2018:Footwearnews">{{Citation |last=Hirschmiller |first=Stephanie |date=October 19, 2018 |title=Remembering Wanda Ferragamo: Three Lessons James Ferragamo Learned From His Grandmother |publisher=FootwearNews |url=https://footwearnews.com/2018/fashion/designers/james-ferragamo-wanda-grandmother-florence-italy-shoes-advice-372767/}}</ref> Alipewa jina la Giacomo "James" Ferragamo na Fashion Weekly mnamo Machi 2021, na mwezi huo alichukua nafasi ya Paul Andrew kwenye bodi ya kampuni. Kufikia Machi 2021, kulikuwa na wanafamilia 10 wa Ferragamo kwenye bodi ya kampuni, ikiwa ni pamoja na James, ambaye pia alikuwa mkurugenzi wa chapa na bidhaa na mawasiliano. Alijiunga baada ya kujiuzulu kutoka bodi mwaka uliotangulia, "akiruhusu [Michele Norsa] kuajiriwa na kuchukua mamlaka ya utendaji yaliyotumiwa hapo awali na baba yake." Baada ya kujiuzulu kutoka bodi, alihifadhi jukumu lake kama mkurugenzi wa chapa na bidhaa na mawasiliano.<ref name="Citation8:2021:FashionWeekDaily">{{Citation |last=Drohan |first=Freya |date=March 30, 2021 |title=Paul Andre Is Out at Salvatore Ferragamo After Five Years |publisher=Fashion Week Daily |url=https://fashionweekdaily.com/paul-andrew-exits-salvatore-ferragamo/}}</ref> == Maisha Binafsi == Yeye na familia yake wanatumia muda katika shamba la Ferragamo huko Chianti, ambalo pia ni kijiji cha medieval kilichorejeshwa ambacho kina hoteli na villas za Relais & Châteaux. Mwaka 2017, alikuwa akijitayarisha kwa triathlon, akitumia saa 3 asubuhi kwa mchezo huo. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1971]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ntbhvkt2nhi43jlkm4r76p5y0fy15el 1592744 1592660 2026-08-28T23:28:18Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1592744 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James Ferragamo''' ([[7 Novemba]] [[1971]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Italia]]. Yeye ni Mkurugenzi wa Bidhaa za Ngozi za Wanaume na Wanawake wa Ferragamo.<ref name="James Ferragamo">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.lapietradialogues.org/dialogues_bio.php?cat=7&id=27&bio=88|title=James Ferragamo|first=|last=|quote=|publisher=Lapietra dialogues|date=|access-date=2013-06-06|archive-date=2016-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819091308/http://www.lapietradialogues.org/dialogues_bio.php?cat=7&id=27&bio=88|url-status=usurped}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Alizaliwa tarehe 7 Novemba 1971, huko [[Florence]]. Yeye ni mtoto wa Ferruccio Ferragamo, Mwenyekiti wa Salvatore Ferragamo S.p.A., na mjukuu wa Salvatore Ferragamo, mwanzilishi wa chapa maarufu ya viatu. Alikulia katika shamba la Chianti la Il Borro, ambalo baba yake alinunua mwaka 1993. Katika umri mdogo, alipendezwa kujiunga na biashara ya familia: "Nilipokuwa na miaka 10, nilikwenda kiwandani na kutengeneza jozi ya viatu kwa ajili ya bibi yangu. Zilikuwa jozi za viatu vya Vara katika ngozi nyeusi inayong'aa na upinde wa dhahabu. Niliharibu jozi tatu kabla ya kuifanya vizuri. Bibi yangu hakuwahi kuzivaa na aliziweka kwenye kipaumbele ili kuzionyesha."<ref name="Citation2:2001:TheWallStreetJournal">{{Citation |last=McBride |first=Sarah |date=November 6, 2001 |title=Italy's Ferragamo Continues Push Into Asia With Plans for New Stores |publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1005081096235604760}}</ref><ref name="Citation7:2013:SCMP">{{Citation |last=Harilela |first=Divia |date=April 8, 2013 |title=Growing up Ferragamo |publisher=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/fashion-watches/article/1207706/growing-ferragamo}}</ref> Wakati akisomea shahada yake ya kwanza na uzamili katika Chuo Kikuu cha New York, alitumia likizo kama msaidizi wa mauzo katika duka la Ferragamo huko Los Angeles. Alihitimu kutoka Shule ya Biashara ya Stern ya Chuo Kikuu cha New York. == Kazi == Alianza kufanya kazi na kampuni ya familia mwaka 1998, baada ya kufanya kazi katika Saks Fifth Avenue na Goldman Sachs London. Wakati huo, familia ya Ferragamo ilikuwa na sheria kwamba ni wanafamilia watatu tu wangeweza kufanya kazi katika biashara kwa wakati mmoja, na kufanya "ushindani kuwa mkubwa."<ref name="Citation3:2013:Providence">{{Citation |last=Critchell |first=Samantha |date=May 17, 2013 |title=Classic Vara back with a brand new attitude |publisher=[[Providence Journal]] |url=https://www.providencejournal.com/article/20130517/LIFESTYLE/305179968 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Citation8:2015:TatlerAsia">{{Citation |last=Chong |first=Calvin |date=July 28, 2015 |title=5 minutes with James Ferragamo on the makings of Salvatore Ferragamo shoes |publisher=Tatler Asia |url=https://www.tatlerasia.com/style/fashion/james-ferragamo-interview-salvatore-ferragamo-shoes}}</ref> Mwaka 2001, alikuwa meneja wa bidhaa wa Salvatore Ferragamo Italia SpA, ambayo ilikuwa inaendesha maduka 55 nchini Japani, tisa nchini Italia, na 10 nchini Ufaransa. Kufikia 2013, alikuwa mkurugenzi wa bidhaa za ngozi za wanawake, na alikuwa akisimamia mstari wa Vara. Kabla ya 2015, alifanya kazi kwenye uzinduzi wa "kiatu cha Audrey, Vara na Varina Made to Order," na pia mifuko ya Sofia, Verve, na Fiamma, na kufikia 2015 alikuwa ametajwa kuwa Mkurugenzi wa Kitengo cha Viatu na Bidhaa za Ngozi za Wanawake na Wanaume. Mwaka 2016, aliongoza kitengo cha show na bidhaa za ngozi. Mwaka 2017, aliendelea kuongoza kitengo cha "Viatu na Ufundi wa Ngozi kwa Wanaume na Wanawake."<ref name="Citation5:2016:HauteLiving">{{Citation |last=Sabino |first=Catherine |date=October 25, 2016 |title=James and Massimo Ferragamo on Brand's New Luxury Made-to-Order Line |publisher=Haute Living |url=https://hauteliving.com/2016/10/ferragamo-launches-luxe-made-to-order-footwear-program/622946/}}</ref> Mnamo Oktoba 2018, alikuwa mkurugenzi wa viatu vya wanaume na wanawake na kitengo cha ngozi.<ref name="Citation13:2018:Footwearnews">{{Citation |last=Hirschmiller |first=Stephanie |date=October 19, 2018 |title=Remembering Wanda Ferragamo: Three Lessons James Ferragamo Learned From His Grandmother |publisher=FootwearNews |url=https://footwearnews.com/2018/fashion/designers/james-ferragamo-wanda-grandmother-florence-italy-shoes-advice-372767/}}</ref> Alipewa jina la Giacomo "James" Ferragamo na Fashion Weekly mnamo Machi 2021, na mwezi huo alichukua nafasi ya Paul Andrew kwenye bodi ya kampuni. Kufikia Machi 2021, kulikuwa na wanafamilia 10 wa Ferragamo kwenye bodi ya kampuni, ikiwa ni pamoja na James, ambaye pia alikuwa mkurugenzi wa chapa na bidhaa na mawasiliano. Alijiunga baada ya kujiuzulu kutoka bodi mwaka uliotangulia, "akiruhusu [Michele Norsa] kuajiriwa na kuchukua mamlaka ya utendaji yaliyotumiwa hapo awali na baba yake." Baada ya kujiuzulu kutoka bodi, alihifadhi jukumu lake kama mkurugenzi wa chapa na bidhaa na mawasiliano.<ref name="Citation8:2021:FashionWeekDaily">{{Citation |last=Drohan |first=Freya |date=March 30, 2021 |title=Paul Andre Is Out at Salvatore Ferragamo After Five Years |publisher=Fashion Week Daily |url=https://fashionweekdaily.com/paul-andrew-exits-salvatore-ferragamo/}}</ref> == Maisha Binafsi == Yeye na familia yake wanatumia muda katika shamba la Ferragamo huko Chianti, ambalo pia ni kijiji cha medieval kilichorejeshwa ambacho kina hoteli na villas za Relais & Châteaux. Mwaka 2017, alikuwa akijitayarisha kwa triathlon, akitumia saa 3 asubuhi kwa mchezo huo. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1971]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] cgexrlll049ws5n6v223hpdaxx5349v 0 247723 1592661 2026-08-28T15:23:50Z Denis John5 57299 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371795778|King Von]]" 1592661 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Dayvon Daquan Bennett''' (Agosti 9, 1994 -  Novemba 6, 2020), anajulikana kama King Von, alikuwa mwimbaji wa rap wa Marekani na gangster wa mitaani kutoka Chicago, [[Illinois]]. Alikuwa na uhusiano na genge la Black Disciples la South Side, [[Chicago]], <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://southsideweekly.com/opinion-king-von-drill-music-parkway-gardens-and-south-side-chicago/|title=Op-Ed: King Von, Drill Music, Parkway Gardens, and South Side Chicago|work=[[South Side Weekly]]|date=December 9, 2020|accessdate=July 14, 2024|archivedate=July 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714090735/https://southsideweekly.com/opinion-king-von-drill-music-parkway-gardens-and-south-side-chicago/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2024/1/2/24022988/fbg-duck-king-von-lil-durk-oblock-tookaville-black-disciples-gangster-chicago-gangs|title=After a trial lasting nearly 3 months, jury set to get case of brazen Gold Coast slaying of rapper FBG Duck|work=[[Chicago Sun Times]]|date=January 2, 2024|accessdate=July 14, 2024|archivedate=July 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714090735/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2024/1/2/24022988/fbg-duck-king-von-lil-durk-oblock-tookaville-black-disciples-gangster-chicago-gangs}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/fbg-duck-king-von-hit-mother|title=FBG Duck's mother speaks On King Von's alleged $100K hit on her son: 'They proved it'|work=[[HipHopDx]]|date=October 10, 2023|accessdate=July 14, 2024|archivedate=July 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714090735/https://hiphopdx.com/news/fbg-duck-king-von-hit-mother}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://abc7chicago.com/fbg-duck-death-verdict-o-block-street-gang-chicago-shooting/14333501/|title=6 O-Block street gang members convicted in 2020 Gold Coast shooting death of Chicago rapper FBG Duck|work=[[WLS-TV]]|date=January 17, 2024|accessdate=July 14, 2024|archivedate=July 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714090735/https://abc7chicago.com/fbg-duck-death-verdict-o-block-street-gang-chicago-shooting/14333501/}}</ref> na alikuwa mfano wa mfano wa muziki wa drill, kitengo kidogo cha [[hip-hop]] kilichotokana na eneo hilo Bennett alipata kutambuliwa kwa ajili ya hadithi yake na vivid lyricism, alibainisha na wakosoaji juu yake 2018 single "Crazy Story". Kabla ya kutolewa kwake, alisaini na lebo ya mwenzake wa Chicago Lil Durk Tu Familia, kupitia ambayo alitoa mixtape yake ya kwanza Grandson, Buku la 1 (2019), na ufuatiliaji wake Levon James (2020), zote mbili ambazo ziliingia kwa wastani kwenye Billboard 200 kama matoleo ya kujitegemea. "Crazy Story", pamoja na single yake ya 2020 "Took Her to the O", ilipokea cheti cha platinamu mara tatu na Chama cha Sekta ya Kurekodi ya Amerika (RIAA) <ref name="suntimes1">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-08-28|title=A 'dark cloud' follows Chicago's drill scene|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2020/11/6/21549717/king-von-drill-chief-keef-polo-pacman-chicago-king-louie-sasha-fbg-duck-herbo-durk-forrest-stuart|accessdate=July 7, 2023|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|language=en-US|archivedate=July 26, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726155645/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2020/11/6/21549717/king-von-drill-chief-keef-polo-pacman-chicago-king-louie-sasha-fbg-duck-herbo-durk-forrest-stuart}}</ref> <ref name="pitch1">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://pitchfork.com/levels/king-von-crazy-story-new-song-listen/|title=The Ones: King Von's "Crazy Story"|work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|date=February 6, 2019|accessdate=November 7, 2019|archivedate=November 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107232942/https://pitchfork.com/levels/king-von-crazy-story-new-song-listen/}}</ref> Wimbo huu wa mwisho ukawa wimbo wake wa kwanza [[Billboard Hot 100|''wa Billboard'' Hot 100]] na ukatangulia albamu yake ya kwanza ya studio, ''Welcome to O'Block'' (2020), ambayo ilifikia kilele cha nambari tano kwenye [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200.]] <ref name="RIAA">{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von - Welcome to O'Block|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=King+Von&ti=&lab=empire&genre=R%26B%2FHIP+HOP&format=Album&date_option=release&from=&to=&award=G&type=&category=&adv=SEARCH#search_section|accessdate=December 27, 2024|date=December 17, 2024|work=[[RIAA]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Mnamo Novemba 6, 2020, Bennett aliuawa kwa kupigwa risasi huko Atlanta, Georgia, akiwa na umri wa miaka 26, kufuatia ugomvi nje ya hookah lounge. Albamu yake ya pili na toleo la kwanza la baada ya kifo, ''What It Means to Be King'' (2022), ilianza nafasi ya pili kwenye Billboard 200, kama vile albamu yake ya tatu na toleo la mwisho la baada ya kifo, ''Grandson'' (2023). == Maisha yake ya awali == Dayvon Daquan Bennett alizaliwa mnamo Agosti 9, 1994, huko Chicago, Illinois. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://mugshots.com/US-Counties/Illinois/Cook-County-IL/Dayvon-Bennett.123203677.html|title=Dayvon Bennett Mugshot 123203677 – Vonita Bennett Arrest – Cook County, IL|work=Mugshots.com|date=November 21, 2015|accessdate=October 18, 2019|archivedate=November 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107232950/https://mugshots.com/US-Counties/Illinois/Cook-County-IL/Dayvon-Bennett.123203677.html}}</ref>Alikuwa na ndugu wa kambo sita kutoka kwa baba yake, Walter E. Bennett, na ndugu watatu kutoka kwa mama yake, Taesha. Alilelewa hasa na mama yake katika Parkway Garden Homes, eneo la kawaida inayojulikana kama "O'Block", iko katika Chicago South Side ndani ya Greater Grand Crossing eneo la jamii. <ref name="Complex1">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/mbraboy17/king-von-remembered-obituary|title=King Von, Fearless Storyteller|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|date=November 9, 2020|accessdate=October 9, 2023|archivedate=October 2, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002084723/https://www.complex.com/music/a/mbraboy17/king-von-remembered-obituary}}</ref> Uhusiano wake na baba yake haukuwa wa kubadilika kutokana na kifungo cha baba yake. Von alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 10, baba yake aliuawa na mtu aliyekuwa na bunduki ambaye hakuonekana. Baadaye Von alimsifu baba yake katika nyimbo nyingi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://thenetline.com/the-truth-about-king-von-parents-and-his-kids/|title=The truth about King Von's parents and his kids|work=thenetline.com|date=January 29, 2021|accessdate=March 4, 2021|archivedate=February 27, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227151340/https://thenetline.com/the-truth-about-king-von-parents-and-his-kids/}}</ref> Bennett alikuwapo kwa kuzaliwa kwa muziki wa drill kupitia ushirika wake na Chief Keef na Lil Durk. Hata hivyo, mara kwa mara alikuwa gerezani katika miaka ya 2010 kwa wingi wa mashtaka makubwa ya jinai, ambayo alifanya naye anajulikana katika eneo drill Chicago hata kabla ya kuanza kurekodi muziki. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.vulture.com/2022/08/drill-songs-to-know.html|title=The Drill Songs to Know A mini subgenre primer.|work=[[Vulture (magazine)|Vulture]]|accessdate=February 17, 2024|date=August 17, 2022|archivedate=April 6, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406234706/https://www.vulture.com/2022/08/drill-songs-to-know.html}}</ref> Akiwa na umri wa miaka 16, Bennett alipelekwa katika gereza la vijana kwa wizi wa silaha mnamo Januari 2011. Alipokuwa gerezani, Bennett alipata shahada ya elimu ya juu. Baada ya kuachiliwa, Bennett alihudhuria madarasa machache katika Chuo cha South Suburban huko South Holland, Illinois, kabla ya kuacha. <ref>{{Cite video|title=King Von In Jail For 3.5 Years At Age 19, Facing Life In Prison, Acquitted Of Attempted Murder|publisher=DJ Smallz Eyes|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch/?v=RX8iLw1BjyY}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eP7IH2du-5s|title=King Von Speaks On Being A College Student 👨🏽‍🎓📚#foryou}}</ref> Mnamo Julai 2014, Bennett alishtakiwa kwa shtaka moja la mauaji ya shahada ya kwanza na mashtaka mawili ya kujaribu kuua kuhusiana na ufyatuaji risasi uliomuua mmoja na kuwajeruhi wengine wawili. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://chicago.cbslocal.com/2014/07/24/second-man-charged-with-may-shooting-that-killed-man-wounded-two-others/|title=Second Man Charged with May Shooting That Killed Man, Wounded Two Others|work=[[CBS News]]|date=July 24, 2014|accessdate=August 2, 2023|archivedate=January 23, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123183557/https://chicago.cbslocal.com/2014/07/24/second-man-charged-with-may-shooting-that-killed-man-wounded-two-others/}}</ref> Baada ya kufungwa katika gereza la Cook County kwa zaidi ya miaka mitatu, aliachiliwa huru mnamo Desemba 2017 na kuanza kazi yake ya muziki. == Kazi == === 20 17–2019: Mwanzo wa kazi na ''Mjukuu, Juz. 1'' === Baada ya Von kuachiliwa kutoka gerezani mnamo Desemba 2017, rapa mwenzake Lil Durk alimsaini Von katika lebo ya Durk ya Only the Family . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Lobad|first=Noor|date=2020-10-05|title=King Von is an OTF Affiliate|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/323370-who-is-king-von-everything-to-know-about-the-lil-durk-affiliate-rapper-news|accessdate=2025-12-30|work=HotNewHipHop|language=en|archivedate=April 21, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421051035/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/323370-who-is-king-von-everything-to-know-about-the-lil-durk-affiliate-rapper-news}}</ref> Kisha Von alitoa mfululizo wa nyimbo za single. Wimbo wa kwanza kati ya hizi ulikuwa "Beat Dat Body", ambao ulimshirikisha rapa mwenzake marehemu wa Chicago [[THF Zoo]], <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Who was THF Bay Zoo, Rapper Reportedly Shot Dead at Chicago's Little Village?|date=27 October 2025|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/world/us/us-news/who-was-thf-bay-zoo-rapper-reportedly-shot-dead-chicago-little-village-article-153056306|accessdate=October 26, 2025|archivedate=October 26, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251026220453/https://www.timesnownews.com/world/us/us-news/who-was-thf-bay-zoo-rapper-reportedly-shot-dead-chicago-little-village-article-153056306}}</ref> na ulitolewa mnamo Juni 17, 2018. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Beat Dat Body (feat. THF Bayzoo) – Single|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/beat-dat-body-feat-thf-bay-zoo/1439318705?i=1439318708|date=June 17, 2018|accessdate=August 28, 2023|work=[[Apple Music]]|language=en|archivedate=October 2, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002085140/https://music.apple.com/us/album/beat-dat-body-feat-thf-bay-zoo/1439318705?i=1439318708}}</ref> Baadaye Von alionekana kwenye albamu ya ''Lil Durk Presents: Only The Family Involved'', ambayo ilitolewa Julai 31. Alishiriki katika wimbo "Problems", ambao ulikuwa na [[Muziki wa video|video ya muziki]] iliyoambatana nayo iliyotolewa mnamo Agosti 9. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lil Durk Presents: Only The Family Involved|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/problems-feat-king-von/1419853271?i=1419853284|date=July 31, 2018|accessdate=August 28, 2023|work=[[Apple Music]]|language=en|archivedate=August 28, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828085323/https://music.apple.com/us/album/problems-feat-king-von/1419853271?i=1419853284}}</ref> Kisha Von alitoa wimbo "War With Us" mnamo Oktoba 18. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=WAR With US|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/war-with-us-single/1446111626|date=October 18, 2018|accessdate=August 28, 2023|work=[[Apple Music]]|language=en}}</ref> Wimbo wa Von " Crazy Story " ulitolewa mnamo Desemba 6. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Crazy Story – Single by King Von|date=December 6, 2018|url=https://music.apple.com/ai/album/crazy-story-single/1445596490|accessdate=November 8, 2020|archivedate=January 24, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124204552/https://music.apple.com/ai/album/crazy-story-single/1445596490}}</ref> Ilikuwa wimbo wake maarufu, maarufu kwa masimulizi yake ya jaribio la wizi katika mji wake wa Chicago, <ref name="Vulture2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Drill Songs to Know A mini subgenre primer.|url=https://www.vulture.com/2022/08/drill-songs-to-know.html|date=August 17, 2022|accessdate=November 27, 2023|work=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]|language=en|archivedate=April 6, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406234706/https://www.vulture.com/2022/08/drill-songs-to-know.html}}</ref> <ref name="Genius2">{{Rejea tovuti|date=April 22, 2022|title=Check The Rhyme: Deconstructing King Von's "Crazy Story" Verse|url=https://genius.com/a/check-the-rhyme-deconstructing-king-von-s-crazy-story-verse|accessdate=November 27, 2023|work=[[Genius (company)|Genius]]|language=en|archivedate=November 30, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130094030/https://genius.com/a/check-the-rhyme-deconstructing-king-von-s-crazy-story-verse}}</ref> na kufikia nambari 81 kwenye [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100.]] <ref name="pitch1" /> Mnamo Januari 9, 2019, Von alionyeshwa kwenye remix ya "Exposing Me", wimbo wa mwanamuziki mwenzake wa Chicago Memo600. Von na Memo600 walibadilishana vibao bila kuheshimu na kuelezea kwa undani vita vya maisha halisi na mapigano dhidi ya wapinzani wengine wa jirani. Jibu kutoka kwa walengwa lilitokea wakati wanamuziki wa rap FBG Duck na Rooga walipoacha remix yao ya wimbo huo mnamo Februari 4. Nyimbo zote mbili zilitolewa kutoka kwa sampuli ya wimbo wa asili wa India Sanam Re. Kufuatia mafanikio, mfululizo wa remixes kwa wimbo huo zilifanywa na wasanii wengine wote katika Marekani na Ulaya. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/342622-from-king-vons-exposin-me-to-cjs-whoopty-a-hindi-love-song-turned-drill-beat-news|title=From King Von's "Exposin Me" To CJ's "Whoopty": A Hindi Love Song Turned Drill Beat|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|date=January 22, 2021|accessdate=March 1, 2024|archivedate=November 16, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116110944/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/342622-from-king-vons-exposin-me-to-cjs-whoopty-a-hindi-love-song-turned-drill-beat-news}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.stereogum.com/2110126/cj-whoopty-brooklyn-drill-mainstream/columns/status-aint-hood/|title=CJ's "Whoopty" And The Mainstreaming Of Drill|work=[[Stereogum]]|date=December 9, 2020|accessdate=March 1, 2024|archivedate=December 29, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229081626/https://www.stereogum.com/2110126/cj-whoopty-brooklyn-drill-mainstream/columns/status-aint-hood/}}</ref> Mnamo Februari 14, mpenzi wa Von wakati huo, rapa Asian Doll, alitoa video ya muziki kwa ajili ya wimbo wake, "Mjukuu", ambapo alionekana. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Langhorne|first=Cyrus|date=February 14, 2019|title=Watch: Gucci Mane Protégé Asian Doll Celebrates V-Day W/ New GRANDSON Video|url=https://www.sohh.com/watch-gucci-mane-protege-asian-doll-celebrates-v-day-w-new-grandson-video/|work=[[SOHH]]|accessdate=November 10, 2020|archivedate=November 10, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110192559/https://www.sohh.com/watch-gucci-mane-protege-asian-doll-celebrates-v-day-w-new-grandson-video/}}</ref> Mei 3, "Crazy Story 2.0" featuring Lil Durk ilitolewa, na video ya muziki baadaye ilitolewa siku kumi na saba baadaye; wimbo ulifikia nafasi ya nne kwenye chati ya Bubbling Under Hot 100 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://hypebeast.com/2019/5/king-von-crazy-story-2-0-lil-durk-music-video-stream|title=King Von & Lil Durk Showcase the OTF Movement for ''Crazy Story 2.0'' Video|work=[[Hypebeast (company)|Hypebeast]]|date=May 20, 2019|accessdate=October 18, 2019|archivedate=June 18, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618033458/https://hypebeast.com/2019/5/king-von-crazy-story-2-0-lil-durk-music-video-stream}}</ref> Utoaji wake wa tatu na wa mwisho wa wimbo huo ulifuatiwa mnamo Septemba 13. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/188176-otfs-king-von-returns-with-crazy-story-pt-3-new-song|title=OTF's King Von Returns With "Crazy Story Pt. 3"|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|date=September 14, 2019|accessdate=October 18, 2019|archivedate=November 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107232938/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/otfs-king-von-returns-with-crazy-story-pt-3-new-song.1984488.html}}</ref> Mnamo Julai 9, 2019, Lil Durk na King Von walitoa wimbo wao wa pamoja "Like That". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.thefader.com/2019/07/09/lil-durk-new-album-love-songs-4-the-streets-2-listen-2019|title=Lil Durk announces new album, drops single ''Like That'' feat. King Von|work=[[The Fader]]|accessdate=October 18, 2019|archivedate=October 30, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030100027/http://www.thefader.com/2019/07/09/lil-durk-new-album-love-songs-4-the-streets-2-listen-2019}}</ref> Mnamo Septemba 2, Von alitoa single yake "What It's Like", kama mtangulizi wa albamu yake ya kwanza ya mixtape iliyotangazwa mnamo Septemba. Mixtape baadaye ilitolewa mnamo Septemba 19 chini ya jina, Grandson, Vol. 1, iliyo na nyimbo kumi na tatu na kutengenezwa na Chopsquad DJ. Ina sifa tatu kuwakilishwa na "Twin Nem" na kwa remix ya "Crazy Story", wote wawili featuring Durk; kipengele nyingine inajumuisha ushirikiano na Chicago msanii na OTF affiliate Booka600 juu ya "Jet". Mixtape pia inajumuisha nyimbo "Crazy Story", "Crazy Story, Pt. 3", na wimbo wake wa pili wa "War With Us" uliotengenezwa mnamo Oktoba 18, 2018. Grandson, Vol. 1 ilianza nafasi ya 75 na baadaye ilifikia nafasi ya 53, kwenye Billboard 200, pia ilifikia nafasi ya 27 kwenye chati ya Albamu za Hip Hop / R&B, na nafasi ya 9 kwenye chati ya Albamu za Independent. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/king-von-mn0003831585/biography|title=King Von {{!}} Biography & History|work=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=October 18, 2019|archivedate=November 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107232930/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/king-von-mn0003831585/biography}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.52881/title.king-von-shares-grandson-vol-1-mixtape|title=King Von Shares "Grandson Vol. 1" Mixtape|date=September 19, 2019|work=[[HipHopDX]]|accessdate=October 18, 2019|archivedate=November 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107232936/https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.52881/title.king-von-shares-grandson-vol-1-mixtape}}</ref> === 2020: ''Levon James'' na ''Karibu O'Block'' === Mnamo Novemba 16, 2019, Von alitoa wimbo wake " 2 AM " ukifuatiwa na video inayolingana ambayo itatolewa siku hiyo hiyo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/211452-otfs-king-von-drops-off-2-am-new-song|title=OTF's King Von Drops Off "2 AM"|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|date=November 19, 2019|accessdate=November 29, 2019|archivedate=October 31, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031232713/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/otfs-king-von-drops-off-2-am-new-song.1985253.html}}</ref> Mnamo Novemba 29, 2019, Von alitoa wimbo wake "Rollin" akimshirikisha YNW Melly, ukiambatana na video ya muziki. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/212818-ynw-melly-joins-king-von-on-new-song-rolling-new-song|title=YNW Melly Joins King Von On New Song "Rollin"|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|date=November 30, 2019|accessdate=December 6, 2019|archivedate=December 6, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206062217/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/ynw-melly-joins-king-von-on-new-song-rolling-new-song.1985371.html}}</ref> Baadaye alitoa, mnamo Februari 21, 2020, " Took Her to the O ", pamoja na video ya muziki, ambayo ikawa wimbo wake uliofanikiwa zaidi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=February 21, 2020|title=King Von divulga nova música "Took Her To The O" com clipe|url=https://rap24horas.com.br/2020/02/21/king-von-divulga-nova-musica-took-her-to-the-o/|accessdate=July 9, 2023|work=[[24 Horas (Spanish TV channel)|24 Horas]]|author=Guerra|first=Bruno|archivedate=November 30, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130073429/https://rap24horas.com.br/2020/02/21/king-von-divulga-nova-musica-took-her-to-the-o/}}</ref> "Took Her to the O" na "Rollin" baadaye zilijumuishwa kwenye mixtape yake ya pili, ''Levon James'', ambayo ilitolewa Machi 6, 2020, ambayo ilianzia nambari 63 na baadaye ikafika kileleni nambari 40 kwenye ''Billboard'' 200. <ref name="Block">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.complex.com/music/2020/10/king-von-new-album-welcome-to-o-block|title=King Von Shares New Album 'Welcome To O'Block' f/ Lil Durk, Polo G, and More|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|author=Cowen|first=Trace William|date=October 30, 2020|accessdate=November 7, 2020|archivedate=November 3, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103232820/https://www.complex.com/music/2020/10/king-von-new-album-welcome-to-o-block}}</ref> Ilitolewa kupitia Only the Family Entertainment / Empire na inajumuisha mseto wa nyimbo 16 uliotayarishwa na DJ wa Chopsquad, ukijumuisha mistari kutoka kwa NLE Choppa, Tee Grizzley, G Herbo, Lil Durk, YNW Melly, Booka600 na Yungeen Ace . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/228889-sada-baby-and-king-von-join-forces-on-pressin-new-song|title=Sada Baby & King Von Join Forces On "Pressin"|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|date=January 11, 2020|accessdate=February 7, 2020|archivedate=February 7, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207055941/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/sada-baby-and-king-von-join-forces-on-pressin-new-song.1985768.html}}</ref> Video rasmi ya "On Yo Ass" ilitolewa mnamo Machi 6, 2020, sambamba na tarehe ya kutolewa kwa albamu. Wimbo huu unamshirikisha msanii wa Chicago G Herbo, huku ukiwa umetayarishwa na DJ wa Chopsquad. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://audibletreats.com/king-von_pr16/|title=Project: King Von – LeVon James|date=February 23, 2020|work=audibletreats.com|accessdate=August 14, 2023|archivedate=August 11, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811000920/https://audibletreats.com/king-von_pr16/}}</ref> Mnamo Machi 20, 2020, video rasmi ya "Trust Issues" ilitolewa, ikimshirikisha rapa wa Florida Yungeen Ace; katika wimbo huo Von alibadilisha mwelekeo wake wa genge ili kuonyesha upande wake mpole. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.55054/title.king-von-yungeen-ace-navigate-an-icy-love-triangle-in-trust-issues|title=King Von & Yungeen Ace Navigate An Icy Love Triangle In 'Trust Issues' VIDEO|date=March 21, 2020|work=[[HipHopDx]]|accessdate=August 14, 2023|archivedate=August 11, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811003527/https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.55054/title.king-von-yungeen-ace-navigate-an-icy-love-triangle-in-trust-issues}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://kazimagazine.com/uncategorized/king-von-yungeen-ace-connect-on-trust-issues/|title=King Von & Yungeen Ace Connect On "Trust Issues"|date=March 27, 2020|work=kazimagazine.com|accessdate=August 14, 2023|author=Helios|archivedate=August 11, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811001647/https://kazimagazine.com/uncategorized/king-von-yungeen-ace-connect-on-trust-issues/}}</ref> Mnamo Aprili 6, 2020, Bennett alitoa video rasmi ya muziki ya saa 3 asubuhi kwenye YouTube, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://music.apple.com/my/music-video/3-a-m/1506673127|title=3 A.M. King Von Official Video|date=April 6, 2020|work=[[Apple Music]]|accessdate=March 2, 2024|archivedate=March 2, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302212924/https://music.apple.com/my/music-video/3-a-m/1506673127}}</ref> ikifuatiwa na Aprili 29, 2020, kutolewa kwa wimbo wake " Grandson For President " ambao baadaye ulijumuishwa kama wimbo wa albamu ya ''What It Means to Be King'' . Alifuata wimbo huo kwa karibu na video ya muziki ya "Broke Opps", wimbo mwingine kutoka kwenye albamu yake ya ''Levon James'' . Mnamo mwaka wa 2020, King Von alianza kufanya kazi kwenye Welcome to O'Block, ambayo mwishowe itatolewa kama albamu yake ya kwanza ya studio na inabaki kuwa pekee iliyotolewa wakati wa maisha yake. Alichapisha wimbo wa kwanza wa albamu hiyo, "Why He Told" mnamo Julai 27, 2020, akifuatana na video ya muziki iliyochapishwa kwenye kituo chake cha YouTube. Hii ilifuatiwa na single "All These Niggas" mnamo Agosti 5, 2020, ikionyesha rapper wa Chicago Lil Durk; kwa sababu za kisheria, Durk hakuweza kuonekana kwenye video iliyoambatana, ambayo ilitolewa siku hiyo hiyo na kupata maoni milioni 24 ndani ya miezi miwili kwenye jukwaa. Kisha alitoa wimbo mwingine, uliopewa jina la "How It Go", kwa kushirikiana na video nyingine ya muziki, mnamo Agosti 26, 2020. Mnamo Oktoba 9, 2020, King Von alitoa "Mimi ni nini mimi", akishirikiana na New York rapper Fivio Foreign, pamoja na video ya muziki. [1] [2] Wiki mbili baadaye Bennett alitoa "Gleesh Place" pamoja na video nyingine ya muziki kwenye kituo chake rasmi. Utoaji huu ulikuwa ukitarajia kutolewa rasmi kwa Karibu O'Block ambayo ilikuja mnamo Oktoba 30, 2020. Albamu ya nyimbo 16 ina uzalishaji wa Chopsquad DJ, Tay Keith, Wheezy na Hitmaka, kati ya wengine; pia ina wasanii Prince Dre, Lil Durk, Dreezy, Moneybagg Yo. Albamu ni pamoja na Polo G ushirikiano "Kanuni", ambayo ilitolewa na video ya muziki. 3][4][5] Mradi huo ulifikia kiwango cha juu cha 5 kwenye Billboard kwa Albamu za Juu za 200 za Amerika, nambari 1 kwa Albamu za Juu za R&B / Hip Hop, nambari 1 kwa Albamu ya Juu ya Wajitolea na ilifikia kiwango cha 12 kwa Albamu za Juu za 100 za Canada Katika mahojiano na <nowiki><i id="mwAaY">Complex</i></nowiki>, Bennett alifichua maono yake kuhusu mradi mpya ujao na tofauti kuu kutoka kwa kazi yake ya awali, ''Levon James'', akitangaza: "Ukifanya jambo na kuendelea kulifanya, utapata matokeo bora zaidi. Kila kitu kitakuwa bora zaidi. Ni kweli, nimekuwa nikifanya kazi kwa bidii". Katika mahojiano mengine ya ''Uproxx'', alitangaza kwamba alitaka kujitolea mradi huo kwa mtaa wake, na kwa watu wote walioishi na kuhangaika huko. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cowen|first=Trace William|date=October 30, 2020|title=King Von Shares New Album 'Welcome To O'Block' f/ Lil Durk, Polo G, and More|url=https://www.complex.com/music/2020/10/king-von-new-album-welcome-to-o-block|accessdate=November 7, 2020|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|archivedate=November 3, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103232820/https://www.complex.com/music/2020/10/king-von-new-album-welcome-to-o-block}}</ref> <ref name="Uproxx">{{Rejea tovuti|date=Nov 19, 2020|title=A Final Conversation With King Von|url=https://uproxx.com/music/king-von-interview-welcome-to-oblock/|work=[[Uproxx]]|language=en-US|accessdate=August 2, 2023|archivedate=March 3, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303123734/https://uproxx.com/music/king-von-interview-welcome-to-oblock/}}</ref> Alifariki wiki moja baada ya albamu hiyo kutolewa. <ref name="suntimes1" /> Baada ya kifo chake, video za muziki za " Wayne's Story ", " Armed &amp;amp; Dangerous ", "Mine Too", na " Demon " zilitolewa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=Dec 8, 2020|title=King Von's Bone-Chilling 'Wayne's Story' Video Details A Cycle Of Violence|url=https://uproxx.com/music/king-von-waynes-story-video/|accessdate=July 7, 2023|work=[[Uproxx]]|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-08-28|title=Watch King Von's Posthumous "Armed & Dangerous" Video|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/fnr-tigg/king-von-new-video-armed-and-dangerous|accessdate=July 27, 2023|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|language=en-US|archivedate=July 26, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726155652/https://www.complex.com/music/a/fnr-tigg/king-von-new-video-armed-and-dangerous}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=Jan 11, 2021|title=King Von's New Video for 'Mine Too' Released|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/fnr-tigg/king-von-releases-video-for-new-single-mine-too|accessdate=July 7, 2023|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|language=en-US|archivedate=July 26, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726155648/https://www.complex.com/music/a/fnr-tigg/king-von-releases-video-for-new-single-mine-too}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=Aug 9, 2021|title=King Von Music Video "Demon" Released on What Would Have Been His 27th Birthday|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/brad-callas/king-von-demon-video-birthday|accessdate=July 27, 2023|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|language=en-US|archivedate=July 26, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726155648/https://www.complex.com/music/a/brad-callas/king-von-demon-video-birthday}}</ref> == Matoleo ya baada ya kifo == === 2020–2022: Sifa na ''Maana ya Kuwa Mfalme'' === Mnamo Desemba 14, 2020, mwezi mmoja tu baada ya kifo cha Bennett, Funkmaster Flex alitoa video rasmi ya " Lurkin " kwenye chaneli yake rasmi [[YouTube|ya YouTube]], ikiwakilisha kuonekana kwa kwanza baada ya kifo katika taswira ya muziki ya Bennett; hata hivyo, wimbo huo ulikuwa wa Oktoba 22, 2020. <ref>{{Citation|title=Funk Flex Shares "Lurkin'" Collab With Late Rapper King Von|date=September 26, 2021|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/308099-funk-flex-shares-lurkin-collab-with-late-rapper-king-von-new-song|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806072419/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/308099-funk-flex-shares-lurkin-collab-with-late-rapper-king-von-new-song|periodical=[[HotNewHipHop]]|access-date=August 15, 2024|archive-date=August 6, 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|title=Polo G Joins Funk Flex's "Lurkin" Remix f/ King Von|date=July 16, 2021|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/cmplxtara-mahadevan/funk-flex-king-von-polo-g-lurkin-remix-video|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813082911/https://www.complex.com/music/a/cmplxtara-mahadevan/funk-flex-king-von-polo-g-lurkin-remix-video|periodical=[[Complex Networks|Complex]]|access-date=August 15, 2024|archive-date=August 13, 2024}}</ref> Mnamo Desemba 24, 2020, Lil Durk alitoa albamu yake, ''The Voice'', kama heshima kwa Bennett, ambaye, pamoja na Durk, wanaonekana kwenye jalada la albamu kama mtu muhimu na pia wameangaziwa kwenye wimbo " Still Trappin' ". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.pitchfork.com/news/lil-durk-releases-new-album-the-voice-listen|title=Lil Durk Releases New Album The Voice|work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|author=Bloom|first=Madison|date=December 24, 2020|accessdate=December 25, 2020|archivedate=December 24, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224180259/https://pitchfork.com/news/lil-durk-releases-new-album-the-voice-listen/}}</ref> Katika mahojiano mnamo Februari 26, 2021, meneja wa Bennett alisema kuwa Von alikuwa na zaidi ya nyimbo 300 ambazo hazikutolewa, au karibu albamu 10 zenye thamani ya yaliyomo, ambayo wangeendelea kutoa kwa idhini ya familia katika miaka iliyofuata kwa lengo la kuweka urithi wake hai. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von's Former Manager Says Late Rapper Had Around 300 Unreleased Songs|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/cmplxtara-mahadevan/former-manager-says-king-von-had-over-300-unreleased-songs|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|date=February 26, 2021|accessdate=September 19, 2023|archivedate=September 11, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230911134854/https://www.complex.com/music/a/cmplxtara-mahadevan/former-manager-says-king-von-had-over-300-unreleased-songs}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von's Family Vows To Continue Releasing His Music & Interviews|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.59103/title.king-vons-family-vows-to-continue-releasing-his-music-interviews|work=[[HipHopDX]]|date=November 19, 2020|accessdate=September 19, 2023|archivedate=September 28, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928194252/https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.59103/title.king-vons-family-vows-to-continue-releasing-his-music-interviews}}</ref> Mnamo Machi 3, 2021, Bennett alishirikishwa kwenye albamu ya mkusanyiko ''ya Loyal Bros'' na lebo ya rekodi ya Marekani Only the Family . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/cmplxjoshua-espinoza/lil-durk-king-von-otf-only-the-family-loyal-bros-stream|title=Lil Durk and the OTF Crew Drop 'Loyal Boys' Compilation Mixtape|date=March 5, 2021|accessdate=March 14, 2024}}</ref> Alionekana kwenye nyimbo tatu ikiwa ni pamoja na "Out the Roof" ambayo pia inashirikiana na rappers wa Chicago Lil Durk na Booka600; "Mimi na Doodie Lo" inayoonyesha Doodie Lo, ambayo ilitolewa kabla ya kifo cha Bennett na baadaye ilitumika kama wimbo wa kwanza wa albamu. Hiyo pia ilijumuisha video ya muziki iliyotolewa mnamo Agosti 21, 2020. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.64180/title.lil-durk-gifts-otf-rapper-200k-earrings-to-celebrate-big-doodie-lo-album|title=Lil Durk Gifts OTF Rapper $200k Earrings To Celebrate 'Big Doodie Lo' Album by Brandon Caldwell|date=August 28, 2021|accessdate=March 14, 2024|archivedate=March 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314105603/https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.64180/title.lil-durk-gifts-otf-rapper-200k-earrings-to-celebrate-big-doodie-lo-album}}</ref> Hatimaye, alionekana kwenye wimbo wa mwisho wa mradi " Jump " ambao bado unawashirikisha Lil Durk, Booka600 na Memo600. Video ya muziki ya wimbo huo ilirekodiwa kabla ya kifo cha Bennett na kutolewa wakati huo huo siku ile ile ya kutolewa kwa wimbo huo, mnamo Machi 3, 2021. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://uproxx.com/music/lil-durk-king-von-jump-video/|title=Lil Durk And King Von's 'Jump' Video Highlights The OTF Crew Chemistry|date=March 16, 2021|accessdate=March 14, 2024|archivedate=March 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314100823/https://uproxx.com/music/lil-durk-king-von-jump-video/}}</ref> Mnamo Februari 4, 2022, timu yake ya usimamizi ilitangaza albamu mpya ya rapa huyo yenye jina la ''What It Means to Be King'' . Siku iliyofuata, Februari 5, wimbo wa promosheni " Don't Play That " ulitolewa, ukimshirikisha rapa wa Marekani [[21 Savage]], na unawakuta wawili hao wakitoa nyimbo zao kwenye utayarishaji wa Kid Hazel; video rasmi ya muziki ya wimbo huo ilitolewa Februari 9, 2022. <ref name="wimtbk" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von And 21 Savage's Colorful 'Don't Play That' Video Pairs Cuddly Animation With Vicious Lyrics|url=https://uproxx.com/music/king-von-21-savage-dont-play-that-video-2/|work=[[Uproxx]]|date=February 9, 2022|accessdate=September 17, 2023|archivedate=September 28, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928194252/https://uproxx.com/music/king-von-21-savage-dont-play-that-video-2/}}</ref> Hii ilifuatia kutolewa kwa dondoo la albamu yake ya pili inayoitwa " War " mnamo Machi 2, 2022, kipande hicho kinaambatana na video rasmi ya taswira. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von's Estate Shares "War", A Breathlessly Intense Single From What It Means To Be King|url=https://audibletreats.com/king-vons_pr34/|work=audibletreats.com|date=March 4, 2022|accessdate=June 21, 2023|archivedate=June 21, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621142539/https://audibletreats.com/king-vons_pr34/}}</ref> Nyimbo hizi mbili zilipata mafanikio ya kibiashara, zikishika nafasi ya 40 na 63 mtawalia kwenye ''Billboard'' Hot 100. Mnamo Machi 4, 2022, albamu hiyo ilitolewa kupitia Empire Distribution na Only the Family na timu yake ya usimamizi, ikiwakilisha albamu ya pili ya studio ya King Von na kazi ya kwanza baada ya kifo chake. Albamu hiyo inaangazia wageni kutoka kwa G Herbo, 21 Savage, Fivio Foreign, Moneybagg Yo, Lil Durk, Tee Grizzley, A Boogie wit da Hoodie, Dreezy, Boss Top, DqFrmDaO, na OMB Peezy . Utayarishaji uliendeshwa na Chopsquad DJ, Hitmaka, Tee Romano, Kid Hazel, Touch of Trent, DJ Bandz, DJ FMCT, Glaazer, Diego Ave, Bankroll Got It, TM88, ATL Jacob, Geraldo Liive, CGM Beats, John Lam, na Raw Equity. Orodha ya nyimbo inajumuisha wimbo "Mjukuu Kwa Rais" wimbo uliosifiwa ambao ulianzia Aprili 2020, hii inafanya, kwa kweli, kuwa wimbo wa kwanza wa albamu Rekodi hiyo ilifikia kilele cha nambari 2 kwenye [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], ikipata vitengo 59,000 sawa na albamu, ambapo 55,000 vilitoka kwa mitiririko milioni 79, na 4,000 kutokana na mauzo ya albamu halisi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.complex.com/music/king-von-dababy-youngboy-never-broke-again-first-week-numbers|title=The Final First Week Numbers for King Von and DaBaby x YoungBoy Never Broke Again Projects Are In|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|date=March 14, 2022|accessdate=September 17, 2022|archivedate=October 8, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008133659/https://www.complex.com/music/king-von-dababy-youngboy-never-broke-again-first-week-numbers}}</ref> Matokeo haya inageuka kuwa nafasi yake bora na ya pili ya juu 10 kwa King Von katika Billboard 200, ambaye kwanza alifikia juu 10 na albamu yake ya kwanza ya studio Karibu O ⁇ Block ambayo ilifikia namba 5.. Muda mfupi baadaye, video za muziki za dondoo mbili kutoka kwenye diski zake zilitolewa: "Too Real" ilitolewa Machi 7, 2022, na "Get it Done" ilitolewa siku ya kuzaliwa kwake, Agosti 9, 2022. === 2023–sasa: ''Mjukuu'' === Mnamo Januari 2023, meneja wa King Von alitangaza kwa chapisho kwenye Instagram, kuachwa kwa mradi mpya wa baada ya kifo cha rapa huyo, uliopangwa kufanyika mwaka huo huo. Mnamo Juni, jina la albamu hiyo lilitangazwa kuwa ''Mjukuu,'' jambo ambalo linakumbusha tepu ya kwanza ya Von, ''Grandson, Vol.'' ''1'', na ni kumbukumbu ya jina lake maarufu la utani, ambalo mfungwa mmoja alimpa wakati wa kifungo chake katika Gereza la Kaunti ya Cook kutoka 2014 hadi 2017. Rekodi hiyo ilishughulikiwa na washirika wa karibu wa mwanamuziki huyo na mama yake mwenyewe Nyimbo tatu zilitolewa kabla ya albamu hiyo. Ya kwanza, " Robbery ", ilitolewa mnamo Juni 23, 2023, ikiwa na video rasmi iliyotolewa siku hiyo hiyo; <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Check out King Von's latest video for "Robberies"|url=https://www.revolt.tv/article/2023-06-28/312199/king-von-robberies-video/|work=[[Revolt (TV network)|Revolt Tv]]|accessdate=July 8, 2023|date=June 28, 2023|archivedate=July 9, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709021458/https://www.revolt.tv/article/2023-06-28/312199/king-von-robberies-video/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Video: King Von "Robberies"|url=https://rapradar.com/2023/06/23/video-king-von-robberies/|work=[[Rap Radar]]|accessdate=July 8, 2023|date=June 23, 2023}}</ref> ya pili, iliyopewa jina la " Heartless ", ilimshirikisha Tee Grizzley na ilitolewa mnamo Julai 7, 2023, ikiwa na kionyeshi rasmi cha kutazama. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von & Tee Grizzley Grew Up "Heartless" On New Single|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/693674-king-von-tee-grizzley-heartless-new-single|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|accessdate=July 7, 2023|date=July 7, 2023|archivedate=July 7, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707193154/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/693674-king-von-tee-grizzley-heartless-new-single}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von ft. Tee Grizzley "Heartless"|url=https://rapradar.com/2023/07/07/king-von-ft-tee-grizzley-heartless/|work=[[Rap Radar]]|accessdate=July 7, 2023|date=July 7, 2023|archivedate=November 10, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110095533/https://rapradar.com/2023/07/07/king-von-ft-tee-grizzley-heartless/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von – Heartless f. Tee Grizzley|url=https://hiphopdx.com/singles/king-von-heartless-f-tee-grizzley|work=[[HipHopDX]]|accessdate=July 8, 2023|date=July 8, 2023}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Visualizer released for Tee Grizzley-assisted King Von single "Heartless"|url=https://hiphopcanada.com/king-von-tee-grizzley-heartless-visualizer/|work=hiphopcanada.com|accessdate=July 8, 2023|date=July 7, 2023|archivedate=July 8, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708172619/https://hiphopcanada.com/king-von-tee-grizzley-heartless-visualizer/}}</ref> Mradi huo yenyewe ulitolewa mnamo Julai 14, 2023, ikiwakilisha albamu ya tatu ya studio ya Bennett na kazi ya pili baada ya kifo chake. Ilitolewa pamoja na video ya wimbo "Don't Miss", ambayo ilipigwa mwishoni mwa mwaka 2020. Pamoja ilitolewa visualizer rasmi kwa kila wimbo kwenye albamu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von – Don't Miss|url=https://hiphopdx.com/singles/king-von-dont-miss|work=[[HipHopDx]]|accessdate=September 24, 2023|date=July 14, 2023|archivedate=October 2, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002084532/https://hiphopdx.com/singles/king-von-dont-miss}}</ref> Utayarishaji wa albamu hiyo uliendeshwa na watayarishaji mbalimbali wakiwemo ATL Jacob, Chopsquad DJ, David Morse, DJ Bandz, Ghostrage, IllaDaProducer, Mac Fly, Raw Equity, [[Scott Storch]], Southside, Tahj Money, Twysted Genius, Wheezy ; ambao wengi wao tayari walikuwa wameshirikiana na Bennett kwenye albamu zilizopita. Inaangazia wageni kutoka kwa G Herbo, Polo G, Lil Durk, Tee Grizzley, BreezyLyn, Tink, 42 Dugg, Moneybagg Yo, na Hotboii . ilifikia nafasi ya 14 kwenye Billboard 200, na ikaenda 2 kwenye Albamu za Billboard Independent, 4 kwenye Albamu za Billboard Top R&B / Hip Hop, nambari 31 kwa Billboard juu 100 Canada na nambari 20 kwenye New Zealand top 40 <ref name="NZ Top 40 Albums Chart">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/albums/2023-07-21|title=NZ Top 40 Albums Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=July 24, 2023|accessdate=September 24, 2023|archivedate=December 3, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203235023/https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/albums/2023-07-21}}</ref> == Usanii == === Mtindo na mbinu ya rap === Mtindo wa muziki wa King Von umeelezewa kama muziki wa mazoezi, {{Efn|Attributed to multiple sources: <ref name="king-von-mn0003831585" /><ref name = "Vulture" /><ref name= "suntimes">{{Cite web|date=November 6, 2020|title=King Von remembered for his powerful lyrics|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2020/11/6/21553428/king-von-dead-chicago-music-scene-lil-durk-chief-keef|website=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|access-date=August 22, 2023|archive-date=August 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814233810/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2020/11/6/21553428/king-von-dead-chicago-music-scene-lil-durk-chief-keef|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= "passionweiss">{{Cite web|date=November 6, 2020|title="You Have to Go Harder So Everybody Can Talk About You:" An Interview with King Von|url=https://www.passionweiss.com/2020/06/22/king-von-interview/|website=passionweiss.com|access-date=August 22, 2023|archive-date=March 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308211355/https://www.passionweiss.com/2020/06/22/king-von-interview/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= "chicagoreader">{{Cite web|date=April 10, 2020|title=Rising drill star King Von refines his storytelling and stunting on Levon James|url=https://chicagoreader.com/music/rising-drill-star-king-von-refines-his-storytelling-and-stunting-on-levon-james/|website=[[Chicago Reader]]|access-date=August 22, 2023|archive-date=December 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207075254/https://chicagoreader.com/music/rising-drill-star-king-von-refines-his-storytelling-and-stunting-on-levon-james/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= "grammy">{{Cite web|date=October 30, 2020|title=Practice Makes Perfect On King Von's New Album 'Welcome To O Block'|url=https://www.grammy.com/news/practice-makes-perfect-king-vons-new-album-welcome-o-block|website=[[Grammy Awards]]|access-date=August 22, 2023|archive-date=August 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807212920/https://www.grammy.com/news/practice-makes-perfect-king-vons-new-album-welcome-o-block|url-status=live}}</ref>}} uainishaji alioutambua katika mahojiano na DJ Akademiks . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=A|first=Aron|date=2020-11-11|title=RIP King Von: O-Block's Trusted Narrator|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/321194-rip-king-von-o-blocks-trusted-narrator-news|accessdate=2024-10-28|work=HotNewHipHop|language=en|archivedate=August 22, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822161430/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/321194-rip-king-von-o-blocks-trusted-narrator-news}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Face to Face: King Von x DJ Akademiks: Talks NBA Youngboy, 6ix9ine, O block, 63rd, FBG Duck n more|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SMboobc8NFk|work=[[YouTube]]|date=November 5, 2020|accessdate=August 22, 2023}}</ref> Machapisho ya hip-hop yamemtaja Von kama mmoja wa waandishi bora wa nyimbo safi katika mazoezi ya Chicago, <ref name="complex">{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 9, 2020|title=King Von, Fearless Storyteller|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/mbraboy17/king-von-remembered-obituary|work=[[Complex Networks|Complex]]|accessdate=August 22, 2023|archivedate=August 19, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819023323/https://www.complex.com/music/a/mbraboy17/king-von-remembered-obituary}}</ref> na kama mwenye mitindo tofauti zaidi kuliko wanamuziki wengine wengi wa rap katika aina hiyo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-06-22|title="You Have to Go Harder So Everybody Can Talk About You:" An Interview with King Von|url=https://www.passionweiss.com/2020/06/22/king-von-interview/|accessdate=2024-10-28|work=Passion of the Weiss|language=en-US|archivedate=March 8, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308211355/https://www.passionweiss.com/2020/06/22/king-von-interview/}}</ref> Von pia amepokea sifa za kukosoa kwa hisia yake ya kuzingatia, uwasilishaji, uchezaji wa maneno, na uandishi wake mkali wa nyimbo. <ref name="complex" /> <ref name="stereo">{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 4, 2020|title=King Von & The Art Of Storytelling|url=https://www.stereogum.com/2104833/king-von-the-art-of-storytelling/columns/status-aint-hood/|accessdate=January 11, 2022|work=[[Stereogum]]|archivedate=March 7, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307145255/https://www.stereogum.com/2104833/king-von-the-art-of-storytelling/columns/status-aint-hood/}}</ref> <ref name="hotnew">{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 4, 2020|title=RIP King Von: O-Block's Trusted Narrator|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/321194-rip-king-von-o-blocks-trusted-narrator-news|accessdate=August 22, 2023|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|archivedate=August 22, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822161430/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/321194-rip-king-von-o-blocks-trusted-narrator-news}}</ref> Mark Braboy wa ''Complex'' alimtaja Von kama mtunzi wa nyimbo mwenye mawazo na ujuzi ambaye aliwazidi wasanii wengine wa Chicago katika ukali na mguso wa uwasilishaji wake. <ref name="complex" /> Jayson Buford kutoka Tablet aliona kuwa Von alibaki kuwa muhimu kitamaduni miaka baada ya kifo chake; Buford alielezea jambo hilo kwa ukaribu wa Von kwa vurugu na kwa ustadi wake wa ajabu wa mashairi. Will Schube wa NPR alibainisha sifa ya mtindo wa Von kama uwezo wake wa kutengeneza hadithi za kupendeza ambazo zinalinganisha nihilism, ucheshi, na uelewa; Schube alibainisha "Alimpeleka kwa O" kama moja ya uwakilishi wenye nguvu wa mtindo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/11/06/932178314/king-von-emerging-chicago-rapper-dead-at-26|title=King Von, Emerging Chicago Rapper, Dead At 26|work=[[NPR]]|date=November 6, 2020|accessdate=August 13, 2024|archivedate=February 1, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201154624/https://www.npr.org/2020/11/06/932178314/king-von-emerging-chicago-rapper-dead-at-26}}</ref> ==== Usimulizi wa hadithi ==== Mfalme Von alijulikana kwa matumizi ya usimulizi wa hadithi katika nyimbo zake na mtindo wake wa ukali, akiwa na nyimbo kama vile " Crazy Story " na " Took Her to the O " kwa mifano. <ref name="hotnew" /> Simulizi yake pia imefafanuliwa na HotNewHipHop kama "isiyo na dosari" na imewekwa "na kisasi na uhalisia usiokatizwa"; <ref name="hotnew" /> pia imeelezewa kama "dhahiri". <ref name="complex" /> <nowiki><i id="mwAwY">Pitchfork</i></nowiki> anasifu uwezo wake wa kusimulia hadithi yenye upatano kama msimulizi wake pamoja na uingizaji wa mazungumzo unaohusiana katika mistari yake. <ref name="pitch">{{Rejea tovuti|date=February 6, 2019|title=The Ones: King Von's "Crazy Story" – The must-hear rap song of the day|url=https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/king-von-crazy-story-new-song-listen/|accessdate=August 22, 2023|work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|archivedate=December 8, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208213140/https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/king-von-crazy-story-new-song-listen/}}</ref> Von alizidisha uwezo wake wa kusimulia hadithi katika juhudi tatu zilizosifiwa sana, ''Mjukuu, Vol.'' ''1'', ''Levon James'', na ''Karibu O'Block'', huku kila mradi ukionyesha ugumu kamili wa utu wake, huku Von akielezea masimulizi ambayo hayaonekani sana katika rap ya kawaida. <ref name="complex" /> Mbinu ya hadithi ya Bennett mara nyingi ilitokana na uzoefu wake ulioishi,[b] na pia imelinganishwa na ile ya wasanii wengine anuwai, kama vile Ice-T, na Spika wa marehemu Knockerz. Hasa, nyimbo kama "Alimchukua O" na "Crazy Story" wamekuwa ikilinganishwa na "Children's Story" na Slick Rick. Bennett mwenyewe anasema kwamba mara nyingi amelinganishwa na mbinu ya hadithi ya Meek Mill. Mtindo na uwezo wa Von wa kusimulia hadithi uliongozwa na utoto wake huko Englewood, na hutegemea riwaya za mijini alizosoma wakati wa kufungwa. Alisema kwamba alikuwa amesoma vitabu vingi vya Dada Souljah. Pia alipenda vitabu vya Ashley & JaQuavis, hasa kitabu "The Cartel", na "The Ultimate Sacrifice" cha Anthony Fields. Pia alithamini riwaya za Twilight <ref name="xxlmag3">{{Rejea tovuti|date=January 8, 2021|title=King Von Speaks on His Come Up Two Weeks Before His Death in One of His Final Interviews|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/king-von-interview/|accessdate=August 22, 2023|work=[[XXL magazine|XXL Mag]]|archivedate=August 21, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821075205/https://www.xxlmag.com/king-von-interview/}}</ref> === Ushawishi === King Von aliwataja MC kadhaa kama ushawishi katika mtindo wake wa kurap, wakiwemo wasanii aliowasikiliza katika miaka yake ya ujana kama vile [[Lil Wayne]], Gucci Mane na Waka Flocka Flame, <ref name="xxlmag2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Break Presents: King Von|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/king-von-interview-the-break/|work=[[XXL Magazine|XXL Mag]]|date=March 4, 2020|accessdate=August 22, 2023|archivedate=June 17, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617201049/https://www.xxlmag.com/king-von-interview-the-break/}}</ref> na rapa wengine wa Chicago kama vile Twista, [[Kanye West]], <ref name="Uproxx" /> G Herbo, Lil Bibby, na Lil Durk . == Maisha ya kibinafsi == Bennett alikuwa katika uhusiano wa mara kwa mara na rapa wa Texas Asian Doll, lakini inasemekana wawili hao hawakuwa katika uhusiano wakati wa kifo chake. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=June 14, 2021|title=Asian Doll Addresses Rumors of King Von Cheating on Her Following News of Rapper's New Child|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/fnr-tigg/asian-doll-rumors-king-con-cheating|accessdate=January 11, 2022|work=[[Complex Networks|Complex]]|archivedate=December 30, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230225835/https://amp.www.complex.com/music/asian-doll-rumors-king-con-cheating}}</ref> Bennett alikuwa na watoto watatu. <ref name="complex" /> Binamu yake, Calboy, pia ni rapa wa mazoezi ya viungo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Todd|first=Jessica|date=May 2, 2022|title=Exclusive: Calboy on Being King Von's Cousin, Planned on Meeting Up with Him the Night He Died|url=https://www.vladtv.com/article/282763/calboy-on-being-king-vons-cousin-planned-on-meeting-up-with-him-the|accessdate=September 10, 2023|work=www.vladtv.com|language=}}</ref> === Masuala ya kisheria === Mnamo Aprili 2014, Bennett alihojiwa na polisi kama mtu wa maslahi katika risasi mbaya ya mwanachama wa Gangster Disciples wa miaka 17 Gakirah "KI". Barnes, lakini polisi walishindwa kumshtaki kwa sababu ya kutokubaliana katika taarifa za shahidi. Mnamo 2021, nyaraka zilizofunguliwa zilizotolewa na Idara ya Polisi ya Chicago zilizoitwa Bennett kama muuaji wa Barnes <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=B|first=Mira|date=July 13, 2021|title=King Von Named In 2014 Fatal Shooting Of Gakirah Barnes|url=https://thesource.com/2021/07/13/king-von-named-in-2014-fatal-shooting-of-gakirah-barnes/|accessdate=January 10, 2022|work=[[The Source (magazine)|The Source]]|archivedate=January 10, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110162139/https://thesource.com/2021/07/13/king-von-named-in-2014-fatal-shooting-of-gakirah-barnes/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Police Release Documents Confirming King Von Murdered Notorious Killer|url=https://www.vladtv.com/article/273979/police-release-documents-confirming-king-von-murdered-notorious-killer|accessdate=July 12, 2021|work=[[DJ Vlad|VladTV]]|archivedate=July 12, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712214515/https://www.vladtv.com/article/273979/police-release-documents-confirming-king-von-murdered-notorious-killer}}</ref> Mnamo Julai 24, 2014, Bennett alikamatwa kuhusiana na risasi Mei 2014, na kusababisha kifo cha Malcolm Stuckey na kujeruhiwa kwa wanaume wengine wawili. Bennett alishtakiwa kwa kosa moja la mauaji ya kiwango cha kwanza na makosa mawili ya kujaribu kuua. Upigaji risasi ulifanyika katika Englewood, [[Chicago]]. Bennett alipatikana hana hatia mnamo Desemba 2017.. Mnamo Mei 2019, Bennett na Lil Durk walikamatwa kuhusiana na mauaji ya risasi huko Atlanta. Bennett na mshtakiwa mwenzake Durk walionekana mbele ya hakimu katika mahakama ya Kaunti ya Fulton kwa kusikilizwa kwa sababu ya uwezekano. Waendesha mashtaka wamedai kwamba wanamuziki hao wawili walimwibia na kumpiga risasi Alexander Witherspoon nje ya sinema maarufu ya gari mnamo Februari 5 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.fox10phoenix.com/news/judge-rules-case-against-rappers-lil-durk-von-king-can-move-forward|title=Judge rules case against rappers Lil Durk, Von King can move forward|date=June 15, 2019|work=[[KSAZ-TV|FOX 10 Phoenix]]|accessdate=October 18, 2019|archivedate=November 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107232937/https://www.fox10phoenix.com/news/judge-rules-case-against-rappers-lil-durk-von-king-can-move-forward}}</ref> Baada ya wiki kadhaa gerezani, Durk aliachiliwa kwa dhamana ya $250,000, huku Von akiachiliwa kwa dhamana ya $300,000. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=June 23, 2019|title=King Von Released From Jail|url=https://kollegekidd.com/news/king-von-released-from-jail/|work=KollegeKidd.com|accessdate=June 27, 2021|archivedate=May 14, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514104632/https://kollegekidd.com/news/king-von-released-from-jail/}}</ref> Mashtaka dhidi ya Durk yalifutwa mnamo Oktoba 2022. Mnamo Januari 2023, baada ya kifo cha Bennett, FBI iliondoa uainishaji wa hati kadhaa zinazoonyesha kwamba mtoa taarifa wa siri alidai kwamba Bennett mwanzoni aliweka kipigo cha $50,000 kwenye Carlton " FBG Duck " Weekly, kabla ya kuongeza bei hadi $100,000. Gazeti la Weekly liliuawa katika eneo la Gold Coast huko Chicago mnamo Agosti 2020. Washiriki watano wa O'Block walikamatwa baadaye na kupatikana na hatia ya mauaji haya. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Allah|first=Sha Be|date=2023-01-18|title=FBI Release Documents Alleging King Von Put $100K Hit On FBG Duck|url=https://thesource.com/2023/01/18/fbi-release-documents-alleging-king-von-put-100k-hit-on-fbg-duck/|accessdate=2024-10-28|work=thesource.com|language=en-US|archivedate=April 16, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416043515/https://thesource.com/2023/01/18/fbi-release-documents-alleging-king-von-put-100k-hit-on-fbg-duck/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=|date=2022-01-31|title=15 Seconds of Gold Coast Mayhem: FBI Affidavit Lifts Curtain on FBG Duck Murder Case|url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/15-seconds-of-gold-coast-mayhem-fbi-affidavit-lifts-curtain-on-fbg-duck-murder-case/2743491/|accessdate=2024-10-28|work=NBC Chicago|language=en-US|archivedate=September 13, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913072926/https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/15-seconds-of-gold-coast-mayhem-fbi-affidavit-lifts-curtain-on-fbg-duck-murder-case/2743491/}}</ref> Mnamo Oktoba 9, 2024, iliripotiwa kuwa mali ya Bennett, pamoja na Durk na OTF Records, walitajwa katika kesi ya kifo cha makosa na mali na familia ya Weekly. Kesi hiyo na mawakili wake walidai kwamba Durk na alama yake ya OTF Records, ambayo Bennett alikuwa msaini, walikuwa "wanapata faida kutokana na kifo cha Weekly kupitia uzembe na mwenendo mbaya". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Wire • •|first=Andy Grimm/Sun-Times|date=2024-10-09|title=Rapper FBG Duck's mom sues Lil Durk, King Von's estate over son's brazen Gold Coast killing|url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/fbg-ducks-mom-sues-lil-durk-king-vons-estate-over-brazen-killing-of-son/3569378/|accessdate=2024-10-25|work=NBC Chicago|language=en-US|archivedate=November 12, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112122508/https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/fbg-ducks-mom-sues-lil-durk-king-vons-estate-over-brazen-killing-of-son/3569378/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Ewing|first=Tia|date=2024-10-09|title=Lawsuit blames Lil Durk, others for 2020 killing of FBG Duck, citing misconduct and negligence|url=https://www.fox32chicago.com/news/lawsuit-blames-lil-durk-others-2020-killing-fbg-duck|accessdate=2024-10-25|work=FOX 32 Chicago|language=en-US|archivedate=November 2, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241102090659/https://www.fox32chicago.com/news/lawsuit-blames-lil-durk-others-2020-killing-fbg-duck}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2024-10-09|title=Rapper FBG Duck's mom sues Lil Durk, King Von's estate over son's brazen Gold Coast killing|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/fbgduck/2024/10/09/fbg-duck-lil-durk-king-von-otf-only-the-family-shooting-homicide-lawsuit|accessdate=2024-10-25|work=Chicago Sun-Times|language=en|archivedate=November 12, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112122509/https://chicago.suntimes.com/fbgduck/2024/10/09/fbg-duck-lil-durk-king-von-otf-only-the-family-shooting-homicide-lawsuit}}</ref> == Kifo == Mnamo Novemba 6, 2020, yapata saa 3:00 asubuhi, Bennett na wafanyakazi wake walihusika katika ugomvi na wafanyakazi wa Quando Rondo nje ya Monaco Hookah Lounge huko [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]], Georgia. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von Reportedly In Critical Condition After Shoot Out With Quando Rondo's Crew|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/313810-king-von-rumored-to-be-in-critical-condition-after-shooting-report-news|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|date=November 6, 2020|accessdate=December 6, 2020|archivedate=November 6, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106153834/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/king-von-rumored-to-be-in-critical-condition-after-shooting-report-news.120836.html}}</ref> Mzozo huo ulizidi kuwa wa kufyatua risasi haraka, na Bennett alipigwa risasi mara nyingi. <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rapper King Von fatally shot in Atlanta|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/rapper-king-von-2-others-fatally-shot-atlanta-n1246807|accessdate=December 6, 2020|work=[[NBC News]]|archivedate=November 6, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106193353/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/rapper-king-von-2-others-fatally-shot-atlanta-n1246807}}</ref> Alisafirishwa hadi hospitalini akiwa katika hali mbaya na akafa huko baadaye siku hiyo. Alikuwa na umri wa miaka 26. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 6, 2020|title=Rapper King Von shot dead outside Atlanta nightclub|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/nov/06/king-von-rapper-shot-deashooting|publisher=theguardian.com|accessdate=November 10, 2020|archivedate=November 10, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110160831/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/nov/06/king-von-rapper-shot-dead-atlanta-shooting}}</ref> Ofisi ya Upelelezi ya Georgia iliripoti kwamba watu wawili waliuawa na sita kujeruhiwa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|first=Rebekah|author=Riess|title=Rapper King Von shot and killed outside Atlanta nightclub|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/06/us/atlanta-king-von-killed-in-shootout/index.html|accessdate=November 13, 2020|work=CNN|date=November 7, 2020|archivedate=November 14, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114124140/https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/06/us/atlanta-king-von-killed-in-shootout/index.html}}</ref> Mmoja wa wanaume waliojeruhiwa, alipokuwa akitibiwa jeraha la risasi, aliwekwa chini ya ulinzi wa polisi kwa mauaji ya Bennett. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 7, 2020|title=American Rapper King Von shot dead outside Atlanta nightclub – The Thinkera|url=https://www.thethinkera.com/current-affairs/international-news/america/american-rapper-king-von-shot-dead-outside-atlanta-nightclub/|accessdate=March 9, 2021|archivedate=November 7, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107083141/https://www.thethinkera.com/current-affairs/international-news/america/american-rapper-king-von-shot-dead-outside-atlanta-nightclub/}}</ref> Mshukiwa alitambuliwa kama Timothy "Lul Timm" Leeks mwenye umri wa miaka 22, rapa mwenye uhusiano na Quando Rondo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 8, 2020|title=Police Charge Rapper Lul Timm With Murdering King Von|url=https://allhiphop.com/news/police-charge-rapper-lul-timm-with-murdering-king-von/|accessdate=December 24, 2020|work=[[AllHipHop]]|archivedate=January 7, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107203902/https://allhiphop.com/news/police-charge-rapper-lul-timm-with-murdering-king-von/}}</ref> Mnamo Agosti 2023, mashtaka yalifutwa dhidi ya Leeks chini ya sheria ya Georgia ya " kusimama imara ". Mnamo Novemba 14, 2020, Bennett alizikwa katika Makaburi ya Burr Oak huko Alsip, Kaunti ya Cook, Illinois . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Lee|first=Nicole|title=King Von's Grave The final resting place of one of Chicago's most iconic drill rappers.|url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/king-vons-grave|work=[[Atlas Obscura]]|date=March 10, 2025|accessdate=March 12, 2025|archivedate=March 11, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311181954/https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/king-vons-grave}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cole|first=Alexander|date=December 14, 2020|title=King Von's Family Holds Private Funeral Service, Fans Offer Prayers|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/326325-king-vons-family-holds-private-funeral-service-fans-offer-prayers-news|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|accessdate=December 24, 2020|archivedate=January 7, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107144813/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/king-vons-family-holds-private-funeral-service-fans-offer-prayers-news.121285.html}}</ref> Mnamo Oktoba 2024, rapper wa Chicago na rafiki wa karibu wa Bennett, Lil Durk, alikamatwa karibu na Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Miami kwa mashtaka ya shirikisho, pamoja na njama ya kufanya mauaji ya kukodisha, mashtaka yanadai kwamba Durk aliandaa njama inayolenga rapper Quando Rondo, kwa madai ya kulipiza kisasi kwa mauaji ya Bennett ya 2020, na kusababisha kifo cha binamu wa Quando Rondo, Saviay'a "Lul Pab" Robinson.. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Renshaw|first=David|title=Lil Durk and the murder-for-hire charge explained|url=https://www.thefader.com/2024/11/26/lil-durk-murder-for-hire-explained?|work=[[The Fader]]|date=November 26, 2024|accessdate=January 12, 2025|archivedate=January 15, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115093526/https://www.thefader.com/2024/11/26/lil-durk-murder-for-hire-explained}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Curto|first=Justin|title=Lil Durk Arrested Over Alleged Murder Plot|url=https://www.vulture.com/article/lil-durk-arrested-murder.html?utm_campaign=feed-part&utm_medium=social_acct&|work=[[Vulture (magazine)|Vulture]]|date=November 26, 2024|accessdate=January 12, 2025|archivedate=January 21, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121181518/https://www.vulture.com/article/lil-durk-arrested-murder.html?utm_campaign=feed-part&utm_medium=social_acct&}}</ref> Washiriki watano wa kundi la Durk, Only the Family (OTF), pia walikamatwa kuhusiana na kesi hii.. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Curto|first=Justin|title=Federal charges filed against 5 accused in murder-for-hire shooting in retaliation for killing of rapper King Von|url=https://wgntv.com/news/chicago-news/federal-charges-filed-against-5-accused-in-murder-for-hire-shooting-in-retaliation-for-killing-of-rapper-king-von/?|work=[[WGNTV]]|date=October 25, 2024|accessdate=January 12, 2025}}</ref> === Ukumbusho === Wakati wa Tuzo za Grammy za kila mwaka za 63, Bennett alijumuishwa katika mkusanyiko wa In Memoriam. 1] Mnamo Agosti 2021, mchoro wa ukuta unaoonyesha Mfalme Von ulichorwa na msanii Chris Devins kwenye ukuta mkubwa unaokabiliwa na Martin Luther King Drive katika eneo la bustani za Parkway, ambapo Von alilelewa; kazi hiyo iliagizwa na Delilah Martinez, mmiliki wa nyumba ya sanaa na mwanzilishi wa Harakati ya Mural, iliyoelezewa kama "jibu la ubunifu kwa mauaji ya George Floyd".[1] 2] Bennett alionyeshwa na kofia ya baseball nyuma na kuvaa mnyororo wa fedha "O'Block"Wakati wa Tuzo za Grammy za 63 za kila mwaka, Bennett alijumuishwa kwenye mkusanyiko wa Kumbukumbu. Mnamo Agosti 2021, mchoro wa ukuta unaoonyesha Mfalme Von ulichorwa na msanii Chris Devins kwenye ukuta mkubwa unaokabiliwa na Martin Luther King Drive katika eneo la bustani za Parkway, ambapo Von alilelewa; kazi hiyo iliagizwa na Delilah Martinez, mmiliki wa nyumba ya sanaa na mwanzilishi wa Harakati ya Mural, iliyoelezewa kama "jibu la ubunifu kwa mauaji ya George Floyd".[1] 2] Bennett alionyeshwa na kofia ya baseball nyuma na kuvaa mnyororo wa fedha "O'Block" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=August 9, 2021|title=King Von Gets New Mural In Chicago's O-Block|url=https://thesource.com/2021/08/09/king-von-gets-new-mural-in-chicagos-o-block/|accessdate=January 8, 2022|work=[[The Source (magazine)|The Source]]|archivedate=December 29, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229224615/https://thesource.com/2021/08/09/king-von-gets-new-mural-in-chicagos-o-block/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 24, 2023|title=Slain drill rapper King Von looms on King Drive|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/columnists/2023/11/24/23972486/drill-rapper-king-von-mural-parkway-gardens-gangs-fbg-duck-disinvestment-natalie-moore|accessdate=November 25, 2023|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]}}</ref> Ukuta huo ulizua utata miongoni mwa wakazi wa Chicago, huku baadhi wakisema ulitukuza vurugu za magenge na ungevutia uhalifu unaohusiana na magenge katika eneo hilo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Evans|first=Maxwell|date=August 18, 2021|title=King Von Mural Near Parkway Gardens Sparked Debate, Threats And Harassment. Now, Neighbors To Vote On Its Fate|url=https://blockclubchicago.org/2021/08/18/king-von-mural-near-parkways-gardens-sparked-debate-threats-and-harassment-now-neighbors-to-vote-on-its-fate/|accessdate=January 8, 2022|work=[[Block Club Chicago]]|archivedate=December 9, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209182900/https://blockclubchicago.org/2021/08/18/king-von-mural-near-parkways-gardens-sparked-debate-threats-and-harassment-now-neighbors-to-vote-on-its-fate/}}</ref> Hatimaye, miaka mitatu baada ya kuonekana, mnamo Novemba 29, 2024, ukuta uliondolewa kutoka Parkway Gardens. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Johnson|first=Erick|date=2024-11-29|title=King Von Mural across from Parkway Gardens removed|url=https://chicagocrusader.com/king-von-mural-across-from-parkway-gardens-removed/|work=Chicago Crusader|accessdate=2024-12-14|language=en-US|archivedate=December 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214182557/https://chicagocrusader.com/king-von-mural-across-from-parkway-gardens-removed/}}</ref> == Diskografia == ; Albamu za studio * ''Welcome O'Block'' (2020) ; Albamu za studio za baada ya kifo * ''What It Means to Be King'' (2022) * ''Grandson'' (2023) == Tazama pia == * List of murdered hip-hop musicians == Vidokezo == {{Tanbihi}} == Marejeleo == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Tanbihi}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{Official|https://kingvonofficial.com/}} * King Von at IMDb [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2020]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1994]] [[Jamii:Articles with hCards]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0opt38q5k9kza3prevc5wwaabv96c6j 1592671 1592661 2026-08-28T15:37:58Z Denis John5 57299 1592671 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Infobox person|native_name=Dayvon Daquan Bennett|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=August 9, 1994|tarehe ya kutoweka=November 6, 2020|hali ya kutoweka=mauaji}} '''Dayvon Daquan Bennett''' (Agosti 9, 1994 -  Novemba 6, 2020), anajulikana kama King Von, alikuwa mwimbaji wa rap wa Marekani na gangster wa mitaani kutoka Chicago, [[Illinois]]. Alikuwa na uhusiano na genge la Black Disciples la South Side, [[Chicago]], <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://southsideweekly.com/opinion-king-von-drill-music-parkway-gardens-and-south-side-chicago/|title=Op-Ed: King Von, Drill Music, Parkway Gardens, and South Side Chicago|work=[[South Side Weekly]]|date=December 9, 2020|accessdate=July 14, 2024|archivedate=July 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714090735/https://southsideweekly.com/opinion-king-von-drill-music-parkway-gardens-and-south-side-chicago/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2024/1/2/24022988/fbg-duck-king-von-lil-durk-oblock-tookaville-black-disciples-gangster-chicago-gangs|title=After a trial lasting nearly 3 months, jury set to get case of brazen Gold Coast slaying of rapper FBG Duck|work=[[Chicago Sun Times]]|date=January 2, 2024|accessdate=July 14, 2024|archivedate=July 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714090735/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2024/1/2/24022988/fbg-duck-king-von-lil-durk-oblock-tookaville-black-disciples-gangster-chicago-gangs}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/fbg-duck-king-von-hit-mother|title=FBG Duck's mother speaks On King Von's alleged $100K hit on her son: 'They proved it'|work=[[HipHopDx]]|date=October 10, 2023|accessdate=July 14, 2024|archivedate=July 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714090735/https://hiphopdx.com/news/fbg-duck-king-von-hit-mother}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://abc7chicago.com/fbg-duck-death-verdict-o-block-street-gang-chicago-shooting/14333501/|title=6 O-Block street gang members convicted in 2020 Gold Coast shooting death of Chicago rapper FBG Duck|work=[[WLS-TV]]|date=January 17, 2024|accessdate=July 14, 2024|archivedate=July 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714090735/https://abc7chicago.com/fbg-duck-death-verdict-o-block-street-gang-chicago-shooting/14333501/}}</ref> na alikuwa mfano wa mfano wa muziki wa drill, kitengo kidogo cha [[hip-hop]] kilichotokana na eneo hilo Bennett alipata kutambuliwa kwa ajili ya hadithi yake na vivid lyricism, alibainisha na wakosoaji juu yake 2018 single "Crazy Story". Kabla ya kutolewa kwake, alisaini na lebo ya mwenzake wa Chicago Lil Durk Tu Familia, kupitia ambayo alitoa mixtape yake ya kwanza Grandson, Buku la 1 (2019), na ufuatiliaji wake Levon James (2020), zote mbili ambazo ziliingia kwa wastani kwenye Billboard 200 kama matoleo ya kujitegemea. "Crazy Story", pamoja na single yake ya 2020 "Took Her to the O", ilipokea cheti cha platinamu mara tatu na Chama cha Sekta ya Kurekodi ya Amerika (RIAA) <ref name="suntimes1">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-08-28|title=A 'dark cloud' follows Chicago's drill scene|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2020/11/6/21549717/king-von-drill-chief-keef-polo-pacman-chicago-king-louie-sasha-fbg-duck-herbo-durk-forrest-stuart|accessdate=July 7, 2023|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|language=en-US|archivedate=July 26, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726155645/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2020/11/6/21549717/king-von-drill-chief-keef-polo-pacman-chicago-king-louie-sasha-fbg-duck-herbo-durk-forrest-stuart}}</ref> <ref name="pitch1">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://pitchfork.com/levels/king-von-crazy-story-new-song-listen/|title=The Ones: King Von's "Crazy Story"|work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|date=February 6, 2019|accessdate=November 7, 2019|archivedate=November 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107232942/https://pitchfork.com/levels/king-von-crazy-story-new-song-listen/}}</ref> Wimbo huu wa mwisho ukawa wimbo wake wa kwanza [[Billboard Hot 100|''wa Billboard'' Hot 100]] na ukatangulia albamu yake ya kwanza ya studio, ''Welcome to O'Block'' (2020), ambayo ilifikia kilele cha nambari tano kwenye [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200.]] <ref name="RIAA">{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von - Welcome to O'Block|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=King+Von&ti=&lab=empire&genre=R%26B%2FHIP+HOP&format=Album&date_option=release&from=&to=&award=G&type=&category=&adv=SEARCH#search_section|accessdate=December 27, 2024|date=December 17, 2024|work=[[RIAA]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Mnamo Novemba 6, 2020, Bennett aliuawa kwa kupigwa risasi huko Atlanta, Georgia, akiwa na umri wa miaka 26, kufuatia ugomvi nje ya hookah lounge. Albamu yake ya pili na toleo la kwanza la baada ya kifo, ''What It Means to Be King'' (2022), ilianza nafasi ya pili kwenye Billboard 200, kama vile albamu yake ya tatu na toleo la mwisho la baada ya kifo, ''Grandson'' (2023). == Maisha yake ya awali == Dayvon Daquan Bennett alizaliwa mnamo Agosti 9, 1994, huko Chicago, Illinois. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://mugshots.com/US-Counties/Illinois/Cook-County-IL/Dayvon-Bennett.123203677.html|title=Dayvon Bennett Mugshot 123203677 – Vonita Bennett Arrest – Cook County, IL|work=Mugshots.com|date=November 21, 2015|accessdate=October 18, 2019|archivedate=November 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107232950/https://mugshots.com/US-Counties/Illinois/Cook-County-IL/Dayvon-Bennett.123203677.html}}</ref>Alikuwa na ndugu wa kambo sita kutoka kwa baba yake, Walter E. Bennett, na ndugu watatu kutoka kwa mama yake, Taesha. Alilelewa hasa na mama yake katika Parkway Garden Homes, eneo la kawaida inayojulikana kama "O'Block", iko katika Chicago South Side ndani ya Greater Grand Crossing eneo la jamii. <ref name="Complex1">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/mbraboy17/king-von-remembered-obituary|title=King Von, Fearless Storyteller|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|date=November 9, 2020|accessdate=October 9, 2023|archivedate=October 2, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002084723/https://www.complex.com/music/a/mbraboy17/king-von-remembered-obituary}}</ref> Uhusiano wake na baba yake haukuwa wa kubadilika kutokana na kifungo cha baba yake. Von alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 10, baba yake aliuawa na mtu aliyekuwa na bunduki ambaye hakuonekana. Baadaye Von alimsifu baba yake katika nyimbo nyingi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://thenetline.com/the-truth-about-king-von-parents-and-his-kids/|title=The truth about King Von's parents and his kids|work=thenetline.com|date=January 29, 2021|accessdate=March 4, 2021|archivedate=February 27, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227151340/https://thenetline.com/the-truth-about-king-von-parents-and-his-kids/}}</ref> Bennett alikuwapo kwa kuzaliwa kwa muziki wa drill kupitia ushirika wake na Chief Keef na Lil Durk. Hata hivyo, mara kwa mara alikuwa gerezani katika miaka ya 2010 kwa wingi wa mashtaka makubwa ya jinai, ambayo alifanya naye anajulikana katika eneo drill Chicago hata kabla ya kuanza kurekodi muziki. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.vulture.com/2022/08/drill-songs-to-know.html|title=The Drill Songs to Know A mini subgenre primer.|work=[[Vulture (magazine)|Vulture]]|accessdate=February 17, 2024|date=August 17, 2022|archivedate=April 6, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406234706/https://www.vulture.com/2022/08/drill-songs-to-know.html}}</ref> Akiwa na umri wa miaka 16, Bennett alipelekwa katika gereza la vijana kwa wizi wa silaha mnamo Januari 2011. Alipokuwa gerezani, Bennett alipata shahada ya elimu ya juu. Baada ya kuachiliwa, Bennett alihudhuria madarasa machache katika Chuo cha South Suburban huko South Holland, Illinois, kabla ya kuacha. <ref>{{Cite video|title=King Von In Jail For 3.5 Years At Age 19, Facing Life In Prison, Acquitted Of Attempted Murder|publisher=DJ Smallz Eyes|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch/?v=RX8iLw1BjyY}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eP7IH2du-5s|title=King Von Speaks On Being A College Student 👨🏽‍🎓📚#foryou}}</ref> Mnamo Julai 2014, Bennett alishtakiwa kwa shtaka moja la mauaji ya shahada ya kwanza na mashtaka mawili ya kujaribu kuua kuhusiana na ufyatuaji risasi uliomuua mmoja na kuwajeruhi wengine wawili. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://chicago.cbslocal.com/2014/07/24/second-man-charged-with-may-shooting-that-killed-man-wounded-two-others/|title=Second Man Charged with May Shooting That Killed Man, Wounded Two Others|work=[[CBS News]]|date=July 24, 2014|accessdate=August 2, 2023|archivedate=January 23, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123183557/https://chicago.cbslocal.com/2014/07/24/second-man-charged-with-may-shooting-that-killed-man-wounded-two-others/}}</ref> Baada ya kufungwa katika gereza la Cook County kwa zaidi ya miaka mitatu, aliachiliwa huru mnamo Desemba 2017 na kuanza kazi yake ya muziki. == Kazi == === 20 17–2019: Mwanzo wa kazi na ''Mjukuu, Juz. 1'' === Baada ya Von kuachiliwa kutoka gerezani mnamo Desemba 2017, rapa mwenzake Lil Durk alimsaini Von katika lebo ya Durk ya Only the Family . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Lobad|first=Noor|date=2020-10-05|title=King Von is an OTF Affiliate|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/323370-who-is-king-von-everything-to-know-about-the-lil-durk-affiliate-rapper-news|accessdate=2025-12-30|work=HotNewHipHop|language=en|archivedate=April 21, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421051035/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/323370-who-is-king-von-everything-to-know-about-the-lil-durk-affiliate-rapper-news}}</ref> Kisha Von alitoa mfululizo wa nyimbo za single. Wimbo wa kwanza kati ya hizi ulikuwa "Beat Dat Body", ambao ulimshirikisha rapa mwenzake marehemu wa Chicago [[THF Zoo]], <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Who was THF Bay Zoo, Rapper Reportedly Shot Dead at Chicago's Little Village?|date=27 October 2025|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/world/us/us-news/who-was-thf-bay-zoo-rapper-reportedly-shot-dead-chicago-little-village-article-153056306|accessdate=October 26, 2025|archivedate=October 26, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251026220453/https://www.timesnownews.com/world/us/us-news/who-was-thf-bay-zoo-rapper-reportedly-shot-dead-chicago-little-village-article-153056306}}</ref> na ulitolewa mnamo Juni 17, 2018. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Beat Dat Body (feat. THF Bayzoo) – Single|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/beat-dat-body-feat-thf-bay-zoo/1439318705?i=1439318708|date=June 17, 2018|accessdate=August 28, 2023|work=[[Apple Music]]|language=en|archivedate=October 2, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002085140/https://music.apple.com/us/album/beat-dat-body-feat-thf-bay-zoo/1439318705?i=1439318708}}</ref> Baadaye Von alionekana kwenye albamu ya ''Lil Durk Presents: Only The Family Involved'', ambayo ilitolewa Julai 31. Alishiriki katika wimbo "Problems", ambao ulikuwa na [[Muziki wa video|video ya muziki]] iliyoambatana nayo iliyotolewa mnamo Agosti 9. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lil Durk Presents: Only The Family Involved|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/problems-feat-king-von/1419853271?i=1419853284|date=July 31, 2018|accessdate=August 28, 2023|work=[[Apple Music]]|language=en|archivedate=August 28, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828085323/https://music.apple.com/us/album/problems-feat-king-von/1419853271?i=1419853284}}</ref> Kisha Von alitoa wimbo "War With Us" mnamo Oktoba 18. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=WAR With US|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/war-with-us-single/1446111626|date=October 18, 2018|accessdate=August 28, 2023|work=[[Apple Music]]|language=en}}</ref> Wimbo wa Von " Crazy Story " ulitolewa mnamo Desemba 6. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Crazy Story – Single by King Von|date=December 6, 2018|url=https://music.apple.com/ai/album/crazy-story-single/1445596490|accessdate=November 8, 2020|archivedate=January 24, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124204552/https://music.apple.com/ai/album/crazy-story-single/1445596490}}</ref> Ilikuwa wimbo wake maarufu, maarufu kwa masimulizi yake ya jaribio la wizi katika mji wake wa Chicago, <ref name="Vulture2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Drill Songs to Know A mini subgenre primer.|url=https://www.vulture.com/2022/08/drill-songs-to-know.html|date=August 17, 2022|accessdate=November 27, 2023|work=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]|language=en|archivedate=April 6, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406234706/https://www.vulture.com/2022/08/drill-songs-to-know.html}}</ref> <ref name="Genius2">{{Rejea tovuti|date=April 22, 2022|title=Check The Rhyme: Deconstructing King Von's "Crazy Story" Verse|url=https://genius.com/a/check-the-rhyme-deconstructing-king-von-s-crazy-story-verse|accessdate=November 27, 2023|work=[[Genius (company)|Genius]]|language=en|archivedate=November 30, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130094030/https://genius.com/a/check-the-rhyme-deconstructing-king-von-s-crazy-story-verse}}</ref> na kufikia nambari 81 kwenye [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100.]] <ref name="pitch1" /> Mnamo Januari 9, 2019, Von alionyeshwa kwenye remix ya "Exposing Me", wimbo wa mwanamuziki mwenzake wa Chicago Memo600. Von na Memo600 walibadilishana vibao bila kuheshimu na kuelezea kwa undani vita vya maisha halisi na mapigano dhidi ya wapinzani wengine wa jirani. Jibu kutoka kwa walengwa lilitokea wakati wanamuziki wa rap FBG Duck na Rooga walipoacha remix yao ya wimbo huo mnamo Februari 4. Nyimbo zote mbili zilitolewa kutoka kwa sampuli ya wimbo wa asili wa India Sanam Re. Kufuatia mafanikio, mfululizo wa remixes kwa wimbo huo zilifanywa na wasanii wengine wote katika Marekani na Ulaya. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/342622-from-king-vons-exposin-me-to-cjs-whoopty-a-hindi-love-song-turned-drill-beat-news|title=From King Von's "Exposin Me" To CJ's "Whoopty": A Hindi Love Song Turned Drill Beat|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|date=January 22, 2021|accessdate=March 1, 2024|archivedate=November 16, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116110944/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/342622-from-king-vons-exposin-me-to-cjs-whoopty-a-hindi-love-song-turned-drill-beat-news}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.stereogum.com/2110126/cj-whoopty-brooklyn-drill-mainstream/columns/status-aint-hood/|title=CJ's "Whoopty" And The Mainstreaming Of Drill|work=[[Stereogum]]|date=December 9, 2020|accessdate=March 1, 2024|archivedate=December 29, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229081626/https://www.stereogum.com/2110126/cj-whoopty-brooklyn-drill-mainstream/columns/status-aint-hood/}}</ref> Mnamo Februari 14, mpenzi wa Von wakati huo, rapa Asian Doll, alitoa video ya muziki kwa ajili ya wimbo wake, "Mjukuu", ambapo alionekana. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Langhorne|first=Cyrus|date=February 14, 2019|title=Watch: Gucci Mane Protégé Asian Doll Celebrates V-Day W/ New GRANDSON Video|url=https://www.sohh.com/watch-gucci-mane-protege-asian-doll-celebrates-v-day-w-new-grandson-video/|work=[[SOHH]]|accessdate=November 10, 2020|archivedate=November 10, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110192559/https://www.sohh.com/watch-gucci-mane-protege-asian-doll-celebrates-v-day-w-new-grandson-video/}}</ref> Mei 3, "Crazy Story 2.0" featuring Lil Durk ilitolewa, na video ya muziki baadaye ilitolewa siku kumi na saba baadaye; wimbo ulifikia nafasi ya nne kwenye chati ya Bubbling Under Hot 100 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://hypebeast.com/2019/5/king-von-crazy-story-2-0-lil-durk-music-video-stream|title=King Von & Lil Durk Showcase the OTF Movement for ''Crazy Story 2.0'' Video|work=[[Hypebeast (company)|Hypebeast]]|date=May 20, 2019|accessdate=October 18, 2019|archivedate=June 18, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618033458/https://hypebeast.com/2019/5/king-von-crazy-story-2-0-lil-durk-music-video-stream}}</ref> Utoaji wake wa tatu na wa mwisho wa wimbo huo ulifuatiwa mnamo Septemba 13. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/188176-otfs-king-von-returns-with-crazy-story-pt-3-new-song|title=OTF's King Von Returns With "Crazy Story Pt. 3"|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|date=September 14, 2019|accessdate=October 18, 2019|archivedate=November 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107232938/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/otfs-king-von-returns-with-crazy-story-pt-3-new-song.1984488.html}}</ref> Mnamo Julai 9, 2019, Lil Durk na King Von walitoa wimbo wao wa pamoja "Like That". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.thefader.com/2019/07/09/lil-durk-new-album-love-songs-4-the-streets-2-listen-2019|title=Lil Durk announces new album, drops single ''Like That'' feat. King Von|work=[[The Fader]]|accessdate=October 18, 2019|archivedate=October 30, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030100027/http://www.thefader.com/2019/07/09/lil-durk-new-album-love-songs-4-the-streets-2-listen-2019}}</ref> Mnamo Septemba 2, Von alitoa single yake "What It's Like", kama mtangulizi wa albamu yake ya kwanza ya mixtape iliyotangazwa mnamo Septemba. Mixtape baadaye ilitolewa mnamo Septemba 19 chini ya jina, Grandson, Vol. 1, iliyo na nyimbo kumi na tatu na kutengenezwa na Chopsquad DJ. Ina sifa tatu kuwakilishwa na "Twin Nem" na kwa remix ya "Crazy Story", wote wawili featuring Durk; kipengele nyingine inajumuisha ushirikiano na Chicago msanii na OTF affiliate Booka600 juu ya "Jet". Mixtape pia inajumuisha nyimbo "Crazy Story", "Crazy Story, Pt. 3", na wimbo wake wa pili wa "War With Us" uliotengenezwa mnamo Oktoba 18, 2018. Grandson, Vol. 1 ilianza nafasi ya 75 na baadaye ilifikia nafasi ya 53, kwenye Billboard 200, pia ilifikia nafasi ya 27 kwenye chati ya Albamu za Hip Hop / R&B, na nafasi ya 9 kwenye chati ya Albamu za Independent. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/king-von-mn0003831585/biography|title=King Von {{!}} Biography & History|work=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=October 18, 2019|archivedate=November 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107232930/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/king-von-mn0003831585/biography}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.52881/title.king-von-shares-grandson-vol-1-mixtape|title=King Von Shares "Grandson Vol. 1" Mixtape|date=September 19, 2019|work=[[HipHopDX]]|accessdate=October 18, 2019|archivedate=November 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107232936/https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.52881/title.king-von-shares-grandson-vol-1-mixtape}}</ref> === 2020: ''Levon James'' na ''Karibu O'Block'' === Mnamo Novemba 16, 2019, Von alitoa wimbo wake " 2 AM " ukifuatiwa na video inayolingana ambayo itatolewa siku hiyo hiyo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/211452-otfs-king-von-drops-off-2-am-new-song|title=OTF's King Von Drops Off "2 AM"|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|date=November 19, 2019|accessdate=November 29, 2019|archivedate=October 31, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031232713/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/otfs-king-von-drops-off-2-am-new-song.1985253.html}}</ref> Mnamo Novemba 29, 2019, Von alitoa wimbo wake "Rollin" akimshirikisha YNW Melly, ukiambatana na video ya muziki. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/212818-ynw-melly-joins-king-von-on-new-song-rolling-new-song|title=YNW Melly Joins King Von On New Song "Rollin"|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|date=November 30, 2019|accessdate=December 6, 2019|archivedate=December 6, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206062217/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/ynw-melly-joins-king-von-on-new-song-rolling-new-song.1985371.html}}</ref> Baadaye alitoa, mnamo Februari 21, 2020, " Took Her to the O ", pamoja na video ya muziki, ambayo ikawa wimbo wake uliofanikiwa zaidi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=February 21, 2020|title=King Von divulga nova música "Took Her To The O" com clipe|url=https://rap24horas.com.br/2020/02/21/king-von-divulga-nova-musica-took-her-to-the-o/|accessdate=July 9, 2023|work=[[24 Horas (Spanish TV channel)|24 Horas]]|author=Guerra|first=Bruno|archivedate=November 30, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130073429/https://rap24horas.com.br/2020/02/21/king-von-divulga-nova-musica-took-her-to-the-o/}}</ref> "Took Her to the O" na "Rollin" baadaye zilijumuishwa kwenye mixtape yake ya pili, ''Levon James'', ambayo ilitolewa Machi 6, 2020, ambayo ilianzia nambari 63 na baadaye ikafika kileleni nambari 40 kwenye ''Billboard'' 200. <ref name="Block">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.complex.com/music/2020/10/king-von-new-album-welcome-to-o-block|title=King Von Shares New Album 'Welcome To O'Block' f/ Lil Durk, Polo G, and More|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|author=Cowen|first=Trace William|date=October 30, 2020|accessdate=November 7, 2020|archivedate=November 3, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103232820/https://www.complex.com/music/2020/10/king-von-new-album-welcome-to-o-block}}</ref> Ilitolewa kupitia Only the Family Entertainment / Empire na inajumuisha mseto wa nyimbo 16 uliotayarishwa na DJ wa Chopsquad, ukijumuisha mistari kutoka kwa NLE Choppa, Tee Grizzley, G Herbo, Lil Durk, YNW Melly, Booka600 na Yungeen Ace . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/228889-sada-baby-and-king-von-join-forces-on-pressin-new-song|title=Sada Baby & King Von Join Forces On "Pressin"|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|date=January 11, 2020|accessdate=February 7, 2020|archivedate=February 7, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207055941/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/sada-baby-and-king-von-join-forces-on-pressin-new-song.1985768.html}}</ref> Video rasmi ya "On Yo Ass" ilitolewa mnamo Machi 6, 2020, sambamba na tarehe ya kutolewa kwa albamu. Wimbo huu unamshirikisha msanii wa Chicago G Herbo, huku ukiwa umetayarishwa na DJ wa Chopsquad. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://audibletreats.com/king-von_pr16/|title=Project: King Von – LeVon James|date=February 23, 2020|work=audibletreats.com|accessdate=August 14, 2023|archivedate=August 11, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811000920/https://audibletreats.com/king-von_pr16/}}</ref> Mnamo Machi 20, 2020, video rasmi ya "Trust Issues" ilitolewa, ikimshirikisha rapa wa Florida Yungeen Ace; katika wimbo huo Von alibadilisha mwelekeo wake wa genge ili kuonyesha upande wake mpole. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.55054/title.king-von-yungeen-ace-navigate-an-icy-love-triangle-in-trust-issues|title=King Von & Yungeen Ace Navigate An Icy Love Triangle In 'Trust Issues' VIDEO|date=March 21, 2020|work=[[HipHopDx]]|accessdate=August 14, 2023|archivedate=August 11, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811003527/https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.55054/title.king-von-yungeen-ace-navigate-an-icy-love-triangle-in-trust-issues}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://kazimagazine.com/uncategorized/king-von-yungeen-ace-connect-on-trust-issues/|title=King Von & Yungeen Ace Connect On "Trust Issues"|date=March 27, 2020|work=kazimagazine.com|accessdate=August 14, 2023|author=Helios|archivedate=August 11, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811001647/https://kazimagazine.com/uncategorized/king-von-yungeen-ace-connect-on-trust-issues/}}</ref> Mnamo Aprili 6, 2020, Bennett alitoa video rasmi ya muziki ya saa 3 asubuhi kwenye YouTube, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://music.apple.com/my/music-video/3-a-m/1506673127|title=3 A.M. King Von Official Video|date=April 6, 2020|work=[[Apple Music]]|accessdate=March 2, 2024|archivedate=March 2, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302212924/https://music.apple.com/my/music-video/3-a-m/1506673127}}</ref> ikifuatiwa na Aprili 29, 2020, kutolewa kwa wimbo wake " Grandson For President " ambao baadaye ulijumuishwa kama wimbo wa albamu ya ''What It Means to Be King'' . Alifuata wimbo huo kwa karibu na video ya muziki ya "Broke Opps", wimbo mwingine kutoka kwenye albamu yake ya ''Levon James'' . Mnamo mwaka wa 2020, King Von alianza kufanya kazi kwenye Welcome to O'Block, ambayo mwishowe itatolewa kama albamu yake ya kwanza ya studio na inabaki kuwa pekee iliyotolewa wakati wa maisha yake. Alichapisha wimbo wa kwanza wa albamu hiyo, "Why He Told" mnamo Julai 27, 2020, akifuatana na video ya muziki iliyochapishwa kwenye kituo chake cha YouTube. Hii ilifuatiwa na single "All These Niggas" mnamo Agosti 5, 2020, ikionyesha rapper wa Chicago Lil Durk; kwa sababu za kisheria, Durk hakuweza kuonekana kwenye video iliyoambatana, ambayo ilitolewa siku hiyo hiyo na kupata maoni milioni 24 ndani ya miezi miwili kwenye jukwaa. Kisha alitoa wimbo mwingine, uliopewa jina la "How It Go", kwa kushirikiana na video nyingine ya muziki, mnamo Agosti 26, 2020. Mnamo Oktoba 9, 2020, King Von alitoa "Mimi ni nini mimi", akishirikiana na New York rapper Fivio Foreign, pamoja na video ya muziki. [1] [2] Wiki mbili baadaye Bennett alitoa "Gleesh Place" pamoja na video nyingine ya muziki kwenye kituo chake rasmi. Utoaji huu ulikuwa ukitarajia kutolewa rasmi kwa Karibu O'Block ambayo ilikuja mnamo Oktoba 30, 2020. Albamu ya nyimbo 16 ina uzalishaji wa Chopsquad DJ, Tay Keith, Wheezy na Hitmaka, kati ya wengine; pia ina wasanii Prince Dre, Lil Durk, Dreezy, Moneybagg Yo. Albamu ni pamoja na Polo G ushirikiano "Kanuni", ambayo ilitolewa na video ya muziki. 3][4][5] Mradi huo ulifikia kiwango cha juu cha 5 kwenye Billboard kwa Albamu za Juu za 200 za Amerika, nambari 1 kwa Albamu za Juu za R&B / Hip Hop, nambari 1 kwa Albamu ya Juu ya Wajitolea na ilifikia kiwango cha 12 kwa Albamu za Juu za 100 za Canada Katika mahojiano na <nowiki><i id="mwAaY">Complex</i></nowiki>, Bennett alifichua maono yake kuhusu mradi mpya ujao na tofauti kuu kutoka kwa kazi yake ya awali, ''Levon James'', akitangaza: "Ukifanya jambo na kuendelea kulifanya, utapata matokeo bora zaidi. Kila kitu kitakuwa bora zaidi. Ni kweli, nimekuwa nikifanya kazi kwa bidii". Katika mahojiano mengine ya ''Uproxx'', alitangaza kwamba alitaka kujitolea mradi huo kwa mtaa wake, na kwa watu wote walioishi na kuhangaika huko. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cowen|first=Trace William|date=October 30, 2020|title=King Von Shares New Album 'Welcome To O'Block' f/ Lil Durk, Polo G, and More|url=https://www.complex.com/music/2020/10/king-von-new-album-welcome-to-o-block|accessdate=November 7, 2020|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|archivedate=November 3, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103232820/https://www.complex.com/music/2020/10/king-von-new-album-welcome-to-o-block}}</ref> <ref name="Uproxx">{{Rejea tovuti|date=Nov 19, 2020|title=A Final Conversation With King Von|url=https://uproxx.com/music/king-von-interview-welcome-to-oblock/|work=[[Uproxx]]|language=en-US|accessdate=August 2, 2023|archivedate=March 3, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303123734/https://uproxx.com/music/king-von-interview-welcome-to-oblock/}}</ref> Alifariki wiki moja baada ya albamu hiyo kutolewa. <ref name="suntimes1" /> Baada ya kifo chake, video za muziki za " Wayne's Story ", " Armed &amp;amp; Dangerous ", "Mine Too", na " Demon " zilitolewa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=Dec 8, 2020|title=King Von's Bone-Chilling 'Wayne's Story' Video Details A Cycle Of Violence|url=https://uproxx.com/music/king-von-waynes-story-video/|accessdate=July 7, 2023|work=[[Uproxx]]|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-08-28|title=Watch King Von's Posthumous "Armed & Dangerous" Video|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/fnr-tigg/king-von-new-video-armed-and-dangerous|accessdate=July 27, 2023|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|language=en-US|archivedate=July 26, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726155652/https://www.complex.com/music/a/fnr-tigg/king-von-new-video-armed-and-dangerous}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=Jan 11, 2021|title=King Von's New Video for 'Mine Too' Released|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/fnr-tigg/king-von-releases-video-for-new-single-mine-too|accessdate=July 7, 2023|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|language=en-US|archivedate=July 26, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726155648/https://www.complex.com/music/a/fnr-tigg/king-von-releases-video-for-new-single-mine-too}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=Aug 9, 2021|title=King Von Music Video "Demon" Released on What Would Have Been His 27th Birthday|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/brad-callas/king-von-demon-video-birthday|accessdate=July 27, 2023|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|language=en-US|archivedate=July 26, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726155648/https://www.complex.com/music/a/brad-callas/king-von-demon-video-birthday}}</ref> == Matoleo ya baada ya kifo == === 2020–2022: Sifa na ''Maana ya Kuwa Mfalme'' === Mnamo Desemba 14, 2020, mwezi mmoja tu baada ya kifo cha Bennett, Funkmaster Flex alitoa video rasmi ya " Lurkin " kwenye chaneli yake rasmi [[YouTube|ya YouTube]], ikiwakilisha kuonekana kwa kwanza baada ya kifo katika taswira ya muziki ya Bennett; hata hivyo, wimbo huo ulikuwa wa Oktoba 22, 2020. <ref>{{Citation|title=Funk Flex Shares "Lurkin'" Collab With Late Rapper King Von|date=September 26, 2021|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/308099-funk-flex-shares-lurkin-collab-with-late-rapper-king-von-new-song|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806072419/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/308099-funk-flex-shares-lurkin-collab-with-late-rapper-king-von-new-song|periodical=[[HotNewHipHop]]|access-date=August 15, 2024|archive-date=August 6, 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|title=Polo G Joins Funk Flex's "Lurkin" Remix f/ King Von|date=July 16, 2021|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/cmplxtara-mahadevan/funk-flex-king-von-polo-g-lurkin-remix-video|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813082911/https://www.complex.com/music/a/cmplxtara-mahadevan/funk-flex-king-von-polo-g-lurkin-remix-video|periodical=[[Complex Networks|Complex]]|access-date=August 15, 2024|archive-date=August 13, 2024}}</ref> Mnamo Desemba 24, 2020, Lil Durk alitoa albamu yake, ''The Voice'', kama heshima kwa Bennett, ambaye, pamoja na Durk, wanaonekana kwenye jalada la albamu kama mtu muhimu na pia wameangaziwa kwenye wimbo " Still Trappin' ". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.pitchfork.com/news/lil-durk-releases-new-album-the-voice-listen|title=Lil Durk Releases New Album The Voice|work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|author=Bloom|first=Madison|date=December 24, 2020|accessdate=December 25, 2020|archivedate=December 24, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224180259/https://pitchfork.com/news/lil-durk-releases-new-album-the-voice-listen/}}</ref> Katika mahojiano mnamo Februari 26, 2021, meneja wa Bennett alisema kuwa Von alikuwa na zaidi ya nyimbo 300 ambazo hazikutolewa, au karibu albamu 10 zenye thamani ya yaliyomo, ambayo wangeendelea kutoa kwa idhini ya familia katika miaka iliyofuata kwa lengo la kuweka urithi wake hai. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von's Former Manager Says Late Rapper Had Around 300 Unreleased Songs|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/cmplxtara-mahadevan/former-manager-says-king-von-had-over-300-unreleased-songs|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|date=February 26, 2021|accessdate=September 19, 2023|archivedate=September 11, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230911134854/https://www.complex.com/music/a/cmplxtara-mahadevan/former-manager-says-king-von-had-over-300-unreleased-songs}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von's Family Vows To Continue Releasing His Music & Interviews|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.59103/title.king-vons-family-vows-to-continue-releasing-his-music-interviews|work=[[HipHopDX]]|date=November 19, 2020|accessdate=September 19, 2023|archivedate=September 28, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928194252/https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.59103/title.king-vons-family-vows-to-continue-releasing-his-music-interviews}}</ref> Mnamo Machi 3, 2021, Bennett alishirikishwa kwenye albamu ya mkusanyiko ''ya Loyal Bros'' na lebo ya rekodi ya Marekani Only the Family . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/cmplxjoshua-espinoza/lil-durk-king-von-otf-only-the-family-loyal-bros-stream|title=Lil Durk and the OTF Crew Drop 'Loyal Boys' Compilation Mixtape|date=March 5, 2021|accessdate=March 14, 2024}}</ref> Alionekana kwenye nyimbo tatu ikiwa ni pamoja na "Out the Roof" ambayo pia inashirikiana na rappers wa Chicago Lil Durk na Booka600; "Mimi na Doodie Lo" inayoonyesha Doodie Lo, ambayo ilitolewa kabla ya kifo cha Bennett na baadaye ilitumika kama wimbo wa kwanza wa albamu. Hiyo pia ilijumuisha video ya muziki iliyotolewa mnamo Agosti 21, 2020. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.64180/title.lil-durk-gifts-otf-rapper-200k-earrings-to-celebrate-big-doodie-lo-album|title=Lil Durk Gifts OTF Rapper $200k Earrings To Celebrate 'Big Doodie Lo' Album by Brandon Caldwell|date=August 28, 2021|accessdate=March 14, 2024|archivedate=March 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314105603/https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.64180/title.lil-durk-gifts-otf-rapper-200k-earrings-to-celebrate-big-doodie-lo-album}}</ref> Hatimaye, alionekana kwenye wimbo wa mwisho wa mradi " Jump " ambao bado unawashirikisha Lil Durk, Booka600 na Memo600. Video ya muziki ya wimbo huo ilirekodiwa kabla ya kifo cha Bennett na kutolewa wakati huo huo siku ile ile ya kutolewa kwa wimbo huo, mnamo Machi 3, 2021. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://uproxx.com/music/lil-durk-king-von-jump-video/|title=Lil Durk And King Von's 'Jump' Video Highlights The OTF Crew Chemistry|date=March 16, 2021|accessdate=March 14, 2024|archivedate=March 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314100823/https://uproxx.com/music/lil-durk-king-von-jump-video/}}</ref> Mnamo Februari 4, 2022, timu yake ya usimamizi ilitangaza albamu mpya ya rapa huyo yenye jina la ''What It Means to Be King'' . Siku iliyofuata, Februari 5, wimbo wa promosheni " Don't Play That " ulitolewa, ukimshirikisha rapa wa Marekani [[21 Savage]], na unawakuta wawili hao wakitoa nyimbo zao kwenye utayarishaji wa Kid Hazel; video rasmi ya muziki ya wimbo huo ilitolewa Februari 9, 2022. <ref name="wimtbk" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von And 21 Savage's Colorful 'Don't Play That' Video Pairs Cuddly Animation With Vicious Lyrics|url=https://uproxx.com/music/king-von-21-savage-dont-play-that-video-2/|work=[[Uproxx]]|date=February 9, 2022|accessdate=September 17, 2023|archivedate=September 28, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928194252/https://uproxx.com/music/king-von-21-savage-dont-play-that-video-2/}}</ref> Hii ilifuatia kutolewa kwa dondoo la albamu yake ya pili inayoitwa " War " mnamo Machi 2, 2022, kipande hicho kinaambatana na video rasmi ya taswira. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von's Estate Shares "War", A Breathlessly Intense Single From What It Means To Be King|url=https://audibletreats.com/king-vons_pr34/|work=audibletreats.com|date=March 4, 2022|accessdate=June 21, 2023|archivedate=June 21, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621142539/https://audibletreats.com/king-vons_pr34/}}</ref> Nyimbo hizi mbili zilipata mafanikio ya kibiashara, zikishika nafasi ya 40 na 63 mtawalia kwenye ''Billboard'' Hot 100. Mnamo Machi 4, 2022, albamu hiyo ilitolewa kupitia Empire Distribution na Only the Family na timu yake ya usimamizi, ikiwakilisha albamu ya pili ya studio ya King Von na kazi ya kwanza baada ya kifo chake. Albamu hiyo inaangazia wageni kutoka kwa G Herbo, 21 Savage, Fivio Foreign, Moneybagg Yo, Lil Durk, Tee Grizzley, A Boogie wit da Hoodie, Dreezy, Boss Top, DqFrmDaO, na OMB Peezy . Utayarishaji uliendeshwa na Chopsquad DJ, Hitmaka, Tee Romano, Kid Hazel, Touch of Trent, DJ Bandz, DJ FMCT, Glaazer, Diego Ave, Bankroll Got It, TM88, ATL Jacob, Geraldo Liive, CGM Beats, John Lam, na Raw Equity. Orodha ya nyimbo inajumuisha wimbo "Mjukuu Kwa Rais" wimbo uliosifiwa ambao ulianzia Aprili 2020, hii inafanya, kwa kweli, kuwa wimbo wa kwanza wa albamu Rekodi hiyo ilifikia kilele cha nambari 2 kwenye [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], ikipata vitengo 59,000 sawa na albamu, ambapo 55,000 vilitoka kwa mitiririko milioni 79, na 4,000 kutokana na mauzo ya albamu halisi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.complex.com/music/king-von-dababy-youngboy-never-broke-again-first-week-numbers|title=The Final First Week Numbers for King Von and DaBaby x YoungBoy Never Broke Again Projects Are In|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|date=March 14, 2022|accessdate=September 17, 2022|archivedate=October 8, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008133659/https://www.complex.com/music/king-von-dababy-youngboy-never-broke-again-first-week-numbers}}</ref> Matokeo haya inageuka kuwa nafasi yake bora na ya pili ya juu 10 kwa King Von katika Billboard 200, ambaye kwanza alifikia juu 10 na albamu yake ya kwanza ya studio Karibu O ⁇ Block ambayo ilifikia namba 5.. Muda mfupi baadaye, video za muziki za dondoo mbili kutoka kwenye diski zake zilitolewa: "Too Real" ilitolewa Machi 7, 2022, na "Get it Done" ilitolewa siku ya kuzaliwa kwake, Agosti 9, 2022. === 2023–sasa: ''Mjukuu'' === Mnamo Januari 2023, meneja wa King Von alitangaza kwa chapisho kwenye Instagram, kuachwa kwa mradi mpya wa baada ya kifo cha rapa huyo, uliopangwa kufanyika mwaka huo huo. Mnamo Juni, jina la albamu hiyo lilitangazwa kuwa ''Mjukuu,'' jambo ambalo linakumbusha tepu ya kwanza ya Von, ''Grandson, Vol.'' ''1'', na ni kumbukumbu ya jina lake maarufu la utani, ambalo mfungwa mmoja alimpa wakati wa kifungo chake katika Gereza la Kaunti ya Cook kutoka 2014 hadi 2017. Rekodi hiyo ilishughulikiwa na washirika wa karibu wa mwanamuziki huyo na mama yake mwenyewe Nyimbo tatu zilitolewa kabla ya albamu hiyo. Ya kwanza, " Robbery ", ilitolewa mnamo Juni 23, 2023, ikiwa na video rasmi iliyotolewa siku hiyo hiyo; <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Check out King Von's latest video for "Robberies"|url=https://www.revolt.tv/article/2023-06-28/312199/king-von-robberies-video/|work=[[Revolt (TV network)|Revolt Tv]]|accessdate=July 8, 2023|date=June 28, 2023|archivedate=July 9, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709021458/https://www.revolt.tv/article/2023-06-28/312199/king-von-robberies-video/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Video: King Von "Robberies"|url=https://rapradar.com/2023/06/23/video-king-von-robberies/|work=[[Rap Radar]]|accessdate=July 8, 2023|date=June 23, 2023}}</ref> ya pili, iliyopewa jina la " Heartless ", ilimshirikisha Tee Grizzley na ilitolewa mnamo Julai 7, 2023, ikiwa na kionyeshi rasmi cha kutazama. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von & Tee Grizzley Grew Up "Heartless" On New Single|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/693674-king-von-tee-grizzley-heartless-new-single|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|accessdate=July 7, 2023|date=July 7, 2023|archivedate=July 7, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707193154/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/693674-king-von-tee-grizzley-heartless-new-single}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von ft. Tee Grizzley "Heartless"|url=https://rapradar.com/2023/07/07/king-von-ft-tee-grizzley-heartless/|work=[[Rap Radar]]|accessdate=July 7, 2023|date=July 7, 2023|archivedate=November 10, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110095533/https://rapradar.com/2023/07/07/king-von-ft-tee-grizzley-heartless/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von – Heartless f. Tee Grizzley|url=https://hiphopdx.com/singles/king-von-heartless-f-tee-grizzley|work=[[HipHopDX]]|accessdate=July 8, 2023|date=July 8, 2023}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Visualizer released for Tee Grizzley-assisted King Von single "Heartless"|url=https://hiphopcanada.com/king-von-tee-grizzley-heartless-visualizer/|work=hiphopcanada.com|accessdate=July 8, 2023|date=July 7, 2023|archivedate=July 8, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708172619/https://hiphopcanada.com/king-von-tee-grizzley-heartless-visualizer/}}</ref> Mradi huo yenyewe ulitolewa mnamo Julai 14, 2023, ikiwakilisha albamu ya tatu ya studio ya Bennett na kazi ya pili baada ya kifo chake. Ilitolewa pamoja na video ya wimbo "Don't Miss", ambayo ilipigwa mwishoni mwa mwaka 2020. Pamoja ilitolewa visualizer rasmi kwa kila wimbo kwenye albamu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von – Don't Miss|url=https://hiphopdx.com/singles/king-von-dont-miss|work=[[HipHopDx]]|accessdate=September 24, 2023|date=July 14, 2023|archivedate=October 2, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002084532/https://hiphopdx.com/singles/king-von-dont-miss}}</ref> Utayarishaji wa albamu hiyo uliendeshwa na watayarishaji mbalimbali wakiwemo ATL Jacob, Chopsquad DJ, David Morse, DJ Bandz, Ghostrage, IllaDaProducer, Mac Fly, Raw Equity, [[Scott Storch]], Southside, Tahj Money, Twysted Genius, Wheezy ; ambao wengi wao tayari walikuwa wameshirikiana na Bennett kwenye albamu zilizopita. Inaangazia wageni kutoka kwa G Herbo, Polo G, Lil Durk, Tee Grizzley, BreezyLyn, Tink, 42 Dugg, Moneybagg Yo, na Hotboii . ilifikia nafasi ya 14 kwenye Billboard 200, na ikaenda 2 kwenye Albamu za Billboard Independent, 4 kwenye Albamu za Billboard Top R&B / Hip Hop, nambari 31 kwa Billboard juu 100 Canada na nambari 20 kwenye New Zealand top 40 <ref name="NZ Top 40 Albums Chart">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/albums/2023-07-21|title=NZ Top 40 Albums Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=July 24, 2023|accessdate=September 24, 2023|archivedate=December 3, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203235023/https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/albums/2023-07-21}}</ref> == Usanii == === Mtindo na mbinu ya rap === Mtindo wa muziki wa King Von umeelezewa kama muziki wa mazoezi, {{Efn|Attributed to multiple sources: <ref name="king-von-mn0003831585" /><ref name = "Vulture" /><ref name= "suntimes">{{Cite web|date=November 6, 2020|title=King Von remembered for his powerful lyrics|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2020/11/6/21553428/king-von-dead-chicago-music-scene-lil-durk-chief-keef|website=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|access-date=August 22, 2023|archive-date=August 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814233810/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2020/11/6/21553428/king-von-dead-chicago-music-scene-lil-durk-chief-keef|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= "passionweiss">{{Cite web|date=November 6, 2020|title="You Have to Go Harder So Everybody Can Talk About You:" An Interview with King Von|url=https://www.passionweiss.com/2020/06/22/king-von-interview/|website=passionweiss.com|access-date=August 22, 2023|archive-date=March 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308211355/https://www.passionweiss.com/2020/06/22/king-von-interview/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= "chicagoreader">{{Cite web|date=April 10, 2020|title=Rising drill star King Von refines his storytelling and stunting on Levon James|url=https://chicagoreader.com/music/rising-drill-star-king-von-refines-his-storytelling-and-stunting-on-levon-james/|website=[[Chicago Reader]]|access-date=August 22, 2023|archive-date=December 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207075254/https://chicagoreader.com/music/rising-drill-star-king-von-refines-his-storytelling-and-stunting-on-levon-james/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= "grammy">{{Cite web|date=October 30, 2020|title=Practice Makes Perfect On King Von's New Album 'Welcome To O Block'|url=https://www.grammy.com/news/practice-makes-perfect-king-vons-new-album-welcome-o-block|website=[[Grammy Awards]]|access-date=August 22, 2023|archive-date=August 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807212920/https://www.grammy.com/news/practice-makes-perfect-king-vons-new-album-welcome-o-block|url-status=live}}</ref>}} uainishaji alioutambua katika mahojiano na DJ Akademiks . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=A|first=Aron|date=2020-11-11|title=RIP King Von: O-Block's Trusted Narrator|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/321194-rip-king-von-o-blocks-trusted-narrator-news|accessdate=2024-10-28|work=HotNewHipHop|language=en|archivedate=August 22, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822161430/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/321194-rip-king-von-o-blocks-trusted-narrator-news}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Face to Face: King Von x DJ Akademiks: Talks NBA Youngboy, 6ix9ine, O block, 63rd, FBG Duck n more|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SMboobc8NFk|work=[[YouTube]]|date=November 5, 2020|accessdate=August 22, 2023}}</ref> Machapisho ya hip-hop yamemtaja Von kama mmoja wa waandishi bora wa nyimbo safi katika mazoezi ya Chicago, <ref name="complex">{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 9, 2020|title=King Von, Fearless Storyteller|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/mbraboy17/king-von-remembered-obituary|work=[[Complex Networks|Complex]]|accessdate=August 22, 2023|archivedate=August 19, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819023323/https://www.complex.com/music/a/mbraboy17/king-von-remembered-obituary}}</ref> na kama mwenye mitindo tofauti zaidi kuliko wanamuziki wengine wengi wa rap katika aina hiyo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-06-22|title="You Have to Go Harder So Everybody Can Talk About You:" An Interview with King Von|url=https://www.passionweiss.com/2020/06/22/king-von-interview/|accessdate=2024-10-28|work=Passion of the Weiss|language=en-US|archivedate=March 8, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308211355/https://www.passionweiss.com/2020/06/22/king-von-interview/}}</ref> Von pia amepokea sifa za kukosoa kwa hisia yake ya kuzingatia, uwasilishaji, uchezaji wa maneno, na uandishi wake mkali wa nyimbo. <ref name="complex" /> <ref name="stereo">{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 4, 2020|title=King Von & The Art Of Storytelling|url=https://www.stereogum.com/2104833/king-von-the-art-of-storytelling/columns/status-aint-hood/|accessdate=January 11, 2022|work=[[Stereogum]]|archivedate=March 7, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307145255/https://www.stereogum.com/2104833/king-von-the-art-of-storytelling/columns/status-aint-hood/}}</ref> <ref name="hotnew">{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 4, 2020|title=RIP King Von: O-Block's Trusted Narrator|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/321194-rip-king-von-o-blocks-trusted-narrator-news|accessdate=August 22, 2023|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|archivedate=August 22, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822161430/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/321194-rip-king-von-o-blocks-trusted-narrator-news}}</ref> Mark Braboy wa ''Complex'' alimtaja Von kama mtunzi wa nyimbo mwenye mawazo na ujuzi ambaye aliwazidi wasanii wengine wa Chicago katika ukali na mguso wa uwasilishaji wake. <ref name="complex" /> Jayson Buford kutoka Tablet aliona kuwa Von alibaki kuwa muhimu kitamaduni miaka baada ya kifo chake; Buford alielezea jambo hilo kwa ukaribu wa Von kwa vurugu na kwa ustadi wake wa ajabu wa mashairi. Will Schube wa NPR alibainisha sifa ya mtindo wa Von kama uwezo wake wa kutengeneza hadithi za kupendeza ambazo zinalinganisha nihilism, ucheshi, na uelewa; Schube alibainisha "Alimpeleka kwa O" kama moja ya uwakilishi wenye nguvu wa mtindo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/11/06/932178314/king-von-emerging-chicago-rapper-dead-at-26|title=King Von, Emerging Chicago Rapper, Dead At 26|work=[[NPR]]|date=November 6, 2020|accessdate=August 13, 2024|archivedate=February 1, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201154624/https://www.npr.org/2020/11/06/932178314/king-von-emerging-chicago-rapper-dead-at-26}}</ref> ==== Usimulizi wa hadithi ==== Mfalme Von alijulikana kwa matumizi ya usimulizi wa hadithi katika nyimbo zake na mtindo wake wa ukali, akiwa na nyimbo kama vile " Crazy Story " na " Took Her to the O " kwa mifano. <ref name="hotnew" /> Simulizi yake pia imefafanuliwa na HotNewHipHop kama "isiyo na dosari" na imewekwa "na kisasi na uhalisia usiokatizwa"; <ref name="hotnew" /> pia imeelezewa kama "dhahiri". <ref name="complex" /> <nowiki><i id="mwAwY">Pitchfork</i></nowiki> anasifu uwezo wake wa kusimulia hadithi yenye upatano kama msimulizi wake pamoja na uingizaji wa mazungumzo unaohusiana katika mistari yake. <ref name="pitch">{{Rejea tovuti|date=February 6, 2019|title=The Ones: King Von's "Crazy Story" – The must-hear rap song of the day|url=https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/king-von-crazy-story-new-song-listen/|accessdate=August 22, 2023|work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|archivedate=December 8, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208213140/https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/king-von-crazy-story-new-song-listen/}}</ref> Von alizidisha uwezo wake wa kusimulia hadithi katika juhudi tatu zilizosifiwa sana, ''Mjukuu, Vol.'' ''1'', ''Levon James'', na ''Karibu O'Block'', huku kila mradi ukionyesha ugumu kamili wa utu wake, huku Von akielezea masimulizi ambayo hayaonekani sana katika rap ya kawaida. <ref name="complex" /> Mbinu ya hadithi ya Bennett mara nyingi ilitokana na uzoefu wake ulioishi,[b] na pia imelinganishwa na ile ya wasanii wengine anuwai, kama vile Ice-T, na Spika wa marehemu Knockerz. Hasa, nyimbo kama "Alimchukua O" na "Crazy Story" wamekuwa ikilinganishwa na "Children's Story" na Slick Rick. Bennett mwenyewe anasema kwamba mara nyingi amelinganishwa na mbinu ya hadithi ya Meek Mill. Mtindo na uwezo wa Von wa kusimulia hadithi uliongozwa na utoto wake huko Englewood, na hutegemea riwaya za mijini alizosoma wakati wa kufungwa. Alisema kwamba alikuwa amesoma vitabu vingi vya Dada Souljah. Pia alipenda vitabu vya Ashley & JaQuavis, hasa kitabu "The Cartel", na "The Ultimate Sacrifice" cha Anthony Fields. Pia alithamini riwaya za Twilight <ref name="xxlmag3">{{Rejea tovuti|date=January 8, 2021|title=King Von Speaks on His Come Up Two Weeks Before His Death in One of His Final Interviews|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/king-von-interview/|accessdate=August 22, 2023|work=[[XXL magazine|XXL Mag]]|archivedate=August 21, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821075205/https://www.xxlmag.com/king-von-interview/}}</ref> === Ushawishi === King Von aliwataja MC kadhaa kama ushawishi katika mtindo wake wa kurap, wakiwemo wasanii aliowasikiliza katika miaka yake ya ujana kama vile [[Lil Wayne]], Gucci Mane na Waka Flocka Flame, <ref name="xxlmag2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Break Presents: King Von|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/king-von-interview-the-break/|work=[[XXL Magazine|XXL Mag]]|date=March 4, 2020|accessdate=August 22, 2023|archivedate=June 17, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617201049/https://www.xxlmag.com/king-von-interview-the-break/}}</ref> na rapa wengine wa Chicago kama vile Twista, [[Kanye West]], <ref name="Uproxx" /> G Herbo, Lil Bibby, na Lil Durk . == Maisha ya kibinafsi == Bennett alikuwa katika uhusiano wa mara kwa mara na rapa wa Texas Asian Doll, lakini inasemekana wawili hao hawakuwa katika uhusiano wakati wa kifo chake. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=June 14, 2021|title=Asian Doll Addresses Rumors of King Von Cheating on Her Following News of Rapper's New Child|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/fnr-tigg/asian-doll-rumors-king-con-cheating|accessdate=January 11, 2022|work=[[Complex Networks|Complex]]|archivedate=December 30, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230225835/https://amp.www.complex.com/music/asian-doll-rumors-king-con-cheating}}</ref> Bennett alikuwa na watoto watatu. <ref name="complex" /> Binamu yake, Calboy, pia ni rapa wa mazoezi ya viungo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Todd|first=Jessica|date=May 2, 2022|title=Exclusive: Calboy on Being King Von's Cousin, Planned on Meeting Up with Him the Night He Died|url=https://www.vladtv.com/article/282763/calboy-on-being-king-vons-cousin-planned-on-meeting-up-with-him-the|accessdate=September 10, 2023|work=www.vladtv.com|language=}}</ref> === Masuala ya kisheria === Mnamo Aprili 2014, Bennett alihojiwa na polisi kama mtu wa maslahi katika risasi mbaya ya mwanachama wa Gangster Disciples wa miaka 17 Gakirah "KI". Barnes, lakini polisi walishindwa kumshtaki kwa sababu ya kutokubaliana katika taarifa za shahidi. Mnamo 2021, nyaraka zilizofunguliwa zilizotolewa na Idara ya Polisi ya Chicago zilizoitwa Bennett kama muuaji wa Barnes <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=B|first=Mira|date=July 13, 2021|title=King Von Named In 2014 Fatal Shooting Of Gakirah Barnes|url=https://thesource.com/2021/07/13/king-von-named-in-2014-fatal-shooting-of-gakirah-barnes/|accessdate=January 10, 2022|work=[[The Source (magazine)|The Source]]|archivedate=January 10, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110162139/https://thesource.com/2021/07/13/king-von-named-in-2014-fatal-shooting-of-gakirah-barnes/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Police Release Documents Confirming King Von Murdered Notorious Killer|url=https://www.vladtv.com/article/273979/police-release-documents-confirming-king-von-murdered-notorious-killer|accessdate=July 12, 2021|work=[[DJ Vlad|VladTV]]|archivedate=July 12, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712214515/https://www.vladtv.com/article/273979/police-release-documents-confirming-king-von-murdered-notorious-killer}}</ref> Mnamo Julai 24, 2014, Bennett alikamatwa kuhusiana na risasi Mei 2014, na kusababisha kifo cha Malcolm Stuckey na kujeruhiwa kwa wanaume wengine wawili. Bennett alishtakiwa kwa kosa moja la mauaji ya kiwango cha kwanza na makosa mawili ya kujaribu kuua. Upigaji risasi ulifanyika katika Englewood, [[Chicago]]. Bennett alipatikana hana hatia mnamo Desemba 2017.. Mnamo Mei 2019, Bennett na Lil Durk walikamatwa kuhusiana na mauaji ya risasi huko Atlanta. Bennett na mshtakiwa mwenzake Durk walionekana mbele ya hakimu katika mahakama ya Kaunti ya Fulton kwa kusikilizwa kwa sababu ya uwezekano. Waendesha mashtaka wamedai kwamba wanamuziki hao wawili walimwibia na kumpiga risasi Alexander Witherspoon nje ya sinema maarufu ya gari mnamo Februari 5 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.fox10phoenix.com/news/judge-rules-case-against-rappers-lil-durk-von-king-can-move-forward|title=Judge rules case against rappers Lil Durk, Von King can move forward|date=June 15, 2019|work=[[KSAZ-TV|FOX 10 Phoenix]]|accessdate=October 18, 2019|archivedate=November 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107232937/https://www.fox10phoenix.com/news/judge-rules-case-against-rappers-lil-durk-von-king-can-move-forward}}</ref> Baada ya wiki kadhaa gerezani, Durk aliachiliwa kwa dhamana ya $250,000, huku Von akiachiliwa kwa dhamana ya $300,000. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=June 23, 2019|title=King Von Released From Jail|url=https://kollegekidd.com/news/king-von-released-from-jail/|work=KollegeKidd.com|accessdate=June 27, 2021|archivedate=May 14, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514104632/https://kollegekidd.com/news/king-von-released-from-jail/}}</ref> Mashtaka dhidi ya Durk yalifutwa mnamo Oktoba 2022. Mnamo Januari 2023, baada ya kifo cha Bennett, FBI iliondoa uainishaji wa hati kadhaa zinazoonyesha kwamba mtoa taarifa wa siri alidai kwamba Bennett mwanzoni aliweka kipigo cha $50,000 kwenye Carlton " FBG Duck " Weekly, kabla ya kuongeza bei hadi $100,000. Gazeti la Weekly liliuawa katika eneo la Gold Coast huko Chicago mnamo Agosti 2020. Washiriki watano wa O'Block walikamatwa baadaye na kupatikana na hatia ya mauaji haya. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Allah|first=Sha Be|date=2023-01-18|title=FBI Release Documents Alleging King Von Put $100K Hit On FBG Duck|url=https://thesource.com/2023/01/18/fbi-release-documents-alleging-king-von-put-100k-hit-on-fbg-duck/|accessdate=2024-10-28|work=thesource.com|language=en-US|archivedate=April 16, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416043515/https://thesource.com/2023/01/18/fbi-release-documents-alleging-king-von-put-100k-hit-on-fbg-duck/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=|date=2022-01-31|title=15 Seconds of Gold Coast Mayhem: FBI Affidavit Lifts Curtain on FBG Duck Murder Case|url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/15-seconds-of-gold-coast-mayhem-fbi-affidavit-lifts-curtain-on-fbg-duck-murder-case/2743491/|accessdate=2024-10-28|work=NBC Chicago|language=en-US|archivedate=September 13, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913072926/https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/15-seconds-of-gold-coast-mayhem-fbi-affidavit-lifts-curtain-on-fbg-duck-murder-case/2743491/}}</ref> Mnamo Oktoba 9, 2024, iliripotiwa kuwa mali ya Bennett, pamoja na Durk na OTF Records, walitajwa katika kesi ya kifo cha makosa na mali na familia ya Weekly. Kesi hiyo na mawakili wake walidai kwamba Durk na alama yake ya OTF Records, ambayo Bennett alikuwa msaini, walikuwa "wanapata faida kutokana na kifo cha Weekly kupitia uzembe na mwenendo mbaya". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Wire • •|first=Andy Grimm/Sun-Times|date=2024-10-09|title=Rapper FBG Duck's mom sues Lil Durk, King Von's estate over son's brazen Gold Coast killing|url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/fbg-ducks-mom-sues-lil-durk-king-vons-estate-over-brazen-killing-of-son/3569378/|accessdate=2024-10-25|work=NBC Chicago|language=en-US|archivedate=November 12, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112122508/https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/fbg-ducks-mom-sues-lil-durk-king-vons-estate-over-brazen-killing-of-son/3569378/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Ewing|first=Tia|date=2024-10-09|title=Lawsuit blames Lil Durk, others for 2020 killing of FBG Duck, citing misconduct and negligence|url=https://www.fox32chicago.com/news/lawsuit-blames-lil-durk-others-2020-killing-fbg-duck|accessdate=2024-10-25|work=FOX 32 Chicago|language=en-US|archivedate=November 2, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241102090659/https://www.fox32chicago.com/news/lawsuit-blames-lil-durk-others-2020-killing-fbg-duck}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2024-10-09|title=Rapper FBG Duck's mom sues Lil Durk, King Von's estate over son's brazen Gold Coast killing|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/fbgduck/2024/10/09/fbg-duck-lil-durk-king-von-otf-only-the-family-shooting-homicide-lawsuit|accessdate=2024-10-25|work=Chicago Sun-Times|language=en|archivedate=November 12, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112122509/https://chicago.suntimes.com/fbgduck/2024/10/09/fbg-duck-lil-durk-king-von-otf-only-the-family-shooting-homicide-lawsuit}}</ref> == Kifo == Mnamo Novemba 6, 2020, yapata saa 3:00 asubuhi, Bennett na wafanyakazi wake walihusika katika ugomvi na wafanyakazi wa Quando Rondo nje ya Monaco Hookah Lounge huko [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]], Georgia. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von Reportedly In Critical Condition After Shoot Out With Quando Rondo's Crew|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/313810-king-von-rumored-to-be-in-critical-condition-after-shooting-report-news|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|date=November 6, 2020|accessdate=December 6, 2020|archivedate=November 6, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106153834/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/king-von-rumored-to-be-in-critical-condition-after-shooting-report-news.120836.html}}</ref> Mzozo huo ulizidi kuwa wa kufyatua risasi haraka, na Bennett alipigwa risasi mara nyingi. <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rapper King Von fatally shot in Atlanta|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/rapper-king-von-2-others-fatally-shot-atlanta-n1246807|accessdate=December 6, 2020|work=[[NBC News]]|archivedate=November 6, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106193353/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/rapper-king-von-2-others-fatally-shot-atlanta-n1246807}}</ref> Alisafirishwa hadi hospitalini akiwa katika hali mbaya na akafa huko baadaye siku hiyo. Alikuwa na umri wa miaka 26. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 6, 2020|title=Rapper King Von shot dead outside Atlanta nightclub|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/nov/06/king-von-rapper-shot-deashooting|publisher=theguardian.com|accessdate=November 10, 2020|archivedate=November 10, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110160831/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/nov/06/king-von-rapper-shot-dead-atlanta-shooting}}</ref> Ofisi ya Upelelezi ya Georgia iliripoti kwamba watu wawili waliuawa na sita kujeruhiwa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|first=Rebekah|author=Riess|title=Rapper King Von shot and killed outside Atlanta nightclub|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/06/us/atlanta-king-von-killed-in-shootout/index.html|accessdate=November 13, 2020|work=CNN|date=November 7, 2020|archivedate=November 14, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114124140/https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/06/us/atlanta-king-von-killed-in-shootout/index.html}}</ref> Mmoja wa wanaume waliojeruhiwa, alipokuwa akitibiwa jeraha la risasi, aliwekwa chini ya ulinzi wa polisi kwa mauaji ya Bennett. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 7, 2020|title=American Rapper King Von shot dead outside Atlanta nightclub – The Thinkera|url=https://www.thethinkera.com/current-affairs/international-news/america/american-rapper-king-von-shot-dead-outside-atlanta-nightclub/|accessdate=March 9, 2021|archivedate=November 7, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107083141/https://www.thethinkera.com/current-affairs/international-news/america/american-rapper-king-von-shot-dead-outside-atlanta-nightclub/}}</ref> Mshukiwa alitambuliwa kama Timothy "Lul Timm" Leeks mwenye umri wa miaka 22, rapa mwenye uhusiano na Quando Rondo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 8, 2020|title=Police Charge Rapper Lul Timm With Murdering King Von|url=https://allhiphop.com/news/police-charge-rapper-lul-timm-with-murdering-king-von/|accessdate=December 24, 2020|work=[[AllHipHop]]|archivedate=January 7, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107203902/https://allhiphop.com/news/police-charge-rapper-lul-timm-with-murdering-king-von/}}</ref> Mnamo Agosti 2023, mashtaka yalifutwa dhidi ya Leeks chini ya sheria ya Georgia ya " kusimama imara ". Mnamo Novemba 14, 2020, Bennett alizikwa katika Makaburi ya Burr Oak huko Alsip, Kaunti ya Cook, Illinois . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Lee|first=Nicole|title=King Von's Grave The final resting place of one of Chicago's most iconic drill rappers.|url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/king-vons-grave|work=[[Atlas Obscura]]|date=March 10, 2025|accessdate=March 12, 2025|archivedate=March 11, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311181954/https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/king-vons-grave}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cole|first=Alexander|date=December 14, 2020|title=King Von's Family Holds Private Funeral Service, Fans Offer Prayers|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/326325-king-vons-family-holds-private-funeral-service-fans-offer-prayers-news|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|accessdate=December 24, 2020|archivedate=January 7, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107144813/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/king-vons-family-holds-private-funeral-service-fans-offer-prayers-news.121285.html}}</ref> Mnamo Oktoba 2024, rapper wa Chicago na rafiki wa karibu wa Bennett, Lil Durk, alikamatwa karibu na Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Miami kwa mashtaka ya shirikisho, pamoja na njama ya kufanya mauaji ya kukodisha, mashtaka yanadai kwamba Durk aliandaa njama inayolenga rapper Quando Rondo, kwa madai ya kulipiza kisasi kwa mauaji ya Bennett ya 2020, na kusababisha kifo cha binamu wa Quando Rondo, Saviay'a "Lul Pab" Robinson.. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Renshaw|first=David|title=Lil Durk and the murder-for-hire charge explained|url=https://www.thefader.com/2024/11/26/lil-durk-murder-for-hire-explained?|work=[[The Fader]]|date=November 26, 2024|accessdate=January 12, 2025|archivedate=January 15, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115093526/https://www.thefader.com/2024/11/26/lil-durk-murder-for-hire-explained}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Curto|first=Justin|title=Lil Durk Arrested Over Alleged Murder Plot|url=https://www.vulture.com/article/lil-durk-arrested-murder.html?utm_campaign=feed-part&utm_medium=social_acct&|work=[[Vulture (magazine)|Vulture]]|date=November 26, 2024|accessdate=January 12, 2025|archivedate=January 21, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121181518/https://www.vulture.com/article/lil-durk-arrested-murder.html?utm_campaign=feed-part&utm_medium=social_acct&}}</ref> Washiriki watano wa kundi la Durk, Only the Family (OTF), pia walikamatwa kuhusiana na kesi hii.. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Curto|first=Justin|title=Federal charges filed against 5 accused in murder-for-hire shooting in retaliation for killing of rapper King Von|url=https://wgntv.com/news/chicago-news/federal-charges-filed-against-5-accused-in-murder-for-hire-shooting-in-retaliation-for-killing-of-rapper-king-von/?|work=[[WGNTV]]|date=October 25, 2024|accessdate=January 12, 2025}}</ref> === Ukumbusho === Wakati wa Tuzo za Grammy za kila mwaka za 63, Bennett alijumuishwa katika mkusanyiko wa In Memoriam. 1] Mnamo Agosti 2021, mchoro wa ukuta unaoonyesha Mfalme Von ulichorwa na msanii Chris Devins kwenye ukuta mkubwa unaokabiliwa na Martin Luther King Drive katika eneo la bustani za Parkway, ambapo Von alilelewa; kazi hiyo iliagizwa na Delilah Martinez, mmiliki wa nyumba ya sanaa na mwanzilishi wa Harakati ya Mural, iliyoelezewa kama "jibu la ubunifu kwa mauaji ya George Floyd".[1] 2] Bennett alionyeshwa na kofia ya baseball nyuma na kuvaa mnyororo wa fedha "O'Block"Wakati wa Tuzo za Grammy za 63 za kila mwaka, Bennett alijumuishwa kwenye mkusanyiko wa Kumbukumbu. Mnamo Agosti 2021, mchoro wa ukuta unaoonyesha Mfalme Von ulichorwa na msanii Chris Devins kwenye ukuta mkubwa unaokabiliwa na Martin Luther King Drive katika eneo la bustani za Parkway, ambapo Von alilelewa; kazi hiyo iliagizwa na Delilah Martinez, mmiliki wa nyumba ya sanaa na mwanzilishi wa Harakati ya Mural, iliyoelezewa kama "jibu la ubunifu kwa mauaji ya George Floyd".[1] 2] Bennett alionyeshwa na kofia ya baseball nyuma na kuvaa mnyororo wa fedha "O'Block" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=August 9, 2021|title=King Von Gets New Mural In Chicago's O-Block|url=https://thesource.com/2021/08/09/king-von-gets-new-mural-in-chicagos-o-block/|accessdate=January 8, 2022|work=[[The Source (magazine)|The Source]]|archivedate=December 29, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229224615/https://thesource.com/2021/08/09/king-von-gets-new-mural-in-chicagos-o-block/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 24, 2023|title=Slain drill rapper King Von looms on King Drive|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/columnists/2023/11/24/23972486/drill-rapper-king-von-mural-parkway-gardens-gangs-fbg-duck-disinvestment-natalie-moore|accessdate=November 25, 2023|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]}}</ref> Ukuta huo ulizua utata miongoni mwa wakazi wa Chicago, huku baadhi wakisema ulitukuza vurugu za magenge na ungevutia uhalifu unaohusiana na magenge katika eneo hilo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Evans|first=Maxwell|date=August 18, 2021|title=King Von Mural Near Parkway Gardens Sparked Debate, Threats And Harassment. Now, Neighbors To Vote On Its Fate|url=https://blockclubchicago.org/2021/08/18/king-von-mural-near-parkways-gardens-sparked-debate-threats-and-harassment-now-neighbors-to-vote-on-its-fate/|accessdate=January 8, 2022|work=[[Block Club Chicago]]|archivedate=December 9, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209182900/https://blockclubchicago.org/2021/08/18/king-von-mural-near-parkways-gardens-sparked-debate-threats-and-harassment-now-neighbors-to-vote-on-its-fate/}}</ref> Hatimaye, miaka mitatu baada ya kuonekana, mnamo Novemba 29, 2024, ukuta uliondolewa kutoka Parkway Gardens. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Johnson|first=Erick|date=2024-11-29|title=King Von Mural across from Parkway Gardens removed|url=https://chicagocrusader.com/king-von-mural-across-from-parkway-gardens-removed/|work=Chicago Crusader|accessdate=2024-12-14|language=en-US|archivedate=December 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214182557/https://chicagocrusader.com/king-von-mural-across-from-parkway-gardens-removed/}}</ref> == Diskografia == ; Albamu za studio * ''Welcome O'Block'' (2020) ; Albamu za studio za baada ya kifo * ''What It Means to Be King'' (2022) * ''Grandson'' (2023) == Tazama pia == * List of murdered hip-hop musicians == Vidokezo == {{Tanbihi}} == Marejeleo == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Tanbihi}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{Official|https://kingvonofficial.com/}} * King Von at IMDb [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2020]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1994]] [[Jamii:Articles with hCards]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6rb9c8ffrtqndo57hm9k9cztsz5a852 1592699 1592671 2026-08-28T16:42:22Z Denis John5 57299 Ongezeko la infobox 1592699 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Infobox person|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=August 9, 1994|picha=King_von2.webp|signature=King_Von_sig.svg|kazi maarufu=Rapa Mtunzi wa nyimbo za Rap|tarehe ya kufa=Novemba 6, 2020 (aged 26) Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.|sababu ya kifo=Mauaji (majeraha ya risasi)|name=Dayvon Daquan Bennett}} '''Dayvon Daquan Bennett''' (Agosti 9, 1994 -  Novemba 6, 2020), anajulikana kama King Von, alikuwa mwimbaji wa rap wa Marekani na gangster wa mitaani kutoka Chicago, [[Illinois]]. Alikuwa na uhusiano na genge la Black Disciples la South Side, [[Chicago]], <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://southsideweekly.com/opinion-king-von-drill-music-parkway-gardens-and-south-side-chicago/|title=Op-Ed: King Von, Drill Music, Parkway Gardens, and South Side Chicago|work=[[South Side Weekly]]|date=December 9, 2020|accessdate=July 14, 2024|archivedate=July 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714090735/https://southsideweekly.com/opinion-king-von-drill-music-parkway-gardens-and-south-side-chicago/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2024/1/2/24022988/fbg-duck-king-von-lil-durk-oblock-tookaville-black-disciples-gangster-chicago-gangs|title=After a trial lasting nearly 3 months, jury set to get case of brazen Gold Coast slaying of rapper FBG Duck|work=[[Chicago Sun Times]]|date=January 2, 2024|accessdate=July 14, 2024|archivedate=July 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714090735/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2024/1/2/24022988/fbg-duck-king-von-lil-durk-oblock-tookaville-black-disciples-gangster-chicago-gangs}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/fbg-duck-king-von-hit-mother|title=FBG Duck's mother speaks On King Von's alleged $100K hit on her son: 'They proved it'|work=[[HipHopDx]]|date=October 10, 2023|accessdate=July 14, 2024|archivedate=July 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714090735/https://hiphopdx.com/news/fbg-duck-king-von-hit-mother}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://abc7chicago.com/fbg-duck-death-verdict-o-block-street-gang-chicago-shooting/14333501/|title=6 O-Block street gang members convicted in 2020 Gold Coast shooting death of Chicago rapper FBG Duck|work=[[WLS-TV]]|date=January 17, 2024|accessdate=July 14, 2024|archivedate=July 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714090735/https://abc7chicago.com/fbg-duck-death-verdict-o-block-street-gang-chicago-shooting/14333501/}}</ref> na alikuwa mfano wa mfano wa muziki wa drill, kitengo kidogo cha [[hip-hop]] kilichotokana na eneo hilo Bennett alipata kutambuliwa kwa ajili ya hadithi yake na vivid lyricism, alibainisha na wakosoaji juu yake 2018 single "Crazy Story". Kabla ya kutolewa kwake, alisaini na lebo ya mwenzake wa Chicago Lil Durk Tu Familia, kupitia ambayo alitoa mixtape yake ya kwanza Grandson, Buku la 1 (2019), na ufuatiliaji wake Levon James (2020), zote mbili ambazo ziliingia kwa wastani kwenye Billboard 200 kama matoleo ya kujitegemea. "Crazy Story", pamoja na single yake ya 2020 "Took Her to the O", ilipokea cheti cha platinamu mara tatu na Chama cha Sekta ya Kurekodi ya Amerika (RIAA) <ref name="suntimes1">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-08-28|title=A 'dark cloud' follows Chicago's drill scene|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2020/11/6/21549717/king-von-drill-chief-keef-polo-pacman-chicago-king-louie-sasha-fbg-duck-herbo-durk-forrest-stuart|accessdate=July 7, 2023|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|language=en-US|archivedate=July 26, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726155645/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2020/11/6/21549717/king-von-drill-chief-keef-polo-pacman-chicago-king-louie-sasha-fbg-duck-herbo-durk-forrest-stuart}}</ref> <ref name="pitch1">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://pitchfork.com/levels/king-von-crazy-story-new-song-listen/|title=The Ones: King Von's "Crazy Story"|work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|date=February 6, 2019|accessdate=November 7, 2019|archivedate=November 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107232942/https://pitchfork.com/levels/king-von-crazy-story-new-song-listen/}}</ref> Wimbo huu wa mwisho ukawa wimbo wake wa kwanza [[Billboard Hot 100|''wa Billboard'' Hot 100]] na ukatangulia albamu yake ya kwanza ya studio, ''Welcome to O'Block'' (2020), ambayo ilifikia kilele cha nambari tano kwenye [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200.]] <ref name="RIAA">{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von - Welcome to O'Block|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=King+Von&ti=&lab=empire&genre=R%26B%2FHIP+HOP&format=Album&date_option=release&from=&to=&award=G&type=&category=&adv=SEARCH#search_section|accessdate=December 27, 2024|date=December 17, 2024|work=[[RIAA]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Mnamo Novemba 6, 2020, Bennett aliuawa kwa kupigwa risasi huko Atlanta, Georgia, akiwa na umri wa miaka 26, kufuatia ugomvi nje ya hookah lounge. Albamu yake ya pili na toleo la kwanza la baada ya kifo, ''What It Means to Be King'' (2022), ilianza nafasi ya pili kwenye Billboard 200, kama vile albamu yake ya tatu na toleo la mwisho la baada ya kifo, ''Grandson'' (2023). == Maisha yake ya awali == Dayvon Daquan Bennett alizaliwa mnamo Agosti 9, 1994, huko Chicago, Illinois. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://mugshots.com/US-Counties/Illinois/Cook-County-IL/Dayvon-Bennett.123203677.html|title=Dayvon Bennett Mugshot 123203677 – Vonita Bennett Arrest – Cook County, IL|work=Mugshots.com|date=November 21, 2015|accessdate=October 18, 2019|archivedate=November 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107232950/https://mugshots.com/US-Counties/Illinois/Cook-County-IL/Dayvon-Bennett.123203677.html}}</ref>Alikuwa na ndugu wa kambo sita kutoka kwa baba yake, Walter E. Bennett, na ndugu watatu kutoka kwa mama yake, Taesha. Alilelewa hasa na mama yake katika Parkway Garden Homes, eneo la kawaida inayojulikana kama "O'Block", iko katika Chicago South Side ndani ya Greater Grand Crossing eneo la jamii. <ref name="Complex1">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/mbraboy17/king-von-remembered-obituary|title=King Von, Fearless Storyteller|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|date=November 9, 2020|accessdate=October 9, 2023|archivedate=October 2, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002084723/https://www.complex.com/music/a/mbraboy17/king-von-remembered-obituary}}</ref> Uhusiano wake na baba yake haukuwa wa kubadilika kutokana na kifungo cha baba yake. Von alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 10, baba yake aliuawa na mtu aliyekuwa na bunduki ambaye hakuonekana. Baadaye Von alimsifu baba yake katika nyimbo nyingi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://thenetline.com/the-truth-about-king-von-parents-and-his-kids/|title=The truth about King Von's parents and his kids|work=thenetline.com|date=January 29, 2021|accessdate=March 4, 2021|archivedate=February 27, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227151340/https://thenetline.com/the-truth-about-king-von-parents-and-his-kids/}}</ref> Bennett alikuwapo kwa kuzaliwa kwa muziki wa drill kupitia ushirika wake na Chief Keef na Lil Durk. Hata hivyo, mara kwa mara alikuwa gerezani katika miaka ya 2010 kwa wingi wa mashtaka makubwa ya jinai, ambayo alifanya naye anajulikana katika eneo drill Chicago hata kabla ya kuanza kurekodi muziki. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.vulture.com/2022/08/drill-songs-to-know.html|title=The Drill Songs to Know A mini subgenre primer.|work=[[Vulture (magazine)|Vulture]]|accessdate=February 17, 2024|date=August 17, 2022|archivedate=April 6, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406234706/https://www.vulture.com/2022/08/drill-songs-to-know.html}}</ref> Akiwa na umri wa miaka 16, Bennett alipelekwa katika gereza la vijana kwa wizi wa silaha mnamo Januari 2011. Alipokuwa gerezani, Bennett alipata shahada ya elimu ya juu. Baada ya kuachiliwa, Bennett alihudhuria madarasa machache katika Chuo cha South Suburban huko South Holland, Illinois, kabla ya kuacha. <ref>{{Cite video|title=King Von In Jail For 3.5 Years At Age 19, Facing Life In Prison, Acquitted Of Attempted Murder|publisher=DJ Smallz Eyes|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch/?v=RX8iLw1BjyY}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eP7IH2du-5s|title=King Von Speaks On Being A College Student 👨🏽‍🎓📚#foryou}}</ref> Mnamo Julai 2014, Bennett alishtakiwa kwa shtaka moja la mauaji ya shahada ya kwanza na mashtaka mawili ya kujaribu kuua kuhusiana na ufyatuaji risasi uliomuua mmoja na kuwajeruhi wengine wawili. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://chicago.cbslocal.com/2014/07/24/second-man-charged-with-may-shooting-that-killed-man-wounded-two-others/|title=Second Man Charged with May Shooting That Killed Man, Wounded Two Others|work=[[CBS News]]|date=July 24, 2014|accessdate=August 2, 2023|archivedate=January 23, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123183557/https://chicago.cbslocal.com/2014/07/24/second-man-charged-with-may-shooting-that-killed-man-wounded-two-others/}}</ref> Baada ya kufungwa katika gereza la Cook County kwa zaidi ya miaka mitatu, aliachiliwa huru mnamo Desemba 2017 na kuanza kazi yake ya muziki. == Kazi == === 20 17–2019: Mwanzo wa kazi na ''Mjukuu, Juz. 1'' === Baada ya Von kuachiliwa kutoka gerezani mnamo Desemba 2017, rapa mwenzake Lil Durk alimsaini Von katika lebo ya Durk ya Only the Family . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Lobad|first=Noor|date=2020-10-05|title=King Von is an OTF Affiliate|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/323370-who-is-king-von-everything-to-know-about-the-lil-durk-affiliate-rapper-news|accessdate=2025-12-30|work=HotNewHipHop|language=en|archivedate=April 21, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421051035/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/323370-who-is-king-von-everything-to-know-about-the-lil-durk-affiliate-rapper-news}}</ref> Kisha Von alitoa mfululizo wa nyimbo za single. Wimbo wa kwanza kati ya hizi ulikuwa "Beat Dat Body", ambao ulimshirikisha rapa mwenzake marehemu wa Chicago [[THF Zoo]], <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Who was THF Bay Zoo, Rapper Reportedly Shot Dead at Chicago's Little Village?|date=27 October 2025|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/world/us/us-news/who-was-thf-bay-zoo-rapper-reportedly-shot-dead-chicago-little-village-article-153056306|accessdate=October 26, 2025|archivedate=October 26, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251026220453/https://www.timesnownews.com/world/us/us-news/who-was-thf-bay-zoo-rapper-reportedly-shot-dead-chicago-little-village-article-153056306}}</ref> na ulitolewa mnamo Juni 17, 2018. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Beat Dat Body (feat. THF Bayzoo) – Single|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/beat-dat-body-feat-thf-bay-zoo/1439318705?i=1439318708|date=June 17, 2018|accessdate=August 28, 2023|work=[[Apple Music]]|language=en|archivedate=October 2, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002085140/https://music.apple.com/us/album/beat-dat-body-feat-thf-bay-zoo/1439318705?i=1439318708}}</ref> Baadaye Von alionekana kwenye albamu ya ''Lil Durk Presents: Only The Family Involved'', ambayo ilitolewa Julai 31. Alishiriki katika wimbo "Problems", ambao ulikuwa na [[Muziki wa video|video ya muziki]] iliyoambatana nayo iliyotolewa mnamo Agosti 9. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lil Durk Presents: Only The Family Involved|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/problems-feat-king-von/1419853271?i=1419853284|date=July 31, 2018|accessdate=August 28, 2023|work=[[Apple Music]]|language=en|archivedate=August 28, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828085323/https://music.apple.com/us/album/problems-feat-king-von/1419853271?i=1419853284}}</ref> Kisha Von alitoa wimbo "War With Us" mnamo Oktoba 18. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=WAR With US|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/war-with-us-single/1446111626|date=October 18, 2018|accessdate=August 28, 2023|work=[[Apple Music]]|language=en}}</ref> Wimbo wa Von " Crazy Story " ulitolewa mnamo Desemba 6. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Crazy Story – Single by King Von|date=December 6, 2018|url=https://music.apple.com/ai/album/crazy-story-single/1445596490|accessdate=November 8, 2020|archivedate=January 24, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124204552/https://music.apple.com/ai/album/crazy-story-single/1445596490}}</ref> Ilikuwa wimbo wake maarufu, maarufu kwa masimulizi yake ya jaribio la wizi katika mji wake wa Chicago, <ref name="Vulture2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Drill Songs to Know A mini subgenre primer.|url=https://www.vulture.com/2022/08/drill-songs-to-know.html|date=August 17, 2022|accessdate=November 27, 2023|work=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]|language=en|archivedate=April 6, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406234706/https://www.vulture.com/2022/08/drill-songs-to-know.html}}</ref> <ref name="Genius2">{{Rejea tovuti|date=April 22, 2022|title=Check The Rhyme: Deconstructing King Von's "Crazy Story" Verse|url=https://genius.com/a/check-the-rhyme-deconstructing-king-von-s-crazy-story-verse|accessdate=November 27, 2023|work=[[Genius (company)|Genius]]|language=en|archivedate=November 30, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130094030/https://genius.com/a/check-the-rhyme-deconstructing-king-von-s-crazy-story-verse}}</ref> na kufikia nambari 81 kwenye [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100.]] <ref name="pitch1" /> Mnamo Januari 9, 2019, Von alionyeshwa kwenye remix ya "Exposing Me", wimbo wa mwanamuziki mwenzake wa Chicago Memo600. Von na Memo600 walibadilishana vibao bila kuheshimu na kuelezea kwa undani vita vya maisha halisi na mapigano dhidi ya wapinzani wengine wa jirani. Jibu kutoka kwa walengwa lilitokea wakati wanamuziki wa rap FBG Duck na Rooga walipoacha remix yao ya wimbo huo mnamo Februari 4. Nyimbo zote mbili zilitolewa kutoka kwa sampuli ya wimbo wa asili wa India Sanam Re. Kufuatia mafanikio, mfululizo wa remixes kwa wimbo huo zilifanywa na wasanii wengine wote katika Marekani na Ulaya. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/342622-from-king-vons-exposin-me-to-cjs-whoopty-a-hindi-love-song-turned-drill-beat-news|title=From King Von's "Exposin Me" To CJ's "Whoopty": A Hindi Love Song Turned Drill Beat|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|date=January 22, 2021|accessdate=March 1, 2024|archivedate=November 16, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116110944/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/342622-from-king-vons-exposin-me-to-cjs-whoopty-a-hindi-love-song-turned-drill-beat-news}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.stereogum.com/2110126/cj-whoopty-brooklyn-drill-mainstream/columns/status-aint-hood/|title=CJ's "Whoopty" And The Mainstreaming Of Drill|work=[[Stereogum]]|date=December 9, 2020|accessdate=March 1, 2024|archivedate=December 29, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229081626/https://www.stereogum.com/2110126/cj-whoopty-brooklyn-drill-mainstream/columns/status-aint-hood/}}</ref> Mnamo Februari 14, mpenzi wa Von wakati huo, rapa Asian Doll, alitoa video ya muziki kwa ajili ya wimbo wake, "Mjukuu", ambapo alionekana. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Langhorne|first=Cyrus|date=February 14, 2019|title=Watch: Gucci Mane Protégé Asian Doll Celebrates V-Day W/ New GRANDSON Video|url=https://www.sohh.com/watch-gucci-mane-protege-asian-doll-celebrates-v-day-w-new-grandson-video/|work=[[SOHH]]|accessdate=November 10, 2020|archivedate=November 10, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110192559/https://www.sohh.com/watch-gucci-mane-protege-asian-doll-celebrates-v-day-w-new-grandson-video/}}</ref> Mei 3, "Crazy Story 2.0" featuring Lil Durk ilitolewa, na video ya muziki baadaye ilitolewa siku kumi na saba baadaye; wimbo ulifikia nafasi ya nne kwenye chati ya Bubbling Under Hot 100 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://hypebeast.com/2019/5/king-von-crazy-story-2-0-lil-durk-music-video-stream|title=King Von & Lil Durk Showcase the OTF Movement for ''Crazy Story 2.0'' Video|work=[[Hypebeast (company)|Hypebeast]]|date=May 20, 2019|accessdate=October 18, 2019|archivedate=June 18, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618033458/https://hypebeast.com/2019/5/king-von-crazy-story-2-0-lil-durk-music-video-stream}}</ref> Utoaji wake wa tatu na wa mwisho wa wimbo huo ulifuatiwa mnamo Septemba 13. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/188176-otfs-king-von-returns-with-crazy-story-pt-3-new-song|title=OTF's King Von Returns With "Crazy Story Pt. 3"|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|date=September 14, 2019|accessdate=October 18, 2019|archivedate=November 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107232938/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/otfs-king-von-returns-with-crazy-story-pt-3-new-song.1984488.html}}</ref> Mnamo Julai 9, 2019, Lil Durk na King Von walitoa wimbo wao wa pamoja "Like That". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.thefader.com/2019/07/09/lil-durk-new-album-love-songs-4-the-streets-2-listen-2019|title=Lil Durk announces new album, drops single ''Like That'' feat. King Von|work=[[The Fader]]|accessdate=October 18, 2019|archivedate=October 30, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030100027/http://www.thefader.com/2019/07/09/lil-durk-new-album-love-songs-4-the-streets-2-listen-2019}}</ref> Mnamo Septemba 2, Von alitoa single yake "What It's Like", kama mtangulizi wa albamu yake ya kwanza ya mixtape iliyotangazwa mnamo Septemba. Mixtape baadaye ilitolewa mnamo Septemba 19 chini ya jina, Grandson, Vol. 1, iliyo na nyimbo kumi na tatu na kutengenezwa na Chopsquad DJ. Ina sifa tatu kuwakilishwa na "Twin Nem" na kwa remix ya "Crazy Story", wote wawili featuring Durk; kipengele nyingine inajumuisha ushirikiano na Chicago msanii na OTF affiliate Booka600 juu ya "Jet". Mixtape pia inajumuisha nyimbo "Crazy Story", "Crazy Story, Pt. 3", na wimbo wake wa pili wa "War With Us" uliotengenezwa mnamo Oktoba 18, 2018. Grandson, Vol. 1 ilianza nafasi ya 75 na baadaye ilifikia nafasi ya 53, kwenye Billboard 200, pia ilifikia nafasi ya 27 kwenye chati ya Albamu za Hip Hop / R&B, na nafasi ya 9 kwenye chati ya Albamu za Independent. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/king-von-mn0003831585/biography|title=King Von {{!}} Biography & History|work=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=October 18, 2019|archivedate=November 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107232930/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/king-von-mn0003831585/biography}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.52881/title.king-von-shares-grandson-vol-1-mixtape|title=King Von Shares "Grandson Vol. 1" Mixtape|date=September 19, 2019|work=[[HipHopDX]]|accessdate=October 18, 2019|archivedate=November 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107232936/https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.52881/title.king-von-shares-grandson-vol-1-mixtape}}</ref> === 2020: ''Levon James'' na ''Karibu O'Block'' === Mnamo Novemba 16, 2019, Von alitoa wimbo wake " 2 AM " ukifuatiwa na video inayolingana ambayo itatolewa siku hiyo hiyo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/211452-otfs-king-von-drops-off-2-am-new-song|title=OTF's King Von Drops Off "2 AM"|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|date=November 19, 2019|accessdate=November 29, 2019|archivedate=October 31, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031232713/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/otfs-king-von-drops-off-2-am-new-song.1985253.html}}</ref> Mnamo Novemba 29, 2019, Von alitoa wimbo wake "Rollin" akimshirikisha YNW Melly, ukiambatana na video ya muziki. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/212818-ynw-melly-joins-king-von-on-new-song-rolling-new-song|title=YNW Melly Joins King Von On New Song "Rollin"|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|date=November 30, 2019|accessdate=December 6, 2019|archivedate=December 6, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206062217/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/ynw-melly-joins-king-von-on-new-song-rolling-new-song.1985371.html}}</ref> Baadaye alitoa, mnamo Februari 21, 2020, " Took Her to the O ", pamoja na video ya muziki, ambayo ikawa wimbo wake uliofanikiwa zaidi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=February 21, 2020|title=King Von divulga nova música "Took Her To The O" com clipe|url=https://rap24horas.com.br/2020/02/21/king-von-divulga-nova-musica-took-her-to-the-o/|accessdate=July 9, 2023|work=[[24 Horas (Spanish TV channel)|24 Horas]]|author=Guerra|first=Bruno|archivedate=November 30, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130073429/https://rap24horas.com.br/2020/02/21/king-von-divulga-nova-musica-took-her-to-the-o/}}</ref> "Took Her to the O" na "Rollin" baadaye zilijumuishwa kwenye mixtape yake ya pili, ''Levon James'', ambayo ilitolewa Machi 6, 2020, ambayo ilianzia nambari 63 na baadaye ikafika kileleni nambari 40 kwenye ''Billboard'' 200. <ref name="Block">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.complex.com/music/2020/10/king-von-new-album-welcome-to-o-block|title=King Von Shares New Album 'Welcome To O'Block' f/ Lil Durk, Polo G, and More|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|author=Cowen|first=Trace William|date=October 30, 2020|accessdate=November 7, 2020|archivedate=November 3, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103232820/https://www.complex.com/music/2020/10/king-von-new-album-welcome-to-o-block}}</ref> Ilitolewa kupitia Only the Family Entertainment / Empire na inajumuisha mseto wa nyimbo 16 uliotayarishwa na DJ wa Chopsquad, ukijumuisha mistari kutoka kwa NLE Choppa, Tee Grizzley, G Herbo, Lil Durk, YNW Melly, Booka600 na Yungeen Ace . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/228889-sada-baby-and-king-von-join-forces-on-pressin-new-song|title=Sada Baby & King Von Join Forces On "Pressin"|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|date=January 11, 2020|accessdate=February 7, 2020|archivedate=February 7, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207055941/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/sada-baby-and-king-von-join-forces-on-pressin-new-song.1985768.html}}</ref> Video rasmi ya "On Yo Ass" ilitolewa mnamo Machi 6, 2020, sambamba na tarehe ya kutolewa kwa albamu. Wimbo huu unamshirikisha msanii wa Chicago G Herbo, huku ukiwa umetayarishwa na DJ wa Chopsquad. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://audibletreats.com/king-von_pr16/|title=Project: King Von – LeVon James|date=February 23, 2020|work=audibletreats.com|accessdate=August 14, 2023|archivedate=August 11, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811000920/https://audibletreats.com/king-von_pr16/}}</ref> Mnamo Machi 20, 2020, video rasmi ya "Trust Issues" ilitolewa, ikimshirikisha rapa wa Florida Yungeen Ace; katika wimbo huo Von alibadilisha mwelekeo wake wa genge ili kuonyesha upande wake mpole. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.55054/title.king-von-yungeen-ace-navigate-an-icy-love-triangle-in-trust-issues|title=King Von & Yungeen Ace Navigate An Icy Love Triangle In 'Trust Issues' VIDEO|date=March 21, 2020|work=[[HipHopDx]]|accessdate=August 14, 2023|archivedate=August 11, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811003527/https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.55054/title.king-von-yungeen-ace-navigate-an-icy-love-triangle-in-trust-issues}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://kazimagazine.com/uncategorized/king-von-yungeen-ace-connect-on-trust-issues/|title=King Von & Yungeen Ace Connect On "Trust Issues"|date=March 27, 2020|work=kazimagazine.com|accessdate=August 14, 2023|author=Helios|archivedate=August 11, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811001647/https://kazimagazine.com/uncategorized/king-von-yungeen-ace-connect-on-trust-issues/}}</ref> Mnamo Aprili 6, 2020, Bennett alitoa video rasmi ya muziki ya saa 3 asubuhi kwenye YouTube, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://music.apple.com/my/music-video/3-a-m/1506673127|title=3 A.M. King Von Official Video|date=April 6, 2020|work=[[Apple Music]]|accessdate=March 2, 2024|archivedate=March 2, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302212924/https://music.apple.com/my/music-video/3-a-m/1506673127}}</ref> ikifuatiwa na Aprili 29, 2020, kutolewa kwa wimbo wake " Grandson For President " ambao baadaye ulijumuishwa kama wimbo wa albamu ya ''What It Means to Be King'' . Alifuata wimbo huo kwa karibu na video ya muziki ya "Broke Opps", wimbo mwingine kutoka kwenye albamu yake ya ''Levon James'' . Mnamo mwaka wa 2020, King Von alianza kufanya kazi kwenye Welcome to O'Block, ambayo mwishowe itatolewa kama albamu yake ya kwanza ya studio na inabaki kuwa pekee iliyotolewa wakati wa maisha yake. Alichapisha wimbo wa kwanza wa albamu hiyo, "Why He Told" mnamo Julai 27, 2020, akifuatana na video ya muziki iliyochapishwa kwenye kituo chake cha YouTube. Hii ilifuatiwa na single "All These Niggas" mnamo Agosti 5, 2020, ikionyesha rapper wa Chicago Lil Durk; kwa sababu za kisheria, Durk hakuweza kuonekana kwenye video iliyoambatana, ambayo ilitolewa siku hiyo hiyo na kupata maoni milioni 24 ndani ya miezi miwili kwenye jukwaa. Kisha alitoa wimbo mwingine, uliopewa jina la "How It Go", kwa kushirikiana na video nyingine ya muziki, mnamo Agosti 26, 2020. Mnamo Oktoba 9, 2020, King Von alitoa "Mimi ni nini mimi", akishirikiana na New York rapper Fivio Foreign, pamoja na video ya muziki. [1] [2] Wiki mbili baadaye Bennett alitoa "Gleesh Place" pamoja na video nyingine ya muziki kwenye kituo chake rasmi. Utoaji huu ulikuwa ukitarajia kutolewa rasmi kwa Karibu O'Block ambayo ilikuja mnamo Oktoba 30, 2020. Albamu ya nyimbo 16 ina uzalishaji wa Chopsquad DJ, Tay Keith, Wheezy na Hitmaka, kati ya wengine; pia ina wasanii Prince Dre, Lil Durk, Dreezy, Moneybagg Yo. Albamu ni pamoja na Polo G ushirikiano "Kanuni", ambayo ilitolewa na video ya muziki. 3][4][5] Mradi huo ulifikia kiwango cha juu cha 5 kwenye Billboard kwa Albamu za Juu za 200 za Amerika, nambari 1 kwa Albamu za Juu za R&B / Hip Hop, nambari 1 kwa Albamu ya Juu ya Wajitolea na ilifikia kiwango cha 12 kwa Albamu za Juu za 100 za Canada Katika mahojiano na <nowiki><i id="mwAaY">Complex</i></nowiki>, Bennett alifichua maono yake kuhusu mradi mpya ujao na tofauti kuu kutoka kwa kazi yake ya awali, ''Levon James'', akitangaza: "Ukifanya jambo na kuendelea kulifanya, utapata matokeo bora zaidi. Kila kitu kitakuwa bora zaidi. Ni kweli, nimekuwa nikifanya kazi kwa bidii". Katika mahojiano mengine ya ''Uproxx'', alitangaza kwamba alitaka kujitolea mradi huo kwa mtaa wake, na kwa watu wote walioishi na kuhangaika huko. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cowen|first=Trace William|date=October 30, 2020|title=King Von Shares New Album 'Welcome To O'Block' f/ Lil Durk, Polo G, and More|url=https://www.complex.com/music/2020/10/king-von-new-album-welcome-to-o-block|accessdate=November 7, 2020|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|archivedate=November 3, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103232820/https://www.complex.com/music/2020/10/king-von-new-album-welcome-to-o-block}}</ref> <ref name="Uproxx">{{Rejea tovuti|date=Nov 19, 2020|title=A Final Conversation With King Von|url=https://uproxx.com/music/king-von-interview-welcome-to-oblock/|work=[[Uproxx]]|language=en-US|accessdate=August 2, 2023|archivedate=March 3, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303123734/https://uproxx.com/music/king-von-interview-welcome-to-oblock/}}</ref> Alifariki wiki moja baada ya albamu hiyo kutolewa. <ref name="suntimes1" /> Baada ya kifo chake, video za muziki za " Wayne's Story ", " Armed &amp;amp; Dangerous ", "Mine Too", na " Demon " zilitolewa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=Dec 8, 2020|title=King Von's Bone-Chilling 'Wayne's Story' Video Details A Cycle Of Violence|url=https://uproxx.com/music/king-von-waynes-story-video/|accessdate=July 7, 2023|work=[[Uproxx]]|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-08-28|title=Watch King Von's Posthumous "Armed & Dangerous" Video|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/fnr-tigg/king-von-new-video-armed-and-dangerous|accessdate=July 27, 2023|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|language=en-US|archivedate=July 26, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726155652/https://www.complex.com/music/a/fnr-tigg/king-von-new-video-armed-and-dangerous}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=Jan 11, 2021|title=King Von's New Video for 'Mine Too' Released|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/fnr-tigg/king-von-releases-video-for-new-single-mine-too|accessdate=July 7, 2023|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|language=en-US|archivedate=July 26, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726155648/https://www.complex.com/music/a/fnr-tigg/king-von-releases-video-for-new-single-mine-too}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=Aug 9, 2021|title=King Von Music Video "Demon" Released on What Would Have Been His 27th Birthday|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/brad-callas/king-von-demon-video-birthday|accessdate=July 27, 2023|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|language=en-US|archivedate=July 26, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726155648/https://www.complex.com/music/a/brad-callas/king-von-demon-video-birthday}}</ref> == Matoleo ya baada ya kifo == === 2020–2022: Sifa na ''Maana ya Kuwa Mfalme'' === Mnamo Desemba 14, 2020, mwezi mmoja tu baada ya kifo cha Bennett, Funkmaster Flex alitoa video rasmi ya " Lurkin " kwenye chaneli yake rasmi [[YouTube|ya YouTube]], ikiwakilisha kuonekana kwa kwanza baada ya kifo katika taswira ya muziki ya Bennett; hata hivyo, wimbo huo ulikuwa wa Oktoba 22, 2020. <ref>{{Citation|title=Funk Flex Shares "Lurkin'" Collab With Late Rapper King Von|date=September 26, 2021|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/308099-funk-flex-shares-lurkin-collab-with-late-rapper-king-von-new-song|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806072419/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/308099-funk-flex-shares-lurkin-collab-with-late-rapper-king-von-new-song|periodical=[[HotNewHipHop]]|access-date=August 15, 2024|archive-date=August 6, 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|title=Polo G Joins Funk Flex's "Lurkin" Remix f/ King Von|date=July 16, 2021|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/cmplxtara-mahadevan/funk-flex-king-von-polo-g-lurkin-remix-video|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813082911/https://www.complex.com/music/a/cmplxtara-mahadevan/funk-flex-king-von-polo-g-lurkin-remix-video|periodical=[[Complex Networks|Complex]]|access-date=August 15, 2024|archive-date=August 13, 2024}}</ref> Mnamo Desemba 24, 2020, Lil Durk alitoa albamu yake, ''The Voice'', kama heshima kwa Bennett, ambaye, pamoja na Durk, wanaonekana kwenye jalada la albamu kama mtu muhimu na pia wameangaziwa kwenye wimbo " Still Trappin' ". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.pitchfork.com/news/lil-durk-releases-new-album-the-voice-listen|title=Lil Durk Releases New Album The Voice|work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|author=Bloom|first=Madison|date=December 24, 2020|accessdate=December 25, 2020|archivedate=December 24, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224180259/https://pitchfork.com/news/lil-durk-releases-new-album-the-voice-listen/}}</ref> Katika mahojiano mnamo Februari 26, 2021, meneja wa Bennett alisema kuwa Von alikuwa na zaidi ya nyimbo 300 ambazo hazikutolewa, au karibu albamu 10 zenye thamani ya yaliyomo, ambayo wangeendelea kutoa kwa idhini ya familia katika miaka iliyofuata kwa lengo la kuweka urithi wake hai. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von's Former Manager Says Late Rapper Had Around 300 Unreleased Songs|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/cmplxtara-mahadevan/former-manager-says-king-von-had-over-300-unreleased-songs|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|date=February 26, 2021|accessdate=September 19, 2023|archivedate=September 11, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230911134854/https://www.complex.com/music/a/cmplxtara-mahadevan/former-manager-says-king-von-had-over-300-unreleased-songs}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von's Family Vows To Continue Releasing His Music & Interviews|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.59103/title.king-vons-family-vows-to-continue-releasing-his-music-interviews|work=[[HipHopDX]]|date=November 19, 2020|accessdate=September 19, 2023|archivedate=September 28, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928194252/https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.59103/title.king-vons-family-vows-to-continue-releasing-his-music-interviews}}</ref> Mnamo Machi 3, 2021, Bennett alishirikishwa kwenye albamu ya mkusanyiko ''ya Loyal Bros'' na lebo ya rekodi ya Marekani Only the Family . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/cmplxjoshua-espinoza/lil-durk-king-von-otf-only-the-family-loyal-bros-stream|title=Lil Durk and the OTF Crew Drop 'Loyal Boys' Compilation Mixtape|date=March 5, 2021|accessdate=March 14, 2024}}</ref> Alionekana kwenye nyimbo tatu ikiwa ni pamoja na "Out the Roof" ambayo pia inashirikiana na rappers wa Chicago Lil Durk na Booka600; "Mimi na Doodie Lo" inayoonyesha Doodie Lo, ambayo ilitolewa kabla ya kifo cha Bennett na baadaye ilitumika kama wimbo wa kwanza wa albamu. Hiyo pia ilijumuisha video ya muziki iliyotolewa mnamo Agosti 21, 2020. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.64180/title.lil-durk-gifts-otf-rapper-200k-earrings-to-celebrate-big-doodie-lo-album|title=Lil Durk Gifts OTF Rapper $200k Earrings To Celebrate 'Big Doodie Lo' Album by Brandon Caldwell|date=August 28, 2021|accessdate=March 14, 2024|archivedate=March 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314105603/https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.64180/title.lil-durk-gifts-otf-rapper-200k-earrings-to-celebrate-big-doodie-lo-album}}</ref> Hatimaye, alionekana kwenye wimbo wa mwisho wa mradi " Jump " ambao bado unawashirikisha Lil Durk, Booka600 na Memo600. Video ya muziki ya wimbo huo ilirekodiwa kabla ya kifo cha Bennett na kutolewa wakati huo huo siku ile ile ya kutolewa kwa wimbo huo, mnamo Machi 3, 2021. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://uproxx.com/music/lil-durk-king-von-jump-video/|title=Lil Durk And King Von's 'Jump' Video Highlights The OTF Crew Chemistry|date=March 16, 2021|accessdate=March 14, 2024|archivedate=March 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314100823/https://uproxx.com/music/lil-durk-king-von-jump-video/}}</ref> Mnamo Februari 4, 2022, timu yake ya usimamizi ilitangaza albamu mpya ya rapa huyo yenye jina la ''What It Means to Be King'' . Siku iliyofuata, Februari 5, wimbo wa promosheni " Don't Play That " ulitolewa, ukimshirikisha rapa wa Marekani [[21 Savage]], na unawakuta wawili hao wakitoa nyimbo zao kwenye utayarishaji wa Kid Hazel; video rasmi ya muziki ya wimbo huo ilitolewa Februari 9, 2022. <ref name="wimtbk" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von And 21 Savage's Colorful 'Don't Play That' Video Pairs Cuddly Animation With Vicious Lyrics|url=https://uproxx.com/music/king-von-21-savage-dont-play-that-video-2/|work=[[Uproxx]]|date=February 9, 2022|accessdate=September 17, 2023|archivedate=September 28, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928194252/https://uproxx.com/music/king-von-21-savage-dont-play-that-video-2/}}</ref> Hii ilifuatia kutolewa kwa dondoo la albamu yake ya pili inayoitwa " War " mnamo Machi 2, 2022, kipande hicho kinaambatana na video rasmi ya taswira. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von's Estate Shares "War", A Breathlessly Intense Single From What It Means To Be King|url=https://audibletreats.com/king-vons_pr34/|work=audibletreats.com|date=March 4, 2022|accessdate=June 21, 2023|archivedate=June 21, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621142539/https://audibletreats.com/king-vons_pr34/}}</ref> Nyimbo hizi mbili zilipata mafanikio ya kibiashara, zikishika nafasi ya 40 na 63 mtawalia kwenye ''Billboard'' Hot 100. Mnamo Machi 4, 2022, albamu hiyo ilitolewa kupitia Empire Distribution na Only the Family na timu yake ya usimamizi, ikiwakilisha albamu ya pili ya studio ya King Von na kazi ya kwanza baada ya kifo chake. Albamu hiyo inaangazia wageni kutoka kwa G Herbo, 21 Savage, Fivio Foreign, Moneybagg Yo, Lil Durk, Tee Grizzley, A Boogie wit da Hoodie, Dreezy, Boss Top, DqFrmDaO, na OMB Peezy . Utayarishaji uliendeshwa na Chopsquad DJ, Hitmaka, Tee Romano, Kid Hazel, Touch of Trent, DJ Bandz, DJ FMCT, Glaazer, Diego Ave, Bankroll Got It, TM88, ATL Jacob, Geraldo Liive, CGM Beats, John Lam, na Raw Equity. Orodha ya nyimbo inajumuisha wimbo "Mjukuu Kwa Rais" wimbo uliosifiwa ambao ulianzia Aprili 2020, hii inafanya, kwa kweli, kuwa wimbo wa kwanza wa albamu Rekodi hiyo ilifikia kilele cha nambari 2 kwenye [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], ikipata vitengo 59,000 sawa na albamu, ambapo 55,000 vilitoka kwa mitiririko milioni 79, na 4,000 kutokana na mauzo ya albamu halisi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.complex.com/music/king-von-dababy-youngboy-never-broke-again-first-week-numbers|title=The Final First Week Numbers for King Von and DaBaby x YoungBoy Never Broke Again Projects Are In|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|date=March 14, 2022|accessdate=September 17, 2022|archivedate=October 8, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008133659/https://www.complex.com/music/king-von-dababy-youngboy-never-broke-again-first-week-numbers}}</ref> Matokeo haya inageuka kuwa nafasi yake bora na ya pili ya juu 10 kwa King Von katika Billboard 200, ambaye kwanza alifikia juu 10 na albamu yake ya kwanza ya studio Karibu O ⁇ Block ambayo ilifikia namba 5.. Muda mfupi baadaye, video za muziki za dondoo mbili kutoka kwenye diski zake zilitolewa: "Too Real" ilitolewa Machi 7, 2022, na "Get it Done" ilitolewa siku ya kuzaliwa kwake, Agosti 9, 2022. === 2023–sasa: ''Mjukuu'' === Mnamo Januari 2023, meneja wa King Von alitangaza kwa chapisho kwenye Instagram, kuachwa kwa mradi mpya wa baada ya kifo cha rapa huyo, uliopangwa kufanyika mwaka huo huo. Mnamo Juni, jina la albamu hiyo lilitangazwa kuwa ''Mjukuu,'' jambo ambalo linakumbusha tepu ya kwanza ya Von, ''Grandson, Vol.'' ''1'', na ni kumbukumbu ya jina lake maarufu la utani, ambalo mfungwa mmoja alimpa wakati wa kifungo chake katika Gereza la Kaunti ya Cook kutoka 2014 hadi 2017. Rekodi hiyo ilishughulikiwa na washirika wa karibu wa mwanamuziki huyo na mama yake mwenyewe Nyimbo tatu zilitolewa kabla ya albamu hiyo. Ya kwanza, " Robbery ", ilitolewa mnamo Juni 23, 2023, ikiwa na video rasmi iliyotolewa siku hiyo hiyo; <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Check out King Von's latest video for "Robberies"|url=https://www.revolt.tv/article/2023-06-28/312199/king-von-robberies-video/|work=[[Revolt (TV network)|Revolt Tv]]|accessdate=July 8, 2023|date=June 28, 2023|archivedate=July 9, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709021458/https://www.revolt.tv/article/2023-06-28/312199/king-von-robberies-video/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Video: King Von "Robberies"|url=https://rapradar.com/2023/06/23/video-king-von-robberies/|work=[[Rap Radar]]|accessdate=July 8, 2023|date=June 23, 2023}}</ref> ya pili, iliyopewa jina la " Heartless ", ilimshirikisha Tee Grizzley na ilitolewa mnamo Julai 7, 2023, ikiwa na kionyeshi rasmi cha kutazama. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von & Tee Grizzley Grew Up "Heartless" On New Single|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/693674-king-von-tee-grizzley-heartless-new-single|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|accessdate=July 7, 2023|date=July 7, 2023|archivedate=July 7, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707193154/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/693674-king-von-tee-grizzley-heartless-new-single}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von ft. Tee Grizzley "Heartless"|url=https://rapradar.com/2023/07/07/king-von-ft-tee-grizzley-heartless/|work=[[Rap Radar]]|accessdate=July 7, 2023|date=July 7, 2023|archivedate=November 10, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110095533/https://rapradar.com/2023/07/07/king-von-ft-tee-grizzley-heartless/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von – Heartless f. Tee Grizzley|url=https://hiphopdx.com/singles/king-von-heartless-f-tee-grizzley|work=[[HipHopDX]]|accessdate=July 8, 2023|date=July 8, 2023}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Visualizer released for Tee Grizzley-assisted King Von single "Heartless"|url=https://hiphopcanada.com/king-von-tee-grizzley-heartless-visualizer/|work=hiphopcanada.com|accessdate=July 8, 2023|date=July 7, 2023|archivedate=July 8, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708172619/https://hiphopcanada.com/king-von-tee-grizzley-heartless-visualizer/}}</ref> Mradi huo yenyewe ulitolewa mnamo Julai 14, 2023, ikiwakilisha albamu ya tatu ya studio ya Bennett na kazi ya pili baada ya kifo chake. Ilitolewa pamoja na video ya wimbo "Don't Miss", ambayo ilipigwa mwishoni mwa mwaka 2020. Pamoja ilitolewa visualizer rasmi kwa kila wimbo kwenye albamu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von – Don't Miss|url=https://hiphopdx.com/singles/king-von-dont-miss|work=[[HipHopDx]]|accessdate=September 24, 2023|date=July 14, 2023|archivedate=October 2, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002084532/https://hiphopdx.com/singles/king-von-dont-miss}}</ref> Utayarishaji wa albamu hiyo uliendeshwa na watayarishaji mbalimbali wakiwemo ATL Jacob, Chopsquad DJ, David Morse, DJ Bandz, Ghostrage, IllaDaProducer, Mac Fly, Raw Equity, [[Scott Storch]], Southside, Tahj Money, Twysted Genius, Wheezy ; ambao wengi wao tayari walikuwa wameshirikiana na Bennett kwenye albamu zilizopita. Inaangazia wageni kutoka kwa G Herbo, Polo G, Lil Durk, Tee Grizzley, BreezyLyn, Tink, 42 Dugg, Moneybagg Yo, na Hotboii . ilifikia nafasi ya 14 kwenye Billboard 200, na ikaenda 2 kwenye Albamu za Billboard Independent, 4 kwenye Albamu za Billboard Top R&B / Hip Hop, nambari 31 kwa Billboard juu 100 Canada na nambari 20 kwenye New Zealand top 40 <ref name="NZ Top 40 Albums Chart">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/albums/2023-07-21|title=NZ Top 40 Albums Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=July 24, 2023|accessdate=September 24, 2023|archivedate=December 3, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203235023/https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/albums/2023-07-21}}</ref> == Usanii == === Mtindo na mbinu ya rap === Mtindo wa muziki wa King Von umeelezewa kama muziki wa mazoezi, {{Efn|Attributed to multiple sources: <ref name="king-von-mn0003831585" /><ref name = "Vulture" /><ref name= "suntimes">{{Cite web|date=November 6, 2020|title=King Von remembered for his powerful lyrics|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2020/11/6/21553428/king-von-dead-chicago-music-scene-lil-durk-chief-keef|website=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|access-date=August 22, 2023|archive-date=August 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814233810/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2020/11/6/21553428/king-von-dead-chicago-music-scene-lil-durk-chief-keef|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= "passionweiss">{{Cite web|date=November 6, 2020|title="You Have to Go Harder So Everybody Can Talk About You:" An Interview with King Von|url=https://www.passionweiss.com/2020/06/22/king-von-interview/|website=passionweiss.com|access-date=August 22, 2023|archive-date=March 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308211355/https://www.passionweiss.com/2020/06/22/king-von-interview/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= "chicagoreader">{{Cite web|date=April 10, 2020|title=Rising drill star King Von refines his storytelling and stunting on Levon James|url=https://chicagoreader.com/music/rising-drill-star-king-von-refines-his-storytelling-and-stunting-on-levon-james/|website=[[Chicago Reader]]|access-date=August 22, 2023|archive-date=December 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207075254/https://chicagoreader.com/music/rising-drill-star-king-von-refines-his-storytelling-and-stunting-on-levon-james/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= "grammy">{{Cite web|date=October 30, 2020|title=Practice Makes Perfect On King Von's New Album 'Welcome To O Block'|url=https://www.grammy.com/news/practice-makes-perfect-king-vons-new-album-welcome-o-block|website=[[Grammy Awards]]|access-date=August 22, 2023|archive-date=August 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807212920/https://www.grammy.com/news/practice-makes-perfect-king-vons-new-album-welcome-o-block|url-status=live}}</ref>}} uainishaji alioutambua katika mahojiano na DJ Akademiks . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=A|first=Aron|date=2020-11-11|title=RIP King Von: O-Block's Trusted Narrator|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/321194-rip-king-von-o-blocks-trusted-narrator-news|accessdate=2024-10-28|work=HotNewHipHop|language=en|archivedate=August 22, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822161430/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/321194-rip-king-von-o-blocks-trusted-narrator-news}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Face to Face: King Von x DJ Akademiks: Talks NBA Youngboy, 6ix9ine, O block, 63rd, FBG Duck n more|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SMboobc8NFk|work=[[YouTube]]|date=November 5, 2020|accessdate=August 22, 2023}}</ref> Machapisho ya hip-hop yamemtaja Von kama mmoja wa waandishi bora wa nyimbo safi katika mazoezi ya Chicago, <ref name="complex">{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 9, 2020|title=King Von, Fearless Storyteller|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/mbraboy17/king-von-remembered-obituary|work=[[Complex Networks|Complex]]|accessdate=August 22, 2023|archivedate=August 19, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819023323/https://www.complex.com/music/a/mbraboy17/king-von-remembered-obituary}}</ref> na kama mwenye mitindo tofauti zaidi kuliko wanamuziki wengine wengi wa rap katika aina hiyo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-06-22|title="You Have to Go Harder So Everybody Can Talk About You:" An Interview with King Von|url=https://www.passionweiss.com/2020/06/22/king-von-interview/|accessdate=2024-10-28|work=Passion of the Weiss|language=en-US|archivedate=March 8, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308211355/https://www.passionweiss.com/2020/06/22/king-von-interview/}}</ref> Von pia amepokea sifa za kukosoa kwa hisia yake ya kuzingatia, uwasilishaji, uchezaji wa maneno, na uandishi wake mkali wa nyimbo. <ref name="complex" /> <ref name="stereo">{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 4, 2020|title=King Von & The Art Of Storytelling|url=https://www.stereogum.com/2104833/king-von-the-art-of-storytelling/columns/status-aint-hood/|accessdate=January 11, 2022|work=[[Stereogum]]|archivedate=March 7, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307145255/https://www.stereogum.com/2104833/king-von-the-art-of-storytelling/columns/status-aint-hood/}}</ref> <ref name="hotnew">{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 4, 2020|title=RIP King Von: O-Block's Trusted Narrator|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/321194-rip-king-von-o-blocks-trusted-narrator-news|accessdate=August 22, 2023|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|archivedate=August 22, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822161430/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/321194-rip-king-von-o-blocks-trusted-narrator-news}}</ref> Mark Braboy wa ''Complex'' alimtaja Von kama mtunzi wa nyimbo mwenye mawazo na ujuzi ambaye aliwazidi wasanii wengine wa Chicago katika ukali na mguso wa uwasilishaji wake. <ref name="complex" /> Jayson Buford kutoka Tablet aliona kuwa Von alibaki kuwa muhimu kitamaduni miaka baada ya kifo chake; Buford alielezea jambo hilo kwa ukaribu wa Von kwa vurugu na kwa ustadi wake wa ajabu wa mashairi. Will Schube wa NPR alibainisha sifa ya mtindo wa Von kama uwezo wake wa kutengeneza hadithi za kupendeza ambazo zinalinganisha nihilism, ucheshi, na uelewa; Schube alibainisha "Alimpeleka kwa O" kama moja ya uwakilishi wenye nguvu wa mtindo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/11/06/932178314/king-von-emerging-chicago-rapper-dead-at-26|title=King Von, Emerging Chicago Rapper, Dead At 26|work=[[NPR]]|date=November 6, 2020|accessdate=August 13, 2024|archivedate=February 1, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201154624/https://www.npr.org/2020/11/06/932178314/king-von-emerging-chicago-rapper-dead-at-26}}</ref> ==== Usimulizi wa hadithi ==== Mfalme Von alijulikana kwa matumizi ya usimulizi wa hadithi katika nyimbo zake na mtindo wake wa ukali, akiwa na nyimbo kama vile " Crazy Story " na " Took Her to the O " kwa mifano. <ref name="hotnew" /> Simulizi yake pia imefafanuliwa na HotNewHipHop kama "isiyo na dosari" na imewekwa "na kisasi na uhalisia usiokatizwa"; <ref name="hotnew" /> pia imeelezewa kama "dhahiri". <ref name="complex" /> <nowiki><i id="mwAwY">Pitchfork</i></nowiki> anasifu uwezo wake wa kusimulia hadithi yenye upatano kama msimulizi wake pamoja na uingizaji wa mazungumzo unaohusiana katika mistari yake. <ref name="pitch">{{Rejea tovuti|date=February 6, 2019|title=The Ones: King Von's "Crazy Story" – The must-hear rap song of the day|url=https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/king-von-crazy-story-new-song-listen/|accessdate=August 22, 2023|work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|archivedate=December 8, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208213140/https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/king-von-crazy-story-new-song-listen/}}</ref> Von alizidisha uwezo wake wa kusimulia hadithi katika juhudi tatu zilizosifiwa sana, ''Mjukuu, Vol.'' ''1'', ''Levon James'', na ''Karibu O'Block'', huku kila mradi ukionyesha ugumu kamili wa utu wake, huku Von akielezea masimulizi ambayo hayaonekani sana katika rap ya kawaida. <ref name="complex" /> Mbinu ya hadithi ya Bennett mara nyingi ilitokana na uzoefu wake ulioishi,[b] na pia imelinganishwa na ile ya wasanii wengine anuwai, kama vile Ice-T, na Spika wa marehemu Knockerz. Hasa, nyimbo kama "Alimchukua O" na "Crazy Story" wamekuwa ikilinganishwa na "Children's Story" na Slick Rick. Bennett mwenyewe anasema kwamba mara nyingi amelinganishwa na mbinu ya hadithi ya Meek Mill. Mtindo na uwezo wa Von wa kusimulia hadithi uliongozwa na utoto wake huko Englewood, na hutegemea riwaya za mijini alizosoma wakati wa kufungwa. Alisema kwamba alikuwa amesoma vitabu vingi vya Dada Souljah. Pia alipenda vitabu vya Ashley & JaQuavis, hasa kitabu "The Cartel", na "The Ultimate Sacrifice" cha Anthony Fields. Pia alithamini riwaya za Twilight <ref name="xxlmag3">{{Rejea tovuti|date=January 8, 2021|title=King Von Speaks on His Come Up Two Weeks Before His Death in One of His Final Interviews|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/king-von-interview/|accessdate=August 22, 2023|work=[[XXL magazine|XXL Mag]]|archivedate=August 21, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821075205/https://www.xxlmag.com/king-von-interview/}}</ref> === Ushawishi === King Von aliwataja MC kadhaa kama ushawishi katika mtindo wake wa kurap, wakiwemo wasanii aliowasikiliza katika miaka yake ya ujana kama vile [[Lil Wayne]], Gucci Mane na Waka Flocka Flame, <ref name="xxlmag2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Break Presents: King Von|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/king-von-interview-the-break/|work=[[XXL Magazine|XXL Mag]]|date=March 4, 2020|accessdate=August 22, 2023|archivedate=June 17, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617201049/https://www.xxlmag.com/king-von-interview-the-break/}}</ref> na rapa wengine wa Chicago kama vile Twista, [[Kanye West]], <ref name="Uproxx" /> G Herbo, Lil Bibby, na Lil Durk . == Maisha ya kibinafsi == Bennett alikuwa katika uhusiano wa mara kwa mara na rapa wa Texas Asian Doll, lakini inasemekana wawili hao hawakuwa katika uhusiano wakati wa kifo chake. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=June 14, 2021|title=Asian Doll Addresses Rumors of King Von Cheating on Her Following News of Rapper's New Child|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/fnr-tigg/asian-doll-rumors-king-con-cheating|accessdate=January 11, 2022|work=[[Complex Networks|Complex]]|archivedate=December 30, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230225835/https://amp.www.complex.com/music/asian-doll-rumors-king-con-cheating}}</ref> Bennett alikuwa na watoto watatu. <ref name="complex" /> Binamu yake, Calboy, pia ni rapa wa mazoezi ya viungo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Todd|first=Jessica|date=May 2, 2022|title=Exclusive: Calboy on Being King Von's Cousin, Planned on Meeting Up with Him the Night He Died|url=https://www.vladtv.com/article/282763/calboy-on-being-king-vons-cousin-planned-on-meeting-up-with-him-the|accessdate=September 10, 2023|work=www.vladtv.com|language=}}</ref> === Masuala ya kisheria === Mnamo Aprili 2014, Bennett alihojiwa na polisi kama mtu wa maslahi katika risasi mbaya ya mwanachama wa Gangster Disciples wa miaka 17 Gakirah "KI". Barnes, lakini polisi walishindwa kumshtaki kwa sababu ya kutokubaliana katika taarifa za shahidi. Mnamo 2021, nyaraka zilizofunguliwa zilizotolewa na Idara ya Polisi ya Chicago zilizoitwa Bennett kama muuaji wa Barnes <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=B|first=Mira|date=July 13, 2021|title=King Von Named In 2014 Fatal Shooting Of Gakirah Barnes|url=https://thesource.com/2021/07/13/king-von-named-in-2014-fatal-shooting-of-gakirah-barnes/|accessdate=January 10, 2022|work=[[The Source (magazine)|The Source]]|archivedate=January 10, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110162139/https://thesource.com/2021/07/13/king-von-named-in-2014-fatal-shooting-of-gakirah-barnes/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Police Release Documents Confirming King Von Murdered Notorious Killer|url=https://www.vladtv.com/article/273979/police-release-documents-confirming-king-von-murdered-notorious-killer|accessdate=July 12, 2021|work=[[DJ Vlad|VladTV]]|archivedate=July 12, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712214515/https://www.vladtv.com/article/273979/police-release-documents-confirming-king-von-murdered-notorious-killer}}</ref> Mnamo Julai 24, 2014, Bennett alikamatwa kuhusiana na risasi Mei 2014, na kusababisha kifo cha Malcolm Stuckey na kujeruhiwa kwa wanaume wengine wawili. Bennett alishtakiwa kwa kosa moja la mauaji ya kiwango cha kwanza na makosa mawili ya kujaribu kuua. Upigaji risasi ulifanyika katika Englewood, [[Chicago]]. Bennett alipatikana hana hatia mnamo Desemba 2017.. Mnamo Mei 2019, Bennett na Lil Durk walikamatwa kuhusiana na mauaji ya risasi huko Atlanta. Bennett na mshtakiwa mwenzake Durk walionekana mbele ya hakimu katika mahakama ya Kaunti ya Fulton kwa kusikilizwa kwa sababu ya uwezekano. Waendesha mashtaka wamedai kwamba wanamuziki hao wawili walimwibia na kumpiga risasi Alexander Witherspoon nje ya sinema maarufu ya gari mnamo Februari 5 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.fox10phoenix.com/news/judge-rules-case-against-rappers-lil-durk-von-king-can-move-forward|title=Judge rules case against rappers Lil Durk, Von King can move forward|date=June 15, 2019|work=[[KSAZ-TV|FOX 10 Phoenix]]|accessdate=October 18, 2019|archivedate=November 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107232937/https://www.fox10phoenix.com/news/judge-rules-case-against-rappers-lil-durk-von-king-can-move-forward}}</ref> Baada ya wiki kadhaa gerezani, Durk aliachiliwa kwa dhamana ya $250,000, huku Von akiachiliwa kwa dhamana ya $300,000. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=June 23, 2019|title=King Von Released From Jail|url=https://kollegekidd.com/news/king-von-released-from-jail/|work=KollegeKidd.com|accessdate=June 27, 2021|archivedate=May 14, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514104632/https://kollegekidd.com/news/king-von-released-from-jail/}}</ref> Mashtaka dhidi ya Durk yalifutwa mnamo Oktoba 2022. Mnamo Januari 2023, baada ya kifo cha Bennett, FBI iliondoa uainishaji wa hati kadhaa zinazoonyesha kwamba mtoa taarifa wa siri alidai kwamba Bennett mwanzoni aliweka kipigo cha $50,000 kwenye Carlton " FBG Duck " Weekly, kabla ya kuongeza bei hadi $100,000. Gazeti la Weekly liliuawa katika eneo la Gold Coast huko Chicago mnamo Agosti 2020. Washiriki watano wa O'Block walikamatwa baadaye na kupatikana na hatia ya mauaji haya. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Allah|first=Sha Be|date=2023-01-18|title=FBI Release Documents Alleging King Von Put $100K Hit On FBG Duck|url=https://thesource.com/2023/01/18/fbi-release-documents-alleging-king-von-put-100k-hit-on-fbg-duck/|accessdate=2024-10-28|work=thesource.com|language=en-US|archivedate=April 16, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416043515/https://thesource.com/2023/01/18/fbi-release-documents-alleging-king-von-put-100k-hit-on-fbg-duck/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=|date=2022-01-31|title=15 Seconds of Gold Coast Mayhem: FBI Affidavit Lifts Curtain on FBG Duck Murder Case|url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/15-seconds-of-gold-coast-mayhem-fbi-affidavit-lifts-curtain-on-fbg-duck-murder-case/2743491/|accessdate=2024-10-28|work=NBC Chicago|language=en-US|archivedate=September 13, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913072926/https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/15-seconds-of-gold-coast-mayhem-fbi-affidavit-lifts-curtain-on-fbg-duck-murder-case/2743491/}}</ref> Mnamo Oktoba 9, 2024, iliripotiwa kuwa mali ya Bennett, pamoja na Durk na OTF Records, walitajwa katika kesi ya kifo cha makosa na mali na familia ya Weekly. Kesi hiyo na mawakili wake walidai kwamba Durk na alama yake ya OTF Records, ambayo Bennett alikuwa msaini, walikuwa "wanapata faida kutokana na kifo cha Weekly kupitia uzembe na mwenendo mbaya". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Wire • •|first=Andy Grimm/Sun-Times|date=2024-10-09|title=Rapper FBG Duck's mom sues Lil Durk, King Von's estate over son's brazen Gold Coast killing|url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/fbg-ducks-mom-sues-lil-durk-king-vons-estate-over-brazen-killing-of-son/3569378/|accessdate=2024-10-25|work=NBC Chicago|language=en-US|archivedate=November 12, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112122508/https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/fbg-ducks-mom-sues-lil-durk-king-vons-estate-over-brazen-killing-of-son/3569378/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Ewing|first=Tia|date=2024-10-09|title=Lawsuit blames Lil Durk, others for 2020 killing of FBG Duck, citing misconduct and negligence|url=https://www.fox32chicago.com/news/lawsuit-blames-lil-durk-others-2020-killing-fbg-duck|accessdate=2024-10-25|work=FOX 32 Chicago|language=en-US|archivedate=November 2, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241102090659/https://www.fox32chicago.com/news/lawsuit-blames-lil-durk-others-2020-killing-fbg-duck}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2024-10-09|title=Rapper FBG Duck's mom sues Lil Durk, King Von's estate over son's brazen Gold Coast killing|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/fbgduck/2024/10/09/fbg-duck-lil-durk-king-von-otf-only-the-family-shooting-homicide-lawsuit|accessdate=2024-10-25|work=Chicago Sun-Times|language=en|archivedate=November 12, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112122509/https://chicago.suntimes.com/fbgduck/2024/10/09/fbg-duck-lil-durk-king-von-otf-only-the-family-shooting-homicide-lawsuit}}</ref> == Kifo == Mnamo Novemba 6, 2020, yapata saa 3:00 asubuhi, Bennett na wafanyakazi wake walihusika katika ugomvi na wafanyakazi wa Quando Rondo nje ya Monaco Hookah Lounge huko [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]], Georgia. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von Reportedly In Critical Condition After Shoot Out With Quando Rondo's Crew|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/313810-king-von-rumored-to-be-in-critical-condition-after-shooting-report-news|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|date=November 6, 2020|accessdate=December 6, 2020|archivedate=November 6, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106153834/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/king-von-rumored-to-be-in-critical-condition-after-shooting-report-news.120836.html}}</ref> Mzozo huo ulizidi kuwa wa kufyatua risasi haraka, na Bennett alipigwa risasi mara nyingi. <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rapper King Von fatally shot in Atlanta|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/rapper-king-von-2-others-fatally-shot-atlanta-n1246807|accessdate=December 6, 2020|work=[[NBC News]]|archivedate=November 6, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106193353/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/rapper-king-von-2-others-fatally-shot-atlanta-n1246807}}</ref> Alisafirishwa hadi hospitalini akiwa katika hali mbaya na akafa huko baadaye siku hiyo. Alikuwa na umri wa miaka 26. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 6, 2020|title=Rapper King Von shot dead outside Atlanta nightclub|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/nov/06/king-von-rapper-shot-deashooting|publisher=theguardian.com|accessdate=November 10, 2020|archivedate=November 10, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110160831/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/nov/06/king-von-rapper-shot-dead-atlanta-shooting}}</ref> Ofisi ya Upelelezi ya Georgia iliripoti kwamba watu wawili waliuawa na sita kujeruhiwa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|first=Rebekah|author=Riess|title=Rapper King Von shot and killed outside Atlanta nightclub|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/06/us/atlanta-king-von-killed-in-shootout/index.html|accessdate=November 13, 2020|work=CNN|date=November 7, 2020|archivedate=November 14, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114124140/https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/06/us/atlanta-king-von-killed-in-shootout/index.html}}</ref> Mmoja wa wanaume waliojeruhiwa, alipokuwa akitibiwa jeraha la risasi, aliwekwa chini ya ulinzi wa polisi kwa mauaji ya Bennett. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 7, 2020|title=American Rapper King Von shot dead outside Atlanta nightclub – The Thinkera|url=https://www.thethinkera.com/current-affairs/international-news/america/american-rapper-king-von-shot-dead-outside-atlanta-nightclub/|accessdate=March 9, 2021|archivedate=November 7, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107083141/https://www.thethinkera.com/current-affairs/international-news/america/american-rapper-king-von-shot-dead-outside-atlanta-nightclub/}}</ref> Mshukiwa alitambuliwa kama Timothy "Lul Timm" Leeks mwenye umri wa miaka 22, rapa mwenye uhusiano na Quando Rondo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 8, 2020|title=Police Charge Rapper Lul Timm With Murdering King Von|url=https://allhiphop.com/news/police-charge-rapper-lul-timm-with-murdering-king-von/|accessdate=December 24, 2020|work=[[AllHipHop]]|archivedate=January 7, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107203902/https://allhiphop.com/news/police-charge-rapper-lul-timm-with-murdering-king-von/}}</ref> Mnamo Agosti 2023, mashtaka yalifutwa dhidi ya Leeks chini ya sheria ya Georgia ya " kusimama imara ". Mnamo Novemba 14, 2020, Bennett alizikwa katika Makaburi ya Burr Oak huko Alsip, Kaunti ya Cook, Illinois . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Lee|first=Nicole|title=King Von's Grave The final resting place of one of Chicago's most iconic drill rappers.|url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/king-vons-grave|work=[[Atlas Obscura]]|date=March 10, 2025|accessdate=March 12, 2025|archivedate=March 11, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311181954/https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/king-vons-grave}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cole|first=Alexander|date=December 14, 2020|title=King Von's Family Holds Private Funeral Service, Fans Offer Prayers|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/326325-king-vons-family-holds-private-funeral-service-fans-offer-prayers-news|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|accessdate=December 24, 2020|archivedate=January 7, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107144813/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/king-vons-family-holds-private-funeral-service-fans-offer-prayers-news.121285.html}}</ref> Mnamo Oktoba 2024, rapper wa Chicago na rafiki wa karibu wa Bennett, Lil Durk, alikamatwa karibu na Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Miami kwa mashtaka ya shirikisho, pamoja na njama ya kufanya mauaji ya kukodisha, mashtaka yanadai kwamba Durk aliandaa njama inayolenga rapper Quando Rondo, kwa madai ya kulipiza kisasi kwa mauaji ya Bennett ya 2020, na kusababisha kifo cha binamu wa Quando Rondo, Saviay'a "Lul Pab" Robinson.. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Renshaw|first=David|title=Lil Durk and the murder-for-hire charge explained|url=https://www.thefader.com/2024/11/26/lil-durk-murder-for-hire-explained?|work=[[The Fader]]|date=November 26, 2024|accessdate=January 12, 2025|archivedate=January 15, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115093526/https://www.thefader.com/2024/11/26/lil-durk-murder-for-hire-explained}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Curto|first=Justin|title=Lil Durk Arrested Over Alleged Murder Plot|url=https://www.vulture.com/article/lil-durk-arrested-murder.html?utm_campaign=feed-part&utm_medium=social_acct&|work=[[Vulture (magazine)|Vulture]]|date=November 26, 2024|accessdate=January 12, 2025|archivedate=January 21, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121181518/https://www.vulture.com/article/lil-durk-arrested-murder.html?utm_campaign=feed-part&utm_medium=social_acct&}}</ref> Washiriki watano wa kundi la Durk, Only the Family (OTF), pia walikamatwa kuhusiana na kesi hii.. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Curto|first=Justin|title=Federal charges filed against 5 accused in murder-for-hire shooting in retaliation for killing of rapper King Von|url=https://wgntv.com/news/chicago-news/federal-charges-filed-against-5-accused-in-murder-for-hire-shooting-in-retaliation-for-killing-of-rapper-king-von/?|work=[[WGNTV]]|date=October 25, 2024|accessdate=January 12, 2025}}</ref> === Ukumbusho === Wakati wa Tuzo za Grammy za kila mwaka za 63, Bennett alijumuishwa katika mkusanyiko wa In Memoriam. 1] Mnamo Agosti 2021, mchoro wa ukuta unaoonyesha Mfalme Von ulichorwa na msanii Chris Devins kwenye ukuta mkubwa unaokabiliwa na Martin Luther King Drive katika eneo la bustani za Parkway, ambapo Von alilelewa; kazi hiyo iliagizwa na Delilah Martinez, mmiliki wa nyumba ya sanaa na mwanzilishi wa Harakati ya Mural, iliyoelezewa kama "jibu la ubunifu kwa mauaji ya George Floyd".[1] 2] Bennett alionyeshwa na kofia ya baseball nyuma na kuvaa mnyororo wa fedha "O'Block"Wakati wa Tuzo za Grammy za 63 za kila mwaka, Bennett alijumuishwa kwenye mkusanyiko wa Kumbukumbu. Mnamo Agosti 2021, mchoro wa ukuta unaoonyesha Mfalme Von ulichorwa na msanii Chris Devins kwenye ukuta mkubwa unaokabiliwa na Martin Luther King Drive katika eneo la bustani za Parkway, ambapo Von alilelewa; kazi hiyo iliagizwa na Delilah Martinez, mmiliki wa nyumba ya sanaa na mwanzilishi wa Harakati ya Mural, iliyoelezewa kama "jibu la ubunifu kwa mauaji ya George Floyd".[1] 2] Bennett alionyeshwa na kofia ya baseball nyuma na kuvaa mnyororo wa fedha "O'Block" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=August 9, 2021|title=King Von Gets New Mural In Chicago's O-Block|url=https://thesource.com/2021/08/09/king-von-gets-new-mural-in-chicagos-o-block/|accessdate=January 8, 2022|work=[[The Source (magazine)|The Source]]|archivedate=December 29, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229224615/https://thesource.com/2021/08/09/king-von-gets-new-mural-in-chicagos-o-block/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 24, 2023|title=Slain drill rapper King Von looms on King Drive|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/columnists/2023/11/24/23972486/drill-rapper-king-von-mural-parkway-gardens-gangs-fbg-duck-disinvestment-natalie-moore|accessdate=November 25, 2023|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]}}</ref> Ukuta huo ulizua utata miongoni mwa wakazi wa Chicago, huku baadhi wakisema ulitukuza vurugu za magenge na ungevutia uhalifu unaohusiana na magenge katika eneo hilo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Evans|first=Maxwell|date=August 18, 2021|title=King Von Mural Near Parkway Gardens Sparked Debate, Threats And Harassment. Now, Neighbors To Vote On Its Fate|url=https://blockclubchicago.org/2021/08/18/king-von-mural-near-parkways-gardens-sparked-debate-threats-and-harassment-now-neighbors-to-vote-on-its-fate/|accessdate=January 8, 2022|work=[[Block Club Chicago]]|archivedate=December 9, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209182900/https://blockclubchicago.org/2021/08/18/king-von-mural-near-parkways-gardens-sparked-debate-threats-and-harassment-now-neighbors-to-vote-on-its-fate/}}</ref> Hatimaye, miaka mitatu baada ya kuonekana, mnamo Novemba 29, 2024, ukuta uliondolewa kutoka Parkway Gardens. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Johnson|first=Erick|date=2024-11-29|title=King Von Mural across from Parkway Gardens removed|url=https://chicagocrusader.com/king-von-mural-across-from-parkway-gardens-removed/|work=Chicago Crusader|accessdate=2024-12-14|language=en-US|archivedate=December 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214182557/https://chicagocrusader.com/king-von-mural-across-from-parkway-gardens-removed/}}</ref> == Diskografia == ; Albamu za studio * ''Welcome O'Block'' (2020) ; Albamu za studio za baada ya kifo * ''What It Means to Be King'' (2022) * ''Grandson'' (2023) == Tazama pia == * List of murdered hip-hop musicians == Vidokezo == {{Tanbihi}} == Marejeleo == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Tanbihi}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{Official|https://kingvonofficial.com/}} * King Von at IMDb [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2020]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1994]] [[Jamii:Articles with hCards]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0lczkdt8r11uft3s4fb9jjg06slm2k6 1592747 1592699 2026-08-29T00:06:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592747 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Infobox person|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=August 9, 1994|picha=King_von2.webp|signature=King_Von_sig.svg|kazi maarufu=Rapa Mtunzi wa nyimbo za Rap|tarehe ya kufa=Novemba 6, 2020 (aged 26) Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.|sababu ya kifo=Mauaji (majeraha ya risasi)|name=Dayvon Daquan Bennett}} '''Dayvon Daquan Bennett''' (Agosti 9, 1994 -  Novemba 6, 2020), anajulikana kama King Von, alikuwa mwimbaji wa rap wa Marekani na gangster wa mitaani kutoka Chicago, [[Illinois]]. Alikuwa na uhusiano na genge la Black Disciples la South Side, [[Chicago]], <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://southsideweekly.com/opinion-king-von-drill-music-parkway-gardens-and-south-side-chicago/|title=Op-Ed: King Von, Drill Music, Parkway Gardens, and South Side Chicago|work=[[South Side Weekly]]|date=December 9, 2020|accessdate=July 14, 2024|archivedate=July 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714090735/https://southsideweekly.com/opinion-king-von-drill-music-parkway-gardens-and-south-side-chicago/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2024/1/2/24022988/fbg-duck-king-von-lil-durk-oblock-tookaville-black-disciples-gangster-chicago-gangs|title=After a trial lasting nearly 3 months, jury set to get case of brazen Gold Coast slaying of rapper FBG Duck|work=[[Chicago Sun Times]]|date=January 2, 2024|accessdate=July 14, 2024|archivedate=July 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714090735/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2024/1/2/24022988/fbg-duck-king-von-lil-durk-oblock-tookaville-black-disciples-gangster-chicago-gangs}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/fbg-duck-king-von-hit-mother|title=FBG Duck's mother speaks On King Von's alleged $100K hit on her son: 'They proved it'|work=[[HipHopDx]]|date=October 10, 2023|accessdate=July 14, 2024|archivedate=July 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714090735/https://hiphopdx.com/news/fbg-duck-king-von-hit-mother}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://abc7chicago.com/fbg-duck-death-verdict-o-block-street-gang-chicago-shooting/14333501/|title=6 O-Block street gang members convicted in 2020 Gold Coast shooting death of Chicago rapper FBG Duck|work=[[WLS-TV]]|date=January 17, 2024|accessdate=July 14, 2024|archivedate=July 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714090735/https://abc7chicago.com/fbg-duck-death-verdict-o-block-street-gang-chicago-shooting/14333501/}}</ref> na alikuwa mfano wa mfano wa muziki wa drill, kitengo kidogo cha [[hip-hop]] kilichotokana na eneo hilo Bennett alipata kutambuliwa kwa ajili ya hadithi yake na vivid lyricism, alibainisha na wakosoaji juu yake 2018 single "Crazy Story". Kabla ya kutolewa kwake, alisaini na lebo ya mwenzake wa Chicago Lil Durk Tu Familia, kupitia ambayo alitoa mixtape yake ya kwanza Grandson, Buku la 1 (2019), na ufuatiliaji wake Levon James (2020), zote mbili ambazo ziliingia kwa wastani kwenye Billboard 200 kama matoleo ya kujitegemea. "Crazy Story", pamoja na single yake ya 2020 "Took Her to the O", ilipokea cheti cha platinamu mara tatu na Chama cha Sekta ya Kurekodi ya Amerika (RIAA) <ref name="suntimes1">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-08-28|title=A 'dark cloud' follows Chicago's drill scene|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2020/11/6/21549717/king-von-drill-chief-keef-polo-pacman-chicago-king-louie-sasha-fbg-duck-herbo-durk-forrest-stuart|accessdate=July 7, 2023|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|language=en-US|archivedate=July 26, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726155645/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2020/11/6/21549717/king-von-drill-chief-keef-polo-pacman-chicago-king-louie-sasha-fbg-duck-herbo-durk-forrest-stuart}}</ref> <ref name="pitch1">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://pitchfork.com/levels/king-von-crazy-story-new-song-listen/|title=The Ones: King Von's "Crazy Story"|work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|date=February 6, 2019|accessdate=November 7, 2019|archivedate=November 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107232942/https://pitchfork.com/levels/king-von-crazy-story-new-song-listen/}}</ref> Wimbo huu wa mwisho ukawa wimbo wake wa kwanza [[Billboard Hot 100|''wa Billboard'' Hot 100]] na ukatangulia albamu yake ya kwanza ya studio, ''Welcome to O'Block'' (2020), ambayo ilifikia kilele cha nambari tano kwenye [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200.]] <ref name="RIAA">{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von - Welcome to O'Block|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=King+Von&ti=&lab=empire&genre=R%26B%2FHIP+HOP&format=Album&date_option=release&from=&to=&award=G&type=&category=&adv=SEARCH#search_section|accessdate=December 27, 2024|date=December 17, 2024|work=[[RIAA]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Mnamo Novemba 6, 2020, Bennett aliuawa kwa kupigwa risasi huko Atlanta, Georgia, akiwa na umri wa miaka 26, kufuatia ugomvi nje ya hookah lounge. Albamu yake ya pili na toleo la kwanza la baada ya kifo, ''What It Means to Be King'' (2022), ilianza nafasi ya pili kwenye Billboard 200, kama vile albamu yake ya tatu na toleo la mwisho la baada ya kifo, ''Grandson'' (2023). == Maisha yake ya awali == Dayvon Daquan Bennett alizaliwa mnamo Agosti 9, 1994, huko Chicago, Illinois. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://mugshots.com/US-Counties/Illinois/Cook-County-IL/Dayvon-Bennett.123203677.html|title=Dayvon Bennett Mugshot 123203677 – Vonita Bennett Arrest – Cook County, IL|work=Mugshots.com|date=November 21, 2015|accessdate=October 18, 2019|archivedate=November 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107232950/https://mugshots.com/US-Counties/Illinois/Cook-County-IL/Dayvon-Bennett.123203677.html}}</ref>Alikuwa na ndugu wa kambo sita kutoka kwa baba yake, Walter E. Bennett, na ndugu watatu kutoka kwa mama yake, Taesha. Alilelewa hasa na mama yake katika Parkway Garden Homes, eneo la kawaida inayojulikana kama "O'Block", iko katika Chicago South Side ndani ya Greater Grand Crossing eneo la jamii. <ref name="Complex1">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/mbraboy17/king-von-remembered-obituary|title=King Von, Fearless Storyteller|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|date=November 9, 2020|accessdate=October 9, 2023|archivedate=October 2, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002084723/https://www.complex.com/music/a/mbraboy17/king-von-remembered-obituary}}</ref> Uhusiano wake na baba yake haukuwa wa kubadilika kutokana na kifungo cha baba yake. Von alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 10, baba yake aliuawa na mtu aliyekuwa na bunduki ambaye hakuonekana. Baadaye Von alimsifu baba yake katika nyimbo nyingi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://thenetline.com/the-truth-about-king-von-parents-and-his-kids/|title=The truth about King Von's parents and his kids|work=thenetline.com|date=January 29, 2021|accessdate=March 4, 2021|archivedate=February 27, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227151340/https://thenetline.com/the-truth-about-king-von-parents-and-his-kids/}}</ref> Bennett alikuwapo kwa kuzaliwa kwa muziki wa drill kupitia ushirika wake na Chief Keef na Lil Durk. Hata hivyo, mara kwa mara alikuwa gerezani katika miaka ya 2010 kwa wingi wa mashtaka makubwa ya jinai, ambayo alifanya naye anajulikana katika eneo drill Chicago hata kabla ya kuanza kurekodi muziki. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.vulture.com/2022/08/drill-songs-to-know.html|title=The Drill Songs to Know A mini subgenre primer.|work=[[Vulture (magazine)|Vulture]]|accessdate=February 17, 2024|date=August 17, 2022|archivedate=April 6, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406234706/https://www.vulture.com/2022/08/drill-songs-to-know.html}}</ref> Akiwa na umri wa miaka 16, Bennett alipelekwa katika gereza la vijana kwa wizi wa silaha mnamo Januari 2011. Alipokuwa gerezani, Bennett alipata shahada ya elimu ya juu. Baada ya kuachiliwa, Bennett alihudhuria madarasa machache katika Chuo cha South Suburban huko South Holland, Illinois, kabla ya kuacha. <ref>{{Cite video|title=King Von In Jail For 3.5 Years At Age 19, Facing Life In Prison, Acquitted Of Attempted Murder|publisher=DJ Smallz Eyes|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch/?v=RX8iLw1BjyY}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eP7IH2du-5s|title=King Von Speaks On Being A College Student 👨🏽‍🎓📚#foryou}}</ref> Mnamo Julai 2014, Bennett alishtakiwa kwa shtaka moja la mauaji ya shahada ya kwanza na mashtaka mawili ya kujaribu kuua kuhusiana na ufyatuaji risasi uliomuua mmoja na kuwajeruhi wengine wawili. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://chicago.cbslocal.com/2014/07/24/second-man-charged-with-may-shooting-that-killed-man-wounded-two-others/|title=Second Man Charged with May Shooting That Killed Man, Wounded Two Others|work=[[CBS News]]|date=July 24, 2014|accessdate=August 2, 2023|archivedate=January 23, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123183557/https://chicago.cbslocal.com/2014/07/24/second-man-charged-with-may-shooting-that-killed-man-wounded-two-others/}}</ref> Baada ya kufungwa katika gereza la Cook County kwa zaidi ya miaka mitatu, aliachiliwa huru mnamo Desemba 2017 na kuanza kazi yake ya muziki. == Kazi == === 20 17–2019: Mwanzo wa kazi na ''Mjukuu, Juz. 1'' === Baada ya Von kuachiliwa kutoka gerezani mnamo Desemba 2017, rapa mwenzake Lil Durk alimsaini Von katika lebo ya Durk ya Only the Family . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Lobad|first=Noor|date=2020-10-05|title=King Von is an OTF Affiliate|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/323370-who-is-king-von-everything-to-know-about-the-lil-durk-affiliate-rapper-news|accessdate=2025-12-30|work=HotNewHipHop|language=en|archivedate=April 21, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421051035/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/323370-who-is-king-von-everything-to-know-about-the-lil-durk-affiliate-rapper-news}}</ref> Kisha Von alitoa mfululizo wa nyimbo za single. Wimbo wa kwanza kati ya hizi ulikuwa "Beat Dat Body", ambao ulimshirikisha rapa mwenzake marehemu wa Chicago [[THF Zoo]], <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Who was THF Bay Zoo, Rapper Reportedly Shot Dead at Chicago's Little Village?|date=27 October 2025|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/world/us/us-news/who-was-thf-bay-zoo-rapper-reportedly-shot-dead-chicago-little-village-article-153056306|accessdate=October 26, 2025|archivedate=October 26, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251026220453/https://www.timesnownews.com/world/us/us-news/who-was-thf-bay-zoo-rapper-reportedly-shot-dead-chicago-little-village-article-153056306}}</ref> na ulitolewa mnamo Juni 17, 2018. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Beat Dat Body (feat. THF Bayzoo) – Single|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/beat-dat-body-feat-thf-bay-zoo/1439318705?i=1439318708|date=June 17, 2018|accessdate=August 28, 2023|work=[[Apple Music]]|language=en|archivedate=October 2, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002085140/https://music.apple.com/us/album/beat-dat-body-feat-thf-bay-zoo/1439318705?i=1439318708}}</ref> Baadaye Von alionekana kwenye albamu ya ''Lil Durk Presents: Only The Family Involved'', ambayo ilitolewa Julai 31. Alishiriki katika wimbo "Problems", ambao ulikuwa na [[Muziki wa video|video ya muziki]] iliyoambatana nayo iliyotolewa mnamo Agosti 9. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lil Durk Presents: Only The Family Involved|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/problems-feat-king-von/1419853271?i=1419853284|date=July 31, 2018|accessdate=August 28, 2023|work=[[Apple Music]]|language=en|archivedate=August 28, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828085323/https://music.apple.com/us/album/problems-feat-king-von/1419853271?i=1419853284}}</ref> Kisha Von alitoa wimbo "War With Us" mnamo Oktoba 18. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=WAR With US|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/war-with-us-single/1446111626|date=October 18, 2018|accessdate=August 28, 2023|work=[[Apple Music]]|language=en}}</ref> Wimbo wa Von " Crazy Story " ulitolewa mnamo Desemba 6. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Crazy Story – Single by King Von|date=December 6, 2018|url=https://music.apple.com/ai/album/crazy-story-single/1445596490|accessdate=November 8, 2020|archivedate=January 24, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124204552/https://music.apple.com/ai/album/crazy-story-single/1445596490}}</ref> Ilikuwa wimbo wake maarufu, maarufu kwa masimulizi yake ya jaribio la wizi katika mji wake wa Chicago, <ref name="Vulture2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Drill Songs to Know A mini subgenre primer.|url=https://www.vulture.com/2022/08/drill-songs-to-know.html|date=August 17, 2022|accessdate=November 27, 2023|work=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]|language=en|archivedate=April 6, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406234706/https://www.vulture.com/2022/08/drill-songs-to-know.html}}</ref> <ref name="Genius2">{{Rejea tovuti|date=April 22, 2022|title=Check The Rhyme: Deconstructing King Von's "Crazy Story" Verse|url=https://genius.com/a/check-the-rhyme-deconstructing-king-von-s-crazy-story-verse|accessdate=November 27, 2023|work=[[Genius (company)|Genius]]|language=en|archivedate=November 30, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130094030/https://genius.com/a/check-the-rhyme-deconstructing-king-von-s-crazy-story-verse}}</ref> na kufikia nambari 81 kwenye [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100.]] <ref name="pitch1" /> Mnamo Januari 9, 2019, Von alionyeshwa kwenye remix ya "Exposing Me", wimbo wa mwanamuziki mwenzake wa Chicago Memo600. Von na Memo600 walibadilishana vibao bila kuheshimu na kuelezea kwa undani vita vya maisha halisi na mapigano dhidi ya wapinzani wengine wa jirani. Jibu kutoka kwa walengwa lilitokea wakati wanamuziki wa rap FBG Duck na Rooga walipoacha remix yao ya wimbo huo mnamo Februari 4. Nyimbo zote mbili zilitolewa kutoka kwa sampuli ya wimbo wa asili wa India Sanam Re. Kufuatia mafanikio, mfululizo wa remixes kwa wimbo huo zilifanywa na wasanii wengine wote katika Marekani na Ulaya. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/342622-from-king-vons-exposin-me-to-cjs-whoopty-a-hindi-love-song-turned-drill-beat-news|title=From King Von's "Exposin Me" To CJ's "Whoopty": A Hindi Love Song Turned Drill Beat|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|date=January 22, 2021|accessdate=March 1, 2024|archivedate=November 16, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116110944/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/342622-from-king-vons-exposin-me-to-cjs-whoopty-a-hindi-love-song-turned-drill-beat-news}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.stereogum.com/2110126/cj-whoopty-brooklyn-drill-mainstream/columns/status-aint-hood/|title=CJ's "Whoopty" And The Mainstreaming Of Drill|work=[[Stereogum]]|date=December 9, 2020|accessdate=March 1, 2024|archivedate=December 29, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229081626/https://www.stereogum.com/2110126/cj-whoopty-brooklyn-drill-mainstream/columns/status-aint-hood/}}</ref> Mnamo Februari 14, mpenzi wa Von wakati huo, rapa Asian Doll, alitoa video ya muziki kwa ajili ya wimbo wake, "Mjukuu", ambapo alionekana. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Langhorne|first=Cyrus|date=February 14, 2019|title=Watch: Gucci Mane Protégé Asian Doll Celebrates V-Day W/ New GRANDSON Video|url=https://www.sohh.com/watch-gucci-mane-protege-asian-doll-celebrates-v-day-w-new-grandson-video/|work=[[SOHH]]|accessdate=November 10, 2020|archivedate=November 10, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110192559/https://www.sohh.com/watch-gucci-mane-protege-asian-doll-celebrates-v-day-w-new-grandson-video/}}</ref> Mei 3, "Crazy Story 2.0" featuring Lil Durk ilitolewa, na video ya muziki baadaye ilitolewa siku kumi na saba baadaye; wimbo ulifikia nafasi ya nne kwenye chati ya Bubbling Under Hot 100 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://hypebeast.com/2019/5/king-von-crazy-story-2-0-lil-durk-music-video-stream|title=King Von & Lil Durk Showcase the OTF Movement for ''Crazy Story 2.0'' Video|work=[[Hypebeast (company)|Hypebeast]]|date=May 20, 2019|accessdate=October 18, 2019|archivedate=June 18, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618033458/https://hypebeast.com/2019/5/king-von-crazy-story-2-0-lil-durk-music-video-stream}}</ref> Utoaji wake wa tatu na wa mwisho wa wimbo huo ulifuatiwa mnamo Septemba 13. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/188176-otfs-king-von-returns-with-crazy-story-pt-3-new-song|title=OTF's King Von Returns With "Crazy Story Pt. 3"|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|date=September 14, 2019|accessdate=October 18, 2019|archivedate=November 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107232938/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/otfs-king-von-returns-with-crazy-story-pt-3-new-song.1984488.html}}</ref> Mnamo Julai 9, 2019, Lil Durk na King Von walitoa wimbo wao wa pamoja "Like That". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.thefader.com/2019/07/09/lil-durk-new-album-love-songs-4-the-streets-2-listen-2019|title=Lil Durk announces new album, drops single ''Like That'' feat. King Von|work=[[The Fader]]|accessdate=October 18, 2019|archivedate=October 30, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030100027/http://www.thefader.com/2019/07/09/lil-durk-new-album-love-songs-4-the-streets-2-listen-2019}}</ref> Mnamo Septemba 2, Von alitoa single yake "What It's Like", kama mtangulizi wa albamu yake ya kwanza ya mixtape iliyotangazwa mnamo Septemba. Mixtape baadaye ilitolewa mnamo Septemba 19 chini ya jina, Grandson, Vol. 1, iliyo na nyimbo kumi na tatu na kutengenezwa na Chopsquad DJ. Ina sifa tatu kuwakilishwa na "Twin Nem" na kwa remix ya "Crazy Story", wote wawili featuring Durk; kipengele nyingine inajumuisha ushirikiano na Chicago msanii na OTF affiliate Booka600 juu ya "Jet". Mixtape pia inajumuisha nyimbo "Crazy Story", "Crazy Story, Pt. 3", na wimbo wake wa pili wa "War With Us" uliotengenezwa mnamo Oktoba 18, 2018. Grandson, Vol. 1 ilianza nafasi ya 75 na baadaye ilifikia nafasi ya 53, kwenye Billboard 200, pia ilifikia nafasi ya 27 kwenye chati ya Albamu za Hip Hop / R&B, na nafasi ya 9 kwenye chati ya Albamu za Independent. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/king-von-mn0003831585/biography|title=King Von {{!}} Biography & History|work=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=October 18, 2019|archivedate=November 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107232930/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/king-von-mn0003831585/biography}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.52881/title.king-von-shares-grandson-vol-1-mixtape|title=King Von Shares "Grandson Vol. 1" Mixtape|date=September 19, 2019|work=[[HipHopDX]]|accessdate=October 18, 2019|archivedate=November 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107232936/https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.52881/title.king-von-shares-grandson-vol-1-mixtape}}</ref> === 2020: ''Levon James'' na ''Karibu O'Block'' === Mnamo Novemba 16, 2019, Von alitoa wimbo wake " 2 AM " ukifuatiwa na video inayolingana ambayo itatolewa siku hiyo hiyo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/211452-otfs-king-von-drops-off-2-am-new-song|title=OTF's King Von Drops Off "2 AM"|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|date=November 19, 2019|accessdate=November 29, 2019|archivedate=October 31, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031232713/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/otfs-king-von-drops-off-2-am-new-song.1985253.html}}</ref> Mnamo Novemba 29, 2019, Von alitoa wimbo wake "Rollin" akimshirikisha YNW Melly, ukiambatana na video ya muziki. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/212818-ynw-melly-joins-king-von-on-new-song-rolling-new-song|title=YNW Melly Joins King Von On New Song "Rollin"|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|date=November 30, 2019|accessdate=December 6, 2019|archivedate=December 6, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206062217/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/ynw-melly-joins-king-von-on-new-song-rolling-new-song.1985371.html}}</ref> Baadaye alitoa, mnamo Februari 21, 2020, " Took Her to the O ", pamoja na video ya muziki, ambayo ikawa wimbo wake uliofanikiwa zaidi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=February 21, 2020|title=King Von divulga nova música "Took Her To The O" com clipe|url=https://rap24horas.com.br/2020/02/21/king-von-divulga-nova-musica-took-her-to-the-o/|accessdate=July 9, 2023|work=[[24 Horas (Spanish TV channel)|24 Horas]]|author=Guerra|first=Bruno|archivedate=November 30, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130073429/https://rap24horas.com.br/2020/02/21/king-von-divulga-nova-musica-took-her-to-the-o/}}</ref> "Took Her to the O" na "Rollin" baadaye zilijumuishwa kwenye mixtape yake ya pili, ''Levon James'', ambayo ilitolewa Machi 6, 2020, ambayo ilianzia nambari 63 na baadaye ikafika kileleni nambari 40 kwenye ''Billboard'' 200. <ref name="Block">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.complex.com/music/2020/10/king-von-new-album-welcome-to-o-block|title=King Von Shares New Album 'Welcome To O'Block' f/ Lil Durk, Polo G, and More|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|author=Cowen|first=Trace William|date=October 30, 2020|accessdate=November 7, 2020|archivedate=November 3, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103232820/https://www.complex.com/music/2020/10/king-von-new-album-welcome-to-o-block}}</ref> Ilitolewa kupitia Only the Family Entertainment / Empire na inajumuisha mseto wa nyimbo 16 uliotayarishwa na DJ wa Chopsquad, ukijumuisha mistari kutoka kwa NLE Choppa, Tee Grizzley, G Herbo, Lil Durk, YNW Melly, Booka600 na Yungeen Ace . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/228889-sada-baby-and-king-von-join-forces-on-pressin-new-song|title=Sada Baby & King Von Join Forces On "Pressin"|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|date=January 11, 2020|accessdate=February 7, 2020|archivedate=February 7, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207055941/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/sada-baby-and-king-von-join-forces-on-pressin-new-song.1985768.html}}</ref> Video rasmi ya "On Yo Ass" ilitolewa mnamo Machi 6, 2020, sambamba na tarehe ya kutolewa kwa albamu. Wimbo huu unamshirikisha msanii wa Chicago G Herbo, huku ukiwa umetayarishwa na DJ wa Chopsquad. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://audibletreats.com/king-von_pr16/|title=Project: King Von – LeVon James|date=February 23, 2020|work=audibletreats.com|accessdate=August 14, 2023|archivedate=August 11, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811000920/https://audibletreats.com/king-von_pr16/}}</ref> Mnamo Machi 20, 2020, video rasmi ya "Trust Issues" ilitolewa, ikimshirikisha rapa wa Florida Yungeen Ace; katika wimbo huo Von alibadilisha mwelekeo wake wa genge ili kuonyesha upande wake mpole. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.55054/title.king-von-yungeen-ace-navigate-an-icy-love-triangle-in-trust-issues|title=King Von & Yungeen Ace Navigate An Icy Love Triangle In 'Trust Issues' VIDEO|date=March 21, 2020|work=[[HipHopDx]]|accessdate=August 14, 2023|archivedate=August 11, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811003527/https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.55054/title.king-von-yungeen-ace-navigate-an-icy-love-triangle-in-trust-issues}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://kazimagazine.com/uncategorized/king-von-yungeen-ace-connect-on-trust-issues/|title=King Von & Yungeen Ace Connect On "Trust Issues"|date=March 27, 2020|work=kazimagazine.com|accessdate=August 14, 2023|author=Helios|archivedate=August 11, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811001647/https://kazimagazine.com/uncategorized/king-von-yungeen-ace-connect-on-trust-issues/}}</ref> Mnamo Aprili 6, 2020, Bennett alitoa video rasmi ya muziki ya saa 3 asubuhi kwenye YouTube, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://music.apple.com/my/music-video/3-a-m/1506673127|title=3 A.M. King Von Official Video|date=April 6, 2020|work=[[Apple Music]]|accessdate=March 2, 2024|archivedate=March 2, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302212924/https://music.apple.com/my/music-video/3-a-m/1506673127}}</ref> ikifuatiwa na Aprili 29, 2020, kutolewa kwa wimbo wake " Grandson For President " ambao baadaye ulijumuishwa kama wimbo wa albamu ya ''What It Means to Be King'' . Alifuata wimbo huo kwa karibu na video ya muziki ya "Broke Opps", wimbo mwingine kutoka kwenye albamu yake ya ''Levon James'' . Mnamo mwaka wa 2020, King Von alianza kufanya kazi kwenye Welcome to O'Block, ambayo mwishowe itatolewa kama albamu yake ya kwanza ya studio na inabaki kuwa pekee iliyotolewa wakati wa maisha yake. Alichapisha wimbo wa kwanza wa albamu hiyo, "Why He Told" mnamo Julai 27, 2020, akifuatana na video ya muziki iliyochapishwa kwenye kituo chake cha YouTube. Hii ilifuatiwa na single "All These Niggas" mnamo Agosti 5, 2020, ikionyesha rapper wa Chicago Lil Durk; kwa sababu za kisheria, Durk hakuweza kuonekana kwenye video iliyoambatana, ambayo ilitolewa siku hiyo hiyo na kupata maoni milioni 24 ndani ya miezi miwili kwenye jukwaa. Kisha alitoa wimbo mwingine, uliopewa jina la "How It Go", kwa kushirikiana na video nyingine ya muziki, mnamo Agosti 26, 2020. Mnamo Oktoba 9, 2020, King Von alitoa "Mimi ni nini mimi", akishirikiana na New York rapper Fivio Foreign, pamoja na video ya muziki. [1] [2] Wiki mbili baadaye Bennett alitoa "Gleesh Place" pamoja na video nyingine ya muziki kwenye kituo chake rasmi. Utoaji huu ulikuwa ukitarajia kutolewa rasmi kwa Karibu O'Block ambayo ilikuja mnamo Oktoba 30, 2020. Albamu ya nyimbo 16 ina uzalishaji wa Chopsquad DJ, Tay Keith, Wheezy na Hitmaka, kati ya wengine; pia ina wasanii Prince Dre, Lil Durk, Dreezy, Moneybagg Yo. Albamu ni pamoja na Polo G ushirikiano "Kanuni", ambayo ilitolewa na video ya muziki. 3][4][5] Mradi huo ulifikia kiwango cha juu cha 5 kwenye Billboard kwa Albamu za Juu za 200 za Amerika, nambari 1 kwa Albamu za Juu za R&B / Hip Hop, nambari 1 kwa Albamu ya Juu ya Wajitolea na ilifikia kiwango cha 12 kwa Albamu za Juu za 100 za Canada Katika mahojiano na <nowiki><i id="mwAaY">Complex</i></nowiki>, Bennett alifichua maono yake kuhusu mradi mpya ujao na tofauti kuu kutoka kwa kazi yake ya awali, ''Levon James'', akitangaza: "Ukifanya jambo na kuendelea kulifanya, utapata matokeo bora zaidi. Kila kitu kitakuwa bora zaidi. Ni kweli, nimekuwa nikifanya kazi kwa bidii". Katika mahojiano mengine ya ''Uproxx'', alitangaza kwamba alitaka kujitolea mradi huo kwa mtaa wake, na kwa watu wote walioishi na kuhangaika huko. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cowen|first=Trace William|date=October 30, 2020|title=King Von Shares New Album 'Welcome To O'Block' f/ Lil Durk, Polo G, and More|url=https://www.complex.com/music/2020/10/king-von-new-album-welcome-to-o-block|accessdate=November 7, 2020|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|archivedate=November 3, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103232820/https://www.complex.com/music/2020/10/king-von-new-album-welcome-to-o-block}}</ref> <ref name="Uproxx">{{Rejea tovuti|date=Nov 19, 2020|title=A Final Conversation With King Von|url=https://uproxx.com/music/king-von-interview-welcome-to-oblock/|work=[[Uproxx]]|language=en-US|accessdate=August 2, 2023|archivedate=March 3, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303123734/https://uproxx.com/music/king-von-interview-welcome-to-oblock/}}</ref> Alifariki wiki moja baada ya albamu hiyo kutolewa. <ref name="suntimes1" /> Baada ya kifo chake, video za muziki za " Wayne's Story ", " Armed &amp;amp; Dangerous ", "Mine Too", na " Demon " zilitolewa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=Dec 8, 2020|title=King Von's Bone-Chilling 'Wayne's Story' Video Details A Cycle Of Violence|url=https://uproxx.com/music/king-von-waynes-story-video/|accessdate=July 7, 2023|work=[[Uproxx]]|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-08-28|title=Watch King Von's Posthumous "Armed & Dangerous" Video|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/fnr-tigg/king-von-new-video-armed-and-dangerous|accessdate=July 27, 2023|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|language=en-US|archivedate=July 26, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726155652/https://www.complex.com/music/a/fnr-tigg/king-von-new-video-armed-and-dangerous}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=Jan 11, 2021|title=King Von's New Video for 'Mine Too' Released|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/fnr-tigg/king-von-releases-video-for-new-single-mine-too|accessdate=July 7, 2023|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|language=en-US|archivedate=July 26, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726155648/https://www.complex.com/music/a/fnr-tigg/king-von-releases-video-for-new-single-mine-too}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=Aug 9, 2021|title=King Von Music Video "Demon" Released on What Would Have Been His 27th Birthday|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/brad-callas/king-von-demon-video-birthday|accessdate=July 27, 2023|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|language=en-US|archivedate=July 26, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726155648/https://www.complex.com/music/a/brad-callas/king-von-demon-video-birthday}}</ref> == Matoleo ya baada ya kifo == === 2020–2022: Sifa na ''Maana ya Kuwa Mfalme'' === Mnamo Desemba 14, 2020, mwezi mmoja tu baada ya kifo cha Bennett, Funkmaster Flex alitoa video rasmi ya " Lurkin " kwenye chaneli yake rasmi [[YouTube|ya YouTube]], ikiwakilisha kuonekana kwa kwanza baada ya kifo katika taswira ya muziki ya Bennett; hata hivyo, wimbo huo ulikuwa wa Oktoba 22, 2020. <ref>{{Citation|title=Funk Flex Shares "Lurkin'" Collab With Late Rapper King Von|date=September 26, 2021|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/308099-funk-flex-shares-lurkin-collab-with-late-rapper-king-von-new-song|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806072419/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/308099-funk-flex-shares-lurkin-collab-with-late-rapper-king-von-new-song|periodical=[[HotNewHipHop]]|access-date=August 15, 2024|archive-date=August 6, 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|title=Polo G Joins Funk Flex's "Lurkin" Remix f/ King Von|date=July 16, 2021|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/cmplxtara-mahadevan/funk-flex-king-von-polo-g-lurkin-remix-video|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813082911/https://www.complex.com/music/a/cmplxtara-mahadevan/funk-flex-king-von-polo-g-lurkin-remix-video|periodical=[[Complex Networks|Complex]]|access-date=August 15, 2024|archive-date=August 13, 2024}}</ref> Mnamo Desemba 24, 2020, Lil Durk alitoa albamu yake, ''The Voice'', kama heshima kwa Bennett, ambaye, pamoja na Durk, wanaonekana kwenye jalada la albamu kama mtu muhimu na pia wameangaziwa kwenye wimbo " Still Trappin' ". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.pitchfork.com/news/lil-durk-releases-new-album-the-voice-listen|title=Lil Durk Releases New Album The Voice|work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|author=Bloom|first=Madison|date=December 24, 2020|accessdate=December 25, 2020|archivedate=December 24, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224180259/https://pitchfork.com/news/lil-durk-releases-new-album-the-voice-listen/}}</ref> Katika mahojiano mnamo Februari 26, 2021, meneja wa Bennett alisema kuwa Von alikuwa na zaidi ya nyimbo 300 ambazo hazikutolewa, au karibu albamu 10 zenye thamani ya yaliyomo, ambayo wangeendelea kutoa kwa idhini ya familia katika miaka iliyofuata kwa lengo la kuweka urithi wake hai. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von's Former Manager Says Late Rapper Had Around 300 Unreleased Songs|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/cmplxtara-mahadevan/former-manager-says-king-von-had-over-300-unreleased-songs|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|date=February 26, 2021|accessdate=September 19, 2023|archivedate=September 11, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230911134854/https://www.complex.com/music/a/cmplxtara-mahadevan/former-manager-says-king-von-had-over-300-unreleased-songs}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von's Family Vows To Continue Releasing His Music & Interviews|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.59103/title.king-vons-family-vows-to-continue-releasing-his-music-interviews|work=[[HipHopDX]]|date=November 19, 2020|accessdate=September 19, 2023|archivedate=September 28, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928194252/https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.59103/title.king-vons-family-vows-to-continue-releasing-his-music-interviews}}</ref> Mnamo Machi 3, 2021, Bennett alishirikishwa kwenye albamu ya mkusanyiko ''ya Loyal Bros'' na lebo ya rekodi ya Marekani Only the Family . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/cmplxjoshua-espinoza/lil-durk-king-von-otf-only-the-family-loyal-bros-stream|title=Lil Durk and the OTF Crew Drop 'Loyal Boys' Compilation Mixtape|date=March 5, 2021|accessdate=March 14, 2024}}</ref> Alionekana kwenye nyimbo tatu ikiwa ni pamoja na "Out the Roof" ambayo pia inashirikiana na rappers wa Chicago Lil Durk na Booka600; "Mimi na Doodie Lo" inayoonyesha Doodie Lo, ambayo ilitolewa kabla ya kifo cha Bennett na baadaye ilitumika kama wimbo wa kwanza wa albamu. Hiyo pia ilijumuisha video ya muziki iliyotolewa mnamo Agosti 21, 2020. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.64180/title.lil-durk-gifts-otf-rapper-200k-earrings-to-celebrate-big-doodie-lo-album|title=Lil Durk Gifts OTF Rapper $200k Earrings To Celebrate 'Big Doodie Lo' Album by Brandon Caldwell|date=August 28, 2021|accessdate=March 14, 2024|archivedate=March 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314105603/https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.64180/title.lil-durk-gifts-otf-rapper-200k-earrings-to-celebrate-big-doodie-lo-album}}</ref> Hatimaye, alionekana kwenye wimbo wa mwisho wa mradi " Jump " ambao bado unawashirikisha Lil Durk, Booka600 na Memo600. Video ya muziki ya wimbo huo ilirekodiwa kabla ya kifo cha Bennett na kutolewa wakati huo huo siku ile ile ya kutolewa kwa wimbo huo, mnamo Machi 3, 2021. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://uproxx.com/music/lil-durk-king-von-jump-video/|title=Lil Durk And King Von's 'Jump' Video Highlights The OTF Crew Chemistry|date=March 16, 2021|accessdate=March 14, 2024|archivedate=March 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314100823/https://uproxx.com/music/lil-durk-king-von-jump-video/}}</ref> Mnamo Februari 4, 2022, timu yake ya usimamizi ilitangaza albamu mpya ya rapa huyo yenye jina la ''What It Means to Be King'' . Siku iliyofuata, Februari 5, wimbo wa promosheni " Don't Play That " ulitolewa, ukimshirikisha rapa wa Marekani [[21 Savage]], na unawakuta wawili hao wakitoa nyimbo zao kwenye utayarishaji wa Kid Hazel; video rasmi ya muziki ya wimbo huo ilitolewa Februari 9, 2022. <ref name="wimtbk" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von And 21 Savage's Colorful 'Don't Play That' Video Pairs Cuddly Animation With Vicious Lyrics|url=https://uproxx.com/music/king-von-21-savage-dont-play-that-video-2/|work=[[Uproxx]]|date=February 9, 2022|accessdate=September 17, 2023|archivedate=September 28, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928194252/https://uproxx.com/music/king-von-21-savage-dont-play-that-video-2/}}</ref> Hii ilifuatia kutolewa kwa dondoo la albamu yake ya pili inayoitwa " War " mnamo Machi 2, 2022, kipande hicho kinaambatana na video rasmi ya taswira. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von's Estate Shares "War", A Breathlessly Intense Single From What It Means To Be King|url=https://audibletreats.com/king-vons_pr34/|work=audibletreats.com|date=March 4, 2022|accessdate=June 21, 2023|archivedate=June 21, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621142539/https://audibletreats.com/king-vons_pr34/}}</ref> Nyimbo hizi mbili zilipata mafanikio ya kibiashara, zikishika nafasi ya 40 na 63 mtawalia kwenye ''Billboard'' Hot 100. Mnamo Machi 4, 2022, albamu hiyo ilitolewa kupitia Empire Distribution na Only the Family na timu yake ya usimamizi, ikiwakilisha albamu ya pili ya studio ya King Von na kazi ya kwanza baada ya kifo chake. Albamu hiyo inaangazia wageni kutoka kwa G Herbo, 21 Savage, Fivio Foreign, Moneybagg Yo, Lil Durk, Tee Grizzley, A Boogie wit da Hoodie, Dreezy, Boss Top, DqFrmDaO, na OMB Peezy . Utayarishaji uliendeshwa na Chopsquad DJ, Hitmaka, Tee Romano, Kid Hazel, Touch of Trent, DJ Bandz, DJ FMCT, Glaazer, Diego Ave, Bankroll Got It, TM88, ATL Jacob, Geraldo Liive, CGM Beats, John Lam, na Raw Equity. Orodha ya nyimbo inajumuisha wimbo "Mjukuu Kwa Rais" wimbo uliosifiwa ambao ulianzia Aprili 2020, hii inafanya, kwa kweli, kuwa wimbo wa kwanza wa albamu Rekodi hiyo ilifikia kilele cha nambari 2 kwenye [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], ikipata vitengo 59,000 sawa na albamu, ambapo 55,000 vilitoka kwa mitiririko milioni 79, na 4,000 kutokana na mauzo ya albamu halisi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.complex.com/music/king-von-dababy-youngboy-never-broke-again-first-week-numbers|title=The Final First Week Numbers for King Von and DaBaby x YoungBoy Never Broke Again Projects Are In|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|date=March 14, 2022|accessdate=September 17, 2022|archivedate=October 8, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008133659/https://www.complex.com/music/king-von-dababy-youngboy-never-broke-again-first-week-numbers}}</ref> Matokeo haya inageuka kuwa nafasi yake bora na ya pili ya juu 10 kwa King Von katika Billboard 200, ambaye kwanza alifikia juu 10 na albamu yake ya kwanza ya studio Karibu O ⁇ Block ambayo ilifikia namba 5.. Muda mfupi baadaye, video za muziki za dondoo mbili kutoka kwenye diski zake zilitolewa: "Too Real" ilitolewa Machi 7, 2022, na "Get it Done" ilitolewa siku ya kuzaliwa kwake, Agosti 9, 2022. === 2023–sasa: ''Mjukuu'' === Mnamo Januari 2023, meneja wa King Von alitangaza kwa chapisho kwenye Instagram, kuachwa kwa mradi mpya wa baada ya kifo cha rapa huyo, uliopangwa kufanyika mwaka huo huo. Mnamo Juni, jina la albamu hiyo lilitangazwa kuwa ''Mjukuu,'' jambo ambalo linakumbusha tepu ya kwanza ya Von, ''Grandson, Vol.'' ''1'', na ni kumbukumbu ya jina lake maarufu la utani, ambalo mfungwa mmoja alimpa wakati wa kifungo chake katika Gereza la Kaunti ya Cook kutoka 2014 hadi 2017. Rekodi hiyo ilishughulikiwa na washirika wa karibu wa mwanamuziki huyo na mama yake mwenyewe Nyimbo tatu zilitolewa kabla ya albamu hiyo. Ya kwanza, " Robbery ", ilitolewa mnamo Juni 23, 2023, ikiwa na video rasmi iliyotolewa siku hiyo hiyo; <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Check out King Von's latest video for "Robberies"|url=https://www.revolt.tv/article/2023-06-28/312199/king-von-robberies-video/|work=[[Revolt (TV network)|Revolt Tv]]|accessdate=July 8, 2023|date=June 28, 2023|archivedate=July 9, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709021458/https://www.revolt.tv/article/2023-06-28/312199/king-von-robberies-video/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Video: King Von "Robberies"|url=https://rapradar.com/2023/06/23/video-king-von-robberies/|work=[[Rap Radar]]|accessdate=July 8, 2023|date=June 23, 2023}}</ref> ya pili, iliyopewa jina la " Heartless ", ilimshirikisha Tee Grizzley na ilitolewa mnamo Julai 7, 2023, ikiwa na kionyeshi rasmi cha kutazama. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von & Tee Grizzley Grew Up "Heartless" On New Single|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/693674-king-von-tee-grizzley-heartless-new-single|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|accessdate=July 7, 2023|date=July 7, 2023|archivedate=July 7, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707193154/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/693674-king-von-tee-grizzley-heartless-new-single}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von ft. Tee Grizzley "Heartless"|url=https://rapradar.com/2023/07/07/king-von-ft-tee-grizzley-heartless/|work=[[Rap Radar]]|accessdate=July 7, 2023|date=July 7, 2023|archivedate=November 10, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110095533/https://rapradar.com/2023/07/07/king-von-ft-tee-grizzley-heartless/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von – Heartless f. Tee Grizzley|url=https://hiphopdx.com/singles/king-von-heartless-f-tee-grizzley|work=[[HipHopDX]]|accessdate=July 8, 2023|date=July 8, 2023}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Visualizer released for Tee Grizzley-assisted King Von single "Heartless"|url=https://hiphopcanada.com/king-von-tee-grizzley-heartless-visualizer/|work=hiphopcanada.com|accessdate=July 8, 2023|date=July 7, 2023|archivedate=July 8, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708172619/https://hiphopcanada.com/king-von-tee-grizzley-heartless-visualizer/}}</ref> Mradi huo yenyewe ulitolewa mnamo Julai 14, 2023, ikiwakilisha albamu ya tatu ya studio ya Bennett na kazi ya pili baada ya kifo chake. Ilitolewa pamoja na video ya wimbo "Don't Miss", ambayo ilipigwa mwishoni mwa mwaka 2020. Pamoja ilitolewa visualizer rasmi kwa kila wimbo kwenye albamu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von – Don't Miss|url=https://hiphopdx.com/singles/king-von-dont-miss|work=[[HipHopDx]]|accessdate=September 24, 2023|date=July 14, 2023|archivedate=October 2, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002084532/https://hiphopdx.com/singles/king-von-dont-miss}}</ref> Utayarishaji wa albamu hiyo uliendeshwa na watayarishaji mbalimbali wakiwemo ATL Jacob, Chopsquad DJ, David Morse, DJ Bandz, Ghostrage, IllaDaProducer, Mac Fly, Raw Equity, [[Scott Storch]], Southside, Tahj Money, Twysted Genius, Wheezy ; ambao wengi wao tayari walikuwa wameshirikiana na Bennett kwenye albamu zilizopita. Inaangazia wageni kutoka kwa G Herbo, Polo G, Lil Durk, Tee Grizzley, BreezyLyn, Tink, 42 Dugg, Moneybagg Yo, na Hotboii . ilifikia nafasi ya 14 kwenye Billboard 200, na ikaenda 2 kwenye Albamu za Billboard Independent, 4 kwenye Albamu za Billboard Top R&B / Hip Hop, nambari 31 kwa Billboard juu 100 Canada na nambari 20 kwenye New Zealand top 40 <ref name="NZ Top 40 Albums Chart">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/albums/2023-07-21|title=NZ Top 40 Albums Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=July 24, 2023|accessdate=September 24, 2023|archivedate=December 3, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203235023/https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/albums/2023-07-21}}</ref> == Usanii == === Mtindo na mbinu ya rap === Mtindo wa muziki wa King Von umeelezewa kama muziki wa mazoezi, {{Efn|Attributed to multiple sources: <ref name="king-von-mn0003831585" /><ref name = "Vulture" /><ref name= "suntimes">{{Cite web|date=November 6, 2020|title=King Von remembered for his powerful lyrics|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2020/11/6/21553428/king-von-dead-chicago-music-scene-lil-durk-chief-keef|website=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|access-date=August 22, 2023|archive-date=August 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814233810/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2020/11/6/21553428/king-von-dead-chicago-music-scene-lil-durk-chief-keef|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= "passionweiss">{{Cite web|date=November 6, 2020|title="You Have to Go Harder So Everybody Can Talk About You:" An Interview with King Von|url=https://www.passionweiss.com/2020/06/22/king-von-interview/|website=passionweiss.com|access-date=August 22, 2023|archive-date=March 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308211355/https://www.passionweiss.com/2020/06/22/king-von-interview/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= "chicagoreader">{{Cite web|date=April 10, 2020|title=Rising drill star King Von refines his storytelling and stunting on Levon James|url=https://chicagoreader.com/music/rising-drill-star-king-von-refines-his-storytelling-and-stunting-on-levon-james/|website=[[Chicago Reader]]|access-date=August 22, 2023|archive-date=December 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207075254/https://chicagoreader.com/music/rising-drill-star-king-von-refines-his-storytelling-and-stunting-on-levon-james/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= "grammy">{{Cite web|date=October 30, 2020|title=Practice Makes Perfect On King Von's New Album 'Welcome To O Block'|url=https://www.grammy.com/news/practice-makes-perfect-king-vons-new-album-welcome-o-block|website=[[Grammy Awards]]|access-date=August 22, 2023|archive-date=August 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807212920/https://www.grammy.com/news/practice-makes-perfect-king-vons-new-album-welcome-o-block|url-status=live}}</ref>}} uainishaji alioutambua katika mahojiano na DJ Akademiks . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=A|first=Aron|date=2020-11-11|title=RIP King Von: O-Block's Trusted Narrator|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/321194-rip-king-von-o-blocks-trusted-narrator-news|accessdate=2024-10-28|work=HotNewHipHop|language=en|archivedate=August 22, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822161430/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/321194-rip-king-von-o-blocks-trusted-narrator-news}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Face to Face: King Von x DJ Akademiks: Talks NBA Youngboy, 6ix9ine, O block, 63rd, FBG Duck n more|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SMboobc8NFk|work=[[YouTube]]|date=November 5, 2020|accessdate=August 22, 2023}}</ref> Machapisho ya hip-hop yamemtaja Von kama mmoja wa waandishi bora wa nyimbo safi katika mazoezi ya Chicago, <ref name="complex">{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 9, 2020|title=King Von, Fearless Storyteller|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/mbraboy17/king-von-remembered-obituary|work=[[Complex Networks|Complex]]|accessdate=August 22, 2023|archivedate=August 19, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819023323/https://www.complex.com/music/a/mbraboy17/king-von-remembered-obituary}}</ref> na kama mwenye mitindo tofauti zaidi kuliko wanamuziki wengine wengi wa rap katika aina hiyo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-06-22|title="You Have to Go Harder So Everybody Can Talk About You:" An Interview with King Von|url=https://www.passionweiss.com/2020/06/22/king-von-interview/|accessdate=2024-10-28|work=Passion of the Weiss|language=en-US|archivedate=March 8, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308211355/https://www.passionweiss.com/2020/06/22/king-von-interview/}}</ref> Von pia amepokea sifa za kukosoa kwa hisia yake ya kuzingatia, uwasilishaji, uchezaji wa maneno, na uandishi wake mkali wa nyimbo. <ref name="complex" /> <ref name="stereo">{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 4, 2020|title=King Von & The Art Of Storytelling|url=https://www.stereogum.com/2104833/king-von-the-art-of-storytelling/columns/status-aint-hood/|accessdate=January 11, 2022|work=[[Stereogum]]|archivedate=March 7, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307145255/https://www.stereogum.com/2104833/king-von-the-art-of-storytelling/columns/status-aint-hood/}}</ref> <ref name="hotnew">{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 4, 2020|title=RIP King Von: O-Block's Trusted Narrator|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/321194-rip-king-von-o-blocks-trusted-narrator-news|accessdate=August 22, 2023|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|archivedate=August 22, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822161430/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/321194-rip-king-von-o-blocks-trusted-narrator-news}}</ref> Mark Braboy wa ''Complex'' alimtaja Von kama mtunzi wa nyimbo mwenye mawazo na ujuzi ambaye aliwazidi wasanii wengine wa Chicago katika ukali na mguso wa uwasilishaji wake. <ref name="complex" /> Jayson Buford kutoka Tablet aliona kuwa Von alibaki kuwa muhimu kitamaduni miaka baada ya kifo chake; Buford alielezea jambo hilo kwa ukaribu wa Von kwa vurugu na kwa ustadi wake wa ajabu wa mashairi. Will Schube wa NPR alibainisha sifa ya mtindo wa Von kama uwezo wake wa kutengeneza hadithi za kupendeza ambazo zinalinganisha nihilism, ucheshi, na uelewa; Schube alibainisha "Alimpeleka kwa O" kama moja ya uwakilishi wenye nguvu wa mtindo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/11/06/932178314/king-von-emerging-chicago-rapper-dead-at-26|title=King Von, Emerging Chicago Rapper, Dead At 26|work=[[NPR]]|date=November 6, 2020|accessdate=August 13, 2024|archivedate=February 1, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201154624/https://www.npr.org/2020/11/06/932178314/king-von-emerging-chicago-rapper-dead-at-26}}</ref> ==== Usimulizi wa hadithi ==== Mfalme Von alijulikana kwa matumizi ya usimulizi wa hadithi katika nyimbo zake na mtindo wake wa ukali, akiwa na nyimbo kama vile " Crazy Story " na " Took Her to the O " kwa mifano. <ref name="hotnew" /> Simulizi yake pia imefafanuliwa na HotNewHipHop kama "isiyo na dosari" na imewekwa "na kisasi na uhalisia usiokatizwa"; <ref name="hotnew" /> pia imeelezewa kama "dhahiri". <ref name="complex" /> <nowiki><i id="mwAwY">Pitchfork</i></nowiki> anasifu uwezo wake wa kusimulia hadithi yenye upatano kama msimulizi wake pamoja na uingizaji wa mazungumzo unaohusiana katika mistari yake. <ref name="pitch">{{Rejea tovuti|date=February 6, 2019|title=The Ones: King Von's "Crazy Story" – The must-hear rap song of the day|url=https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/king-von-crazy-story-new-song-listen/|accessdate=August 22, 2023|work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|archivedate=December 8, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208213140/https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/king-von-crazy-story-new-song-listen/}}</ref> Von alizidisha uwezo wake wa kusimulia hadithi katika juhudi tatu zilizosifiwa sana, ''Mjukuu, Vol.'' ''1'', ''Levon James'', na ''Karibu O'Block'', huku kila mradi ukionyesha ugumu kamili wa utu wake, huku Von akielezea masimulizi ambayo hayaonekani sana katika rap ya kawaida. <ref name="complex" /> Mbinu ya hadithi ya Bennett mara nyingi ilitokana na uzoefu wake ulioishi,[b] na pia imelinganishwa na ile ya wasanii wengine anuwai, kama vile Ice-T, na Spika wa marehemu Knockerz. Hasa, nyimbo kama "Alimchukua O" na "Crazy Story" wamekuwa ikilinganishwa na "Children's Story" na Slick Rick. Bennett mwenyewe anasema kwamba mara nyingi amelinganishwa na mbinu ya hadithi ya Meek Mill. Mtindo na uwezo wa Von wa kusimulia hadithi uliongozwa na utoto wake huko Englewood, na hutegemea riwaya za mijini alizosoma wakati wa kufungwa. Alisema kwamba alikuwa amesoma vitabu vingi vya Dada Souljah. Pia alipenda vitabu vya Ashley & JaQuavis, hasa kitabu "The Cartel", na "The Ultimate Sacrifice" cha Anthony Fields. Pia alithamini riwaya za Twilight <ref name="xxlmag3">{{Rejea tovuti|date=January 8, 2021|title=King Von Speaks on His Come Up Two Weeks Before His Death in One of His Final Interviews|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/king-von-interview/|accessdate=August 22, 2023|work=[[XXL magazine|XXL Mag]]|archivedate=August 21, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821075205/https://www.xxlmag.com/king-von-interview/}}</ref> === Ushawishi === King Von aliwataja MC kadhaa kama ushawishi katika mtindo wake wa kurap, wakiwemo wasanii aliowasikiliza katika miaka yake ya ujana kama vile [[Lil Wayne]], Gucci Mane na Waka Flocka Flame, <ref name="xxlmag2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Break Presents: King Von|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/king-von-interview-the-break/|work=[[XXL Magazine|XXL Mag]]|date=March 4, 2020|accessdate=August 22, 2023|archivedate=June 17, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617201049/https://www.xxlmag.com/king-von-interview-the-break/}}</ref> na rapa wengine wa Chicago kama vile Twista, [[Kanye West]], <ref name="Uproxx" /> G Herbo, Lil Bibby, na Lil Durk . == Maisha ya kibinafsi == Bennett alikuwa katika uhusiano wa mara kwa mara na rapa wa Texas Asian Doll, lakini inasemekana wawili hao hawakuwa katika uhusiano wakati wa kifo chake. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=June 14, 2021|title=Asian Doll Addresses Rumors of King Von Cheating on Her Following News of Rapper's New Child|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/fnr-tigg/asian-doll-rumors-king-con-cheating|accessdate=January 11, 2022|work=[[Complex Networks|Complex]]|archivedate=December 30, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230225835/https://amp.www.complex.com/music/asian-doll-rumors-king-con-cheating}}</ref> Bennett alikuwa na watoto watatu. <ref name="complex" /> Binamu yake, Calboy, pia ni rapa wa mazoezi ya viungo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Todd|first=Jessica|date=May 2, 2022|title=Exclusive: Calboy on Being King Von's Cousin, Planned on Meeting Up with Him the Night He Died|url=https://www.vladtv.com/article/282763/calboy-on-being-king-vons-cousin-planned-on-meeting-up-with-him-the|accessdate=September 10, 2023|work=www.vladtv.com|language=}}</ref> === Masuala ya kisheria === Mnamo Aprili 2014, Bennett alihojiwa na polisi kama mtu wa maslahi katika risasi mbaya ya mwanachama wa Gangster Disciples wa miaka 17 Gakirah "KI". Barnes, lakini polisi walishindwa kumshtaki kwa sababu ya kutokubaliana katika taarifa za shahidi. Mnamo 2021, nyaraka zilizofunguliwa zilizotolewa na Idara ya Polisi ya Chicago zilizoitwa Bennett kama muuaji wa Barnes <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=B|first=Mira|date=July 13, 2021|title=King Von Named In 2014 Fatal Shooting Of Gakirah Barnes|url=https://thesource.com/2021/07/13/king-von-named-in-2014-fatal-shooting-of-gakirah-barnes/|accessdate=January 10, 2022|work=[[The Source (magazine)|The Source]]|archivedate=January 10, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110162139/https://thesource.com/2021/07/13/king-von-named-in-2014-fatal-shooting-of-gakirah-barnes/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Police Release Documents Confirming King Von Murdered Notorious Killer|url=https://www.vladtv.com/article/273979/police-release-documents-confirming-king-von-murdered-notorious-killer|accessdate=July 12, 2021|work=[[DJ Vlad|VladTV]]|archivedate=July 12, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712214515/https://www.vladtv.com/article/273979/police-release-documents-confirming-king-von-murdered-notorious-killer}}</ref> Mnamo Julai 24, 2014, Bennett alikamatwa kuhusiana na risasi Mei 2014, na kusababisha kifo cha Malcolm Stuckey na kujeruhiwa kwa wanaume wengine wawili. Bennett alishtakiwa kwa kosa moja la mauaji ya kiwango cha kwanza na makosa mawili ya kujaribu kuua. Upigaji risasi ulifanyika katika Englewood, [[Chicago]]. Bennett alipatikana hana hatia mnamo Desemba 2017.. Mnamo Mei 2019, Bennett na Lil Durk walikamatwa kuhusiana na mauaji ya risasi huko Atlanta. Bennett na mshtakiwa mwenzake Durk walionekana mbele ya hakimu katika mahakama ya Kaunti ya Fulton kwa kusikilizwa kwa sababu ya uwezekano. Waendesha mashtaka wamedai kwamba wanamuziki hao wawili walimwibia na kumpiga risasi Alexander Witherspoon nje ya sinema maarufu ya gari mnamo Februari 5 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.fox10phoenix.com/news/judge-rules-case-against-rappers-lil-durk-von-king-can-move-forward|title=Judge rules case against rappers Lil Durk, Von King can move forward|date=June 15, 2019|work=[[KSAZ-TV|FOX 10 Phoenix]]|accessdate=October 18, 2019|archivedate=November 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107232937/https://www.fox10phoenix.com/news/judge-rules-case-against-rappers-lil-durk-von-king-can-move-forward}}</ref> Baada ya wiki kadhaa gerezani, Durk aliachiliwa kwa dhamana ya $250,000, huku Von akiachiliwa kwa dhamana ya $300,000. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=June 23, 2019|title=King Von Released From Jail|url=https://kollegekidd.com/news/king-von-released-from-jail/|work=KollegeKidd.com|accessdate=June 27, 2021|archivedate=May 14, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514104632/https://kollegekidd.com/news/king-von-released-from-jail/}}</ref> Mashtaka dhidi ya Durk yalifutwa mnamo Oktoba 2022. Mnamo Januari 2023, baada ya kifo cha Bennett, FBI iliondoa uainishaji wa hati kadhaa zinazoonyesha kwamba mtoa taarifa wa siri alidai kwamba Bennett mwanzoni aliweka kipigo cha $50,000 kwenye Carlton " FBG Duck " Weekly, kabla ya kuongeza bei hadi $100,000. Gazeti la Weekly liliuawa katika eneo la Gold Coast huko Chicago mnamo Agosti 2020. Washiriki watano wa O'Block walikamatwa baadaye na kupatikana na hatia ya mauaji haya. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Allah|first=Sha Be|date=2023-01-18|title=FBI Release Documents Alleging King Von Put $100K Hit On FBG Duck|url=https://thesource.com/2023/01/18/fbi-release-documents-alleging-king-von-put-100k-hit-on-fbg-duck/|accessdate=2024-10-28|work=thesource.com|language=en-US|archivedate=April 16, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416043515/https://thesource.com/2023/01/18/fbi-release-documents-alleging-king-von-put-100k-hit-on-fbg-duck/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=|date=2022-01-31|title=15 Seconds of Gold Coast Mayhem: FBI Affidavit Lifts Curtain on FBG Duck Murder Case|url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/15-seconds-of-gold-coast-mayhem-fbi-affidavit-lifts-curtain-on-fbg-duck-murder-case/2743491/|accessdate=2024-10-28|work=NBC Chicago|language=en-US|archivedate=September 13, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913072926/https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/15-seconds-of-gold-coast-mayhem-fbi-affidavit-lifts-curtain-on-fbg-duck-murder-case/2743491/}}</ref> Mnamo Oktoba 9, 2024, iliripotiwa kuwa mali ya Bennett, pamoja na Durk na OTF Records, walitajwa katika kesi ya kifo cha makosa na mali na familia ya Weekly. Kesi hiyo na mawakili wake walidai kwamba Durk na alama yake ya OTF Records, ambayo Bennett alikuwa msaini, walikuwa "wanapata faida kutokana na kifo cha Weekly kupitia uzembe na mwenendo mbaya". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Wire • •|first=Andy Grimm/Sun-Times|date=2024-10-09|title=Rapper FBG Duck's mom sues Lil Durk, King Von's estate over son's brazen Gold Coast killing|url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/fbg-ducks-mom-sues-lil-durk-king-vons-estate-over-brazen-killing-of-son/3569378/|accessdate=2024-10-25|work=NBC Chicago|language=en-US|archivedate=November 12, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112122508/https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/fbg-ducks-mom-sues-lil-durk-king-vons-estate-over-brazen-killing-of-son/3569378/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Ewing|first=Tia|date=2024-10-09|title=Lawsuit blames Lil Durk, others for 2020 killing of FBG Duck, citing misconduct and negligence|url=https://www.fox32chicago.com/news/lawsuit-blames-lil-durk-others-2020-killing-fbg-duck|accessdate=2024-10-25|work=FOX 32 Chicago|language=en-US|archivedate=November 2, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241102090659/https://www.fox32chicago.com/news/lawsuit-blames-lil-durk-others-2020-killing-fbg-duck}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2024-10-09|title=Rapper FBG Duck's mom sues Lil Durk, King Von's estate over son's brazen Gold Coast killing|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/fbgduck/2024/10/09/fbg-duck-lil-durk-king-von-otf-only-the-family-shooting-homicide-lawsuit|accessdate=2024-10-25|work=Chicago Sun-Times|language=en|archivedate=November 12, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112122509/https://chicago.suntimes.com/fbgduck/2024/10/09/fbg-duck-lil-durk-king-von-otf-only-the-family-shooting-homicide-lawsuit}}</ref> == Kifo == Mnamo Novemba 6, 2020, yapata saa 3:00 asubuhi, Bennett na wafanyakazi wake walihusika katika ugomvi na wafanyakazi wa Quando Rondo nje ya Monaco Hookah Lounge huko [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]], Georgia. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von Reportedly In Critical Condition After Shoot Out With Quando Rondo's Crew|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/313810-king-von-rumored-to-be-in-critical-condition-after-shooting-report-news|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|date=November 6, 2020|accessdate=December 6, 2020|archivedate=November 6, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106153834/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/king-von-rumored-to-be-in-critical-condition-after-shooting-report-news.120836.html}}</ref> Mzozo huo ulizidi kuwa wa kufyatua risasi haraka, na Bennett alipigwa risasi mara nyingi. <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rapper King Von fatally shot in Atlanta|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/rapper-king-von-2-others-fatally-shot-atlanta-n1246807|accessdate=December 6, 2020|work=[[NBC News]]|archivedate=November 6, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106193353/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/rapper-king-von-2-others-fatally-shot-atlanta-n1246807}}</ref> Alisafirishwa hadi hospitalini akiwa katika hali mbaya na akafa huko baadaye siku hiyo. Alikuwa na umri wa miaka 26. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 6, 2020|title=Rapper King Von shot dead outside Atlanta nightclub|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/nov/06/king-von-rapper-shot-deashooting|publisher=theguardian.com|accessdate=November 10, 2020|archivedate=November 10, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110160831/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/nov/06/king-von-rapper-shot-dead-atlanta-shooting}}</ref> Ofisi ya Upelelezi ya Georgia iliripoti kwamba watu wawili waliuawa na sita kujeruhiwa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|first=Rebekah|author=Riess|title=Rapper King Von shot and killed outside Atlanta nightclub|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/06/us/atlanta-king-von-killed-in-shootout/index.html|accessdate=November 13, 2020|work=CNN|date=November 7, 2020|archivedate=November 14, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114124140/https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/06/us/atlanta-king-von-killed-in-shootout/index.html}}</ref> Mmoja wa wanaume waliojeruhiwa, alipokuwa akitibiwa jeraha la risasi, aliwekwa chini ya ulinzi wa polisi kwa mauaji ya Bennett. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 7, 2020|title=American Rapper King Von shot dead outside Atlanta nightclub – The Thinkera|url=https://www.thethinkera.com/current-affairs/international-news/america/american-rapper-king-von-shot-dead-outside-atlanta-nightclub/|accessdate=March 9, 2021|archivedate=November 7, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107083141/https://www.thethinkera.com/current-affairs/international-news/america/american-rapper-king-von-shot-dead-outside-atlanta-nightclub/}}</ref> Mshukiwa alitambuliwa kama Timothy "Lul Timm" Leeks mwenye umri wa miaka 22, rapa mwenye uhusiano na Quando Rondo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 8, 2020|title=Police Charge Rapper Lul Timm With Murdering King Von|url=https://allhiphop.com/news/police-charge-rapper-lul-timm-with-murdering-king-von/|accessdate=December 24, 2020|work=[[AllHipHop]]|archivedate=January 7, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107203902/https://allhiphop.com/news/police-charge-rapper-lul-timm-with-murdering-king-von/}}</ref> Mnamo Agosti 2023, mashtaka yalifutwa dhidi ya Leeks chini ya sheria ya Georgia ya " kusimama imara ". Mnamo Novemba 14, 2020, Bennett alizikwa katika Makaburi ya Burr Oak huko Alsip, Kaunti ya Cook, Illinois . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Lee|first=Nicole|title=King Von's Grave The final resting place of one of Chicago's most iconic drill rappers.|url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/king-vons-grave|work=[[Atlas Obscura]]|date=March 10, 2025|accessdate=March 12, 2025|archivedate=March 11, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311181954/https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/king-vons-grave}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cole|first=Alexander|date=December 14, 2020|title=King Von's Family Holds Private Funeral Service, Fans Offer Prayers|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/326325-king-vons-family-holds-private-funeral-service-fans-offer-prayers-news|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|accessdate=December 24, 2020|archivedate=January 7, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107144813/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/king-vons-family-holds-private-funeral-service-fans-offer-prayers-news.121285.html}}</ref> Mnamo Oktoba 2024, rapper wa Chicago na rafiki wa karibu wa Bennett, Lil Durk, alikamatwa karibu na Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Miami kwa mashtaka ya shirikisho, pamoja na njama ya kufanya mauaji ya kukodisha, mashtaka yanadai kwamba Durk aliandaa njama inayolenga rapper Quando Rondo, kwa madai ya kulipiza kisasi kwa mauaji ya Bennett ya 2020, na kusababisha kifo cha binamu wa Quando Rondo, Saviay'a "Lul Pab" Robinson.. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Renshaw|first=David|title=Lil Durk and the murder-for-hire charge explained|url=https://www.thefader.com/2024/11/26/lil-durk-murder-for-hire-explained?|work=[[The Fader]]|date=November 26, 2024|accessdate=January 12, 2025|archivedate=January 15, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115093526/https://www.thefader.com/2024/11/26/lil-durk-murder-for-hire-explained}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Curto|first=Justin|title=Lil Durk Arrested Over Alleged Murder Plot|url=https://www.vulture.com/article/lil-durk-arrested-murder.html?utm_campaign=feed-part&utm_medium=social_acct&|work=[[Vulture (magazine)|Vulture]]|date=November 26, 2024|accessdate=January 12, 2025|archivedate=January 21, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121181518/https://www.vulture.com/article/lil-durk-arrested-murder.html?utm_campaign=feed-part&utm_medium=social_acct&}}</ref> Washiriki watano wa kundi la Durk, Only the Family (OTF), pia walikamatwa kuhusiana na kesi hii.. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Curto|first=Justin|title=Federal charges filed against 5 accused in murder-for-hire shooting in retaliation for killing of rapper King Von|url=https://wgntv.com/news/chicago-news/federal-charges-filed-against-5-accused-in-murder-for-hire-shooting-in-retaliation-for-killing-of-rapper-king-von/|work=[[WGNTV]]|date=October 25, 2024|accessdate=January 12, 2025|archive-date=2026-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260110234115/https://wgntv.com/news/chicago-news/federal-charges-filed-against-5-accused-in-murder-for-hire-shooting-in-retaliation-for-killing-of-rapper-king-von/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Ukumbusho === Wakati wa Tuzo za Grammy za kila mwaka za 63, Bennett alijumuishwa katika mkusanyiko wa In Memoriam. 1] Mnamo Agosti 2021, mchoro wa ukuta unaoonyesha Mfalme Von ulichorwa na msanii Chris Devins kwenye ukuta mkubwa unaokabiliwa na Martin Luther King Drive katika eneo la bustani za Parkway, ambapo Von alilelewa; kazi hiyo iliagizwa na Delilah Martinez, mmiliki wa nyumba ya sanaa na mwanzilishi wa Harakati ya Mural, iliyoelezewa kama "jibu la ubunifu kwa mauaji ya George Floyd".[1] 2] Bennett alionyeshwa na kofia ya baseball nyuma na kuvaa mnyororo wa fedha "O'Block"Wakati wa Tuzo za Grammy za 63 za kila mwaka, Bennett alijumuishwa kwenye mkusanyiko wa Kumbukumbu. Mnamo Agosti 2021, mchoro wa ukuta unaoonyesha Mfalme Von ulichorwa na msanii Chris Devins kwenye ukuta mkubwa unaokabiliwa na Martin Luther King Drive katika eneo la bustani za Parkway, ambapo Von alilelewa; kazi hiyo iliagizwa na Delilah Martinez, mmiliki wa nyumba ya sanaa na mwanzilishi wa Harakati ya Mural, iliyoelezewa kama "jibu la ubunifu kwa mauaji ya George Floyd".[1] 2] Bennett alionyeshwa na kofia ya baseball nyuma na kuvaa mnyororo wa fedha "O'Block" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=August 9, 2021|title=King Von Gets New Mural In Chicago's O-Block|url=https://thesource.com/2021/08/09/king-von-gets-new-mural-in-chicagos-o-block/|accessdate=January 8, 2022|work=[[The Source (magazine)|The Source]]|archivedate=December 29, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229224615/https://thesource.com/2021/08/09/king-von-gets-new-mural-in-chicagos-o-block/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 24, 2023|title=Slain drill rapper King Von looms on King Drive|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/columnists/2023/11/24/23972486/drill-rapper-king-von-mural-parkway-gardens-gangs-fbg-duck-disinvestment-natalie-moore|accessdate=November 25, 2023|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]}}</ref> Ukuta huo ulizua utata miongoni mwa wakazi wa Chicago, huku baadhi wakisema ulitukuza vurugu za magenge na ungevutia uhalifu unaohusiana na magenge katika eneo hilo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Evans|first=Maxwell|date=August 18, 2021|title=King Von Mural Near Parkway Gardens Sparked Debate, Threats And Harassment. Now, Neighbors To Vote On Its Fate|url=https://blockclubchicago.org/2021/08/18/king-von-mural-near-parkways-gardens-sparked-debate-threats-and-harassment-now-neighbors-to-vote-on-its-fate/|accessdate=January 8, 2022|work=[[Block Club Chicago]]|archivedate=December 9, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209182900/https://blockclubchicago.org/2021/08/18/king-von-mural-near-parkways-gardens-sparked-debate-threats-and-harassment-now-neighbors-to-vote-on-its-fate/}}</ref> Hatimaye, miaka mitatu baada ya kuonekana, mnamo Novemba 29, 2024, ukuta uliondolewa kutoka Parkway Gardens. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Johnson|first=Erick|date=2024-11-29|title=King Von Mural across from Parkway Gardens removed|url=https://chicagocrusader.com/king-von-mural-across-from-parkway-gardens-removed/|work=Chicago Crusader|accessdate=2024-12-14|language=en-US|archivedate=December 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214182557/https://chicagocrusader.com/king-von-mural-across-from-parkway-gardens-removed/}}</ref> == Diskografia == ; Albamu za studio * ''Welcome O'Block'' (2020) ; Albamu za studio za baada ya kifo * ''What It Means to Be King'' (2022) * ''Grandson'' (2023) == Tazama pia == * List of murdered hip-hop musicians == Vidokezo == {{Tanbihi}} == Marejeleo == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Tanbihi}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{Official|https://kingvonofficial.com/}} * King Von at IMDb [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2020]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1994]] [[Jamii:Articles with hCards]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ss3ru9abqgelqpa70dccjic47p13kfs 1592748 1592747 2026-08-29T00:19:48Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1592748 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Infobox person|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=August 9, 1994|picha=King_von2.webp|signature=King_Von_sig.svg|kazi maarufu=Rapa Mtunzi wa nyimbo za Rap|tarehe ya kufa=Novemba 6, 2020 (aged 26) Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.|sababu ya kifo=Mauaji (majeraha ya risasi)|name=Dayvon Daquan Bennett}} '''Dayvon Daquan Bennett''' (Agosti 9, 1994 -  Novemba 6, 2020), anajulikana kama King Von, alikuwa mwimbaji wa rap wa Marekani na gangster wa mitaani kutoka Chicago, [[Illinois]]. Alikuwa na uhusiano na genge la Black Disciples la South Side, [[Chicago]], <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://southsideweekly.com/opinion-king-von-drill-music-parkway-gardens-and-south-side-chicago/|title=Op-Ed: King Von, Drill Music, Parkway Gardens, and South Side Chicago|work=[[South Side Weekly]]|date=December 9, 2020|accessdate=July 14, 2024|archivedate=July 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714090735/https://southsideweekly.com/opinion-king-von-drill-music-parkway-gardens-and-south-side-chicago/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2024/1/2/24022988/fbg-duck-king-von-lil-durk-oblock-tookaville-black-disciples-gangster-chicago-gangs|title=After a trial lasting nearly 3 months, jury set to get case of brazen Gold Coast slaying of rapper FBG Duck|work=[[Chicago Sun Times]]|date=January 2, 2024|accessdate=July 14, 2024|archivedate=July 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714090735/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2024/1/2/24022988/fbg-duck-king-von-lil-durk-oblock-tookaville-black-disciples-gangster-chicago-gangs}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/fbg-duck-king-von-hit-mother|title=FBG Duck's mother speaks On King Von's alleged $100K hit on her son: 'They proved it'|work=[[HipHopDx]]|date=October 10, 2023|accessdate=July 14, 2024|archivedate=July 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714090735/https://hiphopdx.com/news/fbg-duck-king-von-hit-mother}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://abc7chicago.com/fbg-duck-death-verdict-o-block-street-gang-chicago-shooting/14333501/|title=6 O-Block street gang members convicted in 2020 Gold Coast shooting death of Chicago rapper FBG Duck|work=[[WLS-TV]]|date=January 17, 2024|accessdate=July 14, 2024|archivedate=July 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714090735/https://abc7chicago.com/fbg-duck-death-verdict-o-block-street-gang-chicago-shooting/14333501/}}</ref> na alikuwa mfano wa mfano wa muziki wa drill, kitengo kidogo cha [[hip-hop]] kilichotokana na eneo hilo Bennett alipata kutambuliwa kwa ajili ya hadithi yake na vivid lyricism, alibainisha na wakosoaji juu yake 2018 single "Crazy Story". Kabla ya kutolewa kwake, alisaini na lebo ya mwenzake wa Chicago Lil Durk Tu Familia, kupitia ambayo alitoa mixtape yake ya kwanza Grandson, Buku la 1 (2019), na ufuatiliaji wake Levon James (2020), zote mbili ambazo ziliingia kwa wastani kwenye Billboard 200 kama matoleo ya kujitegemea. "Crazy Story", pamoja na single yake ya 2020 "Took Her to the O", ilipokea cheti cha platinamu mara tatu na Chama cha Sekta ya Kurekodi ya Amerika (RIAA) <ref name="suntimes1">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-08-28|title=A 'dark cloud' follows Chicago's drill scene|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2020/11/6/21549717/king-von-drill-chief-keef-polo-pacman-chicago-king-louie-sasha-fbg-duck-herbo-durk-forrest-stuart|accessdate=July 7, 2023|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|language=en-US|archivedate=July 26, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726155645/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2020/11/6/21549717/king-von-drill-chief-keef-polo-pacman-chicago-king-louie-sasha-fbg-duck-herbo-durk-forrest-stuart}}</ref> <ref name="pitch1">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://pitchfork.com/levels/king-von-crazy-story-new-song-listen/|title=The Ones: King Von's "Crazy Story"|work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|date=February 6, 2019|accessdate=November 7, 2019|archivedate=November 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107232942/https://pitchfork.com/levels/king-von-crazy-story-new-song-listen/}}</ref> Wimbo huu wa mwisho ukawa wimbo wake wa kwanza [[Billboard Hot 100|''wa Billboard'' Hot 100]] na ukatangulia albamu yake ya kwanza ya studio, ''Welcome to O'Block'' (2020), ambayo ilifikia kilele cha nambari tano kwenye [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200.]] <ref name="RIAA">{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von - Welcome to O'Block|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=King+Von&ti=&lab=empire&genre=R%26B%2FHIP+HOP&format=Album&date_option=release&from=&to=&award=G&type=&category=&adv=SEARCH#search_section|accessdate=December 27, 2024|date=December 17, 2024|work=[[RIAA]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Mnamo Novemba 6, 2020, Bennett aliuawa kwa kupigwa risasi huko Atlanta, Georgia, akiwa na umri wa miaka 26, kufuatia ugomvi nje ya hookah lounge. Albamu yake ya pili na toleo la kwanza la baada ya kifo, ''What It Means to Be King'' (2022), ilianza nafasi ya pili kwenye Billboard 200, kama vile albamu yake ya tatu na toleo la mwisho la baada ya kifo, ''Grandson'' (2023). == Maisha yake ya awali == Dayvon Daquan Bennett alizaliwa mnamo Agosti 9, 1994, huko Chicago, Illinois. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://mugshots.com/US-Counties/Illinois/Cook-County-IL/Dayvon-Bennett.123203677.html|title=Dayvon Bennett Mugshot 123203677 – Vonita Bennett Arrest – Cook County, IL|work=Mugshots.com|date=November 21, 2015|accessdate=October 18, 2019|archivedate=November 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107232950/https://mugshots.com/US-Counties/Illinois/Cook-County-IL/Dayvon-Bennett.123203677.html}}</ref>Alikuwa na ndugu wa kambo sita kutoka kwa baba yake, Walter E. Bennett, na ndugu watatu kutoka kwa mama yake, Taesha. Alilelewa hasa na mama yake katika Parkway Garden Homes, eneo la kawaida inayojulikana kama "O'Block", iko katika Chicago South Side ndani ya Greater Grand Crossing eneo la jamii. <ref name="Complex1">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/mbraboy17/king-von-remembered-obituary|title=King Von, Fearless Storyteller|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|date=November 9, 2020|accessdate=October 9, 2023|archivedate=October 2, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002084723/https://www.complex.com/music/a/mbraboy17/king-von-remembered-obituary}}</ref> Uhusiano wake na baba yake haukuwa wa kubadilika kutokana na kifungo cha baba yake. Von alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 10, baba yake aliuawa na mtu aliyekuwa na bunduki ambaye hakuonekana. Baadaye Von alimsifu baba yake katika nyimbo nyingi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://thenetline.com/the-truth-about-king-von-parents-and-his-kids/|title=The truth about King Von's parents and his kids|work=thenetline.com|date=January 29, 2021|accessdate=March 4, 2021|archivedate=February 27, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227151340/https://thenetline.com/the-truth-about-king-von-parents-and-his-kids/}}</ref> Bennett alikuwapo kwa kuzaliwa kwa muziki wa drill kupitia ushirika wake na Chief Keef na Lil Durk. Hata hivyo, mara kwa mara alikuwa gerezani katika miaka ya 2010 kwa wingi wa mashtaka makubwa ya jinai, ambayo alifanya naye anajulikana katika eneo drill Chicago hata kabla ya kuanza kurekodi muziki. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.vulture.com/2022/08/drill-songs-to-know.html|title=The Drill Songs to Know A mini subgenre primer.|work=[[Vulture (magazine)|Vulture]]|accessdate=February 17, 2024|date=August 17, 2022|archivedate=April 6, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406234706/https://www.vulture.com/2022/08/drill-songs-to-know.html}}</ref> Akiwa na umri wa miaka 16, Bennett alipelekwa katika gereza la vijana kwa wizi wa silaha mnamo Januari 2011. Alipokuwa gerezani, Bennett alipata shahada ya elimu ya juu. Baada ya kuachiliwa, Bennett alihudhuria madarasa machache katika Chuo cha South Suburban huko South Holland, Illinois, kabla ya kuacha. <ref>{{Cite video|title=King Von In Jail For 3.5 Years At Age 19, Facing Life In Prison, Acquitted Of Attempted Murder|publisher=DJ Smallz Eyes|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch/?v=RX8iLw1BjyY}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eP7IH2du-5s|title=King Von Speaks On Being A College Student 👨🏽‍🎓📚#foryou}}</ref> Mnamo Julai 2014, Bennett alishtakiwa kwa shtaka moja la mauaji ya shahada ya kwanza na mashtaka mawili ya kujaribu kuua kuhusiana na ufyatuaji risasi uliomuua mmoja na kuwajeruhi wengine wawili. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://chicago.cbslocal.com/2014/07/24/second-man-charged-with-may-shooting-that-killed-man-wounded-two-others/|title=Second Man Charged with May Shooting That Killed Man, Wounded Two Others|work=[[CBS News]]|date=July 24, 2014|accessdate=August 2, 2023|archivedate=January 23, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123183557/https://chicago.cbslocal.com/2014/07/24/second-man-charged-with-may-shooting-that-killed-man-wounded-two-others/}}</ref> Baada ya kufungwa katika gereza la Cook County kwa zaidi ya miaka mitatu, aliachiliwa huru mnamo Desemba 2017 na kuanza kazi yake ya muziki. == Kazi == === 20 17–2019: Mwanzo wa kazi na ''Mjukuu, Juz. 1'' === Baada ya Von kuachiliwa kutoka gerezani mnamo Desemba 2017, rapa mwenzake Lil Durk alimsaini Von katika lebo ya Durk ya Only the Family . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Lobad|first=Noor|date=2020-10-05|title=King Von is an OTF Affiliate|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/323370-who-is-king-von-everything-to-know-about-the-lil-durk-affiliate-rapper-news|accessdate=2025-12-30|work=HotNewHipHop|language=en|archivedate=April 21, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421051035/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/323370-who-is-king-von-everything-to-know-about-the-lil-durk-affiliate-rapper-news}}</ref> Kisha Von alitoa mfululizo wa nyimbo za single. Wimbo wa kwanza kati ya hizi ulikuwa "Beat Dat Body", ambao ulimshirikisha rapa mwenzake marehemu wa Chicago [[THF Zoo]], <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Who was THF Bay Zoo, Rapper Reportedly Shot Dead at Chicago's Little Village?|date=27 October 2025|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/world/us/us-news/who-was-thf-bay-zoo-rapper-reportedly-shot-dead-chicago-little-village-article-153056306|accessdate=October 26, 2025|archivedate=October 26, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251026220453/https://www.timesnownews.com/world/us/us-news/who-was-thf-bay-zoo-rapper-reportedly-shot-dead-chicago-little-village-article-153056306}}</ref> na ulitolewa mnamo Juni 17, 2018. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Beat Dat Body (feat. THF Bayzoo) – Single|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/beat-dat-body-feat-thf-bay-zoo/1439318705?i=1439318708|date=June 17, 2018|accessdate=August 28, 2023|work=[[Apple Music]]|language=en|archivedate=October 2, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002085140/https://music.apple.com/us/album/beat-dat-body-feat-thf-bay-zoo/1439318705?i=1439318708}}</ref> Baadaye Von alionekana kwenye albamu ya ''Lil Durk Presents: Only The Family Involved'', ambayo ilitolewa Julai 31. Alishiriki katika wimbo "Problems", ambao ulikuwa na [[Muziki wa video|video ya muziki]] iliyoambatana nayo iliyotolewa mnamo Agosti 9. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lil Durk Presents: Only The Family Involved|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/problems-feat-king-von/1419853271?i=1419853284|date=July 31, 2018|accessdate=August 28, 2023|work=[[Apple Music]]|language=en|archivedate=August 28, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828085323/https://music.apple.com/us/album/problems-feat-king-von/1419853271?i=1419853284}}</ref> Kisha Von alitoa wimbo "War With Us" mnamo Oktoba 18. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=WAR With US|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/war-with-us-single/1446111626|date=October 18, 2018|accessdate=August 28, 2023|work=[[Apple Music]]|language=en}}</ref> Wimbo wa Von " Crazy Story " ulitolewa mnamo Desemba 6. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Crazy Story – Single by King Von|date=December 6, 2018|url=https://music.apple.com/ai/album/crazy-story-single/1445596490|accessdate=November 8, 2020|archivedate=January 24, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124204552/https://music.apple.com/ai/album/crazy-story-single/1445596490}}</ref> Ilikuwa wimbo wake maarufu, maarufu kwa masimulizi yake ya jaribio la wizi katika mji wake wa Chicago, <ref name="Vulture2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Drill Songs to Know A mini subgenre primer.|url=https://www.vulture.com/2022/08/drill-songs-to-know.html|date=August 17, 2022|accessdate=November 27, 2023|work=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]|language=en|archivedate=April 6, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406234706/https://www.vulture.com/2022/08/drill-songs-to-know.html}}</ref> <ref name="Genius2">{{Rejea tovuti|date=April 22, 2022|title=Check The Rhyme: Deconstructing King Von's "Crazy Story" Verse|url=https://genius.com/a/check-the-rhyme-deconstructing-king-von-s-crazy-story-verse|accessdate=November 27, 2023|work=[[Genius (company)|Genius]]|language=en|archivedate=November 30, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130094030/https://genius.com/a/check-the-rhyme-deconstructing-king-von-s-crazy-story-verse}}</ref> na kufikia nambari 81 kwenye [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100.]] <ref name="pitch1" /> Mnamo Januari 9, 2019, Von alionyeshwa kwenye remix ya "Exposing Me", wimbo wa mwanamuziki mwenzake wa Chicago Memo600. Von na Memo600 walibadilishana vibao bila kuheshimu na kuelezea kwa undani vita vya maisha halisi na mapigano dhidi ya wapinzani wengine wa jirani. Jibu kutoka kwa walengwa lilitokea wakati wanamuziki wa rap FBG Duck na Rooga walipoacha remix yao ya wimbo huo mnamo Februari 4. Nyimbo zote mbili zilitolewa kutoka kwa sampuli ya wimbo wa asili wa India Sanam Re. Kufuatia mafanikio, mfululizo wa remixes kwa wimbo huo zilifanywa na wasanii wengine wote katika Marekani na Ulaya. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/342622-from-king-vons-exposin-me-to-cjs-whoopty-a-hindi-love-song-turned-drill-beat-news|title=From King Von's "Exposin Me" To CJ's "Whoopty": A Hindi Love Song Turned Drill Beat|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|date=January 22, 2021|accessdate=March 1, 2024|archivedate=November 16, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116110944/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/342622-from-king-vons-exposin-me-to-cjs-whoopty-a-hindi-love-song-turned-drill-beat-news}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.stereogum.com/2110126/cj-whoopty-brooklyn-drill-mainstream/columns/status-aint-hood/|title=CJ's "Whoopty" And The Mainstreaming Of Drill|work=[[Stereogum]]|date=December 9, 2020|accessdate=March 1, 2024|archivedate=December 29, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229081626/https://www.stereogum.com/2110126/cj-whoopty-brooklyn-drill-mainstream/columns/status-aint-hood/}}</ref> Mnamo Februari 14, mpenzi wa Von wakati huo, rapa Asian Doll, alitoa video ya muziki kwa ajili ya wimbo wake, "Mjukuu", ambapo alionekana. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Langhorne|first=Cyrus|date=February 14, 2019|title=Watch: Gucci Mane Protégé Asian Doll Celebrates V-Day W/ New GRANDSON Video|url=https://www.sohh.com/watch-gucci-mane-protege-asian-doll-celebrates-v-day-w-new-grandson-video/|work=[[SOHH]]|accessdate=November 10, 2020|archivedate=November 10, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110192559/https://www.sohh.com/watch-gucci-mane-protege-asian-doll-celebrates-v-day-w-new-grandson-video/}}</ref> Mei 3, "Crazy Story 2.0" featuring Lil Durk ilitolewa, na video ya muziki baadaye ilitolewa siku kumi na saba baadaye; wimbo ulifikia nafasi ya nne kwenye chati ya Bubbling Under Hot 100 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://hypebeast.com/2019/5/king-von-crazy-story-2-0-lil-durk-music-video-stream|title=King Von & Lil Durk Showcase the OTF Movement for ''Crazy Story 2.0'' Video|work=[[Hypebeast (company)|Hypebeast]]|date=May 20, 2019|accessdate=October 18, 2019|archivedate=June 18, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618033458/https://hypebeast.com/2019/5/king-von-crazy-story-2-0-lil-durk-music-video-stream}}</ref> Utoaji wake wa tatu na wa mwisho wa wimbo huo ulifuatiwa mnamo Septemba 13. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/188176-otfs-king-von-returns-with-crazy-story-pt-3-new-song|title=OTF's King Von Returns With "Crazy Story Pt. 3"|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|date=September 14, 2019|accessdate=October 18, 2019|archivedate=November 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107232938/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/otfs-king-von-returns-with-crazy-story-pt-3-new-song.1984488.html}}</ref> Mnamo Julai 9, 2019, Lil Durk na King Von walitoa wimbo wao wa pamoja "Like That". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.thefader.com/2019/07/09/lil-durk-new-album-love-songs-4-the-streets-2-listen-2019|title=Lil Durk announces new album, drops single ''Like That'' feat. King Von|work=[[The Fader]]|accessdate=October 18, 2019|archivedate=October 30, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030100027/http://www.thefader.com/2019/07/09/lil-durk-new-album-love-songs-4-the-streets-2-listen-2019}}</ref> Mnamo Septemba 2, Von alitoa single yake "What It's Like", kama mtangulizi wa albamu yake ya kwanza ya mixtape iliyotangazwa mnamo Septemba. Mixtape baadaye ilitolewa mnamo Septemba 19 chini ya jina, Grandson, Vol. 1, iliyo na nyimbo kumi na tatu na kutengenezwa na Chopsquad DJ. Ina sifa tatu kuwakilishwa na "Twin Nem" na kwa remix ya "Crazy Story", wote wawili featuring Durk; kipengele nyingine inajumuisha ushirikiano na Chicago msanii na OTF affiliate Booka600 juu ya "Jet". Mixtape pia inajumuisha nyimbo "Crazy Story", "Crazy Story, Pt. 3", na wimbo wake wa pili wa "War With Us" uliotengenezwa mnamo Oktoba 18, 2018. Grandson, Vol. 1 ilianza nafasi ya 75 na baadaye ilifikia nafasi ya 53, kwenye Billboard 200, pia ilifikia nafasi ya 27 kwenye chati ya Albamu za Hip Hop / R&B, na nafasi ya 9 kwenye chati ya Albamu za Independent. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/king-von-mn0003831585/biography|title=King Von {{!}} Biography & History|work=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=October 18, 2019|archivedate=November 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107232930/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/king-von-mn0003831585/biography}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.52881/title.king-von-shares-grandson-vol-1-mixtape|title=King Von Shares "Grandson Vol. 1" Mixtape|date=September 19, 2019|work=[[HipHopDX]]|accessdate=October 18, 2019|archivedate=November 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107232936/https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.52881/title.king-von-shares-grandson-vol-1-mixtape}}</ref> === 2020: ''Levon James'' na ''Karibu O'Block'' === Mnamo Novemba 16, 2019, Von alitoa wimbo wake " 2 AM " ukifuatiwa na video inayolingana ambayo itatolewa siku hiyo hiyo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/211452-otfs-king-von-drops-off-2-am-new-song|title=OTF's King Von Drops Off "2 AM"|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|date=November 19, 2019|accessdate=November 29, 2019|archivedate=October 31, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031232713/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/otfs-king-von-drops-off-2-am-new-song.1985253.html}}</ref> Mnamo Novemba 29, 2019, Von alitoa wimbo wake "Rollin" akimshirikisha YNW Melly, ukiambatana na video ya muziki. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/212818-ynw-melly-joins-king-von-on-new-song-rolling-new-song|title=YNW Melly Joins King Von On New Song "Rollin"|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|date=November 30, 2019|accessdate=December 6, 2019|archivedate=December 6, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206062217/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/ynw-melly-joins-king-von-on-new-song-rolling-new-song.1985371.html}}</ref> Baadaye alitoa, mnamo Februari 21, 2020, " Took Her to the O ", pamoja na video ya muziki, ambayo ikawa wimbo wake uliofanikiwa zaidi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=February 21, 2020|title=King Von divulga nova música "Took Her To The O" com clipe|url=https://rap24horas.com.br/2020/02/21/king-von-divulga-nova-musica-took-her-to-the-o/|accessdate=July 9, 2023|work=[[24 Horas (Spanish TV channel)|24 Horas]]|author=Guerra|first=Bruno|archivedate=November 30, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130073429/https://rap24horas.com.br/2020/02/21/king-von-divulga-nova-musica-took-her-to-the-o/}}</ref> "Took Her to the O" na "Rollin" baadaye zilijumuishwa kwenye mixtape yake ya pili, ''Levon James'', ambayo ilitolewa Machi 6, 2020, ambayo ilianzia nambari 63 na baadaye ikafika kileleni nambari 40 kwenye ''Billboard'' 200. <ref name="Block">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.complex.com/music/2020/10/king-von-new-album-welcome-to-o-block|title=King Von Shares New Album 'Welcome To O'Block' f/ Lil Durk, Polo G, and More|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|author=Cowen|first=Trace William|date=October 30, 2020|accessdate=November 7, 2020|archivedate=November 3, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103232820/https://www.complex.com/music/2020/10/king-von-new-album-welcome-to-o-block}}</ref> Ilitolewa kupitia Only the Family Entertainment / Empire na inajumuisha mseto wa nyimbo 16 uliotayarishwa na DJ wa Chopsquad, ukijumuisha mistari kutoka kwa NLE Choppa, Tee Grizzley, G Herbo, Lil Durk, YNW Melly, Booka600 na Yungeen Ace . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/228889-sada-baby-and-king-von-join-forces-on-pressin-new-song|title=Sada Baby & King Von Join Forces On "Pressin"|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|date=January 11, 2020|accessdate=February 7, 2020|archivedate=February 7, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207055941/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/sada-baby-and-king-von-join-forces-on-pressin-new-song.1985768.html}}</ref> Video rasmi ya "On Yo Ass" ilitolewa mnamo Machi 6, 2020, sambamba na tarehe ya kutolewa kwa albamu. Wimbo huu unamshirikisha msanii wa Chicago G Herbo, huku ukiwa umetayarishwa na DJ wa Chopsquad. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://audibletreats.com/king-von_pr16/|title=Project: King Von – LeVon James|date=February 23, 2020|work=audibletreats.com|accessdate=August 14, 2023|archivedate=August 11, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811000920/https://audibletreats.com/king-von_pr16/}}</ref> Mnamo Machi 20, 2020, video rasmi ya "Trust Issues" ilitolewa, ikimshirikisha rapa wa Florida Yungeen Ace; katika wimbo huo Von alibadilisha mwelekeo wake wa genge ili kuonyesha upande wake mpole. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.55054/title.king-von-yungeen-ace-navigate-an-icy-love-triangle-in-trust-issues|title=King Von & Yungeen Ace Navigate An Icy Love Triangle In 'Trust Issues' VIDEO|date=March 21, 2020|work=[[HipHopDx]]|accessdate=August 14, 2023|archivedate=August 11, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811003527/https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.55054/title.king-von-yungeen-ace-navigate-an-icy-love-triangle-in-trust-issues}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://kazimagazine.com/uncategorized/king-von-yungeen-ace-connect-on-trust-issues/|title=King Von & Yungeen Ace Connect On "Trust Issues"|date=March 27, 2020|work=kazimagazine.com|accessdate=August 14, 2023|author=Helios|archivedate=August 11, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811001647/https://kazimagazine.com/uncategorized/king-von-yungeen-ace-connect-on-trust-issues/}}</ref> Mnamo Aprili 6, 2020, Bennett alitoa video rasmi ya muziki ya saa 3 asubuhi kwenye YouTube, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://music.apple.com/my/music-video/3-a-m/1506673127|title=3 A.M. King Von Official Video|date=April 6, 2020|work=[[Apple Music]]|accessdate=March 2, 2024|archivedate=March 2, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302212924/https://music.apple.com/my/music-video/3-a-m/1506673127}}</ref> ikifuatiwa na Aprili 29, 2020, kutolewa kwa wimbo wake " Grandson For President " ambao baadaye ulijumuishwa kama wimbo wa albamu ya ''What It Means to Be King'' . Alifuata wimbo huo kwa karibu na video ya muziki ya "Broke Opps", wimbo mwingine kutoka kwenye albamu yake ya ''Levon James'' . Mnamo mwaka wa 2020, King Von alianza kufanya kazi kwenye Welcome to O'Block, ambayo mwishowe itatolewa kama albamu yake ya kwanza ya studio na inabaki kuwa pekee iliyotolewa wakati wa maisha yake. Alichapisha wimbo wa kwanza wa albamu hiyo, "Why He Told" mnamo Julai 27, 2020, akifuatana na video ya muziki iliyochapishwa kwenye kituo chake cha YouTube. Hii ilifuatiwa na single "All These Niggas" mnamo Agosti 5, 2020, ikionyesha rapper wa Chicago Lil Durk; kwa sababu za kisheria, Durk hakuweza kuonekana kwenye video iliyoambatana, ambayo ilitolewa siku hiyo hiyo na kupata maoni milioni 24 ndani ya miezi miwili kwenye jukwaa. Kisha alitoa wimbo mwingine, uliopewa jina la "How It Go", kwa kushirikiana na video nyingine ya muziki, mnamo Agosti 26, 2020. Mnamo Oktoba 9, 2020, King Von alitoa "Mimi ni nini mimi", akishirikiana na New York rapper Fivio Foreign, pamoja na video ya muziki. [1] [2] Wiki mbili baadaye Bennett alitoa "Gleesh Place" pamoja na video nyingine ya muziki kwenye kituo chake rasmi. Utoaji huu ulikuwa ukitarajia kutolewa rasmi kwa Karibu O'Block ambayo ilikuja mnamo Oktoba 30, 2020. Albamu ya nyimbo 16 ina uzalishaji wa Chopsquad DJ, Tay Keith, Wheezy na Hitmaka, kati ya wengine; pia ina wasanii Prince Dre, Lil Durk, Dreezy, Moneybagg Yo. Albamu ni pamoja na Polo G ushirikiano "Kanuni", ambayo ilitolewa na video ya muziki. 3][4][5] Mradi huo ulifikia kiwango cha juu cha 5 kwenye Billboard kwa Albamu za Juu za 200 za Amerika, nambari 1 kwa Albamu za Juu za R&B / Hip Hop, nambari 1 kwa Albamu ya Juu ya Wajitolea na ilifikia kiwango cha 12 kwa Albamu za Juu za 100 za Canada Katika mahojiano na <nowiki><i id="mwAaY">Complex</i></nowiki>, Bennett alifichua maono yake kuhusu mradi mpya ujao na tofauti kuu kutoka kwa kazi yake ya awali, ''Levon James'', akitangaza: "Ukifanya jambo na kuendelea kulifanya, utapata matokeo bora zaidi. Kila kitu kitakuwa bora zaidi. Ni kweli, nimekuwa nikifanya kazi kwa bidii". Katika mahojiano mengine ya ''Uproxx'', alitangaza kwamba alitaka kujitolea mradi huo kwa mtaa wake, na kwa watu wote walioishi na kuhangaika huko. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cowen|first=Trace William|date=October 30, 2020|title=King Von Shares New Album 'Welcome To O'Block' f/ Lil Durk, Polo G, and More|url=https://www.complex.com/music/2020/10/king-von-new-album-welcome-to-o-block|accessdate=November 7, 2020|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|archivedate=November 3, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103232820/https://www.complex.com/music/2020/10/king-von-new-album-welcome-to-o-block}}</ref> <ref name="Uproxx">{{Rejea tovuti|date=Nov 19, 2020|title=A Final Conversation With King Von|url=https://uproxx.com/music/king-von-interview-welcome-to-oblock/|work=[[Uproxx]]|language=en-US|accessdate=August 2, 2023|archivedate=March 3, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303123734/https://uproxx.com/music/king-von-interview-welcome-to-oblock/}}</ref> Alifariki wiki moja baada ya albamu hiyo kutolewa. <ref name="suntimes1" /> Baada ya kifo chake, video za muziki za " Wayne's Story ", " Armed &amp;amp; Dangerous ", "Mine Too", na " Demon " zilitolewa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=Dec 8, 2020|title=King Von's Bone-Chilling 'Wayne's Story' Video Details A Cycle Of Violence|url=https://uproxx.com/music/king-von-waynes-story-video/|accessdate=July 7, 2023|work=[[Uproxx]]|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-08-28|title=Watch King Von's Posthumous "Armed & Dangerous" Video|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/fnr-tigg/king-von-new-video-armed-and-dangerous|accessdate=July 27, 2023|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|language=en-US|archivedate=July 26, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726155652/https://www.complex.com/music/a/fnr-tigg/king-von-new-video-armed-and-dangerous}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=Jan 11, 2021|title=King Von's New Video for 'Mine Too' Released|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/fnr-tigg/king-von-releases-video-for-new-single-mine-too|accessdate=July 7, 2023|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|language=en-US|archivedate=July 26, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726155648/https://www.complex.com/music/a/fnr-tigg/king-von-releases-video-for-new-single-mine-too}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=Aug 9, 2021|title=King Von Music Video "Demon" Released on What Would Have Been His 27th Birthday|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/brad-callas/king-von-demon-video-birthday|accessdate=July 27, 2023|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|language=en-US|archivedate=July 26, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726155648/https://www.complex.com/music/a/brad-callas/king-von-demon-video-birthday}}</ref> == Matoleo ya baada ya kifo == === 2020–2022: Sifa na ''Maana ya Kuwa Mfalme'' === Mnamo Desemba 14, 2020, mwezi mmoja tu baada ya kifo cha Bennett, Funkmaster Flex alitoa video rasmi ya " Lurkin " kwenye chaneli yake rasmi [[YouTube|ya YouTube]], ikiwakilisha kuonekana kwa kwanza baada ya kifo katika taswira ya muziki ya Bennett; hata hivyo, wimbo huo ulikuwa wa Oktoba 22, 2020. <ref>{{Citation|title=Funk Flex Shares "Lurkin'" Collab With Late Rapper King Von|date=September 26, 2021|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/308099-funk-flex-shares-lurkin-collab-with-late-rapper-king-von-new-song|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806072419/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/308099-funk-flex-shares-lurkin-collab-with-late-rapper-king-von-new-song|periodical=[[HotNewHipHop]]|access-date=August 15, 2024|archive-date=August 6, 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|title=Polo G Joins Funk Flex's "Lurkin" Remix f/ King Von|date=July 16, 2021|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/cmplxtara-mahadevan/funk-flex-king-von-polo-g-lurkin-remix-video|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813082911/https://www.complex.com/music/a/cmplxtara-mahadevan/funk-flex-king-von-polo-g-lurkin-remix-video|periodical=[[Complex Networks|Complex]]|access-date=August 15, 2024|archive-date=August 13, 2024}}</ref> Mnamo Desemba 24, 2020, Lil Durk alitoa albamu yake, ''The Voice'', kama heshima kwa Bennett, ambaye, pamoja na Durk, wanaonekana kwenye jalada la albamu kama mtu muhimu na pia wameangaziwa kwenye wimbo " Still Trappin' ". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.pitchfork.com/news/lil-durk-releases-new-album-the-voice-listen|title=Lil Durk Releases New Album The Voice|work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|author=Bloom|first=Madison|date=December 24, 2020|accessdate=December 25, 2020|archivedate=December 24, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224180259/https://pitchfork.com/news/lil-durk-releases-new-album-the-voice-listen/}}</ref> Katika mahojiano mnamo Februari 26, 2021, meneja wa Bennett alisema kuwa Von alikuwa na zaidi ya nyimbo 300 ambazo hazikutolewa, au karibu albamu 10 zenye thamani ya yaliyomo, ambayo wangeendelea kutoa kwa idhini ya familia katika miaka iliyofuata kwa lengo la kuweka urithi wake hai. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von's Former Manager Says Late Rapper Had Around 300 Unreleased Songs|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/cmplxtara-mahadevan/former-manager-says-king-von-had-over-300-unreleased-songs|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|date=February 26, 2021|accessdate=September 19, 2023|archivedate=September 11, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230911134854/https://www.complex.com/music/a/cmplxtara-mahadevan/former-manager-says-king-von-had-over-300-unreleased-songs}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von's Family Vows To Continue Releasing His Music & Interviews|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.59103/title.king-vons-family-vows-to-continue-releasing-his-music-interviews|work=[[HipHopDX]]|date=November 19, 2020|accessdate=September 19, 2023|archivedate=September 28, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928194252/https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.59103/title.king-vons-family-vows-to-continue-releasing-his-music-interviews}}</ref> Mnamo Machi 3, 2021, Bennett alishirikishwa kwenye albamu ya mkusanyiko ''ya Loyal Bros'' na lebo ya rekodi ya Marekani Only the Family . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/cmplxjoshua-espinoza/lil-durk-king-von-otf-only-the-family-loyal-bros-stream|title=Lil Durk and the OTF Crew Drop 'Loyal Boys' Compilation Mixtape|date=March 5, 2021|accessdate=March 14, 2024}}</ref> Alionekana kwenye nyimbo tatu ikiwa ni pamoja na "Out the Roof" ambayo pia inashirikiana na rappers wa Chicago Lil Durk na Booka600; "Mimi na Doodie Lo" inayoonyesha Doodie Lo, ambayo ilitolewa kabla ya kifo cha Bennett na baadaye ilitumika kama wimbo wa kwanza wa albamu. Hiyo pia ilijumuisha video ya muziki iliyotolewa mnamo Agosti 21, 2020. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.64180/title.lil-durk-gifts-otf-rapper-200k-earrings-to-celebrate-big-doodie-lo-album|title=Lil Durk Gifts OTF Rapper $200k Earrings To Celebrate 'Big Doodie Lo' Album by Brandon Caldwell|date=August 28, 2021|accessdate=March 14, 2024|archivedate=March 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314105603/https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.64180/title.lil-durk-gifts-otf-rapper-200k-earrings-to-celebrate-big-doodie-lo-album}}</ref> Hatimaye, alionekana kwenye wimbo wa mwisho wa mradi " Jump " ambao bado unawashirikisha Lil Durk, Booka600 na Memo600. Video ya muziki ya wimbo huo ilirekodiwa kabla ya kifo cha Bennett na kutolewa wakati huo huo siku ile ile ya kutolewa kwa wimbo huo, mnamo Machi 3, 2021. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://uproxx.com/music/lil-durk-king-von-jump-video/|title=Lil Durk And King Von's 'Jump' Video Highlights The OTF Crew Chemistry|date=March 16, 2021|accessdate=March 14, 2024|archivedate=March 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314100823/https://uproxx.com/music/lil-durk-king-von-jump-video/}}</ref> Mnamo Februari 4, 2022, timu yake ya usimamizi ilitangaza albamu mpya ya rapa huyo yenye jina la ''What It Means to Be King'' . Siku iliyofuata, Februari 5, wimbo wa promosheni " Don't Play That " ulitolewa, ukimshirikisha rapa wa Marekani [[21 Savage]], na unawakuta wawili hao wakitoa nyimbo zao kwenye utayarishaji wa Kid Hazel; video rasmi ya muziki ya wimbo huo ilitolewa Februari 9, 2022. <ref name="wimtbk" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von And 21 Savage's Colorful 'Don't Play That' Video Pairs Cuddly Animation With Vicious Lyrics|url=https://uproxx.com/music/king-von-21-savage-dont-play-that-video-2/|work=[[Uproxx]]|date=February 9, 2022|accessdate=September 17, 2023|archivedate=September 28, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928194252/https://uproxx.com/music/king-von-21-savage-dont-play-that-video-2/}}</ref> Hii ilifuatia kutolewa kwa dondoo la albamu yake ya pili inayoitwa " War " mnamo Machi 2, 2022, kipande hicho kinaambatana na video rasmi ya taswira. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von's Estate Shares "War", A Breathlessly Intense Single From What It Means To Be King|url=https://audibletreats.com/king-vons_pr34/|work=audibletreats.com|date=March 4, 2022|accessdate=June 21, 2023|archivedate=June 21, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621142539/https://audibletreats.com/king-vons_pr34/}}</ref> Nyimbo hizi mbili zilipata mafanikio ya kibiashara, zikishika nafasi ya 40 na 63 mtawalia kwenye ''Billboard'' Hot 100. Mnamo Machi 4, 2022, albamu hiyo ilitolewa kupitia Empire Distribution na Only the Family na timu yake ya usimamizi, ikiwakilisha albamu ya pili ya studio ya King Von na kazi ya kwanza baada ya kifo chake. Albamu hiyo inaangazia wageni kutoka kwa G Herbo, 21 Savage, Fivio Foreign, Moneybagg Yo, Lil Durk, Tee Grizzley, A Boogie wit da Hoodie, Dreezy, Boss Top, DqFrmDaO, na OMB Peezy . Utayarishaji uliendeshwa na Chopsquad DJ, Hitmaka, Tee Romano, Kid Hazel, Touch of Trent, DJ Bandz, DJ FMCT, Glaazer, Diego Ave, Bankroll Got It, TM88, ATL Jacob, Geraldo Liive, CGM Beats, John Lam, na Raw Equity. Orodha ya nyimbo inajumuisha wimbo "Mjukuu Kwa Rais" wimbo uliosifiwa ambao ulianzia Aprili 2020, hii inafanya, kwa kweli, kuwa wimbo wa kwanza wa albamu Rekodi hiyo ilifikia kilele cha nambari 2 kwenye [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], ikipata vitengo 59,000 sawa na albamu, ambapo 55,000 vilitoka kwa mitiririko milioni 79, na 4,000 kutokana na mauzo ya albamu halisi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.complex.com/music/king-von-dababy-youngboy-never-broke-again-first-week-numbers|title=The Final First Week Numbers for King Von and DaBaby x YoungBoy Never Broke Again Projects Are In|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|date=March 14, 2022|accessdate=September 17, 2022|archivedate=October 8, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008133659/https://www.complex.com/music/king-von-dababy-youngboy-never-broke-again-first-week-numbers}}</ref> Matokeo haya inageuka kuwa nafasi yake bora na ya pili ya juu 10 kwa King Von katika Billboard 200, ambaye kwanza alifikia juu 10 na albamu yake ya kwanza ya studio Karibu O ⁇ Block ambayo ilifikia namba 5.. Muda mfupi baadaye, video za muziki za dondoo mbili kutoka kwenye diski zake zilitolewa: "Too Real" ilitolewa Machi 7, 2022, na "Get it Done" ilitolewa siku ya kuzaliwa kwake, Agosti 9, 2022. === 2023–sasa: ''Mjukuu'' === Mnamo Januari 2023, meneja wa King Von alitangaza kwa chapisho kwenye Instagram, kuachwa kwa mradi mpya wa baada ya kifo cha rapa huyo, uliopangwa kufanyika mwaka huo huo. Mnamo Juni, jina la albamu hiyo lilitangazwa kuwa ''Mjukuu,'' jambo ambalo linakumbusha tepu ya kwanza ya Von, ''Grandson, Vol.'' ''1'', na ni kumbukumbu ya jina lake maarufu la utani, ambalo mfungwa mmoja alimpa wakati wa kifungo chake katika Gereza la Kaunti ya Cook kutoka 2014 hadi 2017. Rekodi hiyo ilishughulikiwa na washirika wa karibu wa mwanamuziki huyo na mama yake mwenyewe Nyimbo tatu zilitolewa kabla ya albamu hiyo. Ya kwanza, " Robbery ", ilitolewa mnamo Juni 23, 2023, ikiwa na video rasmi iliyotolewa siku hiyo hiyo; <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Check out King Von's latest video for "Robberies"|url=https://www.revolt.tv/article/2023-06-28/312199/king-von-robberies-video/|work=[[Revolt (TV network)|Revolt Tv]]|accessdate=July 8, 2023|date=June 28, 2023|archivedate=July 9, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709021458/https://www.revolt.tv/article/2023-06-28/312199/king-von-robberies-video/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Video: King Von "Robberies"|url=https://rapradar.com/2023/06/23/video-king-von-robberies/|work=[[Rap Radar]]|accessdate=July 8, 2023|date=June 23, 2023}}</ref> ya pili, iliyopewa jina la " Heartless ", ilimshirikisha Tee Grizzley na ilitolewa mnamo Julai 7, 2023, ikiwa na kionyeshi rasmi cha kutazama. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von & Tee Grizzley Grew Up "Heartless" On New Single|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/693674-king-von-tee-grizzley-heartless-new-single|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|accessdate=July 7, 2023|date=July 7, 2023|archivedate=July 7, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707193154/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/693674-king-von-tee-grizzley-heartless-new-single}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von ft. Tee Grizzley "Heartless"|url=https://rapradar.com/2023/07/07/king-von-ft-tee-grizzley-heartless/|work=[[Rap Radar]]|accessdate=July 7, 2023|date=July 7, 2023|archivedate=November 10, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110095533/https://rapradar.com/2023/07/07/king-von-ft-tee-grizzley-heartless/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von – Heartless f. Tee Grizzley|url=https://hiphopdx.com/singles/king-von-heartless-f-tee-grizzley|work=[[HipHopDX]]|accessdate=July 8, 2023|date=July 8, 2023}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Visualizer released for Tee Grizzley-assisted King Von single "Heartless"|url=https://hiphopcanada.com/king-von-tee-grizzley-heartless-visualizer/|work=hiphopcanada.com|accessdate=July 8, 2023|date=July 7, 2023|archivedate=July 8, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708172619/https://hiphopcanada.com/king-von-tee-grizzley-heartless-visualizer/}}</ref> Mradi huo yenyewe ulitolewa mnamo Julai 14, 2023, ikiwakilisha albamu ya tatu ya studio ya Bennett na kazi ya pili baada ya kifo chake. Ilitolewa pamoja na video ya wimbo "Don't Miss", ambayo ilipigwa mwishoni mwa mwaka 2020. Pamoja ilitolewa visualizer rasmi kwa kila wimbo kwenye albamu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von – Don't Miss|url=https://hiphopdx.com/singles/king-von-dont-miss|work=[[HipHopDx]]|accessdate=September 24, 2023|date=July 14, 2023|archivedate=October 2, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002084532/https://hiphopdx.com/singles/king-von-dont-miss}}</ref> Utayarishaji wa albamu hiyo uliendeshwa na watayarishaji mbalimbali wakiwemo ATL Jacob, Chopsquad DJ, David Morse, DJ Bandz, Ghostrage, IllaDaProducer, Mac Fly, Raw Equity, [[Scott Storch]], Southside, Tahj Money, Twysted Genius, Wheezy ; ambao wengi wao tayari walikuwa wameshirikiana na Bennett kwenye albamu zilizopita. Inaangazia wageni kutoka kwa G Herbo, Polo G, Lil Durk, Tee Grizzley, BreezyLyn, Tink, 42 Dugg, Moneybagg Yo, na Hotboii . ilifikia nafasi ya 14 kwenye Billboard 200, na ikaenda 2 kwenye Albamu za Billboard Independent, 4 kwenye Albamu za Billboard Top R&B / Hip Hop, nambari 31 kwa Billboard juu 100 Canada na nambari 20 kwenye New Zealand top 40 <ref name="NZ Top 40 Albums Chart">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/albums/2023-07-21|title=NZ Top 40 Albums Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=July 24, 2023|accessdate=September 24, 2023|archivedate=December 3, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203235023/https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/albums/2023-07-21}}</ref> == Usanii == === Mtindo na mbinu ya rap === Mtindo wa muziki wa King Von umeelezewa kama muziki wa mazoezi, {{Efn|Attributed to multiple sources: <ref name="king-von-mn0003831585" /><ref name = "Vulture" /><ref name= "suntimes">{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 6, 2020|title=King Von remembered for his powerful lyrics|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2020/11/6/21553428/king-von-dead-chicago-music-scene-lil-durk-chief-keef|website=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|access-date=August 22, 2023|archive-date=August 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814233810/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2020/11/6/21553428/king-von-dead-chicago-music-scene-lil-durk-chief-keef|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= "passionweiss">{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 6, 2020|title="You Have to Go Harder So Everybody Can Talk About You:" An Interview with King Von|url=https://www.passionweiss.com/2020/06/22/king-von-interview/|website=passionweiss.com|access-date=August 22, 2023|archive-date=March 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308211355/https://www.passionweiss.com/2020/06/22/king-von-interview/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= "chicagoreader">{{Rejea tovuti|date=April 10, 2020|title=Rising drill star King Von refines his storytelling and stunting on Levon James|url=https://chicagoreader.com/music/rising-drill-star-king-von-refines-his-storytelling-and-stunting-on-levon-james/|website=[[Chicago Reader]]|access-date=August 22, 2023|archive-date=December 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207075254/https://chicagoreader.com/music/rising-drill-star-king-von-refines-his-storytelling-and-stunting-on-levon-james/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= "grammy">{{Rejea tovuti|date=October 30, 2020|title=Practice Makes Perfect On King Von's New Album 'Welcome To O Block'|url=https://www.grammy.com/news/practice-makes-perfect-king-vons-new-album-welcome-o-block|website=[[Grammy Awards]]|access-date=August 22, 2023|archive-date=August 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807212920/https://www.grammy.com/news/practice-makes-perfect-king-vons-new-album-welcome-o-block|url-status=live}}</ref>}} uainishaji alioutambua katika mahojiano na DJ Akademiks . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=A|first=Aron|date=2020-11-11|title=RIP King Von: O-Block's Trusted Narrator|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/321194-rip-king-von-o-blocks-trusted-narrator-news|accessdate=2024-10-28|work=HotNewHipHop|language=en|archivedate=August 22, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822161430/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/321194-rip-king-von-o-blocks-trusted-narrator-news}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Face to Face: King Von x DJ Akademiks: Talks NBA Youngboy, 6ix9ine, O block, 63rd, FBG Duck n more|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SMboobc8NFk|work=[[YouTube]]|date=November 5, 2020|accessdate=August 22, 2023}}</ref> Machapisho ya hip-hop yamemtaja Von kama mmoja wa waandishi bora wa nyimbo safi katika mazoezi ya Chicago, <ref name="complex">{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 9, 2020|title=King Von, Fearless Storyteller|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/mbraboy17/king-von-remembered-obituary|work=[[Complex Networks|Complex]]|accessdate=August 22, 2023|archivedate=August 19, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819023323/https://www.complex.com/music/a/mbraboy17/king-von-remembered-obituary}}</ref> na kama mwenye mitindo tofauti zaidi kuliko wanamuziki wengine wengi wa rap katika aina hiyo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-06-22|title="You Have to Go Harder So Everybody Can Talk About You:" An Interview with King Von|url=https://www.passionweiss.com/2020/06/22/king-von-interview/|accessdate=2024-10-28|work=Passion of the Weiss|language=en-US|archivedate=March 8, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308211355/https://www.passionweiss.com/2020/06/22/king-von-interview/}}</ref> Von pia amepokea sifa za kukosoa kwa hisia yake ya kuzingatia, uwasilishaji, uchezaji wa maneno, na uandishi wake mkali wa nyimbo. <ref name="complex" /> <ref name="stereo">{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 4, 2020|title=King Von & The Art Of Storytelling|url=https://www.stereogum.com/2104833/king-von-the-art-of-storytelling/columns/status-aint-hood/|accessdate=January 11, 2022|work=[[Stereogum]]|archivedate=March 7, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307145255/https://www.stereogum.com/2104833/king-von-the-art-of-storytelling/columns/status-aint-hood/}}</ref> <ref name="hotnew">{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 4, 2020|title=RIP King Von: O-Block's Trusted Narrator|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/321194-rip-king-von-o-blocks-trusted-narrator-news|accessdate=August 22, 2023|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|archivedate=August 22, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822161430/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/321194-rip-king-von-o-blocks-trusted-narrator-news}}</ref> Mark Braboy wa ''Complex'' alimtaja Von kama mtunzi wa nyimbo mwenye mawazo na ujuzi ambaye aliwazidi wasanii wengine wa Chicago katika ukali na mguso wa uwasilishaji wake. <ref name="complex" /> Jayson Buford kutoka Tablet aliona kuwa Von alibaki kuwa muhimu kitamaduni miaka baada ya kifo chake; Buford alielezea jambo hilo kwa ukaribu wa Von kwa vurugu na kwa ustadi wake wa ajabu wa mashairi. Will Schube wa NPR alibainisha sifa ya mtindo wa Von kama uwezo wake wa kutengeneza hadithi za kupendeza ambazo zinalinganisha nihilism, ucheshi, na uelewa; Schube alibainisha "Alimpeleka kwa O" kama moja ya uwakilishi wenye nguvu wa mtindo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/11/06/932178314/king-von-emerging-chicago-rapper-dead-at-26|title=King Von, Emerging Chicago Rapper, Dead At 26|work=[[NPR]]|date=November 6, 2020|accessdate=August 13, 2024|archivedate=February 1, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201154624/https://www.npr.org/2020/11/06/932178314/king-von-emerging-chicago-rapper-dead-at-26}}</ref> ==== Usimulizi wa hadithi ==== Mfalme Von alijulikana kwa matumizi ya usimulizi wa hadithi katika nyimbo zake na mtindo wake wa ukali, akiwa na nyimbo kama vile " Crazy Story " na " Took Her to the O " kwa mifano. <ref name="hotnew" /> Simulizi yake pia imefafanuliwa na HotNewHipHop kama "isiyo na dosari" na imewekwa "na kisasi na uhalisia usiokatizwa"; <ref name="hotnew" /> pia imeelezewa kama "dhahiri". <ref name="complex" /> <nowiki><i id="mwAwY">Pitchfork</i></nowiki> anasifu uwezo wake wa kusimulia hadithi yenye upatano kama msimulizi wake pamoja na uingizaji wa mazungumzo unaohusiana katika mistari yake. <ref name="pitch">{{Rejea tovuti|date=February 6, 2019|title=The Ones: King Von's "Crazy Story" – The must-hear rap song of the day|url=https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/king-von-crazy-story-new-song-listen/|accessdate=August 22, 2023|work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|archivedate=December 8, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208213140/https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/king-von-crazy-story-new-song-listen/}}</ref> Von alizidisha uwezo wake wa kusimulia hadithi katika juhudi tatu zilizosifiwa sana, ''Mjukuu, Vol.'' ''1'', ''Levon James'', na ''Karibu O'Block'', huku kila mradi ukionyesha ugumu kamili wa utu wake, huku Von akielezea masimulizi ambayo hayaonekani sana katika rap ya kawaida. <ref name="complex" /> Mbinu ya hadithi ya Bennett mara nyingi ilitokana na uzoefu wake ulioishi,[b] na pia imelinganishwa na ile ya wasanii wengine anuwai, kama vile Ice-T, na Spika wa marehemu Knockerz. Hasa, nyimbo kama "Alimchukua O" na "Crazy Story" wamekuwa ikilinganishwa na "Children's Story" na Slick Rick. Bennett mwenyewe anasema kwamba mara nyingi amelinganishwa na mbinu ya hadithi ya Meek Mill. Mtindo na uwezo wa Von wa kusimulia hadithi uliongozwa na utoto wake huko Englewood, na hutegemea riwaya za mijini alizosoma wakati wa kufungwa. Alisema kwamba alikuwa amesoma vitabu vingi vya Dada Souljah. Pia alipenda vitabu vya Ashley & JaQuavis, hasa kitabu "The Cartel", na "The Ultimate Sacrifice" cha Anthony Fields. Pia alithamini riwaya za Twilight <ref name="xxlmag3">{{Rejea tovuti|date=January 8, 2021|title=King Von Speaks on His Come Up Two Weeks Before His Death in One of His Final Interviews|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/king-von-interview/|accessdate=August 22, 2023|work=[[XXL magazine|XXL Mag]]|archivedate=August 21, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821075205/https://www.xxlmag.com/king-von-interview/}}</ref> === Ushawishi === King Von aliwataja MC kadhaa kama ushawishi katika mtindo wake wa kurap, wakiwemo wasanii aliowasikiliza katika miaka yake ya ujana kama vile [[Lil Wayne]], Gucci Mane na Waka Flocka Flame, <ref name="xxlmag2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Break Presents: King Von|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/king-von-interview-the-break/|work=[[XXL Magazine|XXL Mag]]|date=March 4, 2020|accessdate=August 22, 2023|archivedate=June 17, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617201049/https://www.xxlmag.com/king-von-interview-the-break/}}</ref> na rapa wengine wa Chicago kama vile Twista, [[Kanye West]], <ref name="Uproxx" /> G Herbo, Lil Bibby, na Lil Durk . == Maisha ya kibinafsi == Bennett alikuwa katika uhusiano wa mara kwa mara na rapa wa Texas Asian Doll, lakini inasemekana wawili hao hawakuwa katika uhusiano wakati wa kifo chake. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=June 14, 2021|title=Asian Doll Addresses Rumors of King Von Cheating on Her Following News of Rapper's New Child|url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/fnr-tigg/asian-doll-rumors-king-con-cheating|accessdate=January 11, 2022|work=[[Complex Networks|Complex]]|archivedate=December 30, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230225835/https://amp.www.complex.com/music/asian-doll-rumors-king-con-cheating}}</ref> Bennett alikuwa na watoto watatu. <ref name="complex" /> Binamu yake, Calboy, pia ni rapa wa mazoezi ya viungo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Todd|first=Jessica|date=May 2, 2022|title=Exclusive: Calboy on Being King Von's Cousin, Planned on Meeting Up with Him the Night He Died|url=https://www.vladtv.com/article/282763/calboy-on-being-king-vons-cousin-planned-on-meeting-up-with-him-the|accessdate=September 10, 2023|work=www.vladtv.com|language=}}</ref> === Masuala ya kisheria === Mnamo Aprili 2014, Bennett alihojiwa na polisi kama mtu wa maslahi katika risasi mbaya ya mwanachama wa Gangster Disciples wa miaka 17 Gakirah "KI". Barnes, lakini polisi walishindwa kumshtaki kwa sababu ya kutokubaliana katika taarifa za shahidi. Mnamo 2021, nyaraka zilizofunguliwa zilizotolewa na Idara ya Polisi ya Chicago zilizoitwa Bennett kama muuaji wa Barnes <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=B|first=Mira|date=July 13, 2021|title=King Von Named In 2014 Fatal Shooting Of Gakirah Barnes|url=https://thesource.com/2021/07/13/king-von-named-in-2014-fatal-shooting-of-gakirah-barnes/|accessdate=January 10, 2022|work=[[The Source (magazine)|The Source]]|archivedate=January 10, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110162139/https://thesource.com/2021/07/13/king-von-named-in-2014-fatal-shooting-of-gakirah-barnes/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Police Release Documents Confirming King Von Murdered Notorious Killer|url=https://www.vladtv.com/article/273979/police-release-documents-confirming-king-von-murdered-notorious-killer|accessdate=July 12, 2021|work=[[DJ Vlad|VladTV]]|archivedate=July 12, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712214515/https://www.vladtv.com/article/273979/police-release-documents-confirming-king-von-murdered-notorious-killer}}</ref> Mnamo Julai 24, 2014, Bennett alikamatwa kuhusiana na risasi Mei 2014, na kusababisha kifo cha Malcolm Stuckey na kujeruhiwa kwa wanaume wengine wawili. Bennett alishtakiwa kwa kosa moja la mauaji ya kiwango cha kwanza na makosa mawili ya kujaribu kuua. Upigaji risasi ulifanyika katika Englewood, [[Chicago]]. Bennett alipatikana hana hatia mnamo Desemba 2017.. Mnamo Mei 2019, Bennett na Lil Durk walikamatwa kuhusiana na mauaji ya risasi huko Atlanta. Bennett na mshtakiwa mwenzake Durk walionekana mbele ya hakimu katika mahakama ya Kaunti ya Fulton kwa kusikilizwa kwa sababu ya uwezekano. Waendesha mashtaka wamedai kwamba wanamuziki hao wawili walimwibia na kumpiga risasi Alexander Witherspoon nje ya sinema maarufu ya gari mnamo Februari 5 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.fox10phoenix.com/news/judge-rules-case-against-rappers-lil-durk-von-king-can-move-forward|title=Judge rules case against rappers Lil Durk, Von King can move forward|date=June 15, 2019|work=[[KSAZ-TV|FOX 10 Phoenix]]|accessdate=October 18, 2019|archivedate=November 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107232937/https://www.fox10phoenix.com/news/judge-rules-case-against-rappers-lil-durk-von-king-can-move-forward}}</ref> Baada ya wiki kadhaa gerezani, Durk aliachiliwa kwa dhamana ya $250,000, huku Von akiachiliwa kwa dhamana ya $300,000. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=June 23, 2019|title=King Von Released From Jail|url=https://kollegekidd.com/news/king-von-released-from-jail/|work=KollegeKidd.com|accessdate=June 27, 2021|archivedate=May 14, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514104632/https://kollegekidd.com/news/king-von-released-from-jail/}}</ref> Mashtaka dhidi ya Durk yalifutwa mnamo Oktoba 2022. Mnamo Januari 2023, baada ya kifo cha Bennett, FBI iliondoa uainishaji wa hati kadhaa zinazoonyesha kwamba mtoa taarifa wa siri alidai kwamba Bennett mwanzoni aliweka kipigo cha $50,000 kwenye Carlton " FBG Duck " Weekly, kabla ya kuongeza bei hadi $100,000. Gazeti la Weekly liliuawa katika eneo la Gold Coast huko Chicago mnamo Agosti 2020. Washiriki watano wa O'Block walikamatwa baadaye na kupatikana na hatia ya mauaji haya. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Allah|first=Sha Be|date=2023-01-18|title=FBI Release Documents Alleging King Von Put $100K Hit On FBG Duck|url=https://thesource.com/2023/01/18/fbi-release-documents-alleging-king-von-put-100k-hit-on-fbg-duck/|accessdate=2024-10-28|work=thesource.com|language=en-US|archivedate=April 16, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416043515/https://thesource.com/2023/01/18/fbi-release-documents-alleging-king-von-put-100k-hit-on-fbg-duck/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=|date=2022-01-31|title=15 Seconds of Gold Coast Mayhem: FBI Affidavit Lifts Curtain on FBG Duck Murder Case|url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/15-seconds-of-gold-coast-mayhem-fbi-affidavit-lifts-curtain-on-fbg-duck-murder-case/2743491/|accessdate=2024-10-28|work=NBC Chicago|language=en-US|archivedate=September 13, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913072926/https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/15-seconds-of-gold-coast-mayhem-fbi-affidavit-lifts-curtain-on-fbg-duck-murder-case/2743491/}}</ref> Mnamo Oktoba 9, 2024, iliripotiwa kuwa mali ya Bennett, pamoja na Durk na OTF Records, walitajwa katika kesi ya kifo cha makosa na mali na familia ya Weekly. Kesi hiyo na mawakili wake walidai kwamba Durk na alama yake ya OTF Records, ambayo Bennett alikuwa msaini, walikuwa "wanapata faida kutokana na kifo cha Weekly kupitia uzembe na mwenendo mbaya". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Wire • •|first=Andy Grimm/Sun-Times|date=2024-10-09|title=Rapper FBG Duck's mom sues Lil Durk, King Von's estate over son's brazen Gold Coast killing|url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/fbg-ducks-mom-sues-lil-durk-king-vons-estate-over-brazen-killing-of-son/3569378/|accessdate=2024-10-25|work=NBC Chicago|language=en-US|archivedate=November 12, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112122508/https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/fbg-ducks-mom-sues-lil-durk-king-vons-estate-over-brazen-killing-of-son/3569378/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Ewing|first=Tia|date=2024-10-09|title=Lawsuit blames Lil Durk, others for 2020 killing of FBG Duck, citing misconduct and negligence|url=https://www.fox32chicago.com/news/lawsuit-blames-lil-durk-others-2020-killing-fbg-duck|accessdate=2024-10-25|work=FOX 32 Chicago|language=en-US|archivedate=November 2, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241102090659/https://www.fox32chicago.com/news/lawsuit-blames-lil-durk-others-2020-killing-fbg-duck}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2024-10-09|title=Rapper FBG Duck's mom sues Lil Durk, King Von's estate over son's brazen Gold Coast killing|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/fbgduck/2024/10/09/fbg-duck-lil-durk-king-von-otf-only-the-family-shooting-homicide-lawsuit|accessdate=2024-10-25|work=Chicago Sun-Times|language=en|archivedate=November 12, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112122509/https://chicago.suntimes.com/fbgduck/2024/10/09/fbg-duck-lil-durk-king-von-otf-only-the-family-shooting-homicide-lawsuit}}</ref> == Kifo == Mnamo Novemba 6, 2020, yapata saa 3:00 asubuhi, Bennett na wafanyakazi wake walihusika katika ugomvi na wafanyakazi wa Quando Rondo nje ya Monaco Hookah Lounge huko [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]], Georgia. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Von Reportedly In Critical Condition After Shoot Out With Quando Rondo's Crew|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/313810-king-von-rumored-to-be-in-critical-condition-after-shooting-report-news|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|date=November 6, 2020|accessdate=December 6, 2020|archivedate=November 6, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106153834/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/king-von-rumored-to-be-in-critical-condition-after-shooting-report-news.120836.html}}</ref> Mzozo huo ulizidi kuwa wa kufyatua risasi haraka, na Bennett alipigwa risasi mara nyingi. <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rapper King Von fatally shot in Atlanta|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/rapper-king-von-2-others-fatally-shot-atlanta-n1246807|accessdate=December 6, 2020|work=[[NBC News]]|archivedate=November 6, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106193353/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/rapper-king-von-2-others-fatally-shot-atlanta-n1246807}}</ref> Alisafirishwa hadi hospitalini akiwa katika hali mbaya na akafa huko baadaye siku hiyo. Alikuwa na umri wa miaka 26. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 6, 2020|title=Rapper King Von shot dead outside Atlanta nightclub|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/nov/06/king-von-rapper-shot-deashooting|publisher=theguardian.com|accessdate=November 10, 2020|archivedate=November 10, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110160831/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/nov/06/king-von-rapper-shot-dead-atlanta-shooting}}</ref> Ofisi ya Upelelezi ya Georgia iliripoti kwamba watu wawili waliuawa na sita kujeruhiwa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|first=Rebekah|author=Riess|title=Rapper King Von shot and killed outside Atlanta nightclub|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/06/us/atlanta-king-von-killed-in-shootout/index.html|accessdate=November 13, 2020|work=CNN|date=November 7, 2020|archivedate=November 14, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114124140/https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/06/us/atlanta-king-von-killed-in-shootout/index.html}}</ref> Mmoja wa wanaume waliojeruhiwa, alipokuwa akitibiwa jeraha la risasi, aliwekwa chini ya ulinzi wa polisi kwa mauaji ya Bennett. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 7, 2020|title=American Rapper King Von shot dead outside Atlanta nightclub – The Thinkera|url=https://www.thethinkera.com/current-affairs/international-news/america/american-rapper-king-von-shot-dead-outside-atlanta-nightclub/|accessdate=March 9, 2021|archivedate=November 7, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107083141/https://www.thethinkera.com/current-affairs/international-news/america/american-rapper-king-von-shot-dead-outside-atlanta-nightclub/}}</ref> Mshukiwa alitambuliwa kama Timothy "Lul Timm" Leeks mwenye umri wa miaka 22, rapa mwenye uhusiano na Quando Rondo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 8, 2020|title=Police Charge Rapper Lul Timm With Murdering King Von|url=https://allhiphop.com/news/police-charge-rapper-lul-timm-with-murdering-king-von/|accessdate=December 24, 2020|work=[[AllHipHop]]|archivedate=January 7, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107203902/https://allhiphop.com/news/police-charge-rapper-lul-timm-with-murdering-king-von/}}</ref> Mnamo Agosti 2023, mashtaka yalifutwa dhidi ya Leeks chini ya sheria ya Georgia ya " kusimama imara ". Mnamo Novemba 14, 2020, Bennett alizikwa katika Makaburi ya Burr Oak huko Alsip, Kaunti ya Cook, Illinois . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Lee|first=Nicole|title=King Von's Grave The final resting place of one of Chicago's most iconic drill rappers.|url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/king-vons-grave|work=[[Atlas Obscura]]|date=March 10, 2025|accessdate=March 12, 2025|archivedate=March 11, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311181954/https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/king-vons-grave}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cole|first=Alexander|date=December 14, 2020|title=King Von's Family Holds Private Funeral Service, Fans Offer Prayers|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/326325-king-vons-family-holds-private-funeral-service-fans-offer-prayers-news|work=[[HotNewHipHop]]|accessdate=December 24, 2020|archivedate=January 7, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107144813/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/king-vons-family-holds-private-funeral-service-fans-offer-prayers-news.121285.html}}</ref> Mnamo Oktoba 2024, rapper wa Chicago na rafiki wa karibu wa Bennett, Lil Durk, alikamatwa karibu na Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Miami kwa mashtaka ya shirikisho, pamoja na njama ya kufanya mauaji ya kukodisha, mashtaka yanadai kwamba Durk aliandaa njama inayolenga rapper Quando Rondo, kwa madai ya kulipiza kisasi kwa mauaji ya Bennett ya 2020, na kusababisha kifo cha binamu wa Quando Rondo, Saviay'a "Lul Pab" Robinson.. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Renshaw|first=David|title=Lil Durk and the murder-for-hire charge explained|url=https://www.thefader.com/2024/11/26/lil-durk-murder-for-hire-explained?|work=[[The Fader]]|date=November 26, 2024|accessdate=January 12, 2025|archivedate=January 15, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115093526/https://www.thefader.com/2024/11/26/lil-durk-murder-for-hire-explained}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Curto|first=Justin|title=Lil Durk Arrested Over Alleged Murder Plot|url=https://www.vulture.com/article/lil-durk-arrested-murder.html?utm_campaign=feed-part&utm_medium=social_acct&|work=[[Vulture (magazine)|Vulture]]|date=November 26, 2024|accessdate=January 12, 2025|archivedate=January 21, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121181518/https://www.vulture.com/article/lil-durk-arrested-murder.html?utm_campaign=feed-part&utm_medium=social_acct&}}</ref> Washiriki watano wa kundi la Durk, Only the Family (OTF), pia walikamatwa kuhusiana na kesi hii.. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Curto|first=Justin|title=Federal charges filed against 5 accused in murder-for-hire shooting in retaliation for killing of rapper King Von|url=https://wgntv.com/news/chicago-news/federal-charges-filed-against-5-accused-in-murder-for-hire-shooting-in-retaliation-for-killing-of-rapper-king-von/|work=[[WGNTV]]|date=October 25, 2024|accessdate=January 12, 2025|archive-date=2026-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260110234115/https://wgntv.com/news/chicago-news/federal-charges-filed-against-5-accused-in-murder-for-hire-shooting-in-retaliation-for-killing-of-rapper-king-von/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Ukumbusho === Wakati wa Tuzo za Grammy za kila mwaka za 63, Bennett alijumuishwa katika mkusanyiko wa In Memoriam. 1] Mnamo Agosti 2021, mchoro wa ukuta unaoonyesha Mfalme Von ulichorwa na msanii Chris Devins kwenye ukuta mkubwa unaokabiliwa na Martin Luther King Drive katika eneo la bustani za Parkway, ambapo Von alilelewa; kazi hiyo iliagizwa na Delilah Martinez, mmiliki wa nyumba ya sanaa na mwanzilishi wa Harakati ya Mural, iliyoelezewa kama "jibu la ubunifu kwa mauaji ya George Floyd".[1] 2] Bennett alionyeshwa na kofia ya baseball nyuma na kuvaa mnyororo wa fedha "O'Block"Wakati wa Tuzo za Grammy za 63 za kila mwaka, Bennett alijumuishwa kwenye mkusanyiko wa Kumbukumbu. Mnamo Agosti 2021, mchoro wa ukuta unaoonyesha Mfalme Von ulichorwa na msanii Chris Devins kwenye ukuta mkubwa unaokabiliwa na Martin Luther King Drive katika eneo la bustani za Parkway, ambapo Von alilelewa; kazi hiyo iliagizwa na Delilah Martinez, mmiliki wa nyumba ya sanaa na mwanzilishi wa Harakati ya Mural, iliyoelezewa kama "jibu la ubunifu kwa mauaji ya George Floyd".[1] 2] Bennett alionyeshwa na kofia ya baseball nyuma na kuvaa mnyororo wa fedha "O'Block" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=August 9, 2021|title=King Von Gets New Mural In Chicago's O-Block|url=https://thesource.com/2021/08/09/king-von-gets-new-mural-in-chicagos-o-block/|accessdate=January 8, 2022|work=[[The Source (magazine)|The Source]]|archivedate=December 29, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229224615/https://thesource.com/2021/08/09/king-von-gets-new-mural-in-chicagos-o-block/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 24, 2023|title=Slain drill rapper King Von looms on King Drive|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/columnists/2023/11/24/23972486/drill-rapper-king-von-mural-parkway-gardens-gangs-fbg-duck-disinvestment-natalie-moore|accessdate=November 25, 2023|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]}}</ref> Ukuta huo ulizua utata miongoni mwa wakazi wa Chicago, huku baadhi wakisema ulitukuza vurugu za magenge na ungevutia uhalifu unaohusiana na magenge katika eneo hilo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Evans|first=Maxwell|date=August 18, 2021|title=King Von Mural Near Parkway Gardens Sparked Debate, Threats And Harassment. Now, Neighbors To Vote On Its Fate|url=https://blockclubchicago.org/2021/08/18/king-von-mural-near-parkways-gardens-sparked-debate-threats-and-harassment-now-neighbors-to-vote-on-its-fate/|accessdate=January 8, 2022|work=[[Block Club Chicago]]|archivedate=December 9, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209182900/https://blockclubchicago.org/2021/08/18/king-von-mural-near-parkways-gardens-sparked-debate-threats-and-harassment-now-neighbors-to-vote-on-its-fate/}}</ref> Hatimaye, miaka mitatu baada ya kuonekana, mnamo Novemba 29, 2024, ukuta uliondolewa kutoka Parkway Gardens. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Johnson|first=Erick|date=2024-11-29|title=King Von Mural across from Parkway Gardens removed|url=https://chicagocrusader.com/king-von-mural-across-from-parkway-gardens-removed/|work=Chicago Crusader|accessdate=2024-12-14|language=en-US|archivedate=December 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214182557/https://chicagocrusader.com/king-von-mural-across-from-parkway-gardens-removed/}}</ref> == Diskografia == ; Albamu za studio * ''Welcome O'Block'' (2020) ; Albamu za studio za baada ya kifo * ''What It Means to Be King'' (2022) * ''Grandson'' (2023) == Tazama pia == * List of murdered hip-hop musicians == Vidokezo == {{Tanbihi}} == Marejeleo == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Tanbihi}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{Official|https://kingvonofficial.com/}} * King Von at IMDb [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2020]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1994]] [[Jamii:Articles with hCards]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] t5bpyti86sff6j6bo48zw0trazkfsgt 0 247724 1592666 2026-08-28T15:32:00Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Renato Soru''' ([[6 Agosti]] [[1957]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] na [[mjasiriamali]] wa [[Italia]]. Yeye ni mwanzilishi wa kampuni ya huduma ya mtandao Tiscali, iliyoko [[Cagliari]]. [[Forbes]] ilimorodhesha Soru kama mmoja wa watu tajiri zaidi duniani, akiwa na utajiri wa zaidi ya dola bilioni 4 kufikia Septemba 2001. == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Soru alizaliwa Sanluri, Sardinia, mwaka 1957. Ana shahada ya chuo kikuu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Bocconi huko Mil...' 1592666 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Renato Soru''' ([[6 Agosti]] [[1957]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] na [[mjasiriamali]] wa [[Italia]]. Yeye ni mwanzilishi wa kampuni ya huduma ya mtandao Tiscali, iliyoko [[Cagliari]]. [[Forbes]] ilimorodhesha Soru kama mmoja wa watu tajiri zaidi duniani, akiwa na utajiri wa zaidi ya dola bilioni 4 kufikia Septemba 2001. == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Soru alizaliwa Sanluri, Sardinia, mwaka 1957. Ana shahada ya chuo kikuu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Bocconi huko [[Milano]]. == Kazi == Mwaka [[2004]], Soru alichaguliwa kuwa rais wa [[Sardinia]] na muungano wa mrengo wa kati-kushoto na mpango wa kijasiri wa kufufua uchumi katika kisiwa hicho kwa kuanzisha wawekezaji wa nje. Mnamo [[28 Novemba]] [[2008]], alijiuzulu kutoka wadhifa wake. Aligombea tena urais wa Sardinia katika uchaguzi wa Februari [[2009]] lakini alishindwa na mgombea wa mrengo wa kulia wa Popolo della Libertà Ugo Cappellacci. Mnamo 20 Mei 2008, Soru alinunua gazeti la mrengo wa kushoto l'Unità. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wajasiriamali wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1957]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] co2i07gw9gbcw1p53fnp3qvzh5o858c 1592667 1592666 2026-08-28T15:32:31Z Ally0111 85292 1592667 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Renato Soru''' ([[6 Agosti]] [[1957]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] na [[mjasiriamali]] wa [[Italia]]. Yeye ni mwanzilishi wa kampuni ya huduma ya mtandao Tiscali, iliyoko [[Cagliari]]. [[Forbes]] ilimorodhesha Soru kama mmoja wa watu tajiri zaidi duniani, akiwa na utajiri wa zaidi ya dola bilioni 4 kufikia Septemba 2001. == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Soru alizaliwa Sanluri, Sardinia, mwaka 1957. Ana shahada ya chuo kikuu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Bocconi huko [[Milano]]. == Kazi == Mwaka [[2004]], Soru alichaguliwa kuwa rais wa [[Sardinia]] na muungano wa mrengo wa kati-kushoto na mpango wa kijasiri wa kufufua uchumi katika kisiwa hicho kwa kuanzisha wawekezaji wa nje. Mnamo [[28 Novemba]] [[2008]], alijiuzulu kutoka wadhifa wake. Aligombea tena urais wa Sardinia katika uchaguzi wa Februari [[2009]] lakini alishindwa na mgombea wa mrengo wa kulia wa Popolo della Libertà Ugo Cappellacci.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/topnews/2017/05/08/soru-assolto-da-evasione-fiscale_81b9dbdc-bfe8-4ac7-a7f8-aef6fdbe5ba6.html|title = Soru assolto da evasione fiscale - Ultima Ora|date = 8 May 2017}}</ref> Mnamo 20 Mei 2008, Soru alinunua gazeti la mrengo wa kushoto l'Unità. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wajasiriamali wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1957]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 4o43zavrrd91mjoklzmdaks4iiikjlj 1592669 1592667 2026-08-28T15:37:09Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1592669 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Renato Soru''' ([[6 Agosti]] [[1957]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] na [[mjasiriamali]] wa [[Italia]]. Yeye ni mwanzilishi wa kampuni ya huduma ya mtandao Tiscali, iliyoko [[Cagliari]]. [[Forbes]] ilimorodhesha Soru kama mmoja wa watu tajiri zaidi duniani, akiwa na utajiri wa zaidi ya dola bilioni 4 kufikia Septemba 2001. == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Soru alizaliwa Sanluri, Sardinia, mwaka 1957. Ana shahada ya chuo kikuu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Bocconi huko [[Milano]]. == Kazi == Mwaka [[2004]], Soru alichaguliwa kuwa rais wa [[Sardinia]] na muungano wa mrengo wa kati-kushoto na mpango wa kijasiri wa kufufua uchumi katika kisiwa hicho kwa kuanzisha wawekezaji wa nje. Mnamo [[28 Novemba]] [[2008]], alijiuzulu kutoka wadhifa wake. Aligombea tena urais wa Sardinia katika uchaguzi wa Februari [[2009]] lakini alishindwa na mgombea wa mrengo wa kulia wa Popolo della Libertà Ugo Cappellacci.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/topnews/2017/05/08/soru-assolto-da-evasione-fiscale_81b9dbdc-bfe8-4ac7-a7f8-aef6fdbe5ba6.html|title = Soru assolto da evasione fiscale - Ultima Ora|date = 8 May 2017}}</ref> Mnamo 20 Mei 2008, Soru alinunua gazeti la mrengo wa kushoto l'Unità. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wajasiriamali wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1957]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] o9y1n2kut8azvaugjzwaykk54pfrkyp 0 247725 1592672 2026-08-28T15:38:06Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Luigi Tiziano "Pecce" Peccenini''' ([[1939]]) ni mvumbuzi, [[mjasiriamali]], mshauri wa kampuni na mtaalamu wa afya, na [[mfanyabiashara]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuanzisha Wall Street English (awali Wall Street Institute) mwaka [[1972]] ili kufanya biashara ya MultiMethod, mbinu ya kujifunza aliyoibuni ambayo inamweka mwanafunzi badala ya mwalimu katikati.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pearson.com/wall-street-institute.html |title=Wall Street Institute...' 1592672 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Luigi Tiziano "Pecce" Peccenini''' ([[1939]]) ni mvumbuzi, [[mjasiriamali]], mshauri wa kampuni na mtaalamu wa afya, na [[mfanyabiashara]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuanzisha Wall Street English (awali Wall Street Institute) mwaka [[1972]] ili kufanya biashara ya MultiMethod, mbinu ya kujifunza aliyoibuni ambayo inamweka mwanafunzi badala ya mwalimu katikati.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pearson.com/wall-street-institute.html |title=Wall Street Institute |publisher=Pearson.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-14}}</ref> Wall Street Institute inawafundisha watu kuzungumza (badala ya kusoma au kuandika) Kiingereza kama lugha ya kigeni. Imetoa mafundisho ya MultiMethod kwa zaidi ya wanafunzi milioni 2. Inaendeshwa katika [[Afrika ya Kaskazini|Afrika Kaskazini]], [[Asia Mashariki]], [[Asia Kusini Mashariki]], [[Ulaya]], [[Amerika Kusini]] na Mashariki ya Kati. Inajulikana kama Wall Street English nchini [[Uchina]] ambapo ilichaguliwa kuwa Chapa Maarufu Zaidi ya Kufundisha Lugha za Kigeni mwaka [[2012]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2012-07/26/content_15620528.htm |title=The China aficionado teacher |publisher=Usa.chinadaily.com.cn |date=2012-07-26 |accessdate=2013-10-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pearson.com/news/2010/july/pearson-to-acquire-wall-street-institute-acquisition-extends-pear.html?article=true |title=Pearson to acquire Wall Street Institute: acquisition extends Pearson's position as world leader in English language teaching |publisher=Pearson.com |date=2010-07-29 |accessdate=2013-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014180250/http://www.pearson.com/news/2010/july/pearson-to-acquire-wall-street-institute-acquisition-extends-pear.html?article=true |archive-date=2013-10-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pearsonapac.com/index.php?id=265&action=view&section=72&module=information_librarymodule&src=%40random4f3270a51258a |title=Pearson APAC |publisher=Pearson APAC |date=2012-02-13 |accessdate=2013-10-14}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wajasiriamali wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1939]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] m4qlfaym832dj5iw7gmq2avzsck4hmp 1592923 1592672 2026-08-29T10:30:43Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592923 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Luigi Tiziano "Pecce" Peccenini''' (alizaliwa [[1939]]) ni mvumbuzi, [[mjasiriamali]], mshauri wa kampuni na mtaalamu wa afya, na [[mfanyabiashara]] wa [[Italia]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuanzisha Wall Street English (awali Wall Street Institute) mwaka [[1972]] ili kufanya biashara ya MultiMethod, mbinu ya kujifunza aliyoibuni ambayo inamweka mwanafunzi badala ya mwalimu katikati.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pearson.com/wall-street-institute.html |title=Wall Street Institute |publisher=Pearson.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-14}}</ref> Wall Street Institute inawafundisha watu kuzungumza (badala ya kusoma au kuandika) Kiingereza kama lugha ya kigeni. Imetoa mafundisho ya MultiMethod kwa zaidi ya wanafunzi milioni 2. Inaendeshwa katika [[Afrika ya Kaskazini|Afrika Kaskazini]], [[Asia Mashariki]], [[Asia Kusini Mashariki]], [[Ulaya]], [[Amerika Kusini]] na Mashariki ya Kati. Inajulikana kama Wall Street English nchini [[Uchina]] ambapo ilichaguliwa kuwa Chapa Maarufu Zaidi ya Kufundisha Lugha za Kigeni mwaka [[2012]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2012-07/26/content_15620528.htm |title=The China aficionado teacher |publisher=Usa.chinadaily.com.cn |date=2012-07-26 |accessdate=2013-10-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pearson.com/news/2010/july/pearson-to-acquire-wall-street-institute-acquisition-extends-pear.html?article=true |title=Pearson to acquire Wall Street Institute: acquisition extends Pearson's position as world leader in English language teaching |publisher=Pearson.com |date=2010-07-29 |accessdate=2013-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014180250/http://www.pearson.com/news/2010/july/pearson-to-acquire-wall-street-institute-acquisition-extends-pear.html?article=true |archive-date=2013-10-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pearsonapac.com/index.php?id=265&action=view&section=72&module=information_librarymodule&src=%40random4f3270a51258a |title=Pearson APAC |publisher=Pearson APAC |date=2012-02-13 |accessdate=2013-10-14}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wajasiriamali wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1939]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 319bx1rwyu6iz0h6vymxkjwhiw3rvc6 0 247726 1592678 2026-08-28T15:44:54Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Stefano Pessina''' ([[4 Juni]] [[1941]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Italia]] na [[Monako]]; alikuwa mwenyekiti mtendaji wa Walgreens Boots Alliance hadi kampuni hiyo iliponunuliwa na Sycamore Partners mwaka [[2025]].<ref name="StefanoPessina.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.stefanopessina.com/about.html|title=About Stefano Pessina|website=Stefanopessina.com|access-date=28 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.walgreensbootsallian...' 1592678 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stefano Pessina''' ([[4 Juni]] [[1941]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Italia]] na [[Monako]]; alikuwa mwenyekiti mtendaji wa Walgreens Boots Alliance hadi kampuni hiyo iliponunuliwa na Sycamore Partners mwaka [[2025]].<ref name="StefanoPessina.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.stefanopessina.com/about.html|title=About Stefano Pessina|website=Stefanopessina.com|access-date=28 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.walgreensbootsalliance.com/index.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328065008/http://www.allianceboots.com/about-us/our-directors/stefano-pessina.aspx|url-status=dead|title=Walgreens Boots Alliance &#124; Walgreens Boots Alliance|archivedate=28 March 2014|website=www.walgreensbootsalliance.com}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Pessina alizaliwa Pescara na alikulia kati ya [[Milano|Milan]], [[Como]], na Naples. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Polytechnic cha Milano katika uhandisi wa nyuklia kabla ya kuanza kazi yake katika taaluma na baadaye kujiunga na kampuni ya utafiti wa soko ACNielsen huko Milan. Alitaka kuwa mwanafizikia wa nyuklia lakini alikatishwa tamaa na hali ya kisiasa ya miaka ya [[1970]].<ref name="Companies House">{{cite web|title=Stefano PESSINA|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/CIlpqfozZjE6B5gCiO4OD3zjtIk/appointments|website=Companies House|accessdate=23 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="Guardian">{{cite web|last=Hooper|first=John|title=The secretive world of the Italian tycoon who is stalking Boots|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/mar/17/privateequity.italy|work=The Guardian|date=17 March 2007|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited|accessdate=2 January 2014}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1941]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] crp0p9me3qmw1gxqjm4ujg5zu2h0nal 1592683 1592678 2026-08-28T16:04:10Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1592683 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stefano Pessina''' ([[4 Juni]] [[1941]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Italia]] na [[Monako]]; alikuwa mwenyekiti mtendaji wa Walgreens Boots Alliance hadi kampuni hiyo iliponunuliwa na Sycamore Partners mwaka [[2025]].<ref name="StefanoPessina.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.stefanopessina.com/about.html|title=About Stefano Pessina|website=Stefanopessina.com|access-date=28 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.walgreensbootsalliance.com/index.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328065008/http://www.allianceboots.com/about-us/our-directors/stefano-pessina.aspx|url-status=dead|title=Walgreens Boots Alliance &#124; Walgreens Boots Alliance|archivedate=28 March 2014|website=www.walgreensbootsalliance.com}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Pessina alizaliwa Pescara na alikulia kati ya [[Milano|Milan]], [[Como]], na Naples. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Polytechnic cha Milano katika uhandisi wa nyuklia kabla ya kuanza kazi yake katika taaluma na baadaye kujiunga na kampuni ya utafiti wa soko ACNielsen huko Milan. Alitaka kuwa mwanafizikia wa nyuklia lakini alikatishwa tamaa na hali ya kisiasa ya miaka ya [[1970]].<ref name="Companies House">{{cite web|title=Stefano PESSINA|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/CIlpqfozZjE6B5gCiO4OD3zjtIk/appointments|website=Companies House|accessdate=23 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="Guardian">{{cite web|last=Hooper|first=John|title=The secretive world of the Italian tycoon who is stalking Boots|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/mar/17/privateequity.italy|work=The Guardian|date=17 March 2007|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited|accessdate=2 January 2014}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1941]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] cyljkwe8skcndgap33qplvw4vob207o 1592965 1592683 2026-08-29T10:49:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592965 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stefano Pessina''' ([[4 Juni]] [[1941]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Italia]] na [[Monako]]; alikuwa mwenyekiti mtendaji wa Walgreens Boots Alliance hadi kampuni hiyo iliponunuliwa na Sycamore Partners mwaka [[2025]].<ref name="StefanoPessina.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.stefanopessina.com/about.html|title=About Stefano Pessina|website=Stefanopessina.com|access-date=28 August 2018|archive-date=2016-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906124848/http://www.stefanopessina.com/about.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.walgreensbootsalliance.com/index.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328065008/http://www.allianceboots.com/about-us/our-directors/stefano-pessina.aspx|url-status=dead|title=Walgreens Boots Alliance &#124; Walgreens Boots Alliance|archivedate=28 March 2014|website=www.walgreensbootsalliance.com}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Pessina alizaliwa Pescara na alikulia kati ya [[Milano|Milan]], [[Como]], na Naples. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Polytechnic cha Milano katika uhandisi wa nyuklia kabla ya kuanza kazi yake katika taaluma na baadaye kujiunga na kampuni ya utafiti wa soko ACNielsen huko Milan. Alitaka kuwa mwanafizikia wa nyuklia lakini alikatishwa tamaa na hali ya kisiasa ya miaka ya [[1970]].<ref name="Companies House">{{cite web|title=Stefano PESSINA|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/CIlpqfozZjE6B5gCiO4OD3zjtIk/appointments|website=Companies House|accessdate=23 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="Guardian">{{cite web|last=Hooper|first=John|title=The secretive world of the Italian tycoon who is stalking Boots|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/mar/17/privateequity.italy|work=The Guardian|date=17 March 2007|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited|accessdate=2 January 2014}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1941]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 6ddsli2gq2zk8hnto6o2bugzu3x349v 0 247727 1592686 2026-08-28T16:07:03Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Miuccia Bianchi Prada''' ([[10 Mei]] [[1948]]) ni mbunifu wa mitindo bilionea na [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Italia]]. Yeye ni mbunifu mkuu wa Prada na mwanzilishi wa kampuni yake tanzu Miu Miu. Kufikia Oktoba 2021, [[Forbes]] ilikadiria utajiri wake kuwa dola bilioni 4.8. Mnamo Agosti 2021, Bloomberg ilikadiria utajiri wake kuwa dola bilioni 6.6, na kumweka katika nafasi ya 430 duniani.<ref name=Vogue>{{cite web|last=Craven|first=Jo|title=Miuccia Prada...' 1592686 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Miuccia Bianchi Prada''' ([[10 Mei]] [[1948]]) ni mbunifu wa mitindo bilionea na [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Italia]]. Yeye ni mbunifu mkuu wa Prada na mwanzilishi wa kampuni yake tanzu Miu Miu. Kufikia Oktoba 2021, [[Forbes]] ilikadiria utajiri wake kuwa dola bilioni 4.8. Mnamo Agosti 2021, Bloomberg ilikadiria utajiri wake kuwa dola bilioni 6.6, na kumweka katika nafasi ya 430 duniani.<ref name=Vogue>{{cite web|last=Craven|first=Jo|title=Miuccia Prada – Biography|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/spy/biographies/miuccia-prada-biography|publisher=Vogue|access-date=1 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013183503/http://www.vogue.co.uk/spy/biographies/miuccia-prada-biography|archive-date=13 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="Forbes profile">{{cite web |title=Forbes profile: Miuccia Prada |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/miuccia-prada/ |website=Forbes |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="Bloomberg">{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profiles/miuccia-prada-bianchi/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817064304/https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profiles/miuccia-prada-bianchi/|archivedate=2021-08-17|title=Miuccia Prada|publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> Ni mjukuu wa mwisho wa Mario Prada, Miuccia Prada alichukua kampuni ya bidhaa za kifahari inayomilikiwa na familia mwaka [[1978]]. Tangu wakati huo, kampuni imenunua Jil Sander, Helmut Lang na mtengenezaji wa viatu Church & Co. Mwaka 2002, Prada alifungua makumbusho yake ya sanaa ya kisasa.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Journal|first=Deborah BallStaff Reporter of The Wall Street|date=10 September 1999|title=Prada to Buy U.K. Shoemaker Church In Latest Bid to Shift to Luxury Goods|language=en-US|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB936914547199124155|access-date=29 July 2020|issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=PRADA BUYS LANG OUT|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/prada-buys-lang-out|access-date=29 July 2020|website=British Vogue|date=5 October 2004|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 August 1999 |title=Prada Will Buy Control of Jil Sander |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/31/business/prada-will-buy-control-of-jil-sander.html |access-date=29 July 2020 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> <ref name=tele>{{cite news|first=Hilary|last=Alexander|url=http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/columns/hilary-alexander/TMG8066336/Miuccia-Prada-to-present-the-Turner-Prize.html|title=Miuccia Prada to present the Turner Prize|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=15 October 2010|access-date=22 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723055645/http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/columns/hilary-alexander/TMG8066336/Miuccia-Prada-to-present-the-Turner-Prize.html|archive-date=23 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mnamo Machi [[2013]], Prada alitajwa kuwa mmoja wa watu hamsini waliovaa vizuri zaidi wenye umri wa zaidi ya miaka 50 na [[Forbes]]. Jarida hilo lilimweka kama mwanamke wa 75 mwenye ushawishi zaidi duniani mwaka 2014, wakati alikuwa na utajiri unaokadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 11.1. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] an3jtyvsscv0d8009xqcazcm1l0qoy3 1592753 1592686 2026-08-29T01:36:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1592753 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Miuccia Bianchi Prada''' ([[10 Mei]] [[1948]]) ni mbunifu wa mitindo bilionea na [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Italia]]. Yeye ni mbunifu mkuu wa Prada na mwanzilishi wa kampuni yake tanzu Miu Miu. Kufikia Oktoba 2021, [[Forbes]] ilikadiria utajiri wake kuwa dola bilioni 4.8. Mnamo Agosti 2021, Bloomberg ilikadiria utajiri wake kuwa dola bilioni 6.6, na kumweka katika nafasi ya 430 duniani.<ref name=Vogue>{{cite web|last=Craven|first=Jo|title=Miuccia Prada – Biography|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/spy/biographies/miuccia-prada-biography|publisher=Vogue|access-date=1 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013183503/http://www.vogue.co.uk/spy/biographies/miuccia-prada-biography|archive-date=13 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="Forbes profile">{{cite web |title=Forbes profile: Miuccia Prada |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/miuccia-prada/ |website=Forbes |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="Bloomberg">{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profiles/miuccia-prada-bianchi/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817064304/https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profiles/miuccia-prada-bianchi/|archivedate=2021-08-17|title=Miuccia Prada|publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> Ni mjukuu wa mwisho wa Mario Prada, Miuccia Prada alichukua kampuni ya bidhaa za kifahari inayomilikiwa na familia mwaka [[1978]]. Tangu wakati huo, kampuni imenunua Jil Sander, Helmut Lang na mtengenezaji wa viatu Church & Co. Mwaka 2002, Prada alifungua makumbusho yake ya sanaa ya kisasa.<ref>{{Rejea habari|last=Journal|first=Deborah BallStaff Reporter of The Wall Street|date=10 September 1999|title=Prada to Buy U.K. Shoemaker Church In Latest Bid to Shift to Luxury Goods|language=en-US|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB936914547199124155|access-date=29 July 2020|issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=PRADA BUYS LANG OUT|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/prada-buys-lang-out|access-date=29 July 2020|website=British Vogue|date=5 October 2004|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |date=31 August 1999 |title=Prada Will Buy Control of Jil Sander |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/31/business/prada-will-buy-control-of-jil-sander.html |access-date=29 July 2020 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> <ref name=tele>{{cite news|first=Hilary|last=Alexander|url=http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/columns/hilary-alexander/TMG8066336/Miuccia-Prada-to-present-the-Turner-Prize.html|title=Miuccia Prada to present the Turner Prize|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=15 October 2010|access-date=22 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723055645/http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/columns/hilary-alexander/TMG8066336/Miuccia-Prada-to-present-the-Turner-Prize.html|archive-date=23 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mnamo Machi [[2013]], Prada alitajwa kuwa mmoja wa watu hamsini waliovaa vizuri zaidi wenye umri wa zaidi ya miaka 50 na [[Forbes]]. Jarida hilo lilimweka kama mwanamke wa 75 mwenye ushawishi zaidi duniani mwaka 2014, wakati alikuwa na utajiri unaokadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 11.1. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 0z08i82m3wvp9efbdxpu38kdyoed6bh 0 247728 1592687 2026-08-28T16:13:44Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Romano Minozzi''' ([[1935]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Italia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.affaritaliani.it/economia/mediobanca-minozzi-nagel-ascolta-solo-i-banchieri-apra-ai-5-di-milleri-878299.html|title=Mediobanca, Minozzi: "Nagel ascolta solo i banchieri, apra ai 5 di Milleri"|date=September 28, 2023|website=Affaritaliani.it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.milanofinanza.it/news/romano-minozzi-e-lazard-si-rafforzano-nel-capi...' 1592687 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Romano Minozzi''' ([[1935]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Italia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.affaritaliani.it/economia/mediobanca-minozzi-nagel-ascolta-solo-i-banchieri-apra-ai-5-di-milleri-878299.html|title=Mediobanca, Minozzi: "Nagel ascolta solo i banchieri, apra ai 5 di Milleri"|date=September 28, 2023|website=Affaritaliani.it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.milanofinanza.it/news/romano-minozzi-e-lazard-si-rafforzano-nel-capitale-di-italgas-201804191128308610|title=Romano Minozzi e Lazard si rafforzano nel capitale di Italgas &#124; MilanoFinanza News|first=MF Milano|last=Finanza|date=April 19, 2018|website=MF Milano Finanza}}</ref> == Wasifu == Romano Minozzi alizaliwa mwaka 1935. Ana shahada ya uchumi kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Bologna.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/giacomotognini/2020/04/09/how-an-italian-entrepreneur-built-a-16-billion-fortune-investing-in-energy-companies/|title=How An Italian Entrepreneur Built A $1.6 Billion Fortune Investing In Energy Companies|first=Giacomo|last=Tognini|website=Forbes}}</ref> Minozzi alianza kazi yake katika benki huko Modena, ambapo alipendezwa na soko la hisa. Mwaka [[1961]], kwa mkopo wa lira milioni 300 kutoka Mediobanca, alinunua kampuni ya keramik iliyokuwa inatatizika, ambayo aliipa jina Iris. Iris ilipanuka kimataifa wakati wa ukuaji wa uchumi wa Italia baada ya vita na inatengeneza bidhaa kama vile vigae vya bafuni na slab za ukuta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.panorama.it/economia/mediobanca-mps-minozzi-gavio-titoli|title=Mediobanca: si rompe il fronte anti-Mps. Minozzi (Iris Ceramica): "Operazione positiva". E Gavio vende - Panorama|website=www.panorama.it}}</ref> Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 2000, Minozzi alipendezwa na soko la hisa na akapata hisa ndogo katika Mediobanca. Pia alihudumu kwa muhula wa miaka mitatu kwenye bodi ya [[Ferrari]]. Mwaka [[2010]], alipata asilimia 4.2 ya hisa katika kampuni ya usambazaji wa umeme ya Terna yenye makao yake Roma kwa dola milioni 173, na kuziuza miaka mitatu baadaye kwa takriban dola milioni 465. Mwaka 2016, alipata asilimia 3 ya hisa katika Snam kwa takriban dola milioni 660 na kupata hisa katika Italgas baada ya kujitenga kutoka Snam. Minozzi alistaafu kutoka usimamizi wa kila siku wa Iris mnamo Desemba 2017, akimteua binti yake Federica kuwa Mkurugenzi Mtendaji. Mwaka 2020, aliorodheshwa kwenye orodha ya mabilionea wa dunia ya [[Forbes]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1935]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] n4447svktyvdg4xnkc2xz8t6jyghhfd 1592779 1592687 2026-08-29T03:30:01Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1592779 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Romano Minozzi''' ([[1935]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Italia]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.affaritaliani.it/economia/mediobanca-minozzi-nagel-ascolta-solo-i-banchieri-apra-ai-5-di-milleri-878299.html|title=Mediobanca, Minozzi: "Nagel ascolta solo i banchieri, apra ai 5 di Milleri"|date=September 28, 2023|website=Affaritaliani.it}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.milanofinanza.it/news/romano-minozzi-e-lazard-si-rafforzano-nel-capitale-di-italgas-201804191128308610|title=Romano Minozzi e Lazard si rafforzano nel capitale di Italgas &#124; MilanoFinanza News|first=MF Milano|last=Finanza|date=April 19, 2018|website=MF Milano Finanza}}</ref> == Wasifu == Romano Minozzi alizaliwa mwaka 1935. Ana shahada ya uchumi kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Bologna.<ref name="auto">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/giacomotognini/2020/04/09/how-an-italian-entrepreneur-built-a-16-billion-fortune-investing-in-energy-companies/|title=How An Italian Entrepreneur Built A $1.6 Billion Fortune Investing In Energy Companies|first=Giacomo|last=Tognini|website=Forbes}}</ref> Minozzi alianza kazi yake katika benki huko Modena, ambapo alipendezwa na soko la hisa. Mwaka [[1961]], kwa mkopo wa lira milioni 300 kutoka Mediobanca, alinunua kampuni ya keramik iliyokuwa inatatizika, ambayo aliipa jina Iris. Iris ilipanuka kimataifa wakati wa ukuaji wa uchumi wa Italia baada ya vita na inatengeneza bidhaa kama vile vigae vya bafuni na slab za ukuta.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.panorama.it/economia/mediobanca-mps-minozzi-gavio-titoli|title=Mediobanca: si rompe il fronte anti-Mps. Minozzi (Iris Ceramica): "Operazione positiva". E Gavio vende - Panorama|website=www.panorama.it}}</ref> Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 2000, Minozzi alipendezwa na soko la hisa na akapata hisa ndogo katika Mediobanca. Pia alihudumu kwa muhula wa miaka mitatu kwenye bodi ya [[Ferrari]]. Mwaka [[2010]], alipata asilimia 4.2 ya hisa katika kampuni ya usambazaji wa umeme ya Terna yenye makao yake Roma kwa dola milioni 173, na kuziuza miaka mitatu baadaye kwa takriban dola milioni 465. Mwaka 2016, alipata asilimia 3 ya hisa katika Snam kwa takriban dola milioni 660 na kupata hisa katika Italgas baada ya kujitenga kutoka Snam. Minozzi alistaafu kutoka usimamizi wa kila siku wa Iris mnamo Desemba 2017, akimteua binti yake Federica kuwa Mkurugenzi Mtendaji. Mwaka 2020, aliorodheshwa kwenye orodha ya mabilionea wa dunia ya [[Forbes]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1935]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 49rxiw9pmb4qtu21je4rv9b0t367r02 0 247729 1592690 2026-08-28T16:22:41Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Massimo Moratti''' ([[16 Mei]] [[1945]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Italia]], mmiliki wa zamani wa Inter Milan na mwenyekiti wa Saras Group, iliyoanzishwa mwaka 1962 na baba yake, mfanyabiashara [[Angelo Moratti]]. Kiwanda kikuu cha uzalishaji cha Saras Group ni kiwanda cha kusafisha mafuta cha Sarroch kilichoko kisiwa cha [[Sardinia]], moja ya maeneo sita makubwa ya [[Ulaya]], yenye uwezo wa kutoapipa 300,000 kwa siku, ikiwakilisha asilimi...' 1592690 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Massimo Moratti''' ([[16 Mei]] [[1945]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Italia]], mmiliki wa zamani wa Inter Milan na mwenyekiti wa Saras Group, iliyoanzishwa mwaka 1962 na baba yake, mfanyabiashara [[Angelo Moratti]]. Kiwanda kikuu cha uzalishaji cha Saras Group ni kiwanda cha kusafisha mafuta cha Sarroch kilichoko kisiwa cha [[Sardinia]], moja ya maeneo sita makubwa ya [[Ulaya]], yenye uwezo wa kutoapipa 300,000 kwa siku, ikiwakilisha asilimia 15 ya uwezo wa kusafisha nchini Italia. Katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, awali ili kuwezesha uhuru wa kiwanda cha Sarroch kutoka kwa masharti ya nishati, Saras Group imeingia katika uzalishaji wa umeme na inapanua uzalishaji wake wa vyanzo mbadala vya nishati, hasa katika uwanja wa nishati ya upepo, kupitia kampuni zake tanzu Sarlux na Sardeolica, ambayo inadhibitiwa kwa njia isiyo ya moja kwa moja kupitia kampuni Eolici Ulassai. Kuanzia 1995 hadi 2013, Moratti alikuwa mwenyekiti wa [[Inter Milan]]. Inasemekana alitumia karibu euro bilioni 1.5 ya utajiri wake wa kibinafsi katika soko la uhamisho, na alijulikana kwa kusaini nyota wengi wa soka kama [[Ronaldo Nazário|Ronaldo]] mwaka [[1997]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/27-10-2015/hall-of-fame-vialli-mancini-facchetti-ronaldo-herrera-agnelli-tardelli-ferlaino-130676725232.shtml|title=Hall of fame, 10 new entry: con Vialli e Mancini anche Facchetti e Ronaldo|trans-title=Hall of fame, 10 new entries: with Vialli and Mancini also Facchetti and Ronaldo|publisher=La Gazzetta dello Sport|language=it|date=27 October 2015|access-date=27 October 2015}}</ref> Alikuwa mwenyekiti wa heshima wa Inter, na pia balozi wa nia njema wa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]]. Mwaka [[2013]], aliingizwa kwenye Ukumbi wa Umaarufu wa Soka wa Italia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newnotizie.it/2011/05/26/massimo-moratti-pisapia-berlusconi-autogol|title=Massimo Moratti a sostegno di Pisapia: Berlusconi fa solo autogol|date=26 May 2011|publisher=newnotizie.it|access-date=2011-06-01 }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1945]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] gqbwteuxrcsjqiwo8fhj4hqp7lq333c 0 247730 1592693 2026-08-28T16:32:00Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Michele Ferrero''' ([[26 Aprili]] [[1925]] – [[14 Februari]] [[2015]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Italia]]. Alikuwa mmiliki wa kiwanda cha utengenezaji wa [[chokoleti]] na pipi ''Ferrero SpA'', kampuni ya pili kwa ukubwa ya pipi [[Ulaya]]. Mafanikio yake makubwa ya kwanza yalikuwa kazi yake na Francesco Rivella katika kuongeza mafuta ya mboga kwenye gianduja ya jadi ili kutengeneza Nutella maarufu.<ref name="Various2015">{{cite book|...' 1592693 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michele Ferrero''' ([[26 Aprili]] [[1925]] – [[14 Februari]] [[2015]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Italia]]. Alikuwa mmiliki wa kiwanda cha utengenezaji wa [[chokoleti]] na pipi ''Ferrero SpA'', kampuni ya pili kwa ukubwa ya pipi [[Ulaya]]. Mafanikio yake makubwa ya kwanza yalikuwa kazi yake na Francesco Rivella katika kuongeza mafuta ya mboga kwenye gianduja ya jadi ili kutengeneza Nutella maarufu.<ref name="Various2015">{{cite book|author=Various|title=Hachette Children's Yearbook& Infopedia 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2aq6CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT37|date=30 October 2015|publisher=Hachette India|isbn=978-93-5195-041-7|page=37}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21644124-michele-ferrero-italys-chocolate-king-died-valentines-day-aged-89-sweet-secrets |newspaper=The Economist |date=21 February 2015 |title=Sweet secrets |page=90}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Michele Ferrero alizaliwa tarehe 26 Aprili 1925 huko Dogliani, mtoto wa pekee wa [[Pietro Ferrero]], mwanzilishi wa kampuni ya Ferrero, na mkewe Piera Cillario. == Kazi == Ferrero alijiunga na kampuni mwaka 1949.<ref name=Guardian>{{cite news|last1=Hooper|first1=John|title=Ferrero unwrapped: Italy's secretive confectioner opens its doors|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/oct/28/ferrero-unwrapped|accessdate=14 February 2015|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=28 October 2011}}</ref> Alikuwa mtu tajiri zaidi nchini Italia, akiwa na utajiri wa dola bilioni 26, akimshinda [[Silvio Berlusconi]] mnamo Machi [[2008]]. Mnamo Mei [[2014]], Bloomberg Billionaires Index ilimorodhesha Ferrero kama mtu tajiri wa 20 duniani.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bloomberg Billionaires Index |accessdate=3 December 2012 |url=http://topics.bloomberg.com/bloomberg-billionaires-index/ |publisher=[[Bloomberg LP]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214085457/http://topics.bloomberg.com/bloomberg-billionaires-index/ |archivedate=14 December 2012 }}</ref> Brands za Ferrero zilijumuisha Nutella, Mon Chéri, Kinder Chocolate, Ferrero Rocher, Tic Tacs na Kinder Eggs.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=La mort du milliardaire Michele Ferrero, inventeur très discret du Nutella |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2015/02/15/la-mort-du-milliardaire-michele-ferrero-inventeur-tres-discret-de-la-nutella_4576923_3382.html |website=Le Monde}}</ref> Kuanzia 1997, wanawe, Pietro Ferrero Jr. na kaka yake Giovanni Ferrero, waliongoza kampuni kwa pamoja. Baada ya Pietro kufariki Aprili 2011, Giovanni akawa Mkurugenzi Mtendaji pekee. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1925]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]] s0p7gruzes9l2jfmgcxv2emkr5a5olw 1592695 1592693 2026-08-28T16:34:19Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1592695 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michele Ferrero''' ([[26 Aprili]] [[1925]] – [[14 Februari]] [[2015]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Italia]]. Alikuwa mmiliki wa kiwanda cha utengenezaji wa [[chokoleti]] na pipi ''Ferrero SpA'', kampuni ya pili kwa ukubwa ya pipi [[Ulaya]]. Mafanikio yake makubwa ya kwanza yalikuwa kazi yake na Francesco Rivella katika kuongeza mafuta ya mboga kwenye gianduja ya jadi ili kutengeneza Nutella maarufu.<ref name="Various2015">{{cite book|author=Various|title=Hachette Children's Yearbook& Infopedia 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2aq6CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT37|date=30 October 2015|publisher=Hachette India|isbn=978-93-5195-041-7|page=37}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21644124-michele-ferrero-italys-chocolate-king-died-valentines-day-aged-89-sweet-secrets |newspaper=The Economist |date=21 February 2015 |title=Sweet secrets |page=90}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Michele Ferrero alizaliwa tarehe 26 Aprili 1925 huko Dogliani, mtoto wa pekee wa [[Pietro Ferrero]], mwanzilishi wa kampuni ya Ferrero, na mkewe Piera Cillario. == Kazi == Ferrero alijiunga na kampuni mwaka 1949.<ref name=Guardian>{{cite news|last1=Hooper|first1=John|title=Ferrero unwrapped: Italy's secretive confectioner opens its doors|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/oct/28/ferrero-unwrapped|accessdate=14 February 2015|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=28 October 2011}}</ref> Alikuwa mtu tajiri zaidi nchini Italia, akiwa na utajiri wa dola bilioni 26, akimshinda [[Silvio Berlusconi]] mnamo Machi [[2008]]. Mnamo Mei [[2014]], Bloomberg Billionaires Index ilimorodhesha Ferrero kama mtu tajiri wa 20 duniani.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bloomberg Billionaires Index |accessdate=3 December 2012 |url=http://topics.bloomberg.com/bloomberg-billionaires-index/ |publisher=[[Bloomberg LP]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214085457/http://topics.bloomberg.com/bloomberg-billionaires-index/ |archivedate=14 December 2012 }}</ref> Brands za Ferrero zilijumuisha Nutella, Mon Chéri, Kinder Chocolate, Ferrero Rocher, Tic Tacs na Kinder Eggs.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |title=La mort du milliardaire Michele Ferrero, inventeur très discret du Nutella |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2015/02/15/la-mort-du-milliardaire-michele-ferrero-inventeur-tres-discret-de-la-nutella_4576923_3382.html |website=Le Monde}}</ref> Kuanzia 1997, wanawe, Pietro Ferrero Jr. na kaka yake Giovanni Ferrero, waliongoza kampuni kwa pamoja. Baada ya Pietro kufariki Aprili 2011, Giovanni akawa Mkurugenzi Mtendaji pekee. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1925]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]] ro0cf5f4h27xevuax6etzpso7aosl3e 0 247731 1592697 2026-08-28T16:38:20Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Giovanni Ferrero''' ([[21 Septemba]] [[1964]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Italia]]. Alichukua uongozi wa kampuni ya pipi Ferrero SpA baada ya kifo cha kaka yake, [[Pietro Ferrero]], mwaka [[2011]]. Utajiri wake wa kibinafsi unakadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 48.3 mwaka [[2026]] kulingana na [[Forbes]], na kumfanya kuwa mtu tajiri wa 37 duniani, na mtu tajiri zaidi nchini Italia. == Maisha ya Awali == Alizaliwa Farigliano, Italia, mtoto wa Maria...' 1592697 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Giovanni Ferrero''' ([[21 Septemba]] [[1964]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Italia]]. Alichukua uongozi wa kampuni ya pipi Ferrero SpA baada ya kifo cha kaka yake, [[Pietro Ferrero]], mwaka [[2011]]. Utajiri wake wa kibinafsi unakadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 48.3 mwaka [[2026]] kulingana na [[Forbes]], na kumfanya kuwa mtu tajiri wa 37 duniani, na mtu tajiri zaidi nchini Italia. == Maisha ya Awali == Alizaliwa Farigliano, Italia, mtoto wa Maria Franca Fissolo na Michele Ferrero, mmiliki wa shirika la pipi la kimataifa Ferrero. == Elimu == Mwaka [[1975]], alihamia Brussels, [[Ubelgiji]], ambako alisoma katika Shule za [[Ulaya]]. Kisha alihamia [[Marekani]], ambako alisoma uuzaji katika Chuo cha Lebanon Valley. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] p5w2258ef3fc6e8sactmfz75865l88d 1592698 1592697 2026-08-28T16:39:19Z Ally0111 85292 1592698 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Giovanni Ferrero''' ([[21 Septemba]] [[1964]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Italia]]. Alichukua uongozi wa kampuni ya pipi Ferrero SpA baada ya kifo cha kaka yake, [[Pietro Ferrero]], mwaka [[2011]]. Utajiri wake wa kibinafsi unakadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 48.3 mwaka [[2026]] kulingana na [[Forbes]], na kumfanya kuwa mtu tajiri wa 37 duniani, na mtu tajiri zaidi nchini Italia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Giovanni Ferrero |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/giovanni-ferrero/ |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Forbes Billionaires 2024 |url=https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/ |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=Forbes |language=English}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Alizaliwa Farigliano, Italia, mtoto wa Maria Franca Fissolo na Michele Ferrero, mmiliki wa shirika la pipi la kimataifa Ferrero. == Elimu == Mwaka [[1975]], alihamia Brussels, [[Ubelgiji]], ambako alisoma katika Shule za [[Ulaya]]. Kisha alihamia [[Marekani]], ambako alisoma uuzaji katika Chuo cha Lebanon Valley.<ref name="corriere1999">{{cite web|url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1999/giugno/28/Riservato_Come_romanzo_ce_0_9906281238.shtml |title=Archivio Corriere della Sera |website=Archiviostorico.corriere.it |access-date=2016-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.niaf.org/niaf_event/international-entrepreneur-giovanni-ferrero-to-be-honored-at-niaf-gala-in-washington-d-c/ |title=International Entrepreneur Giovanni Ferrero To be Honored at NIAF Gala in Washington, D.C. - The National Italian American Foundation |website=Niaf.org |access-date=2016-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parmadaily.it/238172/giovanni-ferrero-laurea-ad-honorem-alluniversita-di-parma/ |title=Giovanni Ferrero, laurea ad honorem all'Università di Parma |website=Parmadaily.it |access-date=2016-05-19 |archive-date=2017-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206171234/http://www.parmadaily.it/238172/giovanni-ferrero-laurea-ad-honorem-alluniversita-di-parma/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] lh20gbpsyg1troqh7io09a38ldl41ki 1592741 1592698 2026-08-28T22:57:56Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1592741 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Giovanni Ferrero''' ([[21 Septemba]] [[1964]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Italia]]. Alichukua uongozi wa kampuni ya pipi Ferrero SpA baada ya kifo cha kaka yake, [[Pietro Ferrero]], mwaka [[2011]]. Utajiri wake wa kibinafsi unakadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 48.3 mwaka [[2026]] kulingana na [[Forbes]], na kumfanya kuwa mtu tajiri wa 37 duniani, na mtu tajiri zaidi nchini Italia.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Giovanni Ferrero |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/giovanni-ferrero/ |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Forbes Billionaires 2024 |url=https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/ |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=Forbes |language=English}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Alizaliwa Farigliano, Italia, mtoto wa Maria Franca Fissolo na Michele Ferrero, mmiliki wa shirika la pipi la kimataifa Ferrero. == Elimu == Mwaka [[1975]], alihamia Brussels, [[Ubelgiji]], ambako alisoma katika Shule za [[Ulaya]]. Kisha alihamia [[Marekani]], ambako alisoma uuzaji katika Chuo cha Lebanon Valley.<ref name="corriere1999">{{cite web|url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1999/giugno/28/Riservato_Come_romanzo_ce_0_9906281238.shtml |title=Archivio Corriere della Sera |website=Archiviostorico.corriere.it |access-date=2016-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.niaf.org/niaf_event/international-entrepreneur-giovanni-ferrero-to-be-honored-at-niaf-gala-in-washington-d-c/ |title=International Entrepreneur Giovanni Ferrero To be Honored at NIAF Gala in Washington, D.C. - The National Italian American Foundation |website=Niaf.org |access-date=2016-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parmadaily.it/238172/giovanni-ferrero-laurea-ad-honorem-alluniversita-di-parma/ |title=Giovanni Ferrero, laurea ad honorem all'Università di Parma |website=Parmadaily.it |access-date=2016-05-19 |archive-date=2017-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206171234/http://www.parmadaily.it/238172/giovanni-ferrero-laurea-ad-honorem-alluniversita-di-parma/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 8i16zu0fbiefl0dhmzuiuswogn6hs79 0 247732 1592701 2026-08-28T16:47:08Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Salvatore Ferragamo''' ([[5 Juni]] [[1898]] – [[7 Agosti]] [[1960]]) alikuwa mbunifu wa viatu nchini [[Italia]]. Alijulikana sana kama mmoja wa watu wenye ushawishi mkubwa katika muundo wa viatu wa karne ya 20, alijulikana kwa kuchanganya ufundi wa mikono na uvumbuzi wa kiufundi. Ferragamo alianzisha njia mpya za ujenzi ambazo zilisisitiza faraja, usawa, na msaada wa muundo huku zikidumisha uzuri. Viatu vyake vilivaliwa na watu mashuhuri wa Hollywoo...' 1592701 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Salvatore Ferragamo''' ([[5 Juni]] [[1898]] – [[7 Agosti]] [[1960]]) alikuwa mbunifu wa viatu nchini [[Italia]]. Alijulikana sana kama mmoja wa watu wenye ushawishi mkubwa katika muundo wa viatu wa karne ya 20, alijulikana kwa kuchanganya ufundi wa mikono na uvumbuzi wa kiufundi. Ferragamo alianzisha njia mpya za ujenzi ambazo zilisisitiza faraja, usawa, na msaada wa muundo huku zikidumisha uzuri. Viatu vyake vilivaliwa na watu mashuhuri wa [[Hollywood, California|Hollywood]], na kumletea jina la utani "Mtengeneza Viatu wa Nyota."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://dl.antenati.san.beniculturali.it/v/Archivio+di+Stato+di+Avellino/Stato+civile+italiano/Bonito/Nati/1898/249/101902883_00038.jpg.html | title=Portale Antenati }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ferragamo's biography |url=https://fondazione.ferragamo.com/en/salvatore-ferragamo |website=Fondazione Ferragamo |access-date=27 August 2026}}</ref> Baada ya mafanikio ya mapema nchini [[Marekani]], Ferragamo alirudi Italia mwaka [[1927]], ambako alianzisha warsha huko [[Florence]] ambayo ikawa msingi wa biashara yake ya kimataifa, Salvatore Ferragamo S.p.A. Katika miaka ya 1930 na 1940, alitengeneza miundo yenye ushawishi - ikiwa ni pamoja na kisigino cha cork na shank iliyoimarishwa - mara nyingi kukabiliana na uhaba wa vifaa, ambayo ilisaidia kufafanua upya viatu vya wanawake. Baada ya kifo chake mwaka 1960, kampuni iliendelezwa na familia yake na kubadilika kuwa nyumba ya mitindo ya kifahari Ferragamo. Urithi wake umehifadhiwa kupitia Makumbusho ya Salvatore Ferragamo huko Florence. Maisha na kazi yake yalikuwa mada ya filamu ya hati ya 2020 Salvatore: Shoemaker of Dreams.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Ferragamo |first=Salvatore |url=http://archive.org/details/shoemakerofdream0000ferr |title=Shoemaker of Dreams; The Autobiography of Salvatore Ferragamo |date=1972 |publisher=Crown Publishers |others= |location=New York |pages=41-47, 110-112}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Breward |first=Christopher |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Cambridge_Global_History_of_Fashion/K2DdEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=ferragamo+italy+to+boston+1914&pg=PA936&printsec=frontcover |title=The Cambridge Global History of Fashion: Volume 2: From the Nineteenth Century to the Present |last2=Lemire |first2=Beverly |last3=Riello |first3=Giorgio |date=2023-08-17 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-49555-4 |pages=936 |language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1898]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1960]] cr15cvrtr4ydpts3b549hu31qn4x37t 1592780 1592701 2026-08-29T03:36:58Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1592780 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Salvatore Ferragamo''' ([[5 Juni]] [[1898]] – [[7 Agosti]] [[1960]]) alikuwa mbunifu wa viatu nchini [[Italia]]. Alijulikana sana kama mmoja wa watu wenye ushawishi mkubwa katika muundo wa viatu wa karne ya 20, alijulikana kwa kuchanganya ufundi wa mikono na uvumbuzi wa kiufundi. Ferragamo alianzisha njia mpya za ujenzi ambazo zilisisitiza faraja, usawa, na msaada wa muundo huku zikidumisha uzuri. Viatu vyake vilivaliwa na watu mashuhuri wa [[Hollywood, California|Hollywood]], na kumletea jina la utani "Mtengeneza Viatu wa Nyota."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://dl.antenati.san.beniculturali.it/v/Archivio+di+Stato+di+Avellino/Stato+civile+italiano/Bonito/Nati/1898/249/101902883_00038.jpg.html | title=Portale Antenati }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ferragamo's biography |url=https://fondazione.ferragamo.com/en/salvatore-ferragamo |website=Fondazione Ferragamo |access-date=27 August 2026}}</ref> Baada ya mafanikio ya mapema nchini [[Marekani]], Ferragamo alirudi Italia mwaka [[1927]], ambako alianzisha warsha huko [[Florence]] ambayo ikawa msingi wa biashara yake ya kimataifa, Salvatore Ferragamo S.p.A. Katika miaka ya 1930 na 1940, alitengeneza miundo yenye ushawishi - ikiwa ni pamoja na kisigino cha cork na shank iliyoimarishwa - mara nyingi kukabiliana na uhaba wa vifaa, ambayo ilisaidia kufafanua upya viatu vya wanawake. Baada ya kifo chake mwaka 1960, kampuni iliendelezwa na familia yake na kubadilika kuwa nyumba ya mitindo ya kifahari Ferragamo. Urithi wake umehifadhiwa kupitia Makumbusho ya Salvatore Ferragamo huko Florence. Maisha na kazi yake yalikuwa mada ya filamu ya hati ya 2020 Salvatore: Shoemaker of Dreams.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea kitabu |last=Ferragamo |first=Salvatore |url=http://archive.org/details/shoemakerofdream0000ferr |title=Shoemaker of Dreams; The Autobiography of Salvatore Ferragamo |date=1972 |publisher=Crown Publishers |others= |location=New York |pages=41-47, 110-112}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu |last=Breward |first=Christopher |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Cambridge_Global_History_of_Fashion/K2DdEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=ferragamo+italy+to+boston+1914&pg=PA936&printsec=frontcover |title=The Cambridge Global History of Fashion: Volume 2: From the Nineteenth Century to the Present |last2=Lemire |first2=Beverly |last3=Riello |first3=Giorgio |date=2023-08-17 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-49555-4 |pages=936 |language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1898]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1960]] rt01trcimdhuczz49q7ac54eg7mmxpz 0 247733 1592702 2026-08-28T16:51:19Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Gianfelice Mario Rocca''' ([[2 Machi]] [[1948]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Italia]]. Yeye ni mwenyekiti wa Techint Group na Istituto Clinico Humanitas. == Elimu == Rocca ana shahada ya kwanza ya fizikia kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Milan, na PMD kutoka Shule ya Biashara ya Harvard huko [[Boston]].<ref name=Forbes>{{cite web|title=Paolo & Gianfelice Mario Rocca|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/paolo-gianfelice-mario-rocca/|website=Forbes|access...' 1592702 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gianfelice Mario Rocca''' ([[2 Machi]] [[1948]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Italia]]. Yeye ni mwenyekiti wa Techint Group na Istituto Clinico Humanitas. == Elimu == Rocca ana shahada ya kwanza ya fizikia kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Milan, na PMD kutoka Shule ya Biashara ya Harvard huko [[Boston]].<ref name=Forbes>{{cite web|title=Paolo & Gianfelice Mario Rocca|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/paolo-gianfelice-mario-rocca/|website=Forbes|accessdate=3 May 2017}}</ref> == Kazi == Rocca alijiunga na Techint Group mwaka [[1974]]. Mwaka 1980, akiwa na umri wa miaka 32, aliteuliwa kuwa mkuu wa shughuli za kampuni nchini Italia, [[Ulaya]] na [[Meksiko]]. Amekuwa mwenyekiti wa Techint Group tangu [[1997]]. Techint Group inajumuisha kampuni kama Tenaris, Ternium, Techint Engineering & Construction, Tenova, Tecpetrol na Humanitas. Mwaka 2018 Kikundi kilikuwa na wafanyakazi 57,100 na kiliripoti mapato ya dola za Marekani bilioni 23.5.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.techint.com/media/1355/techint-group-brochure-2018.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-04-24 |archive-date=2019-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424122552/http://www.techint.com/media/1355/techint-group-brochure-2018.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.humanitas.it/export/sites/default/news/ich_news/2008_2.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331144413/http://www.humanitas.it/export/sites/default/news/ich_news/2008_2.pdf |archivedate=March 31, 2012 |website=www.humanitas.it}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.humanitas.it|title=Humanitas Ospedale Milano - Humanitas|website=www.humanitas.it|accessdate=18 May 2018}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] a3o2clezar05pjxy4k9eoubvgh696t6 1592740 1592702 2026-08-28T22:56:41Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1592740 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gianfelice Mario Rocca''' ([[2 Machi]] [[1948]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Italia]]. Yeye ni mwenyekiti wa Techint Group na Istituto Clinico Humanitas. == Elimu == Rocca ana shahada ya kwanza ya fizikia kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Milan, na PMD kutoka Shule ya Biashara ya Harvard huko [[Boston]].<ref name=Forbes>{{cite web|title=Paolo & Gianfelice Mario Rocca|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/paolo-gianfelice-mario-rocca/|website=Forbes|accessdate=3 May 2017}}</ref> == Kazi == Rocca alijiunga na Techint Group mwaka [[1974]]. Mwaka 1980, akiwa na umri wa miaka 32, aliteuliwa kuwa mkuu wa shughuli za kampuni nchini Italia, [[Ulaya]] na [[Meksiko]]. Amekuwa mwenyekiti wa Techint Group tangu [[1997]]. Techint Group inajumuisha kampuni kama Tenaris, Ternium, Techint Engineering & Construction, Tenova, Tecpetrol na Humanitas. Mwaka 2018 Kikundi kilikuwa na wafanyakazi 57,100 na kiliripoti mapato ya dola za Marekani bilioni 23.5.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.techint.com/media/1355/techint-group-brochure-2018.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-04-24 |archive-date=2019-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424122552/http://www.techint.com/media/1355/techint-group-brochure-2018.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.humanitas.it/export/sites/default/news/ich_news/2008_2.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331144413/http://www.humanitas.it/export/sites/default/news/ich_news/2008_2.pdf |archivedate=March 31, 2012 |website=www.humanitas.it}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.humanitas.it|title=Humanitas Ospedale Milano - Humanitas|website=www.humanitas.it|accessdate=18 May 2018}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 6liz1bp82iehrcjepriaumn9zwcysoa 0 247734 1592704 2026-08-28T16:58:49Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Paolo Rocca''' ([[1952]]) ni mfanyabiashara bilionea nchini [[Italia]] mwenye asili ya [[Argentina]] , Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Techint Group, ambayo inamiliki Tenaris, Ternium na makampuni mengine katika sekta za uhandisi, ujenzi na nishati. Yeye pia ni mwenyekiti na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Tenaris, na mwenyekiti wa Ternium. Kufikia Julai [[2024]], [[Forbes]] ilikadiria utajiri wake kuwa dola bilioni 5.0.<ref name="bbp">{{Cite news| url = https://www.blo...' 1592704 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Paolo Rocca''' ([[1952]]) ni mfanyabiashara bilionea nchini [[Italia]] mwenye asili ya [[Argentina]] , Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Techint Group, ambayo inamiliki Tenaris, Ternium na makampuni mengine katika sekta za uhandisi, ujenzi na nishati. Yeye pia ni mwenyekiti na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Tenaris, na mwenyekiti wa Ternium. Kufikia Julai [[2024]], [[Forbes]] ilikadiria utajiri wake kuwa dola bilioni 5.0.<ref name="bbp">{{Cite news| url = https://www.bloomberg.com/profiles/people/1490399-paolo-mario-rocca|title= Paolo Rocca Chairman/CEO, Tenaris SA|publisher=[[Bloomberg Business]] |accessdate =March 17, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Forbes profile">{{cite web|title=Forbes profile: Paolo Rocca |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/paolo-rocca/ |work=Forbes |access-date=20 July 2024}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Paolo Rocca alizaliwa [[Milano|Milan]], Italia, mwaka 1952. Yeye ni mtoto wa Roberto Rocca, aliyekuwa Mwenyekiti wa Heshima wa Techint, na mjukuu wa Agostino Rocca, mwanzilishi wa kikundi hiki cha viwanda. Paolo Rocca alipata shahada ya sayansi ya siasa kutoka Università degli Studi di Milano. Mwaka 1985 alihudhuria PMD katika Shule ya Biashara ya Harvard.<ref>{{Cite news | url =http://www.lanacion.com.ar/502738-fallecio-roberto-rocca-hijo-del-fundador-del-grupo-techint | title =Roberto Rocca died, son of the founder of the Techint Group | publisher =[[La Nación]] | date =June 10, 2003 | archive-date =3 April 2015 | access-date =18 March 2015 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150403043822/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/502738-fallecio-roberto-rocca-hijo-del-fundador-del-grupo-techint | url-status =dead }}</ref> == Kazi == Baada ya kuwa msaidizi wa mkurugenzi mtendaji wa [[Benki ya Dunia]], mwaka [[1985]] Paolo Rocca alianza kazi yake katika Techint Group kama msaidizi wa mwenyekiti wa bodi ya wakurugenzi. Mwaka [[1990]] alichukua nafasi ya naibu rais mtendaji wa Siderca.<ref>{{Cite news| url = http://www.econ.uba.ar/unai/archivos/CV/Paolo_%20Rocca.pdf|title= Paolo Rocca|publisher=[[Universidad de Buenos Aires]] |accessdate = March 16, 2015}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Argentina]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1952]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] nodhucdqgkp1ykpbvfit1oz3oox5mcm 1592776 1592704 2026-08-29T03:03:37Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1592776 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Paolo Rocca''' ([[1952]]) ni mfanyabiashara bilionea nchini [[Italia]] mwenye asili ya [[Argentina]] , Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Techint Group, ambayo inamiliki Tenaris, Ternium na makampuni mengine katika sekta za uhandisi, ujenzi na nishati. Yeye pia ni mwenyekiti na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Tenaris, na mwenyekiti wa Ternium. Kufikia Julai [[2024]], [[Forbes]] ilikadiria utajiri wake kuwa dola bilioni 5.0.<ref name="bbp">{{Rejea habari| url = https://www.bloomberg.com/profiles/people/1490399-paolo-mario-rocca|title= Paolo Rocca Chairman/CEO, Tenaris SA|publisher=[[Bloomberg Business]] |accessdate =March 17, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Forbes profile">{{cite web|title=Forbes profile: Paolo Rocca |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/paolo-rocca/ |work=Forbes |access-date=20 July 2024}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Paolo Rocca alizaliwa [[Milano|Milan]], Italia, mwaka 1952. Yeye ni mtoto wa Roberto Rocca, aliyekuwa Mwenyekiti wa Heshima wa Techint, na mjukuu wa Agostino Rocca, mwanzilishi wa kikundi hiki cha viwanda. Paolo Rocca alipata shahada ya sayansi ya siasa kutoka Università degli Studi di Milano. Mwaka 1985 alihudhuria PMD katika Shule ya Biashara ya Harvard.<ref>{{Rejea habari | url =http://www.lanacion.com.ar/502738-fallecio-roberto-rocca-hijo-del-fundador-del-grupo-techint | title =Roberto Rocca died, son of the founder of the Techint Group | publisher =[[La Nación]] | date =June 10, 2003 | archive-date =3 April 2015 | access-date =18 March 2015 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150403043822/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/502738-fallecio-roberto-rocca-hijo-del-fundador-del-grupo-techint | url-status =dead }}</ref> == Kazi == Baada ya kuwa msaidizi wa mkurugenzi mtendaji wa [[Benki ya Dunia]], mwaka [[1985]] Paolo Rocca alianza kazi yake katika Techint Group kama msaidizi wa mwenyekiti wa bodi ya wakurugenzi. Mwaka [[1990]] alichukua nafasi ya naibu rais mtendaji wa Siderca.<ref>{{Rejea habari| url = http://www.econ.uba.ar/unai/archivos/CV/Paolo_%20Rocca.pdf|title= Paolo Rocca|publisher=[[Universidad de Buenos Aires]] |accessdate = March 16, 2015}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Argentina]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1952]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 1zf3crjszelsdxcjzm9xv99ckqlz21a 0 247735 1592705 2026-08-28T17:08:24Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Alessandro Rosano''' ([[1977]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea wa [[Italia]] ambaye alianzisha ''Hey Dude''. Anaishi [[Hong Kong]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/amyfeldman/2023/09/05/how-the-heydude-guy-became-a-billionaire-selling-ugly-shoes/|title=How The HeyDude Guy Became A Billionaire Selling Ugly Shoes|first=Amy|last=Feldman|date=September 5, 2023|website=Forbes}}</ref> == Wasifu == Alizaliwa na kukulia Tuscany, Ros...' 1592705 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alessandro Rosano''' ([[1977]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea wa [[Italia]] ambaye alianzisha ''Hey Dude''. Anaishi [[Hong Kong]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/amyfeldman/2023/09/05/how-the-heydude-guy-became-a-billionaire-selling-ugly-shoes/|title=How The HeyDude Guy Became A Billionaire Selling Ugly Shoes|first=Amy|last=Feldman|date=September 5, 2023|website=Forbes}}</ref> == Wasifu == Alizaliwa na kukulia Tuscany, Rosano alisoma biashara ya nje huko [[Pistoia]] kuanzia [[1982]] hadi [[1987]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lanazione.it/economia/alessandro-rosano-scarpe-fez13ifs?live|title=Un impero dalle scarpe: la storia di Alessandro Rosano, (riservatissimo) imprenditore toscano diventato miliardario |trans-title=An empire of shoes: the story of Alessandro Rosano, Tuscan entrepreneur turned billionaire|date=February 6, 2025 |first=Monica |last=Pieraccini |website=[[La Nazione]]}}</ref> Wakati wa kazi yake ya awali, Rosano alifanya kazi kwenye Fratelli Diversi, msambazaji wa viatu ambaye alifuata mazoea ya maadili ya biashara na kujihusisha na shughuli za hisani. Pia alianzisha WeWood, kampuni ya saa za mbao, na alianzisha viatu vya mbao vilivyokuwa na visigino vya spring chini ya chapa ya Baldo; miradi hii ilipata mafanikio kidogo ya kibiashara. Mwaka [[2008]], baada ya safari kwenda China, Rosano aligundua fursa ya kutengeneza viatu vilivyochanganya faraja ya slippers na muundo wa kisasa. Alikiita jina "Hey Dude" ili kuibua mtindo wa kawaida wa Kimarekani, ingawa lilitamkwa kulingana na fonetiki ya Italia. Viatu vya Hey Dude vilikamilishwa nchini Italia, wakati uzalishaji ulifanyika nchini Uchina. Mwaka [[2021]], Crocs ilinunua Hey Dude. Baada ya ununuzi, Rosano alibadilisha mwelekeo wake kwa kusimamia uwekezaji na shughuli za hisani kupitia ofisi ya familia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.repubblica.it/economia/finanza/2021/12/23/news/alessandro_rosano_l_italiano_di_hey_dude_che_incassa_2_5_miliardi_di_dollari-331394088/|title=Alessandro Rosano, l'italiano di Hey Dude che incassa 2,5 miliardi di dollari|date=December 23, 2021|website=[[La Repubblica]]}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1977]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 3nh53c7o7npx7gmaspv42js4peotm1x 0 247736 1592707 2026-08-28T17:13:04Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Lahlou Akhrib''' (kwa lugha ya Kabyle: ''Leḥlu Axṛib''; kwa Tamazight: ⵍⴰⵀⵍⵓ ⴰⴽⵔⵉⴱ; amezaliwa 24 Aprili 2005) ni mchezaji wa kulipwa wa mpira wa miguu kutoka [[Algeria]] anayecheza kama winga katika klabu ya JS Kabylie. == Maisha ya klabu == Akiishi Ait Wartilan, Sétif, Algeria, Lahlou Akhrib anatoka katika kijiji cha Wakabyle cha Lemroudj, katika eneo la Draa Kebila, Hammam Guergour, Sétif, Algeria.<ref>[https://www.lfp.dz/fr...' 1592707 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lahlou Akhrib''' (kwa lugha ya Kabyle: ''Leḥlu Axṛib''; kwa Tamazight: ⵍⴰⵀⵍⵓ ⴰⴽⵔⵉⴱ; amezaliwa 24 Aprili 2005) ni mchezaji wa kulipwa wa mpira wa miguu kutoka [[Algeria]] anayecheza kama winga katika klabu ya JS Kabylie. == Maisha ya klabu == Akiishi Ait Wartilan, Sétif, Algeria, Lahlou Akhrib anatoka katika kijiji cha Wakabyle cha Lemroudj, katika eneo la Draa Kebila, Hammam Guergour, Sétif, Algeria.<ref>[https://www.lfp.dz/fr/player/42131 "Ligue Football Professionnel - Fiche de Lahlou Akhrib".] www.lfp.dz. Retrieved 2025-12-08.</ref> Mwaka 2019, akiwa na umri wa miaka 14, alijiunga na timu za vijana za JS Kabylie. Tarehe 18 Juni 2023, akiwa na timu ya JS Kabylie chini ya miaka 21, katika mchezo wa Mashindano ya Algeria ya Vijana chini ya miaka 21 msimu wa 2022–23, alifunga bao na kuwa mchezaji wa kwanza kabisa kufunga katika Uwanja wa Hocine Aït Ahmed wa Tizi Ouzou. Mwezi Julai 2023, alisaini mkataba wake wa kwanza wa kulipwa na JS Kabylie wa miaka minne. Akhrib alicheza [[mchezo]] wake wa kwanza wa kulipwa katika Ligi Kuu ya Algeria akiwa na JS Kabylie mwezi Januari 2024, chini ya kocha Mreno Rui Almeida. Mwezi Mei 2024, akiwa na timu ya JS Kabylie chini ya miaka 21, alishinda Kombe la Ligi ya Algeria chini ya miaka 21 msimu wa 2023–24 baada ya kuifunga timu ya vijana ya ES Sétif. Mwezi Juni 2024, katika Ligi Kuu ya Algeria kwenye Uwanja wa 1 Novemba 1954 huko Tizi Ouzou, alifunga bao lake la kwanza katika soka la kulipwa akiwa na JS Kabylie. Mwezi Agosti 2026, aliongeza mkataba wake na JS Kabylie hadi Juni 2028. == Maisha ya kimataifa == Lahlou Akhrib aliichezea timu ya taifa ya Algeria chini ya miaka 18 katika Michezo ya Mediterania ya mwaka 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=JM Oran 2022: Mourad Slatni dévoile sa première liste|url=https://www.lescore.dz/2022/06/jm-oran-2022-mourad-slatni-devoile-sa-premiere-liste/|work=Le Score|date=2022-06-14|accessdate=2026-08-28|author=Hacen Guenoun}}</ref> Mwezi Aprili 2025, aliitwa na Madjid Bougherra kuichezea timu ya Algeria A' katika michezo miwili ya kufuzu dhidi ya Gambia, iliyokuwa sehemu ya raundi ya pili ya kufuzu kwa [[Mashindano]] ya Mataifa ya Afrika ya 2024. Mwezi Julai 2025, alichaguliwa na Madjid Bougherra kushiriki katika Mashindano ya Mataifa ya Afrika ya 2024 akiwa na timu ya Algeria A'. Mwezi Agosti 2026, alichaguliwa na Brahim Hemdani kushiriki katika Michezo ya Mediterania ya 2026 akiwa na timu ya Algeria chini ya miaka 21. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2005]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Algeria]] fcuimglsu3w1c7b9vak957m6p68lt18 1592750 1592707 2026-08-29T00:42:10Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1592750 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lahlou Akhrib''' (kwa lugha ya Kabyle: ''Leḥlu Axṛib''; kwa Tamazight: ⵍⴰⵀⵍⵓ ⴰⴽⵔⵉⴱ; amezaliwa 24 Aprili 2005) ni mchezaji wa kulipwa wa mpira wa miguu kutoka [[Algeria]] anayecheza kama winga katika klabu ya JS Kabylie. == Maisha ya klabu == Akiishi Ait Wartilan, Sétif, Algeria, Lahlou Akhrib anatoka katika kijiji cha Wakabyle cha Lemroudj, katika eneo la Draa Kebila, Hammam Guergour, Sétif, Algeria.<ref>[https://www.lfp.dz/fr/player/42131 "Ligue Football Professionnel - Fiche de Lahlou Akhrib".] www.lfp.dz. Retrieved 2025-12-08.</ref> Mwaka 2019, akiwa na umri wa miaka 14, alijiunga na timu za vijana za JS Kabylie. Tarehe 18 Juni 2023, akiwa na timu ya JS Kabylie chini ya miaka 21, katika mchezo wa Mashindano ya Algeria ya Vijana chini ya miaka 21 msimu wa 2022–23, alifunga bao na kuwa mchezaji wa kwanza kabisa kufunga katika Uwanja wa Hocine Aït Ahmed wa Tizi Ouzou. Mwezi Julai 2023, alisaini mkataba wake wa kwanza wa kulipwa na JS Kabylie wa miaka minne. Akhrib alicheza [[mchezo]] wake wa kwanza wa kulipwa katika Ligi Kuu ya Algeria akiwa na JS Kabylie mwezi Januari 2024, chini ya kocha Mreno Rui Almeida. Mwezi Mei 2024, akiwa na timu ya JS Kabylie chini ya miaka 21, alishinda Kombe la Ligi ya Algeria chini ya miaka 21 msimu wa 2023–24 baada ya kuifunga timu ya vijana ya ES Sétif. Mwezi Juni 2024, katika Ligi Kuu ya Algeria kwenye Uwanja wa 1 Novemba 1954 huko Tizi Ouzou, alifunga bao lake la kwanza katika soka la kulipwa akiwa na JS Kabylie. Mwezi Agosti 2026, aliongeza mkataba wake na JS Kabylie hadi Juni 2028. == Maisha ya kimataifa == Lahlou Akhrib aliichezea timu ya taifa ya Algeria chini ya miaka 18 katika Michezo ya Mediterania ya mwaka 2022.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=JM Oran 2022: Mourad Slatni dévoile sa première liste|url=https://www.lescore.dz/2022/06/jm-oran-2022-mourad-slatni-devoile-sa-premiere-liste/|work=Le Score|date=2022-06-14|accessdate=2026-08-28|author=Hacen Guenoun}}</ref> Mwezi Aprili 2025, aliitwa na Madjid Bougherra kuichezea timu ya Algeria A' katika michezo miwili ya kufuzu dhidi ya Gambia, iliyokuwa sehemu ya raundi ya pili ya kufuzu kwa [[Mashindano]] ya Mataifa ya Afrika ya 2024. Mwezi Julai 2025, alichaguliwa na Madjid Bougherra kushiriki katika Mashindano ya Mataifa ya Afrika ya 2024 akiwa na timu ya Algeria A'. Mwezi Agosti 2026, alichaguliwa na Brahim Hemdani kushiriki katika Michezo ya Mediterania ya 2026 akiwa na timu ya Algeria chini ya miaka 21. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2005]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Algeria]] 41h1zxrm2k4frf81cubyggvennpvw5e 0 247737 1592709 2026-08-28T17:16:36Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Hocine Yahi''' (amezaliwa 25 Aprili 1960) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa kimataifa wa [[mpira]] wa miguu kutoka Algeria, aliyekuwa akicheza nafasi ya kiungo. Aliiwakilisha Algeria katika Kombe la Dunia la FIFA la 1982. == Maisha ya klabu == Akiwa na umri wa miaka 11, Yahi alijiunga na klabu ya kwao ya CR Belouizdad, ambako alitumia sehemu kubwa ya maisha yake ya soka nchini Algeria. Akiwa katika klabu hiyo, alishinda Kombe la Algeria mwaka 1978 baada ya kuif...' 1592709 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hocine Yahi''' (amezaliwa 25 Aprili 1960) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa kimataifa wa [[mpira]] wa miguu kutoka Algeria, aliyekuwa akicheza nafasi ya kiungo. Aliiwakilisha Algeria katika Kombe la Dunia la FIFA la 1982. == Maisha ya klabu == Akiwa na umri wa miaka 11, Yahi alijiunga na klabu ya kwao ya CR Belouizdad, ambako alitumia sehemu kubwa ya maisha yake ya soka nchini Algeria. Akiwa katika klabu hiyo, alishinda Kombe la Algeria mwaka 1978 baada ya kuifunga USM Alger kwa mikwaju ya penalti 2–0 katika fainali. Mwaka 1990, alisaini mkataba na klabu ya Ireland Kaskazini Linfield F.C. Akiwa katika klabu hiyo kwa muda mfupi, alishinda Kombe la Dhahabu na kufika fainali ya Kombe la Floodlit la 1990. == Maisha ya kimataifa == Yahi aliiwakilisha Algeria katika Mashindano ya [[Dunia]] ya Vijana ya FIFA ya 1979 nchini Japan. Alianza katika michezo yote minne ya Algeria na alifunga bao katika mchezo wa kwanza dhidi ya Mexico, uliomalizika kwa sare ya 1–1.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071211165308/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=104/edition=191081/matches/match=30647/report.html FIFA World Youth Championship Japan 1979.] FIFA.</ref> Alishiriki na Algeria katika Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika mara nne, mwaka 1982, 1984, 1986 na 1988. Katika mashindano hayo manne, alicheza michezo 16 na kufunga bao moja. Mwaka 1980, Yahi alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha Algeria katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya 1980 mjini Moscow. Hata hivyo, hakushiriki katika mchezo wowote, huku Algeria ikifungwa 3–0 na Yugoslavia katika robo fainali. Yahi alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha Algeria katika Kombe la Dunia la FIFA la 1982 nchini Hispania. Alishiriki katika mchezo mmoja pekee kama mchezaji wa akiba, katika mchezo wa mwisho wa hatua ya makundi dhidi ya Chile.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071015065830/http://fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=59/results/matches/match=740/report.html 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain]. FIFA.</ref> Aliingia dakika ya 31 kuchukua nafasi ya Abdelmajid Bourebbou. Algeria ilishinda [[mchezo]] huo kwa mabao 3–2. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Algeria]] py2g25twmdyftddar8xu5i5ja6dx9f4 0 247738 1592711 2026-08-28T17:19:46Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mohamed Amine Tougai''' (kwa Kiarabu: محمد أمين توغاي; amezaliwa 22 Januari 2000) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa mpira wa miguu kutoka Algeria anayecheza nafasi ya beki wa kati katika klabu ya Al Ahli Tripoli ya Ligi Kuu ya Libya na timu ya taifa ya Algeria.<ref>[https://e-s-tunis.com/fr/news/2019/12/29/13564-un-d%C3%A9fenseur-alg%C3%A9rien-signe-%C3%A0-l-esp%C3%A9rance "UN DÉFENSEUR ALGÉRIEN SIGNE À L'ESPÉRANCE".]</ref> == Maisha ya kl...' 1592711 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohamed Amine Tougai''' (kwa Kiarabu: محمد أمين توغاي; amezaliwa 22 Januari 2000) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa mpira wa miguu kutoka Algeria anayecheza nafasi ya beki wa kati katika klabu ya Al Ahli Tripoli ya Ligi Kuu ya Libya na timu ya taifa ya Algeria.<ref>[https://e-s-tunis.com/fr/news/2019/12/29/13564-un-d%C3%A9fenseur-alg%C3%A9rien-signe-%C3%A0-l-esp%C3%A9rance "UN DÉFENSEUR ALGÉRIEN SIGNE À L'ESPÉRANCE".]</ref> == Maisha ya klabu == Mwezi Mei 2018, Tougai alisaini mkataba wake wa kwanza wa kulipwa na klabu yake ya utotoni, NA Hussein Dey, kwa mkataba wa miaka mitano akiwa na umri wa miaka 18. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika kikosi cha wakubwa tarehe 15 Januari 2019, katika [[mchezo]] ambao NA Hussein Dey ilifungwa 4–1 ugenini na USM Alger. Tarehe 29 Desemba 2019, Tougai alijiunga na Espérance de Tunis kwa mkataba wa miaka minne na nusu. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika klabu hiyo katika ushindi wa 2–0 ugenini dhidi ya CA Bizertin. == Maisha ya kimataifa == Mwezi Januari 2022, Tougai alichaguliwa katika kikosi cha [[Algeria]] kwa ajili ya Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika la 2021, ambapo timu hiyo iliondolewa katika hatua ya makundi. Tarehe 29 Desemba 2023, alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha wachezaji 27 cha Algeria kilichoteuliwa na Djamel Belmadi kwa ajili ya Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika la 2023. Tarehe 31 Mei 2026, Tougai alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha wachezaji 26 cha Algeria kilichoteuliwa na Vladimir Petković kwa ajili ya Kombe la Dunia la [[FIFA]] la 2026.<ref>[https://news.radioalgerie.dz/fr/node/87247 "Mondial 2026 : Petkovic dévoile sa liste des 26 joueurs".] Radio Algérienne (in French). 31 May 2026. Retrieved 31 May 2026.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2000]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Algeria]] 1u44r0lbgccub05tc0pz2aha43iw51m 0 247739 1592712 2026-08-28T17:23:38Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Amine "Zenga" Touahri''' (amezaliwa 12 Februari 1989) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka kutoka [[Algeria]] ambaye kwa sasa anacheza kama mshambuliaji wa WA Boufarik.<ref>[https://int.soccerway.com/players/amine-touahri/89122/ "Algeria - A. Touahri - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway".] int.soccerway.com. Retrieved 25 May 2018.</ref> == Maisha ya kimataifa == Touahri aliitwa kushiriki katika [[Mashindano]] ya UNAF ya U-23 ya 2010. Mnamo...' 1592712 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amine "Zenga" Touahri''' (amezaliwa 12 Februari 1989) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka kutoka [[Algeria]] ambaye kwa sasa anacheza kama mshambuliaji wa WA Boufarik.<ref>[https://int.soccerway.com/players/amine-touahri/89122/ "Algeria - A. Touahri - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway".] int.soccerway.com. Retrieved 25 May 2018.</ref> == Maisha ya kimataifa == Touahri aliitwa kushiriki katika [[Mashindano]] ya UNAF ya U-23 ya 2010. Mnamo 13 Desemba 2010, alifunga bao la sita katika mchezo dhidi ya timu ya taifa ya vijana ya Cameroon chini ya umri wa miaka 23. Mnamo 16 Novemba 2011, alichaguliwa kuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha Algeria katika Mashindano ya CAF ya U-23 ya 2011 yaliyofanyika Morocco.<ref>[http://www.dzfoot.com/news-10307/en-u23-les-21-joueurs-selectionnes/ EN U23 : Les 21 joueurs sélectionnés;] DZFoot, November 16, 2011.</ref> == Mafanikio == * Mshindi wa pili wa Kombe la Algeria mara moja akiwa na USM El Harrach mwaka 2011. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1989]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Algeria]] kjax9aq429opsu8mbngop4t30478xlf 0 247740 1592713 2026-08-28T17:23:48Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Francesco Gaetano Caltagirone''' ([[2 Machi]] [[1943]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Italia]]. Anadhibiti kampuni ya Caltagirone S.p.A. yenye maslahi katika utengenezaji wa saruji, mali isiyohamishika, ujenzi na uchapishaji.<ref> {{cite web |title= The World's Billionaires (2015): #894 Francesco Gaetano Caltagirone |url= https://www.forbes.com/profile/francesco-gaetano-caltagirone/?list=billionaires |work= [[Forbes]] |date= Feb 22, 2016...' 1592713 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Francesco Gaetano Caltagirone''' ([[2 Machi]] [[1943]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Italia]]. Anadhibiti kampuni ya Caltagirone S.p.A. yenye maslahi katika utengenezaji wa saruji, mali isiyohamishika, ujenzi na uchapishaji.<ref> {{cite web |title= The World's Billionaires (2015): #894 Francesco Gaetano Caltagirone |url= https://www.forbes.com/profile/francesco-gaetano-caltagirone/?list=billionaires |work= [[Forbes]] |date= Feb 22, 2016}}</ref> Kufikia [[2026]], Caltagirone aliorodheshwa katika nafasi ya 289 kwenye orodha ya mabilionea ya [[Forbes]] 2026 na nafasi ya 5 nchini Italia, akiwa na utajiri unaokadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 11.1.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forbes 2026 Billionaires List - The Richest People In The World Ranked |url=https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/ |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=Forbes |language=English}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1943]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 6liuf6ky26pd0drin8s78dtl1y596r1 1592739 1592713 2026-08-28T22:46:48Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1592739 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Francesco Gaetano Caltagirone''' ([[2 Machi]] [[1943]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Italia]]. Anadhibiti kampuni ya Caltagirone S.p.A. yenye maslahi katika utengenezaji wa saruji, mali isiyohamishika, ujenzi na uchapishaji.<ref> {{cite web |title= The World's Billionaires (2015): #894 Francesco Gaetano Caltagirone |url= https://www.forbes.com/profile/francesco-gaetano-caltagirone/?list=billionaires |work= [[Forbes]] |date= Feb 22, 2016}}</ref> Kufikia [[2026]], Caltagirone aliorodheshwa katika nafasi ya 289 kwenye orodha ya mabilionea ya [[Forbes]] 2026 na nafasi ya 5 nchini Italia, akiwa na utajiri unaokadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 11.1.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Forbes 2026 Billionaires List - The Richest People In The World Ranked |url=https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/ |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=Forbes |language=English}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1943]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 3bqch3apnobrh95p7hwjo7938mp4el2 1592972 1592739 2026-08-29T10:55:04Z Ally0111 85292 1592972 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Francesco Gaetano Caltagirone''' (Alizaliwa [[2 Machi]] [[1943]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Italia]]. Anadhibiti kampuni ya Caltagirone S.p.A. yenye maslahi katika utengenezaji wa saruji, mali isiyohamishika, ujenzi na uchapishaji.<ref> {{cite web |title= The World's Billionaires (2015): #894 Francesco Gaetano Caltagirone |url= https://www.forbes.com/profile/francesco-gaetano-caltagirone/?list=billionaires |work= [[Forbes]] |date= Feb 22, 2016}}</ref> Kufikia [[2026]], Caltagirone aliorodheshwa katika nafasi ya 289 kwenye orodha ya mabilionea ya [[Forbes]] 2026 na nafasi ya 5 nchini Italia, akiwa na utajiri unaokadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 11.1.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Forbes 2026 Billionaires List - The Richest People In The World Ranked |url=https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/ |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=Forbes |language=English}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1943]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 677em35xfzaawm2guxrgzw8tvbspnmu 0 247741 1592714 2026-08-28T17:27:01Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Yacine Mohamed El Ghazali Titraoui''' (kwa Kiarabu: ياسين محمد الغزالي تيطراوي; amezaliwa 26 Julai 2003) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kulipwa kutoka Algeria ambaye anacheza kama kiungo wa kati katika [[klabu]] ya Lens inayoshiriki Ligue 1, pamoja na timu ya taifa ya Algeria.<ref>[https://int.soccerway.com/players/yacine-titraoui/760532/ Yacine Titraoui] at Soccerway. Retrieved 8 December 2021.</ref> == Maisha ya klabu == Titraoui a...' 1592714 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yacine Mohamed El Ghazali Titraoui''' (kwa Kiarabu: ياسين محمد الغزالي تيطراوي; amezaliwa 26 Julai 2003) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kulipwa kutoka Algeria ambaye anacheza kama kiungo wa kati katika [[klabu]] ya Lens inayoshiriki Ligue 1, pamoja na timu ya taifa ya Algeria.<ref>[https://int.soccerway.com/players/yacine-titraoui/760532/ Yacine Titraoui] at Soccerway. Retrieved 8 December 2021.</ref> == Maisha ya klabu == Titraoui alicheza mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kulipwa akiwa na Paradou AC tarehe 9 Agosti 2021, alipoingia kuchukua nafasi ya Kaassis katika mchezo ambao timu yake ilifungwa 2–1 ugenini na USM Alger katika Ligue Professionnelle 1. Mnamo 12 Julai 2024, Titraoui alisaini mkataba wa miaka mitatu na Charleroi ya [[Ubelgiji]], ukiwa na chaguo la kuongeza mwaka mmoja. Baadaye mwaka huo, tarehe 21 [[Desemba]], alifunga bao lake la kwanza kwa klabu hiyo katika ushindi wa 2–1 dhidi ya Sint-Truiden. Mnamo 3 Agosti 2026, Titraoui alijiunga na klabu ya Lens inayoshiriki Ligue 1, akisaini mkataba utakaodumu hadi mwaka 2031.<ref>[https://www.rclens.fr/fr/yacine-titraoui-leslensois-rclens-mercato-20260803 "Yacine Titraoui, un métronome au cœur du jeu"] (in French). RC Lens. 3 August 2026.</ref> == Maisha ya kimataifa == Akiwa tayari ni mchezaji wa [[timu]] ya taifa ya Algeria chini ya umri wa miaka 20, Titraoui alichaguliwa na Madjid Bougherra kujiunga na kikosi cha timu ya taifa ya wakubwa mnamo Novemba 2021 ili kushiriki katika Kombe la FIFA la Waarabu. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2003]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Algeria]] tkp5ncwnjapordurx57yaqxwpr61k31 0 247742 1592719 2026-08-28T18:28:20Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Khalid Mehmood''' (amezaliwa 6 Februari 1969) ni mwamuzi wa [[kriketi]] kutoka Pakistan.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/41226.html "Khalid Mehmood".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 21 April 2016.</ref> Amesimamia michezo katika mashindano mbalimbali ya ndani nchini [[Pakistan]], ikiwa ni pamoja na Kombe la Quaid-e-Azam la 2015–16 na Kombe la Haier T20 la 2015–16. Pia amesimamia michezo ya Kriketi ya Kimataifa ya Siku Moja ya Wanawake....' 1592719 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Khalid Mehmood''' (amezaliwa 6 Februari 1969) ni mwamuzi wa [[kriketi]] kutoka Pakistan.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/41226.html "Khalid Mehmood".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 21 April 2016.</ref> Amesimamia michezo katika mashindano mbalimbali ya ndani nchini [[Pakistan]], ikiwa ni pamoja na Kombe la Quaid-e-Azam la 2015–16 na Kombe la Haier T20 la 2015–16. Pia amesimamia michezo ya Kriketi ya Kimataifa ya Siku Moja ya Wanawake. Nje ya Pakistan, amesimamia [[michezo]] katika Ligi Kuu ya Bangladesh ya 2016–17. Mnamo Desemba 2017, alikuwa mmoja wa waamuzi wa uwanjani katika fainali ya Kombe la Quaid-e-Azam la 2017–18.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1121704.html "Final, Quaid-e-Azam Trophy at Karachi, Dec 21-25 2017".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 21 December 2017.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waamuzi]] kfhtk5znfioyhx354ckhqywqcc8nf25 0 247743 1592720 2026-08-28T18:31:20Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Rajan Mehra''' (23 Novemba 1933 – 4 Oktoba 2010) alikuwa mwamuzi wa [[kriketi]] kutoka India. Alisimamia [[michezo]] miwili ya Majaribio mwaka 1986 na 1987, pamoja na michezo mitatu ya Kimataifa ya Siku Moja kati ya mwaka 1982 na 1987.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/31521.html "Rajan Mehra".] ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 12 July 2013.</ref> Mehra pia alicheza michezo 14 ya kriketi ya daraja la kwanza kwa [[timu]] ya kriketi ya Delhi...' 1592720 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rajan Mehra''' (23 Novemba 1933 – 4 Oktoba 2010) alikuwa mwamuzi wa [[kriketi]] kutoka India. Alisimamia [[michezo]] miwili ya Majaribio mwaka 1986 na 1987, pamoja na michezo mitatu ya Kimataifa ya Siku Moja kati ya mwaka 1982 na 1987.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/31521.html "Rajan Mehra".] ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 12 July 2013.</ref> Mehra pia alicheza michezo 14 ya kriketi ya daraja la kwanza kwa [[timu]] ya kriketi ya Delhi katika miaka ya 1950.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/39/39811/39811.html CricketArchive: Rajan Mehra]</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1933]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2010]] [[Jamii:Waamuzi]] 4d67zc2rhb2oq5yaly672xdif63wmb7 0 247744 1592721 2026-08-28T18:34:12Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ashley Mehrotra''' (amezaliwa 29 Novemba 1969) ni mwamuzi wa [[kriketi]] mwenye asili ya [[India]] na uraia wa New Zealand.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/495001.html "Ashley Mehrotra".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 22 October 2015.</ref> Amesimamia [[michezo]] katika Ngao ya Plunket.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1051815.html "Plunket Shield, Canterbury v Northern Districts at Christchurch, Oct 22–25, 2016".] ESPN C...' 1592721 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ashley Mehrotra''' (amezaliwa 29 Novemba 1969) ni mwamuzi wa [[kriketi]] mwenye asili ya [[India]] na uraia wa New Zealand.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/495001.html "Ashley Mehrotra".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 22 October 2015.</ref> Amesimamia [[michezo]] katika Ngao ya Plunket.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1051815.html "Plunket Shield, Canterbury v Northern Districts at Christchurch, Oct 22–25, 2016".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 22 October 2016.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} lnsdhjw8zrddbtlli4lf9htercz4rio 1592722 1592721 2026-08-28T18:35:20Z Don Malya 61486 1592722 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ashley Mehrotra''' (amezaliwa 29 Novemba 1969) ni mwamuzi wa [[kriketi]] mwenye asili ya [[India]] na uraia wa New Zealand.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/495001.html "Ashley Mehrotra".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 22 October 2015.</ref> Amesimamia [[michezo]] katika Ngao ya Plunket.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1051815.html "Plunket Shield, Canterbury v Northern Districts at Christchurch, Oct 22–25, 2016".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 22 October 2016.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waamuzi]] avurqjrl1sp8hkdm5tgpzs3qcuvzu3v 0 247745 1592723 2026-08-28T18:36:25Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ignat Kaneff''' ( [[6 Oktoba]] [[1926]] – [[12 Julai]] [[2020]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] na mhisani tajiri nchini [[Kanada]].<ref>[http://www.24chasa.bg/Article.asp?ArticleId=1588596 Игнат Канев: Дарих 2000 долара за болница и изведнъж станах "някой", в-к "24 часа", 15.10.2012]</ref> == Wasifu == Ignat Hristov Kaneff alizaliwa tarehe 6 Oktoba 1926 huko Gorno Ablanovo, [[Bulgaria]]. Alikuwa...' 1592723 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ignat Kaneff''' ( [[6 Oktoba]] [[1926]] – [[12 Julai]] [[2020]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] na mhisani tajiri nchini [[Kanada]].<ref>[http://www.24chasa.bg/Article.asp?ArticleId=1588596 Игнат Канев: Дарих 2000 долара за болница и изведнъж станах "някой", в-к "24 часа", 15.10.2012]</ref> == Wasifu == Ignat Hristov Kaneff alizaliwa tarehe 6 Oktoba 1926 huko Gorno Ablanovo, [[Bulgaria]]. Alikuwa mmoja wa watoto sita katika familia ya Hristo na Mita Kanevi. Hakuweza kumaliza shule, na aliondoka Bulgaria akiwa na umri wa miaka 14, kwenda [[Austria]] kutafuta ajira. Kuanzia Machi [[1941]], yeye na marafiki wachache walifanya kazi kwa kampuni ya Bulgaria ambayo ilifanya biashara ya bidhaa za kilimo.<ref>[http://www.yorku.ca/yfile/archive/index.asp?Article=15676 York University: Harvest what has been sown, philanthropist tells grads, 2010]</ref> Mwaka 1951 aliacha kazi nchini Austria, na akahamia Kanada. Alikaa Toronto na kuanza kufanya kazi katika biashara ya ujenzi. Awali, alijenga nyumba ndogo kwa wahamiaji wapya. Miaka mitano baadaye, mwaka 1956, alianzisha kampuni yake ya kwanza ya ujenzi. Mwaka uliofuata, kampuni yake ilijenga jengo lake la kwanza kubwa - ghorofa tatu na vyumba tisa. Miaka kumi baadaye, kampuni ilijenga jengo lake la kwanza la orofa nyingi, lenye vyumba 262. Baadaye, mapato ya kila mwaka ya kampuni yalifikia zaidi ya dola milioni 250. Wakati wa kazi yake kama mkandarasi wa ujenzi, alijenga maelfu ya nyumba, majengo mengi ya umma, na vituo vya hali ya juu vya gofu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vsekiden.com/135482 |title=Българин е милиардер №1 в Канада, VsekiDen, 05.06.2013 |access-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615150011/http://www.vsekiden.com/135482 |archive-date=15 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pia alihusika katika biashara ya magari. Akawa muuzaji wa ''General Motors'', akafaulu kiasi cha kualikwa na rais wa kampuni hiyo kwenye chakula cha jioni huko [[Detroit, Michigan|Detroit]]. Alikuwa mmiliki wa viwanja sita vya gofu na kampuni kubwa ya ujenzi nchini Kanada. Alikuwa mkurugenzi msimamizi wa taasisi ya hisani inayobeba jina lake. Utajiri wake wakati wa kifo chake ulikadiriwa kuwa zaidi ya dola bilioni 1. Alimiliki majengo 7 ya ghorofa, zaidi ya vilabu 5 vya gofu na alikuwa na maduka makubwa na plaza. Alikuwa Balozi wa Heshima wa Bulgaria nchini Kanada. Ignat Kaneff alifariki tarehe 12 Julai 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mbs.news/en/2020/07/canadian-billionaire-of-bulgarian-origin-ignat-kanev-has-died-society-news-from-bulgaria-and-the-world.html |title=Canadian billionaire of Bulgarian origin Ignat Kanev has died Society News from Bulgaria and the World, MBS News, 13.07.2020 |access-date=12 July 2020 |archive-date=12 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712222314/https://www.mbs.news/en/2020/07/canadian-billionaire-of-bulgarian-origin-ignat-kanev-has-died-society-news-from-bulgaria-and-the-world.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1926]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2020]] riyc5wg5zejrhuih7w4bmu55lr8a67g 1592742 1592723 2026-08-28T23:20:03Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1592742 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ignat Kaneff''' ( [[6 Oktoba]] [[1926]] – [[12 Julai]] [[2020]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] na mhisani tajiri nchini [[Kanada]].<ref>[http://www.24chasa.bg/Article.asp?ArticleId=1588596 Игнат Канев: Дарих 2000 долара за болница и изведнъж станах "някой", в-к "24 часа", 15.10.2012]</ref> == Wasifu == Ignat Hristov Kaneff alizaliwa tarehe 6 Oktoba 1926 huko Gorno Ablanovo, [[Bulgaria]]. Alikuwa mmoja wa watoto sita katika familia ya Hristo na Mita Kanevi. Hakuweza kumaliza shule, na aliondoka Bulgaria akiwa na umri wa miaka 14, kwenda [[Austria]] kutafuta ajira. Kuanzia Machi [[1941]], yeye na marafiki wachache walifanya kazi kwa kampuni ya Bulgaria ambayo ilifanya biashara ya bidhaa za kilimo.<ref>[http://www.yorku.ca/yfile/archive/index.asp?Article=15676 York University: Harvest what has been sown, philanthropist tells grads, 2010]</ref> Mwaka 1951 aliacha kazi nchini Austria, na akahamia Kanada. Alikaa Toronto na kuanza kufanya kazi katika biashara ya ujenzi. Awali, alijenga nyumba ndogo kwa wahamiaji wapya. Miaka mitano baadaye, mwaka 1956, alianzisha kampuni yake ya kwanza ya ujenzi. Mwaka uliofuata, kampuni yake ilijenga jengo lake la kwanza kubwa - ghorofa tatu na vyumba tisa. Miaka kumi baadaye, kampuni ilijenga jengo lake la kwanza la orofa nyingi, lenye vyumba 262. Baadaye, mapato ya kila mwaka ya kampuni yalifikia zaidi ya dola milioni 250. Wakati wa kazi yake kama mkandarasi wa ujenzi, alijenga maelfu ya nyumba, majengo mengi ya umma, na vituo vya hali ya juu vya gofu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.vsekiden.com/135482 |title=Българин е милиардер №1 в Канада, VsekiDen, 05.06.2013 |access-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615150011/http://www.vsekiden.com/135482 |archive-date=15 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pia alihusika katika biashara ya magari. Akawa muuzaji wa ''General Motors'', akafaulu kiasi cha kualikwa na rais wa kampuni hiyo kwenye chakula cha jioni huko [[Detroit, Michigan|Detroit]]. Alikuwa mmiliki wa viwanja sita vya gofu na kampuni kubwa ya ujenzi nchini Kanada. Alikuwa mkurugenzi msimamizi wa taasisi ya hisani inayobeba jina lake. Utajiri wake wakati wa kifo chake ulikadiriwa kuwa zaidi ya dola bilioni 1. Alimiliki majengo 7 ya ghorofa, zaidi ya vilabu 5 vya gofu na alikuwa na maduka makubwa na plaza. Alikuwa Balozi wa Heshima wa Bulgaria nchini Kanada. Ignat Kaneff alifariki tarehe 12 Julai 2020.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.mbs.news/en/2020/07/canadian-billionaire-of-bulgarian-origin-ignat-kanev-has-died-society-news-from-bulgaria-and-the-world.html |title=Canadian billionaire of Bulgarian origin Ignat Kanev has died Society News from Bulgaria and the World, MBS News, 13.07.2020 |access-date=12 July 2020 |archive-date=12 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712222314/https://www.mbs.news/en/2020/07/canadian-billionaire-of-bulgarian-origin-ignat-kanev-has-died-society-news-from-bulgaria-and-the-world.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1926]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2020]] rik19msb0x1jhqsp4ggz3vlxh1canzi 0 247746 1592724 2026-08-28T18:38:43Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Narendra Narayan Menon''' (amezaliwa 7 Januari 1946) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[kriketi]] ya daraja la kwanza kutoka India. Alicheza kama mpigaji wa kulia na mshikaji wa mipira. Alizaliwa Indore, Madhya Pradesh, na aliiwakilisha timu ya kriketi ya Madhya Pradesh katika mashindano ya Ranji Trophy. Menon alihudumu kama mwamuzi wa kimataifa kati ya mwaka 1993 na 1998.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/31289.html "Narendra Menon".]...' 1592724 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Narendra Narayan Menon''' (amezaliwa 7 Januari 1946) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[kriketi]] ya daraja la kwanza kutoka India. Alicheza kama mpigaji wa kulia na mshikaji wa mipira. Alizaliwa Indore, Madhya Pradesh, na aliiwakilisha timu ya kriketi ya Madhya Pradesh katika mashindano ya Ranji Trophy. Menon alihudumu kama mwamuzi wa kimataifa kati ya mwaka 1993 na 1998.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/31289.html "Narendra Menon".] ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 16 May 2014.</ref> Alisimamia jumla ya [[michezo]] minne ya Kimataifa ya Siku Moja. Mwanawe, Nitin Menon, pia ni mwamuzi wa kimataifa.<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29381891/nitin-menon-included-elite-panel-umpires-2020-21 "Nitin Menon in Elite panel of umpires for 2020-21"]. ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 29 June 2020.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} 0rkct9whwb80clpafnsf49vafq8ibmd 0 247747 1592725 2026-08-28T18:43:53Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''James Middlebrook''' (amezaliwa 13 Mei 1977) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[kriketi]] ya daraja la kwanza kutoka Uingereza, ambaye mara ya mwisho alichezea Klabu ya Kriketi ya Kaunti ya Yorkshire kwa mkataba wa muda mfupi. Alicheza kama mchezaji mwenye uwezo wa kupiga na kurusha mipira, akipiga kwa mkono wa kulia na kurusha mipira ya mzunguko wa upande wa nje. Baada ya kustaafu kriketi ya kulipwa, Middlebrook akawa mwamuzi wa kriketi na alianza kusimamia ...' 1592725 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James Middlebrook''' (amezaliwa 13 Mei 1977) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[kriketi]] ya daraja la kwanza kutoka Uingereza, ambaye mara ya mwisho alichezea Klabu ya Kriketi ya Kaunti ya Yorkshire kwa mkataba wa muda mfupi. Alicheza kama mchezaji mwenye uwezo wa kupiga na kurusha mipira, akipiga kwa mkono wa kulia na kurusha mipira ya mzunguko wa upande wa nje. Baada ya kustaafu kriketi ya kulipwa, Middlebrook akawa mwamuzi wa kriketi na alianza kusimamia [[michezo]] ya daraja la kwanza kuanzia msimu wa 2017.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/18704481/tim-boon-dean-cosker-five-new-ecb-cricket-liaison-officers Boon, Cosker among five new ECB Cricket Liaison Officers,] CricInfo, 17 February 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2018.</ref> == Maisha ya kazi == Middlebrook alizaliwa Leeds, Yorkshire, na alicheza mchezo wake wa kwanza wa daraja la kwanza katika msimu wa kriketi wa Uingereza wa 1998 akiwa na Yorkshire, lakini aliachiliwa na klabu hiyo mwaka 2001. Kuanzia mwaka 2002 hadi 2008, alichezea Essex, ambapo alichukua wiketi 32 katika michezo ya daraja la kwanza na wiketi 20 katika michezo ya siku moja. Middlebrook alijiunga na Northamptonshire mwanzoni mwa msimu wa 2010, ambapo mara kwa mara alikuwa akianza kupiga. Mnamo Januari 2010, Middlebrook pamoja na [[mchezaji]] mwenzake mpya David Sales, walichaguliwa kuiwakilisha Klabu ya Kriketi ya Marylebone (MCC) dhidi ya Durham huko Abu Dhabi.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/counties/northamptonshire/8482657.stm Dobell, George Northants wield axe after poor year], Cricinfo. Retrieved 21 January 2016.</ref> Licha ya kuwa mfungaji bora wa Northamptonshire katika msimu wa 2014, Middlebrook aliachiliwa baada ya klabu hiyo kushushwa daraja hadi Divisheni ya Pili ya [[Mashindano]] ya Kaunti. Baadaye alisajiliwa na Yorkshire kwa mkataba wa muda mfupi kuchukua nafasi ya Adil Rashid, ambaye alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha England kilichokuwa kwenye ziara ya West Indies. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1977]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waamuzi]] ltscj56ish29ga9hxd9enaivnpmq70t 0 247748 1592726 2026-08-28T18:46:51Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Arthur Millward''' (1858–1933) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[kriketi]] ya daraja la kwanza na mwamuzi wa [[michezo]] ya Majaribio.<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/17599.html "Arthur Millward profile and biography, stats, records, averages, photos and videos".]</ref> Alizaliwa Kidderminster mwaka 1858. Alicheza mchezo mmoja kwa [[timu]] ya North of England, ambapo alifunga mikimbio 19 bila kutolewa katika nafasi yake pekee ya kupiga. Alisimamia...' 1592726 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Arthur Millward''' (1858–1933) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[kriketi]] ya daraja la kwanza na mwamuzi wa [[michezo]] ya Majaribio.<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/17599.html "Arthur Millward profile and biography, stats, records, averages, photos and videos".]</ref> Alizaliwa Kidderminster mwaka 1858. Alicheza mchezo mmoja kwa [[timu]] ya North of England, ambapo alifunga mikimbio 19 bila kutolewa katika nafasi yake pekee ya kupiga. Alisimamia michezo miwili ya Majaribio: mchezo kati ya England na Afrika Kusini katika uwanja wa Lord's mwaka 1907, na mchezo wa Ashes katika uwanja wa Headingley mwaka 1921. Alifariki Eastbourne mwaka 1933. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1858]] [[Jamii:Waamuzi]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1933]] rzxlso5sfn9rz6tobl9p6fmgzdtszyh 0 247749 1592727 2026-08-28T18:48:15Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Joseph Chung-Hsin Tsai''' ([[Januari]] [[1964]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] , [[mwanasheria]], na mhisani bilionea nchini [[Kanada]]<ref name=Bloomberg>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profiles/chung-tsai/|title=Bloomberg Billionaires Index - Joseph Tsai |newspaper=Bloomberg |access-date=17 March 2018 |publisher=Bloomberg L.P.}}</ref>. Yeye ni mwanzilishi mwenza na mwenyekiti wa kampuni ya kimataifa ya teknolojia ya China Alibaba Gr...' 1592727 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joseph Chung-Hsin Tsai''' ([[Januari]] [[1964]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] , [[mwanasheria]], na mhisani bilionea nchini [[Kanada]]<ref name=Bloomberg>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profiles/chung-tsai/|title=Bloomberg Billionaires Index - Joseph Tsai |newspaper=Bloomberg |access-date=17 March 2018 |publisher=Bloomberg L.P.}}</ref>. Yeye ni mwanzilishi mwenza na mwenyekiti wa kampuni ya kimataifa ya teknolojia ya China [[Alibaba Group]]. Tsai, pamoja na mke wake wa zamani Clara Wu Tsai, anamiliki Brooklyn Nets ya ([[NBA]]), New York Liberty ya Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA), San Diego Seals ya National Lacrosse League (NLL), na ana maslahi katika timu nyingine kadhaa za michezo ya kitaaluma.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/07/sports/joe-tsai-nba-china.html|title=Nets Owner Joe Tsai Didn't Seem Political. Until Now.|first1=Sopan|last1=Deb|first2=Li|last2=Yuan|newspaper=The New York Times|date=7 October 2019}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 6144jh9xua8urrncj8mw1n3jz6sj8dn 1592745 1592727 2026-08-28T23:41:46Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1592745 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joseph Chung-Hsin Tsai''' ([[Januari]] [[1964]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] , [[mwanasheria]], na mhisani bilionea nchini [[Kanada]]<ref name=Bloomberg>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profiles/chung-tsai/|title=Bloomberg Billionaires Index - Joseph Tsai |newspaper=Bloomberg |access-date=17 March 2018 |publisher=Bloomberg L.P.}}</ref>. Yeye ni mwanzilishi mwenza na mwenyekiti wa kampuni ya kimataifa ya teknolojia ya China [[Alibaba Group]]. Tsai, pamoja na mke wake wa zamani Clara Wu Tsai, anamiliki Brooklyn Nets ya ([[NBA]]), New York Liberty ya Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA), San Diego Seals ya National Lacrosse League (NLL), na ana maslahi katika timu nyingine kadhaa za michezo ya kitaaluma.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/07/sports/joe-tsai-nba-china.html|title=Nets Owner Joe Tsai Didn't Seem Political. Until Now.|first1=Sopan|last1=Deb|first2=Li|last2=Yuan|newspaper=The New York Times|date=7 October 2019}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 1v6gql8m93eitwrl2hhcx0ts2rd8ueg 0 247750 1592728 2026-08-28T18:49:48Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Cyril John Mitchley''' (amezaliwa 4 Julai 1938) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[kriketi]] kutoka Afrika Kusini, mwamuzi wa kriketi na mwamuzi wa mechi. Akiwa mwamuzi, alisimamia [[michezo]] ya kriketi ya daraja la kwanza na michezo ya Majaribio. == Maisha ya kucheza kriketi == Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1960, Mitchley alichezea Transvaal katika kriketi ya ndani ya [[Afrika Kusini]] akiwa kama mlinda wiketi. == Kazi ya uamuzi na usimamizi wa mechi == Baadaye ali...' 1592728 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cyril John Mitchley''' (amezaliwa 4 Julai 1938) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[kriketi]] kutoka Afrika Kusini, mwamuzi wa kriketi na mwamuzi wa mechi. Akiwa mwamuzi, alisimamia [[michezo]] ya kriketi ya daraja la kwanza na michezo ya Majaribio. == Maisha ya kucheza kriketi == Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1960, Mitchley alichezea Transvaal katika kriketi ya ndani ya [[Afrika Kusini]] akiwa kama mlinda wiketi. == Kazi ya uamuzi na usimamizi wa mechi == Baadaye alikua mwamuzi wa kriketi na hatimaye akawa mwamuzi wa michezo ya Majaribio. Kati ya mwaka 1992 na 2000, alisimamia michezo 26 ya Majaribio na michezo 61 ya Kimataifa ya Siku Moja.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090827103950/http://www.hinduonnet.com/tss/tss2425/24250700.htm "Third umpire: some thoughts".] The Sportstar. Archived from the original on 27 August 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2012.</ref> Katika mchezo kati ya Afrika Kusini na [[India]] mwaka 1992, Mitchley alifanya rufaa ya kwanza kwa mwamuzi wa tatu katika historia ya kriketi ya Majaribio. Sachin Tendulkar aliamuliwa kuwa ametolewa baada ya Mitchley kupeleka uamuzi wa kutolewa kwa kukimbia kwa mwamuzi wa tatu. Mwaka 1995, katika mchezo kati ya England na West Indies katika uwanja wa Old Trafford, alitoa maamuzi mawili ya kutolewa kwa mguu kabla ya wiketi wakati mpigaji wa England Dominic Cork alipokuwa akipata hat-trick. Baadaye akawa mwamuzi wa mechi wa Baraza la Kimataifa la Kriketi (ICC), akisimamia michezo minne ya Kimataifa ya Siku Moja, yote mwaka 2007.<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/46238.html "Player Profile:Cyril Mitchley".] Cricinfo. Retrieved 24 June 2010.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} 8ucrc53p8vmn6e6sls2k0a0s1w6t74v 1592729 1592728 2026-08-28T18:50:39Z Don Malya 61486 1592729 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cyril John Mitchley''' (amezaliwa 4 Julai 1938) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[kriketi]] kutoka Afrika Kusini, mwamuzi wa kriketi na mwamuzi wa mechi. Akiwa mwamuzi, alisimamia [[michezo]] ya kriketi ya daraja la kwanza na michezo ya Majaribio. == Maisha ya kucheza kriketi == Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1960, Mitchley alichezea Transvaal katika kriketi ya ndani ya [[Afrika Kusini]] akiwa kama mlinda wiketi. == Kazi ya uamuzi na usimamizi wa mechi == Baadaye alikua mwamuzi wa kriketi na hatimaye akawa mwamuzi wa michezo ya Majaribio. Kati ya mwaka 1992 na 2000, alisimamia michezo 26 ya Majaribio na michezo 61 ya Kimataifa ya Siku Moja.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090827103950/http://www.hinduonnet.com/tss/tss2425/24250700.htm "Third umpire: some thoughts".] The Sportstar. Archived from the original on 27 August 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2012.</ref> Katika mchezo kati ya Afrika Kusini na [[India]] mwaka 1992, Mitchley alifanya rufaa ya kwanza kwa mwamuzi wa tatu katika historia ya kriketi ya Majaribio. Sachin Tendulkar aliamuliwa kuwa ametolewa baada ya Mitchley kupeleka uamuzi wa kutolewa kwa kukimbia kwa mwamuzi wa tatu. Mwaka 1995, katika mchezo kati ya England na West Indies katika uwanja wa Old Trafford, alitoa maamuzi mawili ya kutolewa kwa mguu kabla ya wiketi wakati mpigaji wa England Dominic Cork alipokuwa akipata hat-trick. Baadaye akawa mwamuzi wa mechi wa Baraza la Kimataifa la Kriketi (ICC), akisimamia michezo minne ya Kimataifa ya Siku Moja, yote mwaka 2007.<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/46238.html "Player Profile:Cyril Mitchley".] Cricinfo. Retrieved 24 June 2010.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1938]] [[Jamii:Waamuzi]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 2kwxlns37t29fz7jqb8wqkol73j24tb 0 247751 1592730 2026-08-28T18:54:11Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Sinethemba Mjekula''' (amezaliwa 16 Oktoba 1983) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa kriketi kutoka Afrika Kusini. Alicheza michezo 49 ya kriketi ya daraja la kwanza na michezo 31 ya kriketi ya Orodha A katika [[mashindano]] ya ndani nchini Afrika Kusini kati ya mwaka 2004 na 2013. Kwa sasa ni mwamuzi wa [[kriketi]] na amesimamia michezo katika Kombe la Mkoa la CSA la Siku 3 la 2018–19 na Changamoto ya Mkoa ya CSA ya Siku Moja ya 2018–19.<ref>[http://www....' 1592730 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sinethemba Mjekula''' (amezaliwa 16 Oktoba 1983) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa kriketi kutoka Afrika Kusini. Alicheza michezo 49 ya kriketi ya daraja la kwanza na michezo 31 ya kriketi ya Orodha A katika [[mashindano]] ya ndani nchini Afrika Kusini kati ya mwaka 2004 na 2013. Kwa sasa ni mwamuzi wa [[kriketi]] na amesimamia michezo katika Kombe la Mkoa la CSA la Siku 3 la 2018–19 na Changamoto ya Mkoa ya CSA ya Siku Moja ya 2018–19.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1157537.html "Cross Pool, CSA Provincial One-Day Challenge at Durban, Dec 16 2018".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 16 December 2018.</ref><ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1157476.html "Cross Pool, CSA 3-Day Provincial Cup at Durban, Dec 13-15 2018".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 13 December 2018.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waamuzi]] soia80nlotgcg39p08tlasb0wuro8gy 3 247752 1592755 2026-08-29T01:52:33Z Manchiu 4784 Manchiu alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Suomwe]] hadi [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Soupçon]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Suomwe|Suomwe]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Soupçon|Soupçon]]" 1592755 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Soupçon]] 5myuyukmfzqim4t9iel3pmiyeek3lqf 0 247753 1592756 2026-08-29T02:01:35Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Subhash Ranchoddas Modi''' (amezaliwa 30 Machi 1946) ni mwamuzi wa [[kriketi]] kutoka Kenya na mchezaji wa zamani wa kriketi. Modi amewahi kuwa mwenyekiti, katibu na mweka hazina wa Chama cha Waamuzi na Watunza Alama wa Kriketi Kenya. Shirika hilo lilimtunuku uanachama wa maisha kwa ajili ya huduma zake. Pia aliichezea Kenya mwaka 1969. Amesimamia [[michezo]] katika Michezo ya Jumuiya ya Madola nchini Malaysia, [[Kombe]] la ICC, na alikuwa mwamuzi wa n...' 1592756 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Subhash Ranchoddas Modi''' (amezaliwa 30 Machi 1946) ni mwamuzi wa [[kriketi]] kutoka Kenya na mchezaji wa zamani wa kriketi. Modi amewahi kuwa mwenyekiti, katibu na mweka hazina wa Chama cha Waamuzi na Watunza Alama wa Kriketi Kenya. Shirika hilo lilimtunuku uanachama wa maisha kwa ajili ya huduma zake. Pia aliichezea Kenya mwaka 1969. Amesimamia [[michezo]] katika Michezo ya Jumuiya ya Madola nchini Malaysia, [[Kombe]] la ICC, na alikuwa mwamuzi wa nne katika Kombe la [[Dunia]] la 1999, pamoja na Kombe la Mabingwa la 2000 katika michezo kamili ya Kimataifa ya Siku Moja. Mwanawe, Hitesh Modi, amewahi kuwa nahodha wa timu ya taifa ya kriketi ya [[Kenya]].<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24701.html "Hitesh Modi".] ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 28 February 2010.</ref> Wawili hao ni baba na mwana pekee waliowahi kushiriki kama mchezaji na mwamuzi katika mchezo huo huo wa Kimataifa ya Siku Moja, dhidi ya Bangladesh jijini Nairobi mwezi Agosti 2006. Katika mchezo huo, baba yake, Subhash Modi, alimtoa mwanawe kwa uamuzi wa mguu kabla ya wiketi (LBW).<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/columns/content/story/267538.html "Batted on all five days, and 268 in a one-day game".] ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 28 February 2010.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1946]] [[Jamii:Waamuzi]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] a65qoani91fpvt7j155xcr6clkkhehj 0 247754 1592757 2026-08-29T02:05:38Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Nazar Mohammad''' (5 Machi 1921 – 12 Julai 1996) alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi kutoka [[Pakistan]] ambaye alicheza katika michezo mitano ya Majaribio mwaka 1952. Alisoma katika Chuo cha Islamia, Lahore. == Familia == Kaka yake, Feroz Nizami, alikuwa mtunzi maarufu wa [[muziki]], huku kaka yake mwingine, Siraj Nizami, akiwa mwandishi aliyebobea katika Usufi.<ref>Ali, Sarwat (24 November 2013). [https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/554205-art-of-com...' 1592757 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nazar Mohammad''' (5 Machi 1921 – 12 Julai 1996) alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi kutoka [[Pakistan]] ambaye alicheza katika michezo mitano ya Majaribio mwaka 1952. Alisoma katika Chuo cha Islamia, Lahore. == Familia == Kaka yake, Feroz Nizami, alikuwa mtunzi maarufu wa [[muziki]], huku kaka yake mwingine, Siraj Nizami, akiwa mwandishi aliyebobea katika Usufi.<ref>Ali, Sarwat (24 November 2013). [https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/554205-art-of-composition "Art of composition".] The News International. "Known to the world as Feroze Nizami, he was born in a family endowed with great talent. His brother Nazar Muhammad was an elegant opening batsman who scored the first century for the country in test cricket and his other brother Siraj was much into mysticism and wrote about it."</ref> Mwanawe, Mudassar Nazar, pia aliwakilisha Pakistan katika [[kriketi]] kwa miaka mingi katika miaka ya 1970 na 1980. Alikuwa pia mjomba wa mchezaji wa kriketi wa Pakistan Mohammad Ilyas.<ref>[https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/665476-cricketing-dynasties-the-22-families-of-pakistan-test-cricket-part-2 "Cricketing dynasties: The 22 families of Pakistan Test cricket — Part 2. Sports. thenews.com.pk"]. www.thenews.com.pk.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1996]] [[Jamii:Waamuzi]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1921]] rvadd4yfvheh75tw0u3jy1j39p1h19w 0 247755 1592758 2026-08-29T02:09:33Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Sadiq Mohammad''' (kwa Kiurdu: صادق محمد; amezaliwa 3 Mei 1945) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa kriketi wa Pakistan aliyewahi kucheza katika michezo ya Majaribio. Ni mdogo wa wapigaji wa kriketi wa Pakistan Hanif Mohammad na Mushtaq Mohammad. Alianza kucheza katika ngazi ya Majaribio katika [[mchezo]] wa kwanza kati ya [[Pakistan]] na New Zealand mwaka 1969. Mchezo wa nne dhidi ya West Indies mwaka 1981 ulikuwa mchezo wake wa mwisho wa Majaribio k...' 1592758 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sadiq Mohammad''' (kwa Kiurdu: صادق محمد; amezaliwa 3 Mei 1945) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa kriketi wa Pakistan aliyewahi kucheza katika michezo ya Majaribio. Ni mdogo wa wapigaji wa kriketi wa Pakistan Hanif Mohammad na Mushtaq Mohammad. Alianza kucheza katika ngazi ya Majaribio katika [[mchezo]] wa kwanza kati ya [[Pakistan]] na New Zealand mwaka 1969. Mchezo wa nne dhidi ya West Indies mwaka 1981 ulikuwa mchezo wake wa mwisho wa Majaribio kwa Pakistan. Pia alicheza kriketi ya kaunti katika klabu ya Gloucestershire. Sadiq pia aliifundisha timu ya taifa ya [[kriketi]] ya Pakistan iliyoshinda medali ya shaba katika Michezo ya Asia ya 2010. Mwaka 2000, alisimamia mchezo mmoja wa Kimataifa ya Siku Moja kama mwamuzi.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakistan/content/player/42601.html "Sadiq Mohammad".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 16 May 2014.</ref> Akiwa mtoto, alisoma katika Shule ya Misheni ya Kanisa (CMS) jijini Karachi.<ref>Sharif, Azizullah[https://www.dawn.com/news/521273/karachi-restoration-of-church-mission-school-ordered . "KARACHI: Restoration of Church Mission School ordered"] (Archive). Dawn. 20 February 2010. Retrieved on 26 May 2014.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1945]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] f5f69dv9kwgxhsihw1h033wawctwfhs 0 247756 1592759 2026-08-29T02:12:52Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Sadique Mohammed''' (amezaliwa 1 Agosti 1938) ni mwamuzi wa zamani wa [[kriketi]] kutoka West Indies. Alisimamia [[michezo]] mitatu ya Majaribio kati ya mwaka 1981 na 1986, pamoja na michezo saba ya Kimataifa ya Siku Moja (ODI) kati ya mwaka 1981 na 1986.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/westindies/content/player/52608.html "Sadique Mohammed".] ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 13 July 2013.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} Jamii:Waliozaliwa 19...' 1592759 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sadique Mohammed''' (amezaliwa 1 Agosti 1938) ni mwamuzi wa zamani wa [[kriketi]] kutoka West Indies. Alisimamia [[michezo]] mitatu ya Majaribio kati ya mwaka 1981 na 1986, pamoja na michezo saba ya Kimataifa ya Siku Moja (ODI) kati ya mwaka 1981 na 1986.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/westindies/content/player/52608.html "Sadique Mohammed".] ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 13 July 2013.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1938]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waamuzi]] 2cs76v6q2po8051vem2761glszv39lm 0 247757 1592761 2026-08-29T02:15:40Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Balkrishna Mohoni''' (15 Aprili 1901 – 7 Aprili 1980) alikuwa mwamuzi wa [[kriketi]] kutoka [[India]]. Alisimamia michezo 11 ya Majaribio kati ya mwaka 1949 na 1956. <ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/31652.html "Balkrishna Mohoni"]. ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 13 July 2013.</ref>Mohoni pia alicheza michezo 11 ya kriketi ya daraja la kwanza kwa timu ya [[Maharashtra]] kati ya misimu ya 1934/35 na 1941/42.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.co...' 1592761 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Balkrishna Mohoni''' (15 Aprili 1901 – 7 Aprili 1980) alikuwa mwamuzi wa [[kriketi]] kutoka [[India]]. Alisimamia michezo 11 ya Majaribio kati ya mwaka 1949 na 1956. <ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/31652.html "Balkrishna Mohoni"]. ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 13 July 2013.</ref>Mohoni pia alicheza michezo 11 ya kriketi ya daraja la kwanza kwa timu ya [[Maharashtra]] kati ya misimu ya 1934/35 na 1941/42.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/39/39942/39942.html CricketArchive: Balkrishna Mohoni]</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1901]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1980]] [[Jamii:Waamuzi]] lef0siponf97o1tupx7n5hy2ua8snqo 0 247758 1592762 2026-08-29T02:19:51Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Thomas Mokorosi''' (amezaliwa 9 Februari 1981) ni mwamuzi wa [[kriketi]] kutoka Afrika Kusini.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/596856.html "Thomas Mokorosi".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 2 March 2017.</ref> Amesimamia [[michezo]] katika mashindano ya kriketi ya ndani nchini Afrika Kusini, ikiwemo [[mashindano]] ya msimu wa 2016–17. Ni mwanachama wa jopo la waamuzi la Kriketi Afrika Kusini kwa ajili ya kusimamia michezo ya kriketi ya d...' 1592762 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thomas Mokorosi''' (amezaliwa 9 Februari 1981) ni mwamuzi wa [[kriketi]] kutoka Afrika Kusini.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/596856.html "Thomas Mokorosi".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 2 March 2017.</ref> Amesimamia [[michezo]] katika mashindano ya kriketi ya ndani nchini Afrika Kusini, ikiwemo [[mashindano]] ya msimu wa 2016–17. Ni mwanachama wa jopo la waamuzi la Kriketi Afrika Kusini kwa ajili ya kusimamia michezo ya kriketi ya daraja la kwanza.<ref>[https://cricket.co.za/news/31510/Agenbag-and-Fritz-break-new-ground-for-SA-Cricket "Agenbag and Fritz break new ground for SA Cricket".] Cricket South Africa. Retrieved 28 August 2019.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1981]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waamuzi]] g157xsvrtk6cc99lzx574sgt0hid0ty 1593046 1592762 2026-08-29T11:41:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1593046 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thomas Mokorosi''' (amezaliwa 9 Februari 1981) ni mwamuzi wa [[kriketi]] kutoka Afrika Kusini.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/596856.html "Thomas Mokorosi".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 2 March 2017.</ref> Amesimamia [[michezo]] katika mashindano ya kriketi ya ndani nchini Afrika Kusini, ikiwemo [[mashindano]] ya msimu wa 2016–17. Ni mwanachama wa jopo la waamuzi la Kriketi Afrika Kusini kwa ajili ya kusimamia michezo ya kriketi ya daraja la kwanza.<ref>[https://cricket.co.za/news/31510/Agenbag-and-Fritz-break-new-ground-for-SA-Cricket "Agenbag and Fritz break new ground for SA Cricket".] {{Wayback|url=https://cricket.co.za/news/31510/Agenbag-and-Fritz-break-new-ground-for-SA-Cricket |date=20190828101310 }} Cricket South Africa. Retrieved 28 August 2019.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1981]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waamuzi]] q1pzv0tlxrczcl7txs6kl9e0zqkxr4x 0 247759 1592763 2026-08-29T02:25:39Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Al Mohammad Moniruzzaman''' (Kibengali: আল মোহাম্মদ মনিরুজ্জামান; amezaliwa 25 Oktoba 1976) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa kriketi kutoka Bangladesh ambaye alicheza katika michezo miwili ya Kimataifa ya Siku Moja mwaka 2003. Baadaye alikua mwamuzi wa kriketi na kusimamia michezo katika Ligi ya Taifa ya [[Kriketi]] ya Bangladesh msimu wa 2016–17. <ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1058369.html "N...' 1592763 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Al Mohammad Moniruzzaman''' (Kibengali: আল মোহাম্মদ মনিরুজ্জামান; amezaliwa 25 Oktoba 1976) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa kriketi kutoka Bangladesh ambaye alicheza katika michezo miwili ya Kimataifa ya Siku Moja mwaka 2003. Baadaye alikua mwamuzi wa kriketi na kusimamia michezo katika Ligi ya Taifa ya [[Kriketi]] ya Bangladesh msimu wa 2016–17. <ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1058369.html "National Cricket League, Tier 2: Rangpur Division v Sylhet Division at Sylhet, Oct 2-5, 2016"]. ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 2 October 2016.</ref>Pia alisimamia michezo ya Ligi Kuu ya Bangladesh kama mwamuzi wa uwanjani tangu mwaka 2015. == Kazi ya uamuzi == === Utata === Moniruzzaman alijumuishwa katika Jopo la Waamuzi Chipukizi la ICC na alionekana kuwa na uwezekano wa kufikia mpango wa waamuzi wa kiwango cha juu. Hata hivyo, aliacha kazi ya uamuzi kutokana na wasiwasi kuhusu tabia ya baadhi ya wachezaji wakongwe wa timu ya taifa, akiwemo Shakib Al Hasan na Mahmudullah, ambao walionyesha kutokubaliana kwa ukali na maamuzi ya waamuzi wakati wa [[Ligi]] ya Kriketi ya Dhaka Premier Division Twenty20 ya 2021. Alikuwa amesimamia [[michezo]] 13 katika mashindano hayo. Alieleza wasiwasi wake kwamba tabia ya wachezaji wakongwe inaweza kuwa na ushawishi kwa wachezaji wengine na kusababisha hali kuwa mbaya zaidi siku zijazo. Baadaye aliamua kuacha kazi ya uamuzi, akisema kuwa alikuwa na heshima binafsi ambayo alitaka kuihifadhi.<ref>[https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/117978/bangladesh-umpire-quits-after-recent-player-outbursts "Bangladesh umpire quits after recent player outbursts".] Cricbuzz. Retrieved 30 June 2021.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waamuzi]] 61pr81v9o5bw3ow54l5qg0mamlkrd7z 0 247760 1592765 2026-08-29T02:28:21Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Robert Laurence Monteith''' (21 Oktoba 1937 – 12 Julai 1988) alikuwa mwamuzi wa [[kriketi]] wa New Zealand. Alianza kusimamia [[michezo]] ya kimataifa mwaka 1974, na alisimamia michezo sita ya Majaribio kati ya 1974 na 1979, pamoja na michezo mitatu ya Kimataifa ya Siku Moja kati ya 1975 na 1981.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/newzealand/content/player/37994.html "Robert Monteith".] ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 13 July 2013.</ref> == Marejeo == <referen...' 1592765 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Laurence Monteith''' (21 Oktoba 1937 – 12 Julai 1988) alikuwa mwamuzi wa [[kriketi]] wa New Zealand. Alianza kusimamia [[michezo]] ya kimataifa mwaka 1974, na alisimamia michezo sita ya Majaribio kati ya 1974 na 1979, pamoja na michezo mitatu ya Kimataifa ya Siku Moja kati ya 1975 na 1981.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/newzealand/content/player/37994.html "Robert Monteith".] ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 13 July 2013.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1937]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1988]] [[Jamii:Waamuzi]] 3fevnkww8v2nxf6ijupowekotazi1ck 0 247761 1592766 2026-08-29T02:31:22Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Oscar Montgomery''' (25 Juni 1895 – 6 Juni 1967) alikuwa mwamuzi wa [[kriketi]] wa New Zealand. Alisimamia [[mchezo]] mmoja wa Majaribio, kati ya New Zealand na England, mwaka 1947.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/newzealand/content/player/37995.html "Oscar Montgomery".] ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 13 July 2013.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1895]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1967]] [[Jamii:Waamuzi]]' 1592766 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Oscar Montgomery''' (25 Juni 1895 – 6 Juni 1967) alikuwa mwamuzi wa [[kriketi]] wa New Zealand. Alisimamia [[mchezo]] mmoja wa Majaribio, kati ya New Zealand na England, mwaka 1947.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/newzealand/content/player/37995.html "Oscar Montgomery".] ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 13 July 2013.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1895]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1967]] [[Jamii:Waamuzi]] 7b5w044vjsr021w2hm3r81n7e52t9fj 0 247762 1592767 2026-08-29T02:35:15Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Basil Elliott Walton Morgan''' (amezaliwa 13 Mei 1947) ni mwanakriketi na mwamuzi wa [[kriketi]] wa zamani kutoka West Indies. Alisimamia [[michezo]] 15 ya Kimataifa ya Siku Moja (ODI) kati ya mwaka 1996 na 2001.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/westindies/content/player/52558.html "Basil Morgan".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 26 May 2014.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waamuzi]]' 1592767 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Basil Elliott Walton Morgan''' (amezaliwa 13 Mei 1947) ni mwanakriketi na mwamuzi wa [[kriketi]] wa zamani kutoka West Indies. Alisimamia [[michezo]] 15 ya Kimataifa ya Siku Moja (ODI) kati ya mwaka 1996 na 2001.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/westindies/content/player/52558.html "Basil Morgan".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 26 May 2014.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waamuzi]] 3optuzry4cavghxewh7b2smkhx81w8c 0 247763 1592768 2026-08-29T02:40:10Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Grace Angela Morgan''' (5 Mei 1909 – 20 Oktoba 1996) alikuwa mwanakriketi wa Kiingereza aliyekuwa akicheza kama mlinda wiketi na pia alikuwa mwamuzi wa kriketi. Alishiriki katika [[michezo]] miwili ya Majaribio ya kriketi ya wanawake kwa [[timu]] ya England kati ya mwaka 1949 na 1951. Alicheza kriketi ya ndani kwa timu ya Surrey.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/17/17059/17059.html "Player Profile: Grace Morgan".] CricketArchive. Retrie...' 1592768 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Grace Angela Morgan''' (5 Mei 1909 – 20 Oktoba 1996) alikuwa mwanakriketi wa Kiingereza aliyekuwa akicheza kama mlinda wiketi na pia alikuwa mwamuzi wa kriketi. Alishiriki katika [[michezo]] miwili ya Majaribio ya kriketi ya wanawake kwa [[timu]] ya England kati ya mwaka 1949 na 1951. Alicheza kriketi ya ndani kwa timu ya Surrey.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/17/17059/17059.html "Player Profile: Grace Morgan".] CricketArchive. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Michezo yake miwili ya Majaribio ilikuwa dhidi ya New Zealand katika uwanja wa Eden Park, Auckland mwaka 1949, na dhidi ya Australia katika uwanja wa The Oval mwaka 1951. Pia alisimamia kama mwamuzi katika mchezo mmoja wa Majaribio kati ya England na New Zealand katika uwanja wa New Road, Worcester, mwaka 1954.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/17/17059/Umpire_in_Womens_First-Class_Matches.html "Women's First-Class Matches umpired by Grace Morgan".] CricketArchive. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1909]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1996]] [[Jamii:Waamuzi]] nbywpolz7idf7ubq0cy7yhlhi10qhhs 0 247764 1592769 2026-08-29T02:43:26Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''George Morris''' (amezaliwa 29 Agosti 1957) ni mwamuzi wa zamani wa [[kriketi]] kutoka New Zealand. Alisimamia [[michezo]] minne ya Majaribio kati ya mwaka 1985 na 1987, pamoja na michezo minane ya Kimataifa ya Siku Moja (ODI) kati ya mwaka 1984 na 1988.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/newzealand/content/player/37996.html "George Morris".] ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 13 July 2013.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1957]]...' 1592769 wikitext text/x-wiki '''George Morris''' (amezaliwa 29 Agosti 1957) ni mwamuzi wa zamani wa [[kriketi]] kutoka New Zealand. Alisimamia [[michezo]] minne ya Majaribio kati ya mwaka 1985 na 1987, pamoja na michezo minane ya Kimataifa ya Siku Moja (ODI) kati ya mwaka 1984 na 1988.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/newzealand/content/player/37996.html "George Morris".] ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 13 July 2013.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1957]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waamuzi]] ni4bqxt40tg1j3s28f44glhw8ir74cj 0 247765 1592771 2026-08-29T02:47:29Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Nigel Morrison''' (amezaliwa 5 Oktoba 1955 huko New Plymouth) ni mwamuzi wa [[kriketi]] kutoka Vanuatu. Bado hajachezesha mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kimataifa, lakini amewahi kuwa mwamuzi katika [[mashindano]] mengi ya Baraza la Kimataifa la Kriketi (ICC).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151126081603/http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2015/media-releases/90722/icc-appoints-four-female-umpires-for-icc-womens-world-twenty20-qualifier "ICC appoints four fema...' 1592771 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigel Morrison''' (amezaliwa 5 Oktoba 1955 huko New Plymouth) ni mwamuzi wa [[kriketi]] kutoka Vanuatu. Bado hajachezesha mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kimataifa, lakini amewahi kuwa mwamuzi katika [[mashindano]] mengi ya Baraza la Kimataifa la Kriketi (ICC).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151126081603/http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2015/media-releases/90722/icc-appoints-four-female-umpires-for-icc-womens-world-twenty20-qualifier "ICC appoints four female umpires for ICC Women's World Twenty20 Qualifier"]. Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2016.</ref> Alichaguliwa kuwa mwanachama wa Jopo la Waamuzi la ICC la Washirika na Wanachama Washirika mwaka 2015.<ref>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/icc-announces-associate-affiliate-panel-of-umpires-for-2015-115010700819_1.html "ICC announces Associate & Affiliate panel of umpires for 2015".] Business-Standard.com. Business Standard. 7 January 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2024.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1955]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waamuzi]] 0ef2d9idh9uhxjq25ro1adfsrivtyhx 0 247766 1592772 2026-08-29T02:52:06Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''R. Mrithyunjayan''' ni mwamuzi wa zamani wa [[kriketi]] kutoka [[India]]. Alisimamia [[michezo]] miwili ya Kimataifa ya Siku Moja (ODI) kati ya mwaka 1983 na 1985.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/31748.html "R. Mrithyunjayan".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 26 May 2014.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waamuzi]]' 1592772 wikitext text/x-wiki '''R. Mrithyunjayan''' ni mwamuzi wa zamani wa [[kriketi]] kutoka [[India]]. Alisimamia [[michezo]] miwili ya Kimataifa ya Siku Moja (ODI) kati ya mwaka 1983 na 1985.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/31748.html "R. Mrithyunjayan".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 26 May 2014.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waamuzi]] s204lkq0o84j20mp7jqhtds15vx1hke 0 247767 1592773 2026-08-29T02:53:50Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''M. G. Mukherjee''' (tarehe ya kuzaliwa haijulikani – alifariki 28 Februari 2004) alikuwa mwamuzi wa [[kriketi]] kutoka [[India]]. Uzoefu wake wa uamuzi katika [[mashindano]] ya kimataifa ulihusisha mchezo mmoja tu wa Kimataifa ya Siku Moja (ODI), uliochezwa mwaka 1986.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/31749.html "M. G. Mukherjee".] ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 26 May 2014.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}}' 1592773 wikitext text/x-wiki '''M. G. Mukherjee''' (tarehe ya kuzaliwa haijulikani – alifariki 28 Februari 2004) alikuwa mwamuzi wa [[kriketi]] kutoka [[India]]. Uzoefu wake wa uamuzi katika [[mashindano]] ya kimataifa ulihusisha mchezo mmoja tu wa Kimataifa ya Siku Moja (ODI), uliochezwa mwaka 1986.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/31749.html "M. G. Mukherjee".] ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 26 May 2014.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} kx33xa5ih6e5so4b7d6uykk9xdot5fv 0 247768 1592774 2026-08-29T02:56:01Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Krishna Swamy Bala Murali''' (amezaliwa 31 Mei 1969) ni mwamuzi wa zamani wa [[kriketi]] kutoka [[India]]. Alisimamia [[michezo]] mitatu ya Kimataifa ya Siku Moja (ODI) kati ya mwaka 1994 na 1997.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/31112.html "Bala Murali".] ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 26 May 2014.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waamuzi]]' 1592774 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Krishna Swamy Bala Murali''' (amezaliwa 31 Mei 1969) ni mwamuzi wa zamani wa [[kriketi]] kutoka [[India]]. Alisimamia [[michezo]] mitatu ya Kimataifa ya Siku Moja (ODI) kati ya mwaka 1994 na 1997.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/31112.html "Bala Murali".] ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 26 May 2014.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waamuzi]] iosmltbhdapljx1ycpo9w9d9lkjbtdm 0 247769 1592775 2026-08-29T02:59:40Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Walter Musakwa''' (amezaliwa 13 Septemba 1979) ni mwamuzi wa kriketi kutoka [[Zimbabwe]]. Amesimamia [[michezo]] ya ndani katika [[mashindano]] ya Kombe la Logan 2017–18 na Mashindano ya Pro50 2017–18.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1122769.html "Pro50 Championship at Harare, Apr 29 2018"]. ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 29 April 2018.</ref><ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1122747.html "Logan Cup at Harare, Oct 10-12 201...' 1592775 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Walter Musakwa''' (amezaliwa 13 Septemba 1979) ni mwamuzi wa kriketi kutoka [[Zimbabwe]]. Amesimamia [[michezo]] ya ndani katika [[mashindano]] ya Kombe la Logan 2017–18 na Mashindano ya Pro50 2017–18.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1122769.html "Pro50 Championship at Harare, Apr 29 2018"]. ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 29 April 2018.</ref><ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1122747.html "Logan Cup at Harare, Oct 10-12 2017".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 29 April 2018.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1979]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waamuzi]] l1ag2839k181yn8bja7uv02n9o5dgve 0 247770 1592777 2026-08-29T03:04:46Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Forster Mutizwa''' (amezaliwa 24 Agosti 1985) ni mwamuzi wa [[kriketi]] kutoka [[Zimbabwe]] na mchezaji wa zamani wa kriketi. Alicheza kama mpigaji wa kulia wa nafasi za chini za kati na mlinzi wa wiketi. == Maisha ya uchezaji == Aliitwa kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye [[timu]] ya taifa kwa ajili ya ziara nchini Bangladesh, lakini hakushiriki katika mchezo wowote. <ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/waller-and-mutizwa-named-for-bangladesh-tour-383474 Wa...' 1592777 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Forster Mutizwa''' (amezaliwa 24 Agosti 1985) ni mwamuzi wa [[kriketi]] kutoka [[Zimbabwe]] na mchezaji wa zamani wa kriketi. Alicheza kama mpigaji wa kulia wa nafasi za chini za kati na mlinzi wa wiketi. == Maisha ya uchezaji == Aliitwa kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye [[timu]] ya taifa kwa ajili ya ziara nchini Bangladesh, lakini hakushiriki katika mchezo wowote. <ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/waller-and-mutizwa-named-for-bangladesh-tour-383474 Waller and Mutizwa named for Bangladesh tour] ESPNcricinfo</ref>Alianza kucheza kriketi ya kimataifa katika mchezo wa Kimataifa ya Siku Moja (ODI) dhidi ya Kenya tarehe 27 Januari 2009. Pia alicheza mchezo mmoja wa Majaribio kwa Zimbabwe dhidi ya New Zealand mwezi Januari 2012. Mnamo Desemba 2019, aliacha kucheza kriketi na kuanza kazi ya uamuzi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20191211173336/https://www.newsday.co.zw/2019/11/mutizwa-quits-to-be-umpire/ "Mutizwa quits to be umpire".] News Day. Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.</ref> == Maisha ya uamuzi == Tarehe 23 Julai 2021, alisimamia [[mchezo]] wake wa kwanza wa Kimataifa ya Twenty20 (T20I) kati ya Zimbabwe na Bangladesh. Tarehe 7 Agosti 2022, alifanya kwanza kama mwamuzi wa ODI katika mchezo kati ya Zimbabwe na Bangladesh. Kufikia Machi 2023, alikuwa amesimamia michezo 3 ya ODI na michezo 24 ya T20I, ikiwemo michezo miwili ya T20I ya wanawake. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1985]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waamuzi]] klcudwov9nw8ggrnui3yjzwi6bv0jov 0 247771 1592778 2026-08-29T03:07:33Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ashby Mutumbami''' (amezaliwa 15 Novemba 1985) ni mchezaji wa [[kriketi]] kutoka [[Zimbabwe]]. Alianza kucheza kriketi ya daraja la kwanza katika [[timu]] ya Southerns kwenye [[Kombe]] la Logan 2006–07 tarehe 3 Mei 2007.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/290128.html "Logan Cup, Southerns v Northerns (Zimbabwe) at Masvingo, May 3-6, 2007".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 17 January 2017.</ref> Kwa sasa ni mwamuzi wa kriketi na amewahi kusimami...' 1592778 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ashby Mutumbami''' (amezaliwa 15 Novemba 1985) ni mchezaji wa [[kriketi]] kutoka [[Zimbabwe]]. Alianza kucheza kriketi ya daraja la kwanza katika [[timu]] ya Southerns kwenye [[Kombe]] la Logan 2006–07 tarehe 3 Mei 2007.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/290128.html "Logan Cup, Southerns v Northerns (Zimbabwe) at Masvingo, May 3-6, 2007".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 17 January 2017.</ref> Kwa sasa ni mwamuzi wa kriketi na amewahi kusimamia michezo katika Kombe la Logan 2016–17.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1070910.html "Logan Cup, Mountaineers v Matabeleland Tuskers at Mutare, Jan 17-20, 2017".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 17 January 2017.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1985]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waamuzi]] d2jndvc58d7fm9ml4073q435ebh4m81 0 247772 1592781 2026-08-29T03:54:13Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Arthur Lee Irving''' ([[14 Julai]] [[1930]] – [[13 Mei]] [[2024]]) alikuwa mfanyabiashara bilionea nchini [[Kanada]], mtoto wa pili wa mmiliki wa viwanda K. C. Irving wa familia ya Irving. Alizaliwa Saint John, New Brunswick, Irving alikuwa rais wa Irving Oil, na baadaye akawa mmiliki wake pekee kupitia Arthur Irving Family Trust. Wakati wa kifo chake, utajiri wake ulikadiriwa kati ya dola za Marekani bilioni 6.4 na bilioni 9.8.<ref name="CBC-death">{...' 1592781 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Arthur Lee Irving''' ([[14 Julai]] [[1930]] – [[13 Mei]] [[2024]]) alikuwa mfanyabiashara bilionea nchini [[Kanada]], mtoto wa pili wa mmiliki wa viwanda K. C. Irving wa familia ya Irving. Alizaliwa Saint John, New Brunswick, Irving alikuwa rais wa Irving Oil, na baadaye akawa mmiliki wake pekee kupitia Arthur Irving Family Trust. Wakati wa kifo chake, utajiri wake ulikadiriwa kati ya dola za Marekani bilioni 6.4 na bilioni 9.8.<ref name="CBC-death">{{cite news |last=Poitras |first=Jacques |authorlink=Jacques Poitras |title=Billionaire businessman Arthur Irving dead at 93 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/arthur-irving-death-1.7202701 |access-date=May 13, 2024 |work=CBC News New Brunswick |date=May 13, 2024 |archive-date=May 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513174923/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/arthur-irving-death-1.7202701 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="IrvingObituary2">{{cite web |title=Obituary for Arthur L. Irving |url=https://www.irvingoil.com/en-US/press-room/obituary-for-arthur-l-irving |website=[[Irving Oil]] |access-date=May 16, 2024 |date=May 14, 2024}}</ref> Aidha, Irving alihudumu kama chansela wa Chuo Kikuu cha Acadia kati ya [[1996]] na [[2010]], ambapo awali alisoma kabla ya kuacha ili kujiendeleza katika biashara ya familia. Irving pia alikuwa mwanachama wa bodi ya muda mrefu ya Ducks Unlimited Canada. Irving alipokea tuzo ya heshima na ikiwa ni pamoja na Agizo la New Brunswick na Agizo la Kanada. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1930]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2024]] b7pms9d1ame0u4lmxqzccpun9cravrz 0 247773 1592782 2026-08-29T03:57:57Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''James Kenneth Irving''' ([[20 Machi]] [[1928]] – [[21 Juni]] [[2024]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Kanada]] na mtoto wa kwanza kati ya wana watatu katika familia ya Irving aliyezaliwa na mmiliki wa viwanda K.C. Irving. Alizaliwa Saint John, [[New Brunswick]], alikuwa mmiliki na baadaye mwenyekiti wa J. D. Irving. Wakati wa kifo chake, utajiri wake ulikadiriwa kati ya dola bilioni 5.5 na 7.2.<ref>{{cite news |title=Irving family announ...' 1592782 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James Kenneth Irving''' ([[20 Machi]] [[1928]] – [[21 Juni]] [[2024]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Kanada]] na mtoto wa kwanza kati ya wana watatu katika familia ya Irving aliyezaliwa na mmiliki wa viwanda K.C. Irving. Alizaliwa Saint John, [[New Brunswick]], alikuwa mmiliki na baadaye mwenyekiti wa J. D. Irving. Wakati wa kifo chake, utajiri wake ulikadiriwa kati ya dola bilioni 5.5 na 7.2.<ref>{{cite news |title=Irving family announces the passing of James K. Irving |url=https://financialpost.com/globe-newswire/irving-family-announces-the-passing-of-james-k-irving |access-date=June 21, 2024 |work=[[Financial Post]] |date=June 21, 2024 |archive-date=June 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622024907/https://financialpost.com/globe-newswire/irving-family-announces-the-passing-of-james-k-irving |url-status=live }}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == James Kenneth Irving alizaliwa Saint John, New Brunswick, tarehe 20 Machi 1928, mtoto wa kwanza kati ya wana watatu waliozaliwa na K. C. Irving na mkewe, Harriet Lila Irving (née MacNarin), kutoka Galloway katika Kent County.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Irvings |url=https://kcirvingcentre.acadiau.ca/about/about-the-irvings/ |website=[[Acadia University]] |access-date=May 13, 2024 |archive-date=May 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513031014/https://kcirvingcentre.acadiau.ca/about/about-the-irvings/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Alisoma katika Shule ya Rothesay Netherwood, shule ya kibinafsi katika mji wa karibu wa Rothesay.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Adams |first1=James |title=Historic N.B. mansion faces wrecker's ball |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/historic-nb-mansion-faces-wreckers-ball/article18157424/ |access-date=June 21, 2024 |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=March 4, 2006 |language=en-CA |archive-date=June 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622024909/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/historic-nb-mansion-faces-wreckers-ball/article18157424/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1928]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2024]] 4b5k69f12fusv98hdaymy9oapbh274g 0 247774 1592783 2026-08-29T04:01:24Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''John Ernest Irving''' ([[1 Januari]] [[1932]] – [[21 Julai]] [[2010]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Kanada]], mtoto wa mwisho wa mmiliki wa viwanda K. C. Irving (wa familia ya Irving) na mkewe, Harriet Lila Irving (née MacNarin).<ref>{{Cite web |title=A son of New Brunswick billionaire K.C. Irving was... |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/05/02/A-son-of-New-Brunswick-billionaire-KC-Irving-was/1957389160000/ |access-date=2022-05-27 |website...' 1592783 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Ernest Irving''' ([[1 Januari]] [[1932]] – [[21 Julai]] [[2010]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Kanada]], mtoto wa mwisho wa mmiliki wa viwanda K. C. Irving (wa familia ya Irving) na mkewe, Harriet Lila Irving (née MacNarin).<ref>{{Cite web |title=A son of New Brunswick billionaire K.C. Irving was... |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/05/02/A-son-of-New-Brunswick-billionaire-KC-Irving-was/1957389160000/ |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref> Alizaliwa [[New Brunswick]], Jack Irving, kama alivyojulikana, pamoja na ndugu zake J.K. na Arthur na familia zao tatu, wanashiriki umiliki na jukumu la uendeshaji wa Irving Group of Companies.<ref name="CBC01">[http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/industrialist-jack-irving-dies-at-78-1.870034 "Industrialist Jack Irving dies at 78"], CBC News, July 21, 2010 4:07 PM AT.</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1932]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2010]] olyyqvscpd6zkgrakzzzeds5v11scur 1592808 1592783 2026-08-29T07:44:38Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1592808 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Ernest Irving''' ([[1 Januari]] [[1932]] – [[21 Julai]] [[2010]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Kanada]], mtoto wa mwisho wa mmiliki wa viwanda K. C. Irving (wa familia ya Irving) na mkewe, Harriet Lila Irving (née MacNarin).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=A son of New Brunswick billionaire K.C. Irving was... |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/05/02/A-son-of-New-Brunswick-billionaire-KC-Irving-was/1957389160000/ |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref> Alizaliwa [[New Brunswick]], Jack Irving, kama alivyojulikana, pamoja na ndugu zake J.K. na Arthur na familia zao tatu, wanashiriki umiliki na jukumu la uendeshaji wa Irving Group of Companies.<ref name="CBC01">[http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/industrialist-jack-irving-dies-at-78-1.870034 "Industrialist Jack Irving dies at 78"], CBC News, July 21, 2010 4:07 PM AT.</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1932]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2010]] lvxw6846w3lb899mr1gbnzxqefyurdd 0 247775 1592784 2026-08-29T04:05:30Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Peter Munk''' ([[8 Novemba]] [[1927]] – [[28 Machi]] [[2018]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]], mwekezaji, mwanzilishi na mhisani nchini [[Kanada]] mzaliwa wa [[Hungaria]]. Alikuwa mwanzilishi na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa biashara kadhaa maarufu, ikiwa ni pamoja na kampuni ya umeme Clairtone, kampuni ya mali isiyohamishika Trizec Properties, na Barrick Gold, ambayo hapo awali ilikuwa kampuni kubwa zaidi ya uchimbaji dhahabu duniani.<ref>{{cite web|url=https:...' 1592784 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peter Munk''' ([[8 Novemba]] [[1927]] – [[28 Machi]] [[2018]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]], mwekezaji, mwanzilishi na mhisani nchini [[Kanada]] mzaliwa wa [[Hungaria]]. Alikuwa mwanzilishi na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa biashara kadhaa maarufu, ikiwa ni pamoja na kampuni ya umeme Clairtone, kampuni ya mali isiyohamishika Trizec Properties, na Barrick Gold, ambayo hapo awali ilikuwa kampuni kubwa zaidi ya uchimbaji dhahabu duniani.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/newmont-to-buy-goldcorp-in-deal-valued-at-10-billion-11547461489|publisher=the Wall Street Journal|date=14 January 2019|author=MacDonald,Alistair|title=Newmont to Buy Goldcorp, Creating World's Largest Gold Miner|access-date=24 January 2024|archive-date=2020-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721152103/https://www.wsj.com/articles/newmont-to-buy-goldcorp-in-deal-valued-at-10-billion-11547461489}}</ref> Munk anajulikana kwa uhisani wake, kama mfadhili wa Shule ya Munk ya Mambo ya Kimataifa katika Chuo Kikuu cha Toronto na Kituo cha Moyo cha Peter Munk katika Hospitali Kuu ya [[Toronto]]. Pia anajulikana sana kwa kuunga mkono Munk Debates.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ey1OAQAAIAAJ&q=Katherine+(Adler)+Munk |title=The Canadian Who's Who - Elizabeth Lumley - Google Books |via=[[Google Books]] |date=4 January 2008 |isbn=9780802040718 |access-date=2014-05-01 |last1=Lumley |first1=Elizabeth |publisher=University of Toronto Press |archive-date=2023-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401032848/https://books.google.com/books?id=ey1OAQAAIAAJ&q=Katherine+%28Adler%29+Munk |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CJN">{{cite web|url=http://www.cjnews.com/news/canada/peter-munk-dies-at-90|publisher=The Canadian Jewish News|date=28 March 2018|author=Csillag, Ron|title=PETER MUNK WAS KNOWN FOR HIS LOVE OF CANADA|access-date=29 March 2018|archive-date=31 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831002424/http://www.cjnews.com/news/canada/peter-munk-dies-at-90|url-status=live}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1927]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2018]] tk4zgp4hvst585qrwq5ehxz68b84923 0 247776 1592785 2026-08-29T04:08:57Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''George Wallace Ferguson McCain''' ([[9 Aprili]] [[1930]] – [[13 Mei]] [[2011]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Kanada]] na mwanzilishi mwenza wa McCain Foods. Akiwa na utajiri unaokadiriwa kuwa dola za Marekani bilioni 4.15 (kufikia 2018), McCain aliorodheshwa na [[Forbes]] kama mtu wa kanada tajiri wa 13 na nafasi ya 512 duniani. == Maisha ya Awali == McCain alizaliwa Florenceville-Bristol, [[New Brunswick]], Kanada, kama mtoto wa Andrew Davis...' 1592785 wikitext text/x-wiki '''George Wallace Ferguson McCain''' ([[9 Aprili]] [[1930]] – [[13 Mei]] [[2011]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Kanada]] na mwanzilishi mwenza wa McCain Foods. Akiwa na utajiri unaokadiriwa kuwa dola za Marekani bilioni 4.15 (kufikia 2018), McCain aliorodheshwa na [[Forbes]] kama mtu wa kanada tajiri wa 13 na nafasi ya 512 duniani. == Maisha ya Awali == McCain alizaliwa Florenceville-Bristol, [[New Brunswick]], Kanada, kama mtoto wa Andrew Davis McCain, mzao wa mlowezi kutoka Castlefinn, Donegal, [[Eire]] ambaye akawa mkulima wa viazi mbegu aliyeheshimika. Tangu [[1900]], familia iliuza viazi mbegu katika New Brunswick na kuuza nje ya nchi hadi [[Kuba]] na [[Amerika Kusini]]. == Elimu == McCain alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Mount Allison mwaka 1951 na Shahada ya Sanaa. Mwaka 2007, alitoa rekodi ya $873,000 kwa chuo chake. Mnamo Februari 21, 2011, alitoa dola milioni 5,000,000 kwa Chuo Kikuu cha New Brunswick, kampasi ya Saint John kwa Taasisi ya Wallace McCain, programu kwa wanafunzi wa biashara na wajasiriamali. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1930]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2011]] ax8i5l8way07igc56db4zqtkp6d9jer 1592786 1592785 2026-08-29T04:10:28Z Ally0111 85292 1592786 wikitext text/x-wiki '''George Wallace Ferguson McCain''' ([[9 Aprili]] [[1930]] – [[13 Mei]] [[2011]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/16/business/global/16mccain.html?ref=obituaries|title=Wallace McCain Dies at 81; Fed the World Frozen Fries|author=Ian Austen|date=May 15, 2011|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Kanada]] na mwanzilishi mwenza wa McCain Foods. Akiwa na utajiri unaokadiriwa kuwa dola za Marekani bilioni 4.15 (kufikia 2018), McCain aliorodheshwa na [[Forbes]] kama mtu wa kanada tajiri wa 13 na nafasi ya 512 duniani.<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 24, 2015|title=Canada's Richest People: Estate of Wallace McCain|url=https://www.canadianbusiness.com/lists-and-rankings/richest-people/rich-100-estate-of-wallace-mccain/|access-date=April 30, 2021|website=Canadian Business - Your Source For Business News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Canada's Richest People 2016: The Top 25 Richest Canadians|url = http://www.canadianbusiness.com/lists-and-rankings/richest-people/top-25-richest-canadians-2016/image/10/|website = Canadian Business - Your Source For Business News|accessdate = November 22, 2015|language = en-CA}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == McCain alizaliwa Florenceville-Bristol, [[New Brunswick]], Kanada, kama mtoto wa Andrew Davis McCain, mzao wa mlowezi kutoka Castlefinn, Donegal, [[Eire]] ambaye akawa mkulima wa viazi mbegu aliyeheshimika. Tangu [[1900]], familia iliuza viazi mbegu katika New Brunswick na kuuza nje ya nchi hadi [[Kuba]] na [[Amerika Kusini]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet the McCains of New Brunswick {{!}} Maclean's {{!}} NOVEMBER 1973|url=https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1973/11/1/meet-the-mccains-of-new-brunswick|access-date=1 May 2021|website=Maclean's {{!}} The Complete Archive|language=en-US|archive-date=May 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501160640/https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1973/11/1/meet-the-mccains-of-new-brunswick|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Elimu == McCain alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Mount Allison mwaka 1951 na Shahada ya Sanaa. Mwaka 2007, alitoa rekodi ya $873,000 kwa chuo chake. Mnamo Februari 21, 2011, alitoa dola milioni 5,000,000 kwa Chuo Kikuu cha New Brunswick, kampasi ya Saint John kwa Taasisi ya Wallace McCain, programu kwa wanafunzi wa biashara na wajasiriamali.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blogs.unb.ca/newsroom/2011/02/23/wallace-and-margaret-mccain-donate-5-million-to-the-university-of-new-brunswick-to-continue-legacy-of-wallace-mccain-institute/ |title=Wallace and Margaret McCain donate $5 million to the University of New Brunswick to continue legacy of Wallace McCain Institute|date=February 23, 2011 |access-date=September 19, 2011 |archive-date=August 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828180614/http://blogs.unb.ca/newsroom/2011/02/23/wallace-and-margaret-mccain-donate-5-million-to-the-university-of-new-brunswick-to-continue-legacy-of-wallace-mccain-institute/ |ur == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1930]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2011]] 830kh1yqgkwi4daj6e8yvo63abv5kvq 1592787 1592786 2026-08-29T04:11:49Z Ally0111 85292 1592787 wikitext text/x-wiki '''George Wallace Ferguson McCain''' ([[9 Aprili]] [[1930]] – [[13 Mei]] [[2011]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/16/business/global/16mccain.html?ref=obituaries|title=Wallace McCain Dies at 81; Fed the World Frozen Fries|author=Ian Austen|date=May 15, 2011|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Kanada]] na mwanzilishi mwenza wa McCain Foods. Akiwa na utajiri unaokadiriwa kuwa dola za Marekani bilioni 4.15 (kufikia 2018), McCain aliorodheshwa na [[Forbes]] kama mtu wa kanada tajiri wa 13 na nafasi ya 512 duniani.<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 24, 2015|title=Canada's Richest People: Estate of Wallace McCain|url=https://www.canadianbusiness.com/lists-and-rankings/richest-people/rich-100-estate-of-wallace-mccain/|access-date=April 30, 2021|website=Canadian Business - Your Source For Business News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Canada's Richest People 2016: The Top 25 Richest Canadians|url = http://www.canadianbusiness.com/lists-and-rankings/richest-people/top-25-richest-canadians-2016/image/10/|website = Canadian Business - Your Source For Business News|accessdate = November 22, 2015|language = en-CA}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == McCain alizaliwa Florenceville-Bristol, [[New Brunswick]], Kanada, kama mtoto wa Andrew Davis McCain, mzao wa mlowezi kutoka Castlefinn, Donegal, [[Eire]] ambaye akawa mkulima wa viazi mbegu aliyeheshimika. Tangu [[1900]], familia iliuza viazi mbegu katika New Brunswick na kuuza nje ya nchi hadi [[Kuba]] na [[Amerika Kusini]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet the McCains of New Brunswick {{!}} Maclean's {{!}} NOVEMBER 1973|url=https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1973/11/1/meet-the-mccains-of-new-brunswick|access-date=1 May 2021|website=Maclean's {{!}} The Complete Archive|language=en-US|archive-date=May 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501160640/https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1973/11/1/meet-the-mccains-of-new-brunswick|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Elimu == McCain alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Mount Allison mwaka 1951 na Shahada ya Sanaa. Mwaka 2007, alitoa rekodi ya $873,000 kwa chuo chake. Mnamo Februari 21, 2011, alitoa dola milioni 5,000,000 kwa Chuo Kikuu cha New Brunswick, kampasi ya Saint John kwa Taasisi ya Wallace McCain, programu kwa wanafunzi wa biashara na wajasiriamali.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blogs.unb.ca/newsroom/2011/02/23/wallace-and-margaret-mccain-donate-5-million-to-the-university-of-new-brunswick-to-continue-legacy-of-wallace-mccain-institute/ |title=Wallace and Margaret McCain donate $5 million to the University of New Brunswick to continue legacy of Wallace McCain Institute|date=February 23, 2011 |access-date=September 19, 2011 |archive-date=August 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828180614/http://blogs.unb.ca/newsroom/2011/02/23/wallace-and-margaret-mccain-donate-5-million-to-the-university-of-new-brunswick-to-continue-legacy-of-wallace-mccain-institute/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1930]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2011]] 6tu2blmynz4ttv15dfab0k1dqknymjy 1592952 1592787 2026-08-29T10:43:39Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 5 template(s) replaced. 1592952 wikitext text/x-wiki '''George Wallace Ferguson McCain''' ([[9 Aprili]] [[1930]] – [[13 Mei]] [[2011]])<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/16/business/global/16mccain.html?ref=obituaries|title=Wallace McCain Dies at 81; Fed the World Frozen Fries|author=Ian Austen|date=May 15, 2011|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Kanada]] na mwanzilishi mwenza wa McCain Foods. Akiwa na utajiri unaokadiriwa kuwa dola za Marekani bilioni 4.15 (kufikia 2018), McCain aliorodheshwa na [[Forbes]] kama mtu wa kanada tajiri wa 13 na nafasi ya 512 duniani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=December 24, 2015|title=Canada's Richest People: Estate of Wallace McCain|url=https://www.canadianbusiness.com/lists-and-rankings/richest-people/rich-100-estate-of-wallace-mccain/|access-date=April 30, 2021|website=Canadian Business - Your Source For Business News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title = Canada's Richest People 2016: The Top 25 Richest Canadians|url = http://www.canadianbusiness.com/lists-and-rankings/richest-people/top-25-richest-canadians-2016/image/10/|website = Canadian Business - Your Source For Business News|accessdate = November 22, 2015|language = en-CA}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == McCain alizaliwa Florenceville-Bristol, [[New Brunswick]], Kanada, kama mtoto wa Andrew Davis McCain, mzao wa mlowezi kutoka Castlefinn, Donegal, [[Eire]] ambaye akawa mkulima wa viazi mbegu aliyeheshimika. Tangu [[1900]], familia iliuza viazi mbegu katika New Brunswick na kuuza nje ya nchi hadi [[Kuba]] na [[Amerika Kusini]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Meet the McCains of New Brunswick {{!}} Maclean's {{!}} NOVEMBER 1973|url=https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1973/11/1/meet-the-mccains-of-new-brunswick|access-date=1 May 2021|website=Maclean's {{!}} The Complete Archive|language=en-US|archive-date=May 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501160640/https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1973/11/1/meet-the-mccains-of-new-brunswick|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Elimu == McCain alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Mount Allison mwaka 1951 na Shahada ya Sanaa. Mwaka 2007, alitoa rekodi ya $873,000 kwa chuo chake. Mnamo Februari 21, 2011, alitoa dola milioni 5,000,000 kwa Chuo Kikuu cha New Brunswick, kampasi ya Saint John kwa Taasisi ya Wallace McCain, programu kwa wanafunzi wa biashara na wajasiriamali.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://blogs.unb.ca/newsroom/2011/02/23/wallace-and-margaret-mccain-donate-5-million-to-the-university-of-new-brunswick-to-continue-legacy-of-wallace-mccain-institute/ |title=Wallace and Margaret McCain donate $5 million to the University of New Brunswick to continue legacy of Wallace McCain Institute|date=February 23, 2011 |access-date=September 19, 2011 |archive-date=August 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828180614/http://blogs.unb.ca/newsroom/2011/02/23/wallace-and-margaret-mccain-donate-5-million-to-the-university-of-new-brunswick-to-continue-legacy-of-wallace-mccain-institute/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1930]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2011]] 4knm9utmqt0la07iiiuijq4nsi1sjbm 0 247777 1592788 2026-08-29T04:22:56Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Sir Terence Hedley Matthews''' (alizaliwa [[6 Juni]] [[1943]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]], [[mjasiriamali]] katika teknolojia ya juu, na bilionea wa kwanza wa [[Welisi]] anayeishi nchini [[Kanada]]. Alikuwa mtu tajiri zaidi nchini Welisi hadi 2012, alipopitwa na [[Michael Moritz]].<ref name= WC>{{cite web |url=http://www.wesleyclover.com/about-us/history/ |title=About Us - History |publisher=[[Wesley Clover]] |access-date=26 June 2015 |archive-date=8 April 2...' 1592788 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sir Terence Hedley Matthews''' (alizaliwa [[6 Juni]] [[1943]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]], [[mjasiriamali]] katika teknolojia ya juu, na bilionea wa kwanza wa [[Welisi]] anayeishi nchini [[Kanada]]. Alikuwa mtu tajiri zaidi nchini Welisi hadi 2012, alipopitwa na [[Michael Moritz]].<ref name= WC>{{cite web |url=http://www.wesleyclover.com/about-us/history/ |title=About Us - History |publisher=[[Wesley Clover]] |access-date=26 June 2015 |archive-date=8 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408210435/https://www.wesleyclover.com/about-us/history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name= Fellows>{{cite web|url=http://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/people-council-committees/the-fellowship/list-of-fellows|title=List of Fellows|publisher=[[Royal Academy of Engineering]]|accessdate=3 July 2015|archive-date=8 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608094405/http://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/people-council-committees/the-fellowship/list-of-fellows|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name= CRL>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadianbusiness.com/lists-and-rankings/richest-people/rich-100-terry-matthews/ |title=Canada's Richest People: Terry Matthews|work=Canadian Business - Your Source For Business News |publisher=[[Canadian Business]] |date=30 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/terence-terry-matthews/|title=Terence (Terry) Matthews|work=[[Forbes]]|date=31 December 2017|accessdate=31 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/2001/05/16/0516matthews.html|title=Forbes Face: Terry Matthews|work=[[Forbes]]|date=16 May 2001|accessdate=3 July 2015}}</ref><ref name= tg2000>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2000/oct/28/4|title=Terry Matthews: A well-connected Celt|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=28 October 2000|accessdate=3 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.information-age.com/industry/start-ups/123457098/now-s-the-time-to-be-a-tech-start-up--says-sir-terry-matthews|title=Now's the time to be a tech start-up, says Sir Terry Matthews|date=4 June 2013|accessdate=3 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-43894891|title=Sir Terry Matthews' firm in $2bn deal|date=2018-04-25|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-02-11|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ameanzisha au kufadhili zaidi ya makampuni 100 katika uwanja wa mawasiliano ya teknolojia ya juu, hasa Mitel na Newbridge Networks. Yeye ni mwenyekiti wa Wesley Clover na bodi ya Swansea Bay City Region. Anamiliki Celtic Manor Resort, KRP Properties, Brookstreet Hotel, na Marshes Golf Club. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1943]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 18qxr5b2ue1yk82uv9ly2r8kt2oc57k 1592790 1592788 2026-08-29T04:25:58Z Ally0111 85292 1592790 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sir Terence Hedley Matthews''' ( [[6 Juni]] [[1943]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]], [[mjasiriamali]] katika teknolojia ya juu, na bilionea wa kwanza wa [[Welisi]] anayeishi nchini [[Kanada]]. Alikuwa mtu tajiri zaidi nchini Welisi hadi 2012, alipopitwa na [[Michael Moritz]].<ref name= WC>{{cite web |url=http://www.wesleyclover.com/about-us/history/ |title=About Us - History |publisher=[[Wesley Clover]] |access-date=26 June 2015 |archive-date=8 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408210435/https://www.wesleyclover.com/about-us/history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name= Fellows>{{cite web|url=http://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/people-council-committees/the-fellowship/list-of-fellows|title=List of Fellows|publisher=[[Royal Academy of Engineering]]|accessdate=3 July 2015|archive-date=8 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608094405/http://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/people-council-committees/the-fellowship/list-of-fellows|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name= CRL>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadianbusiness.com/lists-and-rankings/richest-people/rich-100-terry-matthews/ |title=Canada's Richest People: Terry Matthews|work=Canadian Business - Your Source For Business News |publisher=[[Canadian Business]] |date=30 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/terence-terry-matthews/|title=Terence (Terry) Matthews|work=[[Forbes]]|date=31 December 2017|accessdate=31 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/2001/05/16/0516matthews.html|title=Forbes Face: Terry Matthews|work=[[Forbes]]|date=16 May 2001|accessdate=3 July 2015}}</ref><ref name= tg2000>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2000/oct/28/4|title=Terry Matthews: A well-connected Celt|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=28 October 2000|accessdate=3 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.information-age.com/industry/start-ups/123457098/now-s-the-time-to-be-a-tech-start-up--says-sir-terry-matthews|title=Now's the time to be a tech start-up, says Sir Terry Matthews|date=4 June 2013|accessdate=3 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-43894891|title=Sir Terry Matthews' firm in $2bn deal|date=2018-04-25|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-02-11|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ameanzisha au kufadhili zaidi ya makampuni 100 katika uwanja wa mawasiliano ya teknolojia ya juu, hasa Mitel na Newbridge Networks. Yeye ni mwenyekiti wa Wesley Clover na bodi ya Swansea Bay City Region. Anamiliki Celtic Manor Resort, KRP Properties, Brookstreet Hotel, na Marshes Golf Club. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1943]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] sh02lz7r9v30ns7b2khom4t3jank9i2 1592911 1592790 2026-08-29T10:22:12Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1592911 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sir Terence Hedley Matthews''' ( [[6 Juni]] [[1943]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]], [[mjasiriamali]] katika teknolojia ya juu, na bilionea wa kwanza wa [[Welisi]] anayeishi nchini [[Kanada]]. Alikuwa mtu tajiri zaidi nchini Welisi hadi 2012, alipopitwa na [[Michael Moritz]].<ref name= WC>{{cite web |url=http://www.wesleyclover.com/about-us/history/ |title=About Us - History |publisher=[[Wesley Clover]] |access-date=26 June 2015 |archive-date=8 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408210435/https://www.wesleyclover.com/about-us/history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name= Fellows>{{cite web|url=http://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/people-council-committees/the-fellowship/list-of-fellows|title=List of Fellows|publisher=[[Royal Academy of Engineering]]|accessdate=3 July 2015|archive-date=8 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608094405/http://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/people-council-committees/the-fellowship/list-of-fellows|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name= CRL>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadianbusiness.com/lists-and-rankings/richest-people/rich-100-terry-matthews/ |title=Canada's Richest People: Terry Matthews|work=Canadian Business - Your Source For Business News |publisher=[[Canadian Business]] |date=30 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/terence-terry-matthews/|title=Terence (Terry) Matthews|work=[[Forbes]]|date=31 December 2017|accessdate=31 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/2001/05/16/0516matthews.html|title=Forbes Face: Terry Matthews|work=[[Forbes]]|date=16 May 2001|accessdate=3 July 2015}}</ref><ref name= tg2000>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2000/oct/28/4|title=Terry Matthews: A well-connected Celt|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=28 October 2000|accessdate=3 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.information-age.com/industry/start-ups/123457098/now-s-the-time-to-be-a-tech-start-up--says-sir-terry-matthews|title=Now's the time to be a tech start-up, says Sir Terry Matthews|date=4 June 2013|accessdate=3 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-43894891|title=Sir Terry Matthews' firm in $2bn deal|date=2018-04-25|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-02-11|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ameanzisha au kufadhili zaidi ya makampuni 100 katika uwanja wa mawasiliano ya teknolojia ya juu, hasa Mitel na Newbridge Networks. Yeye ni mwenyekiti wa Wesley Clover na bodi ya Swansea Bay City Region. Anamiliki Celtic Manor Resort, KRP Properties, Brookstreet Hotel, na Marshes Golf Club. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1943]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] k1k0rqr67qmmjaabl1iue6hdh20xlb4 1593035 1592911 2026-08-29T11:32:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1593035 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sir Terence Hedley Matthews''' ( [[6 Juni]] [[1943]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]], [[mjasiriamali]] katika teknolojia ya juu, na bilionea wa kwanza wa [[Welisi]] anayeishi nchini [[Kanada]]. Alikuwa mtu tajiri zaidi nchini Welisi hadi 2012, alipopitwa na [[Michael Moritz]].<ref name= WC>{{cite web |url=http://www.wesleyclover.com/about-us/history/ |title=About Us - History |publisher=[[Wesley Clover]] |access-date=26 June 2015 |archive-date=8 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408210435/https://www.wesleyclover.com/about-us/history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name= Fellows>{{cite web|url=http://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/people-council-committees/the-fellowship/list-of-fellows|title=List of Fellows|publisher=[[Royal Academy of Engineering]]|accessdate=3 July 2015|archive-date=8 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608094405/http://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/people-council-committees/the-fellowship/list-of-fellows|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name= CRL>{{cite web |url=http://www.canadianbusiness.com/lists-and-rankings/richest-people/rich-100-terry-matthews/ |title=Canada's Richest People: Terry Matthews |work=Canadian Business - Your Source For Business News |publisher=[[Canadian Business]] |date=30 December 2017 |accessdate=2026-08-29 |archive-date=2018-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601173644/http://www.canadianbusiness.com/lists-and-rankings/richest-people/rich-100-terry-matthews/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/terence-terry-matthews/|title=Terence (Terry) Matthews|work=[[Forbes]]|date=31 December 2017|accessdate=31 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/2001/05/16/0516matthews.html|title=Forbes Face: Terry Matthews|work=[[Forbes]]|date=16 May 2001|accessdate=3 July 2015}}</ref><ref name= tg2000>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2000/oct/28/4|title=Terry Matthews: A well-connected Celt|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=28 October 2000|accessdate=3 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.information-age.com/industry/start-ups/123457098/now-s-the-time-to-be-a-tech-start-up--says-sir-terry-matthews|title=Now's the time to be a tech start-up, says Sir Terry Matthews|date=4 June 2013|accessdate=3 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-43894891|title=Sir Terry Matthews' firm in $2bn deal|date=2018-04-25|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-02-11|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ameanzisha au kufadhili zaidi ya makampuni 100 katika uwanja wa mawasiliano ya teknolojia ya juu, hasa Mitel na Newbridge Networks. Yeye ni mwenyekiti wa Wesley Clover na bodi ya Swansea Bay City Region. Anamiliki Celtic Manor Resort, KRP Properties, Brookstreet Hotel, na Marshes Golf Club. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1943]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 8dskfsf54djkjysswky5j2fyld1ewmk 0 247778 1592789 2026-08-29T04:25:29Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Frederick Philip Mannix''' ( [[24 Februari]] [[1942]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Kanada]], na mwenyekiti wa Mancal Group inayomilikiwa kibinafsi, ambayo inafanya kazi katika mali zisizohamishika, ufugaji, makaa ya mawe, mafuta na gesi.<ref name="lieutenantgovernor.ab.ca">{{cite web|url=https://www.lieutenantgovernor.ab.ca/aoe/arts/fred-mannix/index.html|title=Fred Mannix - The Alberta Order of Excellence|author=|date=|website=www.lieutena...' 1592789 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Frederick Philip Mannix''' ( [[24 Februari]] [[1942]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Kanada]], na mwenyekiti wa Mancal Group inayomilikiwa kibinafsi, ambayo inafanya kazi katika mali zisizohamishika, ufugaji, makaa ya mawe, mafuta na gesi.<ref name="lieutenantgovernor.ab.ca">{{cite web|url=https://www.lieutenantgovernor.ab.ca/aoe/arts/fred-mannix/index.html|title=Fred Mannix - The Alberta Order of Excellence|author=|date=|website=www.lieutenantgovernor.ab.ca|accessdate=11 April 2018}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Fred Mannix alizaliwa tarehe 24 Februari 1942. Yeye ni mtoto mkubwa wa Frederick Charles Mannix na Margaret Mannix, na mjukuu wa Frederick Stephen Mannix. Ana kaka, Ron, na dada, Maureen. Mwaka 1966, alipata shahada ya kwanza kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Alberta.<ref name="canadianbusiness.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.canadianbusiness.com/lists-and-rankings/richest-people/rich-100-fred-ron-mannix/|title=Canada's Richest People: Fred & Ron Mannix|author=|date=24 December 2015|website=canadianbusiness.com|accessdate=11 April 2018}}</ref> == Kazi == Mwaka 2018, Canadian Business ilikadiria utajiri wa pamoja wa Fred na Ron Mannix kuwa dola za Kanada bilioni 3.3. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1942]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 3b8yvouvltmb5iww5tvr12gxfk74pyj 0 247779 1592791 2026-08-29T04:29:51Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Pansy Catalina Ho Chiu-king''' ([[26 Agosti]] [[1962]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea wa [[Hong Kong]] ambaye ni binti wa mfanyabiashara wa [[Macau]] Stanley Ho, na mkurugenzi msimamizi wa makampuni mbalimbali aliyoanzisha, ikiwa ni pamoja na Shun Tak Holdings..<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/business/2011/01/28/family_embroiled_in_feud_over_stanley_ho_gambling_empire.html|title=Family embroiled in feud over Stanley Ho gambling empire &#124...' 1592791 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pansy Catalina Ho Chiu-king''' ([[26 Agosti]] [[1962]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea wa [[Hong Kong]] ambaye ni binti wa mfanyabiashara wa [[Macau]] Stanley Ho, na mkurugenzi msimamizi wa makampuni mbalimbali aliyoanzisha, ikiwa ni pamoja na Shun Tak Holdings..<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/business/2011/01/28/family_embroiled_in_feud_over_stanley_ho_gambling_empire.html|title=Family embroiled in feud over Stanley Ho gambling empire &#124; The Star|website=thestar.com|date=28 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="CIB20080312">{{citation|url=http://www.cibmagazine.com.cn/Features/Focus.asp?id=335&the_macao_maven_-_china__39_s_power_women.html|title=The Macao maven - China's Power Women|periodical=China International Business|date=12 March 2008|accessdate=19 March 2010|last=Cottrell|first=Christopher|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707020643/http://www.cibmagazine.com.cn/Features/Focus.asp?id=335&the_macao_maven_-_china__39_s_power_women.html|archivedate=7 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="NYT20080127">{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/27/business/worldbusiness/27iht-move.1.9521757.html|date=27 January 2008|accessdate=19 March 2010|title=Pansy Ho in the spotlight after opening the $1.25&nbsp;billion MGM Grand in Macao|last=Ruwitch|first=John|periodical=The New York Times}}</ref> Pansy ana maslahi makubwa katika wamiliki wawili wa leseni sita za kasino huko Macau. Alitajwa katika nafasi ya 25 kwenye orodha ya [[Forbes]] ya watu 50 tajiri zaidi wa Hong Kong mwaka 2021 akiwa na utajiri unaokadiriwa kuwa dola za Hong Kong bilioni 31.8 (dola za Marekani bilioni 4.1), na mwanamke tajiri wa pili nchini Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hong Kong's Richest 2021|url=https://www.forbes.com/hong-kong-billionaires/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Soriano|first=Jianne|date=2021-05-10|title=Forbes List 2021: The 10 Richest Women In The World|url=https://hk.asiatatler.com/life/forbes-2021-richest-women-in-the-world|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Tatler Hong Kong}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Hong Kong]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Hong Kong]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] qryy8e7x63u3by2r9z0ngup6c0spxet 1592845 1592791 2026-08-29T09:43:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1592845 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pansy Catalina Ho Chiu-king''' ([[26 Agosti]] [[1962]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea wa [[Hong Kong]] ambaye ni binti wa mfanyabiashara wa [[Macau]] Stanley Ho, na mkurugenzi msimamizi wa makampuni mbalimbali aliyoanzisha, ikiwa ni pamoja na Shun Tak Holdings..<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/business/2011/01/28/family_embroiled_in_feud_over_stanley_ho_gambling_empire.html|title=Family embroiled in feud over Stanley Ho gambling empire &#124; The Star|website=thestar.com|date=28 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="CIB20080312">{{citation|url=http://www.cibmagazine.com.cn/Features/Focus.asp?id=335&the_macao_maven_-_china__39_s_power_women.html|title=The Macao maven - China's Power Women|periodical=China International Business|date=12 March 2008|accessdate=19 March 2010|last=Cottrell|first=Christopher|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707020643/http://www.cibmagazine.com.cn/Features/Focus.asp?id=335&the_macao_maven_-_china__39_s_power_women.html|archivedate=7 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="NYT20080127">{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/27/business/worldbusiness/27iht-move.1.9521757.html|date=27 January 2008|accessdate=19 March 2010|title=Pansy Ho in the spotlight after opening the $1.25&nbsp;billion MGM Grand in Macao|last=Ruwitch|first=John|periodical=The New York Times}}</ref> Pansy ana maslahi makubwa katika wamiliki wawili wa leseni sita za kasino huko Macau. Alitajwa katika nafasi ya 25 kwenye orodha ya [[Forbes]] ya watu 50 tajiri zaidi wa Hong Kong mwaka 2021 akiwa na utajiri unaokadiriwa kuwa dola za Hong Kong bilioni 31.8 (dola za Marekani bilioni 4.1), na mwanamke tajiri wa pili nchini Hong Kong.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hong Kong's Richest 2021|url=https://www.forbes.com/hong-kong-billionaires/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Soriano|first=Jianne|date=2021-05-10|title=Forbes List 2021: The 10 Richest Women In The World|url=https://hk.asiatatler.com/life/forbes-2021-richest-women-in-the-world|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Tatler Hong Kong}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Hong Kong]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Hong Kong]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] r0vwl64l63fe38o8pehb19wfpr2jce4 0 247780 1592792 2026-08-29T04:31:51Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Frank Hasenfratz''' ([[1935]] – [[8 Januari]] [[2022]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Kanada]] mzaliwa wa [[Hungaria]], mwanzilishi na mmiliki wa Linamar, mtengenezaji wa pili kwa ukubwa wa sehemu za magari nchini Kanada, wenye wafanyakazi 26,000 wakati wa kifo chake. Hisa yake ya asilimia 23.6 katika kampuni, pamoja na mauzo ya hisa, mgao, na makundi mengine ya mali ilimpa utajiri wa takriban dola bilioni 1.<ref name="Forbes profile">{...' 1592792 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Frank Hasenfratz''' ([[1935]] – [[8 Januari]] [[2022]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Kanada]] mzaliwa wa [[Hungaria]], mwanzilishi na mmiliki wa Linamar, mtengenezaji wa pili kwa ukubwa wa sehemu za magari nchini Kanada, wenye wafanyakazi 26,000 wakati wa kifo chake. Hisa yake ya asilimia 23.6 katika kampuni, pamoja na mauzo ya hisa, mgao, na makundi mengine ya mali ilimpa utajiri wa takriban dola bilioni 1.<ref name="Forbes profile">{{cite web |title=Forbes profile: Frank Hasenfratz |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/frank-hasenfratz-1/ |website=Forbes |accessdate=5 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-05-21/hungarian-refugee-becomes-car-parts-billionaire-in-canada |title=Hungarian Refugee Becomes Car Parts Billionaire in Canada |author=Hugo Miller |date=21 May 2014 |website=Bloomberg LP |accessdate=5 September 2018}}</ref><ref name=FP>{{cite news |url=https://financialpost.com/transportation/autos/look-for-the-sunshine-linamar-founder-frank-hasenfratz-was-the-ultimate-optimist |title='Look for the sunshine:' Linamar founder Frank Hasenfratz was the ultimate optimist |first=Joe |last=O'Connor |date=January 11, 2022 |newspaper=[[Financial Post]]}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1935]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2022]] 0tjdzuy1ry4lve1cer8tqxz288qvr5g 0 247781 1592793 2026-08-29T04:35:31Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ronnen Harary''' ( [[1 Machi]] [[1971]]) ni [[mjasiriamali]], mtayarishaji wa televisheni na filamu na mhisani bilionea nchini [[Kanada]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=IMDb "Ronnen Harary" |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3243829/ |website=IMDb}}</ref> Yeye ni mwanzilishi mwenza wa kampuni ya burudani ya watoto ya Kanada Spin Master na muundaji mwenza wa [[PAW Patrol|Paw Patrol]], mfululizo wa shule ya awali unaoonyeshwa katika nchi 160<ref>{{cite...' 1592793 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ronnen Harary''' ( [[1 Machi]] [[1971]]) ni [[mjasiriamali]], mtayarishaji wa televisheni na filamu na mhisani bilionea nchini [[Kanada]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=IMDb "Ronnen Harary" |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3243829/ |website=IMDb}}</ref> Yeye ni mwanzilishi mwenza wa kampuni ya burudani ya watoto ya Kanada Spin Master na muundaji mwenza wa [[PAW Patrol|Paw Patrol]], mfululizo wa shule ya awali unaoonyeshwa katika nchi 160<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/business/2018/04/02/for-toymaker-spin-master-success-is-more-than-childs-play.html|title=For Toronto toymaker Spin Master, innovation is key to success in post-Toys 'R' Us world - The Star|newspaper=The Toronto Star|date=6 April 2018|access-date=11 April 2018|last1=Kopun|first1=Francine}}</ref>. Pamoja na rafiki wa utoto Anton Rabie, alianzisha Spin Master muda mfupi baada ya kuhitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Western Ontario, na alikuwa Mkurugenzi Mtendaji mwenza wa kampuni hiyo kuanzia [[1994]] hadi [[2021]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 14, 2020 |title=Spin Master Announces Executive Leadership Changes |url=https://www.spinmaster.com/en-US/corporate/media/press-releases/122854 |website=www.spinmaster.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=The Canadian Press |date=December 14, 2020 |title=Spin Master co-founders plan to step down from co-CEO role next year |work=CBC News |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/spin-master-ronnen-harary-anton-rabie-1.5840416}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Langsworthy |first=Billy |date=December 14, 2020 |title=Spin Master welcomes Max Rangel as Global President and details next stage in company's "evolution" |work=Mojo Nation |url=https://mojo-nation.com/spin-master-welcomes-max-rangel-global-president-details-three-creative-centres-across-toys-entertainment-digital-games-part-companys-evolution/}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wajasiriamali wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1971]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] kqohl1tt47vt4otcmh1wqbaxfrutop2 1592889 1592793 2026-08-29T09:59:07Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1592889 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ronnen Harary''' ( [[1 Machi]] [[1971]]) ni [[mjasiriamali]], mtayarishaji wa televisheni na filamu na mhisani bilionea nchini [[Kanada]].<ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti |title=IMDb "Ronnen Harary" |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3243829/ |website=IMDb}}</ref> Yeye ni mwanzilishi mwenza wa kampuni ya burudani ya watoto ya Kanada Spin Master na muundaji mwenza wa [[PAW Patrol|Paw Patrol]], mfululizo wa shule ya awali unaoonyeshwa katika nchi 160<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/business/2018/04/02/for-toymaker-spin-master-success-is-more-than-childs-play.html|title=For Toronto toymaker Spin Master, innovation is key to success in post-Toys 'R' Us world - The Star|newspaper=The Toronto Star|date=6 April 2018|access-date=11 April 2018|last1=Kopun|first1=Francine}}</ref>. Pamoja na rafiki wa utoto Anton Rabie, alianzisha Spin Master muda mfupi baada ya kuhitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Western Ontario, na alikuwa Mkurugenzi Mtendaji mwenza wa kampuni hiyo kuanzia [[1994]] hadi [[2021]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=December 14, 2020 |title=Spin Master Announces Executive Leadership Changes |url=https://www.spinmaster.com/en-US/corporate/media/press-releases/122854 |website=www.spinmaster.com}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |last=The Canadian Press |date=December 14, 2020 |title=Spin Master co-founders plan to step down from co-CEO role next year |work=CBC News |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/spin-master-ronnen-harary-anton-rabie-1.5840416}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Langsworthy |first=Billy |date=December 14, 2020 |title=Spin Master welcomes Max Rangel as Global President and details next stage in company's "evolution" |work=Mojo Nation |url=https://mojo-nation.com/spin-master-welcomes-max-rangel-global-president-details-three-creative-centres-across-toys-entertainment-digital-games-part-companys-evolution/}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wajasiriamali wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1971]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 9yr8shlkm5zzl0suymob00ef3fu7l7d 0 247782 1592794 2026-08-29T04:53:31Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Edward Samuel "Ted" Rogers Jr.''' ([[27 Mei]] [[1933]] – [[2 Desemba]] [[2008]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] na mhisani nchini [[Kanada]] ambaye alihudumu kama rais na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Rogers Communications. Alikuwa mtu tajiri wa tano nchini Kanada.<ref name="Holmes">{{cite book|editor=Holmes, Gillian|title=Who's Who in Canadian Business 2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o9_yWE2_BgUC&pg=P709|year=2000|publisher=Who's Who Publications|loc...' 1592794 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Edward Samuel "Ted" Rogers Jr.''' ([[27 Mei]] [[1933]] – [[2 Desemba]] [[2008]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] na mhisani nchini [[Kanada]] ambaye alihudumu kama rais na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Rogers Communications. Alikuwa mtu tajiri wa tano nchini Kanada.<ref name="Holmes">{{cite book|editor=Holmes, Gillian|title=Who's Who in Canadian Business 2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o9_yWE2_BgUC&pg=P709|year=2000|publisher=Who's Who Publications|location=Toronto |isbn=978-0-920966-60-0|page=709}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1933]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2008]] 057b1i07ges1pr6wytk2fx44gfjpjew 0 247783 1592795 2026-08-29T05:05:20Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Loretta Anne Rogers''' ([[13 Aprili]] [[1939]] – [[11 Juni]] [[2022]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] na mhisani nchini [[Kanada]] mzaliwa wa [[Uingereza]] ambaye alikuwa mkurugenzi wa ''Rogers Communications''. Alikuwa mke wa [[Ted Rogers]], rais mwanzilishi na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa kampuni hiyo. Mwaka [[2015]], [[Forbes]] ilikadiria utajiri wake kuwa dola za Marekani bilioni 5.5.<ref name=Forbes>{{Cite web|title=Loretta Robinson|url=https://www.forbes....' 1592795 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Loretta Anne Rogers''' ([[13 Aprili]] [[1939]] – [[11 Juni]] [[2022]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] na mhisani nchini [[Kanada]] mzaliwa wa [[Uingereza]] ambaye alikuwa mkurugenzi wa ''Rogers Communications''. Alikuwa mke wa [[Ted Rogers]], rais mwanzilishi na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa kampuni hiyo. Mwaka [[2015]], [[Forbes]] ilikadiria utajiri wake kuwa dola za Marekani bilioni 5.5.<ref name=Forbes>{{Cite web|title=Loretta Robinson|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/loretta-robinson/|website=[[Forbes]]|date=March 2, 2015}}</ref><ref name=Hasselt>{{Cite book|author=Caroline Van Hasselt|title=High Wire Act: Ted Rogers and the Empire that Debt Built|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wt8ulI7RV9oC&pg=PT83|access-date=May 23, 2019|date=March 17, 2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-73974-7|page=83}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1939]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2022]] o1byujh7qks5ltjvzb4c15cjd38a8af 1592821 1592795 2026-08-29T08:27:37Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1592821 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Loretta Anne Rogers''' ([[13 Aprili]] [[1939]] – [[11 Juni]] [[2022]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] na mhisani nchini [[Kanada]] mzaliwa wa [[Uingereza]] ambaye alikuwa mkurugenzi wa ''Rogers Communications''. Alikuwa mke wa [[Ted Rogers]], rais mwanzilishi na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa kampuni hiyo. Mwaka [[2015]], [[Forbes]] ilikadiria utajiri wake kuwa dola za Marekani bilioni 5.5.<ref name=Forbes>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Loretta Robinson|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/loretta-robinson/|website=[[Forbes]]|date=March 2, 2015}}</ref><ref name=Hasselt>{{Rejea kitabu|author=Caroline Van Hasselt|title=High Wire Act: Ted Rogers and the Empire that Debt Built|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wt8ulI7RV9oC&pg=PT83|access-date=May 23, 2019|date=March 17, 2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-73974-7|page=83}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1939]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2022]] phpb81035nhya8vkzej7jlcy4abctdy 0 247784 1592796 2026-08-29T05:09:59Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''John Carter Risley''' (alizaliwa [[26 Aprili]] [[1948]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Kanada]] mwenye maslahi katika uvuvi, virutubisho vya chakula, na mawasiliano. Yeye ni mwanzilishi mwenza wa Clearwater Seafoods. Mwaka [[2026]], kampuni ya Risley inayomilikiwa kwa sehemu, CFFI Ventures ilikuwa ikitafuta ulinzi wa mdaiwa baada ya vikwazo kadhaa ikiwa ni pamoja na kupoteza upatikanaji wa ardhi katika Newfoundland na Labrador kwa mradi uliop...' 1592796 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Carter Risley''' (alizaliwa [[26 Aprili]] [[1948]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Kanada]] mwenye maslahi katika uvuvi, virutubisho vya chakula, na mawasiliano. Yeye ni mwanzilishi mwenza wa Clearwater Seafoods. Mwaka [[2026]], kampuni ya Risley inayomilikiwa kwa sehemu, CFFI Ventures ilikuwa ikitafuta ulinzi wa mdaiwa baada ya vikwazo kadhaa ikiwa ni pamoja na kupoteza upatikanaji wa ardhi katika Newfoundland na Labrador kwa mradi uliopendekezwa wa hidrojeni ya kijani uitwao World Energy GH2. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] cuf7sm13sxud4qanmgxvmas5b8duvjt 1592797 1592796 2026-08-29T05:12:07Z Ally0111 85292 1592797 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Carter Risley''' (alizaliwa [[26 Aprili]] [[1948]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Kanada]] mwenye maslahi katika uvuvi, virutubisho vya chakula, na mawasiliano. Yeye ni mwanzilishi mwenza wa Clearwater Seafoods. Mwaka [[2026]], kampuni ya Risley inayomilikiwa kwa sehemu, CFFI Ventures ilikuwa ikitafuta ulinzi wa mdaiwa baada ya vikwazo kadhaa ikiwa ni pamoja na kupoteza upatikanaji wa ardhi katika Newfoundland na Labrador kwa mradi uliopendekezwa wa hidrojeni ya kijani uitwao World Energy GH2.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cuthbertson |first1=Richard |title=Restructuring of John Risley's troubled investment firm back in court |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/john-risley-investment-firm-ccaa-9.7127939 |access-date=17 March 2026 |work=CBC News |agency=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |date=Mar 13, 2026}}</ref><ref>[http://w.nsga.ns.ca/news/372-THE_NSGA_MOURNS_THE_LOSS_OF_PATRICIA_RISLEY THE NSGA MOURNS THE LOSS OF PATRICIA RISLEY] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508121822/http://w.nsga.ns.ca/news/372-THE_NSGA_MOURNS_THE_LOSS_OF_PATRICIA_RISLEY |date=2018-05-08 }} Nova Scotia Golf Association</ref><ref>[https://www.novascotiagenealogy.com/ItemView.aspx?ImageFile=1964-1015&Event=death&ID=447971 John Campbell Risley – Death Record] Nova Scotia Archives</ref><ref>[http://thechronicleherald.ca/metro/1198672-cfb-halifax-getting-multimillion-dollar-makeover CFB Halifax getting multimillion dollar makeover] Halifax Chronicle Herald</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] qqogh8ukecqi0zp38t8ghbacugzx28x 0 247785 1592804 2026-08-29T07:14:11Z Denis John5 57299 mwanzo 1592804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=David Adjaye|picha=Andrew Quinn portrait.jpg|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=22 Septemba 1966 (age 59) Dar es Salaam, Tanzania|kazi_yake=mchoraji wa majengo|tovuti=adjaye.com}} '''Sir David Frank Adjaye''' (kuzaliwa, 22 September 1966) ni Mhandisi wa Ghana-British [1] ambaye ameunda majengo mengi mashuhuri ulimwenguni kote, pamoja na Jumba la kumbukumbu la Taifa la Historia na Utamaduni wa Kiafrika huko Washington, DC Adjaye alichaguliwa kuwa knight katika Heshima ya Mwaka Mpya wa 2017 kwa huduma zake kwa usanifu. Alipokea Tuzo ya Dhahabu ya Kifalme ya 2021, na kumfanya kuwa mpokeaji wa kwanza wa Kiafrika na mmoja wa wapokeaji wachanga zaidi. Aliteuliwa kwa Order of Merit mnamo 2022. 9bgwd5i29dsmj5exxfsj9sjy70h0qzs 1592805 1592804 2026-08-29T07:20:16Z Denis John5 57299 new 1592805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=David Adjaye|picha=Andrew Quinn portrait.jpg|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=22 Septemba 1966 (age 59) Dar es Salaam, Tanzania|kazi_yake=mchoraji wa majengo|tovuti=adjaye.com}} '''Sir David Frank Adjaye''' (kuzaliwa, 22 September 1966) ni Mhandisi wa Ghana-British <ref>"Who We Are". ''Adjaye Associates''. Retrieved 9 September 2020.</ref> ambaye ameunda majengo mengi mashuhuri ulimwenguni kote, pamoja na Jumba la kumbukumbu la Taifa la Historia na Utamaduni wa Kiafrika huko Washington, DC Adjaye alichaguliwa kuwa knight katika Heshima ya Mwaka Mpya wa 2017 kwa huduma zake kwa usanifu. Alipokea Tuzo ya Dhahabu ya Kifalme ya 2021<ref>"Sir David Adjaye OBE receives 2021 Royal Gold Medal". ''Royal Institute of British Architects''. Retrieved 16 January 2022.</ref>, na kumfanya kuwa mpokeaji wa kwanza wa Kiafrika na mmoja wa wapokeaji wachanga zaidi. Aliteuliwa kwa Order of Merit <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170618015105/https://www.architecture.com/awards-and-competitions-landing-page/awards/royal-gold-medal Royal Gold Medal]</ref>mnamo 2022. cuwdlmxehu6d9ske5zlklua0p1ud3na 1592813 1592805 2026-08-29T07:54:32Z Denis John5 57299 ongezeko jipya 1592813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=David Adjaye|picha=Andrew Quinn portrait.jpg|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=22 Septemba 1966 (age 59) Dar es Salaam, Tanzania|kazi_yake=mchoraji wa majengo|tovuti=adjaye.com}} '''Sir David Frank Adjaye''' (kuzaliwa, 22 September 1966) ni Mhandisi wa Ghana-British <ref>"Who We Are". ''Adjaye Associates''. Retrieved 9 September 2020.</ref> ambaye ameunda majengo mengi mashuhuri ulimwenguni kote, pamoja na Jumba la kumbukumbu la Taifa la Historia na Utamaduni wa Kiafrika huko Washington, DC Adjaye alichaguliwa kuwa knight katika Heshima ya Mwaka Mpya wa 2017 kwa huduma zake kwa usanifu. Alipokea Tuzo ya Dhahabu ya Kifalme ya 2021<ref>"Sir David Adjaye OBE receives 2021 Royal Gold Medal". ''Royal Institute of British Architects''. Retrieved 16 January 2022.</ref>, na kumfanya kuwa mpokeaji wa kwanza wa Kiafrika na mmoja wa wapokeaji wachanga zaidi. Aliteuliwa kwa Order of Merit <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170618015105/https://www.architecture.com/awards-and-competitions-landing-page/awards/royal-gold-medal Royal Gold Medal]</ref>mnamo 2022. == Maisha yake ya Awali na elimu == Adjaye alizaliwa Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Mwana wa mwanadiplomasia wa Ghana, aliishi Tanzania, Misri, Yemen na Lebanon kabla ya kuhamia Uingereza akiwa na umri wa miaka tisa. Baada ya kuhitimu kutoka London South Bank University na shahada ya BA katika usanifu mwaka 1990, alishinda RIBA Bronze Medal kwa bora shahada ya kwanza ya kubuni mradi nchini Uingereza (Respite mradi). Mnamo 1993 alihitimu kutoka mpango wa uzamili katika Chuo cha Royal cha Sanaa. == Kazi == === Miradi ya awali === [[Faili:National Museum of African American History and Culture in February 2020.jpg|thumb|Jumba la Makumbusho la Kitaifa la Historia na Utamaduni wa Kiafrika na Amerika, [[Washington, D.C.]]]] Kazi za mapema za Adjaye ni pamoja na miradi mingi ya makazi, pamoja na nyumba ya Chris Ofili mnamo 1999, Nyumba chafu na Nyumba ya Kioo mnamo 2002, na studio ya Lorna Simpson mnamo 2006. Kisha alihamia kwenye miradi mikubwa kama vile Duka la Wazo huko Whitechapel, Uingereza, na Kituo cha Amani cha Nobel huko Oslo, Norway, mnamo 2005. Maonyesho ya kwanza ya studio, David Adjaye:''Making Public Buildings'', ilionyeshwa katika Whitechapel Gallery huko London mnamo Januari 2006, na Thames na Hudson kuchapisha orodha ya jina moja. Hii ilifuata kuchapishwa kwa kitabu cha kwanza cha Adjaye cha 2005, ''David Adjaye Houses''<ref>[http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/faculty/details.cgi?faculty_id=1354 David Adjaye], Harvard Design School. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427194250/http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/faculty/details.cgi?faculty_id=1354|date=27 April 2011}}</ref>.[[Faili:Abrahamic House4.jpg]] Kazi nyingine mashuhuri za mapema ni pamoja na Kituo cha Sanaa cha Bernie Grant na Kituo cha Stephen Lawrence mnamo 2007<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stephen Lawrence Centre by Adjaye Associates|url=https://www.dezeen.com/2008/03/04/stephen-lawrence-centre-by-adjaye-associates/|work=Dezeen|date=2008-03-04|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=Marcus Fairs}}</ref>. === Kazi kuu === Adjaye alichaguliwa kubuni Makumbusho ya Sanaa ya kisasa Denver, ambayo ilifunguliwa mwaka 2007. Jengo hilo, ambalo lilikuwa jengo la kwanza la makumbusho la Adjaye, lilibuniwa ili kupunguza mipaka kati ya sehemu za nje za jiji na sehemu za ndani za makumbusho. Madirisha ya juu yaliyofichwa hujaza vyumba vya ndani kwa nuru ya asili, na madirisha makubwa huelekeza jicho kwenye barabara za jiji. Jengo hilo lina maonyesho matano ya sanaa pamoja na maeneo ya elimu, duka, maktaba na cafe ya paa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Museum of Contemporary Art / Adjaye Associates|url=https://www.archdaily.com/214197/museum-of-contemporary-art-adjaye-associates|work=ArchDaily|date=2012-03-19|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US}}</ref> Adjaye alishinda mashindano ya kubuni Shule ya Usimamizi ya Moscow Skolkovo ambayo ilikamilishwa mnamo 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|title=David Adjaye. Interview and text by Vladimir Belogolovskiy|url=https://archi.ru/en/8520/david-adjaye-interview-and-text-by-vladimir-belogolovskiy|work=Archi.Ru|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref> Kukataa jadi chuo-style, jengo ni iliyoundwa kama aina moja ya kuhamasisha mwingiliano mwanafunzi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Museum of Contemporary Art / Adjaye Associates|url=https://www.archdaily.com/214197/museum-of-contemporary-art-adjaye-associates|work=ArchDaily|date=2012-03-19|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US}}</ref> Adjaye aliunda maktaba mbili mpya za jirani huko Washington, D.C.: Francis A. Maktaba ya Jirani ya Gregory na Bellevue / William O. Maktaba ya Lockridge, ambayo ilifunguliwa mwaka 2012.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=adjaye associates: two libraries for washington DC|url=https://www.designboom.com/architecture/adjaye-associates-two-libraries-for-washington-dc/|work=designboom {{!}} architecture & design magazine|date=2012-07-31|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=lauren grieco I. designboom}}</ref> Maktaba zilizoshinda tuzo hizo zinasherehekewa kwa kuwa ishara kwa jamii<ref name=":0" /> Mnamo mwaka wa 2015, Aishti Foundation, nyumba ya sanaa iliyochanganywa na nafasi ya rejareja, ilifunguliwa huko Beirut, Lebanon<ref>{{Cite web|title=Making Waves: Tony Salamé’s Aïshti Goes Big in Beirut|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/artists/making-waves-tony-salame-s-aishti-goes-big-in-beirut-4442/|work=ARTnews.com|date=2015-06-29|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author=Sarah Douglas}}</ref>. Eneo la maonyesho ni zaidi ya 40,000 mraba. Ubunifu wa Adjaye unaunganisha kutazama sanaa na ununuzi, mambo mawili yanayoonekana kupingana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=David Adjaye's Aïshti Foundation gallery and shopping centre nears completion in Beirut|url=https://www.dezeen.com/2015/11/05/david-adjaye-aishti-foundation-gallery-shopping-centre-nears-completion-beirut-lebanon/|work=Dezeen|date=2015-11-05|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=Anna Winston}}</ref> Mnamo 15 Aprili 2009, Adjaye alichaguliwa kuwa mbunifu mkuu wa timu ya wasanifu,<ref>{{Cite web|title=INTERVIEW WITH DAVID ADJAYE ABOUT THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY AND CULTURE|url=https://archive.pinupmagazine.org/articles/constructing-narrative-interview-with-david-adjaye|work=archive.pinupmagazine.org|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref> ambayo inajumuisha Kikundi cha Freelon, Davis Brody Bond na SmithGroup, kubuni Jumba jipya la Makumbusho la Kitaifa la Historia na Utamaduni wa Amerika ya Afrika, jumba la kumbukumbu la Taasisi ya Smithsonian, kwenye National Mall huko [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=David Adjaye wins competition for the National Museum of African American History and Culture|url=https://www.archdaily.com/20040/david-adjaye-will-design-the-national-museum-of-african-american-history-and-culture|work=ArchDaily|date=2009-04-17|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author=Sebastian Jordana}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Trescott|first=Jacqueline|title=Designer for the African American History Museum Is Chosen|date=2009-04-15|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/14/AR2009041401205.html|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref>. Ubunifu wake unaonyesha sura ya taji kutoka sanamu ya Yoruba. Jumba la kumbukumbu lilifunguliwa katika vuli ya 2016 na liliitwa "tukio la kitamaduni la mwaka" na The New York Times.<ref>{{Citation|last=Times|first=The New York|title=The National Museum of African American History and Culture|date=2016-09-15|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/09/15/arts/design/national-museum-of-african-american-history-and-culture.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/09/15/arts/design/national-museum-of-african-american-history-and-culture.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> Pia ilikuwa ni somo la wasifu juu ya Sky Arts mpango Sanaa ya Usanifu katika 2019<ref name=":1" />. Samani ambayo Adjaye iliyoundwa kwa ajili ya makumbusho ni viwandani na kuuzwa na Knoll. Mnamo 2007, msanii Linda Pace aliwasiliana na Adjaye kubuni kituo cha sanaa ya kisasa kwa mkusanyiko wake wa sanaa muda mfupi kabla ya kufa kutokana na saratani ya matiti mwaka huo. Ruby City, iliyoko [[San Antonio, Texas]], ilifunguliwa mnamo 2019<ref>{{Cite web|title=About|url=https://rubycity.org/about/|work=Ruby City|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2018, Rais wa 1199SEIU George Gresham aliwasiliana na Adjaye, ambaye baadaye alikubali tume ya kubuni nafasi mpya ya mwanachama wa futi za mraba 16,500. Mchoro huo ulionyesha mamia ya picha zilizokusanywa kutoka kwenye hazina kubwa ya picha za chama hicho na kuwekwa kwenye vigae vya kauri vilivyotengenezwa na kampuni ya Cerámica Suro huko Guadalajara, Mexico. 1199SEIU United Healthcare Workers East iko [[Jiji la New York|New York]], New York, na ilimalizika mnamo 2020. Iliyoundwa iliitwa jarida la Wasanifu Bora wa Ubunifu wa Mahali pa Kazi ya Ndani mnamo 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Announcing the winners of the 2020 AN Best of Design Awards|url=https://www.archpaper.com/2020/12/2020-an-best-of-design-awards/|work=The Architect’s Newspaper|date=2020-12-02|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author=The Editors}}</ref> [[Faili:WP Library & Events Center (c) Dror Baldinger, FAIA 1.jpg|thumb|Maktaba ya Winter Park & Center ya Matukio ]] Mnamo mwaka wa 2017, Adjaye kwa kushirikiana na Wasanifu wa HuntonBrady walifunua muundo wa Maktaba ya Winter Park na Kituo cha Matukio huko Winter Park, [[Florida]]. Maktaba ilifunguliwa rasmi kwa umma mnamo 13 Desemba 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winter Park Library & Events Center|url=https://www.adjaye.com/work/winter-park-library-events-center/|work=Adjaye Associates|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Adjaye Associates' Winter Park Library & Events Center opens in Florida|url=https://archinect.com/news/article/150293236/adjaye-associates-winter-park-library-events-center-opens-in-florida|work=Archinect|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=david adjaye's winter park library & events center opens its doors in florida|url=https://www.designboom.com/architecture/david-adjaye-winter-park-library-events-center-opens-doors-florida-12-12-2021/|work=designboom {{!}} architecture & design magazine|date=2021-12-12|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=myrto katsikopoulou I. designboom}}</ref>. Mnamo 2022, ilikuwa Mshindi wa Jury katika Jamii ya Maktaba kwa Tuzo za Architizer A +.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winter Park Library and Events Center by Adjaye Associates {{!}} 2022-03-01 {{!}} Architectural Record|url=https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/15531-winter-park-library-and-events-center-by-adjaye-associates|work=www.architecturalrecord.com|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Architecture for the Ages: Announcing the Winners of the 10th Annual A+Awards!|url=https://architizer.com/blog/inside-architizer/updates/2022-aawards-winners-announcement/|work=Journal|date=2022-06-07|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=Architizer Editors}}</ref> Mnamo 2023, sanamu ya kwanza ya Adjaye ya kudumu ya umma, iliyoitwa Asaase III ilifunuliwa. Picha hiyo iko katika The Griot Museum of Black History huko [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis,]] [[Missouri]], na iliamriwa na msimamizi Allison Glenn kwa ajili ya 2023 Counterpublic triennial<ref>{{Cite web|title=David Adjaye on His First Permanent Sculpture: This Is ‘How I Imagine an Ideal City’|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/artists/qa-david-adjaye-on-his-first-permanent-sculpture-1234670283/|work=ARTnews.com|date=2023-06-01|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author=Gameli Hamelo}}</ref> === Kazi zingine === Pamoja na tume zake za kimataifa, kazi ya Adjaye inajumuisha maonyesho, nyumba za kibinafsi na fanicha. Alijenga nyumba kwa ajili ya mbuni Alexander McQueen, msanii Jake Chapman, mpiga picha Jürgen Teller, mwigizaji Ewan McGregor, na wasanii Tim Noble na Sue Webster. Kwa msanii Chris Ofili, aliunda studio mpya na nyumba ya pwani huko Port of Spain, Trinidad. dkuztaas4q718p2b84jpd219kucahlj 1592814 1592813 2026-08-29T07:58:25Z Denis John5 57299 badiliko la picha 1592814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=David Adjaye|picha=Andrew Quinn portrait.jpg|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=22 Septemba 1966 (age 59) Dar es Salaam, Tanzania|kazi_yake=mchoraji wa majengo|tovuti=adjaye.com}} '''Sir David Frank Adjaye''' (kuzaliwa, 22 September 1966) ni Mhandisi wa Ghana-British <ref>"Who We Are". ''Adjaye Associates''. Retrieved 9 September 2020.</ref> ambaye ameunda majengo mengi mashuhuri ulimwenguni kote, pamoja na Jumba la kumbukumbu la Taifa la Historia na Utamaduni wa Kiafrika huko Washington, DC Adjaye alichaguliwa kuwa knight katika Heshima ya Mwaka Mpya wa 2017 kwa huduma zake kwa usanifu. Alipokea Tuzo ya Dhahabu ya Kifalme ya 2021<ref>"Sir David Adjaye OBE receives 2021 Royal Gold Medal". ''Royal Institute of British Architects''. Retrieved 16 January 2022.</ref>, na kumfanya kuwa mpokeaji wa kwanza wa Kiafrika na mmoja wa wapokeaji wachanga zaidi. Aliteuliwa kwa Order of Merit <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170618015105/https://www.architecture.com/awards-and-competitions-landing-page/awards/royal-gold-medal Royal Gold Medal]</ref>mnamo 2022. == Maisha yake ya Awali na elimu == Adjaye alizaliwa Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Mwana wa mwanadiplomasia wa Ghana, aliishi Tanzania, Misri, Yemen na Lebanon kabla ya kuhamia Uingereza akiwa na umri wa miaka tisa. Baada ya kuhitimu kutoka London South Bank University na shahada ya BA katika usanifu mwaka 1990, alishinda RIBA Bronze Medal kwa bora shahada ya kwanza ya kubuni mradi nchini Uingereza (Respite mradi). Mnamo 1993 alihitimu kutoka mpango wa uzamili katika Chuo cha Royal cha Sanaa. == Kazi == === Miradi ya awali === [[Faili:National Museum of African American History and Culture in February 2020.jpg|thumb|Jumba la Makumbusho la Kitaifa la Historia na Utamaduni wa Kiafrika na Amerika, [[Washington, D.C.]]]] Kazi za mapema za Adjaye ni pamoja na miradi mingi ya makazi, pamoja na nyumba ya Chris Ofili mnamo 1999, Nyumba chafu na Nyumba ya Kioo mnamo 2002, na studio ya Lorna Simpson mnamo 2006. Kisha alihamia kwenye miradi mikubwa kama vile Duka la Wazo huko Whitechapel, Uingereza, na Kituo cha Amani cha Nobel huko Oslo, Norway, mnamo 2005. [[Faili:Abrahamic_House4.jpg|alt=Nyumba ya Familia ya Abrahamu, Abu Dhabi|thumb|250x250px|Nyumba ya Familia ya Abrahamu, [[Abu Dhabi]]]] Maonyesho ya kwanza ya studio, David Adjaye:''Making Public Buildings'', ilionyeshwa katika Whitechapel Gallery huko London mnamo Januari 2006, na Thames na Hudson kuchapisha orodha ya jina moja. Hii ilifuata kuchapishwa kwa kitabu cha kwanza cha Adjaye cha 2005, ''David Adjaye Houses''<ref>[http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/faculty/details.cgi?faculty_id=1354 David Adjaye], Harvard Design School. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427194250/http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/faculty/details.cgi?faculty_id=1354|date=27 April 2011}}</ref>. Kazi nyingine mashuhuri za mapema ni pamoja na Kituo cha Sanaa cha Bernie Grant na Kituo cha Stephen Lawrence mnamo 2007<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stephen Lawrence Centre by Adjaye Associates|url=https://www.dezeen.com/2008/03/04/stephen-lawrence-centre-by-adjaye-associates/|work=Dezeen|date=2008-03-04|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=Marcus Fairs}}</ref>. === Kazi kuu === Adjaye alichaguliwa kubuni Makumbusho ya Sanaa ya kisasa Denver, ambayo ilifunguliwa mwaka 2007. Jengo hilo, ambalo lilikuwa jengo la kwanza la makumbusho la Adjaye, lilibuniwa ili kupunguza mipaka kati ya sehemu za nje za jiji na sehemu za ndani za makumbusho. Madirisha ya juu yaliyofichwa hujaza vyumba vya ndani kwa nuru ya asili, na madirisha makubwa huelekeza jicho kwenye barabara za jiji. Jengo hilo lina maonyesho matano ya sanaa pamoja na maeneo ya elimu, duka, maktaba na cafe ya paa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Museum of Contemporary Art / Adjaye Associates|url=https://www.archdaily.com/214197/museum-of-contemporary-art-adjaye-associates|work=ArchDaily|date=2012-03-19|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US}}</ref> Adjaye alishinda mashindano ya kubuni Shule ya Usimamizi ya Moscow Skolkovo ambayo ilikamilishwa mnamo 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|title=David Adjaye. Interview and text by Vladimir Belogolovskiy|url=https://archi.ru/en/8520/david-adjaye-interview-and-text-by-vladimir-belogolovskiy|work=Archi.Ru|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref> Kukataa jadi chuo-style, jengo ni iliyoundwa kama aina moja ya kuhamasisha mwingiliano mwanafunzi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Museum of Contemporary Art / Adjaye Associates|url=https://www.archdaily.com/214197/museum-of-contemporary-art-adjaye-associates|work=ArchDaily|date=2012-03-19|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US}}</ref> Adjaye aliunda maktaba mbili mpya za jirani huko Washington, D.C.: Francis A. Maktaba ya Jirani ya Gregory na Bellevue / William O. Maktaba ya Lockridge, ambayo ilifunguliwa mwaka 2012.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=adjaye associates: two libraries for washington DC|url=https://www.designboom.com/architecture/adjaye-associates-two-libraries-for-washington-dc/|work=designboom {{!}} architecture & design magazine|date=2012-07-31|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=lauren grieco I. designboom}}</ref> Maktaba zilizoshinda tuzo hizo zinasherehekewa kwa kuwa ishara kwa jamii<ref name=":0" /> Mnamo mwaka wa 2015, Aishti Foundation, nyumba ya sanaa iliyochanganywa na nafasi ya rejareja, ilifunguliwa huko Beirut, Lebanon<ref>{{Cite web|title=Making Waves: Tony Salamé’s Aïshti Goes Big in Beirut|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/artists/making-waves-tony-salame-s-aishti-goes-big-in-beirut-4442/|work=ARTnews.com|date=2015-06-29|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author=Sarah Douglas}}</ref>. Eneo la maonyesho ni zaidi ya 40,000 mraba. Ubunifu wa Adjaye unaunganisha kutazama sanaa na ununuzi, mambo mawili yanayoonekana kupingana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=David Adjaye's Aïshti Foundation gallery and shopping centre nears completion in Beirut|url=https://www.dezeen.com/2015/11/05/david-adjaye-aishti-foundation-gallery-shopping-centre-nears-completion-beirut-lebanon/|work=Dezeen|date=2015-11-05|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=Anna Winston}}</ref> Mnamo 15 Aprili 2009, Adjaye alichaguliwa kuwa mbunifu mkuu wa timu ya wasanifu,<ref>{{Cite web|title=INTERVIEW WITH DAVID ADJAYE ABOUT THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY AND CULTURE|url=https://archive.pinupmagazine.org/articles/constructing-narrative-interview-with-david-adjaye|work=archive.pinupmagazine.org|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref> ambayo inajumuisha Kikundi cha Freelon, Davis Brody Bond na SmithGroup, kubuni Jumba jipya la Makumbusho la Kitaifa la Historia na Utamaduni wa Amerika ya Afrika, jumba la kumbukumbu la Taasisi ya Smithsonian, kwenye National Mall huko [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=David Adjaye wins competition for the National Museum of African American History and Culture|url=https://www.archdaily.com/20040/david-adjaye-will-design-the-national-museum-of-african-american-history-and-culture|work=ArchDaily|date=2009-04-17|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author=Sebastian Jordana}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Trescott|first=Jacqueline|title=Designer for the African American History Museum Is Chosen|date=2009-04-15|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/14/AR2009041401205.html|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref>. Ubunifu wake unaonyesha sura ya taji kutoka sanamu ya Yoruba. Jumba la kumbukumbu lilifunguliwa katika vuli ya 2016 na liliitwa "tukio la kitamaduni la mwaka" na The New York Times.<ref>{{Citation|last=Times|first=The New York|title=The National Museum of African American History and Culture|date=2016-09-15|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/09/15/arts/design/national-museum-of-african-american-history-and-culture.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/09/15/arts/design/national-museum-of-african-american-history-and-culture.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> Pia ilikuwa ni somo la wasifu juu ya Sky Arts mpango Sanaa ya Usanifu katika 2019<ref name=":1" />. Samani ambayo Adjaye iliyoundwa kwa ajili ya makumbusho ni viwandani na kuuzwa na Knoll. Mnamo 2007, msanii Linda Pace aliwasiliana na Adjaye kubuni kituo cha sanaa ya kisasa kwa mkusanyiko wake wa sanaa muda mfupi kabla ya kufa kutokana na saratani ya matiti mwaka huo. Ruby City, iliyoko [[San Antonio, Texas]], ilifunguliwa mnamo 2019<ref>{{Cite web|title=About|url=https://rubycity.org/about/|work=Ruby City|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2018, Rais wa 1199SEIU George Gresham aliwasiliana na Adjaye, ambaye baadaye alikubali tume ya kubuni nafasi mpya ya mwanachama wa futi za mraba 16,500. Mchoro huo ulionyesha mamia ya picha zilizokusanywa kutoka kwenye hazina kubwa ya picha za chama hicho na kuwekwa kwenye vigae vya kauri vilivyotengenezwa na kampuni ya Cerámica Suro huko Guadalajara, Mexico. 1199SEIU United Healthcare Workers East iko [[Jiji la New York|New York]], New York, na ilimalizika mnamo 2020. Iliyoundwa iliitwa jarida la Wasanifu Bora wa Ubunifu wa Mahali pa Kazi ya Ndani mnamo 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Announcing the winners of the 2020 AN Best of Design Awards|url=https://www.archpaper.com/2020/12/2020-an-best-of-design-awards/|work=The Architect’s Newspaper|date=2020-12-02|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author=The Editors}}</ref> [[Faili:WP Library & Events Center (c) Dror Baldinger, FAIA 1.jpg|thumb|Maktaba ya Winter Park & Center ya Matukio ]] Mnamo mwaka wa 2017, Adjaye kwa kushirikiana na Wasanifu wa HuntonBrady walifunua muundo wa Maktaba ya Winter Park na Kituo cha Matukio huko Winter Park, [[Florida]]. Maktaba ilifunguliwa rasmi kwa umma mnamo 13 Desemba 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winter Park Library & Events Center|url=https://www.adjaye.com/work/winter-park-library-events-center/|work=Adjaye Associates|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Adjaye Associates' Winter Park Library & Events Center opens in Florida|url=https://archinect.com/news/article/150293236/adjaye-associates-winter-park-library-events-center-opens-in-florida|work=Archinect|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=david adjaye's winter park library & events center opens its doors in florida|url=https://www.designboom.com/architecture/david-adjaye-winter-park-library-events-center-opens-doors-florida-12-12-2021/|work=designboom {{!}} architecture & design magazine|date=2021-12-12|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=myrto katsikopoulou I. designboom}}</ref>. Mnamo 2022, ilikuwa Mshindi wa Jury katika Jamii ya Maktaba kwa Tuzo za Architizer A +.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winter Park Library and Events Center by Adjaye Associates {{!}} 2022-03-01 {{!}} Architectural Record|url=https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/15531-winter-park-library-and-events-center-by-adjaye-associates|work=www.architecturalrecord.com|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Architecture for the Ages: Announcing the Winners of the 10th Annual A+Awards!|url=https://architizer.com/blog/inside-architizer/updates/2022-aawards-winners-announcement/|work=Journal|date=2022-06-07|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=Architizer Editors}}</ref> Mnamo 2023, sanamu ya kwanza ya Adjaye ya kudumu ya umma, iliyoitwa Asaase III ilifunuliwa. Picha hiyo iko katika The Griot Museum of Black History huko [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis,]] [[Missouri]], na iliamriwa na msimamizi Allison Glenn kwa ajili ya 2023 Counterpublic triennial<ref>{{Cite web|title=David Adjaye on His First Permanent Sculpture: This Is ‘How I Imagine an Ideal City’|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/artists/qa-david-adjaye-on-his-first-permanent-sculpture-1234670283/|work=ARTnews.com|date=2023-06-01|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author=Gameli Hamelo}}</ref> === Kazi zingine === Pamoja na tume zake za kimataifa, kazi ya Adjaye inajumuisha maonyesho, nyumba za kibinafsi na fanicha. Alijenga nyumba kwa ajili ya mbuni Alexander McQueen, msanii Jake Chapman, mpiga picha Jürgen Teller, mwigizaji Ewan McGregor, na wasanii Tim Noble na Sue Webster. Kwa msanii Chris Ofili, aliunda studio mpya na nyumba ya pwani huko Port of Spain, Trinidad. te6i8kqj67o0w2s5yc6umnmg827cxju 1592815 1592814 2026-08-29T08:03:13Z Denis John5 57299 1592815 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=David Adjaye|picha=Andrew Quinn portrait.jpg|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=22 Septemba 1966 (age 59) Dar es Salaam, Tanzania|kazi_yake=mchoraji wa majengo|tovuti=www.adjaye.com/}} '''Sir David Frank Adjaye''' (kuzaliwa, 22 September 1966) ni Mhandisi wa Ghana-British <ref>"Who We Are". ''Adjaye Associates''. Retrieved 9 September 2020.</ref> ambaye ameunda majengo mengi mashuhuri ulimwenguni kote, pamoja na Jumba la kumbukumbu la Taifa la Historia na Utamaduni wa Kiafrika huko Washington, DC Adjaye alichaguliwa kuwa knight katika Heshima ya Mwaka Mpya wa 2017 kwa huduma zake kwa usanifu. Alipokea Tuzo ya Dhahabu ya Kifalme ya 2021<ref>"Sir David Adjaye OBE receives 2021 Royal Gold Medal". ''Royal Institute of British Architects''. Retrieved 16 January 2022.</ref>, na kumfanya kuwa mpokeaji wa kwanza wa Kiafrika na mmoja wa wapokeaji wachanga zaidi. Aliteuliwa kwa Order of Merit <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170618015105/https://www.architecture.com/awards-and-competitions-landing-page/awards/royal-gold-medal Royal Gold Medal]</ref>mnamo 2022. == Maisha yake ya Awali na elimu == Adjaye alizaliwa Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Mwana wa mwanadiplomasia wa Ghana, aliishi Tanzania, Misri, Yemen na Lebanon kabla ya kuhamia Uingereza akiwa na umri wa miaka tisa. Baada ya kuhitimu kutoka London South Bank University na shahada ya BA katika usanifu mwaka 1990, alishinda RIBA Bronze Medal kwa bora shahada ya kwanza ya kubuni mradi nchini Uingereza (Respite mradi). Mnamo 1993 alihitimu kutoka mpango wa uzamili katika Chuo cha Royal cha Sanaa. == Kazi == === Miradi ya awali === [[Faili:National Museum of African American History and Culture in February 2020.jpg|thumb|Jumba la Makumbusho la Kitaifa la Historia na Utamaduni wa Kiafrika na Amerika, [[Washington, D.C.]]]] Kazi za mapema za Adjaye ni pamoja na miradi mingi ya makazi, pamoja na nyumba ya Chris Ofili mnamo 1999, Nyumba chafu na Nyumba ya Kioo mnamo 2002, na studio ya Lorna Simpson mnamo 2006. Kisha alihamia kwenye miradi mikubwa kama vile Duka la Wazo huko Whitechapel, Uingereza, na Kituo cha Amani cha Nobel huko Oslo, Norway, mnamo 2005. [[Faili:Abrahamic_House4.jpg|alt=Nyumba ya Familia ya Abrahamu, Abu Dhabi|thumb|250x250px|Nyumba ya Familia ya Abrahamu, [[Abu Dhabi]]]] Maonyesho ya kwanza ya studio, David Adjaye:''Making Public Buildings'', ilionyeshwa katika Whitechapel Gallery huko London mnamo Januari 2006, na Thames na Hudson kuchapisha orodha ya jina moja. Hii ilifuata kuchapishwa kwa kitabu cha kwanza cha Adjaye cha 2005, ''David Adjaye Houses''<ref>[http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/faculty/details.cgi?faculty_id=1354 David Adjaye], Harvard Design School. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427194250/http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/faculty/details.cgi?faculty_id=1354|date=27 April 2011}}</ref>. Kazi nyingine mashuhuri za mapema ni pamoja na Kituo cha Sanaa cha Bernie Grant na Kituo cha Stephen Lawrence mnamo 2007<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stephen Lawrence Centre by Adjaye Associates|url=https://www.dezeen.com/2008/03/04/stephen-lawrence-centre-by-adjaye-associates/|work=Dezeen|date=2008-03-04|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=Marcus Fairs}}</ref>. === Kazi kuu === Adjaye alichaguliwa kubuni Makumbusho ya Sanaa ya kisasa Denver, ambayo ilifunguliwa mwaka 2007. Jengo hilo, ambalo lilikuwa jengo la kwanza la makumbusho la Adjaye, lilibuniwa ili kupunguza mipaka kati ya sehemu za nje za jiji na sehemu za ndani za makumbusho. Madirisha ya juu yaliyofichwa hujaza vyumba vya ndani kwa nuru ya asili, na madirisha makubwa huelekeza jicho kwenye barabara za jiji. Jengo hilo lina maonyesho matano ya sanaa pamoja na maeneo ya elimu, duka, maktaba na cafe ya paa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Museum of Contemporary Art / Adjaye Associates|url=https://www.archdaily.com/214197/museum-of-contemporary-art-adjaye-associates|work=ArchDaily|date=2012-03-19|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US}}</ref> Adjaye alishinda mashindano ya kubuni Shule ya Usimamizi ya Moscow Skolkovo ambayo ilikamilishwa mnamo 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|title=David Adjaye. Interview and text by Vladimir Belogolovskiy|url=https://archi.ru/en/8520/david-adjaye-interview-and-text-by-vladimir-belogolovskiy|work=Archi.Ru|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref> Kukataa jadi chuo-style, jengo ni iliyoundwa kama aina moja ya kuhamasisha mwingiliano mwanafunzi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Museum of Contemporary Art / Adjaye Associates|url=https://www.archdaily.com/214197/museum-of-contemporary-art-adjaye-associates|work=ArchDaily|date=2012-03-19|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US}}</ref> Adjaye aliunda maktaba mbili mpya za jirani huko Washington, D.C.: Francis A. Maktaba ya Jirani ya Gregory na Bellevue / William O. Maktaba ya Lockridge, ambayo ilifunguliwa mwaka 2012.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=adjaye associates: two libraries for washington DC|url=https://www.designboom.com/architecture/adjaye-associates-two-libraries-for-washington-dc/|work=designboom {{!}} architecture & design magazine|date=2012-07-31|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=lauren grieco I. designboom}}</ref> Maktaba zilizoshinda tuzo hizo zinasherehekewa kwa kuwa ishara kwa jamii<ref name=":0" /> Mnamo mwaka wa 2015, Aishti Foundation, nyumba ya sanaa iliyochanganywa na nafasi ya rejareja, ilifunguliwa huko Beirut, Lebanon<ref>{{Cite web|title=Making Waves: Tony Salamé’s Aïshti Goes Big in Beirut|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/artists/making-waves-tony-salame-s-aishti-goes-big-in-beirut-4442/|work=ARTnews.com|date=2015-06-29|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author=Sarah Douglas}}</ref>. Eneo la maonyesho ni zaidi ya 40,000 mraba. Ubunifu wa Adjaye unaunganisha kutazama sanaa na ununuzi, mambo mawili yanayoonekana kupingana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=David Adjaye's Aïshti Foundation gallery and shopping centre nears completion in Beirut|url=https://www.dezeen.com/2015/11/05/david-adjaye-aishti-foundation-gallery-shopping-centre-nears-completion-beirut-lebanon/|work=Dezeen|date=2015-11-05|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=Anna Winston}}</ref> Mnamo 15 Aprili 2009, Adjaye alichaguliwa kuwa mbunifu mkuu wa timu ya wasanifu,<ref>{{Cite web|title=INTERVIEW WITH DAVID ADJAYE ABOUT THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY AND CULTURE|url=https://archive.pinupmagazine.org/articles/constructing-narrative-interview-with-david-adjaye|work=archive.pinupmagazine.org|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref> ambayo inajumuisha Kikundi cha Freelon, Davis Brody Bond na SmithGroup, kubuni Jumba jipya la Makumbusho la Kitaifa la Historia na Utamaduni wa Amerika ya Afrika, jumba la kumbukumbu la Taasisi ya Smithsonian, kwenye National Mall huko [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=David Adjaye wins competition for the National Museum of African American History and Culture|url=https://www.archdaily.com/20040/david-adjaye-will-design-the-national-museum-of-african-american-history-and-culture|work=ArchDaily|date=2009-04-17|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author=Sebastian Jordana}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Trescott|first=Jacqueline|title=Designer for the African American History Museum Is Chosen|date=2009-04-15|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/14/AR2009041401205.html|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref>. Ubunifu wake unaonyesha sura ya taji kutoka sanamu ya Yoruba. Jumba la kumbukumbu lilifunguliwa katika vuli ya 2016 na liliitwa "tukio la kitamaduni la mwaka" na The New York Times.<ref>{{Citation|last=Times|first=The New York|title=The National Museum of African American History and Culture|date=2016-09-15|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/09/15/arts/design/national-museum-of-african-american-history-and-culture.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/09/15/arts/design/national-museum-of-african-american-history-and-culture.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> Pia ilikuwa ni somo la wasifu juu ya Sky Arts mpango Sanaa ya Usanifu katika 2019<ref name=":1" />. Samani ambayo Adjaye iliyoundwa kwa ajili ya makumbusho ni viwandani na kuuzwa na Knoll. Mnamo 2007, msanii Linda Pace aliwasiliana na Adjaye kubuni kituo cha sanaa ya kisasa kwa mkusanyiko wake wa sanaa muda mfupi kabla ya kufa kutokana na saratani ya matiti mwaka huo. Ruby City, iliyoko [[San Antonio, Texas]], ilifunguliwa mnamo 2019<ref>{{Cite web|title=About|url=https://rubycity.org/about/|work=Ruby City|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2018, Rais wa 1199SEIU George Gresham aliwasiliana na Adjaye, ambaye baadaye alikubali tume ya kubuni nafasi mpya ya mwanachama wa futi za mraba 16,500. Mchoro huo ulionyesha mamia ya picha zilizokusanywa kutoka kwenye hazina kubwa ya picha za chama hicho na kuwekwa kwenye vigae vya kauri vilivyotengenezwa na kampuni ya Cerámica Suro huko Guadalajara, Mexico. 1199SEIU United Healthcare Workers East iko [[Jiji la New York|New York]], New York, na ilimalizika mnamo 2020. Iliyoundwa iliitwa jarida la Wasanifu Bora wa Ubunifu wa Mahali pa Kazi ya Ndani mnamo 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Announcing the winners of the 2020 AN Best of Design Awards|url=https://www.archpaper.com/2020/12/2020-an-best-of-design-awards/|work=The Architect’s Newspaper|date=2020-12-02|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author=The Editors}}</ref> [[Faili:WP Library & Events Center (c) Dror Baldinger, FAIA 1.jpg|thumb|Maktaba ya Winter Park & Center ya Matukio ]] Mnamo mwaka wa 2017, Adjaye kwa kushirikiana na Wasanifu wa HuntonBrady walifunua muundo wa Maktaba ya Winter Park na Kituo cha Matukio huko Winter Park, [[Florida]]. Maktaba ilifunguliwa rasmi kwa umma mnamo 13 Desemba 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winter Park Library & Events Center|url=https://www.adjaye.com/work/winter-park-library-events-center/|work=Adjaye Associates|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Adjaye Associates' Winter Park Library & Events Center opens in Florida|url=https://archinect.com/news/article/150293236/adjaye-associates-winter-park-library-events-center-opens-in-florida|work=Archinect|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=david adjaye's winter park library & events center opens its doors in florida|url=https://www.designboom.com/architecture/david-adjaye-winter-park-library-events-center-opens-doors-florida-12-12-2021/|work=designboom {{!}} architecture & design magazine|date=2021-12-12|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=myrto katsikopoulou I. designboom}}</ref>. Mnamo 2022, ilikuwa Mshindi wa Jury katika Jamii ya Maktaba kwa Tuzo za Architizer A +.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winter Park Library and Events Center by Adjaye Associates {{!}} 2022-03-01 {{!}} Architectural Record|url=https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/15531-winter-park-library-and-events-center-by-adjaye-associates|work=www.architecturalrecord.com|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Architecture for the Ages: Announcing the Winners of the 10th Annual A+Awards!|url=https://architizer.com/blog/inside-architizer/updates/2022-aawards-winners-announcement/|work=Journal|date=2022-06-07|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=Architizer Editors}}</ref> Mnamo 2023, sanamu ya kwanza ya Adjaye ya kudumu ya umma, iliyoitwa Asaase III ilifunuliwa. Picha hiyo iko katika The Griot Museum of Black History huko [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis,]] [[Missouri]], na iliamriwa na msimamizi Allison Glenn kwa ajili ya 2023 Counterpublic triennial<ref>{{Cite web|title=David Adjaye on His First Permanent Sculpture: This Is ‘How I Imagine an Ideal City’|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/artists/qa-david-adjaye-on-his-first-permanent-sculpture-1234670283/|work=ARTnews.com|date=2023-06-01|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author=Gameli Hamelo}}</ref> === Kazi zingine === Pamoja na tume zake za kimataifa, kazi ya Adjaye inajumuisha maonyesho, nyumba za kibinafsi na fanicha. Alijenga nyumba kwa ajili ya mbuni Alexander McQueen, msanii Jake Chapman, mpiga picha Jürgen Teller, mwigizaji Ewan McGregor, na wasanii Tim Noble na Sue Webster. Kwa msanii Chris Ofili, aliunda studio mpya na nyumba ya pwani huko Port of Spain, Trinidad. cq0sz8n4u19ww5zbydwbtv27b06ikh0 1592816 1592815 2026-08-29T08:03:32Z Denis John5 57299 1592816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=David Adjaye|picha=Andrew Quinn portrait.jpg|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=22 Septemba 1966 (age 59) Dar es Salaam, Tanzania|kazi_yake=mchoraji wa majengo|tovuti=https://www.adjaye.com/}} '''Sir David Frank Adjaye''' (kuzaliwa, 22 September 1966) ni Mhandisi wa Ghana-British <ref>"Who We Are". ''Adjaye Associates''. Retrieved 9 September 2020.</ref> ambaye ameunda majengo mengi mashuhuri ulimwenguni kote, pamoja na Jumba la kumbukumbu la Taifa la Historia na Utamaduni wa Kiafrika huko Washington, DC Adjaye alichaguliwa kuwa knight katika Heshima ya Mwaka Mpya wa 2017 kwa huduma zake kwa usanifu. Alipokea Tuzo ya Dhahabu ya Kifalme ya 2021<ref>"Sir David Adjaye OBE receives 2021 Royal Gold Medal". ''Royal Institute of British Architects''. Retrieved 16 January 2022.</ref>, na kumfanya kuwa mpokeaji wa kwanza wa Kiafrika na mmoja wa wapokeaji wachanga zaidi. Aliteuliwa kwa Order of Merit <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170618015105/https://www.architecture.com/awards-and-competitions-landing-page/awards/royal-gold-medal Royal Gold Medal]</ref>mnamo 2022. == Maisha yake ya Awali na elimu == Adjaye alizaliwa Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Mwana wa mwanadiplomasia wa Ghana, aliishi Tanzania, Misri, Yemen na Lebanon kabla ya kuhamia Uingereza akiwa na umri wa miaka tisa. Baada ya kuhitimu kutoka London South Bank University na shahada ya BA katika usanifu mwaka 1990, alishinda RIBA Bronze Medal kwa bora shahada ya kwanza ya kubuni mradi nchini Uingereza (Respite mradi). Mnamo 1993 alihitimu kutoka mpango wa uzamili katika Chuo cha Royal cha Sanaa. == Kazi == === Miradi ya awali === [[Faili:National Museum of African American History and Culture in February 2020.jpg|thumb|Jumba la Makumbusho la Kitaifa la Historia na Utamaduni wa Kiafrika na Amerika, [[Washington, D.C.]]]] Kazi za mapema za Adjaye ni pamoja na miradi mingi ya makazi, pamoja na nyumba ya Chris Ofili mnamo 1999, Nyumba chafu na Nyumba ya Kioo mnamo 2002, na studio ya Lorna Simpson mnamo 2006. Kisha alihamia kwenye miradi mikubwa kama vile Duka la Wazo huko Whitechapel, Uingereza, na Kituo cha Amani cha Nobel huko Oslo, Norway, mnamo 2005. [[Faili:Abrahamic_House4.jpg|alt=Nyumba ya Familia ya Abrahamu, Abu Dhabi|thumb|250x250px|Nyumba ya Familia ya Abrahamu, [[Abu Dhabi]]]] Maonyesho ya kwanza ya studio, David Adjaye:''Making Public Buildings'', ilionyeshwa katika Whitechapel Gallery huko London mnamo Januari 2006, na Thames na Hudson kuchapisha orodha ya jina moja. Hii ilifuata kuchapishwa kwa kitabu cha kwanza cha Adjaye cha 2005, ''David Adjaye Houses''<ref>[http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/faculty/details.cgi?faculty_id=1354 David Adjaye], Harvard Design School. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427194250/http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/faculty/details.cgi?faculty_id=1354|date=27 April 2011}}</ref>. Kazi nyingine mashuhuri za mapema ni pamoja na Kituo cha Sanaa cha Bernie Grant na Kituo cha Stephen Lawrence mnamo 2007<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stephen Lawrence Centre by Adjaye Associates|url=https://www.dezeen.com/2008/03/04/stephen-lawrence-centre-by-adjaye-associates/|work=Dezeen|date=2008-03-04|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=Marcus Fairs}}</ref>. === Kazi kuu === Adjaye alichaguliwa kubuni Makumbusho ya Sanaa ya kisasa Denver, ambayo ilifunguliwa mwaka 2007. Jengo hilo, ambalo lilikuwa jengo la kwanza la makumbusho la Adjaye, lilibuniwa ili kupunguza mipaka kati ya sehemu za nje za jiji na sehemu za ndani za makumbusho. Madirisha ya juu yaliyofichwa hujaza vyumba vya ndani kwa nuru ya asili, na madirisha makubwa huelekeza jicho kwenye barabara za jiji. Jengo hilo lina maonyesho matano ya sanaa pamoja na maeneo ya elimu, duka, maktaba na cafe ya paa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Museum of Contemporary Art / Adjaye Associates|url=https://www.archdaily.com/214197/museum-of-contemporary-art-adjaye-associates|work=ArchDaily|date=2012-03-19|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US}}</ref> Adjaye alishinda mashindano ya kubuni Shule ya Usimamizi ya Moscow Skolkovo ambayo ilikamilishwa mnamo 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|title=David Adjaye. Interview and text by Vladimir Belogolovskiy|url=https://archi.ru/en/8520/david-adjaye-interview-and-text-by-vladimir-belogolovskiy|work=Archi.Ru|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref> Kukataa jadi chuo-style, jengo ni iliyoundwa kama aina moja ya kuhamasisha mwingiliano mwanafunzi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Museum of Contemporary Art / Adjaye Associates|url=https://www.archdaily.com/214197/museum-of-contemporary-art-adjaye-associates|work=ArchDaily|date=2012-03-19|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US}}</ref> Adjaye aliunda maktaba mbili mpya za jirani huko Washington, D.C.: Francis A. Maktaba ya Jirani ya Gregory na Bellevue / William O. Maktaba ya Lockridge, ambayo ilifunguliwa mwaka 2012.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=adjaye associates: two libraries for washington DC|url=https://www.designboom.com/architecture/adjaye-associates-two-libraries-for-washington-dc/|work=designboom {{!}} architecture & design magazine|date=2012-07-31|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=lauren grieco I. designboom}}</ref> Maktaba zilizoshinda tuzo hizo zinasherehekewa kwa kuwa ishara kwa jamii<ref name=":0" /> Mnamo mwaka wa 2015, Aishti Foundation, nyumba ya sanaa iliyochanganywa na nafasi ya rejareja, ilifunguliwa huko Beirut, Lebanon<ref>{{Cite web|title=Making Waves: Tony Salamé’s Aïshti Goes Big in Beirut|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/artists/making-waves-tony-salame-s-aishti-goes-big-in-beirut-4442/|work=ARTnews.com|date=2015-06-29|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author=Sarah Douglas}}</ref>. Eneo la maonyesho ni zaidi ya 40,000 mraba. Ubunifu wa Adjaye unaunganisha kutazama sanaa na ununuzi, mambo mawili yanayoonekana kupingana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=David Adjaye's Aïshti Foundation gallery and shopping centre nears completion in Beirut|url=https://www.dezeen.com/2015/11/05/david-adjaye-aishti-foundation-gallery-shopping-centre-nears-completion-beirut-lebanon/|work=Dezeen|date=2015-11-05|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=Anna Winston}}</ref> Mnamo 15 Aprili 2009, Adjaye alichaguliwa kuwa mbunifu mkuu wa timu ya wasanifu,<ref>{{Cite web|title=INTERVIEW WITH DAVID ADJAYE ABOUT THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY AND CULTURE|url=https://archive.pinupmagazine.org/articles/constructing-narrative-interview-with-david-adjaye|work=archive.pinupmagazine.org|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref> ambayo inajumuisha Kikundi cha Freelon, Davis Brody Bond na SmithGroup, kubuni Jumba jipya la Makumbusho la Kitaifa la Historia na Utamaduni wa Amerika ya Afrika, jumba la kumbukumbu la Taasisi ya Smithsonian, kwenye National Mall huko [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=David Adjaye wins competition for the National Museum of African American History and Culture|url=https://www.archdaily.com/20040/david-adjaye-will-design-the-national-museum-of-african-american-history-and-culture|work=ArchDaily|date=2009-04-17|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author=Sebastian Jordana}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Trescott|first=Jacqueline|title=Designer for the African American History Museum Is Chosen|date=2009-04-15|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/14/AR2009041401205.html|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref>. Ubunifu wake unaonyesha sura ya taji kutoka sanamu ya Yoruba. Jumba la kumbukumbu lilifunguliwa katika vuli ya 2016 na liliitwa "tukio la kitamaduni la mwaka" na The New York Times.<ref>{{Citation|last=Times|first=The New York|title=The National Museum of African American History and Culture|date=2016-09-15|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/09/15/arts/design/national-museum-of-african-american-history-and-culture.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/09/15/arts/design/national-museum-of-african-american-history-and-culture.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> Pia ilikuwa ni somo la wasifu juu ya Sky Arts mpango Sanaa ya Usanifu katika 2019<ref name=":1" />. Samani ambayo Adjaye iliyoundwa kwa ajili ya makumbusho ni viwandani na kuuzwa na Knoll. Mnamo 2007, msanii Linda Pace aliwasiliana na Adjaye kubuni kituo cha sanaa ya kisasa kwa mkusanyiko wake wa sanaa muda mfupi kabla ya kufa kutokana na saratani ya matiti mwaka huo. Ruby City, iliyoko [[San Antonio, Texas]], ilifunguliwa mnamo 2019<ref>{{Cite web|title=About|url=https://rubycity.org/about/|work=Ruby City|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2018, Rais wa 1199SEIU George Gresham aliwasiliana na Adjaye, ambaye baadaye alikubali tume ya kubuni nafasi mpya ya mwanachama wa futi za mraba 16,500. Mchoro huo ulionyesha mamia ya picha zilizokusanywa kutoka kwenye hazina kubwa ya picha za chama hicho na kuwekwa kwenye vigae vya kauri vilivyotengenezwa na kampuni ya Cerámica Suro huko Guadalajara, Mexico. 1199SEIU United Healthcare Workers East iko [[Jiji la New York|New York]], New York, na ilimalizika mnamo 2020. Iliyoundwa iliitwa jarida la Wasanifu Bora wa Ubunifu wa Mahali pa Kazi ya Ndani mnamo 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Announcing the winners of the 2020 AN Best of Design Awards|url=https://www.archpaper.com/2020/12/2020-an-best-of-design-awards/|work=The Architect’s Newspaper|date=2020-12-02|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author=The Editors}}</ref> [[Faili:WP Library & Events Center (c) Dror Baldinger, FAIA 1.jpg|thumb|Maktaba ya Winter Park & Center ya Matukio ]] Mnamo mwaka wa 2017, Adjaye kwa kushirikiana na Wasanifu wa HuntonBrady walifunua muundo wa Maktaba ya Winter Park na Kituo cha Matukio huko Winter Park, [[Florida]]. Maktaba ilifunguliwa rasmi kwa umma mnamo 13 Desemba 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winter Park Library & Events Center|url=https://www.adjaye.com/work/winter-park-library-events-center/|work=Adjaye Associates|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Adjaye Associates' Winter Park Library & Events Center opens in Florida|url=https://archinect.com/news/article/150293236/adjaye-associates-winter-park-library-events-center-opens-in-florida|work=Archinect|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=david adjaye's winter park library & events center opens its doors in florida|url=https://www.designboom.com/architecture/david-adjaye-winter-park-library-events-center-opens-doors-florida-12-12-2021/|work=designboom {{!}} architecture & design magazine|date=2021-12-12|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=myrto katsikopoulou I. designboom}}</ref>. Mnamo 2022, ilikuwa Mshindi wa Jury katika Jamii ya Maktaba kwa Tuzo za Architizer A +.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winter Park Library and Events Center by Adjaye Associates {{!}} 2022-03-01 {{!}} Architectural Record|url=https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/15531-winter-park-library-and-events-center-by-adjaye-associates|work=www.architecturalrecord.com|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Architecture for the Ages: Announcing the Winners of the 10th Annual A+Awards!|url=https://architizer.com/blog/inside-architizer/updates/2022-aawards-winners-announcement/|work=Journal|date=2022-06-07|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=Architizer Editors}}</ref> Mnamo 2023, sanamu ya kwanza ya Adjaye ya kudumu ya umma, iliyoitwa Asaase III ilifunuliwa. Picha hiyo iko katika The Griot Museum of Black History huko [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis,]] [[Missouri]], na iliamriwa na msimamizi Allison Glenn kwa ajili ya 2023 Counterpublic triennial<ref>{{Cite web|title=David Adjaye on His First Permanent Sculpture: This Is ‘How I Imagine an Ideal City’|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/artists/qa-david-adjaye-on-his-first-permanent-sculpture-1234670283/|work=ARTnews.com|date=2023-06-01|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author=Gameli Hamelo}}</ref> === Kazi zingine === Pamoja na tume zake za kimataifa, kazi ya Adjaye inajumuisha maonyesho, nyumba za kibinafsi na fanicha. Alijenga nyumba kwa ajili ya mbuni Alexander McQueen, msanii Jake Chapman, mpiga picha Jürgen Teller, mwigizaji Ewan McGregor, na wasanii Tim Noble na Sue Webster. Kwa msanii Chris Ofili, aliunda studio mpya na nyumba ya pwani huko Port of Spain, Trinidad. hv9rdkncdsk7up3516f9u00kl6tr67x 1592945 1592816 2026-08-29T10:38:26Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=David Adjaye|picha=Andrew Quinn portrait.jpg|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=22 Septemba 1966 (age 59) Dar es Salaam, Tanzania|kazi_yake=mchoraji wa majengo|tovuti=https://www.adjaye.com/}} '''Sir David Frank Adjaye''' (alizaliwa 22 Septemba 1966) ni mhandisi wa [[Ghana]]-[[Ufalme wa Muungano]] <ref>"Who We Are". ''Adjaye Associates''. Retrieved 9 September 2020.</ref> ambaye ameunda majengo mengi mashuhuri ulimwenguni kote, pamoja na Jumba la kumbukumbu la Taifa la Historia na Utamaduni wa Kiafrika huko Washington, DC Adjaye alichaguliwa kuwa knight katika Heshima ya Mwaka Mpya wa 2017 kwa huduma zake kwa usanifu. Alipokea Tuzo ya Dhahabu ya Kifalme ya 2021<ref>"Sir David Adjaye OBE receives 2021 Royal Gold Medal". ''Royal Institute of British Architects''. Retrieved 16 January 2022.</ref>, na kumfanya kuwa mpokeaji wa kwanza wa Kiafrika na mmoja wa wapokeaji wachanga zaidi. Aliteuliwa kwa Order of Merit <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170618015105/https://www.architecture.com/awards-and-competitions-landing-page/awards/royal-gold-medal Royal Gold Medal]</ref>mnamo 2022. == Maisha yake ya Awali na elimu == Adjaye alizaliwa Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Mwana wa mwanadiplomasia wa Ghana, aliishi Tanzania, Misri, Yemen na Lebanon kabla ya kuhamia Uingereza akiwa na umri wa miaka tisa. Baada ya kuhitimu kutoka London South Bank University na shahada ya BA katika usanifu mwaka 1990, alishinda RIBA Bronze Medal kwa bora shahada ya kwanza ya kubuni mradi nchini Uingereza (Respite mradi). Mnamo 1993 alihitimu kutoka mpango wa uzamili katika Chuo cha Royal cha Sanaa. == Kazi == === Miradi ya awali === [[Faili:National Museum of African American History and Culture in February 2020.jpg|thumb|Jumba la Makumbusho la Kitaifa la Historia na Utamaduni wa Kiafrika na Amerika, [[Washington, D.C.]]]] Kazi za mapema za Adjaye ni pamoja na miradi mingi ya makazi, pamoja na nyumba ya Chris Ofili mnamo 1999, Nyumba chafu na Nyumba ya Kioo mnamo 2002, na studio ya Lorna Simpson mnamo 2006. Kisha alihamia kwenye miradi mikubwa kama vile Duka la Wazo huko Whitechapel, Uingereza, na Kituo cha Amani cha Nobel huko Oslo, Norway, mnamo 2005. [[Faili:Abrahamic_House4.jpg|alt=Nyumba ya Familia ya Abrahamu, Abu Dhabi|thumb|250x250px|Nyumba ya Familia ya Abrahamu, [[Abu Dhabi]]]] Maonyesho ya kwanza ya studio, David Adjaye:''Making Public Buildings'', ilionyeshwa katika Whitechapel Gallery huko London mnamo Januari 2006, na Thames na Hudson kuchapisha orodha ya jina moja. Hii ilifuata kuchapishwa kwa kitabu cha kwanza cha Adjaye cha 2005, ''David Adjaye Houses''<ref>[http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/faculty/details.cgi?faculty_id=1354 David Adjaye], Harvard Design School. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427194250/http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/faculty/details.cgi?faculty_id=1354|date=27 April 2011}}</ref>. Kazi nyingine mashuhuri za mapema ni pamoja na Kituo cha Sanaa cha Bernie Grant na Kituo cha Stephen Lawrence mnamo 2007<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stephen Lawrence Centre by Adjaye Associates|url=https://www.dezeen.com/2008/03/04/stephen-lawrence-centre-by-adjaye-associates/|work=Dezeen|date=2008-03-04|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=Marcus Fairs}}</ref>. === Kazi kuu === Adjaye alichaguliwa kubuni Makumbusho ya Sanaa ya kisasa Denver, ambayo ilifunguliwa mwaka 2007. Jengo hilo, ambalo lilikuwa jengo la kwanza la makumbusho la Adjaye, lilibuniwa ili kupunguza mipaka kati ya sehemu za nje za jiji na sehemu za ndani za makumbusho. Madirisha ya juu yaliyofichwa hujaza vyumba vya ndani kwa nuru ya asili, na madirisha makubwa huelekeza jicho kwenye barabara za jiji. Jengo hilo lina maonyesho matano ya sanaa pamoja na maeneo ya elimu, duka, maktaba na cafe ya paa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Museum of Contemporary Art / Adjaye Associates|url=https://www.archdaily.com/214197/museum-of-contemporary-art-adjaye-associates|work=ArchDaily|date=2012-03-19|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US}}</ref> Adjaye alishinda mashindano ya kubuni Shule ya Usimamizi ya Moscow Skolkovo ambayo ilikamilishwa mnamo 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|title=David Adjaye. Interview and text by Vladimir Belogolovskiy|url=https://archi.ru/en/8520/david-adjaye-interview-and-text-by-vladimir-belogolovskiy|work=Archi.Ru|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref> Kukataa jadi chuo-style, jengo ni iliyoundwa kama aina moja ya kuhamasisha mwingiliano mwanafunzi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Museum of Contemporary Art / Adjaye Associates|url=https://www.archdaily.com/214197/museum-of-contemporary-art-adjaye-associates|work=ArchDaily|date=2012-03-19|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US}}</ref> Adjaye aliunda maktaba mbili mpya za jirani huko Washington, D.C.: Francis A. Maktaba ya Jirani ya Gregory na Bellevue / William O. Maktaba ya Lockridge, ambayo ilifunguliwa mwaka 2012.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=adjaye associates: two libraries for washington DC|url=https://www.designboom.com/architecture/adjaye-associates-two-libraries-for-washington-dc/|work=designboom {{!}} architecture & design magazine|date=2012-07-31|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=lauren grieco I. designboom}}</ref> Maktaba zilizoshinda tuzo hizo zinasherehekewa kwa kuwa ishara kwa jamii<ref name=":0" /> Mnamo mwaka wa 2015, Aishti Foundation, nyumba ya sanaa iliyochanganywa na nafasi ya rejareja, ilifunguliwa huko Beirut, Lebanon<ref>{{Cite web|title=Making Waves: Tony Salamé’s Aïshti Goes Big in Beirut|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/artists/making-waves-tony-salame-s-aishti-goes-big-in-beirut-4442/|work=ARTnews.com|date=2015-06-29|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author=Sarah Douglas}}</ref>. Eneo la maonyesho ni zaidi ya 40,000 mraba. Ubunifu wa Adjaye unaunganisha kutazama sanaa na ununuzi, mambo mawili yanayoonekana kupingana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=David Adjaye's Aïshti Foundation gallery and shopping centre nears completion in Beirut|url=https://www.dezeen.com/2015/11/05/david-adjaye-aishti-foundation-gallery-shopping-centre-nears-completion-beirut-lebanon/|work=Dezeen|date=2015-11-05|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=Anna Winston}}</ref> Mnamo 15 Aprili 2009, Adjaye alichaguliwa kuwa mbunifu mkuu wa timu ya wasanifu,<ref>{{Cite web|title=INTERVIEW WITH DAVID ADJAYE ABOUT THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY AND CULTURE|url=https://archive.pinupmagazine.org/articles/constructing-narrative-interview-with-david-adjaye|work=archive.pinupmagazine.org|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref> ambayo inajumuisha Kikundi cha Freelon, Davis Brody Bond na SmithGroup, kubuni Jumba jipya la Makumbusho la Kitaifa la Historia na Utamaduni wa Amerika ya Afrika, jumba la kumbukumbu la Taasisi ya Smithsonian, kwenye National Mall huko [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=David Adjaye wins competition for the National Museum of African American History and Culture|url=https://www.archdaily.com/20040/david-adjaye-will-design-the-national-museum-of-african-american-history-and-culture|work=ArchDaily|date=2009-04-17|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author=Sebastian Jordana}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Trescott|first=Jacqueline|title=Designer for the African American History Museum Is Chosen|date=2009-04-15|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/14/AR2009041401205.html|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref>. Ubunifu wake unaonyesha sura ya taji kutoka sanamu ya Yoruba. Jumba la kumbukumbu lilifunguliwa katika vuli ya 2016 na liliitwa "tukio la kitamaduni la mwaka" na The New York Times.<ref>{{Citation|last=Times|first=The New York|title=The National Museum of African American History and Culture|date=2016-09-15|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/09/15/arts/design/national-museum-of-african-american-history-and-culture.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/09/15/arts/design/national-museum-of-african-american-history-and-culture.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> Pia ilikuwa ni somo la wasifu juu ya Sky Arts mpango Sanaa ya Usanifu katika 2019<ref name=":1" />. Samani ambayo Adjaye iliyoundwa kwa ajili ya makumbusho ni viwandani na kuuzwa na Knoll. Mnamo 2007, msanii Linda Pace aliwasiliana na Adjaye kubuni kituo cha sanaa ya kisasa kwa mkusanyiko wake wa sanaa muda mfupi kabla ya kufa kutokana na saratani ya matiti mwaka huo. Ruby City, iliyoko [[San Antonio, Texas]], ilifunguliwa mnamo 2019<ref>{{Cite web|title=About|url=https://rubycity.org/about/|work=Ruby City|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2018, Rais wa 1199SEIU George Gresham aliwasiliana na Adjaye, ambaye baadaye alikubali tume ya kubuni nafasi mpya ya mwanachama wa futi za mraba 16,500. Mchoro huo ulionyesha mamia ya picha zilizokusanywa kutoka kwenye hazina kubwa ya picha za chama hicho na kuwekwa kwenye vigae vya kauri vilivyotengenezwa na kampuni ya Cerámica Suro huko Guadalajara, Mexico. 1199SEIU United Healthcare Workers East iko [[Jiji la New York|New York]], New York, na ilimalizika mnamo 2020. Iliyoundwa iliitwa jarida la Wasanifu Bora wa Ubunifu wa Mahali pa Kazi ya Ndani mnamo 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Announcing the winners of the 2020 AN Best of Design Awards|url=https://www.archpaper.com/2020/12/2020-an-best-of-design-awards/|work=The Architect’s Newspaper|date=2020-12-02|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author=The Editors}}</ref> [[Faili:WP Library & Events Center (c) Dror Baldinger, FAIA 1.jpg|thumb|Maktaba ya Winter Park & Center ya Matukio ]] Mnamo mwaka wa 2017, Adjaye kwa kushirikiana na Wasanifu wa HuntonBrady walifunua muundo wa Maktaba ya Winter Park na Kituo cha Matukio huko Winter Park, [[Florida]]. Maktaba ilifunguliwa rasmi kwa umma mnamo 13 Desemba 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winter Park Library & Events Center|url=https://www.adjaye.com/work/winter-park-library-events-center/|work=Adjaye Associates|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Adjaye Associates' Winter Park Library & Events Center opens in Florida|url=https://archinect.com/news/article/150293236/adjaye-associates-winter-park-library-events-center-opens-in-florida|work=Archinect|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=david adjaye's winter park library & events center opens its doors in florida|url=https://www.designboom.com/architecture/david-adjaye-winter-park-library-events-center-opens-doors-florida-12-12-2021/|work=designboom {{!}} architecture & design magazine|date=2021-12-12|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=myrto katsikopoulou I. designboom}}</ref>. Mnamo 2022, ilikuwa Mshindi wa Jury katika Jamii ya Maktaba kwa Tuzo za Architizer A +.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winter Park Library and Events Center by Adjaye Associates {{!}} 2022-03-01 {{!}} Architectural Record|url=https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/15531-winter-park-library-and-events-center-by-adjaye-associates|work=www.architecturalrecord.com|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Architecture for the Ages: Announcing the Winners of the 10th Annual A+Awards!|url=https://architizer.com/blog/inside-architizer/updates/2022-aawards-winners-announcement/|work=Journal|date=2022-06-07|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=Architizer Editors}}</ref> Mnamo 2023, sanamu ya kwanza ya Adjaye ya kudumu ya umma, iliyoitwa Asaase III ilifunuliwa. Picha hiyo iko katika The Griot Museum of Black History huko [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis,]] [[Missouri]], na iliamriwa na msimamizi Allison Glenn kwa ajili ya 2023 Counterpublic triennial<ref>{{Cite web|title=David Adjaye on His First Permanent Sculpture: This Is ‘How I Imagine an Ideal City’|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/artists/qa-david-adjaye-on-his-first-permanent-sculpture-1234670283/|work=ARTnews.com|date=2023-06-01|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author=Gameli Hamelo}}</ref> === Kazi nyingine === Pamoja na tume zake za kimataifa, kazi ya Adjaye inajumuisha maonyesho, nyumba za kibinafsi na fanicha. Alijenga nyumba kwa ajili ya mbuni Alexander McQueen, msanii Jake Chapman, mpiga picha Jürgen Teller, mwigizaji Ewan McGregor, na wasanii Tim Noble na Sue Webster. Kwa msanii Chris Ofili, aliunda studio mpya na nyumba ya pwani huko Port of Spain, Trinidad. [[Jamii:wahandisi wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:wahandisi wa Ufalme wa Muungano]] cdieycjpd0ynzzpoqpz2mwynlwkvhnz 1592946 1592945 2026-08-29T10:39:21Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Kazi nyingine */ 1592946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=David Adjaye|picha=Andrew Quinn portrait.jpg|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=22 Septemba 1966 (age 59) Dar es Salaam, Tanzania|kazi_yake=mchoraji wa majengo|tovuti=https://www.adjaye.com/}} '''Sir David Frank Adjaye''' (alizaliwa 22 Septemba 1966) ni mhandisi wa [[Ghana]]-[[Ufalme wa Muungano]] <ref>"Who We Are". ''Adjaye Associates''. Retrieved 9 September 2020.</ref> ambaye ameunda majengo mengi mashuhuri ulimwenguni kote, pamoja na Jumba la kumbukumbu la Taifa la Historia na Utamaduni wa Kiafrika huko Washington, DC Adjaye alichaguliwa kuwa knight katika Heshima ya Mwaka Mpya wa 2017 kwa huduma zake kwa usanifu. Alipokea Tuzo ya Dhahabu ya Kifalme ya 2021<ref>"Sir David Adjaye OBE receives 2021 Royal Gold Medal". ''Royal Institute of British Architects''. Retrieved 16 January 2022.</ref>, na kumfanya kuwa mpokeaji wa kwanza wa Kiafrika na mmoja wa wapokeaji wachanga zaidi. Aliteuliwa kwa Order of Merit <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170618015105/https://www.architecture.com/awards-and-competitions-landing-page/awards/royal-gold-medal Royal Gold Medal]</ref>mnamo 2022. == Maisha yake ya Awali na elimu == Adjaye alizaliwa Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Mwana wa mwanadiplomasia wa Ghana, aliishi Tanzania, Misri, Yemen na Lebanon kabla ya kuhamia Uingereza akiwa na umri wa miaka tisa. Baada ya kuhitimu kutoka London South Bank University na shahada ya BA katika usanifu mwaka 1990, alishinda RIBA Bronze Medal kwa bora shahada ya kwanza ya kubuni mradi nchini Uingereza (Respite mradi). Mnamo 1993 alihitimu kutoka mpango wa uzamili katika Chuo cha Royal cha Sanaa. == Kazi == === Miradi ya awali === [[Faili:National Museum of African American History and Culture in February 2020.jpg|thumb|Jumba la Makumbusho la Kitaifa la Historia na Utamaduni wa Kiafrika na Amerika, [[Washington, D.C.]]]] Kazi za mapema za Adjaye ni pamoja na miradi mingi ya makazi, pamoja na nyumba ya Chris Ofili mnamo 1999, Nyumba chafu na Nyumba ya Kioo mnamo 2002, na studio ya Lorna Simpson mnamo 2006. Kisha alihamia kwenye miradi mikubwa kama vile Duka la Wazo huko Whitechapel, Uingereza, na Kituo cha Amani cha Nobel huko Oslo, Norway, mnamo 2005. [[Faili:Abrahamic_House4.jpg|alt=Nyumba ya Familia ya Abrahamu, Abu Dhabi|thumb|250x250px|Nyumba ya Familia ya Abrahamu, [[Abu Dhabi]]]] Maonyesho ya kwanza ya studio, David Adjaye:''Making Public Buildings'', ilionyeshwa katika Whitechapel Gallery huko London mnamo Januari 2006, na Thames na Hudson kuchapisha orodha ya jina moja. Hii ilifuata kuchapishwa kwa kitabu cha kwanza cha Adjaye cha 2005, ''David Adjaye Houses''<ref>[http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/faculty/details.cgi?faculty_id=1354 David Adjaye], Harvard Design School. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427194250/http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/faculty/details.cgi?faculty_id=1354|date=27 April 2011}}</ref>. Kazi nyingine mashuhuri za mapema ni pamoja na Kituo cha Sanaa cha Bernie Grant na Kituo cha Stephen Lawrence mnamo 2007<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stephen Lawrence Centre by Adjaye Associates|url=https://www.dezeen.com/2008/03/04/stephen-lawrence-centre-by-adjaye-associates/|work=Dezeen|date=2008-03-04|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=Marcus Fairs}}</ref>. === Kazi kuu === Adjaye alichaguliwa kubuni Makumbusho ya Sanaa ya kisasa Denver, ambayo ilifunguliwa mwaka 2007. Jengo hilo, ambalo lilikuwa jengo la kwanza la makumbusho la Adjaye, lilibuniwa ili kupunguza mipaka kati ya sehemu za nje za jiji na sehemu za ndani za makumbusho. Madirisha ya juu yaliyofichwa hujaza vyumba vya ndani kwa nuru ya asili, na madirisha makubwa huelekeza jicho kwenye barabara za jiji. Jengo hilo lina maonyesho matano ya sanaa pamoja na maeneo ya elimu, duka, maktaba na cafe ya paa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Museum of Contemporary Art / Adjaye Associates|url=https://www.archdaily.com/214197/museum-of-contemporary-art-adjaye-associates|work=ArchDaily|date=2012-03-19|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US}}</ref> Adjaye alishinda mashindano ya kubuni Shule ya Usimamizi ya Moscow Skolkovo ambayo ilikamilishwa mnamo 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|title=David Adjaye. Interview and text by Vladimir Belogolovskiy|url=https://archi.ru/en/8520/david-adjaye-interview-and-text-by-vladimir-belogolovskiy|work=Archi.Ru|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref> Kukataa jadi chuo-style, jengo ni iliyoundwa kama aina moja ya kuhamasisha mwingiliano mwanafunzi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Museum of Contemporary Art / Adjaye Associates|url=https://www.archdaily.com/214197/museum-of-contemporary-art-adjaye-associates|work=ArchDaily|date=2012-03-19|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US}}</ref> Adjaye aliunda maktaba mbili mpya za jirani huko Washington, D.C.: Francis A. Maktaba ya Jirani ya Gregory na Bellevue / William O. Maktaba ya Lockridge, ambayo ilifunguliwa mwaka 2012.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=adjaye associates: two libraries for washington DC|url=https://www.designboom.com/architecture/adjaye-associates-two-libraries-for-washington-dc/|work=designboom {{!}} architecture & design magazine|date=2012-07-31|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=lauren grieco I. designboom}}</ref> Maktaba zilizoshinda tuzo hizo zinasherehekewa kwa kuwa ishara kwa jamii<ref name=":0" /> Mnamo mwaka wa 2015, Aishti Foundation, nyumba ya sanaa iliyochanganywa na nafasi ya rejareja, ilifunguliwa huko Beirut, Lebanon<ref>{{Cite web|title=Making Waves: Tony Salamé’s Aïshti Goes Big in Beirut|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/artists/making-waves-tony-salame-s-aishti-goes-big-in-beirut-4442/|work=ARTnews.com|date=2015-06-29|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author=Sarah Douglas}}</ref>. Eneo la maonyesho ni zaidi ya 40,000 mraba. Ubunifu wa Adjaye unaunganisha kutazama sanaa na ununuzi, mambo mawili yanayoonekana kupingana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=David Adjaye's Aïshti Foundation gallery and shopping centre nears completion in Beirut|url=https://www.dezeen.com/2015/11/05/david-adjaye-aishti-foundation-gallery-shopping-centre-nears-completion-beirut-lebanon/|work=Dezeen|date=2015-11-05|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=Anna Winston}}</ref> Mnamo 15 Aprili 2009, Adjaye alichaguliwa kuwa mbunifu mkuu wa timu ya wasanifu,<ref>{{Cite web|title=INTERVIEW WITH DAVID ADJAYE ABOUT THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY AND CULTURE|url=https://archive.pinupmagazine.org/articles/constructing-narrative-interview-with-david-adjaye|work=archive.pinupmagazine.org|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref> ambayo inajumuisha Kikundi cha Freelon, Davis Brody Bond na SmithGroup, kubuni Jumba jipya la Makumbusho la Kitaifa la Historia na Utamaduni wa Amerika ya Afrika, jumba la kumbukumbu la Taasisi ya Smithsonian, kwenye National Mall huko [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=David Adjaye wins competition for the National Museum of African American History and Culture|url=https://www.archdaily.com/20040/david-adjaye-will-design-the-national-museum-of-african-american-history-and-culture|work=ArchDaily|date=2009-04-17|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author=Sebastian Jordana}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Trescott|first=Jacqueline|title=Designer for the African American History Museum Is Chosen|date=2009-04-15|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/14/AR2009041401205.html|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref>. Ubunifu wake unaonyesha sura ya taji kutoka sanamu ya Yoruba. Jumba la kumbukumbu lilifunguliwa katika vuli ya 2016 na liliitwa "tukio la kitamaduni la mwaka" na The New York Times.<ref>{{Citation|last=Times|first=The New York|title=The National Museum of African American History and Culture|date=2016-09-15|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/09/15/arts/design/national-museum-of-african-american-history-and-culture.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/09/15/arts/design/national-museum-of-african-american-history-and-culture.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> Pia ilikuwa ni somo la wasifu juu ya Sky Arts mpango Sanaa ya Usanifu katika 2019<ref name=":1" />. Samani ambayo Adjaye iliyoundwa kwa ajili ya makumbusho ni viwandani na kuuzwa na Knoll. Mnamo 2007, msanii Linda Pace aliwasiliana na Adjaye kubuni kituo cha sanaa ya kisasa kwa mkusanyiko wake wa sanaa muda mfupi kabla ya kufa kutokana na saratani ya matiti mwaka huo. Ruby City, iliyoko [[San Antonio, Texas]], ilifunguliwa mnamo 2019<ref>{{Cite web|title=About|url=https://rubycity.org/about/|work=Ruby City|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2018, Rais wa 1199SEIU George Gresham aliwasiliana na Adjaye, ambaye baadaye alikubali tume ya kubuni nafasi mpya ya mwanachama wa futi za mraba 16,500. Mchoro huo ulionyesha mamia ya picha zilizokusanywa kutoka kwenye hazina kubwa ya picha za chama hicho na kuwekwa kwenye vigae vya kauri vilivyotengenezwa na kampuni ya Cerámica Suro huko Guadalajara, Mexico. 1199SEIU United Healthcare Workers East iko [[Jiji la New York|New York]], New York, na ilimalizika mnamo 2020. Iliyoundwa iliitwa jarida la Wasanifu Bora wa Ubunifu wa Mahali pa Kazi ya Ndani mnamo 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Announcing the winners of the 2020 AN Best of Design Awards|url=https://www.archpaper.com/2020/12/2020-an-best-of-design-awards/|work=The Architect’s Newspaper|date=2020-12-02|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author=The Editors}}</ref> [[Faili:WP Library & Events Center (c) Dror Baldinger, FAIA 1.jpg|thumb|Maktaba ya Winter Park & Center ya Matukio ]] Mnamo mwaka wa 2017, Adjaye kwa kushirikiana na Wasanifu wa HuntonBrady walifunua muundo wa Maktaba ya Winter Park na Kituo cha Matukio huko Winter Park, [[Florida]]. Maktaba ilifunguliwa rasmi kwa umma mnamo 13 Desemba 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winter Park Library & Events Center|url=https://www.adjaye.com/work/winter-park-library-events-center/|work=Adjaye Associates|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Adjaye Associates' Winter Park Library & Events Center opens in Florida|url=https://archinect.com/news/article/150293236/adjaye-associates-winter-park-library-events-center-opens-in-florida|work=Archinect|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=david adjaye's winter park library & events center opens its doors in florida|url=https://www.designboom.com/architecture/david-adjaye-winter-park-library-events-center-opens-doors-florida-12-12-2021/|work=designboom {{!}} architecture & design magazine|date=2021-12-12|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=myrto katsikopoulou I. designboom}}</ref>. Mnamo 2022, ilikuwa Mshindi wa Jury katika Jamii ya Maktaba kwa Tuzo za Architizer A +.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winter Park Library and Events Center by Adjaye Associates {{!}} 2022-03-01 {{!}} Architectural Record|url=https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/15531-winter-park-library-and-events-center-by-adjaye-associates|work=www.architecturalrecord.com|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Architecture for the Ages: Announcing the Winners of the 10th Annual A+Awards!|url=https://architizer.com/blog/inside-architizer/updates/2022-aawards-winners-announcement/|work=Journal|date=2022-06-07|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=Architizer Editors}}</ref> Mnamo 2023, sanamu ya kwanza ya Adjaye ya kudumu ya umma, iliyoitwa Asaase III ilifunuliwa. Picha hiyo iko katika The Griot Museum of Black History huko [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis,]] [[Missouri]], na iliamriwa na msimamizi Allison Glenn kwa ajili ya 2023 Counterpublic triennial<ref>{{Cite web|title=David Adjaye on His First Permanent Sculpture: This Is ‘How I Imagine an Ideal City’|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/artists/qa-david-adjaye-on-his-first-permanent-sculpture-1234670283/|work=ARTnews.com|date=2023-06-01|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author=Gameli Hamelo}}</ref> === Kazi nyingine === Pamoja na tume zake za kimataifa, kazi ya Adjaye inajumuisha maonyesho, nyumba za kibinafsi na fanicha. Alijenga nyumba kwa ajili ya mbuni Alexander McQueen, msanii Jake Chapman, mpiga picha Jürgen Teller, mwigizaji Ewan McGregor, na wasanii Tim Noble na Sue Webster. Kwa msanii Chris Ofili, aliunda studio mpya na nyumba ya pwani huko Port of Spain, Trinidad. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1966|}} [[Jamii:wahandisi wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:wahandisi wa Ufalme wa Muungano]] 755nxi8rxynkse2u5adindn3k5549a8 0 247786 1592809 2026-08-29T07:49:22Z Mary calist mlay 39270 anzisha makala 1592809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Wafa Albueise|maelezo=Wafa Albueise, Novemba 2014|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=Agasti 12, 1973|utaifa=Benghazi|kazi yake=Mwanasheria|picha=Wafa Albueise, The Munathara Initiative - Nov 13, 2014.jpg}} '''Wafa Albueise''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe [[12 Agosti]] [[1973]], Benghazi) ni [[mwanasheria]] na [[mwandishi]] wa [[Liya Brooks|Libya]]. == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Familia ya Wafa Albueise ilitokea katika [[kijiji]] kidogo kinachojulikana kama Abu-Essa. Alipata [[elimu ya sekondari]] katika shule ya sekondari ya Zawia, huko [[Benghazi]]. Baadaye, alisoma [[sheria]] katika Benghazi University. Mwaka [[1996]], alipata shahada ya kwanza ya sheria (LLB). Mwaka [[2003]], alipata [[shahada ya uzamili]] katika Sheria ya Jinai. Tasnifu yake ya uzamili ilikuwa na kichwa cha Dhana ya Uwezekano na Matumizi Yake katika Sheria ya Jinai(''The Notion of Potentiality and its Applications in Criminal Law)'' .<ref>https://www.amazon.co.za/Red-Rose-Sin-Wafa-Albueise/dp/2487124067</ref> <ref>https://bookshop.org/p/books/the-red-rose-of-sin-wafa-albueise/6fed4403a9527765</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1973]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Libya]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Libya]] ongewvmvuteiqu4mzoqjyj2fxcdh1hw 1592811 1592809 2026-08-29T07:50:00Z Mary calist mlay 39270 /* Marejeo */ 1592811 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Wafa Albueise|maelezo=Wafa Albueise, Novemba 2014|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=Agasti 12, 1973|utaifa=Benghazi|kazi yake=Mwanasheria|picha=Wafa Albueise, The Munathara Initiative - Nov 13, 2014.jpg}} '''Wafa Albueise''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe [[12 Agosti]] [[1973]], Benghazi) ni [[mwanasheria]] na [[mwandishi]] wa [[Liya Brooks|Libya]]. == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Familia ya Wafa Albueise ilitokea katika [[kijiji]] kidogo kinachojulikana kama Abu-Essa. Alipata [[elimu ya sekondari]] katika shule ya sekondari ya Zawia, huko [[Benghazi]]. Baadaye, alisoma [[sheria]] katika Benghazi University. Mwaka [[1996]], alipata shahada ya kwanza ya sheria (LLB). Mwaka [[2003]], alipata [[shahada ya uzamili]] katika Sheria ya Jinai. Tasnifu yake ya uzamili ilikuwa na kichwa cha Dhana ya Uwezekano na Matumizi Yake katika Sheria ya Jinai(''The Notion of Potentiality and its Applications in Criminal Law)'' .<ref>https://www.amazon.co.za/Red-Rose-Sin-Wafa-Albueise/dp/2487124067</ref> <ref>https://bookshop.org/p/books/the-red-rose-of-sin-wafa-albueise/6fed4403a9527765</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1973]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Libya]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Libya]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} tp4vv7qx634xm498ebgjro404mts4el 1592812 1592811 2026-08-29T07:53:33Z Mary calist mlay 39270 1592812 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Wafa Albueise|maelezo=Wafa Albueise, Novemba 2014|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=Agasti 12, 1973|utaifa=Benghazi|kazi yake=Mwanasheria|picha=Wafa Albueise, The Munathara Initiative - Nov 13, 2014.jpg}} '''Wafa Albueise''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe [[12 Agosti]] [[1973]], Benghazi) ni [[mwanasheria]] na [[mwandishi]] wa [[Liya Brooks|Libya]]. == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Familia ya Wafa Albueise ilitokea katika [[kijiji]] kidogo kinachojulikana kama Abu-Essa. Alipata [[elimu ya sekondari]] katika shule ya sekondari ya Zawia, huko [[Benghazi]]. Baadaye, alisoma [[sheria]] katika chuo kikuu cha Benghazi . Mwaka [[1996]], alipata shahada ya kwanza ya sheria (LLB). Mwaka [[2003]], alipata [[shahada ya uzamili]] katika Sheria ya Jinai. Tasnifu yake ya uzamili ilikuwa na kichwa cha Dhana ya Uwezekano na Matumizi Yake katika Sheria ya Jinai (''The Notion of Potentiality and its Applications in Criminal Law)'' .<ref>https://www.amazon.co.za/Red-Rose-Sin-Wafa-Albueise/dp/2487124067</ref> <ref>https://bookshop.org/p/books/the-red-rose-of-sin-wafa-albueise/6fed4403a9527765</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1973]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Libya]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Libya]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} l9qbx7xj4tmcz1hypzftpqv64szr23j 1592948 1592812 2026-08-29T10:40:15Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Marejeo */ 1592948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Wafa Albueise|maelezo=Wafa Albueise, Novemba 2014|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=Agasti 12, 1973|utaifa=Benghazi|kazi yake=Mwanasheria|picha=Wafa Albueise, The Munathara Initiative - Nov 13, 2014.jpg}} '''Wafa Albueise''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe [[12 Agosti]] [[1973]], Benghazi) ni [[mwanasheria]] na [[mwandishi]] wa [[Liya Brooks|Libya]]. == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Familia ya Wafa Albueise ilitokea katika [[kijiji]] kidogo kinachojulikana kama Abu-Essa. Alipata [[elimu ya sekondari]] katika shule ya sekondari ya Zawia, huko [[Benghazi]]. Baadaye, alisoma [[sheria]] katika chuo kikuu cha Benghazi . Mwaka [[1996]], alipata shahada ya kwanza ya sheria (LLB). Mwaka [[2003]], alipata [[shahada ya uzamili]] katika Sheria ya Jinai. Tasnifu yake ya uzamili ilikuwa na kichwa cha Dhana ya Uwezekano na Matumizi Yake katika Sheria ya Jinai (''The Notion of Potentiality and its Applications in Criminal Law)'' .<ref>https://www.amazon.co.za/Red-Rose-Sin-Wafa-Albueise/dp/2487124067</ref> <ref>https://bookshop.org/p/books/the-red-rose-of-sin-wafa-albueise/6fed4403a9527765</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Libya]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1973]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Libya]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Libya]] irpnu861bdsteg53w5lohnpnj2bkaqo 0 247787 1592817 2026-08-29T08:11:06Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1592817 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Morgan Gould in Bafana Bafana Jersey.jpg|thumb|Morgan Gould]] '''Morgan Leonard Gould''' (alizaliwa [[23 Machi]] [[1983]]) ni mchezaji wa soka wa kulipwa kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]], anayekipiga katika klabu ya Sekhukhune United kama beki wa kati. Alicheza jumla ya mechi 31 kwa [[timu ya taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini, akifunga mabao mawili. == Maisha ya Soka == Alizaliwa huko [[Soweto]], Gould alianza [[maisha]] ya soka ya ngazi ya juu katika klabu ya Jomo Cosmos mwaka [[2001]], kabla ya kuhamia SuperSport United mwaka [[2008]]. Mwezi [[Mei]] [[2012]], alisaini [[mkataba]] wa kujiunga na Kaizer Chiefs. == Maisha binafsi == Ni [[mtoto]] wa Goodenough Nkomo, aliyekuwa [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[Kaizer Chiefs F.C.|Kaizer Chiefs]] na Peñarol.<ref>https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/28227/Morgan_Gould.html</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20131111040717/http://www.mtnfootball.com/africa/south-africa/absa-premiership/players/2013-2014/chiefs/morgan-gould.html</ref> . == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] <references />{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} gz63atrc2uc2k3dv78qtni6by9bubf1 0 247788 1592818 2026-08-29T08:12:38Z Mary calist mlay 39270 anzisha makala 1592818 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wilby Lucas''' ni mwanachama wa Bunge la Seychelles, ambapo kwa sasa anahudumu kama Naibu Spika. Kwa [[taaluma]], ni [[mwanasheria]]. Ni mwanachama wa chama cha siasa cha Seychelles People's Progressive Front, na alichaguliwa kwa mara ya kwanza kuwa mbunge mwaka [[2007]].<ref>https://nation.sc/archive/216660/dr-patrick-herminie-is-the-new-national-assembly-speaker-wilby-lucas-new-deputy-speaker-former-speaker-mcgregor-retires</ref> <ref>https://www.judiciary.sc/legal-practitioners/licensed-lawyers/</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} sztm14q4mse8lzmg03bu9u6orxup6w2 1592820 1592818 2026-08-29T08:22:10Z Mary calist mlay 39270 1592820 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wilby Lucas''' ni mwanachama wa Bunge la Seychelles, ambapo kwa sasa anahudumu kama Naibu Spika. Kwa [[taaluma]], ni [[mwanasheria]]. Ni mwanachama wa chama cha siasa cha Seychelles People's Progressive Front, na alichaguliwa kwa mara ya kwanza kuwa mbunge mwaka [[2007]].<ref>https://nation.sc/archive/216660/dr-patrick-herminie-is-the-new-national-assembly-speaker-wilby-lucas-new-deputy-speaker-former-speaker-mcgregor-retires</ref> <ref>https://www.judiciary.sc/legal-practitioners/licensed-lawyers/</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] olkoubzsrm2zw0nzewh6qsnw0gnawql 1592949 1592820 2026-08-29T10:40:53Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592949 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wilby Lucas''' ni mwanachama wa Bunge la [[Shelisheli]], ambapo kwa sasa anahudumu kama Naibu Spika. Kwa [[taaluma]], ni [[mwanasheria]]. Ni mwanachama wa chama cha siasa cha Seychelles People's Progressive Front, na alichaguliwa kwa mara ya kwanza kuwa mbunge mwaka [[2007]].<ref>https://nation.sc/archive/216660/dr-patrick-herminie-is-the-new-national-assembly-speaker-wilby-lucas-new-deputy-speaker-former-speaker-mcgregor-retires</ref> <ref>https://www.judiciary.sc/legal-practitioners/licensed-lawyers/</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Shelisheli]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] mxm32qclmhbqhovgebl5snzstzgpw9w 0 247790 1592823 2026-08-29T09:03:54Z SHEDRACK MKOTIA 81798 Ukurasa umeundwa 1592823 wikitext text/x-wiki Sana Canté ni [[mwanasheria]] na [[mwanaharakati]] kutoka [[Guinea]]. Aliwahi kuwa [[mwenyekiti]] wa Harakati ya Wananchi Wanaokataa Kutii kwa Uangalifukatika kipindi cha [[miaka]] ya mgogoro wa kisiasa na wa kibunge. Pia alikuwa miongoni mwa wakosoaji wakubwa na wenye msimamo mkali dhidi ya urais wa '''José Mário Vaz'''.<ref>https://observador.pt/2019/12/27/movimento-da-guine-bissau-denuncia-a-justica-apelo-a-divisao-etnica-de-umaro-sissoco-embalo/</ref><ref><nowiki>https://observador.pt/2017/06/06/inconformados-de-bissau-rejeitaram-proposta-do-presidente-para-encontro-clandestino/</nowiki></ref><ref>https://afrique.le360.ma/senegal/politique/2017/04/13/11042-guinee-bissau-cause-du-petrole-macky-sall-declare-persona-non-grata-11042/</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria]] g4sevwhtwol1urjyfews6mf9f8c8awu 0 247791 1592824 2026-08-29T09:04:23Z ROBART MAZUA 92021 Ukurasa umeanzisha 1592824 wikitext text/x-wiki = Utoaji mimba Kenya = Utoaji [[mimba]] nchini [[Kenya]] umepigwa marufuku, isipokuwa kwa sababu za kipekee kama vile kuwepo hatari kwa maisha na afya ya mama mjamzito, au kisa cha kubakwa. Utoaji mimba usio salama ni chanzo kuu cha vifo na matatizo ya kiafya kwa wanawake nchini Kenya.<ref name="theg_Keny" /><ref name="j" /> [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kenya_Debate_Ignites_Over_Issue_of_Unsafe_Abortions.webm|thumb|Voice of America: ''Kenya debate ignites over issue of unsafe abortions'', reporting on abortion statistics in Kenya (2019). Video 3:25 m.]] '''Sera za Kisheria na Hali ya Kisheria''' '''Katiba''' Utoaji mimba nchini Kenya unadhibitiwa na Ibara ya 26(4) ya [[Katiba ya Kenya]] [[2010|(2010)]], inayoeleza kuwa:<ref name="theg_Keny" /><blockquote>Utoaji mimba haukubaliwi isipokuwa kama, kwa maoni ya mhudumu wa afya aliyefunzwa, kuna haja ya matibabu ya dharura, au maisha au afya ya mama ipo hatarini, au ikiwa imeruhusiwa na sheria nyingine yoyote iliyoandikwa.</blockquote>Kura ya maoni ya Katiba ya [[Kenya]] ya mwaka [[2010]] iliyoingiza ibara ya 26 ilipanua wigo wa upatikanaji wa huduma ya utoaji mimba kwa kuruhusu utoaji mimba kwa sababu za afya ya uzazi. Kabla ya kura hiyo ya maoni ya mwaka [[2010]], ufunguliaji wa mashitaka ya jinai kwa utoaji mimba ulikuwa jambo la kawaida, hasa kwa watoaji wa huduma hiyo. Kesi moja mashuhuri ya mahakamani nchini Kenya ilitokea mwaka [[2004]] ambapo wahudumu wa afya watatu walishtakiwa kwa kosa la mauaji baada ya kufanya utoaji mimba katika kesi ya ''Republic v. Nyamu and Others''. Ingawa upatikanaji wa huduma hiyo umepanuliwa na Ibara ya 26, migogoro na mijadala kuhusu utoaji mimba nchini Kenya inaendelea kutokana na ukosefu wa ufafanuzi wa kina katika lugha iliyotumika kwenye kipengele hicho cha Katiba ya mwaka [[2010]]. Watoa huduma wengi husita kutoa huduma za utoaji mimba kwa sababu ya kutokuwa na uhakika kama watapata ulinzi na msaada wa kisheria chini ya Katiba, kujapokuwa wanatoa njia salama za kutoa mimba. == Marejeo == # {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Haki za wanawake]] [[Jamii:Afya]] [[Jamii:Afya ya umma]] tqa0idr6t3uc22e8r4brme7oe6qls2w 1592955 1592824 2026-08-29T10:44:07Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592955 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji mimba Kenya''' umepigwa marufuku, isipokuwa kwa sababu za pekee kama vile kuwepo hatari kwa maisha na afya ya mama mjamzito, au kisa cha kubakwa. [[Utoaji mimba]] nchini [[Kenya]] unadhibitiwa na Ibara ya 26(4) ya [[Katiba ya Kenya]] [[2010|(2010)]], inayoeleza kuwa:<ref name="theg_Keny" /><blockquote>Utoaji mimba haukubaliwi isipokuwa kama, kwa maoni ya mhudumu wa afya aliyefunzwa, kuna haja ya matibabu ya dharura, au maisha au afya ya mama ipo hatarini, au ikiwa imeruhusiwa na sheria nyingine yoyote iliyoandikwa.</blockquote>Kura ya maoni ya Katiba ya [[Kenya]] ya mwaka [[2010]] iliyoingiza ibara ya 26 ilipanua wigo wa upatikanaji wa huduma ya utoaji mimba kwa kuruhusu utoaji mimba kwa sababu za afya ya uzazi. Kabla ya kura hiyo ya maoni ya mwaka [[2010]], ufunguliaji wa mashitaka ya jinai kwa utoaji mimba ulikuwa jambo la kawaida, hasa kwa watoaji wa huduma hiyo. Kesi moja mashuhuri ya mahakamani nchini Kenya ilitokea mwaka [[2004]] ambapo wahudumu wa afya watatu walishtakiwa kwa kosa la mauaji baada ya kufanya utoaji mimba katika kesi ya ''Republic v. Nyamu and Others''. Ingawa upatikanaji wa huduma hiyo umepanuliwa na Ibara ya 26, migogoro na mijadala kuhusu utoaji mimba nchini Kenya inaendelea kutokana na ukosefu wa ufafanuzi wa kina katika lugha iliyotumika kwenye kipengele hicho cha Katiba ya mwaka [[2010]]. Watoa huduma wengi husita kutoa huduma za utoaji mimba kwa sababu ya kutokuwa na uhakika kama watapata ulinzi na msaada wa kisheria chini ya Katiba, kujapokuwa wanatoa njia salama za kutoa mimba. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sheria}} [[Jamii:Kenya]] irp2obgulwkl267p43wcny5anlxu67e 1592956 1592955 2026-08-29T10:44:34Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Abortion in Kenya]] hadi [[Utoaji mimba Kenya]]: jina la Kiswahili 1592955 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji mimba Kenya''' umepigwa marufuku, isipokuwa kwa sababu za pekee kama vile kuwepo hatari kwa maisha na afya ya mama mjamzito, au kisa cha kubakwa. [[Utoaji mimba]] nchini [[Kenya]] unadhibitiwa na Ibara ya 26(4) ya [[Katiba ya Kenya]] [[2010|(2010)]], inayoeleza kuwa:<ref name="theg_Keny" /><blockquote>Utoaji mimba haukubaliwi isipokuwa kama, kwa maoni ya mhudumu wa afya aliyefunzwa, kuna haja ya matibabu ya dharura, au maisha au afya ya mama ipo hatarini, au ikiwa imeruhusiwa na sheria nyingine yoyote iliyoandikwa.</blockquote>Kura ya maoni ya Katiba ya [[Kenya]] ya mwaka [[2010]] iliyoingiza ibara ya 26 ilipanua wigo wa upatikanaji wa huduma ya utoaji mimba kwa kuruhusu utoaji mimba kwa sababu za afya ya uzazi. Kabla ya kura hiyo ya maoni ya mwaka [[2010]], ufunguliaji wa mashitaka ya jinai kwa utoaji mimba ulikuwa jambo la kawaida, hasa kwa watoaji wa huduma hiyo. Kesi moja mashuhuri ya mahakamani nchini Kenya ilitokea mwaka [[2004]] ambapo wahudumu wa afya watatu walishtakiwa kwa kosa la mauaji baada ya kufanya utoaji mimba katika kesi ya ''Republic v. Nyamu and Others''. Ingawa upatikanaji wa huduma hiyo umepanuliwa na Ibara ya 26, migogoro na mijadala kuhusu utoaji mimba nchini Kenya inaendelea kutokana na ukosefu wa ufafanuzi wa kina katika lugha iliyotumika kwenye kipengele hicho cha Katiba ya mwaka [[2010]]. Watoa huduma wengi husita kutoa huduma za utoaji mimba kwa sababu ya kutokuwa na uhakika kama watapata ulinzi na msaada wa kisheria chini ya Katiba, kujapokuwa wanatoa njia salama za kutoa mimba. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sheria}} [[Jamii:Kenya]] irp2obgulwkl267p43wcny5anlxu67e 0 247792 1592825 2026-08-29T09:07:07Z Francakiria 45589 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika 'Nchini '''[[Burundi]]''', kutoa [[mimba]] ni kinyume cha [[sheria]], isipokuwa pale ambapo ujauzito unaweka maisha au afya ya [[mama]] katika hatari. Mtu anayetoa au kusaidia kutoa mimba kinyume cha sheria anaweza kupewa adhabu ya [[kifungo]] cha jela au kulipa faini.Sheria ya Burundi kuhusu utoaji mimba ilitokana na sheria ya [[Ufaransa]]. Mwaka [[1981]], sheria hiyo ilibadilishwa ili kuzingatia pia hali za kijamii wakati wa kuamua jinsi ya kushughulikia...' 1592825 wikitext text/x-wiki Nchini '''[[Burundi]]''', kutoa [[mimba]] ni kinyume cha [[sheria]], isipokuwa pale ambapo ujauzito unaweka maisha au afya ya [[mama]] katika hatari. Mtu anayetoa au kusaidia kutoa mimba kinyume cha sheria anaweza kupewa adhabu ya [[kifungo]] cha jela au kulipa faini.Sheria ya Burundi kuhusu utoaji mimba ilitokana na sheria ya [[Ufaransa]]. Mwaka [[1981]], sheria hiyo ilibadilishwa ili kuzingatia pia hali za kijamii wakati wa kuamua jinsi ya kushughulikia kesi za utoaji mimba<ref>{{Citation|title=Abortion in Burundi|date=2025-09-28|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Burundi&oldid=1313946809|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Le droit à l'avortement en cas de viol réclamé au Burundi|url=https://www.dw.com/fr/des-associations-burundaises-r%C3%A9clament-le-droit-%C3%A0-lavortement-en-cas-de-viol/a-41682951|work=dw.com|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=fr}}</ref>. Katika miaka ya [[2010]] na [[2020]], baadhi ya wanaharakati wamekuwa wakitaka sheria za utoaji mimba zibadilishwe. Wanasema kuna kiwango kikubwa cha utoaji mimba usio halali, pamoja na mimba zinazotokana na ubakaji. Hata hivyo, wanaharakati wengine na pia balozi mmoja wameunga mkono kuendelea kuwepo kwa sheria hiyo.Nchini Burundi<ref>{{Cite web|title=Burundi {{!}} Guttmacher Institute|url=https://www.guttmacher.org/regions/africa/burundi|work=www.guttmacher.org|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref>, utoaji mimba mwingi hufanyika kinyume cha sheria. Baadhi ya [[Mwanamke|wanawake]] hujaribu kujitoa mimba wenyewe, huku wengine wakisaidiwa na waganga wa kienyeji au watu wanaotoa huduma za matibabu bila kuwa na ruhusa. Kwa sababu hiyo, utoaji mimba usio salama ni tatizo linalotokea mara kwa mara nchini humo. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-biolojia}} [[Jamii:Afya ya umma]] [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Burundi]] fjwactpompuvgmwudx1yi9c68erff2c 1592925 1592825 2026-08-29T10:33:26Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1592925 wikitext text/x-wiki Nchini '''[[Burundi]]''', kutoa [[mimba]] ni kinyume cha [[sheria]], isipokuwa pale ambapo ujauzito unaweka maisha au afya ya [[mama]] katika hatari. Mtu anayetoa au kusaidia kutoa mimba kinyume cha sheria anaweza kupewa adhabu ya [[kifungo]] cha jela au kulipa faini.Sheria ya Burundi kuhusu utoaji mimba ilitokana na sheria ya [[Ufaransa]]. Mwaka [[1981]], sheria hiyo ilibadilishwa ili kuzingatia pia hali za kijamii wakati wa kuamua jinsi ya kushughulikia kesi za utoaji mimba<ref>{{Citation|title=Abortion in Burundi|date=2025-09-28|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Burundi&oldid=1313946809|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Le droit à l'avortement en cas de viol réclamé au Burundi|url=https://www.dw.com/fr/des-associations-burundaises-r%C3%A9clament-le-droit-%C3%A0-lavortement-en-cas-de-viol/a-41682951|work=dw.com|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=fr}}</ref>. Katika miaka ya [[2010]] na [[2020]], baadhi ya wanaharakati wamekuwa wakitaka sheria za utoaji mimba zibadilishwe. Wanasema kuna kiwango kikubwa cha utoaji mimba usio halali, pamoja na mimba zinazotokana na ubakaji. Hata hivyo, wanaharakati wengine na pia balozi mmoja wameunga mkono kuendelea kuwepo kwa sheria hiyo.Nchini Burundi<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Burundi {{!}} Guttmacher Institute|url=https://www.guttmacher.org/regions/africa/burundi|work=www.guttmacher.org|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref>, utoaji mimba mwingi hufanyika kinyume cha sheria. Baadhi ya [[Mwanamke|wanawake]] hujaribu kujitoa mimba wenyewe, huku wengine wakisaidiwa na waganga wa kienyeji au watu wanaotoa huduma za matibabu bila kuwa na ruhusa. Kwa sababu hiyo, utoaji mimba usio salama ni tatizo linalotokea mara kwa mara nchini humo. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-biolojia}} [[Jamii:Afya ya umma]] [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Burundi]] cnjl7zly1lzqzyvbrr947e1agdwfr1t 1592960 1592925 2026-08-29T10:46:40Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592960 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji mimba Burundi''' ni kinyume cha [[sheria]], isipokuwa pale ambapo ujauzito unaweka maisha au afya ya [[mama]] katika hatari. Mtu anayetoa au kusaidia kutoa mimba kinyume cha sheria anaweza kupewa adhabu ya [[kifungo]] cha jela au kulipa faini.Sheria ya Burundi kuhusu utoaji mimba ilitokana na sheria ya [[Ufaransa]]. Mwaka [[1981]], sheria hiyo ilibadilishwa ili kuzingatia pia hali za kijamii wakati wa kuamua jinsi ya kushughulikia kesi za utoaji mimba<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Le droit à l'avortement en cas de viol réclamé au Burundi|url=https://www.dw.com/fr/des-associations-burundaises-r%C3%A9clament-le-droit-%C3%A0-lavortement-en-cas-de-viol/a-41682951|work=dw.com|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=fr}}</ref>. Katika [[miaka ya 2010]] na [[2020]], baadhi ya wanaharakati wamekuwa wakitaka sheria za utoaji mimba zibadilishwe. Wanasema kuna kiwango kikubwa cha utoaji mimba usio halali, pamoja na mimba zinazotokana na ubakaji. Hata hivyo, wanaharakati wengine na pia balozi mmoja wameunga mkono kuendelea kuwepo kwa sheria hiyo. Nchini Burundi<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Burundi {{!}} Guttmacher Institute|url=https://www.guttmacher.org/regions/africa/burundi|work=www.guttmacher.org|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref>, utoaji mimba mwingi hufanyika kinyume cha sheria. Baadhi ya [[Mwanamke|wanawake]] hujaribu kujitoa mimba wenyewe, huku wengine wakisaidiwa na waganga wa kienyeji au watu wanaotoa huduma za matibabu bila kuwa na ruhusa. Kwa sababu hiyo, utoaji mimba usio salama ni tatizo linalotokea mara kwa mara nchini humo. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-aheria}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Burundi]] spd23ebtmimxpspwxq1qmksib7tlzse 1592961 1592960 2026-08-29T10:47:31Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592961 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji mimba Burundi''' ni kinyume cha [[sheria]], isipokuwa pale ambapo ujauzito unaweka maisha au afya ya [[mama]] katika hatari. Mtu anayetoa au kusaidia kutoa mimba kinyume cha sheria anaweza kupewa adhabu ya [[kifungo]] cha jela au kulipa faini. Sheria ya [[Burundi]] kuhusu utoaji mimba ilitokana na sheria ya [[Ufaransa]]. Mwaka [[1981]], sheria hiyo ilibadilishwa ili kuzingatia pia hali za kijamii wakati wa kuamua jinsi ya kushughulikia kesi za utoaji mimba<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Le droit à l'avortement en cas de viol réclamé au Burundi|url=https://www.dw.com/fr/des-associations-burundaises-r%C3%A9clament-le-droit-%C3%A0-lavortement-en-cas-de-viol/a-41682951|work=dw.com|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=fr}}</ref>. Katika [[miaka ya 2010]] na [[2020]], baadhi ya wanaharakati wamekuwa wakitaka sheria za utoaji mimba zibadilishwe. Wanasema kuna kiwango kikubwa cha utoaji mimba usio halali, pamoja na mimba zinazotokana na ubakaji. Hata hivyo, wanaharakati wengine na pia balozi mmoja wameunga mkono kuendelea kuwepo kwa sheria hiyo. Nchini Burundi<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Burundi {{!}} Guttmacher Institute|url=https://www.guttmacher.org/regions/africa/burundi|work=www.guttmacher.org|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref>, utoaji mimba mwingi hufanyika kinyume cha sheria. Baadhi ya [[Mwanamke|wanawake]] hujaribu kujitoa mimba wenyewe, huku wengine wakisaidiwa na waganga wa kienyeji au watu wanaotoa huduma za matibabu bila kuwa na ruhusa. Kwa sababu hiyo, utoaji mimba usio salama ni tatizo linalotokea mara kwa mara nchini humo. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sheria}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Burundi]] plkdg8wj233omvttrmwjsca4l84xphr 0 247793 1592826 2026-08-29T09:11:44Z Caphid 92024 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox Person|jina=Simon Peter Kinobe|nchi=Uganda|kazi_yake=mwanasheria|miaka ya kazi=7April2018-2020|elimu=Shahada ya sheria}} '''Simon Peter Kinobe''' ni [[mwanasheria]] na [[mwanaharakati]] wa haki za binadamu kutoka [[Uganda]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=News: Senior lawyer, activist welcome computer misuse law|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/senior-lawyer-activist-welcome-computer-misus-NV_145821_082026|work=New Vision|date=2022-10-22|acces...' 1592826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Simon Peter Kinobe|nchi=Uganda|kazi_yake=mwanasheria|miaka ya kazi=7April2018-2020|elimu=Shahada ya sheria}} '''Simon Peter Kinobe''' ni [[mwanasheria]] na [[mwanaharakati]] wa haki za binadamu kutoka [[Uganda]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=News: Senior lawyer, activist welcome computer misuse law|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/senior-lawyer-activist-welcome-computer-misus-NV_145821_082026|work=New Vision|date=2022-10-22|accessdate=2026-08-29|author=NewVision Reporter}}</ref>.Yeye ni Mwenyekiti wa Bodi ya Mashirika Yasiyo ya Kiserikali na aliwahi kuwa Rais wa Chama cha Wanasheria Uganda,nafasi aliyohudumu kutoka [[mwaka]] [[2018]] hadi [[2020]]<ref>[https://ortusadvocates.com/member/simon-peter-m-kinobe/ Page not found – Ortus Advocates]</ref>. {{Mbegu}} == Career. == Mnamo Novemba [[2022|2022,]] Kinobe aliteuliwa kuwa Mwenyekiti wa Bodi ya Ofisi ya Mashirika Yasiyo ya Kiserikali na Waziri wa Mambo ya Ndani.<ref>Mnamo Novemba 2022, Kinobe aliteuliwa kuwa Mwenyekiti wa Bodi ya Ofisi ya Mashirika Yasiyo ya Kiserikali (NGO Bureau) na Waziri wa Mambo ya Ndani.</ref> == Marejeo. == [[Jamii:Watu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu bara kwa bara]] 9ra007fat5k4pgef2js4wdaer9a3lm5 1592829 1592826 2026-08-29T09:14:35Z Caphid 92024 1592829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Simon Peter Kinobe|nchi=Uganda|kazi_yake=mwanasheria|miaka ya kazi=7April2018-2020|elimu=Shahada ya sheria}} '''Simon Peter Kinobe''' ni [[mwanasheria]] na [[mwanaharakati]] wa haki za binadamu kutoka [[Uganda]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=News: Senior lawyer, activist welcome computer misuse law|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/senior-lawyer-activist-welcome-computer-misus-NV_145821_082026|work=New Vision|date=2022-10-22|accessdate=2026-08-29|author=NewVision Reporter}}</ref>.Yeye ni Mwenyekiti wa Bodi ya Mashirika Yasiyo ya Kiserikali na aliwahi kuwa Rais wa Chama cha Wanasheria Uganda,nafasi aliyohudumu kutoka [[mwaka]] [[2018]] hadi [[2020]]<ref>[https://ortusadvocates.com/member/simon-peter-m-kinobe/ Page not found – Ortus Advocates]</ref>. == Kazi == Mnamo Novemba [[2022|2022,]] Kinobe aliteuliwa kuwa Mwenyekiti wa Bodi ya Ofisi ya Mashirika Yasiyo ya Kiserikali na Waziri wa Mambo ya Ndani.<ref>Mnamo Novemba 2022, Kinobe aliteuliwa kuwa Mwenyekiti wa Bodi ya Ofisi ya Mashirika Yasiyo ya Kiserikali (NGO Bureau) na Waziri wa Mambo ya Ndani.</ref> == Marejeo. == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu bara kwa bara]] oeijliicttnxc7wn6v0tzvgi16jakv1 1592900 1592829 2026-08-29T10:11:44Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1592900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Simon Peter Kinobe|nchi=Uganda|kazi_yake=mwanasheria|miaka ya kazi=7April2018-2020|elimu=Shahada ya sheria}} '''Simon Peter Kinobe''' ni [[mwanasheria]] na [[mwanaharakati]] wa haki za binadamu kutoka [[Uganda]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=News: Senior lawyer, activist welcome computer misuse law|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/senior-lawyer-activist-welcome-computer-misus-NV_145821_082026|work=New Vision|date=2022-10-22|accessdate=2026-08-29|author=NewVision Reporter}}</ref>.Yeye ni Mwenyekiti wa Bodi ya Mashirika Yasiyo ya Kiserikali na aliwahi kuwa Rais wa Chama cha Wanasheria Uganda,nafasi aliyohudumu kutoka [[mwaka]] [[2018]] hadi [[2020]]<ref>[https://ortusadvocates.com/member/simon-peter-m-kinobe/ Page not found – Ortus Advocates]</ref>. == Kazi == Mnamo Novemba [[2022|2022,]] Kinobe aliteuliwa kuwa Mwenyekiti wa Bodi ya Ofisi ya Mashirika Yasiyo ya Kiserikali na Waziri wa Mambo ya Ndani.<ref>Mnamo Novemba 2022, Kinobe aliteuliwa kuwa Mwenyekiti wa Bodi ya Ofisi ya Mashirika Yasiyo ya Kiserikali (NGO Bureau) na Waziri wa Mambo ya Ndani.</ref> == Marejeo. == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu bara kwa bara]] g7smio8hkhxq2ldrsj6fm8d4nyy6ytf 1592904 1592900 2026-08-29T10:19:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1592904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Simon Peter Kinobe|nchi=Uganda|kazi_yake=mwanasheria|miaka ya kazi=7April2018-2020|elimu=Shahada ya sheria}} '''Simon Peter Kinobe''' ni [[mwanasheria]] na [[mwanaharakati]] wa haki za binadamu kutoka [[Uganda]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=News: Senior lawyer, activist welcome computer misuse law|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/senior-lawyer-activist-welcome-computer-misus-NV_145821_082026|work=New Vision|date=2022-10-22|accessdate=2026-08-29|author=NewVision Reporter}}</ref>.Yeye ni Mwenyekiti wa Bodi ya Mashirika Yasiyo ya Kiserikali na aliwahi kuwa Rais wa Chama cha Wanasheria Uganda,nafasi aliyohudumu kutoka [[mwaka]] [[2018]] hadi [[2020]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ortusadvocates.com/member/simon-peter-m-kinobe/ |title=Page not found – Ortus Advocates |accessdate=2026-08-29 |archive-date=2024-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520093357/https://ortusadvocates.com/member/simon-peter-m-kinobe/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. == Kazi == Mnamo Novemba [[2022|2022,]] Kinobe aliteuliwa kuwa Mwenyekiti wa Bodi ya Ofisi ya Mashirika Yasiyo ya Kiserikali na Waziri wa Mambo ya Ndani.<ref>Mnamo Novemba 2022, Kinobe aliteuliwa kuwa Mwenyekiti wa Bodi ya Ofisi ya Mashirika Yasiyo ya Kiserikali (NGO Bureau) na Waziri wa Mambo ya Ndani.</ref> == Marejeo. == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu bara kwa bara]] or1et14plxvw43wgzebba62p6trt3he 1592962 1592904 2026-08-29T10:48:46Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Simon Peter Kinobe|nchi=Uganda|kazi_yake=mwanasheria|miaka ya kazi=7April2018-2020|elimu=Shahada ya sheria}} '''Simon Peter Kinobe''' ni [[mwanasheria]] na [[mwanaharakati]] wa haki za binadamu kutoka [[Uganda]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=News: Senior lawyer, activist welcome computer misuse law|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/senior-lawyer-activist-welcome-computer-misus-NV_145821_082026|work=New Vision|date=2022-10-22|accessdate=2026-08-29|author=NewVision Reporter}}</ref>.Yeye ni Mwenyekiti wa Bodi ya Mashirika Yasiyo ya Kiserikali na aliwahi kuwa Rais wa Chama cha Wanasheria Uganda,nafasi aliyohudumu kutoka [[mwaka]] [[2018]] hadi [[2020]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ortusadvocates.com/member/simon-peter-m-kinobe/ |title=Page not found – Ortus Advocates |accessdate=2026-08-29 |archive-date=2024-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520093357/https://ortusadvocates.com/member/simon-peter-m-kinobe/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. == Kazi == Mnamo Novemba [[2022|2022,]] Kinobe aliteuliwa kuwa Mwenyekiti wa Bodi ya Ofisi ya Mashirika Yasiyo ya Kiserikali na Waziri wa Mambo ya Ndani.<ref>Mnamo Novemba 2022, Kinobe aliteuliwa kuwa Mwenyekiti wa Bodi ya Ofisi ya Mashirika Yasiyo ya Kiserikali (NGO Bureau) na Waziri wa Mambo ya Ndani.</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Uganda]] 2b2tt1hv2s253h2453v963ythqcioej 0 247794 1592827 2026-08-29T09:12:31Z Mary calist mlay 39270 anzisha makala 1592827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=William Byaruhanga|utaifa=Uganda|elimu=Sheria (Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere)|kazi yake=Mwanasheria na Mfanyabiashara|miaka ya kazi=1988 mpaka sasa|kazi maarufu=Mwanasheria Mkuu wa Uganda|mahusiano=Mrs. Jackie Byaruhanga}} '''William Byaruhanga''' ni [[mwanasheria]] na [[mfanyabiashara]] kutoka [[Uganda]]. Aliwahi kuwa Mwanasheria Mkuu wa Uganda (Attorney General) na mwanachama wa [[Baraza la Mawaziri]] la nchi hiyo. Aliteuliwa katika nafasi hiyo tarehe [[6 Juni]] [[2016]], akichukua nafasi ya Fred Ruhindi.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121926/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%27s+cabinet.pdf</ref> Byaruhanga alihudumu kama Mwanasheria Mkuu hadi mwaka [[2021]], ambapo alibadilishwa na Kiryowa Kiwanuka, aliyeteuliwa tarehe 8 Juni 2021. Alisoma Sheria katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere]], ambako alipata shahada ya Sheria. Baadaye alisoma katika Law Development Centre na kupata Diploma ya Utendaji wa Kisheria. Alikubaliwa rasmi kuwa wakili wa Uganda mwaka [[1988]]. Kabla ya kuteuliwa kuwa Mwanasheria Mkuu, Byaruhanga alikuwa mshirika mkuu wa kampuni ya sheria ya Kasirye, Byaruhanga & Co. Advocates huko [[Kampala]]. Kampuni hiyo ilianzishwa mwaka 1991 na William Byaruhanga pamoja na Andrew Kasirye. Ana uzoefu mkubwa katika sheria za biashara, miamala ya kampuni, urekebishaji wa kampuni, ununuzi na uunganishaji wa kampuni, pamoja na uwekezaji. Baada ya kuondoka [[Serikali|serikalini]] mwaka 2021, aliendelea kujihusisha na shughuli za kisheria na biashara. Pia amewahi kuhudumu katika bodi ya wakurugenzi ya Centum Investment. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160512165851/http://www.ucc.co.ug/data/smenu/94/Board-Members.html</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == William Byaruhanga alihitimu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere, akiwa na shahada ya Sheria.Baadaye alisoma katika Kituo cha Maendeleo ya Sheria ambako alihitimu na kupata Diploma ya Utendaji wa Kisheria. Mwaka 1988, alikubaliwa kuwa mwanasheria katika Chama cha Wanasheria cha Uganda .<ref>https://lawyer.co.ug/team/william-byaruhanga/</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Uganda]] qnv1n79pahoduinnfuuf9hm5drl9hmu 1592828 1592827 2026-08-29T09:13:38Z Mary calist mlay 39270 1592828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=William Byaruhanga|utaifa=Uganda|elimu=Sheria (Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere)|kazi yake=Mwanasheria na Mfanyabiashara|miaka ya kazi=1988 mpaka sasa|kazi maarufu=Mwanasheria Mkuu wa Uganda|mahusiano=Mrs. Jackie Byaruhanga}} '''William Byaruhanga''' ni [[mwanasheria]] na [[mfanyabiashara]] kutoka [[Uganda]]. Aliwahi kuwa Mwanasheria Mkuu wa Uganda (Attorney General) na mwanachama wa [[Baraza la Mawaziri]] la nchi hiyo. Aliteuliwa katika nafasi hiyo tarehe [[6 Juni]] [[2016]], akichukua nafasi ya Fred Ruhindi.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121926/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%27s+cabinet.pdf</ref> Byaruhanga alihudumu kama Mwanasheria Mkuu hadi mwaka [[2021]], ambapo alibadilishwa na Kiryowa Kiwanuka, aliyeteuliwa tarehe 8 Juni 2021. Alisoma Sheria katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere]], ambako alipata shahada ya Sheria. Baadaye alisoma katika Law Development Centre na kupata Diploma ya Utendaji wa Kisheria. Alikubaliwa rasmi kuwa wakili wa Uganda mwaka [[1988]]. Kabla ya kuteuliwa kuwa Mwanasheria Mkuu, Byaruhanga alikuwa mshirika mkuu wa kampuni ya sheria ya Kasirye, Byaruhanga & Co. Advocates huko [[Kampala]]. Kampuni hiyo ilianzishwa mwaka 1991 na William Byaruhanga pamoja na Andrew Kasirye. Ana uzoefu mkubwa katika sheria za biashara, miamala ya kampuni, urekebishaji wa kampuni, ununuzi na uunganishaji wa kampuni, pamoja na uwekezaji. Baada ya kuondoka [[Serikali|serikalini]] mwaka 2021, aliendelea kujihusisha na shughuli za kisheria na biashara. Pia amewahi kuhudumu katika bodi ya wakurugenzi ya Centum Investment. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160512165851/http://www.ucc.co.ug/data/smenu/94/Board-Members.html</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == William Byaruhanga alihitimu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere, akiwa na shahada ya Sheria.Baadaye alisoma katika Kituo cha Maendeleo ya Sheria ambako alihitimu na kupata Diploma ya Utendaji wa Kisheria. Mwaka 1988, alikubaliwa kuwa mwanasheria katika Chama cha Wanasheria cha Uganda .<ref>https://lawyer.co.ug/team/william-byaruhanga/</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Uganda]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} lz4ocokezil4fd0bbrhutf8amfm59n2 1592964 1592828 2026-08-29T10:49:46Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Marejeo */ 1592964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=William Byaruhanga|utaifa=Uganda|elimu=Sheria (Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere)|kazi yake=Mwanasheria na Mfanyabiashara|miaka ya kazi=1988 mpaka sasa|kazi maarufu=Mwanasheria Mkuu wa Uganda|mahusiano=Mrs. Jackie Byaruhanga}} '''William Byaruhanga''' ni [[mwanasheria]] na [[mfanyabiashara]] kutoka [[Uganda]]. Aliwahi kuwa Mwanasheria Mkuu wa Uganda (Attorney General) na mwanachama wa [[Baraza la Mawaziri]] la nchi hiyo. Aliteuliwa katika nafasi hiyo tarehe [[6 Juni]] [[2016]], akichukua nafasi ya Fred Ruhindi.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121926/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%27s+cabinet.pdf</ref> Byaruhanga alihudumu kama Mwanasheria Mkuu hadi mwaka [[2021]], ambapo alibadilishwa na Kiryowa Kiwanuka, aliyeteuliwa tarehe 8 Juni 2021. Alisoma Sheria katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere]], ambako alipata shahada ya Sheria. Baadaye alisoma katika Law Development Centre na kupata Diploma ya Utendaji wa Kisheria. Alikubaliwa rasmi kuwa wakili wa Uganda mwaka [[1988]]. Kabla ya kuteuliwa kuwa Mwanasheria Mkuu, Byaruhanga alikuwa mshirika mkuu wa kampuni ya sheria ya Kasirye, Byaruhanga & Co. Advocates huko [[Kampala]]. Kampuni hiyo ilianzishwa mwaka 1991 na William Byaruhanga pamoja na Andrew Kasirye. Ana uzoefu mkubwa katika sheria za biashara, miamala ya kampuni, urekebishaji wa kampuni, ununuzi na uunganishaji wa kampuni, pamoja na uwekezaji. Baada ya kuondoka [[Serikali|serikalini]] mwaka 2021, aliendelea kujihusisha na shughuli za kisheria na biashara. Pia amewahi kuhudumu katika bodi ya wakurugenzi ya Centum Investment. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160512165851/http://www.ucc.co.ug/data/smenu/94/Board-Members.html</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == William Byaruhanga alihitimu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere, akiwa na shahada ya Sheria.Baadaye alisoma katika Kituo cha Maendeleo ya Sheria ambako alihitimu na kupata Diploma ya Utendaji wa Kisheria. Mwaka 1988, alikubaliwa kuwa mwanasheria katika Chama cha Wanasheria cha Uganda .<ref>https://lawyer.co.ug/team/william-byaruhanga/</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Uganda]] 5yp538qdq1b1kwrxkegiixjlgzqq6xg 0 247795 1592830 2026-08-29T09:15:31Z Fesheli 91181 Ukurasa ulioanzishwa 1592830 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Basbaas cagaar''' ni [[mchuzi]] wa [[pilipili]] hoho kali za kijani unaopatikana nchini [[Somalia|Somalia.]] Pilipili mbichi za kijani na [[Kitunguu|vitunguu]] ni viambato muhimu vya mchuzi huu pia mbegu zake zikibaki ndani, huufanya mchuzi kuwa mkali zaidi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2 Somali Hot Sauces (2 Nooc Basbaas) 2 Sauces Piquantes Somali البسباس الصومالي – Xawaash|url=https://xawaash.com/?p=4738|date=2012-09-16|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>https://www.latimes.com/recipe/basbaas-green-somali-hot-sauce</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Watu]] [[Jamii:Mapishi]] 5hirqbro8o6vceui5jos4hsnvn9tyhl 1592969 1592830 2026-08-29T10:51:15Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592969 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Basbaas cagaar''' ni [[mchuzi]] wa [[pilipili]] hoho kali za kijani unaopatikana nchini [[Somalia]]. Pilipili mbichi za kijani na [[Kitunguu|vitunguu]] ni viambato muhimu vya mchuzi huu pia mbegu zake zikibaki ndani, huufanya mchuzi kuwa mkali zaidi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2 Somali Hot Sauces (2 Nooc Basbaas) 2 Sauces Piquantes Somali البسباس الصومالي – Xawaash|url=https://xawaash.com/?p=4738|date=2012-09-16|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>https://www.latimes.com/recipe/basbaas-green-somali-hot-sauce</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:utamaduni wa Somalia]] [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] ksf7b996jpwejsegnswl59vp2tkuqp0 0 247796 1592831 2026-08-29T09:20:12Z 124sia 92022 Kuanzisha makala 1592831 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bi. Abdoulaye Diori''', Kadiatou Ly alizaliwa ([[5]] [[Machi]] [[1952]] – [[12]] [[20 Desemba|Desemba 2020),]] alikuwa [[mwanasheria]] kutoka [[Niger]]. Aliwahi kuwa [[Rais]] wa [[Mahakama]] ya Kikatiba ya [[Niger|Niger,]] nafasi aliyoishikilia kuanzia mwaka [[2013]] hadi [[2019]].Alikuwa mwanamke wa pili kushika nafasi ya Rais wa Mahakama ya Kikatiba ya [[Niger]]; mwanamke wa kwanza alikuwa Salifou Fatimata Bazeye. == Maisha yake ya awali na elimu == Alizaliwa mwaka 1952 huko [[Niamey]]. Kadidiatou alianza kazi kama [[Mkunga (samaki)|mkunga]]. Baadaye aliamua kuendelea na masomo katika Chuo Kikuu cha [[Niamey]], na mwaka [[2005]] alipata shahada ya udaktari wa sheria (PhD) katika sheria za umma kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Paris-Saclay.<ref>{{Citation|title=Abdoulaye Diori Kadidiatou Ly|date=2026-07-21|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdoulaye_Diori_Kadidiatou_Ly&oldid=1365311230|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Abdoulaye Diori Kadidiatou Ly|date=2026-07-21|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdoulaye_Diori_Kadidiatou_Ly&oldid=1365311230|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref>Aliolewa na [[marehemu]] Abdoulaye Hamani Diori.Mwaka [[2013]], alichaguliwa kuwa Rais wa Mahakama ya Kikatiba ya Niger.Mwaka [[2019]], Bouba Mahmane alimrithi na kuwa mkuu wa [[Mahakama]] ya Kikatiba ya Niger.Bi. Abdoulaye Diori alifariki jioni ya tarehe 12 Desemba 2020. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1952]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2020]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Niger]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} qakq2n45jmce1ivu1og6tr26qqdws27 1592970 1592831 2026-08-29T10:52:35Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592970 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bi. Abdoulaye Diori Kadiatou Ly''', ([[5 Machi]] [[1952]] – [[12 Desemba]] [[2020]]) alikuwa [[mwanasheria]] kutoka [[Niger]]. Aliwahi kuwa [[Rais]] wa [[Mahakama]] ya Kikatiba ya [[Niger|Niger,]] nafasi aliyoishikilia kuanzia mwaka [[2013]] hadi [[2019]].Alikuwa mwanamke wa pili kushika nafasi ya Rais wa Mahakama ya Kikatiba ya [[Niger]]; mwanamke wa kwanza alikuwa Salifou Fatimata Bazeye. == Maisha yake ya awali na elimu == Alizaliwa mwaka 1952 huko [[Niamey]]. Kadidiatou alianza kazi kama [[Mkunga (samaki)|mkunga]]. Baadaye aliamua kuendelea na masomo katika Chuo Kikuu cha [[Niamey]], na mwaka [[2005]] alipata shahada ya udaktari wa sheria (PhD) katika sheria za umma kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Paris-Saclay.<ref>{{Citation|title=Abdoulaye Diori Kadidiatou Ly|date=2026-07-21|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdoulaye_Diori_Kadidiatou_Ly&oldid=1365311230|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Abdoulaye Diori Kadidiatou Ly|date=2026-07-21|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdoulaye_Diori_Kadidiatou_Ly&oldid=1365311230|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref>Aliolewa na [[marehemu]] Abdoulaye Hamani Diori.Mwaka [[2013]], alichaguliwa kuwa Rais wa Mahakama ya Kikatiba ya Niger.Mwaka [[2019]], Bouba Mahmane alimrithi na kuwa mkuu wa [[Mahakama]] ya Kikatiba ya Niger.Bi. Abdoulaye Diori alifariki jioni ya tarehe 12 Desemba 2020. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1952]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2020]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Niger]] d0kqnbpffsigxzez98i7tsogtq4qh5h 1592971 1592970 2026-08-29T10:53:18Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592971 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bi. Abdoulaye Diori Kadiatou Ly''', ([[5 Machi]] [[1952]] – [[12 Desemba]] [[2020]]) alikuwa [[mwanasheria]] kutoka [[Niger]]. Aliwahi kuwa [[Rais]] wa [[Mahakama]] ya Kikatiba ya [[Niger|Niger,]] nafasi aliyoishikilia kuanzia mwaka [[2013]] hadi [[2019]].Alikuwa mwanamke wa pili kushika nafasi ya Rais wa Mahakama ya Kikatiba ya [[Niger]]; mwanamke wa kwanza alikuwa Salifou Fatimata Bazeye. == Maisha yake ya awali na elimu == Alizaliwa mwaka 1952 huko [[Niamey]]. Kadidiatou alianza kazi kama [[mkunga]]. Baadaye aliamua kuendelea na masomo katika Chuo Kikuu cha [[Niamey]], na mwaka [[2005]] alipata shahada ya udaktari wa sheria (PhD) katika sheria za umma kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Paris-Saclay. Aliolewa na [[marehemu]] Abdoulaye Hamani Diori. Mwaka [[2013]], alichaguliwa kuwa Rais wa Mahakama ya Kikatiba ya Niger. Mwaka [[2019]], Bouba Mahmane alimrithi na kuwa mkuu wa [[Mahakama]] ya Kikatiba ya Niger.Bi. Abdoulaye Diori alifariki jioni ya tarehe 12 Desemba 2020. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1952]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2020]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Niger]] as6xqurvsz6p1xi58kgiwq8mpnnslb6 0 247797 1592832 2026-08-29T09:20:56Z Annah09 91909 Ukurusa umeundwa 1592832 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Nchi|Nchini]] [[Moroko]], utoaji [[mimba]] ni kinyume cha [[sheria]] isipokuwa tu kwa sababu za kimatibabu (therapeutic abortion). Ingawa sheria haitaji wazi sababu za kuruhusu utoaji [[mimba]], kanuni za [[maadili]] ya [[udaktari]] za nchi hiyo zinaruhusu tu utoaji [[mimba]] kwa ajili ya kuokoa [[maisha]] ya mama kabla ya kijusi kufikia hatua ya kuweza kuishi nje ya [[mfuko]] wa uzazi. Utoaji [[mimba]] ulio halali kisheria lazima uwe na idhini ya mwenza (mume/mke) au ya [[mganga]] mkuu wa [[mkoa]], isipokuwa kama madaktari watatu watathibitisha kwamba [[ujauzito]] huo una [[hatari]] ya kusababisha [[kifo]] cha [[mama]]. Kufanya au kupokea huduma ya utoaji [[mimba]] nje ya masharti haya, pamoja na kuhamasisha utoaji [[mimba]], ni makosa yanayoadhibiwa kwa [[faini]] au [[Kifungo|kifungo.]] Ingawa [[serikali]] haichapishi [[takwimu]] za utoaji [[mimba]], makadirio yanaonyesha kuwa nchi hiyo inashuhudia mamia ya utoaji [[mimba]] usio halali kila [[siku]], na mingi kati ya hiyo hufanyika katika [[mazingira]] yasiyo salama<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Abortion Policies Database|url=https://abortion-policies.srhr.org/country/morocco/?version=2017-05-07|work=abortion-policies.srhr.org|accessdate=2026-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Abortion Policies Database|url=https://abortion-policies.srhr.org/country/morocco/?version=2017-05-07|work=abortion-policies.srhr.org|accessdate=2026-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Abortion Policies Database|url=https://abortion-policies.srhr.org/country/morocco/?version=2017-05-07|work=abortion-policies.srhr.org|accessdate=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Haki za wanawake]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Moroko]] prb64ct9cuqdu1mldo2jhtkgh3ppbgv 1592931 1592832 2026-08-29T10:33:56Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1592931 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Nchi|Nchini]] [[Moroko]], utoaji [[mimba]] ni kinyume cha [[sheria]] isipokuwa tu kwa sababu za kimatibabu (therapeutic abortion). Ingawa sheria haitaji wazi sababu za kuruhusu utoaji [[mimba]], kanuni za [[maadili]] ya [[udaktari]] za nchi hiyo zinaruhusu tu utoaji [[mimba]] kwa ajili ya kuokoa [[maisha]] ya mama kabla ya kijusi kufikia hatua ya kuweza kuishi nje ya [[mfuko]] wa uzazi. Utoaji [[mimba]] ulio halali kisheria lazima uwe na idhini ya mwenza (mume/mke) au ya [[mganga]] mkuu wa [[mkoa]], isipokuwa kama madaktari watatu watathibitisha kwamba [[ujauzito]] huo una [[hatari]] ya kusababisha [[kifo]] cha [[mama]]. Kufanya au kupokea huduma ya utoaji [[mimba]] nje ya masharti haya, pamoja na kuhamasisha utoaji [[mimba]], ni makosa yanayoadhibiwa kwa [[faini]] au [[Kifungo|kifungo.]] Ingawa [[serikali]] haichapishi [[takwimu]] za utoaji [[mimba]], makadirio yanaonyesha kuwa nchi hiyo inashuhudia mamia ya utoaji [[mimba]] usio halali kila [[siku]], na mingi kati ya hiyo hufanyika katika [[mazingira]] yasiyo salama<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Global Abortion Policies Database|url=https://abortion-policies.srhr.org/country/morocco/?version=2017-05-07|work=abortion-policies.srhr.org|accessdate=2026-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Global Abortion Policies Database|url=https://abortion-policies.srhr.org/country/morocco/?version=2017-05-07|work=abortion-policies.srhr.org|accessdate=2026-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Global Abortion Policies Database|url=https://abortion-policies.srhr.org/country/morocco/?version=2017-05-07|work=abortion-policies.srhr.org|accessdate=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Haki za wanawake]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Moroko]] ttn643o4xbqrvtx4f0vy4lu6n3j251l 1592974 1592931 2026-08-29T10:55:50Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592974 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji mimba Moroko'', ni kinyume cha [[sheria]] isipokuwa tu kwa sababu za kimatibabu. Ingawa sheria haitaji wazi sababu za kuruhusu [[utoaji mimba]], kanuni za [[maadili]] ya [[udaktari]] za nchi hiyo zinaruhusu tu utoaji [[mimba]] kwa ajili ya kuokoa [[maisha]] ya mama kabla ya kijusi kufikia hatua ya kuweza kuishi nje ya [[mfuko wa uzazi]]. Utoaji mimba ulio halali kisheria lazima uwe na idhini ya mwenza (mume/mke) au ya [[mganga]] mkuu wa [[mkoa]], isipokuwa kama madaktari watatu watathibitisha kwamba [[ujauzito]] huo una [[hatari]] ya kusababisha [[kifo]] cha [[mama]]. Kufanya au kupokea huduma ya utoaji mimba nje ya masharti haya, pamoja na kuhamasisha utoaji mimba, ni makosa yanayoadhibiwa kwa [[faini]] au [[kifungo]]. Ingawa [[serikali]] haichapishi [[takwimu]] za utoaji mimba, makadirio yanaonyesha kuwa nchi hiyo inashuhudia mamia ya utoaji mimba usio halali kila [[siku]], na mingi kati ya hiyo hufanyika katika [[mazingira]] yasiyo salama<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Global Abortion Policies Database|url=https://abortion-policies.srhr.org/country/morocco/?version=2017-05-07|work=abortion-policies.srhr.org|accessdate=2026-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Global Abortion Policies Database|url=https://abortion-policies.srhr.org/country/morocco/?version=2017-05-07|work=abortion-policies.srhr.org|accessdate=2026-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Global Abortion Policies Database|url=https://abortion-policies.srhr.org/country/morocco/?version=2017-05-07|work=abortion-policies.srhr.org|accessdate=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sheria}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Moroko]] fz1h2rqjc4et5o41rqu34z5dub2qtno 0 247798 1592833 2026-08-29T09:22:23Z SHEDRACK MKOTIA 81798 Nimeunda ukurasa 1592833 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nchini Liberia''', utoaji mimba ni halali kisheria tu katika mazingira yafuatayo: pale ambapo [[ujauzito]] umetokana na ubakaji, [[mtoto]] anayetarajiwa ana tatizo kubwa la kiafya au ulemavu wa kijusi, au pale ambapo ujauzito unaweka katika hatari afya ya kimwili au kiakili ya mama, au maisha yake. Utoaji mimba unaruhusiwa hadi kufikia wiki ya 24 ya ujauzito. Takribani 32% ya [[wanawake]] wamewahi kutoa mimba, jambo ambalo nchini Liberia huitwa “kuharibu tumbo. Utoaji mimba usio salama ni jambo linalotokea mara kwa mara na unahusishwa na takribani 15% ya vifo vya wajawazito nchini humo. Utoaji mimba unaofanywa na mwanamke mwenyewe pia hutokea kwa kiwango kikubwa. Utoaji mimba kwa kutumia [[dawa]] kuna vikwazo vya kisheria. Hata hivyo, huduma za matibabu baada ya utoaji [[mimba]] zinapatikana katika vituo vya afya vya umma na binafsi. [[Sheria]] ya Liberia kuhusu utoaji mimba ilitungwa mwaka 1976. Mwaka 2020, Bunge la Liberia liliwasilisha muswada uliolenga kuruhusu utoaji mimba katika mazingira mapana zaidi. Mwaka 2022, Bunge lilianza kujadili marekebisho ya sheria hiyo baada ya muswada huo kuwasilishwa na Seneta Augustine Chea. [[Makundi]] yanayounga mkono upanuzi wa haki ya utoaji mimba yamesema kuwa mabadiliko hayo yatasaidia kupunguza kiwango kikubwa cha utoaji mimba usio salama nchini. Kwa upande mwingine, viongozi wa [[dini]] wameupinga muswada huo wakisema kuwa unakiuka [[haki]] za [[kijusi]].<ref /><ref>https://www.thenewdawnliberia.com/sali-aims-to-mitigate-liberias-38000-illegal-abortion/</ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.law.cornell.edu/gender-justice/resource/offenses_against_the_family_chapter_16_penal_law_-_title_26_-_liberian_code_of_laws_revised</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.thenewdawnliberia.com/unsafe-abortion-threatens-womens-health/</nowiki></ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Haki za wanawake]] [[Jamii:Haki za watoto]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Afya ya umma]] ov6lk9e3y7wbal56t0xua4vesz9yclw 1592975 1592833 2026-08-29T10:58:49Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592975 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji mimba Liberia''' ni halali kisheria tu katika mazingira yafuatayo: pale ambapo [[ujauzito]] umetokana na ubakaji, [[mtoto]] anayetarajiwa ana tatizo kubwa la kiafya au ulemavu wa kijusi, au pale ambapo ujauzito unaweka katika hatari afya ya kimwili au kiakili ya mama, au maisha yake. Utoaji mimba unaruhusiwa hadi kufikia wiki ya 24 ya ujauzito. Takribani 32% ya [[wanawake]] wamewahi kutoa mimba, jambo ambalo nchini [[Liberia]] huitwa "kuharibu tumbo". Utoaji mimba usio salama ni jambo linalotokea mara kwa mara na unahusishwa na takribani 15% ya vifo vya wajawazito nchini humo. Utoaji mimba unaofanywa na mwanamke mwenyewe pia hutokea kwa kiwango kikubwa. Utoaji mimba kwa kutumia [[dawa]] kuna vikwazo vya kisheria. Hata hivyo, huduma za matibabu baada ya [[utoaji mimba]] zinapatikana katika vituo vya afya vya umma na binafsi. [[Sheria]] ya Liberia kuhusu utoaji mimba ilitungwa mwaka 1976. Mwaka 2020, Bunge la Liberia liliwasilisha muswada uliolenga kuruhusu utoaji mimba katika mazingira mapana zaidi. Mwaka 2022, Bunge lilianza kujadili marekebisho ya sheria hiyo baada ya muswada huo kuwasilishwa na Seneta Augustine Chea. [[Makundi]] yanayounga mkono upanuzi wa haki ya utoaji mimba yamesema kuwa mabadiliko hayo yatasaidia kupunguza kiwango kikubwa cha utoaji mimba usio salama nchini. Kwa upande mwingine, viongozi wa [[dini]] wameupinga muswada huo wakisema kuwa unakiuka [[haki]] za [[kijusi]].<ref /><ref>https://www.thenewdawnliberia.com/sali-aims-to-mitigate-liberias-38000-illegal-abortion/</ref><ref>https://www.law.cornell.edu/gender-justice/resource/offenses_against_the_family_chapter_16_penal_law_-_title_26_-_liberian_code_of_laws_revised</ref><ref>https://www.thenewdawnliberia.com/unsafe-abortion-threatens-womens-health/</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sheria}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Liberia]] 22kny2g1htv5pfhmhw67ugezs1u7sv8 1592976 1592975 2026-08-29T10:59:10Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Utoaji Mimba Nchini Liberia]] hadi [[Utoaji mimba Liberia]]: urahisi wa kuupata 1592975 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji mimba Liberia''' ni halali kisheria tu katika mazingira yafuatayo: pale ambapo [[ujauzito]] umetokana na ubakaji, [[mtoto]] anayetarajiwa ana tatizo kubwa la kiafya au ulemavu wa kijusi, au pale ambapo ujauzito unaweka katika hatari afya ya kimwili au kiakili ya mama, au maisha yake. Utoaji mimba unaruhusiwa hadi kufikia wiki ya 24 ya ujauzito. Takribani 32% ya [[wanawake]] wamewahi kutoa mimba, jambo ambalo nchini [[Liberia]] huitwa "kuharibu tumbo". Utoaji mimba usio salama ni jambo linalotokea mara kwa mara na unahusishwa na takribani 15% ya vifo vya wajawazito nchini humo. Utoaji mimba unaofanywa na mwanamke mwenyewe pia hutokea kwa kiwango kikubwa. Utoaji mimba kwa kutumia [[dawa]] kuna vikwazo vya kisheria. Hata hivyo, huduma za matibabu baada ya [[utoaji mimba]] zinapatikana katika vituo vya afya vya umma na binafsi. [[Sheria]] ya Liberia kuhusu utoaji mimba ilitungwa mwaka 1976. Mwaka 2020, Bunge la Liberia liliwasilisha muswada uliolenga kuruhusu utoaji mimba katika mazingira mapana zaidi. Mwaka 2022, Bunge lilianza kujadili marekebisho ya sheria hiyo baada ya muswada huo kuwasilishwa na Seneta Augustine Chea. [[Makundi]] yanayounga mkono upanuzi wa haki ya utoaji mimba yamesema kuwa mabadiliko hayo yatasaidia kupunguza kiwango kikubwa cha utoaji mimba usio salama nchini. Kwa upande mwingine, viongozi wa [[dini]] wameupinga muswada huo wakisema kuwa unakiuka [[haki]] za [[kijusi]].<ref /><ref>https://www.thenewdawnliberia.com/sali-aims-to-mitigate-liberias-38000-illegal-abortion/</ref><ref>https://www.law.cornell.edu/gender-justice/resource/offenses_against_the_family_chapter_16_penal_law_-_title_26_-_liberian_code_of_laws_revised</ref><ref>https://www.thenewdawnliberia.com/unsafe-abortion-threatens-womens-health/</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sheria}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Liberia]] 22kny2g1htv5pfhmhw67ugezs1u7sv8 0 247799 1592834 2026-08-29T09:25:25Z Dickson manumbu mapambano 73990 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox Person|jina=Abimbolo omololu mulele|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=Frederica abimbola Aina Da Rocha afodu|nchi=Nigerian|kazi_yake=Mwanasheria|tarehe_ya_kufariki=2009}} '''Chief Frederica Abimbola Aina Omololu-Mulele''' (aliyezaliwa Da cRocha-Afodu, na zamani Omololu, alikufa [[mwaka]] [[2009]]) alikuwa [[mwanasheria]] na mtaalamu wa elimu kutoka [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='Shèun Ominira-Bluejack {{!}} Of Old Renown|url=https://www.africanwriter.com/...' 1592834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Abimbolo omololu mulele|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=Frederica abimbola Aina Da Rocha afodu|nchi=Nigerian|kazi_yake=Mwanasheria|tarehe_ya_kufariki=2009}} '''Chief Frederica Abimbola Aina Omololu-Mulele''' (aliyezaliwa Da cRocha-Afodu, na zamani Omololu, alikufa [[mwaka]] [[2009]]) alikuwa [[mwanasheria]] na mtaalamu wa elimu kutoka [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='Shèun Ominira-Bluejack {{!}} Of Old Renown|url=https://www.africanwriter.com/sheun-ominira-bluejack-old-renown/|work=AfricanWriter.com|date=2025-01-01|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author='Shèun Ominira-Bluejack}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Abisogun-Afodu Lecture Launches N36m Endowment Fund for Pharmacy Research, Others|url=https://medicalworldnigeria.com/post/abisogun-afodu-lecture-launches-n36m-endowment-fund-for-pharmacy-research-others?pid=24284|work=Medical World Nigeria|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref>[[Binti (albamu)|Bintiye]] mkubwa wa Chief Candido Da Rocha, alianzisha na kuwa mmiliki wa [[Shule]] ya A.D.R.A.O. International, aliyoianzisha mwaka [[1963]]. Alikuwa mwanachama wa Middle Temple na alihitimu kutoka Trinity College Dublin. Kiongozi wake wa familia alidai kuwa alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kutoka Nigeria kusomea sheria na kumaliza [[chuo]] kikuu. Pia alisoma katika <ref>https://osuncitizen.com/2017/11/07/the-story-nigerias-first-millionaire-da-rocha-the-lodifi-of-ilesa/</ref>Chuo Kikuu cha Sorbonne huko [[Paris]] == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria nchi kwa nchi]] r46kha6q7r83emwk02lgtz7rptav9w1 1592978 1592834 2026-08-29T11:01:01Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Abimbolo omololu mulele|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=Frederica abimbola Aina Da Rocha afodu|nchi=Nigerian|kazi_yake=Mwanasheria|tarehe_ya_kufariki=2009}} '''Chief Frederica Abimbola Aina Omololu-Mulele''' (alizaliwa Da cRocha-Afodu, na zamani Omololu; alifariki [[2009]]) alikuwa [[mwanasheria]] na mtaalamu wa elimu kutoka [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='Shèun Ominira-Bluejack {{!}} Of Old Renown|url=https://www.africanwriter.com/sheun-ominira-bluejack-old-renown/|work=AfricanWriter.com|date=2025-01-01|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author='Shèun Ominira-Bluejack}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Abisogun-Afodu Lecture Launches N36m Endowment Fund for Pharmacy Research, Others|url=https://medicalworldnigeria.com/post/abisogun-afodu-lecture-launches-n36m-endowment-fund-for-pharmacy-research-others?pid=24284|work=Medical World Nigeria|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref>[[Binti (albamu)|Bintiye]] mkubwa wa Chief Candido Da Rocha, alianzisha na kuwa mmiliki wa [[Shule]] ya A.D.R.A.O. International, aliyoianzisha mwaka [[1963]]. Alikuwa mwanachama wa Middle Temple na alihitimu kutoka Trinity College Dublin. Kiongozi wake wa familia alidai kuwa alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kutoka Nigeria kusomea sheria na kumaliza [[chuo kikuu]]. Pia alisoma katika <ref>https://osuncitizen.com/2017/11/07/the-story-nigerias-first-millionaire-da-rocha-the-lodifi-of-ilesa/</ref>Chuo Kikuu cha Sorbonne huko [[Paris]] == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|karne ya 20|2009}} [[Jamii:Watu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Nigeria]] t5xuxjx9pwy9ky5z7dkzapmx7bl0mrp 1592979 1592978 2026-08-29T11:01:24Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Abimbola omololu mulele]] hadi [[Abimbola Omololu Mulele]] 1592978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Abimbolo omololu mulele|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=Frederica abimbola Aina Da Rocha afodu|nchi=Nigerian|kazi_yake=Mwanasheria|tarehe_ya_kufariki=2009}} '''Chief Frederica Abimbola Aina Omololu-Mulele''' (alizaliwa Da cRocha-Afodu, na zamani Omololu; alifariki [[2009]]) alikuwa [[mwanasheria]] na mtaalamu wa elimu kutoka [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='Shèun Ominira-Bluejack {{!}} Of Old Renown|url=https://www.africanwriter.com/sheun-ominira-bluejack-old-renown/|work=AfricanWriter.com|date=2025-01-01|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author='Shèun Ominira-Bluejack}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Abisogun-Afodu Lecture Launches N36m Endowment Fund for Pharmacy Research, Others|url=https://medicalworldnigeria.com/post/abisogun-afodu-lecture-launches-n36m-endowment-fund-for-pharmacy-research-others?pid=24284|work=Medical World Nigeria|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref>[[Binti (albamu)|Bintiye]] mkubwa wa Chief Candido Da Rocha, alianzisha na kuwa mmiliki wa [[Shule]] ya A.D.R.A.O. International, aliyoianzisha mwaka [[1963]]. Alikuwa mwanachama wa Middle Temple na alihitimu kutoka Trinity College Dublin. Kiongozi wake wa familia alidai kuwa alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kutoka Nigeria kusomea sheria na kumaliza [[chuo kikuu]]. Pia alisoma katika <ref>https://osuncitizen.com/2017/11/07/the-story-nigerias-first-millionaire-da-rocha-the-lodifi-of-ilesa/</ref>Chuo Kikuu cha Sorbonne huko [[Paris]] == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|karne ya 20|2009}} [[Jamii:Watu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Nigeria]] t5xuxjx9pwy9ky5z7dkzapmx7bl0mrp 0 247800 1592835 2026-08-29T09:27:07Z Hamisi msafiri mzuki 81808 Ukurasa ulianzishwa 1592835 wikitext text/x-wiki Utoaji [[mimba]] nchini [[Cabo Verde]] umekuwa halali kisheria kwa ombi la [[mwanamke]] kabla ya ujauzito kufikisha [[wiki]] 12 tangu [[mwaka]] [[1986]]. Baada ya wiki 12, mwanamke nchini Cabo Verde anaweza kupata huduma ya utoaji mimba kisheria ikiwa ujauzito unahatarisha [[afya]] yake ya [[mwili]] au ya akili, au ikiwa [[kijusi]] kina [[ulemavu]]. Cabo Verde ni miongoni mwa nchi sita tu [[Bara|barani]] [[Afrika]] zinazoruhusu utoaji mimba kwa hiari (bila masharti magumu), pamoja na [[Gine Bisau]], [[Msumbiji]] (Mozambique), [[Sao Tome na Principe]], [[Afrika Kusini]], na [[Tunisia]].<ref><nowiki>https://abortion-policies.srhr.org/country/cabo-verde?version=2023-04-19</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.womenonwaves.org/en/country/cape-verde</nowiki></ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Haki za wanawake]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Cabo Verde]] 949lxvoko1k4kplzy8jmm67740oomp8 1592981 1592835 2026-08-29T11:02:47Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592981 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji mimba Cabo Verde''' umekuwa halali kisheria kwa ombi la [[mwanamke]] kabla ya ujauzito kufikisha [[wiki]] 12 tangu [[mwaka]] [[1986]]. Baada ya wiki 12, mwanamke nchini anaweza kupata huduma ya utoaji mimba kisheria ikiwa ujauzito unahatarisha [[afya]] yake ya [[mwili]] au ya akili, au ikiwa [[kijusi]] kina [[ulemavu]]. [[Cabo Verde]] ni miongoni mwa nchi sita tu [[Bara|barani]] [[Afrika]] zinazoruhusu utoaji mimba kwa hiari (bila masharti magumu), pamoja na [[Gine Bisau]], [[Msumbiji]], [[Sao Tome na Principe]], [[Afrika Kusini]], na [[Tunisia]].<ref>https://abortion-policies.srhr.org/country/cabo-verde?version=2023-04-19</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.womenonwaves.org/en/country/cape-verde</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sheria}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Cabo Verde]] fqtkkfhn3yggilnrcyfxnhxpgnsel9n 0 247801 1592836 2026-08-29T09:29:22Z Moshi Jilala 79965 Anzisha makala 1592836 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nchini Gabon''', utoaji mimba unaruhusiwa kisheria tu pale ambapo [[ujauzito]] unahatarisha maisha ya mama, kuna hatari ya mtoto kuzaliwa akiwa na kasoro za kiafya, ujauzito umetokana na ubakaji au uhusiano wa kingono wa kifamilia au mama ni mtoto aliye katika hali ya msongo mkubwa wa mawazo, na [[huduma]] hiyo inaruhusiwa hadi wiki kumi za ujauzito; utoaji mimba unaofanywa kinyume cha sheria unaweza kuadhibiwa kwa [[kifungo]] cha [[gerezani]] au [[faini]], huku [[Gabon]] ikiwa miongoni mwa [[nchi]] za Kusini mwa [[Jangwa la Sahara]] zenye viwango vya juu vya [[utoaji mimba]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Knoppers |first=Bartha Maria |last2=Brault |first2=Isabel |last3=Sloss |first3=Elizabeth |date=1990 |title=Abortion law in Francophone countries |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11659448 |journal=The American Journal of Comparative Law |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=889–922 |issn=0002-919X |pmid=11659448}}</ref> == Historia == Katazo la utoaji mimba nchini Gabon iliathiriwa na sheria ya Ufaransa iliyopiga marufuku utoaji mimba kupitia [[Kanuni]] ya Adhabu ya [[Ufaransa]] ya mwaka [[1810]]. Gabon ilikuwa chini ya sheria ya mwaka 1939 iliyokataza aina zote za utoaji mimba, isipokuwa pale ambapo ujauzito ulihatarisha sana [[maisha]] ya [[mama]], hali iliyotambuliwa kama hatari kubwa kwa maisha.Baadaye, sheria ya mwaka [[1969]] ilipiga marufuku kabisa utoaji mimba pamoja na matumizi ya njia za kuzuia mimba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Knoppers |first=Bartha Maria |last2=Brault |first2=Isabel |last3=Sloss |first3=Elizabeth |date=1990 |title=Abortion law in Francophone countries |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11659448 |journal=The American Journal of Comparative Law |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=889–922 |issn=0002-919X |pmid=11659448}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Afya ya umma]] s2c935wuq22tvm0xs4iomf8mmep2gxq 1592837 1592836 2026-08-29T09:32:29Z Moshi Jilala 79965 1592837 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nchini Gabon''', utoaji mimba unaruhusiwa kisheria tu pale ambapo [[ujauzito]] unahatarisha maisha ya mama, kuna hatari ya mtoto kuzaliwa akiwa na kasoro za kiafya, ujauzito umetokana na [[ubakaji]] au uhusiano wa kingono wa kifamilia au mama ni mtoto aliye katika hali ya msongo mkubwa wa mawazo, na [[huduma]] hiyo inaruhusiwa hadi wiki kumi za ujauzito; utoaji mimba unaofanywa kinyume cha sheria unaweza kuadhibiwa kwa [[kifungo]] cha [[gerezani]] au [[faini]], huku [[Gabon]] ikiwa miongoni mwa [[nchi]] za Kusini mwa [[Jangwa la Sahara]] zenye viwango vya juu vya [[utoaji mimba]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Knoppers |first=Bartha Maria |last2=Brault |first2=Isabel |last3=Sloss |first3=Elizabeth |date=1990 |title=Abortion law in Francophone countries |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11659448 |journal=The American Journal of Comparative Law |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=889–922 |issn=0002-919X |pmid=11659448}}</ref> == Historia == Katazo la utoaji mimba nchini Gabon iliathiriwa na sheria ya Ufaransa iliyopiga marufuku utoaji mimba kupitia [[Kanuni]] ya Adhabu ya [[Ufaransa]] ya mwaka [[1810]]. Gabon ilikuwa chini ya sheria ya mwaka 1939 iliyokataza aina zote za utoaji mimba, isipokuwa pale ambapo ujauzito ulihatarisha sana [[maisha]] ya [[mama]], hali iliyotambuliwa kama hatari kubwa kwa maisha.Baadaye, sheria ya mwaka [[1969]] ilipiga marufuku kabisa utoaji mimba pamoja na matumizi ya njia za kuzuia mimba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Knoppers |first=Bartha Maria |last2=Brault |first2=Isabel |last3=Sloss |first3=Elizabeth |date=1990 |title=Abortion law in Francophone countries |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11659448 |journal=The American Journal of Comparative Law |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=889–922 |issn=0002-919X |pmid=11659448}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Afya ya umma]] gj40fnwzgozeh6fp7j3z44j3d9b9g49 1592937 1592837 2026-08-29T10:34:26Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1592937 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nchini Gabon''', utoaji mimba unaruhusiwa kisheria tu pale ambapo [[ujauzito]] unahatarisha maisha ya mama, kuna hatari ya mtoto kuzaliwa akiwa na kasoro za kiafya, ujauzito umetokana na [[ubakaji]] au uhusiano wa kingono wa kifamilia au mama ni mtoto aliye katika hali ya msongo mkubwa wa mawazo, na [[huduma]] hiyo inaruhusiwa hadi wiki kumi za ujauzito; utoaji mimba unaofanywa kinyume cha sheria unaweza kuadhibiwa kwa [[kifungo]] cha [[gerezani]] au [[faini]], huku [[Gabon]] ikiwa miongoni mwa [[nchi]] za Kusini mwa [[Jangwa la Sahara]] zenye viwango vya juu vya [[utoaji mimba]].<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Knoppers |first=Bartha Maria |last2=Brault |first2=Isabel |last3=Sloss |first3=Elizabeth |date=1990 |title=Abortion law in Francophone countries |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11659448 |journal=The American Journal of Comparative Law |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=889–922 |issn=0002-919X |pmid=11659448}}</ref> == Historia == Katazo la utoaji mimba nchini Gabon iliathiriwa na sheria ya Ufaransa iliyopiga marufuku utoaji mimba kupitia [[Kanuni]] ya Adhabu ya [[Ufaransa]] ya mwaka [[1810]]. Gabon ilikuwa chini ya sheria ya mwaka 1939 iliyokataza aina zote za utoaji mimba, isipokuwa pale ambapo ujauzito ulihatarisha sana [[maisha]] ya [[mama]], hali iliyotambuliwa kama hatari kubwa kwa maisha.Baadaye, sheria ya mwaka [[1969]] ilipiga marufuku kabisa utoaji mimba pamoja na matumizi ya njia za kuzuia mimba.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Knoppers |first=Bartha Maria |last2=Brault |first2=Isabel |last3=Sloss |first3=Elizabeth |date=1990 |title=Abortion law in Francophone countries |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11659448 |journal=The American Journal of Comparative Law |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=889–922 |issn=0002-919X |pmid=11659448}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Afya ya umma]] ia6fy0h5ecr2rq0xhc6s0wzcluea79y 1593006 1592937 2026-08-29T11:14:01Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Utoaji mimba nchini Gabon]] hadi [[Utoaji mimba Gabon]]: urahisi wa kuupata 1592937 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nchini Gabon''', utoaji mimba unaruhusiwa kisheria tu pale ambapo [[ujauzito]] unahatarisha maisha ya mama, kuna hatari ya mtoto kuzaliwa akiwa na kasoro za kiafya, ujauzito umetokana na [[ubakaji]] au uhusiano wa kingono wa kifamilia au mama ni mtoto aliye katika hali ya msongo mkubwa wa mawazo, na [[huduma]] hiyo inaruhusiwa hadi wiki kumi za ujauzito; utoaji mimba unaofanywa kinyume cha sheria unaweza kuadhibiwa kwa [[kifungo]] cha [[gerezani]] au [[faini]], huku [[Gabon]] ikiwa miongoni mwa [[nchi]] za Kusini mwa [[Jangwa la Sahara]] zenye viwango vya juu vya [[utoaji mimba]].<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Knoppers |first=Bartha Maria |last2=Brault |first2=Isabel |last3=Sloss |first3=Elizabeth |date=1990 |title=Abortion law in Francophone countries |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11659448 |journal=The American Journal of Comparative Law |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=889–922 |issn=0002-919X |pmid=11659448}}</ref> == Historia == Katazo la utoaji mimba nchini Gabon iliathiriwa na sheria ya Ufaransa iliyopiga marufuku utoaji mimba kupitia [[Kanuni]] ya Adhabu ya [[Ufaransa]] ya mwaka [[1810]]. Gabon ilikuwa chini ya sheria ya mwaka 1939 iliyokataza aina zote za utoaji mimba, isipokuwa pale ambapo ujauzito ulihatarisha sana [[maisha]] ya [[mama]], hali iliyotambuliwa kama hatari kubwa kwa maisha.Baadaye, sheria ya mwaka [[1969]] ilipiga marufuku kabisa utoaji mimba pamoja na matumizi ya njia za kuzuia mimba.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Knoppers |first=Bartha Maria |last2=Brault |first2=Isabel |last3=Sloss |first3=Elizabeth |date=1990 |title=Abortion law in Francophone countries |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11659448 |journal=The American Journal of Comparative Law |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=889–922 |issn=0002-919X |pmid=11659448}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Afya ya umma]] ia6fy0h5ecr2rq0xhc6s0wzcluea79y 1593010 1593006 2026-08-29T11:15:42Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1593010 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji mimba Gabon''' unaruhusiwa kisheria tu pale ambapo [[ujauzito]] unahatarisha maisha ya mama, kuna hatari ya mtoto kuzaliwa akiwa na kasoro za kiafya, ujauzito umetokana na [[ubakaji]] au uhusiano wa kingono wa kifamilia au mama ni mtoto aliye katika hali ya msongo mkubwa wa mawazo, na [[huduma]] hiyo inaruhusiwa hadi wiki kumi za ujauzito; utoaji mimba unaofanywa kinyume cha sheria unaweza kuadhibiwa kwa [[kifungo]] cha [[gerezani]] au [[faini]], huku [[Gabon]] ikiwa miongoni mwa [[nchi]] za [[Kusini mwa Sahara]] zenye viwango vya juu vya [[utoaji mimba]].<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Knoppers |first=Bartha Maria |last2=Brault |first2=Isabel |last3=Sloss |first3=Elizabeth |date=1990 |title=Abortion law in Francophone countries |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11659448 |journal=The American Journal of Comparative Law |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=889–922 |issn=0002-919X |pmid=11659448}}</ref> == Historia == Katazo la utoaji mimba nchini Gabon iliathiriwa na sheria ya Ufaransa iliyopiga marufuku utoaji mimba kupitia [[Kanuni]] ya Adhabu ya [[Ufaransa]] ya mwaka [[1810]]. Gabon ilikuwa chini ya sheria ya mwaka 1939 iliyokataza aina zote za utoaji mimba, isipokuwa pale ambapo ujauzito ulihatarisha sana [[maisha]] ya [[mama]], hali iliyotambuliwa kama hatari kubwa kwa maisha. Baadaye, sheria ya mwaka [[1969]] ilipiga marufuku kabisa utoaji mimba pamoja na matumizi ya njia za kuzuia mimba.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Knoppers |first=Bartha Maria |last2=Brault |first2=Isabel |last3=Sloss |first3=Elizabeth |date=1990 |title=Abortion law in Francophone countries |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11659448 |journal=The American Journal of Comparative Law |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=889–922 |issn=0002-919X |pmid=11659448}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sheria}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Gabon]] njy843xw0fassr3w9k2tc9yovk07nir 0 247802 1592838 2026-08-29T09:35:57Z Ester Gasper Kimario 70787 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Utoaji wa mimba''' Nchini [[Benin]] ni halali kwa sababu mbalimbali za kijamii na kiuchumi, hadi kufikia wiki 12 za [[ujauzito]]. Wakati wa [[utawala wa kikoloni]] wa [[Ufaransa]], sheria ya mwaka [[1920]] ilipiga marufuku utoaji wa mimba isipokuwa pale ambapo ulikuwa muhimu ili kuokoa maisha ya [[mwanamke]]. Hata hivyo, mwaka [[2003]], [[Bunge]] la Benin lilipitisha sheria iliyoruhusu utoaji wa mimba katika mazingira maalum, ikiwa ni pamoja na pale am...' 1592838 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji wa mimba''' Nchini [[Benin]] ni halali kwa sababu mbalimbali za kijamii na kiuchumi, hadi kufikia wiki 12 za [[ujauzito]]. Wakati wa [[utawala wa kikoloni]] wa [[Ufaransa]], sheria ya mwaka [[1920]] ilipiga marufuku utoaji wa mimba isipokuwa pale ambapo ulikuwa muhimu ili kuokoa maisha ya [[mwanamke]]. Hata hivyo, mwaka [[2003]], [[Bunge]] la Benin lilipitisha sheria iliyoruhusu utoaji wa mimba katika mazingira maalum, ikiwa ni pamoja na pale ambapo ujauzito unatishia afya ya mama, umetokana na ubakaji au kujamiiana kwa ndugu wa damu, au kuna hatari ya mtoto kuzaliwa akiwa na ulemavu. Benin ni miongoni mwa nchi chache barani [[Afrika]] ambazo zimehalalisha utoaji wa mimba. Wataalamu na baadhi ya viongozi wa afya ya umma wanaunga mkono sheria hiyo, wakieleza kuwa inaweza kusaidia kupunguza vifo vya wanawake vinavyotokana na matatizo ya ujauzito. Hata hivyo, baadhi ya viongozi wa dini wanapinga utoaji wa mimba. Mashirika ya kiraia, kama vile Ipas, yanaendelea kutetea upatikanaji wa huduma salama za utoaji wa mimba. Tangu miaka ya [[1990]], idadi ya utoaji wa mimba, ikiwemo utoaji wa mimba unaofanywa na mtu mwenyewe, imeongezeka nchini Benin. Utoaji wa mimba usio salama ni tatizo kubwa, hasa miongoni mwa vijana, na ni miongoni mwa sababu zinazochangia vifo vya wanawake vinavyohusiana na ujauzito.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|last=Ouedraogo|first=Ramatou|title=Benin's groundbreaking new abortion law will save the lives of many women|url=http://theconversation.com/benins-groundbreaking-new-abortion-law-will-save-the-lives-of-many-women-170901|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125140950/https://theconversation.com/benins-groundbreaking-new-abortion-law-will-save-the-lives-of-many-women-170901|archive-date=2021-11-25|access-date=2021-11-25|website=The Conversation|date=7 November 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Job">{{Cite web|last=Job|first=Chisom Peter|title='Letting women decide': Activists hail Benin abortion vote|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/27/activists-hail-new-benin-law-abortion|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125062123/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/27/activists-hail-new-benin-law-abortion|archive-date=2021-11-25|access-date=2021-11-25|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gouv">{{Cite web|last=Government of Benin|date=2021|title=Loi No. 2021-12 modifiant et complétant la loi No. 2003-04 du 3 mars 2003|trans-title=Law No. 2021-12 amending and supplementing Law No. 2003-04 of 3 March 2003|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/loi-2021-12/download|access-date=9 April 2022|website=sgg.gouv.bj}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=<!--not stated-->|date=8 April 2022|title=Zakiath Latoundji : "L'Interruption Volontaire de Grossesse (IVG) n'est pas une méthode de contraception"|trans-title=Zakiath Latoundji: "Voluntary abortion is not a method of contraception"|url=https://fraternitebj.info/societe/article/zakiath-latoundji-l-interruption-volontaire-de-grossesse-ivg-n-est-pas-une|access-date=14 August 2024|work=Fraternité}}</ref> == Kuenea kwa Utoaji wa Mimba nchini Benin == '''Idadi ya Utoaji wa Mimba''' Katika kipindi cha [[2015]]–[[2019]], nchini Benin kulikuwa na mimba 589,000 kwa mwaka. Kati ya hizo, 227,000 hazikupangwa, na 84,300 ziliishia kutolewa. Kati ya mwaka 1990–[[1994]] na 2015–2019, idadi ya mimba ambazo hazikupangwa ilipungua kwa 17%, lakini idadi ya mimba zilizotolewa iliongezeka kwa 22%. Kutoa mimba ni jambo ambalo watu wengi hawapendi kulizungumzia nchini Benin. Kuna aibu na hukumu kubwa kuhusu kutoa mimba kutokana na sababu za kidini na maadili. Hali hii huwafanya wanawake wengine kutoa mimba kwa siri. Tangu miaka ya 1990, idadi ya wasichana na wanawake wanaojitoa mimba wenyewe imeongezeka nchini Benin, hasa miongoni mwa wanafunzi wa shule za sekondari na vyuo vikuu. === Utoaji wa Mimba Usio Salama === Matatizo yanayotokana na kutoa mimba kwa njia zisizo salama, hasa kwa vijana, ni tatizo kubwa la afya nchini Benin. Mamlaka za afya zinaona kiwango cha utoaji wa mimba usio salama kuwa cha kutisha. Mwaka [[2021]], vifo vya wanawake vinavyohusiana na uzazi vilikuwa 391 kwa kila vizazi hai 100,000. Kutoa mimba kwa njia isiyo salama ni mojawapo ya sababu zinazochangia vifo hivyo. Kabla ya sheria ya mwaka 2021 kupitishwa, ilikadiriwa kuwa karibu wanawake 200 walikuwa wakifa kila mwaka kutokana na kutoa mimba kwa njia zisizo salama. Kati yao, 20% walikuwa vijana. Utafiti uliofanyika mwaka [[2002]] katika hospitali nne ulionyesha kuwa 14.6% ya vifo vilisababishwa na utoaji wa mimba usio salama. Kwa wasichana wenye umri wa miaka 15–19, mwaka 2021, utoaji wa mimba usio salama ulihusika katika 15% ya vifo vya uzazi. === Matumizi ya Njia za Kuzuia Mimba === Matumizi ya njia za kuzuia mimba nchini Benin ni madogo. Mwaka [[2013]], ni 8% tu ya wanawake walio kwenye mahusiano waliokuwa wakitumia njia za kuzuia mimba. Kiwango hicho kilikuwa juu zaidi jijini Cotonou, ambapo 12% ya wanawake walikuwa wakitumia njia za kuzuia mimba. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Benin]] ryhid15n7mxtemut0q13ifxv91994ip 1592924 1592838 2026-08-29T10:33:16Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1592924 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji wa mimba''' Nchini [[Benin]] ni halali kwa sababu mbalimbali za kijamii na kiuchumi, hadi kufikia wiki 12 za [[ujauzito]]. Wakati wa [[utawala wa kikoloni]] wa [[Ufaransa]], sheria ya mwaka [[1920]] ilipiga marufuku utoaji wa mimba isipokuwa pale ambapo ulikuwa muhimu ili kuokoa maisha ya [[mwanamke]]. Hata hivyo, mwaka [[2003]], [[Bunge]] la Benin lilipitisha sheria iliyoruhusu utoaji wa mimba katika mazingira maalum, ikiwa ni pamoja na pale ambapo ujauzito unatishia afya ya mama, umetokana na ubakaji au kujamiiana kwa ndugu wa damu, au kuna hatari ya mtoto kuzaliwa akiwa na ulemavu. Benin ni miongoni mwa nchi chache barani [[Afrika]] ambazo zimehalalisha utoaji wa mimba. Wataalamu na baadhi ya viongozi wa afya ya umma wanaunga mkono sheria hiyo, wakieleza kuwa inaweza kusaidia kupunguza vifo vya wanawake vinavyotokana na matatizo ya ujauzito. Hata hivyo, baadhi ya viongozi wa dini wanapinga utoaji wa mimba. Mashirika ya kiraia, kama vile Ipas, yanaendelea kutetea upatikanaji wa huduma salama za utoaji wa mimba. Tangu miaka ya [[1990]], idadi ya utoaji wa mimba, ikiwemo utoaji wa mimba unaofanywa na mtu mwenyewe, imeongezeka nchini Benin. Utoaji wa mimba usio salama ni tatizo kubwa, hasa miongoni mwa vijana, na ni miongoni mwa sababu zinazochangia vifo vya wanawake vinavyohusiana na ujauzito.<ref name="auto1">{{Rejea tovuti|last=Ouedraogo|first=Ramatou|title=Benin's groundbreaking new abortion law will save the lives of many women|url=http://theconversation.com/benins-groundbreaking-new-abortion-law-will-save-the-lives-of-many-women-170901|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125140950/https://theconversation.com/benins-groundbreaking-new-abortion-law-will-save-the-lives-of-many-women-170901|archive-date=2021-11-25|access-date=2021-11-25|website=The Conversation|date=7 November 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Job">{{Rejea tovuti|last=Job|first=Chisom Peter|title='Letting women decide': Activists hail Benin abortion vote|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/27/activists-hail-new-benin-law-abortion|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125062123/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/27/activists-hail-new-benin-law-abortion|archive-date=2021-11-25|access-date=2021-11-25|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gouv">{{Rejea tovuti|last=Government of Benin|date=2021|title=Loi No. 2021-12 modifiant et complétant la loi No. 2003-04 du 3 mars 2003|trans-title=Law No. 2021-12 amending and supplementing Law No. 2003-04 of 3 March 2003|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/loi-2021-12/download|access-date=9 April 2022|website=sgg.gouv.bj}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari|last=<!--not stated-->|date=8 April 2022|title=Zakiath Latoundji : "L'Interruption Volontaire de Grossesse (IVG) n'est pas une méthode de contraception"|trans-title=Zakiath Latoundji: "Voluntary abortion is not a method of contraception"|url=https://fraternitebj.info/societe/article/zakiath-latoundji-l-interruption-volontaire-de-grossesse-ivg-n-est-pas-une|access-date=14 August 2024|work=Fraternité}}</ref> == Kuenea kwa Utoaji wa Mimba nchini Benin == '''Idadi ya Utoaji wa Mimba''' Katika kipindi cha [[2015]]–[[2019]], nchini Benin kulikuwa na mimba 589,000 kwa mwaka. Kati ya hizo, 227,000 hazikupangwa, na 84,300 ziliishia kutolewa. Kati ya mwaka 1990–[[1994]] na 2015–2019, idadi ya mimba ambazo hazikupangwa ilipungua kwa 17%, lakini idadi ya mimba zilizotolewa iliongezeka kwa 22%. Kutoa mimba ni jambo ambalo watu wengi hawapendi kulizungumzia nchini Benin. Kuna aibu na hukumu kubwa kuhusu kutoa mimba kutokana na sababu za kidini na maadili. Hali hii huwafanya wanawake wengine kutoa mimba kwa siri. Tangu miaka ya 1990, idadi ya wasichana na wanawake wanaojitoa mimba wenyewe imeongezeka nchini Benin, hasa miongoni mwa wanafunzi wa shule za sekondari na vyuo vikuu. === Utoaji wa Mimba Usio Salama === Matatizo yanayotokana na kutoa mimba kwa njia zisizo salama, hasa kwa vijana, ni tatizo kubwa la afya nchini Benin. Mamlaka za afya zinaona kiwango cha utoaji wa mimba usio salama kuwa cha kutisha. Mwaka [[2021]], vifo vya wanawake vinavyohusiana na uzazi vilikuwa 391 kwa kila vizazi hai 100,000. Kutoa mimba kwa njia isiyo salama ni mojawapo ya sababu zinazochangia vifo hivyo. Kabla ya sheria ya mwaka 2021 kupitishwa, ilikadiriwa kuwa karibu wanawake 200 walikuwa wakifa kila mwaka kutokana na kutoa mimba kwa njia zisizo salama. Kati yao, 20% walikuwa vijana. Utafiti uliofanyika mwaka [[2002]] katika hospitali nne ulionyesha kuwa 14.6% ya vifo vilisababishwa na utoaji wa mimba usio salama. Kwa wasichana wenye umri wa miaka 15–19, mwaka 2021, utoaji wa mimba usio salama ulihusika katika 15% ya vifo vya uzazi. === Matumizi ya Njia za Kuzuia Mimba === Matumizi ya njia za kuzuia mimba nchini Benin ni madogo. Mwaka [[2013]], ni 8% tu ya wanawake walio kwenye mahusiano waliokuwa wakitumia njia za kuzuia mimba. Kiwango hicho kilikuwa juu zaidi jijini Cotonou, ambapo 12% ya wanawake walikuwa wakitumia njia za kuzuia mimba. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Benin]] rr5ev8y9742iwm6r52t9pwyxf2938i6 1593011 1592924 2026-08-29T11:16:09Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Utoaji Mimba Nchini Benin]] hadi [[Utoaji mimba Benin]]: urahisi wa kuupata 1592924 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji wa mimba''' Nchini [[Benin]] ni halali kwa sababu mbalimbali za kijamii na kiuchumi, hadi kufikia wiki 12 za [[ujauzito]]. Wakati wa [[utawala wa kikoloni]] wa [[Ufaransa]], sheria ya mwaka [[1920]] ilipiga marufuku utoaji wa mimba isipokuwa pale ambapo ulikuwa muhimu ili kuokoa maisha ya [[mwanamke]]. Hata hivyo, mwaka [[2003]], [[Bunge]] la Benin lilipitisha sheria iliyoruhusu utoaji wa mimba katika mazingira maalum, ikiwa ni pamoja na pale ambapo ujauzito unatishia afya ya mama, umetokana na ubakaji au kujamiiana kwa ndugu wa damu, au kuna hatari ya mtoto kuzaliwa akiwa na ulemavu. Benin ni miongoni mwa nchi chache barani [[Afrika]] ambazo zimehalalisha utoaji wa mimba. Wataalamu na baadhi ya viongozi wa afya ya umma wanaunga mkono sheria hiyo, wakieleza kuwa inaweza kusaidia kupunguza vifo vya wanawake vinavyotokana na matatizo ya ujauzito. Hata hivyo, baadhi ya viongozi wa dini wanapinga utoaji wa mimba. Mashirika ya kiraia, kama vile Ipas, yanaendelea kutetea upatikanaji wa huduma salama za utoaji wa mimba. Tangu miaka ya [[1990]], idadi ya utoaji wa mimba, ikiwemo utoaji wa mimba unaofanywa na mtu mwenyewe, imeongezeka nchini Benin. Utoaji wa mimba usio salama ni tatizo kubwa, hasa miongoni mwa vijana, na ni miongoni mwa sababu zinazochangia vifo vya wanawake vinavyohusiana na ujauzito.<ref name="auto1">{{Rejea tovuti|last=Ouedraogo|first=Ramatou|title=Benin's groundbreaking new abortion law will save the lives of many women|url=http://theconversation.com/benins-groundbreaking-new-abortion-law-will-save-the-lives-of-many-women-170901|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125140950/https://theconversation.com/benins-groundbreaking-new-abortion-law-will-save-the-lives-of-many-women-170901|archive-date=2021-11-25|access-date=2021-11-25|website=The Conversation|date=7 November 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Job">{{Rejea tovuti|last=Job|first=Chisom Peter|title='Letting women decide': Activists hail Benin abortion vote|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/27/activists-hail-new-benin-law-abortion|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125062123/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/27/activists-hail-new-benin-law-abortion|archive-date=2021-11-25|access-date=2021-11-25|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gouv">{{Rejea tovuti|last=Government of Benin|date=2021|title=Loi No. 2021-12 modifiant et complétant la loi No. 2003-04 du 3 mars 2003|trans-title=Law No. 2021-12 amending and supplementing Law No. 2003-04 of 3 March 2003|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/loi-2021-12/download|access-date=9 April 2022|website=sgg.gouv.bj}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari|last=<!--not stated-->|date=8 April 2022|title=Zakiath Latoundji : "L'Interruption Volontaire de Grossesse (IVG) n'est pas une méthode de contraception"|trans-title=Zakiath Latoundji: "Voluntary abortion is not a method of contraception"|url=https://fraternitebj.info/societe/article/zakiath-latoundji-l-interruption-volontaire-de-grossesse-ivg-n-est-pas-une|access-date=14 August 2024|work=Fraternité}}</ref> == Kuenea kwa Utoaji wa Mimba nchini Benin == '''Idadi ya Utoaji wa Mimba''' Katika kipindi cha [[2015]]–[[2019]], nchini Benin kulikuwa na mimba 589,000 kwa mwaka. Kati ya hizo, 227,000 hazikupangwa, na 84,300 ziliishia kutolewa. Kati ya mwaka 1990–[[1994]] na 2015–2019, idadi ya mimba ambazo hazikupangwa ilipungua kwa 17%, lakini idadi ya mimba zilizotolewa iliongezeka kwa 22%. Kutoa mimba ni jambo ambalo watu wengi hawapendi kulizungumzia nchini Benin. Kuna aibu na hukumu kubwa kuhusu kutoa mimba kutokana na sababu za kidini na maadili. Hali hii huwafanya wanawake wengine kutoa mimba kwa siri. Tangu miaka ya 1990, idadi ya wasichana na wanawake wanaojitoa mimba wenyewe imeongezeka nchini Benin, hasa miongoni mwa wanafunzi wa shule za sekondari na vyuo vikuu. === Utoaji wa Mimba Usio Salama === Matatizo yanayotokana na kutoa mimba kwa njia zisizo salama, hasa kwa vijana, ni tatizo kubwa la afya nchini Benin. Mamlaka za afya zinaona kiwango cha utoaji wa mimba usio salama kuwa cha kutisha. Mwaka [[2021]], vifo vya wanawake vinavyohusiana na uzazi vilikuwa 391 kwa kila vizazi hai 100,000. Kutoa mimba kwa njia isiyo salama ni mojawapo ya sababu zinazochangia vifo hivyo. Kabla ya sheria ya mwaka 2021 kupitishwa, ilikadiriwa kuwa karibu wanawake 200 walikuwa wakifa kila mwaka kutokana na kutoa mimba kwa njia zisizo salama. Kati yao, 20% walikuwa vijana. Utafiti uliofanyika mwaka [[2002]] katika hospitali nne ulionyesha kuwa 14.6% ya vifo vilisababishwa na utoaji wa mimba usio salama. Kwa wasichana wenye umri wa miaka 15–19, mwaka 2021, utoaji wa mimba usio salama ulihusika katika 15% ya vifo vya uzazi. === Matumizi ya Njia za Kuzuia Mimba === Matumizi ya njia za kuzuia mimba nchini Benin ni madogo. Mwaka [[2013]], ni 8% tu ya wanawake walio kwenye mahusiano waliokuwa wakitumia njia za kuzuia mimba. Kiwango hicho kilikuwa juu zaidi jijini Cotonou, ambapo 12% ya wanawake walikuwa wakitumia njia za kuzuia mimba. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Benin]] rr5ev8y9742iwm6r52t9pwyxf2938i6 1593014 1593011 2026-08-29T11:19:33Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1593014 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji wa mimba Benin''' ni halali kwa sababu mbalimbali za kijamii na kiuchumi, hadi kufikia wiki 12 za [[ujauzito]]. ==Historia== Wakati wa [[utawala wa kikoloni]] wa [[Ufaransa]], sheria ya mwaka [[1920]] ilipiga marufuku utoaji wa mimba isipokuwa pale ambapo ulikuwa muhimu ili kuokoa maisha ya [[mwanamke]]. Hata hivyo, mwaka [[2003]], [[Bunge]] la Benin lilipitisha sheria iliyoruhusu utoaji wa mimba katika mazingira maalum, ikiwa ni pamoja na pale ambapo ujauzito unatishia afya ya mama, umetokana na ubakaji au kujamiiana kwa ndugu wa damu, au kuna hatari ya mtoto kuzaliwa akiwa na ulemavu. Benin ni miongoni mwa nchi chache barani [[Afrika]] ambazo zimehalalisha utoaji wa mimba. Baadhi ya viongozi wa afya ya umma Mna mashirika ya kiraia wanaunga mkono sheria hiyo, wakieleza kuwa inaweza kusaidia kupunguza vifo vya wanawake vinavyotokana na matatizo ya ujauzito. Hata hivyo, baadhi ya viongozi wa dini wanapinga utoaji wa mimba. Tangu [[miaka ya 1990]], idadi ya utoaji wa mimba, ikiwemo utoaji wa mimba unaofanywa na mtu mwenyewe, imeongezeka nchini Benin. Utoaji wa mimba usio salama ni tatizo kubwa, hasa miongoni mwa vijana, na ni miongoni mwa sababu zinazochangia vifo vya wanawake vinavyohusiana na ujauzito.<ref name="auto1">{{Rejea tovuti|last=Ouedraogo|first=Ramatou|title=Benin's groundbreaking new abortion law will save the lives of many women|url=http://theconversation.com/benins-groundbreaking-new-abortion-law-will-save-the-lives-of-many-women-170901|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125140950/https://theconversation.com/benins-groundbreaking-new-abortion-law-will-save-the-lives-of-many-women-170901|archive-date=2021-11-25|access-date=2021-11-25|website=The Conversation|date=7 November 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Job">{{Rejea tovuti|last=Job|first=Chisom Peter|title='Letting women decide': Activists hail Benin abortion vote|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/27/activists-hail-new-benin-law-abortion|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125062123/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/27/activists-hail-new-benin-law-abortion|archive-date=2021-11-25|access-date=2021-11-25|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gouv">{{Rejea tovuti|last=Government of Benin|date=2021|title=Loi No. 2021-12 modifiant et complétant la loi No. 2003-04 du 3 mars 2003|trans-title=Law No. 2021-12 amending and supplementing Law No. 2003-04 of 3 March 2003|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/loi-2021-12/download|access-date=9 April 2022|website=sgg.gouv.bj}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari|last=<!--not stated-->|date=8 April 2022|title=Zakiath Latoundji : "L'Interruption Volontaire de Grossesse (IVG) n'est pas une méthode de contraception"|trans-title=Zakiath Latoundji: "Voluntary abortion is not a method of contraception"|url=https://fraternitebj.info/societe/article/zakiath-latoundji-l-interruption-volontaire-de-grossesse-ivg-n-est-pas-une|access-date=14 August 2024|work=Fraternité}}</ref> == Kuenea kwa Utoaji wa Mimba nchini Benin == Katika kipindi cha [[2015]]–[[2019]], nchini Benin kulikuwa na mimba 589,000 kwa mwaka. Kati ya hizo, 227,000 hazikupangwa, na 84,300 ziliishia kutolewa. Kati ya mwaka 1990–[[1994]] na 2015–2019, idadi ya mimba ambazo hazikupangwa ilipungua kwa 17%, lakini idadi ya mimba zilizotolewa iliongezeka kwa 22%. Kutoa mimba ni jambo ambalo watu wengi hawapendi kulizungumzia nchini Benin. Kuna aibu na hukumu kubwa kuhusu kutoa mimba kutokana na sababu za dini na maadili. Hali hii huwafanya wanawake wengine kutoa mimba kwa siri. Tangu miaka ya 1990, idadi ya wasichana na wanawake wanaojitoa mimba wenyewe imeongezeka nchini Benin, hasa miongoni mwa wanafunzi wa shule za sekondari na vyuo vikuu. === Utoaji wa Mimba Usio Salama === Matatizo yanayotokana na kutoa mimba kwa njia zisizo salama, hasa kwa vijana, ni tatizo kubwa la afya nchini Benin. Mamlaka za afya zinaona kiwango cha utoaji wa mimba usio salama kuwa cha kutisha. Mwaka [[2021]], vifo vya wanawake vinavyohusiana na uzazi vilikuwa 391 kwa kila vizazi hai 100,000. Kutoa mimba kwa njia isiyo salama ni mojawapo ya sababu zinazochangia vifo hivyo. Kabla ya sheria ya mwaka 2021 kupitishwa, ilikadiriwa kuwa karibu wanawake 200 walikuwa wakifa kila mwaka kutokana na kutoa mimba kwa njia zisizo salama. Kati yao, 20% walikuwa vijana. Utafiti uliofanyika mwaka [[2002]] katika hospitali nne ulionyesha kuwa 14.6% ya vifo vilisababishwa na utoaji wa mimba usio salama. Kwa wasichana wenye umri wa miaka 15–19, mwaka 2021, utoaji wa mimba usio salama ulihusika katika 15% ya vifo vya uzazi. === Matumizi ya Njia za Kuzuia Mimba === Matumizi ya njia za kuzuia mimba nchini Benin ni madogo. Mwaka [[2013]], ni 8% tu ya wanawake walio kwenye mahusiano waliokuwa wakitumia njia za kuzuia mimba. Kiwango hicho kilikuwa juu zaidi jijini Cotonou, ambapo 12% ya wanawake walikuwa wakitumia njia za kuzuia mimba. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sheria}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Benin]] fbsc3gcj8g99174qq6bjbnjyhbvq7dr 0 247804 1592840 2026-08-29T09:36:10Z FINTANECASTOR 92023 Ukurasa ulioanzishwa 1592840 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Glamour Girls''' ni [[filamu]] ya Kinigeria (Nollywood) yenye sehemu mbili inayosimulia maisha ya wanawake wasio na waume wanaojitegemea, wakijitahidi kupata uhuru na kujitafutia maendeleo katika jamii ya [[Nigeria]] ambayo kwa kiasi kikubwa imejengwa katika mfumo wa wanaume kuwa na mamlaka makubwa. Katika harakati zao za kutafuta maisha bora na kujitegemea kiuchumi, baadhi yao hujihusisha na shughuli za uhusiano wa kulipwa. [[Filamu]] hii ilipata umaarufu mkubwa nchini Nigeria na iliwashirikisha waigizaji maarufu kama [[Liz Benson]], Ngozi Ikpelue, Eucharia Anunobi, Pat Attah, Ernest Obi, [[Zack Orji]] na wengine wengi<ref>{{Cite journal |last=EVANS |first=JEFF |date=2006-01 |title=Clinical Psychiatry News' Top Stories of 2005 |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/s0270-6644(06)71089-x |journal=Clinical Psychiatry News |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=8 |doi=10.1016/s0270-6644(06)71089-x |issn=0270-6644}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raji |first=Annase |date=2024-10 |title=Pragmatic Strategies In The Representation Of Plus-Size Women In Nollywood Films: A Case Study Of Skinny Girl In Transit. |url=https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-2910054755 |journal=IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science |volume=29 |issue=10 |pages=47–55 |doi=10.9790/0837-2910054755 |issn=2279-0837}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Filamu]] <references /> [[Jamii:Filamu za Nigeria]] nc3e17p9zw78vz38lu7k61z2mzydvfi 0 247805 1592841 2026-08-29T09:37:56Z ANTONY ILDEFONS 74003 Ukurasa mpya 1592841 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abdulmalik Mohammed Sarkindaji''' ni wakili wa [[Nigeria|Naijeria]], mtumishi wa umma, na mtaalamu wa mikakati wa kisiasa anayehudumu kama Spika wa Ikulu ya [[Niger]] ya Bunge la Naijeria. Yeye ni mwanachama wa All Progressives Congress (APC) na anawakilisha Eneobunge la Serikali ya Mariga katika Jimbo la [[Niger]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Consumer Perception of GSM Networks' Service Quality in Kaduna Metropolis: A Comparative Examination|url=https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3065860|work=doi.org|date=2017|accessdate=2026-08-29|author=Mohammed Abubakar Mawoli, Bashir Danlami Sarkin-Daji}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Sarkindaji alizaliwa Kontagora, Jimbo la Niger, [[Nigeria]]. Alianza elimu yake katika Shule ya Mustapha Comprehensive na baadaye akapata Cheti chake cha Shule ya [[Sekondari]] mwaka wa 2001. Alipata Diploma ya [[Sheria]] kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Shirikisho, Birnin Kebbi (2004), na kuendelea hadi Chuo Kikuu cha Usmanu Danfodio, [[Sokoto]], ambako alihitimu na L.L.B mwaka wa 2010 katika Bar ya 2010 baada ya kumaliza masomo ya Nigeria. Shule ya Sheria ya Nigeria, Enugu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Consumer Perception of GSM Networks' Service Quality in Kaduna Metropolis: A Comparative Examination|url=https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3065860|work=doi.org|date=2017|accessdate=2026-08-29|author=Mohammed Abubakar Mawoli, Bashir Danlami Sarkin-Daji}}</ref> Mnamo 2020,alipata Shahada ya Uzamili katika Masomo ya Kimataifa na [[Diplomasia]] kutoka kwa Ibrahim Badamasii<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ex-commissioner, Sarkin Daji, emerges 10th Niger Assembly Speaker|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ex-commissioner-sarkin-daji-emerges-10th-niger-assembly-speaker/|work=Tribune Online|date=2023-06-13|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-GB|author=Adelowo Oladipo}}</ref> == Maisha ya binafsi == Anafurahia kusoma, kushauri, kusafiri, upatanishi, na kucheza tenisi ya meza.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abdulmalik |first=Danga Onimisi |last2=Ezeh |first2=Christopher Chukwudi |date=2025 |title=Integrated Geophysical and Geochemical Evaluation of Groundwater Vulnerability to Open Dumpsite: A Case Study of Part of Zango-Daji Groundwater, Lokoja, North Central Nigeria. |url=https://doi.org/10.51244/ijrsi.2025.12030063 |journal=International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation |volume=XII |issue=III |pages=821–839 |doi=10.51244/ijrsi.2025.12030063 |issn=2321-2705}}</ref> {{Mbegu-historia}} == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] tmbngo8zmkhdsj8l9562y8mm9dle9tx 0 247806 1592842 2026-08-29T09:40:39Z Emanuel masaki 82931 Utoaji mimba algeria 1592842 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Algeria''' ndyo nchi yenye vikwazo vikali sana katika suala hilo la utoaji mimba.kuna sheria nyingi na hadhabu zinazohusiana na utoaji [[mimba]] <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Tragedy of Secret Abortion Clinics in Algeria: The “Lucrative Crime”|url=https://www.echoroukonline.com/the-tragedy-of-secret-abortion-clinics-in-algeria-the-lucrative-crime|work=الشروق أونلاين|date=2012-03-08|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=ar-DZ|author=الشروق}}</ref>nchini humo.Iwapo kutakuwa na mabango,matangazo,mikutano ya hadhara au mikutano inahuyohusiana na utoaji mimba. [[mtu]] yeyote atayehusika anaweza kuchukuliwa hatua za kisheria na kupewa [[adhabu]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Clandestine abortion in Algeria. An absolute taboo.|url=https://medfeminiswiya.net/2021/09/27/clandestine-abortion-in-algeria-an-absolute-taboo/?lang=en|work=Medfeminiswiya|date=2021-09-27|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=Ghania Khelifi}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Ndoa]] eh7xf5vdjv3qld8s3cn6aiqedstuv3v 1592918 1592842 2026-08-29T10:28:32Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1592918 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Algeria''' ndyo nchi yenye vikwazo vikali sana katika suala hilo la utoaji mimba.kuna sheria nyingi na hadhabu zinazohusiana na utoaji [[mimba]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Tragedy of Secret Abortion Clinics in Algeria: The “Lucrative Crime”|url=https://www.echoroukonline.com/the-tragedy-of-secret-abortion-clinics-in-algeria-the-lucrative-crime|work=الشروق أونلاين|date=2012-03-08|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=ar-DZ|author=الشروق}}</ref>nchini humo.Iwapo kutakuwa na mabango,matangazo,mikutano ya hadhara au mikutano inahuyohusiana na utoaji mimba. [[mtu]] yeyote atayehusika anaweza kuchukuliwa hatua za kisheria na kupewa [[adhabu]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Clandestine abortion in Algeria. An absolute taboo.|url=https://medfeminiswiya.net/2021/09/27/clandestine-abortion-in-algeria-an-absolute-taboo/?lang=en|work=Medfeminiswiya|date=2021-09-27|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=Ghania Khelifi}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Ndoa]] k0bpfgswg7hyoyar7u03u2a2ft7wxgu 1593015 1592918 2026-08-29T11:21:04Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[UTOAJI MIMBA NCHINI ALGERIA]] hadi [[Utoaji mimba Aljeria]]: urahisi wa kuupata 1592918 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Algeria''' ndyo nchi yenye vikwazo vikali sana katika suala hilo la utoaji mimba.kuna sheria nyingi na hadhabu zinazohusiana na utoaji [[mimba]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Tragedy of Secret Abortion Clinics in Algeria: The “Lucrative Crime”|url=https://www.echoroukonline.com/the-tragedy-of-secret-abortion-clinics-in-algeria-the-lucrative-crime|work=الشروق أونلاين|date=2012-03-08|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=ar-DZ|author=الشروق}}</ref>nchini humo.Iwapo kutakuwa na mabango,matangazo,mikutano ya hadhara au mikutano inahuyohusiana na utoaji mimba. [[mtu]] yeyote atayehusika anaweza kuchukuliwa hatua za kisheria na kupewa [[adhabu]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Clandestine abortion in Algeria. An absolute taboo.|url=https://medfeminiswiya.net/2021/09/27/clandestine-abortion-in-algeria-an-absolute-taboo/?lang=en|work=Medfeminiswiya|date=2021-09-27|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=Ghania Khelifi}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Ndoa]] k0bpfgswg7hyoyar7u03u2a2ft7wxgu 1593019 1593015 2026-08-29T11:24:43Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1593019 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji mimba Aljeria''' una vikwazo vikali sana: kuna sheria nyingi na adhabu zinazohusiana na [[utoaji mimba]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Tragedy of Secret Abortion Clinics in Algeria: The “Lucrative Crime”|url=https://www.echoroukonline.com/the-tragedy-of-secret-abortion-clinics-in-algeria-the-lucrative-crime|work=الشروق أونلاين|date=2012-03-08|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=ar-DZ|author=الشروق}}</ref> nchini humo. Iwapo kutakuwa na mabango, matangazo, mikutano ya hadhara au mikutano inahuyohusiana na utoaji mimba, [[mtu]] yeyote atayehusika anaweza kuchukuliwa hatua za kisheria na kupewa [[adhabu]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Clandestine abortion in Algeria. An absolute taboo.|url=https://medfeminiswiya.net/2021/09/27/clandestine-abortion-in-algeria-an-absolute-taboo/?lang=en|work=Medfeminiswiya|date=2021-09-27|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=Ghania Khelifi}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sheria}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Algeria]] iov4vwaqf5911hc2rih3l70svsxv9m6 0 247807 1592843 2026-08-29T09:41:35Z Francakiria 45589 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika 'Nchini '''Sudan Kusini'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Abortion Policies Database|url=https://abortion-policies.srhr.org/country/south-sudan/?version=2026-03-15|work=abortion-policies.srhr.org|accessdate=2026-08-29}}</ref>, kutoa [[mimba]] ni kinyume cha [[sheria]] isipokuwa pale ambapo ujauzito unatishia maisha ya [[mama]]. Mtu anayetoa mimba kinyume cha sheria anaweza kupewa adhabu ya kulipa faini au [[kifungo]] cha jela. Hata hivyo, adhabu inaweza kuwa n...' 1592843 wikitext text/x-wiki Nchini '''Sudan Kusini'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Abortion Policies Database|url=https://abortion-policies.srhr.org/country/south-sudan/?version=2026-03-15|work=abortion-policies.srhr.org|accessdate=2026-08-29}}</ref>, kutoa [[mimba]] ni kinyume cha [[sheria]] isipokuwa pale ambapo ujauzito unatishia maisha ya [[mama]]. Mtu anayetoa mimba kinyume cha sheria anaweza kupewa adhabu ya kulipa faini au [[kifungo]] cha jela. Hata hivyo, adhabu inaweza kuwa ndogo ikiwa mimba ilitolewa kwa lengo la kulinda heshima ya mwanamke au familia.Utoaji mimba usio salama ni jambo linalotokea mara nyingi nchini humo na unachangia kuongezeka kwa vifo vya akina mama wakati wa ujauzito au kujifungua. Mimba nyingi hutolewa na wanawake wenyewe, wakati wengine hupata msaada kutoka kwa watu wanaotoa huduma za matibabu bila usalama au bila kuwa na sifa zinazotakiwa.Utamaduni unaopendelea familia kubwa na kuwa na watoto wengi umechangia kufanya suala la kutoa mimba kuwa mwiko nchini Sudan Kusini. Kwa watu wa jamii ya Dinka, kwa mfano, kutoa mimba hakukubaliki isipokuwa pale ambapo mwanamke amewahi kupata matatizo ya kiafya yanayohusiana na ujauzito. Huduma za matibabu baada ya kutoa mimba pia hazipatikani au hazitumiki sana nchini humo.Kabla ya mwaka [[2008]], Sudan Kusini ilifuata sheria ya Sudan kuhusu utoaji mimba. Sheria hiyo iliruhusu kutoa mimba pale ambapo maisha ya mama yalikuwa hatarini au mimba ilitokana na ubakaji au kujamiiana kwa ndugu wa karibu.Wakati wa Vita vya Pili vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe nchini Sudan, Jeshi la Ukombozi wa Watu wa Sudan (SPLA) na baadae chama cha Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) vilihamasisha sera ya kuwa na watoto wengi na vilipinga uzazi wa mpango<ref>{{Cite web|title=Advancing access to sexual and reproductive health services in South Sudan {{!}} WHO {{!}} Regional Office for Africa|url=https://www.afro.who.int/countries/south-sudan/news/advancing-access-sexual-and-reproductive-health-services-south-sudan|work=www.afro.who.int|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref>. Baada ya vita, serikali iliweka sheria mpya ya utoaji mimba mwaka 2008. Sheria hii ilikuwa kali zaidi kuliko ile ya zamani, kwa sababu iliruhusu kutoa mimba tu pale ambapo ujauzito unatishia maisha ya mama.Baada ya Sudan Kusini kupata uhuru kamili, Wizara ya Afya, kwa kushirikiana na mashirika ya kimataifa, ilianza kuunga mkono uzazi wa mpango. Hii ilikuwa tofauti na mtazamo wa awali uliokuwa ukihamasisha kuwa na watoto wengi. Mwaka [[2014]], serikali pia ilianzisha sera ya kutoa huduma za matibabu kwa wanawake baada ya kutoa mimba.Hata hivyo, suala la utoaji mimba halikujadiliwa sana hadharani, na mashirika yanayoshughulika na afya ya uzazi yaliepuka kulizungumzia kwa uwazi.Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vilivyoanza tena Sudan Kusini vilisababisha matukio ya ubakaji wakati wa vita na hali nyingine ambazo zilichangia baadhi ya wanawake kutoa mimba<ref>{{Cite web|title=Concern of widespread abortion in ‘protection’ camps in South Sudan|url=https://www.radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/concern-of-widespread-abortion-in-protection-camps-in-south-sudan|work=Radio Tamazuj|date=2014-09-01|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author=Digital Qquality Editor}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-biolojia}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Afya ya umma]] 2jvgawn57upymqsveywgz4n1mv6jqs4 1592844 1592843 2026-08-29T09:42:49Z Francakiria 45589 1592844 wikitext text/x-wiki Nchini '''Sudan Kusini'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Abortion Policies Database|url=https://abortion-policies.srhr.org/country/south-sudan/?version=2026-03-15|work=abortion-policies.srhr.org|accessdate=2026-08-29}}</ref>, kutoa [[mimba]] ni kinyume cha [[sheria]] isipokuwa pale ambapo ujauzito unatishia maisha ya [[mama]]. Mtu anayetoa mimba kinyume cha sheria anaweza kupewa adhabu ya kulipa faini au [[kifungo]] cha jela. Hata hivyo, adhabu inaweza kuwa ndogo ikiwa mimba ilitolewa kwa lengo la kulinda heshima ya mwanamke au familia.Utoaji mimba usio salama ni jambo linalotokea mara nyingi nchini humo na unachangia kuongezeka kwa vifo vya akina mama wakati wa ujauzito au kujifungua. Mimba nyingi hutolewa na wanawake wenyewe, wakati wengine hupata msaada kutoka kwa watu wanaotoa huduma za matibabu bila usalama au bila kuwa na sifa zinazotakiwa.Utamaduni unaopendelea familia kubwa na kuwa na watoto wengi umechangia kufanya suala la kutoa mimba kuwa mwiko nchini Sudan Kusini. Kwa watu wa jamii ya Dinka, kwa mfano, kutoa mimba hakukubaliki isipokuwa pale ambapo mwanamke amewahi kupata matatizo ya kiafya yanayohusiana na ujauzito. Huduma za matibabu baada ya kutoa mimba pia hazipatikani au hazitumiki sana nchini humo.Kabla ya mwaka [[2008]], Sudan Kusini ilifuata sheria ya Sudan kuhusu utoaji mimba. Sheria hiyo iliruhusu kutoa mimba pale ambapo maisha ya mama yalikuwa hatarini au mimba ilitokana na ubakaji au kujamiiana kwa ndugu wa karibu.Wakati wa Vita vya Pili vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe nchini Sudan, Jeshi la Ukombozi wa Watu wa Sudan (SPLA) na baadae chama cha Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) vilihamasisha sera ya kuwa na watoto wengi na vilipinga uzazi wa mpango<ref>{{Cite web|title=Advancing access to sexual and reproductive health services in South Sudan {{!}} WHO {{!}} Regional Office for Africa|url=https://www.afro.who.int/countries/south-sudan/news/advancing-access-sexual-and-reproductive-health-services-south-sudan|work=www.afro.who.int|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref>. Baada ya vita, serikali iliweka sheria mpya ya utoaji mimba mwaka 2008. Sheria hii ilikuwa kali zaidi kuliko ile ya zamani, kwa sababu iliruhusu kutoa mimba tu pale ambapo ujauzito unatishia maisha ya mama.Baada ya Sudan Kusini kupata uhuru kamili, Wizara ya Afya, kwa kushirikiana na mashirika ya kimataifa, ilianza kuunga mkono uzazi wa mpango. Hii ilikuwa tofauti na mtazamo wa awali uliokuwa ukihamasisha kuwa na watoto wengi. Mwaka [[2014]], serikali pia ilianzisha sera ya kutoa huduma za matibabu kwa wanawake baada ya kutoa mimba.Hata hivyo, suala la utoaji mimba halikujadiliwa sana hadharani, na mashirika yanayoshughulika na afya ya uzazi yaliepuka kulizungumzia kwa uwazi.Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vilivyoanza tena Sudan Kusini vilisababisha matukio ya ubakaji wakati wa vita na hali nyingine ambazo zilichangia baadhi ya wanawake kutoa mimba. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-biolojia}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Afya ya umma]] jdhc40vu3slkib819bj2873bevubqfe 1592936 1592844 2026-08-29T10:34:16Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1592936 wikitext text/x-wiki Nchini '''Sudan Kusini'''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Global Abortion Policies Database|url=https://abortion-policies.srhr.org/country/south-sudan/?version=2026-03-15|work=abortion-policies.srhr.org|accessdate=2026-08-29}}</ref>, kutoa [[mimba]] ni kinyume cha [[sheria]] isipokuwa pale ambapo ujauzito unatishia maisha ya [[mama]]. Mtu anayetoa mimba kinyume cha sheria anaweza kupewa adhabu ya kulipa faini au [[kifungo]] cha jela. Hata hivyo, adhabu inaweza kuwa ndogo ikiwa mimba ilitolewa kwa lengo la kulinda heshima ya mwanamke au familia.Utoaji mimba usio salama ni jambo linalotokea mara nyingi nchini humo na unachangia kuongezeka kwa vifo vya akina mama wakati wa ujauzito au kujifungua. Mimba nyingi hutolewa na wanawake wenyewe, wakati wengine hupata msaada kutoka kwa watu wanaotoa huduma za matibabu bila usalama au bila kuwa na sifa zinazotakiwa.Utamaduni unaopendelea familia kubwa na kuwa na watoto wengi umechangia kufanya suala la kutoa mimba kuwa mwiko nchini Sudan Kusini. Kwa watu wa jamii ya Dinka, kwa mfano, kutoa mimba hakukubaliki isipokuwa pale ambapo mwanamke amewahi kupata matatizo ya kiafya yanayohusiana na ujauzito. Huduma za matibabu baada ya kutoa mimba pia hazipatikani au hazitumiki sana nchini humo.Kabla ya mwaka [[2008]], Sudan Kusini ilifuata sheria ya Sudan kuhusu utoaji mimba. Sheria hiyo iliruhusu kutoa mimba pale ambapo maisha ya mama yalikuwa hatarini au mimba ilitokana na ubakaji au kujamiiana kwa ndugu wa karibu.Wakati wa Vita vya Pili vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe nchini Sudan, Jeshi la Ukombozi wa Watu wa Sudan (SPLA) na baadae chama cha Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) vilihamasisha sera ya kuwa na watoto wengi na vilipinga uzazi wa mpango<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Advancing access to sexual and reproductive health services in South Sudan {{!}} WHO {{!}} Regional Office for Africa|url=https://www.afro.who.int/countries/south-sudan/news/advancing-access-sexual-and-reproductive-health-services-south-sudan|work=www.afro.who.int|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref>. Baada ya vita, serikali iliweka sheria mpya ya utoaji mimba mwaka 2008. Sheria hii ilikuwa kali zaidi kuliko ile ya zamani, kwa sababu iliruhusu kutoa mimba tu pale ambapo ujauzito unatishia maisha ya mama.Baada ya Sudan Kusini kupata uhuru kamili, Wizara ya Afya, kwa kushirikiana na mashirika ya kimataifa, ilianza kuunga mkono uzazi wa mpango. Hii ilikuwa tofauti na mtazamo wa awali uliokuwa ukihamasisha kuwa na watoto wengi. Mwaka [[2014]], serikali pia ilianzisha sera ya kutoa huduma za matibabu kwa wanawake baada ya kutoa mimba.Hata hivyo, suala la utoaji mimba halikujadiliwa sana hadharani, na mashirika yanayoshughulika na afya ya uzazi yaliepuka kulizungumzia kwa uwazi.Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vilivyoanza tena Sudan Kusini vilisababisha matukio ya ubakaji wakati wa vita na hali nyingine ambazo zilichangia baadhi ya wanawake kutoa mimba. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-biolojia}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Afya ya umma]] 4z69gjr9ns71g52j5vqmo3cu3cf1arj 1593020 1592936 2026-08-29T11:25:49Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1593020 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji mimba Sudan Kusini'''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Global Abortion Policies Database|url=https://abortion-policies.srhr.org/country/south-sudan/?version=2026-03-15|work=abortion-policies.srhr.org|accessdate=2026-08-29}}</ref> ni kinyume cha [[sheria]] isipokuwa pale ambapo ujauzito unatishia maisha ya [[mama]]. Mtu anayetoa mimba kinyume cha sheria anaweza kupewa adhabu ya kulipa faini au [[kifungo]] cha jela. Hata hivyo, adhabu inaweza kuwa ndogo ikiwa mimba ilitolewa kwa lengo la kulinda heshima ya mwanamke au familia.Utoaji mimba usio salama ni jambo linalotokea mara nyingi nchini humo na unachangia kuongezeka kwa vifo vya akina mama wakati wa ujauzito au kujifungua. Mimba nyingi hutolewa na wanawake wenyewe, wakati wengine hupata msaada kutoka kwa watu wanaotoa huduma za matibabu bila usalama au bila kuwa na sifa zinazotakiwa.Utamaduni unaopendelea familia kubwa na kuwa na watoto wengi umechangia kufanya suala la kutoa mimba kuwa mwiko nchini Sudan Kusini. Kwa watu wa jamii ya Dinka, kwa mfano, kutoa mimba hakukubaliki isipokuwa pale ambapo mwanamke amewahi kupata matatizo ya kiafya yanayohusiana na ujauzito. Huduma za matibabu baada ya kutoa mimba pia hazipatikani au hazitumiki sana nchini humo.Kabla ya mwaka [[2008]], Sudan Kusini ilifuata sheria ya Sudan kuhusu utoaji mimba. Sheria hiyo iliruhusu kutoa mimba pale ambapo maisha ya mama yalikuwa hatarini au mimba ilitokana na ubakaji au kujamiiana kwa ndugu wa karibu.Wakati wa Vita vya Pili vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe nchini Sudan, Jeshi la Ukombozi wa Watu wa Sudan (SPLA) na baadae chama cha Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) vilihamasisha sera ya kuwa na watoto wengi na vilipinga uzazi wa mpango<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Advancing access to sexual and reproductive health services in South Sudan {{!}} WHO {{!}} Regional Office for Africa|url=https://www.afro.who.int/countries/south-sudan/news/advancing-access-sexual-and-reproductive-health-services-south-sudan|work=www.afro.who.int|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref>. Baada ya vita, serikali iliweka sheria mpya ya utoaji mimba mwaka 2008. Sheria hii ilikuwa kali zaidi kuliko ile ya zamani, kwa sababu iliruhusu kutoa mimba tu pale ambapo ujauzito unatishia maisha ya mama.Baada ya Sudan Kusini kupata uhuru kamili, Wizara ya Afya, kwa kushirikiana na mashirika ya kimataifa, ilianza kuunga mkono uzazi wa mpango. Hii ilikuwa tofauti na mtazamo wa awali uliokuwa ukihamasisha kuwa na watoto wengi. Mwaka [[2014]], serikali pia ilianzisha sera ya kutoa huduma za matibabu kwa wanawake baada ya kutoa mimba.Hata hivyo, suala la utoaji mimba halikujadiliwa sana hadharani, na mashirika yanayoshughulika na afya ya uzazi yaliepuka kulizungumzia kwa uwazi.Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vilivyoanza tena Sudan Kusini vilisababisha matukio ya ubakaji wakati wa vita na hali nyingine ambazo zilichangia baadhi ya wanawake kutoa mimba. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sheria}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Sudan Kusini]] 7ab93z5daol4agjj21843bv9av8j4h1 2 247808 1592846 2026-08-29T09:47:28Z Rashid Makwaya 82934 Haki na kiswahili 1592846 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji mimba ivory coast''' ocjc90d2b32e0ewg3zh5g4nrmdar8yj 1592887 1592846 2026-08-29T09:58:20Z Rashid Makwaya 82934 Haki na maarifa 1592887 wikitext text/x-wiki utoaji mimba Zambia Nchini Zambia, utoaji mimba unaruhusiwa kisheria iwapo ujauzito unaweza kuhatarisha maisha ya mama, afya yake ya kimwili au kiakili, au afya ya watoto wake waliopo tayari, au iwapo unaweza kusababisha mtoto kuzaliwa na kasoro za kimaumbile. Zambia ina mojawapo ya sheria zinazotoa ruhusa pana zaidi kuhusu utoaji mimba barani Afrika, ingawa masharti yaliyopo yanaweza kupunguza upatikanaji wa huduma hiyo. Sheria ya Kusitisha Ujauzito iliyopitishwa mwaka 1972, inahalalisha utoaji mimba iwapo umeidhinishwa na wataalamu wa afya. Sheria hiyo inahitaji saini za madaktari watatu, akiwemo angalau daktari mmoja bingwa. Marekebisho ya sheria na miongozo ya kitabibu yamefafanua kwamba sheria inaruhusu kuzingatiwa kwa mazingira kama vile ujauzito uliotokana na ubakaji, pamoja na sababu za kijamii na kiuchumi. Utoaji mimba wa kisheria unapatikana, lakini mara nyingi huwa wa gharama kubwa au mgumu kufikiwa. Baadhi ya wakosoaji wa sheria ya utoaji mimba nchini Zambia wanaamini kuwa masharti ya Sheria ya TOP ni vikwazo vinavyowafanya wananchi wengi kushindwa kupata huduma hiyo. Wengine wanaamini kuwa nchi hiyo inatambua utoaji mimba kisheria, lakini utekelezaji wake kwa vitendo ni mdogo. Wanawake wengi nchini Zambia hawajui kuhusu sheria ya utoaji mimba, na wahudumu wengi wa afya pia hawafahamu masharti yake. Kukataa kutoa huduma ya utoaji mimba kwa misingi ya dhamiri au imani binafsi miongoni mwa wahudumu wa afya ni jambo la kawaida. Watoa huduma wa afya wa serikali hutoa huduma za utoaji mimba bila malipo rasmi, lakini mara nyingi gharama zisizo rasmi huwa kubwa. Utoaji mimba mwingi hufanywa kwa njia zisizo salama na watoa huduma haramu. Matatizo yatokanayo na utoaji mimba hutokea mara kwa mara. Utoaji mimba usio salama unasababisha takribani asilimia 30 ya vifo vya wajawazito. Ingawa watoa huduma wa afya wa umma hawaruhusiwi kisheria kutoza fedha kwa huduma za utoaji mimba, malipo yasiyo rasmi ni ya kawaida. Wanawake wengi hawawezi kumudu gharama za utoaji mimba salama kwa njia ya upasuaji. Utoaji mimba kwa kutumia dawa umeenea zaidi katika maeneo ya mijini, huku maeneo ya vijijini yakiwa na upatikanaji mdogo wa huduma hiyo. Vijana balehe wana uwezekano mkubwa wa kufanyiwa utoaji mimba usio salama. Utoaji mimba unanyanyapaliwa na kutazamwa kwa mtazamo hasi nchini Zambia. Wazambia wengi wanaamini kwamba utoaji mimba unapaswa kuwa haramu. Ukristo ni dini rasmi ya taifa nchini Zambia, na makanisa yana ushawishi mkubwa katika kupinga utoaji mimba kwa misingi ya kidini. Wanaounga mkono utoaji mimba wanaamini kuwa utoaji mimba wa kisheria ni sehemu ya suluhisho la changamoto za afya ya umma. == Sheria == Sheria ya Kusitisha Ujauzito (TOP Act) inaruhusu utoaji mimba iwapo ujauzito unaongeza hatari ya kifo au matatizo ya afya ya kimwili au kiakili kwa mama au watoto wake waliopo tayari, au iwapo unaweza kusababisha mtoto kuzaliwa na kasoro za kimaumbile. Umri wa mama pamoja na mazingira yake ya sasa au ya siku za usoni zilizo karibu vinaweza kuzingatiwa katika kufanya uamuzi huo. Utoaji mimba lazima uidhinishwe na wataalamu watatu wa afya, akiwemo angalau mmoja mwenye utaalamu wa ubingwa. Sharti hili linaweza kuondolewa iwapo daktari mmoja anaamini kuwa kuna hali ya dharura. Huduma hiyo lazima ifanywe katika eneo lililosajiliwa na mtaalamu aliyesajiliwa, kwa ridhaa ya mwanamke baada ya kupewa taarifa sahihi kuhusu huduma hiyo. Kutoa au kufanyiwa utoaji mimba kinyume cha sheria kunaweza kuadhibiwa kwa kifungo cha hadi miaka saba gerezani. Sheria inaruhusu wataalamu wa afya kukataa kufanya utoaji mimba kwa misingi ya dhamiri au imani binafsi, isipokuwa katika hali za dharura. Adhabu ya kutoa utoaji mimba kinyume cha sheria ni kifungo cha miaka saba, wakati adhabu ya kupata au kusaidia utoaji mimba haramu inaweza kufikia kifungo cha miaka kumi na minne. Mnamo Mei 2009, Wizara ya Afya (MOH) iliandaa miongozo ya namna ya kubaini iwapo ujauzito unahatarisha afya ya mwanamke, kwa kuzingatia sababu za kijamii na kiuchumi zinazoweza kupimika kwa njia za kitaalamu pamoja na uzoefu binafsi wa mhusika. Miongozo hiyo inaruhusu watoa huduma za afya kufanya utoaji mimba kwa kuzingatia sababu hizo kwa ridhaa ya mwanamke, na inaruhusu wahudumu wa afya wa ngazi za kati kutoa huduma za utoaji mimba katika kipindi cha miezi mitatu ya kwanza ya ujauzito. Miongozo hiyo pia inaeleza kwamba wagonjwa wanapaswa kuelekezwa kwa watoa huduma walio tayari kusaidia katika utoaji mimba, kwamba vituo vingi vya afya vya serikali vinapaswa kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa huduma hiyo, na kwamba kukataa kutoa huduma kwa misingi ya dhamiri kunawahusu madaktari binafsi wanaofanya utaratibu huo pekee. Sheria ya TOP haijaweka kikomo maalumu cha umri wa ujauzito, lakini Wizara ya Afya imeelekeza kuwa utoaji mimba hauruhusiwi baada ya kijusi kufikia hatua ya kuwa na uwezo wa kuishi nje ya tumbo la uzazi, ambayo imewekwa katika wiki 28 za ujauzito. Zambia ina mojawapo ya sheria huria zaidi kuhusu utoaji mimba katika ukanda wa Afrika. Ni miongoni mwa nchi chache barani Afrika zinazoruhusu utoaji mimba kwa kuzingatia sababu za kijamii na kiuchumi. Sheria yake inaendana na Kifungu cha 14(2)(c) cha Itifaki ya Maputo, ambayo Zambia imeiridhia. Hata hivyo, sheria hiyo imewahi kuelezewa kama “sheria iliyopo kwenye karatasi pekee,” kwa sababu utekelezaji wake kwa vitendo ni changamoto. Sheria hiyo inaweza kutafsiriwa kwa namna tofauti, na masharti yake yanaweza kufanya utoaji mimba kuwa mgumu kufikiwa. Tofauti na nchi nyingi ambako utoaji mimba wa kisheria unapatikana kwa urahisi zaidi, matatizo yatokanayo na utoaji mimba bado ni ya kawaida nchini Zambia. Sharti la kupata saini tatu za wataalamu wa afya husababisha changamoto kwa sababu baadhi yao wanaweza kukataa kusaini. Kwa mfano, Marie Stopes International iliwahi kupigwa marufuku kwa muda kutokana na kushindwa kupata saini zinazohitajika. Wachambuzi wa sera wameilinganisha hali ya Zambia na sheria za utoaji mimba nchini Ethiopia na Tanzania. Ethiopia ina sheria zinazoweka vikwazo kwa utoaji mimba lakini ina mifumo inayowezesha utoaji mimba salama katika mazingira fulani, wakati Tanzania inaruhusu utoaji mimba hasa pale ambapo maisha ya mama yako hatarini lakini ina mahitaji tofauti kuhusu idhini ya wahudumu wa afya. Wanaounga mkono utoaji mimba duniani huielezea Zambia kama mfano wa nchi yenye sheria pana kuhusu suala hilo, lakini mtazamo wa ndani ya Zambia si wa upande mmoja. Baadhi ya wanaounga mkono utoaji mimba wanasema Sheria ya TOP ni yenye vikwazo kwa sababu masharti ya utoaji mimba wa kisheria yanapunguza upatikanaji wa huduma. Wengine wanaona sheria hiyo kuwa huria lakini wanasisitiza kuwa utekelezaji wa vitendo unahitaji kuboreshwa. Kutokuwa na uhakika kuhusu tafsiri ya sheria na uwepo wa haki ya kukataa huduma kwa misingi ya dhamiri kunaweza kuwafanya wataalamu wa afya kukataa kutoa huduma za utoaji mimba. Sharti la kupata saini tatu ni suala lenye utata kwa sababu linaweza kuwa na gharama kubwa, hasa kwa wanawake maskini na wale wanaoishi maeneo ya vijijini. Watu wanaofanya kazi ya kuongeza upatikanaji wa huduma za utoaji mimba wanasema kuwa ni vigumu kuwaelimisha madaktari na wananchi kuhusu miongozo ya utoaji mimba, na kwamba kuna watu wengi zaidi wanaofanya kazi ya kuzuia upatikanaji wa huduma hizo kuliko wanaojitahidi kuziongeza. == Historia == Kabla ya mwaka 1972, sheria ya makosa ya jinai nchini Zambia iliharamisha utoaji mimba. Mwaka 1971, mwaka mmoja kabla ya utoaji mimba kuondolewa katika makosa ya jinai, nchi hiyo ilikuwa na daktari mmoja tu kwa kila watu 8,110. Sheria ya Kusitisha Ujauzito ya mwaka 1972 (Termination of Pregnancy Act 1972, Act No. 26 of 1972) ilipendekezwa katika Bunge la Taifa la Zambia. Sheria hiyo iliandaliwa kwa kuzingatia Sheria ya Utoaji Mimba ya Uingereza ya mwaka 1967, ikijumuisha Kifungu cha 4 kilichoruhusu wataalamu wa afya kukataa kufanya utoaji mimba kwa misingi ya dhamiri. Sheria hiyo ilipitishwa miaka minane baada ya Kenneth Kaunda kuingia madarakani. Itikadi yake ya Ubinadamu wa Zambia (Zambian Humanism) ilihusisha mitazamo ya kihafidhina ya Kikristo na mfumo wa mfumo dume kuhusu masuala ya ujinsia wa wanawake. Waziri wa Afya aliwasilisha muswada huo bungeni akieleza kuwa lengo lake lilikuwa kurekebisha na kufafanua sheria zinazohusu kusitisha ujauzito kwa wataalamu wa afya waliosajiliwa. Alieleza kuwa kufafanua sheria kungeondoa mashaka miongoni mwa wataalamu wa afya na kusaidia kuzuia vifo. Katika hotuba yake ya mwisho, alisisitiza kwamba sheria hiyo “haikufungua milango ya utoaji mimba kwa hiari bila masharti.” Wabunge waliopinga walidai kuwa sheria hiyo ingeongeza idadi ya utoaji mimba. Hata hivyo, muswada ulipitishwa kwa kura 66 dhidi ya 13. Kanisa Katoliki nchini Zambia liliandika barua kwa Katibu Mkuu wa Baraza la Mawaziri kupinga muswada huo, likidai kuwa ulikuwa umepitishwa kwa haraka bila mjadala wa kutosha wa umma na kwamba ulitegemea sheria ya Uingereza. Spika wa Bunge alimwandikia Kenneth Kaunda kufafanua kwamba muswada huo haukuhalalisha utoaji mimba kwa hiari, akisema kuwa “muswada wenyewe ulikusudiwa kuwahusu watu wawili hadi watano tu katika kipindi cha miaka ishirini hivi.” Baadaye Kaunda alisaini muswada huo na kuwa sheria. Kupitishwa kwa Sheria ya TOP hakukufuatiwa mara moja na miongozo ya kiufundi kuhusu utekelezaji wake. Sheria hiyo ilifanyiwa marekebisho mwaka 1994. Marekebisho ya mwaka 2005 yalieleza wazi kwamba utoaji mimba unaweza kuruhusiwa katika kesi za ubakaji wa watoto. Upanuaji na usafishaji wa kizazi (Dilation and Curettage – D&C) ulikuwa njia ya kawaida ya utoaji mimba hadi miaka ya 2000, licha ya Shirika la Afya Duniani (WHO) kupendekeza matumizi ya njia ya utoaji mimba kwa kuvuta kwa mkono kwa kutumia kifaa maalumu (Manual Vacuum Aspiration – MVA). Mwaka 1988, Hospitali ya Mafunzo ya Chuo Kikuu (University Teaching Hospital – UTH) na shirika lisilo la kiserikali la kimataifa la Ipas walianzisha mradi uliofanikiwa wa kuongeza uwezo wa hospitali kutoa huduma za utoaji mimba na kuanzisha matumizi ya MVA. Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali yaliyosaidiwa na USAID yalianzisha programu ya mafunzo, lakini mahitaji makubwa ya rasilimali na miundombinu hayakupata msaada wa kutosha kutoka serikalini kutokana na changamoto za janga la UKIMWI. UTH ilikuwa kituo pekee kilichotoa huduma za utoaji mimba. Mwaka 1992, serikali ilifanya mageuzi katika mfumo wa afya kwa kupeleka mamlaka zaidi katika ngazi za chini na kujumuisha kifurushi cha huduma muhimu za afya, ikiwemo MVA. Mageuzi haya yalifanyika katika kilele cha janga la UKIMWI nchini Zambia, jambo lililodhoofisha mfumo wa afya kiasi kwamba utekelezaji wa mipango mingine ulikuwa mgumu. Mwaka 2008, Wizara ya Afya ilianza tathmini ya kitaifa kuhusu utoaji mimba usio salama kwa lengo la kupunguza vifo vya wajawazito na kutimiza Malengo ya Maendeleo ya Milenia ya Umoja wa Mataifa. Iliunda timu iliyojumuisha wabunge na wawakilishi kutoka WHO na Ipas. Timu hiyo ilipendekeza kupanua matumizi ya utoaji mimba kwa dawa, kuwafundisha wahudumu wa afya wa ngazi za kati kufanya utoaji mimba kwa njia za kitabibu ili kuongeza upatikanaji wa huduma katika maeneo ya vijijini, na kuandaa miongozo rasmi. Kuanzia Agosti 2009, Wizara ya Afya ilishirikiana na Ipas na UTH katika mradi wa majaribio wa kuanzisha utoaji mimba kwa kutumia dawa katika hospitali. Mpango huo ulikusudia kutekeleza huduma kamili za utoaji mimba katika hospitali 7 na vituo 21 vya afya ya msingi katika Lusaka na Mkoa wa Copperbelt. Timu hiyo ilitoa mafunzo, usimamizi na vifaa kwa watoa huduma 128. Katika awamu ya pili, ilisaidia wafamasia kupata dawa za kisasa zinazotumika katika utoaji mimba. Pia ilifanya shughuli za uelimishaji kwa kushirikiana na Planned Parenthood Association of Zambia pamoja na mashirika saba ya kijamii. Mradi huo ulidumu kwa miaka miwili na kusababisha vituo 25 kati ya 28 kuanza kutoa huduma kamili za utoaji mimba. Vituo vilivyobaki havikuwa tayari kutoa huduma hizo. Programu ya Wizara ya Afya ilisababisha ongezeko la uungwaji mkono wa watoa huduma kwa utoaji mimba na kuongeza imani yao katika uwezo wa kutoa huduma hizo. Watoa huduma wengi wa afya na wafamasia walioshiriki walikubaliana kwamba wanapaswa kusaidia utoaji mimba katika mazingira yanayoruhusiwa kisheria. Baada ya dawa za misoprostol na mifepristone kupatikana katika vituo 25, wafamasia walipata uelewa mkubwa zaidi kuhusu dawa hizo na walikuwa tayari zaidi kutoa taarifa au kusaidia upatikanaji wake. Wakati huo, misoprostol ilikuwa ikijulikana sana kama dawa inayoweza kutumika kusitisha ujauzito, lakini dawa zinazouzwa bila agizo la daktari zilizotengenezwa kutokana nayo zilikuwa zimeidhinishwa kwa matumizi mengine pekee. Dawa ya misoprostol iitwayo Cytotec ilikuwa ikiagizwa kutoka nje na ilijulikana kwa jina la “kidonge cha Kichina.” Mnamo Julai 2010, mifepristone iliagizwa kwa mara ya kwanza kwa matumizi ya kiwango kidogo katika vituo vya afya vya umma. Mwanzoni mwa mwaka 2012, Wizara ya Afya iliidhinisha Medabon, kifurushi kinachojumuisha mifepristone na misoprostol kwa ajili ya utoaji mimba, na shirika lisilo la kiserikali liliagiza shehena ya kwanza ya dawa hiyo. Kifungu cha 12 cha Katiba ya Zambia kinalinda haki za mtoto ambaye hajazaliwa, kikisema kwamba: “Mtu hatamnyima mtoto ambaye hajazaliwa haki ya kuishi kwa kusitisha ujauzito, isipokuwa kwa mujibu wa masharti yaliyowekwa na Sheria ya Bunge kwa madhumuni hayo.” Mwaka 2015, rasimu ya Kifungu cha 28 ilipendekezwa ikisema kwamba: “Kila mtu ana haki ya kuishi, na haki hiyo huanza tangu kutungwa kwa mimba.” Marekebisho hayo yalicheleweshwa kwa sababu yalionekana kuwa yenye utata mkubwa na hayakujumuishwa katika Muswada wa Marekebisho ya Katiba ya Zambia wa mwaka 2015. Baadaye suala hilo lilipelekwa kwenye kura ya maoni, ambayo haikufaulu kutokana na idadi ndogo ya wapiga kura waliojitokeza. Mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali nchini Zambia hupokea ufadhili kutoka mataifa ya Magharibi kwa ajili ya kutoa huduma za utoaji mimba zinazokubalika kisheria. Baada ya Marekani kubatilisha uamuzi wake wa kisheria uliokuwa unatambua haki ya utoaji mimba, viongozi wa mashirika hayo walieleza wasiwasi kwamba hali hiyo inaweza kuhatarisha upatikanaji wa ufadhili wao. ohkczuahi3syj39fgdfkor3bj7uerm3 3 247809 1592847 2026-08-29T09:48:33Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1592847 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) cnn44co64js0rhux3ri7um3wray56g6 3 247810 1592848 2026-08-29T09:48:43Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1592848 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) cnn44co64js0rhux3ri7um3wray56g6 3 247811 1592849 2026-08-29T09:48:53Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1592849 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) cnn44co64js0rhux3ri7um3wray56g6 3 247812 1592850 2026-08-29T09:49:03Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1592850 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) 2682sjwe3jnvthbaw75vau9zspxlydb 3 247813 1592851 2026-08-29T09:49:13Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1592851 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) 2682sjwe3jnvthbaw75vau9zspxlydb 1592982 1592851 2026-08-29T11:04:14Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592982 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) ==Utoaji mimba== Ndugu, unakubali kweli kwamba kutoa mimba ni haki? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:04, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) 0kqolrikbw1uohhsu8sfeqf61le8v8h 3 247814 1592852 2026-08-29T09:49:23Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1592852 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) 2682sjwe3jnvthbaw75vau9zspxlydb 1592994 1592852 2026-08-29T11:08:48Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592994 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) ==Utoaji mimba== Ndugu, unakubali kweli kwamba kutoa mimba ni haki? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:08, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) bt12ah4rgwtwj81tc58lvbdck7n6c7b 3 247815 1592853 2026-08-29T09:49:33Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1592853 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) 2682sjwe3jnvthbaw75vau9zspxlydb 1592992 1592853 2026-08-29T11:08:14Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1592992 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) ==Utoaji mimba== Ndugu, unakubali kweli kwamba kutoa mimba ni haki? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:08, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) bt12ah4rgwtwj81tc58lvbdck7n6c7b 3 247816 1592854 2026-08-29T09:49:43Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1592854 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) 2682sjwe3jnvthbaw75vau9zspxlydb 3 247817 1592855 2026-08-29T09:49:53Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1592855 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) 2682sjwe3jnvthbaw75vau9zspxlydb 3 247818 1592856 2026-08-29T09:50:03Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1592856 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) byr67uk1xc2ft6pm8r8z2ydrcj3wqdb 3 247819 1592857 2026-08-29T09:50:13Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1592857 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) byr67uk1xc2ft6pm8r8z2ydrcj3wqdb 3 247820 1592858 2026-08-29T09:50:23Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1592858 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) byr67uk1xc2ft6pm8r8z2ydrcj3wqdb 3 247821 1592859 2026-08-29T09:50:33Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1592859 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) byr67uk1xc2ft6pm8r8z2ydrcj3wqdb 3 247822 1592860 2026-08-29T09:50:43Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1592860 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) byr67uk1xc2ft6pm8r8z2ydrcj3wqdb 3 247823 1592861 2026-08-29T09:50:53Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1592861 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) byr67uk1xc2ft6pm8r8z2ydrcj3wqdb 3 247824 1592862 2026-08-29T09:51:03Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1592862 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) b9z02s1ek915dpz9qgypx23kvou7hfw 3 247825 1592863 2026-08-29T09:51:13Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1592863 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) b9z02s1ek915dpz9qgypx23kvou7hfw 3 247826 1592864 2026-08-29T09:51:23Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1592864 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) b9z02s1ek915dpz9qgypx23kvou7hfw 3 247827 1592865 2026-08-29T09:51:33Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1592865 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) b9z02s1ek915dpz9qgypx23kvou7hfw 3 247828 1592866 2026-08-29T09:51:43Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1592866 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) b9z02s1ek915dpz9qgypx23kvou7hfw 3 247829 1592867 2026-08-29T09:51:53Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1592867 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) b9z02s1ek915dpz9qgypx23kvou7hfw 0 247830 1592868 2026-08-29T09:52:00Z Martha clement 92019 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Nchini Ethiopia,''' utoaji wa [[mimba]] ni halali nchini [[Ethiopia]] katika mazingira kama vile mimba inayotokana na ubakaji au kujamiiana kwa uhiari, pamoja na hali zinazohusiana na matatizo ya afya ya mama au ulemavu mkubwa wa kijusi == '''Historia''' == Kwa muda mrefu, suala la upatikanaji wa huduma za utoaji mimba katika [[Afrika]] Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara limekuwa likijadiliwa na kuzua mabishano miongoni mwa baadhi ya watu na wataalamu wa afya...' 1592868 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nchini Ethiopia,''' utoaji wa [[mimba]] ni halali nchini [[Ethiopia]] katika mazingira kama vile mimba inayotokana na ubakaji au kujamiiana kwa uhiari, pamoja na hali zinazohusiana na matatizo ya afya ya mama au ulemavu mkubwa wa kijusi == '''Historia''' == Kwa muda mrefu, suala la upatikanaji wa huduma za utoaji mimba katika [[Afrika]] Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara limekuwa likijadiliwa na kuzua mabishano miongoni mwa baadhi ya watu na wataalamu wa afya. Hali hii imesababishwa na imani za kidini, mila na desturi za [[jamii]]. Pia, kuna ukosefu wa elimu ya kutosha kuhusu afya ya uzazi pamoja na unyanyapaa unaohusishwa na utoaji wa mimba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Berhan |first=Y. |last2=Berhan |first2=A. |date=2014-09-12 |title=Causes of Maternal Mortality in Ethiopia: A Significant Decline in Abortion Related Death |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ejhs/article/view/107625 |journal=Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |pages=15–28 |doi=10.4314/ejhs.v24i0.3S |issn=2413-7170}}</ref> Nchini Ethiopia, kati ya mwaka 1980 na 1999, asilimia 31% ya vifo vya wanawake wakati wa ujauzito na kujifungua vilihusishwa na utoaji wa mimba usio salama au matatizo yaliyotokana na utoaji wa mimba.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Ann M. |last2=Gebrehiwot |first2=Yirgu |last3=Fetters |first3=Tamara |last4=Wado |first4=Yohannes Dibaba |last5=Bankole |first5=Akinrinola |last6=Singh |first6=Susheela |last7=Gebreselassie |first7=Hailemichael |last8=Getachew |first8=Yonas |date=2016-09-01 |title=The Estimated Incidence of Induced Abortion in Ethiopia, 2014: Changes in the Provision of Services Since 2008 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5568682/ |journal=International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=111–120 |doi=10.1363/42e1816 |issn=1944-0405 |pmc=5568682 |pmid=28825902}}</ref> == '''Uhalali''' == [[Mwaka]] 2005, Ethiopia iliruhusu utoaji wa mimba katika hali maalumu, kama vile mimba inayotokana na ubakaji, kujamiiana kwa au uhiari,mtoto aliye tumboni kuwa na matatizo makubwa ya kiafya. Pia, [[mwanamke]] anaweza kuruhusiwa kutoa mimba ikiwa kuendelea na ujauzito au kujifungua kunaweza kuhatarisha maisha au afya yake.<ref name=":1" /> Ingawa utoaji wa mimba kwa ujumla haukuruhusiwa chini ya Sheria ya Jinai ya Ethiopia, Bunge la Ethiopia liliruhusu utoaji wa mimba katika mazingira yafuatayo:<ref name=":0" /> * Mimba inapotokana na ubakaji au kujamiiana kwa maharimu. * Kuendelea na ujauzito kunapohatarisha afya au [[maisha]] ya mwanamke au mtoto aliye tumboni. * Mtoto aliye tumboni anapokuwa na [[ulemavu]] au matatizo makubwa ya kia == '''Marejeo''' == {{Mbegu-Ethiopia}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Afya ya umma]] i0hne19cpp30vxlryk7fnn0knj4gijh 1592939 1592868 2026-08-29T10:34:46Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1592939 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nchini Ethiopia,''' utoaji wa [[mimba]] ni halali nchini [[Ethiopia]] katika mazingira kama vile mimba inayotokana na ubakaji au kujamiiana kwa uhiari, pamoja na hali zinazohusiana na matatizo ya afya ya mama au ulemavu mkubwa wa kijusi == '''Historia''' == Kwa muda mrefu, suala la upatikanaji wa huduma za utoaji mimba katika [[Afrika]] Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara limekuwa likijadiliwa na kuzua mabishano miongoni mwa baadhi ya watu na wataalamu wa afya. Hali hii imesababishwa na imani za kidini, mila na desturi za [[jamii]]. Pia, kuna ukosefu wa elimu ya kutosha kuhusu afya ya uzazi pamoja na unyanyapaa unaohusishwa na utoaji wa mimba.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |last=Berhan |first=Y. |last2=Berhan |first2=A. |date=2014-09-12 |title=Causes of Maternal Mortality in Ethiopia: A Significant Decline in Abortion Related Death |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ejhs/article/view/107625 |journal=Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |pages=15–28 |doi=10.4314/ejhs.v24i0.3S |issn=2413-7170}}</ref> Nchini Ethiopia, kati ya mwaka 1980 na 1999, asilimia 31% ya vifo vya wanawake wakati wa ujauzito na kujifungua vilihusishwa na utoaji wa mimba usio salama au matatizo yaliyotokana na utoaji wa mimba.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea jarida |last=Moore |first=Ann M. |last2=Gebrehiwot |first2=Yirgu |last3=Fetters |first3=Tamara |last4=Wado |first4=Yohannes Dibaba |last5=Bankole |first5=Akinrinola |last6=Singh |first6=Susheela |last7=Gebreselassie |first7=Hailemichael |last8=Getachew |first8=Yonas |date=2016-09-01 |title=The Estimated Incidence of Induced Abortion in Ethiopia, 2014: Changes in the Provision of Services Since 2008 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5568682/ |journal=International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=111–120 |doi=10.1363/42e1816 |issn=1944-0405 |pmc=5568682 |pmid=28825902}}</ref> == '''Uhalali''' == [[Mwaka]] 2005, Ethiopia iliruhusu utoaji wa mimba katika hali maalumu, kama vile mimba inayotokana na ubakaji, kujamiiana kwa au uhiari,mtoto aliye tumboni kuwa na matatizo makubwa ya kiafya. Pia, [[mwanamke]] anaweza kuruhusiwa kutoa mimba ikiwa kuendelea na ujauzito au kujifungua kunaweza kuhatarisha maisha au afya yake.<ref name=":1" /> Ingawa utoaji wa mimba kwa ujumla haukuruhusiwa chini ya Sheria ya Jinai ya Ethiopia, Bunge la Ethiopia liliruhusu utoaji wa mimba katika mazingira yafuatayo:<ref name=":0" /> * Mimba inapotokana na ubakaji au kujamiiana kwa maharimu. * Kuendelea na ujauzito kunapohatarisha afya au [[maisha]] ya mwanamke au mtoto aliye tumboni. * Mtoto aliye tumboni anapokuwa na [[ulemavu]] au matatizo makubwa ya kia == '''Marejeo''' == {{Mbegu-Ethiopia}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Afya ya umma]] s0uwntlkearyixmp486j2qemqme8zte 1593022 1592939 2026-08-29T11:26:14Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Utoaji wa mimba nchini Ethiopia]] hadi [[Utoaji wa mimba Ethiopia]]: urahisi wa kuupata 1592939 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nchini Ethiopia,''' utoaji wa [[mimba]] ni halali nchini [[Ethiopia]] katika mazingira kama vile mimba inayotokana na ubakaji au kujamiiana kwa uhiari, pamoja na hali zinazohusiana na matatizo ya afya ya mama au ulemavu mkubwa wa kijusi == '''Historia''' == Kwa muda mrefu, suala la upatikanaji wa huduma za utoaji mimba katika [[Afrika]] Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara limekuwa likijadiliwa na kuzua mabishano miongoni mwa baadhi ya watu na wataalamu wa afya. Hali hii imesababishwa na imani za kidini, mila na desturi za [[jamii]]. Pia, kuna ukosefu wa elimu ya kutosha kuhusu afya ya uzazi pamoja na unyanyapaa unaohusishwa na utoaji wa mimba.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |last=Berhan |first=Y. |last2=Berhan |first2=A. |date=2014-09-12 |title=Causes of Maternal Mortality in Ethiopia: A Significant Decline in Abortion Related Death |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ejhs/article/view/107625 |journal=Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |pages=15–28 |doi=10.4314/ejhs.v24i0.3S |issn=2413-7170}}</ref> Nchini Ethiopia, kati ya mwaka 1980 na 1999, asilimia 31% ya vifo vya wanawake wakati wa ujauzito na kujifungua vilihusishwa na utoaji wa mimba usio salama au matatizo yaliyotokana na utoaji wa mimba.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea jarida |last=Moore |first=Ann M. |last2=Gebrehiwot |first2=Yirgu |last3=Fetters |first3=Tamara |last4=Wado |first4=Yohannes Dibaba |last5=Bankole |first5=Akinrinola |last6=Singh |first6=Susheela |last7=Gebreselassie |first7=Hailemichael |last8=Getachew |first8=Yonas |date=2016-09-01 |title=The Estimated Incidence of Induced Abortion in Ethiopia, 2014: Changes in the Provision of Services Since 2008 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5568682/ |journal=International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=111–120 |doi=10.1363/42e1816 |issn=1944-0405 |pmc=5568682 |pmid=28825902}}</ref> == '''Uhalali''' == [[Mwaka]] 2005, Ethiopia iliruhusu utoaji wa mimba katika hali maalumu, kama vile mimba inayotokana na ubakaji, kujamiiana kwa au uhiari,mtoto aliye tumboni kuwa na matatizo makubwa ya kiafya. Pia, [[mwanamke]] anaweza kuruhusiwa kutoa mimba ikiwa kuendelea na ujauzito au kujifungua kunaweza kuhatarisha maisha au afya yake.<ref name=":1" /> Ingawa utoaji wa mimba kwa ujumla haukuruhusiwa chini ya Sheria ya Jinai ya Ethiopia, Bunge la Ethiopia liliruhusu utoaji wa mimba katika mazingira yafuatayo:<ref name=":0" /> * Mimba inapotokana na ubakaji au kujamiiana kwa maharimu. * Kuendelea na ujauzito kunapohatarisha afya au [[maisha]] ya mwanamke au mtoto aliye tumboni. * Mtoto aliye tumboni anapokuwa na [[ulemavu]] au matatizo makubwa ya kia == '''Marejeo''' == {{Mbegu-Ethiopia}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Afya ya umma]] s0uwntlkearyixmp486j2qemqme8zte 1593026 1593022 2026-08-29T11:28:22Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1593026 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji mimba Ethiopia''' ni halaki kisheria katika mazingira kama vile mimba inayotokana na ubakaji au kujamiiana kwa hiari, pamoja na hali zinazohusiana na matatizo ya afya ya mama au ulemavu mkubwa wa kijusi == Historia == Kwa muda mrefu, suala la upatikanaji wa huduma za utoaji mimba katika [[Afrika]] [[Kusini kwa Sahara|Kusini mwa Sahara]] limekuwa likijadiliwa na kuzua mabishano miongoni mwa baadhi ya watu na wataalamu wa afya. Hali hii imesababishwa na imani za dini, mila na desturi za [[jamii]]. Pia, kuna ukosefu wa elimu ya kutosha kuhusu afya ya uzazi pamoja na unyanyapaa unaohusishwa na utoaji wa mimba.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |last=Berhan |first=Y. |last2=Berhan |first2=A. |date=2014-09-12 |title=Causes of Maternal Mortality in Ethiopia: A Significant Decline in Abortion Related Death |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ejhs/article/view/107625 |journal=Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |pages=15–28 |doi=10.4314/ejhs.v24i0.3S |issn=2413-7170}}</ref> Nchini Ethiopia, kati ya mwaka 1980 na 1999, asilimia 31% ya vifo vya wanawake wakati wa ujauzito na kujifungua vilihusishwa na utoaji wa mimba usio salama au matatizo yaliyotokana na utoaji wa mimba.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea jarida |last=Moore |first=Ann M. |last2=Gebrehiwot |first2=Yirgu |last3=Fetters |first3=Tamara |last4=Wado |first4=Yohannes Dibaba |last5=Bankole |first5=Akinrinola |last6=Singh |first6=Susheela |last7=Gebreselassie |first7=Hailemichael |last8=Getachew |first8=Yonas |date=2016-09-01 |title=The Estimated Incidence of Induced Abortion in Ethiopia, 2014: Changes in the Provision of Services Since 2008 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5568682/ |journal=International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=111–120 |doi=10.1363/42e1816 |issn=1944-0405 |pmc=5568682 |pmid=28825902}}</ref> == Uhalali == [[Mwaka]] 2005, Ethiopia iliruhusu utoaji wa mimba katika hali maalumu, kama vile mimba inayotokana na ubakaji, kujamiiana kwa au uhiari,mtoto aliye tumboni kuwa na matatizo makubwa ya kiafya. Pia, [[mwanamke]] anaweza kuruhusiwa kutoa mimba ikiwa kuendelea na ujauzito au kujifungua kunaweza kuhatarisha maisha au afya yake.<ref name=":1" /> Ingawa utoaji wa mimba kwa ujumla haukuruhusiwa chini ya Sheria ya Jinai ya Ethiopia, Bunge la Ethiopia liliruhusu utoaji wa mimba katika mazingira yafuatayo:<ref name=":0" /> * Mimba inapotokana na ubakaji au kujamiiana kwa maharimu. * Kuendelea na ujauzito kunapohatarisha afya au [[maisha]] ya mwanamke au mtoto aliye tumboni. * Mtoto aliye tumboni anapokuwa na [[ulemavu]] au matatizo makubwa ya kia == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sheria}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Ethiopia]] 41k13yrjrv7l2zo0wj66rxactg3vuyv 1593027 1593026 2026-08-29T11:28:41Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Utoaji wa mimba Ethiopia]] hadi [[Utoaji mimba Ethiopia]]: urahisi wa kuupata 1593026 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji mimba Ethiopia''' ni halaki kisheria katika mazingira kama vile mimba inayotokana na ubakaji au kujamiiana kwa hiari, pamoja na hali zinazohusiana na matatizo ya afya ya mama au ulemavu mkubwa wa kijusi == Historia == Kwa muda mrefu, suala la upatikanaji wa huduma za utoaji mimba katika [[Afrika]] [[Kusini kwa Sahara|Kusini mwa Sahara]] limekuwa likijadiliwa na kuzua mabishano miongoni mwa baadhi ya watu na wataalamu wa afya. Hali hii imesababishwa na imani za dini, mila na desturi za [[jamii]]. Pia, kuna ukosefu wa elimu ya kutosha kuhusu afya ya uzazi pamoja na unyanyapaa unaohusishwa na utoaji wa mimba.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |last=Berhan |first=Y. |last2=Berhan |first2=A. |date=2014-09-12 |title=Causes of Maternal Mortality in Ethiopia: A Significant Decline in Abortion Related Death |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ejhs/article/view/107625 |journal=Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |pages=15–28 |doi=10.4314/ejhs.v24i0.3S |issn=2413-7170}}</ref> Nchini Ethiopia, kati ya mwaka 1980 na 1999, asilimia 31% ya vifo vya wanawake wakati wa ujauzito na kujifungua vilihusishwa na utoaji wa mimba usio salama au matatizo yaliyotokana na utoaji wa mimba.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea jarida |last=Moore |first=Ann M. |last2=Gebrehiwot |first2=Yirgu |last3=Fetters |first3=Tamara |last4=Wado |first4=Yohannes Dibaba |last5=Bankole |first5=Akinrinola |last6=Singh |first6=Susheela |last7=Gebreselassie |first7=Hailemichael |last8=Getachew |first8=Yonas |date=2016-09-01 |title=The Estimated Incidence of Induced Abortion in Ethiopia, 2014: Changes in the Provision of Services Since 2008 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5568682/ |journal=International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=111–120 |doi=10.1363/42e1816 |issn=1944-0405 |pmc=5568682 |pmid=28825902}}</ref> == Uhalali == [[Mwaka]] 2005, Ethiopia iliruhusu utoaji wa mimba katika hali maalumu, kama vile mimba inayotokana na ubakaji, kujamiiana kwa au uhiari,mtoto aliye tumboni kuwa na matatizo makubwa ya kiafya. Pia, [[mwanamke]] anaweza kuruhusiwa kutoa mimba ikiwa kuendelea na ujauzito au kujifungua kunaweza kuhatarisha maisha au afya yake.<ref name=":1" /> Ingawa utoaji wa mimba kwa ujumla haukuruhusiwa chini ya Sheria ya Jinai ya Ethiopia, Bunge la Ethiopia liliruhusu utoaji wa mimba katika mazingira yafuatayo:<ref name=":0" /> * Mimba inapotokana na ubakaji au kujamiiana kwa maharimu. * Kuendelea na ujauzito kunapohatarisha afya au [[maisha]] ya mwanamke au mtoto aliye tumboni. * Mtoto aliye tumboni anapokuwa na [[ulemavu]] au matatizo makubwa ya kia == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sheria}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Ethiopia]] 41k13yrjrv7l2zo0wj66rxactg3vuyv 3 247831 1592869 2026-08-29T09:52:03Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1592869 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:52, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) 9x757bzt50c48chtet0y6oz8o85tt3x 3 247832 1592870 2026-08-29T09:52:13Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1592870 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:52, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) 9x757bzt50c48chtet0y6oz8o85tt3x 3 247833 1592871 2026-08-29T09:52:23Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1592871 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:52, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) 9x757bzt50c48chtet0y6oz8o85tt3x 3 247834 1592872 2026-08-29T09:52:33Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1592872 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:52, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) 9x757bzt50c48chtet0y6oz8o85tt3x 3 247835 1592873 2026-08-29T09:52:43Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1592873 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:52, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) 9x757bzt50c48chtet0y6oz8o85tt3x 3 247836 1592874 2026-08-29T09:52:53Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1592874 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:52, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) 9x757bzt50c48chtet0y6oz8o85tt3x 3 247837 1592875 2026-08-29T09:53:03Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1592875 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:53, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) 295oc99kiovvufgkj4vem2xmfsvjs52 3 247838 1592876 2026-08-29T09:53:13Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1592876 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:53, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) 295oc99kiovvufgkj4vem2xmfsvjs52 3 247839 1592877 2026-08-29T09:53:23Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1592877 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:53, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) 295oc99kiovvufgkj4vem2xmfsvjs52 3 247840 1592878 2026-08-29T09:53:33Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1592878 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:53, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) 295oc99kiovvufgkj4vem2xmfsvjs52 3 247841 1592879 2026-08-29T09:53:43Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1592879 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:53, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) 295oc99kiovvufgkj4vem2xmfsvjs52 0 247842 1592880 2026-08-29T09:53:47Z Amina sauli 89067 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Nchini Mauritius,''' utoaji wa mimba unaruhusiwa kisheria katika mazingira yafuatayo tu: ikiwa ujauzito unaweka maisha ya mama hatarini, unaweka afya yake ya kimwili au kiakili hatarini, kuna uwezekano wa mtoto kuzaliwa akiwa na ulemavu mkubwa, ujauzito umetokana na ubakaji, au ujauzito umetokea kwa mtoto ambaye hajafikisha umri wa utu uzima.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Katz |first=Larry |last2=Carlgren |first2=Dave |last3=Wright-Maley |first3=Cory |last4=...' 1592880 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nchini Mauritius,''' utoaji wa mimba unaruhusiwa kisheria katika mazingira yafuatayo tu: ikiwa ujauzito unaweka maisha ya mama hatarini, unaweka afya yake ya kimwili au kiakili hatarini, kuna uwezekano wa mtoto kuzaliwa akiwa na ulemavu mkubwa, ujauzito umetokana na ubakaji, au ujauzito umetokea kwa mtoto ambaye hajafikisha umri wa utu uzima.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Katz |first=Larry |last2=Carlgren |first2=Dave |last3=Wright-Maley |first3=Cory |last4=Hallam |first4=Megan |last5=Forder |first5=Joan |last6=Milner |first6=Danielle |last7=Finestone |first7=Lisa |date=2024-08-31 |title=Student-generated Multiple-Choice Questions: A Java and Web-Based Tool for Students to Create Multiple Choice Tests |url=https://doi.org/10.5206/cjsotlrcacea.2024.2.16625 |journal=The Canadian Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning |volume=15 |issue=2 |doi=10.5206/cjsotlrcacea.2024.2.16625 |issn=1918-2902}}</ref> == Sheria == == Historia == Mnamo Julai [[1778]], is ilithibitisha marufuku ya utoaji mimba iliyokuwa katika sheria ya Ufaransa. Chini ya sheria hiyo, kosa la kutoa mimba liliweza kuadhibiwa kwa hukumu ya kifo, likielezwa kuwa lilifanywa “kwa maslahi ya sheria za dini na serikali.”<ref>{{Citation|last=Riou|first=Antoine|title=Exploration analytique de la microchimie fine de l'otolithe pour l'écologie et l'étude de la gestion des stocks des poissons coralliens de l'île de la Réunion|url=https://doi.org/10.70675/60edc1a0zc97dz4f96zb55fz5c6ebceebd95|publisher=Agence Bibliographique de l'Enseignement Supérieur|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu -mauritius}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] phvaj841468iemhnub0howu7wjnnlam 1592907 1592880 2026-08-29T10:20:32Z Gladys Gibbs 40388 Gladys Gibbs alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Utoaji mimba nchini Mauritius]] hadi [[Utoaji mimba nchini Morisi]] 1592880 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nchini Mauritius,''' utoaji wa mimba unaruhusiwa kisheria katika mazingira yafuatayo tu: ikiwa ujauzito unaweka maisha ya mama hatarini, unaweka afya yake ya kimwili au kiakili hatarini, kuna uwezekano wa mtoto kuzaliwa akiwa na ulemavu mkubwa, ujauzito umetokana na ubakaji, au ujauzito umetokea kwa mtoto ambaye hajafikisha umri wa utu uzima.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Katz |first=Larry |last2=Carlgren |first2=Dave |last3=Wright-Maley |first3=Cory |last4=Hallam |first4=Megan |last5=Forder |first5=Joan |last6=Milner |first6=Danielle |last7=Finestone |first7=Lisa |date=2024-08-31 |title=Student-generated Multiple-Choice Questions: A Java and Web-Based Tool for Students to Create Multiple Choice Tests |url=https://doi.org/10.5206/cjsotlrcacea.2024.2.16625 |journal=The Canadian Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning |volume=15 |issue=2 |doi=10.5206/cjsotlrcacea.2024.2.16625 |issn=1918-2902}}</ref> == Sheria == == Historia == Mnamo Julai [[1778]], is ilithibitisha marufuku ya utoaji mimba iliyokuwa katika sheria ya Ufaransa. Chini ya sheria hiyo, kosa la kutoa mimba liliweza kuadhibiwa kwa hukumu ya kifo, likielezwa kuwa lilifanywa “kwa maslahi ya sheria za dini na serikali.”<ref>{{Citation|last=Riou|first=Antoine|title=Exploration analytique de la microchimie fine de l'otolithe pour l'écologie et l'étude de la gestion des stocks des poissons coralliens de l'île de la Réunion|url=https://doi.org/10.70675/60edc1a0zc97dz4f96zb55fz5c6ebceebd95|publisher=Agence Bibliographique de l'Enseignement Supérieur|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu -mauritius}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] phvaj841468iemhnub0howu7wjnnlam 1592938 1592907 2026-08-29T10:34:36Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1592938 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nchini Mauritius,''' utoaji wa mimba unaruhusiwa kisheria katika mazingira yafuatayo tu: ikiwa ujauzito unaweka maisha ya mama hatarini, unaweka afya yake ya kimwili au kiakili hatarini, kuna uwezekano wa mtoto kuzaliwa akiwa na ulemavu mkubwa, ujauzito umetokana na ubakaji, au ujauzito umetokea kwa mtoto ambaye hajafikisha umri wa utu uzima.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Katz |first=Larry |last2=Carlgren |first2=Dave |last3=Wright-Maley |first3=Cory |last4=Hallam |first4=Megan |last5=Forder |first5=Joan |last6=Milner |first6=Danielle |last7=Finestone |first7=Lisa |date=2024-08-31 |title=Student-generated Multiple-Choice Questions: A Java and Web-Based Tool for Students to Create Multiple Choice Tests |url=https://doi.org/10.5206/cjsotlrcacea.2024.2.16625 |journal=The Canadian Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning |volume=15 |issue=2 |doi=10.5206/cjsotlrcacea.2024.2.16625 |issn=1918-2902}}</ref> == Sheria == == Historia == Mnamo Julai [[1778]], is ilithibitisha marufuku ya utoaji mimba iliyokuwa katika sheria ya Ufaransa. Chini ya sheria hiyo, kosa la kutoa mimba liliweza kuadhibiwa kwa hukumu ya kifo, likielezwa kuwa lilifanywa “kwa maslahi ya sheria za dini na serikali.”<ref>{{Citation|last=Riou|first=Antoine|title=Exploration analytique de la microchimie fine de l'otolithe pour l'écologie et l'étude de la gestion des stocks des poissons coralliens de l'île de la Réunion|url=https://doi.org/10.70675/60edc1a0zc97dz4f96zb55fz5c6ebceebd95|publisher=Agence Bibliographique de l'Enseignement Supérieur|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu -mauritius}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] 6mmefmdh1tu7d9f4nm27m9ib7lwdjoh 1593031 1592938 2026-08-29T11:29:17Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Utoaji mimba nchini Morisi]] hadi [[Utoaji mimba Morisi]]: urahisi wa kuupata 1592938 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nchini Mauritius,''' utoaji wa mimba unaruhusiwa kisheria katika mazingira yafuatayo tu: ikiwa ujauzito unaweka maisha ya mama hatarini, unaweka afya yake ya kimwili au kiakili hatarini, kuna uwezekano wa mtoto kuzaliwa akiwa na ulemavu mkubwa, ujauzito umetokana na ubakaji, au ujauzito umetokea kwa mtoto ambaye hajafikisha umri wa utu uzima.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Katz |first=Larry |last2=Carlgren |first2=Dave |last3=Wright-Maley |first3=Cory |last4=Hallam |first4=Megan |last5=Forder |first5=Joan |last6=Milner |first6=Danielle |last7=Finestone |first7=Lisa |date=2024-08-31 |title=Student-generated Multiple-Choice Questions: A Java and Web-Based Tool for Students to Create Multiple Choice Tests |url=https://doi.org/10.5206/cjsotlrcacea.2024.2.16625 |journal=The Canadian Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning |volume=15 |issue=2 |doi=10.5206/cjsotlrcacea.2024.2.16625 |issn=1918-2902}}</ref> == Sheria == == Historia == Mnamo Julai [[1778]], is ilithibitisha marufuku ya utoaji mimba iliyokuwa katika sheria ya Ufaransa. Chini ya sheria hiyo, kosa la kutoa mimba liliweza kuadhibiwa kwa hukumu ya kifo, likielezwa kuwa lilifanywa “kwa maslahi ya sheria za dini na serikali.”<ref>{{Citation|last=Riou|first=Antoine|title=Exploration analytique de la microchimie fine de l'otolithe pour l'écologie et l'étude de la gestion des stocks des poissons coralliens de l'île de la Réunion|url=https://doi.org/10.70675/60edc1a0zc97dz4f96zb55fz5c6ebceebd95|publisher=Agence Bibliographique de l'Enseignement Supérieur|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu -mauritius}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] 6mmefmdh1tu7d9f4nm27m9ib7lwdjoh 1593033 1593031 2026-08-29T11:30:14Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1593033 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji mimba Morisi''' unaruhusiwa kisheria katika mazingira yafuatayo tu: ikiwa ujauzito unaweka maisha ya mama hatarini, unaweka afya yake ya kimwili au kiakili hatarini, kuna uwezekano wa mtoto kuzaliwa akiwa na ulemavu mkubwa, ujauzito umetokana na ubakaji, au ujauzito umetokea kwa mtoto ambaye hajafikisha umri wa utu uzima.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Katz |first=Larry |last2=Carlgren |first2=Dave |last3=Wright-Maley |first3=Cory |last4=Hallam |first4=Megan |last5=Forder |first5=Joan |last6=Milner |first6=Danielle |last7=Finestone |first7=Lisa |date=2024-08-31 |title=Student-generated Multiple-Choice Questions: A Java and Web-Based Tool for Students to Create Multiple Choice Tests |url=https://doi.org/10.5206/cjsotlrcacea.2024.2.16625 |journal=The Canadian Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning |volume=15 |issue=2 |doi=10.5206/cjsotlrcacea.2024.2.16625 |issn=1918-2902}}</ref> == Historia == Mnamo Julai [[1778]], ilithibitisha marufuku ya utoaji mimba iliyokuwa katika sheria ya Ufaransa. Chini ya sheria hiyo, kosa la kutoa mimba liliweza kuadhibiwa kwa hukumu ya kifo, likielezwa kuwa lilifanywa “kwa maslahi ya sheria za dini na serikali.”<ref>{{Citation|last=Riou|first=Antoine|title=Exploration analytique de la microchimie fine de l'otolithe pour l'écologie et l'étude de la gestion des stocks des poissons coralliens de l'île de la Réunion|url=https://doi.org/10.70675/60edc1a0zc97dz4f96zb55fz5c6ebceebd95|publisher=Agence Bibliographique de l'Enseignement Supérieur|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sheria}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Mauritius]] f28vxmgd9k602mjatccfnsmi14y06le 1593034 1593033 2026-08-29T11:30:41Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1593034 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji mimba Morisi''' unaruhusiwa kisheria katika mazingira yafuatayo tu: ikiwa ujauzito unaweka maisha ya mama hatarini, unaweka afya yake ya kimwili au kiakili hatarini, kuna uwezekano wa mtoto kuzaliwa akiwa na ulemavu mkubwa, ujauzito umetokana na ubakaji, au ujauzito umetokea kwa mtoto ambaye hajafikisha umri wa utu uzima.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Katz |first=Larry |last2=Carlgren |first2=Dave |last3=Wright-Maley |first3=Cory |last4=Hallam |first4=Megan |last5=Forder |first5=Joan |last6=Milner |first6=Danielle |last7=Finestone |first7=Lisa |date=2024-08-31 |title=Student-generated Multiple-Choice Questions: A Java and Web-Based Tool for Students to Create Multiple Choice Tests |url=https://doi.org/10.5206/cjsotlrcacea.2024.2.16625 |journal=The Canadian Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning |volume=15 |issue=2 |doi=10.5206/cjsotlrcacea.2024.2.16625 |issn=1918-2902}}</ref> == Historia == Mnamo Julai [[1778]], ilithibitisha marufuku ya utoaji mimba iliyokuwa katika sheria ya Ufaransa. Chini ya sheria hiyo, kosa la kutoa mimba liliweza kuadhibiwa kwa hukumu ya kifo, likielezwa kuwa lilifanywa “kwa maslahi ya sheria za dini na serikali.”<ref>{{Citation|last=Riou|first=Antoine|title=Exploration analytique de la microchimie fine de l'otolithe pour l'écologie et l'étude de la gestion des stocks des poissons coralliens de l'île de la Réunion|url=https://doi.org/10.70675/60edc1a0zc97dz4f96zb55fz5c6ebceebd95|publisher=Agence Bibliographique de l'Enseignement Supérieur|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sheria}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Morisi]] psc0kppb1gyjxl7y94wobh4k1glxoue 3 247843 1592881 2026-08-29T09:53:53Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1592881 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:53, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) 295oc99kiovvufgkj4vem2xmfsvjs52 0 247844 1592882 2026-08-29T09:54:34Z Camiddo 86373 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''AbdulRazzaq AbdulMajeed Alaro''' ni [[profesa]] wa sheria kutoka [[Nigeria]], aliyebobea katika Sheria ya Kiislamu ya Miamala ya Kifedha, ikiwemo Benki, Bima na [[Masoko (Rungwe)|Masoko]] ya Mitaji.[4] Amewahi kuwa Mkuu wa Idara ya Sheria ya Kiislamu katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Ilorin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ayinla-Edun |first=Mohd Jamiu |last2=Alaro, mni |first2=Prof. Abdulrazzaq Abdulmajeed |date=2026-06-28 |title=AN ASSESSMENT OF THE LEGAL FRAMEWORKS...' 1592882 wikitext text/x-wiki '''AbdulRazzaq AbdulMajeed Alaro''' ni [[profesa]] wa sheria kutoka [[Nigeria]], aliyebobea katika Sheria ya Kiislamu ya Miamala ya Kifedha, ikiwemo Benki, Bima na [[Masoko (Rungwe)|Masoko]] ya Mitaji.[4] Amewahi kuwa Mkuu wa Idara ya Sheria ya Kiislamu katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Ilorin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ayinla-Edun |first=Mohd Jamiu |last2=Alaro, mni |first2=Prof. Abdulrazzaq Abdulmajeed |date=2026-06-28 |title=AN ASSESSMENT OF THE LEGAL FRAMEWORKS FOR SHARI’AH COMPLIANT HOUSING FINANCE IN NIGERIA: LESSONS FROM MALAYSIA AND AUSTRALIA |url=https://doi.org/10.67295/jief.v1i1.379 |journal=Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance |volume=1 |issue=1 |doi=10.67295/jief.v1i1.379 |issn=2806-495X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ayinla-Edun |first=Mohd Jamiu |last2=Alaro, mni |first2=Prof. Abdulrazzaq Abdulmajeed |date=2026-06-28 |title=AN ASSESSMENT OF THE LEGAL FRAMEWORKS FOR SHARI’AH COMPLIANT HOUSING FINANCE IN NIGERIA: LESSONS FROM MALAYSIA AND AUSTRALIA |url=https://doi.org/10.67295/jief.v1i1.379 |journal=Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance |volume=1 |issue=1 |doi=10.67295/jief.v1i1.379 |issn=2806-495X}}</ref> == Ujuzi == Mwaka [[2008]], alijiunga na Kitivo cha Sheria katika Chuo Kikuu cha [[Ilorin]], kilichopo Ilorin, [[Jimbo]] la [[Kwara (jimbo)|Kwara]], akiwa Mhadhiri [[Mwandamizi]]. Akiwa Mkurugenzi wa Uhakiki wa Ubora katika Chuo Kikuu cha Ilorin, aliteuliwa kuwa Mwenyekiti wa Baraza la Ushauri la Bima ya Takaful la Tume ya Taifa ya Bima (NAICOM).Marejeo<ref>{{Citation|last=Don|first=Zuraidah Mohd|title=Graduate employability in government discourse|date=2016-11-03|url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315642703-8|work=Policy Discourses in Malaysian Education|pages=125–141|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-64270-3|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wasomi]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waislamu]] oqbuy3eljpuckxupw3m9eckhvzt1o6a 0 247845 1592883 2026-08-29T09:54:40Z Mary calist mlay 39270 anzisha makala 1592883 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kanali- Kamanda -William Richard Collins''', aliyekuwa na tuzo za DTD na DSO, ([[1876]]–[[1944]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. Alihudumu kama Waziri wa Kilimo na Misitu kuanzia mwaka [[1938]] hadi [[1944]].<ref>https://www.ancestrysa.com/search/books/William_Richard%3ACollins?utm_source</ref> Alizaliwa Lydenburg, Transvaal. Ingawa upande wa baba yake alikuwa na asili ya [[Uingereza]], Collins alijitambulisha pamoja na Waafrika. Wakati wa Vita vya Pili vya Boer na alipigana upande wa WaBoer.<ref>https://www.lac.org.na/laws/GGsa/sagg2668.pdf?utm</ref> Mwaka 1939, aliunga mkono hoja ya J. B. M. Hertzog iliyotaka Afrika Kusini ibaki ya upande wowote katika [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]].<ref>''Southern African Dictionary of National Biography'' (1966), “William Richard Collins (1876–1944)</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1876]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1944]] 12zhempkw8e800ueschqtkwwy7vfydx 1592886 1592883 2026-08-29T09:55:15Z Mary calist mlay 39270 1592886 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kanali- Kamanda -William Richard Collins''', aliyekuwa na tuzo za DTD na DSO, ([[1876]]–[[1944]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. Alihudumu kama Waziri wa Kilimo na Misitu kuanzia mwaka [[1938]] hadi [[1944]].<ref>https://www.ancestrysa.com/search/books/William_Richard%3ACollins?utm_source</ref> Alizaliwa Lydenburg, Transvaal. Ingawa upande wa baba yake alikuwa na asili ya [[Uingereza]], Collins alijitambulisha pamoja na Waafrika. Wakati wa Vita vya Pili vya Boer na alipigana upande wa WaBoer.<ref>https://www.lac.org.na/laws/GGsa/sagg2668.pdf?utm</ref> Mwaka 1939, aliunga mkono hoja ya J. B. M. Hertzog iliyotaka Afrika Kusini ibaki ya upande wowote katika [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]].<ref>''Southern African Dictionary of National Biography'' (1966), “William Richard Collins (1876–1944)</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1876]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1944]] {{Mbegu-mtu}} o4g9n0gfirmtfnrr61s4r1nwunyyxzz 0 247846 1592884 2026-08-29T09:54:35Z Noely martin 92020 To 1592884 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji mimba nchini Ghana''' kumepigwa marufuku utoaji wa mimba isipokuwa katika mazingira maalumu yanayoruhusiwa kisheria. Sheria ya Ghana inaelekeza kwamba utoaji mimba unaweza kufanywa tu katika hospitali ya serikali, hospitali binafsi iliyosajiliwa, kliniki zilizosajiliwa chini ya Sheria ya Hospitali Binafsi na Nyumba za Uzazi ya mwaka [[1958]] (Na. 8), au katika kituo kingine kilichoidhinishwa na [[Waziri]] wa Afya kupitia chombo cha kisheria.<ref>{{Citation|title=Los Angeles Times|date=2026-08-28|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_Angeles_Times&oldid=1371821864|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> Utoaji [[mimba]] unaofanywa kinyume cha sheria ni kosa la jinai, na mtu anayehusika anaweza kuhukumiwa kifungo cha hadi miaka mitano gerezani. Adhabu hii inaweza kumhusu mwaanamke mjamzito aliyesababisha mimba yake itolewe, pamoja na daktari au mtu mwingine aliyaemsaidia mwanamke huyo kupata huduma ya utoaji mimba au aliyeshiriki katika kuutoa. [[jaribio]] la kusababisha utoaji mimba ni kosa la jinai. Vilevile, mtu anayesambaza, kutoa au kununua kemikali na vifaa kwa lengo la kufanya utoaji mimba anaweza kuchukuliwa hatua za kisheria.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=4Sg5sXyiBvkC&pg=PA438&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Johns Hopkins Manual of Gynecology and Obstetrics|last=Obstetrics|first=The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Department of Gynecology and|last2=Hurt|first2=K. Joseph|last3=Guile|first3=Matthew W.|last4=Bienstock|first4=Jessica L.|last5=Fox|first5=Harold E.|last6=Wallach|first6=Edward E.|date=2012-03-28|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-1-4511-4801-5|language=en}}</ref> [[Ghana]] hairuhusu utoaji mimba unaruhusiwa tu pale unapokidhi masharti yaliyowekwa na sheria na kufanyika katika kituo kilichoidhinishwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kulczycki |first=Andrzej |date=2011-02-23 |title=Abortion |url=https://academic.oup.com/reference/62415/reference-article/555912720 |language=en |doi=10.1093/obo/9780199756797-0090}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Citation|title=Los Angeles Times|date=2026-08-28|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_Angeles_Times&oldid=1371821864|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Ndoa]] 41527ei4h3fdwo4atowkmgcmdvckox8 1592930 1592884 2026-08-29T10:33:46Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1592930 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji mimba nchini Ghana''' kumepigwa marufuku utoaji wa mimba isipokuwa katika mazingira maalumu yanayoruhusiwa kisheria. Sheria ya Ghana inaelekeza kwamba utoaji mimba unaweza kufanywa tu katika hospitali ya serikali, hospitali binafsi iliyosajiliwa, kliniki zilizosajiliwa chini ya Sheria ya Hospitali Binafsi na Nyumba za Uzazi ya mwaka [[1958]] (Na. 8), au katika kituo kingine kilichoidhinishwa na [[Waziri]] wa Afya kupitia chombo cha kisheria.<ref>{{Citation|title=Los Angeles Times|date=2026-08-28|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_Angeles_Times&oldid=1371821864|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> Utoaji [[mimba]] unaofanywa kinyume cha sheria ni kosa la jinai, na mtu anayehusika anaweza kuhukumiwa kifungo cha hadi miaka mitano gerezani. Adhabu hii inaweza kumhusu mwaanamke mjamzito aliyesababisha mimba yake itolewe, pamoja na daktari au mtu mwingine aliyaemsaidia mwanamke huyo kupata huduma ya utoaji mimba au aliyeshiriki katika kuutoa. [[jaribio]] la kusababisha utoaji mimba ni kosa la jinai. Vilevile, mtu anayesambaza, kutoa au kununua kemikali na vifaa kwa lengo la kufanya utoaji mimba anaweza kuchukuliwa hatua za kisheria.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=4Sg5sXyiBvkC&pg=PA438&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Johns Hopkins Manual of Gynecology and Obstetrics|last=Obstetrics|first=The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Department of Gynecology and|last2=Hurt|first2=K. Joseph|last3=Guile|first3=Matthew W.|last4=Bienstock|first4=Jessica L.|last5=Fox|first5=Harold E.|last6=Wallach|first6=Edward E.|date=2012-03-28|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-1-4511-4801-5|language=en}}</ref> [[Ghana]] hairuhusu utoaji mimba unaruhusiwa tu pale unapokidhi masharti yaliyowekwa na sheria na kufanyika katika kituo kilichoidhinishwa.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Kulczycki |first=Andrzej |date=2011-02-23 |title=Abortion |url=https://academic.oup.com/reference/62415/reference-article/555912720 |language=en |doi=10.1093/obo/9780199756797-0090}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Citation|title=Los Angeles Times|date=2026-08-28|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_Angeles_Times&oldid=1371821864|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Ndoa]] 92b6ft8vinm6dhfh7lkbge7q241jfux 0 247847 1592885 2026-08-29T09:55:09Z SHEDRACK MKOTIA 81798 Ukurasa umeundwa 1592885 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:IAEA meeting with Abraham Korir Sing’Oei, Vienna, June 2025 07.jpg|thumb|'''Abraham Korir Sing'Oei''' ]] '''Abraham Korir Sing’Oei''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe '''31 Desemba 1973''') ni [[mwanasheria]] wa Kenya na [[wakili]] anayestahili kuhudumu katika '''[[Mahakama]] Kuu ya Kenya'''. Kwa sasa anahudumu kama '''[[Katibu]] Mkuu wa Idara ya [[Serikali]] ya Masuala ya Nje''' katika '''[[Wizara]] ya Mambo ya Nje na Masuala ya Diaspora''' ya Kenya. Awali, alihudumu kama '''Mshauri Mkuu wa Kisheria''' katika Ofisi ya Mtendaji ya '''Naibu''' '''[[Raisi]] wa Kenya''' kuanzia [[mwaka]] '''2013 hadi 2022'''. == Maisha ya Awali na [[Elimu]] == Sing’Oei alisoma katika '''Shule ya Sekondari ya Moi, Kabarak''', na baadaye alijiunga na '''Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi''', ambako alihitimu '''Shahada ya Sheria''' mwaka '''1998'''. Mwaka '''2009''', alipata '''Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sheria''' kutoka Chuo kikuu '''Minnesota''' '''shule ya sheria'''. Pia alipokea '''Usomi wa Hubert Humphrey Fulbright''' uliotolewa na '''Idara ya Nchi ya Marekani''' ili kusomea '''Sera za Umma za Kimataifa''' katika Chuo Kikuu cha Minnesota. Aidha, ana '''Shahada nyingine ya Uzamili ya Sheria katika Mifumo Linganishi ya Haki za Binadamu''' kutoka Chuo kikuu '''Pretoria''' nchini Afrika Kusini.<ref><nowiki>https://thekenyatimes.com/kenya/korir-singoei/</nowiki></ref><ref>https://nation.africa/kenya/news/provincial/endorois-to-get-back-their-land-thanks-to-au-court--623522</ref><ref>https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/76958-little-known-lawyer-serving-rutos-advisor-who-represented-him-icc</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=3bIMEQAAQBAJ&dq=korir+sing%27oei+abraham&pg=PA2&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=korir%20sing'oei%20abraham&f=false</ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/realtime/2025-02-21-ps-singoei-apologises-after-sharing-deepfake-video</nowiki></ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-sheria}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1998]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Mahakama]] nccl13nt37atyevcjwf6s1p1pz5boja 0 247848 1592888 2026-08-29T09:58:44Z Dickson manumbu mapambano 73990 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Uavyaji''' mimba ni jambo lenye utata mkubwa nchini [[Nigeria]]. [[Sheria]] zinazotawala uavyaji mimba nchini Nigeria zinatofautiana sana kulingana na eneo. [[Kaskazini]] mwa Nigeria, sheria inaitwa The Penal Code, na [[Kusini kwa Sahara|kusini]] mwa Nigeria, sheria inaitwa <ref>https://www.mondaq.com/nigeria/public-order/293894/a-reformatory-approach-to-the-criminal-justice-system-in-nigeria#:~:text=In%20respect%20to%20substantive%20law,applies%20in%20...' 1592888 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uavyaji''' mimba ni jambo lenye utata mkubwa nchini [[Nigeria]]. [[Sheria]] zinazotawala uavyaji mimba nchini Nigeria zinatofautiana sana kulingana na eneo. [[Kaskazini]] mwa Nigeria, sheria inaitwa The Penal Code, na [[Kusini kwa Sahara|kusini]] mwa Nigeria, sheria inaitwa <ref>https://www.mondaq.com/nigeria/public-order/293894/a-reformatory-approach-to-the-criminal-justice-system-in-nigeria#:~:text=In%20respect%20to%20substantive%20law,applies%20in%20the%20Northern%20States</ref> Sheria pekee inayotambuliwa kisheria kuwa inaruhusu uavyaji mimba ni pale tu endapo kuzaa kuna hatarisha maisha ya mama. Hata hivyo, uavyaji mimba unaochagua jiumekubaliwa na<ref>https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/abortion/doc/nigeria.doc</ref> baadhi ya watu nchini Nigeria kwa muda mrefu.<ref>https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2014/07/21/bring-back-the-girls</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wataalamu wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Watu bara kwa bara]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard]] 346i564purf8hy7ji4veaktsbht0fe4 1592896 1592888 2026-08-29T10:10:22Z Gladys Gibbs 40388 Gladys Gibbs alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Abortion in Nigeria]] hadi [[Utoaji mimba Nigeria]] 1592888 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uavyaji''' mimba ni jambo lenye utata mkubwa nchini [[Nigeria]]. [[Sheria]] zinazotawala uavyaji mimba nchini Nigeria zinatofautiana sana kulingana na eneo. [[Kaskazini]] mwa Nigeria, sheria inaitwa The Penal Code, na [[Kusini kwa Sahara|kusini]] mwa Nigeria, sheria inaitwa <ref>https://www.mondaq.com/nigeria/public-order/293894/a-reformatory-approach-to-the-criminal-justice-system-in-nigeria#:~:text=In%20respect%20to%20substantive%20law,applies%20in%20the%20Northern%20States</ref> Sheria pekee inayotambuliwa kisheria kuwa inaruhusu uavyaji mimba ni pale tu endapo kuzaa kuna hatarisha maisha ya mama. Hata hivyo, uavyaji mimba unaochagua jiumekubaliwa na<ref>https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/abortion/doc/nigeria.doc</ref> baadhi ya watu nchini Nigeria kwa muda mrefu.<ref>https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2014/07/21/bring-back-the-girls</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wataalamu wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Watu bara kwa bara]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard]] 346i564purf8hy7ji4veaktsbht0fe4 1593036 1592896 2026-08-29T11:32:43Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1593036 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji mimba Nigeria''' ni jambo lenye utata mkubwa nchini maana [[sheria]] zinazotawala uavyaji mimba nchini Nigeria zinatofautiana sana kulingana na eneo. [[Kaskazini]] mwa Nigeria, sheria inaitwa The Penal Code, na [[kusini]] mwa Nigeria, sheria inaitwa <ref>https://www.mondaq.com/nigeria/public-order/293894/a-reformatory-approach-to-the-criminal-justice-system-in-nigeria#:~:text=In%20respect%20to%20substantive%20law,applies%20in%20the%20Northern%20States</ref> Sheria pekee inayotambuliwa kisheria kuwa inaruhusu uavyaji mimba ni pale tu endapo kuzaa kunahatarisha maisha ya mama. Hata hivyo, uavyaji mimba umekubaliwa na <ref>https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/abortion/doc/nigeria.doc</ref> baadhi ya watu nchini Nigeria kwa muda mrefu.<ref>https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2014/07/21/bring-back-the-girls</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sheria}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Nigeria]] jxdbc5ii0zac5nzt3sanf90b6olrn8o 1593038 1593036 2026-08-29T11:34:29Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1593038 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji mimba Nigeria''' ni jambo lenye utata mkubwa nchini maana [[sheria]] zinazotawala uavyaji mimba nchini Nigeria zinatofautiana sana kulingana na eneo, hasa [[Kaskazini]] na [[Kusini]] mwa nchi <ref>https://www.mondaq.com/nigeria/public-order/293894/a-reformatory-approach-to-the-criminal-justice-system-in-nigeria#:~:text=In%20respect%20to%20substantive%20law,applies%20in%20the%20Northern%20States</ref> Kesi pekee inayokubaliwa kisheria kuwa inaruhusu uavyaji mimba ni pale tu endapo kuzaa kunahatarisha maisha ya mama. Hata hivyo, uavyaji mimba umekubaliwa na <ref>https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/abortion/doc/nigeria.doc</ref> baadhi ya watu nchini Nigeria kwa muda mrefu.<ref>https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2014/07/21/bring-back-the-girls</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sheria}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Nigeria]] dupqofnrmr1xztr0g6dsuliaq9x46tj 0 247849 1592890 2026-08-29T10:00:00Z Maria Mashishanga 88790 Utoaji wa mimba Gambia 1592890 wikitext text/x-wiki Nchini '''Gambia''',utoaji wa [[mimba]] ni kinyume Cha [[Sheria]] isipokuwa pale ambapo unahitajika kuokoa [[maisha]] ya [[mama]] au kuzuia [[kasoro]] za kuzaliw, utoaji wa mimba <ref>{{Cite web|title=Women & Society : Cost of silence: Confronting teenage pregnancy in Gambia - The Point|url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/opinion/women-and-society-cost-of-silence-confronting-teenage-pregnancy-in-gambia|work=thepoint.gm|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US}}</ref>nchini unahusishwa na viwango vya juu vya vifo na matatizo ya kiafya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Discover the origin of Kalimotxo|url=https://www.institutohemingway.com/news/1630/discover-the-origin-of-kalimotxo-.html|work=www.institutohemingway.com|accessdate=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Ndoa]] bba29wnyku916lh8ysmv41en93ngmgo 1592898 1592890 2026-08-29T10:11:26Z Gladys Gibbs 40388 Gladys Gibbs alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Utoaji wa mimba gambia]] hadi [[Utoaji mimba Gambia]] 1592890 wikitext text/x-wiki Nchini '''Gambia''',utoaji wa [[mimba]] ni kinyume Cha [[Sheria]] isipokuwa pale ambapo unahitajika kuokoa [[maisha]] ya [[mama]] au kuzuia [[kasoro]] za kuzaliw, utoaji wa mimba <ref>{{Cite web|title=Women & Society : Cost of silence: Confronting teenage pregnancy in Gambia - The Point|url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/opinion/women-and-society-cost-of-silence-confronting-teenage-pregnancy-in-gambia|work=thepoint.gm|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US}}</ref>nchini unahusishwa na viwango vya juu vya vifo na matatizo ya kiafya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Discover the origin of Kalimotxo|url=https://www.institutohemingway.com/news/1630/discover-the-origin-of-kalimotxo-.html|work=www.institutohemingway.com|accessdate=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Ndoa]] bba29wnyku916lh8ysmv41en93ngmgo 1592929 1592898 2026-08-29T10:33:36Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1592929 wikitext text/x-wiki Nchini '''Gambia''',utoaji wa [[mimba]] ni kinyume Cha [[Sheria]] isipokuwa pale ambapo unahitajika kuokoa [[maisha]] ya [[mama]] au kuzuia [[kasoro]] za kuzaliw, utoaji wa mimba <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Women & Society : Cost of silence: Confronting teenage pregnancy in Gambia - The Point|url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/opinion/women-and-society-cost-of-silence-confronting-teenage-pregnancy-in-gambia|work=thepoint.gm|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US}}</ref>nchini unahusishwa na viwango vya juu vya vifo na matatizo ya kiafya.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Discover the origin of Kalimotxo|url=https://www.institutohemingway.com/news/1630/discover-the-origin-of-kalimotxo-.html|work=www.institutohemingway.com|accessdate=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Ndoa]] 6a0wv2cyl7npgsggg32fe1c9ghb5bcu 1593039 1592929 2026-08-29T11:36:00Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1593039 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji mimba Gambia''' ni kinyume cha [[Sheria]] isipokuwa pale ambapo unahitajika kuokoa [[maisha]] ya [[mama]] au kuzuia [[kasoro]] za kuzaliwa. [[Utoaji mimba]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Women & Society : Cost of silence: Confronting teenage pregnancy in Gambia - The Point|url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/opinion/women-and-society-cost-of-silence-confronting-teenage-pregnancy-in-gambia|work=thepoint.gm|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US}}</ref> nchini unahusishwa na viwango vya juu vya vifo na matatizo ya kiafya.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Discover the origin of Kalimotxo|url=https://www.institutohemingway.com/news/1630/discover-the-origin-of-kalimotxo-.html|work=www.institutohemingway.com|accessdate=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sheria}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Gambia]] edpcyly3mbae49uczf8o3qvv4pep1b8 0 247850 1592891 2026-08-29T10:01:12Z Eunly 91908 Ukurasa umeundwa 1592891 wikitext text/x-wiki Utoaji [[mimba]] ni halali na unalindwa na [[katiba]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. Chini ya Sheria ya Uamuzi wa Kusitisha [[Ujauzito]] (iliyopitishwa [[mwaka]] 1996 na kuanza kutumika [[mwaka]] 1997), [[Mwanamke|wanawake]] na [[Binadamu|watu]] wenye [[mimba]] wana haki ya kisheria ya kupata [[Huduma ya kwanza|huduma]] salama na zilizorasimishwa za utoaji [[mimba]]. Sheria hiyo imeundwa kutoa uhuru wa kibinafsi kwa [[Binadamu|watu]] binafsi kuhusu [[afya]] yao ya uzazi na imefanikiwa kupunguza viwango vya [[Vifo vya Januari 2026|vifo]] vya kina [[mama]] tangu ilipopitishwa'''.''' [[Huduma ya kwanza|Huduma]] ya utoaji [[mimba]] hutolewa bure katika baadhi ya [[hospitali]] na kliniki za [[serikali]]. Ombi la [[Huduma ya kwanza|huduma]] hii lazima liletewe katika kliniki ya [[afya]] ya msingi na [[barua]] ya rufaa itatolewa kwenda kwenye kituo kinachotoa [[Huduma ya kwanza|huduma]] za utoaji [[mimba]]. Utoaji [[mimba]] hutolewa kwa malipo katika kliniki za kibinafsi. [[Mashirika ya ombaomba|Mashirika]] ya Marie Stopes South Africa na Msaada wa Utoaji Mimba Afrika Kusini hutoa vidonge vya kutoa [[mimba]] kwa ajili ya kutumia [[Nyumba|nyumbani]] (utoaji [[mimba]] unaosimamiwa na mtu mwenyewe) kote [[Nchi|nchini]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Category:Abortion in South Africa|date=2022-12-05|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Abortion_in_South_Africa&oldid=1125637323|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Category:Abortion in South Africa|date=2022-12-05|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Abortion_in_South_Africa&oldid=1125637323|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Category:Abortion in South Africa|date=2022-12-05|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Abortion_in_South_Africa&oldid=1125637323|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Haki za wanawake]] 07wzv2g0oxv2espdv7i3sb7rwi8noc0 1593043 1592891 2026-08-29T11:39:02Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1593043 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji mimba Afrika Kusini''' ni halali na unalindwa na [[katiba]]. Chini ya Sheria ya Uamuzi wa Kusitisha [[ujauzito]] (iliyopitishwa [[mwaka]] 1996 na kuanza kutumika [[mwaka]] 1997), [[Mwanamke|wanawake]] wenye [[mimba]] wana haki ya kisheria ya kupata [[huduma]] salama na zilizorasimishwa za utoaji [[mimba]]. Sheria hiyo imeundwa kutoa uhuru kwa [[Binadamu|watu]] binafsi kuhusu [[afya]] yao ya uzazi na imefanikiwa kupunguza viwango vya [[vifo]] vya kina [[mama]] tangu ilipopitishwa. Huduma] ya utoaji mimba hutolewa bure katika baadhi ya [[hospitali]] na kliniki za [[serikali]]. Ombi la huduma hii lazima liletewe katika kliniki ya [[afya]] ya msingi na [[barua]] ya rufaa itatolewa kwenda kwenye kituo kinachotoa huduma za utoaji mimba. Utoaji mimba hutolewa kwa malipo katika kliniki za binafsi. Mashirika ya Marie Stopes South Africa na Msaada wa Utoaji Mimba Afrika Kusini hutoa vidonge vya kutoa mimba kwa ajili ya kutumia [[Nyumba|nyumbani]] (utoaji [[mimba]] unaosimamiwa na mtu mwenyewe) kote nchini.<ref>{{Citation|title=Category:Abortion in South Africa|date=2022-12-05|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Abortion_in_South_Africa&oldid=1125637323|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Category:Abortion in South Africa|date=2022-12-05|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Abortion_in_South_Africa&oldid=1125637323|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Category:Abortion in South Africa|date=2022-12-05|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Abortion_in_South_Africa&oldid=1125637323|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sheria}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Afrika Kusini]] 34vflrawu2ebdpcbv5y5bu2113tjmxe 1593044 1593043 2026-08-29T11:39:16Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1593044 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji mimba Afrika Kusini''' ni halali na unalindwa na [[katiba]]. Chini ya Sheria ya Uamuzi wa Kusitisha [[ujauzito]] (iliyopitishwa [[mwaka]] 1996 na kuanza kutumika [[mwaka]] 1997), [[Mwanamke|wanawake]] wenye [[mimba]] wana haki ya kisheria ya kupata [[huduma]] salama na zilizorasimishwa za utoaji [[mimba]]. Sheria hiyo imeundwa kutoa uhuru kwa [[Binadamu|watu]] binafsi kuhusu [[afya]] yao ya uzazi na imefanikiwa kupunguza viwango vya [[vifo]] vya kina [[mama]] tangu ilipopitishwa. Huduma] ya utoaji mimba hutolewa bure katika baadhi ya [[hospitali]] na kliniki za [[serikali]]. Ombi la huduma hii lazima liletewe katika kliniki ya [[afya]] ya msingi na [[barua]] ya rufaa itatolewa kwenda kwenye kituo kinachotoa huduma za utoaji mimba. Utoaji mimba hutolewa kwa malipo katika kliniki za binafsi. Mashirika ya Marie Stopes South Africa na Msaada wa Utoaji Mimba Afrika Kusini hutoa vidonge vya kutoa mimba kwa ajili ya kutumia [[Nyumba|nyumbani]] (utoaji [[mimba]] unaosimamiwa na mtu mwenyewe) kote nchini. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sheria}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Afrika Kusini]] 61qnzowy5f8ofmzbvmm8ngcebp1hmdv 0 247851 1592892 2026-08-29T10:03:26Z Caphid 92024 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox Person|jina=Geoffrey Kiryabwire|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=1962 (umri 63–64|nchi=Uganda|kazi_yake=Hakimu|mhitimu=Shahada ya sheria}} '''Geoffrey Wilfred Mupere Kiryabwire''' (aliyezaliwa mwaka [[1962]]) ni jaji wa [[Uganda]] na Jaji wa Mahakama ya Rufani ya Uganda, nafasi ambayo ameshikilia tangu Mei [[2013]]<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20171214073258/http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Civil--Commercial--Family-Divisions-of-High-Cou...' 1592892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Geoffrey Kiryabwire|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=1962 (umri 63–64|nchi=Uganda|kazi_yake=Hakimu|mhitimu=Shahada ya sheria}} '''Geoffrey Wilfred Mupere Kiryabwire''' (aliyezaliwa mwaka [[1962]]) ni jaji wa [[Uganda]] na Jaji wa Mahakama ya Rufani ya Uganda, nafasi ambayo ameshikilia tangu Mei [[2013]]<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20171214073258/http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Civil--Commercial--Family-Divisions-of-High-Court-get-new-heads/688334-1858790-format-xhtml-25abka/index.html High Court gets new heads - Daily Monitor]</ref>. Kabla ya hapo, alihudumu kama Jaji wa Kitengo cha [[Biashara]] cha Mahakama Kuu ya Uganda, ambapo pia alikuwa mkuu wa kitengo hicho, kuanzia mwaka [[2003]]<ref name=":1">[https://www.judiciary.go.ug/data/news/192/1312/Hon.%20Justice%20Kiryabwire%20Named%20International%20Mediator.html Hon. Justice Kiryabwire Named International Mediator]</ref>. == Asili na Elimu. == Alizaliwa mwaka 1962, akiwa mtoto wa '''Jovan Kiryabwire''' na '''Mary Kiryabwire'''. Baba yake alikuwa Mganda wa kwanza wa asili kufuzu kuwa [[daktari]] bingwa wa upasuaji wa mishipa ya fahamu, huku mama yake akiwa [[muuguzi]]<nowiki/>mstaafu.<ref name=":1" /> == Kazi. == Kuanzia mwaka [[1991]] hadi [[1992]], alihudumu kama msaidizi wa kisheria wa Waziri wa Sheria na Mwanasheria Mkuu wa Uganda.<ref name=":0" /> == Marejeo. == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu]] [[Jamii:Watu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard]] [[Jamii:Watu bara kwa bara]] qjlhx1jrzihwkri2xamc6i0wbkntmv4 0 247852 1592893 2026-08-29T10:05:16Z Emmanuel Alfonce 91178 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Faili:Bukhari Bello.jpg|thumb|Bukhari Bello]] '''Bukhari Bello''' '''MFR''', mni, F.DRI ni [[mwanasheria]] wa Nigeria, mtumishi wa umma, na mtetezi wa haki za binadamu anayejulikana kwa kazi yake katika urekebishaji wa sheria za [[uchaguzi]], maendeleo ya kikatiba, na sheria ya kimataifa ya jinai. Alihudumu kama Katibu Mtendaji wa Tume ya Taifa ya Haki za [[Binadamu]] (Nigeria) kuanzia mwaka [[2000]] hadi [[2006]],<ref>Kufutwa kwa Bw. Bukhari Bello kama...' 1592893 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Bukhari Bello.jpg|thumb|Bukhari Bello]] '''Bukhari Bello''' '''MFR''', mni, F.DRI ni [[mwanasheria]] wa Nigeria, mtumishi wa umma, na mtetezi wa haki za binadamu anayejulikana kwa kazi yake katika urekebishaji wa sheria za [[uchaguzi]], maendeleo ya kikatiba, na sheria ya kimataifa ya jinai. Alihudumu kama Katibu Mtendaji wa Tume ya Taifa ya Haki za [[Binadamu]] (Nigeria) kuanzia mwaka [[2000]] hadi [[2006]],<ref>Kufutwa kwa Bw. Bukhari Bello kama Katibu Mtendaji wa Tume ya Kitaifa ya Haki za Binadamu". OMCT – Shirika la Ulimwengu Dhidi ya Mateso. Julai 2006. Ilirejeshwa Mei 22, 2025.</ref>[[Mwenyekiti]] wa Kikosi cha [[Usalama]] Barabarani cha Shirikisho kuanzia [[2018]] hadi 2023,<ref>"Makabidhiano ya Mwenyekiti wa Tume ya Usalama Barabarani ya Shirikisho. Tume ya Usalama Barabarani ya Shirikisho. Tarehe 26 Julai 2023. Imerejeshwa tarehe 22 Mei 2025."</ref>na alishikilia nyadhifa za juu za kisheria katika wizara mbalimbali za shirikisho zikiwemo [[Sheria]], Ulinzi, na Fedha. Bello alihusika katika mfumo wa kisheria wa uchaguzi wa rais wa Nigeria wa [[1993]],<ref>"Bello: Muasi Mwenye Sababu". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Juni 2010. Imerejeshwa Tarehe 22 Mei 2025</ref> na alishiriki katika mazungumzo ya Mkataba wa Roma wa Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai.<ref>Mkutano wa Roma Wafikia Tamati kwa Kuanzishwa kwa Mahakama ya Kudumu ya Kimataifa ya Jinai. Vyombo vya Habari vya Umoja wa Mataifa. 22 Oktoba 1998. Ilirejeshwa tarehe 22 Mei 2025.[1]</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]] phg8ha1z3w3fexh06erokip2mutc702 0 247853 1592894 2026-08-29T10:06:53Z Kisai789 82928 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ajonye Perpetua Paya''' ni [[mwanasheria]] wa masuala ya katiba, hakimu na mwanaharakati wa haki za [[binadamu]] kutoka Sudan [[Kusini]]. Hadi mwaka 2013, alikuwa Jaji wa Daraja la Kwanza katika Mahakama ya Sudan Kusini. Alishiriki katika kuandaa Katiba ya Muda ya [[Sudan]] ya mwaka 2005. [[Mwaka]] 2011, alihudumu katika Baraza la [[Waziri Mkuu|Mawaziri]] la Jimbo la Central Equatoria. Kisha alihudumu katika Baraza la Mawaziri la Rais Salva Kiir Mayardi...' 1592894 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ajonye Perpetua Paya''' ni [[mwanasheria]] wa masuala ya katiba, hakimu na mwanaharakati wa haki za [[binadamu]] kutoka Sudan [[Kusini]]. Hadi mwaka 2013, alikuwa Jaji wa Daraja la Kwanza katika Mahakama ya Sudan Kusini. Alishiriki katika kuandaa Katiba ya Muda ya [[Sudan]] ya mwaka 2005. [[Mwaka]] 2011, alihudumu katika Baraza la [[Waziri Mkuu|Mawaziri]] la Jimbo la Central Equatoria. Kisha alihudumu katika Baraza la Mawaziri la Rais Salva Kiir Mayardit, ambaye aliliondoa katika nafasi hiyo mwezi Mei 2013. Tangu wakati huo, ameshikilia nyadhifa mbalimbali za uongozi katika [[Chama]] cha [[Mwanasheria|Wanasheria]] cha Sudan Kusini (South Sudan Law Society) na mara nyingi amezungumzia masuala ya haki za kiraia, yakiwemo haki za wanawake na ukatili wa kijinsia. Mwaka 2023, aliongoza Sekretarieti ya Kamati ya Marekebisho ya [[Mahakama]] (Judicial Reform Committee – JRC) ya Sudan Kusini.<ref>{{Cite web|title=S. Sudan records over 5,500 human trafficking cases in 2021 - Justice Ajonye|url=https://www.eyeradio.org/s-sudan-records-over-5500-human-trafficking-cases-in-2021-justice-ajonye/|work=Eye Radio|date=2022-03-31|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author=Koang Chang}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=South Sudan’s Judicial Reform Committee Heralds Hope for the Justice Sector|url=https://www.undp.org/south-sudan/blog/south-sudans-judicial-reform-committee-heralds-hope-justice-sector|work=UNDP|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref> == Nafasi rasmi == Jaji Ajonye ni mwanasheria bingwa wa masuala ya Katiba. Aliteuliwa kuwa Jaji wa Daraja la Kwanza katika mfumo wa [[mahakama]] wa Sudan. Mkataba wa Amani wa Kina (Comprehensive Peace Agreement) ulitiwa saini tarehe 9 Januari 2005, mwishoni mwa Vita vya Pili vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe nchini Sudan. Mwaka 2005, Ajonye alikuwa mjumbe wa [[Tume ya Kuratibu Udhibiti wa Dawa za Kulevya|Tume]] ya Kitaifa ya Mapitio ya Katiba (National Constitution Review Commission), na baadaye akawa mjumbe wa Kamati ya Uandishi wa Katiba iliyohusika kuandaa Katiba ya Mpito ya Sudan. [[Katiba]] hiyo ilipitishwa tarehe 6 Julai 2005. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanasheria]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] f0z2ihssyno3a9xy2sftkrc8vp6lglv 0 247854 1592895 2026-08-29T10:08:31Z Gladys Gibbs 40388 Kuanzisha makala 1592895 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji mimba nchini Kamerun''' unaruhusiwa ki[[sheria]] tu ikiwa utoaji huo wa [[mimba]] utaokoa maisha ya [[mwanamke]], ujauzito unaweka [[afya]] ya mwanamke kimwili au kiakili katika hatari kubwa au [[ujauzito]] umetokana na [[Ubakaji|ubakaji.]] == Takwimu == [[1997]], utafiti uliofanyika mjini Yaoundé ulibaini kuwa 20% ya wanawake wenye umri wa miaka 20–29 walikuwa wamewahi kutoa mimba angalau mara moja.<ref name=":0">https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/ipsrh/2003/03/although-abortion-highly-restricted-cameroon-it-not-uncommon-among-young</ref><ref name=":1">https://reproductiverights.org/resources/</ref> Asilimia 80 ya taratibu hizo zilifanyika katika vituo vya afya, lakini hazikuwa salama kila wakati, na mara nyingi wanawake walikumbana na matatizo.<ref name=":0" /> Uwezekano wa mwanamke mjamzito kutafuta huduma ya kutoa mimba uliongezeka iwapo alikuwa amesoma au alikuwa na watoto. Kati ya wanawake walioripoti kuwa waliwahi kutoa mimba, asilimia 40 walikuwa wamewahi kutoa mimba mara mbili au zaidi. Utafiti huo ulibaini kuwa asilimia 35 ya mimba zote zilizoripotiwa katika mji mkuu ziliishia kwa utoaji wa mimba.<ref name=":1" /> == Upatikanaji wa huduma za utoaji mimba == Mwaka [[1990]], serikali ya [[Kamerun]] ilipitisha Sheria Na. 90/035 iliyopiga marufuku elimu kuhusu [[Uzazi wa mpango|uzazi wa mpango.]] Ripoti zilibaini kuwa [[utoaji mimba]] na huduma za afya ya uzazi zinazotolewa kwa siri zilikuwa zimeenea, na zilichangia asilimia 40 ya [[Mgonjwa|wagonjwa]] waliolazwa katika idara za dharura za uzazi na magonjwa ya wanawake (OB/GYN). Hata hivyo, upatikanaji wa kliniki za kutoa mimba ulikuwa kwa kiasi kikubwa katika maeneo ya mijini pekee nchini humo. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Kamerun]] [[Jamii:Haki za wanawake]] [[Jamii:Afya]] [[Jamii:Mbegu]] ku9fg3xdzstnfuqrgyriydzkkm2t836 1593045 1592895 2026-08-29T11:41:16Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1593045 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji mimba Kamerun''' unaruhusiwa ki[[sheria]] tu ikiwa utaokoa maisha ya [[mwanamke]], ujauzito unaweka [[afya]] ya mwanamke kimwili au kiakili katika hatari kubwa au [[ujauzito]] umetokana na [[ubakaji]]. == Historia == Mwaka [[1990]], serikali ya [[Kamerun]] ilipitisha Sheria Na. 90/035 iliyopiga marufuku elimu kuhusu [[uzazi wa mpango]]. Ripoti zilibaini kuwa [[utoaji mimba]] na huduma za afya ya uzazi zinazotolewa kwa siri zilikuwa zimeenea, na zilichangia asilimia 40 ya [[Mgonjwa|wagonjwa]] waliolazwa katika idara za dharura za uzazi na magonjwa ya wanawake (OB/GYN). Hata hivyo, upatikanaji wa kliniki za kutoa mimba ulikuwa kwa kiasi kikubwa katika maeneo ya mijini pekee nchini humo. Mwaka [[1997]], utafiti uliofanyika mjini Yaoundé ulibaini kuwa 20% ya wanawake wenye umri wa miaka 20–29 walikuwa wamewahi kutoa mimba angalau mara moja.<ref name=":0">https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/ipsrh/2003/03/although-abortion-highly-restricted-cameroon-it-not-uncommon-among-young</ref><ref name=":1">https://reproductiverights.org/resources/</ref> Asilimia 80 ya taratibu hizo zilifanyika katika vituo vya afya, lakini hazikuwa salama kila wakati, na mara nyingi wanawake walikumbana na matatizo.<ref name=":0" /> Uwezekano wa mwanamke mjamzito kutafuta huduma ya kutoa mimba uliongezeka iwapo alikuwa amesoma au alikuwa na watoto. Kati ya wanawake walioripoti kuwa waliwahi kutoa mimba, asilimia 40 walikuwa wamewahi kutoa mimba mara mbili au zaidi. Utafiti huo ulibaini kuwa asilimia 35 ya mimba zote zilizoripotiwa katika mji mkuu ziliishia kwa utoaji wa mimba.<ref name=":1" /> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sheria}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Kamerun]] lm7gz85ys9fljhmx8o7v08hdmmd0ri8 0 247855 1592897 2026-08-29T10:10:22Z Gladys Gibbs 40388 Gladys Gibbs alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Abortion in Nigeria]] hadi [[Utoaji mimba Nigeria]] 1592897 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Utoaji mimba Nigeria]] 8ua45pcb8v6w0pt7jp0k0prqc6ta4ax 0 247856 1592899 2026-08-29T10:11:26Z Gladys Gibbs 40388 Gladys Gibbs alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Utoaji wa mimba gambia]] hadi [[Utoaji mimba Gambia]] 1592899 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Utoaji mimba Gambia]] rbw0iif7yhjtvnx9i5d9q05uwm335he 0 247857 1592902 2026-08-29T10:17:33Z SHEDRACK MKOTIA 81798 Ukurasa umeundwa 1592902 wikitext text/x-wiki === Niger === '''Ali Sirfi''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe '''1 Januari 1955''' huko '''Dessa''', nchini Niger) ni '''[[mwanasheria]] na [[mwanasiasa]] wa Niger'''. == Maisha == === Maisha ya Awali, Elimu na Kazi === '''Ali Sirfi''' alisomea sheria katika '''Chuo Kikuu cha Abidjan''', ambako alipata '''Shahada ya Sheria''' mwaka '''1981''', na baadaye '''Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sheria''' mwaka '''1982'''. Kisha, kuanzia mwaka '''1982 hadi 1984''', alisoma katika '''Shule ya Mafunzo ya Uwakili''' huko '''Rouen, Ufaransa'''. Mwaka '''1985''', aliapishwa na kuanza rasmi kazi ya uwakili katika '''Chama cha Mawakili cha Niger'''. Baadaye alishika nyadhifa mbalimbali za juu katika chama hicho, ikiwemo '''Katibu Mkuu'''. Sirfi alikuwa mwakilishi wa Chama cha Mawakili katika '''Mkutano wa Kitaifa wa Niger wa [[mwaka]] 1991''', ambao uliratibu mchakato wa nchi hiyo wa kuhamia katika '''mfumo wa vyama vingi vya [[siasa]]'''. Kuanzia '''1993 hadi 1995''', alikuwa '''Rais wa Umoja wa Mawakili Vijana wa Niger'''. === Kazi za Kisiasa === Katika '''[[uchaguzi]] wa Bunge la Niger wa mwaka 1996''', Sirfi alichaguliwa kuwa mbunge wa '''Bunge la Taifa''' kama mgombea huru. Akiwa mbunge, alihudumu katika [[kamati]] za bunge zilizoshughulikia '''masuala ya jumla na kitaasisi''', pamoja na '''masuala ya [[uchumi]] na mipango'''. Pia alikuwa mwakilishi wa Niger katika [[Bunge]] la '''Umoja wa Kiuchumi na Kifedha wa Afrika Magharibi'''. Kuanzia '''2000 hadi 2001''', wakati wa utawala wa Rais '''Mamadou Tandja''' na Waziri Mkuu '''Hama Amadou''', Ali Sirfi alihudumu kama '''[[Waziri]] wa Sheria na Mahusiano na Bunge'''. Mwaka '''2010''', alichaguliwa kuwa '''Rais wa Chama cha Mawakili cha Niger'''. Mwaka '''2016''', aliteuliwa kuwa '''[[Msimamizi]] wa Malalamiko ya [[Wananchi]] wa Jamhuri''', cheo kinachohusika na kuchunguza na kushughulikia malalamiko ya wananchi dhidi ya [[taasisi]] za serikali. Alichukua [[nafasi]] hiyo kutoka kwa '''Amadou Cheiffou'''. Alihudumu katika nafasi hiyo hadi '''2022''', ambapo alirithiwa na '''Assimiou Diabiri'''.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6094-0</ref><ref>http://www.mediateurniger.ne/index.php/le-mediateur/index.php?page=accueil</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-siasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1995]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa]] imk5u7kr7d912co8592m5txid0zja8t 0 247858 1592903 2026-08-29T10:18:40Z Hamisi msafiri mzuki 81808 Ukurasa ulianzishwa 1592903 wikitext text/x-wiki Utoaji [[mimba]] ni kinyume cha [[sheria]] nchini [[Tanzania]] isipokuwa tu kwa ajili ya kuokoa [[maisha]] ya [[mama]]. Chini ya sheria ya [[kanuni]] ya [[adhabu]] ya Tanzania (penal code), wahudumu wa [[afya]] wanaofanya utoaji mimba usio halali wanaweza kuhukumiwa [[kifungo]] cha hadi [[Mwaka|miaka]] [[14]] [[jela]], wakati wale wanaojitolea mimba wenyewe wanaweza kuhukumiwa kifungo cha hadi miaka saba jela.<ref><nowiki>https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6764130/</nowiki></ref> == Kisheria == Tanzania ina moja ya sheria kali na zenye vizuizi vikubwa zaidi vya utoaji mimba [[Dunia|duniani]], ambapo utoaji mimba unaruhusiwa tu kwa ajili ya kuokoa [[maisha]] ya mama. [[Watu]] wanaopatikana na hatia ya kufanya utoaji mimba wanaweza kufungwa jela hadi miaka 14, wakati [[Mwanamke|wanawake]] wanaopatikana na hatia ya kutoa mimba wanaweza kufungwa jela hadi miaka saba. Pande nyingine zinazohusika katika utoaji mimba usio halali, kama vile wanaosambaza [[dawa]] au [[vifaa]], wanaweza kufungwa jela hadi miaka mitatu.<ref><nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Reproductive_Rights</nowiki></ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Haki za binadamu]] [[Jamii:Haki za wanawake]] [[Jamii:Haki za watoto]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Tanzania]] ostsptw8mpez889ux9lfm2ikmi14o8b 1593013 1592903 2026-08-29T11:18:10Z Hamisi msafiri mzuki 81808 Marekebisho 1593013 wikitext text/x-wiki Utoaji [[mimba]] ni kinyume cha [[sheria]] nchini [[Tanzania]] isipokuwa tu kwa ajili ya kuokoa [[maisha]] ya [[mama]]. Chini ya sheria ya [[kanuni]] ya [[adhabu]] ya Tanzania (penal code), wahudumu wa [[afya]] wanaofanya utoaji mimba usio halali wanaweza kuhukumiwa [[kifungo]] cha hadi [[Mwaka|miaka]] [[14]] [[jela]], wakati wale wanaojitolea mimba wenyewe wanaweza kuhukumiwa kifungo cha hadi miaka saba jela.<ref><nowiki>https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6764130/</nowiki></ref> == Kisheria == Tanzania ina moja ya sheria kali na zenye vizuizi vikubwa zaidi vya utoaji mimba [[Dunia|duniani]], ambapo utoaji mimba unaruhusiwa tu kwa ajili ya kuokoa [[maisha]] ya mama. [[Watu]] wanaopatikana na hatia ya kufanya utoaji mimba wanaweza kufungwa jela hadi miaka 14, wakati [[Mwanamke|wanawake]] wanaopatikana na hatia ya kutoa mimba wanaweza kufungwa jela hadi miaka saba. Pande nyingine zinazohusika katika utoaji mimba usio halali, kama vile wanaosambaza [[dawa]] au [[vifaa]], wanaweza kufungwa jela hadi miaka mitatu.<ref><nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Reproductive_Rights</nowiki></ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Tanzania]] <references /> [[Jamii:Mbegu za sheria]] [[Jamii:Tanzania]] 9yt89p8qi3e9gtt3yx4hgrzmr3rxcgo 1593054 1593013 2026-08-29T11:45:58Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1593054 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji mimba Tanzania''' ni kinyume cha [[sheria]] isipokuwa tu kwa ajili ya kuokoa [[maisha]] ya [[mama]]. Chini ya sheria ya [[kanuni]] ya [[adhabu]] ya Tanzania (penal code), wahudumu wa [[afya]] wanaofanya [[utoaji mimba]] usio halali wanaweza kuhukumiwa [[kifungo]] cha hadi [[Mwaka|miaka]] 14 [[jela]], wakati wale wanaotoa mimba yao wenyewe wanaweza kuhukumiwa kifungo cha hadi miaka saba jela.<ref>https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6764130/</ref> Pande nyingine zinazohusika katika utoaji mimba usio halali, kama vile wanaosambaza [[dawa]] au [[vifaa]], wanaweza kufungwa jela hadi miaka mitatu. Hivyo [[Tanzania]] ina moja ya sheria kali na zenye vizuizi vikubwa zaidi vya utoaji mimba [[Dunia|duniani]]. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sheria}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Tanzania]] ohodvlc0pjkmu3a1b0jbi4qmw26nprf 0 247859 1592905 2026-08-29T10:19:44Z FINTANECASTOR 92023 Ukurasa mpiya 1592905 wikitext text/x-wiki Paulus Johannes Fourie (11 Agosti 1882 – Julai 1941) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini. Aliwahi kuhudumu kama Msimamizi wa Mkoa wa Cape, Waziri wa Madini na [[Kiwanda|Viwanda]], Waziri wa Kazi, Waziri wa Biashara na Viwanda, pamoja na Waziri wa Reli na [[Bandari]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Klewiet |first=C. W. |date=1953-10-01 |title=Jan Christian Smuts: A Biography. By <i>J. C. Smuts</i>. (New York: William Morrow and Company. 1952. Pp. xiv, 496. $6.00.) |url=https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/59.1.86 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=86–87 |doi=10.1086/ahr/59.1.86 |issn=1937-5239}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Biashara]] hb9hl0y1aa5rfo6ff2r4r5848szr2z7 1592968 1592905 2026-08-29T10:50:30Z FINTANECASTOR 92023 1592968 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amina Oyiza Bello''' (aliyezaliwa kwa jina la Yakubu tarehe 2 [[Aprili]] [[1978]]) ni [[mwanasheria]] na mfadhili kutoka [[Nigeria]]. Ni mke wa aliyekuwa Gavana wa Jimbo la Kogi, [[Yahaya Bello]]. Pia ni mwanzilishi wa Hayat Foundation, shirika lisilo la kiserikali linalosaidia na kutetea haki za watoto wenye ugonjwa wa kupooza kwa ubongo pamoja na watoto wenye [[ulemavu]] mwingine<ref>{{Cite web|title=I was mocked, stigmatised for having a cerebral palsy child —Amina Bello, Kogi First lady|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/02/mocked-stigmatised-cerebral-palsy-child-amina-bello-kogi-first-lady/|work=Vanguard News|date=2017-02-16|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-GB|author=Emmanuel Okogba}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Biashara]] r2ndybfqkmvoa83uiyg1j0sgaa3e37x 1593009 1592968 2026-08-29T11:15:37Z FINTANECASTOR 92023 1593009 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amina Oyiza Bello''' (aliyezaliwa kwa jina la Yakubu tarehe 2 [[Aprili]] [[1978]]) ni [[mwanasheria]] na mfadhili kutoka [[Nigeria]]. Ni mke wa aliyekuwa Gavana wa Jimbo la Kogi, [[Yahaya Bello]]. Pia ni mwanzilishi wa Hayat Foundation, shirika lisilo la kiserikali linalosaidia na kutetea haki za watoto wenye ugonjwa wa kupooza kwa ubongo pamoja na watoto wenye [[ulemavu]] mwingine<ref>{{Cite web|title=I was mocked, stigmatised for having a cerebral palsy child —Amina Bello, Kogi First lady|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/02/mocked-stigmatised-cerebral-palsy-child-amina-bello-kogi-first-lady/|work=Vanguard News|date=2017-02-16|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-GB|author=Emmanuel Okogba}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} <references /> [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1978]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria]] 4r7g8swqiooghwtdqcrd8x0i948iumt 0 247860 1592906 2026-08-29T10:20:13Z Zubeda03 83744 Ukurasa umeundwa 1592906 wikitext text/x-wiki Nchini Utoaji mimba [[Madagaska]], utoaji [[mimba]] ni kinyume cha sheria katika hali zote. Sheria ya utoaji mimba inaweka [[adhabu]] ya kifungo cha [[Gereza|jela]] au faini kwa [[Binadamu|mtu]] anayepokea au kusaidia katika utoaji wa mimba. Madagaska ni miongoni mwa [[nchi]] chache sana [[Dunia|duniani]] ambazo zimepiga marufuku kabisa utoaji mimba. Utoaji mimba umekuwa kinyume cha [[sheria]] tangu enzi za [[ukoloni]] wa [[Ufaransa]], ukiathiriwa na mitazamo iliyopendelea kuongeza idadi ya [[Mtoto|watoto]] wanaozaliwa. Mwaka 2017, [[serikali]] ilikataa pendekezo la kuhalalisha utoaji mimba kwa sababu za kitabibu. Mwezi [[Novemba]] 2021, Mbunge Masy Goulamaly alipendekeza muswada uliolenga kuruhusu utoaji mimba katika [[kesi]] za [[Ubakaji|ubakaji,]] lakini muswada huo uliondolewa na bunge<ref>https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20180701-madagascar-legalisation-avortement-fait-objet-debat</ref><ref>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13691058.2020.1773539</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Haki za wanawake]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Madagaska]] a37sa2p1ywz7r3334lqd78g0pr6vifp 1593058 1592906 2026-08-29T11:50:26Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1593058 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji mimba Madagaska''' ni kinyume cha [[sheria]] katika hali zote. Sheria ya [[utoaji mimba]] inaweka [[adhabu]] ya kifungo cha [[Gereza|jela]] au faini kwa [[Binadamu|mtu]] anayepokea au kusaidia katika utoaji wa mimba. [[Madagaska]] ni miongoni mwa [[nchi]] chache sana [[Dunia|duniani]] ambazo zimepiga marufuku kabisa utoaji mimba. Utoaji mimba umekuwa kinyume cha [[sheria]] tangu enzi za [[ukoloni]] wa [[Ufaransa]], ukiathiriwa na mitazamo iliyopendelea kutetea [[uhai]] wa [[Mtoto|watoto]] wanaozaliwa. Mwaka 2017, [[serikali]] ilikataa pendekezo la kuhalalisha utoaji mimba kwa sababu za kitabibu. Mwezi [[Novemba]] 2021, Mbunge Masy Goulamaly alipendekeza muswada uliolenga kuruhusu utoaji mimba katika [[kesi]] za [[ubakaji]], lakini muswada huo uliondolewa na bunge<ref>https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20180701-madagascar-legalisation-avortement-fait-objet-debat</ref><ref>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13691058.2020.1773539</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sheria}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Madagaska]] 5ztnbz3ogjsamanx2w13c51noggxt9t 0 247861 1592908 2026-08-29T10:20:32Z Gladys Gibbs 40388 Gladys Gibbs alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Utoaji mimba nchini Mauritius]] hadi [[Utoaji mimba nchini Morisi]] 1592908 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Utoaji mimba nchini Morisi]] a4mqysk0qpyi51j9etbska047ryz7ia 0 247862 1592909 2026-08-29T10:21:56Z Emanuel masaki 82931 Utoaji mimba senegal 1592909 wikitext text/x-wiki Nchini '''senegal''',utoaji [[mimba]] ni kunyume cha sheria isipokuwa pale ambapo [[maisha]] ya [[mama]] yako hatarini.senagal ni miongoni mwa nchi chache ambazo [[sheria]] <ref>{{Cite web|title=Activists Push for Looser Abortion Laws in Senegal|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/activists-push-for-looser-abortion-laws-in-senegal/2447129.html|work=Voice of America|date=2014-09-11|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=Jennifer Lazuta}}</ref>zake za [[jinai]] zinakataza kabisa utoaji wa mimba.isipokuwa kunaruhusiwa tu baada ya kuwasilishwa kwacheti cha kitabibuna kupata idhini ya madaktari watatu<ref>{{Citation|title=Guttmacher Institute|date=2026-08-17|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guttmacher_Institute&oldid=1369869918|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Ndoa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Senegal]] 6tgtzp3726vx063tyisdrqpkow6lejn 1592916 1592909 2026-08-29T10:25:03Z Gladys Gibbs 40388 Gladys Gibbs alihamisha ukurasa wa [[UTOAJI WA MIMBA SENEGAL]] hadi [[Utoaji mimba Senegal]] 1592909 wikitext text/x-wiki Nchini '''senegal''',utoaji [[mimba]] ni kunyume cha sheria isipokuwa pale ambapo [[maisha]] ya [[mama]] yako hatarini.senagal ni miongoni mwa nchi chache ambazo [[sheria]] <ref>{{Cite web|title=Activists Push for Looser Abortion Laws in Senegal|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/activists-push-for-looser-abortion-laws-in-senegal/2447129.html|work=Voice of America|date=2014-09-11|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=Jennifer Lazuta}}</ref>zake za [[jinai]] zinakataza kabisa utoaji wa mimba.isipokuwa kunaruhusiwa tu baada ya kuwasilishwa kwacheti cha kitabibuna kupata idhini ya madaktari watatu<ref>{{Citation|title=Guttmacher Institute|date=2026-08-17|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guttmacher_Institute&oldid=1369869918|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Ndoa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Senegal]] 6tgtzp3726vx063tyisdrqpkow6lejn 1592933 1592916 2026-08-29T10:34:06Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1592933 wikitext text/x-wiki Nchini '''senegal''',utoaji [[mimba]] ni kunyume cha sheria isipokuwa pale ambapo [[maisha]] ya [[mama]] yako hatarini.senagal ni miongoni mwa nchi chache ambazo [[sheria]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Activists Push for Looser Abortion Laws in Senegal|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/activists-push-for-looser-abortion-laws-in-senegal/2447129.html|work=Voice of America|date=2014-09-11|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=Jennifer Lazuta}}</ref>zake za [[jinai]] zinakataza kabisa utoaji wa mimba.isipokuwa kunaruhusiwa tu baada ya kuwasilishwa kwacheti cha kitabibuna kupata idhini ya madaktari watatu<ref>{{Citation|title=Guttmacher Institute|date=2026-08-17|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guttmacher_Institute&oldid=1369869918|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Ndoa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Senegal]] nnen7df57ah95jcownjxm6wj6zjv0gt 1593060 1592933 2026-08-29T11:52:22Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1593060 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji mimba Senegal''' ni kunyume cha sheria isipokuwa pale ambapo [[maisha]] ya [[mama]] yako hatarini. [[Senegal]] ni miongoni mwa nchi chache ambazo [[sheria]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Activists Push for Looser Abortion Laws in Senegal|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/activists-push-for-looser-abortion-laws-in-senegal/2447129.html|work=Voice of America|date=2014-09-11|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=Jennifer Lazuta}}</ref> zake za [[jinai]] zinakataza kabisa [[utoaji mimba]]. Unaruhusiwa tu baada ya kuwasilishwa kwacheti cha kitabibu na kupata idhini ya madaktari watatu. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sheria}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Senegal]] ai8rj7ulc7lukc40h5ng7tq6350nhfd 0 247863 1592910 2026-08-29T10:21:58Z Mary calist mlay 39270 anzisha makala 1592910 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Worlase Kpeli''' ( [[26 Agosti]] [[1980]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] na [[mwanasheria]] kutoka [[Ghana]]. Kwa sasa ni [[Mbunge]] wa Jimbo la Afram Plains North katika Bunge la 9 la Jamhuri ya Nne ya Ghana.<ref>https://www.citinewsroom.com/2024/12/ill-consult-my-constituents-before-aligning-with-ndc-afram-plains-north-mp-elect/</ref> Kpeli aliwania nafasi ya ubunge kupitia mchujo wa chama cha National Democratic Congress (NDC) dhidi ya aliyekuwa mbunge wa jimbo hilo, Betty Krosbi Mensah, mwaka [[2019]] na [[2023]], lakini hakufanikiwa katika michuano yote miwili. Baadaye, aligombea uchaguzi mkuu wa Ghana wa mwaka 2024 kama mgombea huru na kushinda, hivyo kuchukua nafasi ya Betty Krosbi Mensah.<ref>https://thenewcrusadingguideonline.com/lawyer-kpeli-chases-betty-for-afram-plains-south-seat/</ref> <ref>https://ghanadistricts.com/Home/ReaderDistrict/1d9369a-b4fc-446c-97</ref> Alizaliwa Battor, katika Mkoa wa Volta nchini Ghana. == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Worlase Kpeli anatokea Battor, katika Mkoa wa Volta nchini Ghana. Mwaka 2003 alipata cheti cha elimu ya sekondari kutoka Evangelical Presbyterian College of Education, Amedzofe. Baadaye, alipata Diploma ya Usimamizi wa Kumbukumbu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Ghana mwaka [[2007]], na shahada ya Sanaa (BA) kutoka chuo hicho hicho mwaka [[2014]]. Mwaka 2015, alipata shahada ya Sheria (LL.B.) kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha London. Mwaka 2016, alipata Cheti cha Mifumo ya Sheria ya Ghana na Sheria ya Katiba kutoka Ghana School of Law. Mwaka 2019, alipata Stashahada ya Uzamili katika Utendaji wa Kisheria kutoka Institute of Legal Practice and Development nchini [[Rwanda]]. Mwaka 2024, alipata shahada ya Uzamili ya Sanaa (MA) katika Mahusiano ya Kimataifa na Diplomasia kutoka Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration (GIMPA).<ref>https://dailyguidenetwork.com/tag/kpeli-worlase/</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]] gbp2iw9cu196w6meh7nzw6486b9mul8 0 247864 1592912 2026-08-29T10:22:28Z Ramadhani kamala 82903 chapisha ukurasa mpya 1592912 wikitext text/x-wiki Nchini [[Guinea Mpya|Guinea,]] utoaji mimba ni kinyume cha sheria isipokuwa ujauzito unatishia maisha au afya ya mwanamke mjamzito au kijusi, ikiwa umetokana na ubakaji, au ikiwa [[mwanamke]] mjamzito ni [[mtoto]]. Utoaji [[mimba]] usio halali unaweza kuadhibiwa kwa faini na kifungo cha [[Gerezani|gerezani.]] Utoaji mimba wa kisheria unahitaji idhini ya [[Madaktari wasio na Mipaka-MSF|madaktari]] katika kesi ya utoaji mimba kwa sababu za matibabu au ya kamati za maadili katika kesi ya utoaji mimba kutokana na ubakaji. Hapo awali, baada ya kurithi sheria ya [[Ufaransa]] kuhusu utoaji mimba, ambayo ilipiga marufuku kabisa utoaji mimba, sheria ya afya ya uzazi ya mwaka [[2000]] iliongeza mazingira ya kipekee. Wanaharakati wa haki za [[Wanawake katika uchakataji pombe|wanawake]] na waandishi wa habari wamekuwa wakitetea marekebisho, huku upinzani wa [[Uislamu|Kiislamu]] dhidi ya utoaji mimba ukiwa wa kawaida. Guinea ina kiwango cha juu cha utoaji mimba usio salama. Matumizi ya njia za uzazi wa mpango nchini humo ni ya chini, jambo ambalo linachangia mimba zisizotarajiwa na utoaji mimba, hasa miongoni mwa vijana balehe. Ukosefu wa upatikanaji wa [[uzazi wa mpango]] wa dharura katika kesi za ukatili wa [[Kingoni|kingono]] ni sababu ya mara kwa mara ya utoaji mimba. Huduma baada ya utoaji mimba zimekuwa zikipatikana nchini Guinea tangu miaka ya [[1990|1990.]] Zinapatikana katika vituo vya umma kote nchini, lakini kuna watoa huduma wachache kuliko inavyotakiwa na sheria. Karibu vituo hivi vyote hutumia mbinu ya uvutaji kwa kutumia kifaa cha mkono, na vingi hutoa upangaji uzazi baada ya utoaji mimba. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanawake]] [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] 5cs4xarv65s0rghlevrfdjvmwipk1jq 1592921 1592912 2026-08-29T10:29:53Z Gladys Gibbs 40388 Gladys Gibbs alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Utoaji mimba nchini guinea]] hadi [[Utoaji mimba nchini Guinea]] 1592912 wikitext text/x-wiki Nchini [[Guinea Mpya|Guinea,]] utoaji mimba ni kinyume cha sheria isipokuwa ujauzito unatishia maisha au afya ya mwanamke mjamzito au kijusi, ikiwa umetokana na ubakaji, au ikiwa [[mwanamke]] mjamzito ni [[mtoto]]. Utoaji [[mimba]] usio halali unaweza kuadhibiwa kwa faini na kifungo cha [[Gerezani|gerezani.]] Utoaji mimba wa kisheria unahitaji idhini ya [[Madaktari wasio na Mipaka-MSF|madaktari]] katika kesi ya utoaji mimba kwa sababu za matibabu au ya kamati za maadili katika kesi ya utoaji mimba kutokana na ubakaji. Hapo awali, baada ya kurithi sheria ya [[Ufaransa]] kuhusu utoaji mimba, ambayo ilipiga marufuku kabisa utoaji mimba, sheria ya afya ya uzazi ya mwaka [[2000]] iliongeza mazingira ya kipekee. Wanaharakati wa haki za [[Wanawake katika uchakataji pombe|wanawake]] na waandishi wa habari wamekuwa wakitetea marekebisho, huku upinzani wa [[Uislamu|Kiislamu]] dhidi ya utoaji mimba ukiwa wa kawaida. Guinea ina kiwango cha juu cha utoaji mimba usio salama. Matumizi ya njia za uzazi wa mpango nchini humo ni ya chini, jambo ambalo linachangia mimba zisizotarajiwa na utoaji mimba, hasa miongoni mwa vijana balehe. Ukosefu wa upatikanaji wa [[uzazi wa mpango]] wa dharura katika kesi za ukatili wa [[Kingoni|kingono]] ni sababu ya mara kwa mara ya utoaji mimba. Huduma baada ya utoaji mimba zimekuwa zikipatikana nchini Guinea tangu miaka ya [[1990|1990.]] Zinapatikana katika vituo vya umma kote nchini, lakini kuna watoa huduma wachache kuliko inavyotakiwa na sheria. Karibu vituo hivi vyote hutumia mbinu ya uvutaji kwa kutumia kifaa cha mkono, na vingi hutoa upangaji uzazi baada ya utoaji mimba. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanawake]] [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] 5cs4xarv65s0rghlevrfdjvmwipk1jq 1592950 1592921 2026-08-29T10:41:26Z Ramadhani kamala 82903 1592950 wikitext text/x-wiki Nchini [[Guinea Mpya|Guinea,]] utoaji mimba ni kinyume cha sheria isipokuwa ujauzito unatishia maisha au afya ya mwanamke mjamzito au kijusi, ikiwa umetokana na ubakaji, au ikiwa [[mwanamke]] mjamzito ni [[mtoto]]. Utoaji [[mimba]] usio halali unaweza kuadhibiwa kwa faini na kifungo cha [[Gerezani|gerezani.]] Utoaji mimba wa kisheria unahitaji idhini ya [[Madaktari wasio na Mipaka-MSF|madaktari]] katika kesi ya utoaji mimba kwa sababu za matibabu au ya kamati za maadili katika kesi ya utoaji mimba kutokana na ubakaji. Hapo awali, baada ya kurithi sheria ya [[Ufaransa]] kuhusu utoaji mimba, ambayo ilipiga marufuku kabisa utoaji mimba, sheria ya afya ya uzazi ya mwaka [[2000]] iliongeza mazingira ya kipekee. Wanaharakati wa haki za [[Wanawake katika uchakataji pombe|wanawake]] na waandishi wa habari wamekuwa wakitetea marekebisho, huku upinzani wa [[Uislamu|Kiislamu]] dhidi ya utoaji mimba ukiwa wa kawaida. Guinea ina kiwango cha juu cha utoaji mimba usio salama. Matumizi ya njia za uzazi wa mpango nchini humo ni ya chini, jambo ambalo linachangia mimba zisizotarajiwa na utoaji mimba, hasa miongoni mwa vijana balehe. Ukosefu wa upatikanaji wa [[uzazi wa mpango]] wa dharura katika kesi za ukatili wa [[Kingoni|kingono]] ni sababu ya mara kwa mara ya utoaji mimba. Huduma baada ya utoaji mimba zimekuwa zikipatikana nchini Guinea tangu miaka ya [[1990|1990.]] Zinapatikana katika vituo vya umma kote nchini, lakini kuna watoa huduma wachache kuliko inavyotakiwa na sheria. Karibu vituo hivi vyote hutumia mbinu ya uvutaji kwa kutumia kifaa cha mkono, na vingi hutoa upangaji uzazi baada ya utoaji mimba. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanawake]] [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 04ohw42adqptmplf3ukd7ds0vas8clr 1593062 1592950 2026-08-29T11:53:01Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Utoaji mimba nchini Guinea]] hadi [[Utoaji mimba Guinea]]: urahisi wa kuupata 1592950 wikitext text/x-wiki Nchini [[Guinea Mpya|Guinea,]] utoaji mimba ni kinyume cha sheria isipokuwa ujauzito unatishia maisha au afya ya mwanamke mjamzito au kijusi, ikiwa umetokana na ubakaji, au ikiwa [[mwanamke]] mjamzito ni [[mtoto]]. Utoaji [[mimba]] usio halali unaweza kuadhibiwa kwa faini na kifungo cha [[Gerezani|gerezani.]] Utoaji mimba wa kisheria unahitaji idhini ya [[Madaktari wasio na Mipaka-MSF|madaktari]] katika kesi ya utoaji mimba kwa sababu za matibabu au ya kamati za maadili katika kesi ya utoaji mimba kutokana na ubakaji. Hapo awali, baada ya kurithi sheria ya [[Ufaransa]] kuhusu utoaji mimba, ambayo ilipiga marufuku kabisa utoaji mimba, sheria ya afya ya uzazi ya mwaka [[2000]] iliongeza mazingira ya kipekee. Wanaharakati wa haki za [[Wanawake katika uchakataji pombe|wanawake]] na waandishi wa habari wamekuwa wakitetea marekebisho, huku upinzani wa [[Uislamu|Kiislamu]] dhidi ya utoaji mimba ukiwa wa kawaida. Guinea ina kiwango cha juu cha utoaji mimba usio salama. Matumizi ya njia za uzazi wa mpango nchini humo ni ya chini, jambo ambalo linachangia mimba zisizotarajiwa na utoaji mimba, hasa miongoni mwa vijana balehe. Ukosefu wa upatikanaji wa [[uzazi wa mpango]] wa dharura katika kesi za ukatili wa [[Kingoni|kingono]] ni sababu ya mara kwa mara ya utoaji mimba. Huduma baada ya utoaji mimba zimekuwa zikipatikana nchini Guinea tangu miaka ya [[1990|1990.]] Zinapatikana katika vituo vya umma kote nchini, lakini kuna watoa huduma wachache kuliko inavyotakiwa na sheria. Karibu vituo hivi vyote hutumia mbinu ya uvutaji kwa kutumia kifaa cha mkono, na vingi hutoa upangaji uzazi baada ya utoaji mimba. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanawake]] [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 04ohw42adqptmplf3ukd7ds0vas8clr 1593064 1593062 2026-08-29T11:56:38Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1593064 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji mimba Guinea''' ni kinyume cha sheria isipokuwa [[ujauzito]] unatishia maisha au afya ya mama au kijusi, ikiwa umetokana na [[ubakaji]], au ikiwa [[mwanamke]] mjamzito ni [[mtoto]] bado. Utoaji [[mimba]] usio halali unaweza kuadhibiwa kwa faini na kifungo cha [[Gereza|gerezani]]. [[Utoaji mimba]] wa kisheria unahitaji idhini ya [[madaktari]] katika kesi ya utoaji mimba kwa sababu za matibabu au ya kamati za maadili katika kesi ya utoaji mimba kutokana na ubakaji. Hapo awali, baada ya kurithi sheria ya [[Ufaransa]] kuhusu utoaji mimba, ambayo ilipiga marufuku kabisa utoaji mimba, sheria ya afya ya uzazi ya mwaka [[2000]] iliongeza mazingira ya pekee. Wanaharakati wa haki za [[wanawake]] na waandishi wa habari wamekuwa wakitetea marekebisho, huku upinzani wa [[Uislamu]] na [[Ukristo]] dhidi ya utoaji mimba ukiwa wa kawaida. Guinea ina kiwango cha juu cha utoaji mimba usio salama. Matumizi ya njia za uzazi wa mpango nchini humo ni ya chini, jambo ambalo linachangia mimba zisizotarajiwa na utoaji mimba, hasa miongoni mwa vijana waliobalehe. Ukosefu wa upatikanaji wa [[uzazi wa mpango]] wa dharura katika kesi za [[ukatili wa kingono]] ni sababu ya mara kwa mara ya utoaji mimba. Huduma baada ya utoaji mimba zimekuwa zikipatikana nchini Guinea tangu [[miaka ya 1990]]. Zinapatikana katika vituo vya umma kote nchini, lakini kuna watoa huduma wachache kuliko inavyotakiwa na sheria. Karibu vituo hivi vyote hutumia mbinu ya uvutaji kwa kutumia kifaa cha mkono, na vingi hutoa upangaji uzazi baada ya utoaji mimba. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sheria}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Guinea]] n41gxpd1rnxy42a0ol8qbbtwwxbqon7 0 247865 1592913 2026-08-29T10:24:06Z ROBART MAZUA 92021 Chapisho lililoanzishwa 1592913 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Julius Sello Malema''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe 3 Machi '''Julius Sello Malema''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe 3 Machi 1981) ni mwanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini. Ni mwanzilishi na kiongozi wa chama cha kiutikadi cha kikomunisti na uzalendo wa watu weusi cha ''Economic Freedom Fighters'' (EFF) tangu mwaka [[2013]]. Kabla ya kuanzisha EFF, alihudumu kama rais wa Umoja wa Vijana wa chama cha ''African National Congress'' (ANCYL) kuanzia mwaka [[2008]] hadi alipofukuzwa kwenye chama hicho mwaka [[2012]]. Akiwa mtoto, Malema alijiunga na ANC na alikuwa mwanachama aliyejitolea sana wakati akikua; hatimaye alichaguliwa kuwa rais wa Umoja wa Vijana wa chama hicho mnamo Aprili [[2008]] chini ya mazingira yaliyogubikwa na utata. Wakati akiwa rais wa umoja huo, alikuwa mmoja wa watetezi wa awali wa taifa kutwaa umiliki wa sekta ya madini nchini [[Afrika Kusini]] na kutaabisha/kutwaa ardhi bila kutoa fidia. Alipata umaarufu kitaifa kama mfuasi aliyepaza sauti kumwunga mkono [[Jacob Zuma]], aliyekuwa rais wa ANC na baadaye Rais wa Afrika Kusini.) ni mwanasiasa wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. Ni mwanzilishi na kiongozi wa chama cha kiutikadi cha kikomunisti na uzalendo wa watu weusi cha ''Economic Freedom Fighters'' (EFF) tangu mwaka [[2013]]. Kabla ya kuanzisha EFF, alihudumu kama rais wa Umoja wa Vijana wa chama cha ''African National Congress'' (ANCYL) kuanzia mwaka [[2008]] hadi alipofukuzwa kwenye chama hicho mwaka [[2012]]. Akiwa mtoto, Malema alijiunga na ANC na alikuwa mwanachama aliyejitolea sana wakati akikua; hatimaye alichaguliwa kuwa rais wa Umoja wa Vijana wa chama hicho mnamo [[Aprili]] [[2008]] chini ya mazingira yaliyogubikwa na utata. Wakati akiwa rais wa umoja huo, alikuwa mmoja wa watetezi wa awali wa taifa kutwaa umiliki wa sekta ya madini nchini [[Afrika Kusini]] na kutaabisha/kutwaa ardhi bila kutoa fidia. Alipata umaarufu kitaifa kama mfuasi aliyepaza sauti kumwunga mkono [[Jacob Zuma]], aliyekuwa rais wa ANC na baadaye Rais wa [[Afrika Kusini]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=EFF to launch communism workshops|url=https://mg.co.za/news/south-africa/2013-09-17-eff-to-launch-communism-workshops/|work=Mail & Guardian|date=2013-09-17|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-ZA|author=Khuthala Nandipha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=EFF to launch communism workshops|url=https://mg.co.za/news/south-africa/2013-09-17-eff-to-launch-communism-workshops/|work=Mail & Guardian|date=2013-09-17|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-ZA|author=Khuthala Nandipha}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 4mtf4k1het1g6k6j0ccwqr6gkbvhi1t 0 247866 1592914 2026-08-29T10:24:41Z SARAH CLEMENT TZ 91176 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Utoaji]] [[mimba]] nchini [[Zimbabwe]] unapatikana katika hali chache. Sheria ya sasa ya utoaji mimba ya [[Zimbabwe]], Sheria ya Kuondoa [[Mimba]], ilitungwa na [[serikali]] ya [[Mzungu|wazungu]] wachache ya [[Rhodesia ya Kusini|Rhodesia]] mwaka wa 1977. [[Sheria]] hiyo inaruhusu uavyaji ikiwa mimba inahatarisha maisha ya [[Mwanamke wa Ufunuo|mwanamke au]] inatishia kudhoofisha afya yake ya kimwili kabisa, ikiwa mtoto anaweza kuzaliwa na kasoro mbaya za...' 1592914 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Utoaji]] [[mimba]] nchini [[Zimbabwe]] unapatikana katika hali chache. Sheria ya sasa ya utoaji mimba ya [[Zimbabwe]], Sheria ya Kuondoa [[Mimba]], ilitungwa na [[serikali]] ya [[Mzungu|wazungu]] wachache ya [[Rhodesia ya Kusini|Rhodesia]] mwaka wa 1977. [[Sheria]] hiyo inaruhusu uavyaji ikiwa mimba inahatarisha maisha ya [[Mwanamke wa Ufunuo|mwanamke au]] inatishia kudhoofisha afya yake ya kimwili kabisa, ikiwa mtoto anaweza kuzaliwa na kasoro mbaya za kimwili au kiakili  kama matokeo . ya kubaka au kufanya ngono na jamaa.Hata hivyo, wastani wa utoaji mimba 70,000+ hutolewa nchini [[Zimbabwe]] kila mwaka.<ref>{{Citation|title=Abortion in Zimbabwe|date=2026-03-27|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Zimbabwe&oldid=1345694285|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-historia}} [[Jamii:Afrika Kusini]] paeqtqfkh27gr3i1hx8xnnbwbhmirkk 1592934 1592914 2026-08-29T10:34:14Z Gladys Gibbs 40388 Gladys Gibbs alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Abortion in Zimbabwe]] hadi [[Utoaji mimba Zimbabwe]] 1592914 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Utoaji]] [[mimba]] nchini [[Zimbabwe]] unapatikana katika hali chache. Sheria ya sasa ya utoaji mimba ya [[Zimbabwe]], Sheria ya Kuondoa [[Mimba]], ilitungwa na [[serikali]] ya [[Mzungu|wazungu]] wachache ya [[Rhodesia ya Kusini|Rhodesia]] mwaka wa 1977. [[Sheria]] hiyo inaruhusu uavyaji ikiwa mimba inahatarisha maisha ya [[Mwanamke wa Ufunuo|mwanamke au]] inatishia kudhoofisha afya yake ya kimwili kabisa, ikiwa mtoto anaweza kuzaliwa na kasoro mbaya za kimwili au kiakili  kama matokeo . ya kubaka au kufanya ngono na jamaa.Hata hivyo, wastani wa utoaji mimba 70,000+ hutolewa nchini [[Zimbabwe]] kila mwaka.<ref>{{Citation|title=Abortion in Zimbabwe|date=2026-03-27|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Zimbabwe&oldid=1345694285|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-historia}} [[Jamii:Afrika Kusini]] paeqtqfkh27gr3i1hx8xnnbwbhmirkk 0 247867 1592915 2026-08-29T10:25:01Z ANTONY ILDEFONS 74003 Kuanzisha kulasa mpya 1592915 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Nchi|Nchini]] [[Moroko|Morocco]], kutoa [[mimba]] ni haramu isipokuwa kuavya [[mimba]] kwa njia ya matibabu. Ingawa sheria haielezi sababu za kutoa mimba, kanuni za maadili za matibabu nchini humo zinaruhusu tu utoaji mimba ili kuokoa maisha ya mama hadi  uwezo wa fetusi. Uavyaji mimba halali lazima upate ridhaa ya mwenzi au afisa mkuu wa matibabu wa eneo, isipokuwa madaktari watatu watangaze kuwa mimba hiyo ina hatari ya [[kifo]] cha mama. Kutekeleza au kupokea uavyaji mimba nje ya masharti haya, pamoja na kuendeleza uavyaji mimba, kunaadhibiwa kwa faini au kifungo. Ingawa [[serikali]] haichapishi data kuhusu uavyaji mimba, makadirio yanasema kuwa nchi ina mamia ya uavyaji [[mimba]] haramu kwa siku, nyingi zikiwa si salama<ref>{{Citation|title=Berghahn Books|date=2025-08-16|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berghahn_Books&oldid=1306169242|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Sheria == Sura ya 8 ya msimbo wa adhabu wa [[Moroko|Morocco]], "Uhalifu na Makosa dhidi ya Utaratibu wa Familia na Maadili ya Umma", inakataza uavyaji mimba, isipokuwa ikiwa mimba inatishia maisha au afya ya mama.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Capelli |first=Irene |date=2019-12 |title=Non-marital Pregnancies and Unmarried Women's Search for Illegal Abortion in Morocco |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6927390/ |journal=Health and Human Rights |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=33–45 |issn=2150-4113 |pmc=6927390 |pmid=31885434}}</ref>Kifungu cha 453 kinahitaji uavyaji mimba kutekelezwa na daktari kwa idhini ya mwenzi wa ndoa, na, ikipokewa kwa idhini ya mtoto mdogo, ya mzazi; utoaji mimba bila idhini ya mwenzi lazima uidhinishwe na afisa mkuu wa matibabu wa wilaya au mkoa. Ikiwa ujauzito unahatarisha maisha, mtoa huduma anaweza kuacha mahitaji haya na kumjulisha [[Ofisa|afisa]] mkuu wa matibabu; kanuni za maadili za kimatibabu nchini zinahitaji kwamba madaktari wawili wa ziada waandike kwa kujitegemea kwamba kuna hatari kwa maisha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Abortion Policies Database|url=https://abortion-policies.srhr.org/country/morocco/?version=2017-05-07|work=abortion-policies.srhr.org|accessdate=2026-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Berghahn Books|date=2025-08-16|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berghahn_Books&oldid=1306169242|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref>Maneno ya sheria hayahitaji kwa uwazi ridhaa ya mwanamke anayeavya mimba<ref>{{Citation|title=American Journal of Comparative Law|date=2026-08-03|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Journal_of_Comparative_Law&oldid=1367562815|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Historia == [[Faili:Ibtissame Lachgar 2018.jpg|thumb|Ibtissame lachgar]] Ulinzi wa [[Ufaransa]] nchini [[Moroko]] ulirithi sheria ya Ufaransa ya uavyaji mimba. Kwa uungwaji mkono wa Sultan Yusef wa Morocco, Ufaransa iliendeleza Msimbo wa Napoleon katika ulinzi mwaka wa 1913, ambao ulipiga marufuku uavyaji mimba. Ufaransa ilipitisha sheria nyingine ya kupiga marufuku uavyaji mimba mwaka wa 1920, ambayo ilipitishwa na serikali ya Morocco mwaka wa 1939. Sera katika eneo hilo zilikuwa na lengo la kudhibiti idadi ya watu.<ref>{{Citation|title=International Journal of Middle East Studies|date=2026-08-03|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Journal_of_Middle_East_Studies&oldid=1367417786|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref>Marufuku haya yaliambatanishwa na maoni ya shule ya Maliki ya sheria za Kiislamu. Baada ya uhuru wa Morocco mwaka wa 1956, nchi iliweka marufuku hiyo.Marufuku hiyo ilirekebishwa ili kuruhusu utoaji mimba kwa njia ya matibabu mwaka wa 1967, miaka miwili baada ya mpango wa upangaji kuundwa<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mernissi |first=Fatima |date=1975 |title=Obstacles to Family Planning Practice in Urban Morocco |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1964718 |journal=Studies in Family Planning |publisher=[Population Council, Wiley] |volume=6 |issue=12 |pages=418–425 |doi=10.2307/1964718 |issn=0039-3665}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Berghahn Books|date=2025-08-16|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berghahn_Books&oldid=1306169242|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Moroko]] rq053bz6um6d8ovnv248zfhi3xiswqi 1592919 1592915 2026-08-29T10:28:59Z Gladys Gibbs 40388 Gladys Gibbs alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Abortion in Moroccol]] hadi [[Abortion in Moroko]] 1592915 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Nchi|Nchini]] [[Moroko|Morocco]], kutoa [[mimba]] ni haramu isipokuwa kuavya [[mimba]] kwa njia ya matibabu. Ingawa sheria haielezi sababu za kutoa mimba, kanuni za maadili za matibabu nchini humo zinaruhusu tu utoaji mimba ili kuokoa maisha ya mama hadi  uwezo wa fetusi. Uavyaji mimba halali lazima upate ridhaa ya mwenzi au afisa mkuu wa matibabu wa eneo, isipokuwa madaktari watatu watangaze kuwa mimba hiyo ina hatari ya [[kifo]] cha mama. Kutekeleza au kupokea uavyaji mimba nje ya masharti haya, pamoja na kuendeleza uavyaji mimba, kunaadhibiwa kwa faini au kifungo. Ingawa [[serikali]] haichapishi data kuhusu uavyaji mimba, makadirio yanasema kuwa nchi ina mamia ya uavyaji [[mimba]] haramu kwa siku, nyingi zikiwa si salama<ref>{{Citation|title=Berghahn Books|date=2025-08-16|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berghahn_Books&oldid=1306169242|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Sheria == Sura ya 8 ya msimbo wa adhabu wa [[Moroko|Morocco]], "Uhalifu na Makosa dhidi ya Utaratibu wa Familia na Maadili ya Umma", inakataza uavyaji mimba, isipokuwa ikiwa mimba inatishia maisha au afya ya mama.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Capelli |first=Irene |date=2019-12 |title=Non-marital Pregnancies and Unmarried Women's Search for Illegal Abortion in Morocco |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6927390/ |journal=Health and Human Rights |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=33–45 |issn=2150-4113 |pmc=6927390 |pmid=31885434}}</ref>Kifungu cha 453 kinahitaji uavyaji mimba kutekelezwa na daktari kwa idhini ya mwenzi wa ndoa, na, ikipokewa kwa idhini ya mtoto mdogo, ya mzazi; utoaji mimba bila idhini ya mwenzi lazima uidhinishwe na afisa mkuu wa matibabu wa wilaya au mkoa. Ikiwa ujauzito unahatarisha maisha, mtoa huduma anaweza kuacha mahitaji haya na kumjulisha [[Ofisa|afisa]] mkuu wa matibabu; kanuni za maadili za kimatibabu nchini zinahitaji kwamba madaktari wawili wa ziada waandike kwa kujitegemea kwamba kuna hatari kwa maisha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Abortion Policies Database|url=https://abortion-policies.srhr.org/country/morocco/?version=2017-05-07|work=abortion-policies.srhr.org|accessdate=2026-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Berghahn Books|date=2025-08-16|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berghahn_Books&oldid=1306169242|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref>Maneno ya sheria hayahitaji kwa uwazi ridhaa ya mwanamke anayeavya mimba<ref>{{Citation|title=American Journal of Comparative Law|date=2026-08-03|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Journal_of_Comparative_Law&oldid=1367562815|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Historia == [[Faili:Ibtissame Lachgar 2018.jpg|thumb|Ibtissame lachgar]] Ulinzi wa [[Ufaransa]] nchini [[Moroko]] ulirithi sheria ya Ufaransa ya uavyaji mimba. Kwa uungwaji mkono wa Sultan Yusef wa Morocco, Ufaransa iliendeleza Msimbo wa Napoleon katika ulinzi mwaka wa 1913, ambao ulipiga marufuku uavyaji mimba. Ufaransa ilipitisha sheria nyingine ya kupiga marufuku uavyaji mimba mwaka wa 1920, ambayo ilipitishwa na serikali ya Morocco mwaka wa 1939. Sera katika eneo hilo zilikuwa na lengo la kudhibiti idadi ya watu.<ref>{{Citation|title=International Journal of Middle East Studies|date=2026-08-03|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Journal_of_Middle_East_Studies&oldid=1367417786|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref>Marufuku haya yaliambatanishwa na maoni ya shule ya Maliki ya sheria za Kiislamu. Baada ya uhuru wa Morocco mwaka wa 1956, nchi iliweka marufuku hiyo.Marufuku hiyo ilirekebishwa ili kuruhusu utoaji mimba kwa njia ya matibabu mwaka wa 1967, miaka miwili baada ya mpango wa upangaji kuundwa<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mernissi |first=Fatima |date=1975 |title=Obstacles to Family Planning Practice in Urban Morocco |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1964718 |journal=Studies in Family Planning |publisher=[Population Council, Wiley] |volume=6 |issue=12 |pages=418–425 |doi=10.2307/1964718 |issn=0039-3665}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Berghahn Books|date=2025-08-16|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berghahn_Books&oldid=1306169242|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Moroko]] rq053bz6um6d8ovnv248zfhi3xiswqi 0 247871 1592926 2026-08-29T10:33:27Z Ester Gasper Kimario 70787 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Utoaji mimba nchini Sierra Leone''' ni kosa la jinai. Sheria ya nchi hiyo haijaeleza sababu yoyote inayoruhusu mwanamke kutoa mimba kihalali. Haijulikani wazi kama kutoa mimba kunaruhusiwa ili kuokoa maisha ya mama, kwa sababu kuna uamuzi wa mahakama ya [[Uingereza]] ulioruhusu utoaji wa mimba katika hali hiyo, lakini uamuzi huo haujawahi kujaribiwa nchini [[Sierra Leone]]. Utoaji wa mimba umetajwa katika kanuni za maadili ya kitabibu nchini, lakini ser...' 1592926 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji mimba nchini Sierra Leone''' ni kosa la jinai. Sheria ya nchi hiyo haijaeleza sababu yoyote inayoruhusu mwanamke kutoa mimba kihalali. Haijulikani wazi kama kutoa mimba kunaruhusiwa ili kuokoa maisha ya mama, kwa sababu kuna uamuzi wa mahakama ya [[Uingereza]] ulioruhusu utoaji wa mimba katika hali hiyo, lakini uamuzi huo haujawahi kujaribiwa nchini [[Sierra Leone]]. Utoaji wa mimba umetajwa katika kanuni za maadili ya kitabibu nchini, lakini serikali haitoi mafunzo kwa wahudumu wa afya kuhusu huduma hiyo. Hata hivyo, watu wanaotoa mimba hawafunguliwi mashtaka mara nyingi. Kutoa mimba ni kinyume cha sheria chini ya sheria ya Uingereza ya mwaka [[1861]], ingawa serikali ya Uingereza wakati wa utawala wa kikoloni haikuweka rasmi sheria maalum kuhusu utoaji wa mimba nchini Sierra Leone. Katika miaka ya [[2010]] na [[2020]], wanaharakati, wanasiasa na mashirika ya kimataifa waliunga mkono mapendekezo ya kuhalalisha utoaji wa mimba. Makundi ya kidini yaliunga mkono kuendelea kwa marufuku hiyo. Sierra Leone ilikubali Itifaki ya [[Maputo]] mwaka 2015. Juhudi za kutaka kutoa mimba kuruhusiwe kisheria zilianza mwaka 2010. Mwaka 2015, Bunge liliupitisha muswada wa kuruhusu utoaji wa mimba baada ya kuwasilishwa na aliyewahi kuwa Mbunge wa Bunge la Sierra Leone na Naibu Waziri wa Afya na Usafi wa Mazingira Isata Kabia. Hata hivyo, muswada huo haukuwa sheria kwa sababu [[Rais]] Ernest Bai Koroma alikataa kuusaini. Suala la kutoa mimba lilijadiliwa sana nchini, ingawa bado kulikuwa na aibu na mtazamo hasi kuhusu jambo hilo. Mwaka [[2022]], serikali ya Julius Maada Bio iliunga mkono muswada mpya wa afya ya uzazi uliolenga kuondoa sheria iliyokataza utoaji wa mimba. Kutoa mimba kwa njia zisizo salama ni miongoni mwa sababu kubwa za vifo vya wanawake wakati wa ujauzito na kujifungua nchini Sierra Leone. Nchi hiyo ina kiwango cha vifo vya wanawake vinavyohusiana na uzazi ambacho ni miongoni mwa vya juu zaidi duniani. Wanawake wanaopata matatizo baada ya kutoa mimba wanaweza kupata matibabu. Wanawake wanaopata matatizo baada ya kutoa mimba hupatiwa matibabu, ambayo mara nyingi huhusisha kuondoa mabaki yaliyobaki ndani ya mfuko wa uzazi kwa njia ya Dilation and Curettage Nchini Sierra Leone, bado kuna aibu na mtazamo hasi kuhusu kutoa mimba, na wasichana wengi hawana taarifa za kutosha kuhusu suala hilo. Baadhi ya wanawake hutafuta watu wanaotoa mimba kwa siri. Wengine hununua dawa za kutoa mimba na kuzitumia bila kupata ushauri wa daktari. Sababu zinazowafanya baadhi ya wanawake kutoa mimba ni pamoja na kutokuwa na uwezo wa kumtunza mtoto, familia kutokubaliana na uhusiano wao, na kutokuwa na njia za kuzuia mimba. Kwa upande mwingine, baadhi ya wanawake hawatoi mimba kwa sababu hawana taarifa za kutosha kuhusu utoaji wa mimba au hawapati huduma na wahudumu wa afya wanaoweza kuwasaidia.<ref name="Guilbert 16">{{Cite news|last=Guilbert|first=Kieran|date=18 April 2016|title=Strict laws drive West African women to dangerous, illegal abortions|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20160418091818-qx2zt/|work=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation News]]|access-date=12 July 2024|archive-date=12 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712230330/https://news.trust.org/item/20160418091818-qx2zt/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite letter|last1=Brown|first1=Rebecca|last2=Lavaly|first2=Simitie|recipient=CEDAW Secretariat|subject=re: Supplementary Information on Sierra Leone, scheduled for review by the U.N. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women during its 57th Session (February 2014)|date=24 January 2014|url=https://reproductiverights.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/CEDAW-Shadow-Letter-on-Sierra-Leone-57th-Session-2014.pdf|format=pdf|access-date=16 July 2024|pages=4–5}}</ref><ref name="Guilbert 15">{{Cite news|last=Guilbert|first=Kieran|date=10 December 2015|title=Sierra Leone legalizes abortion, will save 'countless' lives: activists|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/sierra-leone-legalizes-abortion-will-save-countless-lives-activists-idUSKBN0TT27D/|access-date=9 July 2024|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Conteh|first=Lamin Idriss|date=7 December 2020|title=PARHA discusses safe abortion plan in Sierra Leone|url=https://politicosl.com/articles/parha-discusses-safe-abortion-plan-sierra-leone|access-date=12 July 2024|work=Politico SL|archive-date=12 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712230329/https://politicosl.com/articles/parha-discusses-safe-abortion-plan-sierra-leone|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=<!--not stated-->|date=27 November 2012|title=Sierra Leone: Shifting tide on abortion law|work=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN Africa Service]]|location=Nairobi|id={{ProQuest|1217486257}}}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Sierra Leone]] may778fjaalvcwpjdfs2xoan3wou16u 0 247872 1592927 2026-08-29T10:33:33Z 124sia 92022 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Alice Rwema''' Alice Rwema ni [[mwanasheria]] na mtumishi wa umma nchini [[Rwanda]] ambaye, tangu [[Agosti]] [[2014]], amekuwa Makamu [[Mwenyekiti]] wa [[Bodi]] ya Wakurugenzi wa kundi la [[Nishati]] la [[Rwanda]] , kampuni ya serikali inayohusika na uzalishaji, ununuzi, usambazaji na uuzaji wa nishati nje ya nchi. Tangu [[Mei]] [[2017]], pia amekuwa Katibu wa Kampuni ya Nishati Rwanda. == [[Historia|Historia na elimu]] == Alisoma katika [[Chuo]] Kiku...' 1592927 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alice Rwema''' Alice Rwema ni [[mwanasheria]] na mtumishi wa umma nchini [[Rwanda]] ambaye, tangu [[Agosti]] [[2014]], amekuwa Makamu [[Mwenyekiti]] wa [[Bodi]] ya Wakurugenzi wa kundi la [[Nishati]] la [[Rwanda]] , kampuni ya serikali inayohusika na uzalishaji, ununuzi, usambazaji na uuzaji wa nishati nje ya nchi. Tangu [[Mei]] [[2017]], pia amekuwa Katibu wa Kampuni ya Nishati Rwanda. == [[Historia|Historia na elimu]] == Alisoma katika [[Chuo]] Kikuu cha Taifa cha [[Rwanda]], ambako alihitimu [[Shahada (Libya)|Shahada]] ya [[Sheria]] mwaka [[2009|2009.]] Mwaka [[2014|2014,]] alihitimu [[Shahada ya Awali|Shahada]] ya [[Sheria]], akibobea katika sheria za biashara ya kimataifa, kodi na biashara, kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha [[Rwanda]].[1] Mwaka [[2013]], alipelekwa kwa muda katika kampuni ya kimataifa ya sheria ya Ashurst LLP kwa kipindi cha miezi mitatu, kupitia ufadhili wa International Lawyers for Africa, mpango wa kimataifa wa mafunzo kwa wanasheria wa [[Afrika]] wenye makao nchini [[Uingereza]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Alice Rwema|date=2026-02-19|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice_Rwema&oldid=1339173438|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Rwanda]] ccj9wmnvygrtisannvcx6ab1hqjl4wz 0 247873 1592928 2026-08-29T10:33:35Z Amina sauli 89067 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Abdul Hamid al-Bakkoush''' mwaka (1933–2007) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa Libya lakini pia aliwahi kuwa Waziri Mkuu wa Libya kuanzia tarehe 25 Oktoba 1967 hadi 4 Septemba 1968, na pia alihudumu kama Waziri wa Sheria mara tatu kati ya Januari 1964 na Septemba 1968; baada ya Muammar Gaddafi kutangaza mfumo wa Jamahiriya, alikwenda uhamishoni nchini Misri ambako alikua mmoja wa viongozi wa upinzani dhidi ya serikali ya Libya<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2016-12 |t...' 1592928 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abdul Hamid al-Bakkoush''' mwaka (1933–2007) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa Libya lakini pia aliwahi kuwa Waziri Mkuu wa Libya kuanzia tarehe 25 Oktoba 1967 hadi 4 Septemba 1968, na pia alihudumu kama Waziri wa Sheria mara tatu kati ya Januari 1964 na Septemba 1968; baada ya Muammar Gaddafi kutangaza mfumo wa Jamahiriya, alikwenda uhamishoni nchini Misri ambako alikua mmoja wa viongozi wa upinzani dhidi ya serikali ya Libya<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2016-12 |title=LAS VEGAS SANDS CORP., a Nevada corporation, Plaintiff, v. UKNOWN REGISTRANTS OF www.wn0000.com, www.wn1111.com, www.wn2222.com, www.wn3333.com, www.wn4444.com, www.wn5555.com, www.wn6666.com, www.wn7777.com, www.wn8888.com, www.wn9999.com, www.112211.com, www.4456888.com, www.4489888.com, www.001148.com, and www.2289888.com, Defendants. |url=https://doi.org/10.1089/glre.2016.201011 |journal=Gaming Law Review and Economics |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=859–868 |doi=10.1089/glre.2016.201011 |issn=1097-5349}}</ref> == Upizani kutoka uhamishoni == Wakati wa utawala wa Muammar Gaddafi, Abdul Hamid al-Bakkoush aliishi uhamishoni, kwanza mjini London na baadaye Paris, kabla ya kuhamia Cairo nchini Misri mwaka 1977, ambako mwaka 1982 alianzisha Libyan Liberation Organization na kujiunga na Libyan National Salvation Front (LNSF),Libyan National Salvation Front (LNSF), iliyokuwa harakati ya upinzani dhidi ya serikali ya Gaddafi kutoka uhamishoni.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Libya: Country note|url=https://doi.org/10.1787/888932674094|work=doi.org|accessdate=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-siasa}} == Jamii == [[Jamii:Siasa]] i0uch78kzwzu8wlp9y1tj1hhehzozkj 0 247874 1592935 2026-08-29T10:34:14Z Gladys Gibbs 40388 Gladys Gibbs alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Abortion in Zimbabwe]] hadi [[Utoaji mimba Zimbabwe]] 1592935 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Utoaji mimba Zimbabwe]] m5tw3khr4ryhg97ahlwkfvfu383pgm1 0 247875 1592943 2026-08-29T10:36:29Z Maria Mashishanga 88790 Flavia Nassuna Matovu 1592943 wikitext text/x-wiki Flavia Nassuna Matovu (aliyezaliwa [[18]] [[Machi]] [[1969]]),ni afisa wa [[mahakama]] wa [[Uganda]], ambaye kwa sasa anahudumu katika Kitengo cha [[Ardhi]] cha Mahakama Kuu ya [[Ugandamuzi data|Uganda.]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Discover the origin of Kalimotxo|url=https://www.institutohemingway.com/news/1630/discover-the-origin-of-kalimotxo-.html|work=www.institutohemingway.com|accessdate=2026-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Discover the origin of Kalimotxo|url=https://www.institutohemingway.com/news/1630/discover-the-origin-of-kalimotxo-.html|work=www.institutohemingway.com|accessdate=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]] 2w9v86vpi1et65lfuclwn1ky6jg61am 0 247876 1592944 2026-08-29T10:38:15Z SHEDRACK MKOTIA 81798 Nimeunda ukurasa 1592944 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Emmanuel Odarkwei Obetsebi-Lamptey''', ambaye kwa upendo alijulikana kama Liberty Lamptey, alizaliwa tarehe 26 [[Aprili]] 1902 na kufariki tarehe 29 [[Januari]] 1963. Alikuwa mwanaharakati wa kisiasa katika [[koloni]] la Uingereza la Gold Coast. Alikuwa mmoja wa waasisi wa Mkataba wa [[Umoja]] wa Gold Coast (UGCC) na alihesabiwa miongoni mwa kundi la viongozi sita maarufu lililojulikana kama “The Big Six”. Alikuwa baba wa [[mwanasiasa]] Jake Obetsebi-Lamptey, aliyekuwa mwanachama wa Chama Kipya cha Kizalendo (NPP). Obetsebi-Lamptey alichukua [[nafasi]] muhimu katika kundi la viongozi sita. Alitambuliwa kwa [[uongozi]] wake, ujasiri na kujiamini, na aliwahamasisha wananchi wake kuwa na matumaini. Uongozi wake ulichangia mabadiliko katika maisha ya kisiasa, kiuchumi na kijamii yaliyosaidia Ghana kuelekea kuwa nchi huru kutoka katika [[utawala]] wa kikoloni. Hata hivyo, baadhi ya watu wanadai kuwa yeye pamoja na wanachama wengine wa [[kundi]] la viongozi sita, isipokuwa Dkt. Kwame Nkrumah, hawakutoa mchango mkubwa wa kutosha katika harakati za kupata [[uhuru]] wa Ghana kiasi cha kustahili [[heshima]] na utambuzi wanaopewa katika Ghana ya leo.<ref>https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/The-Big-Six-of-Ghana-and-their-rich-history-792224</ref><ref><nowiki>https://latitude.to/articles-by-country/gh/ghana/89619/emmanuel-obetsebi-lamptey</nowiki></ref><ref>https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Emmanuel_Obetsebi-Lamptey&params=05_33_41_N_00_13_46_W_region:GH_type:landmark&title=Obetsebi-Lamptey+Roundabout</ref><ref>https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/akufo-addo-cuts-sod-for-construction-works-to-begin-on-obetsebi-lamptey-interchange-project.html</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-siasa}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1963]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1902]] oog0d6op3qiurv6kz8d722hl2ze5hv0 0 247877 1592947 2026-08-29T10:40:04Z Caphid 92024 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox Person|jina=David Rubongoya|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=6 Januari 1988 (umri 38)|nchi=Uganda|kazi_yake=Mwanasheria|elimu=Shahada ya sheria}} '''David Lewis Rubongoya''' (aliyezaliwa Januari 6, [[1988]]) ni mwanasheria, mwanasiasa na mhadhiri wa chuo kikuu kutoka [[Uganda]] ambaye alishiriki kwa kiasi kikubwa katika kuanzishwa kwa Chama cha Kisiasa cha National Unity Platform (NUP), pamoja na rais wake Bobi Wine.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=David Lewis...' 1592947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=David Rubongoya|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=6 Januari 1988 (umri 38)|nchi=Uganda|kazi_yake=Mwanasheria|elimu=Shahada ya sheria}} '''David Lewis Rubongoya''' (aliyezaliwa Januari 6, [[1988]]) ni mwanasheria, mwanasiasa na mhadhiri wa chuo kikuu kutoka [[Uganda]] ambaye alishiriki kwa kiasi kikubwa katika kuanzishwa kwa Chama cha Kisiasa cha National Unity Platform (NUP), pamoja na rais wake Bobi Wine.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=David Lewis Rubongoya Archives|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/david-lewis-rubongoya/|work=The Independent Uganda:|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US}}</ref> Kwa sasa, anahudumu kama Katibu Mkuu wa kwanza wa NUP, nafasi ambayo ameishikilia tangu mwaka [[2020]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Citation|title=National Unity Platform|date=2023-01-24|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Unity_Platform&oldid=1135411287|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref>.Pia alikuwa sehemu ya vuguvugu la watu wenye nguvu, akiwa mshirika wa Bobi Wine. == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu. == Rubongoya alizaliwa tarehe 6 Januari 1988, katika Wilaya ya [[Mbarara]], nchini Uganda, akiwa mtoto wa '''Goodman James''' '''Rubongoya''' na '''Nankunda Medius.'''<ref name=":1" /> Alisoma katika Shule ya Msingi ya '''Kanyaryeru''' na baadaye Shule ya Sekondari ya '''Lake Mburo''', ambako alipata Cheti cha Elimu ya Uganda. Baadaye alijiunga na Shule ya Sekondari ya Nganwa iliyopo [[Bushenyi]], ambako aliwahi kuwa Kiongozi Mkuu wa Wanafunzi na kupata Cheti cha Juu cha Elimu ya Uganda<ref>{{Cite web|title=How this Harvard, Oxford-trained lawyer became the toast of the ghetto|url=https://observer.ug/lifestyle-entertainment/how-this-harvard-oxford-trained-lawyer-became-the-toast-of-the-ghetto/|work=The Observer Media Ltd|date=2021-03-05|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author=BAKER BATTE}}</ref>. == Marejeo. == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wataalamu]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard]] [[Jamii:Watu bara kwa bara]] o464ixt214em1j5gwjydu8b8qm8vnhu 0 247878 1592951 2026-08-29T10:43:18Z Hamisi msafiri mzuki 81808 Ukarasa umeanzishwa 1592951 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alaa El-Din Fouad''' (alizaliwa [[mwaka]] [[1965]]) ni [[mwanasheria]] wa [[Misri]], [[Jaji|Hakimu]], na alikuwa [[Waziri]] wa Masuala ya [[Bunge]]. Alihudumu kama [[mkurugenzi]] mtendaji wa [[Mamlaka]] ya Kitaifa ya [[Uchaguzi]] kuanzia [[mwaka]] [[2017]] hadi alipoteuliwa kuwa waziri.<ref><nowiki>https://menafn.com/1099466699/Egypt-Alaa-El-Din-Fouad-Former-judge-to-take-over-ministry-of-Parliamentary-Affairs</nowiki></ref> == Wasifu == Fouad, mwanasheria mbobezi, alianza [[kazi]] yake ya kisheria kama Naibu Mwendesha Mashtaka wa [[umma]] na akapanda vyeo hadi kuwa mkuu wa mashtaka ya umma mkoani [[Kairo]]. Alipandishwa [[cheo]] na kuwa jaji na kuteuliwa kuwa mkuu wa [[Mahakama]] ya Rufaa akihudumu kama mwanachama wa Kitengo cha Ukaguzi wa Mahakama mnamo mwaka 2017. Katika mwaka huo huo wa 2017, aliteuliwa kuwa mkurugenzi mtendaji wa Tume ya Kitaifa ya Uchaguzi (NEC). Alibaki katika nafasi hii hadi Agosti 13, 2022, alipoteuliwa kuwa waziri wa Masuala ya Bunge. Alimrithi Omar Marwan.<ref><nowiki>https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/358177/Egypt/Politics-/Whos-who-Meet-Egypts-new-ministers-after-latest-re.aspx</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2019/12/23/alaa-el-din-fouad-former-judge-to-take-over-ministry-of-parliamentary-affairs/</nowiki></ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1965]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 85tapig3hb8p4n61n4o9e7ybyg7xtuq 0 247879 1592953 2026-08-29T10:43:43Z Dickson manumbu mapambano 73990 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox Person|jina=Afolabi fatai adeyinka|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=2 July 1939|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=Lagos|tarehe ya kufa=27 January 2022|uraia=Nigerian|nchi=Nigeria|mahali alipofia=Lagos}} '''Afolabi Fatai Adeyinka''' alikuwa [[mwanasheria]] wa [[Nigeria]] aliyefanya kazi kama Katibu Mkuu wa Jimbo la Lagos.  Pia alikabidhi jukumu la mgambo wa [[Mahakama]] ya Juu ya Jimbo la [[Lagos]] na alikuwa Katibu wa Laji ya Uchaguzi ya Jimbo la Lagos (LASIEC)<ref>https:/...' 1592953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Afolabi fatai adeyinka|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=2 July 1939|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=Lagos|tarehe ya kufa=27 January 2022|uraia=Nigerian|nchi=Nigeria|mahali alipofia=Lagos}} '''Afolabi Fatai Adeyinka''' alikuwa [[mwanasheria]] wa [[Nigeria]] aliyefanya kazi kama Katibu Mkuu wa Jimbo la Lagos.  Pia alikabidhi jukumu la mgambo wa [[Mahakama]] ya Juu ya Jimbo la [[Lagos]] na alikuwa Katibu wa Laji ya Uchaguzi ya Jimbo la Lagos (LASIEC)<ref>https://www.lagosjudiciary.gov.ng/ViewAboutUS.aspx</ref> Asili yake == asili yake == AsiliAfolabi Fatai Adeyinka alizaliwa [[tarehe]] 2 [[Julai]] [[1939]] huko [[Ikorodu]], Jimbo la Lagos. Alisoma shule ya msingi Ereko [[Methodio|Methodist]] na shule ya sekondari Anwar-ul-Islam, zote zilizoko Lagos.Alisomea [[sheria]] katika Chuo cha Sheria cha Holborn [[London]] na kurudi Nigeria, ambapo alitambulika kuwa wakili mwaka [[1969]]<ref>https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/adeyinka-afolabi-fatai/</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wataalamu wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard]] [[Jamii:Watu bara kwa bara]] 23tzg0cu1hny0hnqh1rgush23gh5akl 0 247880 1592954 2026-08-29T10:44:02Z Moshi Jilala 79965 Anzisha makala 1592954 wikitext text/x-wiki Nchini Togo, [[utoaji mimba]] unaruhusiwa kisheria tu katika hali ambazo [[ujauzito]] umetokana na [[ubakaji]] au kujamiiana kwa [[ndugu]] wa karibu, ujauzito unahatarisha [[afya]] au [[maisha]] ya [[mama]], au kuna hatari ya [[mtoto]] kuzaliwa akiwa na kasoro za kiafya. [[Sheria]] inataka utoaji mimba ufanywe na [[daktari]]. Utoaji mimba usio salama ni miongoni mwa sababu kuu za vifo vya [[wanawake]] vinavyohusiana na [[uzazi]] nchini humo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Togo: Limited abortion access forces women into dangerous procedures|url=https://www.france24.com/en/video/20250304-togo-limited-abortion-access-forces-women-into-dangerous-procedures|work=France 24|date=2025-03-04|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref> == Sheria kuhusu utoaji mimba == [[Sheria]] ya Afya ya [[Uzazi]] ya mwaka [[2006]] inaeleza kwamba, Utoaji mimba kwa hiari unaruhusiwa tu unapopendekezwa na [[daktari]] na kwa ombi la mwanamke, ikiwa ujauzito umetokana na [[ubakaji]] au uhusiano wa kingono wa kifamilia, au ikiwa kuna uwezekano mkubwa kwamba [[mtoto]] ambaye hajazaliwa ataathiriwa na [[ugonjwa]] au hali ya kiafya iliyo [[mbaya]] sana.Sheria hiyo pia inataka utoaji mimba ufanywe katika vituo vya afya vilivyoidhinishwa, kwa idhini ya madaktari watatu. Isipokuwa katika mazingira hayo, [[Kanuni]] ya Adhabu ya [[Togo]] inaharamisha utoaji mimba<ref>{{Citation|title=Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health|date=2023-08-22|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perspectives_on_Sexual_and_Reproductive_Health&oldid=1171645433|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Historia == [[Togo]] ilipopata uhuru, ilirithi Kanuni ya [[Adhabu]] ya [[Ufaransa]] ya mwaka [[1810]], ambayo ilikataza utoaji mimba. Sheria ya Ufaransa ya tarehe [[31 Julai]] [[1920]] ilikataza utoaji [[mimba]] isipokuwa pale ambapo ujauzito ulihatarisha maisha ya mama, na pia ilikataza kuhamasisha matumizi ya njia za kuzuia mimba. Togo ilipotunga upya Kanuni yake ya Adhabu mwaka 1981, iliondoa marejeo ya utoaji mimba kwa lengo la kuondoa katazo hilo. Hata hivyo, kufikia mwaka 1990, kuondolewa kwa vikwazo vya utoaji mimba hakukuwa kumeongeza upatikanaji wa huduma hizo. Tarehe 16 Mei [[1984]], sheria ilipiga marufuku kumsaidia [[msichana]] anayesoma shuleni kupata utoaji mimba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Les évêques disent non à l'avortement|url=https://www.republicoftogo.com/toutes-les-rubriques/societe/les-eveques-disent-non-a-l-avortement|work=République Togolaise|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Les évêques disent non à l'avortement|url=https://www.republicoftogo.com/toutes-les-rubriques/societe/les-eveques-disent-non-a-l-avortement|work=République Togolaise|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Afya ya umma]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Togo]] sutogumub4qcuq7nhqrmp1apf7m7fax 1593067 1592954 2026-08-29T11:57:30Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Utoaji mimba nchini Togo]] hadi [[Utoaji mimba Togo]]: urahisi wa kuupata 1592954 wikitext text/x-wiki Nchini Togo, [[utoaji mimba]] unaruhusiwa kisheria tu katika hali ambazo [[ujauzito]] umetokana na [[ubakaji]] au kujamiiana kwa [[ndugu]] wa karibu, ujauzito unahatarisha [[afya]] au [[maisha]] ya [[mama]], au kuna hatari ya [[mtoto]] kuzaliwa akiwa na kasoro za kiafya. [[Sheria]] inataka utoaji mimba ufanywe na [[daktari]]. Utoaji mimba usio salama ni miongoni mwa sababu kuu za vifo vya [[wanawake]] vinavyohusiana na [[uzazi]] nchini humo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Togo: Limited abortion access forces women into dangerous procedures|url=https://www.france24.com/en/video/20250304-togo-limited-abortion-access-forces-women-into-dangerous-procedures|work=France 24|date=2025-03-04|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref> == Sheria kuhusu utoaji mimba == [[Sheria]] ya Afya ya [[Uzazi]] ya mwaka [[2006]] inaeleza kwamba, Utoaji mimba kwa hiari unaruhusiwa tu unapopendekezwa na [[daktari]] na kwa ombi la mwanamke, ikiwa ujauzito umetokana na [[ubakaji]] au uhusiano wa kingono wa kifamilia, au ikiwa kuna uwezekano mkubwa kwamba [[mtoto]] ambaye hajazaliwa ataathiriwa na [[ugonjwa]] au hali ya kiafya iliyo [[mbaya]] sana.Sheria hiyo pia inataka utoaji mimba ufanywe katika vituo vya afya vilivyoidhinishwa, kwa idhini ya madaktari watatu. Isipokuwa katika mazingira hayo, [[Kanuni]] ya Adhabu ya [[Togo]] inaharamisha utoaji mimba<ref>{{Citation|title=Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health|date=2023-08-22|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perspectives_on_Sexual_and_Reproductive_Health&oldid=1171645433|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Historia == [[Togo]] ilipopata uhuru, ilirithi Kanuni ya [[Adhabu]] ya [[Ufaransa]] ya mwaka [[1810]], ambayo ilikataza utoaji mimba. Sheria ya Ufaransa ya tarehe [[31 Julai]] [[1920]] ilikataza utoaji [[mimba]] isipokuwa pale ambapo ujauzito ulihatarisha maisha ya mama, na pia ilikataza kuhamasisha matumizi ya njia za kuzuia mimba. Togo ilipotunga upya Kanuni yake ya Adhabu mwaka 1981, iliondoa marejeo ya utoaji mimba kwa lengo la kuondoa katazo hilo. Hata hivyo, kufikia mwaka 1990, kuondolewa kwa vikwazo vya utoaji mimba hakukuwa kumeongeza upatikanaji wa huduma hizo. Tarehe 16 Mei [[1984]], sheria ilipiga marufuku kumsaidia [[msichana]] anayesoma shuleni kupata utoaji mimba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Les évêques disent non à l'avortement|url=https://www.republicoftogo.com/toutes-les-rubriques/societe/les-eveques-disent-non-a-l-avortement|work=République Togolaise|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Les évêques disent non à l'avortement|url=https://www.republicoftogo.com/toutes-les-rubriques/societe/les-eveques-disent-non-a-l-avortement|work=République Togolaise|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Afya ya umma]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Togo]] sutogumub4qcuq7nhqrmp1apf7m7fax 0 247881 1592957 2026-08-29T10:44:34Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Abortion in Kenya]] hadi [[Utoaji mimba Kenya]]: jina la Kiswahili 1592957 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Utoaji mimba Kenya]] fef5k7pqg5ilrykiqinm4qyphxq20j9 0 247882 1592958 2026-08-29T10:45:18Z ANTONY ILDEFONS 74003 Kuanzisha ukulasa mpya 1592958 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adeniyi Michael Akintola''' (amezaliwa 21 Januari 1960) ni [[wakili]] na [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Nigeria]]. Wakili Mkuu wa Nigeria (SAN), yeye ndiye mshirika mkuu wa [[kampuni]] ya uwakili ya Niyi Akintola & Co<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top 10 Election Petition Advocates in Nigeria - Adeniyi Akintola (SAN)|url=https://thetop10magazine.com.ng/top-10-election-petition-advocates-in-nigeria-adeniyi-akintola-san/|work=The Top10 Magazine|date=2023-12-14|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author=top10admin}}</ref>na Naibu Spika wa Ikulu ya Oyo wakati wa Jamhuri ya Tatu. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Akintola alizaliwa tarehe 21 Januari 1960 huko Ido, Jimbo la Oyo. <ref>{{Cite web|title=BIOGRAPHY: ADENIYI MICHEAL AKINTOLA SAN|url=https://urbannewsng.wordpress.com/2018/05/12/biography-adeniyi-micheal-akintola-san/|work=URBAN NEWS NG|date=2018-05-12|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=urbannewsng}}</ref> Alikuwa [[mwanafunzi]] wa [[ufundi]] mechanic, mvulana wa [[magari]], na [[mwanafunzi]] wa mpiga picha katika Jimbo la Kaduna katika miaka ya mapema ya maisha yake. <ref>{{Cite web|title=How I became a SAN from motor mechanic – Niyi Akintola|url=https://thesun.ng/how-i-became-a-san-from-motor-mechanic-niyi-akintola/|work=The Sun Nigeria|date=2017-07-22|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=The Sun}}</ref> Akintola alisomea [[sheria]] katika Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan, na kupata LL.B. mwaka wa 1984. Aliitwa kwenye baa ya Nigeria mwaka wa 1986. Akintola pia ana M.Sc. katika sayansi ya siasa kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan.<ref>{{Citation|title=University of Ibadan|date=2026-08-12|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Ibadan&oldid=1368978733|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Maisha ya kibinafsi == Akintola ameolewa na Jaji Boyede Racheal Akintola, jaji wa Mahakama Kuu ya Jimbo la Oyo<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chief Adeniyi Akintola Biography - 88Lately|url=https://88lately.com/chief-adeniyi-akintola-biography/|date=2025-08-15|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-siasa}} [[Jamii:Afrika]] 2f14krfbwenw6k38cbhwxjrkgwbkvd2 0 247883 1592959 2026-08-29T10:46:25Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1592959 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji mimba Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati''' umepigwa marufuku kisheria isipokuwa pale ambapo [[ujauzito]] umetokana na [[ubakaji]]. Kwa mujibu wa utendaji wa jumla wa kitabibu, utaratibu wa utoaji mimba unaruhusiwa kisheria ikiwa tu utoaji huo utaokoa [[maisha]] ya [[mwanamke]], ingawa jambo hili halijaelezwa waziwazi katika [[sheria]] yoyote. Mtu yeyote anayefanya utoaji mimba anaweza kuhukumiwa [[kifungo]] cha hadi miaka mitano [[jela]] pamoja na kulipa faini. Aidha, madaktari wanaweza kupoteza [[leseni]] zao za [[udaktari]] kwa kipindi cha hadi miaka mitano. == Historia == Kabla ya [[mwaka]] [[2006]], sheria nchini [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] ilikataza waziwazi utoaji mimba. Mwaka 2006, [[Bunge]] la Taifa lilihalalisha utoaji mimba katika hali ambapo ujauzito umetokana na ubakaji, kutokana na [[wanawake]] kukabiliwa mara kwa mara na [[ukatili]] wa kingono, [[ubakaji]] wa watu wengi katika nchi hiyo iliyokuwa imeathiriwa sana na [[vita]]. == Athari za utoaji mimba kwa afya ya wanawake == Wanawake wenye [[mimba]] zisizotarajiwa nchini Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati hawana fursa ya kisheria ya kupata [[huduma]] ya utoaji mimba. Hata hivyo, bado hutafuta huduma za [[afya]] ya uzazi, lakini Madaktari Wasio na Mipaka wanasema kuwa mara nyingi wanawake hao hulazimika kutumia njia zinazofanyika katika [[mazingira]] yasiyo safi au yasiyo salama kiafya. Kwa mujibu wa [[Kampeni]] ya Kimataifa ya Haki ya Wanawake ya Kupata Utoaji Mimba Salama , utoaji mimba usio salama ndio chanzo kikuu cha vifo vya uzazi katika Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati. Kundi hilo liliongeza kuwa theluthi moja ya vifo vya uzazi husababishwa na utoaji mimba usio salama, huku kiwango cha vifo vya uzazi kikiwa vifo 882 kwa kila vizazi hai 100,000. Kila siku, wanawake sita hufariki kutokana na matatizo yanayohusiana na ujauzito au [[kujifungua]].<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2013/aug/07/us-abortion-ban-central-african-republic</ref><ref>https://www.safeabortionwomensright.org/news/central-african-republic-the-authorities-address-unsafe-abortion-text-in-english-and-french/</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Afya]] [[Jamii:Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] <references />{{Mbegu}} 9ifg1t12kxv0std7cz118tfq7fe8myq 0 247884 1592963 2026-08-29T10:48:47Z Fesheli 91181 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ' Nakimuli ni jina la [[ukoo]] ambalo linapatikana zaidi nchini [[Uganda|Uganda.]] Baadhi ya watu mashuhuri wenye jina hili la ukoo ni: * Annettee Nakimuli (aliyezaliwa mwaka 1975), daktari wa magonjwa ya uzazi na wanawake, pamoja na mhadhiri wa kitaaluma kutoka Uganda. * Etheldreda Nakimuli-Mpungu (aliyezaliwa mwaka 1974), mtaalamu wa [[magonjwa]] ya mlipuko, [[daktari]] bingwa wa magonjwa ya akili, na mhadhiri wa kitaaluma kutoka Uganda. * Helen Nakimuli...' 1592963 wikitext text/x-wiki Nakimuli ni jina la [[ukoo]] ambalo linapatikana zaidi nchini [[Uganda|Uganda.]] Baadhi ya watu mashuhuri wenye jina hili la ukoo ni: * Annettee Nakimuli (aliyezaliwa mwaka 1975), daktari wa magonjwa ya uzazi na wanawake, pamoja na mhadhiri wa kitaaluma kutoka Uganda. * Etheldreda Nakimuli-Mpungu (aliyezaliwa mwaka 1974), mtaalamu wa [[magonjwa]] ya mlipuko, [[daktari]] bingwa wa magonjwa ya akili, na mhadhiri wa kitaaluma kutoka Uganda. * Helen Nakimuli (1985–2026), [[Siasa|mwanasiasa wa]] Uganda. * Teddy Nakimuli (aliyezaliwa mwaka 2003), [[bondia]] wa Uganda.<ref>https://www.names.org/n/nakimuli/about</ref><ref>https://www.ancestry.com/last-name-meaning/nakimuli?o_xid=80154&o_lid=80154&o_sch=FindAGrave</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-siasa}} [[Jamii:Watu]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Uganda]] pzloup4oqzise2cad69dxgi8p9atmgy 0 247885 1592966 2026-08-29T10:50:04Z Noely martin 92020 Ndoa za wanawake wengi sudan 1592966 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ndoa za wanawake weng Nchini Sudani''' '''kusini''' ni jambo la kawaida kwa kiasi kikubwa Hali hii imehusiswa na [[mazingira]] ya machafuko yaliyopo Nchini humo Hata hivo wanaoumga [[mkono]] ndoa za kuoa wanawake wengi akiwemo [[Askofu]] '''GabrelRoric''' wa kanisa la anglikana wanaeleza kua ndoa za wanake wengine ni sehemu ya fahari ya [[Afrika]] wanasema kua [[watu]] wanaipinga ndoa za aina hiyowamepotoshwa na ya ulimwengu wa mangaribi kuhusu [[ndoa]] <ref>{{Cite web|title=Is polygamy corrupting South Sudan?|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/africa/2015/02/11/is-polygamy-corrupting-south-sudan|work=Daily Sabah|date=2015-02-11|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author=Anadolu Agency}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Ndoa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] lgxski72zglip5ktsm1jckl5yiicx0f 0 247886 1592967 2026-08-29T10:50:12Z MagesaDm 86369 Mabadiliko madogo 1592967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|jina la kuzaliwa=NJ Ayuk|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=(aliyezaliwa tarehe 11 Februari 1980)|kazi yake=mwanasheria, mwandishi na mfanyabiashara|picha=NJ-Ayuk.jpg}} '''NJ Ayuk''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe 11 Februari 1980) ni [[mwanasheria]], [[mwandishi]] na [[mfanyabiashara]] kutoka [[Cameroon]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Intra-African energy dialogue has remained low — N. J. Ayuk|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/11/intra-african-energy-dialogue-has-remained-low-n-j-ayuk/|work=Vanguard News|date=2019-11-02|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-GB|author=Idowu Bankole}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=N.J. Ayuk, President, African Energy Chamber, Author Billions at Play - Energies Media|url=https://energiesmedia.com/article/n-j-ayuk-president-african-energy-chamber-author-billions-at-play/|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author=N. J. Ayuk}}</ref> '''NJ Ayuk''' ni mwanzilishi na aliyewahi kuwa [[Mkurugenzi]] Mtendaji (CEO) wa Centurion Law Group, [[kampuni]] ya [[sheria]] ya Kiafrika inayojihusisha na sekta za '''[[nishati]], [[fedha]]''' na '''[[uchimbaji]]'''. Pia ni [[Mwenyekiti]] Mtendaji wa African Energy Chamber.<ref>{{Citation|title=Bestselling Books Week Ended May 13|date=2023-05-18|url=https://www.wsj.com/business/bestselling-books-week-ended-may-13-be1d0531|work=Wall Street Journal|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> Aidha, ni mwandishi wa [[vitabu]] na [[makala]] kuhusu nishati. Kitabu chake ''A'' Just Transition: Making Energy Poverty History with an Energy Mix kiliwahi kuingia katika orodha ya vitabu vinavyouzwa zaidi ya Wall Street Journal.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=Sj6SMyPQ7nMC&q=Gulab+jamun&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Gulab%20jamun&f=false|title=Ajanta|last=Moorjani|first=Lachu|date=2009-09|publisher=Gibbs Smith|isbn=978-1-4236-1333-6|language=en}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == '''NJ Ayuk''' alizaliwa mwaka 1980 nchini '''[[Cameroon]]'''. Mwaka [[2000]] alihamia [[Marekani]] na kusoma '''[[chuo]]''' kikuu cha '''[[Maryland]]''', ambako alipata [[shahada]] ya kwanza ya Serikali na [[Siasa]]. Mwaka 2004 alipata shahada ya [[Sheria]] (Juris Doctor''')''', na baadaye MBA kutoka New York Institute of Technology.<ref>{{Cite web|title=N. J. Ayuk Archives|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/tag/n-j-ayuk/|work=Vanguard News|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-GB}}</ref> Mwaka 2007, miezi michache baada ya kuanza [[taaluma]] yake ya sheria nchini Marekani, NJ Ayuk alianzisha Centurion Law Group. Kampuni hiyo yenye makao yake [[Afrika Kusini]] ilikua na kuwa miongoni mwa kampuni kubwa za sheria barani [[Afrika]] zinazojikita katika sekta ya [[nishati]], ikiwa na karibu wanasheria [[160]] wanaofanya kazi katika nchi mbalimbali za [[Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=NJ Ayuk Makes His Case - Energies Media|url=https://energiesmedia.com/article/nj-ayuk-makes-his-case/|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author=Rebecca Ponton}}</ref> Mwaka huohuo, Ayuk alikiri [[kosa]] la kutumia bila ruhusa [[nyaraka]] za [[Bunge]] la '''[[Marekani]]''' ili kusaidia kupata visa kwa wanafamilia wake. Tukio hilo lilitokea alipokuwa akifanya mafunzo ya kazi (''internship'') kwa [[mbunge]] wa New Jersey, Donald M. Payne.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Payne intern pleads guilty to illegally using congressman's stationery and signature stamp|url=https://www.politico.com/blogs/politico-now/2007/07/former-payne-intern-pleads-guilty-to-illegally-using-congressmans-stationery-and-signature-stamp-002111|work=POLITICO|date=2007-07-06|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=John Bresnahan}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=How fake copyright complaints are muzzling journalists|date=2023-03-02|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-64798469|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] lqt5a4pu82zgvufft6854lhhbr0xe3d 0 247887 1592977 2026-08-29T10:59:10Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Utoaji Mimba Nchini Liberia]] hadi [[Utoaji mimba Liberia]]: urahisi wa kuupata 1592977 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Utoaji mimba Liberia]] cje74j4i6m4kklrwewjalot5doin23j 0 247888 1592980 2026-08-29T11:01:24Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Abimbola omololu mulele]] hadi [[Abimbola Omololu Mulele]] 1592980 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Abimbola Omololu Mulele]] 1xruj92swu066bct3jmb1dy6xufttxh 0 247889 1592998 2026-08-29T11:10:00Z Francakiria 45589 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox officeholder|name=Akere Muna|image=Bâtonnier_Akere_Muna_(3x4_cropped).jpg|caption=muonekano wa mwaka 2022|term=ya kwanza}} '''Akere Tabeng Muna''' <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Akere T Muna|url=https://pavocatchambers.com/people/akere-t-muna/|work=PAVOCAT Chambers|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-GB}}</ref>alizaliwa tarehe [[18 Agosti]] [[1952]]. Ni mwanasheria kutoka [[Kamerun]]. Kwa sasa ni mjumbe wa Jopo la Wataalamu la Umoja wa Afrika li...' 1592998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Akere Muna|image=Bâtonnier_Akere_Muna_(3x4_cropped).jpg|caption=muonekano wa mwaka 2022|term=ya kwanza}} '''Akere Tabeng Muna''' <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Akere T Muna|url=https://pavocatchambers.com/people/akere-t-muna/|work=PAVOCAT Chambers|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-GB}}</ref>alizaliwa tarehe [[18 Agosti]] [[1952]]. Ni mwanasheria kutoka [[Kamerun]]. Kwa sasa ni mjumbe wa Jopo la Wataalamu la Umoja wa Afrika linaloshughulikia tatizo la [[fedha]] zinazotolewa kinyume cha sheria kutoka Afrika. Jopo hilo linaongozwa na [[Thabo Mbeki]]. Pia ni mwenyekiti mwenza wa Mpango wa Pamoja wa Afrika kuhusu kurejesha mali zilizopatikana kwa njia zisizo halali (CAPAR).Muna aliwahi kuwa Rais wa Umoja wa Wanasheria wa Afrika kuanzia mwaka [[2005]] hadi [[2014]]. Pia aliwahi kuwa Rais wa Chama cha Wanasheria cha Kamerun.Aliwahi kuwa mwenyekiti wa Baraza la Mkutano wa Kimataifa wa Kupambana na [[Rushwa]], na pia alikuwa kamishna anayeshughulikia masuala ya vikwazo katika Benki ya Maendeleo ya Afrika.Aidha, amewahi kuwa Makamu Mwenyekiti wa Transparency International. Pia aliwahi kuongoza Baraza la Uchumi, Kijamii na Kitamaduni la Umoja wa Afrika (ECOSOCC), Umoja wa Wanasheria wa Afrika, pamoja na Chama cha Wanasheria cha Kamerun<ref>{{Cite web|title=Akere Muna|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/203743/societe/akere-muna/|work=JeuneAfrique.com|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=fr-FR}}</ref>. Kwa sehemu kubwa ya maisha yake ya [[kazi]], Wakili Muna alikanusha kuwa ana nia ya kuingia katika siasa nchini Kamerun. Alisema kuwa anapendelea kuendelea na kazi yake ya uwakili pamoja na kufanya kazi na mashirika ya kiraia.Hata hivyo, gazeti la Jeune Afrique, ambalo ni gazeti maarufu la kila wiki linalohusu masuala ya Afrika, lilimtaja Muna kama mtu anayefaa na anayezungumziwa kuwa anaweza kuwa mrithi wa Rais [[Paul Biya]].Mtazamo huo ulitokana na umaarufu wake nchini Kamerun na mafanikio aliyoyapata kimataifa, hasa katika kupambana na rushwa na kuhimiza [[utawala]] bora<ref name=":0" />. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanasheria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1952]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Kamerun]] 9m6kdxk77didfp3z74tyvvrfum32qw4 0 247890 1593004 2026-08-29T11:13:51Z Ester Gasper Kimario 70787 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Gertrude Lynn Hiwa''' ni [[mwanasheria]] kutoka [[Malawi]] na aliwahi kuwa Kamishna wa Sheria nchini Malawi. Aliteuliwa kuwa Kamishna wa Sheria wa Malawi mwaka [[2008]] na tena mwaka [[2013]]. Baadaye, mwaka [[2018]], aliteuliwa kuwa Mwanasheria Mkuu wa Serikali ya Malawi, nafasi aliyohudumu hadi mwaka [[2020]]. Mwaka [[2025]], aliteuliwa tena kushika nafasi hiyo.<ref name="remark">{{Cite web|date=November 2011|title=REMARKS BY THE LAW COMMISSIONER, MA...' 1593004 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gertrude Lynn Hiwa''' ni [[mwanasheria]] kutoka [[Malawi]] na aliwahi kuwa Kamishna wa Sheria nchini Malawi. Aliteuliwa kuwa Kamishna wa Sheria wa Malawi mwaka [[2008]] na tena mwaka [[2013]]. Baadaye, mwaka [[2018]], aliteuliwa kuwa Mwanasheria Mkuu wa Serikali ya Malawi, nafasi aliyohudumu hadi mwaka [[2020]]. Mwaka [[2025]], aliteuliwa tena kushika nafasi hiyo.<ref name="remark">{{Cite web|date=November 2011|title=REMARKS BY THE LAW COMMISSIONER, MALAWI|url=https://www.justice.gov.za/alraesa/conferences/2011malawi/Remarks_Hiwa.pdf|website=Justice.mw and ALRAESA - ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING AND CONFERENCE: Crossroads Hotel, Lilongwe, Malawi}}</ref><ref name="pac">{{Cite web|date=2017-02-23|title=Malawi Law Commission backs 50-plus-one electoral system: PAC supports electing a president by majority, with degree but Ntaba says its unrealistic|url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi-law-commission-backs-50-plus-one-electoral-system-pac-supports-electing-president-majority-degree-ntata-says-unrealistic/|access-date=2026-03-28|website=www.nyasatimes.com|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="const">{{Cite web|date=2018-08-01|title=Breach of Constitution! Muhara illegally 'extends' Hiwa's contract at Malawi Law Commission|url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/breach-of-constitution-muhara-illegally-extends-hiwas-contract-at-malawi-law-commission/|access-date=2026-03-29|website=www.nyasatimes.com|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-01-21|title='Demos not about individuals but issues' – Malawi Human Rights Commission|url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/demos-not-about-individuals-but-issues-malawi-human-rights-commission/|access-date=2026-03-29|website=www.nyasatimes.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Maisha == Hiwa alihitimu Sheria katika Chuo Kikuu cha Malawi, Chancellor College, mwaka [[1992]]. Mwaka [[1996]], alipata shahada ya uzamili katika Chuo Kikuu cha West Indies. Mwezi Juni 2008, aliteuliwa kuwa Kamishna wa Sheria wa Malawi, na aliteuliwa tena katika nafasi hiyo mwaka 2013. Akiwa Kamishna wa Sheria, alihusika katika majadiliano kuhusu mfumo wa uchaguzi nchini Malawi na pia alikuwa mjumbe wa Tume ya Haki za Binadamu ya Malawi. Mwaka 2018, Rais Peter Mutharika alimteua kuwa Mwanasheria Mkuu wa Serikali. Katika nafasi hiyo, alianzisha Kitengo cha Kunyang’anya Mali Zilizopatikana Kinyume cha Sheria, kilicholenga kurejesha fedha zilizopatikana kwa njia haramu kutokana na kashfa ya Cashgate. Aliendelea kuwa Mwanasheria Mkuu wa Serikali hadi mwaka 2020. Mwezi Oktoba 2025, Hiwa aliteuliwa tena kuwa Mwanasheria Mkuu wa Serikali na Katibu wa Sheria, akifanya kazi kwa karibu na Waziri wa Sheria na Masuala ya Katiba, Charles Mhango. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanasheria]] [[Jamii:Viongozi wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Malawi]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} eclmcb7yksl5ejuqs3mfpjegpswx2up 0 247891 1593005 2026-08-29T11:13:55Z SARAH CLEMENT TZ 91176 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Ali Ahmad Khurram|'''Ali Ahmad (''']] amezaliwa 23 Novemba 1965, ni wakili wa [[Nigeria]], msomi, na mwanasiasa. Kwa sasa, yeye ni profesa wa sheria katika [[Chuo]] Kikuu cha Abuja, Nigeria. Kazi yake ya kitaaluma ilianza mwaka wa 1990 katika Chuo Kikuu cha Bayero, Kano, Nigeria, na ilijumuisha nafasi katika Shule ya Sheria ya [[Chuo]] Kikuu cha Emory, Atlanta, Georgia, Marekani, [[Chuo]] Kikuu cha Ilorin na Chuo Kikuu cha Baze, Abuja, Nigeria. Amefanya...' 1593005 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ali Ahmad Khurram|'''Ali Ahmad (''']] amezaliwa 23 Novemba 1965, ni wakili wa [[Nigeria]], msomi, na mwanasiasa. Kwa sasa, yeye ni profesa wa sheria katika [[Chuo]] Kikuu cha Abuja, Nigeria. Kazi yake ya kitaaluma ilianza mwaka wa 1990 katika Chuo Kikuu cha Bayero, Kano, Nigeria, na ilijumuisha nafasi katika Shule ya Sheria ya [[Chuo]] Kikuu cha Emory, Atlanta, Georgia, Marekani, [[Chuo]] Kikuu cha Ilorin na Chuo Kikuu cha Baze, Abuja, Nigeria. Amefanya mazoezi ya sheria nchini [[Nigeria]] na New York City, Marekani.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/252195-state-lawmakers-will-pass-not-young-run-bill-christmas-kwara-speaker.html?tztc=1|work=www.premiumtimesng.com|accessdate=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} gi88tg6ef2tn270wpgbd0xjguk62rt2 0 247892 1593007 2026-08-29T11:14:01Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Utoaji mimba nchini Gabon]] hadi [[Utoaji mimba Gabon]]: urahisi wa kuupata 1593007 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Utoaji mimba Gabon]] p2is13nbkwifbmohy6zkuy4uh0hiyxm 0 247893 1593012 2026-08-29T11:16:09Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Utoaji Mimba Nchini Benin]] hadi [[Utoaji mimba Benin]]: urahisi wa kuupata 1593012 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Utoaji mimba Benin]] pniwhjhzmxrk1r4uqwafb9fs4ncr2d0 0 247895 1593017 2026-08-29T11:21:58Z SHEDRACK MKOTIA 81798 Ukurasa umeundwa 1593017 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Damian Zefrin Lubuva''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe '''21 Septemba 1940''') ni mwanasheria na jaji mstaafu wa Tanzania. Alihudumu kama '''[[Mwenyekiti]] wa Tume ya Taifa ya [[Uchaguzi]]''' kuanzia tarehe '''19 Desemba 2011'''. Pia aliwahi kuwa '''Mwanasheria Mkuu wa [[Serikali]] wa Tanzania''', akiwa wa nne kushika nafasi hiyo, katika kipindi cha uongozi wa Rais '''Ali Hassan Mwinyi''', kuanzia mwaka '''1985 hadi 1993'''. Mbali na nyadhifa hizo, Lubuva aliwahi kuwa '''[[Mwanasheria]] Mkuu wa Serikali ya Zanzibar''', '''[[Waziri]] wa [[Sheria]]''', na '''Jaji wa [[Mahakama]] ya Rufani ya Tanzania'''. [[Mwaka]] '''1993''', aliteuliwa kuwa Jaji wa Mahakama ya Rufani, na baadaye alistaafu utumishi wa [[umma]] mwaka '''2008'''.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20161013073035/http://tanzaniazalendo.org/our-nation/the-people/prominent-leaders/</ref><ref>https://citizen.digital/</ref> == Elimu == === Elimu ya Damian Lubuva === Lubuva alianza '''elimu ya msingi mwaka 1949''' katika '''Shule ya Wilaya ya Kuuta'''. Alimaliza elimu yake ya [[msingi]] mwaka '''1952''', kisha akaendelea na masomo katika '''Shule ya Kikatoliki ya St. Gabriel''' huko '''Kondoa'''. Mwaka '''1957''', alianza '''kidato cha [[kwanza]]''' na kuendelea na masomo yake katika '''Shule ya St. Francis''' iliyopo '''Pugu''', ambako alimaliza miaka yote ya masomo ya sekondari. Baadaye, Lubuva aliendelea na '''elimu ya chuo kikuu''' katika '''Chuo Kikuu cha [[Afrika Mashariki]]''', ambacho kwa sasa kinajulikana kama '''Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam'''. Alifanikiwa kuhitimu '''shahada yake ya kwanza ya Sheria mwaka 1966'''. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1940]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] cjb238lp1oim1wi9jxz70fp6smc21ey 0 247896 1593018 2026-08-29T11:23:37Z Camiddo 86373 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika 'Nchini [[Msumbiji]], utoaji [[mimba]] unaruhusiwa kisheria kwa ombi la mhusika hadi ujauzito unapofikia wiki 12. Kikomo hiki huongezwa hadi [[wiki]] [[16]] au wiki 24 katika hali za kipekee. Masharti ya utoaji mimba unaoruhusiwa kisheria ni pamoja na kufanyika katika [[Vituo vya nambari|vituo]] vilivyoidhinishwa na, kwa [[Mtoto|watoto]] walio chini ya [[umri]] wa [[utu]] [[Uzima wa milele|uzima]], idhini ya [[wazazi]]. Utoaji mimba wa kisheria hufanywa zai...' 1593018 wikitext text/x-wiki Nchini [[Msumbiji]], utoaji [[mimba]] unaruhusiwa kisheria kwa ombi la mhusika hadi ujauzito unapofikia wiki 12. Kikomo hiki huongezwa hadi [[wiki]] [[16]] au wiki 24 katika hali za kipekee. Masharti ya utoaji mimba unaoruhusiwa kisheria ni pamoja na kufanyika katika [[Vituo vya nambari|vituo]] vilivyoidhinishwa na, kwa [[Mtoto|watoto]] walio chini ya [[umri]] wa [[utu]] [[Uzima wa milele|uzima]], idhini ya [[wazazi]]. Utoaji mimba wa kisheria hufanywa zaidi na wauguzi, na dawa za kutoa mimba zinapatikana bila kuhitaji agizo la [[daktari]]. Hata hivyo, utoaji mimba usio halali ni wa kawaida kutokana na kushindwa kupata huduma halali, wasiwasi kuhusu faragha, kuchelewa kutafuta matibabu, na kutofahamu sheria. Utoaji mimba hutokea zaidi miongoni mwa wanawake wa tabaka la juu au [[Mwanamke|wanawake]] [[vijana]]. Utoaji mimba usio [[Salama (Bunda)|salama]] huchangia kiwango cha juu cha [[Vifo vya Januari 2026|vifo]] vya akina [[mama]] nchini humo. Utoaji mimba pia hukabiliwa na unyanyapaa na [[upinzani]] wa kidini nchini humo. == Sheria == Nchini Msumbiji, utoaji mimba kwa ombi la mhusika unaruhusiwa kisheria hadi ujauzito unapofikia wiki 12. Kikomo hicho huongezwa hadi wiki 16 katika kesi za ujauzito uliotokana na ubakaji au kujamiiana kwa ndugu, au hadi wiki 24 ikiwa ujauzito unaweka hatarini afya ya kimwili au ya kiakili ya mama, au ikiwa kuna kasoro za kuzaliwa. Hakuna kikomo maalum cha [[umri]] wa ujauzito kilichowekwa kwa mimba zinazohatarisha maisha, ingawa miongozo ya Wizara ya Afya inafafanua utoaji mimba kuwa unaofanyika kabla ya ujauzito kufikisha wiki 28. Sheria pia inaruhusu utoaji mimba kuidhinishwa kesi kwa kesi, na inapendekeza utoaji mimba katika hali kama kushindwa kwa njia za [[uzazi]] wa mpango, ukatili wa kingono, [[magonjwa]] sugu, [[HIV]]/[[Ukimwi|UKIMWI]], au ujauzito usiotakiwa kwa mtoto aliye chini ya umri wa utu uzima. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Abortion in Mozambiafque}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] ce7ic79cs2an009ytzq90knlu522692 1593029 1593018 2026-08-29T11:28:51Z Gladys Gibbs 40388 Gladys Gibbs alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Abortion in Mozambique]] hadi [[Utoaji mimba Msumbiji]] 1593018 wikitext text/x-wiki Nchini [[Msumbiji]], utoaji [[mimba]] unaruhusiwa kisheria kwa ombi la mhusika hadi ujauzito unapofikia wiki 12. Kikomo hiki huongezwa hadi [[wiki]] [[16]] au wiki 24 katika hali za kipekee. Masharti ya utoaji mimba unaoruhusiwa kisheria ni pamoja na kufanyika katika [[Vituo vya nambari|vituo]] vilivyoidhinishwa na, kwa [[Mtoto|watoto]] walio chini ya [[umri]] wa [[utu]] [[Uzima wa milele|uzima]], idhini ya [[wazazi]]. Utoaji mimba wa kisheria hufanywa zaidi na wauguzi, na dawa za kutoa mimba zinapatikana bila kuhitaji agizo la [[daktari]]. Hata hivyo, utoaji mimba usio halali ni wa kawaida kutokana na kushindwa kupata huduma halali, wasiwasi kuhusu faragha, kuchelewa kutafuta matibabu, na kutofahamu sheria. Utoaji mimba hutokea zaidi miongoni mwa wanawake wa tabaka la juu au [[Mwanamke|wanawake]] [[vijana]]. Utoaji mimba usio [[Salama (Bunda)|salama]] huchangia kiwango cha juu cha [[Vifo vya Januari 2026|vifo]] vya akina [[mama]] nchini humo. Utoaji mimba pia hukabiliwa na unyanyapaa na [[upinzani]] wa kidini nchini humo. == Sheria == Nchini Msumbiji, utoaji mimba kwa ombi la mhusika unaruhusiwa kisheria hadi ujauzito unapofikia wiki 12. Kikomo hicho huongezwa hadi wiki 16 katika kesi za ujauzito uliotokana na ubakaji au kujamiiana kwa ndugu, au hadi wiki 24 ikiwa ujauzito unaweka hatarini afya ya kimwili au ya kiakili ya mama, au ikiwa kuna kasoro za kuzaliwa. Hakuna kikomo maalum cha [[umri]] wa ujauzito kilichowekwa kwa mimba zinazohatarisha maisha, ingawa miongozo ya Wizara ya Afya inafafanua utoaji mimba kuwa unaofanyika kabla ya ujauzito kufikisha wiki 28. Sheria pia inaruhusu utoaji mimba kuidhinishwa kesi kwa kesi, na inapendekeza utoaji mimba katika hali kama kushindwa kwa njia za [[uzazi]] wa mpango, ukatili wa kingono, [[magonjwa]] sugu, [[HIV]]/[[Ukimwi|UKIMWI]], au ujauzito usiotakiwa kwa mtoto aliye chini ya umri wa utu uzima. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Abortion in Mozambiafque}} [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] ce7ic79cs2an009ytzq90knlu522692 0 247897 1593023 2026-08-29T11:26:14Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Utoaji wa mimba nchini Ethiopia]] hadi [[Utoaji wa mimba Ethiopia]]: urahisi wa kuupata 1593023 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Utoaji wa mimba Ethiopia]] g7bd5d87po14kgcfagnixe6ha5clfe1 0 247898 1593025 2026-08-29T11:28:20Z Simon sakumba 70202 Chapisha ukrasa mpya 1593025 wikitext text/x-wiki Nchini [[Libya]], kutoa mimba ni kinyume cha sheria, isipokuwa pale ambapo ni muhimu ili kuokoa maisha ya mama. Mtu anayetoa mimba au mwanamke anayetoa mimba anaweza kufungwa gerezani. Hata hivyo, adhabu inaweza kuwa ndogo katika baadhi ya hali, kama vile mimba iliyotokana na kubakwa.Awali, Libya ilirithi sheria za kupiga marufuku utoaji [[mimba]] kutoka Italia. Baadaye, wakati wa utawala wa Muammar Gaddafi, utoaji mimba uliwekwa wazi kuwa ni kosa la jinai. Sheria ya mwaka [[1986]] iliweka isipokuwa ambapo kutoa mimba kunahitajika ili kuokoa maisha ya [[mama]].Libya imekuwa ikipinga haki ya wanawake ya kutoa mimba, ikiwa ni pamoja na katika Mkutano wa Kimataifa wa Idadi ya Watu na Maendeleo. Hata hivyo, Libya pia ni mwanachama wa Itifaki ya [[Maputo]], ambayo inatambua mazingira fulani ambayo mwanamke anaweza kupata huduma ya kutoa mimba.Nchini Libya, suala la utoaji mimba bado ni mwiko katika jamii. Pia, hakuna mwongozo wa kutosha unaoelekeza jinsi ya kutoa huduma salama za utoaji mimba. Kwa sababu hiyo, baadhi ya wanawake husafiri kwenda [[Tunisia]], ambako wanaweza kupata huduma ya kutoa mimba kwa mujibu wa sheria.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alison Pargeter |date=2005-10-14 |title=Women's Rights in the Middle East and North Africa - Libya |url=https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/freehou/2005/en/50615 |language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Utoaji mimba]] ei6zktiuch9h8uv0qwvlyz5j9bvrekb 0 247899 1593028 2026-08-29T11:28:41Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Utoaji wa mimba Ethiopia]] hadi [[Utoaji mimba Ethiopia]]: urahisi wa kuupata 1593028 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Utoaji mimba Ethiopia]] fw043hscasr8nyl230t08oapzuvb6we 0 247900 1593030 2026-08-29T11:28:51Z Gladys Gibbs 40388 Gladys Gibbs alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Abortion in Mozambique]] hadi [[Utoaji mimba Msumbiji]] 1593030 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Utoaji mimba Msumbiji]] bzwjm1gsfcey9rczgrf465en4go7cw3 0 247901 1593032 2026-08-29T11:29:17Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Utoaji mimba nchini Morisi]] hadi [[Utoaji mimba Morisi]]: urahisi wa kuupata 1593032 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Utoaji mimba Morisi]] 2483soxotctlfsfq417hhnw97azrllx 0 247902 1593037 2026-08-29T11:34:16Z Zubeda03 83744 kuanzisha makala 1593037 wikitext text/x-wiki Abubakar Danso Sodangi (31 [[Januari]] 1954 – 10 [[Machi]] 2024) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa [[Nigeria]] ambaye alichaguliwa kuwa Seneta wa [[jimbo]] la [[Jimbo la Nasarawa|Nasarawa]], katika eneo la [[bunge]] la Nasarawa [[Magharibi]]. Alianza kushika wadhifa huo mwezi [[Mei]] 1999, na alichaguliwa tena mwaka 2003 na 2007. Alikuwa mwanachama wa [[chama]] cha All Progressives Congress (APC). Abubakar Danso Sodangi alizaliwa [[tarehe]] 31 Januari 1954 huko Nasarawa. Alifanya kazi kama [[Ofisa|Afisa]] wa Kinga katika Idara ya Forodha na Ushuru (Customs & Excise) kuanzia mwaka 1974 hadi 1977. Baadaye alihudhuria [[Shule]] ya Masomo ya Awali (School of Preliminary Studies) huko Keffi kuanzia mwaka 1977 hadi 1979, kisha akasoma katika [[Chuo]] Kikuu cha [[Jimbo la Sokoto|Sokoto]] kuanzia mwaka 1979 hadi 1983, ambapo alipata shahada ya Sheria (LLB Hons). Alihudhuria Shule ya Sheria ya Nigeria (Nigeria Law School) huko Lagos na kuwa Wakili wa Sheria (Barrister at Law) mwezi Mei 1984. Aliwahi kuwa [[Mwenyekiti]] wa Tawi la [[Abuja]] la Chama cha Wanasheria wa Nigeria (NBA) na pia aliwahi kuwa Mshauri wa Kitaifa wa [[Sheria]] wa NBA. Alikuwa mwanachama wa mashirika kadhaa ya kitaaluma, yakiwemo Chama cha Wanasheria wa Jumuiya ya [[Madola]] (Commonwealth Lawyers Association), Chama cha Wanasheria wa [[Afrika]] (African Bar Association), Chama cha Kimataifa cha Wanasheria (International Bar Association), pamoja na Taasisi ya Haki za Binadamu (Human Rights Institute). == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1954]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2024]] quewi384oadkby4b36gbn9outf1g0ka 1593061 1593037 2026-08-29T11:52:29Z Zubeda03 83744 Ukurasa umeundwa 1593061 wikitext text/x-wiki Abubakar Danso Sodangi (31 [[Januari]] 1954 – 10 [[Machi]] 2024) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa [[Nigeria]] ambaye alichaguliwa kuwa Seneta wa [[jimbo]] la [[Jimbo la Nasarawa|Nasarawa]], katika eneo la [[bunge]] la Nasarawa [[Magharibi]]. Alianza kushika wadhifa huo mwezi [[Mei]] 1999, na alichaguliwa tena mwaka 2003 na 2007. Alikuwa mwanachama wa [[chama]] cha All Progressives Congress (APC). Abubakar Danso Sodangi alizaliwa [[tarehe]] 31 Januari 1954 huko Nasarawa. Alifanya kazi kama [[Ofisa|Afisa]] wa Kinga katika Idara ya Forodha na Ushuru (Customs & Excise) kuanzia mwaka 1974 hadi 1977. Baadaye alihudhuria [[Shule]] ya Masomo ya Awali (School of Preliminary Studies) huko Keffi kuanzia mwaka 1977 hadi 1979, kisha akasoma katika [[Chuo]] Kikuu cha [[Jimbo la Sokoto|Sokoto]] kuanzia mwaka 1979 hadi 1983, ambapo alipata shahada ya Sheria (LLB Hons). Alihudhuria Shule ya Sheria ya Nigeria (Nigeria Law School) huko Lagos na kuwa Wakili wa Sheria (Barrister at Law) mwezi Mei 1984. Aliwahi kuwa [[Mwenyekiti]] wa Tawi la [[Abuja]] la Chama cha Wanasheria wa Nigeria (NBA) na pia aliwahi kuwa Mshauri wa Kitaifa wa [[Sheria]] wa NBA. Alikuwa mwanachama wa mashirika kadhaa ya kitaaluma, yakiwemo Chama cha Wanasheria wa Jumuiya ya [[Madola]] (Commonwealth Lawyers Association), Chama cha Wanasheria wa [[Afrika]] (African Bar Association), Chama cha Kimataifa cha Wanasheria (International Bar Association), pamoja na Taasisi ya Haki za Binadamu (Human Rights Institute).<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20091122014524/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=96</ref><ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/200905250350.html</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1954]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2024]] jsr9rk1wf83m56yhwpfg2xbossnkl3s 0 247903 1593040 2026-08-29T11:36:28Z Ramadhani kamala 82903 chapisha ukurasa mpya 1593040 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji mimba nchini Uganda''' ni kinyume cha sheria isipokuwa ufanywe na [[Daftari|daktari]] mwenye leseni katika hali ambayo maisha ya mwanamke yanaonekana kuwa katika hatari.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Ann M |last2=Kibombo |first2=Richard |last3=Cats-Baril |first3=Deva |date=2014-10-01 |title=Ugandan opinion-leaders’ knowledge and perceptions of unsafe abortion |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czt070 |journal=Health Policy and Planning |volume=29 |issue=7 |pages=893–901 |doi=10.1093/heapol/czt070 |issn=0268-1080}}</ref> Kwa kuwa [[Mwanamke|wanawake]] hawana upatikanaji wa utoaji mimba salama na wa kisheria, wengi wao hugeukia mbinu zisizo salama za utoaji mimba, kama vile utoaji mimba wa kujisababishia wenyewe. Wizara ya Afya ya Uganda, katika Ripoti ya Mwaka ya Utendaji wa Sekta ya Afya ya [[2017|2017–]][[2018]], inakadiria kwamba kufikia mwaka 2018, asilimia 5.3 ya vifo vyote vya akina mama vilitokana na matatizo ya utoaji mimba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prada |first=Elena |last2=Atuyambe |first2=Lynn M. |last3=Blades |first3=Nakeisha M. |last4=Bukenya |first4=Justine N. |last5=Orach |first5=Christopher Garimoi |last6=Bankole |first6=Akinrinola |date=2016 |title=Incidence of Induced Abortion in Uganda, 2013: New Estimates Since 2003 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5089684/ |journal=PloS One |volume=11 |issue=11 |pages=e0165812 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0165812 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=5089684 |pmid=27802338}}</ref> Kuna vikwazo vingi vya kisheria na kijamii na kiuchumi katika upatikanaji wa utoaji [[mimba]] salama na huduma nyingine za upangaji uzazi, jambo ambalo mara nyingi husababisha wanawake kutumia mbinu zisizo salama za utoaji mimba na kuwafanya waogope kutafuta huduma za matibabu baada ya utoaji mimba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abortion and Postabortion Care in Uganda {{!}} Guttmacher Institute|url=https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/abortion-and-postabortion-care-uganda|work=www.guttmacher.org|date=2013-02-05|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Olson |first=Rose McKeon |last2=Kamurari |first2=Solomon |date=2017-10-20 |title=Barriers to safe abortion access: uterine rupture as complication of unsafe abortion in a Ugandan girl |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5665318/ |journal=BMJ case reports |volume=2017 |pages=bcr2017222360, bcr–2017–222360 |doi=10.1136/bcr-2017-222360 |issn=1757-790X |pmc=5665318 |pmid=29054903}}</ref>Njia za uzazi wa mpango pia hazitumiki kwa kawaida au hazipatikani kwa urahisi, jambo linalosababisha wanawake wa [[Uganda]] kupata [[Mtoto|watoto]] wengi kuliko wanavyotamani na kuongeza idadi ya wanawake wanaogeukia utoaji mimba usio salama. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanawake]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] i6n74ps1nn5cld2pzfgawomkfw9wo1s 0 247904 1593041 2026-08-29T11:38:33Z Emanuel masaki 82931 Aisha Gaddafi 1593041 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Asha Gaddafi''' kwa [[Kiarabu]]: عائشة القذافي; hutamkwa kwa [[maandishi]] ya [[kilatini]] kama ʿĀʾiša al-Qaḏḏāfī,alizaliwa [[24]] [[Desemba]] [[1997]]) anayejulikana pia kama Ayesha Gaddafi,ni [[mwanasheria]] wa [[Libya]] ambaye aliwahi kuwa mpatanishi na [[afisa]] wa kijeshi,pamoja na kuwa [[balozi]] wa Nia [[njema]] wa [[Umoja]] wa [[Mataifa]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=O4NUtOG9JJIC&redir_esc=y|title=Muammar Al-Qaddafi's Libya|last=Sullivan|first=Kimberly L.|date=2008-09-01|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=978-0-8225-8666-1|language=en}}</ref> Yeye ni [[mtoto]] wa [[tano]] na [[binti]] pekee wa kibaolohia wa aliyekuwa [[kiongozi]] wa [[Libya]], '''Muammar''' '''Gaddafi,'''aliyempata na [[mke]] wa pili,'''Safia''' '''Farkash'''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Qaddafi’s children as controversial as father|url=https://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011%2F02%2F23%2F138886.html|work=العربية|date=2011-02-23|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=ar}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Libya]] [[Jamii:Wanajeshi wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1997]] [[Jamii:Waliohai]] e26s4p2n8943w4gd5f1xcl7u6myl3gp 0 247905 1593042 2026-08-29T11:38:50Z Francakiria 45589 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Anton Theodor Eberhard August Lubowski''' alizaliwa tarehe [[3 Februari]] [[1952]] na alifariki tarehe [[12 Septemba]] [[1989]]. Alikuwa [[mwanaharakati]] na [[mwanasheria]] wa [[Namibia]] aliyepinga mfumo wa ubaguzi wa rangi.Alikuwa mwanachama wa chama cha South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), ambacho kilipigania [[uhuru]] wa Namibia.Mwaka 1989, Lubowski aliuawa na watu waliokuwa wakifanya kazi kwa ajili ya Civil Cooperation Bureau, taasisi...' 1593042 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anton Theodor Eberhard August Lubowski''' alizaliwa tarehe [[3 Februari]] [[1952]] na alifariki tarehe [[12 Septemba]] [[1989]]. Alikuwa [[mwanaharakati]] na [[mwanasheria]] wa [[Namibia]] aliyepinga mfumo wa ubaguzi wa rangi.Alikuwa mwanachama wa chama cha South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), ambacho kilipigania [[uhuru]] wa Namibia.Mwaka 1989, Lubowski aliuawa na watu waliokuwa wakifanya kazi kwa ajili ya Civil Cooperation Bureau, taasisi ya siri ya serikali ya [[Afrika Kusini]].Mwaka [[2015]], Lubowski alitangazwa kuwa [[Shujaa]] wa [[Taifa]] wa Namibia. Baadae, mwili wake ulizikwa tena katika eneo la Mashujaa wa Taifa, lililoko nje ya [[Windhoek]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anton Lubowski vorgestellt im Namibiana Buchdepot|url=https://www.namibiana.de/namibia-information/who-is-who/personen/infos-zur-person/anton-lubowski.html|work=www.namibiana.de|accessdate=2026-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Anton Lubowski 'one of the heroes of SA' {{!}} Stellenbosch University|url=https://www.su.ac.za/en/faculties/medicine/node/3912|work=www.su.ac.za|date=2019-09-16|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=RW-Admin}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanasheria]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1989]] gd0ane2dyfcvtrdr7p03o80kasujc3b 0 247906 1593047 2026-08-29T11:43:32Z Maria Mashishanga 88790 Janani Luwum 1593047 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Janani Luwum''', alikuwa askofu wa [[Anglikana]] kutoka [[Uganda]]. Alikuwa Askofu Mkuu wa Kanisa la Uganda kuanzia [[mwaka]] [[1974]] hadi [[1977]], na alikuwa mmoja wa [[viongozi]] wenye ushawishi mkubwa katika [[kanisa]] la kisasa barani [[Afrika]]. Alikamatwa [[Februari]] [[1977]] na alifariki muda mfupi [[baadaye]]. Ingawa taarifa rasmi inaeleza kwamba alifariki katika ajali ya [[gari]], kwa ujumla inaaminika kwamba aliuawa kwa amri ya [[rais]] wa wakati huo, Idi Amin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Uganda declared February 16 Archbishop Janani Luwum Public Holiday|url=https://www.newvision.co.ugnull/|work=New Vision|accessdate=2026-08-29|author=Vision Reporter}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Uganda declared February 16 Archbishop Janani Luwum Public Holiday|url=https://www.newvision.co.ugnull/|work=New Vision|accessdate=2026-08-29|author=Vision Reporter}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Uganda declared February 16 Archbishop Janani Luwum Public Holiday|url=https://www.newvision.co.ugnull/|work=New Vision|accessdate=2026-08-29|author=Vision Reporter}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1977]] g8wcsuzt3kp55iq6b14cxp2xvs65jcv 0 247907 1593048 2026-08-29T11:44:09Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1593048 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alaba Omolaye-Ajileye''' ni [[mwanasheria]] wa [[Nigeria]], mtaalamu wa masuala ya [[sheria]], na mtaalamu wa ushahidi wa kielektroniki. Alihudumu kama Jaji wa Mahakama Kuu ya [[Jimbo]] la Kogi kuanzia mwaka [[2005]] hadi alipostaafu mwaka [[2023]]. Baada ya kustaafu kazi ya ujaji, alielekea katika [[taaluma]] ya ualimu na utafiti wa kitaaluma. Kwa sasa ni profesa mgeni katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] Huria cha Taifa cha Nigeria (NOUN), pamoja na majukumu mengine ya kitaaluma na kitaalamu. == Kazi ya ujaji == Mwaka 2005, Omolaye-Ajileye aliteuliwa kuwa Jaji wa Mahakama Kuu ya Jimbo la Kogi, nafasi aliyoshikilia hadi [[15 Februari]] [[2023]]. Kuanzia [[mwaka]] 2008 hadi alipostaafu, aliongoza mashauri yanayohusiana na [[ufisadi]] yaliyowasilishwa na Tume ya Uhalifu wa Kiuchumi na Kifedha (EFCC) pamoja na Tume Huru ya Kupambana na Vitendo vya Rushwa na Makosa Mengine Yanayohusiana (ICPC) katika Jimbo la Kogi. Pia aliwahi kuwa [[mwenyekiti]] na mjumbe wa mabaraza mbalimbali ya kusikiliza malalamiko ya [[uchaguzi]] katika maeneo tofauti nchini [[Nigeria]]. Kipindi chake akiwa jaji kilitambulika kwa uadilifu, kutokuwa na upendeleo, na kujitolea kulinda [[uhuru]] wa mahakama. Baadhi ya waangalizi walimtaja kama “jaji anayepinga serikali” kutokana na baadhi ya hukumu zake ambazo mara kwa mara zilikuwa kinyume na maslahi ya [[serikali]].<ref>http://nounnews.nou.edu.ng/index.php/article/noun-appoints-justice-omolaye-ajileye-visiting-professor</ref><ref>https://thenigerialawyer.com/prof-omolaye-ajileye-rtd-questions-if-justice-was-served-in-onnoghens-lingering-appeals/</ref><ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/02/20/nigerian-judicial-officers-arent-properly-remunerated/</ref><ref>https://barristerng.com/justice-omolaye-ajileye-is-an-incorruptible-judge-gov-yahaya-bello/</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Nigeria]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Majaji]] 6go60aw1rf6zcscco8fqwbt2fma59ad 0 247908 1593050 2026-08-29T11:44:21Z Annah09 91909 Ukurasa umeundwa 1593050 wikitext text/x-wiki Prince Julius Adewale Adelusi-Adeluyi (alizaliwa Agosti 2, 1940) ni [[mfamasia]], [[mwanasheria]], na [[Waziri]] wa [[zamani]] wa [[Afya]] na [[Rasilimali]] Watu nchini [[Nigeria]].Hapa kuna [[muhtasari]] wa [[maisha]] na [[mafanikio]] yake kwa [[lugha]] ya [[Kiswahili]]:Maelezo ya Jumla na KaziKazi na Ujasiriamali: Yeye ndiye [[mwanzilishi]] na [[mwenyekiti]] wa [[kampuni]] ya Juli Plc, ambayo ilikuwa [[kampuni]] ya [[Kwanza (mto)|kwanza]] ya asili ya [[Nigeria]] kuorodheshwa kwenye [[Soko]] la Hisa la [[Nigeria]] mnamo mwaka [[1986|1986.]]Nafasi za [[Uongozi]]: Amewahi kuwa [[Waziri]] wa Afya[[Rais|, Rais]] wa Chuo cha Famasia cha [[Nigeria]] (Nigeria Academy of Pharmacy), na [[Mwenyekiti]] wa [[Bodi]] ya Wadhamini ya [[Chama]] cha [[Biashara]] cha [[Nigeria]] na [[Marekani|Marekani.]]ElimuAlisoma katika Chuo cha Sanaa, [[Sayansi]] na [[Teknolojia]] cha [[Soko la Hisa la Nigeria|Nigeria]] huko Ibadan kuanzia mwaka 1959 hadi 1961.Kampasi hiyo baadaye ilikuja kuwa eneo la kuanzia la Chuo Kikuu cha Ife mnamo 1961, ambapo alihitimu mwaka 1965 .Alichaguliwa kuwa Katibu Mkuu wa Shirikisho la [[Mwanafunzi|Wanafunzi]] wa Kimataifa kwenye [[Mkutano (Liwale)|mkutano]] wao huko [[Christchurch]], [[New Zealand]]. Baadaye pia alisomea sheria na kupata ufaulu wa juu.Shughuli za Kijamii (Rotary)Alijiunga na klabu ya Rotary ya Ikeja mnamo mwaka 1969.Alikuwa [[Gavana]] wa kwanza wa [[Wilaya]] ya Rotary 911 mwaka 1982 baada ya [[Nigeria]] kujitenga na [[Wilaya]] ya 210, akajenga msingi thabiti wa ukuaji wa Rotary nchini humo.Alipokea barua ya pongezi kutoka kwa Rais [[Shehu Abdullahi|Shehu]] Shagari kwa mchango wake katika kukuza .<ref>{{Citation|title=Adelusi Adeluyi|date=2026-03-23|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adelusi_Adeluyi&oldid=1344992291|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Adelusi Adeluyi|date=2026-03-23|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adelusi_Adeluyi&oldid=1344992291|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Adelusi Adeluyi|date=2026-03-23|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adelusi_Adeluyi&oldid=1344992291|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1940]] aqyqe2bvfi4y76rji2g32ivjr2chq5w 0 247909 1593051 2026-08-29T11:45:01Z Ester Gasper Kimario 70787 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jorge Tolentino''' (alizaliwa mwaka [[1963]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]], [[mwandishi]], [[mwanadiplomasia]] na [[mwanasheria]] kutoka [[Cape Verde]]. Aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa Ulinzi na Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Dartmouth|first=University of Massachusetts|title=UMass Dartmouth welcomes Dr. Jorge Tolentino|url=https://www.umassd.edu/feature-stories/2020/dr-jorge-tolentino.html|access-date=October 5, 2021|website=www.umassd.edu|language=e...' 1593051 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jorge Tolentino''' (alizaliwa mwaka [[1963]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]], [[mwandishi]], [[mwanadiplomasia]] na [[mwanasheria]] kutoka [[Cape Verde]]. Aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa Ulinzi na Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Dartmouth|first=University of Massachusetts|title=UMass Dartmouth welcomes Dr. Jorge Tolentino|url=https://www.umassd.edu/feature-stories/2020/dr-jorge-tolentino.html|access-date=October 5, 2021|website=www.umassd.edu|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=The University of Massachusetts Dartmouth's|url=https://plataforma9.com/upload/2020/02/March192020U.S.CaboVerdeRelationsTheconstructionofahistoricandstrategicpartnershipalecturebyDr.JorgeTolentino_1581966134730.pdf;jsessionid=F5393DFE3BD7D6C145E4472C858E0FCA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=China doa 150 milhões de dólares a Cabo Verde|url=https://www.voaportugues.com/a/china-doa-150-milhoes-de-dolares-a-cabo-verde/2509059.html|access-date=October 5, 2021|website=VOA|language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cabo Verde with Ambassador Jorge Tolentino|url=https://www.csis.org/podcasts/49/cabo-verde-ambassador-jorge-tolentino|access-date=October 5, 2021|website=www.csis.org|language=en}}</ref> === Historia na Elimu === Tolentino alizaliwa Mindelo, katika Kisiwa cha St. Vicente, Cape Verde. Alipata shahada ya Sheria katika Chuo Kikuu cha Coimbra nchini [[Ureno]]. === Kazi === Tolentino amewahi kushika nafasi mbalimbali serikalini. Aliwahi kuwa mshauri wa Rais wa zamani wa Cape Verde, António Mascarenhas Monteiro. Pia amewahi kuiwakilisha Cape Verde katika nchi za [[Finland]], [[Hispania]], [[Jamhuri ya Czech]] na [[Ujerumani]]. Pia ni mwandishi na anashikilia nafasi mbalimbali katika Chama cha Waandishi wa Cape Verde. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-siasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Cabo Verde]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1963]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waandishi]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria]] b425cjl9ptfgtjvg4d0frlmff6jpwrp 1593056 1593051 2026-08-29T11:46:31Z Ester Gasper Kimario 70787 1593056 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jorge Tolentino''' (alizaliwa mwaka [[1963]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]], [[mwandishi]], [[mwanadiplomasia]] na [[mwanasheria]] kutoka [[Cape Verde]]. Aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa Ulinzi na Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Dartmouth|first=University of Massachusetts|title=UMass Dartmouth welcomes Dr. Jorge Tolentino|url=https://www.umassd.edu/feature-stories/2020/dr-jorge-tolentino.html|access-date=October 5, 2021|website=www.umassd.edu|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=The University of Massachusetts Dartmouth's|url=https://plataforma9.com/upload/2020/02/March192020U.S.CaboVerdeRelationsTheconstructionofahistoricandstrategicpartnershipalecturebyDr.JorgeTolentino_1581966134730.pdf;jsessionid=F5393DFE3BD7D6C145E4472C858E0FCA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=China doa 150 milhões de dólares a Cabo Verde|url=https://www.voaportugues.com/a/china-doa-150-milhoes-de-dolares-a-cabo-verde/2509059.html|access-date=October 5, 2021|website=VOA|language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cabo Verde with Ambassador Jorge Tolentino|url=https://www.csis.org/podcasts/49/cabo-verde-ambassador-jorge-tolentino|access-date=October 5, 2021|website=www.csis.org|language=en}}</ref> == Historia na Elimu == Tolentino alizaliwa Mindelo, katika Kisiwa cha St. Vicente, Cape Verde. Alipata shahada ya Sheria katika Chuo Kikuu cha Coimbra nchini [[Ureno]]. == Kazi == Tolentino amewahi kushika nafasi mbalimbali serikalini. Aliwahi kuwa mshauri wa Rais wa zamani wa Cape Verde, António Mascarenhas Monteiro. Pia amewahi kuiwakilisha Cape Verde katika nchi za [[Finland]], [[Hispania]], [[Jamhuri ya Czech]] na [[Ujerumani]]. Pia ni mwandishi na anashikilia nafasi mbalimbali katika Chama cha Waandishi wa Cape Verde. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Cabo Verde]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1963]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waandishi]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria]] <references />{{Mbegu-siasa}} 73084i0e2829gp2i3kl7ydd2iiy3pdg 0 247910 1593052 2026-08-29T11:45:45Z SHEDRACK MKOTIA 81798 Nimeunda ukurasa 1593052 wikitext text/x-wiki '''François-Xavier Kalinda''' ni mwanasiasa wa Rwanda ambaye amekuwa '''[[Mwenyekiti]] wa [[Seneti]] ya Rwanda''' tangu tarehe '''9 [[Januari]] 2023'''. Alizaliwa tarehe '''31 Mei 1962'''. Ana '''Shahada ya [[Uzamili]] ya Sheria''' kutoka '''Chuo Kikuu cha [[Ottawa]]'''. Pia aliwahi kuwa '''Mkuu wa Shule ya Sheria''' katika '''Chuo Kikuu cha [[Rwanda]]'''.<ref>https://www.ktpress.rw/2023/01/francois-xavier-kalinda-elected-senate-president/</ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.ktpress.rw/2023/01/francois-xavier-kalinda-elected-senate-president/</nowiki></ref><ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/4121/news/politics/who-is-francois-xavier-kalinda-rwandas-new-senate-president</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-siasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Rwanda]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 8qowbpsy3pfdhg3o2i6ongfb7745yat 0 247911 1593053 2026-08-29T11:45:46Z ROBART MAZUA 92021 Ukurasa ulioanzishwa 1593053 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Jerome J Verdier.jpg|thumb|Jerome J Verdier.]] '''Jerome J. Verdier Sr''' ni mwanasheria, mtetezi wa haki za binadamu, na mwanaharakati wa mazingira kutoka nchini [[Liberia]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuwa mwenyekiti wa Tume ya Ukweli na Upatanisho (TRC) ya [[Liberia]] kuanzia mwaka [[2006]] hadi [[2009]]. Chini ya uongozi wake, tume hiyo ilichunguza uvunjaji wa haki za binadamu uliotokea wakati wa vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe nchini humo na kupendekeza kuundwa kwa mahakama ya kushughulikia makosa ya kivita. == Elimu == Verdier ni mhitimu wa Chuo Kikuu cha [[Liberia]], ambapo alitunukiwa [[Shahada]] ya [[Uzamili]] ya [[Utawala]] wa [[Biashara]] (''Bachelor of Business Administration'') na Shahada ya [[Sheria]] (''Bachelor of Laws'') kutoka Shule ya [[Sheria]] ya Louis Arthur Grimes. Baadaye alipata Shahada ya Sayansi katika Usimamizi kutoka Taasisi ya Teknolojia ya Georgia (''Georgia Institute of Technology'') mnamo mwaka 2009 '''Tume ya Ukweli na Upatanisho''' Verdier aliteuliwa kuwa mwenyekiti wa Tume ya Ukweli na Upatanisho (TRC) ya Liberia mnamo mwaka 2006, ikiwa ni sehemu ya mchakato wa kujenga amani nchini humo baada ya vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe. Tume hiyo ilipewa jukumu la kuchunguza uvunjaji wa haki za binadamu uliotokea kati ya mwaka 1979 na 2003 wakati wa migogoro ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe nchini Liberia. Wakati wa uongozi wake, tume ya TRC iliendesha mashauri ya wazi kote nchini [[Liberia]] pamoja na miongoni mwa jamii za Waliberia wanaoishi nje ya nchi (diaspora). Mnamo mwaka [[2009]], tume hiyo ilitoa ripoti yake ya mwisho, ambayo ilianika ukiukwaji mkubwa wa haki za binadamu na kupendekeza kuundwa kwa [[mahakama]] ya makosa ya kivita pamoja na vikwazo dhidi ya watu waliobainika husika na ukiukwaji huo mkubwa. Ripoti hiyo na mapendekezo yake vilizua mjadala mzito na utata mkubwa kitaifa, hasa kuhusu vikwazo vilivyopendekezwa dhidi ya viongozi wa kisiasa na wigo wa hatua za kuwawajibisha waliohusika. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Haki za binadamu]] [[Jamii:Siasa ya Afrika]] 7hjatftnil2s9mfxofjtjjyjw8iqaan 0 247912 1593055 2026-08-29T11:46:23Z Martha clement 92019 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Janat Balunzi Mukwaya''', alizaliwa tarehe 12 [[Desemba]] 1951, ni mwanasiasa wa Uganda aliyekuwa Meja katika Jeshi la Uganda. Kwa sasa anahudumu kama Mshauri Mwandamizi wa Rais.Kabla ya kushika nafasi hiyo, aliwahi kuhudumu kama Waziri wa Majukumu ya Jumla katika Ofisi ya Waziri Mkuu kuanzia tarehe 16 Februari 2009 hadi 27 Mei 2011. Pia aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa [[Jinsia]], Kazi na Masuala ya Kijamii kuanzia tarehe 6 Juni 2016 hadi [[Desemba]] 2019.Vilevi...' 1593055 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Janat Balunzi Mukwaya''', alizaliwa tarehe 12 [[Desemba]] 1951, ni mwanasiasa wa Uganda aliyekuwa Meja katika Jeshi la Uganda. Kwa sasa anahudumu kama Mshauri Mwandamizi wa Rais.Kabla ya kushika nafasi hiyo, aliwahi kuhudumu kama Waziri wa Majukumu ya Jumla katika Ofisi ya Waziri Mkuu kuanzia tarehe 16 Februari 2009 hadi 27 Mei 2011. Pia aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa [[Jinsia]], Kazi na Masuala ya Kijamii kuanzia tarehe 6 Juni 2016 hadi [[Desemba]] 2019.Vilevile, Janat Balunzi Mukwaya aliwahi kuwa [[Waziri]] wa [[Biashara]] na [[Viwanda]] kuanzia Juni 2006 hadi [[Februari]] 2009.Mnamo Mei 2011, alistaafu kwa muda kutoka katika shughuli za kisiasa, na nafasi yake katika Baraza la Mawaziri ilichukuliwa na Kiddu Makubuya. Aidha, Janat Balunzi Mukwaya aliwahi kuwa Mbunge aliyechaguliwa wa Jimbo la Mukono South, katika Wilaya ya Mukono, kuanzia mwaka 2006 hadi alipostaafu mwaka 2011.Kwa ujumla, Janat Balunzi Mukwaya ni [[mwanamke]] aliyeshiriki katika siasa, [[uongozi]] wa serikali na [[jeshi]] nchini Uganda, akihudumu katika nafasi mbalimbali za uongozi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who will be the first Kampala executive director?|url=https://www.newvision.co.ugnull/|work=New Vision|accessdate=2026-08-29|author=Vision Reporter}}</ref> == '''Maisha ya awali na Elimu''' == Janat Balunzi Mukwaya alizaliwa tarehe 12 Desemba 1951katika Wilaya ya Mukono, Uganda. Alisoma Sayansi ya Siasa na Utawala wa Kijamii katika Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere kuanzia mwaka1971 hadi 1975. Alimaliza masomo yake na kupata Shahada ya Kwanza ya Sanaa (Bachelor of Arts) kwa heshima.Kuanzia mwaka 1975 hadi 1981, alifanya kazi kama hakimu wa utawala (magistrate) daraja la pili katika mahakama ya vijijini.Mwaka 1981,alijiunga na Jeshi la National Resistance Army (NRA) kama mpiganaji. Baadaye alipanda cheo na kufikia Cheo cha Kapteni katika jeshi hilo.Aidha, Janat Balunzi Mukwaya ana Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sanaa (Master of Arts) katika Sera za Umma na Usimamizi, kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha London.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who will be the first Kampala executive director?|url=https://www.newvision.co.ugnull/|work=New Vision|accessdate=2026-08-29|author=Vision Reporter}}</ref> == '''Kazi na safari yake ya kisiasa''' == Baada ya Jeshi laJeshi la [[Upinzani]] la Kitaifa kuchukua madaraka mwaka 1986, Janat Mukwaya aliteuliwa kuwa Mkurugenzi wa Masuala ya [[Wanawake]] katika Wizara ya Jinsia, Kazi na [[Maendeleo]] ya Kijamii. Alifanya kazi katika nafasi hiyo hadi mwaka 1990.Mwaka 1994, aliteuliwa kuwa Katibu Binafsi Mkuu wa Makamu wa Rais wa Uganda. Alihudumu katika nafasi hiyo hadi mwaka 1995.Kati ya mwaka 1995 na 1996, Mukwaya alihudumu kama Waziri wa Nchi anayeshughulikia eneo la Luwero Triangle katika Ofisi ya Rais.Kuanzia mwaka 1996 hadi 2001, alihudumu kama Waziri wa Jinsia, Kazi na Maendeleo ya Kijamii.Kwa ujumla, Janat Mukwaya alikuwa na safari ndefu ya kisiasa na alishika nafasi mbalimbali za uongozi nchini Uganda, hasa katika masuala ya [[wanawake]], jinsia, kazi na [[maendeleo]] ya kijamii.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Museveni reshuffles cabinet|url=https://www.newvision.co.ugnull/|work=New Vision|accessdate=2026-08-29|author=Vision Reporter}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-siasa}} pvgczq94es7lz3lsou3ek556g586rnl 1593065 1593055 2026-08-29T11:56:39Z Martha clement 92019 Anzisha nakala 1593065 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Janat Balunzi Mukwaya''', alizaliwa tarehe 12 [[Desemba]] 1951, ni mwanasiasa wa Uganda aliyekuwa Meja katika Jeshi la Uganda. Kwa sasa anahudumu kama Mshauri Mwandamizi wa Rais.Kabla ya kushika nafasi hiyo, aliwahi kuhudumu kama Waziri wa Majukumu ya Jumla katika Ofisi ya Waziri Mkuu kuanzia tarehe 16 Februari 2009 hadi 27 Mei 2011. Pia aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa [[Jinsia]], Kazi na Masuala ya Kijamii kuanzia tarehe 6 Juni 2016 hadi [[Desemba]] 2019.Vilevile, Janat Balunzi Mukwaya aliwahi kuwa [[Waziri]] wa [[Biashara]] na [[Viwanda]] kuanzia Juni 2006 hadi [[Februari]] 2009.Mnamo Mei 2011, alistaafu kwa muda kutoka katika shughuli za kisiasa, na nafasi yake katika Baraza la Mawaziri ilichukuliwa na Kiddu Makubuya. Aidha, Janat Balunzi Mukwaya aliwahi kuwa Mbunge aliyechaguliwa wa Jimbo la Mukono South, katika Wilaya ya Mukono, kuanzia mwaka 2006 hadi alipostaafu mwaka 2011.Kwa ujumla, Janat Balunzi Mukwaya ni [[mwanamke]] aliyeshiriki katika siasa, [[uongozi]] wa serikali na [[jeshi]] nchini Uganda, akihudumu katika nafasi mbalimbali za uongozi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who will be the first Kampala executive director?|url=https://www.newvision.co.ugnull/|work=New Vision|accessdate=2026-08-29|author=Vision Reporter}}</ref> == '''Maisha ya awali na Elimu''' == Janat Balunzi Mukwaya alizaliwa tarehe 12 Desemba 1951katika Wilaya ya Mukono, Uganda. Alisoma Sayansi ya Siasa na Utawala wa Kijamii katika Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere kuanzia mwaka1971 hadi 1975. Alimaliza masomo yake na kupata Shahada ya Kwanza ya Sanaa kwa heshima.Kuanzia mwaka 1975 hadi 1981, alifanya kazi kama hakimu wa utawala daraja la pili katika mahakama ya vijijini.Mwaka 1981,alijiunga na Jeshi kama mpiganaji. Baadaye alipanda cheo na kufikia Cheo cha Kapteni katika jeshi hilo.Aidha, Janat Balunzi Mukwaya ana Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sanaa , katika Sera za Umma na Usimamizi, kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha London.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who will be the first Kampala executive director?|url=https://www.newvision.co.ugnull/|work=New Vision|accessdate=2026-08-29|author=Vision Reporter}}</ref> == '''Kazi na safari yake ya kisiasa''' == Baada ya Jeshi laJeshi la [[Upinzani]] la Kitaifa kuchukua madaraka mwaka 1986, Janat Mukwaya aliteuliwa kuwa Mkurugenzi wa Masuala ya [[Wanawake]] katika Wizara ya Jinsia, Kazi na [[Maendeleo]] ya Kijamii. Alifanya kazi katika nafasi hiyo hadi mwaka 1990.Mwaka 1994, aliteuliwa kuwa Katibu Binafsi Mkuu wa Makamu wa Rais wa Uganda. Alihudumu katika nafasi hiyo hadi mwaka 1995.Kati ya mwaka 1995 na 1996, Mukwaya alihudumu kama Waziri wa Nchi anayeshughulikia eneo la Luwero Triangle katika Ofisi ya Rais.Kuanzia mwaka 1996 hadi 2001, alihudumu kama Waziri wa Jinsia, Kazi na Maendeleo ya Kijamii.Kwa ujumla, Janat Mukwaya alikuwa na safari ndefu ya kisiasa na alishika nafasi mbalimbali za uongozi nchini Uganda, hasa katika masuala ya [[wanawake]], jinsia, kazi na [[maendeleo]] ya kijamii.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Museveni reshuffles cabinet|url=https://www.newvision.co.ugnull/|work=New Vision|accessdate=2026-08-29|author=Vision Reporter}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-siasa}} <references /> == Jamii == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]] ofxn18tj0xxoak0iuni8pep9p301em6 0 247913 1593057 2026-08-29T11:47:29Z Hamisi msafiri mzuki 81808 Ukurasa ulianzishwa 1593057 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Apollinaire Kyelem de Tambèla (cropped).png|thumb|Apollinaire J. Kyélem de Tambèla]] '''Apollinaire Joachim Kyélem de Tambèla''' (alizaliwa [[tarehe]] [[11]] [[Juni]] [[1955]]) ni [[mwanasheria]] wa [[Burkina Faso]], [[mwanaharakati]] wa [[siasa]] za [[Uafrika]] (Pan-Africanist), [[mwandishi]], na [[kiongozi]] wa [[serikali]]. Alihudumu kama [[Waziri Mkuu]] wa Burkina Faso kuanzia [[mwezi]] [[Oktoba]] [[2022]] hadi alipoondolewa madarakani na [[Rais]] [[Ibrahim Traoré]] mnamo mwezi Desemba 2024.<ref><nowiki>https://burkina24.com/2022/10/21/apollinaire-joachim-kyelem-de-tambela-nomme-premier-ministre/</nowiki></ref> == Maisha ya awali na Elimu == Kyélem de Tambèla alizaliwa nchini Burkina Faso mnamo mwaka [[1955]]. Baada ya kukamilisha [[elimu]] yake ya [[msingi]] na [[Elimu ya sekondari|sekondari]] nchini Burkina Faso, alienda kusoma nchini [[Ufaransa]], ambako alitunukiwa [[Shahada ya Awali|shahada]] yake ya [[uzamivu]] (PhD) ya [[sheria]] mwaka [[1986]] kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Nice. Alifundisha kama [[profesa]] katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha [[Wagadugu|Ouagadougou]] na Shule ya Kitaifa ya [[Utawala]] na Ujaji (ENAM).<ref><nowiki>https://hoodcommunist.org/2023/03/02/the-homeland-or-death-accomplishments-of-the-traore-government-in-burkina-faso/amp/</nowiki></ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1955]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Burkina Faso]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Viongozi wa Afrika]] 7scn3h8kn3cp6j5kmsow1hi0byobsa3 0 247914 1593059 2026-08-29T11:50:39Z ANTONY ILDEFONS 74003 Kuanzisha ukulasa mpya 1593059 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bibata Niandou Barry''' anayejulikana kama Madame Barry (aliyezaliwa 1955) ni wakili [[mwanaharakati]] aliyeinuka na kuwa waziri wa wanawake wa [[Niger]] katika [[serikali]] ya Mamadou Tandja. Yeye ni dadake [[mwanasiasa]] Harouna Niandou na mwanasayansi wa siasa Abdoulaye Niandou Souley.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=GFFjEMjKrWkC&redir_esc=y|title=Historical Dictionary of Niger|last=Idrissa|first=Abdourahmane|last2=Decalo|first2=Samuel|date=2012-06-01|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing PLC|isbn=978-0-8108-7090-1|language=en}}</ref> == Maisha == Niandou Barry alizaliwa tarehe 2 Machi 1955 na alihudhuria "Lycée Kassaï" huko Niamey. Kisha alisomea sheria ya kiraia na kuhitimu mwaka wa 1990. Mnamo 1991, alianzisha Association des Femmes Juristes du Niger,[1] chama cha wanasheria [[Mwanamke|wanawake]] nchini [[Niger]]. Ilikuwa ni miongoni mwa [[Mashirika ya ombaomba|mashirika]] yaliyoshiriki kikamilifu katika kutetea haki za wanawake wakati wa mabadiliko ya kidemokrasia nchini [[Niger]] mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990 na sasa inaunga mkono [[Mwanamke|wanawake]] maskini zaidi<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=GFFjEMjKrWkC&redir_esc=y|title=Historical Dictionary of Niger|last=Idrissa|first=Abdourahmane|last2=Decalo|first2=Samuel|date=2012-06-01|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing PLC|isbn=978-0-8108-7090-1|language=en}}</ref> Katika miaka ya 1990 kaka yake Niandou Barry Harouna Niandou alikua waziri nchini Niger.<ref>{{Citation|last=Idrissa|first=Abdourahmane|title=Niger|date=2018-06-27|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199846733-0203|work=Oxford Bibliographies in African Studies|publisher=Oxford University PressNew York, NY|isbn=978-0-19-785677-2|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> Rekodi yake fupi kama Rais Mkuu wa [[manispaa]] Niamey kuanzia 2003 ilipokelewa vyema. Alikuwa amepanga seti ya michezo ambayo ilikwenda vizuri lakini bado alifukuzwa mwaka uliofuata<ref>{{Citation|last=Idrissa|first=Abdourahmane|title=Niger|date=2018-06-27|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199846733-0203|work=Oxford Bibliographies in African Studies|publisher=Oxford University PressNew York, NY|isbn=978-0-19-785677-2|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-siasa}} [[Jamii:Siasa]] 37q2x76wd3uaq6yu06687hfmtgvkq3a 0 247915 1593063 2026-08-29T11:53:01Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Utoaji mimba nchini Guinea]] hadi [[Utoaji mimba Guinea]]: urahisi wa kuupata 1593063 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Utoaji mimba Guinea]] qe2wda90e5vqjoxix90uyuhh2xg8ote 0 247916 1593066 2026-08-29T11:56:58Z Camiddo 86373 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox Person|jina=Adeoye Adisa|tarehe ya kufa=16 November 2015|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=[[Oyo State]], [[Nigeria]]}} '''Adeoye Adisa''' alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]], [[mbunge]] na [[mwanasheria]] wa [[Nigeria]] kutoka [[Jimbo]] la [[Oyo]], Nigeria. Alifariki [[tarehe]] [[16]] [[25 Novemba|Novemba 2015]]. Kabla ya kifo chake, Adisa aliwahi kushika nyadhifa mbalimbali za kisiasa nchini Nigeria, zikiwemo kuwa [[Waziri]] na [[Kamishna]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=[RETRACT...' 1593066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Adeoye Adisa|tarehe ya kufa=16 November 2015|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=[[Oyo State]], [[Nigeria]]}} '''Adeoye Adisa''' alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]], [[mbunge]] na [[mwanasheria]] wa [[Nigeria]] kutoka [[Jimbo]] la [[Oyo]], Nigeria. Alifariki [[tarehe]] [[16]] [[25 Novemba|Novemba 2015]]. Kabla ya kifo chake, Adisa aliwahi kushika nyadhifa mbalimbali za kisiasa nchini Nigeria, zikiwemo kuwa [[Waziri]] na [[Kamishna]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=[RETRACTED] Guardian Blood Balance Australia {{!}}Guardian Botanicals Blood Balance {{!}} v1|url=https://doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.8epv59oj4g1b/v1|work=doi.org|date=2022-06-07|accessdate=2026-08-29|author=Philip Blood}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tajudeen Adisa |first=Jimoh, |last2=Comfort |first2=ADEOYE, Adedoyin |date=2025 |title=Dynamics of Participative Management Practices and Organisational Commitment of Workers in Selected Public Polytechnics in Ogun State |url=https://doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2024.8120068 |journal=International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science |volume=VIII |issue=XII |pages=809–823 |doi=10.47772/ijriss.2024.8120068 |issn=2454-6186}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria]] nenl0zmdilbqvdf968e6zaxcbaxnenx 0 247917 1593068 2026-08-29T11:57:30Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Utoaji mimba nchini Togo]] hadi [[Utoaji mimba Togo]]: urahisi wa kuupata 1593068 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Utoaji mimba Togo]] iwydcmy78d514n9xowz3s83gow9jwi7