Wikipedia swwiki https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwanzo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.18 first-letter Media Maalum Majadiliano Mtumiaji Majadiliano ya mtumiaji Wikipedia Majadiliano ya Wikipedia Faili Majadiliano ya faili MediaWiki Majadiliano ya MediaWiki Kigezo Majadiliano ya kigezo Msaada Majadiliano ya msaada Jamii Majadiliano ya jamii Lango Majadiliano ya lango Wikichanzo Majadiliano ya Wikichanzo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1899 1594107 1579973 2026-09-03T07:50:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594107 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Hiv budding.jpg| thumb |Namba virusi vya UKIMWI vinavyotoka katika [[seli]].]] '''Upungufu wa Kinga Mwilini''' (kwa kifupi '''UKIMWI'''; [[kifupisho]] cha [[Kiingereza]] '''AIDS''') ni [[ugonjwa]] unaotokana na [[virusi]] ambavyo kwa [[Kiswahili]] vinaitwa kifupi [[VVU]] ("Virusi vya UKIMWI"; kwa Kiingereza: HIV, yaani "Human Immunodeficiency Virus") na vinashambulia [[mwili]] kwa kuondoa nguvu zake za kupambana na [[maambukizi nyemelezi]] yanayosababisha [[maradhi]]. Ukimwi ni ugonjwa hatari sana katika [[maisha]] ya [[binadamu]] kwa kuwa husababisha [[kifo|vifo]] (yaani kupotea kwa [[uhai]] wa watu hao). Kwa mujibu wa [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]], kufikia mwaka [[2014]] ugonjwa huu umeua watu [[milioni]] 39, hasa kati ya wanaoishi [[Bara|barani]] [[Afrika]] upande wa [[kusini]] kwa [[Sahara]]. Kwa [[mwaka]] [[2015]] pekee wamefariki watu milioni 1.2 na kati yao [[watoto]] wengi. UKIMWI umekuwa na madhara makubwa katika [[jamii]], kama ugonjwa wa mwili na kama chanzo cha [[Ubaguzi wa watu wanaoishi na UKIMWI|ubaguzi]]. Kuna sintofahamu kuhusu UKIMWI kama vile kwamba eti, unaweza kusambazwa kwa kugusana tu bila [[ngono]]. Ugonjwa huu pia unasababisha [[madhara ya kiuchumi]] ambayo ni makubwa, hasa kwa nchi maskini. Hadi hivi sasa, UKIMWI hauna [[chanjo]] wala [[tiba]], lakini ugonjwa huu unaweza kuepukika kwa kuachana na ngono, ambayo ndiyo husababisha sana ugonjwa huu. Pia, watu wanaweza kujikinga kutokana na ugonjwa huu kwa kuepuka kuchangia vifaa au vitu vyenye [[ncha]] kali. Kimsingi zaidi ni kwamba ugonjwa huo umetokana na kuenezwa hasa na [[maadili]] mabovu. Dhidi yake watu wanahitaji kuelewa tangu [[Utoto|utotoni]] na [[Ujana|ujanani]] maana ya [[jinsia]] na [[maisha]] kwa jumla, kwamba vinadai [[upendo]], [[nidhamu]] na [[uwajibikaji]], si kufuata [[tamaa]] tofautitofauti daima<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/thirty-years-after-aids-discovery-appreciation-growing-for-catholic-approach/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+catholicnewsagency%2Fdailynews+%28CNA+Daily+News%29|title=Thirty years after AIDS discovery, appreciation growing for Catholic approach|publisher=Catholicnewsagency.com|date=June 5, 2011|accessdate=November 1, 2011|archive-date=2011-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912204558/http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/thirty-years-after-aids-discovery-appreciation-growing-for-catholic-approach/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+catholicnewsagency%2Fdailynews+%28CNA+Daily+News%29|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Tarehe [[1 Desemba]] kila [[mwaka]] ni [[Siku ya Ukimwi duniani|siku ya UKIMWI duniani]]. ==Maana ya jina== '''UKIMWI''' ni kifupisho cha "'''Upungufu wa Kinga Mwilini'''" *'' Upungufu'' maana yake UKIMWI unaharibu uwezo wa [[mwili]] kupambana na magonjwa. Si UKIMWI moja kwa moja unaoweza kuua lakini mashambulio ya magonjwa ambayo kwa kawaida yasingekuwa tatizo kubwa. *'' Kinga'' inahusu [[mfumo wa kingamwili]] ambao ni uwezo wa mwili kujitetea dhidi ya [[ugonjwa]]. *'' Mwili'' usio na kinga unapatwa na matatizo mbalimbali kwa sababu mfumo wa kinga umeharibika, na hauwezi kupigana na ugonjwa wowote. [[Jina]] la Kiingereza ni '''AIDS = Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome'''. * acquired - maana mtu hawezi kuwa na hali hii kiasili, ameipata * immuno - hii inataja ya kwamba tatizo linahusu "immune system" yaani mfumo wa kingamwili * deficiency - inamaanisha ya kwamba kuna kasoro * syndrome - ni mkusanyiko wa matatizo ya kiafya; ilhali kingamwili haufanyi kazi tena, mgonjwa anaathiriwa na magonjwa mbalimbali na kuonyesha [[dalili]] za magonjwa hayo yote. ==Mfumo wa kingamwili na VVU== Kila mtu huwa na [[Mfumo wa kingamaradhi|mfumo wa kingamwili]] ndani yake. [[Seli]] za ulinzi zinazunguka mwilini na kutafuta [[vidubini]] vya nje vinavyoweza kuleta mvurugo na zinaviharibu. Kati ya seli hizi za [[ulinzi]] ni [[seli nyeupe za damu]] (lukosaiti) ambazo ni muhimu sana. Ukimwi unasababishwa na VVU. Kama virusi vyote, VVU vinaingia katika mwili kwa kusudi la kuzaa. Virusi haviwezi kuzaa peke yake: vinahitaji seli vinapoweza kuingia ndani yake na kutumia mfumo wa seli kwa kunakili [[DNA]] yake. Kwa kawaida virusi vinashambuliwa na mfumo wa kingamwili na kuharibika. Lakini VVU vina tabia mbili za pekee ambazo zinavifanya vvya hatari hasa: * vinafaulu mara nyingi kuepukana na seli za ulinzi mwilini * vinaingia hasahasa katika seli nyeupe za damu za aina "seli za T". VVU vikianza kuongezeka katika seli nyeupe ya damu vinadhoofisha na hatimaye kuharibu seli hii. Maana yake VVU vinashambulia moja kwa moja seli ambazo ni sehemu ya kingamwili na zinazohusika kukinga mwili. Kuenea kwa VVU mwilini kunapunguza idadi ya seli za ulinzi na hivyo kupunguza kiwango cha kingamwili. Baada ya kupungua kwa kingamwili vidubini vingine vinaendelea kufika mwilini lakini sasa vinaenea zaidi kwa sababu seli za ulinzi zimekuwa chache. Kila [[ambukizo]] linaendelea kwa muda mrefu zaidi na hivyo mwili kwa jumla unateswa kwa muda mrefu zaidi. Kadiri Ukimwi unavyoendelea vipindi vya magonjwa vinakuwa virefu zaidi na nguvu za mwili zinapunguapungua. Katika ngazi za mwisho [[idadi]] ya maambukizo inazidi uwezo wa mwili wa kupambana nayo na hapo mtu unakaribia kifo. == Dalili == UKIMWI ni [[ugonjwa]] wa [[mfumo wa kingamwili]] wa [[binadamu]] unaosababishwa na virusi vya ukosefu wa kinga mwilini.<ref name="pmid11396444">{{Rejea jarida|author=Sepkowitz KA|title=AIDS—the first 20 years|journal=N. Engl. J. Med.|volume=344|issue=23| pages=1764–72|year=2001|month=June|pmid=11396444|doi=10.1056/NEJM200106073442306}}</ref>Mwanzoni, baada ya kuambukizwa, mtu anaweza kukumbwa na kipindi kifupi cha [[maradhi]] ya aina ya [[mafua]]. Kwa kawaida, hali hii hufuatwa na kipindi kirefu kisicho na [[dalili]]. Ugonjwa huu huendelea kutatiza [[kingamwili]] jinsi unavyozidi, hivyo kumfanya mtu kuwa katika hatari zaidi ya kupata [[maambukizi]], ikiwa ni pamoja na [[maambukizi nyemelezi]], na [[kansa]] ambayo kwa kawaida hayawaathiri watu walio na kingamwili njema. Kuna awamu tatu kuu za maambukizi ya VVU: maambukizi makali, awamu fiche na UKIMWI.<ref name=M121>Mandell, Bennett, and Dolan (2010). Chapter 121.</ref><ref name=AIDS2010GOV>{{cite web|title=Stages of HIV|url=http://aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/diagnosed-with-hiv-aids/hiv-in-your-body/stages-of-hiv/|work=U.S. Department of Health & Human Services|accessdate=13 June 2012|date=Dec 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513062533/http://www.aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/diagnosed-with-hiv-aids/hiv-in-your-body/stages-of-hiv/|archivedate=2012-05-13}}</ref> === Maambukizi makali === [[File:Symptoms of acute HIV infection.svg|thumb|alt=Mchoro wa kiwiliwili cha binadamu kinachoonyesha dalili zinazotokea mara nyingi za maambukizi makali ya VVU|275px|Dalili kuu za maambukizi makali ya VVU]] Kipindi cha kwanza kufuatia maambukizi ya VVU huitwa VVU vikali, VVU vya kimsingi au dalili kali za kudhibiti virusi. <ref name=M121/><ref name=WHOCase2007/> Watu wengi hupata [[maradhi ya mfano wa mafua]] au [[mononyukleosi ambukizi|maambukizi ya mfano wa mononukleosi]] wiki 2 - 4 baada ya kuambukizwa ilhali wengine hawana dalili zozote kuu.<ref>{{cite book|title=Diseases and disorders.|year=2008|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|location=Tarrytown, NY|isbn=978-0-7614-7771-6|page=25|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=-HRJOElZch8C&pg=PA25}}</ref><ref name=M118/>Dalili hutokea katika asilimia 40-90 ya visa vyote na mara nyingi hujumuisha [[homa]], [[limfadenopathia|tezi kubwa na chungu za limfu]], [[faringitisi|inflamesheni ya koo]], [[upele]], maumivu ya kichwa, na/au vidonda vya kinywa na sehemu za uzazi.<ref name=WHOCase2007/><ref name=M118/>Upele huu, unaotokea katika asilimia 20 - 50 ya visa, hutokea katika kiwiliwili, na kwa kawaida huwa wa [[makiulopapula]].<ref name=Deut2010/> Baadhi ya watu pia hupata [[maambukizi nyemelezi]] katika awamu hii.<ref name=WHOCase2007/>Dalili za tumboni na utumboni kama vile kichefuchefu, kutapika au [[kuharisha]] zinaweza kutokea, sawa na dalili za kinuroni za [[niuropathia ya pembeni]] au [[sindromu ya Guillain-Barre]].<ref name=M118/> Muda ya dalili hutofautiana, ingawa kwa kawaida huwa wiki 1 - 2.<ref name=M118/> Kufuatia sifa zake za kutokuwa dalili maalum, hizi mara nyingi haziwezi kutambulika kama dalili za maambukizi ya VVU. Hata visa vinavyotambuliwa na [[daktari]] wa [[familia]] au katika [[hospitali]] mara nyingi hutambulika vibaya kama baadhi ya visababishi vingi vya [[magonjwa ambukizi]] yaliyo na dalili zinazoingiliana. Kwa hivyo, inapendekezwa kuchunguza VVU katika watu wanaoonyesha homa isiyoelezeka ambao wanaweza kuwa na vipengele hatari vya kuambukizwa.<ref name=M118>Mandell, Bennett, and Dolan (2010). Chapter 118.</ref> === Awamu fiche === Dalili za kwanza hufuatwa na awamu fiche (VVU visivyo na dalili au VVU vya muda mrefu).<ref name=AIDS2010GOV/>Bila ya matibabu, awamu hii ya pili ya historia asilia ya maambukizi ya VVU inaweza kudumu kutoka miaka 3 <ref>{{cite book|last=Evian|first=Clive|title=Primary HIV/AIDS care: a practical guide for primary health care personnel in a clinical and supportive setting|year=2006|publisher=Jacana|location=Houghton [South Africa]|isbn=978-1-77009-198-6|page=29|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=WauaC7M0yGcC&pg=PA29|edition=Updated 4th}}</ref> hadi zaidi ya miaka 20;<ref>{{cite book|first=J. W. A. J. Reeders; P. C. Goodman (ed.). With contributions by J. Bedford|title=Radiology of AIDS|year=2001|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin [u.a.]|isbn=978-3-540-66510-6|page=19|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=xmFBtyPGOQIC&pg=PA19}}</ref> (wastani wa miaka 8).<ref>{{cite book|last=Elliott|first=Tom|title=Lecture Notes: Medical Microbiology and Infection|year=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-37226-5|page=273|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=M4q3AyDQIUYC&pg=PA273}}</ref>Ingawa kwa kawaida mwanzoni kuna dalili chache, au hata zisiwemo, karibu mwishoni mwa awamu hii, watu wengi hupatwa na homa, kukonda, matatizo ya tumbo na utumbo, na maumivu ya misuli. <ref name=AIDS2010GOV/>Kati ya asilimia 50 na 70 ya wagonjwa pia hupata [[limfadenopathia]] ya mwili wote inayorejea, ambayo hudhihirika kwa uvimbe usio na kisababishi na usio chungu wa zaidi ya kikundi kimoja cha tezi za [[limfu]] (ila katika sehemu za uzazi) kwa zaidi ya miezi 3 hadi 6.<ref name=M121/> Ingawa watu wengi walioambukizwa [[VVU-1]] wana kiwango cha virusi kinachoweza kutambulika, na ambacho bila matibabu kitaendelea na kuwa UKIMWI, idadi ndogo (5%) huwa na kiwango kikubwa cha seli za CD4<SUP>+</SUP>([[seli saidizi za T]]) bila [[Udhibiti wa VVU/UKIMWI|matibabu ya kudhibiti virusi]] kwa zaidi ya miaka 5. <ref name=M118/><ref name=LT2010/>Watu hao huainishwa kama wadhibiti wa VVU au watu wasioendeleza kwa muda mrefu, ilhali wale ambao pia hudumisha kiwango cha chini au kisichotambulika cha virusi bila matibabu hujulikana kama "wadhibiti hodari" au "wagandamizaji hodari" <ref name=LT2010>{{cite journal|last=Blankson|first=JN|title=Control of HIV-1 replication in elite suppressors|journal=Discovery medicine|date=2010 Mar|volume=9|issue=46|pages=261–6|pmid=20350494}}</ref>. === Ukosefu wa Kinga Mwilini=== [[File:Symptoms of AIDS.svg|thumb|275px|alt=Mchoro wa kiwiliwili cha binadamu kinachoonyesha dalili zinazotokea mara nyingi za maambukizi makali ya UKIMWI|Dalili kuu za maambukizi makali ya UKIMWI.]] Ukosefu wa Kinga Mwilini (UKIMWI) hufasiliwa kwa msingi wa kiwango cha seli za CD4 <SUP>+</SUP> cha chini ya seli 200 kwa kila µL au kutokea kwa magonjwa maalumu yanayohusiana na maambukizi ya VVU. <ref name=M118/> Bila matibabu maalum, takriban nusu ya watu walioambukizwa VVU hupata UKIMWI katika muda wa miaka 10.<ref name=M118/>Hali zinazotokea mara nyingi zaidi kudhihirisha uwepo wa UKIMWI ni [[numonia ya numosistisi]] (40%), [[kakeksi]] kwa muundo wa dalili dhoofishi za VVU (20%) na [[kandidiasi ya umio]].<ref name=M118/>Dalili nyingine ni pamoja na maambukizi ya [[njia ya pumzi]]<ref name=M118/>. [[Maambukizi nyemelezi]] yanaweza kusababishwa na [[bakteria]], [[virusi]], [[kuvu]] na [[vimelea]] ambavyo kwa kawaida hudhibitiwa na mfumo wa kingamwili.<ref name=Holmes>{{Rejea jarida|author=Holmes CB, Losina E, Walensky RP, Yazdanpanah Y, Freedberg KA|title= Review of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-related opportunistic infections in sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2003-03-01_36_5/page/n153|journal=Clin. Infect. Dis.|year=2003|pages=656–662|volume=36|issue=5|pmid=12594648|doi=10.1086/367655}}</ref>Maambukizi yanayotokea hutegemea, kwa upande mmoja, aina ya [[viumbehai]] vinavyopatikana kwa wingi katika [[mazingira]] ya mtu.<ref name=M118/>Maambukizi hayo yanaweza kudhuru karibu kila [[mfumo wa kibayolojia|mfumo wa viungo]].<ref name=Complications2011>{{cite journal|last=Chu|first=C|coauthors=Selwyn, PA|title=Complications of HIV infection: a systems-based approach|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2011-02-15_83_4/page/395|journal=American family physician|date=2011-02-15|volume=83|issue=4|pages=395–406|pmid=21322514}}</ref> Watu walio na UKIMWI wako katika hatari kuu zaidi ya kupata saratani nyingi zinazosababishwa na virusi, kama vile: [[Sakoma ya Kaposi]], [[limfoma ya Burkitt]], [[limfoma ya mfumo mkuu wa neva]] na [[saratani ya seviksi]].<ref name=Deut2010/>Sakoma ya Kaposi ndiyo saratani inayotokea mara nyingi, yaani katika asilimia 10 hadi 20 ya watu wenye VVU.<ref name=M169>Mandell, Bennett, and Dolan (2010). Chapter 118.</ref>Saratani inayoifuata ni limfoma, ambayo imesababisha vifo vya karibu 16% ya watu wanaoishi na UKIMWI, na ndiyo dalili ya kwanza ya UKIMWI katika asilimia 3 - 4 ya watu.<ref name=M169/>Saratani hizi mbili huhusishwa na [[virusi vya hepesi]] ya binadamu aina ya 8.<ref name=M169/>Saratani ya seviksi hutokea mara nyingi zaidi katika watu walio na UKIMWI kwa sababu ya jinsi inavyohusiana na [[virusi vya papiloma ya binadamu]].<ref name=M169/> Isitoshe, watu hao mara nyingi huwa na dalili za kimfumo, kama vile homa ya muda mrefu, [[jasho la usiku|jasho]] (hasa usiku), tezi za limfu zilizofura, ubaridi, udhaifu na [[kupoteza uzito]].<ref>{{cite web|title=AIDS|url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000594.htm|work=MedlinePlus|publisher=A.D.A.M.|accessdate=14 June 2012}}</ref>Kuharisha ni dalili nyingine inayotokea katika takriban 90% ya watu wenye UKIMWI.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sestak K |title=Chronic diarrhea and AIDS: insights into studies with non-human primates |journal=Curr. HIV Res. |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=199–205 |year=2005 |month=July |pmid=16022653 |doi= 10.2174/1570162054368084|url=}}</ref> == Lini na wapi VVU vilianza == UKIMWI huchukuliwa kama [[janga]] — yaani [[mlipuko wa ugonjwa]] katika eneo kubwa, na ambao ungali unaenea.<ref name=Kallings/> UKIMWI ulitambuliwa mara ya kwanza na Vituo vya Kuzuia na Kudhibiti Magonjwa huko Marekani mwaka [[1981]]<ref name=M169/>, ilhali kisababishi chake - VVU - kilitambuliwa mwanzoni mwa [[muongo]] huo nchini huko. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Gallo RC|title=A reflection on HIV/AIDS research after 25 years|journal=Retrovirology|volume=3|page=72|year=2006|pmid=17054781|doi=10.1186/1742-4690-3-72|url=http://www.retrovirology.com/content/3//72|pmc=1629027|archive-date=2020-05-02|access-date=2017-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502072301/https://retrovirology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1742-4690-3-72|url-status=dead}}</ref> Matukio ya kwanza yalikuwa katika kikundi kidogo cha [[Uraibu|waraibu]] wa dawa za kudungia na [[wanaume]] [[shoga]] wasiokuwa na visababishi bayana vya udhaifu wa kingamwili na walioonyesha dalili za [[numonia]] ya ''[[Pneumocystis carinii]]'', maambukizi nyemelezi yanayotokea kwa nadra na maarufu katika watu wenye kingamwili dhaifu sana.<ref name=MMWR2>{{Rejea jarida| author=Gottlieb MS| title=Pneumocystis pneumonia—Los Angeles. 1981| journal=Am J Public Health| volume=96| issue=6| pages=980–1; discussion 982–3| year=2006| pmid=16714472| url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/june_5.htm| accessdate=March 31, 2009| pmc=1470612| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422042240/http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/june_5.htm| archivedate=2009-04-22| deadurl=no}}</ref> Punde baadaye, idadi isiyotarajiwa ya mashoga wakapata [[Sakoma ya Kaposi]] (SK), [[saratani ya ngozi]] iliyokuwa nadra sana hapo awali.<ref name="pmid7287964">{{cite journal|author=Friedman-Kien AE|title=Disseminated Kaposi's sarcoma syndrome in young homosexual men|journal=J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.|volume=5|issue=4|pages=468–71|year=1981|month=October|pmid=7287964|doi=10.1016/S0190-9622(81)80010-2|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-academy-of-dermatology-journal_1981-10_5_4/page/468}}</ref><ref name="pmid6116083">{{cite journal|author=Hymes KB|title=Kaposi's sarcoma in homosexual men-a report of eight cases|journal=Lancet|volume=2|issue=8247|pages=598–600|year=1981|month=September|pmid=6116083|doi=|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_1981-09-19_2_8247/page/n4|author-separator=,|author2=Cheung T|author3=Greene JB|display-authors=3|last4=Prose|first4=NS|last5=Marcus|first5=A|last6=Ballard|first6=H|last7=William|first7=DC|last8=Laubenstein|first8=LJ}}</ref>Visa vingine vingi vya NPC na SK vilitokea huku vikitahadharisha Vituo vya Kudhibiti na Kuzuia Magonjwa nchini Marekani, hivyo kikosi cha kiutendaji kikaundwa ili kuudhibiti mzuko huu.<ref name="Basavapathruni_2007">{{cite journal | title=Reverse transcription of the HIV-1 pandemic | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_faseb-journal_2007-12_21_14/page/3795 | last1=Basavapathruni |first1=A | last2=Anderson | first2=KS | journal=The FASEB Journal |year=2007 | month=December | volume=21 | issue=14 |pages=3795–3808 | doi=10.1096/fj.07-8697rev | pmid=17639073}}</ref> Katika siku za kwanza, kituo hicho hakikuwa na jina rasmi la ugonjwa huu, mara nyingi wakitumia majina ya magonjwa mengine yaliyohusishwa nao, kwa mfano, [[limfadenopathi]], jina ambalo baadaye wavumbuzi wa VVU waliviita virusi hivi.<ref name=MMWR1982a>{{Rejea jarida | author=Centers for Disease Control (CDC) |title=Persistent, generalized lymphadenopathy among homosexual males|url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001096.htm | journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. | year=1982 |pages=249–251 | volume=31| issue=19 | pmid=6808340 | accessdate =August 31, 2011}}</ref><ref name=Barre>{{Rejea jarida|author=Barré-Sinoussi F | title=Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1983-05-20_220_4599/page/n103 | journal=Science | year=1983 | pages=868–871 | volume=220 | issue=4599 | pmid=6189183 |doi=10.1126/science.6189183 | bibcode=1983Sci...220..868B| author-separator=,| author2=Chermann JC| author3=Rey F|display-authors=3| last4=Nugeyre| first4=M.| last5=Chamaret| first5=S| last6=Gruest| first6=J| last7=Dauguet| first7=C|last8=Axler-Blin| first8=C| last9=Vezinet-Brun| first9=F }}</ref> Wavumbuzi pia walitumia “Sakoma ya Kaposi na Maambukizi nyemelezi”, jina lililokuwa la kikosi cha kiutendaji kilichoanzishwa mwaka wa 1981.<ref name=MMWR1982b>{{Rejea jarida | author=Centers for Disease Control (CDC) | title=Opportunistic infections and Kaposi's sarcoma among Haitians in the United States |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001123.htm | journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. | year=1982 |pages=353–354; 360–361 | volume=31 | issue=26 | pmid=6811853 | accessdate =August 31, 2011}}</ref> Wakati mmoja, Kituo cha Kudhibiti na Kuzuia Magonjwa kiliunda msemo "ugonjwa wa 4H", kwani [[sindromu]] hii ilionekana kuwaathiri watu wa [[Haiti]], mashoga (homosexuals), wenye [[hemofilia]] na watumiaji wa [[heroini]].<ref name=SciRep470b>{{cite web| publisher=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]| date=July 28, 2006| url=http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/reprint/313/5786/470b.pdf| title=Making Headway Under Hellacious Circumstances| accessdate=June 23, 2008| format=PDF| archivedate=2008-06-24| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624235131/http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/reprint/313/5786/470b.pdf| =https://web.archive.org/web/20080624235131/http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/reprint/313/5786/470b.pdf}}</ref> Katika vyombo vikuu vya habari liliundwa neno "[[GRID]]" (lililosimamia "gay-related immune deficiency", yaani "ukosefu wa kinga uliohusishwa na mashoga".<ref name=Altman>{{Rejea habari |author=Altman LK |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/11/science/new-homosexual-disorder-worries-health-officials.html?scp=1&sq=New%20homosexual%20disorder%20worries%20officials&st=cse | title=New homosexual disorder worries health officials | work=The New York Times | date=May 11, 1982 | accessdate =August 31, 2011}}</ref> Hata hivyo, baada ya kutambua kuwa VVU havikuwaathiri jamii ya mashoga pekee,<ref name=MMWR1982b/> ilibainika kuwa neno GRID lilikuwa likipotosha, hivyo neno UKIMWI likaanzishwa kwenye mkutano mnamo Julai 1982.<ref name=Kher>{{Rejea habari| author=Kher U| title=A Name for the Plague| work=Time| date=July 27, 1982| url=http://www.time.com/time/80days/820727.html| accessdate=March 10, 2008| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307015307/http://www.time.com/time/80days/820727.html| archivedate=2008-03-07| deadurl=no}}</ref> Kufikia Septemba 1982, Kituo cha Kudhibiti na Kuzuia Magonjwa kilianza kuuita UKIMWI.<ref name=MMWR1982c>{{Rejea jarida | author=Centers for Disease Control (CDC) | title=Update on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)—United States| journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. | year=1982 | pages=507–508; 513–514 | volume=31 | issue=37 | pmid=6815471}}</ref> [[File:Robert Gallo.jpg|thumb|Alt=Mwanaume aliyevalia shati nyeupe na tai, huku akizingizirwa na wanawake watatu na vifaa vya maabara|Robert Gallo, mzinduzi mwenza wa VVU katika miaka ya kwanza ya 1980, akiwa pamoja na (kushoto kwenda kulia) Sandra Eva, Sandra Colombini, na Ersell Richardson.]] Mnamo 1983, vikundi viwili tofauti vya watafiti vilivyoongozwa na [[Robert Gallo]] na [[Luc Montagnier]] bila kutegemeana vilitangaza kuwa [[retrovirusi]] mpya ilikuwa ikiwaambukiza wagonjwa wa UKIMWI, hivyo wakachapisha matokeo yao katika [[jarida]] la ''[[Science (jarida)|Science]]''.<ref name=Gallo>{{cite journal | author=RC Gallo, PS Sarin, EP Gelmann, M Robert-Guroff, E Richardson, VS Kalyanaraman, D Mann, GD Sidhu, RE Stahl, S Zolla-Pazner, J Leibowitch, and M Popovic |journal=Science |title=Isolation of human T-cell leukemia virus in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1983-05-20_220_4599/page/n100 |year=1983 | pages=865–867 | volume=220 | doi=10.1126/science.6601823 | pmid=6601823 | issue=4599|bibcode = 1983Sci...220..865G }}</ref><ref name=Montagnier >{{cite doi|10.1126/science.6189183}}</ref> Gallo alidai kuwa virusi vilivyokuwa vimetambuliwa kwa mara ya kwanza na kikundi chake kilikuwa sawa katika [[muundo wa virusi|umbo]] na [[virusi vya binadamu vya limfotrophia-T]]. Kikundi cha Gallo kiliviita virusi hivi HTLV-III. Wakati huohuo, kikundi cha Montagnier kilitambua virusi kutoka kwa mgonjwa aliyekuwa na [[uvimbe]] wa [[tezi za limfu]] kwenye [[shingo]] na [[asthenia|udhaifu wa mwili]] ambazo ni dalili mbili bainifu za UKIMWI. Huku wakikanusha ripoti ya kikundi cha Gallo, Montagnier na wenzake walionyesha kuwa viini vya [[protini]] vya virusi hivyo vilikuwa tofauti na HTLV-I kiukingamwili. Kikundi cha Montagnier kiliviita virusi walivyovitambua virusi vinavyohusishwa na limfadenopathi.<ref name="Basavapathruni_2007"/> Virusi hivi vilibainika kuwa sawa mwaka wa 1986 na kubadilishwa na kuitwa VVU.<ref>{{cite book|last=Aldrich|first=ed. by Robert|title=Who's who in gay and lesbian history.|year=2001|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=9780415229746|pages=154|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=9KA7_1s6w-QC&pg=PA154|coauthors=Wotherspoon, Garry}}</ref> Leo [[wanasayansi]] wengi wanaamini VVU-1 na VVU-2 vimetokana na [[jamii ya sokwe]] huko [[Afrika Magharibi]] na [[Afrika ya Kati|ya Kati]] mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 19]] au mwanzoni mwa [[karne ya 20]], wakati virusi vya [[SIV]] kutoka kwa [[nyani]] au [[sokwe]] vilikwenda kwa binadamu.<ref name=Orgin2011>{{cite journal|last=Sharp|first=PM|coauthors=Hahn, BH|title=Origins of HIV and the AIDS Pandemic|journal=Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine|date=2011 Sep|volume=1|issue=1|pages=a006841|pmid=22229120|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a006841|pmc=3234451}}</ref> VVU-1 vinaaminika kutoka kusini mwa [[Cameroon]] kupitia kugeuka kwa VSVU(cpz), (virusi vya sokwe vinavyosababisha ukosefu wa kinga mwilini) vinavyoambukiza sokwe wa mwituni (VVU-1 hutokana na mzuko wa magonjwa ya VSVUcpz katika [[nususpishi]] ya sokwe iitwayo ''[[Pan]] troglodytes troglodytes'').<ref name="pmid9989410">{{cite journal |author=Gao F |title=Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes |journal=Nature |volume=397 |issue=6718|pages=436–41 |year=1999 |month=February |pmid=9989410|doi=10.1038/17130 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1999-02-04_397_6718/page/436|bibcode = 1999Natur.397..436G |author-separator=, |author2=Bailes E |author3=Robertson DL|display-authors=3 |last4=Chen|first4=Yalu |last5=Rodenburg |first5=Cynthia M. |last6=Michael |first6=Scott F.|last7=Cummins |first7=Larry B. |last8=Arthur |first8=Larry O. |last9=Peeters |first9=Martine }}</ref><ref name=Keele>{{cite journal | author=Keele, B. F., van Heuverswyn, F., Li, Y. Y., Bailes, E., Takehisa, J., Santiago, M. L., Bibollet-Ruche, F., Chen, Y., Wain, L. V., Liegois, F., Loul, S., Mpoudi Ngole, E., Bienvenue, Y., Delaporte, E., Brookfield, J. F. Y., Sharp, P. M., Shaw, G. M., Peeters, M., and Hahn, B. H. | title=Chimpanzee Reservoirs of Pandemic andNonpandemic HIV-1 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2006-07-28_313_5786/page/523 | journal=Science | date=28 July 2006| volume=313 | issue=5786 | pages=523–6 | doi = 10.1126/science.1126531 | pmc=2442710 | pmid=16728595|bibcode = 2006Sci...313..523K }}</ref> Virusi vinavyohusiana kwa karibu na VVU-2 ni VSVU(smm) ambavyo ni virusi vya [[mangabi mwenye masizi]] (''Cercocebus atys atys''), [[tumbili]] wa kale anayeishi Afrika Magharibi (kutoka [[kusini]] mwa [[Senegali]] hadi [[magharibi]] mwa [[Côte d'Ivoire]]).<ref name="Reeves" /> [[Tumbili wa kisasa]] kama vile [[tumbili wa Usiku|tumbili bundi]] wana ukinzani wa maambukizi ya [[VVU-1]] kwa sababu ya [[uunganishaji jeni|uunganishaji]] wa [[jeni]] [[mbili]] zinazokinzana na virusi.<ref name=Goodier>{{cite journal | author=Goodier, J., and Kazazian, H. | title=Retrotransposons Revisited: The Restraint and Rehabilitation of Parasites | url=https://archive.org/details/cell_2008-10-03_135_1/page/23 | journal=Cell |year=2008 | pages=23–35 | volume=135 | issue=1 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.022 | pmid=18854152}}(subscription required)</ref> VVU-2 inadhaniwa kuruka kizuizi cha spishi katika angalau matukio matatu tofauti, hivyo kupelekea vikundi vitatu vya virusi hivi ambavyo ni M, N na O. <ref name=Kalish2005>{{cite journal |author=Kalish ML |title=Central African hunters exposed to simian immunodeficiency virus |journal=Emerg Infect Dis |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=1928–30 |year=2005 |pmid=16485481|doi=10.3201/eid1112.050394 |author-separator=, |author2=Wolfe ND |author3=Ndongmo CD |author4=McNicholl J|author5=Robbins KE |display-authors=5 |last6=Aidoo |first6=Michael |last7=Fonjungo |first7=Peter N. |last8=Alemnji|first8=George |last9=Zeh |first9=Clement |pmc=3367631}}</ref> Kuna ushahidi kuwa wanadamu wanaoshughulikia [[nyama za mwituni]] kwa kuwinda au kuziuza, kwa kawaida hupata VSVU.<ref name=Kalish2005/>Hata hivyo, virusi hivyo ni dhaifu na hukandamizwa na mfumo wa kingamwili baada ya wiki kadhaa za kuambukizwa. Inadhaniwa kuwa maambukizi kadhaa ya virusi hivyo kutoka kwa mtu hadi mwingine katika mfululizo wa haraka huhitajika ili vipate wakati unaotosha kubadilika na kuwa VVU.<ref name=Marx2001>{{cite journal |author=Marx PA, Alcabes PG, Drucker E |title=Serial human passage of simian immunodeficiency virus by unsterile injections and the emergence of epidemic human immunodeficiency virus in Africa |volume=356 |issue=1410 |pages=911–20 |year=2001 |pmid=11405938 |journal=Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci |pmc=1088484 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0867 |url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/356/1410/911.full.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-09 |access-date=2017-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309105853/http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/356/1410/911.full.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, kwa sababu ya kiwango chake kidogo cha kuambukiza kutoka kwa mtu hadi mwingine, virusi hivyo vinaweza tu kuenea katika wingi wa watu iwapo kuna njia moja au mbili za hatari ya kuambukizana ya kiwango cha juu. Njia hizi zinadhaniwa kutokuwepo barani Afrika kabla ya karne ya 20. Njia maalumu za hatari kubwa ya maambukizi zinazoruhusu virusi hivi kubadilika ili kuweza kuishi katika wanadamu na kuenea katika jamii yote hutegemea wakati uliopendekezwa wa kuvuka kutoka kwa mnyama hadi mwanadamu. Tafiti za kijeni za virusi hivi zinadokeza kuwa chanzo cha hivi karibuni zaidi cha VVU-1 ya kikundi M kilitokea mnamo 1910. <ref name=Worobey2008>{{cite journal|last1=Worobey |first1=Michael |last2=Gemmel |first2=Marlea |last3=Teuwen |first3=Dirk E. |last4=Haselkorn|first4=Tamara |last5=Kunstman |first5=Kevin |last6=Bunce |first6=Michael |last7=Muyembe |first7=Jean-Jacques|last8=Kabongo |first8=Jean-Marie M. |last9=Kalengayi |first9=Raphaël M. |title=Direct evidence of extensive diversity of HIV-1 in Kinshasa by 1960 |journal=Nature |volume=455 |issue=7213 |pages=661–4 |year=2008 |pmid=18833279| doi=10.1038/nature07390|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v455/n7213/pdf/nature07390.pdf |bibcode = 2008Natur.455..661W }} (subscription required)</ref> Wanaotaja kipindi hicho maalumu huhusisha mzuko wa janga la VVU na kuibuka kwa [[ukoloni]] na ukuaji wa [[miji]] mikubwa ya kikoloni ya Afrika, huku ukisababisha mabadiliko ya jamii pamoja na kiwango kikubwa cha [[uasherati]], uenezi wa [[ukahaba]] na matukio mengi ya [[vidonda vya viungo vya uzazi]] (kama vile [[kaswende]]) katika miji iliyochipuka.<ref name=Sousa2010>{{cite journal |last1=Sousa |first1=João Dinis de|last2=Müller |first2=Viktor |last3=Lemey |first3=Philippe |last4=Vandamme |first4=Anne-Mieke |last5=Vandamme|first5=Anne-Mieke |title=High GUD Incidence in the Early 20th Century Created a Particularly Permissive Time Window for the Origin and Initial Spread of Epidemic HIV Strains |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=e9936 |year=2010|pmid=20376191 |pmc=2848574|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0009936|url=http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0009936|editor1-last=Martin |editor1-first=Darren P.}}</ref> Ingawa viwango vya uambukizaji wakati wa ngono ya kupitia [[uke]] viko chini katika hali ya kawaida, kuna ongezeko kubwa iwapo mmoja wa wapenzi hao ana [[ugonjwa wa zinaa]] unaosababisha vidonda vya [[viungo vya uzazi]]. Miji ya kikoloni ya [[Miaka ya 1900|miaka ya kwanza ya 1900]] ilijulikana kwa maambukizi ya viwango vya juu kutokana na ukahaba na [[vidonda vya viungo vya uzazi]], hivi kwamba, kufikia mwaka [[1928]], 45% ya [[wanawake]] wakazi wa mashariki mwa [[Kinshasa]] walidhaniwa kuwa makahaba. Kufikia mwaka [[1933]], takriban 15% ya wakazi wote wa mji huo walikuwa wameambukizwa aina mojawapo ya kaswende.<ref name=Sousa2010 /> Maoni mengine yanadokeza kuwa hatua zisizo salama za [[uuguzi]] barani Afrika katika miaka ya baada ya [[Vita vya pili vya dunia]], kama vile kutumia tena na tena [[sindano]] zisizosafishwa kuchanja [[umati]], [[antibayotiki]] na kampeni dhidi ya [[malaria]] ndizo njia za kwanza zilizoruhusu virusi hivyo kujibadilisha vikiwa ndani ya wanadamu kisha kuenea.<ref name=Marx2001 /><ref name=Chitnis2000>{{cite journal |last1=Chitnis |first1=Amit |last2=Rawls |first2=Diana |last3=Moore |first3=Jim|title=Origin of HIV Type 1 in Colonial French Equatorial Africa? |journal=AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses|volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=5–8 |year=2000 |pmid=10628811 |doi=10.1089/088922200309548}}(subscription required)</ref><ref name=McNeil>{{cite news |author=[[Donald G. McNeil, Jr.]] |coauthors= |title=Precursor to H.I.V. Was in Monkeys for Millennia |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/17/health/17aids.html?_r=1&src=me&ref=general|quote=Dr. Marx believes that the crucial event was the introduction into Africa of millions of inexpensive, mass-produced syringes in the 1950s.&nbsp;... suspect that the growth of colonial cities is to blame. Before 1910, no Central African town had more than 10,000 people. But urban migration rose, increasing sexual contacts and leading to red-light districts.|work=[[New York Times]] |date=September 16, 2010 |accessdate=2010-09-17 }}</ref> Visa vilivyonakiliwa vyema vya VVU katika mwanadamu ni vya mwaka [[1959]] katika eneo la nchi ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Kongo]].<ref name=Zhu>{{cite journal|author=Zhu, T., Korber, B. T., Nahmias, A. J., Hooper, E., Sharp, P. M. and Ho, D. D.|title=An African HIV-1 Sequence from 1959 and Implications for the Origin of the epidemic|journal=Nature|year=1998|pages=594–7|volume=391|issue=6667|pmid=9468138|doi=10.1038/35400|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v391/n6667/full/391594a0.html|bibcode = 1998Natur.391..594Z }}</ref> Kuna uwezekano kuwa virusi hivyo vilikuwemo huko Marekani mwaka [[1966]],<ref>{{cite news | last = Kolata | first = Gina |title = Boy's 1969 Death Suggests AIDS Invaded U.S. Several Times | publisher = The New York Times | date = 28 October 1987 | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DEFD6173AF93BA15753C1A961948260&sec=health&pagewanted=all | accessdate = 11 February 2009}}</ref>lakini maambukizi mengi yanayotokea nje ya [[Kusini kwa Sahara]] yanaweza kufuatiliwa hadi kwa mtu mmoja aliyeambukizwa na VVU katika nchi ya [[Haiti]] na kisha kuyapeleka maambukizi hayo nchini Marekani takriban mwaka [[1969]].<ref name="Thomas_Gilbert">{{cite journal |last1=Gilbert |first1=M. Thomas P. |last2=Rambaut |first2=Andrew |last3=Wlasiuk |first3=Gabriela |last4=Spira |first4=Thomas J. |last5=Pitchenik |first5=Arthur E. |last6=Worobey |first6=Michael |title=The emergence of HIV/AIDS in the Americas and beyond |journal=PNAS |date=November 20, 2007 |volume=104 |issue=47 |pages=18566–18570 |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/104/47/18566.full.pdf |format=PDF |doi=10.1073/pnas.0705329104 |pmid=17978186 |pmc=2141817 |bibcode=2007PNAS..10418566G |access-date=2017-04-01 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924144548/http://www.pnas.org/content/104/47/18566.full.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Janga hili kisha lilienea kwa haraka katika vikundi vilivyo katika hatari kubwa ya kuambukizwa (mwanzoni ilikuwa ni wanaume waliofanya ngono na wanaume). Kufikia mwaka [[1978]], maambukizi ya VVU-1 katika mashoga wenyeji wa [[New York]] na [[San Francisco]] yalikadiriwa kuwa 5%, kuonyesha kuwa maelfu ya watu nchini Marekani tayari walikuwa wameambukizwa.<ref name="Thomas_Gilbert" /> ==Uambukizaji== VVU husambaa hasa kupitia njia tatu kuu: [[ngono]] (ikiwa ni pamoja na [[ulawiti]] na hata [[ngono ya mdomoni]]), kuingiliana na viowevu vya mwili vilivyoambukizwa (hasa [[kuongezewa damu]] au kudungwa [[sindano]]) na [[usambazaji wima|kutoka kwa mama hadi mtoto]] wakati wa [[ujauzito]], kuzaa au kunyonyesha<ref name=TransmissionM2007>{{cite book|last=Markowitz|first=edited by William N. Rom ; associate editor, Steven B.|title=Environmental and occupational medicine|year=2007|publisher=Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-6299-1|page=745|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=H4Sv9XY296oC&pg=PA745|edition=4th}}</ref>Baadhi ya [[viowevu vya mwili]], kama vile [[mate]] na [[machozi]], havisambazi VVU.<ref name=CDCtransmission>{{cite web|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|year=2003|url=http://www.cdc.gov/HIV/pubs/facts/transmission.htm|title=HIV and Its Transmission|accessdate=May 23, 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204141148/http://www.cdc.gov/HIV/pubs/facts/transmission.htm|archivedate=2005-02-04}}</ref> === Kupitia ngono === Kufanya [[ngono zembe]] kumepelekea visa vingi zaidi vya maambukizi ya VVU kote ulimwenguni, huku mwingiliano baina ya watu wa [[jinsia]] tofauti ukichangia visa zaidi ya mwingiliano wa mashoga kote ulimwenguni (kwa sababu mashoga ni wachache zaidi).<ref name=TransmissionM2007/> Hata hivyo, mtindo wa usambazaji hutofautiana pakubwa baina ya mataifa mbalimbali. Nchini Marekani, visa vingi zaidi vya usambazaji wa kingono vilitokea katika [[wanaume]] wanaofanya ngono na wanaume (kwa sababu huko ushoga umeenea zaidi)<ref name=TransmissionM2007/>huku idadi hii ikichangia 64% ya visa vyote vipya.<ref name=TransmissionCDC2012>{{cite web|title=HIV in the United States: An Overview|url=http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/factsheets/us_overview.htm|work=Center for Disease Control and Prevention|date=March 2012}}</ref> Kuhusu ngono zembe baina ya watu wa jinsia tofauti, makadirio ya hatari ya kusambazwa kwa VVU kwa kila kitendo cha ngono yanaonekana kuwa zaidi kwa mara 10 katika mataifa yasiyostawi kuliko mataifa yaliyostawi.<ref name=Boily2009/>Katika mataifa yasiyostawi, hatari ya usambazaji wa mwanamke hadi mwanamume imekadiriwa kuwa 0.38% kwa kila kitendo, huku usambazaji wa mwanamume hadi mwanamke ukiwa 0.30%; makadirio mbadala katika mataifa yaliyostawi ni 0.04% kwa kila kitendo katika usambazaji wa mwanamke hadi mwanamume, na 0.08% kwa kila kitendo katika maambukizi ya mwanamume hadi mwanamke.<ref name=Boily2009/> Hatari ya kuambukizwa kutokana na ngono ya kinyeo (ulawiti) iko juu sana, ikikadiriwa kuwa 1.4{{ndash}}1.7% kwa kila kitendo (katika ngono ya watu wa jinsia moja na tofauti pia).<ref name=Boily2009/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Beyrer|first=C|coauthors=Baral, SD; van Griensven, F; Goodreau, SM; Chariyalertsak, S; Wirtz, AL; Brookmeyer, R|title=Global epidemiology of HIV infection in men who have sex with men.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_july-28-august-3-2012_380_9839/page/367|journal=Lancet|date=2012 Jul 28|volume=380|issue=9839|pages=367-77|pmid=22819660}}</ref> Ingawa hatari ya kuambukizwa kupitia [[ngono ya mdomoni]] iko chini, bado ipo. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Yu|first=M|coauthors=Vajdy, M|title=Mucosal HIV transmission and vaccination strategies through oral compared with vaginal and rectal routes|journal=Expert opinion on biological therapy|date=2010 Aug|volume=10|issue=8|pages=1181–95|pmid=20624114|doi=10.1517/14712598.2010.496776|pmc=2904634}}</ref>Hatari ya kila kitendo imekadiriwa kuwa 0{{ndash}}0.04% kwa ngono pokezi ya mdomoni.<ref name=Dosekun2010>{{cite journal|last=Dosekun|first=O|coauthors=Fox, J|title=An overview of the relative risks of different sexual behaviours on HIV transmission|journal=Current opinion in HIV and AIDS|date=2010 Jul|volume=5|issue=4|pages=291–7|pmid=20543603|doi=10.1097/COH.0b013e32833a88a3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Stürchler|first=Dieter A.|title=Exposure a guide to sources of infections|year=2006|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=9781555813765|pages=544|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=MWa5or3Xa9EC&pg=PA544}}</ref> kwa kuwa visa vichache vimeripotiwa.<ref>{{cite book|last=al.]|first=edited by Richard Pattman ... [et|title=Oxford handbook of genitourinary medicine, HIV, and sexual health|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780199571666|pages=95|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=Jm1H4EeULmYC&pg=PA95|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref> Katika miktadha inayohusisha [[ukahaba]] kote ulimwenguni, hatari ya maambukizi ya mwanamke hadi mwanamume imekadiriwa kuwa 2.4% kwa kila kitendo, huku maambukizi ya mwanamume kwa mwanamke yakiwa 0.08% kwa kila kitendo.<ref name=Boily2009>{{cite journal|author=Boily MC, Baggaley RF, Wang L, Masse B, White RG, Hayes RJ, Alary M |title=Heterosexual risk of HIV-1 infection per sexual act: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|volume=9|issue=2|pages=118–129|year=2009|month=February|pmid=19179227|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70021-0}}</ref> Hatari ya kuambukizwa huongezeka katika wingi wa [[magonjwa ya zinaa]]<ref name=CochraneSTI2012>{{cite journal|last=Ng|first=BE|coauthors=Butler, LM; Horvath, T; Rutherford, GW|title=Population-based biomedical sexually transmitted infection control interventions for reducing HIV infection|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2011-03-16|issue=3|pages=CD001220|pmid=21412869|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001220.pub3|editor1-last=Butler|editor1-first=Lisa M}}</ref> na [[vidonda vya uzazi]].<ref name=Boily2009/>Vidonda vya sehemu za uzazi vimekisiwa kuongeza hatari hadi mara tano. <ref name=Boily2009/> Maambukizi mengine ya zinaa, kama vile [[kisonono]], [[klamidia]], [[trikomoniasi]], [[vaginosi ya kibakteria]], huhusishwa na aghalabu ongezeko dogo la hatari ya kuambukizwa.<ref name=Dosekun2010/> [[Wingi wa virusi]] kwa mtu aliyeambukizwa ni suala kuu la hatari katika usambazaji wa kingono na pia wa kutoka kwa mama hadi mtoto.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Anderson|first=J|title=Women and HIV: motherhood and more|journal=Current opinion in infectious diseases|date=2012 Feb|volume=25|issue=1|pages=58–65|pmid=22156896|doi=10.1097/QCO.0b013e32834ef514}}</ref> Katika miezi 2.5 ya kwanza baada ya kuambukizwa VVU, uwezo wa mtu kuambukiza ni mara 12 zaidi kwa sababu ya wingi wa virusi. <ref name=Dosekun2010/> Iwapo mtu yuko katika awamu za mwisho za VVU, viwango vya kuambukizana ni takriban mara 8 zaidi.<ref name=Boily2009/> [[Usadomasoki|Ngono shari]] inaweza kuwa suala linalochangia ongezeko la hatari ya kuambukizwa. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Klimas|first=N|coauthors=Koneru, AO; Fletcher, MA|title=Overview of HIV|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychosomatic-medicine_2008-06_70_5/page/523|journal=Psychosomatic Medicine|date=2008 Jun|volume=70|issue=5|pages=523–30|pmid=18541903|doi=10.1097/PSY.0b013e31817ae69f}}</ref> [[Ubakaji]] pia unaaminika kuongezeka hatari ya kusambaza VVU kwa sababu ni nadra [[kondomu]] kutumika, huwa na uwezekano wa kujeruhiwa ukeni au kinyeo, na pia kuna uwezekano wa magonjwa ya zinaa yanayoambatana na VVU. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Draughon|first=JE|coauthors=Sheridan, DJ|title=Nonoccupational post exposure prophylaxis following sexual assault in industrialized low-HIV-prevalence countries: a review|journal=Psychology, health & medicine|year=2012|volume=17|issue=2|pages=235–54|pmid=22372741|doi=10.1080/13548506.2011.579984}}</ref> ===Viowevu vya mwili === [[File:AIDS Poster If You're Dabbling in Drugs 1989.jpg|thumb|alt=Bango la rangi nyeusi na jipya la kijana wa Kiafrika akiwa na taulo kwenye mkono wa kushoto iliyo na maneno "Kucheza na madawa ni kucheza na maisha" juu yake|Bango la mwaka 1989 likisisitiza tishio la UKIMWI unaohusiana na kutumia madawa ya kulevya.]] Njia ya pili maarufu zaidi ya usambazaji wa VVU ni kupitia kwa [[damu]] na mazao yake.<ref name=TransmissionM2007/> Usambazaji wa kupitia damu unaweza kuwa kupitia sindano inayotumiwa na watu wengi wanapoongezwa viowevu mwilini, majeraha ya sindano, kuongezwa damu chafu au mazao ya damu, au kudungwa kwa vifaa visivyotakaswa. Hatari inayotokana na kutumia sindano baina ya watu wengi wakati wa [[kudungwa dawa]] ni kati ya 0.63-2.4% kwa kila kitendo, wastani wake ukiwa 0.8%<ref name=Risk2006>{{cite journal|last=Baggaley|first=RF|coauthors=Boily, MC; White, RG; Alary, M|title=Risk of HIV-1 transmission for parenteral exposure and blood transfusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=AIDS (London, England)|date=2006-04-04|volume=20|issue=6|pages=805–12|pmid=16549963|doi=10.1097/01.aids.0000218543.46963.6d}}</ref> Hatari ya kuambukizwa VVU kwa sindano iliyotumiwa na mtu aliyeambukizwa VVU hukadiriwa kuwa 0.3% (takriban mara 1 kwa 133) kwa kila kitendo, ilhali hatari inayofuatia [[tando za ute]] kuingiliana na damu iliyoambukizwa ni 0.09% (takriban 1 kwa 1000) kwa kila kitendo.<ref name=AFP2007>{{cite journal|last=Kripke|first=C|title=Antiretroviral prophylaxis for occupational exposure to HIV|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2007-08-01_76_3/page/375|journal=American family physician|date=2007-08-01|volume=76|issue=3|pages=375–6|pmid=17708137}}</ref> Nchini Marekani, watu wanaodungwa dawa ndani ya [[misuli]] walichangia 12% ya visa vyote vipya vya VVU mwaka wa 2009, <ref name=TransmissionCDC2012/> huku 80% ya watu katika sehemu fulani wanaodungwa dawa wakiwa wameambukizwa VVU. <ref name=TransmissionM2007/> [[Kuongezewa damu]] iliyoambukizwa huchangia maambukizi kwa takriban 93% ya visa vyote.<ref name=Risk2006/>Katika mataifa yaliyostawi, hatari ya kuambukizwa VVU kutokana na kuongezewa damu iko chini sana (chini ya 1 kwa 500,000) ambapo viwango vya juu vya kuchagua mtu atakayetoa damu na pia upimaji VVU hufanywa.<ref name=TransmissionM2007/> Kule Uingereza, hatari iliyoripotiwa ni 1 kwa milioni 5.<ref>{{cite web|title=Will I need a blood transfusion?|work=NHS patient information|year=2011|url=http://hospital.blood.co.uk/library/pdf/2011_Will_I_Need_English_v3.pdf|publisher=National Health Services|accessdate=August 29, 2012}}</ref> Hata hivyo, katika mataifa yenye mapato ya chini, [[nusu]] tu ya damu inayoongezwa huwa imepimwa vyema (kufikia mwaka wa 2008). <ref name=UN2011Seventy>UNAIDS 2011 pg. 60–70</ref>Inakadiriwa kuwa hadi 15% ya maambukizi ya VVU katika maeneo hayo hutokana na kuongeza damu au mazao ya damu yaliyoambukizwa, hii ikiwa ni asilimia 5 - 10 ya maambukizi ya ulimwengu mzima. <ref name=TransmissionM2007/><ref name=WHO070401>{{cite web |publisher=[[World Health Organization|WHO]] |year=2001 |url=http://www.who.int/inf-pr-2000/en/pr2000-25.html |title=Blood safety&nbsp;... for too few |accessdate=January 17, 2006 |archivedate=2005-01-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050117092135/http://www.who.int/inf-pr-2000/en/pr2000-25.html }}</ref> Sindano za tiba zisizo salama huchangia pakubwa katika kueneza UKIMWI katika eneo la Kusini kwa Sahara. Mnamo 2007, kati ya 12% na 17% ya maambukizi katika eneo hilo yalichangiwa na matumizi ya sindano hizo.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Reid|first=SR|title=Injection drug use, unsafe medical injections, and HIV in Africa: a systematic review|journal=Harm reduction journal|date=2009-08-28|volume=6|page=24|pmid=19715601|doi=10.1186/1477-7517-6-24|pmc=2741434}}</ref> [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] linakadiria hatari ya kuambukizwa kupitia sindano hizo barani Afrika kuwa 1.2%. Hatari kuu huhusishwa na taratibu vamizi, kusaidiwa kuzaa na utunzaji wa [[meno]] katika sehemu hii ya dunia. Watu wanaochanja au kuchanjwa [[chale]], [[chale za mwili]] na [[kutia kovu]] hudhaniwa kuwa katika hatari ya kuambukizwa, ingawa hakuna visa vilivyothibitishwa ambavyo vimenakiliwa.<ref name=CDCBasics2012>{{cite web|title=Basic Information about HIV and AIDS|url=http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/basic/|work=Center for Disease Control and Prevention|date=April 2012}}</ref> Haiwezekani [[mbu]] au wadudu wengine kusambaza VVU. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/%7Einsects/aids.htm|title=Why Mosquitoes Cannot Transmit AIDS [HIV virus&#93;|publisher=Rci.rutgers.edu|date=|accessdate=2010-07-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329183346/http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~insects/aids.htm|archivedate=2014-03-29|=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329183346/http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~insects/aids.htm}}</ref> Mtu anaweza pia kupata VVU kwa kuchanga [[sindano]] na wenzake. Hii ina maana ya kutumia sindano ambayo haijawahi kusafishwa baada ya mtu mwingine kuitumia. Baadhi ya watu ambao, kinyume cha [[sheria]], huchukua madawa ya kulevya kama [[heroin]] na [[cocaine]] huchukua dawa hizo kwa sindano. Baadhi yao wanachanga sindano moja. Kama mmojawao ana virusi ya UKIMWI na anashirikisha sindano yake, anaweza kuambukiza HIV kwa watu wengine. === Mama hadi mtoto === VVU vinaweza kusambazwa kutoka kwa mama hadi mtoto wakati wa ujauzito, kuzaa au kunyonyesha.<ref name=Mother2010/><ref name="fluids of transmission">{{cite web|url=http://www.aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/prevention/reduce-your-risk/fluids-of-transmission/|title=Fluids of transmission|date=1 November 2011|work=AIDS.gov|publisher=United States Department of Health and Human Services|accessdate=14 September 2012|archivedate=2013-04-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403053447/http://aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/prevention/reduce-your-risk/fluids-of-transmission/}}</ref> Njia hii ni ya tatu kwa umaarufu wa kusambaza VVU kote duniani.<ref name=TransmissionM2007/> Bila matibabu, hatari ya kusambazwa wakati wa au baada ya kuzaliwa ni takriban 20%, na 35% kwa watoto wanaonyonya.<ref name=Mother2010/>Kufikia mwaka wa 2008, usambazaji wima ulichangia takriban 90% ya visa vya VVU katika watoto.<ref name=Mother2010/> Hatari ya kusambazwa kutoka kwa mama hadi mtoto inaweza kupunguzwa hadi 1% kwa kutumia matibabu mwafaka.<ref name=Mother2010/> Matibabu ya kukinga hujumuisha mama kutumia dawa za kudhibiti virusi wakati wa ujauzito na kuzaa, kuchagua [[kuzaa kwa kupasuliwa]], kutonyonyesha na kumpa mtoto dawa za kudhibiti VVU.<ref name=MTC2007>{{cite journal|last=Thorne|first=C|coauthors=Newell, ML|title=HIV|journal=Seminars in fetal & neonatal medicine|date=2007 Jun|volume=12|issue=3|pages=174–81|pmid=17321814|doi=10.1016/j.siny.2007.01.009}}</ref>Hata hivyo, idadi kubwa ya mbinu hizi hazipatikani katika mataifa yanayostawi.<ref name=MTC2007/> Iwapo damu itachafua [[chakula]] wakati wa mtoto kutafuna, itaongeza hatari ya kuambukiza.<ref name=CDCBasics2012/> == VVU na UKIMWI == ===Virusi vyenyewe=== [[File:HI-virion-structure en.svg|thumb|alt= Muundo wa duara ulio na miundo ya rangi ya waridi inayochipuka kutoka kwake, na michoro kadhaa ndani ya duara hii ikionyesha vipengele tofauti vya virusi |Mchoro unaoonyesha muundo wa virusi vya VVU]] VVU ndivyo kisababishi cha mkusanyiko wa magonjwa yanayojulikana kijumla kama VVU/UKIMWI. VVU ni [[retrovirusi]] ambavyo hasa huambukiza vipengele vya [[mfumo wa kingamwili]] ya binadamu kama vile seli za CD4<SUP>+</SUP>T, [[makrofaji]] na [[seli za dendraiti]]. Virusi hivi huharibu seli za CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T moja kwa moja au vinginevyo.<ref name=Alimonti>{{Rejea jarida |author=Alimonti JB, Ball TB, Fowke KR | title=Mechanisms of CD4+ T lymphocyte cell death in human immunodeficiency virus infection and AIDS | journal=J. Gen. Virol. | year=2003 | pages=1649–1661 | volume=84 | issue=7 | pmid=12810858 |doi=10.1099/vir.0.19110-0}}</ref> VVU ni mshirika wa [[jenasi]] ya ''[[Lentivirus]]'',<ref name=ICTV61.0.6>{{cite web | author=[[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]] | publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]] | year=2002 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/61060000.htm | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060418135608/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/61060000.htm | title=61.0.6. Lentivirus | accessdate=2012-06-25 | archivedate=2006-04-18 }}</ref> sehemu ya [[Familia (biolojia)|familia]] ya [[Retroviridae]].<ref name=ICTV61.>{{cite web |author=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses |publisher=National Institutes of Health |year=2002 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/61000000.htm |title=61. Retroviridae |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060629180810/http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/61000000.htm |accessdate=2012-06-25 |archivedate=2006-06-29 }}</ref> Virusi vyote vya lenti huwa na sifa sawa za [[mofolojia (bayolojia)|kimofolojia]] na [[biolojia]]. Spishi nyingi za [[mamalia]] huambukizwa na virusi vya lenti, ambavyo haswa huwa ndivyo visababishi vya maradhi ya muda mrefu yaliyo na [[kipindi cha kupevuka]] kirefu.<ref name=Levy>{{cite journal | author=Lévy, J. A. | title=HIV pathogenesis and long-term survival | journal=AIDS | year=1993 | pages=1401–10| volume=7 | issue=11 | pmid=8280406 | doi=10.1097/00002030-199311000-00001}}</ref>Virusi vya lenti husambazwa kama [[virusi vya RNA]] chanya za uzi mmoja [[hisia]] zilizo ndani ya kigamba. Inapoingia ndani ya seli iliyolengwa, [[jenomu]] ya [[RNA]] ya virusi hugeuzwa (hubadilishwa kinakala) na kuwa [[DNA]] ya nyuzi mbili ambayo husafirishwa pamoja na jenomu ya virusi katika chembe ya virusi vile. DNA ya virusi inayoundika huingia katika kiini cha seli ambapo huchangamana na seli ya DNA kwa kutumia [[integresi]] iliyofasiliwa kama virusi, na pia vipengele husika vya kiini kikuu.<ref name="JASmith">{{cite journal | author= Smith, Johanna A.; Daniel, René (Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Human Virology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia)|title= Following the path of the virus: the exploitation of host DNA repair mechanisms by retroviruses |journal=ACS Chem Biol|volume=1|issue=4 |pages= 217–26 |year= 2006 |pmid= 17163676 |doi=10.1021/cb600131q |url= }}</ref> Vinapochangamana na DNA ya seli, virusi hivi vinaweza kuingia katika [[kipindi cha kupevuka|awamu fiche]], hivyo kuwezesha virusi hivi pamoja na seli inayovipokea kuepuka kutambuliwa na mfumo wa kingamwili.<ref>{{cite book|last=Martínez|first=edited by Miguel Angel|title=RNA interference and viruses : current innovations and future trends|year=2010|publisher=Caister Academic Press|location=Norfolk|isbn=9781904455561|pages=73|url=</ref> Aina mbili [[Aina ndogo za VVU|za VVU]] zimetambulika: VVU-1 na VVU-2. VVU-1 ni virusi vilivyotambulika kwanza (na ambavyo mwanzoni vilijulikana pia kama LAV au HTLV-III). Virusi hivi vina [[sumu kali]], vyenye [[uambukizaji|kuambukiza]],<ref>{{cite journal | title=Comparison of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infectivity from a prospective cohort study in Senegal | last=Gilbert | first=PB |journal=Statistics in Medicine | date=28 February 2003| volume=22 |issue=4 | pages=573–593 | pmid=12590415 |doi=10.1002/sim.1342 | last2=McKeague | first2=IW | last3=Eisen | first3=G |last4=Mullins | first4=C | last5=Guéye-Ndiaye| first5=A | last6=Mboup | first6=S | last7=Kanki | first7=PJ |display-authors=1}}</ref> na ndivyo visababishi vikuu vya visa vingi vya maambukizi ya VVU kote ulimwenguni. Kiwango cha chini zaidi cha uambukizaji wa VVU-2 ikilinganishwa na VVU-1 huonyesha kuwa watu wachache zaidi walio katika hatari ya VVU-2 wataambukizwa kila wanapokumbana na virusi hivi. VVU-2 hupatikana zaidi [[Afrika Magharibi]] kwa sababu ya uwezo wake wa chini wa kuambukiza.<ref name="Reeves">{{cite journal | author=Reeves, J. D. and Doms, R. W | title=Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 | journal=J. Gen. Virol. |year=2002 | pages=1253–65 | volume=83 | issue=Pt 6 | pmid=12029140 | doi=10.1099/vir.0.18253-0}}</ref> [[File:HIV-budding-Color.jpg|thumb|alt= Kifaa kikubwa cha duara cha rangi ya buluu, na kifaa chekundu kilichounganishwa nacho. Vifaa vyote viwili vina madoa ya kijani yaliyotapakaa juu yake.|[[Darubini ya elektroni ya ukaguzi|Mikrografu ya elektroni ya ukaguzi]] wa VVU-1, vya rangi ya kijani, vinavyochipuka kutoka kwa [[limfositi]] iliyokaguliwa.]] Baada ya virusi kuingia mwilini, kuna kipindi cha [[kugawanyika kwa virusi]], hali inayopelekea wingi wa virusi katika damu ya pembeni. Katika kipindi cha kwanza cha maambukizi, kiwango cha VVU kinaweza kufika milioni kadhaa za chembe za virusi kwa kila [[mililita]] ya damu.<ref name=Piatak>{{cite journal | author=Piatak, M., Jr, Saag, M. S., Yang, L. C., Clark, S. J., Kappes, J. C., Luk, K. C., Hahn, B. H., Shaw, G. M. and Lifson, J.D. | title=High levels of HIV-1 in plasma during all stages of infection determined by competitive PCR |journal=Science | year=1993 |pages=1749–1754 |volume=259 |issue=5102 | pmid=8096089 | doi=10.1126/science.8096089|bibcode = 1993Sci...259.1749P }}</ref> Mwitikio huu huandamana na kiwango kikubwa cha kushuka kwa idadi ya seli za CD4⁺ T zinazozunguka. [[Viremia]] kali mara nyingi huhusishwa na kuwezeshwa kwa [[seli za T angamizi|CD8⁺ seli za T]], ambazo huangamiza seli zilizoambukizwa VVU na kisha kuhusishwa na kuzalishwa kwa zindiko, au [[kuzalishwa kwa zindiko mpya]]. Mwitikio wa seli za CD8⁺ T huchukuliwa kuwa muhimu katika kudhibiti viwango vya virusi, ambavyo hupanda na kushuka, huku viwango vya seli za CD4⁺ T vikirejea. Mwitikio bora wa seli za CD8⁺ T umehusishwa na kupungua kwa mwendo wa ugonjwa na pia prognosi bora zaidi, ingawa mwitikio huu hauondoi virusi.<ref name=Pantaleo1998>{{cite journal| author=Pantaleo G, Demarest JF, Schacker T, Vaccarezza M, Cohen OJ, Daucher M, Graziosi C, Schnittman SS, Quinn TC, Shaw GM, Perrin L, Tambussi G, Lazzarin A, Sekaly RP, Soudeyns H, Corey L, Fauci AS. | title=The qualitative nature of the primary immune response to HIV infection is a prognosticator of disease progression independent of the initial level of plasma viremia | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. | year=1997 |pages=254–258 | volume=94 | issue=1 | pmid=8990195 | doi=10.1073/pnas.94.1.254|pmc=19306|bibcode = 1997PNAS...94..254P }}</ref> Pathofisiolojia ya UKIMWI ni tata.<ref name="pmid8040596">{{Rejea jarida| author=Guss DA| title=The acquired immune deficiency syndrome: an overview for the emergency physician, Part 1| journal=J Emerg Med| volume=12| issue=3|pages=375–84| year=1994| pmid=8040596| doi=10.1016/0736-4679(94)90281-X}}</ref> Mwishowe, VVU husababisha UKIMWI kwa kuharibu [[seli T saidizi|CD4⁺seli za T]]. Hali hii hudhoofisha mfumo wa kingamwili hivyo kuwezesha [[mambukizi vamizi]]. Seli za T ni muhimu kwa mwitikio wa kingamwili, hivyo bila ya seli hizi, mwili hauwezi kukabiliana na maambukizi wala kuharibu seli za saratani. Utendakazi wa kuharibiwa kwa seli za CD4⁺ T hutofautiana katika awamu kali na za muda mrefu.<ref name="pmid16679064">{{Rejea jarida|author=Hel Z, McGhee JR, Mestecky J |title=HIV infection: first battle decides the war |journal=Trends Immunol. |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=274–81 |year=2006 |month=June |pmid=16679064|doi=10.1016/j.it.2006.04.007 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-immunology_2006-06_27_6/page/274}}</ref> Katika awamu kali, lisisi ya seli inayosababishwa na VVU, na pia kuangamizwa kwa [[seli za T angamizi]] huchangia katika kuharibiwa kwa seli za CD4⁺ T, ingawa [[apoptosi]] pia inaweza kuchangia hali hii. Katika awamu ya muda mrefu, matokeo ya uwezeshaji wa kijumla wa kingamwili ukiandamana na udhaifu wa pole pole wa uwezo wa mfumo wa kingamwili kuzalisha seli mpya za T hukisiwa kuchangia kupungua kwa pole pole kwa idadi ya seli za CD4⁺ T. <ref>{{cite book|author=Arie J. Zuckerman et al. (eds)|title=Principles and practice of clinical virology|year=2007|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken, N.J.|isbn=978-0-470-51799-4|page=905|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=4il2mF7JG1sC&pg=PA905|edition=6th}}</ref> Ingawa dalili za udhaifu wa kingamwili kama ulivyo katika UKIMWI hazitokei kwa miaka mingi baada ya kuambukizwa, kiwango kikubwa cha kuharibika kwa seli za CD4⁺ T hutokea katika wiki za kwanza baada ya kuambukizwa, hasa katika ute wa utumbo, ambao huwa na kiwango kikubwa cha limfosaiti zote za mwili.<ref name="pmid15365095">{{Rejea jarida|author=Mehandru S, Poles MA, Tenner-Racz K, Horowitz A, Hurley A, Hogan C, Boden D, Racz P, Markowitz M|title=Primary HIV-1 infection is associated with preferential depletion of CD4⁺ T cells from effector sites in the gastrointestinal tract |journal=J. Exp. Med. |volume=200 |issue=6 |pages=761–70 |year=2004 |month=September|pmid=15365095 |doi=10.1084/jem.20041196 |url= |pmc=2211967}}</ref> Sababu ya kiwango hiki kikubwa cha kuharibiwa kwa seli za CD4⁺ T ni kuwa kiwango kikubwa cha seli za ute za CD4⁺ T huzalisha protini ya [[CCR5]] inayotumika na VVU kama [[kipokezi kishiriki]] ili kuweza kufikia seli hizo, ilhali kipande kidogo tu cha seli za CD4⁺ T katika mkondo wa damu hufanya hivyo.<ref name="pmid15365096">{{Rejea jarida|author=Brenchley JM, Schacker TW, Ruff LE, Price DA, Taylor JH, Beilman GJ, Nguyen PL, Khoruts A, Larson M, Haase AT, Douek DC |title=CD4⁺ T cell depletion during all stages of HIV disease occurs predominantly in the gastrointestinal tract |journal=J. Exp. Med. |volume=200 |issue=6|pages=749–59 |year=2004 |month=September |pmid=15365096 |doi=10.1084/jem.20040874 |url= |pmc=2211962}}</ref> VVU hutafuta na kuharibu CCR5 inayotolesha seli za CD4⁺ T katika awamu kali ya maambukizi. <ref name=Julio2011>{{cite book|last=editor|first=Julio Aliberti,|title=Control of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses During Infectious Diseases.|publisher=Springer Verlag|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-4614-0483-5|page=145|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=TKMpo5aINVIC&pg=PA145|year=2011}}</ref> Mwitikio mkubwa wa kingamwili hatimaye huyadhibiti maambukizi hayo kisha kuanzisha awamu fiche ya kiutambuzi. Seli za CD4⁺ T katika tishu za ute husalia zikiwa zimeathiriwa sana. <ref name=Julio2011/> Ugawanyikaji endelevu wa VVU husababisha hali ya uwezeshaji wa kijumla wa kingamwili, ambao hudumu katika awamu yote ya muda mrefu.<ref name="pmid18161758">{{Rejea jarida|author=Appay V, Sauce D |title=Immune activation and inflammation in HIV-1 infection: causes and consequences|journal=J. Pathol. |volume=214 |issue=2 |pages=231–41 |year=2008 |month=January |pmid=18161758 |doi=10.1002/path.2276|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-pathology_2008-01_214_2/page/231}}</ref> Uwezeshaji wa kingamwili, ambao hutambulika kwa ongezeko la uwezeshaji wa hali ya seli za kingamwili na kutoleshwa kwa [[saitokini]] inayosababisha inflemesheni, husababishwa na utendakazi wa [[zao la jeni]] na mwitikio wa kingamwili dhidi ya ugawanyikaji wa VVU unaoendelea. Uwezeshaji wa kingamwili pia huhusishwa na kuharibika kwa mfumo wa uchunguzi wa kingamwili wa kizuizi cha ute wa tumbo na utumbo, hali inayosababishwa na kuangamizwa kwa seli za CD4⁺ T za ute katika awamu kali ya ugonjwa huu.<ref name="pmid17115046">{{Rejea jarida|author=Brenchley JM, Price DA, Schacker TW, Asher TE, Silvestri G, Rao S, Kazzaz Z, Bornstein E, Lambotte O, Altmann D, Blazar BR, Rodriguez B, Teixeira-Johnson L, Landay A, Martin JN, Hecht FM, Picker LJ, Lederman MM, Deeks SG, Douek DC |title=Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection |journal=Nat. Med. |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=1365–71 |year=2006 |month=December |pmid=17115046|doi=10.1038/nm1511 |url=}}</ref> Hivyo si kila mtu aliye na VVU ana UKIMWI. Wakati watu wanapata VVU, wanaweza kuwa na [[afya]] kwa miaka mpaka akakutwa na aina maalumu ya magonjwa na vipimo vya [[damu]] vikionyesha kuwa ina idadi ndogo sana ya [[seli nyeupe za damu]] ambazo ndizo zinazopambana na maambukizi. Kuna maradhi ambayo kwa kawaida ni ishara kwamba mtu ana UKIMWI kwa kuwa watu wenye afya njema hawapati magonjwa haya, kwa sababu mfumo wa kinga mwilini una nguvu ya kutosha ya kupigana na magonjwa hayo. Hivyo kupata ugonjwa wa aina hiyo ni ishara kwamba mfumo wa kinga umeharibika. Baadhi ya magonjwa hayo ni: * [[Sarkoma ya Kaposi]] - aina ya [[kansa]] ambayo kwa kawaida huathiri [[ngozi]] (mara nyingi husababisha vi[[donda]] vyekundu au [[zambarau]], au ma[[jeraha]] juu ya ngozi). Wakati mwingine huathiri tu ngozi, bali pia mifumo mingine katika mwili. * [[Retinitis]] - [[virusi]] zinashambulia nyuma ya [[jicho]]. * [[Pneumocystis carinii]] ([[kifupi]] PCP) - aina ya [[pneumonia]], [[magonjwa ya kuambukiza]] ya [[mapafu]]. PCP ni maambukizi ya kawaida kwa wagonjwa wa UKIMWI. * [[Toxoplasmosis]] - ugonjwa unaosababishwa na [[vimelea]], ambao unaweza kusababisha matatizo katika mifumo ya [[ubongo]] na mingine katika mwili. * [[Kansa ya kizazi]] - ambayo huwa inaenea. ==Utambuzi== [[File:Hiv-timecourse.png|thumb|alt=Grafu iliyo na mistari miwili. Mstari wa buluu unapanda kuelekea kulia kisha kushuka kuelekea kushoto huku ukipanda kidogo katikati. Mstari wa pili mwekundu unapanda kutoka sufuri hadi juu sana, kisha kushuka hadi chini halafu kupanda pole pole hadi juu tena |300px| Grafu ya ujumla ya uhusiano wa nakala za VVU (wingi wa virusi) na viwango vya seli za CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T katika wastani wa kipindi cha maambukizi yasiyotibiwa ya VVU.{{legend-line|blue solid 2px|CD4⁺ T Lymphocyte count (cells/mm³)}} {{legend-line|red solid 2px|HIV RNA copies per mL of plasma}}]] VVU hutambuliwa kupitia uchunguzi wa kimaabara kisha kuainishwa kiawamu kwa msingi wa uwepo wa dalili au ishara fulani.<ref name=WHOCase2007/> Watu walio katika hatari kubwa ya kuambukizwa hupendekezwa kupimwa VVU, ikiwa ni pamoja na mtu yeyote aliye na ugonjwa wa zinaa<ref name=Deut2010/> Katika maeneo mengi ya ulimwengu, 1/3 ya watu wenye VVU hutambua kuwa wameambukizwa katika awamu za mwishoni mwa ugonjwa huu wakati UKIMWI au ukosefu mkuu wa kingamwili umekuwa wazi.<ref name=Deut2010/> === Uchunguzi wa VVU === Watu wengi walioambukizwa VVU huzalisha [[zindiko]] maalum (yaani [[uzalishaji zindiko mpya|kuzalisha zindiko mpya]]) katika wiki 3 hadi 12 tangu maambukizi ya kwanza. <ref name=M118/> Utambuzi wa VVU vya kimsingi hufanywa kabla ya kuzalishwa kwa zindiko mpya kwa kupima [[RNA]] ya VVU au [[antijeni ya P24 #vipimo vya antijeni|antijeni ya p24]].<ref name=M118/> Matokeo chanya yanayopatikana kwa kupima [[msururu wa athari za polima|MAP]] au zindiko huthibitishwa kwa zindiko au MAP tofauti.<ref name=WHOCase2007/> Vipimo vya zindiko kwa watoto wa umri wa chini ya miezi 18&nbsp; kwa kawaida huwa kasoro kwa sababu ya uwepo endelevu wa [[Kingamwili Kimya ya Mama#Kingamwili kimya iliyopokezwa kiasilia|zindiko za mama]].<ref name=ChildDiag2010>{{cite journal|last=Kellerman|first=S|coauthors=Essajee, S|title=HIV testing for children in resource-limited settings: what are we waiting for?|journal=PLoS medicine|date=2010 Jul 20|volume=7|issue=7|pages=e1000285|pmid=20652012|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000285|pmc=2907270}}</ref> Kwa hivyo, maambukizi yanaweza kutambulika tu kwa vipimo vya MAP vya VVU, RNA au DNA, au kupitia kupima uwepo wa antijeni ya p24.<ref name=WHOCase2007/>Sehemu kubwa ya ulimwengu haina uwezo wa kupata vipimo bora vya MAP huku watu wa sehemu nyingi wakisubiri hadi dalili za watoto wao kuendelea au watoto hao kukua hadi kuwa na uwezo wa kupimwa kikamilifu.<ref name=ChildDiag2010/> Kufikia mwaka wa 2007-2009 katika eneo la Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara, kati ya asilimia 30-70 ya watu walikuwa wakifahamu hali yao ya VVU.<ref name=UN2011Eighty>UNAIDS 2011 pg. 70–80</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2009, kati ya asilimia 4-42 ya watu hawa walipimwa. <ref name=UN2011Eighty/> Takwimu hizi zinaonyesha ongezeko kubwa kutoka miaka ya awali.<ref name=UN2011Eighty/> ===Uainishaji wa maambukizi ya VVU=== Mifumo miwili mikuu ya uainishaji hutumika kuainisha VVU na magonjwa husika kwa ajili ya [[uchunguzi wa magonjwa|uchunguzi]]: mfumo wa uainishaji wa magonjwa wa [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]],<ref name=WHOCase2007/> na [[mfumo wa VKM]] wa uainishaji wa maambukizi ya VVU.<ref name=CDCCase2008/> The [[Vituo vya Kukinga na Kudhibiti Magonjwa|VKM]] hutumika zaidi katika mataifa yaliyostawi. Kwa vile mfumo wa uainishaji wa SAD hauhitaji vipimo vya mahabara, mfumo huu ni mwafaka kwa mataifa yanayostawi ambayo kwa kawaida yana upungufu wa vifaa, ambapo unaweza pia kutumika kuongoza udhibiti wa kimatibabu. Ingawa mifumo hii miwili ni tofauti, yote huwezesha ulinganishaji kwa ajili ya malengo ya kitakwimu.<ref name=M121/><ref name=WHOCase2007/><ref name=CDCCase2008/> Shirika la Afya Duniani lilipendekeza ufasili wa UKIMWI mara ya kwanza mwaka wa 1986.<ref name=WHOCase2007/> Tangu hapo, ufasili wa Shirika hili umedurusiwa na kurefushwa mara kadhaa, toleo la hivi karibuni likiwa la mwaka wa 2007. <ref name=WHOCase2007>{{cite book|title=WHO case definitions of HIV for surveillance and revised clinical staging and immunological classification of HIV-related disease in adults and children.|pages=6–16|url=http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/HIVstaging150307.pdf|format=PDF|year=2007|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-159562-9}}</ref> Mfumo wa SAD hutumia vikundi vifuatavyo: * Maambukizi ya kimsingi ya VVU: Yanaweza kuwa bila dalili au yakihusishwa na sindromu kali ya retrovirusi. <ref name=WHOCase2007/> * Awamu ya I: Maambikizi ya VVU huwa [[bila dalili]] yakiwa na kiwango cha seli za CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T (ambacho pia huitwa kiwango cha CD4) cha zaidi ya 500/uL.<ref name=WHOCase2007/> Maambukizi haya yanaweza kujumuisha kuvimba kwa tezi za mwili wote.<ref name=WHOCase2007/> * Awamu ya II: Dalili ndogo zinaweza kuhusisha kiwango cha chini cha kudhihirika kwa [[tando za ute|za tando za ute]] na maambukizi yanayorejea ya [[sehemu ya juu ya njia ya pumzi]]. Kiwango cha seli za CD4 cha chini ya 500/uL..<ref name=WHOCase2007/> *Awamu ya III: Dalili kuu zinazoweza kujumuisha hali ya [[kuharisha]][[ya muda mrefu (kimatibabu)|ya muda mrefu]] isiyo na kisababishi maalum kwa zaidi ya mwezi mmoja, maambukizi makali ya bakteria ikiwa ni pamoja na tiibii ya mapafu na pia kiwango cha seli za CD4 cha chini ya 350/uL. <ref name=WHOCase2007/> *Awamu ya IV ya UKIMWI: dalili kali zinazojumuisha [[toksoplasmosi]] ya ubongo, [[ukungu]] wa [[umio]], [[Vetebra ya trakea|trakea]], [[bronkasi| bronkasi]] au [[mapafu]] na [[sakoma ya Kaposi]]. Kiwango cha seli za CD4 cha chini ya 500/uL..<ref name=WHOCase2007/> Kituo cha Kukinga na Kudhibiti Magonjwa cha Marekani pia kilianzisha mfumo wa uainishaji wa VVU, kilichoudurusu mwaka wa 2008.<ref name=CDCCase2008>{{cite journal|last=Schneider|first=E|coauthors=Whitmore, S; Glynn, KM; Dominguez, K; Mitsch, A; McKenna, MT; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (CDC)|title=Revised surveillance case definitions for HIV infection among adults, adolescents, and children aged <18 months and for HIV infection and AIDS among children aged 18 months to <13 years--United States, 2008|journal=MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports / Centers for Disease Control|date=2008-12-05|volume=57|issue=RR–10|pages=1–12|pmid=19052530}}</ref> Katika mfumo huu, maambukizi ya VVU yameainishwa kulingana na kiwango cha CD4 na dalili za kiutambuzi, <ref name=CDCCase2008/> nayo hueleza maambukizi kwa awamu tatu: *Awamu ya 1: Kiwango cha CD4 cha seli ≥ 500&nbsp;/uL na hakuna hali zinazoashiria UKIMWI *Awamu ya 2: Kiwango cha seli za CD4 200 hadi 500&nbsp;/uL na hakuna hali zinazoashiria UKIMWI *Awamu ya 3: Kiwango cha seli za CD4≤ 200&nbsp;cells/uL au hali zinazoashiria UKIMWI. *Tashwishi: iwapo habari iliyopo haitoshi kufanya uainishaji uliopo juu Kwa sababu za kiuchunguzi, utambuzi wa UKIMWI hubakia iwapo baada ya matibabu kiwango cha seli za CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T kitapanda zaidi ya 200 kwa kila µL ya damu au iwapo maradhi mengine yanayoashiria UKIMWI yataponywa.<ref name="M121"/> == Matibabu == Hakuna tiba au [[chanjo dhidi ya VVU|chanjo]]; hata hivyo, matibabu ya kudhibiti [[virusi]] yanaweza kupunguza mwendo wa ugonjwa huu na huenda yakapelekea [[urefu]] wa [[maisha]] kuwa karibu na kawaida. Ingawa [[matibabu]] ya kupunguza makali hupunguza hatari ya kifo na matatizo yanayotokana na ugonjwa huu, matibabu haya ni ya bei ghali, hivyo yanaweza kuhusishwa na madhara mbadala. Kuna dawa za kusaidia watu wenye UKIMWI. Hizi zinaitwa ''dawa za kurefusha maisha''. Dawa za kurefusha maisha haziwezi kutibu UKIMWI. Hii ina maana kwamba haziwezi kufanya virusi vyote kuondoka mwili wa mtu. Lakini zinaweza kuwasaidia watu kupambana na virusi vya UKIMWI kwa mifumo yao ya kinga kufanya kazi vizuri zaidi. Hivyo dawa za kurefusha maisha si tiba kabili kwa virusi ya UKIMWI. Watu wenye VVU/UKIMWI ambao huchukua dawa za kurefusha maisha wanaweza kuishi muda mrefu, bila kupata maradhi yanayothibitisha UKIMWI. Lakini baada ya muda mrefu, virusi za HIV zisizouawa na dawa hizo hujifunza jinsi ya kupambana nazo na hivyo zinakuwa ''sugu'' kwa dawa hizo. Wakati mwingine VVU ni sugu kwa dawa moja, lakini dawa nyingine inaweza kutumika. Ili kupunguza uwezekano wa upinzani kutokea, watu wenye UKIMWI huchukua dawa zaidi ya moja kwa wakati mmoja. Wanaweza kuchukua madawa 2-4 kwa mara moja. Hii wakati mwingine inaitwa ''cocktail'' ya UKIMWI. Lakini baada ya muda mrefu, VVU kujifunza kuwa sugu kwa dawa nyingi. Hapo hakuna zaidi ya kuwatibu. Hivyo [[wanasayansi]] kuendelea kujaribu kupata dawa mpya ya kupambana na VVU. Dawa [[tano]] muhimu za wenye VVU ni: * D4T (stavudine) * 3TC (Lamivudine) * NVP (nevirapine) * AZT (zidovudine) * EFZ (efavirenz) Bila dawa hizo, kwa kawaida mtu mwenye VVU anaweza akaishi miaka 9-11. == Njia za kujikinga na UKIMWI == [[Picha: Red Ribbon.svg|thumb|haki|Utepe mwekundu, ishara ya mapambano dhidi ya UKIMWI.]] [[File:AIDS Clinic, McLeod Ganj, 2010.jpg|thumb|alt=Onyesho la jumba la ghorofa mbili lililo na mabango kadhaa yanayohusiana na kuzuia UKIMWI |Matibabu ya UKIMWI, [[McLeod Ganj]], Himachel Pradesh, India, 2010]] Kuna njia nyingi za watu kupambana na [[janga]] hilo. Kuzuia maambukizi ya VVU, hasa kupitia [[kondomu]] na miradi ya kubadilishabadilisha sindano, ni mikakati mikuu inayotumika kudhibiti kuenea kwa ugonjwa huu. Lakini wengine wanahoji kwamba bila kubadili tabia, [[teknolojia]] peke yake haitaweza kushinda ugonjwa huo. === Chanjo === Njia bora ya kuzuia VVU ni wazo la kuwa na [[chanjo]]. Wanasayansi wengi wanatafuta [[chanjo ya VVU]] ili kuokoa [[uhai]] wa mamilioni ya watu, lakini kufikia mwaka [[2012]], hakuna chanjo mwafaka dhidi ya VVU/UKIMWI.<ref>{{cite news|title=The quest for an HIV vaccine|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2012/may/20120518vaccinesday/|date=May 18, 2012|author=UNAIDS|accessdate=2017-04-01|archivedate=2012-05-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524051113/http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2012/may/20120518vaccinesday/}}</ref>Jaribio moja la chanjo ya [[RV 144]] iliyotolewa mwaka 2009 lilipelekea kupunguza hatari ya kuambukiza kwa takriban 30%, hivyo kuchochea matarajio ya jamii ya utafiti ya kutengeneza chanjo mwafaka zaidi.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Reynell|first=L|coauthors=Trkola, A|title=HIV vaccines: an attainable goal?|journal=Swiss medical weekly|date=2012-03-02|volume=142|pages=w13535|pmid=22389197|doi=10.4414/smw.2012.13535}}</ref> Majaribio zaidi ya chanjo ya RV 144 yanaendelea.<ref>{{cite web| author = U.S. Army Office of the Surgeon General| title = HIV Vaccine Trial in Thai Adults| publisher = ClinicalTrials.gov| date = March 21, 2011| accessdate = June 28, 2011| url =http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00223080}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| author = U.S. Army Office of the Surgeon General|title = Follow up of Thai Adult Volunteers With Breakthrough HIV Infection After Participation in a Preventive HIV Vaccine Trial| publisher = ClinicalTrials.gov| date = June 2, 2010| url =http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00337181}}</ref> ===Kondomu=== Vitendo vya kijinsia ni njia kuu ya kupata VVU. Kama watu wanatumia [[kondomu]] wanapofanya mapenzi, kuna nafasi ndogo zaidi ya kuambukizana VVU, lakini [[ukweli]] kamili ni kwamba hakuna [[ngono salama]] kwa hakika. Matumizi ya [[kondomu]] ya kila mara hupunguza hatari ya kuambukizana UKIMWI kwa takriban 80% katika muda mrefu wa usoni.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Crosby|first=R|coauthors=Bounse, S|title=Condom effectiveness: where are we now?|journal=Sexual health|date=2012 Mar|volume=9|issue=1|pages=10–7|pmid=22348628|doi=10.1071/SH11036}}</ref> Iwapo mwenzi mmoja ameambukizwa, kutumia kondomu kila mara hupelekea viwango vya chini ya 1% kwa mwaka vya huyo mwingine kuambukizwa.<ref name=WHOCondoms>{{cite web| publisher=[[World Health Organization|WHO]]| month=August |year=2003|url=http://www.wpro.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs_200308_Condoms/en/index.html | title=Condom Facts and Figures|accessdate=January 17, 2006 }}</ref> Kuna ushahidi mdogo unaoonyesha kuwa [[kondomu za wanawake]] una kiwango sawa cha kinga.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gallo|first=MF|coauthors=Kilbourne-Brook, M; Coffey, PS|title=A review of the effectiveness and acceptability of the female condom for dual protection|journal=Sexual health|date=2012 Mar|volume=9|issue=1|pages=18–26|pmid=22348629|doi=10.1071/SH11037}}</ref> ===Dawa za ukeni=== Kutumia mafuta ya ukeni yanaliyo na [[tenofovir]] muda mfupi kabla ya ngono hukisiwa kupunguza viwango vya maambukizi kwa takriban 40% miongoni mwa wanawake wa Kiafrika.<ref name=VagGel2012>{{cite journal|last=Celum|first=C|coauthors=Baeten, JM|title=Tenofovir-based pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention: evolving evidence|journal=Current opinion in infectious diseases|date=2012 Feb|volume=25|issue=1|pages=51–7|pmid=22156901|doi=10.1097/QCO.0b013e32834ef5ef|pmc=3266126}}</ref> Kinyume na hili, matumizi ya [[spemisidi]] [[nonoxynol-9]] yanaweza kuongeza hatari ya kuambukizwa kwa sababu ya uwezo wake wa kuleta mwasho wa uke na [[rektamu]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Baptista|first=M|coauthors=Ramalho-Santos, J|title=Spermicides, microbicides and antiviral agents: recent advances in the development of novel multi-functional compounds|journal=Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry|date=2009-11-01|volume=9|issue=13|pages=1556–67|pmid=20205637|doi=10.2174/138955709790361548}}</ref> ===Tohara=== [[Tohara]] katika eneo la [[Kusini kwa Sahara]] "hupunguza uambukizaji wa VVU katika wanaume wanaohusiana na wanawake kimapenzi kwa kati ya 38% na 66% kwa muda wa miezi 24". <ref>{{cite journal|last=Siegfried|first=N|coauthors=Muller, M; Deeks, JJ; Volmink, J|title=Male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of HIV in men|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2009-04-15|issue=2|pages=CD003362|pmid=19370585|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003362.pub2|editor1-last=Siegfried|editor1-first=Nandi}}</ref> Kwa msingi wa tafiti hizi, mashirika ya SAD na UNAIDS yalipendekeza tohara kama mbinu ya kuzuia uambukizaji VVU kutoka kwa mwanamke hadi mwanamume mwaka 2007.<ref>{{cite web |title=WHO and UNAIDS announce recommendations from expert consultation on male circumcision for HIV prevention |publisher=World Health Organization |date=Mar 28, 2007 |url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2007/pr10/en/index.html |accessdate=2017-04-01 |archivedate=2011-07-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703140439/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2007/pr10/en/index.html }}</ref> Haijabainika wazi iwapo njia hii huzuia uambukizaji kutoka kwa mwanamume hadi mwanamke<ref>{{cite journal|last=Larke|first=N|title=Male circumcision, HIV and sexually transmitted infections: a review|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-nursing_2010-05-27_19_10/page/n11|journal=British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing)|date=2010 May 27 – Jun 9|volume=19|issue=10|pages=629–34|pmid=20622758}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Eaton|first=L|coauthors=Kalichman, SC|title=Behavioral aspects of male circumcision for the prevention of HIV infection|journal=Current HIV/AIDS reports|date=2009 Nov|volume=6|issue=4|pages=187–93|pmid=19849961|doi=10.1007/s11904-009-0025-9}}(subscription required)</ref> na iwapo mbinu hii ina manufaa katika [[mataifa yaliyostawi]] na haijabainika miongoni mwa mashoga.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kim|first=HH|coauthors=Li, PS, Goldstein, M|title=Male circumcision: Africa and beyond?|journal=Current opinion in urology|date=2010 Nov|volume=20|issue=6|pages=515–9|pmid=20844437|doi=10.1097/MOU.0b013e32833f1b21}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Templeton|first=DJ|coauthors=Millett, GA, Grulich, AE|title=Male circumcision to reduce the risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men|journal=Current opinion in infectious diseases|date=2010 Feb|volume=23|issue=1|pages=45–52|pmid=19935420|doi=10.1097/QCO.0b013e328334e54d}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida | last1 = Wiysonge | first1 = CS. | last2 = Kongnyuy | first2 = EJ. | last3 = Shey | first3 = M. | last4 = Muula | first4 = AS.|last5 = Navti | first5 = OB. | last6 = Akl | first6 = EA. | last7 = Lo | first7 = YR. | title = Male circumcision for prevention of homosexual acquisition of HIV in men | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume = | issue = 6 | pages = CD007496 | month = | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD007496.pub2 | pmid = 21678366 | editor1-last = Wiysonge |editor1-first = Charles Shey }}</ref> Baadhi ya wataalamu wanahofia kuwa dhana ya kiwango cha chini cha hatari miongoni mwa wanaume waliotahiriwa inaweza kupelekea mienendo hatari zaidi, hivyo wanapinga faida ya mbinu hii katika kukinga.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Eaton LA, Kalichman S |title=Risk compensation in HIV prevention: implications for vaccines, microbicides, and other biomedical HIV prevention technologies |journal=Curr HIV/AIDS Rep |volume=4 |issue=4|pages=165–72 |year=2007|month=December|pmid=18366947|pmc=2937204 |doi=10.1007/s11904-007-0024-7}}</ref> Wanawake waliofanyiwa [[ukeketaji]] wana hatari zaidi ya kuambukizwa.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Utz-Billing I, Kentenich H|title=Female genital mutilation: an injury, physical and mental harm |journal=J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol|volume=29|issue=4 |pages=225–9|year=2008 |month=December |pmid=19065392 |doi=10.1080/01674820802547087 |url=}}</ref> ===Mawaidha na elimu=== Njia muhimu ya kuzuia VVU/UKIMWI ni [[elimu]] kwa kuwa hiyo inawezesha kuelewa maana ya [[jinsia]] na kukwepa sababu za maambukizi yake. Ni kwamba watu wanaweza kupata VVU kutokana na [[ngono]] na kutokana na [[damu]]. Watoto wanaweza pia kupata VVU kutoka kwa [[mama]] zao (wakati wa kukua ndani ya akina mama wajawazito na wakati wa kunyonya [[maziwa]] ya mama.) Kuna baadhi ya watu ambao hawataki watu wajue kuhusu kondomu na sindano safi, au hawataki wawe na kondomu au sindano safi. Hao wanaamini kuwa watu wakijua kuhusu kondomu na kuwa na kondomu watafanya ngono zaidi na hivyo kuzidisha maambukizi badala ya kuyapunguza kwa sababu kinga hiyo si madhubuti. Vilevile wanaamini kuwa watu wakiwa na sindano safi watatumia dawa za kulevya zaidi. Wengi wa wanaodhani hivyo ni pia kwa sababu ya [[dini]] zao kukataza [[uzinifu]] na [[ulevi]] kama tabia zinazoharibu binadamu binafsi na jamii kwa jumla. Hao huhimiza [[upendo]] na [[uaminifu]] katika [[ndoa]], [[usafi wa moyo]] na utunzaji wa afya. Miradi inayohimiza [[kujinyima ngono]] haijatambulika inaathiri vipi hatari ya kupata VVU.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Underhill K, Operario D, Montgomery P |title= Abstinence-only programs for HIV infection prevention in high-income countries |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=4 |pages= CD005421|year=2008|pmid= 17943855|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005421.pub2|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD005421/frame.html|editor1-last= Operario|editor1-first= Don}}</ref> Ushahidi wa manufaa ya [[elimu ya rika]] pia hautoshi.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tolli|first=MV|title=Effectiveness of peer education interventions for HIV prevention, adolescent pregnancy prevention and sexual health promotion for young people: a systematic review of European studies|journal=Health education research|date=2012-05-28|pmid=22641791|doi=10.1093/her/cys055}}</ref> [[Elimu ya ngono]] inayotolewa [[Shule|shuleni]] inaweza kupunguza mitindo hatari,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ljubojević|first=S|coauthors=Lipozenčić, J|title=Sexually transmitted infections and adolescence|journal=Acta dermatovenerologica Croatica : ADC|year=2010|volume=18|issue=4|pages=305–10|pmid=21251451}}</ref> lakini inaweza pia kuchochea wanafunzi wakajaribu wenyewe ngono. [[Vijana]] wengi wanajihusisha katika vitendo hatari licha ya kufahamu kuhusu VVU/UKIMWI, huku wakipuuza hatari ya kuambukizwa.<ref name="Patel2008">{{Rejea jarida| author=Patel VL, Yoskowitz NA, Kaufman DR, Shortliffe EH | title=Discerning patterns of human immunodeficiency virus risk in healthy young adults | journal=Am J Med | year=2008 | pages=758–764 |volume=121|issue=4 | pmid=18724961 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.04.022 | pmc=2597652 }}</ref> ===Dawa kabla ya hatari=== Asilimia 96 ya watu walikingwa dhidi ya maambukizi iwapo wenzi wao walioambukizwa walipata mapema dawa za kudhibiti VVU<ref>National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), [http://www.niaid.nih.gov/news/newsreleases/2011/Pages/HPTN052.aspx "Treating HIV-infected People with Antiretrovirals Protects Partners from Infection"], NIH News, 2011 May</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Anglemyer|first=A|coauthors=Rutherford, GW; Baggaley, RC; Egger, M; Siegfried, N|title=Antiretroviral therapy for prevention of HIV transmission in HIV-discordant couples|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2011-08-10|issue=8|pages=CD009153|pmid=21833973|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009153.pub2|editor1-last=Rutherford|editor1-first=George W}}</ref> Proflaksisi ya kabla ya hatari pamoja na kipimo cha kila siku cha dawa ya [[tenofovir]] (ikiwa na au bila [[emtricitabine]]) ni mwafaka kwa vikundi fulani, ikijumuisha: mashoga, wachumba wa wenye VVU na vijana wa Afrika wanaovutiwa na watu wa jinsia tofauti. <ref name=VagGel2012/> Hadhari za jumla katika mandhari ya utunzaji wa afya zinaaminika kufaulu kupunguza hatari ya VVU.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|title=Recommendations for prevention of HIV transmission in health-care settings|journal=MMWR|volume=36 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=1S–18S |year=1987|month=August|pmid=3112554|url=http://www.cdc.gov/MMWR/PREVIEW/MMWRHTML/00023587.htm |author1= Centers for Disease Control (CDC)}}</ref> Matumizi ya dawa zinazodungwa mishipani ni kipengele muhimu cha hatari, hivyo mikakati ya [[kupunguza madhara]] kama vile [[miradi ya kubadilisha sindano]] na [[matibabu ya kubadilisha opioidi]] yanaonekana kufaulu kupunguza hatari.<ref name=Kurth2011>{{cite journal|last=Kurth|first=AE|coauthors=Celum, C; Baeten, JM; Vermund, SH; Wasserheit, JN|title=Combination HIV prevention: significance, challenges, and opportunities|journal=Current HIV/AIDS reports|date=2011 Mar|volume=8|issue=1|pages=62–72|pmid=20941553|doi=10.1007/s11904-010-0063-3|pmc=3036787}}</ref> ===Dawa baada ya hatari=== Vipimo vya dawa za kudhibiti VVU zinazotolewa kati ya saa 48 hadi 72 baada ya hatari kwa damu yenye VVU au viowevu vya uzazi hujulikana kama proflaksisi ya baada ya hatari.<ref name=Prevention2012/> Matumizi ya dawa moja ya [[zidovudine]] hupunguza mara tano hatari ya kupata VVU kutokana na jeraha la sindano.<ref name=Prevention2012>{{cite journal |author= |title=HIV exposure through contact with body fluids |journal=Prescrire Int|volume=21 |issue=126 |pages=100–1, 103–5 |year=2012 |month=April |pmid=22515138 |doi= |url= |author1= [No authors listed]}}</ref> Matibabu hupendekezwa baada ya [[ubakaji]] iwapo mshukiwa anatambulika kuwa na VVU lakini yanakumbwa na utata iwapo hali yake haijulikani.<ref name=NEJM2011Sex>{{cite journal|last=Linden|first=JA|title=Clinical practice. Care of the adult patient after sexual assault|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2011-09-01_365_9/page/834|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=2011-09-01|volume=365|issue=9|pages=834–41|pmid=21879901|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1102869}}</ref> Taratibu za matibabu ya sasa hutumia [[lopinavir/ritonavir]] na [[lamivudine/zidovudine]] au [[emtricitabine/tenofovir]] na yanaweza kupunguza hatari zaidi.<ref name=Prevention2012/> Kwa kawaida, muda wa matibabu huwa wiki nne <ref name=CochranePEP2007>{{cite journal|last=Young|first=TN|coauthors=Arens, FJ; Kennedy, GE; Laurie, JW; Rutherford, G|title=Antiretroviral post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for occupational HIV exposure|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2007-01-24|issue=1|pages=CD002835|pmid=17253483|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002835.pub3|editor1-last=Young|editor1-first=Taryn}}</ref>na mara nyingi huhusishwa na athari kali (zidovudine ikiwa na takriban 70% ya visa, ikijumuisha 24% kichefuchefu, 22% uchovu, 13% mafadhaiko na 9% maumivu ya kichwa.<ref name=AFP2007/> === Kuzuia maambukizi ya mama kwa mtoto === Hatua za kuzuia kusambaza VVU kutoka kwa mama hadi mtoto zinaweza kupunguza kiwango cha maambukizi kwa asilimia 92-99.<ref name=Mother2010>{{cite journal|last=Coutsoudis|first=A|coauthors=Kwaan, L; Thomson, M|title=Prevention of vertical transmission of HIV-1 in resource-limited settings|journal=Expert review of anti-infective therapy|date=2010 Oct|volume=8|issue=10|pages=1163–75|pmid=20954881|doi=10.1586/eri.10.94}}</ref><ref name=Kurth2011/> Kimsingi, hatua hizi hujumuisha kutumia mwungano wa dawa za kudhibiti VVU katika ujauzito na baada ya kuzaa, na pia [[kunywesha kwa chupa]] badala ya [[kunyonyesha]].<ref name=Mother2010/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Siegfried|first=N|coauthors=van der Merwe, L; Brocklehurst, P; Sint, TT|title=Antiretrovirals for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2011-07-06|issue=7|pages=CD003510|pmid=21735394|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003510.pub3|editor1-last=Siegfried|editor1-first=Nandi}}</ref>Ikiwa itakubaliwa kulisha, inafaidi, inawezekana kumudu gharama yake, na ni salama, kina mama hawapaswi kuwanyonyesha watoto wao. Hata hivyo, iwapo haiwezekani, kina mama hushauriwa kunyonyesha tu katika miezi ya kwanza.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/Infantfeedingconsensusstatement.pf.pdf |format=PDF |year=2006 |accessdate=March 12, 2008 |title=WHO HIV and Infant Feeding Technical Consultation Held on behalf of the Inter-agency Task Team (IATT) on Prevention of HIV – Infections in Pregnant Women, Mothers and their Infants –Consensus statement |date=October 25–27, 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409065845/http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/Infantfeedingconsensusstatement.pf.pdf |archivedate=2008-04-09 |deadurl=no }}</ref> Ikiwa kunyonyesha pekee kutatekelezwa, kumpa mtoto proflaksisi ya kudhibiti VVU kwa muda mrefu zaidi hupunguza hatari ya kuambukizwa.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Horvath|first=T|coauthors=Madi, BC; Iuppa, IM; Kennedy, GE; Rutherford, G; Read, JS|title=Interventions for preventing late postnatal mother-to-child transmission of HIV|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2009-01-21|issue=1|pages=CD006734|pmid=19160297|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006734.pub2|editor1-last=Horvath|editor1-first=Tara}}</ref> ===Dawa za kudhibiti virusi === [[File:Abacavir (Ziagen) 300mg.jpg|thumb|alt=Tembe mbili za manjano za umbo la mstatili ambapo mojawapo ya alama za GX623 inaonekana|''[[Abacavir]]'' – kifanani cha nukliosidi kinachozuia kugeuzwa kwa nakala (KNKN)]] Kwa sasa hakuna tiba au [[chanjo ya VVU]] mwafaka. Matibabu hujumuisha dawa tendi za kudhibiti VVU za kiwango cha juu zinazopunguza mwendo wa ugonjwa huu.<ref name=LE2011>{{cite journal|last=May|first=MT|coauthors=Ingle, SM|title=Life expectancy of HIV-positive adults: a review|journal=Sexual health|date=2011 Dec|volume=8|issue=4|pages=526–33|pmid=22127039|doi=10.1071/SH11046}}</ref> Kufikia mwaka 2010, zaidi ya watu milioni 6.6&nbsp; wa nchi za mapato ya chini na ya kati walikuwa wakitumia dawa hizo.<ref name=UN2019Ten/> Matibabu pia huhusisha hatua za kuzuia na kutibu maambukizi nyemelezi. Chaguo za kisasa za KNKN ni michanganyiko ya angalau dawa tatu za angalau aina au "vikundi" viwili vya ajenti za [[dawa za kudhibiti VVU]].<ref name=WHOTx2010Pg19/> Mwanzoni, matibabu kwa kawaida huhusisha kizuizi kisicho cha nukliosidi kinachozuia kugeuzwa kwa nakala (KKNKN) pamoja na vidonge viwili vya kifanani cha nukliosidi kinachozuia kugeuzwa kwa nakala (KNKN).<ref name=WHOTx2010Pg19/> KNKN kwa kawaida hujumuisha: [[zidovudine]] (AZT) au [[tenofovir]] (TDF) na [[lamivudine]] (3TC) au [[emtricitabine]] (FTC).<ref name=WHOTx2010Pg19/> Mwungano wa ajenti zinazojumuisha kizuizi cha protisi (KP) hutumika utaratibu huu ukipoteza utendakazi.<ref name=WHOTx2010Pg19/> Wakati wa kuanzisha matumizi ya dawa za kudhibiti VVU ni mada ambayo ingali inajadiliwa.<ref name=Deut2010/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Sax|first=PE|coauthors=Baden, LR|title=When to start antiretroviral therapy—ready when you are?|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=2009-04-30|volume=360|issue=18|pages=1897–9|pmid=19339713|doi=10.1056/NEJMe0902713}}</ref> Shirika la Afya Duniani, miongozo ya [[Ulaya]] na pia Marekani hupendekeza dawa za kudhibiti VVU kwa vijana waliobalehe, watu wazima na kina mama wajawazito walio na kiwango cha CD4 cha chini ya 350/uL au walio na dalili, bila kuzingatia kiwango chao cha CD4.<ref name=Deut2010/><ref name=WHOTx2010Pg19>{{cite book|title=Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents: recommendations for a public health approach|year=2010|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-159976-4|pages=19–20|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599764_eng.pdf|access-date=2017-04-01|archive-date=2012-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709184257/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599764_eng.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>Hali hii huwezeshwa na ukweli kwamba kuanzisha matibabu wakati huu hupunguza hatari ya kifo.<ref name=CochraneART2010>{{cite journal|last=Siegfried|first=N|coauthors=Uthman, OA; Rutherford, GW|title=Optimal time for initiation of antiretroviral therapy in asymptomatic, HIV-infected, treatment-naive adults|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2010-03-17|issue=3|pages=CD008272|pmid=20238364|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008272.pub2|editor1-last=Siegfried|editor1-first=Nandi}}</ref> Isitoshe, Marekani imependekeza matibabu hayo kwa watu wote wenye VVU bila kuzingatia kiwango cha CD4 au dalili, ingawa inatoa pendekezo hili ikiwahofia watu wenye kiwango cha juu cha CD4.<ref name=Guidelines2009>{{cite book|last=Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents|first=|title=Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents|url=http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/ContentFiles/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf|date=2009-12-01|publisher=United States Department of Health and Human Services|page=i|access-date=2017-04-01|archive-date=2009-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113181125/http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Shirika la Afya Duniani pia linapendekeza matibabu kwa watu wenye maambukizi nyongeza ya kifua kikuu na [[hepatitisi B]] tendi ya muda mrefu.<ref name=WHOTx2010Pg19/> Matibabu yanapoanzishwa, inapendekezwa yaendelezwe bila "kupumzika".<ref name=Deut2010/> Watu wengi hutambuliwa punde tu baada ya wakati ambao matibabu yalipaswa kuanzishwa.<ref name=Deut2010/> Katika matibabu, matokeo yanayotarajiwa ni kiwango cha HIV-RNA ya plasma ya muda mrefu cha chini ya nakala 50/mL.<ref name=Deut2010>{{cite journal|last=Vogel|first=M|coauthors=Schwarze-Zander, C; Wasmuth, JC; Spengler, U; Sauerbruch, T; Rockstroh, JK|title=The treatment of patients with HIV|journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt international|date=2010 Jul|volume=107|issue=28–29|pages=507–15; quiz 516|pmid=20703338|doi=10.3238/arztebl.2010.0507|pmc=2915483}}</ref>Viwango vya kuthibitisha ikiwa matibabu ni mwafaka hupendekezwa kwanza baada ya wiki nne na punde viwango hivi vinaposhuka chini ya nakala 50/mL. Vipimo vya kila baada ya miezi 3-6 kwa kawaida huwa mwafaka.<ref name=Deut2010/> Udhibiti usio mwafaka huchukuliwa kuwa zaidi ya nakala 400/mL.<ref name=Deut2010/> Kulingana na kigezo hiki, matibabu huwa mwafaka kwa zaidi ya 95% ya watu katika mwaka wa kwanza.<ref name=Deut2010/> Manufaa ya matibabu hujumuisha upungufu wa hatari ya kuendelezwa kwa VVU na kupunguka kwa hatari ya kifo.<ref>{{cite journal|last=When To Start|first=Consortium|coauthors=Sterne, JA; May, M; Costagliola, D; de Wolf, F; Phillips, AN; Harris, R; Funk, MJ; Geskus, RB; Gill, J; Dabis, F; Miró, JM; Justice, AC; Ledergerber, B; Fätkenheuer, G; Hogg, RS; Monforte, AD; Saag, M; Smith, C; Staszewski, S; Egger, M; Cole, SR|title=Timing of initiation of antiretroviral therapy in AIDS-free HIV-1-infected patients: a collaborative analysis of 18 HIV cohort studies|journal=Lancet|date=2009-04-18|volume=373|issue=9672|pages=1352–63|pmid=19361855|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60612-7|pmc=2670965}}</ref>Katika mataifa yaliyostawi matibabu pia huboresha afya ya mwili na ya akili.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Beard|first=J|coauthors=Feeley, F; Rosen, S|title=Economic and quality of life outcomes of antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS in developing countries: a systematic literature review|journal=AIDS care|date=2009 Nov|volume=21|issue=11|pages=1343–56|pmid=20024710|doi=10.1080/09540120902889926}}</ref> Matibabu hupelekea kupunguza kwa 70% hatari ya kupata kifua kikuu.<ref name=WHOTx2010Pg19/> Manufaa ya nyongeza hujumuisha upungufu wa hatari ya kusambazwa kwa ugonjwa huu hadi kwa wenzi kingono, na upungufu wa kusambazwa kwa maambukizi kutoka kwa mama hadi mtoto. <ref name=WHOTx2010Pg19/> Ubora wa matibabu hutegemea pakubwa maafikiano.<ref name=Deut2010/> Sababu za kutoafikiana hujumuisha: ufikiaji duni wa huduma za kimatibabu,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Orrell|first=C|title=Antiretroviral adherence in a resource-poor setting|journal=Current HIV/AIDS reports|date=2005 Nov|volume=2|issue=4|pages=171–6|pmid=16343374|doi=10.1007/s11904-005-0012-8}}</ref>huduma duni za kijamii, [[ugonjwa wa akili]] na [[uraibu wa madawa]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Malta|first=M|coauthors=Strathdee, SA; Magnanini, MM; Bastos, FI|title=Adherence to antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome among drug users: a systematic review|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-addiction_2008-08_103_8/page/1242|journal=Addiction (Abingdon, England)|date=2008 Aug|volume=103|issue=8|pages=1242–57|pmid=18855813|doi=10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02269.x}}</ref> Isitoshe, utata wa utaratibu wa matibabu (kufuatia idadi ya tembe na idadi ya marudio ya kumeza tembe) na [[athari kali]] zinaweza kusababisha kutoafikiana kwa kimakusudi.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nachega|first=JB|coauthors=Marconi, VC; van Zyl, GU; Gardner, EM; Preiser, W; Hong, SY; Mills, EJ; Gross, R|title=HIV treatment adherence, drug resistance, virologic failure: evolving concepts|journal=Infectious disorders drug targets|date=2011 Apr|volume=11|issue=2|pages=167–74|pmid=21406048}}</ref>Hata hivyo, viwango vya uafikiano ni sawa katika nchi zinazostawi na zilizostawi<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nachega|first=JB|coauthors=Mills, EJ; Schechter, M|title=Antiretroviral therapy adherence and retention in care in middle-income and low-income countries: current status of knowledge and research priorities|journal=Current opinion in HIV and AIDS|date=2010 Jan|volume=5|issue=1|pages=70–7|pmid=20046150|doi=10.1097/COH.0b013e328333ad61}}</ref> Matukio makuu huhusishwa na ajenti inayotumika.<ref name=Montessori2004/> Baadhi ya visa vinavyotokea mara nyingi hujumuisha: [[lipodistrofi inayohusishwa na VVU|sindromu ya lipodistofi]], [[dislipidemia]] na [[kisukari tamu]] hasa pamoja na vizuizi vya protisi.<ref name=M121/> Dalili zingine zinazotokea mara nyingi hujumuisha: [[kuhara]],<ref name=Montessori2004>{{cite journal| author=Montessori, V., Press, N., Harris, M., Akagi, L., Montaner, J. S. |title=Adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection | journal=CMAJ |year=2004 | pages=229–238 |volume=170 | issue=2 |pmid=14734438 | pmc=315530}}</ref><ref name="Burgoyne2008">{{Rejea jarida|author=Burgoyne RW, Tan DH|title=Prolongation and quality of life for HIV-infected adults treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART): a balancing act|journal=J. Antimicrob. Chemother. |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=469–73|year=2008 |month=March|pmid=18174196|doi=10.1093/jac/dkm499</ref> na ongezeko la hatari ya [[ugonjwa wa moyo na mishipa]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Barbaro|first=G|coauthors=Barbarini, G|title=Human immunodeficiency virus & cardiovascular risk|journal=The Indian journal of medical research|date=2011 Dec|volume=134|issue=6|pages=898–903|pmid=22310821|doi=10.4103/0971-5916.92634|pmc=3284097}}</ref> Hata hivyo, athari kali huwa katika matibabu mapya yaliyopendekezwa.<ref name=Deut2010/> Gharama huenda ikawa tatizo kwani baadhi ya dawa huwa ghali<ref>{{cite journal|last=Orsi|first=F|coauthors=d'almeida, C|title=Soaring antiretroviral prices, TRIPS and TRIPS flexibilities: a burning issue for antiretroviral treatment scale-up in developing countries|journal=Current opinion in HIV and AIDS|date=2010 May|volume=5|issue=3|pages=237–41|pmid=20539080|doi=10.1097/COH.0b013e32833860ba}}</ref>. Hata hivyo, hadi mwaka wa 2010, 47% ya watu waliohitaji dawa hizo walikuwa wakizitumia katika nchi zinazostawi na za mapato ya wastani<ref name=UN2019Ten/> Dawa fulani zinaweza kuhusishwa na [[ulemavu wa kuzaliwa]] hivyo hazifai kutumiwa na wanawake wanaopanga kupata watoto.<ref name=Deut2010/> Matibabu yanayopendekezewa watoto hutofautiana kidogo na ya watu wazima. Katika nchi zinazoendelea, kufikia mwaka wa 2010, 23% ya watoto waliohitaji dawa hizi walikuwa wakizitumia.<ref name=UN2011ONESIXTY>UNAIDS 2011 uk. 150-160</ref> Shirika la Afya Duniani na Marekani inapendekeza matibabu kwa watoto wote wa umri wa chini ya miezi 12.<ref name=USKID2011/><ref name=WHOKID2010>{{cite book|title=Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in infants and children|year=2010|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-159980-1|page=2|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599801_eng.pdf|access-date=2017-04-01|archive-date=2014-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224081130/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599801_eng.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref>Marekani hupendekeza matibabu kwa watoto wa umri wa mwaka 1-5 walio na kiwango cha VVU-RNA cha zaidi ya nakala 100,000&nbsp;/mL na kwa walio zaidi ya miaka mitano watibiwe iwapo kiwango cha CD4 ni chini ya 500/ul.<ref name=USKID2011>{{cite web|title=Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Pediatric HIV Infection|url=http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/pediatricguidelines.pdf|work=The Panel on Antiretroviral Therapy and Medical Management of HIV-Infected Children|format=PDF|date=Aug 11,2011|accessdate=2017-04-01|archivedate=2013-02-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216214548/http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/pediatricguidelines.pdf}}</ref> ===Kuzuia maambukizi nyemelezi=== Mikakati ya kuzuia maambukizi nyemelezi hufaa watu wengi wenye VVU/UKIMWI. Matibabu ya dawa za kudhibiti virusi huboresha na kupunguza hatari ya kupata maambukizi nyemelezi kwa wakati huo na baadaye.<ref name=Montessori2004/>[[Chanjo]] dhidi ya [[hepatitisi]] A na B hupendekezwa kwa watu walio katika hatari ya VVU kabla ya maambukizi, ingawa yanaweza kutolewa baada ya kuambukizwa.<ref name=Laurence>{{Rejea jarida | author=Laurence J | title=Hepatitis A and B virus immunization in HIV-infected persons | journal=AIDS Reader | year=2006 | pages=15–17 | volume=16 | issue=1|pmid=16433468}}</ref> Kinga ya [[Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole]] kati ya wiki 4-6 na kukoma kunyonyesha watoto waliozaliwa na mama mwenye VVU hupendekezwa katika sehemu zenye upungufu wa raslimali.<ref name=UN2011ONESIXTY/> Pia inapendekezwa kuzuia PCP kiwango cha CD4 kikiwa chini ya 200&nbsp;/uL na kwa wenye PCP au waliokuwa nayo awali.<ref name=PCP2011>{{cite journal|last=Huang|first=L|coauthors=Cattamanchi, A; Davis, JL; den Boon, S; Kovacs, J; Meshnick, S; Miller, RF; Walzer, PD; Worodria, W; Masur, H; International HIV-associated Opportunistic Pneumonias (IHOP), Study; Lung HIV, Study|title=HIV-associated Pneumocystis pneumonia|journal=Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society|date=2011 Jun|volume=8|issue=3|pages=294–300|pmid=21653531|doi=10.1513/pats.201009-062WR|pmc=3132788}}</ref> Watu wenye ugandamizaji wa kingamwili pia hushauriwa kupata kinga ya [[toksoplasmosisi]] na [[Kriptokokasi|Meninjitisi ya kriptokokasi]].<ref name=PEPpocketguide>{{cite web | publisher=[[United States Department of Health and Human Services|Department of Health and Human Services]] | date=February 2, 2007 | url=http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?ss=14&doc_id=6223&string=infected+AND+patients | title=Treating opportunistic infections among HIV-infected adults and adolescents. Recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association/Infectious Diseases Society of America. | accessdate=2017-04-01 | archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121212000558/http://www.guideline.gov/browse/archive.aspx | archivedate=2012-12-12 | =https://archive.today/20121212000558/http://www.guideline.gov/browse/archive.aspx }}</ref> Mikakati mwafaka ya kinga imepunguza kiwango cha maambukizi kwa 50% katika miaka 1992-1997.<ref name=InfectionBook2008/> ===Matibabu mbadala=== Takriban 60% ya watu wenye VVU nchini Marekani hutumia mbinu mbalimbali za [[matibabu mbadala]].<ref name="pmid18608078">{{Rejea jarida|author=Littlewood RA, Vanable PA |title=Complementary and alternative medicine use among HIV-positive people: research synthesis and implications for HIV care |journal=AIDS Care |volume=20 |issue=8 |pages=1002–18 |year=2008 |month=September |pmid=18608078 |pmc=2570227|doi=10.1080/09540120701767216 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_aids-care_2008-09_20_8/page/1002}}</ref> Ubora wa matibabu hayo hata hivyo haujathibitishwa.<ref name="pmid15969772">{{Rejea jarida|author=Mills E, Wu P, Ernst E |title=Complementary therapies for the treatment of HIV: in search of the evidence |journal=Int J STD AIDS |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=395–403 |year=2005|month=June |pmid=15969772 |doi=10.1258/0956462054093962 |url=}}</ref> Kwa kuzingatia [[Lishe na VVU/UKIMWI|ushauri wa kilishe na UKIMWI]], kuna ushahidi unaoonyesha manufaa ya nyongeza za [[virutubishi vidogo]].<ref name="Irlam"/> Ushahidi wa manufaa ya nyongeza za [[seleniamu]] unaonyesha kuwa manufaa yake si mengi sana.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stone|first=CA|coauthors=Kawai, K; Kupka, R; Fawzi, WW|title=Role of selenium in HIV infection|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nutrition-reviews_2010-11_68_11/page/671|journal=Nutrition Reviews|date=2010 Nov|volume=68|issue=11|pages=671–81|pmid=20961297|doi=10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00337.x|pmc=3066516}}</ref> Kuna ushahidi mdogo kuwa nyongeza ya [[vitamini A]] kwa watoto hupunguza vifo na kuboresha ukuaji.<ref name=Irlam/> Nyongeza ya [[vitamini]] nyingi kwa kina mama wajawazito wenye [[lishe duni]] na wanaonyonyesha imeboresha [[afya]] ya kina mama na watoto barani Afrika<ref name=Irlam>{{cite journal|last=Irlam|first=JH|coauthors=Visser, MM; Rollins, NN; Siegfried, N|title=Micronutrient supplementation in children and adults with HIV infection|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2010-12-08|issue=12|pages=CD003650|pmid=21154354|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003650.pub3|editor1-last=Irlam|editor1-first=James H}}</ref> Kutumia virutubishi vidogo ndani ya lishe katika viwango vya [[Kiwango cha Matumizi ya kila Siku|KMS]] kwa watu wazima wenye VVU kumependekezwa na [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Forrester|first=JE|coauthors=Sztam, KA|title=Micronutrients in HIV/AIDS: is there evidence to change the WHO 2003 recommendations?|journal=The American journal of clinical nutrition|date=2011 Dec|volume=94|issue=6|pages=1683S–1689S|pmid=22089440|doi=10.3945/ajcn.111.011999|pmc=3226021}}</ref><ref name='WHO_nutrients'>{{Rejea kitabu | last = [[World Health Organization]] | title = Nutrient requirements for people living with HIV/AIDS: Report of a technical consultation | date = 2003-05 | location = Geneva | url = http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/Content_nutrient_requirements.pdf | id = | isbn = | accessdate = March 31, 2009 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090325030154/http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/Content_nutrient_requirements.pdf | archivedate = 2009-03-25 | deadurl = no }}</ref> SAD linasema kuwa [[takwimu]] kadhaa zimeonyesha nyongeza ya vitamini A, zinki na ayoni inaweza kuwaathiri pakubwa watu wazima walio na VVU.<ref name='WHO_nutrients' /> Hakuna ushahidi wa kutosha kuonyesha manufaa ya [[miti shamba]].<ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Liu JP, Manheimer E, Yang M|title=Herbal medicines for treating HIV infection and AIDS |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev|issue=3 |pages=CD003937|year=2005 |pmid=16034917 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003937.pub2|url=|editor1-last=Liu|editor1-first=Jian Ping}}</ref> ==Matarajio ya kuishi== [[File:HIV-AIDS world map-Deaths per million persons-WHO2012.svg|upright=1.3|thumb|Idadi ya vifo kutokana na UKIMWI kati ya watu milioni 1 mwaka 2012 {{refbegin|3}}{{legend|#ffff20|0}}{{legend|#ffe820|1–4}}{{legend|#ffd820|5–12}}{{legend|#ffc020|13–34}}{{legend|#ffa020|35–61}}{{legend|#ff9a20|62–134}}{{legend|#f08015|135–215}}{{legend|#e06815|216–458}}{{legend|#d85010|459-1,402}}{{legend|#d02010|1,403–5,828}}{{refend}}]] [[File:HIV-AIDS world map - DALY - WHO2004.svg|thumb|Alt=Ramani ya ulimwengu ambapo sehemu yake kubwa ni ya rangi ya manjano au ya chungwa isipokuwa Kusini kwa Sahara ambapo kuna rangi nyekundu au nyekundu nzito|[[Miaka ya kulemaza]] ya VVU kwa kila wakaazi 100,000&nbsp; kufikia 2004. {{Multicol}} {{legend|#b3b3b3|<small>no data</small>}} {{legend|#ffff65|<small>≤&nbsp;10</small>}} {{legend|#fff200|<small>10–25</small>}} {{legend|#ffdc00|<small>25–50</small>}} {{legend|#ffc600|<small>50–100</small>}} {{legend|#ffb000|<small>100–500</small>}} {{legend|#ff9a00|<small>500–1000</small>}} {{Multicol-break}} {{legend|#ff8400|<small>1000–2500</small>}} {{legend|#ff6e00|<small>2500–5000</small>}} {{legend|#ff5800|<small>5000–7500</small>}} {{legend|#ff4200|<small>7500-10000</small>}} {{legend|#ff2c00|<small>10000-50000</small>}} {{legend|#cb0000|<small>≥&nbsp;50000</small>}} {{Multicol-end}}]] Katika sehemu nyingi ulimwenguni UKIMWI umekuwa [[ugonjwa wa muda mrefu]], si ugonjwa mkali tu.<ref name=Knoll2007/> [[Prognosi]] ni tofauti katika watu mbalimbali, na kiwango cha CD4 pamoja na wingi wa virusi huwa muhimu katika kutabiri matokeo.<ref name=M118/> Wastani wa muda wa kuishi baada ya kuambukizwa unakadiriwa kuwa kati ya miaka 9-1&nbsp; bila matibabu, ikitegemea aina ya VVU.<ref name=UNAIDS2007>{{cite web| author = [[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|UNAIDS]], [[World Health Organization|WHO]]| month = December| year = 2007| title = 2007 AIDS epidemic update| url = http://data.unaids.org/pub/EPISlides/2007/2007_epiupdate_en.pdf| accessdate = 2008-03-12| format = PDF| archivedate = 2008-05-27| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080527201701/http://data.unaids.org/pub/EPISlides/2007/2007_epiupdate_en.pdf}}</ref> Baada ya utambuzi wa UKIMWI, iwapo matibabu hayapo, uwezo wa kuishi huwa kati ya miezi 6-19.<ref name=Morgan2>{{Rejea jarida | author=Morgan D, Mahe C, Mayanja B, Okongo JM, Lubega R, Whitworth JA| title=HIV-1 infection in rural Africa: is there a difference in median time to AIDS and survival compared with that in industrialized countries? | journal=AIDS | year=2002 | pages=597–632 | volume=16 | issue=4 | pmid=11873003 |doi=10.1097/00002030-200203080-00011}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida|title=Progression and mortality of untreated HIV-positive individuals living in resource-limited settings: update of literature review and evidence synthesis|author=Zwahlen M, Egger M|url=http://data.unaids.org/pub/Periodical/2006/zwahlen_unaids_hq_05_422204_2007_en.pdf|format=PDF|year=2006|accessdate=March 19, 2008|version=UNAIDS Obligation HQ/05/422204|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409065844/http://data.unaids.org/pub/Periodical/2006/zwahlen_unaids_hq_05_422204_2007_en.pdf|archivedate=2008-04-09|deadurl=no|journal=}}</ref> [[KKNKN]] na uzuiaji mwafaka wa Maambukizi nyemelezi hupunguza kima cha vifo kwa 80% na kuongeza matarajio ya urefu wa maisha hadi miaka 20-50 kwa mtu mzima wa kimo aliyetambuliwa na maambukizi karibuni.<ref name=Knoll2007>{{cite journal |journal= Int J Dermatol |year=2007 |volume=46 |issue=12 |pages=1219–28 |title= Current status of HIV infection: a review for non-HIV-treating physicians |author= Knoll B, Lassmann B, Temesgen Z|pmid=18173512|doi=10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03520.x}}</ref><ref name=LifeExpecr2008>{{cite journal |journal= Lancet|year=2008 |volume=372|issue=9635 |pages=293–9 |title=Life expectancy of individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries: a collaborative analysis of 14 cohort studies | author= Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration |pmid=18657708 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61113-7 |pmc= 3130543 }}</ref><ref name=Schack2006>{{cite journal | author=Schackman BR, Gebo KA, Walensky RP, Losina E, Muccio T, Sax PE, Weinstein MC, Seage GR 3rd, Moore RD, Freedberg KA. |title=The lifetime cost of current HIV care in the United States | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_medical-care_2006-11_44_11/page/990 | journal=Med Care | year=2006 |pages=990–997 | volume=44 | issue=11 | pmid=17063130 |doi=10.1097/01.mlr.0000228021.89490.2a}}</ref> Hii ni kati ya 2/3<ref name=LifeExpecr2008/> na karibu na kiwango cha umma.<ref name=Deut2010/><ref>{{cite journal|last=van Sighem|first=AI|coauthors=Gras, LA; Reiss, P; Brinkman, K; de Wolf, F; ATHENA national observational cohort, study|title=Life expectancy of recently diagnosed asymptomatic HIV-infected patients approaches that of uninfected individuals|journal=AIDS (London, England)|date=2010-06-19|volume=24|issue=10|pages=1527–35|pmid=20467289|doi=10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833a3946}}</ref> Matibabu huwa hayafaulu yanapoanzishwa yakiwa yamechelewa katika prognosi,<ref name=Deut2010/> kwa mfano, matibabu yakianzishwa kufuatia utambuzi katika kiwango cha UKIMWI, matarajio ya urefu wa maisha huwa miaka~10–40.<ref name=Deut2010/><ref name=Knoll2007/> Wasipotibiwa, nusu ya watoto wachanga wanaozaliwa na VVU hufa kabla ya miaka miwili.<ref name=UN2011ONESIXTY/> Sababu kuu ya vifo vinavyotokana na VVU/UKIMWI ni [[Maambukizi nyemelezi]] na [[saratani]] ambayo mara nyingi hutokana na matatizo endelevu ya mfumo wa kingamwili.<ref name=InfectionBook2008>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=[edited by] Blaine T.|title=Concepts in immunology and immunotherapeutics|year=2008|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|location=Bethesda, Md.|isbn=978-1-58528-127-5|page=143|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=G46DrdlxNJAC&pg=PA143|edition=4th}}</ref><ref name=Cancer2005>{{cite journal|last=Cheung|first=MC|coauthors=Pantanowitz, L; Dezube, BJ|title=AIDS-related malignancies: emerging challenges in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy|journal=The oncologist|date=2005 Jun–Jul|volume=10|issue=6|pages=412–26|pmid=15967835|doi=10.1634/theoncologist.10-6-412}}</ref> Hatari ya saratani huonekana kuongezeka ikiwa kiwango cha CD4 kitashuka chini ya 500/uL.<ref name=Deut2010/> Kiwango cha kuendelea kwa ugonjwa wa kiutambuzi hutofautiana pakubwa katika watu mbalimbali na kimedhihirika kuathiriwa na vipengele kadhaa, kama vile uhatarisho na utendaji wa kingamwili;<ref name=Tang>{{Rejea jarida | author=Tang J, Kaslow RA | title=The impact of host genetics on HIV infection and disease progression in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy | journal=AIDS | year=2003 |pages=S51–S60 | volume=17 | issue=Suppl 4 | pmid=15080180 | doi=10.1097/00002030-200317004-00006}}</ref> uwezo wa kufikia [[huduma ya afya]] na uwepo wa [[maambukizi pacha]];<ref name=Morgan2/><ref name=Lawn>{{cite journal | author=Lawn SD |title=AIDS in Africa: the impact of co-infections on the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection | journal=J. Infect. Dis. |year=2004 | pages=1–12 |volume=48 | issue=1| pmid=14667787</ref> pamoja na aina ya (au za) virusi husika.<ref name=Campbell>{{cite journal | author=Campbell GR |title=The glutamine-rich region of the HIV-1 Tat protein is involved in T-cell apoptosis | journal=J. Biol. Chem. | year=2004 |pages=48197–48204 | volume=279 | issue=46 | pmid=15331610 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M406195200 | author-separator=, |author2=Pasquier E | author3=Watkins J | display-authors=3 | last4=Bourgarel-Rey | first4=V | last5=Peyrot | first5=V |last6=Esquieu | first6=D | last7=Barbier | first7=P | last8=De Mareuil | first8=J | last9=Braguer |first9=D}}</ref><ref name=Campbell2>{{cite journal | author=Campbell GR, Watkins JD, Esquieu D, Pasquier E, Loret EP, Spector SA | title=The C terminus of HIV-1 Tat modulates the extent of CD178-mediated apoptosis of T cells | journal=J. Biol. Chem. | year=2005 | pages=38376–39382 | volume=280 | issue=46 |pmid=16155003 | doi=10.1074/jbc.M506630200}}</ref> Maambukizi pacha ya [[kifua kikuu]] ni mojawapo ya visababishi vikuu vya vifo vya watu wenye VVU/UKIMWI, huku yakipatikana katika 1/3 ya watu walioambukizwa VVU na husababisha 25% ya vifo vinavyohusiana na VVU.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tuberculosis|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/|work=Fact sheet 104|publisher=World Health Organization|date=March 2012|accessdate=August 29, 2012}}</ref> VVU pia ni kipengele kikuu zaidi cha hatari ya kifua kikuu.<ref name=WHO2011>{{cite web|title=Global tuberculosis control 2011|author=World Health Organization|url=http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/2011/gtbr11_executive_summary.pdf|year=2011|ISBN=978 92 4 156438 0|accessdate=August 29, 2012}}</ref> [[Hepatitisi C]] ni maambukizi mengine pacha yanayotokea mara nyingi, ambapo kila ugonjwa huongeza uendeleaji wa ugonjwa mwingine<ref>{{cite book|last=Pennsylvania|first=Editors, Raphael Rubin, M.D., Professor of Pathology, David S. Strayer, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Pathology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Founder and Consulting Editor, Emanuel Rubin, M.D., Gonzalo Aponte Distinguished Professor of Pathology, Chairman Emeritus of the Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia,|title=Rubin's pathology : clinicopathologic foundations of medicine|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-60547-968-2|page=154|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=wb2TzY9AgJ0C&pg=PA154|edition=Sixth|year=2011}}</ref> Saratani zinazotokea mara nyingi zaidi ambazo huhusishwa na VVU ni [[sakoma ya Kaposi]] na [[limfoma isiyo ya Hodgkin]].<ref name=Cancer2005/> Hata wakitibiwa kwa dawa za kudhibiti VVU, watu walio na VVU huenda wakakumbwa na [[matatizo ya kiniuroni ya ufahamu]],<ref name="Woods2009">{{cite pmid|19462243 }}</ref> [[osteoporosi]],<ref name="Brown2006">{{cite pmid|17086056}}</ref> [[nuropathia ya pembeni|nuropathia]],<ref name="Nicholas2007">{{Rejea jarida|author=Nicholas PK|title=Symptom management and self-care for peripheral neuropathy in HIV/AIDS |journal=AIDS Care | volume=19|issue=2|pages=179–89 |year=2007 |month=February |pmid=17364396|doi=10.1080/09540120600971083|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_aids-care_2007-02_19_2/page/179|author-separator=,|author2=Kemppainen JK|author3=Canaval GE|display-authors=3|last4=Corless|first4=I. B.|last5=Sefcik|first5=E. F.|last6=Nokes|first6=K. M.|last7=Bain|first7=C. A.|last8=Kirksey|first8=K. M.|last9=Sanzero Eller|first9=L.}}</ref> saratani,<ref name="Boshoff2002">{{Rejea jarida| author=Boshoff C, Weiss R |title=AIDS-related malignancies | journal=Nat. Rev. Cancer | year=2002 | pages=373–382 | volume=2 | issue=5 |pmid=12044013 | doi=10.1038/nrc797 }}</ref><ref name="Yarchoan2005">{{Rejea jarida| author=Yarchoan R, Tosato G, Little RF | title=Therapy insight: AIDS-related malignancies – the influence of antiviral therapy on pathogenesis and management | journal=Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol. |year=2005 | pages=406–415 | volume=2 |issue=8 | pmid=16130937 | doi=10.1038/ncponc0253 }}</ref><!-- Boshoff2002 and Yarchoan2005 cover cancer --> [[nefropathi]],<ref name="Post2009">{{cite pmid|19106702}}</ref> na [[ugonjwa wa moyo na mishipa]] baada ya muda mrefu.<ref name="Burgoyne2008" /> Haijulikani ikiwa hali hizi hutokana na kuambukizwa kwa VVU kwenyewe au ni athari kali za matibabu yake. == Watu wangapi wana UKIMWI? == [[Picha: AIDS cases worldwide 1979-1995.png|haki|thumb|Idadi ya watu duniani wenye VVU miaka 1979-1995.]] [[File:AIDS and HIV prevalence 2008.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt= A map of the world where most of the land is colored green or yellow except for sub Saharan Africa which is colored red|[[Asilimia]] ya watu wenye umri wa miaka 15–49 walioambukizwa nchi kwa nchi ([[2011]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=AIDSinfo|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/datatools/aidsinfo/|work=UNAIDS|accessdate=4 March 2013}}</ref>{{Col-begin}} {{Col-break}} {{legend|#787878|<small>No data</small>}} {{legend|#94bf8b|<small><0.10</small>}} {{legend|#f4e2ba|<small>0.10–0.5</small>}} {{legend|#eaca83|<small>0.5–1</small>}} {{Col-break}} {{legend|#f07568|<small>1–5</small>}} {{legend|#ff4800|<small>5–15</small>}} {{legend|#b00000|<small>15–50</small>}} {{col-end}}]] VVU/UKIMWI ni [[janga]] la kimataifa.<ref name=Cohen2008>{{cite journal|last=Cohen|first=MS|coauthors=Hellmann, N; Levy, JA; DeCock, K; Lange, J|title=The spread, treatment, and prevention of HIV-1: evolution of a global pandemic|journal=The Journal of clinical investigation|date=2008 Apr|volume=118|issue=4|pages=1244-54|pmid=18382737|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2276790/|accessdate=17 September 2012}}</ref> Kufikia mwaka [[2018]] walau watu wapatao 37,900,000 walikuwa wakiishi na VVU<ref name=UN2019Ten>"Global HIV & AIDS statistics — 2019 fact sheet". www.unaids.org. UNAIDS. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 21, 2019.</ref> na kila mwaka watu milioni 2 wengine wanambukizwa<ref name=UNAIDS2015>{{cite web|title=Fact sheet 2015|url=http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/20150901_FactSheet_2015_en.pdf|website=UNAIDS|accessdate=1 February 2016}}</ref><ref name=UN2013>{{cite web|title=UNAIDS reports a 52% reduction in new HIV infections among children and a combined 33% reduction among adults and children since 2001|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2013/september/20130923prunga/|work=UNAIDS|accessdate=October 7, 2013|archivedate=2013-10-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001090619/http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2013/september/20130923prunga/}}</ref>. Zaidi ya nusu ni wanawake na milioni 2.6 ni watoto chini ya miaka 15.<ref name=UN2019Ten/> Hata hivyo watu wengi wenye VVU hawajui kuwa navyo<ref>{{cite journal|last=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|first=(CDC)|title=HIV surveillance—United States, 1981–2008|journal=MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report|date=June 3, 2011|volume=60|issue=21|pages=689–93|pmid=21637182}}</ref>. Kwa sababu hiyo, idadi halisi ya watu wanaoishi na VVU haijulikani. Hali hii ilisababisha karibu vifo milioni 1.8 mwaka 2010 ikilinganishwa na milioni 3.1 katika mwaka 2001.<ref name=UN2019Ten/> Kwa jumla watu 32,000,000 wameshakufa kwa ugonjwa huo<ref name=UN2019Ten/>. Wengi kati ya watu wenye VVU huishi Afrika kusini kwa Sahara (20,600,000). Wengi kati ya watoto ambao hufariki dunia kutokana na UKIMWI pia wanaishi barani Afrika. Katika mwaka wa 2010, kadirio la 68% (milioni 22.9&nbsp;) la visa vyote vya VVU na 66% ya vifo (milioni 1.2&nbsp;) vilitokea katika eneo hili.<ref name=UN2011Thirty>UNAIDS 2011 pg. 20–30</ref> Hii inamaanisha kuwa karibu 5% ya watu wazima wana virusi hivi<ref name=UN2011Fifty>UNAIDS 2011 pg. 40–50</ref> na vinaaminika kuwa kisababishi cha 10% ya vifo vyote vya watoto.<ref name=M117>Mandell, Bennett, and Dolan (2010). Sura ya 117.</ref> Wanawake wa eneo hili huchangia karibu 60% ya visa vyote tofauti na maeneo mengine.<ref name=UN2011Thirty/> [[Afrika Kusini]] ina idadi kubwa zaidi ya watu wenye VVU ulimwenguni kote, ikiwa ni watu milioni 5.9&nbsp;.<ref name=UN2011Thirty /> Kiwango cha [[matarajio ya urefu wa maisha]] kimepungua katika nchi zilizoathirika zaidi kutokana na VVU; kwa mfano, mwaka wa 2006, ilikadiriwa kuwa kiwango hiki kilipungua kutoka miaka 65 hadi 35 nchini [[Botswana]].<ref name=Kallings>{{Rejea jarida|journal= J Intern Med |year=2008|volume=263|issue=3|pages=218–43 |title= The first postmodern pandemic: Miaka 25 ya VVU |author= Kallings LO|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01910.x|pmid=18205765|url=http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01910.x}}(subscription required)</ref> [[Asia Kusini]] na [[Asia Kusini Mashariki|Kusini Mashariki]] ni eneo la pili lililoathirika zaidi; mwaka wa 2010, eneo hili lilikuwa na kadirio la visa milioni 4&nbsp; au 12% ya watu wote wanaoishi na VVU, hivyo kupelekea vifo vya takriban watu 250,000.<ref name=UN2011Fifty/> Takriban milioni 2.4&nbsp; ya visa hivi viko India<ref name=UN2011Thirty/> Ukithiri wa VVU uko chini katika maeneo ya Uropa Magharibi na Kati ikifikia 0.2% na [[Mashariki mwa Asia]] ikiwa na 0.1%.<ref name=UN2011Fifty/> Mwaka wa 2008 nchini Marekani, takriban watu milioni 1.2 walikuwa wakiishi na VVU, hivyo kupelekea takriban vifo 17,500. Kituo cha Kudhibiti na Kuzuia Magonjwa kilikadiria kuwa, mwaka wa 2008, 20% ya Wamarekani waliokuwa na VVU hawakujua hali yao. <ref name=USAEPI2011>{{cite journal|last=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|first=(CDC)|title=HIV surveillance—United States, 1981–2008|journal=MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report|date=2011-06-03|volume=60|issue=21|pages=689–93|pmid=21637182}}</ref> Nchini Uingereza, kufikia 2009 kulikuwa na takriban visa 86,500 vilivyopelekea vifo 516.<ref>{{cite book|title=HIV in the United Kingdom: Ripoti ya 2010|year=2010|url=http://www.hpa.org.uk/webc/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1287145367237|author=Health Protection Agency|access-date=2017-04-01|archive-date=2011-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119155546/http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1287145367237|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Nchini Kanada, kufikia 2008 kulikuwa na visa 65,000 vilivyopelekea vifo 53.<ref>{{cite book|last=Surveillance|title=HIV and AIDS in Canada : surveillance report to December 31, 2009|year=2010|publisher=Public Health Agency of Canada, Centre for Communicable Diseases and Infection Control, Surveillance and Risk Assessment Division|location=Ottawa|isbn=978-1-100-52141-1|url=http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/aids-sida/publication/survreport/2009/dec/pdf/2009-Report-Rapport.pdf|coauthors=riques, Risk Assessment Division = Le VIH et le sida au Canada : rapport de surveillance en date du 31 décembre 2009 / Division de la surveillance et de l'évaluation des|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119164919/http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/aids-sida/publication/survreport/2009/dec/pdf/2009-Report-Rapport.pdf|archivedate=2012-01-19|access-date=2017-04-01|dead-url=yes|=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119164919/http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/aids-sida/publication/survreport/2009/dec/pdf/2009-Report-Rapport.pdf}}</ref> ==Jamii na utamaduni== === Unyanyapaa === [[File:Ryan White.jpg|thumb|alt=Mvulana baleghe akitabasamu akipigwa picha huku mkono wa mwingine ukiwa uemeegemeshwa begani mwake|[[Ryan White]] alipelekea kuwa [[mtoto wa uhamasisho]] wa VVU baada ya kufukuzwa shuleni kwa sababu alikuwa ameambukizwa.]] [[Unyanyapaa]] dhidi ya watu walio na UKIMWI zipo kote ulimwenguni kwa namna mbalimbali, zikiwemo kutengwa, kukataliwa na jamii, ubaguzi na kuepuka watu walioambukizwa VVU, kulazimishwa kupimwa VVU bila [[idhini]] au ulinzi wa [[usiri]], vurugu dhidi ya watu walioambukizwa au waliodhaniwa kuambukizwa VVU; na [[karantini]] ya watu waliombukizwa VVU.<ref name=UNAIDS2006Ch4>{{Rejea kitabu|publisher =[[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|UNAIDS]]| year = 2006| title = 2006 Report on the global AIDS epidemic| chapter = The impact of AIDS on people and societies| chapterurl =http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2006/2006_GR_CH04_en.pdf| accessdate =June 14, 2006| format= PDF| isbn =92-9173-479-9}}</ref> Vurugu zinazohusiana na unyanyapaa au hofu ya vurugu huzuia watu wengi kupima VVU, kurudia matokeo ya vipimo na kutotafuta matibabu. Hali hizi hugeuza ugonjwa wa muda mrefu unaoweza kudhibitiwa kuwa hukumu ya kifo na kuendeleza ueneaji wa VVU.<ref name=Ogden>{{cite web | author = Ogden J, Nyblade L | publisher = [[International Center for Research on Women]] | year = 2005 | title = Common at its core: HIV-related stigma across contexts | url = http://www.icrw.org/docs/2005_report_stigma_synthesis.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = February 15, 2007 | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/6FEwkK8ZU?url=http://www.icrw.org/publications/common-its-core-hiv-related-stigma-across-contexts | archivedate = 2013-03-19 | = https://www.webcitation.org/6FEwkK8ZU?url=http://www.icrw.org/publications/common-its-core-hiv-related-stigma-across-contexts }}</ref> Unyanyapaa dhidi ya watu wanaoishi na UKIMWI, umegawanywa zaidi katika vikundi vitatu kama ifuatavyo: * ''Unyanyapaa Mkuu wa UKIMWI ''-mawazo ya woga na wasiwasi unaoweza kuhusishwa na ugonjwa wowote aunaoua au kuambukiza.<ref name=Herek1999>{{Rejea jarida| author=Herek GM, Capitanio JP| journal=American Behavioral Scientist| year=1999| url=http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/abs99_sp.pdf| format=PDF| title=AIDS Stigma and sexual prejudice| accessdate=March 27, 2006| volume=42| issue=7| pages=1130–1147| doi=10.1177/0002764299042007006| archive-date=2006-04-09| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060409034211/http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/abs99_sp.pdf| dead-url=yes| =https://web.archive.org/web/20060409034211/http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/abs99_sp.pdf}}</ref> * '' Unyanyapaa wa kiishara wa UKIMWI ''-kutumia VVU/UKIMWI kuonyesha mitazamo fulani dhidi ya vikundi vya jamii au mitindo ya maisha inayohusishwa na ugonjwa huu.<ref name=Herek1999 /> * Unyanyapaa wa kihisani wa UKIMWI''- Unyanyapaa dhidi ya watu wanaohusishwa na suala la VVU/UKIMWI au watu walio na VVU.<ref name=Snyder>{{Rejea jarida|author=Snyder M, Omoto AM, Crain AL |title=Punished for their good deeds: stigmatization for AIDS volunteers |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-behavioral-scientist_1999-04_42_7/page/1175 |journal=American Behavioral Scientist | year=1999 | pages=1175–1192 | volume=42 | issue=7|doi=10.1177/0002764299042007009}}</ref> Mara nyingi, unyanyapaa wa UKIMWI huonyeshwa pamoja na unyanyapaa wa aina moja au nyingine, hasa unyanyapaa unaohusiana na ushoga, [[uasherati]], ukahaba na kutumia dawa za kulevya.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=A.K.|title=Population and society|publisher=Concept Pub. Co.|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788180698187|pages=242|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=sE-VDhEuxmsC&pg=PA242}}</ref> Katika nchi nyingi zilizostawi, kuna uhusiano kati ya UKIMWI na ushoga.<ref name=Herek2002>{{cite journal|last=Herek|first=GM|coauthors=Capitanio, JP; Widaman, KF|title=HIV-related stigma and knowledge in the United States: prevalence and trends, 1991–1999|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-public-health_2002-03_92_3/page/371|journal=American journal of public health|date=2002 Mar|volume=92|issue=3|pages=371–7|pmid=11867313|pmc=1447082|doi=10.2105/AJPH.92.3.371}}</ref><ref name=Herek1999/>Hata hivyo, njia kuu ya kuenea kwa UKIMWI ulimwenguni kote inabakia kuwa maambukizi kati ya wanaume na wanawake, kwa kuwa ndio ngono ya kawaida. <ref>{{cite journal|last=De Cock|first=KM|coauthors=Jaffe, HW; Curran, JW|title=The evolving epidemiology of HIV/AIDS.|journal=AIDS (London, England)|date=2012 Jun 19|volume=26|issue=10|pages=1205-13|pmid=22706007}}</ref> === Athari za kiuchumi === [[File:Life expectancy in some Southern African countries 1958 to 2003.png|thumb|alt=Grafu inayoonyesha mistari kadhaa inayopanda ikifuatiwa na kushuka kwa ghafla kwa mistari hii kuanzia miaka ya katikati mwa 1980 hadi miaka ya 1990|Mabadiliko katika matarajio ya urefu wa maisha katika baadhi ya nchi za Afrika zilizoathiriwa zaidi. {{legend-line|red solid 2px|Botswana}}{{legend-line|darkgreen solid 2px|Zimbabwe}}{{legend-line|blue solid 2px|Kenya}}{{legend-line|black solid 2px|South Africa}}{{legend-line|grey solid 2px|Uganda}}]] VVU/UKIMWI huathiri [[uchumi]] wa watu na nchi.<ref name=M117/> [[Pato la ndani la uzalishaji]] la nchi zilizoathiriwa zaidi limepungua kufuatia ukosefu wa [[rasilimali ya kibinadamu]].<ref name=M117/><ref name="Bell-et-al-2003">{{Rejea jarida|author=Bell C, Devarajan S, Gersbach H|year=2003|url=http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64165259&theSitePK=478060&piPK=64165421&menuPK=64166093&entityID=000160016_20031110113834|title=The long-run economic costs of AIDS: theory and an application to South Africa|accessdate=April 28, 2008|version=World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3152|format=PDF|journal=|archive-date=2013-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605151302/http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64165259&theSitePK=478060&piPK=64165421&menuPK=64166093&entityID=000160016_20031110113834|dead-url=yes}}</ref>Bila [[lishe bora]], huduma za afya na dawa, watu wengi hufariki kutokana na matatizo yanayohusiana na UKIMWI. Kando ya kutoweza kufanya kazi, watu hao pia huhitaji kiwango kikubwa cha huduma za afya. UKIMWI hupunguza idadi ya watu wanaoweza kulipa [[ushuru]] Kwa kuwaathiri hasa vijana, hivyo kupunguza [[raslimali]] zilizopo za [[matumizi ya serikali|matumizi ya umma]] kama vile [[huduma za elimu]] na afya ambazo hazihusiki na UKIMWI. Hali hii husababisha upungufu wa [[pesa]] za nchi na wa ukuaji wa uchumi. Hali hii kisha hupelekea upungufu wa ukuaji wa msingi wa ushuru, athari ambayo huongezeka iwapo kuna matumizi zaidi katika matibabu, mafunzo (ili kuchukua nafasi ya [[wafanyakazi]] wanaougua), kuwalipa wafanyakazi wagonjwa na kuwatunza mayatima wa UKIMWI. Hali hii hutokea hasa iwapo ongezeko kubwa la vifo vya watu wazima litapelekea kubadilika kwa [[wajibu]] wa kuwatunza mayatima hawa kutoka kwa [[familia]] hadi kwa [[serikali]].<ref name=Greener /> Katika kiwango cha familia, UKIMWI husababisha upungufu wa mapato na pia ongezeko la matumizi katika huduma za afya. Utafiti katika nchi ya [[Côte d'Ivoire]] ulionyesha kuwa familia zilizo na mgonjwa aliye na VVU/UKIMWI zilitumia pesa mara mbili zaidi ya familia nyingine. Matumizi hayo ya ziada pia hupelekea kiwango kidogo zaidi cha mapato ya kutumia katika elimu au [[uwekezaji]] wa kibinafsi au wa kifamilia.<ref name="WBank">{{Rejea jarida| author=Over M| title=The macroeconomic impact of AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa, Population and Human Resources Department| publisher=The World Bank| year=1992| url=http://www.worldbank.org/aidsecon/macro.pdf| format=PDF| accessdate=May 3, 2008| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527201655/http://www.worldbank.org/aidsecon/macro.pdf| archivedate=2008-05-27| deadurl=no| journal=}}</ref> === Mayatima === [[Picha: Africa HIV-AIDS 2002.png | haki | frame |Asilimia ya watu waliokuwa wanaishi na VVU katika Afrika miaka 1999-2001]] [[Picha:Ukimwi Afrika 2011.png|350px|thumb|Asilimia ya watu waliokuwa wanaishi na VVU Afrika mnamo mwaka 2011]] Watu wengi ambao wanakufa kutokana na UKIMWI, hasa katika [[Afrika]], huacha watoto ambao bado ni hai, na ambao wanaweza wanahitaji msaada na huduma. Inakadiriwa kuwa kufikia mwaka wa 2007, diadi ya watoto [[yatima kutokana na UKIMWI]] &nbsp;milioni 12.<ref name=M117/> Wengi wao hutunzwa na [[Bibi|nyanya]] na [[babu]] [[wazee]]. <ref name=Greener>{{Rejea kitabu| author = Greener R| year = 2002| title = State of The Art: UKIMWI na Uchumi| chapter = AIDS and macroeconomic impact| editor = S, Forsyth (ed.)| pages = 49–55| publisher = IAEN| url = http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACP969.pdf| access-date = 2017-04-01| archive-date = 2012-10-12| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121012090520/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACP969.pdf| dead-url = yes}}</ref> === Dini na UKIMWI === Mada kuhusu dini na UKIMWI imekuwa ikikumbwa na utata mwingi katika miaka thelathini iliyopita, hasa kwa sababu baadhi ya viongozi wa dini wametangaza hadharani kwamba wanapinga utumiaji kondomu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news-medical.net/health/AIDS-Stigma.aspx |title=AIDS Stigma |publisher=News-medical.net|accessdate=November 1, 2011}}</ref> Mashirika mengine ya dini yamedai kuwa maombi yanatosha kutibu VVU/UKIMWI. Mwaka 2011, BBC iliripoti kuwa baadhi ya makanisa huko [[London]] yalikuwa yakidai kuwa maombi yanatibu UKIMWI. Kituo cha Utafiti wa Afya ya Kiuzazi na VVU cha [[Manispaa ya Hackney, London|Hackney]] kiliripoti kuwa watu wengi waliachma kutumia matibabu, wakati mwingine kwa kushauriwa na [[wachungaji]] wao. Jambo hili lilipelekea vifo vya watu wengi.<ref name=BBC18102011>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-14406818|title=Church HIV prayer cure claims 'cause three deaths'|date=October 18, 2011|accessdate=October 18, 2011|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> [[Synagogue Church Of All Nations]] ilitangaza ''maji ya upako'' ili kuwezesha [[uponyaji]] kutoka kwa [[Mungu]], ingawa ilikana kuwa iliwashauri watu kukoma kutumia matibabu.<ref name=BBC18102011 /> ===Katika vyombo vya habari=== Kimojawapo kati ya visa maarufu zaidi vya UKIMWI kilikuwa cha Mmarekani [[Rock Hudson]], [[muigizaji]] shoga aliyekuwa ameoa kisha kutalaki hapo awali. Hudson alifariki tarehe [[2 Oktoba]] [[1985]] baada ya kutangaza ana VVU tarehe [[25 Julai]] mwaka huohuo. Yeye alikuwa ametambuliwa kuwa na ugonjwa huo mwaka 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/rock-hudson-announces-he-has-aids |title=Rock Hudson announces he has AIDS – History.com This Day in History – 7/25/1985 |publisher=History.com |accessdate=November 1, 2011}}</ref> Mgonjwa mashuhuri kutoka Uingereza mwaka huo alikuwa [[Nicholas Eden]] [[mwanasiasa]] shoga na [[mwana]] wa [[Waziri Mkuu]], [[marehemu]] [[Anthony Eden]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Coleman |first=Brian|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/brian-coleman/2007/06/lady-thatcher-gay-tory |title=Thatcher the gay icon|work=New Statesman |date=June 25, 2007 |accessdate=November 1, 2011}}</ref> Tarehe [[24 Novemba]] [[1991]], virusi hivi vilipelekea kifo cha mwanamuziki wa aina ya [[muziki wa rock]], Mwingereza [[Freddie Mercury]]. Mercury, aliyeongoza [[bendi]] iliyojulikana kama [[Queen (bendi)|Queen]] alifariki kutokana na magonjwa yanayohusiana na UKIMWI baada ya kujulikana kuwa na ugonjwa huo siku iliyopita tu.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/24/newsid_2546000/2546945.stm |title=November 24, 1991: Giant of rock dies |work=BBC On This Day |publisher=BBC News |date= |accessdate=November 1, 2011}}</ref> Hata hivyo, Mercury alikuwa ametambuliwa kuwa na ugonjwa huo mwaka 1987.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/521/000044389/|title=Freddie Mercury |publisher=Nndb.com |accessdate=November 1, 2011}}</ref> Kimojawapo kati ya visa maarufu zaidi vilivyotokana na ngono kati ya watu wa jinsia tofauti ni kile cha [[Arthur Ashe]], [[mchezaji]] [[tenisi]] Mmarekani. Ashe alitambuliwa kuwa na VVU tarehe [[31 Agosti]] [[1988]]; baada ya kuambukizwa alipokuwa akiongezewa damu akifanyiwa [[upasuaji wa moyo]] awali [[miaka ya 1980]]. Vipimo zaidi katika saa 24 baada ya utambuzi wa kwanza vilionyesha kuwa Ashe alikuwa na UKIMWI, lakini hakuwambia watu kuhusu utambuzi huu hadi Aprili [[1992]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Bliss |first=Dominic |url=http://www.itennisstore.com/Tennis-Latest-News/FROZEN-IN-TIME--ARTHUR-ASHE-by-Dominic-Bliss.aspx |title=Frozen In Time: Arthur Ashe |work=iTENNISstore.com |accessdate=June 25, 2012 |archive-date=2013-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730170201/http://www.itennisstore.com/Tennis-Latest-News/FROZEN-IN-TIME--ARTHUR-ASHE-by-Dominic-Bliss.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ashe alifariki kutokana na UKIMWI akiwa na umri wa miaka 49 tarehe [[6 Februari]] [[1993]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/tributes-to-arthur-ashe-1471622.html | title=Tributes to Arthur Ashe | location=London | work=The Independent | date=February 8, 1993 | accessdate=July 24, 2012 | archivedate=2013-03-19 | archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6FEwqou9b?url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/tributes-to-arthur-ashe-1471622.html }}</ref> Picha ya [[Therese Frare]] ikionyesha [[mwanaharakati]] wa ushoga [[David Kirby]] akifariki kutokana na UKIMWI huku akizungukwa na familia yake, ilipigwa Aprili mwaka wa 1990. ''[[LIFE magazine]]'' ilisema kuwa picha hiyo ilikuja kufahamika kama picha ''maarufu zaidi kuwahi kuhusishwa na janga la UKIMWI/VVU.'' Picha hiyo iliyochapishwa na [[gazeti]] hilo ilishinda [[tuzo]] la [[World Press Photo]], kisha kupata umaarufu ulimwenguni kote baada ya kutumiwa na [[Benetton Group|United Colors of Benetton]] katika kampeni ya utangazaji ya mwaka 1992.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cosgrove|first=Ben|title=Behind the Picture: Picha Iliyobadilisha Sura ya Ukimwi|url=http://life.time.com/history/behind-the-picture-the-photo-that-changed-the-face-of-aids/#1|work=LIFE magazine|accessdate=16 August 2012|archivedate=2013-03-19|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6FEws9aLJ?url=http://life.time.com/history/behind-the-picture-the-photo-that-changed-the-face-of-aids/#1|https://www.webcitation.org/6FEws9aLJ?url=http://life.time.com/history/behind-the-picture-the-photo-that-changed-the-face-of-aids/#1|=https://www.webcitation.org/6FEws9aLJ?url=http://life.time.com/history/behind-the-picture-the-photo-that-changed-the-face-of-aids/#1}}</ref> === Ukanushaji, njama na hila === Kikundi kidogo cha watu kingali kinakana uhusiano wa VVU na UKIMWI, <ref name=Duesberg>{{cite journal|author=Duesberg, P. H.| title=HIV is not the cause of AIDS|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1988-07-29_241_4865/page/n9| journal=Science | year=1988 | pages=514, 517 | volume=241 |issue=4865| pmid=3399880 | doi=10.1126/science.3399880|bibcode = 1988Sci...241..514D }}{{cite journal| author=Cohen, J.| title=The Controversy over HIV and AIDS| journal=Science | year=1994 | pages=1642–1649 | volume=266 | issue=5191|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/cohen/266-5191-1642a.pdf| format = PDF| doi=10.1126/science.7992043|pmid=7992043| accessdate=2009-03-31 | bibcode=1994Sci...266.1642C}}</ref> uwepo wa VVU au ubora wa vipimo vya VVU na njia za matibabu.<ref name=Kalichman>{{cite book|author=Kalichman, Seth|authorlink=Seth Kalichman|title=Denying AIDS: Njama Nadhira, Itikadi na Msiba wa Mwanadamu|publisher=Copernicus Books ([[Springer Science+Business Media]])|location=New York|year=2009|pages=|isbn=978-0-387-79475-4| url =http://books.google.com/?id=_mtDBCDwxugC&printsec=frontcover&q=}}</ref><ref name=SmithNovella>{{cite journal|author=Smith TC, Novella SP|title=HIV Denial in the Internet Era|journal=PLoS Med.|volume=4|issue=8|pages=e256|year=2007|month=August|pmid=17713982|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0040256|url=http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0040256&ct=1&SESSID=3d4baa1a64e57d8ff33e9d41eb2335a1|accessdate=2009-11-07|pmc=1949841|archive-date=2008-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506012410/http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0040256&ct=1&SESSID=3d4baa1a64e57d8ff33e9d41eb2335a1|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Madai hayo, yanayojulikana kama [[ukanaji UKIMWI]], yamechunguzwa na kukataliwa na jamii ya kisayansi.<ref name=consensus>{{cite web| author=Various| publisher=[[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]]|date=Last updated January 14, 2010|url=http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/HIVAIDS/Understanding/howHIVCausesAIDS/Pages/HIVcausesAIDS.aspx| title= Resources and Links, HIV-AIDS Connection| accessdate = 2009-02-22}}</ref>Hata hivyo, madai hayo yana athari kuu kisiasa, hasa nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. Hatua ya serikali ya nchi hiyo kukubali kirasmi ukanaji wa UKIMWI ilipelekea mwitikio usiofaa wa janga hili, na imelaumiwa kupelekea visa vingi vya maambukizi ya VVU na mamia ya maelfu ya vifo ambavyo vingeepukwa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Watson J |title=Scientists, activists sue South Africa's AIDS 'denialists' |journal=Nat. Med. |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=6 |year=2006 |pmid=16397537|doi=10.1038/nm0106-6a}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Baleta A |title=S Africa's AIDS activists accuse government of murder |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2003-03-29_361_9363/page/n47 |journal=Lancet |volume=361 |issue=9363 |page=1105 |year=2003 |pmid=12672319|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12909-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Cohen J |title=South Africa's new enemy|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2000-06-23_288_5474/page/2168 |journal=Science |volume=288 |issue=5474 |pages=2168–70 |year=2000 |pmid=10896606|doi=10.1126/science.288.5474.2168}}</ref> [[Urusi]] ulianzisha [[Operesheni INFEKTION]], uhamasisho wa ulimwengu mzima kueneza habari kuwa VVU/UKIMWI ulitengenezwa na Marekani. Takwimu zinaonyesha kuwa idadi kubwa ya watu wanaamini na wanaendelea kuamini madai hayo. Kuna aina nyingi za [[dhana potovu kuhusu VVU na UKIMWI]]. Dhana tatu kuu ni kwamba UKIMWI unaweza kusambazwa kwa kumgusa mtu, kuwa ngono na [[bikira]] itatibu UKIMWI na kuwa VVU vinaweza tu kuambukiza mashoga na watumiaji wa madawa. Dhana nyingine potovu ni kuwa tendo lolote la ngono ya kinyeo kati ya mashoga wasioambukizwa linaweza kupelekea maambukizi.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu| author=Blechner MJ| title=Hope and mortality: psychodynamic approaches to AIDS and HIV| url=https://archive.org/details/hopemortalitypsy0000unse|publisher=Analytic Press| location=Hillsdale, NJ| year=1997| isbn=0-88163-223-6| unused_data=ISBN status=May be invalid– please double check}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Kirby DB, Laris BA, Rolleri LA |title=Sex and HIV education programs: their impact on sexual behaviors of young people throughout the world |journal=J Adolesc Health |volume=40|issue=3 |pages=206–17 |year=2007|month=March |pmid=17321420 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.11.143 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-adolescent-health_2007-03_40_3/page/206}}</ref> ==Utafiti unavyoendelea== Utafiti wa kuboresha matibabu ya kisasa unajumuisha kupunguza madhara ya ziada ya dawa zilizopo, kurahisisha kanuni za kutumia dawa na kuboresha ubora na kuamua utaratibu bora wa kanuni ili kudhibiti ukinzani wa dawa. Hata hivyo, chanjo pekee ndiyo inayodhaniwa kuweza kusitisha janga hili. Hii ni kwa sababu chanjo ni ya bei nafuu, hivyo [[Taifa linalostawi|mataifa yanayostawi]] yanaweza kuimudu, na haitahitaji matibabu ya kila siku.<ref name=Ferrantelli>{{cite journal|author=Ferrantelli F, Cafaro A, Ensoli B |title=Nonstructural HIV proteins as targets for prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine|journal=Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=543–56|year=2004|month=December|pmid=15560981 |doi=10.1016/j.copbio.2004.10.008}}</ref> Hata hivyo, baada ya miaka 20 ya utafiti, imekuwa vigumu kupata chanjo dhidi ya VVU-1,<ref name=Ferrantelli/><ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Karlsson Hedestam GB, Fouchier RA, Phogat S, Burton DR, Sodroski J, Wyatt RT |title=The challenges of eliciting neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 and to influenza virus |journal=Nat. Rev. Microbiol. |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=143–55 |year=2008|month=February |pmid=18197170 |doi=10.1038/nrmicro1819}}</ref> hivyo tiba bado haijapatikana. === Upandikizaji seli kuu=== Mwaka wa 2007, Timothy Ray Brown,<ref name=ghivberlin>{{cite news|title=German HIV patient cured after stem cell transplant|url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/world-news/german-hiv-patient-cured-after-stem-cell-transplant-15030473.html|accessdate=December 15, 2010|newspaper=[[Belfast Telegraph]]|date=December 15, 2010}}</ref> mwanaume wa umri wa miaka 40 aliyekuwa na VVU, pia anayejulikana kama "the Berlin Patient" alipewa huduma ya [[upandikizaji seli kuu za damu|pandikizo la seli kuu]] kama mojawapo ya matibabu ya [[lukemia sugu ya mieloidi]] (LSM).<ref name = Blood>{{cite journal|last=Allers|first=K|coauthors=Hütter, G; Hofmann, J; Loddenkemper, C; Rieger, K; Thiel, E; Schneider, T|title=Evidence for the cure of HIV infection by CCR5Δ32/Δ32 stem cell transplantation|journal=Blood|date=2011-03-10|volume=117|issue=10|pages=2791–9|pmid=21148083|doi=10.1182/blood-2010-09-309591}}</ref>Pandikizo la pili lilifanyika mwaka uliofuata baada ya kuugua tena. Mfadhili alichanguliwa sio tu kwa kuwa ana [[antijeni ya leukositi ya binadamu|upatanifu wa kijeni]] lakini pia kwa kuwa alikuwa na [[utangamano]] wa kubadilika kwa [[CCR5-Δ32]] ambayo huwezesha ukinzani dhidi ya maambukizi ya VVU.<ref name="Wall Street Journal 2008">{{cite news | author=Mark Schoofs | title=A Doctor, a Mutation and a Potential Cure for AIDS | url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122602394113507555.html | accessdate=2008-11-09|publisher=The Wall Street Journal| date=November 7, 2008}}</ref><ref name=Huetter2009>{{cite journal |author=Hütter G, Nowak D, Mossner M, Ganepola S, Ganepola A, Allers K, Schneider T, Hofmann J, Kücherer C, Blau O, Blau IW, Hofmann WK, Thiel E |title=Long-Term Control of HIV by CCR5 Delta32/Delta32 Stem-Cell Transplantation |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=360 |issue=7 |pages=692–698 |year=2009 |pmid=19213682 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0802905 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/360/7/692 |accessdate=2009-03-31 |archive-date=2009-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213112056/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/360/7/692 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Baada ya miezi 20 bila matibabu ya dawa za kudhibiti VVU, iliripotiwa kuwa viwango vya VVU kwenye damu ya Brown [[uboho]] na matumbo vilikuwa chini ya kiwango cha kutambulika.<ref name=Huetter2009/>Virusi hivi vilibakia katika kiwango hicho kwa miaka mitatu baada ya upandikizo wa kwanza.<ref name=Blood/>Ingawa watafiti na baadhi ya wachambuzi wanasema kuwa matokeo haya ni tiba, wengine wao wanadokeza kuwa virusi hivi vinaweza kuwa vimejificha ndani ya tishu<ref name=NEJMLevy/>kama vile ubongo (unaotumika kama [[ufiche wa virusi|hifadhi]]).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nath|first=A|coauthors=Clements, JE|title=Eradication of HIV from the brain: reasons for pause|journal=AIDS (London, England)|date=2011-03-13|volume=25|issue=5|pages=577–80|pmid=21160414|doi=10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283437d2f}}(subscription required)</ref> Matibabu ya seli kuu yamebakia chini ya [[utafiti wa kiafya |kuchunguzwa]] kwa sababu ya asili yake ya [[ushahidi wa kinadharia|kinadharia]], ugonjwa wenywe na hatari ya kufa inayohusishwa na upandikizaji wa seli kuu na ugumu wa kupata wafadhili mwafaka.<ref name=NEJMLevy>{{cite journal |author=Levy JA |title=Not an HIV Cure, but Encouraging New Directions |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=360 |issue=7 |pages=724–725 |year=2009 |doi=10.1056/NEJMe0810248 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/360/7/724 |accessdate=2009-03-31 |pmid=19213687 |archive-date=2009-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215235206/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/360/7/724 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite pmid|21331536}}(subscription required)</ref> === Matibabu ya kuboresha kingamwili === Matibabu saidizi za kudhibiti uigaji wa virusi, [[matibabu ya kingamwili,|matibabu ya kingamwili]] zinazoweza kusaidia kuboresha mfumo wa kingamwili zilizochunguzwa awali, na juhudi zinazoendelea ni pamoja na [[Interleukin-2|IL-2]] na [[Interleukin-7|IL-7]].<ref name="Tincati-2009">{{cite journal|last=Tincati|first=C|coauthors=d'Arminio Monforte, A; Marchetti, G|title=Immunological mechanisms of interleukin-2 (IL-2) treatment in HIV/AIDS disease|journal=Current molecular pharmacology|date=2009 Jan|volume=2|issue=1|pages=40–5|pmid=20021444|doi=10.2174/1874467210902010040}}</ref> Kutofaulu kwa chanjo kadhaa kukinga dhidi ya maambukizi ya VVU na kuendelea kwa UKIMWI kumepelekea mwelekeo mpya wa kuzingatia taratibu za kibayolojia zinazosababisha ufiche wa VVU. Kipindi kifupi cha matibabu ya kuunganisha dawa za kudhibiti VVU na dawa zinazolenga hifadhi fiche siku moja kinaweza kutokomeza maambukizi ya VVU.<ref name =Bowman>{{cite journal | author=Bowman MC, Archin NM, Margolis DM. | title=Pharmaceutical approaches to eradication of persistent HIV infection | journal=Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine |year=2009| volume=11 | issue=e6 | pmid=19208267 |doi=10.1017/S1462399409000970 | pages=e6 }}</ref>Watafiti wamegundua [[abusaimu]] inayoweza kuharibu eneo la kufungia protini ya [[gp120]] CD4. Protini hii hupatikana katika aina zote za VVU kwa sababu ndiyo ncha ambapo [[seli za B|limfosaiti za B]] hujishikisha kisha kuafikiana kwa mfumo wa kingamwili.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Planque S, Nishiyama Y, Taguchi H, Salas M, Hanson C, Paul S |title=Catalytic antibodies to HIV: Physiological role and potential clinical utility |journal=Autoimmun Rev |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=473–9 |year=2008 |month=June|pmid=18558365|doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2008.04.002 |url= |pmc=2527403}}</ref> == Tanbihi == {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo== * {{cite book | editor1-last = Mandell | editor1-first = Gerald L. | editor2-last = Bennett | editor2-first =John E.| editor3-last = Dolin | editor3-first = Raphael |title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases | year=2010 | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3 | edition = 7th }} * {{cite book|author=[[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS]] (UNAIDS) |title=Global HIV/AIDS Response, Epidemic update and health sector progress towards universal access|year=2011|publisher=Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2011/20111130_UA_Report_en.pdf}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category|AIDS}} * {{Dmoz|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Immune_Disorders/Immune_Deficiency/AIDS/|HIV/AIDS}} * [http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/ AIDSinfo] {{Wayback|url=http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/ |date=20110225133251 }} – HIV/AIDS Treatment Information, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services * [Http://www.who.int/3by5/en/ Shirika la Afya Duniani Mashirika 3 na 5 Initiative] * [Http://www.accessmed-msf.org/index.asp Médecins Sans Frontières: Kampeni ya upatikanaji wa madawa muhimu] {{Wayback|url=http://www.accessmed-msf.org/index.asp |date=20050812004522 }} * [Http://www.who.int/hiv/en/ WHO Mpango wa VVU / UKIMWI] * [Http://www.aegis.org/en/ Elimu UKIMWI Mfumo wa Taarifa za Global] * [Http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/ Kutoka Taasisi ya Taifa ya Marekani ya Afya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/ |date=20210322035857 }} * [Http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/8/749 New England Journal of Medicine Ibara "Ruhusu dhidi ya Wagonjwa? Kurefusha maisha Tiba katika India"] {{Wayback|url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/8/749 |date=20090501234727 }} * [Http://www.aidsportal.org AIDSPortal maarifa mtandao] * [http://www.unaids.org/en/ Tovuti ya Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Masuala ya Ukimwi, UNAIDS] {{Wayback|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/ |date=20130210215850 }} * [http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu HIV InSite] {{Wayback|url=http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/ |date=20191213225029 }} * [http://www.sida.fr/ sida.fr • un centre pour les malades du SIDA • infos • tèmoignages • actualités] [[Jamii:Dalili]] [[Jamii:Ukimwi]] rqqtgqzfekdua6gwhv0fuh0aaiynpk5 0 7224 1594172 1582778 2026-09-03T10:01:22Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594172 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Montage_of_Vienna.jpg|thumbnail|right|280px|Sehemu za Mji wa Vienna]] {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Vienna |picha_ya_satelite = Schloss Schoenbrunn August 2006 406.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Schönbrunn]] |picha_ya_bendera = Flag of Wien.svg |ukubwa_ya_bendera = 100px |picha_ya_nembo = Wien 3 Wappen.svg |ukubwa_ya_nembo = |pushpin_map = Austria |pushpin_map_caption = Mahali pa mji wa Vienna katika Austria |settlement_type = Jiji |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Austria]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Majimbo ya Austria|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = Vienna |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 1,680,000 |latd=48 |latm=12 |lats=0 |latNS=N |longd=16 |longm=22 |longs=0 |longEW=E |website = [http://www.wien.gv.at www.wien.gv.at] }} '''Vienna''' (kwa [[Kijerumani]]: '''''Wien''''') ni [[mji mkuu]] na [[mji]] mkubwa wa [[Austria]]. Uko mashariki mwa nchi, kando ya [[mto Danubi]]. [[Idadi]] ya wakazi imezidi [[milioni]] moja na [[lakhi]] tisa<ref>STATISTIK AUSTRIA. "Bevölkerung zu Jahres-/Quartalsanfang". statistik.at. Retrieved 12 February 2016.</ref>. Vienna ina cheo cha [[Majimbo ya Austria|jimbo]] ndani ya [[shirikisho]] la [[jamhuri]] ya Austria. [[Picha:Gallitzinberg Panorama.jpg|thumb|700px|center|Vienna]] == Utawala == Vienna imegawiwa katika [[mitaa]] 23. {| |- | # [[Innere Stadt]] (Kitovu cha jiji) # [[Leopoldstadt]] # [[Landstraße]] # [[Wieden]] # [[Margareten]] # [[Mariahilf]] # [[Neubau]] # [[Josefstadt]] # [[Alsergrund]] # [[Favoriten]] # [[Simmering (Vienna)|Simmering]] # [[Meidling]] # [[Hietzing]] # [[Penzing]] # [[Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus]] # [[Ottakring]] # [[Hernals]] # [[Währing]] # [[Döbling]] # [[Brigittenau]] # [[Floridsdorf]] # [[Donaustadt]] # [[Liesing]] | [[Picha:Wien districts with numbers.png|right]] |} == Utamaduni == [[Picha:Wien - Stephansdom (1).JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Kanisa Kuu]] la Mt. Stefano ni kati ya majengo mashuhuri ya Vienna.]] Kwa [[karne]] nyingi Vienna ilikuwa mji mkuu wa [[dola]] kubwa. [[Wafalme]] na ma[[kaisari]] wa [[familia]] ya [[Habsburg]] walitawala [[Dola Takatifu la Kiroma]] hadi [[mwaka]] [[1806]] na baadaye na maeneo makubwa ya Ulaya ya kusini-mashariki hadi mwaka [[1918]]. Hivyo Vienna ina [[Jengo|majengo]] mazuri yanayotunza [[kumbukumbu]] ya enzi hizo, sio tu mji mkuu wa Austria ndogo ya leo. Watu wa Vienna hukumbuka [[wasanii]] walioishi katika mji wao kama [[Watunzi|watunga]] [[muziki]] [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven]] na [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]]. == Mbuga na bustani == [[Picha:Schönbrunn Blick auf Gloriette.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Bustani ya ikulu ya "Schönbrunn" kwa mtazamo wa "Gloriette"]] [[Bustani]] kadhaa za shirikisho la Austria ziko Vienna. Bustani maarufu zaidi ni Bustani ya Jumba la Schönbrunn, bustani nyingine ni "Augarten", "Belvedere Garden", "Burggarten" na "Volksgarten". == Sanaa na Utamaduni == [[Picha:U3 Volkstheater 5-4-2008.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Uchoraji katika kituo cha chini cha ardhi cha ''Volkstheater'']] Opera ya Serikali iko kwenye Karlsplatz. Kuna [[majumba ya makumbusho]] mengi huko Vienna, pamoja na '' Bundesmuseen '' 'Albertina' ', [[historia]] ya [[sanaa]] na majumba ya makumbusho ya asili, majumba ya makumbusho ya sanaa iliyotumiwa na ya kisasa, "Belvedere", jumba la makumbusho la kiufundi na [[maktaba]] ya kitaifa ya Austria Vituo vingine vya chini ya ardhi pia vimeundwa kisanii. Kwa mfano, kituo cha chini cha ardhi cha Volkstheater na kituo cha Aspern Nord kwenye uwanja wa Nelson Mandela == Usafiri == [[Picha:Wien-wiener-linien-sl-60-1103062.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Mstari wa tram 60 huko "Westbahnhof"]] [[Picha:Schnellverbindungen Wien.png|thumb|right|200px|Ramani ya mtandao ya "U-Bahn", "S-Bahn", "Lokalbahn" na treni za mkoa huko Vienna, tarehe: 2020]] Usafiri wa jiji la umma huko Vienna una "U-Bahn", "S-Bahn Vienna", trams na mabasi ya jiji, "" treni ya ndani "mfumo mchanganyiko wa tramu na treni za mkoa ambazo zinaanzia Vienna hadi mji mdogo" Baden inafanya kazi pamoja na treni za mkoa. Vituo muhimu vya treni za masafa marefu ni "Hauptbahnhof", "Bahnhof Meidling" na "Westbahnhof". Makocha wa masafa marefu hukimbia kwenye "Vienna International Busterminal" na katika "Busterminal Vienna", uwanja wa ndege uko nje ya jiji huko "Schwechat" huko Austria ya Chini, ambayo ina kituo chake cha gari moshi. Barabara za jiji pia zinaendesha Vienna. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == {{commonscat|Vienna}} * [http://wien.at/english/ Official Website of the city of Vienna] (Kiingereza) * [http://willypuchner.com/en/wien/wien/wien_index1englisch.htm Vienna. Pleasure and Melancholy] {{Wayback|url=http://willypuchner.com/en/wien/wien/wien_index1englisch.htm |date=20081220223226 }} A collection of extraordinary photos {{Majimbo ya Austria}} {{mbegu-jio-Austria}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Austria]] [[Jamii:Majimbo ya Austria]] [[Jamii:Miji Mikuu Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Vienna| ]] 4sijwvbdqy406mmfj22pdz6o5j36pmc 0 9887 1594143 1497681 2026-09-03T09:25:39Z Gayle157 73366 /* Tazama pia */ 1594143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country |native_name = ''Ripublik Naoero'' |conventional_long_name = Jamhuri ya Nauru |common_name = Nauru |image_flag = Flag of Nauru.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Nauru.svg |image_map = LocationNauru.png |national_motto = "God's Will First" |national_anthem = ''[[Nauru Bwiema]]'' |official_languages = [[Kiingereza]] , [[Kinauru]] |capital = (hakuna) ¹ |latd=0 |latm=32 |latNS=S |longd=166 |longm=55 |longEW=E |largest_city = [[Yaren]] |government_type = Jamhuri |leader_titles = Rais |leader_names = [[Lionel Aingimea]] |area_rank = ya 227 |area_magnitude = 1 E7 |area = 21 |areami² = 8.1 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = ‘‘(kidogo sana)’’ |population_estimate = 9,378 |population_estimate_rank = ya 216 |population_estimate_year = Julai 2011 |population_census = |population_census_year = |population_density = 447 |population_densitymi² = 1,158 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = ya 23 |GDP_PPP = $60 millioni <!--cia.gov--> |GDP_PPP_rank = ya 224 |GDP_PPP_year = 2005 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $5,000 <small>(2005 est.)</small> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ya 132 |sovereignty_type = Uhuru |established_events = <small>kutoka ulinzi wa Australia, New Zealand, na Uingereza -kwa niaba ya UM</small> |established_dates = <br /> [[31 Januari]] [[1968]] |HDI = -- |HDI_rank = -- |HDI_year = 2003 |HDI_category = <font color=gray>unranked</font> |currency = [[Dollar ya Australia]] |currency_code = AUD |country_code = |time_zone = |utc_offset = +12 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |cctld = [[.nr]] |calling_code = 674 }} '''Nauru''', rasmi kama '''Jamhuri ya Nauru''', ni nchi ndogo ya kisiwa iliyoko katika eneo la Mikronesia katika Pasifiki. Iko kaskazini-mashariki mwa [[Australia]], inayozungukwa na [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]], na majirani yake wa karibu ni [[Kiribati]] upande wa mashariki na Visiwa vya Marshall upande wa kaskazini. Nauru ina wakazi takriban 10,000, na kwa hiyo iko kati ya nchi ndogo zaidi duniani kwa idadi ya watu. Ikiwa na eneo la kilomita za mraba 21 tu, pia ni moja ya nchi ndogo zaidi kwa eneo la ardhi. Mji mkubwa zaidi na mji mkuu wa Nauru ni [[Yaren]], ambayo hutumika kama kitovu cha utawala wa nchi hiyo licha ya ukubwa wake mdogo. [[Kisiwa]] jirani zaidi ni [[Banaba]] katika [[Kiribati]] chenye [[umbali]] wa [[km]] 300. Nauru haina [[mji mkuu]] rasmi. ==Historia== Nauru imekaliwa na mchanganyiko wa [[watu]] kutoka [[Polynesia]] na Mikronesia tangu [[karne]] nyingi (miaka 3,000 hivi). Katika [[karne ya 19]] kisiwa kilitwaliwa na [[Ujerumani]] kama sehemu ya ma[[koloni]] yake ya Pasifiki. Baada ya [[vita kuu ya kwanza ya dunia]] kilikuwa [[eneo lindwa]] chini ya [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] (UM) na [[utawala]] ulikuwa mikononi mwa nchi tatu: [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]] na [[Uingereza]]. [[Uhuru]] ulipatikana tangu [[1968]]. ==Watu== Wakazi wengi (58[[%]]) ni wenyeji, wakifuatwa na watu kutoka visiwa vingine vya Pasifiki (26%), Wazungu (8%) na Wachina (8%). Karibu wote (95%) ni [[Unene wa kupindukia|wanene mno]], hivyo hali ya [[afya]] si nzuri, hasa upande wa [[kisukari]] (40%). ===Lugha=== Kuna [[lugha]] tatu tu ambazo huzungumzwa nchini Nauru: [[Kiingereza]] ([[lugha rasmi]]), [[Kinauru]] ([[lugha ya mawasiliano]]), na [[pijini]] inayounganisha Kiingereza, [[Kichina]] na [[Kiaustronesia]]. ===Dini=== Wakazi wengi ni [[Wakristo]] ([[Waprotestanti]] na [[Wakatoliki]] kwa uwiano wa 2:1), wakifuatwa na wafuasi wa [[Bahai]] (10%) na [[Wabuddha]] (9%). ==Uchumi== [[Uchumi]] wa Nauru ulitegemea [[fosfeti]] iliyopatikana kisiwani kwa wingi. Kwa miaka kadhaa kisiwa kilikuwa nchi [[tajiri]] kabisa. Hadi mwaka [[2001]] [[huduma]] za [[hospitali]] zilikuwa bure, hapakuwa na [[kodi]], na watu wengi walikuwa na ma[[gari]] mawili au matatu. Tangu kumalizika kwa fosfeti hali ya kiuchumi imekuwa ngumu sana. 90% za wananchi wanakosa [[kazi]]. [[Serikali]] haina [[pesa]] za kutosha tena, huduma nyingi zimekwama, hata imeanza kupokea misaada kutoka [[Australia]]. == Tazama pia == * [[Orodha ya marais wa Nauru]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] {{Pasifiki}} {{mbegu-jio}} [[Jamii:Nchi za Australia na Pasifiki]] [[Jamii:Nauru]] [[Jamii:Nchi za visiwa]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Madola]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] ektoy58o60xx20ocaqw83j17nhc8tsu 0 24093 1594066 1499516 2026-09-02T20:26:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594066 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha: Portland_and_Mt._Hood_from_Pittock_Mansion.jpg|thumbnail|right|280px|Mji wa Portland, Oregon]] {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Portland |picha_ya_satelite = PCFPA.JPG |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Chuo Kikuu cha Tokyo]] katika Kashiwa |pushpin_map = Marekani |pushpin_map_caption = Mahali pa mji wa Portland katika Mareani |picha_ya_bendera = Flag of Portland, Oregon.svg |ukubwa_wa_picha = 100px |picha_ya_seal = Seal of Portland, Oregon.svg |seal_size = |settlement_type = Mji |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Marekani]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Orodha ya majimbo ya Marekani|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Oregon]] |subdivision_type2 = [[:en:List of counties in Oregon|Wilaya]] |subdivision_name2 = [[:en:Multnomah County, Oregon|Multnomah]] |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 575930 |latd=45 |latm=31 |lats=12 |latNS=N |longd=122 |longm=40 |longs=55 |longEW=W |website = http://www.portlandonline.com/ }} '''Portland''' ni mji wa [[Marekani]] katika [[jimbo]] la [[Oregon]]. Kwa mujibu wa sensa iliyofanyika mnamo mwaka wa 2008, mji una wakazi wapatao milioni 2.2 wanaoishi katika mji huu. Mji upo m 15 kutoka [[juu ya usawa wa bahari]]. == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.portlandonline.com/ City of Portland, Oregon] {{Wayback|url=http://www.portlandonline.com/ |date=20100710115957 }} ** [http://www.portlandmaps.com/ Ramani ya Portland] {{Wayback|url=http://www.portlandmaps.com/ |date=20100722074758 }} (lot-level GIS) ** [http://www.gis.ci.portland.or.us/maps/police/index.cfm Portland CrimeMapper] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gis.ci.portland.or.us/maps/police/index.cfm |date=20080915204607 }} * [http://www.portlandalliance.com/ Portland Business Alliance - Portland Chamber of Commerce] {{Wayback|url=http://www.portlandalliance.com/ |date=20080823201712 }} * [http://www.travelportland.com/ Travel Portland] * [http://www.platial.com/tinzeroes/map/2221?title=Demolished_Buildings_of_PDX. Map of now-Demolished Buildings of PDX] {{Wayback|url=http://www.platial.com/tinzeroes/map/2221?title=Demolished_Buildings_of_PDX. |date=20080508175057 }} Mapped on Platial. '''Portland websites that are also [[wiki]]s''' <!--[http://PortlandWiki.com/ PortlandWiki]--> * [[WikiWikiWeb:|WikiWikiWeb]] installed by [[Ward Cunningham|Howard Cunningham]] from [[Beaverton, Oregon|Beaverton]]. Since Ward invented the concept of a wiki wiki web, this is the very first wiki in existence. * {{wikivoyage|Portland (Oregon)}} {{commonscat}} {{mbegu-jio-USA}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Marekani]] [[Jamii:Mto Columbia]] [[Jamii:Oregon]] [[Jamii:Portland, Oregon| ]] 2uhg1ychre957pejtbkl0kspwwcso0m 14 25484 1594115 904738 2026-09-03T08:59:51Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{commons cat|People of South America}} [[Jamii:Watu bara kwa bara|Amerika ya Kusini]] [[Jamii:Amerika Kusini]] pxr2r7xb8vgg14f9x4u77irrxc8pztj 0 30394 1594008 1593608 2026-09-02T14:33:02Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Chadli Bendjedid |picha =Chadli.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = raisi wa tatu wa Algeria |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 14 Aprili 1929 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufariki = 2012 |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake =Rais |nchi =Algeria }} '''Chadli Bendjedid''' ([[14 Aprili]] [[1929]] - [[2012]]) alikuwa [[Rais]] wa nchi ya [[Algeria]] kuanzia [[9 Februari]] [[1979]] hadi [[11 Januari]] [[1992]]. Alifuatwa na [[Mohamed Boudiaf]]. {{Marais wa Aljeria}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bendjedid, Chadli}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1929]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2012]] [[Jamii:Marais wa Algeria]] r37t2ii1v75ufa1pg8zc3n01sf0mb0u 1594010 1594008 2026-09-02T14:34:43Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Chadli Bendjedid |picha =Chadli.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = raisi wa tatu wa Algeria |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 14 Aprili 1929 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufariki = 2012 |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake =Rais |nchi =Algeria }} '''Chadli Bendjedid''' ([[14 Aprili]] [[1929]] - [[6 Oktoba]] [[2012]]) alikuwa [[Rais]] wa nchi ya [[Algeria]] kuanzia [[9 Februari]] [[1979]] hadi [[11 Januari]] [[1992]]. Alifuatwa na [[Mohamed Boudiaf]]. {{Marais wa Aljeria}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bendjedid, Chadli}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1929]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2012]] [[Jamii:Marais wa Algeria]] 371puv5o7kidykisc7pt32pi6lb8e3k 0 32633 1594022 1593643 2026-09-02T14:50:32Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = Harald V |picha = Kong Harald åpner Sametinget 1993 (cropped).jpg |maelezo = Harald akiwa amevalia nguo za kijeshi akiwa na umri wa miaka 56. |caption = Harald in 1993 |cheo = [[Mfalme]] wa [[Norwei]] |tarehe ya kuzaliwa = [[21 Februari]] [[1937]] | cor_type = [[Benediction]] |kutawazwa = 23 June 1991{{Efn|Coronation requirement discarded by constitutional amendment in 1908. Harald V took the Royal Oath in the [[Storting]] on 21 January 1991 and received the benediction in the [[Nidaros Cathedral]] on 23 June.}} | predecessor = [[Olav V]] | successor = [[Haakon VIII]] | regent = Haakon ({{abbr|2003|25 November 2003}}–{{abbr|2004|12 April 2004}}, {{abbr|2005|29 March – 7 June 2005}}, {{abbr|2020|25 September – 31 October 2020}}, {{abbr|2024|6 March – 22 April 2024}}, {{abbr|2026|18 – 28 August}}) | succession1 = [[List of regents#Norway|Regent of Norway]] | reign1 = 1 June 1990 – 17 January 1991 | reign_type1 = Regency | regent1 = Olav V | reg_type1 = Monarch |tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1937|02|21|df=y}} |mahali pakuzaliwa = [[Skaugum]], Asker, Norway |tarehe ya kufa = {{death date and age|2026|08|28|1937|02|21|df=y}} | mahali pakufa = [[Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet|Rikshospitalet]], Oslo, Norway | mwenza = {{marriage|[[Sonja Haraldsen]]|29 August 1968}} | issue_link = #Issue | issue = {{ubl|[[Princess Märtha Louise]]|[[Haakon VIII]]}} | nyumba = [[House of Glücksburg|Glücksburg]] | baba = [[Olav V]] | mama = [[Märtha of Sweden]] | dini = [[Kanisa]] la [[Norwei]] | sign = HaraldVSignature.svg | module = {{infobox sportsperson | embed=yes | medal_templates = {{MedalSport | [[Sailing (sport)|Sailing]]}} {{MedalCountry | {{Flagu|Norway}} }} {{Medal|Comp|World Championships}} {{Medal|Gold|1987 World Championship|Sailing}} {{Medal|Silver|1982 World Championship|Sailing}} {{Medal|Bronze|1988 World Championship |Sailing}} {{Medal|Comp|European Championships}} {{Medal|Gold|2005 European Championship|Sailing}} }} }}'''Harald V''' ([[21 Februari]] [[1937]] - [[28 Agosti]] [[2026]]) alikua [[Mfalme]] wa [[Norwei]] kuanzia tarehe [[17 Januari]] [[1991]] hadi kufariki kwake. Alikuwa mwanachama wa House of Glücksburg, akiwa mtoto wa tatu na mwana wa kiume pekee wa Mfalme [[Olav V]] wa [[Norwei]] na Bintimfalme Martha wa [[Sweden]]. Alikuwa wa pili kwenye kuja kurithi kiti cha Ufalme wakati wa kuzaliwa kwake, akimfuata baba yake. Mnamo mwaka 1940, kutokana na uvamizi wa Wajerumani wakati wa [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]], Familia hio ya kifalme ililazimika kukimbilia uhamishoni. Harald alitumia sehemu ya maisha yake ya utotoni nchini [[Sweden]] na [[Marekani]]. Alirejea [[Norwei]] mnamo mwaka [[1945]] na alianza kusoma katika vyuo mbalimbali kama vile Chuo kikuu cha Oslo, Chuo cha Kijeshi cha Norway na Chuo cha Balliol, Oxford. Alikua mwanamichezo mahiri, aliwahi kuiwakirisha [[Norwei]] katika mashindano ya kupiga mashua kwenye michezo ya [[Olimpiki]] ya mwaka [[1964]], [[1968]] na [[1972]], na pia aliwahi kua mlezi wa shirika la World Sailing<ref>http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/kongelige/article1181274.ece</ref>. Harald alioana na [[Sonja wa Norwei|Sonja]] na walipata watoto wawili: [[Märtha Louise wa Norwei|Märtha Louise]] (alizaliwa [[1971]]) na [[Haakon VIII|Haakon Magnus]] (alizaliwa [[1973]]). == Marejeo == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Harald 5}} [[Jamii:Wafalme na malkia wa Norwei]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1937]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2026]] rvjzosekcso6tfjuwx32ro506e27ilo 0 40161 1594089 896214 2026-09-03T03:32:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594089 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Skellefteå Bonnstan.jpg|thumb|250px|'' Bonnstan katika Skellefteå '']] [[Picha:Skellefteå in Sweden.png|thumb|180px|]] '''Skellefteå''' ni mji nchini [[Uswidi]]. Kuna wakazi 32 425 (mwaka 2005).Mji ulianzishwa [[1845]]. == Jiografia == Eneo lake ni 21.70 [[km²]]. == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.skelleftea.se www.skelleftea.se] {{Wayback|url=http://www.skelleftea.se/ |date=20040717185829 }} {{Mbegu-jio-Uswidi}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Uswidi]] 2lzm1b2ttl8lc2l1ewwyz7lk9b9jm3q 0 62411 1594050 1592105 2026-09-02T19:22:52Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1594050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Maelezo mafupi|Mwanasiasa wa Tanzania}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = Mh. | name = Emmanuel John Nchimbi | honorific-suffix = | image = Emmanuel Nchimbi.jpg | office = [[Makamu wa Rais wa Tanzania]] | term_start = 3 Novemba 2025 | president = [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] | predecessor = [[Philip Mpango]] | office2 = Balozi wa [[Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania|Tanzania]] nchini Misri | term_start2 = 2022 | term_end2 = Agosti 2023 | predecessor2 = Maj. Gen. (Ret) [[Anselm Shigongo Bahati]] | successor2 = | office3 = Balozi wa [[Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania|Tanzania]] nchini Brazil | term_start3 = 2016 | term_end3 = 2021 | predecessor3 = [[Francis A. Malambugi]] | successor3 = [[Adelardus Kilangi]] | office4 = 20th [[Waziri wa Mambo ya Ndani (Tanzania)|Waziri wa Mambo ya Ndani]] | term_start4 = 7 Mei 2012 | term_end4 = 20 Desemba 2013 | predecessor4 = [[Shamsi Nahodha]] | successor4 = [[Mathias Chikawe]] | office5 = [[Wizara ya Habari, Utamaduni, Michezo na Vijana|Waziri wa Habari, Utamaduni, Michezo na Vijana]] | term_start5 = 28 Novemba 2010 | term_end5 = 7 Mei 2012 | president5 = [[Jakaya Kikwete]] | predecessor5 = | successor5 = | office6 = Naibu Waziri wa [[Wizara ya Ulinzi na Jeshi la Taifa|Ulinzi na Huduma ya Taifa]] | term_start6 = 13 Februari 2008 | term_end6 = 28 Novemba 2010 | minister6 = [[Hussein Mwinyi]] | predecessor6 = | successor6 = | office7 = Naibu Waziri wa [[Wizara ya Kazi, Ajira na Maendeleo ya Vijana|Kazi, Ajira na Maendeleo ya Vijana]] | term_start7 = 17 Oktoba 2006 | term_end7 = 13 Februari 2008 | minister7 = | predecessor7 = | successor7 = | office8 = Naibu Waziri wa [[Wizara ya Habari, Utamaduni, Michezo na Vijana|Habari, Utamaduni na Michezo]] | term_start8 = 6 Januari 2006 | term_end8 = 16 Oktoba 2006 | minister8 = | predecessor8 = | successor8 = | office9 = [[Mbunge]]<br>kwa [[Songea|Jiji la Songea]] | term_start9 = 2005 | term_end9 = 2015 | predecessor9 = [[Lawrence Gama]] | successor9 = [[Leonidas Gama]] | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|12|24|df=y}} | birth_place = Mbeya, Tanzania | nationality = [[Tanzania]] | party = [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi|CCM]] | spouse = | relations = | children = | alma_mater = [[Chuo Kikuu cha Mzumbe]] {{small|(MBA)}} | religion = | website = | birth_name = Emmanuel John Nchimbi | caption = Nchimbi mwaka 2017 }} '''Emmanuel John Nchimbi''' (alizaliwa [[24 Desemba]] [[1971]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] na [[mwanadiplomasia]] kutoka nchini [[Tanzania]] ambaye alikua ni [[Orodha ya Makamu wa Rais Tanzania|Makamu wa Rais]] wa [[Tanzania]] tangu tarehe [[3 Novemba]] [[2025]]. Mnamo 25 Agosti 2026, alitangaza kuwasilisha barua ya kujiuzulu nafasi hiyo, uamuzi utakaofanya kazi rasmi tarehe 4 Septemba 2026 ili kuruhusu mabadiliko ya kiutawala na kustaafu kwake katika utumishi wa umma.<ref name="eastafrican2026">{{Rejea habari |title=Tanzania Vice President Emmanuel Nchimbi resigns |url=https://theeastafrican.co.ke |work=The EastAfrican |date=25 August 2026 |access-date=25 August 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Makamu wa Rais Tanzania Emmanuel Nchimbi ajiuzulu|url=https://www.bbc.com/swahili/articles/ceq85dvyev9o|work=BBC News Swahili|date=2026-08-25|accessdate=2026-08-25|language=sw}}</ref> Siku moja baadaye, mnamo tarehe 26 Agosti 2026, Halmashauri Kuu ya Chama Cha Mapinduzi ([[CCM]]) ilitangaza kumfuta uanachama kwa tuhuma za kukiuka katiba na kanuni za maadili za chama hicho.<ref name="mwananchi-ccm">{{Rejea habari |title=Dk Nchimbi afukuzwa uanachama CCM |url=https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/siasa/dk-nchimbi-afukuzwa-uanachama-ccm-5572470 |work=Mwananchi |date=26 August 2026 |access-date=2026-08-27}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Nchimbi alizaliwa mnamo 24 Desemba 1971. Alipata elimu yake ya msingi katika Shule ya Msingi Oysterbay jijini [[Dar es Salaam]] kati ya mwaka 1980 na 1986.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2024-01-16 |title=What next after Nchimbi lands powerful post within CCM? |url=https://thecitizen.co.tz |access-date=2026-08-26 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref> Baadaye alijiunga na Shule ya Sekondari Uru (1987–1989) kabla ya kuhamia Shule ya Sekondari Sangu ambapo alihitimu elimu ya kidato cha nne mwaka 1990.<ref name=":1" /> Alisoma elimu ya juu ya sekondari (kidato cha tano na sita) katika Shule ya Sekondari Forest Hill mkoani [[Mbeya (mji)|Mbeya]] kuanzia mwaka 1991 hadi 1993.<ref name=":1" /> Kati ya mwaka 1994 na 1997, alisoma katika Taasisi ya Usimamizi wa Maendeleo (IDM Mzumbe) mkoani Morogoro na kutunukiwa [[Stashahada ya Uzamili|Stashahada ya Juu]] ya Utawala wa Umma.<ref name=":1" /> Baadaye, alihitimu [[Shahada ya uzamili|Shahada ya Uzamili]] ya Usimamizi wa Biashara akibobea katika masuala ya Benki na Fedha (2001–2003), na kufuatiwa na [[Shahada ya Uzamivu]] (PhD) kati ya mwaka 2008 na 2011 katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Mzumbe]].<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2025-08-28 |title=Who is Dr. Emmanuel Nchimbi, President Samia's Running Mate? |url=https://mwanzotv.com |access-date=2026-08-26 |website=Mwanzo TV |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kazi na siasa == Emmanuel John Nchimbi alipata kuwa [[mbunge]] wa [[Jimbo]] la [[Songea Mjini]] katika bunge la kitaifa nchini. Baadae alikuwa [[Balozi]] wa [[Tanzania]] nchini [[Brazil]] na kisha nchini [[Misri]]. Mnamo [[15 Januari]] [[2024]] aliteuliwa na Halmashauri Kuu ya [[CCM]] kuwa Katibu Mkuu wa Chama cha Mapinduzi. <ref>[https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/siasa/dk-nchimbi-amrithi-chongolo-ccm-4492338 www.mwananchi.co.tz]</ref> Baada ya [[Uchaguzi Mkuu wa Tanzania, 2025|uchaguzi mkuu wa mwaka 2025]] aliapishwa kuwa Makamu wa Rais wa [[Tanzania|Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania]] akichukua nafasi ya [[Philip Mpango]]. Hata hivyo, uchaguzi huo ulikabiliwa na malalamiko makubwa kutoka kwa vyama vya upinzani na mashirika ya kimataifa kuhusu uhalali wake. == Kujiuzuru == Mnamo 25 Agosti 2026, Dkt. Nchimbi alitangaza kujiuzulu nafasi hiyo ya Makamu wa Rais kuanzia tarehe 4 Septemba 2026 ili kumpa nafasi Rais [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] kufanya mabadiliko, huku akitangaza pia kustaafu siasa za ushindani na utumishi wa umma. Hatua hii ilimfanya kuwa Makamu wa Rais wa kwanza katika historia ya Tanzania kung'atuka madarakani kwa hiyari yake mwenyewe.<ref name="eastafrican2026">{{Rejea habari |title=Tanzania Vice President Emmanuel Nchimbi resigns |url=https://theeastafrican.co.ke |work=The EastAfrican |date=25 August 2026 |access-date=25 August 2026}}</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Wabunge wa Tanzania 2005]] ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Makamu wa Rais Tanzania}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa-Tanzania}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nchimbi, Emmanuel}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1971]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] s4p4qv1bgzeahd1ptzdj7lc5tjw2ups 1594144 1594050 2026-09-03T09:28:56Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Maelezo mafupi|Mwanasiasa wa Tanzania}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = Mh. | name = Emmanuel John Nchimbi | honorific-suffix = | image = Emmanuel Nchimbi.jpg | office = [[Makamu wa Rais wa Tanzania]] | term_start = 3 Novemba 2025 | president = [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] | predecessor = [[Philip Mpango]] | office2 = Balozi wa [[Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania|Tanzania]] nchini Misri | term_start2 = 2022 | term_end2 = Agosti 2023 | predecessor2 = Maj. Gen. (Ret) [[Anselm Shigongo Bahati]] | successor2 = | office3 = Balozi wa [[Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania|Tanzania]] nchini Brazil | term_start3 = 2016 | term_end3 = 2021 | predecessor3 = [[Francis A. Malambugi]] | successor3 = [[Adelardus Kilangi]] | office4 = 20th [[Waziri wa Mambo ya Ndani (Tanzania)|Waziri wa Mambo ya Ndani]] | term_start4 = 7 Mei 2012 | term_end4 = 20 Desemba 2013 | predecessor4 = [[Shamsi Nahodha]] | successor4 = [[Mathias Chikawe]] | office5 = [[Wizara ya Habari, Utamaduni, Michezo na Vijana|Waziri wa Habari, Utamaduni, Michezo na Vijana]] | term_start5 = 28 Novemba 2010 | term_end5 = 7 Mei 2012 | president5 = [[Jakaya Kikwete]] | predecessor5 = | successor5 = | office6 = Naibu Waziri wa [[Wizara ya Ulinzi na Jeshi la Taifa|Ulinzi na Huduma ya Taifa]] | term_start6 = 13 Februari 2008 | term_end6 = 28 Novemba 2010 | minister6 = [[Hussein Mwinyi]] | predecessor6 = | successor6 = | office7 = Naibu Waziri wa [[Wizara ya Kazi, Ajira na Maendeleo ya Vijana|Kazi, Ajira na Maendeleo ya Vijana]] | term_start7 = 17 Oktoba 2006 | term_end7 = 13 Februari 2008 | minister7 = | predecessor7 = | successor7 = | office8 = Naibu Waziri wa [[Wizara ya Habari, Utamaduni, Michezo na Vijana|Habari, Utamaduni na Michezo]] | term_start8 = 6 Januari 2006 | term_end8 = 16 Oktoba 2006 | minister8 = | predecessor8 = | successor8 = | office9 = [[Mbunge]]<br>kwa [[Songea|Jiji la Songea]] | term_start9 = 2005 | term_end9 = 2015 | predecessor9 = [[Lawrence Gama]] | successor9 = [[Leonidas Gama]] | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|12|24|df=y}} | birth_place = Mbeya, Tanzania | nationality = [[Tanzania]] | party = [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi|CCM]] | spouse = | relations = | children = | alma_mater = [[Chuo Kikuu cha Mzumbe]] {{small|(MBA)}} | religion = | website = | birth_name = Emmanuel John Nchimbi | caption = Nchimbi mwaka 2017 }} '''Emmanuel John Nchimbi''' (alizaliwa [[24 Desemba]] [[1971]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] na [[mwanadiplomasia]] kutoka nchini [[Tanzania]] ambaye alikuwa [[Orodha ya Makamu wa Rais Tanzania|Makamu wa Rais]] wa [[Tanzania]] tangu tarehe [[3 Novemba]] [[2025]] hadi tarehe [[26 Agosti]] [[2026]]. Mnamo 25 Agosti 2026, alitangaza kuwasilisha barua ya kujiuzulu nafasi hiyo akisema uamuzi huo utafanya kazi rasmi tarehe 4 Septemba 2026 ili kuruhusu mabadiliko ya kiutawala na kustaafu kwake katika utumishi wa umma.<ref name="eastafrican2026">{{Rejea habari |title=Tanzania Vice President Emmanuel Nchimbi resigns |url=https://theeastafrican.co.ke |work=The EastAfrican |date=25 August 2026 |access-date=25 August 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Makamu wa Rais Tanzania Emmanuel Nchimbi ajiuzulu|url=https://www.bbc.com/swahili/articles/ceq85dvyev9o|work=BBC News Swahili|date=2026-08-25|accessdate=2026-08-25|language=sw}}</ref> Siku moja baadaye, mnamo tarehe 26 Agosti 2026, Halmashauri Kuu ya Chama cha Mapinduzi ([[CCM]]) ilitangaza kumfuta uanachama kwa tuhuma za kukiuka katiba na kanuni za maadili za chama hicho.<ref name="mwananchi-ccm">{{Rejea habari |title=Dk Nchimbi afukuzwa uanachama CCM |url=https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/siasa/dk-nchimbi-afukuzwa-uanachama-ccm-5572470 |work=Mwananchi |date=26 August 2026 |access-date=2026-08-27}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Nchimbi alizaliwa mnamo 24 Desemba 1971. Alipata elimu yake ya msingi katika Shule ya Msingi Oysterbay jijini [[Dar es Salaam]] kati ya mwaka 1980 na 1986.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2024-01-16 |title=What next after Nchimbi lands powerful post within CCM? |url=https://thecitizen.co.tz |access-date=2026-08-26 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref> Baadaye alijiunga na Shule ya Sekondari Uru (1987–1989) kabla ya kuhamia Shule ya Sekondari Sangu ambapo alihitimu elimu ya kidato cha nne mwaka 1990.<ref name=":1" /> Alisoma elimu ya juu ya sekondari (kidato cha tano na sita) katika Shule ya Sekondari Forest Hill mkoani [[Mbeya (mji)|Mbeya]] kuanzia mwaka 1991 hadi 1993.<ref name=":1" /> Kati ya mwaka 1994 na 1997, alisoma katika Taasisi ya Usimamizi wa Maendeleo (IDM Mzumbe) mkoani Morogoro na kutunukiwa [[Stashahada ya Uzamili|Stashahada ya Juu]] ya Utawala wa Umma.<ref name=":1" /> Baadaye, alihitimu [[Shahada ya uzamili|Shahada ya Uzamili]] ya Usimamizi wa Biashara akibobea katika masuala ya Benki na Fedha (2001–2003), na kufuatiwa na [[Shahada ya Uzamivu]] (PhD) kati ya mwaka 2008 na 2011 katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Mzumbe]].<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2025-08-28 |title=Who is Dr. Emmanuel Nchimbi, President Samia's Running Mate? |url=https://mwanzotv.com |access-date=2026-08-26 |website=Mwanzo TV |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kazi na siasa == Emmanuel John Nchimbi alipata kuwa [[mbunge]] wa [[Jimbo]] la [[Songea Mjini]] katika bunge la kitaifa nchini. Baadae alikuwa [[Balozi]] wa [[Tanzania]] nchini [[Brazil]] na kisha nchini [[Misri]]. Mnamo [[15 Januari]] [[2024]] aliteuliwa na Halmashauri Kuu ya [[CCM]] kuwa Katibu Mkuu wa Chama cha Mapinduzi. <ref>[https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/siasa/dk-nchimbi-amrithi-chongolo-ccm-4492338 www.mwananchi.co.tz]</ref> Baada ya [[Uchaguzi Mkuu wa Tanzania, 2025|uchaguzi mkuu wa mwaka 2025]] aliapishwa kuwa Makamu wa Rais wa [[Tanzania|Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania]] akichukua nafasi ya [[Philip Mpango]]. Hata hivyo, uchaguzi huo ulikabiliwa na malalamiko makubwa kutoka kwa vyama vya upinzani na mashirika ya kimataifa kuhusu uhalali wake. == Kujiuzulu == Mnamo 25 Agosti 2026, Dkt. Nchimbi alitangaza kujiuzulu nafasi hiyo ya Makamu wa Rais kuanzia tarehe 4 Septemba 2026 ili kumpa nafasi Rais [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] kufanya mabadiliko, huku akitangaza pia kustaafu siasa za ushindani na utumishi wa umma. Hatua hii ilimfanya kuwa Makamu wa Rais wa kwanza katika [[historia ya Tanzania]] kung'atuka madarakani kwa hiyari yake mwenyewe.<ref name="eastafrican2026">{{Rejea habari |title=Tanzania Vice President Emmanuel Nchimbi resigns |url=https://theeastafrican.co.ke |work=The EastAfrican |date=25 August 2026 |access-date=25 August 2026}}</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Wabunge wa Tanzania 2005]] ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Makamu wa Rais Tanzania}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa-Tanzania}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nchimbi, Emmanuel}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1971]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Tanzania]] g16g54076qxiqfkubgmwivyqlnva4f3 0 72326 1594178 1529011 2026-09-03T10:36:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594178 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Spread of the Anabaptists 1525-1550.png|thumb|Uenezi wa tapo hili katika [[Ulaya ya Kati]] miaka [[1525]]-[[1550]].]] {{Ukristo}} '''Waanabaptisti''' (kwa [[Kilatini]] ''anabaptista'',<ref>{{citation|title=Anabaptist, n.|work=Oxford English Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=December 2012|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/6865|accessdate=21 January 2013}}</ref> kutoka [[Kigiriki]] ἀναβαπτισμός ambapo ἀνά, ana inamaanisha "tena" na βαπτισμός, baptismos, "ubatizo"<ref>{{citation|title=Anabaptism, n.|work=Oxford English Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=December 2012|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/6864|accessdate=21 January 2013}}</ref>) ni [[Wakristo]] ambao hasa kuanzia [[karne ya 16]] walikataa [[ubatizo]] jinsi ulivyotolewa na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali ya [[Uprotestanti]].<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.cbc4me.org/articles/Baptist/04-McGrath.pdf | title = CBC 4 me | format = [[PDF]] | contribution = Neither Catholic nor Protestant | first = William | last = McGrath | access-date = 2014-08-30 | archive-date = 2016-12-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161227060547/http://www.cbc4me.org/articles/Baptist/04-McGrath.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | url = http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/15.html | title = THE ANABAPTISTS AND THE REFORMATION | contribution = CHAPTER 15 THE RADICALS OF THE REFORMATION | first = William | last = Gilbert | access-date = 2014-08-30 | archive-date = 2018-12-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181225031916/http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/15.html%20 | dead-url = yes }}.</ref> Kwa sababu hiyo, wenyewe hawapendi kuitwa hivyo: kwa mtazamo wao, hawarudii ubatizo, ila wanautoa kwa usahihi kwa mara ya kwanza.<ref name = "vedder">{{cite book | last=Vedder | first=Henry Clay | title=Balthasar Hübmaier, the Leader of the Anabaptists | url=https://archive.org/details/balthasarhbmaie00veddgoog | location=New York | publisher= GP Putnam's Sons | year=1905}}</ref> Msimamo wao ulisababisha kuanzia mwaka [[1527]] [[dhuluma]] kali kutoka kwa viongozi wa madhehebu hayo mbalimbali. Kwa sasa Waanabaptisti wote hawafikii milioni 2 duniani. ==Historia== Wakati wa [[Martin Luther]] yalianza pia [[madhehebu]] ambayo zamani hizo yalikataliwa na makanisa mengine yote: Waanabaptisti. Ni kwamba wakati ule wa mabadiliko walijitokeza [[Wakristo]] waliopenda kuwa karibu zaidi na mfano wa Ukristo wa kwanza. Walitaka Kanisa liwe jumuiya ya [[watakatifu]], yaani Wakristo wa kweli tu. Waliona wengi kuwa Wakristo wa jina tu. Walivyojisomea Biblia walishindwa kuelewa [[desturi]] ya kubatiza watoto. Jinsi walivyoona, mwanzoni watoto wadogo hawakubatizwa ila watu wazima walioamini. Kwa jumla wakaona desturi ya kubatiza watoto wasiofahamu [[imani]] ni msingi wa kuwa na [[wanafiki]] na Wakristo wa uongo ndani ya kanisa. Mwaka [[1525]] huko [[Uswisi]] ulitokea ubatizo wa mtu mzima. Aliwahi kubatizwa utotoni lakini alianza kuelewa imani na kuongoka katika umri mkubwa tu. Akajisikia apokee "ubatizo wa imani". Habari hii na mafundisho yaliyolingana nayo vilienea haraka sana Uswisi na [[Ujerumani]]. Katika miji mbalimbali Wakristo walivutiwa kukutana katika vikundi vidogo nje ya makanisa, wakisali pamoja na kuwa na [[Chakula cha Bwana]] [[nyumba|nyumbani]] mwao. Walioamini kwa njia hiyo mpya walitafuta "ubatizo wa imani". Viongozi [[Wakatoliki]] na pia [[Waprotestanti]] wakapinga mafundisho yao. Wakaona ni kudharau [[sakramenti]] ya ubatizo, maana wale wote wameshawahi kubatizwa kama watoto wadogo. Tena walikuwa na [[shaka]] juu ya kanisa kuwa [[jumuiya]] ya "Wakristo wa kweli tu". Nani aamue juu ya [[ukweli]] wa [[roho|rohoni]] kama si [[Mungu]] mwenyewe? Jinsi Waanabaptisti walivyojaribu kulinda utakatifu wa kanisa lao kwa kuweka [[sharti|masharti]] mbalimbali juu ya [[maadili]], wengine waliona wameunda taratibu za [[binadamu|kibinadamu]]. Luther, aliyetoka katika [[jitihada]] za [[umonaki]] alipojaribu kujenga utakatifu wake kwa kutimiza masharti mengi, aliona kosa lilelile katika "watakatifu" wale. Tatizo lingine lilikuwa uhusiano wao na [[serikali]] na [[dola]]. Walisoma katika Biblia kwamba Mkristo [[kiapo|asiape]] wala kutumia [[silaha]], wala kushiriki katika mambo ya serikali. Kumbe wakaonekana ni maadui wa kila serikali. Jambo la kusikitisha sana ni kwamba madhehebu makubwa yaliyoendelea chini ya ulinzi wa serikali za maeneo yao yalikuwa tayari kuwagandamiza kinyama Waanabaptisti. Waliobatiza watu wazima na kuhubiri imani hiyo wakatafutwa na kukamatwa, kufungwa [[gereza|gerezani]] na hata kuuawa. Katika matendo ya namna hiyo zilishirikiana serikali zote za Ulaya, kama ni za Kikatoliki, za Kilutheri au za [[Wakalvini|Kikalvini]]. Baada ya wengi wao kuuawa, Waanabaptisti wengine walianza kujificha au kuhamia mahali walipopata ustahimilivu. Kikundi kimoja kiliweza kuishi [[Uholanzi]] na Ujerumani Kaskazini. Kiongozi wao alikuwa [[Menno Simoni]]. Wafuasi wake wakaitwa "Wamenno". Baadaye wakahamia mpaka [[Urusi]] kutafuta mahali penye [[uhuru wa dini]] wasipolazimishwa kuwa [[wanajeshi]] wala kuapa [[mahakama|mahakamani]]. Walienea hasa [[Marekani]] walipokimbilia wafuasi wake kutoka sehemu mbalimbali za [[Ulaya]]. Katika [[karne]] zilizofuata [[wamisionari]] wao walirudi tena Ulaya na kuenea sehemu nyingine za [[dunia]]. Waanabaptisti wanaangalia zaidi [[uhuru]] wa ushirika pale wanaposali kuliko [[umoja wa Kanisa]], hivyo wako duniani katika vikundi mbalimbali. Jumuiya zao zilipokua baadaye, sehemu kubwa ya Waanabaptisti waliacha tena masharti ya kutotumia silaha au kukataa kiapo mahakamani, kama tumeshaona katika vikundi vingine. Nchini [[Tanzania]] Wamenno wako hasa [[kaskazini]], lakini kitovu cha Kanisa la Kibatisti lililoundwa na wamisionari Wamarekani ni katika [[Nyanda za Juu za Kusini]]. Kanisa la "[[African Inland Church]] - AIC" linafuata pia mapokeo ya Kibatisti katika mengi ila linatumia [[cheo]] cha [[Askofu]]. ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist | colwidth = 32em}} ==Marejeo== * {{Citation | last=van Braght | first= Thieleman J | title=Martyrs Mirror | place=Scottdale, PA | publisher=Herald Press | origyear=1938 | year = 1950 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=SCnXAQAACAAJ | ISBN=978-0-8361-1390-7}}. * Carroll, J.M. (1931). ''The Trail of Blood: Following the Christians Down through the Ages, or, the history of Baptist Churches from the Time of Christ, Their Founder, to the Present Day''. Lexington, Ky.: Ashland Avenue Baptist Church. 56 p. + fold. chart. Without ISBN * {{Citation | title = The Anabaptist Story | first = William R | last = Estep | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=BF8D09JSfzwC | publisher=William B Eerdmans |location=Grand Rapids, [[Michigan|MI]] | year=1963 | isbn = 0-8028-1594-4}}. * {{Citation | last=Klaassen | first = Walter | title=Anabaptism: Neither Catholic Nor Protestant | publisher=Conrad Press | place=Waterloo, [[Ontario|ON]] | year=1973 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=SCnXAQAACAAJ}}. * Knox, Ronald. ''Enthusiasm: a Chapter in the History of Religion, with Special Reference to the XVII and XVIII Centuries''. Oxford, Eng.: Oxford University Press, 1950. viii, 622 p. * {{Citation | title = Hutterite Beginnings: Communitarian Experiments During the Reformation | first = Werner O | last = Packull | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=hHW6nS0-DQQC | place =Baltimore, Maryland | publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press | year=1995 | isbn=0-8018-6256-6}}. * {{Citation | last = Stayer | first= James M | author-link = James M. Stayer | title = The German Peasants’ War and Anabaptist Community of Goods | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=MeFSqubf6VAC | publisher = McGill-Queen’s Press, MQUP | place = Montréal | origyear = 1991 | year= 1994 | ISBN = 0-7735-0842-2}}. * {{Citation | title = The Radical Reformation | first = George Hunston | last = Williams | edition = 3rd | publisher = Truman State University Press | origyear = 1962 | year = 2000 | url = http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Radical_Reformation.html?id=5Za7AAAACAAJ | isbn=0-664-20372-8}}. ==Marejeo mengine== * {{Citation | title = A History of Anti-Pedobaptism, From the Rise of Pedobaptism to AD 1609 | first = Albert H | last = Newman | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=DuVJAAAAMAAJ | publisher = Google Books | ISBN = 1-57978-536-0}}. *Fast, Heinhold. "Anabaptists." In ''The Encyclopedia of Christianity'', edited by Erwin Fahlbusch and Geoffrey William Bromiley, 45–48. Vol. 1. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1999. ISBN 0802824137 *''Anabaptists and the Sword'', by [[James M. Stayer]], ([http://books.google.com/books?id=Rec8AAAAIAAJ Google Books], ISBN 0-87291-081-4) *''In Editha's Days. A Tale of Religious Liberty'', by [[Mary Ellen Bamford|Mary E. Bamford]] LCCN 06006296 (republished as ''The Bible Makes Us Baptists'', Larry Harrison, ed.), ([http://books.google.com/books?id=v5pUGwAACAAJ Google Books]) *''Revelation & Revolution: Basic Writings of Thomas Muntzer'', by Michael G. Baylor, ([http://books.google.com/books?id=xAKM85a4EekC Google Books], ISBN 0-934223-16-5) *''The Anabaptist Vision'', by Harold S. Bender, ([http://books.google.com/books?id=1j-SHgAACAAJ Google Books], ISBN 0-8361-1305-5) *''The Encyclopedia of American Religions'', by [[J. Gordon Melton]], ([http://books.google.com/books?id=ZnoYAAAAIAAJ Google Books], ISBN 0-8103-6904-4) * {{Citation | title = The Great Restoration: The Religious Radicals of the 16th and 17th Centuries | author-link = Meic Pearse | first = Meic | last = Pearse | url = http://books.google.co.ke/books/about/The_great_restoration.html?id=FSoQAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y}}. *''The Pursuit of the Millennium'', by Norman Cohn, ([http://books.google.com/books?id=tDVaYvh4qj0C Google Books], ISBN 0-19-500456-6) *''The Reformers and their Stepchildren'', by Leonard Verduin, ([http://books.google.com/books?id=LUM-FCtmCZAC Google Books], ISBN 0-8010-9284-1) ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Anabaptism}} * {{Rejea tovuti| title=Anabaptism | publisher=[[Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online]] | url=http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Anabaptism | accessdate=September 11, 2013}} * {{Rejea tovuti | title=The Story of the Church: The Protestant Reformation: The Anabaptists and Other Radical Reformers | work=Ritchie Family Page | url=http://www.ritchies.net/p4wk4.htm | accessdate=December 15, 2005 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051217055801/http://www.ritchies.net/p4wk4.htm | archivedate=2005-12-17 | deadurl=no }} * {{Rejea tovuti | title=The Anabaptist Story | work=The Reformed Reader | url=http://www.reformedreader.org/history/anabaptiststory.htm | accessdate=December 15, 2005 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051215011644/http://www.reformedreader.org/history/anabaptiststory.htm | archivedate=2005-12-15 | deadurl=no }} * [http://www.mennonitemission.net/SiteCollectionDocuments/Tools%20for%20Mission/Missio%20Dei/DL.MissioDei18.E.pdf What is an Anabaptist Christian?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mennonitemission.net/SiteCollectionDocuments/Tools%20for%20Mission/Missio%20Dei/DL.MissioDei18.E.pdf |date=20140828215930 }}, 2nd ed., Palmer Becker, ''Missio Dei'' no. 18, 2010. * [http://www.marxists.org/archive/bax/1903/anabaptists/index.htm The Rise and Fall of the Anabaptists], by [[E. Belfort Bax]] 1903 * [http://www.anabaptists.org Anabaptist Mennonites] {{Wayback|url=http://www.anabaptists.org/ |date=20141005185309 }} {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Category:Ukristo| ]] [[Jamii:Uprotestanti]] 1tqpb2ipai1b895fq0juxdn8tva2gi3 0 77821 1594052 1535916 2026-09-02T19:28:18Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1594052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name = Samia Suluhu Hassan |image = Samia Suluhu Hassan.jpg |order = |office = [[Orodha ya Marais wa Tanzania|Rais wa Tanzania]] | primeminister = [[Mwigulu Nchemba]] | vicepresident = [[Deogratius Ndejembi]] | predecessor = [[John Magufuli]] |term_start = 17 Machi 2021 |term_end = |1blankname = |1namedata = |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|01|27|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Usultani wa Zanzibar]] |birthname = Samia Suluhu Hassan |nationality = Mtanzania |party = [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]] |spouse = Hafidh Ameir |relations = |children = Mwanu Hafidh Ameir,Wanu Hafidh Ameir |residence = |alma_mater = [[Chuo Kikuu cha Mzumbe]]<br>[[Chuo Kikuu cha Manchester]]<br>[[Chuo Kikuu Huria cha Tanzania]]<br>[[Southern New Hampshire University|SNHU]] |occupation = |profession = |cabinet = |committees = |portfolio = |religion = Uislamu |signature = |signature_alt = |website = |footnotes = |blank1 = |data1 = |nickname = }} '''Samia Suluhu Hassan''' (alizaliwa [[27 Januari]] [[1960]]) ni [[Rais]] wa 6 wa [[Tanzania]] na mwanachama wa [[chama tawala]] cha [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.go.tz/index.php/members/mpcvs/1668/2010-2015 |title=Member of Parliament CV |date= |work= |publisher=Bunge la Tazania |accessdate=19 February 2013 |archivedate=2015-07-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713054257/http://www.parliament.go.tz/index.php/members/mpcvs/1668/2010-2015 }}</ref> Kabla ya kuwa rais kutokana na [[kifo]] cha [[John Pombe Magufuli|John Magufuli]], kilichotokea [[tarehe]] [[17 Machi]] [[2021]], Suluhu alikuwa [[makamu wa rais]] kwa sababu ya kuwa mgombea mwenza katika [[Uchaguzi Mkuu wa Tanzania, 2015|Uchaguzi Mkuu wa 2015]].<ref>[https://twitter.com/ccm_tanzania/status/620203847663783936 Mgombea mwenza Urais 2015 wa Mhe. John Pombe Magufuli ni..]</ref> [[Tarehe]] [[5 Novemba]] 2015 aliapishwa kama [[makamu wa rais]] wa Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania, akiwa [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza kufikia [[cheo]] hicho, akarudia baada ya [[uchaguzi mkuu]] wa tarehe [[29 Oktoba]] [[2020]]. Sasa amekuwa [[rais]] wa kwanza [[mwanamke]] Tanzania na Afrika Mashariki na pia rais wa pili kutoka [[Zanzibar]], wa kwanza akiwa Ally Hassan Mwinyi, Rais wa awamu ya pili. Uchaguzi wa Oktoba 2025, uliomhakikishia Samia Suluhu Hassan ushindi wa asilimia 97.66 ya kura kadiri ya Tume ya Uchaguzi,<ref name="HRW_Crackdown_2025">{{en}} ''Tanzania: Killings, Crackdown Follow Disputed Elections'', Human Rights Watch, 4 Novemba 2025 (ilifikiwa 6 Novemba 2025)</ref> uligubikwa na tuhuma za wizi mkubwa wa kura na ukandamizaji mkali wa upinzani. Ujumbe wa waangalizi wa Umoja wa Afrika (AU) ulitangaza kuwa uchaguzi huo "haukuafiki" viwango vya kikanda na kimataifa, ikitaja kasoro nyingi na kukatwa kwa intaneti.<ref name="AU_Report_2025">{{en}} ''African Union observers slam Tanzania's violent election'', African Business, 6 Novemba 2025 (ilifikiwa 6 Novemba 2025)</ref> Ofisi husika ya [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] na mashirika mengi ya haki za binadamu yalishutumu serikali yake kwa kuruhusu matumizi ya risasi za moto dhidi ya raia.<ref>https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/11/tanzania-election-related-killings-and-other-violations-must-be-investigated</ref> <ref>https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/11/1166334</ref> Chama kikuu cha upinzani, Chadema, kilidai kuwa kimekusanya ushahidi wa vifo vya watu 1,000, kikiyaita matukio hayo kuwa ukiukwaji wa haki za binadamu.<ref name="HRW_Crackdown_2025" /> Serikali ilikanusha madai hayo, huku Rais Hassan akikiri kutokea kwa vifo, alieleza kuwa idadi iliyotolewa na upinzani "imetiwa chumvi kupita kiasi".<ref name="Reuters_Denial_2025">{{en}} ''Tanzanian police warn against sharing images following deadly election protests'', CNBC Africa (citant Reuters), 5 Novemba 2025 (ilifikiwa 6 Novemba 2025)</ref> Tarehe [[3 Novemba]] [[2025]] aliapishwa kwa awamu ya pili na kuwa Rais wa [[Tanzania|Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania]]. == Maisha ya awali == Suluhu alizaliwa katika [[Usultani wa Zanzibar]]. Alisoma [[Shule ya msingi|shule za msingi]] za [[Chwaka]] ([[Unguja]]), [[Ziwani (Chakechake)|Ziwani]] ([[Pemba (kisiwa)|Pemba]]) na [[Mahonda]] (Unguja) katika miaka ya [[1966]] hadi [[1972]]. Aliendelea na masomo ya [[sekondari]] shule za Ngambo, [[Unguja]] ([[1973]]-[[1975]]) na Lumumba, Unguja ([[1976]]).<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/swahili/habari/2015/07/150712_profile_ccm_amina_salum_ali<nowiki> Wasifu wa makamu wa rais wa Tanzania Samia Hassan], tovuti ya BBC 13.07 / 05.11. 2015</nowiki></ref> Baada ya kumaliza masomo yake ya sekondari mnamo [[1977]], aliajiriwa na Wizara ya Mipango na Maendeleo kama [[karani]]. Alifuata [[kozi]] fupi kadhaa. Mnamo [[1986]], alihitimu kutoka Taasisi ya Usimamizi wa Maendeleo ([[Chuo Kikuu cha Mzumbe|Chuo Kikuu cha Mzumbe cha leo]]) na [[diploma]] ya hali ya juu katika [[utawala wa umma]]. <ref name="mp cv">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.parliament.go.tz/index.php/members/mpcvs/1668/2010-2015|title=Member of Parliament CV|publisher=Parliament of Tanzania|accessdate=19 February 2013|archivedate=13 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713054257/http://www.parliament.go.tz/index.php/members/mpcvs/1668/2010-2015}}</ref> Baada ya kuhitimu, aliajiriwa kwenye mradi uliofadhiliwa na [[Shirika la Mpango wa Chakula Duniani]] (World Food Programme). Kati ya miaka [[1992]] na [[1994]], alisoma kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Manchester]], [[Uingereza]] na kuhitimu [[Stashahada ya Uzamili|stashahada ya uzamili]] katika [[uchumi]]. <ref name="daily">https://www.tanzania.go.tz/profiles/profiles/details/138 {{Wayback|url=https://www.tanzania.go.tz/profiles/profiles/details/138 |date=20200922075716 }} Profile Details : Former VP of Tanzania, Tovuti ya serikali ya Tanzania, iliangaliwa Machi 2021</ref> Mnamo [[mwaka]] [[2015]], alipata MSc yake katika Maendeleo ya Uchumi wa Jamii kupitia mpango wa pamoja kati ya [[Chuo Kikuu Huria cha Tanzania]] na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kusini mwa New Hampshire]]. <ref name="mp cv2">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.parliament.go.tz/index.php/members/mpcvs/1668/2010-2015|title=Member of Parliament CV|publisher=Parliament of Tanzania|accessdate=19 February 2013|archivedate=13 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713054257/http://www.parliament.go.tz/index.php/members/mpcvs/1668/2010-2015}}</ref> == Kazi ya siasa == Mnamo mwaka [[2000]] aliamua kujiunga na [[siasa]]. Aliteuliwa na CCM kama [[Viti maalum vya wanawake|mbunge wa viti maalumu]] katika [[Baraza la Wawakilishi wa Zanzibar|Baraza la Wawakilishi la Zanzibar]] akateuliwa na rais [[Amani Abeid Karume|Amani Karume]] kuwa [[waziri]] wa utalii na bishara. Alikuwa mwanamke pekee kwenye ngazi ya mawaziri akaona alidharauliwa na wenzake wa jinsia ya kiume kwa sababu ya [[jinsia]] yake. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031030/http://dailynews.co.tz/archive/index.php/features/36136-samia-suluhu-hassan-a-tough-journey-from-activism-to-politics Samia Suluhu Hassan, a tough journey], gazeti la Daily News, tarehe 18 Septemba 2014</ref> Alichaguliwa tena mnamo 2005 kwenye viti maalum na aliteuliwa tena kama waziri katika wizara ya kazi, jinsia na watoto. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150713054257/http://www.parliament.go.tz/index.php/members/mpcvs/1668/2010-2015 Tovuti ya Bunge 2010-2015]</ref> Mwaka [[2010]] aligombea kwenye uchaguzi kwa [[Bunge la Tanzania|Bunge la Kitaifa]], akisimama katika jimbo la [[Makunduchi]] na kushinda kwa zaidi ya [[%]] 80. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031030/http://dailynews.co.tz/archive/index.php/features/36136-samia-suluhu-hassan-a-tough-journey-from-activism-to-politics Samia Suluhu Hassan, a tough journey], gazeti la Daily News, tarehe 18 Septemba 2014</ref> Rais [[Jakaya Kikwete]] alimteua kuwa [[Waziri wa Nchi wa Mambo ya Muungano]]. <ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Tanzania: History Made as Samia Picked Running Mate|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201507130201.html|work=AllAfrica|date=13 July 2015}}</ref> Mnamo 2014, alichaguliwa kama Makamu Mwenyekiti wa Bunge Maalum la Katiba iliyokuwa na jukumu la kuandaa katiba mpya ya nchi. <ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Tanzania: Union 'Stalwart' Samia Is CA Vice-Chairperson|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201403140029.html|work=AllAfrica|date=14 March 2014}}</ref> Mnamo tarehe [[30 Aprili]] 2021 alichaguliwa kuwa mwenyekiti wa CCM <ref>https://www.bbc.com/swahili/live/habari-56939323</ref> akiwa mwenyekiti wa kwanza mwanamke. == Rais wa Tanzania == Samia Suluhu Hassan ni Rais wa sasa wa [[Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania]] na Mwenyekiti wa chama tawala, [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]] (CCM). <ref name="WBLive">{{cite web |url=https://live.worldbank.org/en/experts/s/samia-suluhu-hassan |title=Samia Suluhu Hassan |website=World Bank Live |publisher=World Bank |date=2021 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }}</ref> Aliapishwa kushika madaraka tarehe 19 Machi 2021 kufuatia kifo cha Rais [[John Magufuli]] kilichotokea tarehe 17 Machi 2021, na kuwa kiongozi wa kwanza mwanamke wa nchi hiyo. <ref name="EdUKaid">{{cite web |url=https://www.edukaid.com/blogs/who-is-samia-suluhu |title=Who is Samia Suluhu Hassan? |website=EdUKaid |publisher=EdUKaid |date=2021 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }} </ref> Baadaye alikiongoza chama tawala katika [[Uchaguzi Mkuu wa Tanzania, 2025|uchaguzi mkuu wa 2025]], ambapo CCM ilibaki madarakani na yeye kuchaguliwa tena kuwa rais kwa asilimia 97.66 ya kura, ikiendeleza utawala wa muda mrefu wa chama hicho katika [[siasa ya Tanzania]]. <ref name="Xinhua">{{cite web |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20251101/0f28df7740514c3ebc77104cc5e31b84/c.html |title=Samia Suluhu Hassan wins Tanzania's presidential election |website=Xinhua |publisher=Xinhua News Agency |date=November 1, 2025 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }} </ref> Urais wake umehusishwa na mabadiliko ya kisera pamoja na mijadala ya kisiasa. Ingawa mwanzo wa utawala wake ulionekana kuleta mazingira ya kisiasa yaliyo wazi zaidi, ikiwemo kupungua kwa baadhi ya vikwazo vya [[vyombo vya habari]] na ushiriki wa kisiasa, kumekuwa na wasiwasi kutoka kwa vyama vya upinzani na asasi za kiraia kuhusu kuendelea kuwepo kwa mipaka ya ushindani wa kisiasa, taarifa za kukamatwa au shinikizo la kisheria kwa wanasiasa wa upinzani, na vizuizi vya mikutano ya hadhara katika baadhi ya matukio. <ref name="HRW2026">{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2026/05/05/missed-opportunity-on-tanzania-election-violence |title=Missed Opportunity on Tanzania Election Violence |website=Human Rights Watch |publisher=HRW |date=May 5, 2026 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }} </ref> Hali hizi zimeendelea kuwa sehemu ya mijadala ya kisiasa nchini. <ref name="CFR">{{cite web |url=https://www.cfr.org/articles/east-african-autocrats-blame-outsiders-for-popular-discontent |title=East African Autocrats Blame “Outsiders” for Popular Discontent |website=CFR.org |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |date=April 28, 2026 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }} </ref> Kama mkuu wa nchi na serikali, anaongoza tawi la utendaji, mwelekeo wa sera za taifa, na mahusiano ya kimataifa. Serikali yake imejikita katika [[Uchumi wa Tanzania|maendeleo ya kiuchumi]], upanuzi wa [[miundombinu]], na kuimarisha nafasi ya [[Tanzania]] katika mashirika ya kikanda kama [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]] na [[Umoja wa Afrika]]. <ref name="WBLive"/> Vipaumbele vya kiuchumi vimejumuisha kuvutia uwekezaji wa kigeni na kuboresha miundombinu ya biashara na usafirishaji. <ref name="BTI2026">{{cite web |url=https://bti-project.org/en/reports/country-report/TZA |title=Tanzania Country Report 2026 |website=bti-project.org |publisher=Bertelsmann Stiftung |date=April 26, 2026 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }} </ref> [[Tanzania]] inaendelea kufanya kazi chini ya [[mfumo wa vyama vingi]] ambapo CCM bado ndiyo nguvu kuu ya kisiasa. Ingawa vyama vya upinzani hushiriki katika uchaguzi, vinakabiliwa na changamoto za kimuundo na kisiasa katika ushindani wa kitaifa, kama inavyoonekana katika matokeo ya 2025 ambapo CCM ilishinda viti 270 kati ya 272 vya wabunge vilivyochaguliwa moja kwa moja. <ref name="IPU">{{cite web |url=https://data.ipu.org/parliament/TZ/TZ-LC01/election/TZ-LC01-E20251029/ |title=United Republic of Tanzania National Assembly October 2025 Election |website=IPU Parline |publisher=Inter-Parliamentary Union |date=November 2025 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }} </ref> Maisha ya kisiasa nchini yanaathiriwa na mfumo huu wa muda mrefu wa chama tawala, pamoja na mijadala inayoendelea kuhusu utawala bora, uwajibikaji, na nafasi ya demokrasia. <ref name="TZInvest">{{cite web |url=https://www.tanzaniainvest.com/economy/2025-election-results |title=President Samia Suluhu Hassan Wins Tanzania 2025 Election |website=TanzaniaInvest |publisher=TanzaniaInvest |date=November 1, 2025 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }} </ref> Samia Suluhu Hassan bado ni mhusika mkuu katika [[Siasa ya Tanzania|siasa za kisasa za Tanzania]], akiwakilisha mwendelezo wa chama tawala huku pia akisimamia mabadiliko ya taratibu katika sera na utawala. Uongozi wake unaakisi muundo mpana wa [[siasa ya Tanzania]], ambapo uthabiti wa taasisi na utawala wa chama kimoja kikuu huambatana na mijadala inayoendelea kuhusu mageuzi ya kisiasa na ushiriki wa wananchi. <ref name="BTI2026"/> == Makamu wa Rais == Mnamo Julai 2015, [[Uchaguzi wa mchujo wa urais wa Chama Cha Mapinduzi, 2015|mteule]] [[John Magufuli|wa urais wa CCM, John Magufuli]] alimchagua kuwa mgombea mwenza wa [[Uchaguzi Mkuu wa Tanzania, 2015|uchaguzi wa 2015]] na kumfanya kuwa mgombea mwenza wa kwanza mwanamke katika [[historia]] ya chama hicho. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://qz.com/451460/tanzanias-ruling-party-nominates-a-former-chemistry-teacher-as-its-candidate-for-president/|title=Tanzania's ruling party nominates John Magufuli as presidential candidate|author=Mohammed|first=Omar|date=12 July 2015|work=Quartz|accessdate=12 August 2015|archivedate=11 August 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811035232/http://qz.com/451460/tanzanias-ruling-party-nominates-a-former-chemistry-teacher-as-its-candidate-for-president/}}</ref> Baadaye alikuwa makamu wa rais wa kwanza mwanamke katika historia ya nchi kutokana na [[ushindi]] wa [[John Magufuli|Magufuli]] katika uchaguzi. <ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/John-Magufuli-declared-Tanzania-s-fifth-president/-/2558/2934778/-/11h61lfz/-/index.html|title=CCM's John Magufuli declared Tanzania fifth president|accessdate=2021-03-18|archivedate=2015-10-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031002340/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/John-Magufuli-declared-Tanzania-s-fifth-president/-/2558/2934778/-/11h61lfz/-/index.html}}</ref> == Maisha ya binafsi == Mnamo [[1978]] aliolewa na [[Hafidh Ameir]] aliye kwa sasa [[afisa]] [[kilimo]] mstaafu. Wana [[watoto]] wanne: [[binti]] mmoja na [[wavulana]] watatu. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031030/http://dailynews.co.tz/archive/index.php/features/36136-samia-suluhu-hassan-a-tough-journey-from-activism-to-politics Samia Suluhu Hassan, a tough journey], gazeti la Daily News, tarehe 18 Septemba 2014</ref> Binti yake [[Wanu Hafidh Ameir]] (aliyezaliwa [[9 Februari]] [[1982]]), mtoto wa pili, ni mbunge wa viti maalum katika [[Baraza la Wawakilishi wa Zanzibar|Baraza la Wawakilishi la Zanzibar]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hon. Wanu Hafidh Ameir|url=https://www.zanzibarassembly.go.tz/new-members-cv/hon.wanu-hafidh-ameir.php|accessdate=2021-03-18|work=www.zanzibarassembly.go.tz|archivedate=2021-03-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318215127/https://www.zanzibarassembly.go.tz/new-members-cv/hon.wanu-hafidh-ameir.php}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Marais wa Tanzania}} {{start box}} {{succession box|title=[[Orodha ya Marais wa Tanzania|Rais wa Tanzania]]|before=[[John Magufuli]]|after=[[]]|years=2021-}} {{end box}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Suluhu, Samia}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wanawake Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:Marais wa Tanzania]] ff3jegzxi2j46ewhcfb42cj3ajxqnke 0 82700 1594021 1451139 2026-09-02T14:49:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | jina = Nation of Islam | picha = Nation of Islam Symbol.png | image_size = 200px | ufupisho = NOI | kuanzishwa = {{Start date and age|1930|7|4}} | mwanzilishi = [[Wallace Fard Muhammad]] | mahali pa kuanzishiwa = [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]], [[United States|U.S.]] | aina = [[Harakati za kidini]] na [[Siasa|kisiasa]] | hali = Inafanyakazi | lengo = | makaomakuu = [[Mosque Maryam]], [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]] | mahali = [[Marekani]] | namna = | uga = [[Politics]], [[religion]] | uanachama = 50,000 (makadirio)<ref name=MacFarquhar>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/26/us/26farrakhan.html?pagewanted=all|work=The New York Times|first=Neil|last=MacFarquhar|title=Nation of Islam at a Crossroad as Leader Exits|date=February 26, 2007}}</ref> | mwaka wa uanachama = 2007 | lugha = [[Kiingereza]], [[Kiarabu]] | cheo cha kiongozi = Kiongozi | jinalakiongozi = [[Louis Farrakhan]] | watumuhimu = [[Elijah Muhammad]],<br> [[Malcolm X]] (kabla kubadilika na kuwa sehemu ya Uislamu mkuu) | tanzu = [[American Society of Muslims]]<br>[[Fruit of Islam]] | wito = "Haki au Vinginevyo!" | wavuti = {{URL|http://www.noi.org/}} }} '''Nation of Islam''' ({{lang-ar|أمة الإسلام}}, hufupishwa kama '''NOI''') ni shirika la Kiislamu lenye harakati za kidini ambalo lilianzishwa mjini [[Detroit]], [[Marekani]], na [[Wallace Fard Muhammad|Wallace D. Fard Muhammad]] tarehe [[4 Julai]], [[1930]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Nation of Islam|title=Nation of Islam in America: A Nation of Beauty & Peace|url=http://www.noi.org/noi-history|accessdate=10 April 2014}}</ref> Malengo yake hasa ni kuboresha imani za kiroho, mtima, jamii na hali za kiuchumi za Wamarekani Weusi Waislamu wa Marekani na masuala mengine ya kibinadamu.<ref name="Nation of Islam">{{cite web|url=http://www.noi.org/about.shtml|title=A Brief History on the origin of the Nation of Islam in America|publisher=Nation of Islam|date=March 1, 2010|accessdate=March 29, 2012|archive-date=2013-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828121813/http://noi.org/about.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> Watahakiki wamelipa jina shirika kama kikundi cha [[mamlaka ya watu weusi]], yaani, kama kikundi cha kuchochea chuki dhidi ya watu wasio weusi na [[chuki dhidi ya Wayahudi|Kikundi kisichowapenda Wayahudi]],<ref name="ADL">{{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/PresRele/NatIsl_81/5711_81.htm|title=Nation of Islam Leader Reprises "Vintage" Anti-Semitism; ADL Says Farrakhan's Racism 'As Ugly As It Ever Was{{'-}}|publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]]|date=March 1, 2010|accessdate=February 1, 2012|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Dni5bOkk?url=http://www.adl.org/PresRele/NatIsl_81/5711_81.htm|archivedate=2013-01-20}}</ref><ref name="Antisemitism">{{cite book|title=Antisemitism: myth and hate from antiquity to the present|author=Perry, Marvin and Schweitzer, Frederick M.|year=2002|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|page=213|ISBN=0-312-16561-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9yQmyXeNEMQC}}</ref><ref name="TAU">{{cite web|url=http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw97-8/usa-int.html|title=Minister Louis Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam|publisher=[[Tel Aviv University]]|accessdate=February 1, 2012|author=[[Stephen Roth Institute]]|https://www.webcitation.org/6Dni6iKBN?url=http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw97-8/usa-int.html|archivedate=2013-01-20|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Dni6iKBN?url=http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw97-8/usa-int.html}}</ref> na NOI hutazamwa kama [[kikundi cha chuki]] na kituo cha [[Southern Poverty Law Center]].<ref name="Nation">[http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/groups/nation-of-islam "Nation of Islam"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/groups/nation-of-islam |date=20150702225616 }}, Southern Poverty Law Center; accessed December 7, 2014.</ref> Gazeti lake rasmi ni ''[[The Final Call]]''. Nation of Islam halichapishi idadi halisi ya wanachama wake; mwaka wa 2007, wanachama wao walikadiriwa kufikia kati ya 20,000 na 50,000.<ref name=MacFarquhar/> Baada ya kutoweka kwa Fard mnamo Juni 1934, Nation of Islam liliongozwa na [[Elijah Muhammad]], ambaye alianzisha mahali mbalimbali pa kuabudia ambapo alipaita (Mahekalu au Misikiti), shule iliyoitwa [[Muhammad University of Islam]], mabiashara, mashamba, na mashamba makubwa na ujenzi wa majengo ambayo yalikuwa Marekani na nje ya Marekani.<ref name="Mosques, Schools, Business, Land">{{cite book|title=Black Muslims in America|url=https://archive.org/details/blackmuslimsinam00linc_0|author=C. Eric Lincoln|year=1994|publisher=[[Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.]]|pages=[https://archive.org/details/blackmuslimsinam00linc_0/page/88 88], 89 218|ISBN=0-8028-0703-8}}</ref> Wakati wa uongozi wa Elijah Muhammad, kulikuwa na makundi kibwena, yaani, mivutano baina ya watu hawa na wale hadi kupelekea kuondoka kwa kiongozi mkubwa katika shirika Bwana [[Malcolm X]] na kuamua kuwa dhehebu la [[Sunni]]. Baada ya kifo cha Elijah Muhammad mnamo 1975, mtoto wake [[Warith Deen Mohammed]] kabadili jina la jumuia na kuliita "[[American Society of Muslims|World Community of Islam in the West]]" (na mara mbili baada ya hapo), na baadaye alijaribu kulirudisha shirika katika muundo mkuu wa Kiislamu wa itikadi za Kisunni. Mwaka wa 1977, [[Louis Farrakhan]] alikataa uongozi wa Warith Deen Mohammed na kuainzisha upya Nation of Islam katika misingi ya awali. Kachukua hekalu ya makao makuu ya Nation of Islam, [[Mosque Maryam]] (Mosque #2), ambalo lipo [[Chicago, Illinois]]. Tangu 2010, chini ya Farrakhan, wanachama wanaonekana kuzidi.<ref name=Auditing>{{cite web|title=Nation of Islam Auditors graduation held for third Saviours' Day in a row|first=Asahed|last=Mohammed|url=http://www.finalcall.com/artman/publish/National_News_2/article_9651.shtml|publisher=Final Call|date=February 28, 2013|accessdate=April 22, 2013}}</ref> ==Wanachama wanaojulikana wa sasa na wa awali== [[File:Elijah Muhammad NYWTS-2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Elijah Muhammad]]]] * [[Elijah Muhammad]] * [[Tynetta Muhammad]] * [[Louis Farrakhan]] * [[Khalid Abdul Muhammad]] * [[Khadijah Farrakhan]] * [[Malcolm X]] – baadaye kabadili na kuwa [[Sunni Islam]] * [[Muhammad Ali]] – kabadili na kuwa Sunni mnamo 1975, na [[Sufism]] mnamo 2005<ref>[http://www.beliefnet.com/Faiths/Islam/2005/02/Muhammad-Alis-New-Spiritual-Quest.aspx Muhammad Ali's New Spiritual Quest], beliefnet.com; February 2005.</ref> * [[Mustapha Farrakhan]] – Nahodha Mkuu wa Nation of Islam * [[Mustapha Farrakhan, Jr.]] - mchezaji mpira wa kikapu wa kulipwa * [[Wesley Muhammad]] – mwanahistoria na profesa * [[Warith Deen Mohammed]] – baadaye kabadili na kuwa [[Sunni]] * [[Clarence 13X]] – baadaye kaanzisha [[Nation of Gods and Earths]] * [[Jay Electronica]] – msanii wa hip-hop na mtayarishaji wa rekodi * [[MC Ren]] – baadaye kabadili na kuwa Sunni<ref>[http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/interviews/id.1253/title.mc-ren-renincarnated MC Ren: RenIncarnated] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/interviews/id.1253/title.mc-ren-renincarnated |date=20120927205439 }} HipHopDX</ref> * [[Kam]] – mwanachama wa Nation of Islam na mshirika wa zamani wa [[Ice Cube]] * [[John Allen Muhammad]] – Askari mstaafu wa vita ya Ghuba, na mwanachama wa zamani wa NOI, mkosefu wa mashambulizi ya Wadunguaji wa Beltway<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2357393.stm|title=BBC News Profile: John Allen Muhammad|date=November 11, 2009|accessdate=2010-03-24|location=London, UK}}</ref> * [[Benjamin Chavis Muhammad]] * [[Paris (rapa)|Paris]] – * [[Snoop Dogg]]<ref name=BBC>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7918383.stm], Snoop Dogg does not specify a date when he joined.</ref> – baadaye kabadili kaenda imani ya [[Rastafari movement|Rastafari]]. * [[Quanell X]] – mwanachama tangu miaka ya 1990 - 2001, sasa ni mwanachama wa [[New Black Panther Party]] * [[David Muhammad]] – kiongozi wa kitaifa wa [[Trinidad na Tobago]] * [[Humza Al-Hafeez]] – mwanzilishi wa Jumuia ya Kitaifa ya Polisi Wamarekani Weusi, mwandishi, mwanaharakati wa kijamii wa Kimarekani * [[Shahrazad Ali]] – mwandishi ==Tazama pia== * [[Uafrocentriki]] ==Marejeo== {{Reflist|2}} ==Viungo vya Nje== {{Commons|Nation of Islam}} *[http://www.noi.org Official Website The Nation of Islam] *[http://www.seventhfam.com Messenger Elijah Muhammad Web Resources Center, Online books, audio, and video] *[http://www.finalcall.com Nation of Islam affiliated Final Call Newspaper website] *[http://www.noi.org.uk/ Official Website of the United Kingdom Branch of the Nation of Islam] {{Wayback|url=http://www.noi.org.uk/ |date=20241205152317 }} *Walker, Dennis [http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1181062652546&pagename=Zone-English-Muslim_Affairs%2FMAELayout Searching for African American Nationhood: Looking Into the Nation of Islam (Interview)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1181062652546&pagename=Zone-English-Muslim_Affairs%2FMAELayout |date=20081206005347 }} *[http://static.nicic.gov/Library/017613.pdf Federal Bureau of Prisons ''Technical Reference Manual on Inmate Beliefs and Practices''] {{Wayback|url=http://static.nicic.gov/Library/017613.pdf |date=20110626212207 }} *[http://vault.fbi.gov/Nation%20of%20Islam FBI file on the Nation of Islam] *[http://sunnahpublishing.net/ash-shaykh-al-allaamah-muhammad-ibn-saalih-al-luhaydaan-hafidhahullaah-on-the-disbelief-of-the-nation-of-islam/ Nation of Islam (NOI) not considered as Muslims by most modern-day Islamic Scholars] {{Wayback|url=http://sunnahpublishing.net/ash-shaykh-al-allaamah-muhammad-ibn-saalih-al-luhaydaan-hafidhahullaah-on-the-disbelief-of-the-nation-of-islam/ |date=20160318110403 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nation Of Islam}} [[Category:Wamarekani Weusi]] [[Jamii:Uislamu]] [[Jamii:Mashirika ya Marekani]] a625k4vd69i5vnrabxlge964qxtfowq 0 88922 1594188 1536213 2026-09-03T11:51:29Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594188 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Orléans - église Saint-Paterne (30).jpg|thumb|Mt. Paternus katika [[dirisha]] la [[kioo cha rangi]] huko [[Orléans|Orleans]].]] '''Paterni wa Avranches''' (au '''Paterne, Patier, Pair, Padarn'''; [[Poitiers]], mwisho wa [[karne ya 5]] - [[Scissy]], [[565]] hivi) alikuwa [[abati]] aliyeanzisha [[monasteri]] mbalimbali hadi [[Bretagne]] ([[Ufaransa]]) akawa [[askofu]] wa [[Avranches]], [[Normandy]], kuanzia [[mwaka]] [[552]] hadi [[Mauti|kifo]] chake <ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/91287</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]], [[Waorthodoksi]] na [[Waanglikana]] kama [[mtakatifu]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[15 Aprili]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref><ref>[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=5246 Catholic Online]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist|30em}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 112 == Marejeo ya Kifaransa== * ''Dictionnaire hagiographique'' - Abbé Pétin - 1859 * Jacques Baudoin, ''Grand livre des saints : culte et iconographie en Occident'', Éd. Créer, 2006, n. 434, p. 385 : « Saint Paterne » ([https://books.google.fr/books?id=6Hwa38EjyoAC&pg=PA385&lpg=PA385]). {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:waliozaliwa karne ya 5]] [[Category:Waliofariki 565]] [[Category:Wamonaki]] [[Jamii:watawa waanzilishi]] [[Jamii:wamisionari]] [[Category:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Ufaransa]] 9dw0k0a9qkfxc9z1gukb7p62d1i4va9 0 96882 1594182 1534672 2026-09-03T10:55:59Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594182 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Oliva wa Brescia''' (au '''Olivia'''; alifariki [[138]] au [[119]]) alikuwa [[mwanamke]] [[Mkristo]] ambaye [[kifodini|alifia dini]] yake chini ya [[kaisari]] [[Hadrian]]. [[Masalia]] yake yanatunzwa katika [[kanisa]] la Mtakatifu [[Afra]] huko [[Brescia]] ([[Italia]]). Tangu kale anahshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]] [[bikira]] [[mfiadini]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[5 Machi]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Viungo ya nje== *[http://thenunsgarden.org/saint-olivia.php Icon of St Olivia] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060503074149/http://catholic-forum.com/saints/sainto37.htm Oliva at ''Patron Saints Index''] *[http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0305.shtml#oliv 5 March saints] {{Wayback|url=http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0305.shtml#oliv |date=20150530192026 }} at ''SaintPatrickDC.org'' {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Oliva wa Brescia}} [[Category:Waliofariki 138]] [[Jamii:Mabikira]] [[Category:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Italia]] tp8shg0m5r72jh09g85bym0cn8ox8po 0 109583 1594100 1577368 2026-09-03T06:51:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Tulanana Bohela |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake =Mwandishi wa habari |nchi = Tanzania }} '''Tulanana Bohela''' ni [[mwanamke]] [[Mtanzania]] ambaye ni [[mwandishi wa habari]], mtengeneza [[filamu]] na mpenda [[maendeleo]] ya [[jamii]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zanzibar votes in re-run election|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-35855804/zanzibar-votes-in-re-run-tanzanian-election|work=BBC News|accessdate=2020-06-20|language=en}}</ref> Amekuwa akifanya kazi ya [[uandishi wa habari]] kwa zaidi ya miaka 7 hadi kufikia [[mwaka]] [[2019]] huku akiripoti mambo mbalimbali yanayojiri ukanda wa [[Afrika mashariki]] kwenye [[televisheni]], [[redio]] na vyombo vingine vya [[Digitali|kidijitali]] hasa kwa BBC Africa na BBC Swahili.<ref>http://www.sheroes.co.tz/sheroes.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.sheroes.co.tz/sheroes.html |date=20190308083906 }} iliangaliwa tar 7 March 2019</ref> Baadaye Bohela aliingia katika kitengo cha [[BBC World News|BBC World]] Service kama mwandishi na mzalishaji mkuu wa [[maudhui]] ya kidijitali.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://xrmust.com/interview-tulanana-bohela-tanzania/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2019-03-07 |archivedate=2019-03-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307173822/https://xrmust.com/interview-tulanana-bohela-tanzania/ }}</ref><ref>https://ela-newsportal.com/bbc-african-service-covers-elearning-africa/</ref><ref>https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/13353</ref> ==Kipaji na Kazi== Tulanana Bohela amekuwa maarufu kutokana na kazi mbalimbali anazozifanya ikiwa ni pamoja na uandishi wa habari na uzalishaji filamu,<ref>https://www.dfa.ie/irish-embassy/tanzania/news-and-events/2016/women-in-liberation-event/</ref> [[mwanzilishi]] wa Snap Productions TZ<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.filmcontact.com/member/tulanana-bohela |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2019-03-07 |archivedate=2019-03-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308080844/http://www.filmcontact.com/member/tulanana-bohela }}</ref><ref>https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/13353</ref>, mwanzilishi mwenza wa Ona stories<ref>https://arvrjourney.com/meet-the-3rd-annual-electric-south-ar-vr-lab-creators-e2afd30056e9{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>, mzalishaji wa maudhui ya kidijitali na ripota wa habari za BBC<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.globalshapers.org/hubs/dar-es-salaam-hub |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2019-03-07 |archivedate=2019-03-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307174028/https://www.globalshapers.org/hubs/dar-es-salaam-hub }}</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-35855804/zanzibar-votes-in-re-run-tanzanian-election</ref>, muongoza filamu<ref>http://film.britishcouncil.org/calendar/2018/were-off-to-sheffield-docfest</ref> na mzalishaji wa maudhui ya kidijitali yajulikanayo kwa [[Kiingereza]] kama [[Virtual reality|Virtual Reality]] (VR).<ref>http://film.britishcouncil.org/calendar/2018/were-off-to-sheffield-docfest</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://futureoffilm.virtualconference.com/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2019-03-07 |archive-date=2020-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815082933/https://futureoffilm.virtualconference.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.svaff.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=72:everyones-child-85-mins&catid=11:feature-films&Itemid=6 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2019-03-07 |archive-date=2019-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308080751/https://www.svaff.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=72:everyones-child-85-mins&catid=11:feature-films&Itemid=6 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kupitia kazi yake ya uandishi wa habari Bohela amekuwa mdau wa kutumia njia za kidijitali kuhamasisha usimulizi wa hadithi za Kiafrika na kukuza maendeleo ya Afrika hususani katika [[teknolojia]], [[jamii]] na [[biashara]].<ref>https://www.slideshare.net/TulananaBohela</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGGepGPu3oY</ref> Tulanana kwa wakati mwingine ni mzungumzaji katika mikutano mbalimbali hasa ihusuyo teknolojia<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGGepGPu3oY</ref> na mdau anayejishughulisha na kuzuia ndoa za utotoni kwa kuangazia matendo yahusuyo ndoa za utotoni barani Afrika<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.fbcnews.com.fj/world/gambia-and-tanzania-ban-child-marriage/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2019-03-07 |archive-date=2021-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185207/https://www.fbcnews.com.fj/world/gambia-and-tanzania-ban-child-marriage/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.svaff.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=72:everyones-child-85-mins&catid=11:feature-films&Itemid=6 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2019-03-07 |archive-date=2019-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308080751/https://www.svaff.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=72:everyones-child-85-mins&catid=11:feature-films&Itemid=6 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baadhi ya matukio muhimu nchini [[Tanzania]] ambayo Bohela amewahi kuripoti kama mwandishi wa habari wa BBC ni pamoja na [[uchaguzi mkuu]] wa mwaka 2015 nchini Tanzania,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.times.mw/tanzania-election-ccm-faces-strong-challenge-from-ukawa/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2019-03-07 |archivedate=2017-02-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209084309/http://www.times.mw/tanzania-election-ccm-faces-strong-challenge-from-ukawa/ }}</ref> kufutwa kwa [[uchaguzi]] wa Zanzibar <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://clubofmozambique.com/news/voters-in-benin-cape-verde-congo-niger-senegal-and-zanzibar-go-to-polls/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2019-03-07 |archive-date=2019-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307173946/https://clubofmozambique.com/news/voters-in-benin-cape-verde-congo-niger-senegal-and-zanzibar-go-to-polls/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>, kumwagiwa [[tindikali]] kwa wanawake wawili wa [[Uingereza]] huko [[Zanzibar]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.wluml.org/fr/node/8642 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2019-03-07 |archivedate=2019-03-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308080752/http://www.wluml.org/fr/node/8642 }}</ref> na kupinduka kwa [[kivuko]] cha [[MV Nyerere]], moja ya matukio mabaya nchini Tanzania lililoua watu wasiopungua 224 mwaka [[2018]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/survivor-pulled-from-capsized-tanzanian-ferry-as-death-toll-reaches-224-20392 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2019-03-07 |archive-date=2019-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308004405/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/survivor-pulled-from-capsized-tanzanian-ferry-as-death-toll-reaches-224-20392 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kazi yake kwa kiasi kikubwa hujihusisha na utafiti wa utengenezwaji na ushirikishwanaji wa maudhui ya kidijitali barani [[Afrika]].<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGGepGPu3oY</ref> ==Tuzo== Mwaka [[2017]] Bohela alishinda shindano lijulikanalo kama #innovateAFRICA 2017 shindano lililolenga uvumbuzi na [[ubunifu]] wa namna video na simu vinaweza kutumika kutengeneza maudhui ya kidijitali. Pia akiwa mkerereketwa wa teknolojia iitwayo [[Virtual reality|Virtual Reality]] (VR), Bohela alifanya onyesho la kwanza nchini Tanzania la VR wakati wa wiki ya ubunifu iliyofadhiliwa na HDIF na Kenyan VR production house, Black Rhino.<ref>https://arvrjourney.com/meet-the-3rd-annual-electric-south-ar-vr-lab-creators-e2afd30056e9{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Tuzo]] nyingine alizowahi kupokea ni pamoja na filamu yake ya Uthando iliyotangazwa na the Ousmane Sembene Award at the Zanzibar International Film Festival huku pia akishinda kama Muongoza filamu bora akiwa huko [[Afrika Kusini]].<ref>https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/13353 iliangaliwa 7March 2019</ref><ref>https://www.flickr.com/photos/61526027@N05/19982255336</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://eacgermany.org/ousmane-sembene-award-zanzibar-international-film-festival-2015-ziff/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2019-03-07 |archivedate=2019-03-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307173855/http://eacgermany.org/ousmane-sembene-award-zanzibar-international-film-festival-2015-ziff/ }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wiki Loves Women Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa habari wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Afrocine 2019-Tanzania]] [[Jamii:ACWP + film in Tanzania]] 1l4909lzhojp4eq5haj0610enn25ppl 0 114410 1594094 1372912 2026-09-03T03:54:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594094 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Spam''' ni neno la Kiingereza linalomaanisha usambazaji wa idadi kubwa ya habari zisizotafutwa na wapokeaji, hasa kwa njia ya [[intaneti]], [[baruapepe]] na njia nyingine za kidijitali. Watu wanaosambaza spam mara nyingi huitwa kwa neno la Kiingereza "spammer". ==Asili ya neno== Kiasili "spam" ilitaja aina ya [[nguruwe|nyama ya nguruwe]] iliyouzwa tangu 1936 katika [[kopo]], ikiwa kifupi cha "'''SP'''iced h'''AM'''". Wakati wa [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]] ilikuwa nyama ya pekee iliyopatikana kwa urahisi nchini Uingereza hata kama watu hawakuipenda sana. Upatikanaji huu ulisababisha mizaha mingi kuhusu "spam" na kati ya hii ni hasa filamu fupi ya waigizaji wa vichekesho "Monthy Python" inayoonyesha wateja katika mgahawa ambako kila chakula kinaandaliwa na spam<ref>[https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2hwqlw Spam - Monty Python's Flying Circus]</ref>. Tangu miaka ya 1980 neno hili lilianza kutumiwa pia kwa marudio ya habari,hasa matangazo ya kibiashara, kwenye ngazi za awali za intaneti<ref>[https://www.templetons.com/brad/spamterm.html Blogu kuhusu asili ya neneo spam ya Brad Templeton, aliyekuwa mmoja wa waanzilishaji wa intaneti]</ref>. ==Baruapepe za spam== [[Picha:Spammed-mail-folder.png|300px|thumb|Folda ya programu ya baruapepe inayokusanya habari za spam]] [[Baruapepe]] za spam ni umbo la kidijitali za matangazo ya kibiashara yanayosambazwa kwa wingi yakilenga watu ambao hawakuomba kuyapokea. Baruapepe za spam hutumwa kwa anwani nyingi iwezekanavyo kwa shabaha ya kuwahamasisha wapokeaji kununua bidhaa au huduma, au kutangaza maoni fulani. Mfumo wa kutumia baruapepe umesambaa sana kwa sababu ni gharama ndogo kuzituma kwa wingi. ===Biashara ya anwani=== Maspammer huwa na changamoto kupata anwani nyingi. Hapa ni chanzo cha biashara ya data za watu. Thamani ya anwani inaongezwa kama inaunganishwa na data kuhusu mahali mtu anapoishi, kazi yake na mapato yake. Kila mtu anayeangalia au kuahiza bidhaa kwa njia ya intaneti anaacha habari juu yake na habari hizi zote zinakusanywa na kutumiwa kuteua watu watakaotumwa matangazo maalumu. Mara nyingi tovuti zinazoomba watumiaji kuacha anwani ya baruapepe hukusanya data hizi ambazo mara nyingi juuzwa. Mikusanyiko wa anwani zinaweza kuwa na majina mamilioni. Makampuni ziazokusanya data hutumia mbinu mbalimbali kujua kama anwani fulani bado ni hai yaani kama bado inatumiwa na mtu. Hapa wanajaribu kupata jibu, kwa mfano wa kuwaambia wapokeaji watume jibu kama hawataki tena kupokea uhumbe. Njia nyingine ni kuingiza picha ndogo na kama mpokeaji anabofya kuona picha mtumiaji anapata habari picha hii imefunguliwa kutoka anwani fulani. ===Kuzuia spam=== Si rahisi kuepukana na spam kabisa lakini kuna njia za kupunguza. Njia mojawapo ni kutumia anwani mbadala kwa jina tofauti. Programu za baruapepe huwa na filta na mtumiaji anaweza kuainisha ujumbe fulani kama "spam" na hivyo kuzuia anwani ya mtumiaji; habari za spam inayotambuliwa zinaweza kulengwa katika folda ya pekee ambako zinafutwa baada ya muda unaoamuliwa na mwenye akaunti. ==Spam kwenye intaneti== Spam inatokea pia kwenye tovuti za intaneti. Hasa pale ambako wauzaji wanaficha matangazo yao kwenye ujumbe wa mitandao ya kijamii. Makampuni makubwa kama [[Google]], [[Facebook]] na [[Amazon]] yote yote hukusanya data za watumiaji wao<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/mar/28/all-the-data-facebook-google-has-on-you-privacy Are you ready? Here is all the data Facebook and Google have on you], Dylan Curran kwenye tovuti ya The Guuardian UK mnamo 2018</ref>. Makampuni haya hayauzi data moja kwa moja kwa makampuni ya ya nje lakini yanauza matumizi ya data za watumiaji wao ili kuwalenga kikamilifu zaidi kwa matangazo ya kibiashara yanaoyonekana wakati wa kutembea tovuti mbalimbali. Imejulikana pia kuwa Facebook na Amazon na wengine wamewahi kubadilishana data zao kwa kusudi hilohilo, bila kuwaambia wateja wao<ref>[https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/12/facebooks-failures-and-also-its-problems-leaking-data/578599/ Facebook didn’t sell your data; it gave it away in exchange for even more data about you from Amazon, Netflix, Spotify, Microsoft, and others], Alexis C. Madrigal Dec 19, 2018 kwenye jarida The Atlantic</ref>. ===Spam kwenye wikipedia=== Kuna pia spam ya viungo (ing. ''backlinks'') kwenye wikipedia. Hapo wauzaji wanaficha matangazo kwenye viungo vya maelezo na marejeo katika makala ya wikipedia. Mbinu huu ni marufuku kwenye wikipedia na watumiaji wengiw anajitolea kutafuta marejeo ya aina hii na kuyafuta. ==Marejeo== <references/> ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Electronic spam}} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/8388737.stm 1 December 2009: arrest of a major spammer] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120621060227/http://www.privacyrights.org/fs/fs20-spam.htm Anti-Spam Consumer Resources and Information] * [http://www.cybertelecom.org/spam/ Cybertelecom:: Federal spam law and policy] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cybertelecom.org/spam/ |date=20190719061155 }} * [http://www.ftc.gov/spam/ Federal Trade Commission page with spam reduction tips and reporting] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090223165604/http://www.malwarecity.com/site/News/browseBlogsByCategory/46/ Malware City - The Spam Omelette] BitDefender’s weekly report on spam trends and techniques. * [http://www.templetons.com/brad/spamreact.html Reaction to the DEC Spam of 1978] Overview and text of the first known internet e-mail spam. * [http://www.uic.edu/depts/accc/newsletter/adn29/spam.html Slamming Spamming Resource on Spam] * [http://www.spamtrackers.eu/wiki Spamtrackers SpamWiki] {{Wayback|url=http://www.spamtrackers.eu/wiki |date=20180705015130 }}: a peer-reviewed spam information and analysis resource. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061218222622/http://www.cdt.org/speech/spam/030319spamreport.shtml Why am I getting all this spam? CDT] [[Jamii:Intaneti]] c2ibb7s13qm5za8cqlsie3m6qhmghdo 0 119472 1593993 1581368 2026-09-02T12:41:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1593993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Uainishaji (Mimea) | rangi = lightgreen | jina = Msekwoya | picha = Giant Redwood Tree, War Memorial Park - geograph.org.uk - 1114891.jpg | upana_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = '''Msekwoya mkubwa''' (''Sequoiadendron giganteum'') | himaya = [[Plantae]] ([[Mmea|Mimea]]) | divisheni_bila_tabaka = [[Gymnospermae]] (Mimea isiyotoa maua) | divisheni = [[Pinophyta]] (Mimea iliyo na matunda kwa umbo wa koni) | ngeli = [[Pinopsida]] (Mimea kama [[msonobari]]) | oda = [[Pinales]] (Miti kama msonobari) | familia = [[Cupressaceae]] (Miti iliyo na mnasaba na [[msanduku]]) | bingwa_wa_familia = <small>[[Samuel Frederick Gray|S.F. Gray]]</small> | nusufamilia = [[Sequoioideae]] (Miti inayofanana na [[msekwoya]]) | bingwa_wa_nusufamilia = [[Saxton]] | subdivision = '''Jenasi 3, spishi 3:''' * ''[[Metasequoia]]'' <small>[[Hsen Hsu Hu|Hu]] & [[Wan Chun Cheng|Cheng]]</small> ** ''[[Metasequoia glyptostroboides|M. glyptostroboides]]'' <small>Hu & Cheng</small> * ''[[Sequoia]]'' <small>[[Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher|Endl.]]</small> ** ''[[Sequoia semperviresn|S. sempervirens]]'' <small>[[David Don|D.Don]] Endl.</small> * ''[[Sequoiadendron]]'' <small>[[John Theodore Buchholz|J.Buchholz]]</small> ** ''[[Sequoiadendron giganteum|S. giganteum]]'' <small>[[John Lindley|Lindl.]] J.Buchholz</small> }} '''Misekwoya''' (pia: '''miti mbao-nyekundu''') ni [[mti|miti]] ya [[nusufamilia]] [[Sequoioideae]] katika [[Familia (biolojia)|familia]] [[Cupressaceae]] ([[msanduku|misanduku]]) ya [[oda]] [[Pinales]] ([[mkoni|mikoni]]). Miti hiyo ndiyo mikubwa zaidi [[duniani]], ila kwa sasa takriban [[spishi]] zote za misekwoya zipo hatarini kutoweka. ==Maelezo== Kuna [[jenasi]] [[tatu]] katika nusufamilia hiyo: ''[[Sequoia]]'' na ''[[Sequoiadendron]]'' katika [[majimbo ya Marekani]] [[Kalifornia]] na [[Oregon]] na ''[[Metasequoia]]'' katika [[Uchina Bara|Uchina]]. Miti ya ''Sequoia'' na ''Sequoiadendron'' inajulikana kuwa mikubwa na mirefu kabisa duniani. Lakini ''Metasequoia'' ni miti midogo ikilinganishwa na ile mingine. Miti hiyo ni “pyrophytes”, yaani inaweza kuishi katika mioto ya misitu kwa sababu Sequoioideae ina [[gome]] ambalo linapinga [[moto]]<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sequoia sempervirens - Wikispecies|url=https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens|work=species.wikimedia.org|accessdate=2019-12-02|language=en|author=USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network}}</ref>. Kwa kweli, miti ya Sequoioidaea inatumia moto wa msitu kueneza [[mbegu]]. Mbegu ya Sequoioideae zinahitaji moto wa msitu kufungua na kukua. Kwa hiyo, Sequoioideae inahitaji moto wa msitu. Kwa kweli, mazoea ya kudhibiti moto yameumiza Sequoioideae kwa sababu inahitaji moto wa msitu kuzaliana. Kwa kuongeza, kila familia ya Sequoioidaea inatishiwa na hapana moto wa msitu, kutema magogo, [[uchafuzi wa hewa]], na [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Threats to the Redwoods|url=https://www.savetheredwoods.org/about-us/faqs/the-threats-to-the-redwoods/|work=Save the Redwoods League|accessdate=2019-12-02|language=en-US|archive-date=2015-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507205752/https://www.savetheredwoods.org/about-us/faqs/the-threats-to-the-redwoods/|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Sequoioideae ni spishi za zamani sana. Spishi za kwanza za Sequoioideae zilikuwepo katika kipindi cha Jurassic<ref>Ahuja M. R. and D. B. Neale. 2002. Origins of polyploidy in coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and relationship of coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) to other genera of Taxodiaceae</ref>. [[Wanasayansi]] wanaamini Sequoioideae ina miaka [[milioni]] [[mia mbili kumi na tano]]. [[Picha:Burlingame Redwood.JPG|thumb|Sequoioideae Mti katika [[California]], [[Marekani]]|alt=|left]] ==Makazi== Spishi mbili za Sequoioideae katika [[California]] na [[Oregon]] zinaweza kupatikana upande wa [[magharibi]] wa [[safu ya milima]] ya [[Sierra Nevada]]. Spishi hizo zinapendelea kuwa katika misitu ya [[pwani]] kama “Cloud forest” ya pwani [[magharibi]] mwa [[Marekani]]. Katika [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China|Uchina]], Metasequoia inaweza kupatikana katika [[manispaa]] ya [[Chongqing|Chongquing]] [[kusini]] mwa kati mwa Uchina. Katika Uchina hakuna watu ambao wameona Metasequoia kwa muda mwingi kwamba watu walidhani miti ya Metasequoia imepotea. Mpaka [[mwaka]] [[1943]], wakati [[msimamizi]] wa msitu alitafuta Metasequoia katika [[milima]] ya [[mkoa wa Hubei]]<ref name=":0" />. ==Uhifadhi== Tangu mapema [[karne ya 19]], Sequoioideae imehifadhiwa ndani ya mbuga za [[umma]], [[bustani]] za [[mimea]], na misitu ya kitaifa. Kwa sababu hiyo, Sequoioideae inaweza kupatikana katika nchi kama [[Ujerumani]], [[Uingereza]], [[Australia]], na [[Nyuzilandi|Zealand Mpya]]. Katika Zealand Mpya, kuwa [[hektari]] elfu tano na mia sita za msitu wa Mti Mwekundu<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Welcome to The Redwoods - Whakarewarewa Forest, Rotorua, New Zealand|url=https://redwoods.co.nz/|work=The Redwoods - Whakarewarewa Forest, Rotorua, New Zealand|accessdate=2019-12-02|language=en|archive-date=2019-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226165918/https://redwoods.co.nz/|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Haswa, msitu huu una miti ya Sequoia kutoka California. [[Picha:Metasequoia glyptostroboides - J. C. Raulston Arboretum - DSC06287.jpg|thumb|Metasequoia katika [[Uchina Bara|Uchina]]]] ==[https://www.savetheredwoods.org/ “Save the Redwoods League”]== Katika mwaka [[1918]], zaidi ya miaka [[mia moja]] iliyopita, John Campbell Merriam, Madison Grant, na Henry Fairfield Osborn walianzisha Ligi ya Kuokoa Miti Myekundu<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Stephen T. Mather: A League and National Parks Trailblazer|url=https://www.savetheredwoods.org/about-us/mission-history/stephen-t-mather-a-league-and-national-parks-trailblazer/|work=Save the Redwoods League|accessdate=2019-12-02|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020011458/https://www.savetheredwoods.org/about-us/mission-history/stephen-t-mather-a-league-and-national-parks-trailblazer/|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ligi hii inalinda miti myekundu kwa kununua [[ardhi]] na kutengeneza mbuga kutumia ardhi hii. Ligi inatumia michango ya watu, [[serikali]], na mashirika kununua ardhi. Tangu mwaka 1918, Ligi ya Kuokoa Miti Myekundu imeokoa [[eka]] [[laki]] mbili za ardhi ya msitu<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mission and History|url=https://www.savetheredwoods.org/about-us/mission-history/|work=Save the Redwoods League|accessdate=2019-12-02|language=en-US}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mmea}} [[Jamii:Msonobari na jamaa]] [[Jamii:Miti]] in9qkske39xd71v9mx3fdfd2g0fww7z 0 121926 1594072 1592810 2026-09-02T21:08:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594072 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |<big>Rafiki</big> |- |'''Imeongozwa na''' |Wanuri Kahiu<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kenyan Director Wanuri Kahiu Is Fun, Fierce, Frivolous and Timely|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/kenyan-director-wanuri-kahiu-is-fun-fierce-frivolous-timely-1145485|work=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en}}</ref> |- |'''Imetayarishwa na''' |Steven Markovitz |- |'''Wasanii''' |Wanuri Kahiu Jena Cato Bass |- |'''Nyota''' |[https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki Samantha Mugatsia] {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} [https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki Sheila Munyiva]{{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki 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|date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 |- |'''Sinematografi''' |Christopher Wessels |- |'''Imehaririwa na''' |Isabelle Dedieu |- |'''Imetolewa tar.''' |9 May 2018 ([[Cannes]]) 23 September 2018 (Kenya) |- |'''Ina muda wa dakika''' |82 |- |'''Nchi''' |Kenya |- |'''Lugha''' |Kiingereza Kiswahili |- |'''Mauzo ya Ofisi''' |$176,513<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rafiki (2018) - Financial Information|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)|work=The Numbers|accessdate=2020-03-05|archive-date=2024-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203144814/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} [[Picha:Wanuri Kahiu at the 2025 Sundance Film Festival (cropped).jpg|thumb|162x162px]] '''Rafiki'''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=RAFIKI|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/festival/films/rafiki|work=Festival de Cannes 2019|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en}}</ref> ni [[filamu]] kutoka nchi ya [[Kenya]] iliyotengenezwa katika [[mwaka]] [[2018]]. Filamu imeongozwa na [http://www.wanurikahiu.com/bio Wanuri Kahiu] ambaye ni Mkenya. Yeye aliandika “Rafiki” na Jenna Bass, [[meneja]] wa cinema kutoka [[Afrika ya Kusini]]. == Hadithi == “Rafiki” inahusu wanawake wawili, Kena na Ziki, ambao walianza kupendana. Kena alitoka jiji la Nairobi na alikaa katika nyumba ya mama yake, lakini husaidia katika duka la baba yake. Baba ya Kena alifanya kampeni katika uchaguzi wa serekali ya mtaa. Wakati wa kufanya kazi, Kena alianza kuonyesha mapenzi na Ziki, mwanamke wa mtaa. Lakini, Ziki ni binti la Peter Okemi, mshindani wa baba ya Kena katika uchaguzi wa serekali ya mtaa. Hata hevyo, Ziki na Kena waliendelea mchezo wa datsi nyingi na walikuwa karibukaribu sana. Lakini hawaweza kuonyesha uhusiano wao kwa sababu usenge ni haramu katika nchi ya Kenya. Marafiki wa Ziki walikasirika kwa sababu yeye hutumia wakati mwingi na Kena kwa hivyo walimpiga Kena. Kisha, Ziki alisaidia kupona Kena katika nyumba ya Ziki lakini mama ya Ziki aliona, wakati alienda chumbani, wakibusu. Walijaribu kukimbia lakini kundi la watu wenye waliwapata. Wamekamatwa, kisha wazazi wao walikuja kuwachukua. Baddaye, wazazi wa Ziki wanampeleka jiji la London na wazazi wa Kena walificha hali hiyo yote. Mwisho wa filamu, miaka kadhaa baadaye, Ziki alirudi mtaa na alikutana na Kena tena. Kena alimaliza shule wakaanza tena uhusiano wao. == Washiriki == • Samantha Mugatsia ni Kena<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=What I Learnt from My Lesbian Role in "Rafiki"- Samantha Mugatsia|url=https://www.eelive.ng/what-i-learnt-from-my-lesbian-role-in-rafiki-samantha-mugatsia/|work=Eelive|date=2019-03-13|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en-US}}</ref> • Sheila Munyiva ni Ziki • Neville Misati ni Blacksta • Nini Wacera ni Mercy • Jimmy Gathu ni John Mwaura • Charlie Karumi ni Waireri • Muthoni Gathecha ni Mama Atim • Dennis Musyoka ni Peter Okemi • Patricia Amira ni Rose Okemi • Nice Githinji ni Nduta • Patricia Kihoro ni Josephine • Mellen Aura ni Elizabeth == Mapokezi == Wakati filamu "Rafiki" ilitolewa watu hawakuruhusiwa kuitazama katika nchi ya Kenya kwa sababu Bodi ya Uainishaji Filamu Nchini Kenya (KFCB) walipiga marufuku filamu<ref>{{Citation|title=Lesbian film banned ahead of Cannes debut|date=2018-04-27|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43922780|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref>. KFCB walisema ni marufuku kwa sababu ya mada yake ya [[ushoga]] na dhamira ya wazi ya kukuza [[usagaji]] nchini Kenya kinyume na [[sheria]]. Bodi waliomba Wanuri Kahiu abadilishe mwisho wa filamu usiwe tumaini lakini Kahiu alisema hapana. Kwa hiyo, KFCB walionya watu kwamba wakinunua filamu wanaweza kuenda jela. Wapigania haki za ushoga wa kimataifa walikasirika.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ban of Kenyan film over lesbianism criticised|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Ban-of-Kenyan-film-over-lesbianism-criticised/1056-4535138-iuvqlo/index.html|work=Daily Nation|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en}}</ref> Kisha, Wanuri Kahiu alidai [[serikali]] ya Kenya kwa sababu alitaka kuingia Tuzo la Chuo (Academy Award) cha Filamu Bora ya Lugha ya Kigeni kwa mwaka tisini na moja za maadhimisho<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Govt Sued for Preventing Kenyan Movie From Winning Oscars|url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/33039-government-sued-preventing-kenyan-movie-winning-oscars|work=Kenyans.co.ke|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=EN|author=Mumbi Mutuko on 11 September 2018-6:45 pm}}</ref>. Mnamo [[21 Septemba]] 2018, [[Mahakama Kuu]] ya Wakenya iliondoa marufuku ya filamu kwa siku saba<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=High Court lifts ban on lesbian movie, dismisses moral police Ezekiel Mutua|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/286608-high-court-lifts-ban-controversial-lesbian-movie-dismisses-moral-police-ezekiel-mutua.html|work=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news.|date=2018-09-21|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en|author=Tuko.co.ke}}</ref>.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=High court lifts ban on lesbian themed movie 'Rafiki'|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018-09-21-high-court-lifts-ban-on-lesbian-themed-movie-rafiki/|work=The Star|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en-KE}}</ref> Baada ya marufuku kutolewa, “Rafiki” iliuzwa kabisa kutoka sinema katika jiji la Nairobi<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lesbian film Rafiki sells out after Kenyan court lifts ban|url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/lesbian-film-rafiki-sells-out-after-kenyan-court-lifts-ban-20180924-p505k2.html|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=2018-09-23|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en|author=Cecilie Kallestrup}}</ref>. Lakini, hata hivyo, “Rafiki” haikuenda Tuzo la Chuo. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== *https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)#tab=summary {{Wayback|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)#tab=summary |date=20240203144814 }} *https://twitter.com/InfoKfcb/status/989837096251781120 *https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Ban-of-Kenyan-film-over-lesbianism-criticised/1056-4535138-iuvqlo/index.html *https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43922780 *https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/festival/films/rafiki *https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/33039-government-sued-preventing-kenyan-movie-winning-oscars *https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018-09-21-high-court-lifts-ban-on-lesbian-themed-movie-rafiki/ *https://www.tuko.co.ke/286608-high-court-lifts-ban-controversial-lesbian-movie-dismisses-moral-police-ezekiel-mutua.html#286608 *https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/lesbian-film-rafiki-sells-out-after-kenyan-court-lifts-ban-20180924-p505k2.html *https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/kenyan-director-wanuri-kahiu-is-fun-fierce-frivolous-timely-1145485 *https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} *https://www.eelive.ng/what-i-learnt-from-my-lesbian-role-in-rafiki-samantha-mugatsia/ {{mbegu-filamu}} [[Jamii:Filamu za Kenya]] [[Jamii:filamu za 2018]] i8v3su75f71ux1njhik5exiqyvh75xj 0 123885 1594174 1580208 2026-09-03T10:09:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594174 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Hiv budding.jpg | haki | thumb |Namba virusi vya UKIMWI vinavyotoka katika [[seli]].]] '''Virusi vya UKIMWI'''; [[kifupi]]: '''VVU'''; kwa [[Kiingereza]] ''HIV'', yaani "Human Immunodeficiency Virus") ni [[virusi]] vinavyoshambulia [[mwili]] wa [[binadamu]] kwa kuondoa nguvu zake za kupambana na [[maambukizi nyemelezi]] yanayosababisha [[maradhi]]. [[UKIMWI]] ni [[ugonjwa]] wa [[mfumo wa kingamwili]] wa binadamu <ref name="pmid11396444">{{Rejea jarida|author=Sepkowitz KA|title=AIDS—the first 20 years|journal=N. Engl. J. Med.|volume=344|issue=23| pages=1764–72|year=2001|month=June|pmid=11396444|doi=10.1056/NEJM200106073442306}}</ref> ambao ni hatari sana katika [[maisha]] ya [[binadamu]] kwa kuwa husababisha [[kifo|vifo]]. Kwa mujibu wa [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]], kufikia mwaka [[2014]] ugonjwa huu umeua watu [[milioni]] 39, hasa kati ya wanaoishi [[Bara|barani]] [[Afrika]] [[kusini kwa Sahara]]. Kwa [[mwaka]] [[2015]] pekee wamefariki watu milioni 1.2 na kati yao [[watoto]] wengi. UKIMWI umekuwa na madhara makubwa katika [[jamii]], kama ugonjwa wa mwili na kama chanzo cha [[Ubaguzi wa watu wanaoishi na UKIMWI|ubaguzi]]. Kuna sintofahamu kuhusu UKIMWI kama vile kwamba eti, unaweza kusambazwa kwa kugusana tu bila [[ngono]]. Ugonjwa huo pia unasababisha [[madhara ya kiuchumi]] ambayo ni makubwa, hasa kwa nchi maskini. UKIMWI hadi hivi sasa haina [[chanjo]] wala [[tiba]], lakini tunaweza kuuepuka ugonjwa huu kwa kuachana na ngono ambayo huweza kusababisha ugonjwa huo, pia tunaweza kujikinga nao kwa kuepuka kuchangia vifaa au vitu vyenye [[ncha]] kali. Kimsingi zaidi ni kwamba ugonjwa huo umetokana na kuenezwa hasa na [[maadili]] mabovu. Dhidi yake watu wanahitaji kuelewa tangu [[Utoto|utotoni]] na [[Ujana|ujanani]] maana ya [[jinsia]] na [[maisha]] kwa jumla, kwamba vinadai [[upendo]], [[nidhamu]] na [[uwajibikaji]], si kufuata [[tamaa]] tofautitofauti daima<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/thirty-years-after-aids-discovery-appreciation-growing-for-catholic-approach/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+catholicnewsagency%2Fdailynews+%28CNA+Daily+News%29|title=Thirty years after AIDS discovery, appreciation growing for Catholic approach|publisher=Catholicnewsagency.com|date=June 5, 2011|accessdate=November 1, 2011|archive-date=2011-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912204558/http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/thirty-years-after-aids-discovery-appreciation-growing-for-catholic-approach/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+catholicnewsagency%2Fdailynews+%28CNA+Daily+News%29|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Tarehe [[1 Desemba]] kila [[mwaka]] ni [[Siku ya Ukimwi duniani|siku ya UKIMWI duniani]]. ==Mfumo wa kingamwili na VVU== Kila mtu huwa na [[Mfumo wa kingamaradhi|mfumo wa kingamwili]] ndani yake. [[Seli]] za ulinzi zinazunguka mwilini na kutafuta [[vidubini]] vya nje vinavyoweza kuleta mvurugo na zinaviharibu. Kati ya seli hizi za [[ulinzi]] ni [[seli nyeupe za damu]] (lukosaiti) ambazo ni muhimu sana. Ukimwi unasababishwa na VVU. Kama virusi vyote, VVU vinaingia katika mwili kwa kusudi la kuzaa. Virusi haviwezi kuzaa peke yake: vinahitaji seli vinamoweza kuingia ndani yake na kutumia mfumo wa seli kwa kunakili [[DNA]] yake. Kwa kawaida virusi vinashambuliwa na mfumo wa kingamwili na kuharibika. Lakini VVU vina tabia mbili za pekee ambazo zinavifanya vvya hatari hasa: * vinafaulu mara nyingi kuepukana na seli za ulinzi mwilini * vinaingia hasahasa katika seli nyeupe za damu za aina "seli za T". VVU vikianza kuongezeka katika seli nyeupe ya damu vinadhoofisha na hatimaye kuharibu seli hii. Maana yake VVU vinashambulia moja kwa moja seli ambazo ni sehemu ya kingamwili na zinazohusika kukinga mwili. Kuenea kwa VVU mwilini kunapunguza idadi ya seli za ulinzi na hivyo kupunguza kiwango cha kingamwili. Baada ya kupungua kwa kingamwili vidubini vingine vinaendelea kufika mwilini lakini sasa vinaenea zaidi kwa sababu seli za ulinzi zimekuwa chache. Kila [[ambukizo]] linaendelea kwa muda mrefu zaidi na hivyo mwili kwa jumla unateswa kwa muda mrefu zaidi. Kadiri Ukimwi unavyoendelea vipindi vya magonjwa vinakuwa virefu zaidi na nguvu za mwili zinapunguapungua. Katika ngazi za mwisho [[idadi]] ya maambukizo inazidi uwezo wa mwili wa kupambana nayo na hapo mtu unakaribia kifo. ==Virusi vyenyewe== [[File:HI-virion-structure en.svg|thumb|alt= Muundo wa duara ulio na miundo ya rangi ya waridi inayochipuka kutoka kwake, na michoro kadhaa ndani ya duara hii ikionyesha vipengele tofauti vya virusi |Mchoro unaoonyesha muundo wa virusi vya VVU]] VVU ndivyo kisababishi cha mkusanyiko wa magonjwa yanayojulikana kijumla kama VVU/UKIMWI. VVU ni [[retrovirusi]] ambavyo hasa huambukiza vipengele vya [[mfumo wa kingamwili]] ya binadamu kama vile seli za CD4<SUP>+</SUP>T, [[makrofaji]] na [[seli za dendraiti]]. Virusi hivi huharibu seli za CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T moja kwa moja au vinginevyo.<ref name=Alimonti>{{Rejea jarida |author=Alimonti JB, Ball TB, Fowke KR | title=Mechanisms of CD4+ T lymphocyte cell death in human immunodeficiency virus infection and AIDS | journal=J. Gen. Virol. | year=2003 | pages=1649–1661 | volume=84 | issue=7 | pmid=12810858 |doi=10.1099/vir.0.19110-0}}</ref> VVU ni mshirika wa [[jenasi]] ya ''[[Lentivirus]]'',<ref name=ICTV61.0.6>{{cite web | author=[[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]] | publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]] | year=2002 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/61060000.htm | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060418135608/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/61060000.htm | title=61.0.6. Lentivirus | accessdate=2012-06-25 | archivedate=2006-04-18 }}</ref> sehemu ya [[Familia (biolojia)|familia]] ya [[Retroviridae]].<ref name=ICTV61.>{{cite web |author=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses |publisher=National Institutes of Health |year=2002 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/61000000.htm |title=61. Retroviridae |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060629180810/http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/61000000.htm |accessdate=2012-06-25 |archivedate=2006-06-29 }}</ref> Virusi vyote vya lenti huwa na sifa sawa za [[mofolojia (bayolojia)|kimofolojia]] na [[biolojia]]. Spishi nyingi za [[mamalia]] huambukizwa na virusi vya lenti, ambavyo haswa huwa ndivyo visababishi vya maradhi ya muda mrefu yaliyo na [[kipindi cha kupevuka]] kirefu.<ref name=Levy>{{cite journal | author=Lévy, J. A. | title=HIV pathogenesis and long-term survival | journal=AIDS | year=1993 | pages=1401–10| volume=7 | issue=11 | pmid=8280406 | doi=10.1097/00002030-199311000-00001}}</ref>Virusi vya lenti husambazwa kama [[virusi vya RNA]] chanya za uzi mmoja [[hisia]] zilizo ndani ya kigamba. Inapoingia ndani ya seli iliyolengwa, [[jenomu]] ya [[RNA]] ya virusi hugeuzwa (hubadilishwa kinakala) na kuwa [[DNA]] ya nyuzi mbili ambayo husafirishwa pamoja na jenomu ya virusi katika chembe ya virusi vile. DNA ya virusi inayoundika huingia katika kiini cha seli ambapo huchangamana na seli ya DNA kwa kutumia [[integresi]] iliyofasiliwa kama virusi, na pia vipengele husika vya kiini kikuu.<ref name="JASmith">{{cite journal | author= Smith, Johanna A.; Daniel, René (Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Human Virology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia)|title= Following the path of the virus: the exploitation of host DNA repair mechanisms by retroviruses |journal=ACS Chem Biol|volume=1|issue=4 |pages= 217–26 |year= 2006 |pmid= 17163676 |doi=10.1021/cb600131q |url= }}</ref> Vinapochangamana na DNA ya seli, virusi hivi vinaweza kuingia katika [[kipindi cha kupevuka|awamu fiche]], hivyo kuwezesha virusi hivi pamoja na seli inayovipokea kuepuka kutambuliwa na mfumo wa kingamwili.<ref>{{cite book|last=Martínez|first=edited by Miguel Angel|title=RNA interference and viruses : current innovations and future trends|year=2010|publisher=Caister Academic Press|location=Norfolk|isbn=9781904455561|pages=73|url=</ref> Aina mbili [[Aina ndogo za VVU|za VVU]] zimetambulika: VVU-1 na VVU-2. VVU-1 ni virusi vilivyotambulika kwanza (na ambavyo mwanzoni vilijulikana pia kama LAV au HTLV-III). Virusi hivi vina [[sumu kali]], vyenye [[uambukizaji|kuambukiza]],<ref>{{cite journal | title=Comparison of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infectivity from a prospective cohort study in Senegal | last=Gilbert | first=PB |journal=Statistics in Medicine | date=28 February 2003| volume=22 |issue=4 | pages=573–593 | pmid=12590415 |doi=10.1002/sim.1342 | last2=McKeague | first2=IW | last3=Eisen | first3=G |last4=Mullins | first4=C | last5=Guéye-Ndiaye| first5=A | last6=Mboup | first6=S | last7=Kanki | first7=PJ |display-authors=1}}</ref> na ndivyo visababishi vikuu vya visa vingi vya maambukizi ya VVU kote ulimwenguni. Kiwango cha chini zaidi cha uambukizaji wa VVU-2 ikilinganishwa na VVU-1 huonyesha kuwa watu wachache zaidi walio katika hatari ya VVU-2 wataambukizwa kila wanapokumbana na virusi hivi. VVU-2 hupatikana zaidi [[Afrika Magharibi]] kwa sababu ya uwezo wake wa chini wa kuambukiza.<ref name="Reeves">{{cite journal | author=Reeves, J. D. and Doms, R. W | title=Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 | journal=J. Gen. Virol. |year=2002 | pages=1253–65 | volume=83 | issue=Pt 6 | pmid=12029140 | doi=10.1099/vir.0.18253-0}}</ref> [[File:HIV-budding-Color.jpg|thumb|alt= Kifaa kikubwa cha duara cha rangi ya buluu, na kifaa chekundu kilichounganishwa nacho. Vifaa vyote viwili vina madoa ya kijani yaliyotapakaa juu yake.|[[Darubini ya elektroni ya ukaguzi|Mikrografu ya elektroni ya ukaguzi]] wa VVU-1, vya rangi ya kijani, vinavyochipuka kutoka kwa [[limfositi]] iliyokaguliwa.]] Baada ya virusi kuingia mwilini, kuna kipindi cha [[kugawanyika kwa virusi]], hali inayopelekea wingi wa virusi katika damu ya pembeni. Katika kipindi cha kwanza cha maambukizi, kiwango cha VVU kinaweza kufika milioni kadhaa za chembe za virusi kwa kila [[mililita]] ya damu.<ref name=Piatak>{{cite journal | author=Piatak, M., Jr, Saag, M. S., Yang, L. C., Clark, S. J., Kappes, J. C., Luk, K. C., Hahn, B. H., Shaw, G. M. and Lifson, J.D. | title=High levels of HIV-1 in plasma during all stages of infection determined by competitive PCR |journal=Science | year=1993 |pages=1749–1754 |volume=259 |issue=5102 | pmid=8096089 | doi=10.1126/science.8096089|bibcode = 1993Sci...259.1749P }}</ref> Mwitikio huu huandamana na kiwango kikubwa cha kushuka kwa idadi ya seli za CD4⁺ T zinazozunguka. [[Viremia]] kali mara nyingi huhusishwa na kuwezeshwa kwa [[seli za T angamizi|CD8⁺ seli za T]], ambazo huangamiza seli zilizoambukizwa VVU na kisha kuhusishwa na kuzalishwa kwa zindiko, au [[kuzalishwa kwa zindiko mpya]]. Mwitikio wa seli za CD8⁺ T huchukuliwa kuwa muhimu katika kudhibiti viwango vya virusi, ambavyo hupanda na kushuka, huku viwango vya seli za CD4⁺ T vikirejea. Mwitikio bora wa seli za CD8⁺ T umehusishwa na kupungua kwa mwendo wa ugonjwa na pia prognosi bora zaidi, ingawa mwitikio huu hauondoi virusi.<ref name=Pantaleo1998>{{cite journal| author=Pantaleo G, Demarest JF, Schacker T, Vaccarezza M, Cohen OJ, Daucher M, Graziosi C, Schnittman SS, Quinn TC, Shaw GM, Perrin L, Tambussi G, Lazzarin A, Sekaly RP, Soudeyns H, Corey L, Fauci AS. | title=The qualitative nature of the primary immune response to HIV infection is a prognosticator of disease progression independent of the initial level of plasma viremia | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. | year=1997 |pages=254–258 | volume=94 | issue=1 | pmid=8990195 | doi=10.1073/pnas.94.1.254|pmc=19306|bibcode = 1997PNAS...94..254P }}</ref> Pathofisiolojia ya UKIMWI ni tata.<ref name="pmid8040596">{{Rejea jarida| author=Guss DA| title=The acquired immune deficiency syndrome: an overview for the emergency physician, Part 1| journal=J Emerg Med| volume=12| issue=3|pages=375–84| year=1994| pmid=8040596| doi=10.1016/0736-4679(94)90281-X}}</ref> Mwishowe, VVU husababisha UKIMWI kwa kuharibu [[seli T saidizi|CD4⁺seli za T]]. Hali hii hudhoofisha mfumo wa kingamwili hivyo kuwezesha [[mambukizi vamizi]]. Seli za T ni muhimu kwa mwitikio wa kingamwili, hivyo bila ya seli hizi, mwili hauwezi kukabiliana na maambukizi wala kuharibu seli za saratani. Utendakazi wa kuharibiwa kwa seli za CD4⁺ T hutofautiana katika awamu kali na za muda mrefu.<ref name="pmid16679064">{{Rejea jarida|author=Hel Z, McGhee JR, Mestecky J |title=HIV infection: first battle decides the war |journal=Trends Immunol. |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=274–81 |year=2006 |month=June |pmid=16679064|doi=10.1016/j.it.2006.04.007 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-immunology_2006-06_27_6/page/274}}</ref> Katika awamu kali, lisisi ya seli inayosababishwa na VVU, na pia kuangamizwa kwa [[seli za T angamizi]] huchangia katika kuharibiwa kwa seli za CD4⁺ T, ingawa [[apoptosi]] pia inaweza kuchangia hali hii. Katika awamu ya muda mrefu, matokeo ya uwezeshaji wa kijumla wa kingamwili ukiandamana na udhaifu wa pole pole wa uwezo wa mfumo wa kingamwili kuzalisha seli mpya za T hukisiwa kuchangia kupungua kwa pole pole kwa idadi ya seli za CD4⁺ T. <ref>{{cite book|author=Arie J. Zuckerman et al. (eds)|title=Principles and practice of clinical virology|year=2007|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken, N.J.|isbn=978-0-470-51799-4|page=905|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=4il2mF7JG1sC&pg=PA905|edition=6th}}</ref> Ingawa dalili za udhaifu wa kingamwili kama ulivyo katika UKIMWI hazitokei kwa miaka mingi baada ya kuambukizwa, kiwango kikubwa cha kuharibika kwa seli za CD4⁺ T hutokea katika wiki za kwanza baada ya kuambukizwa, hasa katika ute wa utumbo, ambao huwa na kiwango kikubwa cha limfosaiti zote za mwili.<ref name="pmid15365095">{{Rejea jarida|author=Mehandru S, Poles MA, Tenner-Racz K, Horowitz A, Hurley A, Hogan C, Boden D, Racz P, Markowitz M|title=Primary HIV-1 infection is associated with preferential depletion of CD4⁺ T cells from effector sites in the gastrointestinal tract |journal=J. Exp. Med. |volume=200 |issue=6 |pages=761–70 |year=2004 |month=September|pmid=15365095 |doi=10.1084/jem.20041196 |url= |pmc=2211967}}</ref> Sababu ya kiwango hiki kikubwa cha kuharibiwa kwa seli za CD4⁺ T ni kuwa kiwango kikubwa cha seli za ute za CD4⁺ T huzalisha protini ya [[CCR5]] inayotumika na VVU kama [[kipokezi kishiriki]] ili kuweza kufikia seli hizo, ilhali kipande kidogo tu cha seli za CD4⁺ T katika mkondo wa damu hufanya hivyo.<ref name="pmid15365096">{{Rejea jarida|author=Brenchley JM, Schacker TW, Ruff LE, Price DA, Taylor JH, Beilman GJ, Nguyen PL, Khoruts A, Larson M, Haase AT, Douek DC |title=CD4⁺ T cell depletion during all stages of HIV disease occurs predominantly in the gastrointestinal tract |journal=J. Exp. Med. |volume=200 |issue=6|pages=749–59 |year=2004 |month=September |pmid=15365096 |doi=10.1084/jem.20040874 |url= |pmc=2211962}}</ref> VVU hutafuta na kuharibu CCR5 inayotolesha seli za CD4⁺ T katika awamu kali ya maambukizi. <ref name=Julio2011>{{cite book|last=editor|first=Julio Aliberti,|title=Control of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses During Infectious Diseases.|publisher=Springer Verlag|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-4614-0483-5|page=145|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=TKMpo5aINVIC&pg=PA145|year=2011}}</ref> Mwitikio mkubwa wa kingamwili hatimaye huyadhibiti maambukizi hayo kisha kuanzisha awamu fiche ya kiutambuzi. Seli za CD4⁺ T katika tishu za ute husalia zikiwa zimeathiriwa sana. <ref name=Julio2011/> Ugawanyikaji endelevu wa VVU husababisha hali ya uwezeshaji wa kijumla wa kingamwili, ambao hudumu katika awamu yote ya muda mrefu.<ref name="pmid18161758">{{Rejea jarida|author=Appay V, Sauce D |title=Immune activation and inflammation in HIV-1 infection: causes and consequences|journal=J. Pathol. |volume=214 |issue=2 |pages=231–41 |year=2008 |month=January |pmid=18161758 |doi=10.1002/path.2276|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-pathology_2008-01_214_2/page/231}}</ref> Uwezeshaji wa kingamwili, ambao hutambulika kwa ongezeko la uwezeshaji wa hali ya seli za kingamwili na kutoleshwa kwa [[saitokini]] inayosababisha inflemesheni, husababishwa na utendakazi wa [[zao la jeni]] na mwitikio wa kingamwili dhidi ya ugawanyikaji wa VVU unaoendelea. Uwezeshaji wa kingamwili pia huhusishwa na kuharibika kwa mfumo wa uchunguzi wa kingamwili wa kizuizi cha ute wa tumbo na utumbo, hali inayosababishwa na kuangamizwa kwa seli za CD4⁺ T za ute katika awamu kali ya ugonjwa huu.<ref name="pmid17115046">{{Rejea jarida|author=Brenchley JM, Price DA, Schacker TW, Asher TE, Silvestri G, Rao S, Kazzaz Z, Bornstein E, Lambotte O, Altmann D, Blazar BR, Rodriguez B, Teixeira-Johnson L, Landay A, Martin JN, Hecht FM, Picker LJ, Lederman MM, Deeks SG, Douek DC |title=Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection |journal=Nat. Med. |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=1365–71 |year=2006 |month=December |pmid=17115046|doi=10.1038/nm1511 |url=}}</ref> Hivyo si kila mtu aliye na VVU ana UKIMWI. Wakati watu wanapata VVU, wanaweza kuwa na [[afya]] kwa miaka mpaka akakutwa na aina maalumu ya magonjwa na vipimo vya [[damu]] vikionyesha kuwa ina idadi ndogo sana ya [[seli nyeupe za damu]] ambazo ndizo zinazopambana na maambukizi. Kuna maradhi ambayo kwa kawaida ni ishara kwamba mtu ana UKIMWI kwa kuwa watu wenye afya njema hawapati magonjwa haya, kwa sababu mfumo wa kinga mwilini una nguvu ya kutosha ya kupigana na magonjwa hayo. Hivyo kupata ugonjwa wa aina hiyo ni ishara kwamba mfumo wa kinga umeharibika. Baadhi ya magonjwa hayo ni: * [[Sarkoma ya Kaposi]] - aina ya [[kansa]] ambayo kwa kawaida huathiri [[ngozi]] (mara nyingi husababisha vi[[donda]] vyekundu au [[zambarau]], au ma[[jeraha]] juu ya ngozi). Wakati mwingine huathiri tu ngozi, bali pia mifumo mingine katika mwili. * [[Retinitis]] - [[virusi]] zinashambulia nyuma ya [[jicho]]. * [[Pneumocystis carinii]] ([[kifupi]] PCP) - aina ya [[pneumonia]], [[magonjwa ya kuambukiza]] ya [[mapafu]]. PCP ni maambukizi ya kawaida kwa wagonjwa wa UKIMWI. * [[Toxoplasmosis]] - ugonjwa unaosababishwa na [[vimelea]], ambao unaweza kusababisha matatizo katika mifumo ya [[ubongo]] na mingine katika mwili. * [[Kansa ya kizazi]] - ambayo huwa inaenea.irusi vyenyewe=== [[File:HI-virion-structure en.svg|thumb|alt= Muundo wa duara ulio na miundo ya rangi ya waridi inayochipuka kutoka kwake, na michoro kadhaa ndani ya duara hii ikionyesha vipengele tofauti vya virusi |Mchoro unaoonyesha muundo wa virusi vya VVU]] VVU ndivyo kisababishi cha mkusanyiko wa magonjwa yanayojulikana kijumla kama VVU/UKIMWI. VVU ni [[retrovirusi]] ambavyo hasa huambukiza vipengele vya [[mfumo wa kingamwili]] ya binadamu kama vile seli za CD4<SUP>+</SUP>T, [[makrofaji]] na [[seli za dendraiti]]. Virusi hivi huharibu seli za CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T moja kwa moja au vinginevyo.<ref name=Alimonti/> VVU ni mshirika wa [[jenasi]] ya ''[[Lentivirus]]'',<ref name=ICTV61.0.6/> sehemu ya [[Familia (biolojia)|familia]] ya [[Retroviridae]].<ref name=ICTV61./> Virusi vyote vya lenti huwa na sifa sawa za [[mofolojia (bayolojia)|kimofolojia]] na [[biolojia]]. Spishi nyingi za [[mamalia]] huambukizwa na virusi vya lenti, ambavyo haswa huwa ndivyo visababishi vya maradhi ya muda mrefu yaliyo na [[kipindi cha kupevuka]] kirefu.<ref name=Levy/>Virusi vya lenti husambazwa kama [[virusi vya RNA]] chanya za uzi mmoja [[hisia]] zilizo ndani ya kigamba. Inapoingia ndani ya seli iliyolengwa, [[jenomu]] ya [[RNA]] ya virusi hugeuzwa (hubadilishwa kinakala) na kuwa [[DNA]] ya nyuzi mbili ambayo husafirishwa pamoja na jenomu ya virusi katika chembe ya virusi vile. DNA ya virusi inayoundika huingia katika kiini cha seli ambapo huchangamana na seli ya DNA kwa kutumia [[integresi]] iliyofasiliwa kama virusi, na pia vipengele husika vya kiini kikuu.<ref name="JASmith"/> Vinapochangamana na DNA ya seli, virusi hivi vinaweza kuingia katika [[kipindi cha kupevuka|awamu fiche]], hivyo kuwezesha virusi hivi pamoja na seli inayovipokea kuepuka kutambuliwa na mfumo wa kingamwili.<ref>{{cite book|last=Martínez|first=edited by Miguel Angel|title=RNA interference and viruses : current innovations and future trends|year=2010|publisher=Caister Academic Press|location=Norfolk|isbn=9781904455561|pages=73|url=</ref> Aina mbili [[Aina ndogo za VVU|za VVU]] zimetambulika: VVU-1 na VVU-2. VVU-1 ni virusi vilivyotambulika kwanza (na ambavyo mwanzoni vilijulikana pia kama LAV au HTLV-III). Virusi hivi vina [[sumu kali]], vyenye [[uambukizaji|kuambukiza]],<ref>{{cite journal | title=Comparison of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infectivity from a prospective cohort study in Senegal | last=Gilbert | first=PB |journal=Statistics in Medicine | date=28 February 2003| volume=22 |issue=4 | pages=573–593 | pmid=12590415 |doi=10.1002/sim.1342 | last2=McKeague | first2=IW | last3=Eisen | first3=G |last4=Mullins | first4=C | last5=Guéye-Ndiaye| first5=A | last6=Mboup | first6=S | last7=Kanki | first7=PJ |display-authors=1}}</ref> na ndivyo visababishi vikuu vya visa vingi vya maambukizi ya VVU kote ulimwenguni. Kiwango cha chini zaidi cha uambukizaji wa VVU-2 ikilinganishwa na VVU-1 huonyesha kuwa watu wachache zaidi walio katika hatari ya VVU-2 wataambukizwa kila wanapokumbana na virusi hivi. VVU-2 hupatikana zaidi [[Afrika Magharibi]] kwa sababu ya uwezo wake wa chini wa kuambukiza.<ref name="Reeves"/> [[File:HIV-budding-Color.jpg|thumb|alt= Kifaa kikubwa cha duara cha rangi ya buluu, na kifaa chekundu kilichounganishwa nacho. Vifaa vyote viwili vina madoa ya kijani yaliyotapakaa juu yake.|[[Darubini ya elektroni ya ukaguzi|Mikrografu ya elektroni ya ukaguzi]] wa VVU-1, vya rangi ya kijani, vinavyochipuka kutoka kwa [[limfositi]] iliyokaguliwa.]] Baada ya virusi kuingia mwilini, kuna kipindi cha [[kugawanyika kwa virusi]], hali inayopelekea wingi wa virusi katika damu ya pembeni. Katika kipindi cha kwanza cha maambukizi, kiwango cha VVU kinaweza kufika milioni kadhaa za chembe za virusi kwa kila [[mililita]] ya damu.<ref name=Piatak/> Mwitikio huu huandamana na kiwango kikubwa cha kushuka kwa idadi ya seli za CD4⁺ T zinazozunguka. [[Viremia]] kali mara nyingi huhusishwa na kuwezeshwa kwa [[seli za T angamizi|CD8⁺ seli za T]], ambazo huangamiza seli zilizoambukizwa VVU na kisha kuhusishwa na kuzalishwa kwa zindiko, au [[kuzalishwa kwa zindiko mpya]]. Mwitikio wa seli za CD8⁺ T huchukuliwa kuwa muhimu katika kudhibiti viwango vya virusi, ambavyo hupanda na kushuka, huku viwango vya seli za CD4⁺ T vikirejea. Mwitikio bora wa seli za CD8⁺ T umehusishwa na kupungua kwa mwendo wa ugonjwa na pia prognosi bora zaidi, ingawa mwitikio huu hauondoi virusi.<ref name=Pantaleo1998/> Pathofisiolojia ya UKIMWI ni tata.<ref name="pmid8040596"/> Mwishowe, VVU husababisha UKIMWI kwa kuharibu [[seli T saidizi|CD4⁺seli za T]]. Hali hii hudhoofisha mfumo wa kingamwili hivyo kuwezesha [[mambukizi vamizi]]. Seli za T ni muhimu kwa mwitikio wa kingamwili, hivyo bila ya seli hizi, mwili hauwezi kukabiliana na maambukizi wala kuharibu seli za saratani. Utendakazi wa kuharibiwa kwa seli za CD4⁺ T hutofautiana katika awamu kali na za muda mrefu.<ref name="pmid16679064"/> Katika awamu kali, lisisi ya seli inayosababishwa na VVU, na pia kuangamizwa kwa [[seli za T angamizi]] huchangia katika kuharibiwa kwa seli za CD4⁺ T, ingawa [[apoptosi]] pia inaweza kuchangia hali hii. Katika awamu ya muda mrefu, matokeo ya uwezeshaji wa kijumla wa kingamwili ukiandamana na udhaifu wa pole pole wa uwezo wa mfumo wa kingamwili kuzalisha seli mpya za T hukisiwa kuchangia kupungua kwa pole pole kwa idadi ya seli za CD4⁺ T. <ref>{{cite book|author=Arie J. Zuckerman et al. (eds)|title=Principles and practice of clinical virology|year=2007|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken, N.J.|isbn=978-0-470-51799-4|page=905|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=4il2mF7JG1sC&pg=PA905|edition=6th}}</ref> Ingawa dalili za udhaifu wa kingamwili kama ulivyo katika UKIMWI hazitokei kwa miaka mingi baada ya kuambukizwa, kiwango kikubwa cha kuharibika kwa seli za CD4⁺ T hutokea katika wiki za kwanza baada ya kuambukizwa, hasa katika ute wa utumbo, ambao huwa na kiwango kikubwa cha limfosaiti zote za mwili.<ref name="pmid15365095"/> Sababu ya kiwango hiki kikubwa cha kuharibiwa kwa seli za CD4⁺ T ni kuwa kiwango kikubwa cha seli za ute za CD4⁺ T huzalisha protini ya [[CCR5]] inayotumika na VVU kama [[kipokezi kishiriki]] ili kuweza kufikia seli hizo, ilhali kipande kidogo tu cha seli za CD4⁺ T katika mkondo wa damu hufanya hivyo.<ref name="pmid15365096"/> VVU hutafuta na kuharibu CCR5 inayotolesha seli za CD4⁺ T katika awamu kali ya maambukizi. <ref name=Julio2011/> Mwitikio mkubwa wa kingamwili hatimaye huyadhibiti maambukizi hayo kisha kuanzisha awamu fiche ya kiutambuzi. Seli za CD4⁺ T katika tishu za ute husalia zikiwa zimeathiriwa sana. <ref name=Julio2011/> Ugawanyikaji endelevu wa VVU husababisha hali ya uwezeshaji wa kijumla wa kingamwili, ambao hudumu katika awamu yote ya muda mrefu.<ref name="pmid18161758"/> Uwezeshaji wa kingamwili, ambao hutambulika kwa ongezeko la uwezeshaji wa hali ya seli za kingamwili na kutoleshwa kwa [[saitokini]] inayosababisha inflemesheni, husababishwa na utendakazi wa [[zao la jeni]] na mwitikio wa kingamwili dhidi ya ugawanyikaji wa VVU unaoendelea. Uwezeshaji wa kingamwili pia huhusishwa na kuharibika kwa mfumo wa uchunguzi wa kingamwili wa kizuizi cha ute wa tumbo na utumbo, hali inayosababishwa na kuangamizwa kwa seli za CD4⁺ T za ute katika awamu kali ya ugonjwa huu.<ref name="pmid17115046"/> Hivyo si kila mtu aliye na VVU ana UKIMWI. Wakati watu wanapata VVU, wanaweza kuwa na [[afya]] kwa miaka mpaka akakutwa na aina maalumu ya magonjwa na vipimo vya [[damu]] vikionyesha kuwa ina idadi ndogo sana ya [[seli nyeupe za damu]] ambazo ndizo zinazopambana na maambukizi. Kuna maradhi ambayo kwa kawaida ni ishara kwamba mtu ana UKIMWI kwa kuwa watu wenye afya njema hawapati magonjwa haya, kwa sababu mfumo wa kinga mwilini una nguvu ya kutosha ya kupigana na magonjwa hayo. Hivyo kupata ugonjwa wa aina hiyo ni ishara kwamba mfumo wa kinga umeharibika. Baadhi ya magonjwa hayo ni: * [[Sarkoma ya Kaposi]] - aina ya [[kansa]] ambayo kwa kawaida huathiri [[ngozi]] (mara nyingi husababisha vi[[donda]] vyekundu au [[zambarau]], au ma[[jeraha]] juu ya ngozi). Wakati mwingine huathiri tu ngozi, bali pia mifumo mingine katika mwili. * [[Retinitis]] - [[virusi]] zinashambulia nyuma ya [[jicho]]. * [[Pneumocystis carinii]] ([[kifupi]] PCP) - aina ya [[pneumonia]], [[magonjwa ya kuambukiza]] ya [[mapafu]]. PCP ni maambukizi ya kawaida kwa wagonjwa wa UKIMWI. * [[Toxoplasmosis]] - ugonjwa unaosababishwa na [[vimelea]], ambao unaweza kusababisha matatizo katika mifumo ya [[ubongo]] na mingine katika mwili. * [[Kansa ya kizazi]] - ambayo huwa inaenea. == Lini na wapi VVU vilianza == UKIMWI huchukuliwa kama [[janga]] — yaani [[mlipuko wa ugonjwa]] katika eneo kubwa, na ambao ungali unaenea.<ref name=Kallings/> UKIMWI ulitambuliwa mara ya kwanza na Vituo vya Kuzuia na Kudhibiti Magonjwa huko Marekani mwaka [[1981]]<ref name=M169/>, ilhali kisababishi chake - VVU - kilitambuliwa mwanzoni mwa [[muongo]] huo nchini huko. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Gallo RC|title=A reflection on HIV/AIDS research after 25 years|journal=Retrovirology|volume=3|page=72|year=2006|pmid=17054781|doi=10.1186/1742-4690-3-72|url=http://www.retrovirology.com/content/3//72|pmc=1629027|archive-date=2020-05-02|access-date=2020-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502072301/https://retrovirology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1742-4690-3-72|url-status=dead}}</ref> Matukio ya kwanza yalikuwa katika kikundi kidogo cha [[Uraibu|waraibu]] wa dawa za kudungia na [[wanaume]] [[shoga]] wasiokuwa na visababishi bayana vya udhaifu wa kingamwili na walioonyesha dalili za [[numonia]] ya ''[[Pneumocystis carinii]]'', maambukizi nyemelezi yanayotokea kwa nadra na maarufu katika watu wenye kingamwili dhaifu sana.<ref name=MMWR2>{{Rejea jarida| author=Gottlieb MS| title=Pneumocystis pneumonia—Los Angeles. 1981| journal=Am J Public Health| volume=96| issue=6| pages=980–1; discussion 982–3| year=2006| pmid=16714472| url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/june_5.htm| accessdate=March 31, 2009| pmc=1470612| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422042240/http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/june_5.htm| archivedate=2009-04-22| deadurl=no}}</ref> Punde baadaye, idadi isiyotarajiwa ya mashoga wakapata [[Sakoma ya Kaposi]] (SK), [[saratani ya ngozi]] iliyokuwa nadra sana hapo awali.<ref name="pmid7287964">{{cite journal|author=Friedman-Kien AE|title=Disseminated Kaposi's sarcoma syndrome in young homosexual men|journal=J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.|volume=5|issue=4|pages=468–71|year=1981|month=October|pmid=7287964|doi=10.1016/S0190-9622(81)80010-2|url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6116083">{{cite journal|author=Hymes KB|title=Kaposi's sarcoma in homosexual men-a report of eight cases|journal=Lancet|volume=2|issue=8247|pages=598–600|year=1981|month=September|pmid=6116083|doi=|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_1981-09-19_2_8247/page/598|author-separator=,|author2=Cheung T|author3=Greene JB|display-authors=3|last4=Prose|first4=NS|last5=Marcus|first5=A|last6=Ballard|first6=H|last7=William|first7=DC|last8=Laubenstein|first8=LJ}}</ref>Visa vingine vingi vya NPC na SK vilitokea huku vikitahadharisha Vituo vya Kudhibiti na Kuzuia Magonjwa nchini Marekani, hivyo kikosi cha kiutendaji kikaundwa ili kuudhibiti mzuko huu.<ref name="Basavapathruni_2007">{{cite journal | title=Reverse transcription of the HIV-1 pandemic | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_faseb-journal_2007-12_21_14/page/3795 | last1=Basavapathruni |first1=A | last2=Anderson | first2=KS | journal=The FASEB Journal |year=2007 | month=December | volume=21 | issue=14 |pages=3795–3808 | doi=10.1096/fj.07-8697rev | pmid=17639073}}</ref> Katika siku za kwanza, kituo hicho hakikuwa na jina rasmi la ugonjwa huu, mara nyingi wakitumia majina ya magonjwa mengine yaliyohusishwa nao, kwa mfano, [[limfadenopathi]], jina ambalo baadaye wavumbuzi wa VVU waliviita virusi hivi.<ref name=MMWR1982a>{{Rejea jarida | author=Centers for Disease Control (CDC) |title=Persistent, generalized lymphadenopathy among homosexual males|url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001096.htm | journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. | year=1982 |pages=249–251 | volume=31| issue=19 | pmid=6808340 | accessdate =August 31, 2011}}</ref><ref name=Barre>{{Rejea jarida|author=Barré-Sinoussi F | title=Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1983-05-20_220_4599/page/n103 | journal=Science | year=1983 | pages=868–871 | volume=220 | issue=4599 | pmid=6189183 |doi=10.1126/science.6189183 | bibcode=1983Sci...220..868B| author-separator=,| author2=Chermann JC| author3=Rey F|display-authors=3| last4=Nugeyre| first4=M.| last5=Chamaret| first5=S| last6=Gruest| first6=J| last7=Dauguet| first7=C|last8=Axler-Blin| first8=C| last9=Vezinet-Brun| first9=F }}</ref> Wavumbuzi pia walitumia “Sakoma ya Kaposi na Maambukizi nyemelezi”, jina lililokuwa la kikosi cha kiutendaji kilichoanzishwa mwaka wa 1981.<ref name=MMWR1982b>{{Rejea jarida | author=Centers for Disease Control (CDC) | title=Opportunistic infections and Kaposi's sarcoma among Haitians in the United States |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001123.htm | journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. | year=1982 |pages=353–354; 360–361 | volume=31 | issue=26 | pmid=6811853 | accessdate =August 31, 2011}}</ref> Wakati mmoja, Kituo cha Kudhibiti na Kuzuia Magonjwa kiliunda msemo "ugonjwa wa 4H", kwani [[sindromu]] hii ilionekana kuwaathiri watu wa [[Haiti]], mashoga (homosexuals), wenye [[hemofilia]] na watumiaji wa [[heroini]].<ref name=SciRep470b>{{cite web| publisher=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]| date=July 28, 2006| url=http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/reprint/313/5786/470b.pdf| title=Making Headway Under Hellacious Circumstances| accessdate=June 23, 2008| format=PDF| archivedate=2008-06-24| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624235131/http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/reprint/313/5786/470b.pdf| =https://web.archive.org/web/20080624235131/http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/reprint/313/5786/470b.pdf}}</ref> Katika vyombo vikuu vya habari liliundwa neno "[[GRID]]" (lililosimamia "gay-related immune deficiency", yaani "ukosefu wa kinga uliohusishwa na mashoga".<ref name=Altman>{{Rejea habari |author=Altman LK |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/11/science/new-homosexual-disorder-worries-health-officials.html?scp=1&sq=New%20homosexual%20disorder%20worries%20officials&st=cse | title=New homosexual disorder worries health officials | work=The New York Times | date=May 11, 1982 | accessdate =August 31, 2011}}</ref> Hata hivyo, baada ya kutambua kuwa VVU havikuwaathiri jamii ya mashoga pekee,<ref name=MMWR1982b/> ilibainika kuwa neno GRID lilikuwa likipotosha, hivyo neno UKIMWI likaanzishwa kwenye mkutano mnamo Julai 1982.<ref name=Kher>{{Rejea habari| author=Kher U| title=A Name for the Plague| work=Time| date=July 27, 1982| url=http://www.time.com/time/80days/820727.html| accessdate=March 10, 2008| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307015307/http://www.time.com/time/80days/820727.html| archivedate=2008-03-07| deadurl=no}}</ref> Kufikia Septemba 1982, Kituo cha Kudhibiti na Kuzuia Magonjwa kilianza kuuita UKIMWI.<ref name=MMWR1982c>{{Rejea jarida | author=Centers for Disease Control (CDC) | title=Update on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)—United States| journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. | year=1982 | pages=507–508; 513–514 | volume=31 | issue=37 | pmid=6815471}}</ref> [[File:Robert Gallo.jpg|thumb|Alt=Mwanaume aliyevalia shati nyeupe na tai, huku akizingizirwa na wanawake watatu na vifaa vya maabara|Robert Gallo, mzinduzi mwenza wa VVU katika miaka ya kwanza ya 1980, akiwa pamoja na (kushoto kwenda kulia) Sandra Eva, Sandra Colombini, na Ersell Richardson.]] Mnamo 1983, vikundi viwili tofauti vya watafiti vilivyoongozwa na [[Robert Gallo]] na [[Luc Montagnier]] bila kutegemeana vilitangaza kuwa [[retrovirusi]] mpya ilikuwa ikiwaambukiza wagonjwa wa UKIMWI, hivyo wakachapisha matokeo yao katika [[jarida]] la ''[[Science (jarida)|Science]]''.<ref name=Gallo>{{cite journal | author=RC Gallo, PS Sarin, EP Gelmann, M Robert-Guroff, E Richardson, VS Kalyanaraman, D Mann, GD Sidhu, RE Stahl, S Zolla-Pazner, J Leibowitch, and M Popovic |journal=Science |title=Isolation of human T-cell leukemia virus in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1983-05-20_220_4599/page/865 |year=1983 | pages=865–867 | volume=220 | doi=10.1126/science.6601823 | pmid=6601823 | issue=4599|bibcode = 1983Sci...220..865G }}</ref><ref name=Montagnier >{{cite doi|10.1126/science.6189183}}</ref> Gallo alidai kuwa virusi vilivyokuwa vimetambuliwa kwa mara ya kwanza na kikundi chake kilikuwa sawa katika [[muundo wa virusi|umbo]] na [[virusi vya binadamu vya limfotrophia-T]]. Kikundi cha Gallo kiliviita virusi hivi HTLV-III. Wakati huohuo, kikundi cha Montagnier kilitambua virusi kutoka kwa mgonjwa aliyekuwa na [[uvimbe]] wa [[tezi za limfu]] kwenye [[shingo]] na [[asthenia|udhaifu wa mwili]] ambazo ni dalili mbili bainifu za UKIMWI. Huku wakikanusha ripoti ya kikundi cha Gallo, Montagnier na wenzake walionyesha kuwa viini vya [[protini]] vya virusi hivyo vilikuwa tofauti na HTLV-I kiukingamwili. Kikundi cha Montagnier kiliviita virusi walivyovitambua virusi vinavyohusishwa na limfadenopathi.<ref name="Basavapathruni_2007"/> Virusi hivi vilibainika kuwa sawa mwaka wa 1986 na kubadilishwa na kuitwa VVU.<ref>{{cite book|last=Aldrich|first=ed. by Robert|title=Who's who in gay and lesbian history.|year=2001|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=9780415229746|pages=154|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=9KA7_1s6w-QC&pg=PA154|coauthors=Wotherspoon, Garry}}</ref> Leo [[wanasayansi]] wengi wanaamini VVU-1 na VVU-2 vimetokana na [[jamii ya sokwe]] huko [[Afrika Magharibi]] na [[Afrika ya Kati|ya Kati]] mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 19]] au mwanzoni mwa [[karne ya 20]], wakati virusi vya [[SIV]] kutoka kwa [[nyani]] au [[sokwe]] vilikwenda kwa binadamu.<ref name=Orgin2011>{{cite journal|last=Sharp|first=PM|coauthors=Hahn, BH|title=Origins of HIV and the AIDS Pandemic|journal=Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine|date=2011 Sep|volume=1|issue=1|pages=a006841|pmid=22229120|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a006841|pmc=3234451}}</ref> VVU-1 vinaaminika kutoka kusini mwa [[Cameroon]] kupitia kugeuka kwa VSVU(cpz), (virusi vya sokwe vinavyosababisha ukosefu wa kinga mwilini) vinavyoambukiza sokwe wa mwituni (VVU-1 hutokana na mzuko wa magonjwa ya VSVUcpz katika [[nususpishi]] ya sokwe iitwayo ''[[Pan]] troglodytes troglodytes'').<ref name="pmid9989410">{{cite journal |author=Gao F |title=Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes |journal=Nature |volume=397 |issue=6718|pages=436–41 |year=1999 |month=February |pmid=9989410|doi=10.1038/17130 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1999-02-04_397_6718/page/436|bibcode = 1999Natur.397..436G |author-separator=, |author2=Bailes E |author3=Robertson DL|display-authors=3 |last4=Chen|first4=Yalu |last5=Rodenburg |first5=Cynthia M. |last6=Michael |first6=Scott F.|last7=Cummins |first7=Larry B. |last8=Arthur |first8=Larry O. |last9=Peeters |first9=Martine }}</ref><ref name=Keele>{{cite journal | author=Keele, B. F., van Heuverswyn, F., Li, Y. Y., Bailes, E., Takehisa, J., Santiago, M. L., Bibollet-Ruche, F., Chen, Y., Wain, L. V., Liegois, F., Loul, S., Mpoudi Ngole, E., Bienvenue, Y., Delaporte, E., Brookfield, J. F. Y., Sharp, P. M., Shaw, G. M., Peeters, M., and Hahn, B. H. | title=Chimpanzee Reservoirs of Pandemic andNonpandemic HIV-1 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2006-07-28_313_5786/page/523 | journal=Science | date=28 July 2006| volume=313 | issue=5786 | pages=523–6 | doi = 10.1126/science.1126531 | pmc=2442710 | pmid=16728595|bibcode = 2006Sci...313..523K }}</ref> Virusi vinavyohusiana kwa karibu na VVU-2 ni VSVU(smm) ambavyo ni virusi vya [[mangabi mwenye masizi]] (''Cercocebus atys atys''), [[tumbili]] wa kale anayeishi Afrika Magharibi (kutoka [[kusini]] mwa [[Senegali]] hadi [[magharibi]] mwa [[Côte d'Ivoire]]).<ref name="Reeves" /> [[Tumbili wa kisasa]] kama vile [[tumbili wa Usiku|tumbili bundi]] wana ukinzani wa maambukizi ya [[VVU-1]] kwa sababu ya [[uunganishaji jeni|uunganishaji]] wa [[jeni]] [[mbili]] zinazokinzana na virusi.<ref name=Goodier>{{cite journal | author=Goodier, J., and Kazazian, H. | title=Retrotransposons Revisited: The Restraint and Rehabilitation of Parasites | url=https://archive.org/details/cell_2008-10-03_135_1/page/23 | journal=Cell |year=2008 | pages=23–35 | volume=135 | issue=1 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.022 | pmid=18854152}}(subscription required)</ref> VVU-2 inadhaniwa kuruka kizuizi cha spishi katika angalau matukio matatu tofauti, hivyo kupelekea vikundi vitatu vya virusi hivi ambavyo ni M, N na O. <ref name=Kalish2005>{{cite journal |author=Kalish ML |title=Central African hunters exposed to simian immunodeficiency virus |journal=Emerg Infect Dis |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=1928–30 |year=2005 |pmid=16485481|doi=10.3201/eid1112.050394 |author-separator=, |author2=Wolfe ND |author3=Ndongmo CD |author4=McNicholl J|author5=Robbins KE |display-authors=5 |last6=Aidoo |first6=Michael |last7=Fonjungo |first7=Peter N. |last8=Alemnji|first8=George |last9=Zeh |first9=Clement |pmc=3367631}}</ref> Kuna ushahidi kuwa wanadamu wanaoshughulikia [[nyama za mwituni]] kwa kuwinda au kuziuza, kwa kawaida hupata VSVU.<ref name=Kalish2005/>Hata hivyo, virusi hivyo ni dhaifu na hukandamizwa na mfumo wa kingamwili baada ya wiki kadhaa za kuambukizwa. Inadhaniwa kuwa maambukizi kadhaa ya virusi hivyo kutoka kwa mtu hadi mwingine katika mfululizo wa haraka huhitajika ili vipate wakati unaotosha kubadilika na kuwa VVU.<ref name=Marx2001>{{cite journal |author=Marx PA, Alcabes PG, Drucker E |title=Serial human passage of simian immunodeficiency virus by unsterile injections and the emergence of epidemic human immunodeficiency virus in Africa |volume=356 |issue=1410 |pages=911–20 |year=2001 |pmid=11405938 |journal=Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci |pmc=1088484 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0867 |url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/356/1410/911.full.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-09 |access-date=2020-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309105853/http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/356/1410/911.full.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, kwa sababu ya kiwango chake kidogo cha kuambukiza kutoka kwa mtu hadi mwingine, virusi hivyo vinaweza tu kuenea katika wingi wa watu iwapo kuna njia moja au mbili za hatari ya kuambukizana ya kiwango cha juu. Njia hizi zinadhaniwa kutokuwepo barani Afrika kabla ya karne ya 20. Njia maalumu za hatari kubwa ya maambukizi zinazoruhusu virusi hivi kubadilika ili kuweza kuishi katika wanadamu na kuenea katika jamii yote hutegemea wakati uliopendekezwa wa kuvuka kutoka kwa mnyama hadi mwanadamu. Tafiti za kijeni za virusi hivi zinadokeza kuwa chanzo cha hivi karibuni zaidi cha VVU-1 ya kikundi M kilitokea mnamo 1910. <ref name=Worobey2008>{{cite journal|last1=Worobey |first1=Michael |last2=Gemmel |first2=Marlea |last3=Teuwen |first3=Dirk E. |last4=Haselkorn|first4=Tamara |last5=Kunstman |first5=Kevin |last6=Bunce |first6=Michael |last7=Muyembe |first7=Jean-Jacques|last8=Kabongo |first8=Jean-Marie M. |last9=Kalengayi |first9=Raphaël M. |title=Direct evidence of extensive diversity of HIV-1 in Kinshasa by 1960 |journal=Nature |volume=455 |issue=7213 |pages=661–4 |year=2008 |pmid=18833279| doi=10.1038/nature07390|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v455/n7213/pdf/nature07390.pdf |bibcode = 2008Natur.455..661W }} (subscription required)</ref> Wanaotaja kipindi hicho maalumu huhusisha mzuko wa janga la VVU na kuibuka kwa [[ukoloni]] na ukuaji wa [[miji]] mikubwa ya kikoloni ya Afrika, huku ukisababisha mabadiliko ya jamii pamoja na kiwango kikubwa cha [[uasherati]], uenezi wa [[ukahaba]] na matukio mengi ya [[vidonda vya viungo vya uzazi]] (kama vile [[kaswende]]) katika miji iliyochipuka.<ref name=Sousa2010>{{cite journal |last1=Sousa |first1=João Dinis de|last2=Müller |first2=Viktor |last3=Lemey |first3=Philippe |last4=Vandamme |first4=Anne-Mieke |last5=Vandamme|first5=Anne-Mieke |title=High GUD Incidence in the Early 20th Century Created a Particularly Permissive Time Window for the Origin and Initial Spread of Epidemic HIV Strains |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=e9936 |year=2010|pmid=20376191 |pmc=2848574|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0009936|url=http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0009936|editor1-last=Martin |editor1-first=Darren P.}}</ref> Ingawa viwango vya uambukizaji wakati wa ngono ya kupitia [[uke]] viko chini katika hali ya kawaida, kuna ongezeko kubwa iwapo mmoja wa wapenzi hao ana [[ugonjwa wa zinaa]] unaosababisha vidonda vya [[viungo vya uzazi]]. Miji ya kikoloni ya [[Miaka ya 1900|miaka ya kwanza ya 1900]] ilijulikana kwa maambukizi ya viwango vya juu kutokana na ukahaba na [[vidonda vya viungo vya uzazi]], hivi kwamba, kufikia mwaka [[1928]], 45% ya [[wanawake]] wakazi wa mashariki mwa [[Kinshasa]] walidhaniwa kuwa makahaba. Kufikia mwaka [[1933]], takriban 15% ya wakazi wote wa mji huo walikuwa wameambukizwa aina mojawapo ya kaswende.<ref name=Sousa2010 /> Maoni mengine yanadokeza kuwa hatua zisizo salama za [[uuguzi]] barani Afrika katika miaka ya baada ya [[Vita vya pili vya dunia]], kama vile kutumia tena na tena [[sindano]] zisizosafishwa kuchanja [[umati]], [[antibayotiki]] na kampeni dhidi ya [[malaria]] ndizo njia za kwanza zilizoruhusu virusi hivyo kujibadilisha vikiwa ndani ya wanadamu kisha kuenea.<ref name=Marx2001 /><ref name=Chitnis2000>{{cite journal |last1=Chitnis |first1=Amit |last2=Rawls |first2=Diana |last3=Moore |first3=Jim|title=Origin of HIV Type 1 in Colonial French Equatorial Africa? |journal=AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses|volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=5–8 |year=2000 |pmid=10628811 |doi=10.1089/088922200309548}}(subscription required)</ref><ref name=McNeil>{{cite news |author=[[Donald G. McNeil, Jr.]] |coauthors= |title=Precursor to H.I.V. Was in Monkeys for Millennia |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/17/health/17aids.html?_r=1&src=me&ref=general|quote=Dr. Marx believes that the crucial event was the introduction into Africa of millions of inexpensive, mass-produced syringes in the 1950s.&nbsp;... suspect that the growth of colonial cities is to blame. Before 1910, no Central African town had more than 10,000 people. But urban migration rose, increasing sexual contacts and leading to red-light districts.|work=[[New York Times]] |date=September 16, 2010 |accessdate=2010-09-17 }}</ref> Visa vilivyonakiliwa vyema vya VVU katika mwanadamu ni vya mwaka [[1959]] katika eneo la nchi ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Kongo]].<ref name=Zhu>{{cite journal|author=Zhu, T., Korber, B. T., Nahmias, A. J., Hooper, E., Sharp, P. M. and Ho, D. D.|title=An African HIV-1 Sequence from 1959 and Implications for the Origin of the epidemic|journal=Nature|year=1998|pages=594–7|volume=391|issue=6667|pmid=9468138|doi=10.1038/35400|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v391/n6667/full/391594a0.html|bibcode = 1998Natur.391..594Z }}</ref> Kuna uwezekano kuwa virusi hivyo vilikuwemo huko Marekani mwaka [[1966]],<ref>{{cite news | last = Kolata | first = Gina |title = Boy's 1969 Death Suggests AIDS Invaded U.S. Several Times | publisher = The New York Times | date = 28 October 1987 | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DEFD6173AF93BA15753C1A961948260&sec=health&pagewanted=all | accessdate = 11 February 2009}}</ref>lakini maambukizi mengi yanayotokea nje ya [[Kusini kwa Sahara]] yanaweza kufuatiliwa hadi kwa mtu mmoja aliyeambukizwa na VVU katika nchi ya [[Haiti]] na kisha kuyapeleka maambukizi hayo nchini Marekani takriban mwaka [[1969]].<ref name="Thomas_Gilbert">{{cite journal |last1=Gilbert |first1=M. Thomas P. |last2=Rambaut |first2=Andrew |last3=Wlasiuk |first3=Gabriela |last4=Spira |first4=Thomas J. |last5=Pitchenik |first5=Arthur E. |last6=Worobey |first6=Michael |title=The emergence of HIV/AIDS in the Americas and beyond |journal=PNAS |date=November 20, 2007 |volume=104 |issue=47 |pages=18566–18570 |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/104/47/18566.full.pdf |format=PDF |doi=10.1073/pnas.0705329104 |pmid=17978186 |pmc=2141817 |bibcode=2007PNAS..10418566G |access-date=2020-03-28 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924144548/http://www.pnas.org/content/104/47/18566.full.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Janga hili kisha lilienea kwa haraka katika vikundi vilivyo katika hatari kubwa ya kuambukizwa (mwanzoni ilikuwa ni wanaume waliofanya ngono na wanaume). Kufikia mwaka [[1978]], maambukizi ya VVU-1 katika mashoga wenyeji wa [[New York]] na [[San Francisco]] yalikadiriwa kuwa 5%, kuonyesha kuwa maelfu ya watu nchini Marekani tayari walikuwa wameambukizwa.<ref name="Thomas_Gilbert" /> ==Uambukizaji== VVU husambaa hasa kupitia njia tatu kuu: [[ngono]] (ikiwa ni pamoja na [[ulawiti]] na hata [[ngono ya mdomoni]]), kuingiliana na viowevu vya mwili vilivyoambukizwa (hasa [[kuongezewa damu]] au kudungwa [[sindano]]) na [[usambazaji wima|kutoka kwa mama hadi mtoto]] wakati wa [[ujauzito]], kuzaa au kunyonyesha<ref name=TransmissionM2007>{{cite book|last=Markowitz|first=edited by William N. Rom ; associate editor, Steven B.|title=Environmental and occupational medicine|year=2007|publisher=Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-6299-1|page=745|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=H4Sv9XY296oC&pg=PA745|edition=4th}}</ref>Baadhi ya [[viowevu vya mwili]], kama vile [[mate]] na [[machozi]], havisambazi VVU.<ref name=CDCtransmission>{{cite web|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|year=2003|url=http://www.cdc.gov/HIV/pubs/facts/transmission.htm|title=HIV and Its Transmission|accessdate=May 23, 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204141148/http://www.cdc.gov/HIV/pubs/facts/transmission.htm|archivedate=2005-02-04}}</ref> === Kupitia ngono === Kufanya [[ngono zembe]] kumepelekea visa vingi zaidi vya maambukizi ya VVU kote ulimwenguni, huku mwingiliano baina ya watu wa [[jinsia]] tofauti ukichangia visa zaidi ya mwingiliano wa mashoga kote ulimwenguni (kwa sababu mashoga ni wachache zaidi).<ref name=TransmissionM2007/> Hata hivyo, mtindo wa usambazaji hutofautiana pakubwa baina ya mataifa mbalimbali. Nchini Marekani, visa vingi zaidi vya usambazaji wa kingono vilitokea katika [[wanaume]] wanaofanya ngono na wanaume (kwa sababu huko ushoga umeenea zaidi)<ref name=TransmissionM2007/>huku idadi hii ikichangia 64% ya visa vyote vipya.<ref name=TransmissionCDC2012>{{cite web|title=HIV in the United States: An Overview|url=http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/factsheets/us_overview.htm|work=Center for Disease Control and Prevention|date=March 2012}}</ref> Kuhusu ngono zembe baina ya watu wa jinsia tofauti, makadirio ya hatari ya kusambazwa kwa VVU kwa kila kitendo cha ngono yanaonekana kuwa zaidi kwa mara 10 katika mataifa yasiyostawi kuliko mataifa yaliyostawi.<ref name=Boily2009/>Katika mataifa yasiyostawi, hatari ya usambazaji wa mwanamke hadi mwanamume imekadiriwa kuwa 0.38% kwa kila kitendo, huku usambazaji wa mwanamume hadi mwanamke ukiwa 0.30%; makadirio mbadala katika mataifa yaliyostawi ni 0.04% kwa kila kitendo katika usambazaji wa mwanamke hadi mwanamume, na 0.08% kwa kila kitendo katika maambukizi ya mwanamume hadi mwanamke.<ref name=Boily2009/> Hatari ya kuambukizwa kutokana na ngono ya kinyeo (ulawiti) iko juu sana, ikikadiriwa kuwa 1.4{{ndash}}1.7% kwa kila kitendo (katika ngono ya watu wa jinsia moja na tofauti pia).<ref name=Boily2009/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Beyrer|first=C|coauthors=Baral, SD; van Griensven, F; Goodreau, SM; Chariyalertsak, S; Wirtz, AL; Brookmeyer, R|title=Global epidemiology of HIV infection in men who have sex with men.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_july-28-august-3-2012_380_9839/page/367|journal=Lancet|date=2012 Jul 28|volume=380|issue=9839|pages=367-77|pmid=22819660}}</ref> Ingawa hatari ya kuambukizwa kupitia [[ngono ya mdomoni]] iko chini, bado ipo. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Yu|first=M|coauthors=Vajdy, M|title=Mucosal HIV transmission and vaccination strategies through oral compared with vaginal and rectal routes|journal=Expert opinion on biological therapy|date=2010 Aug|volume=10|issue=8|pages=1181–95|pmid=20624114|doi=10.1517/14712598.2010.496776|pmc=2904634}}</ref>Hatari ya kila kitendo imekadiriwa kuwa 0{{ndash}}0.04% kwa ngono pokezi ya mdomoni.<ref name=Dosekun2010>{{cite journal|last=Dosekun|first=O|coauthors=Fox, J|title=An overview of the relative risks of different sexual behaviours on HIV transmission|journal=Current opinion in HIV and AIDS|date=2010 Jul|volume=5|issue=4|pages=291–7|pmid=20543603|doi=10.1097/COH.0b013e32833a88a3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Stürchler|first=Dieter A.|title=Exposure a guide to sources of infections|year=2006|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=9781555813765|pages=544|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=MWa5or3Xa9EC&pg=PA544}}</ref> kwa kuwa visa vichache vimeripotiwa.<ref>{{cite book|last=al.]|first=edited by Richard Pattman ... [et|title=Oxford handbook of genitourinary medicine, HIV, and sexual health|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780199571666|pages=95|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=Jm1H4EeULmYC&pg=PA95|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref> Katika miktadha inayohusisha [[ukahaba]] kote ulimwenguni, hatari ya maambukizi ya mwanamke hadi mwanamume imekadiriwa kuwa 2.4% kwa kila kitendo, huku maambukizi ya mwanamume kwa mwanamke yakiwa 0.08% kwa kila kitendo.<ref name=Boily2009>{{cite journal|author=Boily MC, Baggaley RF, Wang L, Masse B, White RG, Hayes RJ, Alary M |title=Heterosexual risk of HIV-1 infection per sexual act: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|volume=9|issue=2|pages=118–129|year=2009|month=February|pmid=19179227|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70021-0}}</ref> Hatari ya kuambukizwa huongezeka katika wingi wa [[magonjwa ya zinaa]]<ref name=CochraneSTI2012>{{cite journal|last=Ng|first=BE|coauthors=Butler, LM; Horvath, T; Rutherford, GW|title=Population-based biomedical sexually transmitted infection control interventions for reducing HIV infection|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2011-03-16|issue=3|pages=CD001220|pmid=21412869|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001220.pub3|editor1-last=Butler|editor1-first=Lisa M}}</ref> na [[vidonda vya uzazi]].<ref name=Boily2009/>Vidonda vya sehemu za uzazi vimekisiwa kuongeza hatari hadi mara tano. <ref name=Boily2009/> Maambukizi mengine ya zinaa, kama vile [[kisonono]], [[klamidia]], [[trikomoniasi]], [[vaginosi ya kibakteria]], huhusishwa na aghalabu ongezeko dogo la hatari ya kuambukizwa.<ref name=Dosekun2010/> [[Wingi wa virusi]] kwa mtu aliyeambukizwa ni suala kuu la hatari katika usambazaji wa kingono na pia wa kutoka kwa mama hadi mtoto.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Anderson|first=J|title=Women and HIV: motherhood and more|journal=Current opinion in infectious diseases|date=2012 Feb|volume=25|issue=1|pages=58–65|pmid=22156896|doi=10.1097/QCO.0b013e32834ef514}}</ref> Katika miezi 2.5 ya kwanza baada ya kuambukizwa VVU, uwezo wa mtu kuambukiza ni mara 12 zaidi kwa sababu ya wingi wa virusi. <ref name=Dosekun2010/> Iwapo mtu yuko katika awamu za mwisho za VVU, viwango vya kuambukizana ni takriban mara 8 zaidi.<ref name=Boily2009/> [[Usadomasoki|Ngono shari]] inaweza kuwa suala linalochangia ongezeko la hatari ya kuambukizwa. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Klimas|first=N|coauthors=Koneru, AO; Fletcher, MA|title=Overview of HIV|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychosomatic-medicine_2008-06_70_5/page/523|journal=Psychosomatic Medicine|date=2008 Jun|volume=70|issue=5|pages=523–30|pmid=18541903|doi=10.1097/PSY.0b013e31817ae69f}}</ref> [[Ubakaji]] pia unaaminika kuongezeka hatari ya kusambaza VVU kwa sababu ni nadra [[kondomu]] kutumika, huwa na uwezekano wa kujeruhiwa ukeni au kinyeo, na pia kuna uwezekano wa magonjwa ya zinaa yanayoambatana na VVU. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Draughon|first=JE|coauthors=Sheridan, DJ|title=Nonoccupational post exposure prophylaxis following sexual assault in industrialized low-HIV-prevalence countries: a review|journal=Psychology, health & medicine|year=2012|volume=17|issue=2|pages=235–54|pmid=22372741|doi=10.1080/13548506.2011.579984}}</ref> ===Viowevu vya mwili === [[File:AIDS Poster If You're Dabbling in Drugs 1989.jpg|thumb|alt=Bango la rangi nyeusi na jipya la kijana wa Kiafrika akiwa na taulo kwenye mkono wa kushoto iliyo na maneno "Kucheza na madawa ni kucheza na maisha" juu yake|Bango la mwaka 1989 likisisitiza tishio la UKIMWI unaohusiana na kutumia madawa ya kulevya.]] Njia ya pili maarufu zaidi ya usambazaji wa VVU ni kupitia kwa [[damu]] na mazao yake.<ref name=TransmissionM2007/> Usambazaji wa kupitia damu unaweza kuwa kupitia sindano inayotumiwa na watu wengi wanapoongezwa viowevu mwilini, majeraha ya sindano, kuongezwa damu chafu au mazao ya damu, au kudungwa kwa vifaa visivyotakaswa. Hatari inayotokana na kutumia sindano baina ya watu wengi wakati wa [[kudungwa dawa]] ni kati ya 0.63-2.4% kwa kila kitendo, wastani wake ukiwa 0.8%<ref name=Risk2006>{{cite journal|last=Baggaley|first=RF|coauthors=Boily, MC; White, RG; Alary, M|title=Risk of HIV-1 transmission for parenteral exposure and blood transfusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=AIDS (London, England)|date=2006-04-04|volume=20|issue=6|pages=805–12|pmid=16549963|doi=10.1097/01.aids.0000218543.46963.6d}}</ref> Hatari ya kuambukizwa VVU kwa sindano iliyotumiwa na mtu aliyeambukizwa VVU hukadiriwa kuwa 0.3% (takriban mara 1 kwa 133) kwa kila kitendo, ilhali hatari inayofuatia [[tando za ute]] kuingiliana na damu iliyoambukizwa ni 0.09% (takriban 1 kwa 1000) kwa kila kitendo.<ref name=AFP2007>{{cite journal|last=Kripke|first=C|title=Antiretroviral prophylaxis for occupational exposure to HIV|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2007-08-01_76_3/page/375|journal=American family physician|date=2007-08-01|volume=76|issue=3|pages=375–6|pmid=17708137}}</ref> Nchini Marekani, watu wanaodungwa dawa ndani ya [[misuli]] walichangia 12% ya visa vyote vipya vya VVU mwaka wa 2009, <ref name=TransmissionCDC2012/> huku 80% ya watu katika sehemu fulani wanaodungwa dawa wakiwa wameambukizwa VVU. <ref name=TransmissionM2007/> [[Kuongezewa damu]] iliyoambukizwa huchangia maambukizi kwa takriban 93% ya visa vyote.<ref name=Risk2006/>Katika mataifa yaliyostawi, hatari ya kuambukizwa VVU kutokana na kuongezewa damu iko chini sana (chini ya 1 kwa 500,000) ambapo viwango vya juu vya kuchagua mtu atakayetoa damu na pia upimaji VVU hufanywa.<ref name=TransmissionM2007/> Kule Uingereza, hatari iliyoripotiwa ni 1 kwa milioni 5.<ref>{{cite web|title=Will I need a blood transfusion?|work=NHS patient information|year=2011|url=http://hospital.blood.co.uk/library/pdf/2011_Will_I_Need_English_v3.pdf|publisher=National Health Services|accessdate=August 29, 2012}}</ref> Hata hivyo, katika mataifa yenye mapato ya chini, [[nusu]] tu ya damu inayoongezwa huwa imepimwa vyema (kufikia mwaka wa 2008). <ref name=UN2011Seventy>UNAIDS 2011 pg. 60–70</ref>Inakadiriwa kuwa hadi 15% ya maambukizi ya VVU katika maeneo hayo hutokana na kuongeza damu au mazao ya damu yaliyoambukizwa, hii ikiwa ni asilimia 5 - 10 ya maambukizi ya ulimwengu mzima. <ref name=TransmissionM2007/><ref name=WHO070401>{{cite web |publisher=[[World Health Organization|WHO]] |year=2001 |url=http://www.who.int/inf-pr-2000/en/pr2000-25.html |title=Blood safety&nbsp;... for too few |accessdate=January 17, 2006 |archivedate=2005-01-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050117092135/http://www.who.int/inf-pr-2000/en/pr2000-25.html }}</ref> Sindano za tiba zisizo salama huchangia pakubwa katika kueneza UKIMWI katika eneo la Kusini kwa Sahara. Mnamo 2007, kati ya 12% na 17% ya maambukizi katika eneo hilo yalichangiwa na matumizi ya sindano hizo.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Reid|first=SR|title=Injection drug use, unsafe medical injections, and HIV in Africa: a systematic review|journal=Harm reduction journal|date=2009-08-28|volume=6|page=24|pmid=19715601|doi=10.1186/1477-7517-6-24|pmc=2741434}}</ref> [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] linakadiria hatari ya kuambukizwa kupitia sindano hizo barani Afrika kuwa 1.2%. Hatari kuu huhusishwa na taratibu vamizi, kusaidiwa kuzaa na utunzaji wa [[meno]] katika sehemu hii ya dunia. Watu wanaochanja au kuchanjwa [[chale]], [[chale za mwili]] na [[kutia kovu]] hudhaniwa kuwa katika hatari ya kuambukizwa, ingawa hakuna visa vilivyothibitishwa ambavyo vimenakiliwa.<ref name=CDCBasics2012>{{cite web|title=Basic Information about HIV and AIDS|url=http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/basic/|work=Center for Disease Control and Prevention|date=April 2012}}</ref> Haiwezekani [[mbu]] au wadudu wengine kusambaza VVU. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/%7Einsects/aids.htm|title=Why Mosquitoes Cannot Transmit AIDS [HIV virus&#93;|publisher=Rci.rutgers.edu|date=|accessdate=2010-07-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329183346/http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~insects/aids.htm|archivedate=2014-03-29|=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329183346/http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~insects/aids.htm}}</ref> Mtu anaweza pia kupata VVU kwa kuchanga [[sindano]] na wenzake. Hii ina maana ya kutumia sindano ambayo haijawahi kusafishwa baada ya mtu mwingine kuitumia. Baadhi ya watu ambao, kinyume cha [[sheria]], huchukua madawa ya kulevya kama [[heroin]] na [[cocaine]] huchukua dawa hizo kwa sindano. Baadhi yao wanachanga sindano moja. Kama mmojawao ana virusi ya UKIMWI na anashirikisha sindano yake, anaweza kuambukiza HIV kwa watu wengine. === Mama hadi mtoto === VVU vinaweza kusambazwa kutoka kwa mama hadi mtoto wakati wa ujauzito, kuzaa au kunyonyesha.<ref name=Mother2010/><ref name="fluids of transmission">{{cite web|url=http://www.aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/prevention/reduce-your-risk/fluids-of-transmission/|title=Fluids of transmission|date=1 November 2011|work=AIDS.gov|publisher=United States Department of Health and Human Services|accessdate=14 September 2012|archivedate=2013-04-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403053447/http://aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/prevention/reduce-your-risk/fluids-of-transmission/}}</ref> Njia hii ni ya tatu kwa umaarufu wa kusambaza VVU kote duniani.<ref name=TransmissionM2007/> Bila matibabu, hatari ya kusambazwa wakati wa au baada ya kuzaliwa ni takriban 20%, na 35% kwa watoto wanaonyonya.<ref name=Mother2010/>Kufikia mwaka wa 2008, usambazaji wima ulichangia takriban 90% ya visa vya VVU katika watoto.<ref name=Mother2010/> Hatari ya kusambazwa kutoka kwa mama hadi mtoto inaweza kupunguzwa hadi 1% kwa kutumia matibabu mwafaka.<ref name=Mother2010/> Matibabu ya kukinga hujumuisha mama kutumia dawa za kudhibiti virusi wakati wa ujauzito na kuzaa, kuchagua [[kuzaa kwa kupasuliwa]], kutonyonyesha na kumpa mtoto dawa za kudhibiti VVU.<ref name=MTC2007>{{cite journal|last=Thorne|first=C|coauthors=Newell, ML|title=HIV|journal=Seminars in fetal & neonatal medicine|date=2007 Jun|volume=12|issue=3|pages=174–81|pmid=17321814|doi=10.1016/j.siny.2007.01.009}}</ref>Hata hivyo, idadi kubwa ya mbinu hizi hazipatikani katika mataifa yanayostawi.<ref name=MTC2007/> Iwapo damu itachafua [[chakula]] wakati wa mtoto kutafuna, itaongeza hatari ya kuambukiza.<ref name=CDCBasics2012/> ==Dalili== Mwanzoni, baada ya kuambukizwa, mtu anaweza kukumbwa na kipindi kifupi cha [[maradhi]] ya aina ya [[mafua]]. Kwa kawaida, hali hii hufuatwa na kipindi kirefu kisicho na [[dalili]]. Ugonjwa huu huendelea kutatiza [[kingamwili]] jinsi unavyozidi, hivyo kumfanya mtu kuwa katika hatari zaidi ya kupata [[maambukizi]], ikiwa ni pamoja na [[maambukizi nyemelezi]], na [[kansa]] ambayo kwa kawaida hayawaathiri watu walio na kingamwili njema. Kuna awamu tatu kuu za maambukizi ya VVU: maambukizi makali, awamu fiche na UKIMWI.<ref name=M121>Mandell, Bennett, and Dolan (2010). Chapter 121.</ref><ref name=AIDS2010GOV>{{cite web|title=Stages of HIV|url=http://aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/diagnosed-with-hiv-aids/hiv-in-your-body/stages-of-hiv/|work=U.S. Department of Health & Human Services|accessdate=13 June 2012|date=Dec 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513062533/http://www.aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/diagnosed-with-hiv-aids/hiv-in-your-body/stages-of-hiv/|archivedate=2012-05-13}}</ref> === Maambukizi makali === [[File:Symptoms of acute HIV infection.svg|thumb|alt=Mchoro wa kiwiliwili cha binadamu kinachoonyesha dalili zinazotokea mara nyingi za maambukizi makali ya VVU|275px|Dalili kuu za maambukizi makali ya VVU]] Kipindi cha kwanza kufuatia maambukizi ya VVU huitwa VVU vikali, VVU vya kimsingi au dalili kali za kudhibiti virusi. <ref name=M121/><ref name=WHOCase2007/> Watu wengi hupata [[maradhi ya mfano wa mafua]] au [[mononyukleosi ambukizi|maambukizi ya mfano wa mononukleosi]] wiki 2 - 4 baada ya kuambukizwa ilhali wengine hawana dalili zozote kuu.<ref>{{cite book|title=Diseases and disorders.|year=2008|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|location=Tarrytown, NY|isbn=978-0-7614-7771-6|page=25|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=-HRJOElZch8C&pg=PA25}}</ref><ref name=M118/>Dalili hutokea katika asilimia 40-90 ya visa vyote na mara nyingi hujumuisha [[homa]], [[limfadenopathia|tezi kubwa na chungu za limfu]], [[faringitisi|inflamesheni ya koo]], [[upele]], maumivu ya kichwa, na/au vidonda vya kinywa na sehemu za uzazi.<ref name=WHOCase2007/><ref name=M118/>Upele huu, unaotokea katika asilimia 20 - 50 ya visa, hutokea katika kiwiliwili, na kwa kawaida huwa wa [[makiulopapula]].<ref name=Deut2010/> Baadhi ya watu pia hupata [[maambukizi nyemelezi]] katika awamu hii.<ref name=WHOCase2007/>Dalili za tumboni na utumboni kama vile kichefuchefu, kutapika au [[kuharisha]] zinaweza kutokea, sawa na dalili za kinuroni za [[niuropathia ya pembeni]] au [[sindromu ya Guillain-Barre]].<ref name=M118/> Muda ya dalili hutofautiana, ingawa kwa kawaida huwa wiki 1 - 2.<ref name=M118/> Kufuatia sifa zake za kutokuwa dalili maalum, hizi mara nyingi haziwezi kutambulika kama dalili za maambukizi ya VVU. Hata visa vinavyotambuliwa na [[daktari]] wa [[familia]] au katika [[hospitali]] mara nyingi hutambulika vibaya kama baadhi ya visababishi vingi vya [[magonjwa ambukizi]] yaliyo na dalili zinazoingiliana. Kwa hivyo, inapendekezwa kuchunguza VVU katika watu wanaoonyesha homa isiyoelezeka ambao wanaweza kuwa na vipengele hatari vya kuambukizwa.<ref name=M118>Mandell, Bennett, and Dolan (2010). Chapter 118.</ref> === Awamu fiche === Dalili za kwanza hufuatwa na awamu fiche (VVU visivyo na dalili au VVU vya muda mrefu).<ref name=AIDS2010GOV/>Bila ya matibabu, awamu hii ya pili ya historia asilia ya maambukizi ya VVU inaweza kudumu kutoka miaka 3 <ref>{{cite book|last=Evian|first=Clive|title=Primary HIV/AIDS care: a practical guide for primary health care personnel in a clinical and supportive setting|year=2006|publisher=Jacana|location=Houghton [South Africa]|isbn=978-1-77009-198-6|page=29|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=WauaC7M0yGcC&pg=PA29|edition=Updated 4th}}</ref> hadi zaidi ya miaka 20;<ref>{{cite book|first=J. W. A. J. Reeders; P. C. Goodman (ed.). With contributions by J. Bedford|title=Radiology of AIDS|year=2001|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin [u.a.]|isbn=978-3-540-66510-6|page=19|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=xmFBtyPGOQIC&pg=PA19}}</ref> (wastani wa miaka 8).<ref>{{cite book|last=Elliott|first=Tom|title=Lecture Notes: Medical Microbiology and Infection|year=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-37226-5|page=273|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=M4q3AyDQIUYC&pg=PA273}}</ref>Ingawa kwa kawaida mwanzoni kuna dalili chache, au hata zisiwemo, karibu mwishoni mwa awamu hii, watu wengi hupatwa na homa, kukonda, matatizo ya tumbo na utumbo, na maumivu ya misuli. <ref name=AIDS2010GOV/>Kati ya asilimia 50 na 70 ya wagonjwa pia hupata [[limfadenopathia]] ya mwili wote inayorejea, ambayo hudhihirika kwa uvimbe usio na kisababishi na usio chungu wa zaidi ya kikundi kimoja cha tezi za [[limfu]] (ila katika sehemu za uzazi) kwa zaidi ya miezi 3 hadi 6.<ref name=M121/> Ingawa watu wengi walioambukizwa [[VVU-1]] wana kiwango cha virusi kinachoweza kutambulika, na ambacho bila matibabu kitaendelea na kuwa UKIMWI, idadi ndogo (5%) huwa na kiwango kikubwa cha seli za CD4<SUP>+</SUP>([[seli saidizi za T]]) bila [[Udhibiti wa VVU/UKIMWI|matibabu ya kudhibiti virusi]] kwa zaidi ya miaka 5. <ref name=M118/><ref name=LT2010/>Watu hao huainishwa kama wadhibiti wa VVU au watu wasioendeleza kwa muda mrefu, ilhali wale ambao pia hudumisha kiwango cha chini au kisichotambulika cha virusi bila matibabu hujulikana kama "wadhibiti hodari" au "wagandamizaji hodari" <ref name=LT2010>{{cite journal|last=Blankson|first=JN|title=Control of HIV-1 replication in elite suppressors|journal=Discovery medicine|date=2010 Mar|volume=9|issue=46|pages=261–6|pmid=20350494}}</ref>. === Ukosefu wa Kinga Mwilini=== [[File:Symptoms of AIDS.svg|thumb|275px|alt=Mchoro wa kiwiliwili cha binadamu kinachoonyesha dalili zinazotokea mara nyingi za maambukizi makali ya UKIMWI|Dalili kuu za maambukizi makali ya UKIMWI.]] Ukosefu wa Kinga Mwilini (UKIMWI) hufasiliwa kwa msingi wa kiwango cha seli za CD4 <SUP>+</SUP> cha chini ya seli 200 kwa kila µL au kutokea kwa magonjwa maalumu yanayohusiana na maambukizi ya VVU. <ref name=M118/> Bila matibabu maalum, takriban nusu ya watu walioambukizwa VVU hupata UKIMWI katika muda wa miaka 10.<ref name=M118/>Hali zinazotokea mara nyingi zaidi kudhihirisha uwepo wa UKIMWI ni [[numonia ya numosistisi]] (40%), [[kakeksi]] kwa muundo wa dalili dhoofishi za VVU (20%) na [[kandidiasi ya umio]].<ref name=M118/>Dalili nyingine ni pamoja na maambukizi ya [[njia ya pumzi]]<ref name=M118/>. [[Maambukizi nyemelezi]] yanaweza kusababishwa na [[bakteria]], [[virusi]], [[kuvu]] na [[vimelea]] ambavyo kwa kawaida hudhibitiwa na mfumo wa kingamwili.<ref name=Holmes>{{Rejea jarida|author=Holmes CB, Losina E, Walensky RP, Yazdanpanah Y, Freedberg KA|title= Review of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-related opportunistic infections in sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2003-03-01_36_5/page/656|journal=Clin. Infect. Dis.|year=2003|pages=656–662|volume=36|issue=5|pmid=12594648|doi=10.1086/367655}}</ref>Maambukizi yanayotokea hutegemea, kwa upande mmoja, aina ya [[viumbehai]] vinavyopatikana kwa wingi katika [[mazingira]] ya mtu.<ref name=M118/>Maambukizi hayo yanaweza kudhuru karibu kila [[mfumo wa kibayolojia|mfumo wa viungo]].<ref name=Complications2011>{{cite journal|last=Chu|first=C|coauthors=Selwyn, PA|title=Complications of HIV infection: a systems-based approach|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2011-02-15_83_4/page/395|journal=American family physician|date=2011-02-15|volume=83|issue=4|pages=395–406|pmid=21322514}}</ref> Watu walio na UKIMWI wako katika hatari kuu zaidi ya kupata saratani nyingi zinazosababishwa na virusi, kama vile: [[Sakoma ya Kaposi]], [[limfoma ya Burkitt]], [[limfoma ya mfumo mkuu wa neva]] na [[saratani ya seviksi]].<ref name=Deut2010/>Sakoma ya Kaposi ndiyo saratani inayotokea mara nyingi, yaani katika asilimia 10 hadi 20 ya watu wenye VVU.<ref name=M169>Mandell, Bennett, and Dolan (2010). Chapter 118.</ref>Saratani inayoifuata ni limfoma, ambayo imesababisha vifo vya karibu 16% ya watu wanaoishi na UKIMWI, na ndiyo dalili ya kwanza ya UKIMWI katika asilimia 3 - 4 ya watu.<ref name=M169/>Saratani hizi mbili huhusishwa na [[virusi vya hepesi]] ya binadamu aina ya 8.<ref name=M169/>Saratani ya seviksi hutokea mara nyingi zaidi katika watu walio na UKIMWI kwa sababu ya jinsi inavyohusiana na [[virusi vya papiloma ya binadamu]].<ref name=M169/> Isitoshe, watu hao mara nyingi huwa na dalili za kimfumo, kama vile homa ya muda mrefu, [[jasho la usiku|jasho]] (hasa usiku), tezi za limfu zilizofura, ubaridi, udhaifu na [[kupoteza uzito]].<ref>{{cite web|title=AIDS|url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000594.htm|work=MedlinePlus|publisher=A.D.A.M.|accessdate=14 June 2012}}</ref>Kuharisha ni dalili nyingine inayotokea katika takriban 90% ya watu wenye UKIMWI.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sestak K |title=Chronic diarrhea and AIDS: insights into studies with non-human primates |journal=Curr. HIV Res. |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=199–205 |year=2005 |month=July |pmid=16022653 |doi= 10.2174/1570162054368084|url=}}</ref> ==Utambuzi== [[File:Hiv-timecourse.png|thumb|alt=Grafu iliyo na mistari miwili. Mstari wa buluu unapanda kuelekea kulia kisha kushuka kuelekea kushoto huku ukipanda kidogo katikati. Mstari wa pili mwekundu unapanda kutoka sufuri hadi juu sana, kisha kushuka hadi chini halafu kupanda pole pole hadi juu tena |300px| Grafu ya ujumla ya uhusiano wa nakala za VVU (wingi wa virusi) na viwango vya seli za CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T katika wastani wa kipindi cha maambukizi yasiyotibiwa ya VVU.{{legend-line|blue solid 2px|CD4⁺ T Lymphocyte count (cells/mm³)}} {{legend-line|red solid 2px|HIV RNA copies per mL of plasma}}]] VVU hutambuliwa kupitia uchunguzi wa kimaabara kisha kuainishwa kiawamu kwa msingi wa uwepo wa dalili au ishara fulani.<ref name=WHOCase2007/> Watu walio katika hatari kubwa ya kuambukizwa hupendekezwa kupimwa VVU, ikiwa ni pamoja na mtu yeyote aliye na ugonjwa wa zinaa<ref name=Deut2010/> Katika maeneo mengi ya ulimwengu, 1/3 ya watu wenye VVU hutambua kuwa wameambukizwa katika awamu za mwishoni mwa ugonjwa huu wakati UKIMWI au ukosefu mkuu wa kingamwili umekuwa wazi.<ref name=Deut2010/> === Uchunguzi wa VVU === Watu wengi walioambukizwa VVU huzalisha [[zindiko]] maalum (yaani [[uzalishaji zindiko mpya|kuzalisha zindiko mpya]]) katika wiki 3 hadi 12 tangu maambukizi ya kwanza. <ref name=M118/> Utambuzi wa VVU vya kimsingi hufanywa kabla ya kuzalishwa kwa zindiko mpya kwa kupima [[RNA]] ya VVU au [[antijeni ya P24 #vipimo vya antijeni|antijeni ya p24]].<ref name=M118/> Matokeo chanya yanayopatikana kwa kupima [[msururu wa athari za polima|MAP]] au zindiko huthibitishwa kwa zindiko au MAP tofauti.<ref name=WHOCase2007/> Vipimo vya zindiko kwa watoto wa umri wa chini ya miezi 18&nbsp; kwa kawaida huwa kasoro kwa sababu ya uwepo endelevu wa [[Kingamwili Kimya ya Mama#Kingamwili kimya iliyopokezwa kiasilia|zindiko za mama]].<ref name=ChildDiag2010>{{cite journal|last=Kellerman|first=S|coauthors=Essajee, S|title=HIV testing for children in resource-limited settings: what are we waiting for?|journal=PLoS medicine|date=2010 Jul 20|volume=7|issue=7|pages=e1000285|pmid=20652012|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000285|pmc=2907270}}</ref> Kwa hivyo, maambukizi yanaweza kutambulika tu kwa vipimo vya MAP vya VVU, RNA au DNA, au kupitia kupima uwepo wa antijeni ya p24.<ref name=WHOCase2007/>Sehemu kubwa ya ulimwengu haina uwezo wa kupata vipimo bora vya MAP huku watu wa sehemu nyingi wakisubiri hadi dalili za watoto wao kuendelea au watoto hao kukua hadi kuwa na uwezo wa kupimwa kikamilifu.<ref name=ChildDiag2010/> Kufikia mwaka wa 2007-2009 katika eneo la Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara, kati ya asilimia 30-70 ya watu walikuwa wakifahamu hali yao ya VVU.<ref name=UN2011Eighty>UNAIDS 2011 pg. 70–80</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2009, kati ya asilimia 4-42 ya watu hawa walipimwa. <ref name=UN2011Eighty/> Takwimu hizi zinaonyesha ongezeko kubwa kutoka miaka ya awali.<ref name=UN2011Eighty/> ===Uainishaji wa maambukizi ya VVU=== Mifumo miwili mikuu ya uainishaji hutumika kuainisha VVU na magonjwa husika kwa ajili ya [[uchunguzi wa magonjwa|uchunguzi]]: mfumo wa uainishaji wa magonjwa wa [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]],<ref name=WHOCase2007/> na [[mfumo wa VKM]] wa uainishaji wa maambukizi ya VVU.<ref name=CDCCase2008/> The [[Vituo vya Kukinga na Kudhibiti Magonjwa|VKM]] hutumika zaidi katika mataifa yaliyostawi. Kwa vile mfumo wa uainishaji wa SAD hauhitaji vipimo vya mahabara, mfumo huu ni mwafaka kwa mataifa yanayostawi ambayo kwa kawaida yana upungufu wa vifaa, ambapo unaweza pia kutumika kuongoza udhibiti wa kimatibabu. Ingawa mifumo hii miwili ni tofauti, yote huwezesha ulinganishaji kwa ajili ya malengo ya kitakwimu.<ref name=M121/><ref name=WHOCase2007/><ref name=CDCCase2008/> Shirika la Afya Duniani lilipendekeza ufasili wa UKIMWI mara ya kwanza mwaka wa 1986.<ref name=WHOCase2007/> Tangu hapo, ufasili wa Shirika hili umedurusiwa na kurefushwa mara kadhaa, toleo la hivi karibuni likiwa la mwaka wa 2007. <ref name=WHOCase2007>{{cite book|title=WHO case definitions of HIV for surveillance and revised clinical staging and immunological classification of HIV-related disease in adults and children.|pages=6–16|url=http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/HIVstaging150307.pdf|format=PDF|year=2007|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-159562-9}}</ref> Mfumo wa SAD hutumia vikundi vifuatavyo: * Maambukizi ya kimsingi ya VVU: Yanaweza kuwa bila dalili au yakihusishwa na sindromu kali ya retrovirusi. <ref name=WHOCase2007/> * Awamu ya I: Maambikizi ya VVU huwa [[bila dalili]] yakiwa na kiwango cha seli za CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T (ambacho pia huitwa kiwango cha CD4) cha zaidi ya 500/uL.<ref name=WHOCase2007/> Maambukizi haya yanaweza kujumuisha kuvimba kwa tezi za mwili wote.<ref name=WHOCase2007/> * Awamu ya II: Dalili ndogo zinaweza kuhusisha kiwango cha chini cha kudhihirika kwa [[tando za ute|za tando za ute]] na maambukizi yanayorejea ya [[sehemu ya juu ya njia ya pumzi]]. Kiwango cha seli za CD4 cha chini ya 500/uL..<ref name=WHOCase2007/> *Awamu ya III: Dalili kuu zinazoweza kujumuisha hali ya [[kuharisha]][[ya muda mrefu (kimatibabu)|ya muda mrefu]] isiyo na kisababishi maalum kwa zaidi ya mwezi mmoja, maambukizi makali ya bakteria ikiwa ni pamoja na tiibii ya mapafu na pia kiwango cha seli za CD4 cha chini ya 350/uL. <ref name=WHOCase2007/> *Awamu ya IV ya UKIMWI: dalili kali zinazojumuisha [[toksoplasmosi]] ya ubongo, [[ukungu]] wa [[umio]], [[Vetebra ya trakea|trakea]], [[bronkasi| bronkasi]] au [[mapafu]] na [[sakoma ya Kaposi]]. Kiwango cha seli za CD4 cha chini ya 500/uL..<ref name=WHOCase2007/> Kituo cha Kukinga na Kudhibiti Magonjwa cha Marekani pia kilianzisha mfumo wa uainishaji wa VVU, kilichoudurusu mwaka wa 2008.<ref name=CDCCase2008>{{cite journal|last=Schneider|first=E|coauthors=Whitmore, S; Glynn, KM; Dominguez, K; Mitsch, A; McKenna, MT; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (CDC)|title=Revised surveillance case definitions for HIV infection among adults, adolescents, and children aged <18 months and for HIV infection and AIDS among children aged 18 months to <13 years--United States, 2008|journal=MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports / Centers for Disease Control|date=2008-12-05|volume=57|issue=RR–10|pages=1–12|pmid=19052530}}</ref> Katika mfumo huu, maambukizi ya VVU yameainishwa kulingana na kiwango cha CD4 na dalili za kiutambuzi, <ref name=CDCCase2008/> nayo hueleza maambukizi kwa awamu tatu: *Awamu ya 1: Kiwango cha CD4 cha seli ≥ 500&nbsp;/uL na hakuna hali zinazoashiria UKIMWI *Awamu ya 2: Kiwango cha seli za CD4 200 hadi 500&nbsp;/uL na hakuna hali zinazoashiria UKIMWI *Awamu ya 3: Kiwango cha seli za CD4≤ 200&nbsp;cells/uL au hali zinazoashiria UKIMWI. *Tashwishi: iwapo habari iliyopo haitoshi kufanya uainishaji uliopo juu Kwa sababu za kiuchunguzi, utambuzi wa UKIMWI hubakia iwapo baada ya matibabu kiwango cha seli za CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T kitapanda zaidi ya 200 kwa kila µL ya damu au iwapo maradhi mengine yanayoashiria UKIMWI yataponywa.<ref name="M121"/> == Matibabu == Hakuna tiba au [[chanjo dhidi ya VVU|chanjo]]; hata hivyo, matibabu ya kudhibiti [[virusi]] yanaweza kupunguza mwendo wa ugonjwa huu na huenda yakapelekea [[urefu]] wa [[maisha]] kuwa karibu na kawaida. Ingawa [[matibabu]] ya kupunguza makali hupunguza hatari ya kifo na matatizo yanayotokana na ugonjwa huu, matibabu haya ni ya bei ghali, hivyo yanaweza kuhusishwa na madhara mbadala. Kuna dawa za kusaidia watu wenye UKIMWI. Hizi zinaitwa ''dawa za kurefusha maisha''. Dawa za kurefusha maisha haziwezi kutibu UKIMWI. Hii ina maana kwamba haziwezi kufanya virusi vyote kuondoka mwili wa mtu. Lakini zinaweza kuwasaidia watu kupambana na virusi vya UKIMWI kwa mifumo yao ya kinga kufanya kazi vizuri zaidi. Hivyo dawa za kurefusha maisha si tiba kabili kwa virusi ya UKIMWI. Watu wenye VVU/UKIMWI ambao huchukua dawa za kurefusha maisha wanaweza kuishi muda mrefu, bila kupata maradhi yanayothibitisha UKIMWI. Lakini baada ya muda mrefu, virusi za HIV zisizouawa na dawa hizo hujifunza jinsi ya kupambana nazo na hivyo zinakuwa ''sugu'' kwa dawa hizo. Wakati mwingine VVU ni sugu kwa dawa moja, lakini dawa nyingine inaweza kutumika. Ili kupunguza uwezekano wa upinzani kutokea, watu wenye UKIMWI huchukua dawa zaidi ya moja kwa wakati mmoja. Wanaweza kuchukua madawa 2-4 kwa mara moja. Hii wakati mwingine inaitwa ''cocktail'' ya UKIMWI. Lakini baada ya muda mrefu, VVU kujifunza kuwa sugu kwa dawa nyingi. Hapo hakuna zaidi ya kuwatibu. Hivyo [[wanasayansi]] kuendelea kujaribu kupata dawa mpya ya kupambana na VVU. Dawa [[tano]] muhimu za wenye VVU ni: * D4T (stavudine) * 3TC (Lamivudine) * NVP (nevirapine) * AZT (zidovudine) * EFZ (efavirenz) Bila dawa hizo, kwa kawaida mtu mwenye VVU anaweza akaishi miaka 9-11. Utafiti wa kuboresha matibabu ya kisasa unajumuisha kupunguza madhara ya ziada ya dawa zilizopo, kurahisisha kanuni za kutumia dawa na kuboresha ubora na kuamua utaratibu bora wa kanuni ili kudhibiti ukinzani wa dawa. Hata hivyo, chanjo pekee ndiyo inayodhaniwa kuweza kusitisha janga hili. Hii ni kwa sababu chanjo ni ya bei nafuu, hivyo [[Taifa linalostawi|mataifa yanayostawi]] yanaweza kuimudu, na haitahitaji matibabu ya kila siku.<ref name=Ferrantelli>{{cite journal|author=Ferrantelli F, Cafaro A, Ensoli B |title=Nonstructural HIV proteins as targets for prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine|journal=Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=543–56|year=2004|month=December|pmid=15560981 |doi=10.1016/j.copbio.2004.10.008}}</ref> Hata hivyo, baada ya miaka 20 ya utafiti, imekuwa vigumu kupata chanjo dhidi ya VVU-1,<ref name=Ferrantelli/><ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Karlsson Hedestam GB, Fouchier RA, Phogat S, Burton DR, Sodroski J, Wyatt RT |title=The challenges of eliciting neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 and to influenza virus |journal=Nat. Rev. Microbiol. |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=143–55 |year=2008|month=February |pmid=18197170 |doi=10.1038/nrmicro1819}}</ref> hivyo tiba bado haijapatikana. === Upandikizaji seli kuu=== Mwaka wa 2007, Timothy Ray Brown,<ref name=ghivberlin>{{cite news|title=German HIV patient cured after stem cell transplant|url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/world-news/german-hiv-patient-cured-after-stem-cell-transplant-15030473.html|accessdate=December 15, 2010|newspaper=[[Belfast Telegraph]]|date=December 15, 2010}}</ref> mwanaume wa umri wa miaka 40 aliyekuwa na VVU, pia anayejulikana kama "the Berlin Patient" alipewa huduma ya [[upandikizaji seli kuu za damu|pandikizo la seli kuu]] kama mojawapo ya matibabu ya [[lukemia sugu ya mieloidi]] (LSM).<ref name = Blood>{{cite journal|last=Allers|first=K|coauthors=Hütter, G; Hofmann, J; Loddenkemper, C; Rieger, K; Thiel, E; Schneider, T|title=Evidence for the cure of HIV infection by CCR5Δ32/Δ32 stem cell transplantation|journal=Blood|date=2011-03-10|volume=117|issue=10|pages=2791–9|pmid=21148083|doi=10.1182/blood-2010-09-309591}}</ref>Pandikizo la pili lilifanyika mwaka uliofuata baada ya kuugua tena. Mfadhili alichanguliwa sio tu kwa kuwa ana [[antijeni ya leukositi ya binadamu|upatanifu wa kijeni]] lakini pia kwa kuwa alikuwa na [[utangamano]] wa kubadilika kwa [[CCR5-Δ32]] ambayo huwezesha ukinzani dhidi ya maambukizi ya VVU.<ref name="Wall Street Journal 2008">{{cite news | author=Mark Schoofs | title=A Doctor, a Mutation and a Potential Cure for AIDS | url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122602394113507555.html | accessdate=2008-11-09|publisher=The Wall Street Journal| date=November 7, 2008}}</ref><ref name=Huetter2009>{{cite journal |author=Hütter G, Nowak D, Mossner M, Ganepola S, Ganepola A, Allers K, Schneider T, Hofmann J, Kücherer C, Blau O, Blau IW, Hofmann WK, Thiel E |title=Long-Term Control of HIV by CCR5 Delta32/Delta32 Stem-Cell Transplantation |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=360 |issue=7 |pages=692–698 |year=2009 |pmid=19213682 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0802905 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/360/7/692 |accessdate=2009-03-31 |archive-date=2009-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213112056/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/360/7/692 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Baada ya miezi 20 bila matibabu ya dawa za kudhibiti VVU, iliripotiwa kuwa viwango vya VVU kwenye damu ya Brown [[uboho]] na matumbo vilikuwa chini ya kiwango cha kutambulika.<ref name=Huetter2009/>Virusi hivi vilibakia katika kiwango hicho kwa miaka mitatu baada ya upandikizo wa kwanza.<ref name=Blood/>Ingawa watafiti na baadhi ya wachambuzi wanasema kuwa matokeo haya ni tiba, wengine wao wanadokeza kuwa virusi hivi vinaweza kuwa vimejificha ndani ya tishu<ref name=NEJMLevy/>kama vile ubongo (unaotumika kama [[ufiche wa virusi|hifadhi]]).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nath|first=A|coauthors=Clements, JE|title=Eradication of HIV from the brain: reasons for pause|journal=AIDS (London, England)|date=2011-03-13|volume=25|issue=5|pages=577–80|pmid=21160414|doi=10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283437d2f}}(subscription required)</ref> Matibabu ya seli kuu yamebakia chini ya [[utafiti wa kiafya |kuchunguzwa]] kwa sababu ya asili yake ya [[ushahidi wa kinadharia|kinadharia]], ugonjwa wenywe na hatari ya kufa inayohusishwa na upandikizaji wa seli kuu na ugumu wa kupata wafadhili mwafaka.<ref name=NEJMLevy>{{cite journal |author=Levy JA |title=Not an HIV Cure, but Encouraging New Directions |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=360 |issue=7 |pages=724–725 |year=2009 |doi=10.1056/NEJMe0810248 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/360/7/724 |accessdate=2009-03-31 |pmid=19213687 |archive-date=2009-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215235206/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/360/7/724 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite pmid|21331536}}(subscription required)</ref> === Matibabu ya kuboresha kingamwili === Matibabu saidizi za kudhibiti uigaji wa virusi, [[matibabu ya kingamwili,|matibabu ya kingamwili]] zinazoweza kusaidia kuboresha mfumo wa kingamwili zilizochunguzwa awali, na juhudi zinazoendelea ni pamoja na [[Interleukin-2|IL-2]] na [[Interleukin-7|IL-7]].<ref name="Tincati-2009">{{cite journal|last=Tincati|first=C|coauthors=d'Arminio Monforte, A; Marchetti, G|title=Immunological mechanisms of interleukin-2 (IL-2) treatment in HIV/AIDS disease|journal=Current molecular pharmacology|date=2009 Jan|volume=2|issue=1|pages=40–5|pmid=20021444|doi=10.2174/1874467210902010040}}</ref> Kutofaulu kwa chanjo kadhaa kukinga dhidi ya maambukizi ya VVU na kuendelea kwa UKIMWI kumepelekea mwelekeo mpya wa kuzingatia taratibu za kibayolojia zinazosababisha ufiche wa VVU. Kipindi kifupi cha matibabu ya kuunganisha dawa za kudhibiti VVU na dawa zinazolenga hifadhi fiche siku moja kinaweza kutokomeza maambukizi ya VVU.<ref name =Bowman>{{cite journal | author=Bowman MC, Archin NM, Margolis DM. | title=Pharmaceutical approaches to eradication of persistent HIV infection | journal=Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine |year=2009| volume=11 | issue=e6 | pmid=19208267 |doi=10.1017/S1462399409000970 | pages=e6 }}</ref>Watafiti wamegundua [[abusaimu]] inayoweza kuharibu eneo la kufungia protini ya [[gp120]] CD4. Protini hii hupatikana katika aina zote za VVU kwa sababu ndiyo ncha ambapo [[seli za B|limfosaiti za B]] hujishikisha kisha kuafikiana kwa mfumo wa kingamwili.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Planque S, Nishiyama Y, Taguchi H, Salas M, Hanson C, Paul S |title=Catalytic antibodies to HIV: Physiological role and potential clinical utility |journal=Autoimmun Rev |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=473–9 |year=2008 |month=June|pmid=18558365|doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2008.04.002 |url= |pmc=2527403}}</ref> == Njia za kujikinga na UKIMWI == [[Picha: Red Ribbon.svg|thumb|haki|Utepe mwekundu, ishara ya mapambano dhidi ya UKIMWI.]] [[File:AIDS Clinic, McLeod Ganj, 2010.jpg|thumb|alt=Onyesho la jumba la ghorofa mbili lililo na mabango kadhaa yanayohusiana na kuzuia UKIMWI |Matibabu ya UKIMWI, [[McLeod Ganj]], Himachel Pradesh, India, 2010]] Kuna njia nyingi za watu kupambana na [[janga]] hilo. Kuzuia maambukizi ya VVU, hasa kupitia [[kondomu]] na miradi ya kubadilishabadilisha sindano, ni mikakati mikuu inayotumika kudhibiti kuenea kwa ugonjwa huu. Lakini wengine wanahoji kwamba bila kubadili tabia, [[teknolojia]] peke yake haitaweza kushinda ugonjwa huo<ref>https://c-fam.org/friday_fax/global-south-revolts-against-western-sexual-agenda-at-world-health-assembly/?inf_contact_key=48abd2d5d654a153dbafe6d92d8d5d08842e902fbefb79ab9abae13bfcb46658</ref>. === Chanjo === Njia bora ya kuzuia VVU ni wazo la kuwa na [[chanjo]]. Wanasayansi wengi wanatafuta [[chanjo ya VVU]] ili kuokoa [[uhai]] wa mamilioni ya watu, lakini kufikia mwaka [[2012]], hakuna chanjo mwafaka dhidi ya VVU/UKIMWI.<ref>{{cite news|title=The quest for an HIV vaccine|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2012/may/20120518vaccinesday/|date=May 18, 2012|author=UNAIDS|accessdate=2020-03-28|archivedate=2012-05-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524051113/http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2012/may/20120518vaccinesday/}}</ref>Jaribio moja la chanjo ya [[RV 144]] iliyotolewa mwaka 2009 lilipelekea kupunguza hatari ya kuambukiza kwa takriban 30%, hivyo kuchochea matarajio ya jamii ya utafiti ya kutengeneza chanjo mwafaka zaidi.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Reynell|first=L|coauthors=Trkola, A|title=HIV vaccines: an attainable goal?|journal=Swiss medical weekly|date=2012-03-02|volume=142|pages=w13535|pmid=22389197|doi=10.4414/smw.2012.13535}}</ref> Majaribio zaidi ya chanjo ya RV 144 yanaendelea.<ref>{{cite web| author = U.S. Army Office of the Surgeon General| title = HIV Vaccine Trial in Thai Adults| publisher = ClinicalTrials.gov| date = March 21, 2011| accessdate = June 28, 2011| url =http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00223080}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| author = U.S. Army Office of the Surgeon General|title = Follow up of Thai Adult Volunteers With Breakthrough HIV Infection After Participation in a Preventive HIV Vaccine Trial| publisher = ClinicalTrials.gov| date = June 2, 2010| url =http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00337181}}</ref> ===Kondomu=== Vitendo vya kijinsia ni njia kuu ya kupata VVU. Kama watu wanatumia [[kondomu]] wanapofanya mapenzi, kuna nafasi ndogo zaidi ya kuambukizana VVU, lakini [[ukweli]] kamili ni kwamba hakuna [[ngono salama]] kwa hakika. Matumizi ya [[kondomu]] ya kila mara hupunguza hatari ya kuambukizana UKIMWI kwa takriban 80% katika muda mrefu wa usoni.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Crosby|first=R|coauthors=Bounse, S|title=Condom effectiveness: where are we now?|journal=Sexual health|date=2012 Mar|volume=9|issue=1|pages=10–7|pmid=22348628|doi=10.1071/SH11036}}</ref> Iwapo mwenzi mmoja ameambukizwa, kutumia kondomu kila mara hupelekea viwango vya chini ya 1% kwa mwaka vya huyo mwingine kuambukizwa.<ref name=WHOCondoms>{{cite web| publisher=[[World Health Organization|WHO]]| month=August |year=2003|url=http://www.wpro.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs_200308_Condoms/en/index.html | title=Condom Facts and Figures|accessdate=January 17, 2006 }}</ref> Kuna ushahidi mdogo unaoonyesha kuwa [[kondomu za wanawake]] una kiwango sawa cha kinga.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gallo|first=MF|coauthors=Kilbourne-Brook, M; Coffey, PS|title=A review of the effectiveness and acceptability of the female condom for dual protection|journal=Sexual health|date=2012 Mar|volume=9|issue=1|pages=18–26|pmid=22348629|doi=10.1071/SH11037}}</ref> ===Dawa za ukeni=== Kutumia mafuta ya ukeni yanaliyo na [[tenofovir]] muda mfupi kabla ya ngono hukisiwa kupunguza viwango vya maambukizi kwa takriban 40% miongoni mwa wanawake wa Kiafrika.<ref name=VagGel2012>{{cite journal|last=Celum|first=C|coauthors=Baeten, JM|title=Tenofovir-based pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention: evolving evidence|journal=Current opinion in infectious diseases|date=2012 Feb|volume=25|issue=1|pages=51–7|pmid=22156901|doi=10.1097/QCO.0b013e32834ef5ef|pmc=3266126}}</ref> Kinyume na hili, matumizi ya [[spemisidi]] [[nonoxynol-9]] yanaweza kuongeza hatari ya kuambukizwa kwa sababu ya uwezo wake wa kuleta mwasho wa uke na [[rektamu]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Baptista|first=M|coauthors=Ramalho-Santos, J|title=Spermicides, microbicides and antiviral agents: recent advances in the development of novel multi-functional compounds|journal=Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry|date=2009-11-01|volume=9|issue=13|pages=1556–67|pmid=20205637|doi=10.2174/138955709790361548}}</ref> ===Tohara=== [[Tohara]] katika eneo la [[Kusini kwa Sahara]] "hupunguza uambukizaji wa VVU katika wanaume wanaohusiana na wanawake kimapenzi kwa kati ya 38% na 66% kwa muda wa miezi 24". <ref>{{cite journal|last=Siegfried|first=N|coauthors=Muller, M; Deeks, JJ; Volmink, J|title=Male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of HIV in men|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2009-04-15|issue=2|pages=CD003362|pmid=19370585|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003362.pub2|editor1-last=Siegfried|editor1-first=Nandi}}</ref> Kwa msingi wa tafiti hizi, mashirika ya SAD na UNAIDS yalipendekeza tohara kama mbinu ya kuzuia uambukizaji VVU kutoka kwa mwanamke hadi mwanamume mwaka 2007.<ref>{{cite web |title=WHO and UNAIDS announce recommendations from expert consultation on male circumcision for HIV prevention |publisher=World Health Organization |date=Mar 28, 2007 |url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2007/pr10/en/index.html |accessdate=2020-03-28 |archivedate=2011-07-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703140439/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2007/pr10/en/index.html }}</ref> Haijabainika wazi iwapo njia hii huzuia uambukizaji kutoka kwa mwanamume hadi mwanamke<ref>{{cite journal|last=Larke|first=N|title=Male circumcision, HIV and sexually transmitted infections: a review|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-nursing_2010-05-27_19_10/page/n11|journal=British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing)|date=2010 May 27 – Jun 9|volume=19|issue=10|pages=629–34|pmid=20622758}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Eaton|first=L|coauthors=Kalichman, SC|title=Behavioral aspects of male circumcision for the prevention of HIV infection|journal=Current HIV/AIDS reports|date=2009 Nov|volume=6|issue=4|pages=187–93|pmid=19849961|doi=10.1007/s11904-009-0025-9}}(subscription required)</ref> na iwapo mbinu hii ina manufaa katika [[mataifa yaliyostawi]] na haijabainika miongoni mwa mashoga.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kim|first=HH|coauthors=Li, PS, Goldstein, M|title=Male circumcision: Africa and beyond?|journal=Current opinion in urology|date=2010 Nov|volume=20|issue=6|pages=515–9|pmid=20844437|doi=10.1097/MOU.0b013e32833f1b21}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Templeton|first=DJ|coauthors=Millett, GA, Grulich, AE|title=Male circumcision to reduce the risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men|journal=Current opinion in infectious diseases|date=2010 Feb|volume=23|issue=1|pages=45–52|pmid=19935420|doi=10.1097/QCO.0b013e328334e54d}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida | last1 = Wiysonge | first1 = CS. | last2 = Kongnyuy | first2 = EJ. | last3 = Shey | first3 = M. | last4 = Muula | first4 = AS.|last5 = Navti | first5 = OB. | last6 = Akl | first6 = EA. | last7 = Lo | first7 = YR. | title = Male circumcision for prevention of homosexual acquisition of HIV in men | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume = | issue = 6 | pages = CD007496 | month = | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD007496.pub2 | pmid = 21678366 | editor1-last = Wiysonge |editor1-first = Charles Shey }}</ref> Baadhi ya wataalamu wanahofia kuwa dhana ya kiwango cha chini cha hatari miongoni mwa wanaume waliotahiriwa inaweza kupelekea mienendo hatari zaidi, hivyo wanapinga faida ya mbinu hii katika kukinga.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Eaton LA, Kalichman S |title=Risk compensation in HIV prevention: implications for vaccines, microbicides, and other biomedical HIV prevention technologies |journal=Curr HIV/AIDS Rep |volume=4 |issue=4|pages=165–72 |year=2007|month=December|pmid=18366947|pmc=2937204 |doi=10.1007/s11904-007-0024-7}}</ref> Wanawake waliofanyiwa [[ukeketaji]] wana hatari zaidi ya kuambukizwa.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Utz-Billing I, Kentenich H|title=Female genital mutilation: an injury, physical and mental harm |journal=J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol|volume=29|issue=4 |pages=225–9|year=2008 |month=December |pmid=19065392 |doi=10.1080/01674820802547087 |url=}}</ref> ===Mawaidha na elimu=== Njia muhimu ya kuzuia VVU/UKIMWI ni [[elimu]] kwa kuwa hiyo inawezesha kuelewa maana ya [[jinsia]] na kukwepa sababu za maambukizi yake. Ni kwamba watu wanaweza kupata VVU kutokana na [[ngono]] na kutokana na [[damu]]. Watoto wanaweza pia kupata VVU kutoka kwa [[mama]] zao (wakati wa kukua ndani ya akina mama wajawazito na wakati wa kunyonya [[maziwa]] ya mama.) Kuna baadhi ya watu ambao hawataki watu wajue kuhusu kondomu na sindano safi, au hawataki wawe na kondomu au sindano safi. Hao wanaamini kuwa watu wakijua kuhusu kondomu na kuwa na kondomu watafanya ngono zaidi na hivyo kuzidisha maambukizi badala ya kuyapunguza kwa sababu kinga hiyo si madhubuti. Vilevile wanaamini kuwa watu wakiwa na sindano safi watatumia dawa za kulevya zaidi. Wengi wa wanaodhani hivyo ni pia kwa sababu ya [[dini]] zao kukataza [[uzinifu]] na [[ulevi]] kama tabia zinazoharibu binadamu binafsi na jamii kwa jumla. Hao huhimiza [[upendo]] na [[uaminifu]] katika [[ndoa]], [[usafi wa moyo]] na utunzaji wa afya. Miradi inayohimiza [[kujinyima ngono]] haijatambulika inaathiri vipi hatari ya kupata VVU.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Underhill K, Operario D, Montgomery P |title= Abstinence-only programs for HIV infection prevention in high-income countries |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=4 |pages= CD005421|year=2008|pmid= 17943855|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005421.pub2|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD005421/frame.html|editor1-last= Operario|editor1-first= Don}}</ref> Ushahidi wa manufaa ya [[elimu ya rika]] pia hautoshi.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tolli|first=MV|title=Effectiveness of peer education interventions for HIV prevention, adolescent pregnancy prevention and sexual health promotion for young people: a systematic review of European studies|journal=Health education research|date=2012-05-28|pmid=22641791|doi=10.1093/her/cys055}}</ref> [[Elimu ya ngono]] inayotolewa [[Shule|shuleni]] inaweza kupunguza mitindo hatari,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ljubojević|first=S|coauthors=Lipozenčić, J|title=Sexually transmitted infections and adolescence|journal=Acta dermatovenerologica Croatica : ADC|year=2010|volume=18|issue=4|pages=305–10|pmid=21251451}}</ref> lakini inaweza pia kuchochea wanafunzi wakajaribu wenyewe ngono. [[Vijana]] wengi wanajihusisha katika vitendo hatari licha ya kufahamu kuhusu VVU/UKIMWI, huku wakipuuza hatari ya kuambukizwa.<ref name="Patel2008">{{Rejea jarida| author=Patel VL, Yoskowitz NA, Kaufman DR, Shortliffe EH | title=Discerning patterns of human immunodeficiency virus risk in healthy young adults | journal=Am J Med | year=2008 | pages=758–764 |volume=121|issue=4 | pmid=18724961 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.04.022 | pmc=2597652 }}</ref> ===Dawa kabla ya hatari=== Asilimia 96 ya watu walikingwa dhidi ya maambukizi iwapo wenzi wao walioambukizwa walipata mapema dawa za kudhibiti VVU<ref>National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), [http://www.niaid.nih.gov/news/newsreleases/2011/Pages/HPTN052.aspx "Treating HIV-infected People with Antiretrovirals Protects Partners from Infection"], NIH News, 2011 May</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Anglemyer|first=A|coauthors=Rutherford, GW; Baggaley, RC; Egger, M; Siegfried, N|title=Antiretroviral therapy for prevention of HIV transmission in HIV-discordant couples|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2011-08-10|issue=8|pages=CD009153|pmid=21833973|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009153.pub2|editor1-last=Rutherford|editor1-first=George W}}</ref> Proflaksisi ya kabla ya hatari pamoja na kipimo cha kila siku cha dawa ya [[tenofovir]] (ikiwa na au bila [[emtricitabine]]) ni mwafaka kwa vikundi fulani, ikijumuisha: mashoga, wachumba wa wenye VVU na vijana wa Afrika wanaovutiwa na watu wa jinsia tofauti. <ref name=VagGel2012/> Hadhari za jumla katika mandhari ya utunzaji wa afya zinaaminika kufaulu kupunguza hatari ya VVU.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|title=Recommendations for prevention of HIV transmission in health-care settings|journal=MMWR|volume=36 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=1S–18S |year=1987|month=August|pmid=3112554|url=http://www.cdc.gov/MMWR/PREVIEW/MMWRHTML/00023587.htm |author1= Centers for Disease Control (CDC)}}</ref> Matumizi ya dawa zinazodungwa mishipani ni kipengele muhimu cha hatari, hivyo mikakati ya [[kupunguza madhara]] kama vile [[miradi ya kubadilisha sindano]] na [[matibabu ya kubadilisha opioidi]] yanaonekana kufaulu kupunguza hatari.<ref name=Kurth2011>{{cite journal|last=Kurth|first=AE|coauthors=Celum, C; Baeten, JM; Vermund, SH; Wasserheit, JN|title=Combination HIV prevention: significance, challenges, and opportunities|journal=Current HIV/AIDS reports|date=2011 Mar|volume=8|issue=1|pages=62–72|pmid=20941553|doi=10.1007/s11904-010-0063-3|pmc=3036787}}</ref> ===Dawa baada ya hatari=== Vipimo vya dawa za kudhibiti VVU zinazotolewa kati ya saa 48 hadi 72 baada ya hatari kwa damu yenye VVU au viowevu vya uzazi hujulikana kama proflaksisi ya baada ya hatari.<ref name=Prevention2012/> Matumizi ya dawa moja ya [[zidovudine]] hupunguza mara tano hatari ya kupata VVU kutokana na jeraha la sindano.<ref name=Prevention2012>{{cite journal |author= |title=HIV exposure through contact with body fluids |journal=Prescrire Int|volume=21 |issue=126 |pages=100–1, 103–5 |year=2012 |month=April |pmid=22515138 |doi= |url= |author1= [No authors listed]}}</ref> Matibabu hupendekezwa baada ya [[ubakaji]] iwapo mshukiwa anatambulika kuwa na VVU lakini yanakumbwa na utata iwapo hali yake haijulikani.<ref name=NEJM2011Sex>{{cite journal|last=Linden|first=JA|title=Clinical practice. Care of the adult patient after sexual assault|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2011-09-01_365_9/page/834|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=2011-09-01|volume=365|issue=9|pages=834–41|pmid=21879901|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1102869}}</ref> Taratibu za matibabu ya sasa hutumia [[lopinavir/ritonavir]] na [[lamivudine/zidovudine]] au [[emtricitabine/tenofovir]] na yanaweza kupunguza hatari zaidi.<ref name=Prevention2012/> Kwa kawaida, muda wa matibabu huwa wiki nne <ref name=CochranePEP2007>{{cite journal|last=Young|first=TN|coauthors=Arens, FJ; Kennedy, GE; Laurie, JW; Rutherford, G|title=Antiretroviral post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for occupational HIV exposure|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2007-01-24|issue=1|pages=CD002835|pmid=17253483|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002835.pub3|editor1-last=Young|editor1-first=Taryn}}</ref>na mara nyingi huhusishwa na athari kali (zidovudine ikiwa na takriban 70% ya visa, ikijumuisha 24% kichefuchefu, 22% uchovu, 13% mafadhaiko na 9% maumivu ya kichwa.<ref name=AFP2007/> === Kuzuia maambukizi ya mama kwa mtoto === Hatua za kuzuia kusambaza VVU kutoka kwa mama hadi mtoto zinaweza kupunguza kiwango cha maambukizi kwa asilimia 92-99.<ref name=Mother2010>{{cite journal|last=Coutsoudis|first=A|coauthors=Kwaan, L; Thomson, M|title=Prevention of vertical transmission of HIV-1 in resource-limited settings|journal=Expert review of anti-infective therapy|date=2010 Oct|volume=8|issue=10|pages=1163–75|pmid=20954881|doi=10.1586/eri.10.94}}</ref><ref name=Kurth2011/> Kimsingi, hatua hizi hujumuisha kutumia mwungano wa dawa za kudhibiti VVU katika ujauzito na baada ya kuzaa, na pia [[kunywesha kwa chupa]] badala ya [[kunyonyesha]].<ref name=Mother2010/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Siegfried|first=N|coauthors=van der Merwe, L; Brocklehurst, P; Sint, TT|title=Antiretrovirals for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2011-07-06|issue=7|pages=CD003510|pmid=21735394|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003510.pub3|editor1-last=Siegfried|editor1-first=Nandi}}</ref>Ikiwa itakubaliwa kulisha, inafaidi, inawezekana kumudu gharama yake, na ni salama, kina mama hawapaswi kuwanyonyesha watoto wao. Hata hivyo, iwapo haiwezekani, kina mama hushauriwa kunyonyesha tu katika miezi ya kwanza.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/Infantfeedingconsensusstatement.pf.pdf |format=PDF |year=2006 |accessdate=March 12, 2008 |title=WHO HIV and Infant Feeding Technical Consultation Held on behalf of the Inter-agency Task Team (IATT) on Prevention of HIV – Infections in Pregnant Women, Mothers and their Infants –Consensus statement |date=October 25–27, 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409065845/http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/Infantfeedingconsensusstatement.pf.pdf |archivedate=2008-04-09 |deadurl=no }}</ref> Ikiwa kunyonyesha pekee kutatekelezwa, kumpa mtoto proflaksisi ya kudhibiti VVU kwa muda mrefu zaidi hupunguza hatari ya kuambukizwa.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Horvath|first=T|coauthors=Madi, BC; Iuppa, IM; Kennedy, GE; Rutherford, G; Read, JS|title=Interventions for preventing late postnatal mother-to-child transmission of HIV|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2009-01-21|issue=1|pages=CD006734|pmid=19160297|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006734.pub2|editor1-last=Horvath|editor1-first=Tara}}</ref> ===Dawa za kudhibiti virusi === [[File:Abacavir (Ziagen) 300mg.jpg|thumb|alt=Tembe mbili za manjano za umbo la mstatili ambapo mojawapo ya alama za GX623 inaonekana|''[[Abacavir]]'' – kifanani cha nukliosidi kinachozuia kugeuzwa kwa nakala (KNKN)]] Kwa sasa hakuna tiba au [[chanjo ya VVU]] mwafaka. Matibabu hujumuisha dawa tendi za kudhibiti VVU za kiwango cha juu zinazopunguza mwendo wa ugonjwa huu.<ref name=LE2011>{{cite journal|last=May|first=MT|coauthors=Ingle, SM|title=Life expectancy of HIV-positive adults: a review|journal=Sexual health|date=2011 Dec|volume=8|issue=4|pages=526–33|pmid=22127039|doi=10.1071/SH11046}}</ref> Kufikia mwaka 2010, zaidi ya watu milioni 6.6&nbsp; wa nchi za mapato ya chini na ya kati walikuwa wakitumia dawa hizo.<ref name=UN2011Ten/> Matibabu pia huhusisha hatua za kuzuia na kutibu maambukizi nyemelezi. Chaguo za kisasa za KNKN ni michanganyiko ya angalau dawa tatu za angalau aina au "vikundi" viwili vya ajenti za [[dawa za kudhibiti VVU]].<ref name=WHOTx2010Pg19/> Mwanzoni, matibabu kwa kawaida huhusisha kizuizi kisicho cha nukliosidi kinachozuia kugeuzwa kwa nakala (KKNKN) pamoja na vidonge viwili vya kifanani cha nukliosidi kinachozuia kugeuzwa kwa nakala (KNKN).<ref name=WHOTx2010Pg19/> KNKN kwa kawaida hujumuisha: [[zidovudine]] (AZT) au [[tenofovir]] (TDF) na [[lamivudine]] (3TC) au [[emtricitabine]] (FTC).<ref name=WHOTx2010Pg19/> Mwungano wa ajenti zinazojumuisha kizuizi cha protisi (KP) hutumika utaratibu huu ukipoteza utendakazi.<ref name=WHOTx2010Pg19/> Wakati wa kuanzisha matumizi ya dawa za kudhibiti VVU ni mada ambayo ingali inajadiliwa.<ref name=Deut2010/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Sax|first=PE|coauthors=Baden, LR|title=When to start antiretroviral therapy—ready when you are?|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=2009-04-30|volume=360|issue=18|pages=1897–9|pmid=19339713|doi=10.1056/NEJMe0902713}}</ref> Shirika la Afya Duniani, miongozo ya [[Ulaya]] na pia Marekani hupendekeza dawa za kudhibiti VVU kwa vijana waliobalehe, watu wazima na kina mama wajawazito walio na kiwango cha CD4 cha chini ya 350/uL au walio na dalili, bila kuzingatia kiwango chao cha CD4.<ref name=Deut2010/><ref name=WHOTx2010Pg19>{{cite book|title=Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents: recommendations for a public health approach|year=2010|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-159976-4|pages=19–20|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599764_eng.pdf|access-date=2020-03-28|archive-date=2012-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709184257/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599764_eng.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>Hali hii huwezeshwa na ukweli kwamba kuanzisha matibabu wakati huu hupunguza hatari ya kifo.<ref name=CochraneART2010>{{cite journal|last=Siegfried|first=N|coauthors=Uthman, OA; Rutherford, GW|title=Optimal time for initiation of antiretroviral therapy in asymptomatic, HIV-infected, treatment-naive adults|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2010-03-17|issue=3|pages=CD008272|pmid=20238364|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008272.pub2|editor1-last=Siegfried|editor1-first=Nandi}}</ref> Isitoshe, Marekani imependekeza matibabu hayo kwa watu wote wenye VVU bila kuzingatia kiwango cha CD4 au dalili, ingawa inatoa pendekezo hili ikiwahofia watu wenye kiwango cha juu cha CD4.<ref name=Guidelines2009>{{cite book|last=Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents|first=|title=Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents|url=http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/ContentFiles/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf|date=2009-12-01|publisher=United States Department of Health and Human Services|page=i|access-date=2020-03-28|archive-date=2009-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113181125/http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Shirika la Afya Duniani pia linapendekeza matibabu kwa watu wenye maambukizi nyongeza ya kifua kikuu na [[hepatitisi B]] tendi ya muda mrefu.<ref name=WHOTx2010Pg19/> Matibabu yanapoanzishwa, inapendekezwa yaendelezwe bila "kupumzika".<ref name=Deut2010/> Watu wengi hutambuliwa punde tu baada ya wakati ambao matibabu yalipaswa kuanzishwa.<ref name=Deut2010/> Katika matibabu, matokeo yanayotarajiwa ni kiwango cha HIV-RNA ya plasma ya muda mrefu cha chini ya nakala 50/mL.<ref name=Deut2010>{{cite journal|last=Vogel|first=M|coauthors=Schwarze-Zander, C; Wasmuth, JC; Spengler, U; Sauerbruch, T; Rockstroh, JK|title=The treatment of patients with HIV|journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt international|date=2010 Jul|volume=107|issue=28–29|pages=507–15; quiz 516|pmid=20703338|doi=10.3238/arztebl.2010.0507|pmc=2915483}}</ref>Viwango vya kuthibitisha ikiwa matibabu ni mwafaka hupendekezwa kwanza baada ya wiki nne na punde viwango hivi vinaposhuka chini ya nakala 50/mL. Vipimo vya kila baada ya miezi 3-6 kwa kawaida huwa mwafaka.<ref name=Deut2010/> Udhibiti usio mwafaka huchukuliwa kuwa zaidi ya nakala 400/mL.<ref name=Deut2010/> Kulingana na kigezo hiki, matibabu huwa mwafaka kwa zaidi ya 95% ya watu katika mwaka wa kwanza.<ref name=Deut2010/> Manufaa ya matibabu hujumuisha upungufu wa hatari ya kuendelezwa kwa VVU na kupunguka kwa hatari ya kifo.<ref>{{cite journal|last=When To Start|first=Consortium|coauthors=Sterne, JA; May, M; Costagliola, D; de Wolf, F; Phillips, AN; Harris, R; Funk, MJ; Geskus, RB; Gill, J; Dabis, F; Miró, JM; Justice, AC; Ledergerber, B; Fätkenheuer, G; Hogg, RS; Monforte, AD; Saag, M; Smith, C; Staszewski, S; Egger, M; Cole, SR|title=Timing of initiation of antiretroviral therapy in AIDS-free HIV-1-infected patients: a collaborative analysis of 18 HIV cohort studies|journal=Lancet|date=2009-04-18|volume=373|issue=9672|pages=1352–63|pmid=19361855|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60612-7|pmc=2670965}}</ref>Katika mataifa yaliyostawi matibabu pia huboresha afya ya mwili na ya akili.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Beard|first=J|coauthors=Feeley, F; Rosen, S|title=Economic and quality of life outcomes of antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS in developing countries: a systematic literature review|journal=AIDS care|date=2009 Nov|volume=21|issue=11|pages=1343–56|pmid=20024710|doi=10.1080/09540120902889926}}</ref> Matibabu hupelekea kupunguza kwa 70% hatari ya kupata kifua kikuu.<ref name=WHOTx2010Pg19/> Manufaa ya nyongeza hujumuisha upungufu wa hatari ya kusambazwa kwa ugonjwa huu hadi kwa wenzi kingono, na upungufu wa kusambazwa kwa maambukizi kutoka kwa mama hadi mtoto. <ref name=WHOTx2010Pg19/> Ubora wa matibabu hutegemea pakubwa maafikiano.<ref name=Deut2010/> Sababu za kutoafikiana hujumuisha: ufikiaji duni wa huduma za kimatibabu,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Orrell|first=C|title=Antiretroviral adherence in a resource-poor setting|journal=Current HIV/AIDS reports|date=2005 Nov|volume=2|issue=4|pages=171–6|pmid=16343374|doi=10.1007/s11904-005-0012-8}}</ref>huduma duni za kijamii, [[ugonjwa wa akili]] na [[uraibu wa madawa]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Malta|first=M|coauthors=Strathdee, SA; Magnanini, MM; Bastos, FI|title=Adherence to antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome among drug users: a systematic review|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-addiction_2008-08_103_8/page/1242|journal=Addiction (Abingdon, England)|date=2008 Aug|volume=103|issue=8|pages=1242–57|pmid=18855813|doi=10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02269.x}}</ref> Isitoshe, utata wa utaratibu wa matibabu (kufuatia idadi ya tembe na idadi ya marudio ya kumeza tembe) na [[athari kali]] zinaweza kusababisha kutoafikiana kwa kimakusudi.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nachega|first=JB|coauthors=Marconi, VC; van Zyl, GU; Gardner, EM; Preiser, W; Hong, SY; Mills, EJ; Gross, R|title=HIV treatment adherence, drug resistance, virologic failure: evolving concepts|journal=Infectious disorders drug targets|date=2011 Apr|volume=11|issue=2|pages=167–74|pmid=21406048}}</ref>Hata hivyo, viwango vya uafikiano ni sawa katika nchi zinazostawi na zilizostawi<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nachega|first=JB|coauthors=Mills, EJ; Schechter, M|title=Antiretroviral therapy adherence and retention in care in middle-income and low-income countries: current status of knowledge and research priorities|journal=Current opinion in HIV and AIDS|date=2010 Jan|volume=5|issue=1|pages=70–7|pmid=20046150|doi=10.1097/COH.0b013e328333ad61}}</ref> Matukio makuu huhusishwa na ajenti inayotumika.<ref name=Montessori2004/> Baadhi ya visa vinavyotokea mara nyingi hujumuisha: [[lipodistrofi inayohusishwa na VVU|sindromu ya lipodistofi]], [[dislipidemia]] na [[kisukari tamu]] hasa pamoja na vizuizi vya protisi.<ref name=M121/> Dalili zingine zinazotokea mara nyingi hujumuisha: [[kuhara]],<ref name=Montessori2004>{{cite journal| author=Montessori, V., Press, N., Harris, M., Akagi, L., Montaner, J. S. |title=Adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection | journal=CMAJ |year=2004 | pages=229–238 |volume=170 | issue=2 |pmid=14734438 | pmc=315530}}</ref><ref name="Burgoyne2008">{{Rejea jarida|author=Burgoyne RW, Tan DH|title=Prolongation and quality of life for HIV-infected adults treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART): a balancing act|journal=J. Antimicrob. Chemother. |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=469–73|year=2008 |month=March|pmid=18174196|doi=10.1093/jac/dkm499</ref> na ongezeko la hatari ya [[ugonjwa wa moyo na mishipa]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Barbaro|first=G|coauthors=Barbarini, G|title=Human immunodeficiency virus & cardiovascular risk|journal=The Indian journal of medical research|date=2011 Dec|volume=134|issue=6|pages=898–903|pmid=22310821|doi=10.4103/0971-5916.92634|pmc=3284097}}</ref> Hata hivyo, athari kali huwa katika matibabu mapya yaliyopendekezwa.<ref name=Deut2010/> Gharama huenda ikawa tatizo kwani baadhi ya dawa huwa ghali<ref>{{cite journal|last=Orsi|first=F|coauthors=d'almeida, C|title=Soaring antiretroviral prices, TRIPS and TRIPS flexibilities: a burning issue for antiretroviral treatment scale-up in developing countries|journal=Current opinion in HIV and AIDS|date=2010 May|volume=5|issue=3|pages=237–41|pmid=20539080|doi=10.1097/COH.0b013e32833860ba}}</ref>. Hata hivyo, hadi mwaka wa 2010, 47% ya watu waliohitaji dawa hizo walikuwa wakizitumia katika nchi zinazostawi na za mapato ya wastani<ref name=UN2011Ten/> Dawa fulani zinaweza kuhusishwa na [[ulemavu wa kuzaliwa]] hivyo hazifai kutumiwa na wanawake wanaopanga kupata watoto.<ref name=Deut2010/> Matibabu yanayopendekezewa watoto hutofautiana kidogo na ya watu wazima. Katika nchi zinazoendelea, kufikia mwaka wa 2010, 23% ya watoto waliohitaji dawa hizi walikuwa wakizitumia.<ref name=UN2011ONESIXTY>UNAIDS 2011 uk. 150-160</ref> Shirika la Afya Duniani na Marekani inapendekeza matibabu kwa watoto wote wa umri wa chini ya miezi 12.<ref name=USKID2011/><ref name=WHOKID2010>{{cite book|title=Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in infants and children|year=2010|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-159980-1|page=2|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599801_eng.pdf|access-date=2020-03-28|archive-date=2014-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224081130/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599801_eng.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref>Marekani hupendekeza matibabu kwa watoto wa umri wa mwaka 1-5 walio na kiwango cha VVU-RNA cha zaidi ya nakala 100,000&nbsp;/mL na kwa walio zaidi ya miaka mitano watibiwe iwapo kiwango cha CD4 ni chini ya 500/ul.<ref name=USKID2011>{{cite web|title=Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Pediatric HIV Infection|url=http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/pediatricguidelines.pdf|work=The Panel on Antiretroviral Therapy and Medical Management of HIV-Infected Children|format=PDF|date=Aug 11,2011|accessdate=2020-03-28|archivedate=2013-02-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216214548/http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/pediatricguidelines.pdf}}</ref> ===Kuzuia maambukizi nyemelezi=== Mikakati ya kuzuia maambukizi nyemelezi hufaa watu wengi wenye VVU/UKIMWI. Matibabu ya dawa za kudhibiti virusi huboresha na kupunguza hatari ya kupata maambukizi nyemelezi kwa wakati huo na baadaye.<ref name=Montessori2004/>[[Chanjo]] dhidi ya [[hepatitisi]] A na B hupendekezwa kwa watu walio katika hatari ya VVU kabla ya maambukizi, ingawa yanaweza kutolewa baada ya kuambukizwa.<ref name=Laurence>{{Rejea jarida | author=Laurence J | title=Hepatitis A and B virus immunization in HIV-infected persons | journal=AIDS Reader | year=2006 | pages=15–17 | volume=16 | issue=1|pmid=16433468}}</ref> Kinga ya [[Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole]] kati ya wiki 4-6 na kukoma kunyonyesha watoto waliozaliwa na mama mwenye VVU hupendekezwa katika sehemu zenye upungufu wa raslimali.<ref name=UN2011ONESIXTY/> Pia inapendekezwa kuzuia PCP kiwango cha CD4 kikiwa chini ya 200&nbsp;/uL na kwa wenye PCP au waliokuwa nayo awali.<ref name=PCP2011>{{cite journal|last=Huang|first=L|coauthors=Cattamanchi, A; Davis, JL; den Boon, S; Kovacs, J; Meshnick, S; Miller, RF; Walzer, PD; Worodria, W; Masur, H; International HIV-associated Opportunistic Pneumonias (IHOP), Study; Lung HIV, Study|title=HIV-associated Pneumocystis pneumonia|journal=Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society|date=2011 Jun|volume=8|issue=3|pages=294–300|pmid=21653531|doi=10.1513/pats.201009-062WR|pmc=3132788}}</ref> Watu wenye ugandamizaji wa kingamwili pia hushauriwa kupata kinga ya [[toksoplasmosisi]] na [[Kriptokokasi|Meninjitisi ya kriptokokasi]].<ref name=PEPpocketguide>{{cite web | publisher=[[United States Department of Health and Human Services|Department of Health and Human Services]] | date=February 2, 2007 | url=http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?ss=14&doc_id=6223&string=infected+AND+patients | title=Treating opportunistic infections among HIV-infected adults and adolescents. Recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association/Infectious Diseases Society of America. | accessdate=2020-03-28 | archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121212000558/http://www.guideline.gov/browse/archive.aspx | archivedate=2012-12-12 | =https://archive.today/20121212000558/http://www.guideline.gov/browse/archive.aspx }}</ref> Mikakati mwafaka ya kinga imepunguza kiwango cha maambukizi kwa 50% katika miaka 1992-1997.<ref name=InfectionBook2008/> ===Matibabu mbadala=== Takriban 60% ya watu wenye VVU nchini Marekani hutumia mbinu mbalimbali za [[matibabu mbadala]].<ref name="pmid18608078">{{Rejea jarida|author=Littlewood RA, Vanable PA |title=Complementary and alternative medicine use among HIV-positive people: research synthesis and implications for HIV care |journal=AIDS Care |volume=20 |issue=8 |pages=1002–18 |year=2008 |month=September |pmid=18608078 |pmc=2570227|doi=10.1080/09540120701767216 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_aids-care_2008-09_20_8/page/1002}}</ref> Ubora wa matibabu hayo hata hivyo haujathibitishwa.<ref name="pmid15969772">{{Rejea jarida|author=Mills E, Wu P, Ernst E |title=Complementary therapies for the treatment of HIV: in search of the evidence |journal=Int J STD AIDS |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=395–403 |year=2005|month=June |pmid=15969772 |doi=10.1258/0956462054093962 |url=}}</ref> Kwa kuzingatia [[Lishe na VVU/UKIMWI|ushauri wa kilishe na UKIMWI]], kuna ushahidi unaoonyesha manufaa ya nyongeza za [[virutubishi vidogo]].<ref name="Irlam"/> Ushahidi wa manufaa ya nyongeza za [[seleniamu]] unaonyesha kuwa manufaa yake si mengi sana.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stone|first=CA|coauthors=Kawai, K; Kupka, R; Fawzi, WW|title=Role of selenium in HIV infection|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nutrition-reviews_2010-11_68_11/page/671|journal=Nutrition Reviews|date=2010 Nov|volume=68|issue=11|pages=671–81|pmid=20961297|doi=10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00337.x|pmc=3066516}}</ref> Kuna ushahidi mdogo kuwa nyongeza ya [[vitamini A]] kwa watoto hupunguza vifo na kuboresha ukuaji.<ref name=Irlam/> Nyongeza ya [[vitamini]] nyingi kwa kina mama wajawazito wenye [[lishe duni]] na wanaonyonyesha imeboresha [[afya]] ya kina mama na watoto barani Afrika<ref name=Irlam>{{cite journal|last=Irlam|first=JH|coauthors=Visser, MM; Rollins, NN; Siegfried, N|title=Micronutrient supplementation in children and adults with HIV infection|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2010-12-08|issue=12|pages=CD003650|pmid=21154354|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003650.pub3|editor1-last=Irlam|editor1-first=James H}}</ref> Kutumia virutubishi vidogo ndani ya lishe katika viwango vya [[Kiwango cha Matumizi ya kila Siku|KMS]] kwa watu wazima wenye VVU kumependekezwa na [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Forrester|first=JE|coauthors=Sztam, KA|title=Micronutrients in HIV/AIDS: is there evidence to change the WHO 2003 recommendations?|journal=The American journal of clinical nutrition|date=2011 Dec|volume=94|issue=6|pages=1683S–1689S|pmid=22089440|doi=10.3945/ajcn.111.011999|pmc=3226021}}</ref><ref name='WHO_nutrients'>{{Rejea kitabu | last = [[World Health Organization]] | title = Nutrient requirements for people living with HIV/AIDS: Report of a technical consultation | date = 2003-05 | location = Geneva | url = http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/Content_nutrient_requirements.pdf | id = | isbn = | accessdate = March 31, 2009 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090325030154/http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/Content_nutrient_requirements.pdf | archivedate = 2009-03-25 | deadurl = no }}</ref> SAD linasema kuwa [[takwimu]] kadhaa zimeonyesha nyongeza ya vitamini A, zinki na ayoni inaweza kuwaathiri pakubwa watu wazima walio na VVU.<ref name='WHO_nutrients' /> Hakuna ushahidi wa kutosha kuonyesha manufaa ya [[miti shamba]].<ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Liu JP, Manheimer E, Yang M|title=Herbal medicines for treating HIV infection and AIDS |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev|issue=3 |pages=CD003937|year=2005 |pmid=16034917 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003937.pub2|url=|editor1-last=Liu|editor1-first=Jian Ping}}</ref> ==Matarajio ya kuishi== [[File:HIV-AIDS world map-Deaths per million persons-WHO2012.svg|upright=1.3|thumb|Idadi ya vifo kutokana na UKIMWI kati ya watu milioni 1 mwaka 2012 {{refbegin|3}}{{legend|#ffff20|0}}{{legend|#ffe820|1–4}}{{legend|#ffd820|5–12}}{{legend|#ffc020|13–34}}{{legend|#ffa020|35–61}}{{legend|#ff9a20|62–134}}{{legend|#f08015|135–215}}{{legend|#e06815|216–458}}{{legend|#d85010|459-1,402}}{{legend|#d02010|1,403–5,828}}{{refend}}]] [[File:HIV-AIDS world map - DALY - WHO2004.svg|thumb|Alt=Ramani ya ulimwengu ambapo sehemu yake kubwa ni ya rangi ya manjano au ya chungwa isipokuwa Kusini kwa Sahara ambapo kuna rangi nyekundu au nyekundu nzito|[[Miaka ya kulemaza]] ya VVU kwa kila wakaazi 100,000&nbsp; kufikia 2004. {{Multicol}} {{legend|#b3b3b3|<small>no data</small>}} {{legend|#ffff65|<small>≤&nbsp;10</small>}} {{legend|#fff200|<small>10–25</small>}} {{legend|#ffdc00|<small>25–50</small>}} {{legend|#ffc600|<small>50–100</small>}} {{legend|#ffb000|<small>100–500</small>}} {{legend|#ff9a00|<small>500–1000</small>}} {{Multicol-break}} {{legend|#ff8400|<small>1000–2500</small>}} {{legend|#ff6e00|<small>2500–5000</small>}} {{legend|#ff5800|<small>5000–7500</small>}} {{legend|#ff4200|<small>7500-10000</small>}} {{legend|#ff2c00|<small>10000-50000</small>}} {{legend|#cb0000|<small>≥&nbsp;50000</small>}} {{Multicol-end}}]] Katika sehemu nyingi ulimwenguni UKIMWI umekuwa [[ugonjwa wa muda mrefu]], si ugonjwa mkali tu.<ref name=Knoll2007/> [[Prognosi]] ni tofauti katika watu mbalimbali, na kiwango cha CD4 pamoja na wingi wa virusi huwa muhimu katika kutabiri matokeo.<ref name=M118/> Wastani wa muda wa kuishi baada ya kuambukizwa unakadiriwa kuwa kati ya miaka 9-1&nbsp; bila matibabu, ikitegemea aina ya VVU.<ref name=UNAIDS2007>{{cite web| author = [[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|UNAIDS]], [[World Health Organization|WHO]]| month = December| year = 2007| title = 2007 AIDS epidemic update| url = http://data.unaids.org/pub/EPISlides/2007/2007_epiupdate_en.pdf| accessdate = 2008-03-12| format = PDF| archivedate = 2008-05-27| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080527201701/http://data.unaids.org/pub/EPISlides/2007/2007_epiupdate_en.pdf}}</ref> Baada ya utambuzi wa UKIMWI, iwapo matibabu hayapo, uwezo wa kuishi huwa kati ya miezi 6-19.<ref name=Morgan2>{{Rejea jarida | author=Morgan D, Mahe C, Mayanja B, Okongo JM, Lubega R, Whitworth JA| title=HIV-1 infection in rural Africa: is there a difference in median time to AIDS and survival compared with that in industrialized countries? | journal=AIDS | year=2002 | pages=597–632 | volume=16 | issue=4 | pmid=11873003 |doi=10.1097/00002030-200203080-00011}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida|title=Progression and mortality of untreated HIV-positive individuals living in resource-limited settings: update of literature review and evidence synthesis|author=Zwahlen M, Egger M|url=http://data.unaids.org/pub/Periodical/2006/zwahlen_unaids_hq_05_422204_2007_en.pdf|format=PDF|year=2006|accessdate=March 19, 2008|version=UNAIDS Obligation HQ/05/422204|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409065844/http://data.unaids.org/pub/Periodical/2006/zwahlen_unaids_hq_05_422204_2007_en.pdf|archivedate=2008-04-09|deadurl=no|journal=}}</ref> [[KKNKN]] na uzuiaji mwafaka wa Maambukizi nyemelezi hupunguza kima cha vifo kwa 80% na kuongeza matarajio ya urefu wa maisha hadi miaka 20-50 kwa mtu mzima wa kimo aliyetambuliwa na maambukizi karibuni.<ref name=Knoll2007>{{cite journal |journal= Int J Dermatol |year=2007 |volume=46 |issue=12 |pages=1219–28 |title= Current status of HIV infection: a review for non-HIV-treating physicians |author= Knoll B, Lassmann B, Temesgen Z|pmid=18173512|doi=10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03520.x}}</ref><ref name=LifeExpecr2008>{{cite journal |journal= Lancet|year=2008 |volume=372|issue=9635 |pages=293–9 |title=Life expectancy of individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries: a collaborative analysis of 14 cohort studies | author= Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration |pmid=18657708 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61113-7 |pmc= 3130543 }}</ref><ref name=Schack2006>{{cite journal | author=Schackman BR, Gebo KA, Walensky RP, Losina E, Muccio T, Sax PE, Weinstein MC, Seage GR 3rd, Moore RD, Freedberg KA. |title=The lifetime cost of current HIV care in the United States | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_medical-care_2006-11_44_11/page/990 | journal=Med Care | year=2006 |pages=990–997 | volume=44 | issue=11 | pmid=17063130 |doi=10.1097/01.mlr.0000228021.89490.2a}}</ref> Hii ni kati ya 2/3<ref name=LifeExpecr2008/> na karibu na kiwango cha umma.<ref name=Deut2010/><ref>{{cite journal|last=van Sighem|first=AI|coauthors=Gras, LA; Reiss, P; Brinkman, K; de Wolf, F; ATHENA national observational cohort, study|title=Life expectancy of recently diagnosed asymptomatic HIV-infected patients approaches that of uninfected individuals|journal=AIDS (London, England)|date=2010-06-19|volume=24|issue=10|pages=1527–35|pmid=20467289|doi=10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833a3946}}</ref> Matibabu huwa hayafaulu yanapoanzishwa yakiwa yamechelewa katika prognosi,<ref name=Deut2010/> kwa mfano, matibabu yakianzishwa kufuatia utambuzi katika kiwango cha UKIMWI, matarajio ya urefu wa maisha huwa miaka~10–40.<ref name=Deut2010/><ref name=Knoll2007/> Wasipotibiwa, nusu ya watoto wachanga wanaozaliwa na VVU hufa kabla ya miaka miwili.<ref name=UN2011ONESIXTY/> Sababu kuu ya vifo vinavyotokana na VVU/UKIMWI ni [[Maambukizi nyemelezi]] na [[saratani]] ambayo mara nyingi hutokana na matatizo endelevu ya mfumo wa kingamwili.<ref name=InfectionBook2008>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=[edited by] Blaine T.|title=Concepts in immunology and immunotherapeutics|year=2008|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|location=Bethesda, Md.|isbn=978-1-58528-127-5|page=143|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=G46DrdlxNJAC&pg=PA143|edition=4th}}</ref><ref name=Cancer2005>{{cite journal|last=Cheung|first=MC|coauthors=Pantanowitz, L; Dezube, BJ|title=AIDS-related malignancies: emerging challenges in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy|journal=The oncologist|date=2005 Jun–Jul|volume=10|issue=6|pages=412–26|pmid=15967835|doi=10.1634/theoncologist.10-6-412}}</ref> Hatari ya saratani huonekana kuongezeka ikiwa kiwango cha CD4 kitashuka chini ya 500/uL.<ref name=Deut2010/> Kiwango cha kuendelea kwa ugonjwa wa kiutambuzi hutofautiana pakubwa katika watu mbalimbali na kimedhihirika kuathiriwa na vipengele kadhaa, kama vile uhatarisho na utendaji wa kingamwili;<ref name=Tang>{{Rejea jarida | author=Tang J, Kaslow RA | title=The impact of host genetics on HIV infection and disease progression in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy | journal=AIDS | year=2003 |pages=S51–S60 | volume=17 | issue=Suppl 4 | pmid=15080180 | doi=10.1097/00002030-200317004-00006}}</ref> uwezo wa kufikia [[huduma ya afya]] na uwepo wa [[maambukizi pacha]];<ref name=Morgan2/><ref name=Lawn>{{cite journal | author=Lawn SD |title=AIDS in Africa: the impact of co-infections on the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection | journal=J. Infect. Dis. |year=2004 | pages=1–12 |volume=48 | issue=1| pmid=14667787</ref> pamoja na aina ya (au za) virusi husika.<ref name=Campbell>{{cite journal | author=Campbell GR |title=The glutamine-rich region of the HIV-1 Tat protein is involved in T-cell apoptosis | journal=J. Biol. Chem. | year=2004 |pages=48197–48204 | volume=279 | issue=46 | pmid=15331610 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M406195200 | author-separator=, |author2=Pasquier E | author3=Watkins J | display-authors=3 | last4=Bourgarel-Rey | first4=V | last5=Peyrot | first5=V |last6=Esquieu | first6=D | last7=Barbier | first7=P | last8=De Mareuil | first8=J | last9=Braguer |first9=D}}</ref><ref name=Campbell2>{{cite journal | author=Campbell GR, Watkins JD, Esquieu D, Pasquier E, Loret EP, Spector SA | title=The C terminus of HIV-1 Tat modulates the extent of CD178-mediated apoptosis of T cells | journal=J. Biol. Chem. | year=2005 | pages=38376–39382 | volume=280 | issue=46 |pmid=16155003 | doi=10.1074/jbc.M506630200}}</ref> Maambukizi pacha ya [[kifua kikuu]] ni mojawapo ya visababishi vikuu vya vifo vya watu wenye VVU/UKIMWI, huku yakipatikana katika 1/3 ya watu walioambukizwa VVU na husababisha 25% ya vifo vinavyohusiana na VVU.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tuberculosis|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/|work=Fact sheet 104|publisher=World Health Organization|date=March 2012|accessdate=August 29, 2012}}</ref> VVU pia ni kipengele kikuu zaidi cha hatari ya kifua kikuu.<ref name=WHO2011>{{cite web|title=Global tuberculosis control 2011|author=World Health Organization|url=http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/2011/gtbr11_executive_summary.pdf|year=2011|ISBN=978 92 4 156438 0|accessdate=August 29, 2012}}</ref> [[Hepatitisi C]] ni maambukizi mengine pacha yanayotokea mara nyingi, ambapo kila ugonjwa huongeza uendeleaji wa ugonjwa mwingine<ref>{{cite book|last=Pennsylvania|first=Editors, Raphael Rubin, M.D., Professor of Pathology, David S. Strayer, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Pathology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Founder and Consulting Editor, Emanuel Rubin, M.D., Gonzalo Aponte Distinguished Professor of Pathology, Chairman Emeritus of the Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia,|title=Rubin's pathology : clinicopathologic foundations of medicine|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-60547-968-2|page=154|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=wb2TzY9AgJ0C&pg=PA154|edition=Sixth|year=2011}}</ref> Saratani zinazotokea mara nyingi zaidi ambazo huhusishwa na VVU ni [[sakoma ya Kaposi]] na [[limfoma isiyo ya Hodgkin]].<ref name=Cancer2005/> Hata wakitibiwa kwa dawa za kudhibiti VVU, watu walio na VVU huenda wakakumbwa na [[matatizo ya kiniuroni ya ufahamu]],<ref name="Woods2009">{{cite pmid|19462243 }}</ref> [[osteoporosi]],<ref name="Brown2006">{{cite pmid|17086056}}</ref> [[nuropathia ya pembeni|nuropathia]],<ref name="Nicholas2007">{{Rejea jarida|author=Nicholas PK|title=Symptom management and self-care for peripheral neuropathy in HIV/AIDS |journal=AIDS Care | volume=19|issue=2|pages=179–89 |year=2007 |month=February |pmid=17364396|doi=10.1080/09540120600971083|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_aids-care_2007-02_19_2/page/179|author-separator=,|author2=Kemppainen JK|author3=Canaval GE|display-authors=3|last4=Corless|first4=I. B.|last5=Sefcik|first5=E. F.|last6=Nokes|first6=K. M.|last7=Bain|first7=C. A.|last8=Kirksey|first8=K. M.|last9=Sanzero Eller|first9=L.}}</ref> saratani,<ref name="Boshoff2002">{{Rejea jarida| author=Boshoff C, Weiss R |title=AIDS-related malignancies | journal=Nat. Rev. Cancer | year=2002 | pages=373–382 | volume=2 | issue=5 |pmid=12044013 | doi=10.1038/nrc797 }}</ref><ref name="Yarchoan2005">{{Rejea jarida| author=Yarchoan R, Tosato G, Little RF | title=Therapy insight: AIDS-related malignancies – the influence of antiviral therapy on pathogenesis and management | journal=Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol. |year=2005 | pages=406–415 | volume=2 |issue=8 | pmid=16130937 | doi=10.1038/ncponc0253 }}</ref><!-- Boshoff2002 and Yarchoan2005 cover cancer --> [[nefropathi]],<ref name="Post2009">{{cite pmid|19106702}}</ref> na [[ugonjwa wa moyo na mishipa]] baada ya muda mrefu.<ref name="Burgoyne2008" /> Haijulikani ikiwa hali hizi hutokana na kuambukizwa kwa VVU kwenyewe au ni athari kali za matibabu yake. == Watu wangapi wana UKIMWI? == [[Picha: AIDS cases worldwide 1979-1995.png|haki|thumb|Idadi ya watu duniani wenye VVU miaka 1979-1995.]] [[File:AIDS and HIV prevalence 2008.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt= A map of the world where most of the land is colored green or yellow except for sub Saharan Africa which is colored red|[[Asilimia]] ya watu wenye umri wa miaka 15–49 walioambukizwa nchi kwa nchi ([[2011]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=AIDSinfo|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/datatools/aidsinfo/|work=UNAIDS|accessdate=4 March 2013}}</ref>{{Col-begin}} {{Col-break}} {{legend|#787878|<small>No data</small>}} {{legend|#94bf8b|<small><0.10</small>}} {{legend|#f4e2ba|<small>0.10–0.5</small>}} {{legend|#eaca83|<small>0.5–1</small>}} {{Col-break}} {{legend|#f07568|<small>1–5</small>}} {{legend|#ff4800|<small>5–15</small>}} {{legend|#b00000|<small>15–50</small>}} {{col-end}}]] VVU/UKIMWI ni [[janga]] la kimataifa.<ref name=Cohen2008>{{cite journal|last=Cohen|first=MS|coauthors=Hellmann, N; Levy, JA; DeCock, K; Lange, J|title=The spread, treatment, and prevention of HIV-1: evolution of a global pandemic|journal=The Journal of clinical investigation|date=2008 Apr|volume=118|issue=4|pages=1244-54|pmid=18382737|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2276790/|accessdate=17 September 2012}}</ref> Kufikia mwaka [[2018]] walau watu wapatao 37,900,000 walikuwa wakiishi na VVU<ref>"Global HIV & AIDS statistics — 2019 fact sheet". www.unaids.org. UNAIDS. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 21, 2019.</ref> na kila mwaka watu milioni 2 wengine wanambukizwa<ref name=UNAIDS2015>{{cite web|title=Fact sheet 2015|url=http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/20150901_FactSheet_2015_en.pdf|website=UNAIDS|accessdate=1 February 2016}}</ref><ref name=UN2013>{{cite web|title=UNAIDS reports a 52% reduction in new HIV infections among children and a combined 33% reduction among adults and children since 2001|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2013/september/20130923prunga/|work=UNAIDS|accessdate=October 7, 2013|archivedate=2013-10-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001090619/http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2013/september/20130923prunga/}}</ref>. Zaidi ya nusu ni wanawake na milioni 2.6 ni watoto chini ya miaka 15.<ref name=UN2011Ten/> Hata hivyo watu wengi wenye VVU hawajui kuwa navyo<ref>{{cite journal|last=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|first=(CDC)|title=HIV surveillance—United States, 1981–2008|journal=MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report|date=June 3, 2011|volume=60|issue=21|pages=689–93|pmid=21637182}}</ref>. Kwa sababu hiyo, idadi halisi ya watu wanaoishi na VVU haijulikani. Hali hii ilisababisha karibu vifo milioni 1.8 mwaka 2010 ikilinganishwa na milioni 3.1 katika mwaka 2001.<ref name=UN2011Ten/> Kwa jumla watu 32,000,000 wameshakufa kwa ugonjwa huo<ref>"Global HIV & AIDS statistics — 2019 fact sheet". www.unaids.org. UNAIDS. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 21, 2019.</ref>. Wengi kati ya watu wenye VVU huishi Afrika kusini kwa Sahara (20,600,000). Wengi kati ya watoto ambao hufariki dunia kutokana na UKIMWI pia wanaishi barani Afrika. Katika mwaka wa 2010, kadirio la 68% (milioni 22.9&nbsp;) la visa vyote vya VVU na 66% ya vifo (milioni 1.2&nbsp;) vilitokea katika eneo hili.<ref name=UN2011Thirty>UNAIDS 2011 pg. 20–30</ref> Hii inamaanisha kuwa karibu 5% ya watu wazima wana virusi hivi<ref name=UN2011Fifty>UNAIDS 2011 pg. 40–50</ref> na vinaaminika kuwa kisababishi cha 10% ya vifo vyote vya watoto.<ref name=M117>Mandell, Bennett, and Dolan (2010). Sura ya 117.</ref> Wanawake wa eneo hili huchangia karibu 60% ya visa vyote tofauti na maeneo mengine.<ref name=UN2011Thirty/> [[Afrika Kusini]] ina idadi kubwa zaidi ya watu wenye VVU ulimwenguni kote, ikiwa ni watu milioni 5.9&nbsp;.<ref name=UN2011Thirty /> Kiwango cha [[matarajio ya urefu wa maisha]] kimepungua katika nchi zilizoathirika zaidi kutokana na VVU; kwa mfano, mwaka wa 2006, ilikadiriwa kuwa kiwango hiki kilipungua kutoka miaka 65 hadi 35 nchini [[Botswana]].<ref name=Kallings>{{Rejea jarida|journal= J Intern Med |year=2008|volume=263|issue=3|pages=218–43 |title= The first postmodern pandemic: Miaka 25 ya VVU |author= Kallings LO|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01910.x|pmid=18205765|url=http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01910.x}}(subscription required)</ref> [[Asia Kusini]] na [[Asia Kusini Mashariki|Kusini Mashariki]] ni eneo la pili lililoathirika zaidi; mwaka wa 2010, eneo hili lilikuwa na kadirio la visa milioni 4&nbsp; au 12% ya watu wote wanaoishi na VVU, hivyo kupelekea vifo vya takriban watu 250,000.<ref name=UN2011Fifty/> Takriban milioni 2.4&nbsp; ya visa hivi viko India<ref name=UN2011Thirty/> Ukithiri wa VVU uko chini katika maeneo ya Uropa Magharibi na Kati ikifikia 0.2% na [[Mashariki mwa Asia]] ikiwa na 0.1%.<ref name=UN2011Fifty/> Mwaka wa 2008 nchini Marekani, takriban watu milioni 1.2 walikuwa wakiishi na VVU, hivyo kupelekea takriban vifo 17,500. Kituo cha Kudhibiti na Kuzuia Magonjwa kilikadiria kuwa, mwaka wa 2008, 20% ya Wamarekani waliokuwa na VVU hawakujua hali yao. <ref name=USAEPI2011>{{cite journal|last=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|first=(CDC)|title=HIV surveillance—United States, 1981–2008|journal=MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report|date=2011-06-03|volume=60|issue=21|pages=689–93|pmid=21637182}}</ref> Nchini Uingereza, kufikia 2009 kulikuwa na takriban visa 86,500 vilivyopelekea vifo 516.<ref>{{cite book|title=HIV in the United Kingdom: Ripoti ya 2010|year=2010|url=http://www.hpa.org.uk/webc/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1287145367237|author=Health Protection Agency|access-date=2020-03-28|archive-date=2011-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119155546/http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1287145367237|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Nchini Kanada, kufikia 2008 kulikuwa na visa 65,000 vilivyopelekea vifo 53.<ref>{{cite book|last=Surveillance|title=HIV and AIDS in Canada : surveillance report to December 31, 2009|year=2010|publisher=Public Health Agency of Canada, Centre for Communicable Diseases and Infection Control, Surveillance and Risk Assessment Division|location=Ottawa|isbn=978-1-100-52141-1|url=http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/aids-sida/publication/survreport/2009/dec/pdf/2009-Report-Rapport.pdf|coauthors=riques, Risk Assessment Division = Le VIH et le sida au Canada : rapport de surveillance en date du 31 décembre 2009 / Division de la surveillance et de l'évaluation des|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119164919/http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/aids-sida/publication/survreport/2009/dec/pdf/2009-Report-Rapport.pdf|archivedate=2012-01-19|access-date=2020-03-28|dead-url=yes|=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119164919/http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/aids-sida/publication/survreport/2009/dec/pdf/2009-Report-Rapport.pdf}}</ref> ==Jamii na utamaduni== === Unyanyapaa === [[File:Ryan White.jpg|thumb|alt=Mvulana baleghe akitabasamu akipigwa picha huku mkono wa mwingine ukiwa uemeegemeshwa begani mwake|[[Ryan White]] alipelekea kuwa [[mtoto wa uhamasisho]] wa VVU baada ya kufukuzwa shuleni kwa sababu alikuwa ameambukizwa.]] [[Unyanyapaa]] dhidi ya watu walio na UKIMWI zipo kote ulimwenguni kwa namna mbalimbali, zikiwemo kutengwa, kukataliwa na jamii, ubaguzi na kuepuka watu walioambukizwa VVU, kulazimishwa kupimwa VVU bila [[idhini]] au ulinzi wa [[usiri]], vurugu dhidi ya watu walioambukizwa au waliodhaniwa kuambukizwa VVU; na [[karantini]] ya watu waliombukizwa VVU.<ref name=UNAIDS2006Ch4>{{Rejea kitabu|publisher =[[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|UNAIDS]]| year = 2006| title = 2006 Report on the global AIDS epidemic| chapter = The impact of AIDS on people and societies| chapterurl =http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2006/2006_GR_CH04_en.pdf| accessdate =June 14, 2006| format= PDF| isbn =92-9173-479-9}}</ref> Vurugu zinazohusiana na unyanyapaa au hofu ya vurugu huzuia watu wengi kupima VVU, kurudia matokeo ya vipimo na kutotafuta matibabu. Hali hizi hugeuza ugonjwa wa muda mrefu unaoweza kudhibitiwa kuwa hukumu ya kifo na kuendeleza ueneaji wa VVU.<ref name=Ogden>{{cite web | author = Ogden J, Nyblade L | publisher = [[International Center for Research on Women]] | year = 2005 | title = Common at its core: HIV-related stigma across contexts | url = http://www.icrw.org/docs/2005_report_stigma_synthesis.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = February 15, 2007 | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/6FEwkK8ZU?url=http://www.icrw.org/publications/common-its-core-hiv-related-stigma-across-contexts | archivedate = 2013-03-19 | = https://www.webcitation.org/6FEwkK8ZU?url=http://www.icrw.org/publications/common-its-core-hiv-related-stigma-across-contexts }}</ref> Unyanyapaa dhidi ya watu wanaoishi na UKIMWI, umegawanywa zaidi katika vikundi vitatu kama ifuatavyo: * ''Unyanyapaa Mkuu wa UKIMWI ''-mawazo ya woga na wasiwasi unaoweza kuhusishwa na ugonjwa wowote aunaoua au kuambukiza.<ref name=Herek1999>{{Rejea jarida| author=Herek GM, Capitanio JP| journal=American Behavioral Scientist| year=1999| url=http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/abs99_sp.pdf| format=PDF| title=AIDS Stigma and sexual prejudice| accessdate=March 27, 2006| volume=42| issue=7| pages=1130–1147| doi=10.1177/0002764299042007006| archive-date=2006-04-09| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060409034211/http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/abs99_sp.pdf| dead-url=yes| =https://web.archive.org/web/20060409034211/http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/abs99_sp.pdf}}</ref> * '' Unyanyapaa wa kiishara wa UKIMWI ''-kutumia VVU/UKIMWI kuonyesha mitazamo fulani dhidi ya vikundi vya jamii au mitindo ya maisha inayohusishwa na ugonjwa huu.<ref name=Herek1999 /> * Unyanyapaa wa kihisani wa UKIMWI''- Unyanyapaa dhidi ya watu wanaohusishwa na suala la VVU/UKIMWI au watu walio na VVU.<ref name=Snyder>{{Rejea jarida|author=Snyder M, Omoto AM, Crain AL |title=Punished for their good deeds: stigmatization for AIDS volunteers |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-behavioral-scientist_1999-04_42_7/page/1175 |journal=American Behavioral Scientist | year=1999 | pages=1175–1192 | volume=42 | issue=7|doi=10.1177/0002764299042007009}}</ref> Mara nyingi, unyanyapaa wa UKIMWI huonyeshwa pamoja na unyanyapaa wa aina moja au nyingine, hasa unyanyapaa unaohusiana na ushoga, [[uasherati]], ukahaba na kutumia dawa za kulevya.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=A.K.|title=Population and society|publisher=Concept Pub. Co.|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788180698187|pages=242|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=sE-VDhEuxmsC&pg=PA242}}</ref> Katika nchi nyingi zilizostawi, kuna uhusiano kati ya UKIMWI na ushoga.<ref name=Herek2002>{{cite journal|last=Herek|first=GM|coauthors=Capitanio, JP; Widaman, KF|title=HIV-related stigma and knowledge in the United States: prevalence and trends, 1991–1999|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-public-health_2002-03_92_3/page/371|journal=American journal of public health|date=2002 Mar|volume=92|issue=3|pages=371–7|pmid=11867313|pmc=1447082|doi=10.2105/AJPH.92.3.371}}</ref><ref name=Herek1999/>Hata hivyo, njia kuu ya kuenea kwa UKIMWI ulimwenguni kote inabakia kuwa maambukizi kati ya wanaume na wanawake, kwa kuwa ndio ngono ya kawaida. <ref>{{cite journal|last=De Cock|first=KM|coauthors=Jaffe, HW; Curran, JW|title=The evolving epidemiology of HIV/AIDS.|journal=AIDS (London, England)|date=2012 Jun 19|volume=26|issue=10|pages=1205-13|pmid=22706007}}</ref> === Athari za kiuchumi === [[File:Life expectancy in some Southern African countries 1958 to 2003.png|thumb|alt=Grafu inayoonyesha mistari kadhaa inayopanda ikifuatiwa na kushuka kwa ghafla kwa mistari hii kuanzia miaka ya katikati mwa 1980 hadi miaka ya 1990|Mabadiliko katika matarajio ya urefu wa maisha katika baadhi ya nchi za Afrika zilizoathiriwa zaidi. {{legend-line|red solid 2px|Botswana}}{{legend-line|darkgreen solid 2px|Zimbabwe}}{{legend-line|blue solid 2px|Kenya}}{{legend-line|black solid 2px|South Africa}}{{legend-line|grey solid 2px|Uganda}}]] VVU/UKIMWI huathiri [[uchumi]] wa watu na nchi.<ref name=M117/> [[Pato la ndani la uzalishaji]] la nchi zilizoathiriwa zaidi limepungua kufuatia ukosefu wa [[rasilimali ya kibinadamu]].<ref name=M117/><ref name="Bell-et-al-2003">{{Rejea jarida|author=Bell C, Devarajan S, Gersbach H|year=2003|url=http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64165259&theSitePK=478060&piPK=64165421&menuPK=64166093&entityID=000160016_20031110113834|title=The long-run economic costs of AIDS: theory and an application to South Africa|accessdate=April 28, 2008|version=World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3152|format=PDF|journal=|archive-date=2013-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605151302/http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64165259&theSitePK=478060&piPK=64165421&menuPK=64166093&entityID=000160016_20031110113834|dead-url=yes}}</ref>Bila [[lishe bora]], huduma za afya na dawa, watu wengi hufariki kutokana na matatizo yanayohusiana na UKIMWI. Kando ya kutoweza kufanya kazi, watu hao pia huhitaji kiwango kikubwa cha huduma za afya. UKIMWI hupunguza idadi ya watu wanaoweza kulipa [[ushuru]] Kwa kuwaathiri hasa vijana, hivyo kupunguza [[raslimali]] zilizopo za [[matumizi ya serikali|matumizi ya umma]] kama vile [[huduma za elimu]] na afya ambazo hazihusiki na UKIMWI. Hali hii husababisha upungufu wa [[pesa]] za nchi na wa ukuaji wa uchumi. Hali hii kisha hupelekea upungufu wa ukuaji wa msingi wa ushuru, athari ambayo huongezeka iwapo kuna matumizi zaidi katika matibabu, mafunzo (ili kuchukua nafasi ya [[wafanyakazi]] wanaougua), kuwalipa wafanyakazi wagonjwa na kuwatunza mayatima wa UKIMWI. Hali hii hutokea hasa iwapo ongezeko kubwa la vifo vya watu wazima litapelekea kubadilika kwa [[wajibu]] wa kuwatunza mayatima hawa kutoka kwa [[familia]] hadi kwa [[serikali]].<ref name=Greener /> Katika kiwango cha familia, UKIMWI husababisha upungufu wa mapato na pia ongezeko la matumizi katika huduma za afya. Utafiti katika nchi ya [[Côte d'Ivoire]] ulionyesha kuwa familia zilizo na mgonjwa aliye na VVU/UKIMWI zilitumia pesa mara mbili zaidi ya familia nyingine. Matumizi hayo ya ziada pia hupelekea kiwango kidogo zaidi cha mapato ya kutumia katika elimu au [[uwekezaji]] wa kibinafsi au wa kifamilia.<ref name="WBank">{{Rejea jarida| author=Over M| title=The macroeconomic impact of AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa, Population and Human Resources Department| publisher=The World Bank| year=1992| url=http://www.worldbank.org/aidsecon/macro.pdf| format=PDF| accessdate=May 3, 2008| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527201655/http://www.worldbank.org/aidsecon/macro.pdf| archivedate=2008-05-27| deadurl=no| journal=}}</ref> === Mayatima === [[Picha: Africa HIV-AIDS 2002.png | haki | frame |Asilimia ya watu waliokuwa wanaishi na VVU katika Afrika miaka 1999-2001]] [[Picha:Ukimwi Afrika 2011.png|350px|thumb|Asilimia ya watu waliokuwa wanaishi na VVU Afrika mnamo mwaka 2011]] Watu wengi ambao wanakufa kutokana na UKIMWI, hasa katika [[Afrika]], huacha watoto ambao bado ni hai, na ambao wanaweza wanahitaji msaada na huduma. Inakadiriwa kuwa kufikia mwaka wa 2007, diadi ya watoto [[yatima kutokana na UKIMWI]] &nbsp;milioni 12.<ref name=M117/> Wengi wao hutunzwa na [[Bibi|nyanya]] na [[babu]] [[wazee]]. <ref name=Greener>{{Rejea kitabu| author = Greener R| year = 2002| title = State of The Art: UKIMWI na Uchumi| chapter = AIDS and macroeconomic impact| editor = S, Forsyth (ed.)| pages = 49–55| publisher = IAEN| url = http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACP969.pdf| access-date = 2020-03-28| archive-date = 2012-10-12| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121012090520/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACP969.pdf| dead-url = yes}}</ref> === Dini na UKIMWI === Mada kuhusu dini na UKIMWI imekuwa ikikumbwa na utata mwingi katika miaka thelathini iliyopita, hasa kwa sababu baadhi ya viongozi wa dini wametangaza hadharani kwamba wanapinga utumiaji kondomu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news-medical.net/health/AIDS-Stigma.aspx |title=AIDS Stigma |publisher=News-medical.net|accessdate=November 1, 2011}}</ref> Mashirika mengine ya dini yamedai kuwa maombi yanatosha kutibu VVU/UKIMWI. Mwaka 2011, BBC iliripoti kuwa baadhi ya makanisa huko [[London]] yalikuwa yakidai kuwa maombi yanatibu UKIMWI. Kituo cha Utafiti wa Afya ya Kiuzazi na VVU cha [[Manispaa ya Hackney, London|Hackney]] kiliripoti kuwa watu wengi waliachma kutumia matibabu, wakati mwingine kwa kushauriwa na [[wachungaji]] wao. Jambo hili lilipelekea vifo vya watu wengi.<ref name=BBC18102011>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-14406818|title=Church HIV prayer cure claims 'cause three deaths'|date=October 18, 2011|accessdate=October 18, 2011|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> [[Synagogue Church Of All Nations]] ilitangaza ''maji ya upako'' ili kuwezesha [[uponyaji]] kutoka kwa [[Mungu]], ingawa ilikana kuwa iliwashauri watu kukoma kutumia matibabu.<ref name=BBC18102011 /> ===Katika vyombo vya habari=== Kimojawapo kati ya visa maarufu zaidi vya UKIMWI kilikuwa cha Mmarekani [[Rock Hudson]], [[muigizaji]] shoga aliyekuwa ameoa kisha kutalaki hapo awali. Hudson alifariki tarehe [[2 Oktoba]] [[1985]] baada ya kutangaza ana VVU tarehe [[25 Julai]] mwaka huohuo. Yeye alikuwa ametambuliwa kuwa na ugonjwa huo mwaka 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/rock-hudson-announces-he-has-aids |title=Rock Hudson announces he has AIDS – History.com This Day in History – 7/25/1985 |publisher=History.com |accessdate=November 1, 2011}}</ref> Mgonjwa mashuhuri kutoka Uingereza mwaka huo alikuwa [[Nicholas Eden]] [[mwanasiasa]] shoga na [[mwana]] wa [[Waziri Mkuu]], [[marehemu]] [[Anthony Eden]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Coleman |first=Brian|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/brian-coleman/2007/06/lady-thatcher-gay-tory |title=Thatcher the gay icon|work=New Statesman |date=June 25, 2007 |accessdate=November 1, 2011}}</ref> Tarehe [[24 Novemba]] [[1991]], virusi hivi vilipelekea kifo cha mwanamuziki wa aina ya [[muziki wa rock]], Mwingereza [[Freddie Mercury]]. Mercury, aliyeongoza [[bendi]] iliyojulikana kama [[Queen (bendi)|Queen]] alifariki kutokana na magonjwa yanayohusiana na UKIMWI baada ya kujulikana kuwa na ugonjwa huo siku iliyopita tu.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/24/newsid_2546000/2546945.stm |title=November 24, 1991: Giant of rock dies |work=BBC On This Day |publisher=BBC News |date= |accessdate=November 1, 2011}}</ref> Hata hivyo, Mercury alikuwa ametambuliwa kuwa na ugonjwa huo mwaka 1987.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/521/000044389/|title=Freddie Mercury |publisher=Nndb.com |accessdate=November 1, 2011}}</ref> Kimojawapo kati ya visa maarufu zaidi vilivyotokana na ngono kati ya watu wa jinsia tofauti ni kile cha [[Arthur Ashe]], [[mchezaji]] [[tenisi]] Mmarekani. Ashe alitambuliwa kuwa na VVU tarehe [[31 Agosti]] [[1988]]; baada ya kuambukizwa alipokuwa akiongezewa damu akifanyiwa [[upasuaji wa moyo]] awali [[miaka ya 1980]]. Vipimo zaidi katika saa 24 baada ya utambuzi wa kwanza vilionyesha kuwa Ashe alikuwa na UKIMWI, lakini hakuwambia watu kuhusu utambuzi huu hadi Aprili [[1992]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Bliss |first=Dominic |url=http://www.itennisstore.com/Tennis-Latest-News/FROZEN-IN-TIME--ARTHUR-ASHE-by-Dominic-Bliss.aspx |title=Frozen In Time: Arthur Ashe |work=iTENNISstore.com |accessdate=June 25, 2012 |archive-date=2013-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730170201/http://www.itennisstore.com/Tennis-Latest-News/FROZEN-IN-TIME--ARTHUR-ASHE-by-Dominic-Bliss.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ashe alifariki kutokana na UKIMWI akiwa na umri wa miaka 49 tarehe [[6 Februari]] [[1993]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/tributes-to-arthur-ashe-1471622.html | title=Tributes to Arthur Ashe | location=London | work=The Independent | date=February 8, 1993 | accessdate=July 24, 2012 | archivedate=2013-03-19 | archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6FEwqou9b?url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/tributes-to-arthur-ashe-1471622.html }}</ref> Picha ya [[Therese Frare]] ikionyesha [[mwanaharakati]] wa ushoga [[David Kirby]] akifariki kutokana na UKIMWI huku akizungukwa na familia yake, ilipigwa Aprili mwaka wa 1990. ''[[LIFE magazine]]'' ilisema kuwa picha hiyo ilikuja kufahamika kama picha ''maarufu zaidi kuwahi kuhusishwa na janga la UKIMWI/VVU.'' Picha hiyo iliyochapishwa na [[gazeti]] hilo ilishinda [[tuzo]] la [[World Press Photo]], kisha kupata umaarufu ulimwenguni kote baada ya kutumiwa na [[Benetton Group|United Colors of Benetton]] katika kampeni ya utangazaji ya mwaka 1992.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cosgrove|first=Ben|title=Behind the Picture: Picha Iliyobadilisha Sura ya Ukimwi|url=http://life.time.com/history/behind-the-picture-the-photo-that-changed-the-face-of-aids/#1|work=LIFE magazine|accessdate=16 August 2012|archivedate=2013-03-19|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6FEws9aLJ?url=http://life.time.com/history/behind-the-picture-the-photo-that-changed-the-face-of-aids/#1|https://www.webcitation.org/6FEws9aLJ?url=http://life.time.com/history/behind-the-picture-the-photo-that-changed-the-face-of-aids/#1|=https://www.webcitation.org/6FEws9aLJ?url=http://life.time.com/history/behind-the-picture-the-photo-that-changed-the-face-of-aids/#1}}</ref> === Ukanushaji, njama na hila === Kikundi kidogo cha watu kingali kinakana uhusiano wa VVU na UKIMWI, <ref name=Duesberg>{{cite journal|author=Duesberg, P. H.| title=HIV is not the cause of AIDS|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1988-07-29_241_4865/page/n9| journal=Science | year=1988 | pages=514, 517 | volume=241 |issue=4865| pmid=3399880 | doi=10.1126/science.3399880|bibcode = 1988Sci...241..514D }}{{cite journal| author=Cohen, J.| title=The Controversy over HIV and AIDS| journal=Science | year=1994 | pages=1642–1649 | volume=266 | issue=5191|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/cohen/266-5191-1642a.pdf| format = PDF| doi=10.1126/science.7992043|pmid=7992043| accessdate=2009-03-31 | bibcode=1994Sci...266.1642C}}</ref> uwepo wa VVU au ubora wa vipimo vya VVU na njia za matibabu.<ref name=Kalichman>{{cite book|author=Kalichman, Seth|authorlink=Seth Kalichman|title=Denying AIDS: Njama Nadhira, Itikadi na Msiba wa Mwanadamu|publisher=Copernicus Books ([[Springer Science+Business Media]])|location=New York|year=2009|pages=|isbn=978-0-387-79475-4| url =http://books.google.com/?id=_mtDBCDwxugC&printsec=frontcover&q=}}</ref><ref name=SmithNovella>{{cite journal|author=Smith TC, Novella SP|title=HIV Denial in the Internet Era|journal=PLoS Med.|volume=4|issue=8|pages=e256|year=2007|month=August|pmid=17713982|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0040256|url=http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0040256&ct=1&SESSID=3d4baa1a64e57d8ff33e9d41eb2335a1|accessdate=2009-11-07|pmc=1949841|archive-date=2008-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506012410/http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0040256&ct=1&SESSID=3d4baa1a64e57d8ff33e9d41eb2335a1|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Madai hayo, yanayojulikana kama [[ukanaji UKIMWI]], yamechunguzwa na kukataliwa na jamii ya kisayansi.<ref name=consensus>{{cite web| author=Various| publisher=[[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]]|date=Last updated January 14, 2010|url=http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/HIVAIDS/Understanding/howHIVCausesAIDS/Pages/HIVcausesAIDS.aspx| title= Resources and Links, HIV-AIDS Connection| accessdate = 2009-02-22}}</ref>Hata hivyo, madai hayo yana athari kuu kisiasa, hasa nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. Hatua ya serikali ya nchi hiyo kukubali kirasmi ukanaji wa UKIMWI ilipelekea mwitikio usiofaa wa janga hili, na imelaumiwa kupelekea visa vingi vya maambukizi ya VVU na mamia ya maelfu ya vifo ambavyo vingeepukwa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Watson J |title=Scientists, activists sue South Africa's AIDS 'denialists' |journal=Nat. Med. |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=6 |year=2006 |pmid=16397537|doi=10.1038/nm0106-6a}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Baleta A |title=S Africa's AIDS activists accuse government of murder |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2003-03-29_361_9363/page/1104 |journal=Lancet |volume=361 |issue=9363 |page=1105 |year=2003 |pmid=12672319|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12909-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Cohen J |title=South Africa's new enemy|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2000-06-23_288_5474/page/2168 |journal=Science |volume=288 |issue=5474 |pages=2168–70 |year=2000 |pmid=10896606|doi=10.1126/science.288.5474.2168}}</ref> [[Urusi]] ulianzisha [[Operesheni INFEKTION]], uhamasisho wa ulimwengu mzima kueneza habari kuwa VVU/UKIMWI ulitengenezwa na Marekani. Takwimu zinaonyesha kuwa idadi kubwa ya watu wanaamini na wanaendelea kuamini madai hayo. Kuna aina nyingi za [[dhana potovu kuhusu VVU na UKIMWI]]. Dhana tatu kuu ni kwamba UKIMWI unaweza kusambazwa kwa kumgusa mtu, kuwa ngono na [[bikira]] itatibu UKIMWI na kuwa VVU vinaweza tu kuambukiza mashoga na watumiaji wa madawa. Dhana nyingine potovu ni kuwa tendo lolote la ngono ya kinyeo kati ya mashoga wasioambukizwa linaweza kupelekea maambukizi.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu| author=Blechner MJ| title=Hope and mortality: psychodynamic approaches to AIDS and HIV| url=https://archive.org/details/hopemortalitypsy0000unse|publisher=Analytic Press| location=Hillsdale, NJ| year=1997| isbn=0-88163-223-6| unused_data=ISBN status=May be invalid– please double check}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Kirby DB, Laris BA, Rolleri LA |title=Sex and HIV education programs: their impact on sexual behaviors of young people throughout the world |journal=J Adolesc Health |volume=40|issue=3 |pages=206–17 |year=2007|month=March |pmid=17321420 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.11.143 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-adolescent-health_2007-03_40_3/page/206}}</ref> == Tanbihi == {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo== * {{cite book | editor1-last = Mandell | editor1-first = Gerald L. | editor2-last = Bennett | editor2-first =John E.| editor3-last = Dolin | editor3-first = Raphael |title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases | year=2010 | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3 | edition = 7th }} * {{cite book|author=[[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS]] (UNAIDS) |title=Global HIV/AIDS Response, Epidemic update and health sector progress towards universal access|year=2011|publisher=Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2011/20111130_UA_Report_en.pdf}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category|AIDS}} * {{Dmoz|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Immune_Disorders/Immune_Deficiency/AIDS/|HIV/AIDS}} * [http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/ AIDSinfo] {{Wayback|url=http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/ |date=20110225133251 }} – HIV/AIDS Treatment Information, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services * [Http://www.who.int/3by5/en/ Shirika la Afya Duniani Mashirika 3 na 5 Initiative] * [Http://www.accessmed-msf.org/index.asp Médecins Sans Frontières: Kampeni ya upatikanaji wa madawa muhimu] {{Wayback|url=http://www.accessmed-msf.org/index.asp |date=20050812004522 }} * [Http://www.who.int/hiv/en/ WHO Mpango wa VVU / UKIMWI] * [Http://www.aegis.org/en/ Elimu UKIMWI Mfumo wa Taarifa za Global] * [Http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/ Kutoka Taasisi ya Taifa ya Marekani ya Afya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/ |date=20210322035857 }} * [Http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/8/749 New England Journal of Medicine Ibara "Ruhusu dhidi ya Wagonjwa? Kurefusha maisha Tiba katika India"] {{Wayback|url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/8/749 |date=20090501234727 }} * [Http://www.aidsportal.org AIDSPortal maarifa mtandao] * [http://www.unaids.org/en/ Tovuti ya Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Masuala ya Ukimwi, UNAIDS] {{Wayback|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/ |date=20130210215850 }} * [http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu HIV InSite] {{Wayback|url=http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/ |date=20191213225029 }} * [http://www.sida.fr/ sida.fr • un centre pour les malades du SIDA • infos • tèmoignages • actualités] [[Jamii:Virusi]] [[Jamii:Ukimwi]] pbgeseueu90lyza5h7slu4wt285hngn 0 125963 1594137 1112574 2026-09-03T09:19:44Z Andre Engels 29 Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[VPN (Mtandao Pepe Binafsi)]] 1594137 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[VPN (Mtandao Pepe Binafsi)]] 7hgm35su4oac2eg5ydxp7kahdg6xhir 0 130741 1594074 1524187 2026-09-02T21:36:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594074 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Raymond Rushabiro''' ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[filamu]] na pia muigizaji wa [[jukwaa]]. Alipata mafanikio kwenye uigizaji wake kupitia jukwaa maarufu la [[Uganda]] liitwalo Ebonies na akiwa na Ebonies alionekana kwenye maigizo yao mbalimbali. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.hipipo.com/cinema-tv/258/The-Ebonies-Take-Theater-To-The-People--With-Hold-Devil-d-wanchekecha |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2020-10-17 |archivedate=2016-03-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233249/http://www.hipipo.com/cinema-tv/258/The-Ebonies-Take-Theater-To-The-People--With-Hold-Devil-d-wanchekecha }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Theatre---Cinema/-/691234/1008370/-/format/xhtml/-/103oufx/-/index.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2020-10-17 |archivedate=2018-10-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014015636/http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Theatre---Cinema/-/691234/1008370/-/format/xhtml/-/103oufx/-/index.html }}</ref> Pia Rushabiro alionekana kwenye filamu ya Kweezi Kaganda ''Any cow will do” akiwa Pamoja na Namasagali oldstudents ambayo ilioneshwa kwenye jukwaa la Sinema la Taifa la Uganda. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/Any+cow+will++do+Not+in+modern+Uganda+/-/434746/1990054/-/79ef05z/-/index.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2020-10-17 |archivedate=2017-08-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817161926/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/Any+cow+will++do+Not+in+modern+Uganda+/-/434746/1990054/-/79ef05z/-/index.html }}</ref> alianza kuonekana kwenye sinema kama Kasirivu kwenye filamu ya ''Bala Bala Sese'' iliyoongozwa na Lukyamuzi Bashir. Alionekana pia kwenye filamu ya Uganda ya 2016 ''The Only Son (2016 film)''., [[2015]] Situka na kama mwanaume wa familia Muwonge kwenye 5 @Home katika Fox Life. Alifanyia kazi filamu zingine pamoja na mifululizo ya filamu Freedom (2016 filamu) mwaka [[2016]], Girl from Mparo mwaka [[2016]], Kyaddala mwaka [[2019]]. Aliteuliwa kama muigizaji bora wa tamthiliya mwaka 2018 kwenye Africa Magic Viewers Choice Award<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/complete-list-of-amvca-2018-nominees-id8563169.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2020-10-17 |archive-date=2018-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729005820/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/complete-list-of-amvca-2018-nominees-id8563169.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://glitzafrica.com/amvca-2018-nominees-list-out/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2020-10-17 |archive-date=2020-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017193331/https://www.glitzafrica.com/amvca-2018-nominees-list-out/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu wa Uganda]] tvpbpr1jvlgvf9lhwl8z74909ne7h74 1594145 1594074 2026-09-03T09:32:01Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1594145 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Raymond Rushabiro''' ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[filamu]] na pia muigizaji wa [[jukwaa]]. Alipata mafanikio kwenye uigizaji wake kupitia jukwaa maarufu la [[Uganda]] liitwalo Ebonies na akiwa na Ebonies alionekana kwenye maigizo yao mbalimbali. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.hipipo.com/cinema-tv/258/The-Ebonies-Take-Theater-To-The-People--With-Hold-Devil-d-wanchekecha |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2020-10-17 |archivedate=2016-03-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233249/http://www.hipipo.com/cinema-tv/258/The-Ebonies-Take-Theater-To-The-People--With-Hold-Devil-d-wanchekecha }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Theatre---Cinema/-/691234/1008370/-/format/xhtml/-/103oufx/-/index.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2020-10-17 |archivedate=2018-10-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014015636/http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Theatre---Cinema/-/691234/1008370/-/format/xhtml/-/103oufx/-/index.html }}</ref> Pia Rushabiro alionekana kwenye filamu ya Kweezi Kaganda ''Any cow will do” akiwa Pamoja na Namasagali oldstudents ambayo ilioneshwa kwenye jukwaa la Sinema la Taifa la Uganda. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/Any+cow+will++do+Not+in+modern+Uganda+/-/434746/1990054/-/79ef05z/-/index.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2020-10-17 |archivedate=2017-08-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817161926/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/Any+cow+will++do+Not+in+modern+Uganda+/-/434746/1990054/-/79ef05z/-/index.html }}</ref> alianza kuonekana kwenye sinema kama Kasirivu kwenye filamu ya ''Bala Bala Sese'' iliyoongozwa na Lukyamuzi Bashir. Alionekana pia kwenye filamu ya Uganda ya 2016 ''The Only Son (2016 film)''., [[2015]] Situka na kama mwanaume wa familia Muwonge kwenye 5 @Home katika Fox Life. Alifanyia kazi filamu zingine pamoja na mifululizo ya filamu Freedom (2016 filamu) mwaka [[2016]], Girl from Mparo mwaka [[2016]], Kyaddala mwaka [[2019]]. Aliteuliwa kama muigizaji bora wa tamthiliya mwaka 2018 kwenye Africa Magic Viewers Choice Award<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/complete-list-of-amvca-2018-nominees-id8563169.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2020-10-17 |archive-date=2018-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729005820/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/complete-list-of-amvca-2018-nominees-id8563169.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://glitzafrica.com/amvca-2018-nominees-list-out/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2020-10-17 |archive-date=2020-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017193331/https://www.glitzafrica.com/amvca-2018-nominees-list-out/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu wa Uganda]] ndlv8zf4t9cxhw0o4b49s19rxe6dgfy 0 131685 1594088 1525808 2026-09-03T02:48:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594088 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Siku_16_za_kupinga_ukatili_wa_kijinsia.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Watoto wakiwa katika moja ya maadhimisho ya kupinga ukatili wa kijinsia, Arusha, Tanzania.]] '''Siku 16 za kupinga ukatili wa kijinsia''' ni [[kampeni]] ya kimataifa ya kupinga [[ukatili]] dhidi ya [[wanawake]].<ref name="UN Women">{{cite web|url=http://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/ending-violence-against-women/take-action/16-days-of-activism|title=16 days of activism|publisher=UN Women www.unwomen.org|accessdate=6 December 2014|archive-date=2018-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217022644/http://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/ending-violence-against-women/take-action/16-days-of-activism|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kampeni hii hufanyika kuanzia [[tarehe]] [[25 Novemba]] na kumalizika tarehe [[10 Desemba]] ya kila mwaka kwa ajili ya kupinga ukatili na kutetea [[haki za wanawake]]. Siku hiyo ilianza kuadhimishwa rasmi [[mwaka]] [[1991]],siku hii inaongozwa na [[Kituo cha kimataifa cha Wanawake]] tarehe 10 ilichaguliwa rasmi kuwa siku ya kilele cha maadhimisho haya ikiambatana na siku ya [[haki za binadamu duniani]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/global_campaign/16_days/en/|title=WHO {{!}} 16 Days of Activism Against Gender Violence|website=www.who.int|access-date=2017-03-08}}</ref><ref name="UN Women"/> Tangu mwaka 1991, zaidi ya [[asasi]] 6,000 na zaidi ya nchi 187 hushiriki katika maadhimisho haya. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://16dayscampaign.org/about-the-campaign/|title=About|website=16 Days Campaign|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-29|accessdate=2020-12-03|archivedate=2019-10-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029033724/https://16dayscampaign.org/about-the-campaign/}}</ref> == Maadhimisho == Siku hizi 16 za kupinga ukatili wa kijinsia huambatana na siku mbalimbali ambazo huadhimishwa ndani ya siku kumi na sita za mwezi Novemba na Desemba. * Novemba 25 – Siku ya kupinga ukatili na unyanyasaji dhidi ya wanawake * Novemba 29 – [[Siku ya kimataifa ya watetezi wa haki za wanawake]] * Desemba 1 – [[Siku ya Ukimwi duniani]] * Desemba 5 – [https://www.un.org/en/events/volunteerday/ Siku ya kujitolea duniani] * Desemba 10 – [[Siku ya Kimataifa ya haki za binadamu]] ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Jamii]] [[Jamii:Umoja wa Mataifa|*]] [[Jamii:Sikukuu za Kimataifa]] [[Jamii:Haki za binadamu]] [[Jamii:Jinsia]] 4lk0zas09fkfiv4dnhb9fc6lf9vbap4 0 133810 1594110 1178801 2026-09-03T08:29:43Z Lojwe 53184 1594110 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Sábado Santo en Murcia 19-04-2014 edited.jpg|thumb| Jimbo la Murcia]] '''Jimbo la Murcia''' ni [[jimbo]] la kujitawala (kwa [[Kihispania]]: ''comunidade autónoma'') la [[Hispania]], upande wa [[kusini]] [[mashariki]]. ==Viungo vya nje== {{commonscat}} {{mbegu-jio-Hispania}} [[Jamii:Hispania]] [[Jamii:Majimbo ya Hispania|M]] [[Jamii:Jimbo la Murcia|!]] [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Hispania|M]] n9qi9wbkhi0mb2ho2fnjwehdd87m7aj 3 137933 1594140 1593868 2026-09-03T09:21:51Z Gayle157 73366 /* Utoaji mimba */ Jibu 1594140 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Diego Tinotenda Chikombeka''' (amezaliwa Februari 5, 1998), anajulikana kitaalamu kama Diego Tryno ni mwanamuziki wa kisasa wa mjini wa [[Zimbabwe na mwanamuziki]] wa [[hip-hop]]. Anajulikana pia nchini kwa majina ya jukwaani ikiwa ni pamoja na "Mr. Coffee Please" na "The Future Billionaire". == Maisha ya awali == Diego alizaliwa [[Mutare]], Zimbabwe katika Hospitali ya Wilaya ya [[Sakubva]].<ref> name =newsguard>{{Cite web | url=http://newsguard.co.zw/2019/12/02/manicaland-artiste-defies-odds/ |title = Msanii wa Manicaland amekaidi odds|date = 2019-12-02}}</ref> Alikuwa mtoto wa kwanza kuzaliwa na mama yake Fungisai Kanjera na baba yake Christopher Chikombwe. Alipokuwa akisoma shule ya msingi, alihamia [[Zvishavane] kwa muda na kurejea Mutare kumalizia elimu yake ya msingi. Alisomea Shule ya Upili ya Chikanga kabla ya kuhamia [[Harare]], na kumaliza shule ya upili katika Shule ya Upili ya Living Waters.<ref name=storify>{{Cite web | url=https://www.storifynews.com/the-curious-tale-of-the-southern-african-star-diego-and-his-industry/ |title = Hadithi ya Kustaajabisha ya nyota wa Kusini mwa Afrika Diego na wake sekta &#124; Storify News|tarehe = 2019-11-21}}</ref> Wakati wa masomo yake, Tryno alifanya mazoezi ya muziki faraghani, kwa kuwa wazazi wake hawakuvumilia uamuzi wake wa kutafuta muziki.<ref> name=newsday2>{{Cite web|url =https://www.newsday.co.zw/2019/10/diego-known-abroad-stranger-at-home/|title = Diego: Anajulikana nje ya nchi, mgeni nyumbani|tarehe = 2019-10-17}}</ref> == Kazi ya muziki == Aliwahi kufanya muziki wa [[Zimdancehall]] kwa jina Ricky D kabla ya kuhamia hip-hop.<ref name="newsguard" /> Tryno alirekodi wimbo wake wa kwanza wa hip-hop mwaka wa 2014 unaoitwa "Go Diego Go" na akashinda yake ya kwanza. tuzo ya kikanda katika Tuzo za Muziki za Zambezi mwaka huo huo.<ref> name=newsday1>{{Cite web|url = https://www.newsday.co.zw/2019/08/wanamuziki-wapigana-dhidi-graft|title = Mwanamuziki fight against graft|date = 26 August 2019}}</ref> Mnamo 2015 alifanya show yake ya kwanza ya moja kwa moja katika Summer Jam ikifuatiwa na ziara ya ngoma ya "I wanna see you".<ref name="Bulawayo24" /> Anafanya muziki nchini [[Lugha ya Kiingereza|Kiingereza]], [[Lugha ya Kishona|Shona]], na [[Lugha ya Kindebele cha Kaskazini|Ndebele]] na wimbo wake wa kwanza wa Kishona ulikuwa mwaka wa 2015 aliposhiriki katika wimbo na mwimbaji TC.<ref>{ {Taja mtandao | url=https://zimmagazine.com/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-diego-tryno-zimmagazine/ |title = Mambo 10 ambayo hukujua kuhusu Diego Tryno-Zimmagazine|tarehe = 2019-09- 17}}</ref><ref name="newsguard" /> Tryno amefanya kazi na watayarishaji wa kikanda na kimataifa katika utayarishaji wa muziki wake. Mtayarishaji mmoja mashuhuri alikuwa Dry AFM kutoka Botswana ambaye alichangia katika uchanganyaji wa wimbo wake Yolo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lounge263.co.zw/diegotryno/|title=Diego Tryno Dates Botswana Producer |last=Lounge263|date=2016-10-20|website=Lounge263 Mag|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/ 20190722005012/https://www.lounge263.co.zw/diegotryno/|archive-date=2019-07-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> === 2018 === Mnamo Oktoba 2018, Tryno alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza ''Lazarus (Age Volume 1)'' ambayo ilikuwa mchango wa kwanza wa mradi wake wa ''All Generations Entwined''.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://blownaija .com/e-news-diego-tryno-and-all-generations-entwined-volumes-1-5-age-vol-1-5/|title = [E-Habari] Diego Tryno na Vizazi Vyote Juzuu 1- 5 (Umri Vol 1-5)|last = Blow|first = Baba|date = 15 Septemba 2019|tovuti = Blow Naija|language = en|access-date = 15 Novemba 2019}}</ref> Albamu ilitolewa mnamo ushirikiano na albamu ya msanii wa Hip-hop wa Zimbabwe Ti Gonzi "Best Mero" siku hiyo hiyo na ukumbi na wimbo wa kwanza uliaminika kimakosa kuwa Albamu ya Injili.<ref name="Hallelujahmag">{{cite web|url=https:/ /hallelujahmag.com/2019/12/05/kitambulisho-cha-wanamuziki-vipofu-kwa-aina-kwa-uinjilisti-sababu-kesi-ya-diego-tryno/|title=Wanamuziki wasioona utambulisho wa aina kwa ajili ya uinjilisti|kazi =Hallelujahmag|date=2019-12-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hmetro.co.zw/i-sing-hipu-hopu-not -hip-hop-ti-gonzi/|title=Naimba hipu hopu si hip hop – Ti Gonzi|last=H-Metro|website=H-Metro|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-07-21 }}</ref> Albamu ya kwanza ya Tryno ilisambazwa sana kwenye vituo vya redio vikiwemo Star Fm, ZiFm, Hevoi Fm huko Masvingo na SA's Metro Fm.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://globenews24.online/ahadi-zilizovunjika-zinatishia-kazi-ya-wasanii/ | title=Ahadi zilizovunjwa zinatishia kazi ya msanii &#124; Globenews24}}</ref> Baada ya albamu yake ya kwanza, Tryno alijaribu kuchanganya muziki wa kisasa wa mjini, sungura, injili, na asili ya Zimbabwe.<ref name="oyosnews">{{cite web|url=http://oyos.news /tengeneza-njia-kwa-new-hip-hop-influencers-diego-tryno-on-an-anti-graft-note|title = Wape njia washawishi wapya wa Hip-hop- Diego Tryno juu ya kupinga ufisadi kumbuka - OyOsNews - Habari zako zote za Zim Mtu Mashuhuri|last = Codingest|tarehe = 11 Novemba 2019|tovuti = OyOsNews|language = en|tarehe ya ufikiaji = 15 Novemba 2019}}</ref> Oktoba 30, 2018, Diego alitoa toleo lake la kwanza video "Mabvuta" moja kwa moja kwenye ZiFm Stereo na Zimbabwe [[ZBC TV]]. === 2019 === Mnamo mwaka wa 2019 Tryno alitoa wimbo wake ''Cooler Box'' ambao uliingia kwenye chati za redio za Zimbabwe na aliahidi kuachia albamu yake ya pili ''Stories (Age Vol 2)'' ambayo alishindwa kuitoa katika tarehe aliyoahidi na ikavutia. maoni hasi kutoka kwa mashabiki wake.<ref>https://www.thehararetimes.com/zim-hip-hop-artist-diego-tryno-delays-album-release-manager-blames-power-cuts/</ref> Desemba 2019 alikanusha uvumi kuhusu ziara nchini Kenya na akaghairi ziara nyingine zozote za uvumi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://koenzagh.com/2019/12/17/diego-tryno-cancels-xmas-tour- inaondoa tetesi/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |access-date=2019-12-21 |archive-date=2019-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221165821/https: //koenzagh.com/2019/12/17/diego-tryno-cancels-xmas-tour-clears-rumours/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Video == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Mwaka !Kichwa !Mkurugenzi !Kumb |- |2018 |Mabvuta |Media Empire | |- |2019 |Sungai ft Dj Monte |Denford Mkasi | |} ==Marejeleo== {{reflist|30em}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://www.afro.video/en/artist/diego-tryno/ Video] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FKTP34EKFU Wasifu] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mahojiano ya Zrsbl9UXGcw kwenye Star FM] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DEfrfvZJq88 Mahojiano kwenye Hevoi FM] [[Kitengo: Waliozaliwa 1998]] [[Jamii:Watu wanaoishi]] ==Kuhusu Vyanzo== Salamu, nakukumbusha kuwa, makala zote unazoandaa hakikisha zinakuwa na vyanzo na muundo unaoelewaka, makala yeyote kutoka katika Wikipedia ya Kiingeeza kama haina chanzo, basi usiweke katika Wikipidia ya Kiswahili, pitia makala zako kama za leo na uzifanyie marekebisho kabla ya kuendelea na makala nyingine,,Amani sana '''[[Mtumiaji:Idd ninga|Idd ninga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Idd ninga|majadiliano]])''' 11:12, 14 Septemba 2022 (UTC) ::Ndugu, hatuhitaji makala za Kiswenglish! Ukitumia mashine kutafsiri kutoka Kiingereza, sahihisha vizuri hadi ieleweke! Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:36, 14 Septemba 2022 (UTC) == Fwatilia Masahihisho == Ndugu @[[Mtumiaji:Kelvin kevoo|Kelvin kevoo]] Hongera kwa juhudi zako za Uhariri katika wikipedia ya kiswahili. Hata ivyo ninakuomba kupitia ukurasa wa mabadiliko ya hivi karibuni ili kuona namna makala zako zinavyosahihishwa na wahariri wengine na ujifunze ili usirudie makosa yaleyele kila mara. Asante '''[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|majadiliano]])''' 13:13, 30 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :Narudia na kusisitiza ulichoambiwa tayari hapa juu. Mbona unarudiarudia makosa yale? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:29, 5 Agosti 2026 (UTC) ::Nimeona nafuu kidogo, lakini bado hujaelewa kwamba ukiweka mabano kando ya namba yoyote, kiungo kitahusu mwaka. Kwa mfano, <nowiki>[[14]]</nowiki> si kiungo cha namba kumi na nne, bali cha mwaka 14 BK. Pia, katika mabano ya kwanza karibu na kichwa hakuna haja ya kuandika <nowiki>[[tarehe]]</nowiki>. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 08:57, 6 Agosti 2026 (UTC) :::Ndugu, endelea kufuatilia masahihisho. Kwa mfano, [[Nico Elvedi]], katika jamii usiandike tu nchi yake, bali <nowiki>[[jamii:wachezaji mpira wa Uswisi ]]</nowiki>. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:17, 14 Agosti 2026 (UTC) ==Utoaji mimba== Ndugu, unakubali kweli kwamba kutoa mimba ni haki? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:13, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] :Whether one personally considers abortion a right or not is a personal position and is not what determines Wikipedia's content. The relevant issue is what reliable sources say and how the subject is presented in a neutral manner. If the article states that a particular organisation considers access to safe abortion a women's right, that should be attributed to the organisation; an editor's personal religious or moral view should not determine whether that sourced viewpoint is mentioned. Wikipedia is supposed to describe significant viewpoints rather than adopt an editor's position on them. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 07:54, 30 Agosti 2026 (UTC) ::@[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Gayle157]] Do I need your permission to ask another user his/her own opinion in his/her talk page? '''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 14:58, 31 Agosti 2026 (UTC) :::I’m not trying to be offensive or tell you what you can or cannot ask another user (where did that even come from?). I’m simply pointing out the facts and explaining my concern about how the question was phrased based on the editor recent edit on Abortion pages. I respect that people have different personal and political views, but I think we should keep those views separate from how we interact with other editors and focus on the content and Wikipedia policies. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 18:55, 31 Agosti 2026 (UTC) ::::@[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Gayle157]] Have you review all my recent edits on Abortion pages? If no, keep silent. If yes, show to me what was against Wikipedia policies. Thanks. First you said that I wrote to Kelvin kevoo authoritavely, then you youself deleted those words and said I went against those policies... It is because I deleted two pages very badly translated and quotations from Wikimedia source? --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 14:29, 1 Septemba 2026 (UTC) :::::Your edits? Why would i need to view any of your edits? What does that have to do with anything; :::::Where did i say you went against the policies? :::::Where did i say your recent edits go against the policies? :::::Where did i even talk about your edits??????? :::::I told you not to turn this into authoritarian-style exchange; :::::The user has been editing Abortion pages and thats why you asked? :::::You know what i dont care;; :::::You're still the same person; :::::So forget i even said something; [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 09:21, 3 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 8zlc1uyhi2oiexna25plfi5if7e7qk3 14 142869 1594116 1193651 2026-09-03T09:00:59Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594116 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira nchi kwa nchi|A]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Albania|C]] o3oelzq7tan30q2ov0f71w7j8pl2agg 0 145736 1594049 1523496 2026-09-02T19:16:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594049 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} {{Football player infobox|jinalamchezaji=Percy Liza|tareheyakuzaliwa=10 Mei 2000|mjialiozaliwa=Chimbote|nchialiozaliwa=Perú|urefu=1.85|klabuyasasa=Sporting Cristal|vilabu=Sporting Cristal|klabuzavijana=José Gálvez FBC<br />AD José Gálvez<br />Deportivo José Olaya<br />CF Chimbote<br />Academia SiderPerú<br />Universidad San Pedro<br />Sporting Cristal|miakayavijana=2012<br />2013<br />2014<br />2014<br />2015<br />2016–2017<br />2017–2019|miaka=2019−}} '''Percy Liza''' (amezaliwa [[10 Mei]] [[2000]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Peru]]. Anacheza kama [[mshambuliaji]] na timu yake ya sasa ni Sporting Cristal kutoka Liga 1 ya Peru. Alizaliwa na kukulia katika jiji la Chimbote,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Percy Liza, el joven chimbotano que se hace un camino en Sporting Cristal {{!}} Liga 1 - Fútbol peruano - REVTLI {{!}} RESPUESTAS|url=https://elcomercio.pe/respuestas/percy-liza-el-joven-chimbotano-que-se-hace-un-camino-en-sporting-cristal-liga-1-futbol-peruano-revtli-noticia/|work=El Comercio Perú|date=2020-11-23|accessdate=2022-05-19|language=es|author=NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO PERÚ}}</ref> akiwa na umri wa miaka 16 alihamia Lima, ambapo Sporting Cristal ilikubali kumtia adabu baada ya uhamisho wake kwenda [[mji mkuu]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Percy Liza: el 9 del futuro|url=https://www.extremoceleste.com/percy-liza-el-9-del-futuro/|work=ExtremoCeleste.com - Web Oficial de la Hinchada de Sporting Cristal|date=2021-01-16|accessdate=2022-05-19|language=es|author=admin}}</ref> Mashindano ya mwaka wa 2018, alianza kwa mara ya kwanza akiwa na kikosi cha kwanza akiwa na umri wa miaka 18, Aprili 2019.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Percy Liza’s remarkable growth at Sporting Cristal since his 18-year-old debut|url=https://www.paudal.com/2021/10/27/percy-lizas-remarkable-growth-at-sporting-cristal-since-his-18-year-old-debut/|work=Paudal|date=2021-10-27|accessdate=2022-05-19|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-01-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103030651/https://www.paudal.com/2021/10/27/percy-lizas-remarkable-growth-at-sporting-cristal-since-his-18-year-old-debut/}}</ref> Baada ya kukabiliwa na majeraha mapema katika uchezaji wake, alitulia kwa msimu mwingine katika kikosi cha akiba na kufanikiwa kutwaa ubingwa mara mbili mwaka huo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sporting Cristal se coronó bicampeón en el Torneo de Reservas|url=https://www.extremoceleste.com/sporting-cristal-se-corono-bicampeon-en-el-torneo-de-reservas/|work=ExtremoCeleste.com - Web Oficial de la Hinchada de Sporting Cristal|date=2019-11-18|accessdate=2022-05-19|language=es|author=admin}}</ref> Mwaka uliofuata alijiimarisha kama mchezaji muhimu wa klabu, na kupata taji lake la kwanza la kitaaluma katika msimu wa 2020, ambapo akiwa na Sporting Cristal angekuwa bingwa wa michuano hiyo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=¡Cristal, campeón de la Liga 1!|url=https://peru.as.com/peru/2020/12/20/futbol/1608502321_301636.html|work=Diario AS|date=2020-12-20|accessdate=2022-05-19|language=es-pe|author=Dan Lerner}}</ref> Msimu mmoja zaidi ulifuata, ambao Liza alifanikiwa kushinda. Mashindano ya Ufunguzi, Kombe la Miaka Miwili na yangetangazwa mshindi wa pili wa mashindano hayo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=¡Cristal, campeón de la Fase 1!|url=https://peru.as.com/peru/2021/05/30/futbol/1622410221_831874.html|work=Diario AS|date=2021-05-30|accessdate=2022-05-19|language=es-pe|author=Dan Lerner}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title="Siempre campeones": así celebró Sporting Cristal la obtención del título de la Copa Bicentenario|url=https://rpp.pe/futbol/descentralizado/sporting-cristal-campeon-copa-bicentenario-asi-celebro-el-equipo-celeste-el-titulo-tras-vencer-en-la-final-a-mannucci-galeria-futbol-peruano-noticia-1349685|work=RPP|date=2021-07-28|accessdate=2022-05-19|language=es|author=GrupoRPP}}</ref> == Mwanzo == Carlos Percy Liza Espinoza alizaliwa Chimbote, katika idara ya Ancash.Percy alikulia katika familia ya Kikristo na katika nyumba ya hali ya wastani.Alisoma katika Taasisi ya Elimu 89001 Prevocational ya wilaya ya Chimbote.wenzake kutoka José Gálvez FBC Shule ya Soka, klabu yake ya kwanza ambapo alifanya kazi pamoja na mwalimu na kocha wa Peru, Juan Carlos Acosta. Akiwa na umri wa miaka kumi na miwili, Liza alikua mshindi wa pili wa kitaifa katika U-12 katika jiji la Tacna mnamo 2013 na bingwa wa U-13 katika Kombe la Wilaya ya Santa Anita msimu uliofuata. Alikuwa na Paolo Guerrero na Karim Benzema kama sanamu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sporting Cristal Percy Liza tiene como referente a Paolo Guerrero: “Siempre ha dado la cara por sus equipos” {{!}} Liga 1 {{!}} nczd {{!}} FUTBOL-PERUANO|url=https://depor.com/futbol-peruano/descentralizado/sporting-cristal-percy-liza-tiene-como-referente-a-paolo-guerrero-siempre-ha-dado-la-cara-por-sus-equipos-liga-1-nczd-noticia/|work=Depor|date=2021-08-04|accessdate=2022-05-19|language=es|author=NOTICIAS DEPOR}}</ref> Katikati ya 2014, alikua sehemu ya José Olaya Sports Club, mwaka huo huo aliendelea na kazi yake katika Kituo cha Mafunzo cha Chimbote. Liza alikua mshiriki wa Chuo cha SiderPerú mnamo 2015. Mwaka uliofuata, angeendelea na kazi yake ya ujana Chuo Kikuu cha San Pedro hadi msimu uliofuata, baada ya kucheza kwa Mkoa wa Ancash katika Mashindano ya Mkoa, wakigombea hatua ya mwisho huko Puente Piedra. Club Sporting Cristal na kuwa sehemu ya klabu huko Lima, mji mkuu wa Peru, na kulazimika kuhama peke yake na kupata mbali na familia yake.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=El notable crecimiento de Percy Liza en Sporting Cristal desde que debutó con 18 años|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/peru/2021/10/27/el-notable-crecimiento-de-percy-liza-en-sporting-cristal-desde-que-debuto-con-18-anos/|work=infobae|accessdate=2022-05-19|language=es-ES|author=27 de Octubre de 2021}}</ref> Mara baada ya uhamisho kukamilika, alianza safari yake mpya katika nidhamu ya klabu ya Lima kuanzia msimu wa 2018. Gallardo, Rafael Lutiger na Diego Soto-, wanasaikolojia, wakufunzi wa kibinafsi ambao walimwongoza katika masomo yake na madaktari ambao waliona ukuaji wake wa kimwili. , ambayo ilichangia katika mazoezi yake kama mtu na kama mwanasoka.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Percy Liza: De Chimbote a La Florida|url=https://www.extremoceleste.com/percy-liza-de-chimbote-a-la-florida/|work=ExtremoCeleste.com - Web Oficial de la Hinchada de Sporting Cristal|date=2020-11-24|accessdate=2022-05-19|language=es|author=admin}}</ref> Percy Liza angefanikiwa kutwaa ubingwa mara mbili akiwa na timu ya akiba (2018 na 2019) na angekuwa mmoja wa wafungaji bora wa machimbo hayo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Left Back Football|url=https://www.leftbackfootball.com/home/2021/11/3/percy-liza-sporting-cristals-rapid-striking-prodigy|work=Left Back Football|accessdate=2022-05-19|language=en-US}}</ref> == Njia == === Club Sporting Cristal === ==== Kwanza na miaka ya mapema (2019-2021) ==== Maendeleo yake makubwa ya soka yaliishia kumfanya acheze dakika zake za kwanza akiwa na kikosi cha kwanza Januari 30, 2019, katika mechi ya kirafiki dhidi ya Emelec, wakati huo iliyokuwa chini ya kocha Ismael Rescalvo, kwenye Uwanja wa George Capwell.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Cristal fue goleado por Emelec en la denominada 'Explosión Azul'|url=https://www.futbolperuano.com/liga-1/noticias/emelec-vs-sporting-cristal-en-vivo-online-por-la-explosion-azul-217513|work=Futbolperuano.com|date=2019-01-29|accessdate=2022-05-19|language=spanish|author=Redacción- Futbolperuano.com}}</ref> Februari, aliitwa kucheza mechi nyingine. ya kirafiki, wakati huu dhidi ya Academia Cantolao ya Día de la Raza Celeste.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sporting Cristal vs. Cantolao: resumen de los goles y mejores jugadas del partido por el Día de la Raza celeste 2019 {{!}} VIDEO {{!}} FUTBOL-PERUANO|url=https://depor.com/futbol-peruano/sporting-cristal-vs-cantolao-vivo-online-gratis-via-golperu-seguir-transmision-dia-raza-celeste-102632/|work=Depor|date=2019-02-03|accessdate=2022-05-19|language=es|author=NOTICIAS DEPOR|archivedate=2021-12-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207183231/https://depor.com/futbol-peruano/sporting-cristal-vs-cantolao-vivo-online-gratis-via-golperu-seguir-transmision-dia-raza-celeste-102632/}}</ref> Mwanzoni mwa Aprili, Liza alitia saini mkataba wake wa kwanza wa kikazi na klabu hiyo kwa miaka 2.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Cristal aseguró a seis jóvenes hasta el 2021|url=https://ovacion.pe/noticias/sporting-cristal/cristal-aseguro-seis-jovenes-hasta-2021|work=Ovación Corporación Deportiva|accessdate=2022-05-19|language=es|archive-date=2021-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207173621/https://ovacion.pe/noticias/sporting-cristal/cristal-aseguro-seis-jovenes-hasta-2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> Claudio Vivas alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza dhidi ya Ayacucho FC, kwenye Uwanja wa Ciudad de Cumaná mnamo Aprili 6, 2019. Akiwa na umri wa miaka kumi na minane, kumi. miezi na siku ishirini na sita, akiwa mmoja wa wachezaji wa nyumbani waliocheza kwa mara ya kwanza Ligi Daraja la Kwanza.Msimu uliofuata angeitwa na kocha wa Peru Manuel Barreto kucheza Copa Libertadores Sub-20,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lista de jugadores convocados a la Libertadores Sub 20|url=https://www.extremoceleste.com/lista-de-jugadores-convocados-a-la-libertadores-sub-20/|work=ExtremoCeleste.com - Web Oficial de la Hinchada de Sporting Cristal|date=2020-02-12|accessdate=2022-05-19|language=es|author=admin}}</ref> Liza angecheza kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye kichapo dhidi ya Academia Puerto Mnamo Februari 15, 2020, baada ya mechi hii, Cabello angecheza mechi mbili za kundi zilizosalia, ambazo zingekuwa na ushindi wake wa kwanza wa kimataifa akiwa na timu hiyo kwenye mechi ya mwisho dhidi ya Nacional. Akiwa na kikosi cha kwanza alicheza kwa mara ya kwanza Mei 22 kwenye Copa. Sudamericana kabla ya Muungano wa Uhispania; hata hivyo, katika mechi ya mkondo wa pili alitenganishwa kwa sababu ya utovu wa nidhamu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sporting Cristal vs. Unión Española: Vivas separó a juvenil por indisciplina a horas del choque por Sudamericana {{!}} FUTBOL-PERUANO|url=https://elbocon.pe/futbol-peruano/descentralizado/sporting-cristal-vs-union-espanola-vivas-desconvoca-juvenil-por-indisciplina-video-186918/|work=El Bocón|date=2019-05-28|accessdate=2022-05-19|language=es|author=NOTICIAS EL BOCÓN}}</ref> Alifunga bao lake la kwanza rasmi dhidi ya Club Universitario de Deportes, siku ya saba ya michuano ya Ligi mnamo Novemba 20, 2020. Desemba 12, Sporting Cristal alicheza mechi ya mkondo wa pili. mechi ya mchujo ya Ligi 1 dhidi ya Ayacucho FC ambapo Liza alifunga bao la mwisho na kuihakikishia timu hiyo pasi hadi fainali.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sporting Cristal vs. Ayacucho FC EN VIVO {{!}} Percy Liza anotó gol para el 4-1 en la semifinal de la Liga 1 [VIDEO] {{!}} FUTBOL-PERUANO|url=https://depor.com/futbol-peruano/descentralizado/sporting-cristal-vs-ayacucho-fc-en-vivo-percy-liza-anoto-gol-para-el-4-1-en-la-semifinal-de-la-liga-1-video-noticia/|work=Depor|date=2020-12-12|accessdate=2022-05-19|language=es|author=NOTICIAS DEPOR}}</ref> Hii ilikuwa ni baada ya kucheza fainali dhidi ya Universitario, taji la kwanza la msimu alishinda akiwa na timu ya light blue. Mwanzoni mwa 2021,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=¿Dónde jugará Percy Liza en el 2021?|url=https://www.futbolperuano.com/liga-1/noticias/donde-jugara-percy-liza-en-el-2021-291517|work=Futbolperuano.com|date=2021-01-17|accessdate=2022-05-19|language=spanish|author=Diego Medina Castro}}</ref> Liza aliongeza mkataba wake na klabu ya mbinguni kwa misimu miwili.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sporting Cristal anunció la renovación de Percy Liza hasta el 2023|url=https://www.futbolperuano.com/liga-1/noticias/sporting-cristal-anuncio-renovacion-de-percy-liza-hasta-el-2023-294000|work=Futbolperuano.com|date=2021-01-31|accessdate=2022-05-19|language=spanish|author=Axel Belapatiño}}</ref> Hata hivyo, alishiriki kwa busara katika Awamu ya 1. Mei 6, alicheza kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye [[Copa Libertadores]] dhidi ya Rentistas, mechi ambayo aliteseka. jeraha kwenye magoti yake Baada ya kufanya vibaya hadi katikati ya mwaka, Liza angecheza moja ya mchezo wake bora mwanzoni mwa Awamu ya 2 akifunga bao la kichwa na kuchochea penalti kwa timu yake katika ushindi wa 4-2 dhidi ya Cantolao. Mnamo Julai 27, Liza alishinda taji lake la pili katika soka ya Peru, Kombe la Bicentennial, baada ya kufunga mabao mawili katika ushindi wa 2-1 wa Cristal dhidi ya Carlos A. Mannucci, kwa ushindi huu angefuzu kwa Super Cup. Peruana 2022. Mnamo Julai 14 ingekuwa muhimu katika ushindi wa ugenini dhidi ya Arsenal de Sarandí kwa Copa Sudamericanna.Timu yake ingefuzu kwa raundi inayofuata ya michuano hiyo ambapo ingetolewa na Peñarol kwa matokeo ya jumla ya 4-1. Agosti 23, ilifunga bao. dhidi ya Cusco FC 4-1 Bao lililofuata lilifungwa Agosti 27, katika ushindi wa 1-0 dhidi ya FBC Melgar.Siku kadhaa baadaye, Septemba 17, angefunga bao katika ushindi wa 6-1 dhidi ya Chuo Kikuu cha Ufundi cha Cajamarca.Katika mechi iliyofuata, angefunga bao katika kupoteza kwa 1-3 dhidi ya Mannucci.Liza angetokea tena na ushiriki wa hali ya juu, kufunga na kusaidia katika ushindi wa 4-3 dhidi ya Binacional.Siku ya mchujo wa Awamu ya 2, Liza angekuwa na matokeo mazuri kwenye 3 -1 ushindi dhidi ya Alianza Lima; hata hivyo, aliondoka uwanjani akiwa na maumivu na akaungwa mkono kwa fainali ya kitaifa mwezi mmoja baadaye.​​ Percy Liza angecheza fainali dhidi ya Club Alianza Lima ambapo alishinda nafasi ya pili na Cristal baada ya kupoteza kwa matokeo ya kimataifa ya 1-0. Baada ya msimu mzuri alipokea tuzo ya Revelation Player na angechaguliwa katika bora ya eleven. wa League 1, Pia alisifiwa na Paolo Guerrero.Baada ya kumaliza msimu, thamani ya Liza iliongezeka mara tano, ikiwa ni maslahi ya vilabu kadhaa na baada ya kuwa mapumzikoni Ulaya, alikwenda moja kwa moja [[Ubelgiji]] kutazama mechi ya Anderlecht huko Brussels mbele. wa timu ya Zulte Waregem ambapo alikuwa karibu na mwakilishi wake kwa kile ambacho vyombo mbalimbali vya habari nchini humo vilidai kuwa inaweza kuwa dau kwa timu ya Ubelgiji; mtani wake, Andrés Mendoza, alisema kuwa mchezaji huyo anapaswa kuondoka katika klabu yake, kukabiliana na hali hiyo. na kubaki Ulaya, pia alitaja kuwa aina yake ya uchezaji inamrahisishia kuzoea soka la Ubelgiji. ==== Maendeleo na utendaji nchini Peru (2022-wasilisha) ==== Baada ya uvumi na klabu ya Ubelgiji, Liza ataendelea katika klabu ya Lima, kutokana na kujiunga na preseason huko Florida. mshiriki akifunga bao katika ushindi wa 7-0.Bao lake lililofuata katika mechi ya kujiandaa na msimu lilifungwa katika ushindi wa 2-1 dhidi ya Manispaa ya Deportivo kwenye Uwanja wa Alberto Gallardo.Siku chache baadaye, Januari 22, angefunga bao katika ushindi huo. juu ya Academia Cantolao kwa 1-0. Baada ya matokeo mabaya wakati wa tarehe za kwanza za ligi, Liza angeshiriki katika ushindi wa 3-2 dhidi ya Chuo Kikuu cha Ufundi cha Cajamarca, akifunga na kusaidia kwa tarehe ya nne ya Ligi 1. Kabla ya msimu wake wa kwanza wa msimu huu, Liza alikiri hilo. "Kuna suala linalosubiriwa kwao." Percy angecheza katika ushindi wa 1-0 dhidi ya Club Alianza Lima. Katika mchezo uliofuata angefunga bao katika sare ya 2-2 dhidi ya Academia Cantolao. Forward alitambua kuwa ugumu wa Ligi. 1 iliongezeka kila timu iliporejea makao makuu yake, ingawa haikuacha kutamani kupanda nafasi za juu ikiwa na kikosi cha kwanza, ikitaja: "Sasa, kwa mashindano ya ugatuzi, ni ngumu zaidi" Aprili 5, alifanikiwa kufikisha 50. mechi na klabu dhidi ya CR Flamengo kuwania Copa Libertadores, mechi ambayo iliisha kwa kushindwa.Katika mechi iliyofuata ya hatua ya makundi, Liza atakosolewa kwa kukosa mabao mbele ya Chuo Kikuu cha Kikatoliki, pia ni Angehusika katika penalti yenye utata ambayo ingepelekea timu ya Chile kupata ushindi.Tukirudi kwenye dimba la ndani, Percy angecheza ushindi wa 6-4 dhidi ya Deportivo Municipal, ikiwa ni mechi iliyofunga mabao mengi zaidi msimu huu. kwa vyombo vya habari vya ndani, Liza hakuja kufanya vizuri tangu michezo kadhaa kutokana na usumbufu mdogo unaomzuia kufanya vyema.Baada ya kushindwa huko Córdoba dhidi ya Talleres, Liza angeulizwa vikali na mchezaji na kocha wa Argentina, Horacio Baldessari. baada ya nafasi yake mbaya uwanjani: "Ana makosa sana uwanjani." Katika hatua ya makundi ya Copa Libertadores ya 2022, Liza alifunga bao lake la kwanza katika mechi yake ya 5 kwenye mashindano. == Takwimu == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align: center; width=100%" ! rowspan="2" width="10%" |Klabu ! rowspan="2" width="7%" |Msimu ! colspan="3" width="10%" |Ubingwa kitaifa ! colspan="3" width="10%" |Kombe kitaifa{{Ref_label|A|a|none}} ! colspan="3" width="10%" |Mashindano bara{{Ref_label|B|b|none}} ! colspan="3" width="10%" |Jumla |- !Mechi !Malengo !Mahudhurio !Mechi !Malengo !Mahudhurio !Mechi !Malengo !Mahudhurio !Mechi !Malengo !Mahudhurio |- | rowspan="5" align="center" valign="center" |'''[[:pt:Club_Sporting_Cristal|Sporting Cristal]]''' |2019 |2 |0 |0 | colspan="3" |— |1 |0 |0 !3 !0 !0 |- |2020 |8 |2 |1 | colspan="3" |— | colspan="3" |— !8 !2 !1 |- |2021 |23 |6 |5 |3 |2 |1 |5 |0 |0 !31 !8 !6 |- |2022 |10 |2 |1 | colspan="3" |— |5 |1 |0 |'''15''' !3 !1 |- !Total !43 !10 !7 !3 !2 !1 !11 !1 !0 !57 !13 !8 |- ! colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC" |Total na carreira ! style="background: #DCDCDC" |43 ! style="background: #DCDCDC" |10 ! style="background: #DCDCDC" |7 ! style="background: #DCDCDC" |3 ! style="background: #DCDCDC" |2 ! style="background: #DCDCDC" |1 ! style="background: #DCDCDC" |11 ! style="background: #DCDCDC" |1 ! style="background: #DCDCDC" |0 ! style="background: #DCDCDC" |57 ! style="background: #DCDCDC" |13 ! style="background: #DCDCDC" |8 |} == Marejeo == {{marejeo|2}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2000]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Peru]] a535zc17ixfp3jtwmgol8cdnyxaqaei 0 149430 1594044 1221998 2026-09-02T18:37:45Z Muddyb 379 1594044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Djelimady Tounkara''' ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa nchini [[Mali]] na mmoja wa wapiga [[gitaa]] maarufu [[ Afrika|Barani Afrika]]. ==Maisha na kazi== Tounkara alizaliwa [[magharibi]] mwa [[mji]] mkuu wa Mali, [[Bamako]]. Wakati alipohamia mji mkuu wa Mali, Bamako mwaka [[1960]], alikuwa amepanga kufanya kazi kama fundi [[nguo]]. Lakini muziki ulikuwa wito wenye nguvu. Alianza kupiga gitaa katika bendi kubwa ya mtaani iliyofadhiliwa na [[serikali]], Orchestre Misira. Djelimady alipiga gitaa vizuri zaidi katika bendi na alichaguliwa kujiunga na mpiga gitaa wa Orchestre National kama mpiga gitaa wa rhythm na kupewa heshima kubwa kama mpiga gitaa mdogo. ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za muziki wa Afrika]] phktffmsap8tynmb79bb1c5p4qzhsvc 1594046 1594044 2026-09-02T18:41:57Z Muddyb 379 1594046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Djelimady Tounkara''' ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa nchini [[Mali]] na mmoja wa wapiga [[gitaa]] maarufu [[ Afrika|Barani Afrika]]. ==Maisha na kazi== Tounkara alizaliwa katika mji tajiri wa [[Kita]] huko [[magharibi]] mwa [[mji]] mkuu wa Mali, [[Bamako]]. Wakati alipohamia mji mkuu wa Mali, Bamako mwaka [[1960]], alikuwa amepanga kufanya kazi kama fundi [[nguo]]. Lakini muziki ulikuwa wito wenye nguvu. Alianza kupiga gitaa katika bendi kubwa ya mtaani iliyofadhiliwa na [[serikali]], Orchestre Misira. Djelimady alipiga gitaa vizuri zaidi katika bendi na alichaguliwa kujiunga na mpiga gitaa wa Orchestre National kama mpiga gitaa wa rhythm na kupewa heshima kubwa kama mpiga gitaa mdogo. ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za muziki wa Afrika]] mmnd4ickd3ezcq3hei10v2usuk9luni 3 161424 1594061 1411814 2026-09-02T19:49:52Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 /* Tafsiri ya mashine */ mjadala mpya 1594061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Karibu}}'''[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|majadiliano]])''' 11:46, 15 Novemba 2022 (UTC) == Tafsiri za mashine — [[Nasra Ali Abukar]] == Bwana mdogo hujambo? Tafadhali kabla ya kubandika makala zako za kutafsiri na mashine, ninashauri uzisome kwanza. Hazieleweki hata kidogo. Ukiendelea kutupa taka ovyo bila kutazama unazitupia wapi, utawekwa sandukuni kwa muda. Ni muhimu kuweka makala zinazofaa badala ya kutupa bila mpangilio. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 12:06, 23 Machi 2025 (UTC) ==Taarifa ya Kukuzuia== {{zuia tafsiri}} [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 12:56, 23 Machi 2025 (UTC) == Tafsiri ya mashine == Habari ndugu, Makala nyingi kama sio zote ulizochapisha hivi karibuni hazieleweki kabisa, kiswahili chake na muundo unaonesha dhahili ni tafsiri ya mashine bila ya marekebisha ya kutosha. Pia hakikisha kila makala unayochapisha inakua na angalau vyonzo/chanzo (reference) ata moja. Tafadhali kwa sasa fanya mapitio kwa kurekebisha machapisho uliofanya kabla ya kuandika makala nyingine mpya yeyote. '''[[Mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|Anuary Rajabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|majadiliano]])''' 19:49, 2 Septemba 2026 (UTC) ah1edvi4drrajgjpemb4sf3ahkwohku 0 172187 1594009 1593605 2026-09-02T14:34:06Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina =Ahmed Ben Bella |picha = Président Ahmed Ben Bella (mono).jpg |maelezo_ya_picha =Raisi Ahmed Ben Bella |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa =26 Desemba 1916 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufariki =11 Aprili 2012 |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa =mwanasiasa, mwanajeshi]] na mwanamapinduzi wa kisoshalisti wa Algeria |kazi_yake =Mwanasiasa |nchi = Algeria }} '''Ahmed Ben Bella''' ([[26 Desemba]] [[1916]] - [[11 Aprili]] [[2012]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]], [[mwanajeshi]] na [[mwanamapinduzi]] wa kisoshalisti wa [[Algeria]] ambaye aliwahi kuwa mkuu wa serikali kuanzia tarehe [[27 Septemba]] [[1962]] hadi [[15 Septemba]] [[1963]] na kisha [[Rais]] wa kwanza wa Algeria kutoka [[15 Septemba]] [[1963]] hadi [[19 Juni]] [[1965]]. ==Maisha ya Awali== Ahmed Ben Bella alizaliwa tarehe [[26 Desemba]] [[1916]] katika wilaya ya [[Maghnia]]. Wazazi wake walikuwa wahamiaji kutoka [[Moroko]]. <ref>{{Rejea habari | date = 2012-04-11| title = Mort de Ben Bella, héros de l'indépendance algérienne|language=fr |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2012/04/11/ben-bella-heros-de-l-independance-algerienne_1684031_3382.html |access-date=2023-05-01}}</ref> ==Utumishi na Jeshi la Ufaransa== Ben Bella alijitolea kwa mara ya kwanza kutumika katika [[Jeshi]] la [[Ufaransa]] mwaka 1936. Jeshi lilikuwa mojawapo ya njia chache za maendeleo kwa [[Algeria]] chini ya utawala wa kikoloni na uandikishaji wa hiari ulikuwa wa kawaida. Alipotumwa kwenda nchi [[Marseille]], alicheza kiungo wa kati wa klabu ya Olympique de Marseille mnamo 1939-1940. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.om-passion.com/effectif_saison_1939_425_ben-bella.html | title = Ben Bella profile on om-passion, unofficial Olympique de Marseille site|publisher=Om-passion.com |access-date=12 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209044232/http://www.om-passion.com/effectif_saison_1939_425_ben-bella.html |archive-date=9 February 2009}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya Nje== * [https://www.timelessmyths.com/characters/ahmed-ben-balla/ Wasifu Wa Utawala] {{Wayback|url=https://www.timelessmyths.com/characters/ahmed-ben-balla/ |date=20230616171310 }} {{Marais wa Aljeria}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Marais wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1916]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2012]] c6etgvno7aqz34vczbwwq231vwcqyap 0 179970 1594041 1326893 2026-09-02T16:32:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594041 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Odile Tetero''' (amezaliwa 24 Februari 1998)<ref name="FIBA.basketball 1998 t072">{{cite web|title=Odile TETERO at the FIBA Women's AfroBasket 2023|website=FIBA.basketball|date=1998-02-24|url=https://www.fiba.basketball/womensafrobasket/2023/player/Odile-Tetero|access-date=2024-03-18}}</ref> ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa kikapu]] wa [[Rwanda]] anayecheza timu ya taifa ya [[wanawake]] ya Mpira wa Kikapu ya Rwanda. Alitajwa kama Mchezaji Mwenye Thamani Zaidi katika michezo ya mtoano ya Ligi ya Mpira wa Kikapu ya Rwanda (RBL) ya mwaka 2022/2023. Amepata kutambuliwa kama moja ya wachezaji bora wa pointi katika mpira wa kikapu wa Rwanda.<ref name="Munyeshuri 2023 h734">{{cite web|last=Munyeshuri|first=Evode|title=Odile Tetero Scores 30 Points To Give APR WBBC A 2-1 Series Lead.|website=Ground Sports|date=2023-09-10|url=https://ground-sports.com/odile-tetero-scores-30-points-to-give-apr-wbbc-a-2-1-series-lead/|access-date=2024-03-18|archive-date=2024-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318112135/https://ground-sports.com/odile-tetero-scores-30-points-to-give-apr-wbbc-a-2-1-series-lead/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Rwanda]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Rwanda]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1998]] 1zb7bfhdf5vd8dczt6duy13k51tuz57 0 180499 1594104 1376180 2026-09-03T07:27:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594104 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uendelevu''' ni hali ya watu kuishi vizuri na kwa usalama pamoja. Uendelevu unakuwa na maisha ya kila mtu na kila kitu. Uendelevu unakuwa na ujenzi, maduka, vyakula, maji, wanyama, misitu, [[uchumi]], afya, na maeneo mengine mengi ya [[Binadamu|kibinadamu]].<ref>University of Pittsburgh. Pitt Sustainability. 2018, [https://www.sustainable.pitt.edu/ Home - Pitt Sustainability]. Accessed 17 April 2024</ref> [[Faili:Nguzo za Uendelevu.png|thumb|284x284px|Nguzo za Uendelevu]] == Nguzo za Uendelevu == Uendelevu unajengwa juu ya nguzo tatu ambazo ni nguzo ya kijamii, nguzo kwa [[Mazingira|kimazingira]], na nguzo ya kiuchumi. Uendelevu wa kijamiini unahusiana na hali ya watu. Mfano mmoja ni kulala. Mtu hawezi kuwa na uendelevu kama analala kidogodogo, au sana. Mtu anaweza kuwa na uendelevu kama yeye hulala masaa ya wastani (masaa nane, lakini kila mtu ni tofauti) kila usiku. Kuongeza, kula chakula vizuri ni uendelevu wa kijamiij, kunywa maji safi ni uendelevu wa kijamii, kuwa na marafiki wazuri ni uendelevu wa kijamii. Uendelevu wa kiuchumi unahusiana na fedha za watu. Mfano mmoja ni [[benki]]. Mtu anahitaji pesa kwenye [[benki]] hadi anapokuwa mzee. Mtu anahitaji pesa sasa kulipa chakula, nyumba, maji, vitu vya kujiburudisha, kitanda kizuri, na vitu vingine vingi. Kitu kimoja mtu anaweza kufanya kuwa na uendelevu wa kiuchumi ni kutengeneza mipango ya kupata pesa. Mpango mzuri unazingatia kuhusu mapato na matumizi. Uendelevu wa mazingira ni uendelevu ambao watu wengi wanafikiri kila mara wakati wanaposikia kuhusu uendelevu. Afya ya msitu, afya ya ziwa na mto, afya ya wanyama, na nyingi sana. Mazingira yanaweza kuwa vitu mtu anaishi karibu na. Jengo mtu anajiishi ni mazingira pia. Jengo linahitaji kuwa na safi na amani kuwa na uendelevu. [[Faili:Piramidi ya Uendelevu.png|thumb|368x368px|Piramidi ya Uendelevu]] == Kaulimbiu == Kuna kaulimbiu za uendelevu zinazotumiwa kwa wingi, kama, "Kupunguza, kutumia tena, na kuchakata tena". Kwa ujumla, kitu muhimu sana ni kupunguza ili kuwa na uendelevu. Takataka kidogo ni nzuri kuliko takataka nyingi. Nchi nyingi katika Afrika Mashariki ziliacha kutumia mifuko ya plastiki kupunguza takataka na kuwa na uendelevu.<ref>Greenpeace Africa. “34 Plastic Bans in Africa | A Reality Check.” Greenpeace, 19 May 2020, [https://www.greenpeace.org/africa/en/blogs/11156/34-plastic-bans-in-africa/ 34 Plastic Bans in Africa | A Reality Check - Greenpeace Africa]. </ref> Mara nyingi kupunguza ni kitu cha kwanza kufanywa ili kuwa na uendelevu zaidi. Watu wanaweza kupunguza matumizi ya umeme, muda wa kuoga, [[Uzalishaji wa gesi chafu|gesi chafu]], gharama za maisha, na nyingine nyingi. == Mkutano wa Makubaliano (COP) == [[Faili:United Nations Climate Change Conference logo.svg|thumb|Nembo ya COP|267x267px]]Uendelevu wa kimazingira unapata umakini sana kwa sababu ya hali ya dunia. Dunia inapata joto sana, na watu wengi wanaogopa kuhusu hali ya dunia. Watu wengi wanataka kuboresha dunia, lakini watu wengi wanapinga na wengine wanakubaliana kuhusu maoni haya. [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] ulitengeneza mipango kumi na saba ya uendelevu. Viongozi wa nchi mbalimbali duniani huzungumza kila miaka kuhusu hali ya dunia na uendelevu katika COP (Mkutano wa Makubaliano). Makubaliano ya kimataifa yanashirikisha nchi za uanachama wa Mkataba wa Kimataifa wa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], kama [[Marekani]], [[Burundi]], [[Polandi]], na nyingi sana. Mjadala unakuwa zaidi juu ya uendelevu. Mwanzoni uendelevu ulipopata nafasi ya kimjadala, watu wengi hawakuujali sana. Kadiri muda unavyoendelea, watu wengi wanausadiki, lakini watu wengi wana maoni tofauti kuhusu uendelevu. Mara nyingi, watu wana mabishano kuhusu uendelevu wa kimazingira kwa sababu uendelevu wa kimazingira ni tatizo kubwa sana kwa hali ya dunia. Mara nyingi, COP haifanyi vitu vyingi sana kwa sababu viongozi hawataki kupunguza vitu vyao, kama mafuta, ili kuwa na uendelevu.<ref>Bloomberg, AB. (Host). (2021, Nov. 18). We Go Inside the COP26 Climate Talks (No. 67) [Audio podcast episode]. [https://gimletmedia.com/shows/howtosaveaplanet/5whvgxa/we-go-inside-the-cop26-climate-talks In How to Save a Planet. Gimlet. We Go Inside the COP26 Climate Talks | How to Save a Planet (www.gimletmedia.com)] {{Wayback|url=https://gimletmedia.com/shows/howtosaveaplanet/5whvgxa/we-go-inside-the-cop26-climate-talks |date=20240417162224 }}</ref> == Tanbihi == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Uchumi]] 2mtq5kng9lfcyd6bm8ybz3zyfe017k8 0 183031 1594096 1526617 2026-09-03T04:59:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594096 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tamasha la Adaakoya''' ni tamasha la mavuno linaloadhimishwa kila mwaka na machifu na watu wa Wagurunsi huko [[Bolgatanga]] na Zuarungu katika Mkoa wa Upper East wa [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Goldstar Air {{!}} Tour Packages Upper East Region|url=https://flygoldstar.com/tour-packages-uppereast-region.html|access-date=2020-08-21|website=flygoldstar.com}}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kawaida husherehekewa kati ya miezi ya Januari na Februari.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Republic of Ghana Embassy Berlin Germany|url=http://h2829516.stratoserver.net/tourism/index.html|access-date=2020-08-21|website=h2829516.stratoserver.net}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Upper East Region - ghanagrio.com|url=https://ghananation.com/tourism/The-Upper-East-Region.php|access-date=2020-08-21|website=ghananation.com|language=en|archive-date=2021-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809112323/https://ghananation.com/tourism/The-Upper-East-Region.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Matamasha nchini Ghana]] 0fixwut38esxpc1eak37bif0qnwowf9 0 184585 1593994 1593943 2026-09-02T14:16:31Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Diana, Binti Mfalme wa Wales]] hadi [[Diana Spencer]]: usahihi wa jina 1593943 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Diana, Princess of Wales 1997 (2).jpg|thumb|Diana, Malkia mdogo wa Wales (1997).]] '''Diana Frances Spencer''' (almaarufu kama Diana, Malkia mdogo wa Wales; Park House, [[Sandringham]], [[Uingereza]], Julai 1, 1961 - [[Paris]], [[Ufaransa]], Agosti 31, 1997) alikuwa mtoto wa tatu wa John Spencer, Earl Spencer wa Nane, na Frances Shand Kydd. Diana alikulia katika familia ya kikabaila, na wazazi wake walitalikiana alipokuwa na umri wa miaka saba, jambo lililoathiri sana maisha yake ya utotoni. Diana alisoma katika shule za binafsi nchini [[Uingereza]] na [[Uswizi]]. Alijulikana kwa urafiki wake na watoto wengine na alikuwa na kipaji cha michezo, hasa kuogelea na kupiga kinanda. Baada ya kuhitimu shule, alifanya kazi kama mwalimu wa chekechea na pia alifanya kazi kama msaidizi katika shule ya watoto wadogo. Mnamo 1980, Diana alikutana na [[Charles, Prince of Wales]], na baada ya kipindi kifupi cha uchumba, walifunga ndoa tarehe 29 Julai 1981 katika Kanisa la St. Paul Cathedral, sherehe iliyotazamwa na mamilioni ya watu duniani kote. Walijaliwa watoto wawili, [[Prince William]] alizaliwa mwaka 1982 na [[Prince Harry]] alizaliwa mwaka 1984. Kama Princess of Wales, Diana alijitolea kwa shughuli nyingi za kijamii na za hisani. Alikuwa mstari wa mbele katika kampeni za kuongeza ufahamu kuhusu [[UKIMWI]], ugonjwa wa [[ukoma]], na afya ya akili. Aliwasaidia sana watu waliokuwa wakiishi na virusi vya HIV/AIDS, akijaribu kuondoa unyanyapaa uliokuwa umezunguka ugonjwa huo. Diana pia alijulikana kwa kazi yake katika kampeni ya kupinga mabomu ya ardhini, na alitembelea maeneo yenye mabomu ya ardhini kama [[Angola]] na [[Bosnia]]. Mbali na kazi zake za hisani, Diana pia alikumbukwa kwa mtindo wake wa kipekee na uhusiano wake na vyombo vya habari. Alipendwa na umma kwa urembo wake, utu wake, na uwezo wake wa kuwasiliana kwa urahisi na watu wa kawaida. Hata hivyo, ndoa yake na Prince Charles haikuwa na furaha, na walitangaza kutengana mwaka 1992 na hatimaye kuachana mwaka 1996. Diana alifariki kwa ajali ya gari pamoja na mpenzi wake, Dodi Fayed, na dereva wao, Henri Paul. Kifo chake kilisababisha majonzi makubwa duniani kote, na mamilioni ya watu walikusanyika kumpa heshima zao za mwisho. Diana anakumbukwa kwa moyo wake wa huruma na kazi yake ya hisani ambayo ilibadilisha maisha ya watu wengi. Alileta mwanga na matumaini kwa wale waliokuwa wakiteseka, na urithi wake unaendelea kuishi kupitia kazi za hisani zinazofanywa na watoto wake, Prince William na Prince Harry. == Elimu na Kazi == Diana alipata elimu yake ya awali nyumbani chini ya uangalizi wa mlezi wake wa kike, Gertrude Allen.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20000819020342/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/diana/stories/glamor0901.htm</ref> Baadaye alianza elimu rasmi katika '''[[Silfield Private School]]''' huko King’s Lynn, [[Norfolk]]. Akiwa na umri wa miaka tisa, alijiunga na Riddlesworth Hall School, shule ya bweni ya wasichana iliyokuwa karibu na Thetford. Mwaka '''1973''', Diana alijiunga na dada zake katika West Heath Girls’ School huko Sevenoaks, Kent. Hata hivyo, hakufanya vizuri sana kitaaluma. Alifeli mitihani yake ya O-level mara mbili. Pamoja na changamoto hizo za masomo, Diana alitambuliwa kwa moyo wake wa kujitolea na kuwajali wengine, na alipokea tuzo ya shule kwa mchango wake katika jamii. Aliondoka shuleni akiwa na umri wa miaka '''16'''.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170124095030/https://www.royal.uk/diana-princess-wales</ref> Kaka yake Charles alimkumbuka Diana kama mtu mwenye aibu na mwenye haya katika kipindi hicho. Hata hivyo, alikuwa na vipaji mbalimbali. Alikuwa mpiga [[piano]] mzuri, alifanya vizuri katika kuogelea na kupiga mbizi, na pia alisoma ballet na tap dance.<ref>https://archive.org/details/dianachronicles00brow_0/page/n11/mode/2up</ref> ==Marejeo== *Morton, A. (1992). ''Diana: Her True Story''. Michael O'Mara Books. *Brown, T. (2007). ''The Diana Chronicles.'' Random House. *Smith, S. (1999). ''Diana: The Life of a Troubled Princess''. HarperCollins. *Bradford, S. (2006). ''Diana''. Viking. *Penny Junor (1998). ''Charles: Victim or Villain?'' HarperCollins. *Tina Brown (2011). ''The Diana Chronicles''. Doubleday. *Andrew Morton (2010). ''Diana: In Pursuit of Love''. Michael O'Mara Books. *Paul Burrell (2003). ''A Royal Duty''. HarperCollins. *Monckton, C. (2005). ''Diana: A Princess Remembered''. Pavilion Books. *Kelley, K. (1997). ''The Royals''. Warner Books. {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1961|1997}} [[Jamii:wanawake wa Uingereza]] li7tlyc4n1lc1fp58dylq31ifyhwa2q 1593997 1593994 2026-09-02T14:18:53Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1593997 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Diana, Princess of Wales 1997 (2).jpg|thumb|Diana, Malkia mdogo wa Wales (1997).]] '''Diana Frances Spencer''' (almaarufu kama Diana, Malkia mdogo wa [[Welisi|Wales]]; Park House, [[Sandringham]], [[Uingereza]], Julai 1, 1961 - [[Paris]], [[Ufaransa]], Agosti 31, 1997) alikuwa mtoto wa tatu wa John Spencer, Earl Spencer wa Nane, na Frances Shand Kydd. Diana alikulia katika familia ya kikabaila, na wazazi wake walitalikiana alipokuwa na umri wa miaka saba, jambo lililoathiri sana maisha yake ya utotoni. Diana alisoma katika shule za binafsi nchini [[Uingereza]] na [[Uswisi]]. Alijulikana kwa urafiki wake na watoto wengine na alikuwa na kipaji cha michezo, hasa kuogelea na kupiga kinanda. Baada ya kuhitimu shule, alifanya kazi kama mwalimu wa chekechea na pia alifanya kazi kama msaidizi katika shule ya watoto wadogo. Mnamo 1980, Diana alikutana na [[Charles III|Charles]], Mfalme mdogo wa Wales, na baada ya kipindi kifupi cha uchumba, walifunga ndoa tarehe 29 Julai 1981 katika Kanisa la St. Paul Cathedral, sherehe iliyotazamwa na mamilioni ya watu duniani kote. Walijaliwa watoto wawili, [[Prince William]] alizaliwa mwaka 1982 na [[Prince Harry]] alizaliwa mwaka 1984. Kama Princess of Wales, Diana alijitolea kwa shughuli nyingi za kijamii na za hisani. Alikuwa mstari wa mbele katika kampeni za kuongeza ufahamu kuhusu [[UKIMWI]], ugonjwa wa [[ukoma]], na afya ya akili. Aliwasaidia sana watu waliokuwa wakiishi na virusi vya HIV/AIDS, akijaribu kuondoa unyanyapaa uliokuwa umezunguka ugonjwa huo. Diana pia alijulikana kwa kazi yake katika kampeni ya kupinga mabomu ya ardhini, na alitembelea maeneo yenye mabomu ya ardhini kama [[Angola]] na [[Bosnia]]. Mbali na kazi zake za hisani, Diana pia alikumbukwa kwa mtindo wake wa kipekee na uhusiano wake na vyombo vya habari. Alipendwa na umma kwa urembo wake, utu wake, na uwezo wake wa kuwasiliana kwa urahisi na watu wa kawaida. Hata hivyo, ndoa yake na Prince Charles haikuwa na furaha, na walitangaza kutengana mwaka 1992 na hatimaye kuachana mwaka 1996. Diana alifariki kwa ajali ya gari pamoja na mpenzi wake, Dodi Fayed, na dereva wao, Henri Paul. Kifo chake kilisababisha majonzi makubwa duniani kote, na mamilioni ya watu walikusanyika kumpa heshima zao za mwisho. Diana anakumbukwa kwa moyo wake wa huruma na kazi yake ya hisani ambayo ilibadilisha maisha ya watu wengi. Alileta mwanga na matumaini kwa wale waliokuwa wakiteseka, na urithi wake unaendelea kuishi kupitia kazi za hisani zinazofanywa na watoto wake, Prince William na Prince Harry. == Elimu na Kazi == Diana alipata elimu yake ya awali nyumbani chini ya uangalizi wa mlezi wake wa kike, Gertrude Allen.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20000819020342/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/diana/stories/glamor0901.htm</ref> Baadaye alianza elimu rasmi katika '''[[Silfield Private School]]''' huko King’s Lynn, [[Norfolk]]. Akiwa na umri wa miaka tisa, alijiunga na Riddlesworth Hall School, shule ya bweni ya wasichana iliyokuwa karibu na Thetford. Mwaka 1973, Diana alijiunga na dada zake katika West Heath Girls’ School huko Sevenoaks, Kent. Hata hivyo, hakufanya vizuri sana kitaaluma. Alifeli mitihani yake ya O-level mara mbili. Pamoja na changamoto hizo za masomo, Diana alitambuliwa kwa moyo wake wa kujitolea na kuwajali wengine, na alipokea tuzo ya shule kwa mchango wake katika jamii. Aliondoka shuleni akiwa na umri wa miaka 16.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170124095030/https://www.royal.uk/diana-princess-wales</ref> Kaka yake Charles alimkumbuka Diana kama mtu mwenye aibu na mwenye haya katika kipindi hicho. Hata hivyo, alikuwa na vipaji mbalimbali. Alikuwa mpiga [[piano]] mzuri, alifanya vizuri katika kuogelea na kupiga mbizi, na pia alisoma ballet na tap dance.<ref>https://archive.org/details/dianachronicles00brow_0/page/n11/mode/2up</ref> ==Marejeo== *Morton, A. (1992). ''Diana: Her True Story''. Michael O'Mara Books. *Brown, T. (2007). ''The Diana Chronicles.'' Random House. *Smith, S. (1999). ''Diana: The Life of a Troubled Princess''. HarperCollins. *Bradford, S. (2006). ''Diana''. Viking. *Penny Junor (1998). ''Charles: Victim or Villain?'' HarperCollins. *Tina Brown (2011). ''The Diana Chronicles''. Doubleday. *Andrew Morton (2010). ''Diana: In Pursuit of Love''. Michael O'Mara Books. *Paul Burrell (2003). ''A Royal Duty''. HarperCollins. *Monckton, C. (2005). ''Diana: A Princess Remembered''. Pavilion Books. *Kelley, K. (1997). ''The Royals''. Warner Books. {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1961|1997}} [[Jamii:wanawake wa Uingereza]] ozn8yrypqnwzyhn3somvpronvcc8g6z 1593998 1593997 2026-09-02T14:19:36Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Elimu na Kazi */ 1593998 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Diana, Princess of Wales 1997 (2).jpg|thumb|Diana, Malkia mdogo wa Wales (1997).]] '''Diana Frances Spencer''' (almaarufu kama Diana, Malkia mdogo wa [[Welisi|Wales]]; Park House, [[Sandringham]], [[Uingereza]], Julai 1, 1961 - [[Paris]], [[Ufaransa]], Agosti 31, 1997) alikuwa mtoto wa tatu wa John Spencer, Earl Spencer wa Nane, na Frances Shand Kydd. Diana alikulia katika familia ya kikabaila, na wazazi wake walitalikiana alipokuwa na umri wa miaka saba, jambo lililoathiri sana maisha yake ya utotoni. Diana alisoma katika shule za binafsi nchini [[Uingereza]] na [[Uswisi]]. Alijulikana kwa urafiki wake na watoto wengine na alikuwa na kipaji cha michezo, hasa kuogelea na kupiga kinanda. Baada ya kuhitimu shule, alifanya kazi kama mwalimu wa chekechea na pia alifanya kazi kama msaidizi katika shule ya watoto wadogo. Mnamo 1980, Diana alikutana na [[Charles III|Charles]], Mfalme mdogo wa Wales, na baada ya kipindi kifupi cha uchumba, walifunga ndoa tarehe 29 Julai 1981 katika Kanisa la St. Paul Cathedral, sherehe iliyotazamwa na mamilioni ya watu duniani kote. Walijaliwa watoto wawili, [[Prince William]] alizaliwa mwaka 1982 na [[Prince Harry]] alizaliwa mwaka 1984. Kama Princess of Wales, Diana alijitolea kwa shughuli nyingi za kijamii na za hisani. Alikuwa mstari wa mbele katika kampeni za kuongeza ufahamu kuhusu [[UKIMWI]], ugonjwa wa [[ukoma]], na afya ya akili. Aliwasaidia sana watu waliokuwa wakiishi na virusi vya HIV/AIDS, akijaribu kuondoa unyanyapaa uliokuwa umezunguka ugonjwa huo. Diana pia alijulikana kwa kazi yake katika kampeni ya kupinga mabomu ya ardhini, na alitembelea maeneo yenye mabomu ya ardhini kama [[Angola]] na [[Bosnia]]. Mbali na kazi zake za hisani, Diana pia alikumbukwa kwa mtindo wake wa kipekee na uhusiano wake na vyombo vya habari. Alipendwa na umma kwa urembo wake, utu wake, na uwezo wake wa kuwasiliana kwa urahisi na watu wa kawaida. Hata hivyo, ndoa yake na Prince Charles haikuwa na furaha, na walitangaza kutengana mwaka 1992 na hatimaye kuachana mwaka 1996. Diana alifariki kwa ajali ya gari pamoja na mpenzi wake, Dodi Fayed, na dereva wao, Henri Paul. Kifo chake kilisababisha majonzi makubwa duniani kote, na mamilioni ya watu walikusanyika kumpa heshima zao za mwisho. Diana anakumbukwa kwa moyo wake wa huruma na kazi yake ya hisani ambayo ilibadilisha maisha ya watu wengi. Alileta mwanga na matumaini kwa wale waliokuwa wakiteseka, na urithi wake unaendelea kuishi kupitia kazi za hisani zinazofanywa na watoto wake, Prince William na Prince Harry. == Elimu na Kazi == Diana alipata elimu yake ya awali nyumbani chini ya uangalizi wa mlezi wake wa kike, Gertrude Allen.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20000819020342/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/diana/stories/glamor0901.htm</ref> Baadaye alianza elimu rasmi katika [[Silfield Private School]] huko King’s Lynn, [[Norfolk]]. Akiwa na umri wa miaka tisa, alijiunga na Riddlesworth Hall School, shule ya bweni ya wasichana iliyokuwa karibu na Thetford. Mwaka 1973, Diana alijiunga na dada zake katika West Heath Girls’ School huko Sevenoaks, Kent. Hata hivyo, hakufanya vizuri sana kitaaluma. Alifeli mitihani yake ya O-level mara mbili. Pamoja na changamoto hizo za masomo, Diana alitambuliwa kwa moyo wake wa kujitolea na kuwajali wengine, na alipokea tuzo ya shule kwa mchango wake katika jamii. Aliondoka shuleni akiwa na umri wa miaka 16.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170124095030/https://www.royal.uk/diana-princess-wales</ref> Kaka yake Charles alimkumbuka Diana kama mtu mwenye aibu na mwenye haya katika kipindi hicho. Hata hivyo, alikuwa na vipaji mbalimbali. Alikuwa mpiga [[piano]] mzuri, alifanya vizuri katika kuogelea na kupiga mbizi, na pia alisoma ballet na tap dance.<ref>https://archive.org/details/dianachronicles00brow_0/page/n11/mode/2up</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} ==Marejeo== *Morton, A. (1992). ''Diana: Her True Story''. Michael O'Mara Books. *Brown, T. (2007). ''The Diana Chronicles.'' Random House. *Smith, S. (1999). ''Diana: The Life of a Troubled Princess''. HarperCollins. *Bradford, S. (2006). ''Diana''. Viking. *Penny Junor (1998). ''Charles: Victim or Villain?'' HarperCollins. *Tina Brown (2011). ''The Diana Chronicles''. Doubleday. *Andrew Morton (2010). ''Diana: In Pursuit of Love''. Michael O'Mara Books. *Paul Burrell (2003). ''A Royal Duty''. HarperCollins. *Monckton, C. (2005). ''Diana: A Princess Remembered''. Pavilion Books. *Kelley, K. (1997). ''The Royals''. Warner Books. {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1961|1997}} [[Jamii:wanawake wa Uingereza]] 9g31zfw7dkw9wufh9ae21nziejq4nv8 0 187848 1594065 1365734 2026-09-02T20:03:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594065 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pietro Farina''' (alizaliwa [[5 Februari]] [[1955]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] na baadaye kocha wa mbio fupi nchini [[Italia]]. Alishiriki katika mbio za mita 200 za wanaume katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[1976]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200418014841/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/fa/pietro-farina-1.html</ref> [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Majira ya joto mwaka [[1977]], Farina alishinda [[medali]] ya fedha katika mbio za kupokezana za mita 4 × 100 na kushiriki katika mita 200 na kufika nusu fainali katika hafla ya mwisho.<ref>[https://www.tilastopaja.eu/db/results.php?Season=1977&CID=12981067 Results at Tilastopaja]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Farina anatoka katika mji wa Italia wa Belgioioso, [[Lombardia]]. Aliporudi kutoka kwa ushiriki wake wa [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]], Farina alisherehekewa kwa sherehe iliyofanyika tarehe [[8 Agosti]] [[1976]], ambapo meya wa wakati huo Zanaboni Angelo alihudhuria na kumkabidhi Farina tuzo.<ref>https://belgioiosoracconta.blogspot.com/2014/01/un-belgioiosino-alle-olimpiadi.html</ref> ​Kazi ya riadha ya Farina ilidumu kuanzia mwaka 1976 hadi [[1986]]. Alistaafu kwa sehemu kutokana na kupatwa na ugonjwa wa peritonitis baada ya kushindana na [[Pietro Mennea]], aliyekuwa rafiki yake na rafiki yake.<ref>https://laprovinciapavese.gelocal.it/sport/2018/06/20/news/farina-potevo-essere-il-nuovo-mennea-1.16983838</ref> Kwa miaka kadhaa kufuatia kustaafu kwake, Farina alikuwa kocha mkuu wa timu ya mpira wa vikapu ya Annabella Pavia. Tarehe [[12 Septemba]] [[2013]], Farina aliadhimisha mwananchi wake Pietro Mennea Siku ya Mennea huko Lombardia.<ref>https://www.fidal.it/content/Mennea-Day-l-Italia-in-200-metri/52036</ref> Mwaka [[2019]] na [[2021]], Farina alikuwa mkufunzi wa riadha nchini Italia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://atletica100torri.com/2019/04/09/%F0%9D%90%80-%F0%9D%90%8F%F0%9D%90%9A%F0%9D%90%AF%F0%9D%90%A2%F0%9D%90%9A-%F0%9D%90%AC%F0%9D%90%AE%F0%9D%90%9B%F0%9D%90%A2%F0%9D%90%AD%F0%9D%90%A8-%F0%9D%90%A2%F0%9D%90%A7-%F0%9D%90%A5%F0%9D%90%AE/|title=𝐀 𝐏𝐚𝐯𝐢𝐚 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐢𝐭𝐨 𝐢𝐧 𝐥𝐮𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐧, 𝐛𝐞𝐧𝐞 𝐠𝐥𝐢 𝐮𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐢 𝐧𝐞𝐢 𝟐𝟎𝟎.|website=athletica100torri|language=it}}</ref> <ref>https://laprovinciapavese.gelocal.it/sport/2021/01/29/news/primi-meeting-al-coperto-ori-e-piazzamenti-sul-podio-per-i-giovani-talenti-pavesi-1.39837618</ref> Kufikia mwaka [[2022]], Farina ndiye mkufunzi wa klabu ya riadha ya 100 Torri.<ref>https://podisti.net/index.php/cronache/item/8567-belgioioso-pv-1-memorial-marco-pavan.html</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1955]] q2s6uz7pf89s6kimwvxbszrfd34hvl8 0 188091 1594043 1523148 2026-09-02T17:58:41Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594043 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pablo Gad''' ni mwanamuziki na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa ''Roots reggae'' kutoka [[Uingereza]]. Anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa waimbaji wenye msimamo mkali na wanaosema waziwazi katika muziki wa roots reggae nchini. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.easternblocrecords.com/index.php/pablo-gad-trafalger-square-lp.html |title=Pablo Gad - Trafalgar Square album - Eastern Bloc Records |accessdate=2024-10-15 |archive-date=2017-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912011637/http://www.easternblocrecords.com/index.php/pablo-gad-trafalger-square-lp.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://reggaediscography.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/pablo-gad-discography-reggae-singer.html Pablo Gad Discography - Reggae Discography]</ref> Pablo Gad alizaliwa nchini [[Jamaica]] na alihamia Uingereza mwaka wa 1974.<ref name=pressure>{{Cite web |url=http://www.savagejaw.co.uk/pressuresounds/pscd28.htm |title="Don't Call Us Immigrants" Pressure Sounds - Savagejaw.co.uk |accessdate=2024-10-15 |archive-date=2019-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401223423/http://www.savagejaw.co.uk/pressuresounds/pscd28.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=allmusic>[http://www.allmusic.com/artist/pablo-gad-mn0001176142 Pablo Gad Biography All Music.com]</ref><ref>[http://www.discogs.com/artist/154092-Pablo-Gad Pablo Gad Discography discogs.com] </ref> ==Marejeo== [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Uingereza]] ii8rsl9xculdyt27z9e9shjyhf7j8nf 1594126 1594043 2026-09-03T09:12:28Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1594126 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pablo Gad''' ni mwanamuziki na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa ''Roots reggae'' kutoka [[Uingereza]]. Anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa waimbaji wenye msimamo mkali na wanaosema waziwazi katika muziki wa roots reggae nchini. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.easternblocrecords.com/index.php/pablo-gad-trafalger-square-lp.html |title=Pablo Gad - Trafalgar Square album - Eastern Bloc Records |accessdate=2024-10-15 |archive-date=2017-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912011637/http://www.easternblocrecords.com/index.php/pablo-gad-trafalger-square-lp.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://reggaediscography.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/pablo-gad-discography-reggae-singer.html Pablo Gad Discography - Reggae Discography]</ref> Pablo Gad alizaliwa nchini [[Jamaica]] na alihamia Uingereza mwaka wa 1974.<ref name=pressure>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.savagejaw.co.uk/pressuresounds/pscd28.htm |title="Don't Call Us Immigrants" Pressure Sounds - Savagejaw.co.uk |accessdate=2024-10-15 |archive-date=2019-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401223423/http://www.savagejaw.co.uk/pressuresounds/pscd28.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=allmusic>[http://www.allmusic.com/artist/pablo-gad-mn0001176142 Pablo Gad Biography All Music.com]</ref><ref>[http://www.discogs.com/artist/154092-Pablo-Gad Pablo Gad Discography discogs.com] </ref> ==Marejeo== [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Uingereza]] nqv0wev7banfqpnbrptbsiwpz82n3ao 14 193368 1594117 1371764 2026-09-03T09:01:17Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594117 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:wanariadha nchi kwa nchi|A]] [[Jamii:watu wa Albania|R]] ahwbyvwncifctvria0ur5iyxy37v9aj 0 197345 1594139 1385893 2026-09-03T09:20:54Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594139 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ernest Simoni Troshani''' (amezaliwa [[18 Oktoba]] [[1928]]) ni [[kardinali]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] kutoka [[Albania]]. Aliteuliwa na [[Papa Fransisko]] kuwa kardinali katika baraza la makadinali lililofanyika tarehe 19 Novemba 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paoline.it/press/comunicati-stampa/960-don-ernest-simoni-muolo.html|title=Paoline Ufficio Stampa – Don Ernest Simoni|publisher=paoline.it|date=9 October 2016|access-date=9 October 2016|archive-date=9 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509022705/https://www.paoline.it/press/comunicati-stampa/960-don-ernest-simoni-muolo.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1928]] [[Jamii:Makardinali]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Albania]] 7bdwsntygkz37y79t8za6gsov4ej6ah 1594142 1594139 2026-09-03T09:23:28Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594142 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ernest Simoni Troshani''' (amezaliwa [[18 Oktoba]] [[1928]]) ni [[Upadri|padri]] na [[kardinali]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] kutoka [[Albania]] [[Dhuluma|aliyedhulumiwa]] muda mrefu na [[serikali]] ya [[Ukomunisti|kikomunisti]] nchini. Aliteuliwa na [[Papa Fransisko]] kuwa kardinali katika baraza la makardinali lililofanyika tarehe 19 Novemba 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paoline.it/press/comunicati-stampa/960-don-ernest-simoni-muolo.html|title=Paoline Ufficio Stampa – Don Ernest Simoni|publisher=paoline.it|date=9 October 2016|access-date=9 October 2016|archive-date=9 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509022705/https://www.paoline.it/press/comunicati-stampa/960-don-ernest-simoni-muolo.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * {{cite web| access-date = 24 October 2017| title= Simoni Card. Ernest |publisher= [[Holy See Press Office]] | url = https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_simoni_e.html | url-status=live | archive-date= 4 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170904070458/https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_simoni_e.html }} * {{cite news | url = https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2016/10/11/priests-story-persecution-brought-pope-francis-tears-now-hes-making-him-cardinal | work = America | access-date = 24 October 2017 | date= 11 October 2016 | title= This priest's story of persecution brought Pope Francis to tears. Now he's making him a cardinal. | first = Carol | last = Glatz | agency = Catholic News Service}} * [https://www.romereports.com/2016/11/18/the-story-of-the-albanian-martyr-priest-who-will-be-made-a-cardinal-by-pope-francis Speech delivered in September 2014 during the visit of Pope Francis to Albania], ''Rome Reports'', 17 November 2016 {{Mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1928]] [[Jamii:Makardinali]] [[Jamii:Mapadri]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Albania]] mhp4q0p22khnee73t1lidiuy10bhj1y 0 203049 1594136 1404987 2026-09-03T09:19:27Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594136 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rrok Kolë Mirdita''' ([[28 Septemba]] [[1939]] – [[7 Desemba]] [[2015]]) alikuwa [[askofu]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] kutoka [[Albania]], aliyehudumu kama [[Askofu mkuu|Askofu Mkuu]] wa [[Tirana|Tiranë]]-[[Durrës]] kuanzia mwaka 1993 hadi kifo chake mwaka 2015.<ref name="botasot">{{cite web|url=http://botasot.info/lajme/488245/rrok-mirdita-me-nje-histori-te-gjate-me-nju-jorkun-ka-qene-simbol-i-unifikimit-te-katolikeve-te-treshtetshit-new-york-new-jersey-connecticut/|title=Rrok Mirdita, me një histori të gjatë me Nju Jorkun, ka qenë simbol i unifikimit të katolikëve të Treshtetshit - New York-New Jersey-Connecticut|work=Bota Sot}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1939]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:watu wa Albania]] g3qd4d9u188pwm89r74evp2f5501vye 4 208508 1594038 1593987 2026-09-02T16:17:46Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1594038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-09-02) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 64 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-09-02)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 407 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 493 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2924 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 584 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1246 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 291 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 233 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 249 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 404 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 327 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 6.52 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 250 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 284 |- | [[Norwei]] | 5.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 302 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 215 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 230 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 306 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 199 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 3.72 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Nepal]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 543 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.21 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Nchi iliyoendelea]] | 2.27 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Utoaji mimba nchini Uganda]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 2 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 11 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 2 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 174 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35020 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 18004 || ↓ -16.9% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 103.5 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2924 || ↑ +21.4% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 584 || ↓ -33.5% |- | 3 || [[Nepal]] || 543 || ↑ +1055.3% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 493 || ↓ -8.7% |- | 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 407 || ↓ -4.0% |- | 6 || [[Urusi]] || 404 || ↓ -9.0% |- | 7 || [[Burundi]] || 327 || ↓ -12.6% |- | 8 || [[Uturuki]] || 306 || ↑ +1.7% |- | 9 || [[Rwanda]] || 302 || ↑ +24.3% |- | 10 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 291 || ↓ -22.8% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 537 || 41.4% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 361 || 27.9% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 137 || 10.6% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 105 || 8.1% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 10 || 0.8% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.5% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.5% |- |} kgneezpskwgjeab21hu7qhnlkd709nl 1594039 1594038 2026-09-02T16:22:36Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1594039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-09-02) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 64 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-09-02)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 407 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 493 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2924 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 584 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1246 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 291 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 233 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 249 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 404 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 327 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 6.52 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 250 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 284 |- | [[Norwei]] | 5.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 302 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 215 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 230 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 306 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 199 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 3.72 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Nepal]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 543 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.21 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Nchi iliyoendelea]] | 2.27 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Utoaji mimba nchini Uganda]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 2 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 11 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 2 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 174 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35020 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 18004 || ↓ -16.9% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 103.5 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2924 || ↑ +21.4% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 584 || ↓ -33.5% |- | 3 || [[Nepal]] || 543 || ↑ +1055.3% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 493 || ↓ -8.7% |- | 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 407 || ↓ -4.0% |- | 6 || [[Urusi]] || 404 || ↓ -9.0% |- | 7 || [[Burundi]] || 327 || ↓ -12.6% |- | 8 || [[Uturuki]] || 306 || ↑ +1.7% |- | 9 || [[Rwanda]] || 302 || ↑ +24.3% |- | 10 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 291 || ↓ -22.8% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 537 || 41.4% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 361 || 27.9% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 137 || 10.6% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 105 || 8.1% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 10 || 0.8% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.5% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.5% |- |} kpr06e6qm1g179o5psqtk7usxq2opkn 1594068 1594039 2026-09-02T20:49:21Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1594068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-09-02) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 64 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-09-02)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 407 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 493 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2924 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 584 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1246 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 291 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 233 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 249 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 404 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 327 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 6.52 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 250 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 284 |- | [[Norwei]] | 5.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 302 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 215 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 230 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 306 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 199 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 3.72 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Nepal]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 543 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.21 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Nchi iliyoendelea]] | 2.27 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Utoaji mimba nchini Uganda]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 2 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 11 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 2 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 174 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35020 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 18004 || ↓ -16.9% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 103.5 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2924 || ↑ +21.4% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 584 || ↓ -33.5% |- | 3 || [[Nepal]] || 543 || ↑ +1055.3% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 493 || ↓ -8.7% |- | 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 407 || ↓ -4.0% |- | 6 || [[Urusi]] || 404 || ↓ -9.0% |- | 7 || [[Burundi]] || 327 || ↓ -12.6% |- | 8 || [[Uturuki]] || 306 || ↑ +1.7% |- | 9 || [[Rwanda]] || 302 || ↑ +24.3% |- | 10 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 291 || ↓ -22.8% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 537 || 41.4% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 361 || 27.9% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 137 || 10.6% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 105 || 8.1% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 10 || 0.8% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.5% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.5% |- |} fo3cv5bqgoyb4xfrxh37nmthiwwmd37 1594069 1594068 2026-09-02T20:53:12Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1594069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-09-02) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 64 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-09-02)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 407 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 493 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2924 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 584 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1246 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 291 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 233 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 249 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 404 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 327 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 6.52 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 250 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 284 |- | [[Norwei]] | 5.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 302 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 215 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 230 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 306 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 199 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 3.72 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Nepal]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 543 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.21 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Nchi iliyoendelea]] | 2.27 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Utoaji mimba nchini Uganda]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 2 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 11 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 2 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 174 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35020 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 18004 || ↓ -16.9% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 103.5 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2924 || ↑ +21.4% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 584 || ↓ -33.5% |- | 3 || [[Nepal]] || 543 || ↑ +1055.3% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 493 || ↓ -8.7% |- | 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 407 || ↓ -4.0% |- | 6 || [[Urusi]] || 404 || ↓ -9.0% |- | 7 || [[Burundi]] || 327 || ↓ -12.6% |- | 8 || [[Uturuki]] || 306 || ↑ +1.7% |- | 9 || [[Rwanda]] || 302 || ↑ +24.3% |- | 10 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 291 || ↓ -22.8% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 534 || 41.3% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 361 || 27.9% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 137 || 10.6% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 105 || 8.1% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 10 || 0.8% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.5% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.5% |- |} atolzdjd332rn2tcfx4fpipkzlvq860 1594092 1594069 2026-09-03T03:44:23Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1594092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-09-03) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 64 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-09-03)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 400 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 502 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2975 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 600 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1245 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 298 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 254 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 393 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 329 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 183 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 6.52 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 269 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 290 |- | [[Norwei]] | 5.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 304 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 159 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 202 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 183 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 220 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 202 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 317 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 191 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 168 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 175 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 3.72 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Nepal]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 599 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.21 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Nchi iliyoendelea]] | 2.27 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Utoaji mimba nchini Uganda]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 2 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 11 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 2 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 174 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35020 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 18004 || ↓ -16.9% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 103.5 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2924 || ↑ +21.4% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 584 || ↓ -33.5% |- | 3 || [[Nepal]] || 543 || ↑ +1055.3% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 493 || ↓ -8.7% |- | 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 407 || ↓ -4.0% |- | 6 || [[Urusi]] || 404 || ↓ -9.0% |- | 7 || [[Burundi]] || 327 || ↓ -12.6% |- | 8 || [[Uturuki]] || 306 || ↑ +1.7% |- | 9 || [[Rwanda]] || 302 || ↑ +24.3% |- | 10 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 291 || ↓ -22.8% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 534 || 41.3% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 361 || 27.9% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 137 || 10.6% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 105 || 8.1% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 10 || 0.8% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.5% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.5% |- |} 85blnw9nnqm0fyq7eftxusode5lpyl5 1594095 1594092 2026-09-03T03:59:57Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1594095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-09-03) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 64 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-09-03)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 400 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 502 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2975 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 600 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1245 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 298 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 254 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 393 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 329 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 183 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 6.52 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 269 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 290 |- | [[Norwei]] | 5.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 304 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 159 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 202 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 183 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 220 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 202 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 317 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 191 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 168 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 175 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 3.72 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Nepal]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 599 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.21 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Nchi iliyoendelea]] | 2.27 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Utoaji mimba nchini Uganda]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 2 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 11 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 2 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 174 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35020 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 5340 || ↓ -17.6% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 30.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Nepal]] || 599 || ↑ +1122.4% |- | 2 || [[Kenya]] || 502 || ↓ -6.0% |- | 3 || [[Burundi]] || 329 || ↓ -10.6% |- | 4 || [[Uturuki]] || 317 || ↑ +6.7% |- | 5 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 298 || ↓ -18.8% |- | 6 || [[Nigeria]] || 153 || ↓ -14.0% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 140 || ↓ -33.6% |- | 8 || [[Hispania]] || 124 || ↓ -75.5% |- | 9 || [[Vanuatu]] || 120 || ↑ +76.5% |- | 10 || [[Uswisi]] || 118 || ↓ -45.6% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 534 || 41.3% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 361 || 27.9% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 137 || 10.6% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 105 || 8.1% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 10 || 0.8% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.5% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.5% |- |} 2ed980li46feoq14mzvt4pnaewgo8fc 1594183 1594095 2026-09-03T10:57:22Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1594183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-09-03) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 64 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 71 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-09-03)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 400 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 502 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2975 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 600 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1245 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 298 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 254 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 393 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 329 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 183 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 6.52 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 259 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 290 |- | [[Norwei]] | 5.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 304 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 159 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 202 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 183 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 220 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 202 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 317 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 200 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 168 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 175 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 3.72 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Nepal]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 599 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.21 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Nchi iliyoendelea]] | 2.27 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 2 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 11 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 2 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 174 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35020 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 5340 || ↓ -17.6% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 30.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Nepal]] || 599 || ↑ +1122.4% |- | 2 || [[Kenya]] || 502 || ↓ -6.0% |- | 3 || [[Burundi]] || 329 || ↓ -10.6% |- | 4 || [[Uturuki]] || 317 || ↑ +6.7% |- | 5 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 298 || ↓ -18.8% |- | 6 || [[Nigeria]] || 153 || ↓ -14.0% |- | 7 || [[Australia]] || 140 || ↓ -33.6% |- | 8 || [[Hispania]] || 124 || ↓ -75.5% |- | 9 || [[Vanuatu]] || 120 || ↑ +76.5% |- | 10 || [[Uswisi]] || 118 || ↓ -45.6% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 534 || 41.3% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 361 || 27.9% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 137 || 10.6% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 105 || 8.1% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 10 || 0.8% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.5% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.5% |- |} svtcvrmuyjzncdf04k4czgkq6j90xfo 1594184 1594183 2026-09-03T11:00:14Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1594184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-09-03) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 64 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 71 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-09-03)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 400 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 502 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2975 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 600 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1245 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 298 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 254 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 393 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 329 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 183 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 6.52 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 259 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 290 |- | [[Norwei]] | 5.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 304 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 159 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 202 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 183 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 220 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 202 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 317 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 200 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 168 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 175 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 3.72 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Nepal]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 599 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.21 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Nchi iliyoendelea]] | 2.27 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 2 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 11 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 2 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 174 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35021 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 18255 || ↓ -14.2% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 104.9 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2975 || ↑ +23.5% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 600 || ↓ -30.6% |- | 3 || [[Nepal]] || 599 || ↑ +1122.4% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 502 || ↓ -6.0% |- | 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 400 || ↓ -8.9% |- | 6 || [[Urusi]] || 393 || ↓ -13.2% |- | 7 || [[Burundi]] || 329 || ↓ -10.6% |- | 8 || [[Uturuki]] || 317 || ↑ +6.7% |- | 9 || [[Rwanda]] || 304 || ↑ +21.1% |- | 10 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 298 || ↓ -18.8% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 535 || 41.3% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 361 || 27.9% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 137 || 10.6% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 105 || 8.1% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 10 || 0.8% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.5% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.5% |- |} oztf4gxp9oicljpmjie5d0xqg2u26eo 0 208845 1594111 1439483 2026-09-03T08:35:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Utamaduni | jina_la_nchi = Ghana | picha = Flag of Ghana.svg | maelezo_ya_picha = Bendera ya Ghana | idadi_ya_makabila= Zaidi ya 70 | lugha_rasmi = Kiingereza | lugha_nyingine = Twi, Ewe, Ga, Dagbani, Fante, Hausa, na nyinginezo | vyakula_vikuu = Fufu, banku, kenkey, jollof rice, groundnut soup, waakye | dini_kubwa = Ukristo (takriban 70%), Uislamu, na dini za jadi }} '''Utamaduni wa [[Ghana]]''' unaakisi urithi wa kihistoria na utofauti wa makabila zaidi ya 70, ukiwemo [[Waashanti]], [[Waewa]], [[Waga]], [[Wadangomba]] na [[Wafante]]. [[Kiingereza]] ni lugha rasmi, lakini lugha za asili kama [[Twi]], [[Ewe]], na [[Ga]] hutumika sana katika maisha ya kila siku. Ghana ni taifa lenye mchanganyiko wa dini, ambapo [[Ukristo]] unatawala zaidi, ukifuatiwa na [[Uislamu]] na imani za jadi. Dini hizi huathiri kwa kiasi kikubwa sherehe, mavazi na maadili ya kijamii. == Sherehe == Sherehe za kitamaduni ni sehemu muhimu ya maisha ya Waghana. [[Adae Kese]] ya [[Waashanti]] huadhimisha urithi wa kifalme na heshima kwa mababu, huku [[Homowo]] ya [[Waga]] ikiadhimisha ushindi dhidi ya njaa. [[Sherehe]] hizi hujumuisha [[Ngoma (ala ya muziki)|ngoma]], [[muziki]] wa ngoma za jadi, mavazi ya rangi na maandamano ya kifalme. Vazi maarufu la [[Kente]], lililofumwa kwa mikono kwa rangi na michoro ya maana, huvaliwa katika hafla maalum kama harusi, mazishi na sherehe za kitaifa. == Muziki == Muziki na dansi ni kiini cha utambulisho wa [[Ghana]]. Muziki wa jadi hutumia ngoma kama atumpan na fontomfrom, huku mitindo ya kisasa kama [[Highlife]], [[Hiplife]] na [[Azonto]] ikichanganya ala za jadi na mitindo ya kimataifa. Wasanii wa Ghana wamekuwa mstari wa mbele katika kukuza utamaduni wao kupitia muziki, filamu na mitindo ya mavazi. == Chakula == [[Chakula]] cha Ghana ni tajiri kwa ladha na viungo. Pishi maarufu ni pamoja na fufu (unga wa muhogo au ndani maarufu ni pamoja na fufu (unga wa muhogo au ndizi), ubwabwa wa jollof, banku, kenizi). == Marejeo == *{{cite web |url=https://onlyone.africa/culture-and-tradition-in-ghana-a-journey-to-the-heart-of-west-africa/ |title=Culture and Tradition in Ghana: A Journey in Ghana: A Journey to the Heart of West Africa |3=website to the Heart of West Africa |website=OnlyOne Africa |language=Kiingereza |access-date=10 Julai 2025 |archive-date=2025-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212065359/https://onlyone.africa/culture-and-tradition-in-ghana-a-journey-to-the-heart-of-west-africa/ |url-status=dead }} *{{cite web |url=https=OnlyOne Africa |language=Kiingereza |access-date=10 Julai 2025}} {{Africa in topic|Utamaduni wa}} {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Utamaduni wa Afrika|K]] [[Jamii:Utamaduni wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:Afrocrowd 2025]] 5jrnkk21itmoh6km25khndw83298lvq 0 212384 1594141 1517042 2026-09-03T09:22:09Z Andre Engels 29 1594141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{merge|Kiolesura cha Uprogramu wa Programu}} '''Kikusa cha Uprogramishaji cha Programu tumizi''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: '''Application Programming Interface''', ufupi: '''API''') ni [[kikusa]] kinachowezesha programu mbili tofauti kubadilishana [[data]] bila kujalisha tofauti katika utekelezaji wa michakato ya data katika hizo programu mbili. Mfumo ulio na API, hubainisha jinsi data itakavyopokelewa. Sehemu ya kupokea data huwa wazi na sehemu ya kuchakata data huwa dhahania, ikiwa imefichwa kwa watumizi wasio na ruhusa<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=API design for C++|url=https://archive.org/details/apidesignforc0000redd|last=Reddy|first=Martin|date=2011|publisher=Morgan Kaufmann|isbn=978-0-12-385003-4|location=Burlington, MA}}</ref>. [[Seva]] ya API hufichua aina ya data, viumbile na [[Kadhia (Uprogramishaji)|kadhia]] zitakazopokelewa. [[Mteja (Tarakilishi)|Mteja]] hutuma data ikiwa katika [[fomati]] inayohitajika na seva. Kwa mfano, [[benki]] linaweza kuwa na API ambayo inaruhusu wateja kutuma ombi la salio. Katika [[kikusa]], linaweza kuhitaji kuwepo kwa namba ya akaunti, [[msimbo wa usalama]] na jina la kadhia (ambalo ni ombi la salio). Seva itachakata kwa undani, kisha itoe jibu katika fomati iliyobainiwa. Ni wajibu wa mteja kujua fomati ili aweze kutuma data inavyofaa na programisha programu yake iweze kupokea majibu yatakayotolewa na seva. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-teknolojia}} [[Jamii:kompyuta]] hxsbe29md0yyfe8e9789a2l5wmp3l88 10 217157 1594054 1467818 2026-09-02T19:32:26Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1594054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Makamu wa Rais Tanzania |title = [[Orodha ya Makamu wa Rais Tanzania]] |listclass = hlist |image = [[Image:Flag of Tanzania.svg|30px]] |imageleft = |titlestyle = |list1 = * [[Abeid Amani Karume]] * [[Mwinyi Aboud Jumbe]] * [[Ali Hassan Mwinyi]] * [[Joseph Sinde Warioba]] * [[John Samuel Malecela]] *[[Cleopa David Msuya]] *[[Omar Ali Juma]] *[[Ali Mohamed Shein]] *[[Mohamed Gharib Bilal]] *[[Samia Hassan Suluhu]] *[[Philip Isdor Mpango]] *[[Emmanuel John Nchimbi]] *[[Deogratius John Ndejembi]] }}<noinclude> [[Jamii:Vigezo vya Tanzania]] </noinclude> 4d35ejj49nq1tkcay806lcz0xzgovb6 0 219139 1594082 1525031 2026-09-03T00:30:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594082 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Samar Samir Mezghanni''' (Kiarabu: سمر سمير المزغني; alizaliwa [[27 Agosti]] [[1988]]) ni [[mwandishi]] wa vitabu vya watoto kutoka [[Tunisia]].<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.altaraf.com/vb/showthread.php?t=12476|title=أصغر روائية عربية التونسية سمر المزغني – منتديات الطرف|website=www.altaraf.com|access-date=2016-12-17|archive-date=2016-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220185420/http://www.altaraf.com/vb/showthread.php?t=12476|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Mezghanni alizaliwa na mwanasheria wa Tunisia, Samir Mezghanni, na mama yake Muiraki aitwaye Sahar. Ana ndugu wawili wa kiume, Samer na Sirar, na dada mmoja, Siwar.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://fikrconferences.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=332:2010-09-17-16-25-50&catid=37:2010-08-30-13-43-22&Itemid=169&lang=ar|title=links|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312235210/http://fikrconferences.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=332:2010-09-17-16-25-50&catid=37:2010-08-30-13-43-22&Itemid=169&lang=ar|archive-date=12 March 2012|url-status=usurped}}</ref> == Elimu == Mezghanni alipata shahada ya kwanza (BA) ya Saikolojia kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Tunis El Manar, na shahada ya uzamili (Master’s) kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Birmingham, na kwa sasa anaendelea na masomo ya uzamivu (PhD) katika Masomo ya Mashariki ya Kati katika Chuo Kikuu cha Cambridge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.altaraf.com/vb/showthread.php?t=12476|title=interview|language=ar|website=www.altaraf.com|accessdate=2025-12-24|archive-date=2016-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220185420/http://www.altaraf.com/vb/showthread.php?t=12476|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1988]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Tunisia]] gyid5dffr8tzywntt3jy2oat0ivp2xm 0 220102 1594037 1593954 2026-09-02T16:09:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1594037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Maurice van Essche|ukubwa wa picha=300px|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=Antwerp, Belgium|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=4 October 1906|tarehe_ya_kufariki=12 June 1977|mahala_alipofia=Thonon, France|kazi_yake=Artist|watoto=Ludovic Henri Marie van Essche (1935-2020); Grandchildren: Paul-Henri van Essche, Catherine Jane Munro, Alexandra Roberta van Essche, Philippe Camille Maurice van Essche (1980-2020)|picha=Maurice van Essche 1967.jpg}} '''Maurice van Essche''' (4 Oktoba [[1906]], Antwerp, [[Ubelgiji]] – 12 Juni [[1977]], Thonon, [[Ufaransa]]) alikuwa msanii na mwalimu wa sanaa wa [[Afrika Kusini]] aliyezaliwa Ubelgiji, ambaye alipata kutambuliwa kitaifa na kimataifa wakati wa uhai wake.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.art-archives-southafrica.ch/vanESSCHE.htm |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2026-01-10 |archive-date=2025-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005124551/http://art-archives-southafrica.ch/vanESSCHE.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Maisha == Maurice van Essche alizaliwa mwaka 1906 huko Antwerp, Ubelgiji, akiwa mtoto wa saba kati ya watoto kumi na mmoja, ambao ni wanane tu waliweza kuishi baada ya utoto wa mapema. Familia yake ilikuwa ikizungumza Kifaransa licha ya asili yao ya Kiflamishi; jina la ukoo la mama yake kabla ya ndoa lilikuwa De Ridder. Alisoma sanaa katika Chuo cha Sanaa cha Brussels mwaka [[1924]] chini ya uongozi wa James Ensor, lakini alisitisha masomo yake mwaka 1925 kutokana na ukosefu wa fedha. Kwanza alifanya kazi katika warsha ya vioo vya rangi (stained glass), kisha akajihusisha na usanifu wa karatasi za ukutani (wallpaper) — uzoefu ambao unaonekana wazi katika kazi zake nyingi za sanaa. Pia alifanya kazi kama mchoraji wa katuni wa kujitegemea, huku akiendelea kupaka rangi muda wote. Mwaka [[1933]] alisoma kwa muda mfupi chini ya '''Henri Matisse''' nchini Ufaransa, baada ya kukutana naye kwa bahati katika duka la vifaa vya wasanii huko Cagnes, Ufaransa. Baada ya hapo aliendelea kuchora na kusoma sanaa kwa wakati wote kutokana na udhamini wa kaka yake mkubwa, Joseph Charles, pamoja na kundi la marafiki zake. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1906|1977}} [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Afrika Kusini]] 8powev4vfz8nvlp1bax0ord9qlzslro 0 220232 1594077 1489087 2026-09-02T22:30:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Rikki Wemega-Kwawu|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=1959{{!}}02{{!}}3|residence=Ghana|utaifa=Ghana|kazi yake=Mchoraji|elimu=Kwa kiasi kikubwa alijifundisha mwenyewe, Shule ya Uchoraji na Uchongaji ya Skowhegan, Maine|uraia=Ghana|ajulikana kwa ajili ya=Mchoro wa ukubwa mkubwa unaojumuisha alama za kale za Kiafrika Mtindo mchanganyiko unaochanganya mandhari ya picha na dhana za kifumbo Kazi inayoshughulikia utandawazi, diaspora ya Kiafrika, na siasa za kitamaduni|kazi maarufu=Ashanti saga(iliyojumuishwa katika maonyesho ya "Artists Speak" katika Jumba la Makumbusho la San Diego Museum of Man, 2007–2008)|mtindo=Uchoraji Sanaa dhahania|haraka=Sanaa ya Kisasa ya Kiafrika}} '''Rikki Wemega-Kwawu''' (alizaliwa [[Sekondi-Takoradi|Sekondi]], [[Ghana]], [[3 Februari]] [[1959]]) ni [[msanii]] wa kisasa kutoka Ghana. [[Kazi]] ya Wemega-Kwawu inajulikana kwa kuunganisha yaliyopita na ya sasa.Anaingiza wingi wa [[alama]] za kale za Kiafrika katika [[uchoraji]] wake wa ukubwa mkubwa.Anasema: ''“Nikichota kutoka kwenye mshipa wa [[alama]] za [[Dini|kidini]] za kale za [[Afrika|Kiafrika]], ninakusudia katika kazi yangu kutoa maelezo ya kimaana ya mchakato wa kiroho na [[maarifa]] ya kiroho ili kurejesha [[nguvu]] iliyopotea ya [[sanaa]] ya kitamaduni ya Kiafrika.”''<ref>https://imagomundicollection.org/artworks/rikki-wemega-kwawu-atseagbekor/</ref> == Elimu == Kwa kiasi kikubwa alijifundisha mwenyewe, ni [[Mahafali|mhitimu]] wa [[Shule]] ya [[Uchoraji]] na [[Uchongaji]] ya Skowhegan huko Skowhegan, [[Maine|Maine.]] == Kazi == Yeye ni [[mchoraji]] tangu mwaka [[1981]], ameshiriki katika [[maonyesho]] mengi ya pamoja na [[kazi]] zake zinaweza kupatikana kote [[Ulimwengu|ulimwenguni]] katika makusanyo binafsi na ya [[umma]], ikiwemo '''Dutch Artotheek'''. Yeye ni [[Uchoraji|mchoraji]] mwenye [[mtindo]] mchanganyiko sana, akihama kwa urahisi kati ya [[mandhari]] ya [[picha]] na [[dhana]] za kifumbo bila wasiwasi wowote." [[Taarifa]] iliyoandikwa na [[msanii]] inaweza kupatikana kwenye tovuti ya ''African Encounters'', wawakilishi wake katika [[pwani]] ya [[magharibi]]. [[Mchoro]] wake ''Ashanti Saga'' ulihusishwa katika [[maonyesho]] ya ''"Artists Speak"'' katika ''San Diego Museum of Man'', yaliyokuwa wazi kuanzia [[Mei]] [[2007]] hadi [[Februari]] 28, [[2008]]. [[Kazi]] yake ya [[sanaa]] dhahania (conceptual art) inahimiza matumizi ya [[vyombo]] mbalimbali katika [[sanaa]] ya kuona. Miradi yake inajumuisha ile inayoshughulikia athari za [[utandawazi]], na [[Diaspora ya Waafrika|diaspora ya Kiafrika]] katika [[Sanaa ya Afrika|sanaa ya Kiafrika]]. Wemega-Kwawu pia huandika kuhusu [[siasa]] za [[udikteta]] wa kitamaduni katika tathmini ya [[sanaa]] ya kisasa ya Kiafrika.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mtls.ca/issue13/writings/essay/rikki-wemega-kwawu/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2026-01-11 |archive-date=2025-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011155921/https://www.mtls.ca/issue13/writings/essay/rikki-wemega-kwawu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Ghana]] ru7oohdn7ohwe30f89xs0caf0pqtubc 1594148 1594077 2026-09-03T09:36:36Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1594148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Rikki Wemega-Kwawu|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=1959{{!}}02{{!}}3|residence=Ghana|utaifa=Ghana|kazi yake=Mchoraji|elimu=Kwa kiasi kikubwa alijifundisha mwenyewe, Shule ya Uchoraji na Uchongaji ya Skowhegan, Maine|uraia=Ghana|ajulikana kwa ajili ya=Mchoro wa ukubwa mkubwa unaojumuisha alama za kale za Kiafrika Mtindo mchanganyiko unaochanganya mandhari ya picha na dhana za kifumbo Kazi inayoshughulikia utandawazi, diaspora ya Kiafrika, na siasa za kitamaduni|kazi maarufu=Ashanti saga(iliyojumuishwa katika maonyesho ya "Artists Speak" katika Jumba la Makumbusho la San Diego Museum of Man, 2007–2008)|mtindo=Uchoraji Sanaa dhahania|haraka=Sanaa ya Kisasa ya Kiafrika}} '''Rikki Wemega-Kwawu''' (alizaliwa [[Sekondi-Takoradi|Sekondi]], [[Ghana]], [[3 Februari]] [[1959]]) ni [[msanii]] wa kisasa kutoka Ghana. [[Kazi]] ya Wemega-Kwawu inajulikana kwa kuunganisha yaliyopita na ya sasa.Anaingiza wingi wa [[alama]] za kale za Kiafrika katika [[uchoraji]] wake wa ukubwa mkubwa.Anasema: ''“Nikichota kutoka kwenye mshipa wa [[alama]] za [[Dini|kidini]] za kale za [[Afrika|Kiafrika]], ninakusudia katika kazi yangu kutoa maelezo ya kimaana ya mchakato wa kiroho na [[maarifa]] ya kiroho ili kurejesha [[nguvu]] iliyopotea ya [[sanaa]] ya kitamaduni ya Kiafrika.”''<ref>https://imagomundicollection.org/artworks/rikki-wemega-kwawu-atseagbekor/</ref> == Elimu == Kwa kiasi kikubwa alijifundisha mwenyewe, ni [[Mahafali|mhitimu]] wa [[Shule]] ya [[Uchoraji]] na [[Uchongaji]] ya Skowhegan huko Skowhegan, [[Maine|Maine.]] == Kazi == Yeye ni [[mchoraji]] tangu mwaka [[1981]], ameshiriki katika [[maonyesho]] mengi ya pamoja na [[kazi]] zake zinaweza kupatikana kote [[Ulimwengu|ulimwenguni]] katika makusanyo binafsi na ya [[umma]], ikiwemo '''Dutch Artotheek'''. Yeye ni [[Uchoraji|mchoraji]] mwenye [[mtindo]] mchanganyiko sana, akihama kwa urahisi kati ya [[mandhari]] ya [[picha]] na [[dhana]] za kifumbo bila wasiwasi wowote." [[Taarifa]] iliyoandikwa na [[msanii]] inaweza kupatikana kwenye tovuti ya ''African Encounters'', wawakilishi wake katika [[pwani]] ya [[magharibi]]. [[Mchoro]] wake ''Ashanti Saga'' ulihusishwa katika [[maonyesho]] ya ''"Artists Speak"'' katika ''San Diego Museum of Man'', yaliyokuwa wazi kuanzia [[Mei]] [[2007]] hadi [[Februari]] 28, [[2008]]. [[Kazi]] yake ya [[sanaa]] dhahania (conceptual art) inahimiza matumizi ya [[vyombo]] mbalimbali katika [[sanaa]] ya kuona. Miradi yake inajumuisha ile inayoshughulikia athari za [[utandawazi]], na [[Diaspora ya Waafrika|diaspora ya Kiafrika]] katika [[Sanaa ya Afrika|sanaa ya Kiafrika]]. Wemega-Kwawu pia huandika kuhusu [[siasa]] za [[udikteta]] wa kitamaduni katika tathmini ya [[sanaa]] ya kisasa ya Kiafrika.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.mtls.ca/issue13/writings/essay/rikki-wemega-kwawu/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2026-01-11 |archive-date=2025-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011155921/https://www.mtls.ca/issue13/writings/essay/rikki-wemega-kwawu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Ghana]] bgg8km0l8gdnxvfsmlrtzhrgwrkusk6 0 228268 1594042 1505558 2026-09-02T16:49:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594042 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olufunmilayo I. Olopade''' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Olufunmilayo I. Olopade, M.D., F.A.C.P., O.O.N. {{!}} Office of Research|url=https://www.vumc.org/oor/person/olufunmilayo-i-olopade-md-facp-oon|accessdate=2022-05-25|work=www.vumc.org}}</ref> (alizaliwa 1957) ni mtaalamu wa saratani ya damu nchini Nigeria, Mkuu Msaidizi wa Afya ya Dunia na Walter L. Palmer, Profesa Mtaalamu wa Huduma katika [[Tiba]] na Jenetiki ya Binadamu katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Chicago]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.uchospitals.edu/physicians/olufunmilayo-olopade.html|title=Olufunmilayo I. Olopade, MD, FACP|publisher=The University of Chicago Medicine|accessdate=July 26, 2013|archivedate=October 23, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023091654/http://www.uchospitals.edu/physicians/olufunmilayo-olopade.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.genes.uchicago.edu/olopade.html|title=Olufunmilayo Olopade, Ph.D. Research & Selected Publications|publisher=The University of Chicago Biological Sciences; Department of Human Genetics|accessdate=July 27, 2013|archivedate=September 27, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927110550/http://www.genes.uchicago.edu/olopade.html}}</ref> Pia anafanya kazi kama mkurugenzi wa Kliniki ya Hatari ya Saratani ya Hospitali ya Chuo Kikuu cha Chicago . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-06-25|title=Dr. Olufunmilayo Olopade: Closing Disparities Through Genetic Testing {{!}} Leading Discoveries Magazine|url=https://leadingdiscoveries.aacr.org/dr-olufunmilayo-olopade-closing-disparities-through-genetic-testing/|accessdate=2022-08-10|language=en-US}}</ref> == Maisha == Olufunmilayo Olopade alizaliwa nchini Nigeria mnamo mwaka wa 1957 na alikuwa mtoto wa tano kati ya sita waliozaliwa na mwanamuziki [[Waanglikana|wa Anglikana]] . Alisoma Shule ya St Anne huko [[Ibadan]] kwa ajili ya kupata elimu yake ya shule ya Sekondari. Olopade alionyesha nia yake ya kuwa daktari akiwa na umri mdogo kwa sababu vijiji vya Nigeria vilikuwa na uhaba wa madaktari na rasilimali za matibabu ambazo zote zilikuwa na mahitaji makubwa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Olopade, Olufunmilayo Falusi {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/olopade-olufunmilayo-falusi|work=www.encyclopedia.com|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref> Alimaliza masomo yake kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan|katika Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan]] cha nchini Nigeria na alipata shahada yake ya MBBS mnamo mwaka wa 1980. <ref name="cancerbio.uchicago.edu">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Olufunmilayo Olopade {{!}} Committee on Cancer Biology|url=https://cancerbio.uchicago.edu/program/faculty/olufunmilayo-olopade|work=cancerbio.uchicago.edu|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref> Alikuwa akifanya kazi kwa karibu na Wakfu wa Utafiti wa Saratani ya Matiti <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.bcrfcure.org/action_meetres_funmi.html|title=Olufunmilayo Olopade, MD, FACP :: Profile|publisher=The Breast Cancer Research Foundation|accessdate=July 26, 2013|archivedate=October 2, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002075700/http://www.bcrfcure.org/action_meetres_funmi.html}}</ref> na alifanya kazi kubwa ya kliniki inayozunguka ilikuwa ni jukumu la jeni za ''BRCA1'' na ''BRCA2'' katika matukio ya saratani ya matiti kwa wanawake wenye asili ya Kiafrika. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.asco.org/about-asco/dr-olufunmilayo-olopade-receives-asco-acs-award-pioneering-research-breast-cancer|title=Dr. Olufunmilayo Olopade Receives ASCO ACS Award for Pioneering Research in Breast Cancer Genetics|publisher=American Society of Clinical Oncology|accessdate=June 26, 2013|archivedate=July 5, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705102631/http://www.asco.org/about-asco/dr-olufunmilayo-olopade-receives-asco-acs-award-pioneering-research-breast-cancer}}</ref> Yeye ni mwanachama wa Chama cha Marekani cha Utafiti wa Saratani, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.aacr.org/home/scientists/aacr-academy/inaugural-class/olufunmilayo-olopade.aspx|title=Olufunmilayo I. Olopade|publisher=American Association for Cancer Research|year=2001|work=AACR|accessdate=June 6, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929235550/http://www.aacr.org/home/scientists/aacr-academy/inaugural-class/olufunmilayo-olopade.aspx|archivedate=September 29, 2013}}</ref> Chuo cha Madaktari cha Marekani, Chama cha Madaktari cha Nigeria, Chama cha Falsafa cha Marekani, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Olufunmilayo+Olopade&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|accessdate=2021-04-02|work=search.amphilsoc.org|archivedate=2021-05-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522194658/https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Olufunmilayo+Olopade&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced}}</ref> na Taasisi ya Tiba . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.iom.edu/Global/Directory/Detail.aspx?id=0020018661|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120802223645/http://www.iom.edu/Global/Directory/Detail.aspx?id=0020018661|archivedate=August 2, 2012|title=Directory: IOM Member - Olufunmilayo F. Olopade, M.D., FACP, OON|publisher=Institute of Medicine|accessdate=June 28, 2013}}</ref> == Kazi ya awali == Olufunmilayo alianza kazi yake mwaka wa 1980 kama afisa wa matibabu katika Hospitali ya Jeshi la Wanamaji la Nigeria . Alihamia Nchini Marekani mwaka wa 1983 na kufanya kazi katika Hospitali ya Kaunti ya Cook huko jijini [[Chicago]] mpaka mwaka wa 1987. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/books/culture-magazines/olopade-olufunmilayo|title=Olopade, Olufunmilayo {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|work=www.encyclopedia.com|accessdate=2020-03-31}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 1991, Olufunmilayo alijiunga katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Chicago]] kama profesa msaidizi katika hematolojia na oncology, Mkuu wa Afya ya Kimataifa, na Mkurugenzi wa Kituo cha Jenetiki ya Saratani ya Kliniki katika Chuo Kikuu cha Chicago. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Ojigbo|first=Solomon|date=2017-07-04|title=Prof. Olufunmilayo Olopade: Pacesetter and Game-changer In Breast Cancer Treatment|url=https://www.pharmanewsonline.com/prof-olufunmilayo-olopade-pacesetter-and-game-changer-in-breast-cancer-treatment/|accessdate=2020-06-11|work=Pharmanewsonline|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name="cancerbio.uchicago.edu"/> == Tuzo == * 1975: Tuzo ya Sifa ya Serikali ya Shirikisho la Nigeria <ref name=":0"/> * 1978: Tuzo la Chama cha Madaktari cha Nigeria kwa Ubora katika Madaktari wa Watoto <ref name="Admin">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Admin|date=2019-02-21|title=OLOPEDE, Prof (Mrs) Olufunmilayo|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/olopede-prof-mrs-olufunmilayo/|accessdate=2022-05-25|work=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation|language=en-US|archive-date=2026-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260520231243/https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/olopede-prof-mrs-olufunmilayo/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 1980: Tuzo la Chama cha Madaktari cha Nigeria kwa Ubora katika Tiba <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Olufunmilayo I. Olopade, MD|url=https://www.aacr.org/professionals/membership/aacr-academy/fellows/olufunmilayo-i-olopade-md/|accessdate=2022-08-10|work=American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)|language=en}}</ref> * 1990: Ushirika wa Ellen Ruth Lebow <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Dr. Olufunmilayo I. Olopade – H3Africa|url=https://h3africa.org/index.php/about/founding-working-group/dr-olufunmilayo-i-olopade/|accessdate=2022-05-25|language=en-US}}</ref> * 1991: Tuzo la Mchunguzi Mdogo wa Jumuiya ya Marekani ya Oncology ya Kliniki <ref name="Admin" /> * 1992: Tuzo ya Wasomi ya Wakfu wa James S. McDonnell <ref name="Admin" /> * 2000: Tuzo ya Mwanasayansi Mtaalamu wa Kliniki ya Doris Duke <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Dr. Olufunmilayo I. Olopade – H3Africa|url=https://h3africa.org/index.php/about/founding-working-group/dr-olufunmilayo-i-olopade/|accessdate=2022-05-25|work=h3africa.org|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2003: Tuzo la Mwanamke wa Ajabu kwa kazi ndani ya Jumuiya ya Wamarekani Weusi <ref name="Admin" /> * 2005: Tuzo ya Mashujaa wa Mtandao wa Jumuiya ya Ufikiaji katika Huduma ya Afya <ref name="Admin" /> * Programu ya Washirika wa MacArthur ya 2005 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.macfound.org/fellows/769/|publisher=MacArthur foundation|title=MacArthur Fellows Program:Olufunmilayo Olopade|accessdate=July 27, 2013|date=September 1, 2005}}</ref> * 2015: Tuzo ya Uhuru Nne * 2017: Nishani ya Mendel ya Chuo Kikuu cha Villanova * Siku ya Jumamosi, Mei 18, 2019, Chuo cha Lincoln cha Illinois kilimpa Olopade tuzo ya Order of Lincoln, heshima ya juu zaidi iliyotolewa na [[Illinois|Jimbo la Illinois]] . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://thelincolnacademyofillinois.org/2019-laureates-announced-gov-rauner/|title=2019 Laureates Announced by Gov. Rauner|work=The Lincoln Academy of Illinois|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-08-27|archivedate=2019-08-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827194444/https://thelincolnacademyofillinois.org/2019-laureates-announced-gov-rauner/}}</ref> * 2021: Mwanachama wa Chuo cha Kitaifa cha Sayansi cha Marekani. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/2021-nas-election.html|title=News from the National Academy of Sciences|date=April 26, 2021|accessdate=July 5, 2021|quote=Newly elected members and their affiliations at the time of election are: ... Olopade, Olufunmilayo F.; Walter L. Palmer Distinguished Service Professor of Medicine and Human Genetics, department of medicine, and director, Center for Clinical Genetics and Global Health, University of Chicago, Chicago}}, entry in member directory:{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/20018661.html|title=Member Directory|accessdate=July 5, 2021|publisher=National Academy of Sciences}}</ref> Tangu mwaka wa 1983, aliolewa na Christopher Sola Olopade ambaye pia ni [[Tabibu|daktari]] katika Chuo Kikuu cha Chicago. Wana watoto wawili wa kike, na mmoja wa kiume akiwemo [[Mwanahabari|mwandishi wa habari]] Dayo Olopade, na mtoto mmoja wa kiume. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.notablebiographies.com/newsmakers2/2006-Le-Ra/Olopade-Olufunmilayo.html|publisher=Encyclopedia of World Biography|title=Olufunmilayo Olopade:Physician, oncologist and geneticist|accessdate=July 27, 2013}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1957]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] s63yso811j1zhi2jwc9oluto467x50q 0 229201 1594076 1529934 2026-09-02T21:55:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594076 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Regina Askia-Williams''' (alizaliwa [[16 Desemba]] [[1967]]) ni [[mwigizaji]], [[mwanamitindo]], na mrembo wa zamani Malkia wa Chuo Kikuu cha Lagos aliyezaliwa Nigeria. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Fellow Nurses|first=|date=2026-03-22|title=Meet Regina Askia-Williams: The Nigerian celebrity and Ex beauty queen now living the nursing dream in the US|url=https://www.fellownurses.com/2026/03/regina-askia-williams-nigerian-beauty-queen-nurse-practitioner-us.html|accessdate=2026-03-24|work=Fellow Nurses Africa|language=en-US|archive-date=2026-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260413134450/https://www.fellownurses.com/2026/03/regina-askia-williams-nigerian-beauty-queen-nurse-practitioner-us.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Sunday|first=Lot|date=2024-05-01|title=Regina Askia-Williams: Actress, Model, Advocate|url=https://www.goldenpage.ng/regina-askia-williams-actress-model-advocate/|accessdate=2026-03-26|work=Golden Page Magazine|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Alipata cheti chake kama Muuguzi wa Familia (FNP) na anafanya kazi katika [[Jiji la New York]] . Anaandika na kuzungumza hadharani akitetea uhamasishaji wa Waafrika katika afya ya watoto, elimu, na maendeleo ya kiuchumi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=African Health Dialogues|url=http://www.africanviews.org/african-health-dialogues|publisher=African Views|accessdate=29 May 2012|archivedate=30 December 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230195957/http://www.africanviews.org/african-health-dialogues}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Okporu|first=Rachel|date=2022-02-03|title='Indeed she's ageless' Reactions as Actress Regina Askia shares 30 years throwback photo|url=https://www.kemifilani.ng/entertainment/regina-askia-shares-30-years-throwback-photo|accessdate=2022-03-15|work=Kemi Filani News|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Kazi == Mnamo 1988, Askia-Williams, mwanafunzi wa zamani wa udaktari ambaye alikuwa amehamia kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Calabar]] hadi Chuo Kikuu cha Lagos, alitawazwa kuwa ''Miss Unilag .'' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Database|first=African Movie|title=Regina Askia - Actor|url=https://africanmoviedb.com/person/regina-askia-askia-williams-imaobong-usoro|accessdate=2026-03-24|work=African Movie Database|language=English}}</ref> Mwaka huo huo, alishika nafasi ya pili katika shindano la Msichana Mrembo Zaidi nchini Nigeria (MBGN). Mnamo 1989, alichukua taji la MBGN wakati mshindi Bianca Onoh alipojiuzulu. <ref>''Temitope (16 December 2019).'' "Ex-beauty queen, Regina Askia clocks 52 today"''. Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 24 March 2026.''</ref> Mnamo 1990, Askia-Williams aliiwakilisha Nigeria katika Miss Charm International iliyofanyika [[Sankt Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Urusi]], na akashika nafasi ya pili. Alikuwa Mnigeria wa kwanza kushindana katika shindano la Miss International nchini [[Japani]], ambapo alipewa vazi bora zaidi la kitamaduni. <ref>"5 reasons why she was one of the biggest celebrities of her time"''. Pulse Nigeria. 24 November 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2026.''</ref> Baada ya kupata kutambuliwa hadharani nchini Nigeria kama mshindi wa shindano la urembo, kazi ya uanamitindo ilifunguliwa kwa Askia-Williams. Alionekana katika matangazo kadhaa ya magazeti na televisheni ya Nigeria, ikiwa ni pamoja na akaunti za kimataifa za Visine, ''Chicken George'' fast food, ''Kessingsheen'' Hair Care, na boutique chain ''Collectibles'' . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2025-05-18|title=Regina 'Imaobong' Askia: From Pageantry to Nollywood, US Nurse|url=https://www.centurynewspaper.com/regina-imaobong-askia-from-pageantry-to-nollywood-us-nurse/|accessdate=2026-03-26|work=Century Newspaper|language=en}}</ref> Pia alifanya kazi katika [[Maonyesho ya mavazi|maonyesho kadhaa ya runway]], na mwaka wa 2007, alishiriki katika safu ya kusafisha uso ya 2000-N-Six pamoja na binti yake, mwanamitindo Stephanie Hornecker. <ref name="2000-N-Six">2000-N-Six {{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/sunstyle/2007/feb/24/sunstyle-24-02-2007-001.htm |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2026-04-19 |archive-date=2007-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010112723/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/sunstyle/2007/feb/24/sunstyle-24-02-2007-001.htm |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Mwaka wa 2006, Askia-Williams aliandaa onyesho la mitindo la hisani katika Chuo cha Lehman huko Bronx, New York, ambalo lilionyesha ubunifu wa wabunifu wakuu wa Kiafrika na lebo yake mwenyewe ya ''Regine Fashions'' . <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.africanevents.com/RegineFashionShow06.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320024323/http://www.africanevents.com/RegineFashionShow06.htm|archivedate=20 March 2013|title=Regine 2006 fashion Show in New York City to benefit children in Africa|publisher=African Events|accessdate=25 February 2018}}</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Askia-Williams kwa sasa anaishi Amerika na familia yake. Yeye ni mhitimu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Lagos, Nigeria akiwa na shahada ya [[Biolojia]] . Alipata shahada yake ya uuguzi katika Chuo cha Wagner nchini Marekani. <ref name="African Views">{{Rejea tovuti|title=African Health Dialogues: Mrs. Regina Askia-Williams, RN|url=http://www.africanviews.org/african-health-dialogues|accessdate=29 May 2012|publisher=African Views|archivedate=30 December 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230195957/http://www.africanviews.org/african-health-dialogues}}</ref> na sasa ni muuguzi wa familia anayefanya kazi katika Jiji la New York. <ref>"Nurses, spinal cord of health system – Group"''. Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 25 February 2018''</ref> <ref>"Regina Askia Urges Nigerian Nurses to Partner with Counterparts in Diaspora"''. Medical world Nigeria. Retrieved 25 February 2018.''</ref> Miezi mitatu tu baada ya kuhamia Jiji la New York na familia yake, <ref name=":2">{{Rejea jarida |date=1 October 2001 |journal=The News |publisher=Independent Communications Network Ltd., 2001 |volume=17 |pages=32}}</ref> alinusurika shambulio la Kituo cha Biashara Duniani mnamo Septemba 11, 2001. Alitoroka kutoka kwenye jengo hilo, ambapo alifanya kazi wakati huo. <ref name=":2" /> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1967]] [[Jamii:Wanamitindo wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] bwu6pglxdlin0jjo8t0qaqt61kbulra 0 229351 1594067 1507532 2026-09-02T20:28:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594067 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Prateep Kochabua''' alizaliwa [[13 Aprili]] [[1962]]) ni msanii wa kisasa wa [[Thailand]] kutoka Bangkok. Alipata shahada ya kwanza ya uchoraji kutoka Kitivo cha Sanaa katika Chuo Kikuu cha Silpakorn na kisha akafanya kazi kama mkurugenzi wa sanaa katika shirika la utangazaji kuanzia mwaka 1984 hadi 1992. <ref name="wahooart">{{cite web|title=Prateep Kochabua |url=https://wahooart.com/en/artists/prateep-kochabua-en/?srsltid=AfmBOorsebJk1g_IxyW7XrGwTB-SoiNHbcCw4ql20tFB5qysnT5GDkqc |website=wahooart.com |access-date=26 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Prateep Kochabua |url=http://www.rama9art.org/prateep/index.html |website=rama9art.org |access-date=26 January 2026 |archive-date=2025-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251210210007/http://www.rama9art.org/prateep/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1962]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:wasanii wa Thailand]] odh6z64ibcx4os7l7pwet2yvrctlzm1 0 231682 1594084 1531760 2026-09-03T02:08:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594084 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Shattered''''' ni filamu ya [[Kenya]] ya mwaka 2011 iliyoongozwa na Gilbert Lukalia huku mwigizaji wa Nollywood Rita Dominic akiwa kama Keziah Njema akicheza nafasi ya kwanza. Filamu hii ilishinda tuzo 2 kwenye Tuzo za ''Africa Movie Academy'' za 2012. [[Rita Dominic]] pia alishinda tuzo ya mwigizaji bora wa 2012 katika Tuzo za Filamu na [[Televisheni]] za ''Kalasha'' nchini Kenya. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bestcasinosonline.ng/fabmagazineonline/ |title=Home - FAB BLOG |accessdate=2026-05-05 |archive-date=2026-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260510011818/https://bestcasinosonline.ng/fabmagazineonline/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140222025745/http://www.filmbizafrica.com/articles/shattered-movie-review.html "Shattered" Movie Review ‹ Film Biz Africa]</ref><ref>[https://www.bellanaija.com/2012/12/rita-dominic-wins-the-best-actress-award-at-the-2012-kalasha-film-and-television-awards-in-kenya-honoured-for-her-role-in-shattered/ Rita Dominic wins the Best Actress award at the 2012 KALASHA Film and Television Awards in Kenya | Honoured for her role in "Shattered" | BellaNaija]</ref><ref>[https://www.modernghana.com/movie/12844/3/pictures-of-rita-dominic-behind-the-scenes-on-her-.html PICTURES OF RITA DOMINIC BEHIND THE SCENES ON HER LATEST SHOOT IN KENYAN]</ref> == Wahusika == * Rita Dominic kama Keziah Njema * Maina mwingine kama Miana Mwingine * Robert Burale kama Frank Njema * Allan Adika kama Jomo * Eddie Gebhart kama Mjomba Nick * Gideon Nzukie kama Mike Njema * Naomi Wambui * Melvin Alusa * Ainea Ojiambo * Janet Sision == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Filamu za Kenya]] [[Jamii:Filamu za 2011]] [[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]] jjmnt37lzw8m4h6bsahk2dyvdxj43ez 1594170 1594084 2026-09-03T09:56:18Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1594170 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Shattered''''' ni filamu ya [[Kenya]] ya mwaka 2011 iliyoongozwa na Gilbert Lukalia huku mwigizaji wa Nollywood Rita Dominic akiwa kama Keziah Njema akicheza nafasi ya kwanza. Filamu hii ilishinda tuzo 2 kwenye Tuzo za ''Africa Movie Academy'' za 2012. [[Rita Dominic]] pia alishinda tuzo ya mwigizaji bora wa 2012 katika Tuzo za Filamu na [[Televisheni]] za ''Kalasha'' nchini Kenya. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://bestcasinosonline.ng/fabmagazineonline/ |title=Home - FAB BLOG |accessdate=2026-05-05 |archive-date=2026-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260510011818/https://bestcasinosonline.ng/fabmagazineonline/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140222025745/http://www.filmbizafrica.com/articles/shattered-movie-review.html "Shattered" Movie Review ‹ Film Biz Africa]</ref><ref>[https://www.bellanaija.com/2012/12/rita-dominic-wins-the-best-actress-award-at-the-2012-kalasha-film-and-television-awards-in-kenya-honoured-for-her-role-in-shattered/ Rita Dominic wins the Best Actress award at the 2012 KALASHA Film and Television Awards in Kenya | Honoured for her role in "Shattered" | BellaNaija]</ref><ref>[https://www.modernghana.com/movie/12844/3/pictures-of-rita-dominic-behind-the-scenes-on-her-.html PICTURES OF RITA DOMINIC BEHIND THE SCENES ON HER LATEST SHOOT IN KENYAN]</ref> == Wahusika == * Rita Dominic kama Keziah Njema * Maina mwingine kama Miana Mwingine * Robert Burale kama Frank Njema * Allan Adika kama Jomo * Eddie Gebhart kama Mjomba Nick * Gideon Nzukie kama Mike Njema * Naomi Wambui * Melvin Alusa * Ainea Ojiambo * Janet Sision == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Filamu za Kenya]] [[Jamii:Filamu za 2011]] [[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]] o2vwe3dg8y23wfa4rayffj7xkerwvqd 0 235999 1594011 1593603 2026-09-02T14:37:22Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594011 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rabah Bitat''' (19 Desemba 1925 – 10 Aprili 2000) alikuwa [[mwanaharakati]] wa utaifa na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]].<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bp8IfVxOcEQC&pg=PA294|title=Algeria: The Politics of a Socialist Revolution|last=Ottaway|first=David|last2=Ottaway|first2=Marina|date=1970|publisher=University of California Press|language=en}}</ref> Alijulikana kwa mchango wake katika harakati za kupigania uhuru wa Algeria dhidi ya ukoloni, na baada ya uhuru akawa mmoja wa viongozi wa kisiasa nchini, hata alipata kuwa [[rais]] wa mpito miaka 1978-1979. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Marais wa Aljeria}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1925]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2000]] [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Algeria]] 2q0klp47dzhcbnk8yqaebwg456hq4my 0 236954 1594040 1546834 2026-09-02T16:29:18Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594040 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Obeth Kandjoze''' (amezaliwa 9 Agosti 1966 huko Windhoek) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Namibia]] kutoka chama tawala cha SWAPO.<ref>{{Citation|title=President reshuffles Cabinet – Vice President relieved of duties|url=https://economist.com.na/32603/general-news/president-reshuffles-cabinet-vice-president-relieved-of-duties/|work=Namibia Economist|language=en|access-date=2026-05-20|archive-date=2018-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214202802/https://economist.com.na/32603/general-news/president-reshuffles-cabinet-vice-president-relieved-of-duties/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yeye aliwahi kuhudumu kama Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa Tume ya Mipango ya Taifa (National Planning Commission) na pia kama Waziri wa Mipango ya Kiuchumi nchini Namibia. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} 1y2prd89qbm59ukchuhf3kep749qiw6 0 237265 1594127 1547617 2026-09-03T09:12:54Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594127 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Azem Maksutaj''' (amezaliwa 8 Julai 1975) ni mpiganaji wa zamani wa kickboxing kutoka [[Uswisi]], mwenye asili ya [[Kosovo]] ya [[Kialbania]]. Alishiriki katika madaraja mbalimbali ya uzito yakiwemo lightweight, welterweight, middleweight, super middleweight, light heavyweight, cruiserweight na heavyweight.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Being Azem |url=[https://dokufest.com/en/festival/2011/made-in-switzerland/being-azem](https://dokufest.com/en/festival/2011/made-in-switzerland/being-azem) |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=dokufest.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Mwanzo alikuwa kutoka [[Kosovo]] (wakati huo ikiwa sehemu ya Yugoslavia), alihamia Uswisi akaanza mafunzo ya Muay Thai akiwa na umri wa miaka kumi na tano. Baada ya kushinda taji la kitaifa la Uswisi katika uzito wa lightweight katika mwaka wake wa kwanza wa mashindano mwaka 1992, alifanikiwa pia kushinda mataji ya Ulaya na dunia mwaka 1994 akiwa kwenye uzito wa takribani {{convert|77|kg|lb stlb|abbr=on}} (super middleweight). Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1990, alihama kati ya uzito wa light heavyweight na cruiserweight, akishinda mataji matano ya dunia. Mnamo 2001 alihamia kwenye uzito wa heavyweight ambako alitumia sehemu iliyobaki ya taaluma yake, akishiriki kama mpiganaji wa kiwango cha kati (journeyman) katika promosheni ya K-1 na kushinda mataji mengine manne ya dunia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Azem Maksutaj |url=[https://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/fighters/252346-azem-maksutaj](https://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/fighters/252346-azem-maksutaj) |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=Tapology |language=en}}</ref> Kwa jumla, alishinda mataji 14 ya dunia katika madaraja mbalimbali ya uzito kabla ya kustaafu mwaka 2010 akiwa ameshapigana mapambano takribani mia moja ya kitaaluma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Azem Maksutaj |url=[https://www.azem.ch/trainer/azem-maksutaj/](https://www.azem.ch/trainer/azem-maksutaj/) |access-date=2022-06-10 |language=de-DE}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1975|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Uswisi]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Kosovo]] 7gbqya900z0vl3t5mun9lunn5yz4cko 0 238994 1594133 1550993 2026-09-03T09:17:21Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594133 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dritëro Agolli''' (13 Oktoba 1931 – 3 Februari 2017) alikuwa mshairi, mwandishi, na mwanasiasa wa [[Albania]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.worldhaiku.net/poetry/si/d.agolli.htm|title=Dritëro Agolli &#124; WHA|website=www.worldhaiku.net|access-date=15 October 2006|archive-date=30 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230225634/http://www.worldhaiku.net/poetry/si/d.agolli.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alisoma mjini [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]] katika Umoja wa Kisovieti, na aliandika zaidi mashairi, lakini pia hadithi fupi, insha, michezo ya kuigiza, na riwaya. Alikuwa mkuu wa Chama cha Waandishi na Wasanii wa Albania kuanzia mwaka 1973 hadi 1992.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|author=Harold B. Segel|title=The Columbia Literary History of Eastern Europe Since 1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VAI7O9prinMC&pg=PA83|year=2008|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-50804-9|pages=83–}}</ref> Alikuwa kiongozi mashuhuri katika tabaka la watawala wa Chama cha Wafanyakazi cha Albania|Kikomunisti cha Albania (nomenklatura). == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1931|2017}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Albania]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Albania]] d0wglvsmliaalz4a9e7e97cawkixypf 0 238998 1594124 1578800 2026-09-03T09:11:02Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594124 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ali Ahmeti''' (pia anajulikana kwa jina lake la kishujaa '''Abaz Gjuka''' <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://infomagazin.net/2019/08/12/si-ali-ahmeti-mori-nofken-abaz-gjuka-dokumentar/ |title=Si Ali Ahmeti mori nofkën Abaz Gjuka? (Dokumentar) |website=infomagazin.net |accessdate=2026-05-26 |archive-date=2026-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260526123335/https://infomagazin.net/2019/08/12/si-ali-ahmeti-mori-nofken-abaz-gjuka-dokumentar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ballkani.info/shaban-sinani-abaz-gjuka-ali-ahmeti-nuk-fliste-shume-por-vepronte-video/|title=Shaban Sinani: Abaz Gjuka (Ali Ahmeti) nuk fliste shumë, por vepronte VIDEO |website=balkani.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.epokaere.com/abaz-gjuka-pastrojeni-bdi-ne-nga-grykesit-e-pushtetit/|title=Abaz Gjuka, pastrojeni BDI-në nga grykësit e pushtetit! |website=epokaere.com}}</ref>alizaliwa 4 Januari 1959) ni mwanasiasa wa [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] mwenye asili ya [[Albania]]. Yeye ni kiongozi wa chama cha [[Democratic Union for Integration]], na alikuwa mshirika mdogo wa muungano katika serikali ya Masedonia kuanzia mwaka 2008 hadi 2024. Ahmeti alikuwa kiongozi wa kisiasa wa kundi la zamani la waasi la Kialbania la Jeshi la Ukombozi wa Kitaifa (Masedonia)|Jeshi la Ukombozi wa Kitaifa wakati wa Uasi wa mwaka 2001 nchini Masedonia. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1959|}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Albania]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Masedonia Kaskazini]] h6okkffizpu5ekxalko42lvokvcmcsc 0 239001 1594125 1550869 2026-09-03T09:11:47Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594125 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ali Asllani''' (28 Novemba 1884 huko Vajza, [[Wilaya ya Vlorë]] – 20 Desemba 1966 mjini [[Tirana]], [[Albania]]) alikuwa mshairi, mwanasiasa, na mwanaharakati wa Mwamko wa Kitaifa wa [[Albania]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Elsie|first=Robert|title=Albanian literature: a short history|date=29 July 2005|publisher=Centre for Albanian Studies|location=London, England|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ox3Wx1Nl_2MC&q=Ali+Asllani&pg=PA153|access-date=11 April 2011|page=153|isbn=9781845110314}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1884|1966}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Albania]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Albania]] bijcq5g7087oqxpka7tey4egifuke5x 0 239036 1594138 1550978 2026-09-03T09:20:14Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594138 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Xhemal Bushati''' (1880–1941) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa [[Albania]]. == Maisha == Xhemal Bushati alizaliwa kama Xhemal Shaqir Bushati mjini [[Shkodër]], akiwa mwanafamilia wa [[Familia ya Bushati]] ambayo ilitawala Wilaya ya Scutari (Scutari Vilayet) wakati wa [[Dola ya Osmania]].<ref name="Shkodra">{{citation|url=http://www.shkoder.net/al/bushatlinjte1.htm |language=sq |access-date=2014-02-12 |publisher=Shkodra Online |title=Familjet e medha: Bushatllinjte |trans-title=Prominent families: Bushatlliu |year=1998 |quote=Bushatlinjtë janë ndër fiset më të doomedha në Shkodër. Kjo familje feudale me origjinë shqiptare, njihet mjaft në Shkodër që në shekullin e XV, për traditën e saj të sundimit e ndikimit në qytet e krahinë.<br>Xhemal Shaqir Bushati merr pjesë në dy luftra për mbrojtjen e Shkodrës, më 1912- 1913 dhe 1920. Ai shfaqet dhe në jetën politike si përfaqësues i Shkodrës në takimin e Bushatit, ku së bashlku me përfqësues të qeverisë, klerit e popullit, përgatitën promemorjen dërguar Konferencës së Parisit, kundër copëtimit të tokave shqiptare. Xhemal Bushati është delegat në kongresin e Lushnjes, në zgjedhjet e vitit 1921 është deputet i Shkodrës, më 1923 zgjidhet asambkeist dhe më pas deputet. Në qeverinë e Nolit është ministër dhe më pas me rikthimin eZogut arratiset dhe më 1927 është pjestar i organizatës antizogiste "Bashkimi Kombëtar". |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329001858/http://www.shkoder.net/al/bushatlinjte1.htm |archive-date=29 March 2013 }}</ref> Alishiriki katika vita viwili dhidi ya [[Montenegro|Wamontenegro]] huko Shkodër, kati ya mwaka 1912–1913 na mnamo mwaka 1920. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1880|1941}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Albania]] 6wvic53e4dcxw4zhja1xf8hcuy2d18h 0 239037 1594134 1550980 2026-09-03T09:17:56Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594134 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jorgji Çako''' (kama 1848 – 12 Juni 1934), pia akijulikana kama Gjergj Çako, alikuwa mwanasheria na mwanasiasa wa [[Albania]] ambaye alihudumu kama Waziri wa Fedha katika serikali ya kwanza ya muda ya [[Ismail Qemali]]. == Maisha == Jorgji Çako alizaliwa mnamo mwaka 1848 hivi katika kijiji cha [[Sheper]], [[Zagori, Albania|Zagori]], [[Dola ya Osmania]]. Kuna taarifa chache sana zinazojulikana kuhusu maisha yake. Alihitimu katika Kitivo cha Sheria kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Athens]] na baadaye alihamia [[Istanbul]] ambako alifanya kazi kama mwanasheria wa kampuni ya reli. Mnamo mwaka 1912, alirejea [[Albania]] na kuishi katika mji wa pwani wa [[Vlorë]]. Muda mfupi baadaye alifahamiana na Ismail Kemal na kujiunga na [[Serikali ya Muda ya Albania|serikali yake ya muda]] mpya kama Wizara ya Fedha (Albania)|Waziri wa Fedha, nafasi aliyoishikilia kuanzia mwaka 1913 hadi 1914. Pia alihudumu kama Naibu Waziri wa Fedha kuanzia mwaka 1925 hadi 1928. Çako alifariki dunia mjini Vlorë mnamo Juni 12, 1934.<ref name="Kryeministrat dhe ministrat e shtetit shqiptar në 100 vjet">{{cite book |title= Kryeministrat dhe ministrat e shtetit shqiptar në 100 vjet |last=Dervishi |first=Kastriot |author-link= |year=2012 |publisher=Shtëpia Botuese "55" |location=Tiranë |isbn= 978-9994356225 |page=100 |oclc=861296248 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Political Confrontation in Albania |url=http://www.albanianhistory.net/1920_Vllamasi/index.html |publisher=Robert Elsie |access-date=28 October 2020}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1848|1934}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Albania]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Albania]] mneyouaf77ew92rz74612rl1bb25h58 0 239122 1594130 1551191 2026-09-03T09:14:38Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594130 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bajram Curri''' (16 Januari 1862<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.qmksh.al/en/16-janar-1862-lindi-bajram-curri-tribun-i-vegjelise |title=Qendra Mbarëkombëtare e Koleksionistëve Shqiptarë |access-date=2019-02-26 |archive-date=2021-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302173918/https://www.qmksh.al/en/16-janar-1862-lindi-bajram-curri-tribun-i-vegjelise/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> – 29 Machi 1925) alikuwa chifu, mwanasiasa, na mwanaharakati wa [[Kialbania]] aliyepigania uhuru wa [[Albania]], na baadaye alipambana kwa ajili ya kuunganishwa kwa [[Kosovo]] ndani yake kufuatia Mkataba wa London (1913). Baada ya kifo chake, alitunukiwa jina la Shujaa wa Albania. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1862|1925}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Albania]] bby3hmbcouvphxssuwl7rehw1jyfo3l 0 239132 1594123 1551204 2026-09-03T09:09:20Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594123 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ajdin Draga''' (1864–1914) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa [[Albania]].<ref>"History of Albanian People" Albanian Academy of Science.{{ISBN|99927-1-623-1}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 1912, alikuwa mwakilishi wa [[Kosovo]] katika Azimio la Uhuru wa Albania na mwanachama wa Seneti ya Albania. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1864|1914}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Albania]] h8epwqw5d5435s00t4zhs68ql9pwtp2 0 239154 1594128 1551232 2026-09-03T09:13:53Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Marejeo */ 1594128 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Babë Dud Karbunara''' (22 Aprili 1842 &ndash; 19 Desemba 1917), aliyezaliwa kwa jina la '''Jorgji Karbunara''', alikuwa mwalimu na mwanasiasa wa [[Albania]]. Alikuwa mmoja wa watia saini wa Azimio la Uhuru wa Albania.<ref>"History of Albanian People" Albanian Academy of Science.{{ISBN|99927-1-623-1}}</ref> == Maisha ya mapema == Babu yake alikuwa amehamia kutoka Trozhar karibu na [[Tërpan]] kwenda [[Berat]], ambapo mwanae Theodhor baadaye alifanya kazi ya kudarizi kwa nyuzi za dhahabu. Babë Dud Karbunara, mwana wa Theodhor, alizaliwa kama ''Jorgji Karbunara'' mnamo tarehe 22 Aprili 1842, katika mtaa wa ''Kala'' mjini [[Berat]].<ref name="Kraja">{{cite news|url=http://www.balkanweb.com/gazetav5/newsadmin/preview.php?id=121093 |title=Babë Dudë Karbunara, si u masakrua para popullit firmëtari i Pavarësisë |last=Kraja |first=Abedin |year=2012 |work=Gazeta Shqiptare Online(Balkanweb) |language=Albanian |accessdate=13 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204053412/http://www.balkanweb.com/gazetav5/newsadmin/preview.php?id=121093 |archivedate=4 February 2014 }}</ref> Hapo awali alisoma kule [[Corfu]] na baadaye akaendelea na masomo yake mjini [[Trieste]].<ref name="Papa">{{cite news|url=http://gazetatelegraf.com/bab-dude-karbunara-simbol-krenarie-i-qytetit-te-beratit/|title=Bab Dudë Karbunara, simbol krenarie i qytetit të Beratit|last=Papa|first=Viktor|work=Telegraf|language=Albanian|accessdate=13 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018073633/http://gazetatelegraf.com/bab-dude-karbunara-simbol-krenarie-i-qytetit-te-beratit/|archive-date=18 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1842|1917}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Albania]] bn1ss3d97yy46ohnqolw024ur56a4wb 0 239164 1594131 1551243 2026-09-03T09:15:55Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594131 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bajram Kelmendi''' (1937 – 24 Machi 1999) alikuwa mwanasheria na mwanaharakati wa haki za binadamu mwenye asili ya [[Albania]] huko [[Kosovo]], [[Yugoslavia]]. == Maisha == Alizaliwa katika familia ya [[Kialbania]] karibu na [[Peja]], sehemu ya [[Ufalme wa Yugoslavia]] (sasa hivi [[Kosovo]]). Jina lake la ukoo linatokana na babu yake aliyetokea mkoa wa Kelmend]] uliopo kaskazini-magharibi mwa [[Albania]]. Alipofikisha umri wa miaka kumi na minane (mnamo mwaka 1955), alihukumiwa kifungo cha mwaka mmoja jela kwa kukosoa uhamiaji wa lazima wa Waalbania kwenda [[Uturuki]]. Baadaye alisomea sheria. Kelmendi alikuwa miongoni mwa waanzilishi wa Baraza la Utetezi wa Haki za Binadamu na Uhuru mjini [[Pristina]] na mnamo tarehe 3 Mei 1998, aliwasilisha mashtaka katika Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai ya zamani ya Yugoslavia (ICTY) huko [[The Hague]] dhidi ya [[Slobodan Milošević]] kwa Uhalifu wa kivita katika Vita vya Kosovo na uhalifu uliofanywa huko Kosovo. Mapema wakati wa kampeni ya ushambulizi wa mabomu ya Jumuiya ya Kujihami ya Atlantiki ya Kaskazini (NATO), mnamo tarehe 24 Machi 1999, Jeshi la Polisi la Serbia lilivamia nyumbani kwake na kumkamata yeye pamoja na wanawe wawili, Kastriot na Kushtrim. Wakati mke wake Nekibe alipowauliza polisi kuhusu mahali walipopelekwa, walimjibu kwa kumwambia "aiulize NATO".<ref name="Staff1999">{{cite book|title=Human rights watch world report, 2000|url=https://archive.org/details/humanrightswatch0000unse_i9c3|url-access=registration|accessdate=14 January 2012|date=1999-12-01|publisher=Human Rights Watch|isbn=978-1-56432-238-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/humanrightswatch0000unse_i9c3/page/27 27]}}</ref> Siku iliyofuata, miili yao ilipatikana ikiwa imepigwa risasi na kufa kwenye kituo cha mafuta karibu na Pristina.<ref>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur70/018/1999/en/ Amnesty International, PUBLIC STATEMENT]</ref> Shahidi wa macho wa mauaji hayo aliripoti kwamba kabla ya kifo chake, Kelmendi alitakiwa amwue mmoja wa wanawe au mtoto amwue baba yake. Amri hiyo ya polisi ilipokataliwa, waliwaua Kastriot na Kushtrim, na takriban sekunde thelathini baadaye wakamwua Bajram Kelmendi.<ref name="Krieger2001">{{cite book|last=Krieger|first=Heike|title=The Kosovo conflict and international law: an analytical documentation 1974-1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-OhPTJn8ZWoC&pg=PA57|accessdate=14 January 2012|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-80071-6|page=57}}</ref> Kabla ya kifo chake, Kelmendi alikuwa amewatetea wafungwa wengi wa kisiasa pamoja na gazeti la lugha ya Kialbania lililokuwa limefungwa na polisi wa Serbia. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1937|1999}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosovo]] thvu274rkne15mntl7953uweaegpbfs 0 239272 1594135 1552212 2026-09-03T09:18:31Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594135 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Idhomen Jovan Kosturi''' (15 Mei 1873 – 5 Novemba 1943), pia alijulikana kama '''Idhomeno Kosturi''', alikuwa mwanasiasa wa [[Albania]], Kaimu Mkuu wa Nchi na msimamizi wa ufalme (regent) na aliwahi kuwa Kaimu Waziri Mkuu wa Albania.<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6-8BAwAAQBAJ&q=idhomene+kosturi&pg=PR26|author=Alessandro Roselli|title=Italy and Albania: Financial Relations in the Fascist Period|page=Preface:vxi|isbn=978-1845112547|year=2006|publisher= I. B. Tauris| series=Library of International Relations|volume=29}}</ref> Alikuwa mwakilishi wa pili kutoka katika jamii ya Wakristo wa Orthodoksi wa Albania kuwa kiongozi wa serikali ya Albania, baada ya [[Pandeli Evangjeli]]. Kosturi pia alikuwa miongoni mwa waliochangia kuanzishwa kwa shule ya kwanza ya walimu nchini Albania, Shkolla Normale e Elbasanit, taasisi ya mafunzo ya ualimu iliyoanzishwa mnamo tarehe 1 Desemba 1909 mjini [[Elbasan]].<ref name="Lloshi2008">{{cite book|author=Xhevat Lloshi|title=Rreth ALFABETIT Të Shqipes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_gXTda0HS8C&pg=PA76|year=2008|publisher=Logos-A|isbn=978-9989-58-268-4|page=76}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1873|1943}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Albania]] s7lgk3tcokz1480e8o16y332v3njo0y 0 239275 1594132 1552243 2026-09-03T09:16:52Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594132 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ceno Kryeziu''' (23 Juni 1895 – 14 Oktoba 1927), pia alijulikana kama '''Ceno beg (Bey) Jakova''', alikuwa mwanasiasa wa [[Albania]] katika miaka ya 1910 na 1920. Alikuwa mwanachama wa familia mashuhuri ya Kryeziu kutoka [[Gjakova]], na alijulikana kama mtu aliyeaminika na mamlaka za [[Yugoslavia]] ndani ya duru za kisiasa za Albania. == Maisha == Ceno Kryeziu alikuwa mwana wa [[Riza Bey Gjakova|Riza Bey Kryeziu]], kiongozi mzoefu katika eneo la [[Gjakova]] na mwanaharakati wa harakati za kitaifa za Albania mwanzoni mwa karne ya 20. Wakati wa Vita vya Kwanza vya Balkan, Ceno alipigana dhidi ya [[Montenegro|Wamontenegro]], alishirikiana na [[Esat Toptani]], na alikuwa kaimu mkuu wa wilaya huko [[Kruma]].<ref name ="Elsie"/> Mnamo mwaka 1915, alikamatwa na [[Austria-Hungary|Waaustria]] na kufungwa jela. Baadaye alikuja kuhudumu kama meya wa [[Gjakova]] kutokana na uhusiano wake mzuri sana na mamlaka za Yugoslavia, jambo ambalo lilitofautiana na msimamo wa [[Waalbania wa Kosovo|Waalbania wengi wa Kosovo]].<ref name="Kelcyra"/><ref name="Hoxha">{{citation|url=http://ciml.250x.com/archive/hoxha/english/enver_hoxha_the_anglo-american_threat_to_albania_eng.pdf|accessdate=2014-10-12|author=Enver Hoxha|pages= 320–321|publisher=Nentori|year=1982|edition=1 | title=The Anglo-American Threat to Albania: Memoirs of the National Liberation War |asin=B0000D5S7C}}</ref> Mambo yalibadilika mnamo mwaka 1922 pale alipomuoa [[Nafije Zogu|Nafije]], dada yake Ahmed Zogu, ambaye baadaye alitangazwa kuwa [[Zog I, Mfalme wa Albania]].<ref name="Elsie">{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pgf6GWJxuZgC&dq=elsie+riza+kryeziu%27&pg=PA260|accessdate=2014-10-12|author=Robert Elsie| title=A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History|page=260|publisher= I. B. Tauris| isbn=978-1780764313|date=December 24, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Hoxha"/> Wakati wa [[Mapinduzi ya Juni]], aliondoka Albania. Mahakama maalum mjini [[Tirana]] ilimhukumu adhabu ya kifo mnamo tarehe 12 Desemba 1924 ''[[Kuhukumiwa bila kuwepo mahakamani|bila kuwepo kwake]]'' (in absentia) pamoja na wanasiasa wengine wengi. Baadaye adhabu hiyo ilibadilishwa na kuwa [[kifungo cha maisha]].<ref>[http://portalb.mk/83984-zbulohet-dokumenti-i-nolit-si-denoi-me-vdekje-zogun/ Zbulohet dokumenti i Nolit, si dënoi me vdekje Zogun (in Albania)]</ref> Kryeziu alimsaidia [[Ahmed Zogu]] na wengine kutorokea [[Yugoslavia]], na akaanzisha uhusiano wa karibu kati ya Zog na upande wa Yugoslavia.<ref name="Hoxha" /> Alikuwa na manufaa makubwa kwa Ahmet Zogu kutokana na uanachama wake katika chama cha [[Chama cha Radika cha Watu|Chama cha Radika]] cha [[Nikola Pašić]] na kuwa na uhusiano mzuri na [[Ljubomir Davidović]].<ref>{{citation| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mwi137osWhMC&dq=ali+kolonja&pg=PA81| page=82|title=Founding a Balkan State: Albania's Experiment with Democracy, 1920-1925| author=Robert Clegg Austin| isbn= 978-1442644359| year=2012|publisher=University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division}}</ref> Baada ya Zog kurejea nchini [[Albania]], alipewa cheo cha [[kanali]] na kuwekwa mkuu wa jeshi la Albania lililokuwa limeweka kambi mjini [[Shkodër]]. Akiwa huko, alionyesha ukali mkubwa katika kuwasaka na kuwaangamiza wanachama wa Upinzani wa zamani wa Kidemokrasia na wale walioshiriki katika Mapinduzi ya Juni.<ref name="Kelcyra"/><ref name="LPK">{{citation| url=http://zeriikosoves.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1562:kush-e-vrau-bajram-currin-&catid=35:histori&Itemid=7| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925090325/http://zeriikosoves.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1562:kush-e-vrau-bajram-currin-&catid=35:histori&Itemid=7| url-status=usurped| archive-date=September 25, 2011| accessdate=2013-10-11|language=Albanian|publisher=Zeri i Kosoves|trans-title=Who killed Bajram Curri?!|title= Kush e vrau Bajram Currin ?! |author=Myftar Memia|date=2011-09-13}}</ref> Katika kipindi hiki, alikuwa mtoa taarifa wa kudumu wa idara ya usalama wa siri ya Yugoslavia. Kryeziu alihusika moja kwa moja na mauaji ya [[Asllan Curri]], [[Zija Dibra]], na mwanaharakati wa kitaifa wa [[Montenegro]] aliyekuwa akipinga Yugoslavia, [[Marko Raspopović]].<ref name="Baxhaku">{{citation|language=Albanian|accessdate=2014-02-16| url=http://gazeta-shqip.com/lajme/2012/10/13/zija-dibra-te-fshehtat-e-nje-vrasjeje/| title=Zija Dibra: Të fshehtat e një vrasjeje|trans-title=Zija Dibra, the secrets of an assassination| publisher=Gazeta Shqip|date=2012-10-13|author=Fatos Baxhaku| quote=Zija Dibra u vra. Ish-kapiten Zija Dibra, ministër tjetër herë në kabinetin e Pandeli Evangjelit, i akuzuar për çështje bolshevike, tek internohej në Berat, duke kaluar katundin Harizaj të Qarkut të Kavajës, u mundua të arratisej e t’ikë prej duarsh nji aspiranti, i cili e shoqnonte bile në Berat... Unë e kam zënë dhe unë e kam vrarë armikun tuaj, Marko Raspopoviç..."}}</ref> Alitajwa kwenye gazeti la "Ora e Shqypnisë" akidaiwa kuwaambia Wayugoslav: ''"Mnaona, nimetimiza ahadi yangu. Nimemkamata na kumwua adui yenu Marko Raspopović. Nimewaondoa [[Luigj Gurakuqi|Gurakuqi]], [[Bajram Curri|Curri]], na Dibra, kwa ajili ya amani yetu na yenu"''.<ref name="Kelcyra"/><ref name="Baxhaku"/><ref name="Kritika">{{citation|title=Ngjarje: '14 Tetor 1927 Vritet Ceno Bej Kryeziu'|trans-title=Event, October 14, 1927, Ceno Bey Kryeziu gets killed|language=Albanian|accessdate=2014-10-12|url=http://www.kalendar.gazetakritika.net/kalendari/calendar.php?mode=view&id=346|publisher=Gazeta Kritika|author=Ahmet Qeriqi|date=2012-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012054305/http://www.kalendar.gazetakritika.net/kalendari/calendar.php?mode=view&id=346|archive-date=2013-10-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mwishoni mwa mwaka 1925, aliteuliwa kuwa [[Waziri wa Mambo ya Ndani]], hatua iliyomfanya aukane uraia wa Yugoslavia. Mnamo mwaka 1925, baada ya uhusiano wake na Wayugoslav kufichuka kufuatia mzozo wake na mjumbe maalum wa Nikola Pašić mjini Tirana, Branko Lazarević, Zog alihisi kuwa huenda Ceno alikuwa akishiriki njama dhidi yake na hivyo alimfukuza nchini na kumpeleka [[Ufaransa]]. Hata hivyo, baadaye Zog alimwita tena na kumteua kama Balozi nchini Belgrade.<ref name="Kelcyra">{{citation|url=http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_3/AH1959_2.html|accessdate=2014-10-12|author=Ali Kelcyra|publisher=Robert Elsie|title=Historical Reminiscences (1923-1936)|year=1959|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012210644/http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_3/AH1959_2.html|archivedate=2013-10-12}}</ref> Kulikuwa na uvumi ulioenea kwamba Wayugoslav walikuwa wamemchagua kama mtu wa kuaminika zaidi wa kuchukua nafasi ya Zog nchini Albania, kutokana na Zog kuanza kuingia mikataba na Italia na kujitenga na msaada wa Yugoslavia.<ref name="Elsie"/><ref name="Kritika"/> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1895|1927}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Albania]] l7axnunz3mj0cgtgqodhe7q3jmv1r8p 0 241056 1594055 1574171 2026-09-02T19:32:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594055 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Petites chutes de la Lukaya.jpg|thumb|Petites Chutes de la Lukaya.]] '''Maporomoko ya Petites Chutes de la Lukaya''' ni mfululizo wa maporomoko madogo ya maji yaliyopo kwenye Mto Lukaya . Maporomoko haya yapo kusini kidogo mwa Kinshasa, mji mkuu wa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo.]] Ni maporomoko madogo sana, yenye urefu wa takribani mita 1 tu (futi 3.3),<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zeus138 ✈️ Tempat Hiburan Slot Gacor dengan Sistem Aman Terpercaya|url=https://www.casiraghistyle.com/menu/|work=ZEUS138|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en|author=ZEUS138|archive-date=2026-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260614064407/https://www.casiraghistyle.com/menu/|url-status=dead}}</ref> lakini ni maarufu kama sehemu ya mandhari ya asili na kivutio cha karibu na mji wa Kinshasa. Wakati wa enzi za ukoloni, [[wamisionari]] wa Kiyesuiti waliowasili kwenye Mto Ndjili mwezi Juni 1893 katika eneo la Kimbangu, ambalo kwa sasa ni sehemu ya Masina, walikuwa wamisionari wa kwanza wa Kanisa Katoliki katika eneo hilo. Ndani ya mwezi mmoja baada ya kuwasili, walihama kutoka eneo hilo kutokana na [[mazingira]] yasiyo na afya na yenye vinamasi vingi, na kuhamia Kimwenza karibu na Maporomoko ya Petites Chutes de la Lukaya.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kinshasa Then and Now|url=https://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011_01_01_archive.html|work=kosubaawate.blogspot.com|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en}}</ref> Maporomoko hayo madogo humwaga [[maji]] yake katika ziwa dogo lenye ufukwe wa mchanga. Ni kivutio maarufu kwa watalii wanaofika kuogelea au kula katika mgahawa uliopo karibu na eneo hilo. Pia, karibu na maporomoko hayo kuna Hifadhi ya Lola ya Bonobo,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zeus138 ✈️ Tempat Hiburan Slot Gacor dengan Sistem Aman Terpercaya|url=https://www.casiraghistyle.com/menu/|work=ZEUS138|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en|author=ZEUS138|archive-date=2026-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260614064407/https://www.casiraghistyle.com/menu/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ambayo hutunza sokwe aina ya bonobo walio katika hatari ya kutoweka. Hifadhi hiyo ilianzishwa mwaka 1994 na Claudine André kupitia shirika lisilo la kiserikali la The Friends of Bonobos in Congo, na tangu mwaka 2002 imekuwa ikifanya kazi katika eneo la Petites Chutes de la Lukaya. == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-jio-Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] gvct18my1o3k758asygmy5eysmqlt83 0 243000 1594012 1582346 2026-09-02T14:39:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594012 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nancy Lewis''' ni mtaalamu na mjenzi wa misuli [[Female bodybuilding|wa kike]] kutoka [[Marekani]] . Alipata kadi yake ya kitaalamu kwa kushinda taji la jumla katika Mashindano ya [[National Physique Committee|NPC]] USA ya 1991. Alishiriki katika mashindano kadhaa ya kitaaluma kuanzia [[1992]] hadi [[1998]] na mfululizo wa nafasi nzuri, lakini hakupata mataji. Kisha baada ya kustaafu kwa miaka minne, alirudi kwenye mashindano mwaka wa [[2002]], akishinda taji la jumla katika Jan Tana Classic. <ref name="competitions">{{Cite web |url=http://www.musclememory.com/show.php?a=Lewis,+Nancy&g=1 |title=Nancy Lewis |accessdate=2026-07-29 |archive-date=2020-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118031828/http://musclememory.com/show.php?a=Lewis,+Nancy&g=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] 3bt9zb13jyfs9q7qpvqqmbjadfw1uop 1594113 1594012 2026-09-03T08:51:06Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1594113 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nancy Lewis''' ni mtaalamu na mjenzi wa misuli [[Female bodybuilding|wa kike]] kutoka [[Marekani]] . Alipata kadi yake ya kitaalamu kwa kushinda taji la jumla katika Mashindano ya [[National Physique Committee|NPC]] USA ya 1991. Alishiriki katika mashindano kadhaa ya kitaaluma kuanzia [[1992]] hadi [[1998]] na mfululizo wa nafasi nzuri, lakini hakupata mataji. Kisha baada ya kustaafu kwa miaka minne, alirudi kwenye mashindano mwaka wa [[2002]], akishinda taji la jumla katika Jan Tana Classic. <ref name="competitions">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.musclememory.com/show.php?a=Lewis,+Nancy&g=1 |title=Nancy Lewis |accessdate=2026-07-29 |archive-date=2020-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118031828/http://musclememory.com/show.php?a=Lewis,+Nancy&g=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] amspckez1y2ow6dt7gp8kbp8rgleufs 0 243649 1594078 1584563 2026-09-02T22:57:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594078 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robin Li''' (Alizaliwa [[Novemba 17]], [[1968]]) ni [[mhandisi]] wa [[programu]] bilionea na [[mjasiriamali]] katika sekta ya mtandao nchini [[China]]. Pia ni mwanzilishi mwenza na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa kampuni ya teknolojia ya China ''Baidu''<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Campbell |first=Charlie |date=2023-09-07 |title=Robin Li CEO, Chairman and Co-Founder, Baidu |url=https://time.com/collection/time100-ai/6310648/robin-li/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612101534/https://time.com/collection/time100-ai/6310648/robin-li/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Kufikia [[Mei]] [[2025]], utajiri wake ulikadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 5.5 na [[Forbes]].<ref name="Forbes profile">{{cite web|title=Forbes profile: Robin Li |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/robin-li/ |work=Forbes |access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa China]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Uchina]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1968]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] eas6gb5xsdjrhpw16qak98g7ku0ahhr 0 244513 1594051 1588247 2026-09-02T19:23:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594051 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peter G. Livanos''' (Alizaliwa [[1958]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea wa usafirishaji wa baharini nchini [[Ugiriki]]. Anamiliki kampuni ya usafirishaji ya Ugiriki ''Ceres Hellenic'', na alihusika katika urekebishaji wa kampuni hiyo kuwa kundi la Ceres Hellenic. Livanos anaishi na familia yake katika Ziwa Geneva, [[Athens]] na [[London]]. Anadhibiti asilimia 100 ya ''Ceres Hellenic Shipping'', meli kubwa zaidi ya Ugiriki, kwa upande wa tani, na njia ndogo ya feri ya hydrofoils ya Kirusi inayohudumia Visiwa vya Ugiriki<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121107030806/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/52658614.html?dids=52658614:52658614&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Apr+16,+2000&author=Ray+Moseley,+Tribune+Foreign+Correspondent&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=ASTON-ISHING+BUY+AN+ASTON+MARTIN+AND+GET+A+HAND-BUILT+LUXURY+CAR+AND+A+TRIP+TO+THE+PLANT+TO+WATCH+IT+BEING+MADE&pqatl=google Chicago Tribune Apr 16, 2000]</ref>. Livanos alihitimu kutoka ''Buckley School'' huko jijini [[New York]], ''Le Rosey'' nchini [[Uswisi]] na Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia huko New York, ambapo alihitimu na shahada ya Sayansi. mwaka [[1981]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Columbia Engineering Magazine {{!}} Spring 2011|url=https://issuu.com/columbiaengineeringschool/docs/spring11|website=Issuu|language=en|access-date=2020-05-21|archive-date=2023-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228194226/https://issuu.com/columbiaengineeringschool/docs/spring11|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Anajulikana kwa boti zake na alitunukiwa Shahada ya Heshima ya Udaktari wa Sayansi na Chuo cha Massachussetts Maritime<ref>"Angus Phillips - "A Yacht Race With Everything but Smooth Sailing" Washington Post, Sep 28, 2008 [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/27/AR2008092702796.html]</ref>. Pia alikuwa mwanahisa mkuu wa kampuni ya magari ya Aston Martin<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=These are all the people who have owned Aston Martin|url=https://www.goodwood.com/grr/columnists/andrew-frankel/2018/8/thank-frankel-its-friday-a-brief-history-of-aston-martins-owners/|website=www.goodwood.com|access-date=2020-05-21}}</ref>. Kwa mujibu wa Bloomberg Billionaire Index, utajiri wake ulikadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 1.7 mwaka [[2015]] na aliorodheshwa miongoni mwa Wagiriki tajiri zaidi. Yeye ni mwana wa mfanyabiashara wa usafirishaji George P. Livanos, aliyejenga meli kubwa zaidi ya Ugiriki katika miaka ya 1980 na 1990<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The men that Forbes forgot? {{!}} TradeWinds|url=https://www.tradewindsnews.com/finance/the-men-that-forbes-forgot-/1-1-355675|website=TradeWinds {{!}} Latest shipping and maritime news|date=9 March 2015|language=en|access-date=2020-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Ten Wealthiest Greeks in Greece|url=https://www.thenationalherald.com/greece_economy/arthro/the_ten_wealthiest_greeks_in_greece-267520/|last=Staff|first=T. N. H.|website=The National Herald|language=en|access-date=2020-05-21|archive-date=2021-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905050633/https://www.thenationalherald.com/greece_economy/arthro/the_ten_wealthiest_greeks_in_greece-267520/|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Babu yake wa mama ni mfanyabiashara wa Ugiriki Yiannis Carras, na yeye ni jamaa wa mbali wa Stavros G. Livanos upande wa baba yake<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Shipping titan Peter Livanos lays out his vision for LNG's future|url=https://www.freightwaves.com/news/shipping-titan-peter-livanos-lays-out-his-vision-for-lngs-future|last=Says|first=Mpwjsmeahq|date=2019-06-20|website=FreightWaves|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-21}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Ugiriki]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ugiriki]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] i4dlkv8d78qwvv9r52yaxzebgpxabqc 0 244761 1594036 1593952 2026-09-02T16:08:08Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1594036 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matreya Natasha Fedor''' (amezaliwa [[11 Machi]], [[1997]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Kanada]]. Anajulikana kwa nafasi zake katika ''Slither'' (2006), ''Supernatural'' (2007), ''Chaos Theory'' (2008), ''The Break-Up Artist]]'' (2009), ''The Troop'' (2009–2010), ''Mr. Young'' (2011–2013), ''Cedar Cove'' (2013–2014), ''Perfect High'' (2015), na filamu za televisheni ''My One Christmas Wish'' (2015) na ''Home For Christmas Day'' (2017). ==Maisha na kazi== Fedor alizaliwa tarehe 11 Machi 1997.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://matreya-fedor.fanzoom.net/matreya/facts/ |title=Matreya Fedor facts |accessdate=2026-08-11 |archive-date=2026-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260811181930/http://matreya-fedor.fanzoom.net/matreya/facts/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="home">{{cite web|url= https://www.hallmarkmoviesandmysteries.com/home-for-christmas-day/cast |title=Home for Christmas Day - Cast |work=hallmarkmoviesandmysteries.com |date=2017 }}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1997|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] jyc6v9bfmtvyz89qc57wsda4gknhqci 0 245851 1594093 1590136 2026-09-03T03:48:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594093 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sophie Desmarais''' (amezaliwa [[24 Julai]], [[1986]] huko [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Kanada]], anayejulikana zaidi kwa nafasi yake katika filamu ya mwaka 2013 ''Sarah Prefers to Run (Sarah préfère la course)'', iliyoandikwa na kuongozwa na Chloé Robichaud. ==Kazi== Desmarais alianza kazi yake kwa kuigiza katika nafasi ndogo katika filamu ya John Duigan ''Head in the Clouds'' mwaka 2004.<ref name=kelly>Brendan Kelly, [http://www.montrealgazette.com/entertainment/movie-guide/review+fait/10234904/story.html "Review: Qu’est-ce qu’on fait ici?"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.montrealgazette.com/entertainment/movie-guide/review+fait/10234904/story.html |date=20150415025425 }}. ''[[Montreal Gazette]]'', September 25, 2014.</ref><ref>http://www.filmschoolrejects.com/tag/sarah-prefere-la-course {{Wayback|url=http://www.filmschoolrejects.com/tag/sarah-prefere-la-course |date=20160304054639 }} Cannes 2013 Review: ‘Sarah Prefers to Run’ Cannes Film Festival By Shaun Munro on 22 May 2013</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1986|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] no1uv38hf3ms5rnmfddgcq9v3m3lm40 0 245909 1594085 1589219 2026-09-03T02:21:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594085 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shira Lazar''' (amezaliwa [[6 Mei]], [[1983]]) ni mhusika wa [[televisheni]], [[mwigizaji]], [[mwandishi]] na mwanablogu wa video wa [[Kanada]]. Maandishi ya Lazar yamechapishwa kwenye Hollywood.com, CBSNEWS.com, MSN.com na tovuti nyingine. Pia ameonekana kama mtangazaji au mgeni katika The Oscars (mtangazaji wa zulia jekundu mtandaoni), CNN, Fox News, The Grammys, Yahoo! (mtangazaji wa burudani), Channel Q na EZ-103.1.<ref>[http://www.businessinsider.com/whats-trending-plans-to-become-the-mtv-news-for-youtube-2012-8/ Shira Lazar's Emmy-Nominated Web Series Plans to Become the MTV News For YouTube], Retrieved August 20, 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://heebmagazine.com/jew-you-should-know-shira-lazar/23426|title=Jew You Should Know: Shira Lazar|date=10 February 2011|publisher=|accessdate=30 April 2017|archive-date=2026-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260412021359/http://heebmagazine.com/jew-you-should-know-shira-lazar/23426|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/shiralazar/status/55052293720121345|title=Shira Lazar on Twitter|publisher=|accessdate=30 April 2017}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1983|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] pi33l2dwp3uiqx67l6ai9rd9t7ow58g 0 246033 1594087 1590129 2026-09-03T02:45:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594087 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sid Ali «Alilou» Yahia-Chérif''' (alizaliwa 4 Januari 1985) ni [[mwanasoka]] wa [[Algeria]]. == Kazi ya klabu == Akikulia jijini Algiers, Yahia-Chérif alianza kucheza mpira mitaani na katika [[mashindano]] ya mitaa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Reportage : Découverte de Sid Ali YAHIA CHERIF<br>(Les nouvelles ambitions du RC Kouba)|url=http://www.dzfoot.com/article-1059.php|work=www.dzfoot.com|accessdate=2026-08-20|archive-date=2009-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926125649/http://www.dzfoot.com/article-1059.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kwa muda mfupi alichezea klabu mbili za eneo hilo, ES Kouba na ES Ben Aknoun. Mwaka 2003, akiwa na umri wa miaka 18, alijiunga na timu ya vijana ya RC Kouba. Alifanya vizuri haraka katika [[klabu]] hiyo na miaka miwili baadaye alipandishwa katika timu ya wakubwa. Katika msimu wa 2007–2008, Yahia-Chérif aliisaidia RC Kouba kupanda hadi ligi kuu. Hata hivyo, klabu hiyo ilishuka daraja msimu uliofuata, na Yahia-Chérif akaondoka mwishoni mwa msimu wa 2008–2009. === JS Kabylie === Katika majira ya kiangazi ya 2009, Yahia-Chérif alihusishwa na uhamisho kwenda klabu kadhaa za Ufaransa, zikiwemo AS Monaco, FC Metz, FC Istres na Stade Reims. Hata hivyo, aliamua kubaki karibu na nyumbani na kusaini mkataba wa miaka mitatu na JS Kabylie.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=CLUB : M|url=http://www.lnf.org.dz/d1/jsk.htm|work=www.lnf.org.dz|accessdate=2026-08-20|archive-date=2008-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227042723/http://www.lnf.org.dz/d1/jsk.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Katika msimu wake wa kwanza na klabu hiyo, alicheza mechi 31 za ligi na kufunga mabao 10, huku JS Kabylie ikimaliza katika nafasi ya tatu katika ligi ya ndani. Pia alichangia katika [[safari]] ya timu hiyo hadi nusu fainali ya Ligi ya Mabingwa ya CAF ya 2010. Katika raundi ya kwanza ya mashindano hayo, alifunga bao pekee katika mchezo wa marudiano dhidi ya klabu ya Tunisia Club Africain, ambapo JS Kabylie ilishinda 1–0 na kusonga mbele kwa jumla ya mabao 2–1. Katika msimu wake wa pili, alicheza mechi 10 tu za ligi na hakufunga bao. Hata hivyo, tarehe 1 Mei 2011, alianza katika fainali ya Kombe la Algeria 2011, ambapo JS Kabylie iliifunga USM El Harrach kwa bao 1–0 na kushinda Kombe la Algeria kwa mara ya kwanza tangu mwaka 1994. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1985]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] g5trqamrvu1docjznsmem1iajr5b976 0 246079 1594121 1589576 2026-09-03T09:06:32Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594121 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Rigobert Song 2008.jpg|thumb|Rigobert Song 2008]] '''Rigobert Song Bahanag''' (alizaliwa [[1 Julai]] [[1976]]) ni [[kocha]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] na aliyekuwa [[mchezaji]] wa soka kutoka [[Kamerun]]. Hivi karibuni alikuwa kocha wa Timu ya Taifa ya [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]. == Kazi ya Klabu == === Mwanzo wa Kazi (1993–1998) === Song alianza maisha yake ya soka la kulipwa katika [[klabu]] ya Metz ya [[Ufaransa]]. Alifanya baadhi ya mechi nzuri ambazo zilimfanya achaguliwe kwenye kikosi cha (The Indomitable Lions), jina la utani la Timu ya Taifa ya Cameroon, kwa ajili ya [[Kombe la Dunia]] la 1994. === Liverpool (1999–2000) === Baada ya kucheza nchini [[Italia]] katika klabu ya Salernitana ya ligi ya Serie A, Song alihamia [[Liverpool]] mwezi Januari 1999 kwa ada ya pauni [[milioni]] 2.7. Akiwa ametengwa na kikosi cha Salernitana, Song alipata nafasi ya kufanya majaribio Liverpool na akaacha mvuto mzuri katika uwanja wa Anfield. Kabla ya kujiunga na Liverpool, Song tayari alikuwa na [[rekodi]] ya kipekee ya kuwa ameiwakilisha Cameroon katika Kombe la Dunia mara mbili. == Heshima na Mataji == === Akiwa Mchezaji === Metz * Coupe de la Ligue: 1995–96 Liverpool * UEFA Cup: [[2000]]–01 Galatasaray * Süper Lig: 2005–06, 2007–08 * Turkish Cup: [[2004]]–05 <ref>https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/1237/Rigobert_Song.html</ref><ref>https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe13068/</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kamerun]] aqyf1rpqv2ps9lxvgq8g4avdnzf9iq5 0 246081 1594122 1589579 2026-09-03T09:07:10Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Marejeo */ 1594122 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Steven Pienaar 2015.jpg|thumb|Steven Pienaar 2015]] '''Steven Jerome Pienaar''' (alizaliwa [[17 Machi]] [[1982]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa soka kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] na kwa sasa ni [[kocha]] wa timu ya vijana ya chini ya miaka 14 ya Sharjah FC nchini Falme za Kiarabu (UAE). Pienaar anatokea Westbury, kitongoji cha [[Johannesburg]] katika eneo la Westrand. Aliwahi kuwa [[nahodha]] wa [[timu ya taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini. == Kazi ya Klabu == === Ajax Cape Town === Pienaar alizaliwa Johannesburg. Alianza [[maisha]] yake ya soka la kulipwa katika Ajax Cape Town, klabu iliyokuwa umbali wa takribani kilomita 1,400 kutoka katika mji alikozaliwa. Aligunduliwa na Ajax Cape Town alipokuwa akiichezea School of Excellence, na akaombwa kujiunga na akademi ya vijana ya klabu hiyo. == Maisha binafsi == Pienaar anatoka katika [[jamii]] ya watu wa Afrika Kusini wenye asili mchanganyiko, inayojulikana kama Coloureds. Nchini Afrika Kusini, anajulikana sana kwa jina la utani “Schillo”. Jina hilo la utani alipewa na [[marafiki]] zake alipokuwa mtoto, kutokana na umahiri wa Totò Schillaci katika [[Kombe la Dunia]] la 1990. == Heshima na Mafanikio == === Ajax === * Eredivisie: 2001–02, 2003–04 * KNVB Cup: 2001–02 === Everton === * Mshindi wa pili wa FA Cup: [[2008]]–09. <ref>https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=26356</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150920002304/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=189676/index.html</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1982]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 58lya8dwi30x20onh0xwdxrm6078nm1 0 246082 1594119 1589581 2026-09-03T09:04:50Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Marejeo */ 1594119 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Theophilus Doctorson Khumalo''' (alizaliwa [[26 Juni]] [[1967]]) ni [[mwanasoka]] mstaafu wa [[Afrika Kusini]] aliyekuwa akicheza soka la kulipwa. Alijulikana sana kwa jina la utani “Doctor” kutokana na uelewa wake mkubwa wa mbinu za mchezo. Alikuwa kiungo maarufu wa Kaizer Chiefs na [[timu ya taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini. Anatambuliwa kwa mapana kuwa miongoni mwa wachezaji wakubwa zaidi katika [[historia]] ya soka la Afrika Kusini. Baada ya [[mechi]] yake ya kuwaaga mashabiki wa Kaizer Chiefs mwaka 2004, Mwenyekiti Mtendaji Kaizer Motaung alistaafisha jezi yake yenye namba 15 kwa heshima ya urithi wake na mchango wake kwa [[klabu]]. == Kazi ya soka == Khumalo alianza kucheza [[soka]] mwaka 1984 katika kikosi cha akiba cha Swallows Reserves, kabla ya kujiunga na Kaizer Chiefs, ambako mwanzoni alicheza katika [[timu]] ya vijana. Baba yake, Eliakim Khumalo, aliyekuwa mchezaji maarufu katika miaka ya [[1970]] na mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1980, alimtumikia kama mshauri na mlezi wake katika soka. Mwaka uliofuata, kocha Ted Dumitru alimpandisha kwenye kikosi cha wakubwa. Khumalo alianza kucheza katika kikosi hicho katika mechi dhidi ya wapinzani wao wakubwa, Orlando Pirates. == Heshima na Mafanikio == Kaizer Chiefs * Ligi ya Taifa ya Soka: 1989, 1991, 1992 * Kombe la 8 Bora la BP: 1987, 1989, [[1991]], 1992, 1994, 2001 * Kombe la Mainstay: 1987 * Kombe la Mtoano la JPS: 1988, 1989 * Kombe la Rothmans: 1997, [[1998]] * Super Bowl ya Bob Save: 1992, 2000 * Kombe la Coca-Cola: 2001 * [[Kombe]] la Washindi Afrika: 2001 Afrika Kusini * Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika: [[1996]].<ref>https://ahalftimereport.com/2015/09/26/doctor-khumalo-the-story-of-a-bafana-legend/</ref><ref>https://halloffame.co.za/inductees/doctor-khumalo/</ref><ref>https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/1095/Doctor_Khumalo.html</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1967]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 42m0b9jc0atnvie9ohxcyx3lgjevxbp 0 246153 1594079 1592351 2026-09-02T23:03:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594079 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rolf Deyhle''' ([[Oktoba 3]], [[1938]] – [[Mei 2]], [[2014]]) alikuwa msanidi wa majengo, mkusanyaji wa sanaa, na mtayarishaji wa filamu bilionea nchini [[Ujerumani]]. Mnamo Septemba [[1992]], Deyhle aliorodheshwa na ''Fortune'' akiwa na utajiri wa jumla wa dola bilioni 1.1<ref name=Fortune>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1992/09/07/76826/index.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228113707/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1992/09/07/76826/index.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 February 2007|title=The Billionaires|date=7 September 1992|work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]|access-date=22 June 2015}}</ref>. Deyhle alibuni nembo ya [[FIFA]] mwaka [[1977]] na baadaye akapata haki za uuzaji wa ishara, alama na miundo yote inayohusiana na FIFA hadi [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] [[1994]] nchini [[Marekani]], dhidi ya matakwa ya rais wa FIFA wakati huo, [[João Havelange]]<ref>[https://www.spiegel.de/sport/fussball/verschenkte-trophaee-als-herr-deyhle-weltmeister-wurde-a-416633.html ''Als Herr Deyhle Weltmeister wurde''], [[Der Spiegel]], 28. Mai 2006 (german)</ref><ref name="Billboard.1997">{{cite book|title=Billboard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fA8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA48|accessdate=9 November 2015|date=24 May 1997|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|page=48|issn=0006-2510}}</ref>. Deyhle alimiliki ''Stella AG'', kampuni ya Ujerumani ya utayarishaji wa michezo ya jukwaani ambayo pia ilimiliki kumbi za michezo huko [[Hamburg]]. Mwaka [[1997]], iliajiri watu 4,500, ikidai kuwa kiongozi wa soko katika sekta ya muziki ya Ujerumani, na ilipangwa kuorodhesha asilimia 49 kwenye soko la hisa la Ujerumani. Stella AG hatimaye ikawa haifanyi kazi na ilichukuliwa mwaka [[2001]] na ''Stage Entertainment''. Deyhle alifariki Mei 2, 2014, na alikuwa na watoto sita<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/inhalt.trauer-um-rolf-deyhle-viel-stoff-fuer-ein-musical.f937a940-0509-4c97-9c4b-dee0198eb5e1.html |title=Trauer um Rolf Deyhle: Viel Stoff für ein Musical |first1=Uwe |last1=Bogen |website=[[Stuttgarter Nachrichten]] (Stuttgart News) |location=Stuttgart |language=de |date=2014-05-05 |via=www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de |trans-title=Mourning for Rolf Deyhle: a lot of material for a musical |accessdate=2026-08-21 |archive-date=2025-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122130924/https://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/inhalt.trauer-um-rolf-deyhle-viel-stoff-fuer-ein-musical.f937a940-0509-4c97-9c4b-dee0198eb5e1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.nachruf-auf-rolf-deyhle-der-musical-pionier-hat-stuttgart-veraendert.6f963e3d-ed52-494d-adb9-8426f38beda9.html |title=Nachruf auf Rolf Deyhle: Der Musical-Pionier hat Stuttgart verändert |first1=Jürgen |last1=Brand |date=2014-05-04 |trans-title=Obituary for Rolf Deyhle: the musical pioneer changed Stuttgart |location=Stuttgart |website=[[Stuttgarter Zeitung]] (Stuttgart Newspaper) |language=de |accessdate=2026-08-21 |archive-date=2025-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251013182321/https://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.nachruf-auf-rolf-deyhle-der-musical-pionier-hat-stuttgart-veraendert.6f963e3d-ed52-494d-adb9-8426f38beda9.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wirtschaft/menschen-wirtschaft/musical-pionier-rolf-deyhle-gestorben-12922404.html |title=Musical-Pionier Rolf Deyhle gestorben |language=de |date=2014-05-04 |website=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] (Frankfurt General Newspaper) |trans-title=Musical pioneer Rolf Deyhle has died}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1938]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2014]] 1sj5i7m96v6nxv79uxgbjsf4onzvucj 0 246268 1594097 1589941 2026-09-03T05:56:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594097 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Theodor "Theo" Albrecht Jr.''' (Alizaliwa [[1950]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Ujerumani]], mmiliki wa ''Trader Joe's'' na ''Aldi Nord'', na mwana wa mwanzilishi mwenza wa Aldi<ref name=Focus>{{cite web|title=Die Albrechts – Aufstieg aus der Armut zum Imperium|url=http://www.focus.de/finanzen/news/aldi-erbe-berthold-albrecht-mit-58-jahren-gestorben-die-albrechts-aufstieg-aus-der-armut-zum-imperium_aid_876706.html|website=Focus.de|accessdate=1 January 2015|archive-date=2017-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805020342/http://www.focus.de/finanzen/news/aldi-erbe-berthold-albrecht-mit-58-jahren-gestorben-die-albrechts-aufstieg-aus-der-armut-zum-imperium_aid_876706.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Kufikia Julai [[2021]], utajiri wa Albrecht unakadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 20.6. Mwaka [[2010]], baba yake [[Theo Albrecht]] alifariki, akiacha umiliki wa msururu wa maduka makubwa ya Ujerumani Aldi Nord na msururu wa maduka makubwa ya [[Marekani]] Trader Joe's kwa wanawe wawili, Theo Jr. na Berthold, lakini Berthold alifariki mwaka [[2012]]. Theo Albrecht Jr. na warithi wa kaka yake Berthold walirithi utajiri huo, ambao awali ulikua kutoka duka dogo la mboga lililofunguliwa mwaka [[1913]]<ref name=Forbes>{{cite web|title=Forbes profile: Theo Albrecht, Jr. & family |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/theo-albrecht-jr/ |work=Forbes |accessdate=11 July 2021}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1950]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] i7ezaxfu2b74hakww1ciolmno9um7zu 0 246271 1594015 1589948 2026-09-02T14:42:10Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594015 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nancy Lee Robertson''' ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Kanada]], anayejulikana zaidi kwa nafasi yake kama Wanda Dollard katika mfululizo wa televisheni ''Corner Gas''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Spaner |first=David |date=6 April 2004 |title=Aisle Seat: Interview with Nancy Robertson |newspaper=The Province |location=Vancouver |page=B11}}</ref><ref name=heart>{{cite web |url = http://www.thehearttruth.ca/nancy_robertson/ |title = The Heart Truth: Nancy Robertson Bio |publisher = The Heart and Stroke Foundation |accessdate = 10 December 2011 |archive-date = 2011-11-12 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111112131055/http://www.thehearttruth.ca/nancy_robertson |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=tce>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Williams |first=Paul |year=2015 |orig-year=2012 |title=Nancy Robertson |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/nancy-robertson |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |location=Toronto |publisher=Historica Canada |access-date=10 December 2011}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] bw335udqr3etnztet3z3jccaixafmih 0 246314 1594098 1590133 2026-09-03T06:25:58Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594098 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thomas Miles Adams''' (2 Mei 1808 – 20 Januari 1894) alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi wa Uingereza aliyecheza katikati ya karne ya 19. Alikuwa mwanachama wa timu maarufu ya Kent ya miaka ya 1840 na aliichezea pia Klabu ya Kriketi ya Marylebone (MCC) pamoja na timu mbalimbali za All England Elevens. Alikuwa mpigaji wa kulia na alikuwa akirusha mipira kwa mtindo wa roundarm. Adams alizaliwa huko Gravesend, Kent. Alianza kucheza katika [[msimu]] wa 1836 na inakadiriwa kuwa alicheza zaidi ya mechi 150 muhimu kati ya mwaka 1836 na 1858. Aliichezea Kent kabla ya kuanzishwa kwa klabu ya kwanza ya kaunti mwaka 1842, na baadaye akaichezea Klabu ya Kriketi ya Kaunti ya Kent. Adams pia aliwahi kuwa mwamuzi katika mechi 20 kati ya mwaka 1852 na 1865.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Home of CricketArchive|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/27/27415/27415.html|work=cricketarchive.com|accessdate=2026-08-21}}</ref> Inaaminika kuwa mwaka 1845, Adams aliandaa uwanja wa kriketi katika Bat and Ball Ground huko Gravesend na kuendesha uwanja huo, huenda pamoja na mchezaji mwingine wa kriketi wa eneo hilo, William Smith. Uwanja huo ulitumika na Kent kwa [[mechi]] za kaunti kuanzia mwaka 1849 hadi 1971.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=1838-1852 {{!}} Discover Gravesham|url=https://www.discovergravesham.co.uk/gravesend-chronology/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:1838-1852&catid=44&Itemid=225|work=www.discovergravesham.co.uk|accessdate=2026-08-21|archive-date=2025-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515110905/https://www.discovergravesham.co.uk/gravesend-chronology/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:1838-1852&catid=44&Itemid=225|url-status=dead}}</ref> Adams alifariki huko Gravesend mwaka 1894 akiwa na umri wa miaka 83. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1808]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1894]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Uingereza]] e2jcjgbl72k684xqtrkfow90pcqt4c7 0 246384 1594080 1590195 2026-09-02T23:10:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594080 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ronald Aspinall''' (26 Oktoba 1918 – 16 Agosti 1999) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[kriketi]] wa Kiingereza, aliyechezea Yorkshire, na pia alikuwa mwamuzi wa kriketi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=THROWBACK THURSDAY: BORN 100 YEARS AGO – RON ASPINALL|url=https://yorkshireccc.com/news/view/6326/throwback-thursday-born-100-years-ago-ron-aspinall|work=Yorkshire County Cricket Club|accessdate=2026-08-22|archive-date=2022-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312074316/https://yorkshireccc.com/news/view/6326/throwback-thursday-born-100-years-ago-ron-aspinall|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Maisha na kazi == Aspinall alizaliwa Almondbury, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire. Alikuwa mpigaji wa kulia wa nafasi za chini na mpigaji wa [[mpira]] wa kasi ya wastani kwa mkono wa kulia. Alikuwa na umri wa miaka 27 alipocheza mechi yake ya kwanza ya kriketi ya daraja la kwanza mwaka 1946. Miaka minne baadaye, kazi yake ya uchezaji ilifikia mwisho kutokana na jeraha la kano ya Achilles. Mchezo wake wenye [[mafanikio]] zaidi ulikuwa mwaka 1947 dhidi ya Northamptonshire, ambapo alichukua wiketi 8 kwa runs 42 na wiketi 6 kwa runs 23, na kuisaidia Yorkshire kuifunga timu ya nyumbani kwa runs 351. Mwaka 1948, alicheza mara kwa mara kama mrithi wa Bill Bowes, akifungua mashambulizi ya upigaji wa Yorkshire pamoja na Alec Coxon. Katika mechi dhidi ya timu ya Don Bradman, iliyojulikana kama ''Invincibles'', Aspinall alimtoa Bradman katika innings ya pili ya Australia baada ya Bradman kushikwa na Len Hutton akiwa amefunga runs 86. Pia aliwatoa Sid Barnes, Doug Ring, Ernie Toshack na Keith Miller. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1918]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1999]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Uingereza]] s2pmj88y5ganw9vrmvuaykzab8dk4oy 0 246392 1594103 1593761 2026-09-03T07:21:23Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox election | country = Kenya | type = general | ongoing = yes | previous_election = Uchaguzi Mkuu wa Kenya, 2022 | previous_year = 2022 | election_date = 10 August 2027 | next_election = | next_year = | image1 = | candidate1 = | party1 = | popular_vote1 = | percentage1 = | image2 = | candidate2 = | colour2 = | party2 = | popular_vote2 = | percentage2 = | module = {{Infobox election | ongoing = yes | embed = yes | type = presidential | election_name = Uchaguzi wa Rais | title = Rais | before_election = [[William Ruto]] | before_party = United Democratic Alliance (Kenya) | after_election = | after_party = }}}} '''Uchaguzi Mkuu wa Kenya wa 2027''' unatarajiwa kufanyika tarehe 10 Agosti 2027, kwa mujibu wa [[Katiba ya Kenya]], kwa ajili ya kuwachagua [[Rais wa Kenya|Rais]], wabunge wa [[Bunge la Taifa la Kenya]], [[Seneti ya Kenya]], magavana, na wawakilishi wengine wa kitaifa na kaunti.<ref name="KLRC_Const_Art101">{{cite web |url=http://www.kenyalaw.org/lex/actview.xql?actid=Const2010#KE/CON/Const2010/art_101 |title=Constitution of Kenya - Article 101: Election of members of Parliament |website=kenyalaw.org |publisher=Kenya Law Reform Commission |access-date=Agosti 22, 2026 }}</ref> Uchaguzi huo utafuata [[Uchaguzi Mkuu wa Kenya wa 2022]] na unatarajiwa kuendeshwa na [[Tume Huru ya Uchaguzi na Mipaka]] (IEBC).<ref name="IEBC_Mandate">{{cite web |url=https://www.iebc.or.ke/about/?mandate |title=IEBC Mandate and Functions |website=iebc.or.ke |publisher=Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission |access-date=Agosti 22, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Matokeo ya uchaguzi huo yataamua viongozi wa Kenya katika ngazi za kitaifa na kaunti kwa kipindi kijacho cha uongozi.<ref name="Britannica_Kenya_Government">{{cite web |last=Ingham |first=Kenneth |title=Kenya - Government and society |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kenya/Government-and-society |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=Agosti 22, 2026 }}</ref> == Muhtasari == Uchaguzi huo unatarajiwa kujumuisha uchaguzi wa [[Rais wa Kenya]], ambaye ni mkuu wa nchi na mkuu wa serikali, pamoja na uchaguzi wa wajumbe wa [[Bunge la Taifa la Kenya]] na [[Seneti ya Kenya]].<ref name="KLRC_Const_Art136">{{cite web |url=http://www.kenyalaw.org/lex/actview.xql?actid=Const2010#KE/CON/Const2010/art_136 |title=Constitution of Kenya - Article 136: Election of the President |website=kenyalaw.org |publisher=Kenya Law Reform Commission |access-date=Agosti 22, 2026 }}</ref> Nafasi nyingine zinazohusiana na mfumo wa ugatuzi nchini Kenya, zikiwemo [[Magavana wa Kenya|magavana wa kaunti]], wajumbe wa mabunge ya kaunti na wawakilishi wengine waliochaguliwa, pia zinatarajiwa kuwania uchaguzi.<ref name="Britannica_Kenya_Government"/> Kwa mujibu wa Katiba ya Kenya, mgombea wa urais lazima apate zaidi ya nusu ya kura zote zilizopigwa na angalau asilimia 25 ya kura katika zaidi ya nusu ya kaunti ili kushinda katika duru ya kwanza; vinginevyo, uchaguzi wa duru ya pili hufanyika kati ya wagombea wawili waliopata kura nyingi zaidi.<ref name="KLRC_Const_Art138">{{cite web |url=http://www.kenyalaw.org/lex/actview.xql?actid=Const2010#KE/CON/Const2010/art_138 |title=Constitution of Kenya - Article 138: Procedure at presidential election |website=kenyalaw.org |publisher=Kenya Law Reform Commission |access-date=Agosti 22, 2026 }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Uchaguzi nchini Kenya]] [[Jamii:2027]] ae82kxe8407uypmz7gm2mfan8z0ew9z 0 246476 1594173 1590410 2026-09-03T10:03:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594173 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Rashnikov.jpg|thumb|Rashnikov mnamo 2005]] '''Viktor Filippovich Rashnikov''' (alizaliwa [[13 Oktoba]] [[1948]]) ni [[mhandisi]] na [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea wa [[Urusi]]. Alijenga utajiri wake (unaokadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 9.1 mnamo Februari [[2019]]) katika sekta ya chuma na madini, akiwa mmiliki mkuu wa ''Magnitogorsk Iron & Steel Works (MMK)'', moja ya wazalishaji wakubwa wa chuma duniani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.worldsteel.org/en/dam/jcr:0474d208-9108-4927-ace8-4ac5445c5df8/World+Steel+in+Figures+2017.pdf|title=WORLD STEEL IN FIGURES 2017|date=2017-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518130144/https://www.worldsteel.org/en/dam/jcr:0474d208-9108-4927-ace8-4ac5445c5df8/World+Steel+in+Figures+2017.pdf|archive-date=2018-05-18|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=11483947 |title=The largest superyacht to visit Auckland - Business - NZ Herald News |publisher=Nzherald.co.nz |date=2015-07-20 |access-date=2017-04-27}}</ref> Anamiliki Ocean Victory, wakati wa ujenzi wake ilikuwa jahazi ya 10 kwa ukubwa duniani<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Inside Putin's inner circle: Meet the 38 Russian oligarchs cut off by sanctions |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/politics/world/news/inside-putinaposs-inner-circle-meet-the-38-russian-oligarchs-cut-off-by-sanctions/slidelist/90360746.cms |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=Business Insider |archive-date=2022-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504234206/https://www.businessinsider.in/politics/world/news/inside-putinaposs-inner-circle-meet-the-38-russian-oligarchs-cut-off-by-sanctions/slidelist/90360746.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Kufuatia uvamizi wa Urusi nchini [[Ukraini]], Rashnikov na MMK waliwekwa kwenye orodha za vikwazo na [[Marekani]], [[Uingereza]] na [[EU]]. Mnamo Septemba [[2022]], Hungary ilitaka Rashnikov aondolewe kwenye orodha ya EU<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.rferl.org/a/hungary-russia-sanctions-eu-oligarchs-usmanov-rashnikov-aven/32022606.html | title=Hungary Said to Have Dropped Demand to Remove Three Russian Oligarchs from Sanctions List | newspaper=Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty | last1=Jozwiak | first1=Rikard }}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Urusi]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Urusi]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] abnucjwdaji5s8cl0z4beys3ysuigy9 0 246812 1594048 1591303 2026-09-02T18:58:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594048 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Paul Lederer''' alikuwa afisa mkuu mtendaji wa ''Primo Group'', na mmiliki mwenza wa klabu ya A-League ''Western Sydney Wanderers''. Lederer alianza kazi yake ya kitaaluma kwa kujiunga na biashara ya utengenezaji ya mjomba wake akiwa na umri wa miaka ishirini<ref>{{cite web|title=The biggest business guns in the west|url=https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/the-biggest-business-guns-in-the-west/news-story/c00582e7888f05a88f89c4d4e3a3617b?nk=3f80a4bb976e025916206b2ac5e6a591-1553681651|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=26 March 2016|access-date=14 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Centuria and Lederer join forces to buy Adelaide office tower for $185 million|url=https://www.commercialrealestate.com.au/news/centuria-and-lederer-join-forces-to-buy-adelaide-office-tower-for-185-million/|publisher=Commercial Real Estate|date=23 May 2018|access-date=23 April 2019|archive-date=2024-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204101006/https://www.commercialrealestate.com.au/news/centuria-and-lederer-join-forces-to-buy-adelaide-office-tower-for-185-million/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hine's Global REIT Portfolio Sells For $626 million|url=https://www.corelogic.com.au/news/hines-global-reit-portfolio-sells-626-million|publisher=CoreLogic|date=11 October 2018|access-date=23 April 2019|archive-date=2021-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328195848/https://www.corelogic.com.au/news/hines-global-reit-portfolio-sells-626-million|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Mwaka [[1985]], Andrew Lederer alianzisha ''Primo Smallgoods'' kwa kununua kiwanda cha ham cha Mayfair huko [[Sydney]] na Paul Lederer akawa mmoja wa wafanyakazi 38 wa kwanza. Lederer alirithi Primo Smallgoods mjomba wake alipofariki mwaka [[2004]]. Kati ya mwaka [[2004]] na [[2015]], Lederer alihudumu kama afisa mkuu mtendaji wa Primo Smallgoods, hadi kampuni ilipouzwa mwaka [[2015]] kwa ''JBS'' kwa [[Dola ya Australia|A$]] bilioni 1.45.<ref>{{cite web|title=Primo expands in Qld |url=https://www.farmonline.com.au/story/3620128/primo-expands-in-qld/|work=farmonline|date=26 September 2011|access-date=14 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=JBS Australia to buy Primo Group in $1.45bn meat processing deal|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/nov/21/jbs-australia-to-buy-primo-group-in-145bn-meat-processing-deal|work=[[Guardian Australia]] |date=21 November 2014|access-date=11 April 2019}}</ref><ref name=one>{{cite web|title=Western Sydney Wanderers' Paul Lederer scores $15.5 million in Point Piper|url=https://www.domain.com.au/news/western-sydney-wanderers-paul-lederer-scores-155-million-in-point-piper-20171107-gzgcin/|work=Domain, [[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=7 November 2017|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=2025-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224031911/https://www.domain.com.au/news/western-sydney-wanderers-paul-lederer-scores-155-million-in-point-piper-20171107-gzgcin/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa mwaka usiojulikana]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] qa7ayyiidzyp8vktm6zco278t9l8eb5 0 246814 1594035 1590995 2026-09-02T15:33:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594035 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigel Austin''' (Alizaliwa [[Septemba 24]], [[1970]]) ni [[mjasiriamali]] bilionea wa biashara na mbio za farasi nchini [[Australia]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Bishop - @bradbishop12|first=Brad|title=Rosemont hoping for G1 birthday cheer|url=https://www.thevalley.com.au/news/2020-09-25/news-rosemont-hoping-for-g1-birthday-cheer-sb|access-date=2021-08-18|website=The Valley|language=en|archive-date=2021-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818233014/https://www.thevalley.com.au/news/2020-09-25/news-rosemont-hoping-for-g1-birthday-cheer-sb|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Austin ni mwanzilishi na mmiliki mkuu wa asilimia 90 wa ''Cotton On Group'', kikundi cha nguo na vifaa vya kuandikia chenye chapa kama ''Cotton On'', ''Supre'', ''Factorie'' na ''Typo''. Mwaka [[2017]], ''[[Forbes]] Asia'' ilikadiria utajiri wa Austin kuwa dola bilioni 1.36. Kufikia Mei [[2025]], ''The Australian Financial Review'' ilikadiria utajiri wake kuwa [[Dola ya Australia|A$]] bilioni 2.42<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Nigel Austin|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/nigel-austin/|access-date=2021-08-18|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1970]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] kb25tpt8p3l7xiyme4nbbk8693u6cpq 0 247247 1594083 1591722 2026-09-03T01:51:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594083 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sergei Katsiev''' (alizaliwa [[1 Januari]] [[1958]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Urusi]].<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Сергей Кациев |url=https://www.forbes.ru/profile/254685-kaciev |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Forbes.ru |language=ru}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Katsiev alizaliwa Voznesensk, [[Ukraini]]. Alipata shahada ya kwanza kutoka Taasisi ya Mahusiano ya Kimataifa ya [[Moscow]].<ref name="Forbes profile">{{cite web |title=Forbes profile: Sergei Katsiev |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/sergei-katsiev/ |accessdate=26 July 2019 |website=Forbes}}</ref> == Kazi == Baada ya kuanguka kwa [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]], alifanya kazi katika ujumbe wa biashara wa serikali nchini [[Uholanzi]]. Aliporudi Urusi, aliongoza Mercury Tobacco Corporation, kampuni inayomilikiwa na [[Igor Kesaev]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://rusletter.com/articles/polite_armed_men_why_do_tobacco_billionaires_need_machine_guns_and_anti-aircraft_guns|title=Polite armed men: why do tobacco billionaires need machine guns and anti-aircraft guns {{!}} Business {{!}} RusLetter|website=rusletter.com|access-date=2019-07-20|archive-date=2019-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719120952/http://rusletter.com/articles/polite_armed_men_why_do_tobacco_billionaires_need_machine_guns_and_anti-aircraft_guns|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mwaka 1998 alianzisha kampuni yake mwenyewe, Megapolis. Mwaka 2006 makampuni haya mawili yaliungana, na Megapolis sasa ni muuzaji mkubwa wa tumbaku nchini Urusi. Mwaka 2022 Katsiev na washirika wake walinunua mali za Urusi za kampuni ya tumbaku ya [[Uingereza]] Imperial Brands. == Utajiri == Kufikia Agosti 2022, Katsiev ana utajiri wa dola za Marekani bilioni 1.2. Aliorodheshwa katika nafasi ya 1833 kwenye orodha ya [[Forbes]] ya 2021 ya mabilionea wa dunia. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Urusi]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Urusi]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] j55g7j0ghtzn4c4tbmosk9r1iufly09 0 247416 1594045 1593410 2026-09-02T18:41:40Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 Tengua pitio [[Special:Diff/1592623|1592623]] lililoandikwa na [[Special:Contributions/Idd abed|Idd abed]] ([[User talk:Idd abed|Majadiliano]]) 1594045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = Mh. | name = Deogratius John Ndejembi | honorific-suffix = | image = | office = [[Makamu wa Rais wa Tanzania]] | term_start = 29 Agosti 2026 | president = [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] | predecessor = [[Emmanuel John Nchimbi]] | office2 = Waziri wa Nishati | term_start2 = 17 Novemba 2025 | term_end2 = 29 Agosti 2026 | president2 = [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] | office3 = Waziri wa Ardhi, Nyumba na Maendeleo ya Makazi | term_start3 = 2024 | term_end3 = 17 Novemba 2025 | president3 = [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] | office4 = Waziri wa Nchi katika Ofisi ya Waziri Mkuu<br>(Kazi, Vijana, Ajira na Watu Wenye Ulemavu) | term_start4 = 31 Machi 2024 | term_end4 = 2024 | president4 = [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] | office5 = Naibu Waziri katika Ofisi ya Rais<br>(Tawala za Mikoa na Serikali za Mitaa) | term_start5 = 2023 | term_end5 = 31 Machi 2024 | president5 = [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] | office6 = Naibu Waziri katika Ofisi ya Rais<br>(Usimamizi wa Utumishi wa Umma na Utawala Bora) | term_start6 = 2021 | term_end6 = 2023 | president6 = [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] | office7 = Mbunge wa [[Chamwino]] | term_start7 = 2020 | term_end7 = | predecessor7 = | successor7 = | office8 = Mkuu wa Wilaya ya [[Kongwa]] | term_start8 = 2016 | term_end8 = 2020 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1983|07|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Dodoma]], Tanzania | nationality = Mtanzania | party = [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi|CCM]] | spouse = | relations = Pancras Mtemi Ndejembi (baba) | children = | alma_mater = [[University of Lincoln]]<br>Institute of Administrative Management<br>[[University of Cumbria]] | religion = | website = | birth_name = Deogratius John Pancras Ndejembi | caption = Ndejembi mwaka 2026 }} '''Deogratius John Ndejembi''' (alizaliwa [[12 Julai]] [[1983]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Tanzania]] na mwanachama wa [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]] (CCM). Mnamo tarehe 26 Agosti 2026, alipendekezwa na Halmashauri Kuu ya CCM kuwa [[Orodha ya Makamu wa Rais Tanzania|Makamu wa Rais wa Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania]] akimrithi [[Emmanuel Nchimbi]] aliyejiuzulu.<ref name="mwananchi-vp">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2026-08-26 |title=CCM yampendekeza Ndejembi Makamu mpya wa Rais |url=https://mwananchi.co.tz |access-date=2026-08-27 |website=Mwananchi |language=sw}}</ref> Kabla ya uteuzi huo, alikuwa akihudumu kama Waziri wa Nishati na ni [[Mbunge]] wa Jimbo la [[Chamwino (Dodoma mjini)|Chamwino]] mkoani [[Dodoma (mji)|Dodoma]] tangu alipochaguliwa katika [[Uchaguzi Mkuu wa Tanzania, 2020|uchaguzi mkuu wa mwaka 2020]].<ref name="habarileo-ubunge">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2020-10-29 |title=Matokeo ya Ubunge Dodoma: Ndejembi ashinda Chamwino |url=https://habarileo.co.tz |access-date=2026-08-27 |website=HabariLeo |language=sw}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Deogratius John Ndejembi alizaliwa tarehe 12 Julai 1983 nchini [[Tanzania]]. Ni mwana wa [[Pancras Mtemi Ndejembi]], mwanasiasa mkongwe wa [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]] (CCM) ambaye aliwahi kuwa kiongozi mashuhuri wa chama katika [[Mkoa wa Dodoma]]. Ushiriki wa kisiasa wa baba yake ulimpa Ndejembi uhusiano wa awali na masuala ya umma na mazingira ya kisiasa ya Dodoma. Ndejembi alianza elimu yake katika Shule ya ''Msingi Cannon Andrea'' Mwaka, ambako alisoma kuanzia mwaka 1988 hadi 1995 na kupata Cheti cha Mtihani wa Elimu ya Msingi (CPEE). Baadaye alihudhuria Shule ya Sekondari Kigurunyembe kuanzia mwaka 1996 hadi 1998, ambako alikamilisha Mtihani wa Cheti cha Elimu ya Sekondari (CSEE). Baadaye alihudhuria Merton College kuanzia mwaka 2002 hadi 2004, ambako alikamilisha elimu ya sekondari ya juu na kupata Cheti cha Juu cha Mtihani wa Elimu ya Sekondari (ACSEE). Baadaye aliendelea na elimu ya juu nchini Uingereza, akisoma Uhusiano wa Kimataifa katika [[University of Lincoln]] kuanzia mwaka 2006 hadi 2009, kabla ya kuendelea na masomo zaidi katika usimamizi wa utawala na elimu ya uzamili.<ref>{{cite web |title=Member of Parliament Profile: Hon. Deogratius John Ndejembi |url=https://polis.bunge.go.tz/members/1362 |website=Parliament of Tanzania |access-date=30 August 2026}}</ref> Baada ya kukamilisha masomo yake, Ndejembi aliingia katika sekta binafsi. Mwaka 2012, alifanya kazi kama meneja katika A1 Outdoor kabla ya kuwa Mkuu wa Mauzo katika Smile Communication, nafasi aliyoshikilia hadi mwaka 2014. Baadaye alihudumu kama Meneja wa Kanda katika Tigo kuanzia mwaka 2014 hadi 2015 na kuwa Mkuu wa Masoko katika GSM Group mwaka 2016. Baadaye mwaka huo, aliingia katika utumishi wa umma baada ya kuteuliwa kuwa Mkuu wa [[Wilaya ya Kongwa]], [[Dodoma]]. == Kazi na siasa == Kabla ya kuingia rasmi kwenye siasa za kitaifa, Ndejembi alitumikia utumishi wa umma ambapo aliwahi kuteuliwa na Rais wa Awamu ya Tano, [[John Magufuli]], kuwa Mkuu wa Wilaya ya [[Kongwa (Dodoma)|Kongwa]] mkoani Dodoma.<ref name="mwananchi-vp" /> Mnamo mwaka 2020, aligombea na kushinda kiti cha Ubunge katika Jimbo la Chamwino mkoani Dodoma kupitia tiketi ya CCM.<ref name="habarileo-ubunge" /> Kutokana na utendaji wake, alipandishwa ngazi na kuteuliwa kuwa Naibu Waziri katika Ofisi ya Rais, Menejimenti ya Utumishi wa Umma na Utawala Bora.<ref name="mwananchi-vp" /> Mnamo Julai 2024, Rais [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] alimteua kuwa Waziri wa Ardhi, Nyumba na Maendeleo ya Makazi.<ref name="mwananchi-vp" /> Baadaye alihamishwa na kuteuliwa kuwa Waziri wa Nishati, nafasi aliyoidumu nayo hadi alipoteuliwa kuchukua wadhifa wa Makamu wa Rais.<ref name="mwananchi-vp" /><ref name="tanzaniatimes">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2026-08-27 |title=Deogratius Ndenjembi becomes the 13th Vice President of Tanzania |url=https://tanzaniatimes.net |access-date=2026-08-27 |website=Tanzania Times |language=en}}</ref> == Kuteuliwa kuwa Makamu wa Rais == Mnamo 26 Agosti 2026, Katibu Mkuu wa CCM, [[Asha-Rose Migiro]], alitangaza kuwa Halmashauri Kuu ya Taifa ya chama hicho iliyokutana chini ya Uenyekiti wa Rais Samia Suluhu Hassan imempendekeza Ndejembi kuwa Makamu mpya wa Rais wa Tanzania.<ref name="mwananchi-vp" /><ref name="daily-news">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2026-08-26 |title=CCM elevates Ndejembi to Tanzania's Vice President post |url=https://dailynews.co.tz |access-date=2026-08-27 |website=Daily News |language=en}}</ref> Uteuzi huo ulifuatia kujiuzulu kwa aliyekuwa Makamu wa Rais, Emmanuel Nchimbi, mnamo Agosti 25, 2026.<ref name="daily-news" /> Kulingana na taratibu za Katiba ya Tanzania, jina la Ndejembi limepelekwa Bungeni jijini Dodoma kwa ajili ya kupigiwa kura ya ithibati na wabunge katika kikao kinachotarajiwa kuanza tarehe 31 Agosti 2026 kabla ya kuapishwa rasmi.<ref name="daily-news" /> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wabunge wa Tanzania]] gdghzb07p9hzexxuq5qmn67dsf5tbbz 1594047 1594045 2026-09-02T18:43:32Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 Protected "[[Deogratius Ndejembi]]" ([Kuhariri=Zuia watumiaji wapya au wale ambao hawajajisajilisha] (bila mwisho) [Kuhamisha=Zuia watumiaji wapya au wale ambao hawajajisajilisha] (bila mwisho)) 1594045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = Mh. | name = Deogratius John Ndejembi | honorific-suffix = | image = | office = [[Makamu wa Rais wa Tanzania]] | term_start = 29 Agosti 2026 | president = [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] | predecessor = [[Emmanuel John Nchimbi]] | office2 = Waziri wa Nishati | term_start2 = 17 Novemba 2025 | term_end2 = 29 Agosti 2026 | president2 = [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] | office3 = Waziri wa Ardhi, Nyumba na Maendeleo ya Makazi | term_start3 = 2024 | term_end3 = 17 Novemba 2025 | president3 = [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] | office4 = Waziri wa Nchi katika Ofisi ya Waziri Mkuu<br>(Kazi, Vijana, Ajira na Watu Wenye Ulemavu) | term_start4 = 31 Machi 2024 | term_end4 = 2024 | president4 = [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] | office5 = Naibu Waziri katika Ofisi ya Rais<br>(Tawala za Mikoa na Serikali za Mitaa) | term_start5 = 2023 | term_end5 = 31 Machi 2024 | president5 = [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] | office6 = Naibu Waziri katika Ofisi ya Rais<br>(Usimamizi wa Utumishi wa Umma na Utawala Bora) | term_start6 = 2021 | term_end6 = 2023 | president6 = [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] | office7 = Mbunge wa [[Chamwino]] | term_start7 = 2020 | term_end7 = | predecessor7 = | successor7 = | office8 = Mkuu wa Wilaya ya [[Kongwa]] | term_start8 = 2016 | term_end8 = 2020 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1983|07|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Dodoma]], Tanzania | nationality = Mtanzania | party = [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi|CCM]] | spouse = | relations = Pancras Mtemi Ndejembi (baba) | children = | alma_mater = [[University of Lincoln]]<br>Institute of Administrative Management<br>[[University of Cumbria]] | religion = | website = | birth_name = Deogratius John Pancras Ndejembi | caption = Ndejembi mwaka 2026 }} '''Deogratius John Ndejembi''' (alizaliwa [[12 Julai]] [[1983]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Tanzania]] na mwanachama wa [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]] (CCM). Mnamo tarehe 26 Agosti 2026, alipendekezwa na Halmashauri Kuu ya CCM kuwa [[Orodha ya Makamu wa Rais Tanzania|Makamu wa Rais wa Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania]] akimrithi [[Emmanuel Nchimbi]] aliyejiuzulu.<ref name="mwananchi-vp">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2026-08-26 |title=CCM yampendekeza Ndejembi Makamu mpya wa Rais |url=https://mwananchi.co.tz |access-date=2026-08-27 |website=Mwananchi |language=sw}}</ref> Kabla ya uteuzi huo, alikuwa akihudumu kama Waziri wa Nishati na ni [[Mbunge]] wa Jimbo la [[Chamwino (Dodoma mjini)|Chamwino]] mkoani [[Dodoma (mji)|Dodoma]] tangu alipochaguliwa katika [[Uchaguzi Mkuu wa Tanzania, 2020|uchaguzi mkuu wa mwaka 2020]].<ref name="habarileo-ubunge">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2020-10-29 |title=Matokeo ya Ubunge Dodoma: Ndejembi ashinda Chamwino |url=https://habarileo.co.tz |access-date=2026-08-27 |website=HabariLeo |language=sw}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Deogratius John Ndejembi alizaliwa tarehe 12 Julai 1983 nchini [[Tanzania]]. Ni mwana wa [[Pancras Mtemi Ndejembi]], mwanasiasa mkongwe wa [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]] (CCM) ambaye aliwahi kuwa kiongozi mashuhuri wa chama katika [[Mkoa wa Dodoma]]. Ushiriki wa kisiasa wa baba yake ulimpa Ndejembi uhusiano wa awali na masuala ya umma na mazingira ya kisiasa ya Dodoma. Ndejembi alianza elimu yake katika Shule ya ''Msingi Cannon Andrea'' Mwaka, ambako alisoma kuanzia mwaka 1988 hadi 1995 na kupata Cheti cha Mtihani wa Elimu ya Msingi (CPEE). Baadaye alihudhuria Shule ya Sekondari Kigurunyembe kuanzia mwaka 1996 hadi 1998, ambako alikamilisha Mtihani wa Cheti cha Elimu ya Sekondari (CSEE). Baadaye alihudhuria Merton College kuanzia mwaka 2002 hadi 2004, ambako alikamilisha elimu ya sekondari ya juu na kupata Cheti cha Juu cha Mtihani wa Elimu ya Sekondari (ACSEE). Baadaye aliendelea na elimu ya juu nchini Uingereza, akisoma Uhusiano wa Kimataifa katika [[University of Lincoln]] kuanzia mwaka 2006 hadi 2009, kabla ya kuendelea na masomo zaidi katika usimamizi wa utawala na elimu ya uzamili.<ref>{{cite web |title=Member of Parliament Profile: Hon. Deogratius John Ndejembi |url=https://polis.bunge.go.tz/members/1362 |website=Parliament of Tanzania |access-date=30 August 2026}}</ref> Baada ya kukamilisha masomo yake, Ndejembi aliingia katika sekta binafsi. Mwaka 2012, alifanya kazi kama meneja katika A1 Outdoor kabla ya kuwa Mkuu wa Mauzo katika Smile Communication, nafasi aliyoshikilia hadi mwaka 2014. Baadaye alihudumu kama Meneja wa Kanda katika Tigo kuanzia mwaka 2014 hadi 2015 na kuwa Mkuu wa Masoko katika GSM Group mwaka 2016. Baadaye mwaka huo, aliingia katika utumishi wa umma baada ya kuteuliwa kuwa Mkuu wa [[Wilaya ya Kongwa]], [[Dodoma]]. == Kazi na siasa == Kabla ya kuingia rasmi kwenye siasa za kitaifa, Ndejembi alitumikia utumishi wa umma ambapo aliwahi kuteuliwa na Rais wa Awamu ya Tano, [[John Magufuli]], kuwa Mkuu wa Wilaya ya [[Kongwa (Dodoma)|Kongwa]] mkoani Dodoma.<ref name="mwananchi-vp" /> Mnamo mwaka 2020, aligombea na kushinda kiti cha Ubunge katika Jimbo la Chamwino mkoani Dodoma kupitia tiketi ya CCM.<ref name="habarileo-ubunge" /> Kutokana na utendaji wake, alipandishwa ngazi na kuteuliwa kuwa Naibu Waziri katika Ofisi ya Rais, Menejimenti ya Utumishi wa Umma na Utawala Bora.<ref name="mwananchi-vp" /> Mnamo Julai 2024, Rais [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] alimteua kuwa Waziri wa Ardhi, Nyumba na Maendeleo ya Makazi.<ref name="mwananchi-vp" /> Baadaye alihamishwa na kuteuliwa kuwa Waziri wa Nishati, nafasi aliyoidumu nayo hadi alipoteuliwa kuchukua wadhifa wa Makamu wa Rais.<ref name="mwananchi-vp" /><ref name="tanzaniatimes">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2026-08-27 |title=Deogratius Ndenjembi becomes the 13th Vice President of Tanzania |url=https://tanzaniatimes.net |access-date=2026-08-27 |website=Tanzania Times |language=en}}</ref> == Kuteuliwa kuwa Makamu wa Rais == Mnamo 26 Agosti 2026, Katibu Mkuu wa CCM, [[Asha-Rose Migiro]], alitangaza kuwa Halmashauri Kuu ya Taifa ya chama hicho iliyokutana chini ya Uenyekiti wa Rais Samia Suluhu Hassan imempendekeza Ndejembi kuwa Makamu mpya wa Rais wa Tanzania.<ref name="mwananchi-vp" /><ref name="daily-news">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2026-08-26 |title=CCM elevates Ndejembi to Tanzania's Vice President post |url=https://dailynews.co.tz |access-date=2026-08-27 |website=Daily News |language=en}}</ref> Uteuzi huo ulifuatia kujiuzulu kwa aliyekuwa Makamu wa Rais, Emmanuel Nchimbi, mnamo Agosti 25, 2026.<ref name="daily-news" /> Kulingana na taratibu za Katiba ya Tanzania, jina la Ndejembi limepelekwa Bungeni jijini Dodoma kwa ajili ya kupigiwa kura ya ithibati na wabunge katika kikao kinachotarajiwa kuanza tarehe 31 Agosti 2026 kabla ya kuapishwa rasmi.<ref name="daily-news" /> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wabunge wa Tanzania]] gdghzb07p9hzexxuq5qmn67dsf5tbbz 1594053 1594047 2026-09-02T19:28:57Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1594053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = Mh. | name = Deogratius John Ndejembi | honorific-suffix = | image = | office = [[Makamu wa Rais wa Tanzania]] | term_start = 29 Agosti 2026 | president = [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] | predecessor = [[Emmanuel John Nchimbi]] | office2 = Waziri wa Nishati | term_start2 = 17 Novemba 2025 | term_end2 = 29 Agosti 2026 | president2 = [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] | office3 = Waziri wa Ardhi, Nyumba na Maendeleo ya Makazi | term_start3 = 2024 | term_end3 = 17 Novemba 2025 | president3 = [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] | office4 = Waziri wa Nchi katika Ofisi ya Waziri Mkuu<br>(Kazi, Vijana, Ajira na Watu Wenye Ulemavu) | term_start4 = 31 Machi 2024 | term_end4 = 2024 | president4 = [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] | office5 = Naibu Waziri katika Ofisi ya Rais<br>(Tawala za Mikoa na Serikali za Mitaa) | term_start5 = 2023 | term_end5 = 31 Machi 2024 | president5 = [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] | office6 = Naibu Waziri katika Ofisi ya Rais<br>(Usimamizi wa Utumishi wa Umma na Utawala Bora) | term_start6 = 2021 | term_end6 = 2023 | president6 = [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] | office7 = Mbunge wa [[Chamwino]] | term_start7 = 2020 | term_end7 = | predecessor7 = | successor7 = | office8 = Mkuu wa Wilaya ya [[Kongwa]] | term_start8 = 2016 | term_end8 = 2020 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1983|07|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Dodoma]], Tanzania | nationality = Mtanzania | party = [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi|CCM]] | spouse = | relations = Pancras Mtemi Ndejembi (baba) | children = | alma_mater = [[University of Lincoln]]<br>Institute of Administrative Management<br>[[University of Cumbria]] | religion = | website = | birth_name = Deogratius John Pancras Ndejembi | caption = Ndejembi mwaka 2026 }} '''Deogratius John Ndejembi''' (alizaliwa [[12 Julai]] [[1983]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Tanzania]] na mwanachama wa [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]] (CCM). Mnamo tarehe 26 Agosti 2026, alipendekezwa na Halmashauri Kuu ya CCM kuwa [[Orodha ya Makamu wa Rais Tanzania|Makamu wa Rais wa Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania]] akimrithi [[Emmanuel Nchimbi]] aliyejiuzulu.<ref name="mwananchi-vp">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2026-08-26 |title=CCM yampendekeza Ndejembi Makamu mpya wa Rais |url=https://mwananchi.co.tz |access-date=2026-08-27 |website=Mwananchi |language=sw}}</ref> Kabla ya uteuzi huo, alikuwa akihudumu kama Waziri wa Nishati na ni [[Mbunge]] wa Jimbo la [[Chamwino (Dodoma mjini)|Chamwino]] mkoani [[Dodoma (mji)|Dodoma]] tangu alipochaguliwa katika [[Uchaguzi Mkuu wa Tanzania, 2020|uchaguzi mkuu wa mwaka 2020]].<ref name="habarileo-ubunge">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2020-10-29 |title=Matokeo ya Ubunge Dodoma: Ndejembi ashinda Chamwino |url=https://habarileo.co.tz |access-date=2026-08-27 |website=HabariLeo |language=sw}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Deogratius John Ndejembi alizaliwa tarehe 12 Julai 1983 nchini [[Tanzania]]. Ni mwana wa [[Pancras Mtemi Ndejembi]], mwanasiasa mkongwe wa [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]] (CCM) ambaye aliwahi kuwa kiongozi mashuhuri wa chama katika [[Mkoa wa Dodoma]]. Ushiriki wa kisiasa wa baba yake ulimpa Ndejembi uhusiano wa awali na masuala ya umma na mazingira ya kisiasa ya Dodoma. Ndejembi alianza elimu yake katika Shule ya ''Msingi Cannon Andrea'' Mwaka, ambako alisoma kuanzia mwaka 1988 hadi 1995 na kupata Cheti cha Mtihani wa Elimu ya Msingi (CPEE). Baadaye alihudhuria Shule ya Sekondari Kigurunyembe kuanzia mwaka 1996 hadi 1998, ambako alikamilisha Mtihani wa Cheti cha Elimu ya Sekondari (CSEE). Baadaye alihudhuria Merton College kuanzia mwaka 2002 hadi 2004, ambako alikamilisha elimu ya sekondari ya juu na kupata Cheti cha Juu cha Mtihani wa Elimu ya Sekondari (ACSEE). Baadaye aliendelea na elimu ya juu nchini Uingereza, akisoma Uhusiano wa Kimataifa katika [[University of Lincoln]] kuanzia mwaka 2006 hadi 2009, kabla ya kuendelea na masomo zaidi katika usimamizi wa utawala na elimu ya uzamili.<ref>{{cite web |title=Member of Parliament Profile: Hon. Deogratius John Ndejembi |url=https://polis.bunge.go.tz/members/1362 |website=Parliament of Tanzania |access-date=30 August 2026}}</ref> Baada ya kukamilisha masomo yake, Ndejembi aliingia katika sekta binafsi. Mwaka 2012, alifanya kazi kama meneja katika A1 Outdoor kabla ya kuwa Mkuu wa Mauzo katika Smile Communication, nafasi aliyoshikilia hadi mwaka 2014. Baadaye alihudumu kama Meneja wa Kanda katika Tigo kuanzia mwaka 2014 hadi 2015 na kuwa Mkuu wa Masoko katika GSM Group mwaka 2016. Baadaye mwaka huo, aliingia katika utumishi wa umma baada ya kuteuliwa kuwa Mkuu wa [[Wilaya ya Kongwa]], [[Dodoma]]. == Kazi na siasa == Kabla ya kuingia rasmi kwenye siasa za kitaifa, Ndejembi alitumikia utumishi wa umma ambapo aliwahi kuteuliwa na Rais wa Awamu ya Tano, [[John Magufuli]], kuwa Mkuu wa Wilaya ya [[Kongwa (Dodoma)|Kongwa]] mkoani Dodoma.<ref name="mwananchi-vp" /> Mnamo mwaka 2020, aligombea na kushinda kiti cha Ubunge katika Jimbo la Chamwino mkoani Dodoma kupitia tiketi ya CCM.<ref name="habarileo-ubunge" /> Kutokana na utendaji wake, alipandishwa ngazi na kuteuliwa kuwa Naibu Waziri katika Ofisi ya Rais, Menejimenti ya Utumishi wa Umma na Utawala Bora.<ref name="mwananchi-vp" /> Mnamo Julai 2024, Rais [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] alimteua kuwa Waziri wa Ardhi, Nyumba na Maendeleo ya Makazi.<ref name="mwananchi-vp" /> Baadaye alihamishwa na kuteuliwa kuwa Waziri wa Nishati, nafasi aliyoidumu nayo hadi alipoteuliwa kuchukua wadhifa wa Makamu wa Rais.<ref name="mwananchi-vp" /><ref name="tanzaniatimes">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2026-08-27 |title=Deogratius Ndenjembi becomes the 13th Vice President of Tanzania |url=https://tanzaniatimes.net |access-date=2026-08-27 |website=Tanzania Times |language=en}}</ref> == Kuteuliwa kuwa Makamu wa Rais == Mnamo 26 Agosti 2026, Katibu Mkuu wa CCM, [[Asha-Rose Migiro]], alitangaza kuwa Halmashauri Kuu ya Taifa ya chama hicho iliyokutana chini ya Uenyekiti wa Rais Samia Suluhu Hassan imempendekeza Ndejembi kuwa Makamu mpya wa Rais wa Tanzania.<ref name="mwananchi-vp" /><ref name="daily-news">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2026-08-26 |title=CCM elevates Ndejembi to Tanzania's Vice President post |url=https://dailynews.co.tz |access-date=2026-08-27 |website=Daily News |language=en}}</ref> Uteuzi huo ulifuatia kujiuzulu kwa aliyekuwa Makamu wa Rais, Emmanuel Nchimbi, mnamo Agosti 25, 2026.<ref name="daily-news" /> Kulingana na taratibu za Katiba ya Tanzania, jina la Ndejembi limepelekwa Bungeni jijini Dodoma kwa ajili ya kupigiwa kura ya ithibati na wabunge katika kikao kinachotarajiwa kuanza tarehe 31 Agosti 2026 kabla ya kuapishwa rasmi.<ref name="daily-news" /> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Makamu wa Rais Tanzania}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wabunge wa Tanzania]] lof8rlcdgir9y9876abqki1f2nwc5xd 1594056 1594053 2026-09-02T19:33:25Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 Anuary Rajabu alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Deogratius Ndejembi]] hadi [[Deogratius John Ndejembi]]: Usahihi wa jina 1594053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = Mh. | name = Deogratius John Ndejembi | honorific-suffix = | image = | office = [[Makamu wa Rais wa Tanzania]] | term_start = 29 Agosti 2026 | president = [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] | predecessor = [[Emmanuel John Nchimbi]] | office2 = Waziri wa Nishati | term_start2 = 17 Novemba 2025 | term_end2 = 29 Agosti 2026 | president2 = [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] | office3 = Waziri wa Ardhi, Nyumba na Maendeleo ya Makazi | term_start3 = 2024 | term_end3 = 17 Novemba 2025 | president3 = [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] | office4 = Waziri wa Nchi katika Ofisi ya Waziri Mkuu<br>(Kazi, Vijana, Ajira na Watu Wenye Ulemavu) | term_start4 = 31 Machi 2024 | term_end4 = 2024 | president4 = [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] | office5 = Naibu Waziri katika Ofisi ya Rais<br>(Tawala za Mikoa na Serikali za Mitaa) | term_start5 = 2023 | term_end5 = 31 Machi 2024 | president5 = [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] | office6 = Naibu Waziri katika Ofisi ya Rais<br>(Usimamizi wa Utumishi wa Umma na Utawala Bora) | term_start6 = 2021 | term_end6 = 2023 | president6 = [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] | office7 = Mbunge wa [[Chamwino]] | term_start7 = 2020 | term_end7 = | predecessor7 = | successor7 = | office8 = Mkuu wa Wilaya ya [[Kongwa]] | term_start8 = 2016 | term_end8 = 2020 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1983|07|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Dodoma]], Tanzania | nationality = Mtanzania | party = [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi|CCM]] | spouse = | relations = Pancras Mtemi Ndejembi (baba) | children = | alma_mater = [[University of Lincoln]]<br>Institute of Administrative Management<br>[[University of Cumbria]] | religion = | website = | birth_name = Deogratius John Pancras Ndejembi | caption = Ndejembi mwaka 2026 }} '''Deogratius John Ndejembi''' (alizaliwa [[12 Julai]] [[1983]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Tanzania]] na mwanachama wa [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]] (CCM). Mnamo tarehe 26 Agosti 2026, alipendekezwa na Halmashauri Kuu ya CCM kuwa [[Orodha ya Makamu wa Rais Tanzania|Makamu wa Rais wa Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania]] akimrithi [[Emmanuel Nchimbi]] aliyejiuzulu.<ref name="mwananchi-vp">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2026-08-26 |title=CCM yampendekeza Ndejembi Makamu mpya wa Rais |url=https://mwananchi.co.tz |access-date=2026-08-27 |website=Mwananchi |language=sw}}</ref> Kabla ya uteuzi huo, alikuwa akihudumu kama Waziri wa Nishati na ni [[Mbunge]] wa Jimbo la [[Chamwino (Dodoma mjini)|Chamwino]] mkoani [[Dodoma (mji)|Dodoma]] tangu alipochaguliwa katika [[Uchaguzi Mkuu wa Tanzania, 2020|uchaguzi mkuu wa mwaka 2020]].<ref name="habarileo-ubunge">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2020-10-29 |title=Matokeo ya Ubunge Dodoma: Ndejembi ashinda Chamwino |url=https://habarileo.co.tz |access-date=2026-08-27 |website=HabariLeo |language=sw}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Deogratius John Ndejembi alizaliwa tarehe 12 Julai 1983 nchini [[Tanzania]]. Ni mwana wa [[Pancras Mtemi Ndejembi]], mwanasiasa mkongwe wa [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]] (CCM) ambaye aliwahi kuwa kiongozi mashuhuri wa chama katika [[Mkoa wa Dodoma]]. Ushiriki wa kisiasa wa baba yake ulimpa Ndejembi uhusiano wa awali na masuala ya umma na mazingira ya kisiasa ya Dodoma. Ndejembi alianza elimu yake katika Shule ya ''Msingi Cannon Andrea'' Mwaka, ambako alisoma kuanzia mwaka 1988 hadi 1995 na kupata Cheti cha Mtihani wa Elimu ya Msingi (CPEE). Baadaye alihudhuria Shule ya Sekondari Kigurunyembe kuanzia mwaka 1996 hadi 1998, ambako alikamilisha Mtihani wa Cheti cha Elimu ya Sekondari (CSEE). Baadaye alihudhuria Merton College kuanzia mwaka 2002 hadi 2004, ambako alikamilisha elimu ya sekondari ya juu na kupata Cheti cha Juu cha Mtihani wa Elimu ya Sekondari (ACSEE). Baadaye aliendelea na elimu ya juu nchini Uingereza, akisoma Uhusiano wa Kimataifa katika [[University of Lincoln]] kuanzia mwaka 2006 hadi 2009, kabla ya kuendelea na masomo zaidi katika usimamizi wa utawala na elimu ya uzamili.<ref>{{cite web |title=Member of Parliament Profile: Hon. Deogratius John Ndejembi |url=https://polis.bunge.go.tz/members/1362 |website=Parliament of Tanzania |access-date=30 August 2026}}</ref> Baada ya kukamilisha masomo yake, Ndejembi aliingia katika sekta binafsi. Mwaka 2012, alifanya kazi kama meneja katika A1 Outdoor kabla ya kuwa Mkuu wa Mauzo katika Smile Communication, nafasi aliyoshikilia hadi mwaka 2014. Baadaye alihudumu kama Meneja wa Kanda katika Tigo kuanzia mwaka 2014 hadi 2015 na kuwa Mkuu wa Masoko katika GSM Group mwaka 2016. Baadaye mwaka huo, aliingia katika utumishi wa umma baada ya kuteuliwa kuwa Mkuu wa [[Wilaya ya Kongwa]], [[Dodoma]]. == Kazi na siasa == Kabla ya kuingia rasmi kwenye siasa za kitaifa, Ndejembi alitumikia utumishi wa umma ambapo aliwahi kuteuliwa na Rais wa Awamu ya Tano, [[John Magufuli]], kuwa Mkuu wa Wilaya ya [[Kongwa (Dodoma)|Kongwa]] mkoani Dodoma.<ref name="mwananchi-vp" /> Mnamo mwaka 2020, aligombea na kushinda kiti cha Ubunge katika Jimbo la Chamwino mkoani Dodoma kupitia tiketi ya CCM.<ref name="habarileo-ubunge" /> Kutokana na utendaji wake, alipandishwa ngazi na kuteuliwa kuwa Naibu Waziri katika Ofisi ya Rais, Menejimenti ya Utumishi wa Umma na Utawala Bora.<ref name="mwananchi-vp" /> Mnamo Julai 2024, Rais [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] alimteua kuwa Waziri wa Ardhi, Nyumba na Maendeleo ya Makazi.<ref name="mwananchi-vp" /> Baadaye alihamishwa na kuteuliwa kuwa Waziri wa Nishati, nafasi aliyoidumu nayo hadi alipoteuliwa kuchukua wadhifa wa Makamu wa Rais.<ref name="mwananchi-vp" /><ref name="tanzaniatimes">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2026-08-27 |title=Deogratius Ndenjembi becomes the 13th Vice President of Tanzania |url=https://tanzaniatimes.net |access-date=2026-08-27 |website=Tanzania Times |language=en}}</ref> == Kuteuliwa kuwa Makamu wa Rais == Mnamo 26 Agosti 2026, Katibu Mkuu wa CCM, [[Asha-Rose Migiro]], alitangaza kuwa Halmashauri Kuu ya Taifa ya chama hicho iliyokutana chini ya Uenyekiti wa Rais Samia Suluhu Hassan imempendekeza Ndejembi kuwa Makamu mpya wa Rais wa Tanzania.<ref name="mwananchi-vp" /><ref name="daily-news">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2026-08-26 |title=CCM elevates Ndejembi to Tanzania's Vice President post |url=https://dailynews.co.tz |access-date=2026-08-27 |website=Daily News |language=en}}</ref> Uteuzi huo ulifuatia kujiuzulu kwa aliyekuwa Makamu wa Rais, Emmanuel Nchimbi, mnamo Agosti 25, 2026.<ref name="daily-news" /> Kulingana na taratibu za Katiba ya Tanzania, jina la Ndejembi limepelekwa Bungeni jijini Dodoma kwa ajili ya kupigiwa kura ya ithibati na wabunge katika kikao kinachotarajiwa kuanza tarehe 31 Agosti 2026 kabla ya kuapishwa rasmi.<ref name="daily-news" /> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Makamu wa Rais Tanzania}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wabunge wa Tanzania]] lof8rlcdgir9y9876abqki1f2nwc5xd 0 247470 1594073 1592088 2026-09-02T21:17:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594073 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ramona Milano''' ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Kanada]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa nafasi yake kama Francesca Vecchio katika ''Due South'', Teresa katika ''Cra$h & Burn'', na Audra Torres katika ''Degrassi: The Next Generation''.<ref name="WHOSWHO">{{cite book|title=Canadian Who's Who 2004|year=2004|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=0-8020-4973-7|pages=1504|editor=Elizabeth Lumley}}</ref><ref name="CAD1">{{cite web|url=http://www.academy.ca/hist/history.cfm?nname=Milano&winonly=0&awards=0&rtype=1&curstep=4&submit.x=0&submit.y=0|title=Canada's Awards Database|last=Ramona|first=Milano|publisher=Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television|accessdate=1 November 2010|archive-date=2012-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307204220/http://www.academy.ca/hist/history.cfm?nname=Milano&winonly=0&awards=0&rtype=1&curstep=4&submit.x=0&submit.y=0|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1969|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] grqt9j7601lj1jjs74rrzepqp9rqh15 0 247563 1594075 1592458 2026-09-02T21:41:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594075 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rebecca Addelman''' (alizaliwa [[1981]]) ni mchekeshaji, mwandishi, mkurugenzi na [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Kanada]] anayeishi [[Los Angeles, California]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heebmagazine.com/jewish-make-believe-with-rebecca-addelman/ |title=Jewish Make-Believe with Rebecca Addelman &#124; Heeb |website=Heebmagazine.com |date=2009-11-11 |access-date=2016-04-09}}</ref><ref name=Dehaas12>{{cite news |title=Rebecca Addelman, 31, is a writer for New Girl |author=Josh Dehaas |url=http://www.macleans.ca/work/jobs/rebecca-addelman-31-is-a-writer-for-new-girl/ |work=Maclean's |date=27 August 2012 |access-date=3 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Arts |first=Faculty of Media & Creative |title=Rebecca Addelman - Humber College |url=https://mediaarts.humber.ca/programs/comedy-writing-and-performance/success-stories/programs/comedy-writing-and-performance/success-stories/rebecca-addelman.html |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=mediaarts.humber.ca |language=en-ca }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Who are you calling a new girl? U of T alumna Rebecca Addelman on writing comedy in Hollywood |url=https://www.utoronto.ca/news/who-are-you-calling-new-girl-u-t-alumna-rebecca-addelman-writing-comedy-hollywood |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=University of Toronto |language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1981|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] 506x2sbrl22y4vtql9ypyo61aduo1h7 0 247717 1593992 1592642 2026-09-02T12:22:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1593992 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:The_Principles_of_Quantum_Mechanics_(4th_ed)_Paul_Dirac.jpg|thumb| Jalada la mbele la ''The Principles of Quantum Mechanics'' (toleo la 4) na [[Paul Dirac]]]] '''Monografu''' kwa ujumla ni kazi ndefu kuhusu mada moja (kawaida ya kitaaluma), au kipengele kimoja cha mada, ambacho mara nyingi huundwa na mwandishi au msanii mmoja. Kijadi huwa katika umbo la maandishi na huchapishwa kama kitabu, lakini inaweza kuwa kazi ya sanaa, kazi ya sauti na taswira, au maonyesho yaliyoundwa na kazi za sanaa za kuona. Katika uorodheshaji wa maktaba, neno hilo lina maana maalum na pana zaidi, huku nchini [[Marekani]], shirika la [[:en:Food_and_Drug_Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] unatumia neno hilo kumaanisha seti ya viwango vilivyochapishwa pamoja na miongozo mbalimbali. == Kazi zilizoandikwa == === Kazi za kitaaluma === Neno la Kiingereza ''monograph'' linatokana na {{Lang|la|monographia}} ya kisasa ya [[Kilatini]], ambayo ina mizizi yake katika [[Kigiriki]]. <ref>{{Citation|title=The explanation of 'monograph' and 'monogram' in Oxford Advanced Leaners' Dictionary (8th Ed.)}}</ref> Katika neno la Kiingereza, ''mono-'' inamaanisha 'moja tu' na ''-graph'' inamaanisha 'maandiko'. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The explanation of "monograph" in Online Etymology Dictionary|url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=monograph|accessdate=5 February 2021}}</ref> Tofauti na kitabu cha kiada, kinachochunguza hali ya maarifa katika uwanja fulani, lengo kuu la monografu ni kuwasilisha [[utafiti]] wa msingi na udhamini. Utafiti huu umewasilishwa kwa urefu, ukitofautisha monografia na makala. Kwa sababu hizi, uchapishaji wa monografia kwa kawaida huchukuliwa kuwa muhimu kwa maendeleo ya kikazi katika misingi mingi ya kitaaluma. Zilizokusudiwa kwa ajili ya watafiti wengine na kununuliwa hasa na maktaba, monografu kwa ujumla wake huchapishwa kibinafsi katika kipindi kifupi cha kuchapishwa . <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Williams |first=Peter |last2=Stevenson |first2=Iain |last3=Nicholas |first3=David |last4=Watkinson |first4=Anthony |last5=Rowlands |first5=Ian |year=2009 |title=The role and future of the monograph in arts and humanities research |journal=[[ASLIB Proceedings]] |volume=61 |pages=67–82 |doi=10.1108/00012530910932294}}</ref> Nchini Uingereza na Marekani, kinachotofautisha mtaswira ya kitaaluma na jina la biashara ya kitaaluma hutofautiana kulingana na mchapishaji, ingawa kwa ujumla ni dhana kwamba wasomaji hawana tu ujuzi maalum au wa kisasa bali pia wana nia ya kitaaluma katika mada ya kazi hiyo. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://archive.org/details/booksindigitalag00thom|title=Books in the Digital Age: The Transformation of Academic and Higher Education Publishing in Britain and the United States|last=Thompson|first=John B.|publisher=[[Polity Press]]|year=2005|isbn=978-0745634784|location=Cambridge|pages=84–85|url-access=limited|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Monografia iliyoandikwa kwa kawaida ni kitabu maalumu juu ya mada moja, ingawa neno hilo wakati mwingine hutumiwa kwa uhuru, na maana yake inaongezwa ili kujumuisha kazi zozote ambazo sio kazi za rejea na ambazo zinaweza kuandikwa na mwandishi mmoja au zaidi, au mkusanyiko uliohaririwa. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IpRlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA115|title=Academic and Professional Publishing|last=Campbell|first=Robert|last2=Pentz|first2=Ed|last3=Borthwick|first3=Ian|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-78063-309-1|quote='[M]onograph' has become a generic term for a book that is not of a reference type, is of primary material and which may be multi-authored, single-authored, or an edited collection.}}</ref> Utumizi huu mpana wa neno hili, hata hivyo, hauathiri tofauti muhimu katika uchapishaji wa kitaaluma na tathmini kati ya kitabu cha kitaaluma kilichoandikwa (yaani, monograph ya kitaaluma ya jadi) na juzuu iliyohaririwa (yaani, kitabu kisichoandikwa). Kwa upande wa monograph ya kitaaluma, ni "kazi inayolenga ya usomi iliyowekwa katika kiwango cha juu cha ustadi wa kiakili", <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Books in the Digital Age|last=Thompson|first=John B.|publisher=Polity|year=2005|isbn=0-7456-3477-X|location=Cambridge (UK)|pages=38, 84–85}}</ref> ambaye mwandishi (au waandishi) amefanya utafiti na kuandika maandishi ya kitabu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=17 August 2022|title=Basics of writing and publishing a Monograph|url=https://www.cwauthors.com/article/basics-of-writing-and-publishing-a-monograph}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=15 November 2023|title=UK Research and Innovation open access policy: Annex 1: additional information on policy definitions and scope|url=https://www.ukri.org/publications/ukri-open-access-policy/uk-research-and-innovation-open-access-policy/|work=UK Research and Innovation}}</ref> Kinyume chake, mhariri wa kiasi kilichohaririwa anamiliki haki ya uchapaji wa dhana, muundo na shirika la kitabu, pamoja na maandishi yoyote aliyoandika, wakati waandishi wa sura za kibinafsi wanahifadhi haki ya uchapaji wa maandishi na yaliyomo ya sura walizoandika'''.''' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Brennan|first=Emma|date=17 February 2016|title=Framing and Proposing an Edited Volume for Publication|url=https://manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk/blog/2016/02/17/framing-and-proposing-an-edited-volume-for-publication/|work=Manchester University Press}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Van Dien|first=Dianne|date=2 April 2024|title=Writing the Edited Volume|url=https://uofupress.com/writing-the-edited-volume/|work=The University of Utah Press}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=The Edited Collection: Pasts, Present and Futures|last=Webster|first=Peter|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2020|isbn=9781108683647|location=Cambridge}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=27 April 2025|title=Edited Volumes|url=https://www.cambridge.org/authorhub/application/files/7917/3945/1027/5143_Edited_Volumes.pdf|work=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=15 November 2023|title=UK Research and Innovation open access policy: Annex 1: additional information on policy definitions and scope|url=https://www.ukri.org/publications/ukri-open-access-policy/uk-research-and-innovation-open-access-policy/|work=UKRI.org}}</ref> === Ufafanuzi wa maktaba === Katika uandishi wa orodha ya maktaba, ''monografu'' ina maana pana zaidi: uchapishaji usio wa mfululizo uliokamilika katika juzuu moja (kitabu) au idadi maalum ya vitabu. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.csemanual.org/book/ed9/pt4/ch28/asec01.html|title=The CSE Manual|date=2024|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226683942|editor-last=Swendsrud|editor-first=Kristen|edition=9th|chapter=Books and Other Monographs: Definitions|access-date=June 26, 2024|url-access=limited}}</ref> Kwa hivyo hutofautiana na chapisho la mfululizo au la majarida kama vile jarida, jarida la kitaaluma, au [[gazeti]] . <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://products.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_m.aspx#monograph|title=Harrod's librarians' glossary and reference book: a directory of over 10,200 terms, organizations, projects and acronyms in the areas of information management, library science, publishing and archive management|last=Harrod|first=Leonard Montague|publisher=Ashgate|year=2005|editor-last=Prytherch|editor-first=Raymond John|edition=10th|location=Aldershot, Hampshire, England; Burlington, VT|page=462|quote=For the purpose of library cataloging, any nonserial publication, complete in one volume or intended to be completed in a finite number of parts issued at regular or irregular intervals, containing a single work or collection of works. Monographs are sometimes published in monographic series and subseries. Compare with book.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903221212/https://products.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_m.aspx|archive-date=2020-09-03|via=Online Dictionary for Library and Information Science}}</ref> Katika muktadha huu pekee, vitabu kama vile [[riwaya]] huchukuliwa kama monografu. == Aina za monografu == Katika taksonomia ya kibiolojia, monografia ni matibabu kamili ya taksonomu katika fomu ya maandishi. Kwa kawaida monographs huchunguza aina zote zinazojulikana ndani ya kikundi, kuongeza aina yoyote mpya iligunduliwa, na kukusanya na kuchanganya habari inapatikana juu ya vyama vya kiikolojia, usambazaji wa kijiografia, na tofauti ya morpholojia ndani ya kikundi. Monograph ya kwanza kabisa ya ushuru wa mmea ilikuwa Robert Morison 's 1672 {{Lang|la|Plantarum Umbelliferarum Distributio Nova}}, matibabu ya Apiaceae . <ref name="Vines 1913">{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Makers_of_British_botany|title=Makers of British Botany|last=Vines|first=Sydney Howard|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1913|editor-last=Oliver|editor-first=Francis Wall|editor-link=Francis Wall Oliver|page=22|chapter=Robert Morison (1620–1683) and John Ray (1627–1705)|author-link=Sydney Howard Vines|chapter-url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Makers_of_British_botany/Robert_Morison_1620%E2%80%941683_and_John_Ray_1627%E2%80%941705|via=[[Wikisource]]}}</ref> === Sanaa === Wachapishaji wa vitabu hutumia neno "monografu ya msanii" au "monografu ya sanaa" kuashiria vitabu vinavyohusu msanii mmoja, tofauti na tafiti pana za masomo ya sanaa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Artist Monographs Archives|work=Thames & Hudson Australia & New Zealand|url=https://thamesandhudson.com.au/product-category/art/artist-monographs/|accessdate=5 November 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Artist monographs|work=MCA Store [[Museum of Contemporary Art Australia|Museum of Contemporary Art]]|date=29 May 2024|url=https://store.mca.com.au/collections/artists-monographs?srsltid=AfmBOoqhDcLsWYPRdsXQk71OLWd8TcYzFf2GzO9jVAJZdoXfMiM298fs|accessdate=5 November 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Nigro|first=Perry|title=Research Guides: *Art History: Art Monographs|work=Research Guides at Northwestern University|date=6 July 2017|url=https://libguides.northwestern.edu/c.php?g=694857&p=4925752|accessdate=5 November 2024}}</ref> === Filamu na media titika === Neno monografu pia hutumika kwa uwakilishi wa sauti na picha au filamu wa aina ya hati miliki ya mada, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Monograph: the new film format for firms|work=ISPLORA|url=https://www.isplora.com/us/News/Projects/monograph-the-new-film-format-for-firms|accessdate=5 November 2024|archive-date=2024-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105065552/https://www.isplora.com/us/News/Projects/monograph-the-new-film-format-for-firms|url-status=dead}}</ref> mara nyingi huonyeshwa kwa ubunifu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Cinema – Monographs|work=Les presses du réel|url=https://www.lespressesdureel.com/EN/editeur_collection.php?id=157&menu=0|accessdate=5 November 2024}}</ref> Neno "filamu ya monographic" pia limetumika kwa filamu fupi za kubuni au za uhuishaji. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Animation|work=Monographic Films|date=20 May 2015|url=https://monographicfilms.wordpress.com/animation/|language=es|accessdate=5 November 2024}}</ref> Insha za video au filamu kuhusu mada moja pia hujulikana kama monografu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Monographs 2023|work=Asian Film Archive|date=26 October 2023|url=https://asianfilmarchive.org/event-calendar/monographs-2023/|accessdate=5 November 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Monograph: Paul Rogers|work=[[PBS Short Film Festival]]|date=15 July 2024|url=https://www.pbs.org/video/monograph-paul-rogers-oazhbf/|accessdate=5 November 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Monograph: Lo Harris|work=WETA|date=2 October 2020|url=https://weta.org/watch/shows/pbs-short-film-festival/monograph-lo-harris|accessdate=5 November 2024}}</ref> ''IndyVinyl'', iliyoandikwa na msomi wa filamu wa Uskoti Ian Garwood, ni mradi wa utafiti wa monographic unaolenga "rekodi za vinyl katika sinema huru ya Marekani kati ya 1987 na 2018". Inajumuisha sura ya vitabu vya kitaaluma vyenye maneno 8,000 vilivyopitiwa na wenzao; mikusanyiko ya video; " mikusanyiko muhimu"; na mfululizo wa machapisho ya mitandao ya kijamii, yote yamepangwa kwenye tovuti. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=From 'video essay' to 'video monograph'?: Indy Vinyl as academic book|work=NECSUS|date=15 June 2020|url=https://necsus-ejms.org/from-video-essay-to-video-monograph-indy-vinyl-as-academic-book/|accessdate=5 November 2024}}</ref> Garwood ameandika kwamba mradi wake ni "jaribio la kutoa matokeo ya utafiti sawa na monografia ya kitaaluma, lakini ikijumuisha aina za ukosoaji zinazotegemea video ambazo zimeenea kupitia utamaduni wa filamu mtandaoni". <ref name="h591">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Indy Vinyl – Records in American Independent Cinema: 1987 to 2018|work=Indy Vinyl – Records in American Independent Cinema|url=https://indyvinyl.gla.ac.uk/|accessdate=5 November 2024}}</ref> == Matumizi ya FDA == Katika muktadha wa kanuni za Utawala wa Chakula na Dawa, monografu zinawakilisha viwango vilivyochapishwa ambavyo matumizi ya dutu moja au zaidi huidhinishwa kiotomatiki. Kwa mfano, yafuatayo ni dondoo kutoka kwa ''Daftari la Shirikisho'' : "Utawala wa Chakula na Dawa (FDA) unatoa sheria ya mwisho katika mfumo wa monografia ya mwisho inayoweka masharti ambayo bidhaa za dawa za kuzuia jua zinazouzwa bila agizo la daktari (OTC) kwa ujumla hutambuliwa kama salama na zenye ufanisi na hazijapewa chapa isiyofaa kama sehemu ya ukaguzi unaoendelea wa FDA wa bidhaa za dawa za OTC." <ref>{{Citation|title=DOCID:fr21my99-6|date=May 21, 1999|url=https://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/98fr/052199b.txt|volume=64|issue=98|pages=27666–27693|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201005705/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/98fr/052199b.txt|series=Rules and Regulations|periodical=Federal Register|format=TXT|archive-date=2017-02-01}}</ref> Matumizi kama hayo yamesababisha matumizi ya neno monograph kama kitenzi, kama ilivyo katika "dutu hii imechorwa na FDA". == Tazama pia == * [[Ufupisho|Muhtasari]] * [[Tasnifu]] * [[Waraka|Nyaraka]] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Istilahi za kitabu]] paey4f3gihrzvv90zou0m202sg0vnn9 0 247787 1594120 1592817 2026-09-03T09:05:18Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Marejeo */ 1594120 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Morgan Gould in Bafana Bafana Jersey.jpg|thumb|Morgan Gould]] '''Morgan Leonard Gould''' (alizaliwa [[23 Machi]] [[1983]]) ni mchezaji wa soka wa kulipwa kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]], anayekipiga katika klabu ya Sekhukhune United kama beki wa kati. Alicheza jumla ya mechi 31 kwa [[timu ya taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini, akifunga mabao mawili. == Maisha ya Soka == Alizaliwa huko [[Soweto]], Gould alianza [[maisha]] ya soka ya ngazi ya juu katika klabu ya Jomo Cosmos mwaka [[2001]], kabla ya kuhamia SuperSport United mwaka [[2008]]. Mwezi [[Mei]] [[2012]], alisaini [[mkataba]] wa kujiunga na Kaizer Chiefs. == Maisha binafsi == Ni [[mtoto]] wa Goodenough Nkomo, aliyekuwa [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[Kaizer Chiefs F.C.|Kaizer Chiefs]] na Peñarol.<ref>https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/28227/Morgan_Gould.html</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20131111040717/http://www.mtnfootball.com/africa/south-africa/absa-premiership/players/2013-2014/chiefs/morgan-gould.html</ref> . == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] fs499eusyzzygk90d41dpyc80ckvxwb 0 247903 1594118 1593347 2026-09-03T09:03:14Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594118 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utoaji mimba nchini Uganda''' ni kinyume cha sheria isipokuwa ufanywe na [[Daftari|daktari]] mwenye leseni katika hali ambayo maisha ya mwanamke yanaonekana kuwa katika hatari.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Moore |first=Ann M |last2=Kibombo |first2=Richard |last3=Cats-Baril |first3=Deva |date=2014-10-01 |title=Ugandan opinion-leaders’ knowledge and perceptions of unsafe abortion |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czt070 |journal=Health Policy and Planning |volume=29 |issue=7 |pages=893–901 |doi=10.1093/heapol/czt070 |issn=0268-1080}}</ref> Kwa kuwa [[Mwanamke|wanawake]] hawana upatikanaji wa utoaji mimba salama na wa kisheria, wengi wao hugeukia mbinu zisizo salama za utoaji mimba, kama vile utoaji mimba wa kujisababishia wenyewe. Wizara ya Afya ya Uganda, katika Ripoti ya Mwaka ya Utendaji wa Sekta ya Afya ya [[2017|2017–]][[2018]], inakadiria kwamba kufikia mwaka 2018, asilimia 5.3 ya vifo vyote vya akina mama vilitokana na matatizo ya utoaji mimba.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Prada |first=Elena |last2=Atuyambe |first2=Lynn M. |last3=Blades |first3=Nakeisha M. |last4=Bukenya |first4=Justine N. |last5=Orach |first5=Christopher Garimoi |last6=Bankole |first6=Akinrinola |date=2016 |title=Incidence of Induced Abortion in Uganda, 2013: New Estimates Since 2003 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5089684/ |journal=PloS One |volume=11 |issue=11 |pages=e0165812 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0165812 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=5089684 |pmid=27802338}}</ref> Kuna vikwazo vingi vya kisheria na kijamii na kiuchumi katika upatikanaji wa utoaji [[mimba]] salama na huduma nyingine za upangaji uzazi, jambo ambalo mara nyingi husababisha wanawake kutumia mbinu zisizo salama za utoaji mimba na kuwafanya waogope kutafuta huduma za matibabu baada ya utoaji mimba.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Abortion and Postabortion Care in Uganda {{!}} Guttmacher Institute|url=https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/abortion-and-postabortion-care-uganda|work=www.guttmacher.org|date=2013-02-05|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Olson |first=Rose McKeon |last2=Kamurari |first2=Solomon |date=2017-10-20 |title=Barriers to safe abortion access: uterine rupture as complication of unsafe abortion in a Ugandan girl |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5665318/ |journal=BMJ case reports |volume=2017 |pages=bcr2017222360, bcr–2017–222360 |doi=10.1136/bcr-2017-222360 |issn=1757-790X |pmc=5665318 |pmid=29054903}}</ref>Njia za uzazi wa mpango pia hazitumiki kwa kawaida au hazipatikani kwa urahisi, jambo linalosababisha wanawake wa [[Uganda]] kupata [[Mtoto|watoto]] wengi kuliko wanavyotamani na kuongeza idadi ya wanawake wanaogeukia utoaji mimba usio salama. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:utoaji mimba]] [[Jamii:Uganda]] lz54vkht6ux0ea8144syl0gk2exx0bh 0 248099 1594071 1593447 2026-09-02T20:56:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594071 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohamed Rabie Meftah''' (alizaliwa 5 Mei 1985) ni kocha wa [[mpira]] wa miguu kutoka Algeria na [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa kulipwa. == Maisha binafsi == Meftah anatoka katika familia yenye [[historia]] ya soka. Binamu yake, Mahieddine Meftah, alikuwa mchezaji wa zamani wa kimataifa wa Algeria ambaye aliwahi kucheza JS Kabylie na USM Alger. Binamu mwingine, Rahim Meftah, pia alikuwa mchezaji wa soka na aliwahi kuchezea JS Kabylie, USM Alger na MO Constantine. Binamu zake wengine, Chaâbane Meftah na Jugurtha Meftah, pia ni wachezaji wa mpira wa miguu na wamewahi kucheza katika mfumo wa JS Kabylie. == Kazi ya klabu == === JS Kabylie === Meftah alilelewa katika akademi ya JS Kabylie na alipandishwa katika kikosi cha kwanza mwaka 2004. Baada ya misimu michache, alifanikiwa kuwa mchezaji wa kawaida katika kikosi cha kwanza. Uwezo wake ulimwezesha kupata nafasi ya msingi na kumfanya Slimane Raho, ambaye alikuwa mchezaji wa kimataifa wa Algeria, kukaa benchi na baadaye kuondoka klabuni.<ref>[http://www.algerie-dz.com/article15263.html "Rabie Meftah capitaine de la JS Kabylie".] www.algerie-dz.com. Retrieved May 25, 2018.</ref> Mwaka 2008, Meftah aliteuliwa kuwa nahodha wa JS Kabylie, akichukua nafasi ya kiungo Chérif Abdeslam. Katika msimu wa 2008–09, alichaguliwa kuwa [[mchezaji]] bora wa Algerian Championnat National kupitia kura iliyoendeshwa na gazeti la michezo la Maracana. Mwisho wa msimu wa 2009–10, licha ya JS Kabylie kufuzu kwa hatua ya makundi ya CAF, Meftah alitangaza kuwa angeondoka klabuni hapo. === JSM Béjaïa === Tarehe 20 Juni 2010, Meftah alisaini mkataba wa mwaka mmoja na JSM Béjaïa. Hata hivyo, muda wake katika klabu hiyo ulikuwa mfupi kabla ya kuhamia USM Alger.<ref>[http://jsmbejaia.com/3articles/news3.html "Meftah officiellement à la JSMB pour 1 année".] {{Wayback|url=http://jsmbejaia.com/3articles/news3.html |date=20130107132345 }} Retrieved June 26, 2010.</ref> === USM Alger === Tarehe 12 Julai 2010, Meftah alisaini mkataba wa miaka miwili na USM Alger. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa ligi akiwa mchezaji wa kikosi cha kwanza katika ushindi wa 1–0 dhidi ya CA Batna. Baadaye alifunga bao lake la kwanza kwa klabu hiyo dhidi ya WA Tlemcen katika mchezo uliomalizika kwa sare ya 1–1. Katika msimu wa 2012–13, Meftah alishinda taji lake la kwanza akiwa na USM Alger baada ya klabu hiyo kushinda Kombe la Algeria kwa kuifunga MC Alger 1–0. Wiki mbili baadaye, alishinda taji la pili baada ya USM Alger kushinda UAFA Club Cup dhidi ya Al-Arabi SC. Meftah alifunga penalti iliyosaidia timu yake kutwaa kombe hilo. Katika msimu uliofuata, alifunga mabao manne, likiwemo bao dhidi ya klabu yake ya zamani JS Kabylie. Pia alifunga dhidi ya MC Oran katika ushindi wa 5–2. Mwishoni mwa msimu huo, USM Alger ilishinda taji la ligi. Katika CAF Champions League ya 2015, Meftah alifikia fainali pamoja na USM Alger, lakini timu hiyo ilishindwa na TP Mazembe. Meftah alikosa michezo yote miwili ya fainali kutokana na kusimamishwa. Katika msimu huohuo, alishinda tena taji la ligi na kufunga mabao tisa. Tarehe 7 Juni 2016, aliongeza mkataba wake na USM Alger kwa miaka mitatu. Katika msimu wa 2016–17, alishinda taji la Super Cup dhidi ya MC Alger na alifunga bao la pili katika mchezo huo. Tarehe 30 Machi 2018, Meftah alicheza mchezo wake wa 300 katika Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 wakati USM Alger ilipocheza dhidi ya CR Belouizdad. Katika msimu huo pia alikuwa mfungaji bora wa USM Alger, akifunga mabao 11, idadi iliyokuwa rekodi yake binafsi katika kazi yake ya soka. Katika msimu wa 2018–19, Meftah alishinda taji lake la mwisho akiwa na USM Alger. Katika mchezo muhimu dhidi ya CS Constantine, alifunga bao la tatu katika dakika za mwisho na kusaidia timu yake kutwaa ubingwa wa ligi. Tarehe 16 Januari 2020, katika mchezo dhidi ya JS Kabylie, Meftah alihusika katika tukio la kumpiga mchezaji Hamza Banouh. Baadaye aliomba msamaha kwa mchezaji huyo na mashabiki. LFP ilimfungia kwa michezo mitatu. Tarehe 25 Julai 2020, Meftah alitangaza kuwa angeondoka USM Alger baada ya kuambiwa na mkurugenzi wa michezo Antar Yahia kwamba kocha mpya hakumtaka katika kikosi. Alisema alikuwa ametumia miaka tisa katika klabu hiyo, akicheza michezo 258 na kufunga mabao 49. Pia alikuwa beki aliyefunga mabao mengi zaidi katika historia ya klabu hiyo na alishinda mataji saba. === NA Hussein Dey === Tarehe 7 Septemba 2020, Meftah alisaini mkataba wa miaka miwili na NA Hussein Dey. === AS Aïn M'lila === Mwezi Oktoba 2021, Meftah alijiunga na AS Aïn M'lila inayoshiriki Ligi Daraja la Pili ya Algeria. Alimaliza kazi yake ya kucheza soka mwishoni mwa msimu wa 2021–22. == Kazi ya ukocha == Baada ya kustaafu kucheza soka, Meftah aliendelea na shughuli za soka kama kocha. Uzoefu wake wa muda mrefu akiwa mchezaji wa klabu mbalimbali za Algeria, pamoja na mafanikio aliyopata akiwa na USM Alger, ulimpa msingi wa kuendelea kushiriki katika soka kupitia ukocha. == Urithi == Meftah anakumbukwa zaidi kwa kipindi chake kirefu akiwa USM Alger, ambako alicheza kwa miaka kadhaa, akawa nahodha na mmoja wa mabeki wenye mabao mengi katika historia ya klabu. Alishinda mataji kadhaa ya ndani na pia alifika [[fainali]] ya CAF mwaka 2015. Baada ya zaidi ya muongo mmoja wa kucheza katika kiwango cha juu, alistaafu mwaka 2022 na kuanza sura mpya ya maisha yake katika ukocha. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1985]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Algeria]] dyzuhz9ahke5k3u0o46vc90ot9zgff4 0 248105 1594086 1593592 2026-09-03T02:44:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594086 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sid Ahmed Rafik Mazouzi''' (alizaliwa 1 Februari 1989) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa soka kutoka Algeria aliyekuwa akicheza nafasi ya mlinda lango. Alizaliwa Algiers, Algeria, na alianza kukuza kipaji chake katika akademi za USM El Harrach na USM Alger. Mazouzi alianza [[maisha]] yake ya soka la ushindani akiwa na USM Alger, ambako alicheza kati ya mwaka 2007 na 2011. Baadaye alipelekwa kwa mkopo katika WA Tlemcen kwa misimu ya 2011–12 na 2012–13. Katika kipindi hicho alipata nafasi kubwa zaidi ya kucheza, akishiriki katika takribani mechi 35 za ligi. Baada ya kurejea USM Alger kwa msimu wa 2013–14, alicheza tena katika kikosi cha kwanza kabla ya kuhamia RC Arbaâ mwaka 2014. == Kazi ya kimataifa == Mwaka 2015, Mazouzi alijiunga na CA Batna, ambako alitumia misimu miwili. Mwaka 2017 alihamia USM El Harrach, na katika msimu wa 2017–18 alicheza takribani mechi 15. Baadaye alijiunga na MC Oran mwaka 2018, ambapo alicheza kwa misimu miwili. Takwimu za ligi zinaonyesha kwamba katika kipindi chake na MC Oran alishiriki katika mechi kadhaa za Ligue 1 ya Algeria. Baada ya kuondoka MC Oran, Mazouzi alijiunga na MC El Eulma mwezi Oktoba 2020. Alikuwa mlinda lango mwenye urefu wa takribani sentimita 193 na alitumia zaidi mguu wa kulia. Taarifa za wasifu wake zinaonyesha kwamba aliendelea kutambulika kama mlinda lango wa kiwango cha juu katika soka la klabu nchini Algeria.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sid Ahmed Rafik Mazouzi - Profil du joueur|url=https://www.transfermarkt.fr/sid-ahmed-rafik-mazouzi/profil/spieler/175203?utm_source=chatgpt.com|work=www.transfermarkt.fr|accessdate=2026-08-30|language=fr}}</ref> Katika ngazi ya kimataifa, Mazouzi aliwakilisha Algeria katika timu za [[vijana]]. Mwaka 2008 alicheza mechi moja kwa timu ya Algeria ya chini ya miaka 20. Baadaye alijiunga na timu ya Algeria ya chini ya miaka 23, ambako alicheza takribani mechi 16. Alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha Algeria kilichoshiriki Mashindano ya Afrika ya U-23 ya mwaka 2011 yaliyofanyika nchini Morocco. Mnamo 16 Novemba 2011, alichaguliwa miongoni mwa wachezaji 21 wa Algeria kwa mashindano hayo. Katika maisha yake ya klabu, Mazouzi alichezea timu kadhaa za Algeria, zikiwemo USM Alger, WA Tlemcen, RC Arbaâ, CA Batna, USM El Harrach, MC Oran na MC El Eulma. Pia alishinda Ligi Kuu ya Algeria akiwa na USM Alger katika msimu wa 2013–14. Kwa ujumla, alitumia sehemu kubwa ya maisha yake ya soka katika ligi ya Algeria, akijenga uzoefu wa zaidi ya muongo mmoja kama mlinda lango. Mazouzi anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa walinda lango waliowahi kupitia mfumo wa vijana wa USM Alger na kupata uzoefu katika klabu mbalimbali za soka la Algeria. Kazi yake ya kimataifa katika ngazi ya vijana, hasa U-23, ilimpa nafasi ya kuwakilisha nchi yake katika mashindano ya kimataifa.<ref>[http://www.dzfoot.com/news-10307/en-u23-les-21-joueurs-selectionnes/ EN U23 : Les 21 joueurs sélectionnés;] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dzfoot.com/news-10307/en-u23-les-21-joueurs-selectionnes/ |date=20120306225135 }} DZFoot, November 16, 2011.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1989]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Algeria]] c9z4wuaq944qgqv6pwhuos1jbc1gh3n 0 248113 1594070 1593490 2026-09-02T20:56:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594070 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rabah Mustapha Madjer''' (alizaliwa 15 Desemba 1958) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[soka]] kutoka Algeria aliyekuwa akicheza kama mshambuliaji. Anachukuliwa kuwa miongoni mwa wachezaji bora wa soka wa Algeria wa nyakati zote. Alipata umaarufu mkubwa alipokuwa akiichezea FC Porto katika miaka ya 1980, ambako alishinda mataji tisa makubwa, yakiwemo mataji matatu ya ligi ya Ureno na Kombe la Ulaya mwaka 1987.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/africa/3196013.stm African legends: Rabah Madjer;] BBC Sport, 1 September 2003</ref> == Maisha ya klabu == Madjer alizaliwa katika eneo la Hussein Dey, Algiers, na ana asili ya Kabylie. Alianza kucheza soka katika klabu ya NA Hussein Dey kabla ya kuhamia Ulaya mwaka 1983. Aliichezea Racing Club de France na baadaye Tours FC nchini Ufaransa. Mwaka 1985, Madjer alijiunga na FC Porto. Kipindi chake katika klabu hiyo ndicho kilichompa umaarufu mkubwa kimataifa. Katika fainali ya Kombe la Ulaya mwaka 1987 dhidi ya Bayern Munich, Madjer alifunga bao la kusawazisha na baadaye akatoa pasi iliyowezesha Porto kupata bao la ushindi. Porto ilishinda mchezo huo kwa mabao 2–1 na kutwaa Kombe la Ulaya. Mwaka huo huo, Madjer alifunga pia katika [[Kombe]] la Intercontinental, ambapo Porto ilitwaa ubingwa. Kutokana na kiwango chake bora mwaka 1987, alichaguliwa kuwa Mchezaji Bora wa Afrika. Katika kipindi cha kwanza cha msimu wa 1987–88, Madjer aliendelea kuonyesha kiwango cha juu, akifunga mabao kumi katika michezo 11. Mwaka 1988 alihamia Inter Milan, lakini uhamisho huo haukukamilika rasmi baada ya vipimo vya afya kubaini tatizo kubwa la misuli ya paja. Baadaye alijiunga na Valencia CF nchini Hispania kwa muda mfupi kabla ya kurejea Porto. Aliendelea kuchezea Porto kwa misimu kadhaa kabla ya kumaliza [[maisha]] yake ya soka mwaka 1992 akiwa na Qatar SC. == Timu ya taifa == Madjer aliichezea timu ya taifa ya Algeria kwa kipindi cha miaka 19. Alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha Algeria katika Kombe la Dunia la 1982 na 1986. Katika Kombe la Dunia la 1982, alifunga moja ya mabao yake maarufu zaidi katika ushindi wa Algeria wa 2–1 dhidi ya Ujerumani Magharibi. Madjer alicheza jumla ya mechi 87 za kimataifa na kufunga mabao 28. Pia alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha Algeria kilichoshinda Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika mwaka 1990, wakati Algeria ilipokuwa mwenyeji wa mashindano hayo. == Ukocha == Baada ya kustaafu kucheza mwaka 1992, Madjer alianza kazi ya ukocha. Mwaka 1993 aliteuliwa kuwa [[kocha]] wa timu ya taifa ya Algeria. Baadaye alifanya kazi kama mratibu wa vijana wa Porto na pia akafundisha klabu za Qatar, zikiwemo Al Sadd na Al-Wakrah. Alirejea katika timu ya taifa ya Algeria mara kadhaa. Mwaka 2017 aliteuliwa tena kuwa kocha wa Algeria, lakini alifukuzwa mwaka 2018 baada ya kushinda mechi mbili pekee kati ya saba alizosimamia. Baada ya kuacha ukocha, Madjer alianza kufanya kazi kama mchambuzi wa soka nchini Qatar kupitia vyombo vya habari vya michezo. Mwaka 2011 aliteuliwa kuwa Balozi wa Nia Njema wa UNESCO. == Maisha binafsi == Mwanawe, Lotfi Madjer, pia ni mchezaji wa soka na amewahi kuiwakilisha Qatar katika ngazi ya [[vijana]]. Rabah Madjer anakumbukwa hasa kwa [[mafanikio]] yake akiwa na Porto, bao lake maarufu dhidi ya Bayern Munich katika fainali ya Kombe la Ulaya mwaka 1987, pamoja na mchango wake katika mafanikio ya timu ya taifa ya Algeria.<ref>[https://www.alhurra.com/sport/2020/06/27/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1-%D8%B6%D8%AC%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AD-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1 ""اختار تمثيل قطر".. ضجة في الجزائر بسبب ابن رابح ماجر". الحرة. 27] {{Wayback|url=https://www.alhurra.com/sport/2020/06/27/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1-%D8%B6%D8%AC%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AD-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1 |date=20240416190913 }} June 2020.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Algeria]] 5zygh6e1yznmk04uf3ckg8ubjzkhplq 0 248142 1594013 1593610 2026-09-02T14:39:10Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Abdelaziz Bouteflika |picha = Abdelaziz Bouteflika.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = Abdelaziz Bouteflika mwaka 2008 |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = [[2 Machi]] [[1937]] |mahali_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Oujda]], [[Morocco]] |tarehe_ya_kufariki = [[17 Septemba]] [[2021]] |mahali_alipofia = [[Zéralda]], [[Algeria]] |majina_mengine = Abdelaziz Bouteflika |anafahamika kwa = Rais wa Algeria |kazi_yake = Mwanasiasa |nchi = [[Algeria]] |cheo = Rais wa Algeria |muda_wa_cheo = [[27 Aprili]] [[1999]] – [[2 Aprili]] [[2019]] |mtangulizi = [[Liamine Zéroual]] |mrithi = [[Abdelkader Bensalah]] (kaimu) }} '''Abdelaziz Bouteflika''' ([[2 Machi]] [[1937]] – [[17 Septemba]] [[2021]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Algeria]] ambaye alikuwa [[Rais]] wa Algeria kuanzia [[27 Aprili]] [[1999]] hadi [[2 Aprili]] [[2019]], kwa karibu miaka 20: ndiye rais aliyekaa madarakani kwa muda mrefu zaidi katika [[historia ya Algeria]]. Bouteflika alizaliwa [[Oujda]], [[Moroko]], mwaka 1937. Baada ya Algeria kupata uhuru kutoka [[Ufaransa]] mwaka [[1962]], alishika nyadhifa mbalimbali katika [[serikali]] ya Algeria, ikiwa ni pamoja na kuwa [[Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje wa Algeria]]. Mwaka [[1999]], Bouteflika alichaguliwa kuwa rais wa Algeria. Alihudumu katika kipindi cha miaka minne mfululizo, hadi alipojiuzulu tarehe [[2 Aprili]] [[2019]] kufuatia [[Maandamano ya Algeria ya 2019|maandamano makubwa nchini Algeria]]. Alifariki tarehe [[17 Septemba]] [[2021]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 84. {{Marais wa Aljeria}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bouteflika, Abdelaziz}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1937]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]] [[Jamii:Marais wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Algeria]] e8k4it2kcfpa1y4pd3rbyoj0ynnarg3 0 248143 1594014 1593611 2026-09-02T14:39:46Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Marejeo */ 1594014 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ted Moore''', (7 Agosti 1914 – 1987) alikuwa mpiga picha wa filamu wa Afrika Kusini na Uingereza anayejulikana kwa kazi yake kwenye filamu saba za James Bond katika miaka ya 1960 na mapema miaka ya 1970. Alishinda Tuzo ya Academy kuwa Mpiga Picha Bora kwa kazi yake kwenye filamu ya Fred Zinnemann ya ''A Man for All Seasons'', na Tuzo mbili za BAFTA za Mpiga Picha Bora kwa ''A Man for All Seasons'' na ''From Russia with Love''. == Maisha na Kazi == Moore alizaliwa nchini Afrika Kusini na baadae alihamia Uingereza akiwa na umri wa miaka kumi na sita, ambapo kuanzia mwaka 1942 alihudumu katika Jeshi la Anga la Kifalme (Royal Air Force) wakati wa Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia. Akiwa rubani aliyehitimu, aliruka kama mpiga picha katika ndege za DH Mosquitoes na kikosi cha "Pinewood Military Film Unit" akipiga picha za operesheni za ndege za milipuko. Wakati wa vita, alijiunga na kitengo cha filamu na kuanza kuboresha ujuzi wake. Baada ya kuhudumu kama mhudumu wa kamera kwenye filamu kama vile ''The African Queen'', na filamu za Warwick Films za Irving Allen na Albert R. Broccoli kama ''The Red Beret'', ''Hell Below Zero'', na ''The Black Knight'', alipewa kazi ya uongozi wa picha kwenye filamu ya 1956 ya ''High Flight'', iliyorekodiwa katika mazingira anayoyajua ya Jeshi la Anga la Kifalme. Alifanya kazi kwenye filamu zingine za Warwick Films, kama vile ''Cockleshell Heroes'', ''Zarak'', ''Johnny Nobody'' na ''No Time to Die'' pamoja na uzalishaji wake wa hali ya juu wa mwaka 1960 wa ''The Trials of Oscar Wilde''.<ref name="Vagg">Vagg, Stephen (8 December 2025). "Forgotten British Film Moguls: Cubby Broccoli and Irving Allen". Filmink.</ref> Mnamo 1962, Broccoli na mwongoza filamu Terence Young walimchagua kama mpiga picha mkuu wa filamu ya marekebisho ya riwaya ya Ian Fleming ya ''Dr. No''. Moore alipiga picha filamu zingine saba za Bond: ''From Russia with Love'' (ambayo ilimwezesha kushinda tuzo ya BAFTA), ''Goldfinger'', na ''Thunderball''. Moore pia alipiga picha filamu ya Eon Productions ya ''Call Me Bwana'', na wakati Sean Connery alipoondoka kwenye mfululizo wa filamu hizo, Moore alikuwa mpiga picha wa ''Shalako''. Alirejea Eon Productions kwa ajili ya ''Diamonds Are Forever'',<ref name="Canby">Canby, Vincent (31 March 2023). "Diamonds Are Forever (1971) A Benign Bond: 007 Stars in 'Diamonds Are Forever'". The New York Times.</ref> ''Live and Let Die'', na sehemu za ''The Man with the Golden Gun'', ambapo alibadilishwa kutokana na kuugua na Oswald Morris. Zaidi ya hayo, Moore alishinda tuzo ya BAFTA na Oscar kwa kazi yake ya kamera katika ''A Man for All Seasons'' na hivyo akawa Mwafrika Kusini wa kwanza kushinda tuzo ya Oscar. Pia alifanya kazi kwenye ''The Day of the Triffids'', ''The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie'', ''The Golden Voyage of Sinbad'', ''Orca'', na ''Clash of the Titans''. Moore alifariki dunia mwaka 1987. == Filamu Alizofanya == * ''April in Portugal'' (1954) * ''A Prize of Gold'' (1955) * ''The Gamma People'' (1955) * ''Odongo'' (1956) * ''Zarak'' (1957) * ''Interpol'' (1957) * ''How to Murder a Rich Uncle'' (1957) * ''High Flight'' (1957) * ''No Time to Die'' (1958) * ''The Man Inside'' (1958) * ''Idol on Parade'' (1959) * ''The Bandit of Zhobe'' (1959) * ''Killers of Kilimanjaro'' (1959) * ''Jazz Boat'' (1960) * ''Let's Get Married'' (1960) * ''The Trials of Oscar Wilde'' (1960) * ''In the Nick'' (1960) * ''Johnny Nobody'' (1961) * ''The Hellions'' (1961) * ''Mix Me a Person'' (1962) * ''Dr. No'' (1962) * ''The Day of the Triffids'' (1962) * ''Nine Hours to Rama'' (1963) * ''Call Me Bwana'' (1963) * ''From Russia with Love'' (1963) * ''Goldfinger'' (1964) * ''The Amorous Adventures of Moll Flanders'' (1965) * ''Thunderball'' (1965) * ''A Man for All Seasons'' (1966) * ''The Last Safari'' (1967) * ''Prudence and the Pill'' (1968) * ''Shalako'' (1968) * ''The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie'' (1969) * ''The Chairman'' (1969) (bila kutajwa) * ''Country Dance'' (1970) * ''She'll Follow You Anywhere'' (1971) * ''Diamonds Are Forever'' (1971) * ''Psychomania'' (1973) * ''Live and Let Die'' (1973) * ''The Golden Voyage of Sinbad'' (1974) * ''The Story of Jacob and Joseph'' (1974) (filamu ya runinga) * ''The Man with the Golden Gun'' (1974) * ''Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger'' (1977) * ''Orca'' (1977) * ''Dominique'' (1978) * ''The Martian Chronicles'' (1980) (mfululizo mdogo; vipindi 3) * ''Clash of the Titans'' (1981) * ''Priest of Love'' (1981) * ''Charles & Diana: A Royal Love Story'' (1982) (filamu ya runinga) == Tuzo na Uteuzi == ; Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences * Mpiga Picha Bora: ''A Man for All Seasons'' (alishinda) ; British Academy of Film and Television Arts * Mpiga Picha Bora: ''From Russia with Love'' (alishinda) * Mpiga Picha Bora: ''A Man for All Seasons'' (alishinda) ; British Society of Cinematographers * Mpiga Picha Bora: ''From Russia with Love'' (alishinda) == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1914]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1987]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Uingereza]] paou9tuehuvl8efkldy325bhtit82dy 0 248146 1594058 1593615 2026-09-02T19:38:02Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1594058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Huali Dafa''' ni [[microvan]] yenye silinda tatu na gari la kubebea mizigo chini ya mfululizo wa bidhaa za [[Huali]], iliyotengenezwa na [[FAW Tianjin]], mwanachama wa [[First Automotive Works Group]], katika [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] tangu ilipoanzishwa mwaka 1984. Dafa hutafsiriwa kuwa ''Daihatsu'' kwa Kichina, jambo linalomaanisha kwamba ni modeli ya [[Daihatsu]] iliyobadilishwa chapa. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Magari ya Huali]] [[Jamii:Microvan]] [[Jamii:Magari ya kubebea mizigo]] [[Jamii:Magari ya China]] pnhwkdvlsf7brydvzrml3uso45uaf39 0 248151 1594016 1593690 2026-09-02T14:43:17Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594016 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Erastus Ekitela Lokaale''' (alizaliwa [[1978]]) ni [[mwanadiplomasia]], [[mwanasheria]] na [[mwanasiasa]] wa Kenya ambaye kwa sasa anahudumu kama Mwakilishi wa Kudumu wa Jamhuri ya [[Kenya]] katika [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] mjini [[New York]].<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Provided |first=Photo |date=2025-02-26 |title=Kenyan UN ambassador finds connections, opportunities in SUNY Oswego visit |url=https://www.oswegocountynewsnow.com/news/kenyan-un-ambassador-finds-connections-opportunities-in-suny-oswego-visit/article_b7193b7c-f39c-11ef-8827-13f3a3671b92.html |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=Oswego County News Now |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Rejea habari |title=Ruto nominates Erastus Lokaale UN permanent representative |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2024-03-08-ruto-nominates-erastus-lokaale-un-permanent-representative/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404061621/https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2024-03-08-ruto-nominates-erastus-lokaale-un-permanent-representative/ |archive-date=2024-04-04 |access-date=2026-02-19 |work=The Star |language=en-KE}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa-Kenya}} {{BD|1978|}} [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Kenya]] 97uugc6t8slskothif1dlfednxylfzz 0 248155 1594017 1593686 2026-09-02T14:44:04Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594017 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Daniel Ohene Darko''' (alizaliwa [[18 Juni]] [[1961]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Ghana]] ambaye kwa sasa anahudumu kama [[Mbunge]] wa Jimbo la Upper Denkyira West.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Darko, Ohene Daniel |url=https://ghanamps.com/mp/daniel-ohene-darko/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Ghana MPS |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-05-26|title=Denkyira West youth not prepared to stop galamsey, train them on responsible mining – MP|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Denkyira-West-youth-not-prepared-to-stop-galamsey-train-them-on-responsible-mining-MP-1271359|access-date=2022-01-22|website=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2020-12-10 |title=#2020polls: NDC wins Upper Denkyira West seat |url=https://www.classfmonline.com/news/politics/2020polls-NDC-wins-Upper-Denkyira-West-seat-21125 |access-date=2022-01-22 |website=class fm online. |language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1961|}} [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Kenya]] ixy1zxh3s7jf5nadv51o8eeqqgsg4iu 0 248159 1594018 1593628 2026-09-02T14:44:44Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Jihan El- Tahri]] hadi [[Jihan El-Tahri]]: usahihi wa jina 1593628 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jihan El-Tahri''' (kwa Kiarabu: ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺍلطاهري; alizaliwa [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]]) ni mwandishi, mkurugenzi na mtayarishaji wa filamu za hali halisi mwenye uraia wa [[Ufaransa]] na [[Misri]]. El-Tahri alipata shahada ya kwanza ya sayansi ya siasa mwaka 1984 na shahada ya uzamili katika taaluma hiyo mwaka 1986 kutoka [[American University in Cairo]]. Kati ya 1984 na 1990 alifanya kazi kama mwandishi wa habari wa ''U.S. News & World Report'' na [[Reuters]], mtafiti wa televisheni na mtayarishaji msaidizi katika [[Tunisia]], [[Lebanon]], [[Iraq]], [[Jordan]], [[Algeria]] na [[Misri]]. Aliripoti kuhusu siasa za Mashariki ya Kati.<ref name="Diao">Claire Diao (5 Februari 2016). ["Jihan El-Tahri, cinéaste du passé recomposé"] (https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/02/05/jihan-el-tahri-cineaste-du-passe-recompose_4860159_3212.html). ''Le Monde'' (kwa Kifaransa). Ilirejeshwa 20 Mei 2018.</ref> Mwaka 1990 alianza kuongoza na kutayarisha filamu za hali halisi kwa televisheni ya Ufaransa, na tangu 1995 kwa [[BBC]]. Mwaka 1992 alirekodi kambi za mafunzo za [[Osama bin Laden]] nchini [[Sudan]]. Mwaka 2001 alitoa msaada wa kitaalamu katika filamu nne za ''Steps for the Future''. Filamu yake ''The House of Saud'' ilionyeshwa na BBC mwaka 2004 na [[PBS]] mwaka 2005.<ref name="Deffontaines">Thérèse-Marie Deffontaines na Mouna Naïm (19 Septemba 2004). ["L'imbroglio saoudien"] (https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/2004/09/19/p-l-imbroglio-saoudien-p_4293379_1819218.html). ''Le Monde'' (kwa Kifaransa). Ilirejeshwa 20 Mei 2018.</ref> Filamu yake ''Behind the Rainbow'' ilionyeshwa katika Tamasha la 53 la Filamu la London la BFI mwaka 2009.<ref name="LFF">["LFF programme"]. ''Screen Daily'', 21 Septemba 2009. Ilirejeshwa 20 Mei 2018.</ref> Mwaka 1998 alishirikiana na mwanahistoria wa Israel [[Ahron Bregman]] kutengeneza ''The Fifty Years War: Israel and the Arabs''.<ref name="Hazan">Pierre Hazan (27 Mei 1998). ["Le conflit israélo-arabe raconté par ceux qui ont fait son histoire"]. ''Le Temps'' (kwa Kifaransa).</ref> == Filamu za hali halisi == * ''The Koran and the Kalashnikov'' (2000) * ''L'Afrique en morceaux'' (2000)<ref name="Zegna">Olivier Zegna-Rata (23 Februari 2001). ["L'Afrique en morceaux : une leçon d'histoire immédiate"]. ''Afrik'' (kwa Kifaransa).</ref> * ''The Price of Aid/Les maux de la faim'' (2003) * ''The House of Saud'' (2004) * ''Cuba, an African Odyssey'' (2007) * ''Behind the Rainbow'' (2009) * ''Egypt's Modern Pharaohs'' (2015)<ref name="ElTahri">Jihan El-Tahri (2015). ["Egypt's Modern Pharaohs"]. Ilirejeshwa 17 Julai 2015.</ref> == Vitabu == * ''Les Sept Vies de Yasser Arafat'', pamoja na Christophe Boltanski (Paris, 1997).<ref name="Dumas">Marie-Lucy Dumas. ''Politique étrangère'', 62.2 (1997), uk. 401.</ref> == Tuzo na utambuzi == Mwaka 2025, El-Tahri aliteuliwa kuwa mjumbe wa jopo la majaji katika Tamasha la 78 la Filamu la Locarno, kwa mashindano ya filamu fupi ya Pardi di Domani.<ref name="Szalai">Georg Szalai (15 Julai 2025). ["Locarno Film Festival Adds Carlos Reygadas, Joslyn Barnes to Rithy Panh-Led Main Jury"]. ''The Hollywood Reporter''. Ilirejeshwa 15 Julai 2025.</ref> ==Marejeo== <references/> [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Misri]] q5wfqbpfsa8mj3deltseseox2l8vz2w 1594020 1594018 2026-09-02T14:46:23Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Marejeo */ 1594020 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jihan El-Tahri''' (kwa Kiarabu: ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺍلطاهري; alizaliwa [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]]) ni mwandishi, mkurugenzi na mtayarishaji wa filamu za hali halisi mwenye uraia wa [[Ufaransa]] na [[Misri]]. El-Tahri alipata shahada ya kwanza ya sayansi ya siasa mwaka 1984 na shahada ya uzamili katika taaluma hiyo mwaka 1986 kutoka [[American University in Cairo]]. Kati ya 1984 na 1990 alifanya kazi kama mwandishi wa habari wa ''U.S. News & World Report'' na [[Reuters]], mtafiti wa televisheni na mtayarishaji msaidizi katika [[Tunisia]], [[Lebanon]], [[Iraq]], [[Jordan]], [[Algeria]] na [[Misri]]. Aliripoti kuhusu siasa za Mashariki ya Kati.<ref name="Diao">Claire Diao (5 Februari 2016). ["Jihan El-Tahri, cinéaste du passé recomposé"] (https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/02/05/jihan-el-tahri-cineaste-du-passe-recompose_4860159_3212.html). ''Le Monde'' (kwa Kifaransa). Ilirejeshwa 20 Mei 2018.</ref> Mwaka 1990 alianza kuongoza na kutayarisha filamu za hali halisi kwa televisheni ya Ufaransa, na tangu 1995 kwa [[BBC]]. Mwaka 1992 alirekodi kambi za mafunzo za [[Osama bin Laden]] nchini [[Sudan]]. Mwaka 2001 alitoa msaada wa kitaalamu katika filamu nne za ''Steps for the Future''. Filamu yake ''The House of Saud'' ilionyeshwa na BBC mwaka 2004 na [[PBS]] mwaka 2005.<ref name="Deffontaines">Thérèse-Marie Deffontaines na Mouna Naïm (19 Septemba 2004). ["L'imbroglio saoudien"] (https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/2004/09/19/p-l-imbroglio-saoudien-p_4293379_1819218.html). ''Le Monde'' (kwa Kifaransa). Ilirejeshwa 20 Mei 2018.</ref> Filamu yake ''Behind the Rainbow'' ilionyeshwa katika Tamasha la 53 la Filamu la London la BFI mwaka 2009.<ref name="LFF">["LFF programme"]. ''Screen Daily'', 21 Septemba 2009. Ilirejeshwa 20 Mei 2018.</ref> Mwaka 1998 alishirikiana na mwanahistoria wa Israel [[Ahron Bregman]] kutengeneza ''The Fifty Years War: Israel and the Arabs''.<ref name="Hazan">Pierre Hazan (27 Mei 1998). ["Le conflit israélo-arabe raconté par ceux qui ont fait son histoire"]. ''Le Temps'' (kwa Kifaransa).</ref> == Filamu za hali halisi == * ''The Koran and the Kalashnikov'' (2000) * ''L'Afrique en morceaux'' (2000)<ref name="Zegna">Olivier Zegna-Rata (23 Februari 2001). ["L'Afrique en morceaux : une leçon d'histoire immédiate"]. ''Afrik'' (kwa Kifaransa).</ref> * ''The Price of Aid/Les maux de la faim'' (2003) * ''The House of Saud'' (2004) * ''Cuba, an African Odyssey'' (2007) * ''Behind the Rainbow'' (2009) * ''Egypt's Modern Pharaohs'' (2015)<ref name="ElTahri">Jihan El-Tahri (2015). ["Egypt's Modern Pharaohs"]. Ilirejeshwa 17 Julai 2015.</ref> == Vitabu == * ''Les Sept Vies de Yasser Arafat'', pamoja na Christophe Boltanski (Paris, 1997).<ref name="Dumas">Marie-Lucy Dumas. ''Politique étrangère'', 62.2 (1997), uk. 401.</ref> == Tuzo na utambuzi == Mwaka 2025, El-Tahri aliteuliwa kuwa mjumbe wa jopo la majaji katika Tamasha la 78 la Filamu la Locarno, kwa mashindano ya filamu fupi ya Pardi di Domani.<ref name="Szalai">Georg Szalai (15 Julai 2025). ["Locarno Film Festival Adds Carlos Reygadas, Joslyn Barnes to Rithy Panh-Led Main Jury"]. ''The Hollywood Reporter''. Ilirejeshwa 15 Julai 2025.</ref> ==Marejeo== <references/> {{mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watayarishaji filamu wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Watayarishaji filamu wa Ufaransa]] 5srdqrqo8mzzayc1jvpa89uu98puija 0 248166 1594023 1593646 2026-09-02T14:52:37Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594023 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eileen Georgina "Georgie" Collins''' ([[12 Juni]] [[1925]] – [[3 Mei]] [[2017]]) alikuwa mwigizaji wa [[filamu]], [[tamthilia]] na [[televisheni]] nchini [[Kanada]].<ref>{{cite news|work=Calgary Herald|title=Vertigo's growth is no mystery|date=September 21, 2006|author=Zelinsky, Tonya}}</ref><ref name=McCracken>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/calgary-herald/189754269/|work=[[Calgary Herald]]|date=November 15, 1982|last=McCracken|first=Rosemary|p=A5|title=George Collins: 'Somebody' at last|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Collins anajulikana kwa uhusika wake katika filamu ya Ghostkeeper ya mwaka 1981,The Visitor (1974),Housekeeping (1988),Rad (1986) na katika mfululizo wa televisheni wa Lonesome Dove. Mbali na kufanya kazi katika filamu na televisheni Collins alikuwa na kazi ya muda mrefu kwenye ukumbi wa michezo wa Calgary akifanya kazi kama mkurugenzi na mwigizaji. Alitumikia kama mkurugenzi wa Jumba la maonyesho la Pleiades tangu [[1976]] hadi [[1990]]. ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1925|2017}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] tgr5uv8ys8g4aqj68w3rmnrjfuyp5rg 0 248168 1594024 1593647 2026-09-02T14:53:24Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594024 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yvonne Chapman''' (alizaliwa [[7 Oktoba]] [[1988]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] na [[mwanamitindo]] wa [[Kanada]], anayejulikana kwa nafasi yake ya mhusika mwovu Zhilan Zhang katika kipindi cha televisheni cha ''Kung Fu (2021 TV series)'' (2021–2023) cha The CW, na Lt. Col. Jessalyn Helmsworth katika ''Armorsaurs'' (2025–sasa).<ref name=2019Interview>{{cite web |title=Yvonne Chapman Stars In Street Legal And Is All Calgary Can Talk About |url=https://www.imherewithmag.com/post/yvonne-chapman-stars-in-street-legal-and-is-all-calgary-can-talk-about |website=I'm Here With Magazine |access-date=28 May 2022 |date=March 25, 2019 |archive-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127104916/https://www.imherewithmag.com/post/yvonne-chapman-stars-in-street-legal-and-is-all-calgary-can-talk-about |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Oriental Daily Article |url=https://orientaldaily.on.cc/archive/20070121/ent/ent_a52cnt.html |website=Oriental Daily |access-date=18 September 2025}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1988|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] asygwoj5c4p2xkbj4us52pa71q9wven 0 248178 1594025 1593658 2026-09-02T14:55:39Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594025 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isaac Fanous''' (Kikopti: ⲓⲥⲁⲁⲕ ⲫⲁⲛⲟⲩⲥ; 19 Desemba 1919 – 15 Januari 2007) alikuwa, [[Uchoraji|mchora]] [[Picha takatifu|ikoni]], msomi na [[Mwanateolojia|mwanatheolojia]] [[Wakopti|Mkopti]] wa [[Misri]]. Anajulikana kwa kuanzisha mtindo maarufu wa sanaa ya kisasa ya Kikopti unaoitwa "Neo-Kikopti", na hutambuliwa kama baba wa uchoraji wa ikoni za kisasa za Kikopti.<ref>[[http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2007/829/cu2.htm](http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2007/829/cu2.htm) AlAhram weekly article on Isaac Fanous] </ref> == Maisha na masomo == Fanous alizaliwa [[Al-Minya]] na baadaye akahamia [[Kairo]], ambako alipata shahada katika Kitivo cha Sanaa za Matumizi mwaka 1941 na diploma ya ualimu mwaka 1943. Mwaka 1954 alikuwa miongoni mwa wanafunzi wa kwanza wa [[Taasisi ya Mafunzo ya Kikopti]], na mwaka 1958 alipata shahada ya udaktari. Alisoma kwa miaka miwili katika [[Louvre]] nchini Ufaransa katikati ya miaka ya 1960, ambako alijifunza uchoraji wa ikoni chini ya [[Léonid Ouspensky]]. Mafunzo hayo yalikuwa muhimu katika maendeleo yake kama msanii na mwanatheolojia na katika kuunda mtindo mpya wa ikoni za Kikopti. Fanous aliongoza idara ya Sanaa ya Kikopti katika Taasisi ya Mafunzo ya Kikopti mjini Kairo na kuwafundisha wasanii kadhaa wa Kikopti kutoka nje ya Misri. == Sanaa ya kisasa ya Kikopti == Baada ya [[Mapinduzi ya Misri ya 1952]], kupungua kwa wafadhili binafsi katika ulimwengu wa sanaa ya Misri kulifanya ufadhili wa serikali kuwa muhimu zaidi. Kipindi hicho kilimfanya Fanous azidi kuthamini urithi wake wa Misri, hasa historia ya Al-Minya tangu enzi ya [[Akhenaten]]. Kabla yake, Kanisa la [[Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi la Kikopti la Aleksandria|Kiorthodoksi la Kikopti]]<ref>[[http://www.copts-united.com/wrr/go1.php?subaction=showfull&id=1169064300&archive=&start_from=&ucat=79](http://www.copts-united.com/wrr/go1.php?subaction=showfull&id=1169064300&archive=&start_from=&ucat=79)& Copts United article in Arabic by Shafik Botrous]</ref> lilikuwa na mtindo wake wa jadi wa ikoni. Hata hivyo, ushawishi wa sanaa ya Ulaya katika karne ya 19 ulifanya baadhi ya makanisa ya Misri kutumia ikoni zilizofanana na sanaa ya Kikristo ya Magharibi. Mtindo wa Fanous uliibuka wakati wa ufufuo wa utamaduni wa Kikopti katika kipindi cha uongozi wa [[Papa Cyril VI wa Aleksandria|Papa Cyril VI]] (1959–1971). Alitumia misingi ya sanaa ya kale ya Kikopti, ikiwa ni pamoja na kazi za [[Yuhanna al-Armani]], pamoja na baadhi ya ushawishi wa sanaa ya Kiprotestanti ya Magharibi. Hatimaye aliunda mtindo wenye [[ulinganifu]] mkubwa, urahisishaji na sifa za kipekee za sanaa ya Kikopti. Mtindo huu ulijulikana kama "Mtindo wa Kisasa wa Kikopti" au "Neo-Kikopti". Fanous hutambuliwa kama mwanzilishi wa ufufuo wa kisasa wa sanaa ya Kikopti. Alipaka picha na kuchora ikoni zote katika [[Kanisa la Mtakatifu Takla Haymanot]] mjini [[Aleksandria]], lililowekwa wakfu mwaka 1969. Mwaka 1977–1978 alikaa miezi sita nchini Uingereza akichora ikoni katika Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi la Kikopti la Mtakatifu Marko, Kensington, [[London]]. == Tuzo == * Medali ya dhahabu kutoka Taasisi ya Mafunzo ya Mashariki, Venice, 1987. * Shahada ya heshima kutoka kwa [[Papa Shenouda III wa Aleksandria]], Kairo, 1984. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{BD|1919|2007}} [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Wakopti]] c74zzl6aolxexqrvq1gofiod6p3aaou 0 248187 1594026 1593668 2026-09-02T14:56:24Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594026 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amanda Jeannette Bridel''' (anajulikana kama '''AJ Bridel'''; alizaliwa [[26 Machi]] [[1994]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] na [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Kanada]]. Alipata umaarufu kwa mara ya kwanza kama mshiriki aliyefika fainali katika kipindi cha ''Over the Rainbow'', ambapo alimaliza katika nafasi ya tatu.<ref name="thestar.com">{{cite web |last1=Ouzounian |first1=Richard |title=Over the Rainbow: Danielle Wade is Dorothy |url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/television/2012/11/05/over_the_rainbow_danielle_wade_is_dorothy.html |website=Toronto Star |access-date=5 February 2023 |date=5 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="awn.com">{{Cite web |title=New ‘My Little Pony: Tell Your Tale’ Series to Debut on YouTube |url=https://www.awn.com/news/new-my-little-pony-tell-your-tale-series-debut-youtube |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=Animation World Network |language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1994|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] 7jtyxdn9focippe4guau4gnog5lqivl 0 248191 1594027 1593752 2026-09-02T14:57:24Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Viungo vya nje */ 1594027 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Jina la makala linalopendekezwa: Uroš Medić --><!-- Ni vyema kuanza kwa kuchapisha makala hii katika ukurasa wa majaribio wa mtumiaji. -->'''Uroš Medić''' ([[Kiserbia]] kwa alfabeti ya Kisiriliki: '''Урош Медић'''; alizaliwa 25 Aprili 1993) ni mpiganaji wa [[Serbia]] wa [[sanaa mseto za mapigano]] (MMA). Anashindana katika uzani wa welter wa shirika la [[Ultimate Fighting Championship]] (UFC). Anajulikana pia kwa jina la utani ''The Doctor''.<ref name="ufc">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.ufc.com/athlete/uros-medic|title=Uroš Medić|website=UFC|access-date=31 Agosti 2026|language=en}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Medić alizaliwa mjini [[Novi Sad]] na alikulia Budisava, karibu na mji huo. Alianza kujifunza [[judo]] akiwa na umri wa miaka minne na baadaye akafanya mazoezi ya kickboxing katika Fight Club Novi Sad. Alisomea michezo na elimu ya viungo kabla ya kwenda Marekani mwaka 2015 kupitia programu ya kazi na kusafiri. Aliishi [[Anchorage]], Alaska, ambako alifanya mazoezi na pia akafanya kazi kama mkufunzi katika Anchorage Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.b92.net/o/sport/vas_komentar?nav_id=1711321|title=Medić za B92.net: Rođen u Srbiji, trenira u Americi i sprema se za UFC|website=B92|date=27 Julai 2020|access-date=31 Agosti 2026|language=sr}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://sportklub.n1info.rs/sk-fight/a338460-andquotnasandquot-covek-pred-vratima-ufc-prica-za-sk-idemo-pun-gas/|title=„Naš“ čovek pred vratima UFC priča za SK: Idemo pun gas|website=Sport Klub|date=2 Agosti 2020|access-date=31 Agosti 2026|language=sr}}</ref> == Kazi katika sanaa mseto za mapigano == === Mwanzo wa kazi === Medić alianza kushindana kama mtaalamu mwaka 2016 katika Alaska Fighting Championship. Alishinda mapambano yake matano ya kwanza kabla ya muda kumalizika, kwa TKO au kwa kumlazimisha mpinzani kujisalimisha. Tarehe 4 Agosti 2020 alipambana na Mikey Gonzalez katika ''Dana White's Contender Series''. Medić alishinda kwa TKO katika raundi ya kwanza na baadaye akapewa mkataba wa kushindana katika UFC.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://sportklub.n1info.rs/sk-fight/a338625-novi-srbin-na-ufc-rosteru-medicev-nokaut-u-prvoj-rundi/|title=Novi Srbin na UFC rosteru: Medićev nokaut u prvoj rundi|website=Sport Klub|date=5 Agosti 2020|access-date=31 Agosti 2026|language=sr}}</ref> === Ultimate Fighting Championship === Medić alicheza pambano lake la kwanza katika UFC tarehe 6 Machi 2021 kwenye UFC 259. Alimshinda Aalon Cruz kwa TKO katika raundi ya kwanza. Ushindi huo ulimletea tuzo ya ''Performance of the Night''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2021/3/7/22317893/ufc-259-bonuses-kennedy-nzechukwu-carlos-ulberg-earn-fight-of-the-night-for-back-and-forth-scrap|title=UFC 259 bonuses: Kennedy Nzechukwu and Carlos Ulberg earn Fight of the Night|website=MMA Fighting|date=7 Machi 2021|access-date=31 Agosti 2026|language=en}}</ref> Baadaye aliwashinda wapiganaji kadhaa, wakiwemo Omar Morales, Matthew Semelsberger na Tim Means. Ushindi wake dhidi ya Means mwaka 2024 ulimletea tuzo yake ya pili ya ''Performance of the Night''.<ref name="ufc" /> Mwaka 2025 aliwashinda Gilbert Urbina na Muslim Salikhov katika raundi ya kwanza. Februari 2026 alimshinda Geoff Neal kwa KO katika raundi ya kwanza na akapokea tena tuzo ya ''Performance of the Night''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://ufcstats.com/fighter-details/681399317dbf4701|title=Uros Medic — takwimu za mapambano|website=UFCStats.com|access-date=31 Agosti 2026|language=en}}</ref> Tarehe 1 Agosti 2026 Medić alishiriki katika pambano kuu la tukio la kwanza la UFC lililofanyika Serbia, katika uwanja wa Belgrade Arena. Alimshinda Daniel Rodriguez kwa TKO takribani sekunde 30 baada ya kuanza kwa raundi ya kwanza. Ushindi huo ulimletea tuzo yake ya nne ya ''Performance of the Night''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.b92.net/sport/borilacki-sportovi/mma/255342/uros-medic-konferencija-posle-pobede-na-ufc-beograd/vest|title=Medić: „Ovo je nešto neverovatno – nisam mogao ni da zamislim“|website=B92.sport|date=1 Agosti 2026|access-date=31 Agosti 2026|language=sr}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.mmafighting.com/ufc/502846/uros-medic-explains-why-he-still-wants-leon-edwards-next-responds-to-potential-superstar-status-after-ufc-belgrade|title=Uros Medic explains why he still wants Leon Edwards next after UFC Belgrade|website=MMA Fighting|date=2 Agosti 2026|access-date=31 Agosti 2026|language=en}}</ref> == Rekodi ya sanaa mseto za mapigano == Kufikia 31 Agosti 2026, Medić alikuwa na rekodi ya kitaalamu ya ushindi 14 na kushindwa mara tatu. Ushindi wake 12 ulipatikana kwa KO au TKO, na miwili kwa kumlazimisha mpinzani kujisalimisha. Alipoteza mara moja kwa KO na mara mbili kwa kusalimu amri.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Uros-Medic-272505|title=Uros “The Doctor” Medic|website=Sherdog|access-date=31 Agosti 2026|language=en}}</ref> == Tuzo na mafanikio == * '''Ultimate Fighting Championship''' ** ''Performance of the Night'' mara nne: dhidi ya Aalon Cruz, Tim Means, Geoff Neal na Daniel Rodriguez.<ref name="ufc" /> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://www.ufc.com/athlete/uros-medic Wasifu katika tovuti ya UFC] * [https://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Uros-Medic-272505 Rekodi ya kitaalamu katika Sherdog] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1993]] [[Jamii:wachezaji wa Serbia]] jh4bzszg0jba0b3ewcr29y6mdj9dmjo 0 248192 1594028 1593674 2026-09-02T14:58:14Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594028 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ibram Lassaw''' (4 Mei 1913 – 30 Desemba 2003) alikuwa mchongaji wa Marekani aliyezaliwa [[Aleksandria]], Misri, mwenye asili ya Urusi. Alijulikana kwa uchongaji wa kufikirika usiowakilisha vitu halisi, akitumia metali zilizounganishwa kwa kuchomelea. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Lassaw alizaliwa tarehe 4 Mei 1913 huko [[Aleksandria]], Misri, katika familia ya wahamiaji Wayahudi kutoka Urusi. Mwaka 1921 alihamia Marekani pamoja na familia yake, iliyokaa [[Brooklyn]], New York. Alipata uraia wa Marekani mwaka 1928. Mwaka 1926 alianza kusomea uchongaji katika Clay Club chini ya Dorothea H. Denslow, na baadaye akasoma katika Beaux-Arts Institute of Design mjini New York.<ref name="Duncan">Duncan, Erika (18 Desemba 1994). ["Encounters; 'I Want My Sculpture to Be Only Its Self,' Says Ibram Lassaw"], ''The New York Times''. Ilirejeshwa 22 Februari 2025.</ref> Pia alihudhuria City College of New York. Alitengeneza michoro na picha za kufikirika zilizoaririwa na [[Wassily Kandinsky]], Sophie Taeuber-Arp na wasanii wengine.<ref name="Philips">Philips, Lisa. ''The Third Dimension: Sculpture of the New York School''. Whitney Museum of American Art, 1984, uk. 76.</ref> == Kazi == Akichochewa na masomo ya historia ya sanaa na kusoma majarida ya sanaa ya Ulaya, Lassaw alianza kutengeneza sanamu mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1920. Alikuwa miongoni mwa kundi dogo la wasanii waliojitolea kwa sanaa ya kufikirika katika miaka ya 1930.<ref>''The American Century: Art & Culture 1900–1950'', uk. 284.</ref> Katika kazi zake, alibadilisha matumizi ya metali zilizomiminwa na kuwa miundo mizito kwa kutumia kuchomelea kuunda miundo iliyo wazi yenye nafasi tupu.<ref>''The American Century: Art & Culture 1900–1950'', uk. 289.</ref> Katikati ya miaka ya 1930 alifanya kazi kwa muda katika Public Works of Art Project, akisafisha sanamu za kumbukumbu mjini New York. Baadaye alijiunga na Works Progress Administration (WPA) kama mwalimu na mchongaji hadi alipoandikishwa jeshini mwaka 1942. Mwaka 1937 alikuwa mmoja wa waanzilishi wa American Abstract Artists,<ref>Gregory Gilbert, "Ibram Lassaw," katika ''Beyond the Plane, American Constructions 1930–1965, exhibition catalogue'', Jennifer Toher (mhr.), New Jersey State Museum, 1983, uk. 71.</ref> na aliwahi kuwa rais wa shirika hilo kuanzia 1946 hadi 1949.<ref name="Philips" /> Juhudi zake za kuendeleza mitindo ya kisasa zilichangia ukuaji wa sanaa ya kufikirika nchini Marekani. Katika miaka ya 1940 na 1950, Lassaw alikuwa sehemu ya [[Shule ya New York (sanaa)|Shule ya New York]] ya [[usemi wa kufikirika]]. Alitumia majira ya kiangazi huko [[Long Island]] kuanzia 1955, kabla ya kuhamia huko kabisa mwaka 1963. == Marejeo == <references /> {{BD|1913|2003}} [[Jamii:Wachongaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wayahudi]] cj9zrvkblhamkp236v5a9ktorp49ksz 0 248193 1594029 1593675 2026-09-02T15:02:07Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594029 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rachid Ben Ali''' (alizaliwa [[Taza]], [[Moroko]], 1978) ni mchoraji wa [[Moroko]] na [[Uholanzi]] anayejulikana kwa kazi zake zenye utata.<ref name="Artland">["Artist biography"], ''Artland''. Iliwekwa kwenye kumbukumbu tarehe 12 Juni 2020; ilirejeshwa 12 Juni 2020.</ref> Akiwa na umri wa miaka 15, alipelekwa na wazazi wake [[Uholanzi]]. Ni msanii aliyejifunza mwenyewe bila elimu rasmi ya sanaa. Baadaye alisoma katika Polytechnic of the Arts huko [[Antwerp]], [[Ubelgiji]]. Anaishi na kufanya kazi [[Amsterdam]] na [[London]]. Mwaka 2001 na 2003 alifanya maonyesho katika Tanya Rumpff Gallery huko [[Haarlem]], [[Stedelijk Museum]] mjini Amsterdam na Wereldmuseum huko [[Rotterdam]]. [[Malkia Beatrix]] alichagua moja ya michoro yake kwa ajili ya kufungua maonyesho katika Stedelijk Museum. Mwaka 2003 alishinda tuzo ya KunstRAI kwa wasanii chipukizi.<ref name="Waterstones">["Rachid Ben Ali (Paperback)"], ''Waterstones''. Ilirejeshwa 12 Juni 2020.</ref> Mwaka 2005, michoro yake 40 ya hivi karibuni ilionyeshwa katika Cobra Museum of Modern Art huko [[Amstelveen]], karibu na Amsterdam.<ref name="ISIM">["Isim Review 15 Spring 2005"] (PDF). ''Leiden University''. Ilirejeshwa 12 Juni 2020.</ref> Kazi zake zimesababisha hasira na vitisho kutoka kwa wanamgambo wa Kiislamu nchini Uholanzi. Aliishi mafichoni baada ya kupokea vitisho vya kifo vilivyohusishwa na maonyesho yaliyokuwa na mchoro wa "maimamu wenye chuki" wakitema mabomu. Tangu wakati huo amekuwa akilindwa na walinzi binafsi, ambao gharama zao hulipwa na Cobra Museum. == Marejeo == <references/> {{BD|1978|}} [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Moroko]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Uholanzi]] ndt3h4ivmklc2lt3m232ptc99cca5zj 0 248194 1594030 1593677 2026-09-02T15:03:20Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Marejeo */ 1594030 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kevin Carter''' (13 Septemba 1960 – 27 Julai 1994) alikuwa mwandishi wa habari za picha kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] na mwanachama wa Bang-Bang Club. Mwaka 1994 alishinda [[Tuzo ya Pulitzer]] ya Upigaji Picha wa Matukio kwa picha yake maarufu ya mtoto aliyekuwa akikabiliwa na njaa wakati wa [[Njaa ya Sudan ya 1993]]. Alifariki kwa kujiua chini ya miezi minne baadaye, akiwa na umri wa miaka 33.<ref>McCabe, Eamonn (30 Julai 2014). ["From the archive, 30 July 1994: Photojournalist Kevin Carter dies"], ''The Guardian''. Ilirejeshwa 20 Desemba 2018.</ref> Maisha yake yameelezwa katika kitabu ''The Bang-Bang Club'' (2000), kilichoandikwa na Greg Marinovich na João Silva.<ref>Marinovich & Silva (2000), ''The Bang-Bang Club'', uk. 1–254.</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Carter alizaliwa [[Johannesburg]], Afrika Kusini, na kukulia katika eneo la tabaka la kati. Akiwa mtoto alishuhudia polisi wakiendesha misako ya kuwakamata Waafrika weusi waliokuwa wakiishi eneo hilo kinyume cha sheria. Baadaye alihoji kwa nini familia yake ya Kikatoliki yenye asili ya Uingereza haikupinga [[apartheid]] kwa nguvu zaidi.<ref>Marinovich & Silva (2000), uk. 39–41.</ref> Baada ya shule ya sekondari aliacha masomo ili kuwa mfamasia, lakini alijiunga na jeshi. Baadaye alihudumu katika Jeshi la Anga la Afrika Kusini. Mwaka 1980 alimtetea mhudumu mweusi wa kantini aliyekuwa akitukanwa na wanajeshi wenzake, jambo lililosababisha yeye kupigwa. Baada ya kushuhudia ulipuaji wa Church Street mjini Pretoria mwaka 1983, aliamua kuwa mwandishi wa habari na mpiga picha.<ref>Marinovich & Silva (2000), uk. 39–41.</ref> == Kazi == Mwaka 1983, baada ya kumaliza huduma ya kijeshi, Carter alifanya kazi katika duka la vifaa vya upigaji picha mjini Johannesburg na kuanza kupata kazi za upigaji picha. Alifanya kazi na ''Johannesburg Sunday Express'' kama mpiga picha wa michezo, kabla ya kujiunga na ''The Star'' mwaka 1984, ambako alipiga picha zinazoonyesha ukatili wa apartheid.<ref>Dwornik, Małgorzata (2 Septemba 2024). ["Kevin Carter. The Story of a Bang-Bang Club Photojournalist"], ''Reporterzy.info''.</ref> Katikati ya miaka ya 1980 alikuwa mpiga picha wa kwanza kurekodi kwa picha tukio la "[[necklacing]]", ambapo mtu aliuawa kwa kuchomwa tairi lililowekwa shingoni na kuwashwa moto.<ref>["First Draft by Tim Porter: Covering War in a Free Society"], ''timporter.com''. Ilirejeshwa 3 Novemba 2018.</ref> == Sudan == Mwezi Machi 1993, Carter na João Silva walikwenda [[Sudan Kusini]] kupitia Operation Lifeline Sudan ya Umoja wa Mataifa kuripoti kuhusu njaa katika eneo hilo.<ref>Marinovich & Silva (2000), uk. 109–110.</ref> Walifika [[Ayod]], ambako walipiga picha za waathiriwa wa njaa. Carter alipiga picha maarufu ya mtoto aliyeanguka kwa njaa huku [[tai]] akiwa karibu.<ref>Marinovich & Silva (2000), uk. 118.</ref> Picha hiyo iliuzwa kwa ''[[The New York Times]]'' na kuchapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza tarehe 26 Machi 1993. Iliibua maswali kuhusu hatima ya mtoto huyo; gazeti lilisema kuwa, kwa mujibu wa Carter, mtoto alipata nguvu za kuendelea na safari baada ya tai kufukuzwa, ingawa haikujulikana kama alifika kituo cha chakula cha Umoja wa Mataifa.<ref>["Editors' Note"], ''The New York Times'', 30 Machi 1993.</ref> Mwezi Aprili 1994, picha hiyo ilimletea Carter [[Tuzo ya Pulitzer ya Upigaji Picha wa Matukio]].<ref>["The Importance Behind the Photo of a Starving Child and a Vulture"], ''Time''.</ref><ref>MacLeod, Scott (12 Septemba 1994). ["The Life and Death of Kevin Carter"], ''Time'', juz. 144, na. 11.</ref> Mwaka 2011 ilifichuliwa kuwa mtoto huyo alikuwa mvulana aitwaye Kong Nyong na kwamba alifikishwa katika kituo cha misaada cha Umoja wa Mataifa. Familia yake ilisema kuwa Nyong alifariki mwaka 2007 kutokana na homa.<ref>Rojas, Alberto (21 Februari 2011). ["Kong Nyong, el niño que sobrevivió al buitre"], ''El Mundo''.</ref> == Kifo == Miezi mitatu na nusu baada ya kupokea Tuzo ya Pulitzer, Carter alikufa kwa kujiua tarehe 27 Julai 1994, akiwa na miaka 33. Alikuwa ameacha ujumbe wa kuaga ulioeleza kuhusu maumivu ya maisha, madeni na kumbukumbu za mauaji, maiti na watoto wenye njaa au waliojeruhiwa. Alimtaja pia mwenzake Ken Oosterbroek, aliyekuwa amefariki muda mfupi kabla yake.<ref>Marinovich & Silva (2000), uk. 195.</ref> == Katika utamaduni maarufu == Maisha ya Carter yalihamasisha wimbo "[[Kevin Carter (wimbo)|Kevin Carter]]" wa mwaka 1996 wa [[Manic Street Preachers]], uliotolewa katika albamu ''Everything Must Go''.<ref>Marinovich & Silva (2000), uk. 140.</ref> Pia yaliathiri albamu ''Poets and Madmen'' (2001) ya [[Savatage]].<ref>["Poets and Madmen"], Savatage.</ref> Carter alionyeshwa na mwigizaji wa Kanada [[Taylor Kitsch]] katika filamu ''The Bang Bang Club'' ya mwaka 2010, iliyotokana na kitabu cha mwaka 2000 ''The Bang-Bang Club: Snapshots from a Hidden War''.<ref>["The Bang Bang Club"], 2010.</ref> == Marejeo == <references/> [[Jamii:Wapiga picha]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa habari]] [[Jamii:Washindi wa Tuzo ya Pulitzer]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Afrika Kusini]] n1z70ijx6dpzeux2nszbczutzsmlsti 0 248195 1594031 1593678 2026-09-02T15:04:57Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594031 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yousry Nasrallah''' (kwa Kiarabu: يسري نصر الله; alizaliwa 26 Julai 1952) ni[[mkurugenzi wa filamu]] [[Misri|Mmisri]] . == Maisha == Nasrallah alizaliwa katika familia ya [[Kikristo]] cha [[Wakopti]] mjini [[Kairo]], na alikulia [[Zamalek]]. Alisoma uchumi na sayansi ya siasa katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kairo]], na kuhitimu mwaka 1978. Akiwa mwanafunzi alishiriki katika [[Chama cha Kikomunisti]] cha wafanyakazi wa Misri na harakati za wanafunzi za kudai demokrasia.<ref>Geer, Benjamin (2015), Gugler, Josef (ed.), ''Yousry Nasrallah: The Pursuit of Autonomy in the Arab and European Film Markets'', Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 142–165, [[ISBN]] 978-0-253-01652-2.</ref> Baada ya kuhitimu, alifanya kazi Beirut kama mkosoaji wa filamu katika gazeti ''Al-Safir'' na msaidizi wa wakurugenzi kuanzia 1978 hadi 1982. Baadaye akawa msaidizi wa [[Youssef Chahine]], pamoja na wakurugenzi [[Volker Schlöndorff]] na [[Omar Amiralay]]. Kampuni ya Chahine, Misr International, ilikuja kuzalisha filamu zake.<ref>Armes, Roy (2018), ''Roots of the New Arab Film'', Indiana University Press. [[doi]]:10.2307/j.ctt22p7j4k.</ref> == Kazi == Filamu za Nasrallah mara nyingi huzingatia maisha ya watu binafsi, watu waliotengwa na jamii na tofauti za kitabaka. Kazi zake zimehusisha mada kama siasa za mrengo wa kushoto, misingi mikali ya Kiislamu na uhamiaji.<ref>Shafik, Viola (2002), "Class Difference, Nation and Subjectivity: Two Egyptian Documentaries", ''Framework: The Journal of Cinema and Media'', 43 (2): 104–116.</ref> Filamu zake nyingi zilifadhiliwa na Ufaransa na kutayarishwa na Misr International, huku baadhi zikitayarishwa pamoja na kituo cha televisheni cha Franco-Kijerumani [[Arte]]. Zilipata mafanikio zaidi Ulaya kuliko Misri, ambako mara nyingi zilionyeshwa katika maonyesho maalumu na kwa muda mfupi.<ref>Asfour, Nana (2000), "The Politics of Arab Cinema: Middle Eastern Filmmakers Face up to Their Reality", ''Cinéaste'', 26 (1): 46–48.</ref> Filamu yake ''After the Battle'' (2012) ilishindania [[Tuzo ya Palme d'Or]] katika [[Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes 2012]].<ref>[[[https://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/article/58878.html|2012](https://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/article/58878.html|2012) Official Selection]], Cannes.</ref> ''Scheherazade Tell Me a Story'' (2009) ilikuwa filamu yake iliyofanikiwa zaidi kibiashara, ikiuzwa tiketi takriban 500,000. Ilijikita katika maisha na matatizo ya wanawake na ilisifiwa kwa ukosoaji wake wa kijamii.<ref>Geer, Benjamin (2015), ''Yousry Nasrallah: The Pursuit of Autonomy in the Arab and European Film Markets'', pp. 142–165.</ref> Filamu zake ni pamoja na ''Sariqat Sayfiyya'' (1985), ''Mercedes'' (1993), ''On Boys, Girls and the Veil'' (1995), ''The City'' (1999), ''The Gate of Sun'' (2003), ''The Aquarium'' (2008), ''Scheherazade Tell Me a Story'' (2009), ''After the Battle'' (2012) na ''Brooks, Meadows and Lovely Faces'' (2016). == Marejeo == <references/> {{BD|1952|}} [[Jamii:Wakopti]] [[Jamii:Wakurugenzi wa filamu wa Misri]] ewk7ada81cto4qaxidjdt3p8l33ih63 0 248196 1594032 1593679 2026-09-02T15:05:34Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594032 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Edsel Keith Helfet''' (alizaliwa Juni 1946) ni mbunifu wa magari kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Edsel Keith HELFET|url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/hl_tk9YP2ZB21u1Mqrjcwtjq3TA/appointments|website=Companies House|access-date=18 Mei 2023}}</ref> Baada ya kuonyesha uwezo mdogo kitaaluma nchini [[Afrika Kusini]], Helfet alielekeza masomo yake katika sanaa. Alikuwa na kipaji cha asili katika usanifu wa magari na akakubaliwa kusoma katika [[Royal College of Art]] mjini [[London]], iliyokuwa na programu mashuhuri ya usanifu wa magari. Helfet, mzaliwa wa Afrika Kusini, baadaye alikuwa mbunifu mkuu wa magari (Principal Stylist) katika Jaguar, ambako kazi yake ilisifiwa na Sir [[William Lyons]], aliyekuwa na ushawishi mkubwa katika kuunda mtindo wa usanifu wa chapa hiyo. Helfet alibuni [[Jaguar XJ-220]], [[Jaguar XK-180]] na mfano wa [[Jaguar F-Type Concept Car]], ambao haukuwahi kuzalishwa. Kwa sasa anaendesha kampuni yake ya usanifu, Helfet Design. == Marejeo == <references /> {{BD|1946|}} [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Afrika Kusini]] 874kd69s99ag8qoohfyocumyxzjptns 0 248197 1594033 1593680 2026-09-02T15:06:16Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594033 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Daniel Mariga''' (1976–2006) alikuwa [[mchongaji]] wa [[Zimbabwe]]. Mariga alikuwa mtoto wa tatu wa [[Joram Mariga]]. Alianza kuchonga akiwa bado shuleni, mwanzoni akimsaidia baba yake kukamilisha kazi zake. Alifundishwa sanaa ya watu wa [[Shona]], ambayo iliathiri mtindo wake wa uchongaji. Baada ya kumaliza shule alianza kuchonga kwa muda wote. Mwaka 1995 alionyesha kazi zake pamoja na wanafamilia wengine katika [[Chapungu Sculpture Park]], ambako mwaka 1998 akawa msanii mkazi. Mwaka 1999 alianza kuonyesha kazi zake [[Ulaya]], akitembelea [[Uholanzi]], [[Ubelgiji]] na [[Uswidi]]. Mariga alifariki mwaka 2006<ref>{{cite web|title=Biographical sketch|url=http://www.zimsculpt.com/artist.php?id=96|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106205359/http://www.zimsculpt.com/artist.php?id=96|archive-date=6 Januari 2013|access-date=}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{BD|1976|2006}} [[Jamii:wachongaji wa Zimbabwe]] ln43yhwibm0yqvemq2kp2i27ijky6jb 0 248198 1594034 1593681 2026-09-02T15:06:54Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594034 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ali Omar Ermes''' (1945 - 2021) alikuwa msanii na mwandishi wa [[Libya]]. Alijulikana kwa michoro iliyotumia [[kaligrafia ya Kiarabu]], mara nyingi ikiwekwa juu ya mandhari yenye maumbo mazito, pamoja na vipande vya mashairi au nathari ya Kiarabu na lugha nyingine.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Blair|first=Sheila S.|author2=Jonathan M. Bloom|year=2009|title=Ermes, Ali Omar|encyclopedia=Grove Art Online|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T2082155}}</ref> == Maisha == Ermes alizaliwa [[Zliten]], Libya, mwaka 1945. Alisoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Plymouth, katika Kitivo cha Usanifu na Ubunifu, na kuhitimu mwaka 1970. Baada ya kurudi Libya aliandika kwa upana na kuongoza sehemu ya sanaa za kuona ya jarida ''All Arts''. Mwaka 1974 aliteuliwa kuwa mshauri wa sanaa za kuona katika [[World of Islam Festival]], iliyofanyika London mwaka 1976, na alitembelea nchi kadhaa za Kiislamu kutafuta washiriki wa tamasha hilo.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lenssen |first=Anneka |year=2008 |title="Muslims to Take Over Institute for Contemporary Art": The 1976 World of Islam Festival |journal=Middle East Studies Association Bulletin |volume=42 |issue=1/2 |pages=40–47}}</ref> Kuanzia mwaka 1981 aliishi [[Uingereza]], ambako alishiriki katika miradi mbalimbali ya jamii za Kiislamu na shughuli za kiakili na kitamaduni. Pia aliwahi kuwa mwenyekiti wa Muslim Cultural Heritage Centre huko [[Kensington]], London. Ermes alionyesha kazi zake katika takriban maonyesho 60 hadi 70 duniani.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Blair|first=Sheila S.|author2=Jonathan M. Bloom|year=2009|title=Ermes, Ali Omar|encyclopedia=Grove Art Online|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T2082155}}</ref><ref>'A lifetime of painting', Venetia Porter, ''Q News'', No. 302 & 303, London, 1 Machi 1999.</ref> == Maonyesho == Kazi za Ermes zimeonyeshwa katika [[State Hermitage]] mjini St Petersburg; [[Fowler Museum]] ya [[University of California, Los Angeles]]; [[National Museum of African Art]] ya [[Smithsonian Institution]]; [[British Museum]] mjini London; [[Tate Britain]]; na Dubai. Miongoni mwa maonyesho mashuhuri ni ''Word into Art'' katika British Museum mwaka 2006 na 2008, pamoja na ''East-West: Objects Between Culture'' katika Tate Britain mwaka 2006–2007. Kazi yake pia imejadiliwa katika kitabu ''Signs of Our Times: From Calligraphy to Calligraffiti'', kilichohaririwa na Rose Issa na kuchapishwa na Merrill Publications, London, mwaka 2016. == Marejeo == <references /> {{BD|1945|2021}} [[Jamii:wasanii wa Libya]] i677ftm5t9yt0ko2rti2u056fzakj47 0 248208 1593996 1593795 2026-09-02T14:16:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1593996 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nacereddine Khoualed''' (kwa Kiarabu: نصر الدين خوالد; alizaliwa 16 Aprili 1986) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa soka kutoka [[Algeria]] aliyekuwa akicheza katika nafasi ya beki. Aliwahi kuchezea klabu ya USM El Harrach. == Kazi ya kimataifa == Khoualed aliwakilisha Algeria katika ngazi mbalimbali za [[timu]] za taifa za vijana. Aliwahi kucheza katika timu ya Algeria chini ya umri wa miaka 20, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=El Watan|url=https://doi.org/10.1163/1872-9037_afco_asc_864|work=African Studies Companion Online|accessdate=2026-08-31}}</ref>chini ya miaka 23, pamoja na timu ya Algeria A', ambayo inajumuisha wachezaji wanaoshiriki katika ligi za ndani. Uwakilishi wake katika ngazi hizi ulionyesha maendeleo yake katika mfumo wa soka wa Algeria. Timu ya Algeria A' hutumika hasa kwa wachezaji wanaocheza katika [[ligi]] ya ndani na imekuwa ikishiriki katika mashindano ya kimataifa kwa wachezaji wa aina hiyo.<ref>[http://www.dzfoot.com/news.php?hot_id=1862 EN Espoirs : Regroupement avant Bangui] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dzfoot.com/news.php?hot_id=1862 |date=20250221091106 }} Archived 2012-09-03 at the Wayback Machine</ref> == Heshima == Khoualed alipata mafanikio kadhaa akiwa na USM Alger, mojawapo ya klabu kubwa za soka nchini Algeria. Akiwa na klabu hiyo, alishinda mataji mbalimbali ya ndani na ya kikanda. Katika Ligi ya Kitaaluma ya Algeria, Khoualed alishinda ubingwa mara mbili. Mataji hayo yalipatikana katika misimu ya 2013–14 na 2015–16. Mafanikio haya yalikuwa sehemu ya kipindi kizuri cha USM Alger katika soka la Algeria. Mwaka 2013, alisaidia USM Alger kushinda Kombe la Algeria. [[Kombe]] hilo ni miongoni mwa mashindano makubwa ya soka nchini humo, yakihusisha klabu kutoka viwango mbalimbali vya ligi. Khoualed pia alishinda Kombe la Super la Algeria mara mbili akiwa na USM Alger. Ushindi wa kwanza ulipatikana mwaka 2013, huku wa pili ukiwasili mwaka 2016. Mashindano hayo huwakutanisha mabingwa wa mashindano muhimu ya soka ya Algeria. Katika ngazi ya kikanda, Khoualed alishinda Kombe la Klabu la UAFA mwaka 2013 akiwa na USM Alger. Ushindi huo uliiongezea [[klabu]] hiyo mafanikio katika mashindano ya kimataifa ya klabu za Kiarabu. Kwa ujumla, kipindi chake akiwa na USM Alger kilikuwa na mafanikio makubwa kutokana na kushinda mataji kadhaa, yakiwemo ubingwa wa ligi, Kombe la Algeria, Super Cup ya Algeria na Kombe la Klabu la UAFA. Khoualed pia alishiriki katika mfumo wa timu za taifa za Algeria katika ngazi za vijana na timu ya A', jambo lililompa uzoefu katika mashindano ya ndani na ya kimataifa. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1986]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Algeria]] kfhslnvcycnvvoebolixz5ze9b5ipik 0 248210 1594091 1593799 2026-09-03T03:38:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594091 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sofiane Khelili''' (alizaliwa 9 Desemba 1989) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka kutoka Algeria anayecheza katika nafasi ya [[beki]] wa kati. Amechezea klabu mbalimbali nchini Algeria na nje ya nchi. == Maisha ya soka ya klabu == Tarehe 22 Januari 2011, Khelili alisaini mkataba wa miaka mitatu na JS Kabylie, akijiunga na klabu hiyo akitokea NA Hussein Dey. JS Kabylie ililipa ada ya uhamisho ya dinari milioni 6 za Algeria kwa ajili ya kumsajili. Khelili alicheza mchezo wake wa kwanza rasmi kwa JS Kabylie tarehe 4 Machi 2011 katika mchezo wa Kombe la Algeria msimu wa 2010–11 dhidi ya ES Mostaganem. Aliingia uwanjani kama mchezaji wa akiba dakika ya 89, katika mchezo ambao JS Kabylie ilishinda kwa bao 1–0. Akiwa na JS Kabylie, Khelili alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi kilichoshinda [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 2022|Kombe]] la Algeria mwaka 2011. Ushindi huo ulikuwa mojawapo ya mafanikio muhimu katika hatua za mwanzo za maisha yake ya soka la kulipwa. Baada ya kucheza katika soka la Algeria, Khelili aliendelea na safari yake katika klabu za nje ya nchi. Tarehe 12 Agosti 2021, alijiunga na klabu ya Ohod. Baadaye, tarehe 11 Januari 2023, alijiunga na Al-Sharq. Tarehe 31 Julai 2023, Khelili alijiunga na Al-Qous, na kuendelea na maisha yake ya soka nje ya Algeria.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=📄 {{!}} رسمياً : أنهت إدارة #نادي_القوس إجراءات التعاقد مع الاعب " خليلي سفيان 🇩🇿 " #القوس #الخرمه|url=https://x.com/qous2030/status/1686106927992815616|work=Twitter|accessdate=2026-08-31|author=نادي القوس السعودي [@qous2030]}}</ref> == Kazi ya kimataifa == Khelili alianza kuhusishwa na timu za taifa za vijana za Algeria mwaka 2008. Tarehe 1 Oktoba 2008, aliitwa kwa mara ya kwanza katika Timu ya Taifa ya Algeria chini ya umri wa miaka 23 kwa ajili ya kambi ya mafunzo ya siku tano iliyofanyika Algiers.<ref>[http://www.dzfoot.com/news-8241/transferts-khelili-nahd-signe-a-la-js-kabylie/ Transferts : Khelili (NAHD) signe à la JS Kabylie] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dzfoot.com/news-8241/transferts-khelili-nahd-signe-a-la-js-kabylie/ |date=20110123225915 }} Archived 2011-01-23 at the Wayback Machine</ref> Baadaye, Khelili alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha [[Algeria]] chini ya umri wa miaka 23 kilichoshiriki katika Mashindano ya UNAF ya U-23 mwaka 2010 nchini Morocco. Algeria ilishinda mashindano hayo, na Khelili akawa sehemu ya kikosi kilichopata mafanikio hayo. Tarehe 16 Novemba 2011, Khelili alichaguliwa katika kikosi cha Algeria kwa ajili ya Mashindano ya CAF ya U-23 mwaka 2011 yaliyofanyika Morocco. Ushiriki wake katika mashindano hayo uliendelea kuimarisha uzoefu wake katika ngazi ya kimataifa ya vijana. == Heshima == Khelili amepata mafanikio katika ngazi ya klabu na kimataifa. Akiwa na JS Kabylie, alishinda Kombe la Algeria mwaka 2011. Pia alikuwa sehemu ya [[Timu]] ya Taifa ya Kijeshi ya Algeria iliyoshinda Kombe la Dunia la Kijeshi mwaka 2011. Ushindi huo ulikuwa mafanikio muhimu katika maisha yake ya soka, kwani ulimwezesha kupata heshima katika mashindano ya kimataifa ya kijeshi. Kwa ujumla, Sofiane Khelili amekuwa beki mwenye uzoefu aliyewakilisha Algeria katika ngazi za vijana na pia kushiriki katika [[mashindano]] ya kimataifa. Maisha yake ya soka yamehusisha klabu za Algeria pamoja na klabu za nje ya nchi, huku mafanikio yake yakijumuisha Kombe la Algeria na Kombe la Dunia la Kijeshi. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1989]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Algeria]] dpftoks32rlqfn19phgfmtn6tbmpcq3 0 248234 1593999 1593825 2026-09-02T14:21:10Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Ndoa za Mitala nchini Mali]] hadi [[Mitala nchini Mali]]: urahisi wa kuupata 1593825 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ndoa za mitala''' nchini [[Mali]] zinaruhusiwa kisheria na zinafanyika mara nyingi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2020/12/07/polygamy-is-rare-around-the-world-and-mostly-confined-to-a-few-regions/|title=Polygamy is rare around the world and mostly confined to a few regions|date=7 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/53ecb7c74.html|title=Refworld {{!}} Mali: polygamy, including conditions to be met for a man to be able to marry a second wife; divorce, specifically when a woman requests a divorce, including the grounds and treatment of women by society and the authorities (2012-December 2013)}}</ref> == Kuenea kwa Ndoa za Mitala == Mali ni sehemu ya eneo linalojulikana kama “ukanda wa mitala”, unaopatikana katika baadhi ya nchi za Afrika Magharibi na Kati ambako ndoa za mitala zinafanyika kwa kiwango kikubwa. Kulingana na utafiti wa mwaka [[2019]], Mali ilikuwa na kiwango cha pili kwa ukubwa cha ndoa za mitala duniani, baada ya Burkina Faso. Utafiti huo ulionyesha kuwa 34% ya watu nchini Mali wanaishi katika familia zenye mitala. Kiwango hicho kilikuwa 35% kwa Waislamu, 30% kwa wanaofuata dini za jadi, na 14% kwa Wakristo. == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Jamii ya kiafrika]] [[Jamii:Ndoa]] 9wjdjceet8koooas4znck2jji4pvm3q 1594001 1593999 2026-09-02T14:23:40Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594001 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mitala nchini [[Mali]]''' zinaruhusiwa kisheria na [[ndoa]] za namna hiyo zinafanyika mara nyingi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2020/12/07/polygamy-is-rare-around-the-world-and-mostly-confined-to-a-few-regions/|title=Polygamy is rare around the world and mostly confined to a few regions|date=7 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/53ecb7c74.html|title=Refworld {{!}} Mali: polygamy, including conditions to be met for a man to be able to marry a second wife; divorce, specifically when a woman requests a divorce, including the grounds and treatment of women by society and the authorities (2012-December 2013)}}</ref> == Kuenea kwa Ndoa za Mitala == Mali ni sehemu ya eneo linalojulikana kama “ukanda wa mitala”, unaopatikana katika baadhi ya nchi za [[Afrika ya Magharibi|Afrika Magharibi]] na [[Afrika ya Kati|ya Kat]]i ambako ndoa za mitala zinafanyika kwa kiwango kikubwa. Kulingana na utafiti wa mwaka [[2019]], Mali ilikuwa na kiwango cha pili kwa wingi wa ndoa za mitala duniani, baada ya [[Burkina Faso]]. Utafiti huo ulionyesha kuwa 34% ya watu nchini Mali wanaishi katika [[familia]] zenye mitala. Kiwango hicho kilikuwa 35% kwa [[Waislamu]], 30% kwa wanaofuata dini za jadi, na 14% kwa [[Wakristo]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-sheria}} [[Jamii:sheria]] [[Jamii:Ndoa]] ms4ndm9s8pzi0zym1oia79ffqlbbi5b 0 248235 1594002 1593866 2026-09-02T14:24:37Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594002 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Iwwlogo.svg|alt=Industrial Workers of the World Logo|thumb]] '''Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)''', ambao wanachama wao wamepewa jina la utani "'''''Wobblies'''''", ni chama cha wafanyakazi cha kimataifa kilichoanzishwa [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois, Marekani]], mwaka wa [[1905]]. Itikadi yake inachanganya muungano wa jumla na muungano wa viwanda, kwani ni muungano wa jumla, uliogawanywa kati ya viwanda mbalimbali vinavyoajiri wanachama wake. Falsafa na mbinu za IWW zinaelezewa kama "umoja wa mapinduzi wa viwanda", wenye uhusiano na harakati za wafanyakazi za kijamaa,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Industrial Worker (Summer 2017) {{!}} libcom.org|url=https://libcom.org/article/industrial-worker-summer-2017|work=libcom.org|accessdate=2026-09-01|language=en}}</ref> za syndicalist, na anarchist. Katika miaka ya 1910 na mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1920, IWW ilikamilisha malengo yake mengi ya muda mfupi, hasa katika Magharibi mwa Amerika, na ikipita katika vyama vya kitamaduni na vyama vya wafanyakazi vingine ili kuongeza wafanyakazi katika biashara na viwanda mbalimbali. Katika kilele chao mnamo Agosti 1917, wanachama wa IWW walikadiriwa kuwa zaidi ya 150,000, huku kukiwa na matawi yanayofanya kazi [[Marekani|nchini Marekani]], [[Uingereza]], [[Kanada]], [[Australia]] na [[Nyuzilandi]].<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KBKJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PR12|title=The Wobblies in Their Heyday: The Rise and Destruction of the Industrial Workers of the World during the World War I Era: The Rise and Destruction of the Industrial Workers of the World during the World War I Era|last=Chester|first=Eric Thomas|date=2014-08-26|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-4408-3302-1|language=en}}</ref> Hata hivyo, kiwango cha juu sana cha wanachama wa IWW wakati huu (kinachokadiriwa kuwa 133% kati ya [[1905]] na [[1915]]) hufanya iwe vigumu kwa wanahistoria kutaja jumla ya wanachama kwa uhakika wowote, kwani wafanyakazi walikuwa na mwelekeo wa kujiunga na IWW kwa idadi kubwa kwa vipindi vifupi.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Reforming America: a thematic encyclopedia and document collection of the progressive era|date=2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-4408-3720-3|editor-last=Johnson|editor-first=Jeffrey Allan|location=Santa Barbara, Calif|doi=10.5040/9798216006497}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/iwwstudyofameri00bris|title=The I.W.W., a study of American syndicalism|last=Brissenden|first=Paul Frederick|date=1920|publisher=New York, Columbia University Press|others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:mashirika ya kimataifa]] ft8a24cduehg8vj8kaqutwkfehcmtcx 0 248236 1594003 1593827 2026-09-02T14:26:09Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Albin Kurti | image = Albin Kurti 2022.jpg | caption = Albin Kurti, Waziri Mkuu wa Jamhuri ya Kosovo (2022) | office = [[Waziri Mkuu wa Kosovo|Waziri Mkuu wa Jamhuri ya Kosovo]] | term_start = 22 Machi 2021 | term_end = | president = [[Vjosa Osmani]] | predecessor = [[Avdullah Hoti]] | successor = | office1 = [[Waziri Mkuu wa Kosovo|Waziri Mkuu wa Jamhuri ya Kosovo]] | term_start1 = 3 Februari 2020 | term_end1 = 3 Juni 2020 | president1 = [[Hashim Thaçi]] | predecessor1 = [[Ramush Haradinaj]] | successor1 = [[Avdullah Hoti]] | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1975|3|24|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Pristina]], [[Kosovo]] | nationality = [[Kosovo|Mkosovo]] / [[Albania|Mualbania]] | party = [[Vetëvendosje|Vetëvendosje (Harakati za Kujiamulia)]] | spouse = Rita Augestad Knudsen | children = 1 | education = [[Chuo Kikuu cha Pristina]] | occupation = Mwanasiasa, mwanaharakati, mhandisi }} '''Albin Kurti''' (amezaliwa 24 Machi 1975) ni mwanasiasa na mwanaharakati wa [[Kosovo]], ambaye kwa sasa anahudumu kama [[Waziri Mkuu wa Kosovo|Waziri Mkuu wa Jamhuri ya Kosovo]]. Yeye ni mwanzilishi na kiongozi wa chama cha ''[[Vetëvendosje]]'' (Harakati za Kujiamulia), ambalo ni moja ya nguvu kubwa za kisiasa nchini humo. Akijulikana kama kiongozi mwenye misimamo thabiti na maono ya kisasa ya mageuzi, Kurti alianza kazi yake ya kisiasa kupitia harakati za wanafunzi za kutetea haki za Waalbania na haki ya kujiamulia ya taifa katika miaka ya 1990. Katika nafasi yake kama Waziri Mkuu, amejikita katika kuimarisha utawala wa sheria, kupambana na rushwa, maendeleo endelevu ya uchumi, na kulinda kwa dhati uhuru na mamlaka ya Jamhuri ya Kosovo katika nyanja za kimataifa. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Albin Kurti alizaliwa tarehe 24 Machi 1975 huko [[Pristina]], mji mkuu wa Kosovo. Alisomea Uhandisi wa Umeme na Mawasiliano katika Kitivo cha Uhandisi kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Pristina]]. Wakati wa masomo yake ya chuo kikuu, Kurti hakuwa tu mwanafunzi hodari bali pia alionyesha uwezo mkubwa wa uongozi wa kijamii mapema. Alikuwa miongoni mwa sauti za mbele za vijana wasomi wa Kosovo waliokuwa wakikabiliana na changamoto za kihistoria za wakati huo. == Uanaharakati wa wanafunzi na msimamo wa uhuru == Mnamo 1997, Kurti alichaguliwa kuwa kiongozi wa Muungano wa Wanafunzi wa Chuo Kikuu cha Pristina (UPSUP). Alikuwa mtu muhimu katika kuandaa maandamano ya amani ya wanafunzi kudai haki ya usawa katika elimu na kupinga sera za ukandamizaji dhidi ya Waalbania huko Kosovo. Ujasiri wake ulimfanya kuwa ishara ya upinzani wa amani. Wakati wa mzozo wa mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1990, Kurti aliendelea kupigania haki na uhuru. Mnamo Aprili 1999, alikamatwa na kufungwa gerezani kwa sababu ya shughuli zake za kisiasa. Kutokana na shinikizo kubwa kutoka kwa mashirika ya haki za binadamu na jumuia ya kimataifa, aliachiliwa huru mnamo Desemba 2001, na kurudi Pristina kuendelea na mapambano ya uhuru na mustakabali wa Kosovo. == Kuanzishwa kwa Vetëvendosje == Mnamo 2005, Kurti alianzisha harakati za kijamii zinazojulikana kama ''Lëvizja Vetëvendosje'' (Harakati za Kujiamulia). Harakati hii ililenga kulinda haki ya kujiamulia kwa wananchi wa Kosovo, kupinga uingiliaji wa kigeni uliokuwa ukidhuru maslahi ya taifa, na kujenga uchumi unaojitegemea, uwazi, na maendeleo ya kijamii. Chini ya uongozi wake, Vetëvendosje ilikua na kuwa chama cha kisiasa cha kisasa, na kupata uungwaji mkono mkubwa kutoka kwa wapiga kura, hasa vijana na raia wa Kosovo wanaoishi nje ya nchi. Chama kilianza kushiriki katika uchaguzi wa bunge mwaka 2010 na kimeendelea kukua kutokana na sera zake thabiti za kupambana na rushwa na kulinda uhuru wa taifa. == Uwaziri Mkuu == === Kipindi cha kwanza (2020) === Baada ya ushindi katika uchaguzi mkuu wa 2019, Albin Kurti aliapishwa kuwa Waziri Mkuu wa Kosovo kwa mara ya kwanza tarehe 3 Februari 2020. Ingawa kipindi hiki kilikuwa kifupi kutokana na mabadiliko ya kisiasa ya ndani, serikali yake iliweka historia kwa juhudi za kupunguza matumizi ya serikali, kuokoa fedha za umma, na kuimarisha uwazi. === Kipindi cha pili (2021 – sasa) === Katika uchaguzi wa bunge wa Februari 2021, Vetëvendosje chini ya Kurti ilipata ushindi wa kihistoria kwa kushinda zaidi ya asilimia 50 ya kura, kiwango ambacho hakijawahi kufikiwa katika historia ya demokrasia ya Kosovo. Aliapishwa rasmi kuwa Waziri Mkuu kwa mara ya pili tarehe 22 Machi 2021. Katika kipindi hiki, serikali ya Waziri Mkuu Kurti imepata mafanikio makubwa: * '''Mageuzi ya kimahakama na kupambana na rushwa:''' Utekelezaji wa sera za uhakiki (vetting) katika mfumo wa sheria, na kuongeza viwango vya uwazi nchini, hatua iliyosifiwa na mashirika ya kimataifa. * '''Maendeleo ya kiuchumi na ustawi wa jamii:''' Kuanzisha mipango ya msaada wa kifedha kwa watoto, ufadhili wa masomo kwa wanafunzi, msaada kwa familia zenye kipato cha chini, na kukuza uchumi kupitia uzalishaji na usafirishaji wa bidhaa nje. * '''Kulinda uhuru wa taifa:''' Kusimamia kwa uthabiti umoja wa eneo na utekelezaji wa sheria sawa katika Jamhuri yote ya Kosovo, hasa katika maeneo ya kaskazini. * '''Ushirikiano wa kimataifa:''' Kusukuma mbele mchakato wa kujiunga na [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] (EU) na [[NATO]], kuimarisha uhusiano wa kimkakati na washirika wa Magharibi, na kukuza uhusiano wa kiuchumi na kitamaduni na [[Albania]]. == Maisha binafsi == Albin Kurti amemwoa Rita Augestad Knudsen, mtafiti kutoka Norway aliyebobea katika masuala ya usalama na sheria za kimataifa. Wana binti mmoja anayeitwa Lea. Mbali na lugha yake ya asili ya Kialbania, anazungumza Kiingereza kwa ufasaha, pamoja na lugha ya Kiserbokroeshia. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://kryeministri.rks-gov.net/ Tovuti rasmi ya Ofisi ya Waziri Mkuu wa Kosovo] {{DEFAULTSORT:Kurti, Albin}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1975]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Mawaziri Wakuu wa Kosovo]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosovo]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Pristina]] tsmcm2is3518tw5g05rpkvqum06bifq 0 248237 1594004 1593829 2026-09-02T14:27:16Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Marejeo */ 1594004 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chama cha Wafanyakazi cha Kimataifa – Asociación Internacional de los Trabajadores (IWA–AIT)''' ni shirikisho la kimataifa la vyama vya wafanyakazi na mipango ya anarcho-syndicalist.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Overview: The International Workers Association {{!}} libcom.org|url=https://libcom.org/article/overview-international-workers-association|work=libcom.org|accessdate=2026-09-01|language=en}}</ref> Kinalenga kuunda vyama vya wafanyakazi vyenye uwezo wa kupigania maslahi ya kiuchumi na kisiasa ya wafanyakazi na kukomesha moja kwa moja ubepari na serikali kupitia uanzishwaji wa jumuiya za kiuchumi na vyombo vya utawala vinavyoendeshwa na wafanyakazi.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Citation|last=Guinchard|first=François|title=The Birth of an International Anarcho-syndicalist Current|date=2014-01|url=https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/francois-guinchard-the-birth-of-an-international-anarcho-syndicalist-current|language=en|access-date=2026-09-01}}</ref> Katika kilele chake, Shirika la Kimataifa liliwakilisha mamilioni ya watu duniani kote. Vyama vya wafanyakazi wanachama wake vilichukua jukumu kuu katika migogoro ya kijamii ya miaka ya 1920 na 1930. Hata hivyo, Shirika la Kimataifa liliundwa huku nchi nyingi zikiingia katika vipindi vya ukandamizaji mkubwa, na vyama vingi vikubwa vya wafanyakazi vya IWA vilivunjwa wakati huo.<ref>{{Citation|title=THE OBJECTIVES OF ANARCHO-SYNDICALISM|date=1998-06-20|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt18mbcz1.8|work=Anarcho-Syndicalism|pages=82–108|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=978-1-78371-885-6|access-date=2026-09-01}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:mashirika ya kimataifa]] 6fkj2lk0op4u5fr7hgyejoipzbktwje 0 248238 1594005 1593830 2026-09-02T14:30:41Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594005 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Reed Dance Festival 2006-001.jpg|thumb|Mwanamke akiwa katika sherehe ya Reed Dance]] '''Umhlanga''' [um̩ɬaːŋɡa], au '''sherehe ya Reed Dance''', ni tukio la kila mwaka la [[Eswatini]] linalofanyika mwishoni mwa Agosti au mwanzoni mwa [[Septemba]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Reed Dance or Umhlanga in Eswatini|url=https://senseearth.co.uk/blog/reed-dance-or-umhlanga-in-eswatini|work=Sense Earth|date=2021-05-16|accessdate=2026-09-01|language=en-GB|author=Jenny Bowen}}</ref> Huko Eswatini, makumi ya maelfu ya [[Msichana|wasichana]] na [[Mwanamke|wanawake]] ambao hawajaolewa na hawajapata watoto husafiri kutoka maeneo mbalimbali ya uchifu hadi Kijiji cha Kifalme cha Ludzidzini kushiriki katika tukio hilo la siku nane.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Umhlanga Ceremony (the reed dance) 2026 – Eswatini National Trust Commission|url=https://entc.org.sz/umhlanga-ceremony-the-reed-dance-2026/?v=7dabf5c198b0|work=entc.org.sz|accessdate=2026-09-01}}</ref> Densi ya Reed kwa sasa ni uamsho wa [[desturi]] ya zamani ya "[[umcwasho]]". Chini ya desturi hiyo, wasichana ambao hawajaolewa waliwekwa katika makundi ya umri. Ikiwa mwanamke angekuwa na mimba nje ya ndoa, [[familia]] yake ilimlipa [[ng'ombe]] [[chifu]] wa eneo hilo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sone |first=Enongene Mirabeau |date=2010-07 |title=Aesthetics from the Swazi perspective: The case of the Swazi<i>umhlanga</i>/reed dance |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/18125980.2010.484586 |journal=Muziki |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=130–139 |doi=10.1080/18125980.2010.484586 |issn=1812-5980}}</ref> == Historia == Umhlanga ulianzishwa Eswatini katika [[miaka ya 1940]] chini ya utawala wa [[Sobhuza II wa Uswazi|Sobhuza II]], na ni toleo la sherehe ya zamani zaidi ya Umchwasho.<ref name=":0" /> Densi ya reed inaendelea kufanywa leo Eswatini. Nchini [[Afrika Kusini]], densi ya reed ilianzishwa mwaka wa [[1991]] na [[Goodwill Zwelithini]], Mfalme wa zamani wa [[Wazulu]]. Densi hiyo nchini Afrika Kusini inafanyika Nongoma, makao ya kifalme ya Wazulu.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Txv95anBbAC&pg=PA27|title=AIDS, Politics, and Music in South Africa|last=McNeill|first=Fraser G.|date=2011-10-31|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-49959-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZ6Wb8AptvYC&pg=PA155|title=Cultural Tourism|last=Ivanovic|first=Milena|date=2008|publisher=Juta and Company Ltd|isbn=978-0-7021-7185-7|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Eswatini]] ni6v09tjgit2k8zs19yf7b47an49w8w 1594006 1594005 2026-09-02T14:31:14Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Umhlanga (Sherehe)]] hadi [[Umhlanga]]: urahisi wa kuupata 1594005 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Reed Dance Festival 2006-001.jpg|thumb|Mwanamke akiwa katika sherehe ya Reed Dance]] '''Umhlanga''' [um̩ɬaːŋɡa], au '''sherehe ya Reed Dance''', ni tukio la kila mwaka la [[Eswatini]] linalofanyika mwishoni mwa Agosti au mwanzoni mwa [[Septemba]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Reed Dance or Umhlanga in Eswatini|url=https://senseearth.co.uk/blog/reed-dance-or-umhlanga-in-eswatini|work=Sense Earth|date=2021-05-16|accessdate=2026-09-01|language=en-GB|author=Jenny Bowen}}</ref> Huko Eswatini, makumi ya maelfu ya [[Msichana|wasichana]] na [[Mwanamke|wanawake]] ambao hawajaolewa na hawajapata watoto husafiri kutoka maeneo mbalimbali ya uchifu hadi Kijiji cha Kifalme cha Ludzidzini kushiriki katika tukio hilo la siku nane.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Umhlanga Ceremony (the reed dance) 2026 – Eswatini National Trust Commission|url=https://entc.org.sz/umhlanga-ceremony-the-reed-dance-2026/?v=7dabf5c198b0|work=entc.org.sz|accessdate=2026-09-01}}</ref> Densi ya Reed kwa sasa ni uamsho wa [[desturi]] ya zamani ya "[[umcwasho]]". Chini ya desturi hiyo, wasichana ambao hawajaolewa waliwekwa katika makundi ya umri. Ikiwa mwanamke angekuwa na mimba nje ya ndoa, [[familia]] yake ilimlipa [[ng'ombe]] [[chifu]] wa eneo hilo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sone |first=Enongene Mirabeau |date=2010-07 |title=Aesthetics from the Swazi perspective: The case of the Swazi<i>umhlanga</i>/reed dance |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/18125980.2010.484586 |journal=Muziki |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=130–139 |doi=10.1080/18125980.2010.484586 |issn=1812-5980}}</ref> == Historia == Umhlanga ulianzishwa Eswatini katika [[miaka ya 1940]] chini ya utawala wa [[Sobhuza II wa Uswazi|Sobhuza II]], na ni toleo la sherehe ya zamani zaidi ya Umchwasho.<ref name=":0" /> Densi ya reed inaendelea kufanywa leo Eswatini. Nchini [[Afrika Kusini]], densi ya reed ilianzishwa mwaka wa [[1991]] na [[Goodwill Zwelithini]], Mfalme wa zamani wa [[Wazulu]]. Densi hiyo nchini Afrika Kusini inafanyika Nongoma, makao ya kifalme ya Wazulu.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Txv95anBbAC&pg=PA27|title=AIDS, Politics, and Music in South Africa|last=McNeill|first=Fraser G.|date=2011-10-31|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-49959-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZ6Wb8AptvYC&pg=PA155|title=Cultural Tourism|last=Ivanovic|first=Milena|date=2008|publisher=Juta and Company Ltd|isbn=978-0-7021-7185-7|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Eswatini]] ni6v09tjgit2k8zs19yf7b47an49w8w 0 248260 1594081 1593902 2026-09-02T23:46:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594081 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ryad Kamar Eddine Kenniche''' (alizaliwa 30 Aprili 1993) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kulipwa kutoka Algeria ambaye mara ya mwisho alichezea Olympique de Médéa katika Ligi ya Kitaaluma ya Algeria. Anaweza kucheza katika nafasi ya beki wa kati au [[beki]] wa kulia.<ref>[http://www.dzfoot.com/2020/01/29/mercato-kenniche-signe-a-lus-tataouine-175475.php "Mercato : Kenniche signe à l'US Tataouine"]. 29 January 2020.</ref> == Maisha ya soka ya klabu == Kenniche alijenga maisha yake ya soka katika ligi ya Algeria, ambako alicheza kama mlinzi mwenye uwezo wa kucheza katika nafasi zaidi ya moja kwenye safu ya ulinzi. Uwezo wake wa kucheza kama beki wa kati na beki wa kulia ulimwezesha kutumika katika majukumu tofauti kulingana na mahitaji ya timu. Akiwa mchezaji wa USM El Harrach, Kenniche alikumbana na changamoto ya kimkataba mwaka 2015. Katika majira ya joto ya mwaka huo, Tume ya Utatuzi wa Migogoro ya Ligi iliamua kuvunja mkataba wake na USM El Harrach kutokana na kutolipwa mishahara yake ya nyuma. Uamuzi huo ulimruhusu kuondoka katika klabu hiyo na kutafuta timu nyingine. Muda mfupi baada ya mkataba wake na USM El Harrach kuvunjwa, Kenniche alijiunga na ES Sétif. Alisaini mkataba wa miaka miwili na klabu hiyo katika majira ya joto ya mwaka 2015. Uhamisho huo ulimpa nafasi ya kuendelea na maisha yake ya soka katika kiwango cha juu cha ligi ya Algeria. Baadaye katika maisha yake ya soka, Kenniche aliwahi pia kuichezea Olympique de Médéa katika Ligi ya Kitaaluma ya Algeria. Klabu hiyo ikawa timu yake ya mwisho iliyotajwa katika taarifa za maisha yake ya soka.<ref>Toufik O (July 4, 2015). [http://www.dzfoot.com/2015/07/04/es-setif-apres-benlamri-ryad-kenniche-arrive-71214.php "ES Sétif : Après Benlamri, Ryad Kenniche arrive"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dzfoot.com/2015/07/04/es-setif-apres-benlamri-ryad-kenniche-arrive-71214.php |date=20250225202901 }} (in French). DZfoot. Retrieved July 5, 2015.</ref> === Nafasi uwanjani === Kenniche ni mlinzi ambaye ana uwezo wa kucheza katika nafasi mbili za safu ya ulinzi. Anaweza kutumika kama beki wa kati, nafasi inayohitaji mchezaji kuwa na uwezo wa kuzuia mashambulizi ya wapinzani na kulinda eneo lililo mbele ya lango. Pia anaweza kucheza kama beki wa kulia, ambapo majukumu yake yanaweza kujumuisha ulinzi wa upande wa kulia wa uwanja pamoja na kusaidia timu wakati wa kushambulia. Uwezo wa kucheza katika nafasi hizi mbili ulimpa unyumbufu wa kimfumo na kumwezesha makocha kumtumia kulingana na mpangilio wa timu na mahitaji ya mchezo. == Maisha ya soka == Katika kipindi cha maisha yake ya [[Mpira wa miguu|soka]], Kenniche alihusishwa na klabu mbalimbali za Algeria, akiwemo USM El Harrach, ES Sétif na Olympique de Médéa. Kipindi chake cha kujiunga na ES Sétif mwaka 2015 kilifuata baada ya mkataba wake na USM El Harrach kuvunjwa kutokana na suala la mishahara ambayo haikuwa imelipwa. Kwa ujumla, Ryad Kamar Eddine Kenniche ni mchezaji wa soka wa [[Algeria]] aliyebobea katika nafasi za ulinzi. Uwezo wake wa kucheza kama beki wa kati au beki wa kulia ulimwezesha kuwa mchezaji mwenye matumizi mbalimbali katika safu ya ulinzi. Aliendelea na maisha yake ya soka katika ligi ya Algeria, huku Olympique de Médéa ikiwa klabu yake ya mwisho iliyotajwa. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1993]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Algeria]] eawsoahja3cfczeesh0yp1jsam624ae 0 248261 1594062 1593903 2026-09-02T19:53:06Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1594062 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thierry Kambudi''' ni mwandishi wa habari wa Kongo. Alizaliwa Aprili 11, 1981 katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Yeye hufanya kazi hasa katika uwanja wa habari za redio na kushiriki katika matangazo ya sasa ya kisiasa, kiuchumi na kijamii ya nchi. Anajulikana hasa kwa kazi yake ndani ya Top Congo FM, ambapo anashiriki katika programu kadhaa za habari na mjadala kama vile: (Kaka kwa Kaka, Wacha tuzungumze, Mjadala, Njia). == Wasifu == Thierry Kambudi alifanya masomo ya juu katika mawasiliano ya kijamii katika Chuo Kikuu cha Katoliki cha Kongo kabla ya kugeukia sekta ya vyombo vya habari na mawasiliano. Upendezi wake katika uandishi wa habari na usambazaji wa habari ulimwongoza hatua kwa hatua kuelekea utoaji na uwasilishaji wa runinga. Yeye ni mmoja wa wataalamu wa vyombo vya habari kutoka chuo hicho. Katika tukio la kuadhimisha miaka 25 ya Chuo cha Mawasiliano ya Jamii, alitajwa miongoni mwa wanafunzi wa zamani ambao wamefuatilia kazi katika sekta ya vyombo vya habari. Na uzoefu wa miaka 20. Yeye ni mhariri mkuu katika Top Congo FM, mkuu wa idara ya michezo ya redio hiyo, muundaji na mtangazaji wa "Parlons-en", mojawapo ya vipindi maarufu vya redio vyenye miito ya moja kwa moja, kipindi cha Le parcours, mwandishi wa safu za siasa, mchambuzi wa michezo, amepata fursa ya kuripoti CHAN, [[Michezo ya Olimpiki|JO]], [[Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika 2023|CAN 2024]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=FR|title=Kinshasa : pour le professeur Ribio Nzeza et Thierry Kambundi, le secteur culturel sera porteur d’emplois et de prospérité dans un futur proche|url=https://www.irisfootball.com/mondial-2026-nous-allons-tout-faire-pour-atteindre-les-16-emes-sebastien-desabre/|date=11-06-2026|accessdate=27-08-2026}}</ref> Alibobea katika kuripoti habari za kitaifa na kuandaa vipindi vya mijadala. Shughuli zake za uandishi wa habari zimemfanya awahoji au kuwauliza maswali viongozi wa kisiasa, wanachama wa serikali, watendaji wa asasi za kiraia pamoja na watu mbalimbali wanaohusika katika maisha ya umma ya Kongo ,.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=FR|title=UCC : 25 ans de la faculté des communications sociales|url=https://tchikeva.wordpress.com/2018/06/10/ucc-25-ans-de-la-faculte-des-communications-sociales/|date=22-09-2021|accessdate=27-08-2026}}</ref> == Kazi == === Uandishi wa Habari === Thierry Kambudi anafanya kazi kama mwandishi wa habari na mhariri mkuu katika Top Congo FM, kituo cha redio cha Kongo kilichojitolea kwa habari za [[Siasa|kisiasa]], kiuchumi na kijamii . Ameorodheshwa miongoni mwa waandishi wa habari wanaojulikana sana katika kituo cha redio.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=FR|title=Auteur Thierry Kambundi|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/author/thierry-kambundi/jov_t|date=|accessdate=31-08-2026}}</ref> Kama sehemu ya majukumu yake, anashiriki katika programu za habari na mijadala. Alifanya kazi pamoja na waandishi wengine wa habari katika kituo hicho, akiwemo Christian Lusakueno, na mara kwa mara aliwahoji wanasiasa na watu mashuhuri kuhusu masuala yanayohusiana na utawala, uchumi, usalama na habari za kitaifa <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=FR|title=Auteur Thierry Kambundi|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/author/thierry-kambundi/jov_t|date=|accessdate=31-08-2026}}</ref> Kazi yake ya uandishi wa habari pia ilitajwa kuhusiana na uandishi wa habari kuhusu janga la Covid-19 katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Mnamo 2020, utafiti kuhusu mtazamo wa vitendo vya watu mashuhuri katika mapambano dhidi ya janga hili uliwataja Thierry Kambudi na Christian Lusakweno miongoni mwa waandishi wa habari kutoka Top Congo FM ambao kazi yao ya kuhamasisha ilithaminiwa na waliohojiwa. === Mawasiliano ya kiuchumi === Thierry Kambudi pia hushiriki katika shughuli zinazohusiana na kutafakari jukumu la vyombo vya habari na mawasiliano katika maisha ya umma. Mnamo 2025, alitangazwa vyema kama mzungumzaji katika tukio la kisayansi lililoandaliwa na Kitivo cha Mawasiliano ya Kijamii cha Chuo Kikuu cha Katoliki cha Kongo wakati wa Siku ya Mawasiliano ya Kijamii Duniani. Alitarajiwa kushiriki katika jopo lililojitolea kwa shughuli za uandishi wa habari na changamoto zinazohusiana na taarifa za kiuchumi katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=FR|title=Les enjeux socioprofessionnels en RDC, au centre d’une journée de réflexion à l’UCC|url=https://acp.cd/sciencetec/les-enjeux-socioprofessionnels-en-rdc-au-centre-dune-journee-de-reflexion-a-lucc/|date=23-07-2021|accessdate=27-08-2026}}</ref> === Shughuli za vyombo vya habari === Kazi yake ya uandishi wa habari inalenga zaidi habari za Kongo. Anashiriki katika mahojiano na mijadala na wanasiasa na watu mashuhuri wa umma. Katika kipindi chote cha kazi yake katika Top Congo FM, alishiriki katika utangazaji wa masuala mbalimbali yenye maslahi ya kitaifa, ikiwa ni pamoja na masuala ya kisiasa, kiuchumi, kijamii na usalama. Kumbukumbu za vyombo vya habari pia zinamtaja kama mwandishi wa habari wakati wa mahojiano na viongozi wa kisiasa na watu wengine mashuhuri wa umma.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=FR|title=Kinshasa : pour le professeur Ribio Nzeza et Thierry Kambundi, le secteur culturel sera porteur d’emplois et de prospérité dans un futur proche|url=https://actualite.cd/2021/07/25/kinshasa-pour-le-professeur-ribio-nzeza-le-secteur-culturel-sera-porteur-demplois-et-de|date=23-07-2021|accessdate=27-08-2026}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} 03dqojcdmq4be4iygvc2gnujy3qi06e 1594064 1594062 2026-09-02T19:54:57Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1594064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Thierry Kambudi''' ni mwandishi wa habari wa Kongo. Alizaliwa Aprili 11, 1981 katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Yeye hufanya kazi hasa katika uwanja wa habari za redio na kushiriki katika matangazo ya sasa ya kisiasa, kiuchumi na kijamii ya nchi. Anajulikana hasa kwa kazi yake ndani ya Top Congo FM, ambapo anashiriki katika programu kadhaa za habari na mjadala kama vile: (Kaka kwa Kaka, Wacha tuzungumze, Mjadala, Njia). == Wasifu == Thierry Kambudi alifanya masomo ya juu katika mawasiliano ya kijamii katika Chuo Kikuu cha Katoliki cha Kongo kabla ya kugeukia sekta ya vyombo vya habari na mawasiliano. Upendezi wake katika uandishi wa habari na usambazaji wa habari ulimwongoza hatua kwa hatua kuelekea utoaji na uwasilishaji wa runinga. Yeye ni mmoja wa wataalamu wa vyombo vya habari kutoka chuo hicho. Katika tukio la kuadhimisha miaka 25 ya Chuo cha Mawasiliano ya Jamii, alitajwa miongoni mwa wanafunzi wa zamani ambao wamefuatilia kazi katika sekta ya vyombo vya habari. Na uzoefu wa miaka 20. Yeye ni mhariri mkuu katika Top Congo FM, mkuu wa idara ya michezo ya redio hiyo, muundaji na mtangazaji wa "Parlons-en", mojawapo ya vipindi maarufu vya redio vyenye miito ya moja kwa moja, kipindi cha Le parcours, mwandishi wa safu za siasa, mchambuzi wa michezo, amepata fursa ya kuripoti CHAN, [[Michezo ya Olimpiki|JO]], [[Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika 2023|CAN 2024]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=FR|title=Kinshasa : pour le professeur Ribio Nzeza et Thierry Kambundi, le secteur culturel sera porteur d’emplois et de prospérité dans un futur proche|url=https://www.irisfootball.com/mondial-2026-nous-allons-tout-faire-pour-atteindre-les-16-emes-sebastien-desabre/|date=11-06-2026|accessdate=27-08-2026}}</ref> Alibobea katika kuripoti habari za kitaifa na kuandaa vipindi vya mijadala. Shughuli zake za uandishi wa habari zimemfanya awahoji au kuwauliza maswali viongozi wa kisiasa, wanachama wa serikali, watendaji wa asasi za kiraia pamoja na watu mbalimbali wanaohusika katika maisha ya umma ya Kongo ,.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=FR|title=UCC : 25 ans de la faculté des communications sociales|url=https://tchikeva.wordpress.com/2018/06/10/ucc-25-ans-de-la-faculte-des-communications-sociales/|date=22-09-2021|accessdate=27-08-2026}}</ref> == Kazi == === Uandishi wa Habari === Thierry Kambudi anafanya kazi kama mwandishi wa habari na mhariri mkuu katika Top Congo FM, kituo cha redio cha Kongo kilichojitolea kwa habari za [[Siasa|kisiasa]], kiuchumi na kijamii . Ameorodheshwa miongoni mwa waandishi wa habari wanaojulikana sana katika kituo cha redio.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=FR|title=Auteur Thierry Kambundi|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/author/thierry-kambundi/jov_t|date=|accessdate=31-08-2026}}</ref> Kama sehemu ya majukumu yake, anashiriki katika programu za habari na mijadala. Alifanya kazi pamoja na waandishi wengine wa habari katika kituo hicho, akiwemo Christian Lusakueno, na mara kwa mara aliwahoji wanasiasa na watu mashuhuri kuhusu masuala yanayohusiana na utawala, uchumi, usalama na habari za kitaifa <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=FR|title=Auteur Thierry Kambundi|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/author/thierry-kambundi/jov_t|date=|accessdate=31-08-2026}}</ref> Kazi yake ya uandishi wa habari pia ilitajwa kuhusiana na uandishi wa habari kuhusu janga la Covid-19 katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Mnamo 2020, utafiti kuhusu mtazamo wa vitendo vya watu mashuhuri katika mapambano dhidi ya janga hili uliwataja Thierry Kambudi na Christian Lusakweno miongoni mwa waandishi wa habari kutoka Top Congo FM ambao kazi yao ya kuhamasisha ilithaminiwa na waliohojiwa. === Mawasiliano ya kiuchumi === Thierry Kambudi pia hushiriki katika shughuli zinazohusiana na kutafakari jukumu la vyombo vya habari na mawasiliano katika maisha ya umma. Mnamo 2025, alitangazwa vyema kama mzungumzaji katika tukio la kisayansi lililoandaliwa na Kitivo cha Mawasiliano ya Kijamii cha Chuo Kikuu cha Katoliki cha Kongo wakati wa Siku ya Mawasiliano ya Kijamii Duniani. Alitarajiwa kushiriki katika jopo lililojitolea kwa shughuli za uandishi wa habari na changamoto zinazohusiana na taarifa za kiuchumi katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=FR|title=Les enjeux socioprofessionnels en RDC, au centre d’une journée de réflexion à l’UCC|url=https://acp.cd/sciencetec/les-enjeux-socioprofessionnels-en-rdc-au-centre-dune-journee-de-reflexion-a-lucc/|date=23-07-2021|accessdate=27-08-2026}}</ref> === Shughuli za vyombo vya habari === Kazi yake ya uandishi wa habari inalenga zaidi habari za Kongo. Anashiriki katika mahojiano na mijadala na wanasiasa na watu mashuhuri wa umma. Katika kipindi chote cha kazi yake katika Top Congo FM, alishiriki katika utangazaji wa masuala mbalimbali yenye maslahi ya kitaifa, ikiwa ni pamoja na masuala ya kisiasa, kiuchumi, kijamii na usalama. Kumbukumbu za vyombo vya habari pia zinamtaja kama mwandishi wa habari wakati wa mahojiano na viongozi wa kisiasa na watu wengine mashuhuri wa umma.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=FR|title=Kinshasa : pour le professeur Ribio Nzeza et Thierry Kambundi, le secteur culturel sera porteur d’emplois et de prospérité dans un futur proche|url=https://actualite.cd/2021/07/25/kinshasa-pour-le-professeur-ribio-nzeza-le-secteur-culturel-sera-porteur-demplois-et-de|date=23-07-2021|accessdate=27-08-2026}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} fdiytp4qxhm6ezk3uide08chnn46gpq 1594147 1594064 2026-09-03T09:34:33Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Thierry Kambudi''' (alizaliwa Aprili 11, 1981) ni mwandishi wa habari wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Yeye hufanya kazi hasa katika uwanja wa habari za redio na kushiriki katika matangazo ya sasa ya kisiasa, kiuchumi na kijamii ya nchi. Anajulikana hasa kwa kazi yake ndani ya Top Congo FM, ambapo anashiriki katika programu kadhaa za habari na mjadala kama vile: (Kaka kwa Kaka, Wacha tuzungumze, Mjadala, Njia). == Wasifu == Thierry Kambudi alifanya masomo ya juu katika mawasiliano ya kijamii katika Chuo Kikuu cha Katoliki cha Kongo kabla ya kugeukia sekta ya vyombo vya habari na mawasiliano. Upendezi wake katika uandishi wa habari na usambazaji wa habari ulimwongoza hatua kwa hatua kuelekea utoaji na uwasilishaji wa runinga. Yeye ni mmoja wa wataalamu wa vyombo vya habari kutoka chuo hicho. Katika tukio la kuadhimisha miaka 25 ya Chuo cha Mawasiliano ya Jamii, alitajwa miongoni mwa wanafunzi wa zamani ambao wamefuatilia kazi katika sekta ya vyombo vya habari. Na uzoefu wa miaka 20. Yeye ni mhariri mkuu katika Top Congo FM, mkuu wa idara ya michezo ya redio hiyo, muundaji na mtangazaji wa "Parlons-en", mojawapo ya vipindi maarufu vya redio vyenye miito ya moja kwa moja, kipindi cha Le parcours, mwandishi wa safu za siasa, mchambuzi wa michezo, amepata fursa ya kuripoti CHAN, [[Michezo ya Olimpiki|JO]], [[Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika 2023|CAN 2024]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=FR|title=Kinshasa : pour le professeur Ribio Nzeza et Thierry Kambundi, le secteur culturel sera porteur d’emplois et de prospérité dans un futur proche|url=https://www.irisfootball.com/mondial-2026-nous-allons-tout-faire-pour-atteindre-les-16-emes-sebastien-desabre/|date=11-06-2026|accessdate=27-08-2026}}</ref> Alibobea katika kuripoti habari za kitaifa na kuandaa vipindi vya mijadala. Shughuli zake za uandishi wa habari zimemfanya awahoji au kuwauliza maswali viongozi wa kisiasa, wanachama wa serikali, watendaji wa asasi za kiraia pamoja na watu mbalimbali wanaohusika katika maisha ya umma ya Kongo ,.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=FR|title=UCC : 25 ans de la faculté des communications sociales|url=https://tchikeva.wordpress.com/2018/06/10/ucc-25-ans-de-la-faculte-des-communications-sociales/|date=22-09-2021|accessdate=27-08-2026}}</ref> == Kazi == === Uandishi wa Habari === Thierry Kambudi anafanya kazi kama mwandishi wa habari na mhariri mkuu katika Top Congo FM, kituo cha redio cha Kongo kilichojitolea kwa habari za [[Siasa|kisiasa]], kiuchumi na kijamii . Ameorodheshwa miongoni mwa waandishi wa habari wanaojulikana sana katika kituo cha redio.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=FR|title=Auteur Thierry Kambundi|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/author/thierry-kambundi/jov_t|date=|accessdate=31-08-2026}}</ref> Kama sehemu ya majukumu yake, anashiriki katika programu za habari na mijadala. Alifanya kazi pamoja na waandishi wengine wa habari katika kituo hicho, akiwemo Christian Lusakueno, na mara kwa mara aliwahoji wanasiasa na watu mashuhuri kuhusu masuala yanayohusiana na utawala, uchumi, usalama na habari za kitaifa <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=FR|title=Auteur Thierry Kambundi|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/author/thierry-kambundi/jov_t|date=|accessdate=31-08-2026}}</ref> Kazi yake ya uandishi wa habari pia ilitajwa kuhusiana na uandishi wa habari kuhusu janga la Covid-19 katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Mnamo 2020, utafiti kuhusu mtazamo wa vitendo vya watu mashuhuri katika mapambano dhidi ya janga hili uliwataja Thierry Kambudi na Christian Lusakweno miongoni mwa waandishi wa habari kutoka Top Congo FM ambao kazi yao ya kuhamasisha ilithaminiwa na waliohojiwa. === Mawasiliano ya kiuchumi === Thierry Kambudi pia hushiriki katika shughuli zinazohusiana na kutafakari jukumu la vyombo vya habari na mawasiliano katika maisha ya umma. Mnamo 2025, alitangazwa vyema kama mzungumzaji katika tukio la kisayansi lililoandaliwa na Kitivo cha Mawasiliano ya Kijamii cha Chuo Kikuu cha Katoliki cha Kongo wakati wa Siku ya Mawasiliano ya Kijamii Duniani. Alitarajiwa kushiriki katika jopo lililojitolea kwa shughuli za uandishi wa habari na changamoto zinazohusiana na taarifa za kiuchumi katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=FR|title=Les enjeux socioprofessionnels en RDC, au centre d’une journée de réflexion à l’UCC|url=https://acp.cd/sciencetec/les-enjeux-socioprofessionnels-en-rdc-au-centre-dune-journee-de-reflexion-a-lucc/|date=23-07-2021|accessdate=27-08-2026}}</ref> === Shughuli za vyombo vya habari === Kazi yake ya uandishi wa habari inalenga zaidi habari za Kongo. Anashiriki katika mahojiano na mijadala na wanasiasa na watu mashuhuri wa umma. Katika kipindi chote cha kazi yake katika Top Congo FM, alishiriki katika utangazaji wa masuala mbalimbali yenye maslahi ya kitaifa, ikiwa ni pamoja na masuala ya kisiasa, kiuchumi, kijamii na usalama. Kumbukumbu za vyombo vya habari pia zinamtaja kama mwandishi wa habari wakati wa mahojiano na viongozi wa kisiasa na watu wengine mashuhuri wa umma.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=FR|title=Kinshasa : pour le professeur Ribio Nzeza et Thierry Kambundi, le secteur culturel sera porteur d’emplois et de prospérité dans un futur proche|url=https://actualite.cd/2021/07/25/kinshasa-pour-le-professeur-ribio-nzeza-le-secteur-culturel-sera-porteur-demplois-et-de|date=23-07-2021|accessdate=27-08-2026}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{BD|1981|}} [[Jamii:watu wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] eo80k53z6t6oc06z90txjqxikvx4m59 0 248264 1594090 1593907 2026-09-03T03:37:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1594090 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sofiane Harkat''' (kwa Kiarabu: سفيان حركات; alizaliwa 26 Januari 1984) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka kutoka [[Algeria]]. Aliwahi kucheza katika Ligi Kuu ya Algeria na kuwa sehemu ya klabu mbalimbali nchini Algeria na nje ya nchi. == Maisha ya soka ya klabu == Mnamo Agosti 2011, Harkat alisaini mkataba wa mwaka mmoja na klabu ya Al-Qadisiyah ya Saudi Arabia. Hata hivyo, mkataba huo ulikatishwa kabla ya kuanza kwa msimu. Kutokana na hali hiyo, Harkat alitumia kipindi kilichosalia cha msimu bila kuwa na [[klabu]].<ref>T.O. (August 5, 2011). [http://www.dzfoot.com/news-9648/transferts-sofiane-harkat-opte-pour-al-qadisiya/ "Sofiane Harkat opte pour Al-Qadisiya"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dzfoot.com/news-9648/transferts-sofiane-harkat-opte-pour-al-qadisiya/ |date=20110915042406 }} (in French). DZFoot. Retrieved June 18, 2012.</ref> Mnamo Februari 2012, Harkat alianza kufanya mazoezi na CS Constantine. Kipindi hicho kilimpa nafasi ya kuendelea na maandalizi ya soka huku akitafuta klabu ya kujiunga nayo. Baadaye, mnamo 17 Juni 2012, Harkat alisaini mkataba wa miaka miwili na CR Belouizdad. Uhamisho huo ulimrejesha katika soka la Algeria baada ya kipindi chake cha kukosa klabu na jaribio lake la kufanya mazoezi na CS Constantine. Kabla ya kujiunga na CR Belouizdad, Harkat alikuwa tayari amepata uzoefu wa kucheza soka la ushindani nchini Algeria. Pia alikuwa na uzoefu wa kujaribu kucheza nje ya Algeria baada ya kusaini na Al-Qadisiyah ya Saudi Arabia, ingawa mkataba huo haukuendelea hadi mwanzo wa msimu. Harkat alishinda ubingwa wa Ligi Kuu ya Algeria akiwa na MC Alger katika msimu wa 2009–10. Mafanikio hayo ni miongoni mwa [[heshima]] zilizopatikana katika maisha yake ya soka la klabu. Ushindi huo uliifanya MC Alger kuwa mabingwa wa Algeria katika msimu huo. Harkat hivyo alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi kilichopata mafanikio hayo kabla ya kuendelea na safari yake ya soka katika klabu nyingine. Baada ya mkataba wake na Al-Qadisiyah kusitishwa, Harkat alikaa bila klabu kwa kipindi fulani kabla ya kuanza kufanya mazoezi na CS Constantine. Mnamo Juni 2012, alijiunga rasmi na CR Belouizdad kwa mkataba wa miaka miwili. Kazi yake ya [[S|soka]] ilihusisha kucheza katika mazingira ya soka la Algeria pamoja na kupata fursa ya kujaribu kucheza nje ya nchi. Kipindi chake na MC Alger kilimpa nafasi ya kushinda ubingwa wa ligi ya taifa, huku uhamisho wake kwenda CR Belouizdad ukiwa sehemu nyingine muhimu ya maisha yake ya soka.<ref>Ouali K. (June 17, 2012). [http://www.dzfoot.com/news-11727-transferts-sofiane-harkat-pour-deux-ans-au-cr-belouizdad.php "Sofiane Harkat pour deux ans au CR Belouizdad"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dzfoot.com/news-11727-transferts-sofiane-harkat-pour-deux-ans-au-cr-belouizdad.php |date=20120619105449 }} (in French). DZFoot. Retrieved June 18, 2012.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Algeria]] 7fs05plrxz3me8a0gsdqdhbon310hqe 0 248266 1594146 1593911 2026-09-03T09:32:45Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594146 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nene Mainzana Mapoko''' (alizaliwa 25 Desemba 1975 huko Kamina, katika mkoa wa Haut-Lomami) ni [[mwanaharakati]] wa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. ==Asili== Anatoka katika familia ya Mapoko, akiwa binti wa Egbango Mapoko Aenenau Martin na Bibiane Bokundoa, na ni mtoto wa nne katika familia yenye watoto wengi. === Elimu === Nene Mainzana Mapoko alisoma masomo yake ya sekondari katika Lycée Lontsing'Esenngo, huko Basankusu, ambako mwaka 1996 alipata diplôme d'État katika ufundi wa utawala na biashara, kabla ya kuendelea na masomo yake ya juu. Baadaye aliendelea na masomo ya chuo kikuu katika Université de Kinshasa, ambako mwaka 2005 alipata shahada ya licence katika sayansi ya mawasiliano. Alikamilisha safari yake ya kielimu kupitia mafunzo mbalimbali yaliyohusu hasa uhifadhi wa bioanuwai, utawala wa misitu, mabadiliko ya tabianchi na mfumo wa REDD+. Sehemu ya mafunzo hayo ilifanyika kwa msaada wa mashirika na taasisi za kimataifa. === Kazi katika vyombo vya habari === Kabla ya kujihusisha na siasa, Nene Mainzana Mapoko alifanya kazi katika uandishi wa habari. Mwaka 2011, Umoja wa Mataifa ulimtaja kama mratibu wa kitaifa wa masuala ya mabadiliko ya tabianchi na mwandishi wa habari katika Radio-télévision nationale congolaise (RTNC), ndani ya Réseau des communicateurs de l'environnement. Kazi yake ya uandishi wa habari ilihusishwa hasa na masuala ya mazingira na changamoto za maendeleo endelevu. Uzoefu huu katika vyombo vya habari ulichangia baadaye katika nafasi yake katika eneo la mawasiliano kuhusu mazingira na utetezi wa masuala ya tabianchi. === Kujihusisha na masuala ya mazingira === Nene Mainzana Mapoko amejenga sehemu muhimu ya kazi yake katika kulinda misitu ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, utawala wa mazingira na mapambano dhidi ya mabadiliko ya tabianchi. Alishiriki katika programu na mitandao mbalimbali inayohusu usimamizi endelevu wa rasilimali za asili na utetezi wa maslahi ya jamii zinazotegemea misitu kwa ajili ya maisha yao. Safari yake ya kazi pia inajumuisha kushiriki katika mazungumzo ya kimataifa kuhusu tabianchi. Kwa mujibu wa taarifa za wasifu wake zinazopatikana, alishiriki katika mikutano kadhaa ya Umoja wa Mataifa kuhusu mabadiliko ya tabianchi, hasa Copenhagen mwaka 2009, Paris mwaka 2015, Marrakech mwaka 2016, Glasgow mwaka 2021 na Baku mwaka 2024. Pia anaelezwa kuwa alishiriki katika mipango ya kimataifa inayohusu haki ya tabianchi, utawala wa misitu na haki za jamii za wenyeji. {{BD|1975|}} [[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] gaps86iozfjy1y09aou117mc8s2u4hl 0 248277 1594063 1593958 2026-09-02T19:54:12Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1594063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Piaggio Quargo''' ni gari la kibiashara lililotengenezwa na [[Piaggio]] kuanzia mwaka 2004 hadi 2016, na lilikuwa sehemu ya kundi la [[Quadricycle (EU vehicle classification)|quadricycle nzito]], lililoundwa kuchukua nafasi ya [[Piaggio Ape|Ape Poker]]. == Muktadha == Likijengwa kwenye msingi huo huo wa [[Piaggio Porter]], ambalo linashirikiana nalo mpangilio wa kimakanika na sehemu ya mwili kama vile milango, Quargo lilikuwa na injini ya [[diesel engine|dizeli]] ya [[Lombardini S.r.l.|Lombardini]] yenye silinda mbili zilizopangwa mstari, ujazo wa 686 cm³, iliyowekwa nyuma kwa mlalo na yenye nguvu ya 13 kW (takriban hp 18). Lilikuwa na muundo wa [[quadricycle|quadricycle]] nyepesi iliyohitaji [[driving license|leseni ya udereva]] ya B1 ili kuendeshwa. Pia lingeweza kuendeshwa na wale waliokuwa na leseni ndogo za awali za A1 na A, ikiwa zilipatikana kabla ya tarehe 18 Januari 2013. Lilipatikana katika matoleo ya [[Pickup truck|pickup]], pickup yenye mfumo wa kumwaga mizigo, vani na curtainseat, likiwa na uwezo wa kubeba mzigo wa hadi kg 750 kulingana na toleo. Mwaka 2007, toleo lililoboreshwa liliwasilishwa, likiwa na [[disc brake|breki za diski]] kwenye magurudumu ya mbele na karatasi ya chini ya mafuta ya injini yenye ukubwa mkubwa. Uzalishaji uliishia mwishoni mwa mwaka 2016 kwa sababu, baada ya kuanza kutumika kwa kanuni za kuzuia uchafuzi wa mazingira za [[Euro 4]] kwa quadricycle, Quargo haikuboreshwa ili kuzifuata. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Magari ya Piaggio]] [[Jamii:Magari ya kibiashara]] [[Jamii:Quadricycle]] [[Jamii:Magari ya Italia]] 14ynhiyzch254jmjivlzg41h61xlchq 0 248299 1594059 1593981 2026-09-02T19:38:48Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1594059 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Subaru Sumo''', inayojulikana kama '''Domingo''' katika soko la [[Japan]] na '''Libero''' katika masoko ya [[Europe|Ulaya]] isipokuwa [[United Kingdom|Uingereza]], [[Iceland]], [[Benelux]] na [[Sweden]], ni gari lenye kabini juu ya injini aina ya [[microvan]] lililotengenezwa kuanzia mwaka 1983 hadi 1998. Nchini [[Belgium|Ubelgiji]], lilijulikana kama '''Combi'''. Nchini [[Sweden]], lilijulikana kama '''Columbuss''' (''buss'' likimaanisha "basi" kwa Kiswidi), na nchini [[Taiwan]] kizazi cha baadaye kiliuzwa kama '''Estratto'''. Katika baadhi ya maeneo pia liliitwa '''Subaru E10''' na '''Subaru E12''' mtawalia, majina yaliyorejelea ukubwa wa injini. Muuzaji wa Subaru nchini [[Germany|Ujerumani]] alichagua jina Libero baada ya mashindano ya umma ya kutafuta jina yaliyofanyika mwaka 1984. Jina Sumo, lililotumiwa katika masoko mengi yanayozungumza [[English|Kiingereza]], lilikusudiwa kuashiria asili ya gari kutoka Japan na nguvu ya [[Sumo|mcheza sumo]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Magari ya Subaru]] [[Jamii:Microvan]] [[Jamii:Magari ya Japan]] [[Jamii:Magari ya kibiashara]] 5efqzsex44pcsvq8o095l31yslgfes2 0 248300 1594060 1593982 2026-09-02T19:39:27Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1594060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Suzuki Carry''' ({{lang-ja|スズキ・キャリイ}}, [[Hepburn romanization|Hepburn]]: ''Suzuki Kyarī'') ni [[Kei truck|lori la kei]] linalotengenezwa na mtengenezaji wa magari wa Japan [[Suzuki]]. Toleo la [[microvan]] hapo awali liliitwa Carry van hadi mwaka 1982, ambapo matoleo ya vani za abiria yalibadilishwa jina na kuwa [[Suzuki Every]] ({{lang-ja|スズキ・エブリイ}}, [[Hepburn romanization|Hepburn]]: ''Suzuki Eburī''). Nchini [[Japan]], Carry ni [[kei car|gari la kei]], lakini modeli za masoko ya nje na matoleo yake ziliwekewa injini zenye ujazo wa hadi lita 1.6. Zimeuzwa chini ya majina mengi tofauti katika nchi kadhaa, na ni gari pekee ambalo limewahi kutolewa likiwa na chapa za [[Chevrolet]] pamoja na [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Magari ya Suzuki]] [[Jamii:Kei trucks]] [[Jamii:Microvan]] [[Jamii:Magari ya Japan]] [[Jamii:Magari ya kibiashara]] sq7mhcbr2sg7be93hzz3znlirj7shdp 0 248306 1593991 2026-09-02T12:08:25Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1593991 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sisa Namandje''' (alizaliwa [[mwaka]] [[1972]]) ni [[mwanasheria]] wa [[Namibia]] anayejulikana kwa kuwawakilisha watu mashuhuri nchini Namibia. Amewahi kuwawakilisha [[marais]] wote watatu wa Namibia, ambao ni [[Sam Nujoma]], [[Hifikepunye Pohamba]] na [[Hage Geingob]]. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Namandje alizaliwa tarehe [[15 Desemba]] 1972 huko Onyaanya, katika [[Mkoa]] wa Oshikoto, [[kaskazini]] mwa Namibia. Alitumia miaka yake ya [[elimu]] ya msingi kaskazini mwa Namibia kabla ya [[familia]] yake kuhamia uhamishoni nchini Zambia, ambako alisoma katika kituo cha elimu ya afya cha SWAPO huko Nyango. Baada ya Namibia kupata [[uhuru]], alirejea Onyaanya na kusoma katika Shule ya [[Sekondari]] ya Juu ya Uukule. Alihitimu mwaka [[1994]] akiwa na umri wa [[miaka]] 21. == Maisha binafsi == Sisa ni [[mtoto]] wa kwanza kati ya [[watoto]] 12 wa Simon na Ruusa Namandje. Ameoa Lovisa Namandje, ambaye wana watoto wawili. Anaishi Windhoek.<ref>https://www.namibiansun.com/news/top-lawyer-namandje-to-share-his-success-story</ref><ref>https://investigations.namibian.com.na/n175m-paid-to-namandjesfirm-for-govt-objectives/</ref><ref>https://investigations.namibian.com.na/namandje-defends-recruiting-noas-daughtermy-daughter-is-not-a-minor-acc-chief/</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1972]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Namibia]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 3vcfy1rj25ctgrn1h8m988rpwuw4jyb 0 248307 1593995 2026-09-02T14:16:31Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Diana, Binti Mfalme wa Wales]] hadi [[Diana Spencer]]: usahihi wa jina 1593995 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Diana Spencer]] o2l3zy9jdkqa37aobl2ktrberlfbct5 0 248308 1594000 2026-09-02T14:21:10Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Ndoa za Mitala nchini Mali]] hadi [[Mitala nchini Mali]]: urahisi wa kuupata 1594000 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Mitala nchini Mali]] dt2vjdyixtzfdu5osam7x104ungyn38 0 248309 1594007 2026-09-02T14:31:14Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Umhlanga (Sherehe)]] hadi [[Umhlanga]]: urahisi wa kuupata 1594007 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Umhlanga]] coqfz51lkkep474vpu9tf6298akop4z 0 248310 1594019 2026-09-02T14:44:44Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Jihan El- Tahri]] hadi [[Jihan El-Tahri]]: usahihi wa jina 1594019 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Jihan El-Tahri]] 444sbnsmx4jtsvzckpdzcehozqn34yk 0 248311 1594057 2026-09-02T19:33:25Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 Anuary Rajabu alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Deogratius Ndejembi]] hadi [[Deogratius John Ndejembi]]: Usahihi wa jina 1594057 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Deogratius John Ndejembi]] qhr7nsk5qp8cw10jj2sisinoanjp531 0 248312 1594099 2026-09-03T06:32:56Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1594099 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad Dele Belgore''', SAN (alizaliwa [[25 Juni]] [[1961]]) ni [[mwanasheria]], msuluhishi wa migogoro na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Nigeria]], anayejulikana kwa kuwa mmoja wa waanzilishi katika maendeleo ya Utatuzi Mbadala wa Migogoro (ADR) nchini Nigeria. Yeye ni Mwanasheria Mwandamizi wa Nigeria (SAN) na Mshirika wa Taasisi ya Kitaaluma ya Wasuluhishi wa Migogoro (UK), ambako pia aliwahi kuwa Mwenyekiti wa [[Tawi]] la Nigeria. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Muhammad Dele Belgore alizaliwa tarehe 25 Juni 1961 katika [[familia]] mashuhuri ya wanasheria huko Ilorin, [[Jimbo]] la Kwara, Nigeria. [[Baba]] yake, marehemu Mheshimiwa [[Jaji]] Mahmud Babatunde Belgore, aliwahi kuwa Jaji Mkuu wa [[Mahakama]] Kuu ya Shirikisho ya Nigeria na aliheshimiwa sana kwa mchango wake katika [[maendeleo]] ya mahakama za Nigeria. == Kazi ya kisiasa == Belgore aliingia kwa mara ya kwanza katika [[siasa]] za uchaguzi katika uchaguzi wa ugavana wa [[mwaka]] [[2011]] katika Jimbo la Kwara akiwa mgombea wa Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN). Alifanya [[kampeni]] kwa sera zilizosisitiza [[elimu]] bila malipo, kuimarisha [[shule]] za vijijini, ajira kwa vijana, kufufua mfumo wa utoaji wa ufadhili wa masomo, na kuimarisha uwajibikaji wa [[serikali]] za mitaa. Katika uchaguzi huo, alishindwa na mgombea wa chama tawala, Abdulfatah Ahmed wa People’s Democratic Party (PDP).<ref>https://delebelgore.com/biography-2/</ref><ref>https://delebelgore.com/</ref><ref>https://corruptioncases.ng/cases/frn-vs-mohammed-dele-belgore-senior-adv</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] <references />{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} 1tgnjln8iswjqvukhp6rnbmcc020bld 0 248313 1594101 2026-09-03T06:57:17Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1594101 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Faustin Ntezilyayo''' (alizaliwa [[20 Agosti]] [[1962]]) ni [[Jaji]] Mkuu wa zamani na [[Rais]] wa [[Mahakama]] Kuu ya [[Rwanda]], pamoja na kuwa Rais wa Baraza Kuu la Mahakama, kuanzia tarehe [[6 Desemba]] [[2019]] hadi 3 Desemba [[2024]]. Alimrithi Sam Rugege, ambaye alimaliza muda wake wa uongozi mwezi Desemba 2019. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Ntezilyayo alizaliwa tarehe 20 Agosti 1962 katika [[eneo]] ambalo kwa sasa ni [[Wilaya]] ya Kamonyi. Ana [[Shahada]] ya [[Uzamivu]] (Ph.D.) katika [[Sheria]] kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Antwerp nchini [[Ubelgiji]], Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sheria (LLM) katika sheria za kodi kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Free Brussels nchini Ubelgiji, Shahada ya Uzamili ya [[Sanaa]] katika masuala ya kimataifa, akibobea katika sera ya [[biashara]] ya kimataifa, kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Carleton nchini [[Kanada]]; na Shahada ya Sheria kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha National of Rwanda. == Kazi == Ntezilyayo alianza kazi yake [[mwaka]] [[1986]] akiwa mhadhiri katika Kitivo cha Sheria cha Chuo Kikuu cha National of Rwanda. Amewahi kuwa mtafiti mgeni katika [[Shule]] ya Sheria ya Chuo Kikuu cha Duke nchini [[Marekani]] mwaka [[1999]]; mhadhiri mgeni katika Chuo Kikuu cha Ottawa nchini Kanada kuanzia mwaka [[2007]] hadi [[2008]]; na mshauri wa [[Benki ya Dunia]], Shirika la Kimataifa la Francophonie (OIF) pamoja naTaasisi ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya Mafunzo na Utafiti (UNITAR).<ref>https://www.ktpress.rw/2019/12/who-is-the-new-chief-justice-of-rwanda/</ref><ref>https://reliefweb.int/report/rwanda/rwanda-monthly-information-report-2</ref><ref>https://www.eacj.org/?page_id=7879</ref><ref>https://www.ilpd.ac.rw/updates/latest-news/news-details/honorable-chief-justice-dr-faustin-ntezilyayo-urged-lawyers-in-the-executive-mode-to-focus-on-professional-values-and-ethics</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Rwanda]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} gbi9kdbro98oufqokvu8f2awlbiw4a8 0 248314 1594102 2026-09-03T07:13:07Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1594102 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Doo Aphane''' ni [[mwanasheria]] wa [[Swaziland]] na [[mwanaharakati]] wa kutetea [[haki za wanawake]]. Amefanya kazi na mashirika mengi ya [[haki za binadamu]] na haki za wanawake. [[Mwaka]] [[2012]], alifanikiwa kubadili [[sheria]] ya Swaziland ili kuwawezesha wanawake walioolewa kumiliki mali kwa majina yao wenyewe. == Kazi == Doo Aphane ana [[shahada]] ya [[uzamili]] ya sheria na anafanya kazi kama mwanasheria, akibobea katika sheria ya jinsia. Alianzisha Ushauri wa Maendeleo kwa Wanawake, ambako bado anaendelea kuwa mkurugenzi wa [[kampuni]] hiyo, na pia alianzisha kliniki ya msaada wa kisheria ya Baraza la Makanisa ya Swaziland. Aphane hufanya utafiti wa kisheria na ni [[mwandishi]] mwenza wa machapisho kadhaa ya kitaaluma. Alikuwa mratibu wa kwanza wa kitaifa wa masuala ya wanawake na sheria nchini Swaziland kwa Dhamana ya Haki za Binadamu ya Kusini mwa Afrika, na pia aliwahi kuwa mratibu wa kikanda wa nchi sita za kusini mwa Afrika kwa Mpango wa Haki za Kisheria za Wanawake.<ref>https://www.escr-net.org/caselaw/2017/attorney-general-v-mary-joyce-doo-aphane-2010-szsc-32/</ref><ref>https://www.ipsnews.net/2010/03/rights-swaziland-property-rights-at-last-for-women/</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Eswatini]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} skh98cjolsach4s3ibf8sfpvqhu7yd9 0 248315 1594105 2026-09-03T07:29:43Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1594105 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Janat Balunzi Mukwaya''' (alizaliwa [[12 Desemba]] [[1951]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] na Meja wa zamani katika [[jeshi]] la [[Uganda]]. Kwa sasa ni Mshauri Mwandamizi wa [[Rais]]. Kabla ya hapo, aliwahi kuwa [[Waziri]] wa Majukumu ya Jumla katika Ofisi ya Waziri Mkuu kuanzia tarehe [[16 Februari]] [[2009]] hadi 27 Mei [[2011]], Waziri wa Jinsia, Kazi na Masuala ya Kijamii kuanzia tarehe 6 Juni 2016 hadi Desemba 2019, na Waziri wa [[Biashara]] na Viwanda kuanzia Juni 2006 hadi Februari 2009. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Mukwaya alizaliwa tarehe 12 Desemba 1951 katika [[Wilaya]] ya Mukono. Alisoma [[sayansi]] ya siasa na utawala wa kijamii katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] Cha Makerere kuanzia mwaka [[1971]] hadi [[1975]], na kuhitimu [[Shahada]] ya Sanaa kwa heshima. Kati ya mwaka 1975 na 1981, alifanya kazi kama hakimu wa kiutawala Daraja la II katika mahakama ya vijijini. Mwaka 1981, alijiunga na [[Jeshi]] la Kitaifa la Upinzani (NRA) akiwa mpiganaji. Alipanda cheo hadi kufikia [[nahodha]] katika NRA. Pia ana Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sanaa katika sera za umma na usimamizi kutoka Chuo Kikuu Cha [[London]]. == Kazi ya kisiasa == Baada ya NRA kutwaa madaraka mwaka [[1986]], Mukwaya aliteuliwa kuwa mkurugenzi wa masuala ya [[wanawake]] katika Wizara ya Jinsia, Kazi na Masuala ya Kijamii, ambapo alihudumu hadi mwaka 1990. Mwaka 1994, aliteuliwa kuwa Katibu Binafsi Mkuu wa [[Makamu wa rais|Makamu wa Rais]] wa Uganda.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150211174529/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/671729</ref><ref>https://mglsd.go.ug/hand-over-ceremony/</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] <references />{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} t8by4gpo94lk25od0dfwnvsi5vxfyjt 0 248316 1594106 2026-09-03T07:43:56Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1594106 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sarah Bireete''' ni [[mwanasheria]] wa [[Uganda]], mtetezi wa [[haki za binadamu]] na [[mwanaharakati]] wa kisiasa. Yeye ni mshirika mwanzilishi na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Kituo cha [[Utawala]] wa Kikatiba (CCG), shirika lisilo la kiserikali na taasisi inayofuatilia utendaji wa [[serikali]], lililopo nchini Uganda. Bireete pia ni Mwenyekiti wa Mtandao wa Waangalizi wa Uchaguzi wa [[Afrika Mashariki]] na Pembe ya Afrika (E-HORN), muungano wa makundi ya waangalizi wa uchaguzi yanayofanya kazi ya kulinda uadilifu wa [[uchaguzi]] katika Afrika Mashariki. == Kazi == [[Mwaka]] [[2020]], Bireete aliteuliwa kuwa Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Kituo cha Utawala wa Kikatiba (CCG), baada ya kuwa Naibu Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa [[taasisi]] hiyo kuanzia mwaka [[2011]] hadi [[2019]]. Pia ni Mwenyekiti wa Mtandao wa Waangalizi wa Uchaguzi wa Afrika Mashariki na Pembe ya Afrika (E-HORN). Hapo awali, alifanya kazi katika Wizara ya Mambo ya Nje ya Uganda, akihudumu kama mratibu wa kitaifa wa [[Mkutano]] wa Kimataifa wa Ukanda wa Maziwa Makuu.<ref>https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sarah-bireete-4005966</ref><ref>https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/profile/dr-sarah-bireete</ref><ref>https://ccgea.org/team/dr-sarah-bireete/</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Uganda]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} bqyyuhmufz1yvp7eeob00pina2nb3il 0 248317 1594108 2026-09-03T07:58:58Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1594108 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Victoria Ibezim-Ohaeri''' ni [[mwanasheria]] wa [[Nigeria]], mtetezi wa [[haki za binadamu]] na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa (Spaces for Change) (S4C), shirika la kiraia linalolenga masuala ya nafasi ya kiraia, ushirikishwaji wa kijinsia na sera ya [[nishati]] nchini Nigeria. Alitunukiwa heshima ya SXSW [[mwaka]] [[2013]] na alikuwa Mshirika wa Uongozi wa Desmond Tutu mwaka [[2016]]. == Kazi == Alianzisha Spaces for Change (S4C) na anahudumu kama Mkurugenzi wa Utafiti na Sera wa shirika hilo. S4C imeshirikiana na Mpango wa Kimataifa wa Ruzuku wa Taasisi ya Kimataifa ya Maendeleo Endelevu katika kufanya utafiti katika nchi mbalimbali kuhusu [[jinsia]] na mageuzi ya ruzuku za [[mafuta]] ya visukuku. Amechangia [[makala]], maoni na uchambuzi wa masuala yenye maslahi kwa umma katika [[vyombo vya habari]] vya Nigeria, ikiwemo ''Premium Times'', na maandishi yake yamechapishwa katika majukwaa ya sera na kitaaluma kama ''Verfassungsblog'', ''Just Security'' na ''Radical Housing Journal'', pamoja na kuangaziwa katika ''The Christian Science Monitor''. == Tuzo na utambuzi == * Kundi la mwaka 2016 – Desmond Tutu Leadership Fellowship, lililotolewa na African Leadership Institute. * Mshindi wa heshima wa SXSW mwaka 2013.<ref>https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ibezimohaerivictoria/</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140227061424/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/151749-dear-iyabo-obasanjo-victoria-ohaeri.html</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Haki za binadamu]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} exqbyirqtcqbuok0qsy5dap7b0hcth2 0 248318 1594109 2026-09-03T08:17:57Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1594109 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Louis le Grange''' ([[16 Agosti]] [[1928]] – [[25 Oktoba]] [[1991]]) alikuwa [[mwanasheria]], [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] na mwanachama wa National Party. == Maisha ya awali == Le Grange alizaliwa na Elizabeth Raats na Johannes Jacobus Le Grange huko Ladybrand, katika Orange Free State ya Afrika Kusini. Alisoma [[shule]] ya msingi huko Fochville na Potchefstroom, na mwaka [[1946]] alihitimu [[elimu]] ya [[sekondari]] katika Potchefstroom Hoer Volkskool. Baada ya kuhitimu, [[mwaka]] [[1947]] alijiunga na Idara ya Mambo ya Ndani na [[Sheria]] akiwa karani, huku akisomea [[Shahada]] ya [[Sanaa]] (BA) katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Afrika Kusini|Chuo Kikuu Cha Afrika Kusini]], ambayo aliipata mwaka [[1953]]. Aliondoka katika idara hiyo na kuwa mwanasheria katika ubia, akipata [[Diploma]] ya Kuingia katika [[Taaluma]] ya Uanasheria mwaka [[1955]] na Shahada ya Sheria (LL.B.) mwaka 1956. Mwaka 1964, alipata Shahada ya Sanaa ya Heshima katika Sayansi ya Siasa kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Potchefstroom. == Ndoa == Alimuoa Jessie Ortlepp-Marais mwezi Mei 1952, na walikuwa na [[watoto]] wawili wa [[wanaume]] na [[wanawake]] wawili. == Kifo == Alifariki kutokana na [[mshtuko wa moyo]] huko Potchefstroom, akiwa na umri wa [[miaka]] 63.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140527220448/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/1991/10/28/1/11.html</ref><ref>https://scholar.ufs.ac.za/items/9f04687b-de5c-42ad-b372-e04ecdb8b7bd</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1928]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1991]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] <references />{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} 6jfgksaqw2f1xwdzp7zopv3kc3epihl 0 248319 1594112 2026-09-03T08:40:16Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1594112 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Muhyi.jpg|thumb|'''Muhuyi Magaji Rimingado''']] '''Muhuyi Magaji Rimingado''' ni [[mwanasheria]] na [[mwanaharakati]] wa [[Nigeria]] ambaye anahudumu kama Mwenyekiti Mtendaji wa Tume ya Malalamiko ya Umma na Kupambana na [[Rushwa]] ya [[Jimbo]] la Kano. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Muhuyi Magaji Rimingado alizaliwa [[22 Februari]] [[1975]] katika mji wa Rimingado, uliopo katika Rimin Gado, [[eneo]] la [[serikali]] za mitaa katika Jimbo la Kano, Nigeria. Akitokea katika [[familia]] yenye [[historia]] ya [[elimu]] ya [[Kiislamu]], jambo hilo lilimpa fursa ya kusoma elimu ya Kiislamu pamoja na elimu ya kimagharibi. Alianza elimu yake kwa kusoma elimu ya Kiislamu kabla ya kujiunga na [[Shule]] Maalumu ya Msingi ya Rimingado, ambako alipata elimu ya msingi. Alipata elimu ya [[sekondari]] ya chini katika Shule ya Rimingado. Baadaye alijiunga na [[Chuo]] cha Ufundi cha Serikali cha Ungogo, ambako alipata [[cheti]] cha elimu ya sekondari. == Kazi na uanaharakati == Rimingado alianza kazi yake kama mwanasheria na mhadhiri katika Chuo Kikuu cha Bayero Kano. [[Mwaka]] [[2016]], aliteuliwa kuwa [[Mwenyekiti]] wa Tume ya Malalamiko ya Umma na Kupambana na Rushwa ya Jimbo la Kano.<ref>https://nigeriantracker.com/2022/12/08/kwankwasiyya-appoints-muhuyi-magaji-as-director-intelligence-and-strategy/</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-57726788</ref><ref>https://solacebase.com/ganduje-re-appoints-muhuyi-magaji-as-chairman-of-anti-graft-agency/</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1975]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} ocwc2k3or9iwuay9g9y99u0z14r6efk 0 248320 1594114 2026-09-03T08:56:12Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1594114 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uko Essien Udom''', SAN ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Nigeria]] na [[mwanasheria]]. Yeye ni Mwanasheria Mkuu na Kamishna wa Sheria wa [[Jimbo la Akwa Ibom]]. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Uko alizaliwa [[11 Aprili]] [[1956]] huko Ibadan, katika [[Jimbo la Oyo]]. Alisoma katika Shule ya Abadina, Ibadan, kuanzia [[mwaka]] [[1962]] hadi [[1966]] kwa ajili ya [[elimu]] yake ya msingi. Alisoma elimu yake ya [[sekondari]] katika Shule ya International , Ibadan, Jimbo la Oyo. Pia alisoma katika [[Chuo]] cha Holy Family Abak, Jimbo la Akwa Ibom, ambako alifanya [[mtihani]] na kupata [[Cheti]] cha Shule cha [[Afrika Magharibi]] mwaka [[1972]]. Ana [[Diploma]] ya Usimamizi wa [[Kampuni]] na [[Shahada]] ya Sanaa katika Sheria kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Manchester]] Metropolitan, [[Manchester]], [[Uingereza]]. == Kazi ya kisiasa == Uko alihudumu chini ya uongozi wa Obong Victor Attah katika kuandaa Waraka ya [[Jimbo la Akwa Ibom]] kwa ajili ya [[Mkutano]] wa Kitaifa wa Katiba wa mwaka [[1994]]/[[1995]]. Aliteuliwa kuwa Kamishna wa Sheria wa Jimbo la Akwa Ibom na Gavana Udom Emmanuel tarehe [[4 Januari]] [[2021]]. Aliteuliwa tena kuwa Kamishna wa Sheria na Gavana Umo Bassey Eno, ambaye ni gavana wa sasa wa Jimbo la Akwa Ibom, mwezi [[Februari]] [[2025]].<ref>https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/uko-udom-san/</ref><ref>https://www.thecable.ng/udom-emmanuel-swears-in-four-commissioners-five-perm-secs/</ref><ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/our-experience-as-interns-under-late-fra-williams-uko-udom-san/</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Nigeria]] <references />{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} 9gox4229gkkymn9f019nlhd1sitzg2e 0 248321 1594129 2026-09-03T09:14:23Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1594129 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Beatriz Buchili 2023 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Beatriz Buchili 2023]] '''Beatriz da Consolação Mateus Buchili''' ni [[mwanasheria]] wa [[Msumbiji]]. Yeye ni [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza kuwa [[Mwanasheria Mkuu]] wa Msumbiji. == Maisha == Beatriz Buchili ana [[shahada]] ya [[uzamili]] ya sheria kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Federal of Rio Grande do Sul nchini [[Brazil]]. Alijiunga na Ofisi ya Mashtaka ya Umma [[mwaka]] [[1994]] akiwa mwendesha mashtaka wa [[wilaya]], na baadaye alipanda cheo na kuwa naibu wa Mwanasheria Mkuu, Augusto Paulino. [[Rais]] [[Armando Guebuza]] alimteua Buchili kumrithi Paulino kama Mwanasheria Mkuu tarehe [[21 Julai]] [[2014]]. Ameongoza [[kesi]] kadhaa za ufisadi zilizovuta hisia kubwa za umma. Kesi moja inawahusisha washtakiwa 20, akiwemo Gregorio Leão, aliyekuwa mkurugenzi mkuu wa huduma za siri (SISE); mkurugenzi wa SISE anayeshughulikia ujasusi wa kiuchumi, António do Rosário; Inês Moiane, aliyekuwa [[katibu]] binafsi wa rais wa zamani Armando Guebuza; na [[mtoto]] wa rais huyo wa zamani, Armando Ndambi Guebuza. Kesi nyingine mbili za ufisadi ni kesi ya Embraer, inayohusiana na ununuzi wa [[ndege]] kwa ajili ya Mashirika ya Ndege ya Msumbiji (LAM), na kesi ya Odebrecht, inayohusiana na ujenzi wa Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Nacala na kituo cha kupakia [[makaa ya mawe]] katika [[Bandari]] ya Beira. Mwezi Agosti [[2019]], Rais Filipe Nyusi alimuapisha Buchili kuanza muhula wake wa pili wa miaka mitano kama Mwanasheria Mkuu.<ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/201908190654.html</ref><ref>https://www.africa-confidential.com/profile/id/4052/beatriz-buchili</ref><ref>https://jusconnect.com/en/p/beatriz-buchili</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Msumbiji]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Msumbiji]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} pq3fwh73oxhdeaoz0lhj6wfsc5j3mlr 0 248322 1594149 2026-09-03T09:45:18Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1594149 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Onochie M. Anyachebelu''' (alizaliwa [[24 Mei]] [[1961]]) ni [[mwanasheria]] wa [[Nigeria]] ambaye amekuwa [[Jaji]] Mkuu wa [[Mahakama]] Kuu ya [[Jimbo la Anambra]] tangu tarehe [[18 Februari]] [[2020]]. == Elimu == Anyachebelu alihitimu kutoka [[Chuo]] cha [[Serikali]] ya Shirikisho, Port Harcourt [[mwaka]] [[1977]] na . Alipata [[Shahada]] ya Sheria (LL.B.) kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu]] Cha [[Lagos]] mwaka [[1983]]. Aliitwa katika Baraza la Wanasheria la Nigeria (Nigerian Bar) mwaka [[1984]]. == Kazi == Anyachebelu alifanya [[kazi]] kwa muda wa miaka mitano katika [[Ofisi]] ya Sheria ya (Senator Anah SAN and Associates). huko Onitsha, Jimbo la Anambra. Baadaye alianzisha [[kampuni]] ya sheria ya Onochie Anyachebelu & Co., na mwaka [[1997]] aliteuliwa kuwa Notary Public. Mwaka [[2005]], alipandishwa cheo na kuwa Jaji wa Mahakama Kuu.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/anyachebelu-is-anambra-state-chief-judge/</ref><ref>https://anambrajudiciary.com/judges/</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} lou5vut4uacppc67o8tpxqh97bkuwze 0 248323 1594150 2026-09-03T09:47:55Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Heroni wa Antiokia''' ([[karne ya 1]] - [[127]] au [[136]] [[BK]]) alikuwa [[askofu]] wa [[Antiokia]] kwa miaka 20 hivi baada ya [[Ignas wa Antiokia]] na kabla ya [[Korneli wa Antiokia]]. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[16 Oktoba]] au [[17 Oktoba]] au [[27 Oktoba]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakris...' 1594150 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Heroni wa Antiokia''' ([[karne ya 1]] - [[127]] au [[136]] [[BK]]) alikuwa [[askofu]] wa [[Antiokia]] kwa miaka 20 hivi baada ya [[Ignas wa Antiokia]] na kabla ya [[Korneli wa Antiokia]]. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[16 Oktoba]] au [[17 Oktoba]] au [[27 Oktoba]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] *[[Mababu wa Kanisa]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo== *Padri Benedettini della Congregazione di S.Mauro in Francia, L'Arte di verificare le date dei fatti storici delle inscrizioni delle cronache e di altri antichi monumenti dal principio dell'era cristiana fino all'anno 1770, traduzione di Giuseppe Pontini di Quero, vol. 2, Venezia, Tipografia Gatti, p. 319. *Martirologio romano dato in luce per ordine di Gregorio XIII e riconosciuto coll'autorità di Urbano VIII, Clemente X e Benedetto XIV, Stamperia dell'Ospizio apostolico di S. Michele a Ripa, 1806, p. 238. ==Viungo vya nje== * {{Cite web|http://www.summagallicana.it/lessico/e/Erone%20-%20Santo.htm|''Sant'Erone diacono di Sant'Ignazio di Antiochia viene trasformato da Aldrovandi in un fantomatico San Gallo anch'egli diacono di Sant'Ignazio.'' - summagallicana.it}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{BD|karne ya 1|karne ya 2}} [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Siria]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Uturuki]] nuk9nt4m2pzxg3849e600ep5dymcp5m 1594153 1594150 2026-09-03T09:48:34Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Viungo vya nje */ 1594153 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Heroni wa Antiokia''' ([[karne ya 1]] - [[127]] au [[136]] [[BK]]) alikuwa [[askofu]] wa [[Antiokia]] kwa miaka 20 hivi baada ya [[Ignas wa Antiokia]] na kabla ya [[Korneli wa Antiokia]]. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[16 Oktoba]] au [[17 Oktoba]] au [[27 Oktoba]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] *[[Mababu wa Kanisa]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo== *Padri Benedettini della Congregazione di S.Mauro in Francia, L'Arte di verificare le date dei fatti storici delle inscrizioni delle cronache e di altri antichi monumenti dal principio dell'era cristiana fino all'anno 1770, traduzione di Giuseppe Pontini di Quero, vol. 2, Venezia, Tipografia Gatti, p. 319. *Martirologio romano dato in luce per ordine di Gregorio XIII e riconosciuto coll'autorità di Urbano VIII, Clemente X e Benedetto XIV, Stamperia dell'Ospizio apostolico di S. Michele a Ripa, 1806, p. 238. ==Viungo vya nje== * http://www.summagallicana.it/lessico/e/Erone%20-%20Santo.htm ''Sant'Erone diacono di Sant'Ignazio di Antiochia viene trasformato da Aldrovandi in un fantomatico San Gallo anch'egli diacono di Sant'Ignazio.'' - summagallicana.it {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{BD|karne ya 1|karne ya 2}} [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Siria]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Uturuki]] lvjah6kxmr82bwee514ifzjck3lm600 1594160 1594153 2026-09-03T09:49:35Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Viungo vya nje */ 1594160 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Heroni wa Antiokia''' ([[karne ya 1]] - [[127]] au [[136]] [[BK]]) alikuwa [[askofu]] wa [[Antiokia]] kwa miaka 20 hivi baada ya [[Ignas wa Antiokia]] na kabla ya [[Korneli wa Antiokia]]. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[16 Oktoba]] au [[17 Oktoba]] au [[27 Oktoba]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] *[[Mababu wa Kanisa]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo== *Padri Benedettini della Congregazione di S.Mauro in Francia, L'Arte di verificare le date dei fatti storici delle inscrizioni delle cronache e di altri antichi monumenti dal principio dell'era cristiana fino all'anno 1770, traduzione di Giuseppe Pontini di Quero, vol. 2, Venezia, Tipografia Gatti, p. 319. *Martirologio romano dato in luce per ordine di Gregorio XIII e riconosciuto coll'autorità di Urbano VIII, Clemente X e Benedetto XIV, Stamperia dell'Ospizio apostolico di S. Michele a Ripa, 1806, p. 238. ==Viungo vya nje== * http://www.summagallicana.it/lessico/e/Erone%20-%20Santo.htm ''Sant'Erone diacono di Sant'Ignazio di Antiochia viene trasformato da Aldrovandi in un fantomatico San Gallo anch'egli diacono di Sant'Ignazio.'' - summagallicana.it {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{BD|karne ya 1|karne ya 2}} [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Siria]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Uturuki]] b4glufkxgtfinudwi6kfgoxzo8biopv 1594187 1594160 2026-09-03T11:47:47Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Tazama pia */ 1594187 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Heroni wa Antiokia''' ([[karne ya 1]] - [[127]] au [[136]] [[BK]]) alikuwa [[askofu]] wa [[Antiokia]] kwa miaka 20 hivi baada ya [[Ignas wa Antiokia]] na kabla ya [[Korneli wa Antiokia]]. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[16 Oktoba]] au [[17 Oktoba]] au [[27 Oktoba]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo== *Padri Benedettini della Congregazione di S.Mauro in Francia, L'Arte di verificare le date dei fatti storici delle inscrizioni delle cronache e di altri antichi monumenti dal principio dell'era cristiana fino all'anno 1770, traduzione di Giuseppe Pontini di Quero, vol. 2, Venezia, Tipografia Gatti, p. 319. *Martirologio romano dato in luce per ordine di Gregorio XIII e riconosciuto coll'autorità di Urbano VIII, Clemente X e Benedetto XIV, Stamperia dell'Ospizio apostolico di S. Michele a Ripa, 1806, p. 238. ==Viungo vya nje== * http://www.summagallicana.it/lessico/e/Erone%20-%20Santo.htm ''Sant'Erone diacono di Sant'Ignazio di Antiochia viene trasformato da Aldrovandi in un fantomatico San Gallo anch'egli diacono di Sant'Ignazio.'' - summagallicana.it {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{BD|karne ya 1|karne ya 2}} [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Siria]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Uturuki]] e2qzqmh0rd4e9coqb7ac8tuco7v0ds6 3 248324 1594151 2026-09-03T09:48:16Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1594151 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 3 Septemba 2026 (UTC) dv58lzvbajcdzw3e5s6ijl60ctzgkoa 3 248325 1594152 2026-09-03T09:48:27Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1594152 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 3 Septemba 2026 (UTC) dv58lzvbajcdzw3e5s6ijl60ctzgkoa 3 248326 1594154 2026-09-03T09:48:36Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1594154 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 3 Septemba 2026 (UTC) dv58lzvbajcdzw3e5s6ijl60ctzgkoa 3 248327 1594155 2026-09-03T09:48:46Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1594155 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 3 Septemba 2026 (UTC) dv58lzvbajcdzw3e5s6ijl60ctzgkoa 3 248328 1594156 2026-09-03T09:48:57Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1594156 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 3 Septemba 2026 (UTC) dv58lzvbajcdzw3e5s6ijl60ctzgkoa 3 248329 1594157 2026-09-03T09:49:06Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1594157 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 3 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 85rdm8fpen8gro9a5lxsmg35d9f2485 3 248330 1594158 2026-09-03T09:49:17Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1594158 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 3 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 85rdm8fpen8gro9a5lxsmg35d9f2485 3 248331 1594159 2026-09-03T09:49:27Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1594159 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 3 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 85rdm8fpen8gro9a5lxsmg35d9f2485 3 248332 1594161 2026-09-03T09:49:37Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1594161 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 3 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 85rdm8fpen8gro9a5lxsmg35d9f2485 3 248333 1594162 2026-09-03T09:49:47Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1594162 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 3 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 85rdm8fpen8gro9a5lxsmg35d9f2485 3 248334 1594163 2026-09-03T09:49:57Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1594163 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 3 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 85rdm8fpen8gro9a5lxsmg35d9f2485 3 248335 1594164 2026-09-03T09:50:07Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1594164 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 3 Septemba 2026 (UTC) f7duh58qso0sezt67olnkwq092yncra 3 248336 1594165 2026-09-03T09:50:17Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1594165 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 3 Septemba 2026 (UTC) f7duh58qso0sezt67olnkwq092yncra 3 248337 1594166 2026-09-03T09:50:27Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1594166 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 3 Septemba 2026 (UTC) f7duh58qso0sezt67olnkwq092yncra 3 248338 1594167 2026-09-03T09:50:37Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1594167 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 3 Septemba 2026 (UTC) f7duh58qso0sezt67olnkwq092yncra 0 248339 1594168 2026-09-03T09:55:12Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Korneli wa Antiokia''' ([[karne ya 1]] - [[151]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.balamand.edu.lb/theology/ignpatriarchs.htm |title=Patriarchs of Antioch |website=balamand.edu.lb |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110731103713/http://www.balamand.edu.lb/theology/ignpatriarchs.htm |archive-date=31 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> au [[154]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://syriacorthodoxresources.org/Patriarchate/Patriarch...' 1594168 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Korneli wa Antiokia''' ([[karne ya 1]] - [[151]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.balamand.edu.lb/theology/ignpatriarchs.htm |title=Patriarchs of Antioch |website=balamand.edu.lb |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110731103713/http://www.balamand.edu.lb/theology/ignpatriarchs.htm |archive-date=31 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> au [[154]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://syriacorthodoxresources.org/Patriarchate/PatriarchsChronList.html |title=Chronological List of the Patriarchs of Antioch}}</ref> [[BK]]) alikuwa [[askofu]] wa [[Antiokia]] kuanzia mwaka [[127]] hadi kifo chake baada ya [[Heroni wa Antiokia]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250104.htm |title=CHURCH FATHERS - Church History, Book IV (Eusebius)}}</ref> na kabla ya [[Eros wa Antiokia]]. ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{BD|karne ya 1|karne ya 2}} [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Siria]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Uturuki]] cnxlila59lt58ehkzxeb1koyibid46z 1594169 1594168 2026-09-03T09:55:36Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594169 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Korneli wa Antiokia''' ([[karne ya 1]] - [[151]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.balamand.edu.lb/theology/ignpatriarchs.htm |title=Patriarchs of Antioch |website=balamand.edu.lb |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110731103713/http://www.balamand.edu.lb/theology/ignpatriarchs.htm |archive-date=31 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> au [[154]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://syriacorthodoxresources.org/Patriarchate/PatriarchsChronList.html |title=Chronological List of the Patriarchs of Antioch}}</ref> [[BK]]) alikuwa [[askofu]] wa [[Antiokia]] kuanzia mwaka [[127]] hadi kifo chake baada ya [[Heroni wa Antiokia]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250104.htm |title=CHURCH FATHERS - Church History, Book IV (Eusebius)}}</ref> na kabla ya [[Eros wa Antiokia]]. ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{BD|karne ya 1|karne ya 2}} [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Syria]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Uturuki]] b2frnov9ln0t2cchsbwe0tx4nk89in8 0 248340 1594171 2026-09-03T10:00:08Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1594171 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thulani Tyson Hlatshwayo''' (alizaliwa [[18 Desemba]] [[1989]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]] wa kulipwa wa [[Afrika Kusini]] anaycheza nafasi ya [[beki]] katika klabu ya Supersport United. == Kazi == === Ajax Cape Town === Hlatshwayo alizaliwa huko [[Soweto]], Gauteng. Alianza kucheza soka la kulipwa kwa mara ya kwanza akiwa na Ajax tarehe [[5 Agosti]] [[2009]], katika ushindi wa 2–1 dhidi ya Orlando Pirates, katika mchezo wa robo [[fainali]] wa mashindano ya MTN 8 ya 2009 uliofanyika Coca Cola Park huko [[Johannesburg]]. Alipandishwa kutoka katika akademi ya vijana ya [[klabu]] hiyo baada ya kuonyesha kiwango kizuri kwa miaka kadhaa, akiwa akiichezea klabu hiyo pamoja na timu za taifa za vijana za nchi yake. == Kazi ya kimataifa == === Timu za vijana === Hlatshwayo amecheza katika timu zote mbili za taifa za Afrika Kusini za vijana chini ya umri wa [[miaka]] 17 na chini ya miaka 20. Pia alikuwa miongoni mwa wachezaji wa timu ya Afrika Kusini ya chini ya miaka 20 iliyoshiriki katika [[Kombe la Dunia]] la [[FIFA]] la U-20 la 2009, ambapo ilifungwa 2–1 na [[Ghana]] katika hatua ya 16 bora ya [[mashindano]] hayo, na hivyo kutolewa na timu ambayo baadaye ilitwaa ubingwa. === Timu ya wakubwa === Hlatshwayo alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Afrika Kusini kwa ajili ya Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika la [[2015]] na alifunga bao la kujifunga katika mchezo wa kwanza wa timu hiyo, ambapo ilifungwa 3–1 na [[Algeria]]. Tarehe [[13 Oktoba]] [[2018]], alikuwa mmoja wa wafungaji wa Afrika Kusini katika ushindi mkubwa zaidi wa taifa hilo, baada ya kuifunga [[Seychelles]] kwa mabao 6–0 katika mchezo wa kufuzu kwa Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika. == Heshima na mataji == === Klabu === Ajax Cape Town * MTN 8 ya 2009: Mshindi wa pili (Finalist) * Telkom Knockout ya 2010: Mshindi wa pili (Runners-up) Bidvest Wits F.C Premier Soccer League * 2016/2017 MTN 8 * [[2016]] Telkom Knockout * 2017 Orlando Pirates F.C MTN 8 * [[2020]] <ref>https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/52984/Thulani_Hlatshwayo.html</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/30773500</ref><ref>https://www.soccerway.com/player/hlatshwayo-thulani/QHzv9beB/</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1989]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] <references />{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} hljt2x9tbee2ivapzj35io7e96mmt8z 0 248341 1594175 2026-09-03T10:19:38Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1594175 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Siyanda Xulu 2013.jpg|thumb|Siyanda Xulu 2013]] '''Siyanda Xulu''' (alizaliwa [[30 Desemba]] [[1991]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kulipwa wa [[Afrika Kusini]] anayocheza nafasi ya beki wa kati katika [[klabu]] ya SuperSport United na [[timu ya taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini. == Kazi ya klabu == Xulu alizaliwa huko [[Durban]]. Katika miaka yake ya mwanzo ya kucheza soka, alitumia muda katika akademi ya [[Kaizer Chiefs F.C.|Kaizer Chiefs]] kabla ya kuachiliwa [[mwaka]] [[2009]], ambapo baadaye alijiunga na [[Mamelodi Sundowns F.C.|Mamelodi Sundowns]]. Mwezi Mei [[2010]], Xulu alipewa nafasi ya kufanya majaribio [[Barcelona F.C.|Barcelona]], kabla ya kufanya majaribio ya wiki mbili [[Arsenal FC|Arsenal]] mwezi Septemba 2010, ambapo pia hakufanya vya kutosha ili kupata [[mkataba]]. Mwezi Septemba 2012, Xulu alijiunga na klabu ya FC Rostov ya Russian Premier League, akitia saini mkataba wa miaka minne. Akiwa Rostov, Xulu alishinda [[Kombe]] la Urusi katika msimu wa soka wa 2013–14. Aliachiliwa na Maritzburg United mwishoni mwa msimu wa 2019–20. Tarehe 29 Julai [[2020]], Xulu alisaini mkataba na klabu ya Hapoel Tel Aviv ya [[Israeli]] Premier League. Tarehe [[30 Juni]] 2023, Turan Tovuz ilitangaza kuondoka kwa Xulu baada ya mkataba wake kumalizika. Tarehe 28 Julai [[2023]], SuperSport United ilitangaza kumsajili Xulu kwa mkataba wa miaka miwili. == Heshima na mataji == Rostov * Kombe la Urusi: 2013–14 Afrika Kusini * Nafasi ya tatu katika Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika: 2023 <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100818202957/http://www.totalbarca.com/2010/news/barcelona-offers-trials-for-south-african-prospect-siyanda-xulu/</ref><ref>https://www.soccerway.com/player/xulu-siyanda/CnoNZnLq/</ref><ref>https://iol.co.za/sport/soccer/2020-06-29-siyanda-xulu-leaves-maritzburg-united/</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1991]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] lp4wu1xwewr5zjtosidhayz55dnzkoc 0 248342 1594176 2026-09-03T10:28:12Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Korebus''' (pia: '''Coroebus'''; alifariki [[138]]) alikuwa [[mtawala]] wa [[Messina]], [[Sisilia|Sicilia]], [[Italia visiwani]], aliyefia [[imani]] ya [[Ukristo|Kikristo]] wakati wa [[dhuluma]] ya [[Kaizari|kaisari]] [[Kaizari Hadrian|Hadrian]]<ref>[http://orthodoxengland.org.uk/s2centy.htm "Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome]</ref> . Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]]. Siku...' 1594176 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Korebus''' (pia: '''Coroebus'''; alifariki [[138]]) alikuwa [[mtawala]] wa [[Messina]], [[Sisilia|Sicilia]], [[Italia visiwani]], aliyefia [[imani]] ya [[Ukristo|Kikristo]] wakati wa [[dhuluma]] ya [[Kaizari|kaisari]] [[Kaizari Hadrian|Hadrian]]<ref>[http://orthodoxengland.org.uk/s2centy.htm "Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome]</ref> . Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[18 Aprili]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 138]] [[Jamii:wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Italia]] nz71k8y62h7caaizazgzmarwi5kklpn 1594177 1594176 2026-09-03T10:29:40Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Marejeo */ 1594177 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Korebus''' (pia: '''Coroebus'''; alifariki [[138]]) alikuwa [[mtawala]] wa [[Messina]], [[Sisilia|Sicilia]], [[Italia visiwani]], aliyefia [[imani]] ya [[Ukristo|Kikristo]] wakati wa [[dhuluma]] ya [[Kaizari|kaisari]] [[Kaizari Hadrian|Hadrian]]<ref>[http://orthodoxengland.org.uk/s2centy.htm "Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome]</ref> . Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[18 Aprili]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.zeno.org/Heiligenlexikon-1858/A/Corebus,+S. Eintrag in ''Vollständiges Heiligen-Lexikon'' (1858)] {{de}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 138]] [[Jamii:wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Italia]] 4fbm0tow4ssybu55io1l1feekixu6ky 0 248343 1594179 2026-09-03T10:46:08Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[File:Eleuterus_of_Illyria_(Menologion_of_Basil).jpg|thumb|Kifodini chake katika [[mchoro mdogo]].]] '''Eleuteri wa Iliriko''' (pia: '''Eleutherius, Eleutherus, Eleuterus, Eleftherios, Ἐλευθέριος'''; alifariki [[117]]/[[120]]) alikuwa [[Mkristo]], aliyefia [[imani]] yake wakati wa [[dhuluma]] ya [[Dola la Roma]]. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]], pengine pamoja na [[mama]] yake, A...' 1594179 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Eleuterus_of_Illyria_(Menologion_of_Basil).jpg|thumb|Kifodini chake katika [[mchoro mdogo]].]] '''Eleuteri wa Iliriko''' (pia: '''Eleutherius, Eleutherus, Eleuterus, Eleftherios, Ἐλευθέριος'''; alifariki [[117]]/[[120]]) alikuwa [[Mkristo]], aliyefia [[imani]] yake wakati wa [[dhuluma]] ya [[Dola la Roma]]. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]], pengine pamoja na [[mama]] yake, [[Antia]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[18 Aprili]], [[5 Septemba]], [[24 Novemba]] au [[15 Desemba]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=3083 Eleuterius and Anthia] *[http://www.katolsk.no/biografi/eillyria.htm De hellige Eleuterius av Illyria og Anthia og deres 11 ledsagere] *{{it}} [http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/91198 ELEUTERIO e ANZIA] *{{it}} [http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/91109 San Liberatore] *{{it}} [http://www.enrosadira.it/santi/e/eleuterio-anzia.htm SANTI ELEUTERIO E ANZIA] *{{it}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722043821/http://www.outdoorrieti.it/public/moduli/30.pdf.pdf LA MEMORIA DI ELEUTERIO E ANZIA] *{{it}} [http://www.granmirci.it/messinesiillustri1.htm Dicearco da Messina] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:waliozaliwa karne ya 1]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki karne ya 2]] [[Jamii:wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Albania]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Italia]] roasabuum5ad5c7ipu0emiwggmm6hqn 0 248344 1594180 2026-09-03T10:48:29Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Antia''' (pia: '''Anthia'''; alifariki [[117]]/[[120]]) alikuwa [[Mkristo]] aliyefia [[imani]] yake wakati wa [[dhuluma]] ya [[Dola la Roma]]. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]], pengine pamoja na mwanae, [[Eleuteri wa Iliriko]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[18 Aprili]], [[5 Septemba]], [[24 Novemba]] au [[15 Desemba]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * Orodh...' 1594180 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Antia''' (pia: '''Anthia'''; alifariki [[117]]/[[120]]) alikuwa [[Mkristo]] aliyefia [[imani]] yake wakati wa [[dhuluma]] ya [[Dola la Roma]]. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]], pengine pamoja na mwanae, [[Eleuteri wa Iliriko]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[18 Aprili]], [[5 Septemba]], [[24 Novemba]] au [[15 Desemba]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=3083 Eleuterius and Anthia] *[http://www.katolsk.no/biografi/eillyria.htm De hellige Eleuterius av Illyria og Anthia og deres 11 ledsagere] *{{it}} [http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/91198 ELEUTERIO e ANZIA] *{{it}} [http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/91109 San Liberatore] *{{it}} [http://www.enrosadira.it/santi/e/eleuterio-anzia.htm SANTI ELEUTERIO E ANZIA] *{{it}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722043821/http://www.outdoorrieti.it/public/moduli/30.pdf.pdf LA MEMORIA DI ELEUTERIO E ANZIA] *{{it}} [http://www.granmirci.it/messinesiillustri1.htm Dicearco da Messina] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:waliozaliwa karne ya 1]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki karne ya 2]] [[Jamii:wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Albania]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Italia]] chck3sz4yyhpgqsysbpwpxnukyggg7y 1594181 1594180 2026-09-03T10:49:45Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1594181 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Antia''' (pia: '''Anthia'''; alifariki [[117]]/[[120]]) alikuwa [[Mkristo]] aliyefia [[imani]] yake wakati wa [[dhuluma]] ya [[Dola la Roma]]. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]], pengine pamoja na mwanae, [[Eleuteri wa Iliriko]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://home.olemiss.edu/~mldyer/balk/article2.html|title=The Christian Saints of Albania|last=Elsie|first=Robert|date=2000|website=University of Mississippi}}</ref>. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[18 Aprili]], [[5 Septemba]], [[24 Novemba]] au [[15 Desemba]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=3083 Eleuterius and Anthia] *[http://www.katolsk.no/biografi/eillyria.htm De hellige Eleuterius av Illyria og Anthia og deres 11 ledsagere] *{{it}} [http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/91198 ELEUTERIO e ANZIA] *{{it}} [http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/91109 San Liberatore] *{{it}} [http://www.enrosadira.it/santi/e/eleuterio-anzia.htm SANTI ELEUTERIO E ANZIA] *{{it}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722043821/http://www.outdoorrieti.it/public/moduli/30.pdf.pdf LA MEMORIA DI ELEUTERIO E ANZIA] *{{it}} [http://www.granmirci.it/messinesiillustri1.htm Dicearco da Messina] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:waliozaliwa karne ya 1]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki karne ya 2]] [[Jamii:wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Albania]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Italia]] rwwuiqvtqsw0gjfhieuksf9mt2zcc8g 0 248345 1594185 2026-09-03T11:34:46Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Peregrino wa Terni''' (alifariki [[142]] hivi) alikuwa [[askofu]] wa kwanza wa [[Terni]] (''Interamna Nahars'') kuanzia [[mwaka]] [[138]] hadi alipofia [[imani]] yake <ref>https://www.diocesi.terni.it/diocesi/vescovi-di-terni/</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]]<ref>{{es}} [http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=5346 St. Peregrinus] Catholic Online</ref><ref>{{el}} [http:/...' 1594185 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peregrino wa Terni''' (alifariki [[142]] hivi) alikuwa [[askofu]] wa kwanza wa [[Terni]] (''Interamna Nahars'') kuanzia [[mwaka]] [[138]] hadi alipofia [[imani]] yake <ref>https://www.diocesi.terni.it/diocesi/vescovi-di-terni/</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]]<ref>{{es}} [http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=5346 St. Peregrinus] Catholic Online</ref><ref>{{el}} [http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/3195/sxsaintinfo.aspx Ὁ Ἅγιος Περεγρίνος Ἐπίσκοπος Τέρνι]. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.</ref>. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[16 Mei]] ya kila [[mwaka]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 142]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Category:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Italia]] pt6p3zy4y7g6vgpdxl9be7qsqnldvv2 0 248346 1594186 2026-09-03T11:46:41Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[File:Zurbaran_santa_marina.jpg|thumb|Mt. Marina alivyochorwa na [[Fransisko wa Zurbaran]].]] '''Marina wa Allariz''' ([[119]] - [[139]]) alikuwa [[bikira]] wa [[Allariz]]<ref>[https://www.turismo-prerromanico.com/monumento/santa-marina-de-aguas-santas-20140615200310/ "Santa Marina de Aguas Santas(R)", Prerrománico Tourismo, Asociación de Amigos del Arte Altomedieval Español]</ref>, [[mkoa wa Orense]] (leo nchini [[Ureno]]) aliyefia [[imani]] ya Kikr...' 1594186 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Zurbaran_santa_marina.jpg|thumb|Mt. Marina alivyochorwa na [[Fransisko wa Zurbaran]].]] '''Marina wa Allariz''' ([[119]] - [[139]]) alikuwa [[bikira]] wa [[Allariz]]<ref>[https://www.turismo-prerromanico.com/monumento/santa-marina-de-aguas-santas-20140615200310/ "Santa Marina de Aguas Santas(R)", Prerrománico Tourismo, Asociación de Amigos del Arte Altomedieval Español]</ref>, [[mkoa wa Orense]] (leo nchini [[Ureno]]) aliyefia [[imani]] ya [[Kikristo]]. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[18 Julai]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Mabikira]] [[Jamii:wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Ureno]] 6ek7ja7fm2ibhce4lqp9tsl72wv68yy 0 248347 1594189 2026-09-03T11:56:48Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Paterno wa Auch''' (au '''Paterne, Patier, Pair, Padarn'''; [[Bilbao]], [[Nchi ya Kieuskara]], [[Hispania]] - [[150]] hivi) alikuwa [[askofu]] wa [[Auch]], leo nchini [[Ufaransa]]<ref>[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=5244 St. Paternus] Catholic Online</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[28 Septemba]]. ==Tazama pia== * Watakatifu wa Aga...' 1594189 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Paterno wa Auch''' (au '''Paterne, Patier, Pair, Padarn'''; [[Bilbao]], [[Nchi ya Kieuskara]], [[Hispania]] - [[150]] hivi) alikuwa [[askofu]] wa [[Auch]], leo nchini [[Ufaransa]]<ref>[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=5244 St. Paternus] Catholic Online</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[28 Septemba]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist|30em}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 150]] [[Jamii:wamisionari]] [[jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Hispania]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Ufaransa]] gslhdgxjepyysiefjzzosazyiohb4vs 14 248348 1594190 2026-09-03T11:57:21Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:waliofariki karne ya 2]] [[Jamii:150]]' 1594190 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:waliofariki karne ya 2]] [[Jamii:150]] a0l7ci625pylxof75s1m3c7qowsxfka