Wikipedia swwiki https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwanzo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.20 first-letter Media Maalum Majadiliano Mtumiaji Majadiliano ya mtumiaji Wikipedia Majadiliano ya Wikipedia Faili Majadiliano ya faili MediaWiki Majadiliano ya MediaWiki Kigezo Majadiliano ya kigezo Msaada Majadiliano ya msaada Jamii Majadiliano ya jamii Lango Majadiliano ya lango Wikichanzo Majadiliano ya Wikichanzo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 890 1598939 1517547 2026-09-23T02:41:45Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Islam}} '''Kurani''' (kwa [[Kiarabu]]: القرآن, '''Qur'an''') ni [[kitabu]] kitukufu cha [[Uislamu]] ambacho kinaaminiwa na [[Waislamu]] kuwa ni "[[Neno]] la [[Allah]] ([[Mwenyezi Mungu]])". Kitabu hicho kwao ni tofauti kabisa na [[maandiko]] ya [[dini]] nyingine kwa maana hicho kinaaminika kwamba kimeandikwa moja kwa moja na Mwenyezi Mungu, kupitia [[mtume]] wake wa mwisho, [[Muhammad]]. Kadiri ya Kurani (42:8), Mungu alimuambia Muhammad: "Na namna hivi tumekufunulia Kurani kwa Kiarabu ili uwaonye watu wa [[Makka]] na walio pembeni mwake" Kurani imeandikwa na kusomwa kwa [[lugha]] ya [[Kiarabu]] pekee kwa zaidi ya miaka 1,445. Lakini, kwa vile leo Waislamu walio wengi ulimwenguni hawajui Kiarabu, maana halisi ya Kurani hutolewa kwa [[lugha]] nyingine, hivyo kupelekea wasomaji kuelewa vyema yale maneno ya Kiarabu kwenye Kurani yana maana gani. Vitabu hivyo ni kama [[kamusi]] kwa ajili ya Kurani - hawavisomi hivi kama moja ya sehemu ya Kurani na Waislamu, ili kuwa badala ya Kurani ya Kiarabu. Waislamu wengi wanaamini kwamba [[tafsiri]] ile si ya Kurani tukufu wala si ya kweli; ni nakala ya Kiarabu tu iliyotolewa kwenye Kurani ya kweli.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/487666/Quran Qur'an, Encyclopedia Britannica], retrieved on 8 Januari 2009</ref> [[Waarabu]] wa kabla ya Uislamu waliunda [[hadithi]] na hadithi juu ya [[miti]], [[Kisima|visima]] na [[milima]], na waliunda [[ibada]] zinazohusiana na [[miamba]] na milima huko Safa, Marwa, Abu Kubeys, Arafat, Mina na Muzdalifah. Ingawa Kurani ilifuta ibada nyingine, haikupingana na maandiko ya Kiarabu yenye mizizi, badala yake, iliendeleza sana ibada hizo.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317604040_Cahiliye_Arap_Hac_Rituellerinin_Kur'an'daki_Menasikle_Diyalektik_Iliskisi/link/5e20c19d458515ba208de0a1/download</ref> Wakati mwingine inakuwa vigumu kuelewa Kurani bila kujua mazoea ya zamani; kihistoria, wanadamu hawakutumia kipimo cha [[wakati]] kikubwa kuliko [[mwezi]]. Hivyo, mtu ambaye alisema, "Nina [[umri]] wa miaka 200." alikuwa akihesabu miezi, sio miaka. Kwa kweli alikuwa na umri wa miaka 16.<ref>https://evrimagaci.org/zamani-olcmek-gun-hafta-ay-yil-kavramlari-nasil-olustu-7715</ref> "Tulimpeleka Nuhu kwa watu wake na akakaa kati yao kwa miaka elfu, isipokuwa miaka hamsini." (Ankebut: 14) Kwa kuongezea vyanzo vilivyoandikwa, masomo mengi na mashujaa, ambayo mengine ni tu katika utamaduni wa hadithi za Kiarabu, yamefunikwa kwa kifupi katika lugha ya Kurani, na marejeo madogo yanafanywa. Hadithi za Yusuf na Züleyha, İsa, Musa, İskender / Zülkarneyn ni hadithi ndefu zaidi. Hadithi za uumbaji na mafuriko, ibada ya Ibrahimu na Dhabihu, hadithi za manabii wa Kiebrania, imani ya Kiyahudi na historia, kama vile kutoka kwa Waisraeli kutoka Misri, zinachukua nafasi kubwa katika Kurani. == Historia == [[Picha:FirstSurahKoran.jpg|150px|thumb|left|Sura ya kwanza ya Kurani tukufu. Sura hii imeandikwa kwa Kiarabu.]] [[Picha:Lower city, Petra.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Petra]]. Kulingana na mtafiti wa [[historia]] ya Kiislamu na [[akiolojia]] [[Dan Gibson]], hapa ndipo mahali ambapo Mohammed aliishi [[ujana]] wake na kupokea mafunuo yake ya kwanza. Kama misikiti ya kwanza ya Waislamu na [[makaburi]] yanavyoonyesha, pia ulikuwa mwelekeo wa kwanza ([[Kibla]]) wa Waislamu.<ref>Dan Gibson: Qur'ānic geography: a survey and evaluation of the geographical references in the qurãn with suggested solutions for various problems and issues. Independent Scholars Press, Surrey (BC) 2011, ISBN 978-0-9733642-8-6</ref><ref>https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/11/3/102/htm</ref> [[Patricia Crone]] na [[Michael Cook]] walidhani, kulingana na maandishi na utafiti wa akiolojia, kwamba "Masjid al-Haram" haikuwepo Maka, lakini katika Rasi ya kaskazini magharibi mwa Arabia.<ref>https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/592002</ref>]] Waislamu wanaamini kwamba Kurani mtume Muhammad alipewa na [[malaika]] [[Jibrīl]] kwenye pango la mlima [[Hira]], kwa kipindi cha zaidi ya miaka ishirini na tatu hadi mauti yake ilipomfikia. Kurani haikuwa kitabu cha maandiko wakati wa uhai wa mtume [[Muhammad]]; iliwekwa kwa mawasiliano ya kimdomo tu. Bimaana, watu walihifadhi kichwani. Mtume labda hakuwa anajua kusoma wala kuandika, lakini kwa mujibu wa Waislamu, swahaba wake [[Abu Bekr]] alikuwa akiandika maandiko yale juu ya kitu fulani wakati huo mtume [[Muhammad]] yu hai. Pale Abu Bekr alipokuja kuwa khalifa, ameileta Kurani na kuwa kitabu kitakatifu. [[Uthman]], ambaye ni khalifa wa tatu, ameondoa vipengele ambavyo vilikuwa havihusiani na Kurani tukufu. == Elementi, Sura, Mistari, Aya == Kuna sehemu 30 katika Kurani, ambayo inafanya kuwa na [[sura (kitabu)|sura]] 114. Kila sura ina namba tofauti ya mistari. Kwa mujibu wa mafunzo ya Kiislam, sura 86 kati ya hizi zimeshuka mjini [[Makka]], sura 24 kati ya hizi zimeshuka mjini [[Madina]]. Miongoni mwa sura zilizoshushwa mjini [[Medina]] ni pamoja na Al-Baqara, Al Imran, Al-Anfal, Al-Ahzab, Al-Ma'ida, An-Nisa, Al-Mumtahina, Az-Zalzala, Al-Hadid, Muhammad, Ar-Ra'd, Ar-Rahman, At-Talaq, Al-Bayyina, Al-Hashr, An-Nasr, An-Nur, Al-Hajj, Al-Munafiqun, Al-Mujadila, Al-Hujraat, At-Tahrim, At-Taghabun, Al-Jumua, As-Saff, Al-Fath, At-Tawba, Al-Insan. == Mahusiano baina ya Kurani na Biblia == [[Image:Noah's ark and the deluge.JPG|thumb|150px|Safina ya Nuhu, Zubdetü't-Tevarih. Kulingana na wasomi huria, hadithi ya mafuriko ya Gilgamesh imekopwa kutoka kwa Wababeli na kutafsiriwa tena katika [[Torati]] na katika [[Kurani]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://sssjournal.com/DergiTamDetay.aspx |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-07-09 |archivedate=2018-07-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701211746/http://www.sssjournal.com/DergiTamDetay.aspx }}</ref><ref>https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/557354</ref><ref>https://www.icr.org/article/noah-flood-gilgamesh</ref>]] [[Picha:Moses - Alta-Tadema.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Mchoro wa [[Lawrence Alma-Tadema]]: Kuokolewa kwa Musa kutoka Mto Nile kunatajwa mara 136 katika Kurani; hadithi hiyo ni kama ile ya mfalme [[Sargon Mkuu]] huko [[Akkad]]. (Qasas Sura 7-9 / Kutoka 1:15-22).]] Katika Qu'ran, inasomwa kwamba [[Wayahudi]] na [[Wakristo]] pia huamini Mungu wa kweli. Dini hizo pamoja na [[Uislamu]] huitwa [[Dini za Abrahamu]] kwa sababu ya mahusiano hayo. Kuna baadhi ya kurasa za Qu'ran zinazoelezea [[habari]] za mambo ya watu wa katika [[Biblia]]. Kwa mfano watu wa katika Biblia waliotajwa kwenye Qu'ran ni pamoja na [[Adamu]], [[Nuhu]], [[Abrahamu]], [[Lutu]], [[Ismaili]], [[Yakobo]], [[Yosefu]], [[Haruni]], [[Musa]], [[mfalme Daudi]], [[Solomoni]], [[Elisha]], [[nabii Yona|Yona]], [[Ayubu]], [[nabii Zekaria|Zekaria]], [[Yohane Mbatizaji]], [[Bikira Maria]] na [[Yesu]]. Hata hivyo, kuna tofauti za muhimu kabisa baina ya Uislamu na toleo la Biblia katika kuelezea habari za aina moja. Kwa mfano, Qu'ran inaelezea kwamba [[Yesu Kristo]] si [[Mwana wa Mungu]], kama jinsi Wakristo wanavyoamini; kwa Waislamu, alikuwa [[nabii]] tu, anayeheshimiwa kwa jina la [[Isa|Isa bin Mariamu]]. Uislamu unafundisha kwamba haya yanatokea kwa sababu maandiko ya awali ya Biblia yamepotea na hivyo kuna baadhi ya watu wameyabadilisha. Lakini nje ya Qu'ran hakuna uthibitisho wa fundisho hilo. [[Picha:Maryam.jpg|thumb|150px|Ilipokaribia saa ya kuzaa, [[Bikira Maria]]mu alitikisa [[Mtende (mti)|mtende]] ili kupata [[matunda]] mapya. Habari kama hiyo haipatikani katika [[Biblia ya Kikristo]]<ref>Leirvik 2010, pp. 33–34.</ref>]] ==Kurani na ulimwengu wa leo== Sheria zinazotegemea matamshi na ufafanuzi wa Kurani ni shida leo kuzilinganisha na [[haki za binadamu]], usawa wa kijinsia na dini ya binafsi na uhuru wa kusema.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-07-02 |archive-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628085621/https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Azifi]] * [[Hadithi za Mtume Muhammad]] * [[Historia ya uandishi wa Kurani]] * [[Sunna]] ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} == Marejeo == * [http://al-quran.info Al-Quran (Kurani) online] {{Wayback|url=http://al-quran.info/ |date=20090129090725 }} kwa Kiarabu na tafsiri zaidi ya 100 katika lugha 20 pamoja na Kiswahili * [http://www.quran.com www.quran.com] * [https://archive.org/details/swahili-quran-translation Swahili Quran Tasfir by Sheikh Abdullah Saleh Al-Farsy] * [https://islamopas.com/swa/Qurani/index.htm Tarjuma ya Kurani Tukufu kwa kiswahili ya Sheikh Ali Muhsin Al-Barwani] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:Misahafu]] [[Jamii:Uislamu]] 5i2cbx3brfsz0aihus93pl62k0kdikf 4 915 1598733 1596736 2026-09-22T15:16:47Z MediaWiki message delivery 17311 /* Your feedback wanted: Remove (Language link added:) and similar edits from Special:RecentChanges */ mjadala mpya 1598733 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ * '''en:'''Welcome to the '''Swahili Wikipedia Village Pump!''' * '''sw:''' Ukurasa huu ni kwa ajili ya kuwasaidia watu wanaotaka kuboresha kamusi hii na kujadiliana mambo ya jumuiya yetu! * [[Wikipedia:Jumuiya/Matukio ya Kimataifa|Orodha ya Matukio ya Kimataifa]]:Unaweza kuangalia kalenda hiyo ya matukio ya kimataifa na ukipendezwa unaweza kushiriki tukio lolote iwapo utaona linakuhusu. Viungo vya jumuiya: {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- |[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]] <br/>'''Fungua hapa kuona kura kuhusu wakabidhi wapya!''' |[[Wikipedia:Makala kwa ufutaji]] |[[Wikipedia:Maboresho yanayohitajika]] |[http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikiviewstats/?locale=en&lang=sw&project=&page=&datefrom=2014-05-02&autofilter&type=world Makala zinazotembelewa sana leo hii] |[[Wikipedia:Kuzuia watumiaji]] |- |[[Wikipedia:Ubalozi]] |[[Wikipedia:Kundi la Jenga Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]] |[[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Daruser|Wikimedia Community User Group Tanzania]] |[[Wikipedia:Makala zilizoombwa]] |[https://xtools.wmcloud.org/ec Michango yote ya mtumiaji] (jaza jina) * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maalum:CentralAuth?target= Angalia michango ya watumiaji]* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maalum:Kumbukumbu&offset=&limit=500&type=newusers&user=&page=&wpdate=&tagfilter=&wpfilters%5B0%5D=newusers Watumiaji wapya] |} ==Kumbukumbu ya miaka iliyopita== <small>'''Majadiliano ya awali yamehamishiwa hapa:''' * [[Wikipedia:Jumuiya/Kumbukumbu hadi Julai 2008]] * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu Julai 2008 hadi Desemba 2009]]''' * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu Desemba 2009 hadi Desemba 2011]]''' * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu 2012 hadi 2013]] * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu 2014]] * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu 2015]] * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu 2016]] * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu 2017]] * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu 2018-2019]] * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu 2020-2021-VI]] * [[Wikipedia:Jumuiya/Kumbukumbu 2021-VI - 2022-I]] * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu 2022 - 2025 I]] </small> ==Jenga Wikipedia ya Kiswahili== Kwa wote wanaopenda kutafakari na kujadiliana nasi namna ya kuendeleza wikipedia hii ya Kiswahili wakabidhi walianzisha kundi la '''[[meta:Jenga Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]]'''. Unaweza kujiandikisha pale kama umehariri hapa kwa muda wa mwaka mmoja angalau. ==Jamii / Kategoria== Ndugu zangu, kuna mtu amebadili ujumbe wa kusano kutoka JAMII kwenda kategoria. Kwa sasa inaonekana juu lakini baadaye itachukua nafasi. Huu ni uharibifu wa tafsiri. Tazama hapa: https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:1000 Inabidi tudhibiti mapema tafsiri zijadiliwe na wasemaji wa Kiswahili badala ya kikundi cha wahuni wanaojiita wafasiri. == Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025: Invitation == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:UCDM 2025 general.png|180px|right]] {{int:please-translate}} Hello, dear Wikipedians!<br/> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the fifth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''14th April''' until '''16th May 2025'''. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design, and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contributions in every language! The most active contesters will receive prizes. If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest. <br/> We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) </div> 16:11, 16 Aprili 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Hide on Rosé@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Vote now on the revised UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines ("UCoC EG") and the UCoC's Coordinating Committee Charter is open now through the end of 1 May (UTC) ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Voter_information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review of the EG and Charter was planned and implemented by the U4C. Further information will be provided in the coming months about the review of the UCoC itself. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:34, 17 Aprili 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28469465 --> == Sub-referencing: User testing == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|400px|right]] <small>''Apologies for writing in English, please help us by providing a translation below''</small> Hi I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]'s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. We are making great strides with the new [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]] and we’d love to invite you to take part in two activities to help us move this work further: #'''Try it out and share your feedback''' #:[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing# Test the prototype|Please try]] the updated ''wikitext'' feature [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on the beta wiki] and let us know what you think, either [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|on our talk page]] or by [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/talktotechwish booking a call] with our UX researcher. #'''Get a sneak peak and help shape the ''Visual Editor'' user designs''' #:Help us test the new design prototypes by participating in user sessions – [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/gxk0taud/apply sign up here to receive an invite]. We're especially hoping to speak with people from underrepresented and diverse groups. If that's you, please consider signing up! No prior or extensive editing experience is required. User sessions will start ''May 14th''. We plan to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We’ll reach out to wikis for piloting in time for deployments. Creators and maintainers of reference-related tools and templates will be contacted beforehand as well. Thank you very much for your support and encouragement so far in helping bring this feature to life! </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]])</bdi> 15:03, 28 Aprili 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&oldid=28628657 --> == Pigia kura mapendekezo ya marekebisho ya Miongozo ya Utekelezaji ya UCoC na Mkataba wa U4C == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Kipindi cha kupigia kura marekebisho ya Mkataba wa Utekelezaji wa Kanuni za Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Mwenendo na Maadili na U4C itafungwa tarehe 1 Mei 2025 saa 23:59 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 angalia kwa saa za eneo lako]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information|Soma maelezo kuhusu jinsi ya kushiriki na kusoma pendekezo kabla ya kupiga kura]] kwenye ukurasa wa UCoC kwenye Meta-wiki. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Kamati ya Kuratibu Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Mwenendo na Maadili (U4C)]] ni kikundi cha kimataifa kinachojitolea kutoa utekelezaji sawa na thabiti wa UCoC. Tathmini hii ya kila mwaka ilipangwa na kutekelezwa na U4C. Kwa maelezo zaidi na majukumu ya U4C, unaweza [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|kuupitia Mkataba wa U4C]]. Tafadhali washirikishe ujumbe huu wanajumuiya wenzako katika lugha yako, kadri utakavyoona inavyofaa, ili waweze kushiriki pia. Kwa ushirikiano na U4C -- <section end="announcement-content" /> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 03:41, 29 Aprili 2025 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == We will be enabling the new Charts extension on your wiki soon! == ''(Apologies for posting in English)'' Hi all! We have good news to share regarding the ongoing problem with graphs and charts affecting all wikis that use them. As you probably know, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|old Graph extension]] was disabled in 2023 [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EWL4AGBEZEDMNNFTM4FRD4MHOU3CVESO/|due to security reasons]]. We’ve worked in these two years to find a solution that could replace the old extension, and provide a safer and better solution to users who wanted to showcase graphs and charts in their articles. We therefore developed the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Charts extension]], which will be replacing the old Graph extension and potentially also the [[:mw:Extension:EasyTimeline|EasyTimeline extension]]. After successfully deploying the extension on Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedia, as well as on MediaWiki.org, as part of a pilot phase, we are now happy to announce that we are moving forward with the next phase of deployment, which will also include your wiki. The deployment will happen in batches, and will start from '''May 6'''. Please, consult [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|our page on MediaWiki.org]] to discover when the new Charts extension will be deployed on your wiki. You can also [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|consult the documentation]] about the extension on MediaWiki.org. If you have questions, need clarifications, or just want to express your opinion about it, please refer to the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension_talk:Chart/Project|project’s talk page on Mediawiki.org]], or ping me directly under this thread. If you encounter issues using Charts once it gets enabled on your wiki, please report it on the [[:mw:Extension_talk:Chart/Project|talk page]] or at [[phab:tag/charts|Phabricator]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:07, 6 Mei 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=28663781 --> == Vandalism == I suppose the two pictures in the text [[Adidas]] are simple vandalism and do not make sence in the text. But not being active in this wikipedia, I don't know how to attract more attention to the doubtful edit of march 2023. :Nadhani picha mbili katika maandishi [[Adidas]] ni uharibifu rahisi na hazina maana katika maandishi. Lakini kutokuwa hai katika wikipedia hii, sijui jinsi ya kuvutia umakini zaidi kwa uhariri wa shaka wa Machi 2023. --'''[[Mtumiaji:ThomasPusch|ThomasPusch]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:ThomasPusch|majadiliano]])''' 12:06, 12 Mei 2025 (UTC) :It has been fixed! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz^{Chronist^2.0}</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 12:20, 12 Mei 2025 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Call for Candidates for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> The results of voting on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025#Results|available on Meta-wiki]]. You may now [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Candidates|submit your candidacy to serve on the U4C]] through 29 May 2025 at 12:00 UTC. Information about [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|eligibility, process, and the timeline are on Meta-wiki]]. Voting on candidates will open on 1 June 2025 and run for two weeks, closing on 15 June 2025 at 12:00 UTC. If you have any questions, you can ask on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|the discussion page for the election]]. -- in cooperation with the U4C, </div><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|majadiliano]])</bdi> 22:07, 15 Mei 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == Changes to the way some users are granted the right to see temporary account IP addresses == Hello! This is the [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Trust_and_Safety_Product|Trust and Safety Product]] team. We would like to share that we have decided to change the requirements for access to temporary account IP addresses. '''The impact on your community will be minimal'''. We are planning on implementing the change in the week of May 26 ([[phab:T393358|T393358]] + [[phab:T393360|T393360]] + [[phab:T390942|T390942]]). I will keep you updated about the details. We are only changing the rules for users who do not have extended rights (e.g. admins, bureaucrats, checkusers – [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia_Access_to_Temporary_Account_IP_Addresses_Policy#requirements-for-access|see the policy for more examples]]) but their account is a minimum of 6 months old, and who have made a minimum of 300 edits on this wiki. They will lose access to IP addresses ([[phab:T393360|T393360]]), and to have it back, '''they will need to apply for the right. Admins or stewards will decide whether to grant it''' ([[phab:T390942|T390942]]). This will entail human manual work, but this method will be safer than if we continued to grant the rights automatically. We want to emphasize that there has been no user who wouldn't have extended rights to ever reveal a temporary account's IP addresses on your wiki. We made this decision based on what we heard from you, piloting wikis, particularly Romanian Wikipedians. We also consulted on options with Stewards, and had discussions on Meta-Wiki and about 20 Wikipedias with large communities. When we deploy temporary accounts to more wikis, we will evaluate the impact and may adjust our approach again. In addition, we'd like you to know that requirements for access to the [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Trust_and_Safety_Product/IP_Info|IP Info]] feature will be identical with the ones for access to the temporary accounts' IP addresses (a user will either have full information or none). '''The rationale for the change''' We chose the current numerical thresholds and automatic granting before deploying temporary accounts on any wiki. However, it’s become clear to us that these requirements are quite low and it is still too easy for bad-faith actors to gain access to temporary account IP addresses. We want temporary accounts to meaningfully improve editor privacy, so we need to be more restrictive. Our goal is to more consistently limit IP address access to only those who need it. '''How will this work''' * When a user without extended rights needs to view temporary account IP addresses, they will need to file a request for being added to the "Temporary account IP viewers" group. They will file the request to admins (the local communities will be able to decide what that process will be) or stewards (for wikis without local admins). * The software will require that the user has at least 300 edits and the account since at least 6 months. Admins and stewards will not be able to grant temporary account IP access to accounts that do not meet that criteria. This is a minimum, and we encourage you to enforce higher thresholds. * The user reviewing the request will check if the user applying for the right meets requirements and that they have provided a valid justification. The right itself will be granted through Special:UserRights. * Users who grant requests for the right will also handle removal of the right. We would also like to clarify some details. For your convenience, we will also document some of it in [[mediawikiwiki:Trust_and_Safety_Product/Temporary_Accounts/FAQ|the project FAQ]]. {{hidden|Access to IP addresses|bg1=background-color:#eee;|2 = * '''Separation of the new right''' (checkuser-temporary-account) out to a new group ([[metawiki:Meta:Temporary_account_IP_viewer|Temporary account IP viewers]]), as opposed to technically attaching it to any [[Special:ListGroupRights|existing group]] (like patroller). We have decided to do this for a few reasons: ** '''Having access to IP addresses carries risk'''. This right is similar to checkuser. IP addresses are considered personally identifiable information (a kind of [[:en:personal data|personal data]]). Outside actors who want to access IP addresses will now need to interact with users who have this right. Users with this right should be aware of this, and alert to the possibility of suspicious access requests. ** '''Good practices for privacy protection'''. Giving access to users who are trusted but do not need access to carry on their work is not in line with good practices for processing personal data. ** '''Removal of right'''. Access to IPs will be [[phab:T325658|logged]] ([https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?type=checkuser-temporary-account example]). If any misuse of this right is detected, it can be taken away separately from any other permissions the user may hold. It would be difficult and sometimes also unreasonable to remove the rights unrelated to access to IP addresses. ** You may grant the new right to all users belonging to a certain existing group individually. These users must meet the criteria for Temporary account IP viewers, though. ** For clarity – all this does not affect administrators, bureaucrats, checkusers, stewards, and other groups mentioned in the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|global policy]]. * '''Activity requirement'''. With regards to users who would need to be granted access manually, the policy says that they "must edit or take a logged action to the local project at least once within a 365-day period". This requirement is not changing. }} {{hidden|Process of granting the right|bg1=background-color:#eee;|2 = * '''Formality of granting the right'''. There is no need for discussions or votes like Request for Adminship. It does suffice if a single admin makes a decision using their own judgement. * '''Additional requirements for the users applying for the right'''. ** You have autonomy over the process for granting the right. You can adopt thresholds higher than 300 edits, or disallow the "non-admin+" users to have the right. The granting process can be as basic or elaborate as you deem appropriate. ** Which criteria admins should take when deciding whether to grant the right – how to tell whether a user needs access to IP addresses? There are no mandatory requirements beyond a minimum of 300 edits and a 6 month old account. You may introduce additional criteria related to trust to the user (such as no prior blocks or copyright violations) or experience in patrolling activities. * '''Additional burden on administrators'''. We understand the toil of having to grant and remove an additional right. This is indeed a downside. We think that it will only have to be a one-time effort to grant this right to a larger number of people. We are curious if you can find ways to limit this burden. }} '''Next steps on your side we would like to suggest''' * We are encouraging you to consider '''adopting a policy''' on granting and removing the right, if you think you need to add anything to the global policy. * We are encouraging you to '''start granting the right'''. Considering our data (up to a few non-functionaries have ever revealed temporary account IP addresses here), we believe you don't need to rush or spend a lot of time preparing for this before the change comes into force, though. * We would like to show you what level of wiki-bureaucracy seems sufficient from our point of view. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=28667152 In the sandbox], we have created a draft of what a page with requests for the flag could look like. Of course the final content of the page will depend on your community. We do not want to imply that we are instructing you on this matter. Let us know if you have any questions. Thank you! [[metawiki:User:NKohli_(WMF)|NKohli (WMF)]] and '''[[Mtumiaji:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|majadiliano]])''' 02:27, 16 Mei 2025 (UTC) == RfC ongoing regarding Abstract Wikipedia (and your project) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''(Apologies for posting in English, if this is not your first language)'' Hello all! We opened a discussion on Meta about a very delicate issue for the development of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]]: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. Since some of the hypothesis involve your project, we wanted to hear your thoughts too. We want to make the decision process clear: we do not yet know which option we want to use, which is why we are consulting here. We will take the arguments from the Wikimedia communities into account, and we want to consult with the different communities and hear arguments that will help us with the decision. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation. You can read the various hypothesis and have your say at [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 15:27, 22 Mei 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=28768453 --> == Uchaguzi wa Bodi ya Wadhamini ya Wikimedia Foundation mwaka 2025 na Wito wa Maswali == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Wapendwa wote, Mwaka huu, Muda wa Wadhamini 2 (wawili) waliochaguliwa na jumuiya na Washirika kwenye Bodi ya Wadhamini ya Shirika la Wikimedia Foundation utakamilika [1]. Bodi inakaribisha harakati nzima kushiriki katika mchakato wa uteuzi wa mwaka huu na kupiga kura kujaza viti hivyo. Kamati ya Uchaguzi inasimamia mchakato huu kwa msaada kutoka kwa wafanyakazi wa Shirika [2]. Kamati ya Utawala inayoundwa na wadhamini ambao si wagombea katika mchakato wa uteuzi wa wadhamini waliochaguliwa na jumuiya na washirika wa mwaka 2025 (Raju Narisetti, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Lorenzo Losa, Kathy Collins, Victoria Doronina na Esra’a Al Shafei) [3], ina jukumu la kutoa usimamizi wa Bodi ya wadhamini kwa ajili ya kuweka taarifa kwa Bodi ya wadhamini. Maelezo zaidi kuhusu majukumu ya Kamati ya Uchaguzi, Bodi, na wafanyakazi yako hapa [4]. Hapa kuna tarehe kuu zilizopangwa: * Mei 22 – Juni 5: Tangazo (mawasiliano hayo) na mwito wa kipindi cha maswali * Juni 17 – Julai 1, 2025: Wito wa wagombea * Julai 2025: Ikihitajika, washirika hupigia kura wagombea waliopo kwenye orodha fupi ikiwa 10 au zaidi wataomba [5] * Agosti 2025: Kipindi cha kampeni * Agosti – Septemba 2025: Kipindi cha wiki mbili cha kupiga kura kwa jumuiya * Oktoba – Novemba 2025: Ukaguzi wa usuli wa watahiniwa waliochaguliwa * Mkutano wa Bodi mnamo Decemba 2025: Wadhamini wapya wamekaa kwenye kiti Jifunze zaidi kuhusu uchaguzi wa 2025 - ikiwa ni pamoja na ratiba ya kina ya matukio, mchakato wa kugombea, sheria za kampeni na vigezo vya kustahiki kwa mpiga kura - kwenye ukurasa huu wa Meta-wiki [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025|[kiungo]]]. '''Wito wa Maswali''' Katika kila mchakato wa uchaguzi, jumuiya ina fursa ya kuwasilisha maswali kwa wagombea wa Bodi ya Wadhamini kujibu. Kamati ya Uchaguzi huchagua maswali kutoka kwenye orodha iliyoandaliwa na jumuiya ili wagombea wajibu. Wagombea lazima wajibu maswali yote yanayohitajika katika maombi ili kustahiki; vinginevyo maombi yao yatakataliwa. Mwaka huu, Kamati ya Uchaguzi itachagua maswali 5 kwa wagombea kujibu. Maswali yaliyochaguliwa yanaweza kuwa mchanganyiko wa yale yaliyowasilishwa kutoka kwa jumuiya, ikiwa yanafanana au yanahusiana. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates|[kiungo]]] '''Watu wa kujitolea katika uchaguzi''' Njia nyingine ya kuhusika katika mchakato wa uchaguzi wa mwaka 2025 ni kuwa Mtu wa Kujitolea katika Uchaguzi. Watu wa Kujitolea katika Uchaguzi ni daraja kati ya Kamati ya Uchaguzi na jumuiya zao. Wanasaidia kuhakikisha jumuiya inawakilishwa na kuwahamasisha kupiga kura. Jifunze zaidi kuhusu mpango na jinsi ya kujiunga kwenye ukurasa huu wa Meta-wiki [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Election_volunteers|[kiungo]]]. Asante! [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Results [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter [3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Committee_Membership,_December_2024 [4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles [5] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/FAQ [6] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates Salamu sana, Victoria Doronina Uhusiano wa Bodi na Kamati ya Uchaguzi Kamati ya Utawala<section end="announcement-content" /> '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 03:08, 28 Mei 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == U4C case - conclusion == Hello Swahili community, <br /> first of all I would like to apologize for writing in English, an automatic translation in Swahili will follow but we are aware that automatic translations in your language are not very good so we will need your help to make sure that the text is understandable. On 21 December 2024 a request to U4C was filed here: [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Cases/Sysop abuse in Swahili Wikipedia]]. Some deadlines were extended and we are aware that it took us a long time to conclude the case. I will report our conclusion below in English and with translation in Swahili. I will add also a translation in Italian which is a language one of your most active users (sysop and bureaucrat) is familiar with. Please contact the committee for any clarification needed. As a coordinating committee we would also like to offer our support if you need help with the requested actions. === U4C Motion === (The original text with votes is here: [[:m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Cases/Sysop_abuse_in_Swahili_Wikipedia#Motions]]) According to UNESCO (https://www.unesco.org/en/days/kiswahili-language), Swahili is among the 10 most widely spoken languages in the world, with more than 200 million speakers and it is one of the ''lingua franca'' in many countries within East, Central and Southern Africa as well as in the Middle East. According to Wikipedia ([[:w:Swahili_language|Swahili_language]]), Swahili is one of the national languages in Tanzania, Kenya, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, Uganda, it is an official language of Rwanda, in some areas of Somalia and is spoken in other areas in the African Great Lakes region and East and Southern Africa. With the exception of Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda, in all the countries where Swahili is national language, homosexuality is not only illegal (in some cases - Uganda - with death penalty as punishment) but apparent "promotion" of homosexuality is also severely punished. More about this in following links: *https://www.equaldex.com/region/tanzania *https://www.equaldex.com/region/kenya *https://www.equaldex.com/region/burundi *https://www.equaldex.com/region/uganda U4C requested a legal opinion to assess what risks editors and administrators residing in those countries could face in editing or restoring content which may be considered to "promote" homosexuality even if for Wikimedian (or Western) standards that content would not be considered promotional but only neutral or descriptive. The U4C's priorities in this case are: *Protect local users, especially advanced right holders who could be misinterpreted as "responsible" for the content of a project *Protect all the readers and their right to have neutral and informative content '''U4C Actions''' # Recommend that the Swahili Wikipedia community work on a guideline about Neutral Point of View (Wikidata [[d:Q4656487]]) and a guideline about reliable sources (Wikidata [[d:Q4663914]]). The U4C will review progress in 6 months.<br /> # Recommend that the community seek local expertise on how it is permissible to educate a reader about topics related to LGBTQ issues without violating laws in Swahili-speaking countries and at the same time avoiding discrimination (as per the UCoC). Use this information to support NPOV on these topics. # Recommend that the community start discussing on dealing with local appeals and creating a procedure for this compliant with the [[:foundation:Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#3.3.3_Appeals|Enforcement Guidelines]]. # Recommend that the community define a list of pages or "contentious topics" (starting from LGBTQ topics) where, once created, the above mentioned policies are particularly used/applied more strictly. At the same time: *Administrators on Swahili Wikipedia (swwiki) are topic banned from LGBTQ related pages, with admin actions related to content and conduct moderation delegated to Stewards and Global sysops (any interventions can be requested on Meta: [[:m:Stewards' noticeboard]] or [[:m:Steward requests/Miscellaneous]]). Here is a non-exhaustive list of pages that are covered: **https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapenzi_ya_jinsia_moja - Homosexuality, **https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndoa_ya_jinsia_moja - Same sex marriage, **https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbadili_jinsia - Transgender *Once the recommended measures as described above are set up, swwiki admins may appeal to the topic ban. === Translation in Swahili === ''This is an automatic translation, please kindly fix mistakes or parts which need clarification.'' Kulingana na UNESCO (https://www.unesco.org/en/days/kiswahili-language), Kiswahili ni miongoni mwa lugha 10 zinazozungumzwa na watu wengi zaidi duniani, ikiwa na wazungumzaji zaidi ya milioni 200 na ni mojawapo ya ''lingua franca'' katika nchi nyingi za Mashariki, Kati na Kusini mwa Afrika na pia Mashariki ya Kati. Kwa mujibu wa Wikipedia ([[:w:Swahili_language|Swahili_language]]), Kiswahili ni mojawapo ya lugha za kitaifa nchini Tanzania, Kenya, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, Burundi, Uganda, ni lugha rasmi ya Rwanda, katika baadhi ya maeneo ya Somalia na inazungumzwa katika maeneo mengine katika eneo la Maziwa Makuu ya Afrika na Afrika Mashariki na Kusini. Isipokuwa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo na Rwanda, katika nchi zote ambako Kiswahili ni lugha ya taifa, ushoga sio tu ni kinyume cha sheria (katika baadhi ya matukio - Uganda - na adhabu ya kifo kama adhabu) lakini "kukuza" kwa ushoga pia kunaadhibiwa vikali. Zaidi kuhusu hili katika viungo vifuatavyo: *https://www.equaldex.com/region/tanzania *https://www.equaldex.com/region/kenya *https://www.equaldex.com/region/burundi *https://www.equaldex.com/region/uganda U4C iliomba maoni ya kisheria ili kutathmini hatari ambazo wahariri na wasimamizi wanaoishi katika nchi hizo wanaweza kukabiliana nazo katika kuhariri au kurejesha maudhui ambayo yanaweza kuchukuliwa kuwa "kukuza" ushoga hata kama kwa viwango vya Wikimedian (au Magharibi) maudhui hayo hayatachukuliwa kuwa ya utangazaji bali yasiyoegemea upande wowote au maelezo. Vipaumbele vya U4C katika kesi hii ni: *Linda watumiaji wa ndani, haswa wamiliki wa haki wa hali ya juu ambao wanaweza kutafsiriwa vibaya kama "wajibiki" kwa maudhui ya mradi. *Linda wasomaji wote na haki yao ya kuwa na maudhui yasiyoegemea upande wowote na yenye taarifa '''Vitendo vya U4C''' # Pendekeza kwamba jumuiya ya Wikipedia ya Kiswahili ifanyie kazi mwongozo kuhusu Mtazamo wa Kuegemea (Wikidata [[d:Q4656487]]) na mwongozo kuhusu vyanzo vya kuaminika (Wikidata [[d:Q4663914]]). U4C itakagua maendeleo baada ya miezi 6.<br /> # Pendekeza kwamba jumuiya itafute utaalamu wa ndani kuhusu jinsi inavyoruhusiwa kuelimisha msomaji kuhusu mada zinazohusiana na masuala ya LGBTQ bila kukiuka sheria katika nchi zinazozungumza Kiswahili na wakati huo huo kuepuka ubaguzi (kulingana na UCoC). Tumia habari hii kusaidia NPOV kwenye mada hizi. # Pendekeza kwamba jumuiya ianze kujadiliana kuhusu kushughulikia rufaa za eneo lako na kuunda utaratibu wa kutii [[:foundation:Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#3.3.3_Appeals|Enforcement Guidelines|Mwongozo wa Utekelezaji]]. # Pendekeza kwamba jumuia ifafanue orodha ya kurasa au "mada zinazogombana" (kuanzia mada za LGBTQ) ambapo, mara tu zikiundwa, sera zilizotajwa hapo juu hutumiwa/hutumiwa kwa ukali zaidi. Wakati huo huo: *Wasimamizi kwenye Wikipedia ya Kiswahili (swwiki) wamepigwa marufuku kwenye kurasa zinazohusiana na LGBTQ, huku vitendo vya wasimamizi vinavyohusiana na udhibiti wa maudhui na maadili vimekabidhiwa kwa Stewards na Global sysops (afua zozote zinaweza kuombwa kwenye Meta: [[:m:Stewards' noticeboard]] au [[:m:Steward requests/Miscellaneous]]). Hapa kuna orodha isiyo kamili ya kurasa ambazo zimefunikwa: **https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapenzi_ya_jinsia_moja - Ushoga, **https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndoa_ya_jinsia_moja - Ndoa ya jinsia moja, **https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbadili_jinsia - Transgender *Baada ya hatua zilizopendekezwa kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu kusanidiwa, wasimamizi wa swwiki wanaweza kukata rufaa dhidi ya marufuku ya mada. {{hidden | style = border: 1px black; width: 100%; | headerstyle = background:#f5f5f5 | contentstyle = | header = Translation in Italian/Tafsiri katika Kiitaliano | content = Secondo l'UNESCO (https://www.unesco.org/en/days/kiswahili-language), lo Swahili è tra le 10 lingue più parlate al mondo con oltre 200 milioni di persone che lo parlano ed è una "lingue franche" in diversi paese dell'Africa orientale, centrale e meridionale nonché nel Medio-Oriente. Secondo Wikipedia ([[:en:w:Swahili_language|Swahili_language]]), lo Swahili è una delle lingue nazionali in Tanzania, Kenya, Repubblica Democratica del Congo, Burundi, Uganda, è lingua ufficiale in Ruanda, in alcune aree della Somalia ed è abitualmente usato in altre aree della regione dei Grandi Laghi e dell'Africa Orientale e meridionale. Con l'eccezione della Repubblica Democratica del Congo e del Ruanda, in tutti i paese in cui lo Swahili è lingua nazionale, l'omosessualità non è solo illegale (in alcuni casi, come l'Uganda, è punita con la pena di morte) ma anche l'apparente promozione dell'omosessualità è severamente punita. Maggiori informazioni nei seguenti link: *https://www.equaldex.com/region/tanzania *https://www.equaldex.com/region/kenya *https://www.equaldex.com/region/burundi *https://www.equaldex.com/region/uganda U4C ha richiesto un parere legale per individuare quali rischi corrano i volontari e amministratori residenti in questi paese nell'effettuare modifiche o ripristinare contenuti che possono essere considerati promozionali dell'omosessualità anche se per standard Wikimediani (o del mondo occidentale) non sono considerati promozionali ma solo descrittivi o neutrali. Nel trattare questo caso le priorità dello U4C sono: *Tutelare gli utenti locali, specialmente coloro con diritti addizionali che possono essere erroneamente considerati come "responsabili" dei contenuti di un progetto *Tutelare i lettori e il loro diritto ad avere informazioni e contenuti neutrali '''In considerazione di ciò U4C''' # Raccomanda che la comunità della Wikipedia in Swahili lavori sulla creazione di linee guida sul punto di vista neutrale (Neutral Point of View - Wikidata [[d:Q4656487]]) e su una linea guida dedicata alle fonti attendibili e al loro uso (Wikidata [[d:Q4663914]]). U4C verificherà i progressi fra 6 mesi.<br /> # Raccomanda che la comunità ricerchi informazioni o consulenza locale su come fornire contenuti informativi sui temi collegati a LGBTQ senza violare leggi nei paesi di lingua Swahili ma allo stesso tempo senza discriminare (ai sensi di UCoC). Le informazioni ottenute andranno a supporto della linea guida sul punto di vista neutrale sull'argomento. # Raccomanda che la comunità inizi una discussione sulla gestione locale degli appelli ai blocchi e su una procedura degli stessi conforme alle linee guida sull'applicazione del codice di condotta [[:foundation:Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#3.3.3_Appeals|Enforcement Guidelines]]. # Raccomanda che la comunità definisca una lista di pagine di "argomenti controversi" (partendo dal tema LGBTQ) dove, una volta create le linee guida del punto 1, queste vengano usate e applicate con particolare rigore. Allo stesso tempo: *Gli amministratori della Wikipedia in Swahili hanno un topic ban (blocco selettivo su tema specifico) dalle pagine riguardanti tematiche LGBTQ, gli interventi amministrativi legati alla moderazione di condotta e contenuto sono delegate agli Steward e ai Global sysop (gli interventi possono essere richiesti nelle pagine su Meta: [[:m:Stewards' noticeboard]] oppure [[:m:Steward requests/Miscellaneous]]). Di seguito una lista non esasustiva delle pagine coinvolte: **https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapenzi_ya_jinsia_moja - Homosexuality, **https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndoa_ya_jinsia_moja - Same sex marriage, **https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbadili_jinsia - Transgender *Una volta che i rimedi raccomandati descritti nei punti più sopra sono stati attuati gli amministratori di swwiki possono richiedere la rimozione del topic ban. }} On behalf of U4C, '''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 13:23, 31 Mei 2025 (UTC) == Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}} Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:01, 13 Juni 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28848819 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 - Call for Candidates</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div> Hello all, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|call for candidates for the 2025 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection is now open]] from June 17, 2025 – July 2, 2025 at 11:59 UTC [1]. The Board of Trustees oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's work, and each Trustee serves a three-year term [2]. This is a volunteer position. This year, the Wikimedia community will vote in late August through September 2025 to fill two (2) seats on the Foundation Board. Could you – or someone you know – be a good fit to join the Wikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustees? [3] Learn more about what it takes to stand for these leadership positions and how to submit your candidacy on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidate application|this Meta-wiki page]] or encourage someone else to run in this year's election. Best regards, Abhishek Suryawanshi<br /> Chair of the Elections Committee On behalf of the Elections Committee and Governance Committee [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Call_for_candidates [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Bylaws#(B)_Term. [3] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Resources_for_candidates<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 17:44, 17 Juni 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28866958 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Sister Projects Task Force reviews Wikispore and Wikinews</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Dear Wikimedia Community, The [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee (CAC)]] of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees assigned [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Sister Projects Task Force|the Sister Projects Task Force (SPTF)]] to update and implement a procedure for assessing the lifecycle of Sister Projects – wiki [[m:Wikimedia projects|projects supported by Wikimedia Foundation (WMF)]]. A vision of relevant, accessible, and impactful free knowledge has always guided the Wikimedia Movement. As the ecosystem of Wikimedia projects continues to evolve, it is crucial that we periodically review existing projects to ensure they still align with our goals and community capacity. Despite their noble intent, some projects may no longer effectively serve their original purpose. '''Reviewing such projects is not about giving up – it's about responsible stewardship of shared resources'''. Volunteer time, staff support, infrastructure, and community attention are finite, and the non-technical costs tend to grow significantly as our ecosystem has entered a different age of the internet than the one we were founded in. Supporting inactive projects or projects that didn't meet our ambitions can unintentionally divert these resources from areas with more potential impact. Moreover, maintaining projects that no longer reflect the quality and reliability of the Wikimedia name stands for, involves a reputational risk. An abandoned or less reliable project affects trust in the Wikimedia movement. Lastly, '''failing to sunset or reimagine projects that are no longer working can make it much harder to start new ones'''. When the community feels bound to every past decision – no matter how outdated – we risk stagnation. A healthy ecosystem must allow for evolution, adaptation, and, when necessary, letting go. If we create the expectation that every project must exist indefinitely, we limit our ability to experiment and innovate. Because of this, SPTF reviewed two requests concerning the lifecycle of the Sister Projects to work through and demonstrate the review process. We chose Wikispore as a case study for a possible new Sister Project opening and Wikinews as a case study for a review of an existing project. Preliminary findings were discussed with the CAC, and a community consultation on both proposals was recommended. === Wikispore === The [[m:Wikispore|application to consider Wikispore]] was submitted in 2019. SPTF decided to review this request in more depth because rather than being concentrated on a specific topic, as most of the proposals for the new Sister Projects are, Wikispore has the potential to nurture multiple start-up Sister Projects. After careful consideration, the SPTF has decided '''not to recommend''' Wikispore as a Wikimedia Sister Project. Considering the current activity level, the current arrangement allows '''better flexibility''' and experimentation while WMF provides core infrastructural support. We acknowledge the initiative's potential and seek community input on what would constitute a sufficient level of activity and engagement to reconsider its status in the future. As part of the process, we shared the decision with the Wikispore community and invited one of its leaders, Pharos, to an SPTF meeting. Currently, we especially invite feedback on measurable criteria indicating the project's readiness, such as contributor numbers, content volume, and sustained community support. This would clarify the criteria sufficient for opening a new Sister Project, including possible future Wikispore re-application. However, the numbers will always be a guide because any number can be gamed. === Wikinews === We chose to review Wikinews among existing Sister Projects because it is the one for which we have observed the highest level of concern in multiple ways. Since the SPTF was convened in 2023, its members have asked for the community's opinions during conferences and community calls about Sister Projects that did not fulfil their promise in the Wikimedia movement.[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WCNA_2024._Sister_Projects_-_opening%3F_closing%3F_merging%3F_splitting%3F.pdf <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Community_Affairs_Committee/Sister_Projects_Task_Force#Wikimania_2023_session_%22Sister_Projects:_past,_present_and_the_glorious_future%22 <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>] Wikinews was the leading candidate for an evaluation because people from multiple language communities proposed it. Additionally, by most measures, it is the least active Sister Project, with the greatest drop in activity over the years. While the Language Committee routinely opens and closes language versions of the Sister Projects in small languages, there has never been a valid proposal to close Wikipedia in major languages or any project in English. This is not true for Wikinews, where there was a proposal to close English Wikinews, which gained some traction but did not result in any action[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proposals_for_closing_projects/Closure_of_English_Wikinews <nowiki>[4]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F <nowiki>[5]</nowiki>, see section 5] as well as a draft proposal to close all languages of Wikinews[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Proposals_for_closing_projects/Archive_2#Close_Wikinews_completely,_all_languages? <nowiki>[6]</nowiki>]. [[:c:File:Sister Projects Taskforce Wikinews review 2024.pdf|Initial metrics]] compiled by WMF staff also support the community's concerns about Wikinews. Based on this report, SPTF recommends a community reevaluation of Wikinews. We conclude that its current structure and activity levels are the lowest among the existing sister projects. SPTF also recommends pausing the opening of new language editions while the consultation runs. SPTF brings this analysis to a discussion and welcomes discussions of alternative outcomes, including potential restructuring efforts or integration with other Wikimedia initiatives. '''Options''' mentioned so far (which might be applied to just low-activity languages or all languages) include but are not limited to: *Restructure how Wikinews works and is linked to other current events efforts on the projects, *Merge the content of Wikinews into the relevant language Wikipedias, possibly in a new namespace, *Merge content into compatibly licensed external projects, *Archive Wikinews projects. Your insights and perspectives are invaluable in shaping the future of these projects. We encourage all interested community members to share their thoughts on the relevant discussion pages or through other designated feedback channels. === Feedback and next steps === We'd be grateful if you want to take part in a conversation on the future of these projects and the review process. We are setting up two different project pages: [[m:Public consultation about Wikispore|Public consultation about Wikispore]] and [[m:Public consultation about Wikinews|Public consultation about Wikinews]]. Please participate between 27 June 2025 and 27 July 2025, after which we will summarize the discussion to move forward. You can write in your own language. I will also host a community conversation 16th July Wednesday 11.00 UTC and 17th July Thursday 17.00 UTC (call links to follow shortly) and will be around at Wikimania for more discussions. <section end="message"/> </div> -- [[User:Victoria|Victoria]] on behalf of the Sister Project Task Force, 20:57, 27 Juni 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Sister_project_MassMassage_on_behalf_of_Victoria/Target_list&oldid=28911188 --> == Wikidata Item and Property labels soon displayed in Wiki Watchlist/Recent Changes == ''(Apologies for posting in English, you can help by translating into your language)'' Hello everyone, the [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team is excited to announce an upcoming change in how Wikidata edit changelogs are displayed in your [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlists]] and [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] lists. If an edit is made on Wikidata that affects a page in another Wikimedia Project, the changelog will contain some information about the nature of the edit. This can include a QID (or Q-number), a PID (or P-number) and a value (which can be text, numbers, dates, or also QID or PID’s). Confused by these terms? See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Glossary|Wikidata:Glossary]] for further explanations. The upcoming change is scheduled for '''17.07.2025''', between '''1300 - 1500 UTC'''. The change will display the label (item name) alongside any QID or PIDs, as seen in the image below: [[File:Apr10 edit summary on Wikidata.png|An edit sum entry on Wikidata, labels display alongside their P- and Q-no.'s]] These changes will only be visible if you have Wikidata edits enabled in your User Preferences for Watchlists and Recent Changes, or have the active filter ‘Wikidata edits’ checkbox toggled on, directly on the Watchlist and Recent Changes pages. Your bot and gadget may be affected! There are thousands of bots, gadgets and user-scripts and whilst we have researched potential effects to many of them, we cannot guarantee there won’t be some that are broken or affected by this change. Further information and context about this change, including how your bot may be affected can be found on this [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|project task page]]. We welcome your questions and feedback, please write to us on this dedicated [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Talk page]]. Thank you, - [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] on behalf of the Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects Team. '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 12:46, 14 Julai 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=28981877 --> == Boti ya kukaribisha ya [[user:AmmarBot|Ammar]] == Ndugu zangu wanaWikipedia. Hivi karibuni, nikiwa huko jijini Nairobi, nilikutana na Ammar. Kijana wa Kihausa kutoka nchini Nigeria. Katika maongezi yetu, tukafikia hatua ya kuzungumzia boti za kukaribisha watu. Kijana huyu alikubali kutumia muda wake mchache kuunda boti ya kukaribisha watu. Hivyo basi kila kibarua cha karibu kila wakati kimetuishia. Tafadhalini msipoteza muda wenu kukaribisha watu. Boti itafanya kazi. Tazameni: [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maalum%3AMichango&target=AmmarBot&namespace=all&tagfilter=&start=&end=&limit=50 Hapa] [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 13:45, 22 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :Hii nzuri! '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|majadiliano]])''' 15:02, 22 Agosti 2025 (UTC) ::Ila BOT atachukua muda gani tangu mgeni kajiunga hadi atakapokaribishwa? '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|majadiliano]])''' 15:02, 22 Agosti 2025 (UTC) == Introducing Paste Check: a new Edit Check for Wikipedia == Hello! Sorry for using English language. {{int:please-translate}}. {{int:Thank-you}} Paste Check is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] feature to help avoid and fight copyright violations. When editors paste text into an article, Paste Check can prompt them to confirm the origin and licensing of the content. '''Why Paste Check?''' Paste Check benefits two audiences: * Newcomers: Many new editors are unaware of Wikipedia’s policies regarding copyright violations. Some mistakenly believe that pasting from what they consider reliable sources is the way to edit. * Experienced editors: Paste Check aims to make it easier to identify and patrol edits that may contain pasted content (which can be either legit or copyright violations), helping us save time. The goal is to reduce the rate of copyright violations by at least 10% among newer editors. '''How it works''' By default, Paste Check will be shown to editors who have published 100 or fewer edits locally. When an editor matching this requirement pastes at least 50 characters of text from somewhere else, Paste Check will ask them to confirm if they wrote the content. Two options are then available: * Keep the text – the user is then asked to explain why. * Remove the text – the text is removed. In both cases, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|edits will be tagged]] so that experienced editors can identify edits in which Paste Check was shown. The tag will be visible even if the final edit didn’t include any pasted text. Paste Check will trigger when text is pasted a source it doesn’t recognize as another editing environment. It won’t show up if the editor has pasted text that we can technically recognize is coming from another MediaWiki visual editor instance, MS Office, Libre Office, Google Docs, or is plain text. To start, Paste Check will only work in the visual editor. '''Get involved''' The Editing team is seeking input on the proposed user experience and configuration. We plan to test the following interface with new users ([https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&showMessage=editcheck-dialog-addref-reject-question&group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&language=&filter=&optional=1&action=translate please help translating it]):   [[File:Paste_Check_interface_for_September_2025's_test.png|575x575px]] We're planning to refine this interface over time, but want to start by launching a test so that we can determine whether the check is useful. We presented this interface to people who don't participate in Wikipedia, and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#Qualitative evaluation|they found it practical and easy to understand]]. As a consequence, we would like to start by showing the feature to a fraction of newcomers for approximately 6 weeks. After this point, we will review the experiment results and decide what to do next. '''Configuration and test''' For experienced users, Paste Check will be configurable by the local communities (e.g. edit count thresholds, ignored sections and namespaces). Edits triggering Paste Check will be marked with the tag <code>editcheck-paste-shown</code> for easier tracking. You can try the proposed Paste Check interface: * visit https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/w/index.php?title=Cats&veaction=edit&ecenable=2 * Paste 50 characters or more from an external source, such as a website, to see the prompt. Your feedback is valuable! Please share your thoughts below, and ping me. {{int:Thank-you}} [[user:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]] 13:47, 18 Septemba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Trizek_(WMF)/sandbox/temp_MassMessage_list&oldid=29293687 --> :This test is planned to start on this Wednesday, 8 October. Let me know if you have any question! '''[[Mtumiaji:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Trizek (WMF)|majadiliano]])''' 15:31, 6 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) == Hivi karibuni Wiki yenu itakuwa kwenye mfumo wa kutoharirika. == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Soma ujumbe huu kupitia lugha nyingine]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] [[foundation:|Shirika la Wikimedia]] litafanya mbadilishano wa taarifa baina ya vituo vyake vya data. Hii itahakikisha kuwa Wikipedia na Wiki nyingine za Wikimedia zinabaki mtandaoni hata likitokea janga. Mbadilishano wa taarifa utafanyika: '''{{#time:j xg|2025-09-24|sw}}'''. Mbadilishano utaanza $muda huu: Inasikitisha kwamba, kutokana na vipingamizi kwenye [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], uhariri wa kila namna itabidi usitishwe wakati wa mbadilishano. Tunaomba radhi kwa mvurugiko huo, na tunafanya juhudi kupunguza kutokea kwa adha kama hiyo siku za ver. Bango litaanikizwa kwenye Wiki zote dakika 30 kabla ya kuanza kwa mchakato. Bango litabaki likionekana mpaka operesheni itapofikia mwisho. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.</span> '''Mtaweza kusoma, lakini si kuhariri, kwenye Wiki zote, kwa kipindi kifupi.''' *Hutoweza kuhariri kwa takriban saa moja {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-09-24|sw}}. *Ukijaribu kuhariri na kuhifadhi kwenye nyakati his, utaona ujumbe kukujulisha kuwa umekosea. Tunanatumaini kuwa hakuna maharirio yatakayopotea kwenye dakika hizo, lakini hatuwezi kuahidi. Ukiona ujumbe unaokuarifu kuwa unakosea, basi tafadhali subiri hadi iwe ya kawaida. Baadae utaweza kuhifadhi kuhifadhi maharirio yako. Kakini, tunashauri uweke kwanza nakala ya mabadiliko uliyofanya, kwa tahadhari tu. ''Athari nyingine '' *Shughuli za nyuma ya pazia zitakuwa za taratibu sana, na nyingine zinaweza kuachwa. Viungo vyekundu vinaweza vikasasishwa polepole kuliko kawaida. Ukianzisha makala makala ambayo tayari imeunganishwa na sehemu nyingine, kiungo kitabaki chekundu kwa muda mrefu kuliko kawaida. Baadhi ya maandishi ya muda mrefu italazimika kuyasimamisha. * Tunatarajia utekelezaji wa kimsimbo utafanyika kama kwenye wiki [juma] zingine. Hata hivyo, kuzuiwa Kwa baadhi ya misimbo itayoainishwa, kunaweza kutokea bila kuchelewa kama operesheni itahitaji baadae. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|Gitlab]] haitopatikana kwa kiasi cha dakika 90. Mradi huu unaweza kuahirishwa panapo ulazima. Unaweza [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|kusoma ratiba hiyo kwenye wikitech. wikimedia.org]]. Mabadiliko yoyote yatatangazwa kwenye mpangilio wa ratiba. '''Tafadhali shiriki habari hii na jumuia yako.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> <span dir=ltr>[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|{{int:talk}}]])</span> 15:41, 18 Septemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29170715 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Migration to Parsoid</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> <em>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Parsoid Read Views/Read View Announcement|Read this in another language]]</em> Hello everyone! I am glad to inform you that as the next step in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, Parsoid will soon be turned on as the default article renderer on your wiki. We are gradually increasing the number of wikis using Parsoid, with the intention of making it the default wikitext parser for MediaWiki's next long-term support release. This will make our wikis more reliable and consistent for editors, readers, and tools to use, as well as making the development of future wikitext features easier. If this disrupts your workflow, don’t worry! You can still opt out through a user preference or turn Parsoid off on the current page using the Tools submenu, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation. There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Confidence_Framework|more information about our roll-out strategy]] available, including the testing done before we turn on Parsoid for a new wiki. To report bugs and issues, please look at our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|known issues]] documentation and if you found a new bug please create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]]. <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[mw:User:ABreault (WMF)|Content Transform Team]]</bdi> 19:49, 2 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:ABreault (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Foundation/Product_and_Technology/Parsoid_Read_Views/2025-10-06_Wikipedias&oldid=29381387 --> == Event Organizer Right for [[user:EUwandu-WMF|EUwandu-WMF]] == Dear Swahili Wikipedia Admins, The Community Organizing Experience team (formerly the Campaigns team) at the Wikimedia Foundation is supporting Wikimedia Arusha and Wikimedia Kilimanjaro to strengthen their capacity in adopting the CampaignEvents extension tools, including Event Registration tool for their 2025-26 General Support Funds activities. In order to implement this support, I would need the event organizer right on Swahili Wikipedia. I have also communicated this to [[user:Jadnapac|Jadnapac]] who recommended I ask for the right here. '''[[Mtumiaji:EUwandu-WMF|EUwandu-WMF]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:EUwandu-WMF|majadiliano]])''' 17:19, 6 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]], @[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] please gather here. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 18:17, 6 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :I support granting the event organizer right to EUwandu-WMF. '''[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|majadiliano]])''' 20:17, 6 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) == Toa maoni yako: pigia kura Bodi ya Wadhamini ya mwaka 2025 == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Habarini nyote, Kipindi cha upigaji kura cha [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|uchaguzi wa Bodi ya Wadhamini wa 2025]] sasa kimefunguliwa. Wagombea wanagombea viti 2 (viwili) kwenye Bodi. Ili kuangalia ustahiki wako wa mpiga kura, tafadhali tembelea [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Voter eligibility guidelines|ukurasa wa ustahiki wa mpiga kura]]. Jifunze zaidi kuwahusu kwa [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidates|kusoma taarifa zao za maombi na kutazama video zao za ugombeaji]]. Ukiwa tayari, nenda kwenye ukurasa wa kupiga kura wa [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/405|SecurePoll kupiga kura]]. '''Upigaji kura utaanza tarehe 8 Oktoba saa 00:00 UTC hadi Oktoba 22 saa 23:59 UTC.''' Kila la kheri, Abhishek Suryawanshi<br />Mwenyekiti, Kamati ya Uchaguzi<section end="announcement-content" /> '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 04:48, 9 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29360896 --> == Message from U4C == Dear Swahili community, (''Apologies for writing in English. A machine-translated version of this message is attached below for your convenience. In case of any discrepancies, please refer to the English version as the source.'') We have been made aware of the deletion of the article [[Historia ya ubadilishaji jinsia]] and the subsequent block of @[[User:E.N. Emmanuel]] (who can appeal on their talk page).<br /> @[[User:Olimasy]], could you please briefly explain what was the reason, among those listed here [[Wikipedia:Kufuta_makala]], for the speedy deletion of that page? We would like to remind you all and the administrators of this project in particular that local admins are currently topic banned from LGBTQ related pages, and admin actions related to content and conduct moderation are delegated to Stewards and Global sysops. Any intervention concerning related content or users should be requested on Meta. You can read our motion here [[Wikipedia:Jumuiya#U4C_case_-_conclusion]]. This measure will remain in effect until the actions we have recommended for this project (listed here [[Wikipedia:Jumuiya#U4C_case_-_conclusion]] in the section U4C Actions) have been completed. If you need any help with these steps please do not hesitate to contact us. On behalf of the U4C, --'''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 17:51, 19 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) (''Hii ni tafsiri ya kiotomatiki'')<br /> Ndugu waswahili,<br /> Tumefahamishwa kuhusu kufutwa kwa makala [[Historia ya ubadilishaji jinsia]] na kizuizi kilichofuata cha @[[User:E.N. Emmanuel]] (anayeweza kukata rufaa kwenye ukurasa wao wa mazungumzo).<br /> @[[User:Olimasy]], tafadhali unaweza kueleza kwa ufupi sababu ilikuwa nini, miongoni mwa walioorodheshwa hapa [[Wikipedia:Kufuta_makala]], kwa kufutwa haraka kwa ukurasa huo? Tungependa kuwakumbusha nyote na wasimamizi wa mradi huu hasa kwamba wasimamizi wa ndani kwa sasa wamepigwa marufuku kutoka kwa kurasa zinazohusiana na LGBTQ, na vitendo vya wasimamizi vinavyohusiana na udhibiti wa maudhui na maadili hukabidhiwa kwa Steward na Global sysops. Uingiliaji kati wowote kuhusu maudhui yanayohusiana au watumiaji unapaswa kuombwa kwenye Meta. Unaweza kusoma hoja yetu hapa [[Wikipedia:Jumuiya#U4C_case_-_conclusion]]. Hatua hii itaendelea kutumika hadi hatua ambazo tumependekeza kwa mradi huu (zilizoorodheshwa hapa [[Wikipedia:Jumuiya#U4C_case_-_conclusion]] katika sehemu ya U4C Actions) zimekamilika. Ikiwa unahitaji msaada wowote kwa hatua hizi tafadhali usisite kuwasiliana nasi. Kwa niaba ya U4C, --'''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 17:51, 19 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] I’ve reviewed the deletion log, and the article has already been removed. Judging by the structure and grammar, it seems the contributor may not be fluent in Kiswahili—the article had significant linguistic and formatting issues. :While we appreciate efforts to represent diverse communities, it’s equally important that all articles meet the quality standards of Swahili Wikipedia. :In a constructive spirit, we can encourage the contributor to collaborate with others to improve the article before republishing. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 20:22, 19 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) Contributor is banned and only option for him is new account. '''[[Mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|Mumba Chilekwa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|majadiliano]])''' 08:08, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Muddyb]] the first version of the article was created by the user and [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maalum:Kumbukumbu&logid=312781 deleted] on 1 October. After being pinged yesterday the user recreated the page ([https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maalum:Kumbukumbu&logid=315152 here]), it turned out that the user is a cross wiki abuser and the page was deleted by a Global Sysop who later [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maalum:Kumbukumbu&logid=315181 undeleted the page] because apparently it is a translation of enwiki. Nobody of us is able to understand if that content makes sense in Swahili or if it is an automatic translation, or meets speedy deletion criteria like you mentioned. Personally speaking U4C asked that articles about contentious topics should be based on reliable sources and that content does not meet that requirement. The user is global blocked so I do not foresee cooperation. If the content meets deletion criteria please use the delete template (I think it is this one {{tl|Futa}}?) and then request deletion on Meta (here: [[:m:Global_sysops/Requests]]). I understand that this is a little complicated but it is a temporary measure. Please do not hesitate to contact us for any help or suggestion about the recommended actions in our motion. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 09:03, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) ::@[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] I have informed the admin team again not to interfere directly with those kinds of articles instead we should inform Stewards to take the matter. Thanks. We will surely reach out in case of anything resurfaced. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 09:33, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Muddyb]] many thanks, yes the right way is to inform Stewards or Global Sysops, your guidance is of course welcome (and needed) to overcome the language barrier. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) Alternate version was correctly remade by TEMPORARY ACCOUNT and makes sense. Both "Emmanuel" accounts are ABUSERS, one locally blocked and other globally blocked. '''[[Mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|Mumba Chilekwa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|majadiliano]])''' 09:18, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|Mumba Chilekwa]] Share the recreated article that makes sense, please! [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 09:34, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) Recreated article with sense is here: [[Historia ya ubadilishaji jinsia]]. '''[[Mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|Mumba Chilekwa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|majadiliano]])''' 09:45, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) Se non fossi impedito, metterei il template <nowiki>{{tafsiri kompyuta}}</nowiki> perché è una traduzione orripilante. Pace a te, Civvì! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 10:05, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :If there is consensus on deletion due to low quality please request the deletion on Meta (explaining the reasons). For sure the goal of our requests is not to lower your quality standards. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 11:05, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) ::@[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] na @[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] The recreated article is another trash in the block. I will write global sysop to delete it. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 12:03, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) ::Do not forget REDIRECTS and TALKS when deleting. '''[[Mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|Mumba Chilekwa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|majadiliano]])''' 12:01, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) ::Four instances to delete: ::[[Historia ya ubadilishaji jinsia]], [[Majadiliano:Historia ya ubadilishaji jinsia]] ::[[Historia ya Ubadilishaji jinsia]], [[Majadiliano:Historia ya Ubadilishaji jinsia]] ::'''[[Mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|Mumba Chilekwa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|majadiliano]])''' 12:08, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) ::"The recreated article is another trash in the block." FOUR INSTANCES. '''[[Mtumiaji:Soggo Ionno|Soggo Ionno]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Soggo Ionno|majadiliano]])''' 12:15, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="function1"/> {{int:Hello}}. Please help pick a name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. This project will be a wiki that will enable users to combine functions from [[:f:|Wikifunctions]] and data from Wikidata in order to generate natural language sentences in any supported languages. These sentences can then be used by any Wikipedia (or elsewhere). There will be two rounds of voting, each followed by legal review of candidates, with votes beginning on 20 October and 17 November 2025. Our goal is to have a final project name selected on mid-December 2025. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <section end="function1"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:43, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29432175 --> == Kutafuta watu wa kujitolea kujiunga na kamati kadhaa za harakati. == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Kila mwaka, kwa kawaida kuanzia Oktoba hadi Desemba, kamati kadhaa za harakati hutafuta watu wapya wa kujitolea. Soma zaidi kuhusu kamati hizo kwenye kurasa zao za Meta-wiki: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Kamati ya Ushirikiano (AffCom)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds commission|Tume ya Wachunguzi Maalum (OC)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Kamati ya Mapitio ya kesi (CRC)]] Maombi ya kamati hizo yatafunguliwa tarehe 30 Oktoba 2025. Maombi ya Kamati ya Ushirikiano, tume ya Wachunguzi Maalum na Kamati ya Mapitio ya Kesi yatafungwa tarehe 11 Desemba 2025. Jifunze namna ya kutuma maombi kwa [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Committee appointments| kutembelea ukurasa wa uteuzi kwenye Meta-Wiki]].Tuma kwenye ukurasa wa majadiliano au barua pepe cst[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org na maswali yoyote ambayo unaweza kuwa nayo. Kwa timu ya Msaada ya Kamati, <section end="announcement-content" /> -[[m:User:MKaur (WMF)| MKaur (WMF)]] 14:13, 30 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:MKaur (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29517125 --> == Will you help us test an updated Databox? == ''Apologies for posting in English - you can help by translating it'' Hello everyone, recently an update has been made to the [[w:sw:Module:Databox|Module:Databox]] / [[w:sw:Template:Databox|Template:Databox]] page with the following changes: * A Wikidata logo and link to the connected Wikidata Item * New parameters <code>useImage=</code> and <code>excludeProperties=</code> can be invoked in the source code to give a greater degree of control on what the Databox displays. ** '''<code>useImage=</code>''' choose a different [[d:Property:P18|image(P18)]] to display in the Databox.<br> Example: <nowiki>{{Databox|useImage=Hubble_Ultra_Deep_Field_part d.jpg}}</nowiki><br><br> ** '''<code>excludeParameters=</code>''' hides selected Properties (and values) in from displaying in the current Databox.<br>Example: <nowiki>{{Databox|excludeProperties=P1290,P66}}</nowiki> * The parameters can be combined, separated by a pipe |:<br><code><nowiki>{{</nowiki></code><code>Databox|'''useImage='''image_file.jpg|'''excludeProperties='''P123}}</code> === How can you help? === Please help us by playing with the new features, adding Databoxes to Articles and using the new parameters (if it is good for the article). Mostly we just want to collect feedback on whether this is a positive change, is useful, interrupts your editing workflows and / or causes any issues or bugs. Only the first change (Wikidata Logo+Link) will automatically apply to existing Databoxes (may take upto 30 days from this post) or after any edit to a page with a Databox (including null-edits). The two Parameters will only show if the <nowiki>{{Databox}}</nowiki> wikitext is edited with the new parameter code.<br>[[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Databox#Changes_to_Databox|Find instructions to do that here]].<br> Any questions, please feel free to reply here or add them to the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Databox|Talk page]].<br> Thank you, - '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 14:41, 6 Novemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=29580122 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Reminder: Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="function2"/> {{int:Hello}}. Reminder: Please help to choose name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. The finalist vote starts today. The finalists for the name are: <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Abstract Wikipedia, Multilingual Wikipedia, Wikiabstracts, Wikigenerator, Proto-Wiki</span>. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <section end="function2"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:22, 20 Novemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29583860 --> == Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 == Dear Wikimedia communities, We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year. ''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.'' In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects. We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community. 📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]] If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]] * [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]] ''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]''''' ''Stay connected and receive updates:'' * [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel] * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list] We look forward to collaborating with you and your community. '''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 19:45, 16 Januari 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29879549 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> ;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 Dear Wiki Community, We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia. The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects. ;About the Campaign '''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices. ;What Can Participants Write About? Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to: * Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations * Folk dances, music, and traditional performances * Women and queer figures in folklore * Women in mythology and oral traditions * Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives * Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends * Folk games, sports, and cultural practices Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools. ;How to Sign Up as an Organizer Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community: # Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] # Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool # Prepare a local article list and clearly mention: #* Campaign timeline #* Local and international prizes # Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]] # Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]''' ;Campaign Tools The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants: * '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats. * '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]''' ;Learn More & Get Support For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''. If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via: * '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]''' * Email us using details on the contact page. ;Join Us We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia. Thank you and best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]''' ---- ''Stay connected:'' [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> == Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hello everyone, We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe. ;About Wiki Loves Folklore '''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight: * Folk traditions and rituals * Cultural festivals and celebrations * Traditional attire and crafts * Performing arts, music, and dance * Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world. [[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] ; Host a Local Edition As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to: * Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture * Engage new contributors in your community * Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:''' If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know. If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region. ;Get in Touch If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via: * The project Talk pages * Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org''' We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail. Warm regards, '''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 13:21, 18 Januari 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=29228188 --> == Mapitio ya kila mwaka ya Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Mwenendo na Nidhamu na Miongozo ya Utekelezaji == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Ninakuandikia ili kukujulisha kuwa muda wa upitiaji wa kila mwaka wa Kanuni za Maadili na Miongozo ya Utekelezaji umefunguliwa sasa. Unaweza kutoa mapendekezo ya mabadiliko hadi tarehe 9 Februari 2026. Hii ni hatua ya kwanza kati ya kadhaa itakayochukuliwa kwa upitiaji wa kila mwaka. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Soma maelezo zaidi na utafute mazungumzo ya kujiunga kwenye ukurasa wa UCoC kwenye Meta]]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Kamati ya Kuratibu Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Mwenendo na Nidhamu]] (U4C) ni kundi la kimataifa linalojitolea kutoa utekelezaji sawa na thabiti wa UCoC. Tathmini hii ya kila mwaka ilipangwa na kutekelezwa na U4C. Kwa maelezo zaidi na majukumu ya U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|unaweza kukagua Mkataba wa U4C]]. Tafadhali washirikishe habari hii washiriki wengine katika jumuiya yako popote inapohitajika. -- Kwa ushirikiano na U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:Mazungumzo ya mtumiaji:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])<section end="announcement-content" /> 21:02, 19 Januari 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29905753 --> == Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]] {{int:please-translate}} Dear Wikipedians! [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''. The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences. 🧩'''How to participate?''' Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine. 🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''. '''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.''' If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&messages=&language=en&x=D banner] into your own language. Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC) </div> (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) == Hello everyone, This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as <code>Module:Itemgroup/list</code>). '''The Change:'''<br /> Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''. '''What You Need To Do:'''<br /> To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search. '''Deadline:'''<br /> We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles. Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 17:11, 3 Aprili 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29941252 --> == Request for comment (global AI policy) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}} A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 00:58, 26 Aprili 2026 (UTC) </bdi> (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30424282 --> == Ombi la kuwezesha VisualEditor kwenye kurasa za mradi (Wikipedia Namespace) == Ndugu wanajumuia, Katika kuratibu na kuendesha miradi na kampeni mbalimbali za jamii yetu hapa Swahili Wikipedia (kama vile mashindano, warsha, dashboards, na kurasa za mradi kama `Wikipedia:Mradi wa...`), tumekuwa tukikumbana na changamoto ya kiufundi. Kwa sasa, mfumo wa usarifu wa picha (VisualEditor) haufanyi kazi kwenye maeneo haya ya kurasa za miradi (Project namespace), jambo linalotulazimu kutumia mfumo mgumu wa "Source Editor" (Wiki markup) hata kwa mambo madogo kama kutengeneza majedwali au muundo wa kurasa. Ili kurahisisha kazi kwa waratibu na wahariri wanaotengeneza kurasa hizi za kampeni, nimefungua tiketi kule Phabricator kuomba wataalamu wa Wikimedia Foundation watuwezeshe kutumia VisualEditor kwenye Project namespace ya swwiki. Wataalamu wa Phabricator wametujibu kuwa tayari wako tayari kufanya mabadiliko hayo, lakini kwa sheria za kiutaratibu, wanahitaji kuona Maridhiano ya Jumuia (Community Consensus) hapa uwanjani kwetu kwanza kabla hawajawasha mfumo huo. Wanatutanabahisha pia kuwa VisualEditor haikutengenezwa maalum kwa ajili ya kurasa za majadiliano, hivyo kunaweza kuwa na changamoto ndogo za mpangilio (kama indentations) tukiiitumia kwenye majadiliano ya miradi, jambo ambalo tunaona halitazuia ufanisi wa kazi kubwa ya kuratibu kurasa zenyewe za miradi. Tafadhali naomba kura zenu za Kuunga Mkono (Support) au maoni yenu hapa chini ili tukishapata ridhaa ya pamoja, nipeleke link ya mjadala huu Phabricator na mabadiliko haya yafanyike mara moja. Unaweza kuona tiketi hiyo Phabricator hapa: [[phab:T427117|⚓ T427117 Enable VisualEditor in the Project namespace for Swahili Wikipedia (swwiki)]] Pamoja tunajenga Wikipedia yetu! {{Strong support}}--[[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 09:07, 24 Mei 2026 (UTC) </br>{{Strong support}}--'''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen|majadiliano]])''' 09:26, 24 Mei 2026 (UTC) </br>{{Strong support}}-- '''[[Mtumiaji:Husseyn Issa|Husseyn Issa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Husseyn Issa|majadiliano]])''' 10:58, 24 Mei 2026 (UTC) {{strong support}}--'''[[Mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|Said Mfaume]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|majadiliano]])''' 14:16, 24 Mei 2026 (UTC) </br>{{Strong support}}--'''[[Mtumiaji:ChriKo|ChriKo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:ChriKo|majadiliano]])''' </br>{{Strong support}}-- '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|majadiliano]])''' 04:41, 25 Mei 2026 (UTC) </br>{{Strong support}}-- '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|majadiliano]])''' 07:38, 25 Mei 2026 (UTC) </br>{{Strong support}}--'''[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|majadiliano]])''' </br>{{Strong support}}--'''--'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 09:18, 25 Mei 2026 (UTC)''' </br>{{Strong support}}-- [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 18:06, 25 Mei 2026 (UTC) </br>{{Strong support}}--- '''[[Mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|Anuary Rajabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|majadiliano]])''' 19:14, 25 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Piga kura sasa katika uchaguzi wa 2026 U4C == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Wapigakura walaotimiza vigezo na masharti ya kupiga kura wanaombwa kushiriki katika uchaguzi wa 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Kamati ya Kuratibu Kanuni na mwongozo wa Maadili kwa wote]]. Maelezo zaidi ikijumuisha ukaguzi wa ustahiki, maelezo ya mchakato wa kupiga kura, maelezo ya mgombeaji, na kiungo cha kupiga kura zinapatikana kwenye Meta katika [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 ukurasa wa maelezo ya Uchaguzi]]. Kura itafungwa tarehe 2 Juni 2026 kwa [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]. Tafadhali piga kura ikiwa akaunti yako imekidhi vigezo. Matokeo yatatolewa kufikia 14 Juni 2026. -- Kwa kushirikiana na U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:15, 27 Mei 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|majadiliano]])</bdi> 17:11, 23 Juni 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Deployment of Legal and Safety Contacts Link in the Footer of Your Wiki</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="Message"/> '''Legal & Safety Contacts''' Hello community, the Wikimedia Foundation has provided a [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|single legal and safety contact page]], to be linked in the footer of your wiki, to ensure access to accurate legal information. This is a regulatory requirement. We have already rolled out links to English, German, Italian, Spanish and other wikis and we will deploy to your wiki soon. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|Please read more on the project page]] and leave any comments in this thread or on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|talk page]]. <section end="Message"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:30, 25 Juni 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=30731267 --> == Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies if this has not yet been translated into your wiki's language. {{int:Please-translate}} You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) 12:25, 24 Julai 2026 (UTC) </bdi> (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:DreamRimmer@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == Hivi karibuni Wiki yenu itakuwa kwenye mfumo wa kutoharirika. == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Soma ujumbe huu kupitia lugha nyingine]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] [[foundation:|Shirika la Wikimedia]] litafanya mbadilishano wa taarifa baina ya vituo vyake vya data. Hii itahakikisha kuwa Wikipedia na Wiki nyingine za Wikimedia zinabaki mtandaoni hata likitokea janga. Mbadilishano wa taarifa utafanyika: '''{{#time:j xg|2026-09-23|sw}}'''. Mbadilishano utaanza $muda huu: Inasikitisha kwamba, kutokana na vipingamizi kwenye [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], uhariri wa kila namna itabidi usitishwe wakati wa mbadilishano. Tunaomba radhi kwa mvurugiko huo, na tunafanya juhudi kupunguza kutokea kwa adha kama hiyo siku za ver. Bango litaanikizwa kwenye Wiki zote dakika 30 kabla ya kuanza kwa mchakato. Bango litabaki likionekana mpaka operesheni itapofikia mwisho. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.</span> '''Mtaweza kusoma, lakini si kuhariri, kwenye Wiki zote, kwa kipindi kifupi.''' * Hutoweza kuhariri kwa takriban saa moja {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-09-23|sw}}. * Ukijaribu kuhariri na kuhifadhi kwenye nyakati his, utaona ujumbe kukujulisha kuwa umekosea. Tunanatumaini kuwa hakuna maharirio yatakayopotea kwenye dakika hizo, lakini hatuwezi kuahidi. Ukiona ujumbe unaokuarifu kuwa unakosea, basi tafadhali subiri hadi iwe ya kawaida. Baadae utaweza kuhifadhi kuhifadhi maharirio yako. Kakini, tunashauri uweke kwanza nakala ya mabadiliko uliyofanya, kwa tahadhari tu. ''Athari nyingine '' * Shughuli za nyuma ya pazia zitakuwa za taratibu sana, na nyingine zinaweza kuachwa. Viungo vyekundu vinaweza vikasasishwa polepole kuliko kawaida. Ukianzisha makala makala ambayo tayari imeunganishwa na sehemu nyingine, kiungo kitabaki chekundu kwa muda mrefu kuliko kawaida. Baadhi ya maandishi ya muda mrefu italazimika kuyasimamisha. * Tunatarajia utekelezaji wa kimsimbo utafanyika kama kwenye wiki [juma] zingine. Hata hivyo, kuzuiwa Kwa baadhi ya misimbo itayoainishwa, kunaweza kutokea bila kuchelewa kama operesheni itahitaji baadae. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|Gitlab]] haitopatikana kwa kiasi cha dakika 90. Mradi huu unaweza kuahirishwa panapo ulazima. Unaweza [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|kusoma ratiba hiyo kwenye wikitech. wikimedia.org]]. Mabadiliko yoyote yatatangazwa kwenye mpangilio wa ratiba. '''Tafadhali shiriki habari hii na jumuia yako.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 12:58, 15 Septemba 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> == Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges == ''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)'' Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.<br/> We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader). We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.<br/> Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis. [[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of "Language Link" edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]] The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why? Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]] Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 15:16, 22 Septemba 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31067455 --> 84aklhoa186harnjwis66wn7ghrqkhz 0 1676 1598940 1598077 2026-09-23T02:41:52Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Kenya | jina_asili = ''Republic of Kenya'' ([[Kiingereza]]) | bendera = Flag_of_Kenya.svg | nembo = Coat of arms of Kenya (Official).svg | ukubwa_nembo = 90 | kaulimbiu = "[[Harambee]]" | wimbo = "[[Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu]]"<br>[[File:National_anthem_of_Kenya,_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav]] | ramani2 = Kenya topographic map-sw.svg | ramani = Kenya (orthographic projection).svg | mji_mkuu = [[Nairobi]] | latd = 1 | latm = 16 | latNS = S | longd = 36 | longm = 48 | longEW = E | lugha_rasmi = {{hlist |[[Kiswahili]]|[[Kiingereza]]}} | lugha_taifa = [[Kiswahili]] | utaifa = Mkenya | kabila = {{plainlist| *17.13% [[Wakikuyu]] *14.35% [[Waluhya]] *13.37% [[Wakalenjin]] *10.65% [[Waluo]] *9.81% [[Wakamba]] *5.85% [[Wasomali]] *5.68% [[Wakisii]] *5.23% [[Mijikenda]] *4.15% [[Wameru]] *13.78% Wengine}} | mwaka_kabila = 2019 | dini = {{plainlist| *85.5% [[Ukristo]] *10.9% [[Uislamu]] *1.5% [[Wasio na dini]] *0.7% [[Dini asilia za Kiafrika]] *1.3% Wengine }} | mwaka_dini = 2019 | serikali = [[Serikali ya kiraisi|Jamhuri ya kiraisi]] | vyeo_viongozi = {{*}}[[Marais wa Kenya|Rais]]<br>{{*}}[[Naibu rais wa Kenya|Naibu Rais]]<br>{{*}}[[Seneti ya Kenya|Spika wa Seneti]]<br>{{*}}[[Spika wa Bunge la Kenya|Spika wa Bunge]]<br>{{*}}Jaji Mkuu | majina_viongozi = [[William Ruto]]<br>[[Kithure Kindiki]]<br>[[Amason Kingi]]<br>[[Moses Wetangula]]<br>[[Martha Koome]] | muundo_uhuru = '''Historia''' | tukio1 = [[Miji-dola ya Waswahili]] | tukio2 = Jamhuri | tukio3 = Katiba ya sasa | tukio1_tarehe = Karne ya 8 | tukio2_tarehe = 1963 | tukio3_tarehe = 2010 | eneo_jumla = 580 367<ref name="worldfactbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Kenya|accessdate=2024-03-30|year=2023}}</ref> | maji = 2.3 | watu_kadirio = 52,428,290 <ref>{{Cite Web|title=Kenya population 2024|author=Knbs|url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/#:~:text=The%20total%20population%20of%20Kenya,gender%20composition%20of%20the%20population. |accessdate=2025-04-02|lang=en}}</ref> | mwaka_kadirio = 2024 | sensa = 2019 | watu_sensa = 47 564 296<ref name="Census2019a">{{Rejea tovuti |title=2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iv-distribution-of-population-by-socio-economic-characteristics&wpdmdl=5730&ind=7HRl6KateNzKXCJaxxaHSh1qe6C1M6VHznmVmKGBKgO5qIMXjby1XHM2u_swXdiR |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605222711/https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iv-distribution-of-population-by-socio-economic-characteristics&wpdmdl=5730&ind=7HRl6KateNzKXCJaxxaHSh1qe6C1M6VHznmVmKGBKgO5qIMXjby1XHM2u_swXdiR |archive-date=5 June 2020 |access-date=24 March 2020 |website=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> | mwaka_pato = 2025 | pato_halisi = {{ongezeko}} $401.97 bilioni<ref name="IMFWEO.KE">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/KEN|title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (Kenya) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=April 2025 |accessdate=2025-04-22}}</ref> | pato_halisi_kwa_mtu = {{ongezeko}} $7,530<ref name="IMFWEO.KE" /> | cheo_plt_ppp = 59 | pato = {{ongezeko}} $131.67 Bilioni<ref name="IMFWEO.KE" /> | pato_kwa_mtu = {{ongezeko}} $2,470<ref name="IMFWEO.KE" /> | mwaka_maendeleo = 2025 | maendeleo = {{ongezeko}} 0.628<ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[Mradi wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa]]|date=13 March 2024|page=289|access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref>(ya 143)</br> {{kati}} | fedha = [[Shilingi ya Kenya]] | majira_saa = +3<br>([[Saa za Afrika Mashariki|Afrika Mashariki]]) | tld = [[.ke]] | iso3166 = KE | msimbo_simu = 254 | udereva = Kushoto | muundo_tarehe = siku/mwezi/mwaka }} '''Kenya''', rasmi '''Jamhuri ya Kenya''' ni [[nchi]] iliyopo [[Afrika Mashariki]] katika [[ikweta]], kando ya [[Bahari ya Hindi]]. Kenya imepakana na [[Ethiopia]] upande wa kaskazini, [[Somalia]] upande wa kaskazini mashariki, [[Tanzania]] upande wa kusini, [[Uganda]] na [[Ziwa Viktoria]] upande wa magharibi, kisha [[Sudan Kusini]] upande wa kaskazini magharibi.Mnamo 2024 Kenya ina watu milioni 54 na kuwa nchi ya 26 kubwa duniani kwa Idadi ya watu. [[Mji mkuu]] wake mkuu na mkubwa ni [[Nairobi]], lakini [[Mombasa]] ni mji mashuhuri pia. Ukiwa kama mji kongwe zaidi na [[bandari]] kuu iliyopo katika [[Kisiwa cha Mombasa]]. Miji mingine ni pamoja na [[Nakuru]], [[Eldoret]], na [[Kisumu]]. Kenya ina [[Historia ya Kenya|historia ndefu]] inayojumuisha makazi ya awali ya binadamu, mitandao ya kale ya biashara ya pwani, [[Afrika Mashariki ya Kiingereza|utawala wa kikoloni]], na maendeleo ya taifa baada ya uhuru. Ugunduzi wa akiolojia katika [[Bonde Kuu la Ufa]] umechangia kuelewa maendeleo ya awali ya binadamu, ambapo baadhi ya mabaki ya kale zaidi ya jamii za hominidi yamepatikana katika eneo la Kenya ya sasa. <ref name="Britannica_Kenya_History">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kenya/History |author=Kenneth Ingham |title=History of Kenya |website=Britannica |date=April 10, 2026 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }} </ref> Kando ya pwani, miji kama [[Mombasa]] na [[Lamu]] ilikua vituo muhimu vya [[ustaarabu]] wa [[Waswahili]] na [[biashara ya Bahari ya Hindi]] iliyohusisha wafanyabiashara [[Waarabu]], [[Waajemi]], [[Wahindi]], na baadaye [[Wazungu]]. <ref name="UNESCO_Lamu">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1055 |title=Mji Mkongwe wa Lamu |website=unesco.org |publisher=UNESCO |date=2024 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }} </ref> Kenya ikawa sehemu ya [[Afrika Mashariki ya Kiingereza]] mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 19]] na baadaye ilipata uhuru kutoka [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] mwaka 1963 chini ya uongozi wa [[Jomo Kenyatta]]. <ref name="BBC_Kenya_Profile">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13681341 |title=Wasifu wa Kenya |website=BBC News |date=2025 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }} </ref> Kenya ina [[mandhari]] mbalimbali kuanzia maeneo ya [[jangwa la Chalbi]] kaskazini, nyanda za juu zenye rutuba katikati, hadi [[msitu|misitu]] na [[pwani]] yenye mandhari ya kuvutia kusini mashariki. [[Mlima Kenya]], mlima wa pili kwa urefu barani [[Afrika]] baada ya [[Mlima Kilimanjaro]], uko katikati ya nchi na ni kivutio kikubwa cha utalii. Zaidi ya hayo, mbuga za wanyama kama [[Masai Mara|Maasai Mara]], [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Amboseli|Amboseli]], [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Tsavo Mashariki|Tsavo]], na [[Samburu]] huvutia watalii kutoka kote ulimwenguni kwa sababu ya wanyama pori kama [[simba]], [[tembo]], [[vifaru]], na pundamilia. [[Uchumi|Kiuchumi]], Kenya ni nchi iliyoendelea zaidi katika eneo la bara ya [[Afrika Mashariki]], ikiwa na uchumi unaotegemea sekta za [[kilimo]], huduma, [[utalii]], na teknolojia. Kilimo, hasa uzalishaji wa [[chai]], [[kahawa]], [[maua]] na mboga, ni uti wa mgongo wa ajira na mapato ya kigeni. [[Teknolojia]] ya habari na mawasiliano pia imekua haraka, huku jiji la Nairobi likiitwa "''Silicon Savannah''" kwa mchango wake katika ubunifu wa kidijitali na kampuni za teknolojia kama [[Safaricom]] na huduma ya [[M-pesa]]. [[Kiswahili]] na [[Kiingereza]] ndizo lugha rasmi za Kenya, ambapo [[Kiswahili]] hutumika kama lugha ya mawasiliano baina ya makabila tofauti, na [[Kiingereza]] hutumika katika mandhari rasmi kama [[Shule]], [[bunge]] n.k Kenya ni jamhuri ya urais yenye udemokrasia wa [[mfumo wa vyama vingi]] uliowekwa chini ya Katiba ya mwaka 2010, ambayo ilianzisha serikali za ugatuzi kupitia kaunti 47. <ref name="WFB_Kenya_Gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/#government |title=Kenya - World Factbook: Serikali |website=cia.gov |publisher=Shirika la Ujasusi la Marekani (CIA) |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 23, 2026 |archive-date=2023-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309165257/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/#government |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rais hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi na mkuu wa serikali, huku mamlaka ya kutunga sheria yakitekelezwa na Bunge la mabunge mawili linalojumuisha [[Bunge la Kitaifa]] na [[Seneti]]. <ref name="Kenya_Parliament">{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.go.ke/ |title=Bunge la Kenya |website=parliament.go.ke |publisher=Serikali ya Kenya |date=2026 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }} </ref> Kenya ni mwanachama wa mashirika ya kikanda na kimataifa ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]] (EAC), [[Umoja wa Afrika]] (AU), [[Jumuiya ya Madola]], na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], na ina nafasi muhimu katika diplomasia ya kikanda, biashara, na shughuli za kulinda amani katika [[Afrika Mashariki]]. <ref name="EAC_Kenya">{{cite web |url=https://www.eac.int/eac-partner-states/republic-of-kenya |title=Wasifu wa Kenya kama Nchi Mwanachama wa EAC |website=eac.int |publisher=Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki |date=2024 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Jiografia== {{Main|Jiografia ya Kenya}} [[Picha:Pt Thomson Batian Nelion Mt Kenya.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Mlima Kenya ni kilele cha juu kabisa nchini. Kenya imepata jina lake kutoka mlima huo.]] Kenya ina eneo la [[kilomita za mraba]] 580,367 ([[maili mraba]] 224,081). Kutoka [[pwani]] ya Bahari ya Hindi, nyanda za chini zimeinuka hadi milima ya kati. Milima hii imetenganishwa na eneo la [[Bonde la Ufa]]; sehemu [[tambarare]] yenye [[rutuba]] upande wa [[mashariki]]. Milima ya Kenya ni kati ya iliyofaulu kwa [[kilimo]] barani Afrika. Eneo hili la milima ndilo la juu zaidi nchini Kenya (na la pili kwa urefu barani Afrika<ref name="annexation1">{{Cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|title=East Africa: Kenya: History: Kenya Colony|edition=15|volume=17|pages=801, 1b|year=2002|id=ISBN 0-85229-787-4}}</ref> [[Mlima Kenya]], unaofikia [[urefu]] wa [[mita]] 5,199 na ni eneo lenye [[mito]] ya [[barafu]]. Kusini mashariki [[milima ya Taita]] ndiyo mwanzo wa [[tao la Mashariki]], [[safu za milima]] zenye miaka zaidi ya [[milioni]] 100 ambazo zinaenea hasa nchini Tanzania. Upande huohuo wa [[kusini]] [[Mlima Kilimanjaro]] ({{Convert|5895|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}) huweza kuonekana ukiwa ng'ambo ya mpaka wa Kenya na Tanzania.<ref name="rough_guide_map">{{Cite map| publisher = Rough Guide| title = Rough Guide Map Kenya| edition =9| year = 2006 | cartography =World Mapping Project| scale =1:900,000| series = Rough Guide Map| isbn = 1-84353-359-6}}</ref> ===Halihewa=== Kenya ni nchi yenye [[jua]] kali na [[nguo]] za [[majira ya joto]] huvaliwa mwaka mzima. Hata hivyo, huwa na [[baridi]] [[usiku]] na pia [[asubuhi]] na mapema. [[Hali ya hewa]] ina [[joto]] na [[unyevu]] sehemu za pwani, joto kiasi sehemu za [[bara]] na ni [[Ukame|kame]] katika sehemu za kaskazini na kaskazini-mashariki mwa nchi. Hata hivyo kuna [[mvua]] nyingi kati ya [[Machi]] na [[Aprili]], na mvua ya kadiri kati ya [[Oktoba]] na [[Novemba]]. [[Halijoto]] huwa juu zaidi miezi hii yote. Mvua ya [[masika]] hunyesha kuanzia Aprili hadi [[Juni]]. Mvua ya [[vuli]] nayo hunyesha kuanzia Oktoba hadi [[Desemba]]. Wakati mwingine mvua hii huwa nyingi na aghalabu hunyesha wakati wa [[alasiri]] na [[jioni]]. Majira ya joto jingi ni kuanzia [[Februari]] hadi Machi nayo ya baridi ni [[Julai]] hadi [[Agosti]]. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Mji !Mwinuko ([[mita]])<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Free topographic maps, elevation, terrain|url=https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/|work=Topographic maps|accessdate=2024-04-03|language=en}}</ref> !Wastani wa Halijoto ([[°C]])<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya|accessdate=2024-04-03|title=Climate in Kenya|language=en|author=Climates to Travel}}</ref> !Upeo wa juu ([[°C]])<ref name=":0" /> !Upeo wa chini ([[°C]])<ref name=":0" /> |- |Mombasa |50 |26.4 |30.4 |22.5 |- |Nairobi |1 795 |19.75 |25.7 |13.9 |- |Eldoret |2 111 |17.3 |23.6 |11.1 |- |Lodwar |509 |29.6 |35.3 |24 |- |Mandera |540 |29.4 |34.6 |24.3 |} ===Mazingira=== {{main|Orodha ya Hifadhi za Taifa nchini Kenya}} Kenya ina maeneo makubwa wanapoishi [[wanyamapori]] likiwemo [[Masai Mara]], ambapo [[nyumbu]] na [[wanyama]] wengi [[walanyasi]] hushiriki katika [[uhamaji]] kila [[mwaka]]. Uhamaji huo, hasa uhamaji wa nyumbu, hutokea Juni hadi Septemba na hushirikisha mamilioni ya wanyama. Tukio hili huwavutia sana wapigaji [[picha]] za [[sinema]]. Takribani nyumbu 250,000 huangamia kila mwaka katika uhamaji huu wa kutafuta [[lishe]] wakati wa [[kiangazi]]. Wale wanyama wakubwa watano wa Afrika wanapatikana Kenya: [[simba]], [[chui]], [[nyati]], [[kifaru]] na [[ndovu]]. Wanyama wengine wengi wa [[pori]] na [[ndege]] hupatikana katika [[mbuga za taifa]] na [[hifadhi za wanyama]] hawa nchini. Mazingira ya Kenya yanahatarishwa na ongezeko kubwa la idadi ya watu na athari zake. [[Picha:A lone giraffe in Nairobi National Park.jpg|thumb|left|Twiga katika Mbuga ya wanyama ya Kitaifa ya Nairobi, na upeo wa macho wa Nairobi nyuma yake.]] [[Picha:African safari route.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Njia katika [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Tsavo Mashariki]].]] ==Historia== {{Main|Historia ya Kenya}} === Historia ya awali === Eneo ambalo leo linajulikana kama Kenya lina ushahidi muhimu sana wa mwanzo wa mageuzi ya binadamu ndani ya Bonde la [[Ziwa Turkana]] na mfumo mpana wa [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki]]. <ref name="Britannica_Kenya_History"/> Ugunduzi wa visukuku katika maeneo kama [[Koobi Fora]], [[Nariokotome]], na [[Kanapoi]] umejumuisha mabaki ya hominini wa awali kama vile ''Australopithecus anamensis, Australopithecus afarensis, Homo habilis'', na ''Homo erectus'', ikiwemo mifupa karibu kamili inayojulikana kama ''Turkana Boy'' kutoka [[Nariokotome]], ambayo imetoa ushahidi muhimu kuhusu anatomia ya binadamu wa awali, ukuaji, na mabadiliko ya kimazingira. <ref name="NM_Kenya_Prehistory">{{cite web |url=https://www.museums.or.ke/paleontology/ |title=Paleontology Section |website=museums.or.ke |publisher=National Museums of Kenya |date=2024 |access-date=Mei 31, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ugunduzi wa [[akiolojia|kiakiolojia]] pia umeonyesha zana za mawe za Oldowan zilizotumika zaidi ya miaka milioni 2.6 iliyopita pamoja na handaxe za Acheulean za baadaye, zikionyesha maendeleo ya awali ya teknolojia zilizotumika kwa kukata, kuwinda, na kusindika chakula. <ref name="Britannica_Kenya_History"/> Mabadiliko ya mazingira katika [[Bonde la Ufa]] kama vile kubadilika kwa viwango vya maziwa na hali ya hewa yanaonyesha kuwa kulikuwa na makazi ya muda mrefu ya binadamu na uwezo wa kuzoea mazingira katika eneo hilo kwa mamilioni ya miaka. <ref name="NM_Kenya_Prehistory"/> === Historia kabla ya ukoloni === [[Picha:Great Mosque of Gede.jpg|thumb|left|300px|[[Msikiti mkuu]] wa [[Gedi]] ambao ni wa kutoka [[karne ya 13]].]] Wakazi wa kwanza wa eneo linaloitwa Kenya walikuwa wa jamii ya [[Wakhoisan]]: hadi leo kuna makabila matatu madogo yenye asili hiyo, ingawa yanatumia [[lugha za Kikushi]]: [[Waata]], [[Waawer]] na [[Wadahalo]]. [[Wakushi]] kutoka [[kaskazini]] waliingia Kenya kati ya [[miaka ya 3200 KK]] na [[1300 KK]]<ref name="pbs.org">[http://www.pbs.org/wonders/fr_e2.htm Wonders wa Afrika World - ]PBS</ref>. Mwaka [[500 KK]] hivi wazungumzaji wa [[lugha za Kinilo-Sahara]] na katika [[milenia ya kwanza KK]] wale wa [[lugha za Kibantu]] waliingia katika eneo hili, na sasa [[Waniloti]] ni 30% ya Wakenya wote. [[Wafanyabiashara]] [[Waarabu]] walianza kufika [[pwani]] ya Kenya [[karne ya 1]] [[BK]]. Ukaribu wa Kenya na Uarabuni ulirahisisha [[ukoloni]], hivyo Waarabu na [[Waajemi]] walianza kuishi eneo la pwani [[karne ya 8]]. Hata hivyo, baadhi ya walioitwa "Waarabu" katika eneo la Afrika Mashariki walikuwa ma[[chotara]], Waafrika-Waarabu. Pwani ya Kenya imekuwa makao ya jamii ya [[wahunzi]] na jamii ya [[wakulima]] wadogowadogo, [[wawindaji]] na [[wavuvi]] ambao walikuwa [[mhimili]] wa [[uchumi]] kwa kushiriki katika kilimo, uvuvi, utengenezaji chuma, na [[biashara]] na nchi za kigeni.<ref name="pbs.org" /> Kuanzia [[karne ya 6]] au [[karne ya 9]], Kenya ilijihusisha na [[shughuli]] za u[[baharia]] kukuza [[uchumi]] ikaanza kutengeneza [[meli]] za kuabiria kusini hadi miji mingine yenye [[bandari]] kama [[Kilwa]] na [[Shanga]] iliyo katika pwani ya Afrika Mashariki. [[Mombasa]] ulikuwa [[mji]] wenye bandari wa nchi ya Kenya katika [[karne za kati]]. Bandari hiyo ilitumika kuendeleza [[biashara]] na miji mingine yenye bandari Afrika, [[Uajemi]], na wafanyabiashara Waarabu, [[Yemeni]] na hata [[Bara Hindi]].<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&amp;pg=PA22&amp;lpg=PA22&amp;dq=Mombasa,+medieval+trade,+India&amp;source=web&amp;ots=KBr2nADf21&amp;sig=X9gvzWPMoRzXyLYW5YdQLVTHMpQ&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=eW2VSbTsKp6DtweemZScCw&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;resnum=7&amp;ct=result Hybrid Urbanism By Nezar Al-Sayyad]</ref> [[Baharia]] [[Mreno]] [[Duarte Barbosa]] wa [[karne ya 15]] alidai kuwa "[Mombasa] ni bandari nzuri na yenye shughuli nyingi, [[mashua]] nyingi na hata meli kubwa ajabu, ambazo zote hutoka [[Sofala]] na nyingine kutoka [[Cambay]], [[Melinde]] na nyingine zinazoabiri hadi kisiwani [[Unguja]]."<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&amp;pg=PA24&amp;lpg=PA24&amp;dq=Mombasa,+medieval+trade&amp;source=web&amp;ots=4RAxkPTIWI&amp;sig=G9JDunc4cYFCp1kdp1ghtyPG9Q0&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=Tm2VSdKwING3twfUlKS0Cw&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;resnum=4&amp;ct=result Dispersal Afrika katika Deccan By Shanti Sadiq Ali]</ref> Karne kadhaa kabla ya ukoloni, [[upwa]] wa Kenya wanakoishi [[Waswahili]] ulikuwa sehemu ya eneo la mashariki mwa Afrika lililofanya biashara, hasa ya [[watumwa]] na [[pembe za ndovu]] na Waarabu na [[Wahindi]]. Inasemekana kwamba [[kabila]] la [[Wameru (Kenya)|Wameru]] lilitokana na watumwa waliotoroka utumwa [[Uarabuni]] [[miaka ya 1700]]. Mwanzoni wafanyabiashara wengi walitokea [[milki]] za Uarabuni lakini baadaye wengine wakatokea Unguja (kama [[Tippu Tip]]).<ref>[http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Kiswahili Coast.] {{Wayback|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html |date=20071230022459 }} Nationalgeographic.com.</ref> [[Kiswahili]], ambacho ni [[lugha]] ya [[Kibantu]] iliyokopa [[misamiati]] ya [[Kiarabu]], [[Kiajemi]] na mingine kutoka [[Mashariki ya Kati]] na [[Asia Kusini]], baadaye ilikua ikawa [[lingua franca]] ya biashara kwa jamii mbalimbali.<ref name="pbs.org" /> Kwa [[karne]] nyingi, upwa wa Kenya umekuwa mwenyeji wa wafanyabiashara na wasafiri. Kati ya miji iliyopo kwenye upwa wa Kenya, mji wa [[Malindi]] umebakia kuwa makazi muhimu ya Waswahili tangu [[karne ya 14]] na wakati mmoja ulishindana na Mombasa kwa ukuu pande hizi za Afrika Mashariki. Kwa kawaida, Malindi umekuwa mji na bandari ya kirafiki kwa [[serikali]] nyingine. Mwaka wa [[1414]], [[Sultani]] Mwarabu wa Malindi alianzisha uhusiano wa ki[[diplomasia]] na utawala wa [[Uchina]] wa [[Ming]], wakati wa safari za [[mchunguzi]] [[Zheng He]].<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sultan/expl2_01.html Sultani wa Malinda, PBS]</ref> Katika mwaka wa [[1498]], utawala wa Malindi ulimkaribisha msafiri na [[mvumbuzi]] maarufu kutoka Ureno, [[Vasco da Gama]]. === Chini ya ukoloni === [[Picha:Kenya topographic map (+cities)-es.svg|thumb|left|360px| Seaport Mombasa, chini ya Malindi, ina reli ya Nairobi (kituo), kusini ya Naivasha &amp; Nyeri. (bonyeza ramani ilu kuipanua)]] [[Wareno]] walikuwa [[Wazungu]] wa kwanza kuzuru eneo la Kenya ya sasa: [[Vasco da Gama]] alikuwa amezuru Mombasa mwaka wa [[1498]]. Safari ya Vasco da Gama ilifaulu alipofikia huko [[India]], na jambo hilo liliwawezesha Wareno kufanya [[biashara]] moja kwa moja na [[Mashariki ya Mbali]] kupitia [[bahari]] na hivyo kutatiza mitandao ya kibiashara ya awali ya [[nchi kavu]] na baharini kama njia za biashara ya [[viungo]] zilizotumia [[Ghuba la Uajemi]], [[Bahari Nyekundu]] na misafara iliyofika hadi eneo la mashariki ya [[Bahari ya Kati|Mediterranea]]. [[Jamhuri ya Venisi]] ndiyo iliyotawala maeneo ya biashara kati ta [[Uropa]] na [[Asia]]. Baada ya njia za kawaida za nchi kavu hadi India kufungwa na [[Waturuki]] wa [[Waosmani|Ottoman]], Ureno ulitarajiwa kutumia njia ya baharini iliyotumiwa kwanza na Vasco da Ghama ili kuvunja [[ukiritimba]] wa [[Venice]]. Utawala wa Wareno huko Afrika Mashariki ulijihusisha hasa na pwani iliyokaribia Mombasa. Kuwepo kwa Wareno Afrika Mashariki kulianza rasmi baada ya mwaka wa [[1505]], wakati [[manowari]] za Wareno, zikiongozwa na Don [[Francisco de Almeida]], zilipokishinda [[Kilwa]], [[kisiwa]] kilicho katika eneo ambalo sasa ni [[Tanzania]] kusini. Kuwepo kwa Wareno Afrika Mashariki kuliwawezesha kudhibiti biashara katika [[Bahari ya Hindi]], na kulinda njia za baharini zinazounganisha Uropa na Asia. Manowari zao za kivita zilikwamisha biashara za maadui wao magharibi mwa Bahari ya Hindi na walitoza [[kodi]] juu ya [[bidhaa]] zilizosafirishwa kupitia eneo hilo kwani walitawala [[bandari]] zote na njia kuu za [[meli]]. Kujengwa kwa [[ngome]] iliyoitwa [[Fort Jesus Mombasa]] mwaka wa [[1593]] kulikusudiwa kuimarisha utawala wao katika eneo hilo, lakini [[ushawishi]] wao ulikatizwa na kuja kwa [[Waingereza]], [[Waholanzi]] na [[Waarabu]] wa [[Omani]] katika eneo hilo [[karne ya 17]]. Waarabu kutoka Omani ndio waliokuwa [[tishio]] kuu la utawala wa Wareno Afrika Mashariki na waliizingira ngome ya Wareno, wakazishambulia meli zao za kivita, kisha kuwafukuza Wareno waliobaki kutoka pwani ya Kenya na Tanzania mwaka wa [[1730]]. Kufikia wakati huo, ufalme wa Ureno haukuwa na [[haja]] na njia ya bahari ya biashara ya viungo kwani [[faida]] yake ilikuwa imepungua sana. Utawala wa Wareno ulibakia tu katika bandari na maeneo ya kusini mwa [[Msumbiji]] hadi mwaka wa [[1975]]. Kutawaliwa kwa pwani ya Kenya na Tanzania na Waarabu kutoka Omani kuliifanya miji hii iliyojitawala hapo awali iwe chini ya uangalifu mkali wa wageni kuliko ilivyokuwa katika enzi za utawala wa Wareno. Waarabu wa Omani, kama Wareno waliowatangulia, waliweza kutawala eneo la pwani tu, si eneo la bara. Hata hivyo, kuanzishwa kwa ma[[shamba]] makubwa ya mi[[karafuu]], kuongezeka kwa [[biashara ya utumwa]] na kuhamishwa kwa [[makao makuu]] ya Waomani hadi [[Zanzibar]] mwaka wa [[1839]] na [[Seyyid Said]] kulisababisha Waomani kuimarisha utawala wao katika eneo hilo. Utawala wa Waarabu katika bandari kuu zote za pwani ya Afrika Mashariki uliendelea hadi [[Uingereza]] ilipoamua kumaliza biashara ya utumwa na uanzishaji wa [[utaratibu]] wa kufanya [[kazi]] kwa [[malipo]] ukaanza kushinikiza utawala wa Waomani. Kufikia mwisho wa [[karne ya 19]], biashara ya watumwa katika bahari zote kuu ilikuwa imeharamishwa na Waingereza: Waarabu wa Omani hawakuwa na uwezo wa kupingana na [[jeshi la wanamaji]] la Uingereza lililokuwa likitekeleza amri hiyo. Waomani waliendelea kuwepo visiwani [[Unguja]] na [[Pemba]] hadi [[mapinduzi]] ya mwaka wa [[1964]], lakini kuwepo kwa Waarabu wa Omani nchini Kenya rasmi kulisitishwa wakati Wajerumani na Waingereza walipozidhibiti bandari zote kuu na kuanzisha mahusiano ya kibiashara na viongozi mashuhuri waliokuwa wenyeji [[miaka ya 1880]]. Hata hivyo, [[urithi]] waliouacha Afrika Mashariki ungali unaonekana kupitia kwa vizazi vyao vipatikanavyo pwani ya Kenya na ambavyo vinaona kuwa asili yao ni Oman. Vizazi hivi hata leo humiliki [[utajiri]] mwingi na ndio wenye ushawishi mkubwa wa kisiasa katika jamii za pwani ya Kenya. [[Picha:Kurve bei Mombasa.jpg|thumb|400 px|[[Reli ya Kenya-Uganda]] karibu na Mombasa, [[1899]] hivi]] Hata hivyo, [[wanahistoria]] wengi hushikilia kuwa [[historia]] ya [[ukoloni]] nchini Kenya ilianza wakati Wajerumani walipoanza kutawala [[mali]] ya [[Sultani wa Unguja]] iliyo pwani mwaka wa [[1885]], ikifuatwa na kuja kwa [[kampuni]] ya Imperial British East Africa Company mwaka wa [[1888]]. [[Uhasama]] wa kwanza baina ya ma[[bepari]] ulikatizwa wakati Ujerumani ulipouachia Uingereza sehemu ya pwani iliyomiliki. Hii ilifuatia kujengwa kwa [[reli]] iliyounganisha Kenya na [[Uganda]]. Baadhi ya ma[[kabila]] ya Kenya yalipinga [[ujenzi]] huo, hasa [[Wanandi]] wakiongozwa na ''[[Orkoiyot]]'' Koitalel Arap Samoei kwa miaka kumi, kuanzia [[1895]] hadi [[1905]] – lakini hatimaye Waingereza waliijenga reli hii. Inaaminika kuwa Wanandi walikuwa kabila la kwanza kuwekwa kwenye maeneo yaliyotengewa [[Waafrika]] ili kuwazuia kutatiza ujenzi wa reli. Wakati huo [[Wahindi]] wengi wenye [[ujuzi]] waliingia nchini ili kuchangia ujenzi. Wakati wa ujenzi wa reli kupitia [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Tsavo Magharibi]], Wahindi wengi na wenyeji Waafrika walivamiwa na [[simba]] wawili waliojulikana kama “[[wala watu wa Tsavo]]”. Wahindi hao na vizazi vyao baadaye walibakia nchini Kenya na kuunda [[kitovu]] cha [[jamii]] za Wahindi zijulikanayo kama [[Ismaili Muslim]] na [[Sikh]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |title=Ismaili muslim |accessdate=2021-01-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103151208/http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |archivedate=2009-01-03 }}</ref><ref>[http://orvillejenkins.com/profiles/sikh.html Sikh]</ref> Mnamo Agosti [[1914]], [[Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia]] vilipoanza, ma[[gavana]] wa [[British East Africa]] (kama eneo hilo lilivyojulikana) na [[German East Africa]] walifikia makubaliano ili kuepusha ma[[koloni]] yao machanga na uhasama. Hata hivyo, [[Luteni Kanali]] [[Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck]] alichukua [[mamlaka]] ya majeshi ya Ujerumani, akiwa na kusudi la kutwaa [[raslimali]] nyingi iwezekanavyo za Uingereza. Jeshi la Uingereza likiwa limemtenga na Ujerumani, von Lettow aliendesha [[kampeni]] iliyofaulu ya [[vita vya kuvizia]], wakila walichopata, wakiteka bidhaa za matumizi za Uingereza, na kuepuka kushindwa. Mwishowe alisalimu amri na akajisalimisha nchini [[Zambia]] siku kumi na moja baada ya mapatano ya kusimamisha vita kutiwa [[sahihi]] mwaka wa [[1918]]. Waingereza walitumia jeshi la Wahindi kumfukuza Lettow na walihitaji [[wachukuzi]] wengi ili kubeba vifaa vya matumizi hadi [[bara]] kwa [[miguu]] na hivyo kutatua [[shida]] kuu ya uchukuzi. Kundi la wanajeshi wachukuzi liliundwa na kuwajumuisha Waafrika 400,000, na kuchangia katika [[uhamasishaji]] wao wa muda mrefu kisiasa. Hadi mwaka wa 1920, eneo linaloitwa Kenya lilijulikana kama Himaya ya Uingereza ya Afrika Mashariki.<ref name="annexation">{{Rejea kitabu|title=British East Africa Annexed--Kenya Colony|author=Reuter|section=News|date=8 Julai 1920|page=13|issue=42457}}</ref> Mwaka huo, [[koloni]] la Kenya liliundwa na kupatiwa jina linalotokana na Mlima Kenya<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |last=Foottit |first=Claire |title=Kenya |origyear=2004 |series=The Brade Travel Guide |year=2006 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd |isbn=1-84162-066-1}}</ref>Waingereza walilitamka jina hilo kama {{pron-en|ˈkiːnjə}}<ref name="oed_kenya">{{OED|Kenya}}</ref> ingawa matamshi ya wenyeji na yaliyokusudiwa katika maendelezo asili, ''Kenia'' yalikuwa ˈkɛnja.<ref>''[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0368-4016(194301)42%3A166%3C42%3A%22SOK%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P The Spelling ya Kenya.]'' BJ Ratcliffe. Journal ya Royal African Society, Vol. 42, Namba 166 (Januari 1943), uk. 42-44</ref> Enzi ya [[Jomo Kenyatta]] kuwa [[rais]] wa Kenya miaka ya [[1960]]-[[1969]], matamshi ya [[Kiingereza]], yaani {{IPA-en|ˈkɛnjə|}} yalikubalika na kutumiwa sana kwa sababu jina lake lilidumisha matamshi asilia ya wenyeji.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu | last = Foottit | first = Claire | title = Kenya | origyear = 2004 | series = The Brade Travel Guide | year = 2006 | publisher = Bradt Travel Guides Ltd | isbn = 1-84162-066-1 }}</ref> Kumbe saa ya uhuru, mwaka [[1963]], [[Jomo Kenyatta]] alichaguliwa kama rais wa kwanza.<ref name="castro">{{Rejea kitabu |last=Castro |first=Alfonso Peter |title=Facing Kirinyaga |url=https://archive.org/details/facingkirinyagas0000cast |year=1995 |publisher=Intermediat Technology Publications Ltd. |location=London |isbn = 1-85339-253-7}}</ref> Awali alikuwa alishika jina hili kutafakari ahadi yake ya kuikomboa nchi yake na matamshi yake ya jina lake ulisababisha katika matamshi ya Kenya katika Kiingereza kubadilisha nyuma ya makadirio ya awali uliotokea matamshi, {{pron-en|ˈkɛnjə}} Mwanzoni mwa [[karne ya 20]], [[wakulima]] Waingereza na Wazungu wengine walituama katika [[nyanda za juu]] katika eneo la kati walikoondokea kuwa ma[[tajiri]] kwa kulima [[kahawa]] na [[chai]].<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html "Tunataka nchi yetu"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html |date=20130723000220 }}. Wakati. 5 Novemba 1965.</ref> Kufikia mwaka [[1930]], takribani [[walowezi]] 30,000 waliishi katika maeneo hayo na walikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa wa kisiasa kwa sababu ya uwezo wao wa ki[[uchumi]]. Maeneo hayo yalikuwa makao ya watu [[milioni]] moja wa kabila la [[Wakikuyu]], na wengi wao hawakuwa na [[ithibati]] ya kumiliki mashamba kwa mujibu wa Waingereza (ingawa mashamba hayo yalimilikiwa na kabila hilo kabla ya Wazungu kufika), na waliishi kama wakulima wanaohamahama. Ili kuendeleza matakwa yao, walowezi waliwakataza kilimo cha kahawa na kuwalazimisha kulipa kodi ya [[nyumba]], na maskwota walipewa mashamba madogo baada ya kuwafanyia kazi. Wakikuyu wengi walihamia mijini kwani mashamba yao hayangeweza kutosheleza mahitaji yao. Mwaka wa [[1951]], [[Horace Hector Hearne]] akawa [[mkuu wa sheria]] nchini Kenya (alitoka [[Ceylon]] alikoshikilia [[wadhifa]] huohuo) na alifanya kazi katika [[Mahakama Kuu]] mjini [[Nairobi]]. Alihudumu katika wadhifa huo hadi mwaka [[1954]] alipoteuliwa kama [[Hakimu wa Rufaa]] katika [[Mahakama ya Rufaa]] ya [[Afrika Magharibi]]. [[Usiku]] wa tarehe [[5 Februari]] [[1952]], wakati [[Mfalme]] [[Mfalme George VI|George VI]] alipoaga dunia, Hearne alimsindikiza [[Malkia]] [[Elizabeth II]] na [[mume]]we Filipo [[mwanamfalme]] wa [[Edinburgh]], kwa dhifa ya kitaifa hotelini Treetops, ambayo sasa ni kivutio maarufu cha watalii. Hapa ndipo alipouanzia umalkia.<ref>[http://www.africagenweb.org/kenya/ Kenya, AfricaGenWeb]</ref> Alirudi Uingereza mara moja akiandamana na Hearne. Kuanzia Oktoba 1952 mpaka Desemba [[1959]], Kenya ilikuwa katika [[hali ya hatari]] kufuatia [[uasi]] wa [[Mau Mau]] dhidi ya utawala wa Uingereza. Gavana aliomba na kupata msaada wa wanajeshi Waingereza na Waafrika, pamoja na [[King's African Rifles]]. Mnamo Januari [[1953]], [[Meja Jenerali]] Hinde aliteuliwa kuwa mkuu wa oparesheni ya kuzima uasi. Hali hii haikuimarika kwa kukosa uchunguzi, kwa hivyo [[Jenerali]] [[George Erskine]] aliteuliwa kuwa [[kamanda]] msimamizi wa majeshi ya kikoloni mnamo Mei 1953, akiungwa mkono hasa na [[Winston Churchill]]. Kutiwa mbaroni kwa [[Warũhiũ Itote]] (aka [[General China]]) tarehe [[15 Januari]] 1954, na kuhojiwa kwake kulipelekea Waingereza kuuelewa vyema usimamizi wa Mau Mau. [[Oparesheni Anvil]] iliyoanzishwa tarehe [[24 Aprili]] 1954 ilipangwa na [[jeshi]] kwa [[wiki]] kadhaa baada ya kukubaliwa na kamati kuu ya vita. Wakati wa oparesheni hiyo, mji wa Nairobi ulidhibitiwa na wanajeshi na wakazi wake walihojiwa huku wafuasi wa Mau Mau wakikamatwa na kupelekwa vizuizini. Mnamo Mei 1953, walinzi wa nyumbani walitambulika rasmi kama [[askari wa usalama]]. Askari hao wa nyumbani ndio waliounda kikosi cha kupambana na mikakati ya Mau Mau kwani walikuwa Waafrika waaminifu, na si majeshi ya kigeni kama Jeshi la Uingereza na King's African Rifles. Kufikia mwisho wa hali ya hatari, askari hao walikuwa wamewaua Mau Mau 4886, ambao ni asilimia 42% ya waasi wote. Kukamatwa kwa [[Dedan Kimathi]] huko [[Nyeri]] tarehe [[21 Oktoba]] [[1956]] kuliashiria kushindwa kwa Mau Mau kukamaliza vita. === Baada ya uhuru === [[Picha:25332612.nairoboi013.JPG|thumb|260px|[[Sanamu]] ya Jomo Kenyatta mjini Nairobi.]] ====Utawala wa Kenyatta==== Waafrika walichaguliwa moja kwa moja katika [[bunge la uwakilishi]] kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka wa [[1957]]. Licha ya Waingereza kutamani kuwakabidhi [[mamlaka]] wapinzani wasio na [[siasa kali]] ya Kiafrika, ni [[chama]] cha [[Kenya African National Union]] (KANU) kilichoongozwa na [[Jomo Kenyatta]] kilichounda [[serikali]] punde tu kabla ya Kenya kupata [[uhuru]] tarehe [[12 Desemba]] [[1963]]. Tarehe 12 Desemba [[1964]], Kenya ilipotangazwa kuwa [[jamhuri]], Kenyatta akawa [[rais]] wa kwanza. Mwaka huohuo, [[jeshi la Kenya]] lilipigana na [[Vita vya Shifta]] dhidi ya kabila la [[Wasomali]] waliokusudia kuiona NFD imejiunga na [[Jamhuri ya Somalia]]. [[Mashifta]] walililemea jeshi la Kenya lakini baadaye walishindwa mwaka wa [[1967]]. Kenya ilitia [[saini]] [[mkataba]] na nchi ya [[Ethiopia]] mwaka wa [[1969]] unaodumu mpaka leo kwa kuhofia ma[[shambulizi]] kutoka kwa [[jeshi la Somalia]] lililokuwa na nguvu zaidi.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1992/BHK.htm Post-Uhuru Low intensiteten Conflict Nchini Kenya]</ref> Eneo la NFD nchini Kenya halijaendelea kutokana na [[kiangazi]] na [[mafuriko]]. Hata hivyo, [[wakimbizi]] wafanyabiashara wa Kisomali waliotajirika wamebadilisha [[mtaa]] wa Eastleigh uliokuwa wa ma[[banda]] na kuufanya kuwa ngome ya kibiashara katika sehemu kubwa ya mashariki mwa mji wa Nairobi.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=E. H.|first=Campbell|date=2006|title=Urban Refugees in Nairobi: Problems of Protection, Mechanisms of Survival, and Possibilities for Integration|url=https://academic.oup.com/jrs/article-abstract/19/3/396/1571241|journal=Journal of Refugee Studies|volume=19|issue=3|pages=396|doi=10.1093/jrs}}</ref> ====Utawala wa Moi==== Mwaka wa [[1978]], Kenyatta alifariki na [[Daniel Arap Moi]] akawa rais. Moi alidumisha [[urais]] kwa kuchaguliwa bila kupingwa katika chaguzi za mwaka wa [[1979]], [[1983]] (uchaguzi wa [[dharura]]) na [[1988]], zote zikiwa zilifanyika chini ya [[katiba]] ya [[chama kimoja]]. Uchaguzi wa 1983 ulifanyika mwaka mmoja kabla ya wakati kutokana na [[njama]] ya [[kupindua serikali]] iliyokosa kufaulu tarehe [[1 Agosti]] [[1982]]. [[Mapinduzi]] hayo yaliyotibuka yalipangwa na [[askari]] [[mwanahewa]] wa [[cheo]] cha chini, Bwana [[Hezekiah Ochuka]] na kuendelezwa hasa na wanahewa. [[Jaribio]] hilo lilizimwa kwa haraka na wanajeshi waaminifu wakiongozwa na [[Jeshi la Nchi Kavu]], General Service Unit (GSU) - kikosi cha [[polisi]] wenye [[hadhi]] ya kijeshi - na baadaye polisi wa kawaida. Hata hivyo [[raia]] kadhaa walijeruhiwa na wengine kuuawa. [[Tukio]] hilo lilisababisha kuvunjwa kwa kikosi chote cha wanahewa, huku wengine wakiachishwa kazi na wengine wakishtakiwa kwenye [[mahakama ya kijeshi]]. Katika uchaguzi wa 1988 ''[[kura za mlolongo]]'' zilianzishwa, ambapo wapigakura walitakiwa kupiga [[foleni]] nyuma ya [[wagombea]] wanaowapenda, badala ya kutumia [[kura ya siri]]<ref>Wapiga kura wengi kukaa nyumbani kama Kenya Drops Secret Ballot katika Uchaguzi Parliamentary http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html |date=20110215084715 }}: The Washington Post Kifungu tarehe: 25 Februari 1988 Author: Blaine Harden</ref> Jambo hilo lilionekana kama [[kilele]] cha enzi ya [[ukiukaji]] mkubwa wa [[demokrasia]] likasababisha [[msukumo]] mkuu wa [[mageuzi]] ya kikatiba. Vipengele vilivyokuwa na utata, kikiwemo kile kilichoruhusu chama kimoja pekee cha kisiasa, vilibadilishwa miaka iliyofuata.<ref>religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu / rihand / Kenya.html</ref> Katika uchaguzi wa kidemokrasia wa vyama vingi wa miaka ya [[1992]] na [[1997]], Daniel Arap Moi alichaguliwa tena. ====Utawala wa Kibaki==== Kulingana na katiba, mwaka [[2002]] Moi hakuruhusiwa kuwania urais tena, na [[Mwai Kibaki]] wa [[chama cha upinzani]] cha "[[National Rainbow Coalition]]" — NARC akachaguliwa kuwa rais. Uchaguzi huo ulitambulikana kuwa wa kidemokrasia na [[wachunguzi]] wa humu nchini na wa kimataifa na hivyo kuwa chanzo cha mageuzi makubwa ya kidemokrasia nchini Kenya. Mnamo Desemba [[2002]], Wakenya walifanya uchaguzi uliokuwa wa kidemokrasia na uwazi ambao kwa kiasi kikubwa uliamuliwa kuwa huru na wa haki na wachunguzi wa kimataifa. Uchaguzi wa mwaka huo ulikuwa mwanzo mpya na uliiletea Kenya mabadiliko makuu ya kisiasa yaliyowezesha chama cha Kenya African National Union (KANU), kilichokuwa kimeitawala nchi tangu uhuru, kukabidhi kwa amani mamlaka kwa chama cha National Rainbow Coalition (NARK), uliokuwa muungano wa vyama vingi. Chini ya uongozi wa Rais Mwai Kibaki, muungano wa vyama tawala ulihahidi kushughulikia ukuaji wa kiuchumi, kumaliza ufisadi, kuimarisha elimu na kuandika katiba mpya. Baadhi ya ahadi hizi zimeshatimizwa. Kuna elimu ya msingi ya bure. Mwaka wa 2007 serikali ilitangaza kuwa, kuanzia mwaka 2008 gharama ya masomo ya shule za upili itapunguzwa huku serikali ikilipia gharama zote za mafundisho. ====Uchaguzi wa 2007==== {{Main|Uchaguzi wa bunge nchini Kenya, 2007}} Katika uchaguzi mkuu uliofanyika tarehe 27 Desemba 2007, Rais Kibaki wa chama cha Party of National Unity (PNU) aliwania uchaguzi dhidi ya chama kikuu cha upinzani Orange Democratic Movement (ODM). Kulingana na wachunguzi wa kimataifa, uchaguzi huo ulikumbwa na udanganyifu na hivyo kutofikia kiwango kinachokubalika kimataifa. Chama cha ODM kilisambaratika na kupoteza 8 % ya kura zake kwa chama kipya cha Orange Democratic Movement-Kenya (ODM) - kikiongozwa na [[Kalonzo Musyoka]]. Kinyang’anyiro kilikuwa kikali kati ya mgombea wa ODM, [[Raila Odinga]] na Kibaki wa PNU. Kuhesabiwa kwa kura na [[Tume ya Uchaguzi ya Kenya]] kulionyesha Raila akiongoza kwa [[kura]] chache na baadaye kwa kura nyingi. Hata hivyo, kura zilipoendelea kuhesabiwa na Tume ya Uchaguzi, Kibaki alimkaribia [[mpinzani]] wake kwa kura, kisha akamshinda. Matokeo hayo yalisababisha [[maandamano]] na kulaumiwa kwa Tume ya Uchaguzi ya Kenya kwa kumpendelea Kibaki, hivyo Oginga akajitangaza “rais wa watu” na kutaka kura zihesabiwe tena.<ref>ghasia za uchaguzi Kenya unatishia mafanikio yake ya kiuchumi http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/language_tips/auvideo/2008-01/07/content_6375707.htm</ref> Maandamano hayo yalibadilika kuwa [[ghasia]] zilizosababisha kuharibiwa kwa [[mali]].<ref name="reuters">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSL0743589._CH_.2400 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2009-07-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715200529/http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSL0743589._CH_.2400}}</ref>. Viongozi mashuhuri wa Afrika, wakiongozwa na aliyekuwa [[katibu mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa]] [[Kofi Annan]] walisuluhisha [[mzozo]] huo wa kisiasa. Kundi la Annan liliungwa mkono na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], [[Jumuia ya Ulaya]], [[Muungano wa Nchi za Afrika]], Serikali ya Marekani na nchi nyingine maarufu ulimwenguni kote. Kwa habari zaidi rejelea [[Ghasia nchini Kenya (2007-2008)]]. Annan aliomba usaidizi kwa [[kamati]] yake ya [[upatanishi]] kutoka kwa shirika la kushughulikia mizozo la [[Uswisi]] lijulikanalo kama Kituo cha Mazungumzo ya Kihisani yaani Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue. ====Serikali ya muungano==== Tarehe [[12 Februari]] 2008 Kibaki na Odinga walitia sahihi mkataba wa kuunda [[serikali ya muungano]] ambapo Odinga angekuwa [[waziri mkuu]] wa pili nchini Kenya. Kulingana na mkataba huo, rais angeteua [[baraza la mawaziri]] kutoka pande zote mbili za PNU na ODM kulingana na wingi wa wabunge wa kila chama bungeni. Mkataba huo ulieleza kuwa baraza la mawaziri litajumuisha [[Makamu wa Rais]] na manaibu wawili wa Waziri Mkuu. Baada ya majadiliano bungeni ilipitishwa kuwa muungano huo utadumu hadi mwisho wa kipindi cha bunge, ama chama kimoja kikijitoa kwenye muungano kabla ya kipindi cha bunge kuisha. [[Wadhifa]] huo mpya wa waziri mkuu utakuwa na nguvu na mamlaka kuratibu na kusimamia shughuli za serikali. Vilevile itaongozwa na mbunge aliyechaguliwa ambaye pia atakuwa kiongozi wa chama au muungano wa vyama wenye idadi kubwa ya wabunge bungeni. Ulimwengu ulimshuhudia Annan na kamati yake iliyoungwa mkono na Umoja wa Mataifa na mwenye kiti wa muungano wa nchi za Afrika Jakaya Kikwete, walipowaleta pamoja wapinzani hawa sugu kwenye sherehe za kutia sahihi mkataba huu. Sherehe hizi zilionyeshwa moja kwa moja kwenya televisheni ya kitaifa kutoka kiingilio cha Jumba la Harambee mjini Nairobi. Wawakilishi wa PNU na ODM walianza majadiliano ya kina kuhusu ugavi wa mamlaka tarehe 29 Februari 2008.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/02/29/us.kenya.ap/index.html 'Hope is back' kwa Kenya - CNN.com] {{Wayback|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/02/29/us.kenya.ap/index.html |date=20080305205228 }} saa edition.cnn.com</ref> Wabunge wa Kenya, kwa pamoja, waliidhinisha mkataba wa ugawaji mamlaka tarehe 18 mwezi wa Machi 2008 ili kuiokoa Kenya iliyoaminika kama mojawapo ya nchi thabiti na iliyoendelea barani Afrika. Mkataba huu uliunganisha PNU iliyoongozwa na Kibaki na ODM ya Odinga kisha kupelekea kuundwa kwa serikali ya muungano, vyama vyote viwili vikiwa na mamlaka sawa.<ref>wabunge Kenya kupitisha sheria ya kugawana madaraka-english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/111A3F40-0FD9-4DCB-ACB0-822D1E3A09EA.htm Al Jazeera Kiingereza 18 Machi</ref> Tarehe [[13 Aprili]] 2008, Rais Kibaki aliitangaza baraza la mawaziri 41 wa serikali hii ya muungano ikijumuisha waziri mkuu na makamu wake wawili. Baraza hili lilijumuisha pia manaibu wa mawaziri 50 na lilitawazwa katika [[Ikulu]] ya Nairobi tarehe [[17 Aprili]] 2008 huku Kofi Annan na viongozi wengine mashuhuri wakishuhudia. Tarehe [[4 Novemba]] [[2008]] ilitangazwa kuwa [[sikukuu ya kitaifa]] kusherehekea [[ushindi]] wa [[Barack Obama]], ambaye [[baba]] yake alikuwa Mkenya, kama rais wa [[Marekani]]. Katika sehemu za mashambani, kama wilayani [[Kisii]], visa vya kuchoma watu wakidaiwa kuwa [[wachawi]] vinaongezeka.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8119201.stm Horror ya Kenya's 'Witch' lynchings]</ref> Waathiriwa hasa ni wanawake wakongwe. Mnamo Mei 2008, watu 11 waliuwa na nyumba 30 kuchomwa.<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/05/22/2252041.htm Mob nzito kifo 11 Kenya 'witches']</ref> ==Siasa na Utawala== Tazama pia: [[Orodha ya vyama vya kisiasa nchini Kenya]] Kwa sasa Kenya ni [[jamhuri]] ya [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] ya kiuwakilishi inayoongozwa na rais, ambaye ndiye mkuu wa taifa na kiongozi wa serikali, na yenye [[mfumo wa vyama vingi]]. [[Serikali]] ndiyo yenye [[mamlaka]] ya juu. Utungaji wa [[sheria]] ni jukumu la serikali na la [[bunge]] la taifa. Idara ya Mahakama ni huru, na imejitenga na serikali kuu na bunge. Hata hivyo, kulikuwa na kutoridhika kwingi, hasa katika enzi ya rais mstaafu [[Daniel Arap Moi]], kuwa serikali iliingilia sana shughuli za mahakama. Kenya imedumisha uthabiti wa kutosha licha ya mabadiliko katika mifumo yake ya kisiasa na michafuko katika nchi kadhaa jirani. Bunge la mseto wa vyama vingi la [[1997]] lilianzisha [[mageuzi]] yaliyobadilisha sheria za kikoloni zenye [[dhuluma]] zilizotumika kuuzuia uhuru wa kuongea na kutangamana. Jambo hilo liliimarisha uhuru wa [[umma]] na kuchangia kiasi kuaminika kwa [[uchaguzi]] wa Desemba 1997. ===Kaunti na tarafa=== {{Main|Kaunti za Kenya|Wilaya, tarafa na kata za Kenya}} [[Picha:Kenya, administrative divisions - en - colored.svg|thumb|Kaunti za Kenya.]] Kenya ina [[kaunti]] 47, kila moja ikiongozwa na Mkuu wa Kaunti anayechaguliwa na watu ambao wanaishi kwenye hiyo kaunti. [[Serikali za mitaa]] huendelezwa kupitia mabaraza ya miji. Maeneo mengi ya mijini huwa ni [[mji]], [[manisipaa]] au baraza la mji. Serikali za mitaa katika maeneo ya [[Shamba|mashambani]] huitwa [[serikali]] za [[wilaya]]. Ma[[diwani]] wa mitaa hii huchaguliwa katika [[uchaguzi]] wa madiwani unaofanywa wakati mmoja na [[uchaguzi mkuu]]. Maeneo ya uwakilishi bungeni yamegawanywa kwa sababu ya upigaji [[kura]]. Kuna maeneobunge 210 nchini Kenya.<ref>Kenya Roads Board [http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php Constituency ufadhili chini ya RMLF] {{Wayback|url=http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php |date=20080113052023 }}</ref> == Demografia == {{Main|Demografia ya Kenya}} === Miji === {{main|Orodha ya miji ya Kenya}} Ukuaji wa miji nchini Kenya umeongezeka kwa kasi, huku ongezeko la idadi ya watu likijikita zaidi katika miji mikubwa. Kulingana na sensa ya mwaka 2019, [[Nairobi]] ndilo jiji kubwa zaidi lenye wakazi 4,397,073, likifuatiwa na [[Mombasa]] (1,208,333) na [[Nakuru]] (570,674). Miji mingine muhimu ni pamoja na [[Eldoret]] (475,716) na [[Kisumu]] (397,957). Ukuaji wa miji ya karibu na [[Nairobi]], hasa katika [[Kaunti ya Kiambu]] kama [[Ruiru]], [[Kikuyu (mji)|Kikuyu]] na [[Thika]], unaonyesha kuendelea kwa upanuzi wa jiji hilo. {{Miji mikubwa | nchi = Kenya | stat_ref = Kulingana na sensa ya 2019 <ref name="Census2019">{{Rejea tovuti |title=2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume III: Distribution of Population by Age and Sex |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iii-distribution-of-population-by-age-sex-and-administrative-units&wpdmdl=5729&ind=0tNSo67ECQDUWjzx5h0MYjfrww-Ec24S00Uu0My9291AsXaUorFJx1bFVmQ7L1yZcD3J2SdGI3QT4aKeCFb-DA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802200037/https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iii-distribution-of-population-by-age-sex-and-administrative-units&wpdmdl=5729&ind=0tNSo67ECQDUWjzx5h0MYjfrww-Ec24S00Uu0My9291AsXaUorFJx1bFVmQ7L1yZcD3J2SdGI3QT4aKeCFb-DA |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=8 April 2020 |website=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> | list_by_pop = | div_name = Kaunti | div_link = Kaunti za Kenya{{!}}Kaunti | city_1 = Nairobi | div_1 = Kaunti ya Nairobi{{!}}Nairobi | pop_1 = 4 397 073 | img_1 = Nairobi, view from KICC.JPG | city_2 = Mombasa | div_2 = Kaunti ya Mombasa{{!}}Mombasa | pop_2 = 1 208 333 | img_2 = Mombasa skyline.jpg | city_3 = Nakuru | div_3 = Kaunti ya Nakuru{{!}}Nakuru | pop_3 = 570 674 | img_3 = | city_4 = Ruiru | div_4 = Kaunti ya Kiambu{{!}}Kiambu | pop_4 = 490 120 | img_4 = | city_5 = Eldoret | div_5 = Kaunti ya Uasin Gishu{{!}}Uasin Gishu | pop_5 = 475 716 | city_6 = Kisumu | div_6 = Kaunti ya Kisumu{{!}}Kisumu | pop_6 = 397 957 | city_7 = Kikuyu, Kenya{{!}}Kikuyu | div_7 = Kaunti ya Kiambu{{!}}Kiambu | pop_7 = 323 881 | city_8 = Thika | div_8 = Kaunti ya Kiambu{{!}}Kiambu | pop_8 = 251 407 | city_9 = Naivasha | div_9 = Kaunti ya Nakuru{{!}}Nakuru | pop_9 = 198 444 | city_10 = Karuri | div_10 = Kaunti ya Kiambu{{!}}Kiambu | pop_10 = 194 342 | city_11 = Ongata Rongai | div_11 = Kaunti ya Kajiado{{!}}Kajiado | pop_11 = 172 569 | city_12 = Garissa | div_12 = Kaunti ya Garissa{{!}}Garissa | pop_12 = 163 399 | city_13 = Kitale | div_13 = Kaunti ya Trans-Nzoia{{!}}Trans-Nzoia | pop_13 = 162 174 | city_14 = Juja | div_14 = Kaunti ya Kiambu{{!}}Kiambu | pop_14 = 156 041 | city_15 = Mlolongo | div_15 = Kaunti ya Machakos{{!}}Machakos | pop_15 = 136 351 | city_16 = Malindi | div_16 = Kaunti ya Kilifi{{!}}Kilifi | pop_16 = 119 859 | city_17 = Mandera | div_17 = Kaunti ya Mandera{{!}}Mandera | pop_17 = 114 718 | city_18 = Kisii, Kenya{{!}}Kisii | div_18 = Kaunti ya Kisii{{!}}Kisii | pop_18 = 112 417 | city_19 = Kakamega | div_19 = Kaunti ya Kakamega{{!}}Kakamega | pop_19 = 107 227 | city_20 = Ngong, Kenya{{!}}Ngong | div_20 = Kaunti ya Kajiado{{!}}Kajiado | pop_20 = 102 323 }} === Kabila/Asili === {{Main|Orodha ya Makabila nchini Kenya|Dini nchini Kenya}} Kenya ni nchi yenye ma[[kabila]] mengi tofautitofauti, hasa ya [[Kibantu]] (67%) na ya [[Waniloti|Kiniloti]]. Wakenya wengi huzungumza [[lugha]] mbili, [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kiswahili]], na [[asilimia]] kubwa pia huzungumza [[lugha mama]] ya kabila lao. Makundi ya makabila ni kama ifuatavyo:17.13% [[Wakikuyu]], 14.35% [[Waluhya]], 13.37% [[Wakalenjin]], 10.65% [[Waluo]], 9.81% [[Wakamba]], 5.85% [[Wasomali]] 5.68% [[Wakisii]], makabila mengine ya Kiafrika 15%, wasio Waafrika ([[Wahindi]], [[Waingereza]] na [[Waarabu]]) 1% <ref name="worldfactbook"/> Kila kundi au kabila lina lugha yake na Kiswahili hutumika kama chombo cha kuwasiliana miongoni mwa makabila tofauti. ===Dini=== [[File:Catholic Church in Mombasa.JPG|thumb|250px|Kanisa Katoliki huko [[Mombasa]].]] Upande wa [[dini]], idadi kubwa ya Wakenya ni [[Wakristo]]: kulingana na [[sensa]] ya mwaka [[2019]], [[asilimia]] 85.5 ya [[wakazi]] wa [[Kenya]] walikuwa [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] (asilimia 53.9 ni [[Waprotestanti]], asilimia 20.6 ni [[Wakatoliki]], asilimia 11.8 ni Wakristo wa [[madhehebu]] mengine mbalimbali, wakiwemo Waorthodoksi 621,200), asilimia 10.9 ni [[Waislamu]], asilimia 0.7 ni wafuasi wa [[dini asilia za Kiafrika]], asilimia 1.7 ni wa makundi mengine ya dini (kuna [[Wahindu]] takribani 60,000, ambao wameingiliana vyema na Wakenya wengine na huchangia pakubwa uchumi wa nchi), na asilimia 1.6 wanadai hawana uhusiano na [[dini]] yoyote ile. {{bar box |float=right |title=Dini nchini [[Kenya]] mwaka 2019 |width=250px |bars= {{bar percent|[[Ukristo]]|DodgerBlue|85.5}} {{bar percent| [[Uislamu]]|Green|10.9}} {{bar percent|Wasio na dini|DodgerBlue|1.7}} {{bar percent|[[Dini za jadi]]|grey|0.7}} |caption=Chanzo : KNBS (Sensa 2019) }} Waislamu wengi huishi katika kaunti za Kaskazini na Kaskazini Magharibi mwa nchi huku wengine wakiishi katika pwani. Wengi wa wanaoishi sehemu ya magharibi mkoani Pwani ni Wakristo. Eneo la kaskazini la Mkoa wa Mashariki ni makazi ya asilimia 10 ya jumla ya Waislamu nchini; hii ndiyo [[dini]] ya wakazi wengi wa hapa, na mbali na idadi ndogo ya [[Wasomali]] wanaoishi Nairobi, idadi kubwa ya Wakenya wengine ni Wakristo.<ref>http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108374.htm US Department of State</ref> ==Sanaa na Utamaduni== === Utamaduni=== [[Picha:Maasai tribe.jpg|upright|thumb|200px|Askari Wamasai]] [[Picha:Kenyan man.jpg|upright|thumb|200px|Mmasai katika mapambo ya jadi]] {{Main|Utamaduni wa Kenya|Muziki wa Kenya}} Kenya ni nchi yenye tamaduni anuwai. Tamaduni zinazotambulika ni pamoja na Waswahili walio katika eneo la pwani, jamii za wafugaji katika eneo la kaskazini na jamii nyingine mbalimbali katika maeneo ya kati na magharibi. [[Wajaluo]] wa Kenya ni wazawa wa [[jamii]] za [[wakulima]] na [[wafugaji]] walioishi magharibi mwa Kenya kabla ya ukoloni. Inafahamika kwamba asili ya Wajaluo na makabila mengine ya [[Waniloti]] ni kaskazini mwa Kenya, pengine maeneo ya Sudan Kusini ya sasa. Waniloti, kama wanavyoitwa, ni kikundi cha ki[[anthropolojia]] kilichotoka maeneo ya kaskazini mashariki mwa Afrika. Pengine walihamia kusini kutokana na [[vita]] vilivyosababishwa na ukuaji wa [[Kush]] na [[Misri]]. Waniloti nchini Kenya ni [[Wajaluo]], [[Waturkana]], [[Wakalenjin]] na [[Wamasai]]. Hili linadhihirika kutokana na kuwepo kwa [[lahaja]] zinazofanana kati ya makabila fulani nchini Sudan Kusini leo. Makabila haya ni pamoja na [[Akoli]] na [[Lwo]] (si sawa na Luo) wanaoishi katika eneo la [[Darfur]]. Kuna makabila mengine ya Waniloti yanayoishi nchini [[Uganda]] na [[Tanzania]]. Hii hasa ni kwa sababu ya Wajaluo kuvutiwa na [[Ziwa Victoria]], ambako wanapatikana katika nchi hizi tatu (Uganda, Tanzania na Kenya). Nchini Uganda, wanajulikana kwa kuanzisha [[himaya]] ya [[Waganda]] na ya himaya ya [[Watoro]]. Wajaluo nchini Kenya walipigana vita na majirani wao, hasa Wakalenjin, ili kulidhibiti ziwa hilo. Leo hii, utamaduni wa Wamaasai unajulikana sana kwa kuangaziwa vilivyo na utalii, hata hivyo Wamaasai ni asilimia ndogo ya idadi ya Wakenya kwa jumla. Wamaasai wanatambulika kwa kujipamba sehemu ya juu ya mwili na kwa vito. Kenya ina utajiri mwingi wa [[muziki]], vituo vya [[runinga]] na [[maonyesho ya sanaa]]. ===Fasihi=== {{Main|Fasihi ya Kenya}} [[Ngugi wa Thiong'o]] ni mmoja wa [[waandishi]] maarufu wa Kenya. [[Kitabu]] chake ''[[:en:Weep Not, Child]]'' ni ufafanuzi wa [[maisha]] yalivyokuwa Waingereza walipoitwaa Kenya. Hii ni [[hadithi]] kuhusu athari za Mau Mau katika maisha ya Wakenya asili. Kinavyochanganya maudhui - ukoloni, elimu, na mapenzi - kunakifanya kuwa kimojawapo kati ya vitabu bora vya hadithi barani Afrika. Kitabu cha hadithi cha [[M. G. Vassanji]] ''The In-Between World of Vikram Lall'' kilishinda tuzo la Giller Prize mwaka 2003. Hii ni hadithi ya kubuni ya Mkenya mwenye asili ya Kihindi na [[familia]] yake wavyojizatiti na mabadiliko ya kisiasa wakati wa ukoloni na baada ya ukoloni nchini Kenya. Kuanzia mwaka wa 2003, jarida la fasihi ''[[Kwani?]]'' limekuwa likichapisha fasihi ya kisasa ya Kenya. ==Elimu== {{Main|Elimu nchini Kenya}} Mfumo wa elimu nchini Kenya unajumuisha elimu ya [[chekechea]], [[elimu ya msingi|ya msingi]], ya [[sekondari]] na ya [[vyuo]]. Elimu ya watoto wadogo aghalabu huchukua miaka mitatu, ya msingi miaka minane, sekondari minne na chuo kikuu miaka minne au sita kwa kutegemea kozi. Shule za chekechea, ambazo ni za watoto wa umri wa miaka mitatu hadi mitano, ni sehemu muhimu ya mfumo huu wa elimu na ni kigezo muhimu kabla ya kusajiliwa katika darasa la kwanza (Gredi ya Kwanza). Mwishoni mwa elimu ya msingi wanafunzi hufanya mtihani wa Cheti cha Kuhitimu Masomo ya Msingi Kenya (KCPE), ambao huamua watakaojiunga na shule ya sekondari au vyuo vya ufundi. Umri wa shule ya msingi ni miaka 6/7 hadi 13/14. Wale wanaojiunga na shule ya upili hufanya mtihani wa taifa mwishoni mwa kidato cha nne - Mtihani wa Cheti cha Kuhitimu Masomo ya Shule ya Upili Kenya (KCSE), ambao huamua watakaojiunga na vyuo vikuu, vyuo vya taatuma nyinginezo au kuajiriwa. Baraza Kuu la Usajili (JAB) ndilo lenye jukumu la kuwachagua wanafunzi watakaojiunga na vyuo vikuu vya umma. Mbali na shule za umma, kuna shule nyingi za binafsi nchini, hasa katika sehemu za miji. Vilevile, kuna shule kadhaa za kimataifa zinazofundisha mifumo mbalimbali ya elimu ya ng'ambo. === Historia ya elimu === Mfumo wa kwanza wa elimu nchini Kenya baada ya uhuru uliletwa na wakoloni Waingereza. Baada ya nchi kupata uhuru tarehe 12 Desemba 1963, Tume ya Ominde iliundwa ili kuleta mabadiliko ambayo yaakisi matarajio ya taifa huru la Kenya. Tume hii ilimulika masuala ya usawa na umoja, ambayo yalikuwa muhimu hasa wakati huo. Mabadiliko ya kilichofundishwa katika historia na jiografia yalifanywa ili kuakisi umoja wa kitaifa. Kati ya miaka 1964 na 1985, mfumo wa 7-4-2-3 ulifuatwa (miaka saba masomo ya msingi, miaka minne sekondari ya daraja la chini, miaka miwili sekondari ya daraja la juu, na miaka mitatu masomo ya chuo kikuu). Shule zote zilifuata [[mtaala]] mmoja. Mwaka wa 1981, kamati iliyoteuliwa na rais kuratibu namna ya kuanzisha chuo kikuu cha pili nchini Kenya, na pia kuubadilisha mfumo wa elimu kwa jumla, ilianza kazi yake. Kamati hii ilipendekeza kuwa mfumo ule wa 7-4-2-3 ubadilishwe kuwa mfumo wa 8-4-4 (miaka minane shule ya msingi, miaka minne shule ya upili, miaka minne elimu ya chuo kikuu). Jedwali lililo katika Elimu ya Sasa Nchini Kenya linaonyesha muundo wa mfumo wa 8-4-4. Ingawa mfumo wa 7-4-2-3 kinadharia ulifikia kikomo mfumo wa 8-4-4 ulipoanzishwa mwaka wa 1985, kundi la mwisho la mfumo huo wa awali lilihitimu kutoka vyuo vikuu vya Kenya mwaka wa 1992. === Elimu nchini Kenya sasa === Mfumo wa sasa wa 8-4-4 ilizinduliwa Januari 1985. Ulitilia mkazo masomo ya kiufundi kwa matarajio kuwa, muundo huu mpya utawawezesha wanaoacha shule katika viwango mbalimbali aidha kujiajiri wenyewe au kupata ajira katika sekta ya juakali. Mnamo Januari 2003, Serikali ya Kenya ilitangaza kuanzishwa kwa masomo ya shule za msingi bila malipo. Hili lilipelekea kuongezeka kwa wanafunzi waliojiunga na shule za msingi kwa asilimia 70. Hata hivyo, idadi ya waliojiunga na shule za upili na vyuo haikuongezeka sana kwa sababu malipo bado yalihitajika ili kuhudhuria masomo. Mtihani wa kuhitimu cheti cha masomo ya msingi nchini Kenya (KCPE) hufanywa katika darasa la nane. Matokeo ya mtihani huu huhitajika ili kusajiliwa katika shule ya upili. Mtihani wa kuhitimu cheti cha masomo ya shule ya upili nchini Kenya (K.C.S.E.) hufanywa katika kidato cha nne. Wanafunzi hufanya mtihani katika masomo nane. === Ukosoaji === Mfumo wa elimu wa Kenya 8-4-4 umepitia mengi magumu katika kipindi kirefu ulichodumu. Punde tu baada ya kufuzu kwa kundi la kwanza la wanafunzi wa mfumo huu mwaka wa 1989, wananchi wengi walijitokeza kuilaumu na kuihukumu serikali kwa kuuanzisha mfumo huu. Wakosoaji hao walidai kuwa waliohitimu hawajaandaliwa vyema na hawangeweza kushindana na wenzao kutoka sehemu nyingine za [[ulimwengu]]. Wengine walihoji kuwa waliofuzu kupitia mfumo huu walikuwa aidha wachanga sana au hawajaandaliwa vyema kwa nafasi za kazi zilizokuweko. Serikali haikusikiliza hayo yote pengine kwa sababu uwezekano wa kuubadilisha na kuuunda upya kungeigharimu pesa nyingi. Hata hivyo, kwa miaka mingi waliofuzu kupitia mfumo huu wamewaaibisha walioupinga kwa kufualu katika vyuo vya nchini na ng’ambo. Pia wasomi na wafanyakazi wa afya kuhamia [[nchi zilizoendelea]] ni dhihirisho tosha la hali hii. Mkazo uliotiliwa masomo ya ufundi umefifia na mabadiliko ya hivi juzi katika mtaala yanasisitiza [[teknolojia]] ya [[upashanaji habari]], [[sayansi]], [[hesabu]] na lugha. Kwa vyovyote vile, kazi ya kiakademia na kusisitizwa kwa kupita mitihani iliyoandikwa hakujaacha nafasi kwa [[useremala]], [[uashi]], [[upishi]] na mafunzo mengine ya [[ufundi]]. ==Michezo== {{Main|Michezo ya Kenya}} [[Picha:Icc Wcl Championship Nepal Vs Kenya Tu Ground Kathmandu @ Nepal 6.jpg|thumb|Timu ya kriketi ya Kenya]] [[Picha:Elgon Cup 2007.png|thumb|Timu ya rugby ya Kenya]] Kenya hushiriki katika [[michezo]] mbalimbali ikiwemo [[kriketi]], [[mbio za magari]], [[soka]], [[raga]] na [[ngumi]]. Lakini nchi hii inajulikana hasa kwa kutawala katika [[mbio za masafa ya kadiri]] na [[mbio za masafa marefu]]. Kenya, kwa muda mrefu, imetoa [[Bingwa|mabingwa]] wa [[Olimpiki]] na [[michezo ya Jumuia ya Madola]] katika nyanja mbalimbali, hasa katika mbio za mita 800, mita 1,500, mita 3,000 kuruka viunzi na maji, mita 5,000, mita 10,000 na mbio za masafa marefu. [[Wanariadha]] wa Kenya (hasa wa kabila la Wakalenjin) wanaendelea kutawala mbio za masafa ulimwenguni, ingawa ushindani kutoka nchi ya [[Moroko]] na Ethiopia umepunguza umaarufu huu. [[Wanariadha]] wa Kenya wanaosifika sana ni pamoja na mshindi mara nne wa mbio za masafa marefu za [[Boston]] kwa [[wanawake]] na mshindi mara mbili wa mbio za dunia [[Catherine Ndereba]], aliyeshikilia rekodi ya awali ya mbio za dunia [[Paul Tergat]], na [[John Ngugi]]. Wakati wa michezo ya Olimpiki ya [[Beijing]] Kenya ilishinda [[medali]] 6 za [[dhahabu]], 4 za [[fedha]], 4 za [[shaba]] na kulifanya taifa lililofaulu sana barani Afrika katika michezo ya Olimpiki ya mwaka 2008. Wanariadha wapya walitambulikana, kama [[Pamela Jelimo]], mshindi wa medali ya dhahabu katika mbio za mita 800 kwa wanawake aliyejitahidi na kushinda tuzo la Golden League, na [[Samuel Wajiru]] aliyeshinda mbio za masafa marefu kwa wanaume. Bingwa mstaafu wa mbio za Olimpiki na za Jumuia ya Madola, [[Kipchoge Keino]], alisaidia kuanza ubingwa wa mbio za masafa marefu [[miaka ya 1970]] akafuatwa na bingwa wa michezo ya Jumuia ya Madola, [[Henry Rono]], aliyeshikilia rekodi kadhaa za dunia. Hivi majuzi, kumekuwa na mzozo wa wanariadha wa Kenya waliosaliti nchi yao na kuwakilisha nchi nyingine, hasa [[Bahrain]] na [[Qatar]]. [[Wizara ya michezo]] ya Kenya imejaribu kuzuia usaliti huu, lakini umeendelea tu, [[Bernard Lagat]] akiwa wa mwisho, akichagua kuiwakilisha [[Marekani]].Usaliti huu, kwingi unatokana na sababu za kiuchumi au kifedha ingawa pia wanariadha wazuri wasioweza kufaulu katika timu nzuri ya taifa huona ni rahisi kufaulu kwa kukimbilia nchi nyingine. Kenya pia imetawala [[voliboli]] ya wanawake barani Afrika, huku vilabu na [[timu ya taifa]] vikishinda mashindano kadhaa barani Afrika katika [[mwongo]] uliopita. Timu ya wanawake pia imeshiriki katika michezo ya Olimpiki na Mashindano ya Ulimwengu ingawa haijafaulu vilivyo. Mchezo wa kriketi ni maarufu na pia ni mchezo wa timu ambao umefaulu sana. Kenya imeshiriki katika [[Kombe la Dunia la Kriketi]] tangu mwaka [[1996]]. Timu hii ilishinda baadhi ya timu maarufu ulimwenguni na kufikia [[semifainali]] katika mchuano wa mwaka [[2003]] na wachezaji kama vile [[Steve Tikolo]] na [[Maurice Odumbe]]. Walishinda ligi ya kriketi ya dunia daraja la 1 iliyofanyika Nairobi kwa mara ya kwanza, kisha wakashiriki katika mchuano wa ulimwengu wa T20. [[Nahodha]] wa sasa wa timu ni [[Collins Obuya]]. Kenya imejiundia jina katika muungano wa raga na wachezaji kama vile [[Collins Injera]] na [[Lucas Onyango]]. Mchezo huo ni maarufu nchini hasa kwa sababu ya mchuano wa kila mwaka wa Safari Sevens. Timu ya Kenya ya raga ya wachezaji [[saba]] kila upande ilikuwa nambari ya 9 katika michezo ya dunia ya wachezaji saba IRB katika msimu wa mwaka 2006. Kenya ilikuwa bingwa wa soka katika eneo hili lakini ubingwa huu umefifia kutokana na kutoelewana kwa maafisa wa Kamati ya Soka Nchini.<ref>New Vision, 3 Juni 2004: [http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/30/364022 Wrangles ardhi Kenya utan fastställd FIFA marufuku] {{Wayback|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/30/364022 |date=20080110015009 }}</ref> Mizozo hii ilipelekea Kenya kupigwa marufuku na FIFA, lakini marufuku hii iliondolewa mnamo Machi 2007. Kwa upande wa mbio za magari, Kenya ndio waandalizi wa mbio za magari maarufu za [[Safari Rally]] zinazotambulika kuwa ngumu zaidi ulimwenguni,<ref>The Auto Channel, 21 Julai 2001: [http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2001/07/22/025841.html FIA Rally: Delecour inachukua pointi kumaliza tarehe Safari Rally kwanza]</ref> na ambazo ni sehemu ya Bingwa wa Mbio za Magari kwa miaka mingi hadi kuondolewa kwake baada ya mbio za 2002 kwa sababu ya matatizo ya kifedha. Baadhi ya [[dereva|madereva]] maarufu wa mbio za magari ulimwenguni walioshiriki na kushinda mbio hizi ni [[Bjorn Waldegard]], [[Hannu Mokkola]], [[Tommi Makinen]], [[Shekhar Mehta]], [[Carlos Sainz]] na [[Colin McRae]]. Ingawa mbio hizi bado huendelea kila mwaka kama sehemu ya kutafuta Bingwa wa Mbio za Magari Afrika, waandalizi wanatarajia kuruhusiwa kujiunga tena na Ubingwa wa Magari Ulimwenguni katika miaka michache ijayo. ==Uchumi== {{Main|Uchumi wa Kenya}} [[Picha:Kenyan 20 Shilling Note.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Noti ya shilingi 20 ya mwaka 1994, ikimuonyesha Rais Daniel Arap Moi.]] Baada ya uhuru, Kenya iliendeleza ukuaji wa kiuchumi haraka kupitia kwa uwekezaji wa umma, kuhimiza uzalishaji wa kilimo, na kushawishi uwekezaji wa watu binafsi na wageni katika viwanda. Pato la taifa lilikua kwa asilimia 6.6 kuanzia 1963 hadi 1973. Uzalishaji wa kilimo ulikua kwa asilimia 4.7 kila mwaka kwa kipindi hicho ukiwa umechochewa na ugawaji upya wa mashamba, kuanzishwa kwa kilimo cha mimea iliyoimarishwa, na kuanzisha mashamba mapya. Hata hivyo, kati ya 1974 na 1993 ukuaji wa uchumi wa Kenya ulipungua. Kupungua kwa kilimo kulisababishwa na sera za kilimo zisizofaa, mikopo isiyotosha na vikwazo visiyofaa vya biashara ya kimataifa. Mnamo mwaka wa 1993, Serikali ya Kenya ilianzisha mpango mkuu wa kuimarisha uchumi na kuufanya huru. Waziri mpya wa fedha na gavana mpya wa Benki Kuu ya Kenya walianza mikakati iliyofuatana kuimarisha uchumi kwa usaidizi wa [[Benki ya Dunia]] na [[Shirika la Fedha la Kimataifa]]). Kama sehemu ya mpango huu, serikali iliondoa usimamizi wa bei za bidhaa, leseni za uagizaji na uthibiti wa ubadilishaji fedha, kubinafsisha kampuni nyingi zilizomilikiwa na umma, kupunguza idadi ya wafanyi kazi wa serikali na kuanzisha sera madhubuti za kulinda fedha. Kuanzia mwaka wa 1994 hadi 1996 ukuaji halisi wa uchumi wa Kenya ulikadiriwa juu kidogo ya asilimia 4 kwa mwaka. Hata hivyo, kati ya 1997 na 2000, uchumi uliingia kipindi cha kupungua au kutoimarika, kwa sababu ya hali mbaya ya anga na kupungua kwa shughuli za kiuchumi. Mwaka wa 2001 pato la taifa liliimarika kiasi kwani mvua ilirejea kunyesha karibu na viwango vya awali. Ukuaji wa kiuchumi uliendelea kuimarika kiasi mwaka wa 2002 na kufikia asilimia 1.4 mwaka wa 2003, asilimia 4.3 mwaka wa 2004, kisha asilimia 5.8 mwaka wa 2005. [[Picha:Jomo Kenyatta International Airport.jpg|thumb|300px|left|[[Uwanja wa ndege wa Kimataifa wa Jomo Kenyatta]], ambao ndio mkubwa zaidi na wenye shughuli nyingi zaidi katika eneo la Afrika Mashariki.]] Mnamo Julai 1997, Serikali ya Kenya ilikataa kutimiza makubaliano ya awali na IMF kuhusu mabadiliko ya utawala wake. Jambo hili lilisababisha kukatizwa kwa misaada kwa miaka 3, nayo Benki ya Dunia ikaubana mkopo wa dola milioni 90 za mpango wa kuufufua uchumi. Ingawa mabadiliko mengi ya kiuchumi yaliyofanywa kati ya 1993-94 yalibakia, wataalamu wa maswala ya kiuchumi wasiopendelea mabadiliko waliamini kuwa Kenya iliitaji mabadiliko zaidi, hasa ya kiutawala ili kuongeza ukuaji wa pato la taifa (GDP). Serikali ya Kenya ilichukua hatua yakini za mabadiliko, pamoja na kuunda Tume ya Kupambana na Ufisadi (KACA), kuanzisha hatua za kuimarisha uwazi wa katika mikakati ya serikali kupata bidhaa na kupunguza fedha inayotumiwa na serikali kulipia mishahara. Mnamo Julai 2000, shirika la IMF lilitia saini dola milioni 150 za Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF), nayo Benki ya Dunia ilifuatia na mkopo wa dola milioni 157 kuimarisha uchumi na kuibadilisha sekta ya umma. Mwezi wa Desemba 2000, iliamuliwa kuwa tume ya kupambana na ufisadi haikuwa ya kikatiba na sehemu za juhudi za mabadiliko kukatizwa mwaka 2001. Shirika la IMF na Benki ya Dunia zilikatiza mipango yao. Juhudi zilizofanywa kuanzisha upya mipango hii katikati ya mwaka wa 2002 hazikufaulu. Chini ya uongozi wa Rais Kibaki, aliyechukua hatamu za uongozi tarehe 30 mwezi wa Desemba 2002, serikali ya Kenya ilianzisha mipango mipya na kabambe ya uimarishaji uchumi na imerejelea ushirikiano wake na Benki ya Dunia na IMF. Serikali mpya ya National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) iliidhinisha Sheria dhidi ya Ufisadi na Uhalifu wa Kiuchumi pamoja na Sheria ya Maadili ya Watumishi wa Umma mnamo Mei 2003 iliyolenga kupiga vita ufisadi katika ofisi za umma. Mabadiliko mengine, hasa katika idara ya sheria, kuagiza bidhaa za umma na kadhalika yamepelekea kurejelewa kwa misaada na matumaini ya kuimarisha uchumi. Kufuatia kupitishwa kwa sheria muhimu za kupambana na ufisadi na serikali mpya, wafadhili walirejelea ufadhili mwezi wa Novemba 2003 na IMF ikaidhinisha msaada wa miaka mitatu wa dola milion 250 ili kupunguza umaskini na kuimarisha uchumi. Wafadhili wakatoa dola bilioni 4.2 kama msaada wa miaka minnne. Kurejelewa kwa ufadhili na kujihusizisha upya kwao kumevutia imani ya wawekezaji. Mswada wa [[ubinafsishaji]] umeidhinishwa ingawa kuanzishwa kwa tume ya ubinafsishaji hakujakamilika, mabadiliko katika utendakazi wa umma yametekelezwa na mwaka wa 2007 Kenya ilishinda tuzo la Umoja wa Kimataifa la Utendakazi wa Umma.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.7thglobalforum.org/Forum_Information/unpsa.htm |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215083024/http://www.7thglobalforum.org/Forum_Information/unpsa.htm |archivedate=2008-02-15 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan026198.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2009-03-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324235927/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan026198.pdf }}</ref> Hata hivyo, kazi nyingi zinahitajika kufanywa ili kuiwezesha nchi hii kuyafikia mataifa yaliyoendelea sana kiuchumi, hasa yale ya Mashariki ya Mbali. Changamoto kuu ni pamoja na kuchukua hatua thabiti dhidi ya ufisadi, kupitisha sheria zinazoshughulikia ugaidi na biashara haramu, kutatua upungufu wa ufadhili wa bajeti kisha kurekebisha na kuunda miundo msingi. Inaaminika haya yatasaidia kudumisha sera za kimsingi za kiuchumi, na kuhakikisha ukuaji wa kasi wa kiuchumi uliofikia asilimia 7.2 mwaka wa 2007. Mwaka wa 2007, serikali ya Kenya ilizindua [[Ruwaza ya Kenya 2030|Ruwaza 2030]], ambao ni mpango wa kiuchumi wenye matumaini makuu na ambao ikiwa utatekelezwa kikamilifu, una uwezo wa kuifanya nchi hii kuwa katika kiwango sawa na mataifa yaliyoendelea kiuchumi ya Asia. Nairobi inaendelea kuwa kituo muhimu na cha kimsingi kwa mawasiliano na biashara cha Afrika Mashariki. Kinajivuna kuwa na miundo msingi ya uchukuzi na mawasiliano bora zaidi katika eneo hili, na wafanyi kazi wenye ujuzi. Makampuni mengi ya kigeni hudumisha matawi yao katika eneo hili ama ofisi za kuyawakilisha mjini Nairobi. Mnamo Machi 1996, Marais wa Kenya, Tanzania na Uganda waliifufua Jumuia ya Afrika Mashariki (EAC). Shabaha za EAC ni pamoja na kusawazisha kodi na ada zinazotozwa bidhaa, utembeaji huru wa watu na kuimarisha miundo msingi katika eneo hili. Nchi hizi tatu za Afrika Mashariki zilitia saini mkataba wa Customs Union Agreement mwezi wa Machi 2004. {{wide image|Nairobi panorama from westlands.jpg|1400px|<center>Mji wa Nairobi</center>}} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" |+ style="line-height:0.8em"| <td>{{Resize|120%|Muhtasari wa uchumi wa nchi}}</td> |- ! style="text-align:left"| Pato la taifa | Dola bilioni 41.84 (2012) kwa bei ya sasa. Dola bilioni 76.07 (Uwezo wa kununua bidhaa usio sawa, 2012) Kuna pia uchumi mkubwa usio rasmi ambao haujawahi kujumuishwa kama sehemu ya pato la taifa. |- ! style="text-align:left"| Ukuaji wa kiuchumi kwa mwaka | 5.1% (2012) |- ! style="text-align:left"| Pato la kila mtu kwa mwaka | Pato la kila mtu kwa mwaka (PPP)= $1,800 |- ! style="text-align:left"| Malighafi ya kiasili | Wanyama wa pori, Ardhi (5% inayolimika) |- ! style="text-align:left"| Bidhaa za kilimo | Chai, kahawa, mahindi, ngano, miwa, mboga na matunda, pareto, bidhaa za maziwa, nyama na bidhaa za wanyama |- ! style="text-align:left"| Viwanda | Bidhaa za petroli, usagaji wa nafaka na miwa, saruji, pombe, vinywaji, nguo, uunganishaji magari, makaratasi, utengenezaji wa bidhaa za kimsingi, utalii |} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" |+ style="line-height:0.8em"| Biashara ya mwaka 2012 |- ! style="text-align:left"| Biasharanje | Dola bilioni 5.942 | chai, kahawa, bidhaa za mboga na matunda, bidhaa za petroli, saruji, samaki |- ! style="text-align:left"| Masoko muhimu (2012) <ref name="worldfactbook"/> | colspan="2"| Uganda, Tanzania, Uholanzi, Uingereza, Marekani, Misri, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo |- ! style="text-align:left"| Maduhuli | Dola bilioni 14.39 | mashine, magari, bidhaa za petroli, vyuma, resini na bidhaa za plastiki |- ! style="text-align:left"| Mataifa muhimu yaletayo bidhaa Kenya {{nbsp|2}} | colspan="2"| China, Uhindi, Muungano wa Falme za Kiarabu, Saudi Arabia, Afrika Kusini, Ujapani |} === Utafutaji wa mafuta === Mwanzoni mwa mwaka wa [[2006]] Rais wa [[Uchina]], [[Hu Jintao]], alitia saini kandarasi ya utafutaji wa mafuta na Kenya. Haya ndiyo makubaliano ya hivi punde kati ya mfululizo wa mapatano yaliyopagwa kuelekeza maliasili ya Afrika huko Uchina ambako uchumi wake waendelea kukua kwa haraka. Kandarasi hii iliwezesha kampuni inayoongozwa na taifa la Uchina “offshore oil and gas company” CNOOC Ltd kutafuta mafuta Kenya, ambayo ilianza kuchimba visima vya kwanza mpakani mwa Sudan na Somalia na katika maji ya upwa wake.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a51a39d2-280c-11db-b25c-0000779e2340.html|title=China's scramble for Africa finds a welcome in Kenya |last=Barber |first=Lionel|date=10 Agosti 2006|publisher=Financial Times|accessdate=2008-06-27}}</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Athari za Ukoloni nchini Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya Marais wa Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya Mawaziri Wakuu wa Kenya]] * [[Mito ya Kenya|Orodha ya mito ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya miji ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya Makabila nchini Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya Hifadhi za Taifa nchini Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya benki nchini Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]] * [[Demografia ya Afrika]] ==Marejeo== {{Reflist|2}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Lango|Kenya}} ; Serikali * [http://www.communication.go.ke/ Spokeperson serikali] {{Wayback|url=http://www.communication.go.ke/ |date=20081022110047 }} Ofisi Mnenaji wa Serikali ya Jamhuri ya Kenya. * [http://www.kenya.go.ke/ Serikali ya Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kenya.go.ke/ |date=20081113033437 }} Official site. * [http://www.kenyalaw.org/ Kenya Law Reports] Legislation Kenya, Uchunguzi Sheria, Official Gazette Notices na kisheria Info. * [http://www.statehousekenya.go.ke/ State House Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.statehousekenya.go.ke/ |date=20081105143157 }} Official site State House, Kenya. * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-k/kenya.html Mkuu wa Nchi na Cabinet Members] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-k/kenya.html |date=20091026201734 }} ; Jumla * Maelezo ya nchi (Country Profile) kutoka BBC News * [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Kenya Kenya] kutoka [[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/kenya.htm Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/kenya.htm |date=20091024050050 }} kutoka ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{Dmoz|Regional/Africa/Kenya}} ; Vyombo vya habari * [http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/kenya/kenyanews.html Vyombo vya habari Kenya] orodha kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford]] ; Utalii * [http://www.magicalkenya.com/ Kenya Tourist Board (Magical Kenya)] * {{wikivoyage|Kenya}} ; Historia * [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Kenya_Colony 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica juu ya Kenya Colony] * [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Abyssinia#Army 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica juu wa 1908 Dermacation wa Ethiopia-Kenya Border] ; Nyingine * [http://www.ascleiden.nl/Publications/Bibliographies/KenyaCoast/ Kenya Coast bibliography.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ascleiden.nl/Publications/Bibliographies/KenyaCoast/ |date=20091108081958 }} ''Academic bibliography, hasa kwa Kiingereza, compiled by Jan Hoorweg, Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden.'' * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Kimaiyo | first = Towett J. | title = Ogiek Land Cases and Historical Injustices&nbsp;— 1902–2004 | publisher = Ogiek Welfare Council | year = 2004 | location = Nakuru, Kenya | pages = 127 pages + appendices | url = http://www.geocities.com/OgiekLand/ | access-date = 2009-12-07 | archive-date = 2007-10-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071029164155/http://www.geocities.com/OgiekLand/ }} * {{Rejea tovuti | title = Who Owns Kenya?&nbsp;— What is the Queen Doing in Parliament? | date = 31 Machi 2007 | url = http://www.geocities.com/WhoOwnsKenya/ | accessdate = 2009-12-07 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080318221033/http://www.geocities.com/WhoOwnsKenya/ | archivedate = 2008-03-18 }} * [http://www.ruralpovertyportal.org/english/regions/africa/ken/index.htm Vijijini umaskini katika Kenya] (IFAD) * [http://www.kenyanview.com/scenaries.html Kenya View] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kenyanview.com/scenaries.html |date=20070726094957 }} Mandhari na uzuri wa Kenya katika pica *[https://www.georgenjogu.com/ Kenyan Money News] {{Wayback|url=https://www.georgenjogu.com/ |date=20190806051930 }} Mkusanyiko wa Kazi kutoka kenya. * [http://www.education.nairobi-unesco.org/ UNESCO Nairobi Office - Sekta ya Elimu Clearinghouse] {{Wayback|url=http://www.education.nairobi-unesco.org/ |date=20100331001952 }} * [[Wikia:Solarcooking:Kenya|Maendeleo ya hivi karibuni ya kupikia nishati ya jua nchini Kenya]] * [https://www.plussizeexpert.com/ Plus Size Expert] {{Wayback|url=https://www.plussizeexpert.com/ |date=20180226115134 }} Mkusanyo wa habari kutoka Kenya. {{Hoja Kuhusu Kenya}} {{Afrika}} {{African Union}} [[Jamii:Kenya|*]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]] [[Jamii:Afrika ya Mashariki]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Madola]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]] [[Jamii:nchi]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] p2ydbfgzpints8zh8vmcgkba2u742jf 0 1783 1598941 1512834 2026-09-23T02:42:00Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Ghana | jina_asili = ''Republic of Ghana'' | bendera = Flag of Ghana.svg | nembo = Coat of arms of Ghana.svg | kaulimbiu = ''Freedom and Justice'' | wimbo = ''God Bless Our Homeland Ghana'' | ramani = Ghana (orthographic projection).svg | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = Accra | majiranukta1 = 05°33′18″K | majiranukta2 = 00°11′33″M | lugha_rasmi = [[Kiingereza]] | lugha_taifa = | kiongozi1 = [[John Mahama]] | kiongozi2 = [[Jane Naana Opoku-Agyemang]] | cheo_kiongozi1 = [[Rais]] | cheo_kiongozi2 = [[Makamu wa Rais]] | muundo_uhuru = '''Uhuru kutoka Uingereza''' | tukio1 = Uhuru | tukio2 = Kutangazwa kwa jamhuri | tukio1_tarehe = 6 Machi 1957 | tukio2_tarehe = 1 Julai 1960 | eneo_jumla = 240,000 | cheo_eneo = 80 | maji = 4.61% | ardhi = | watu_kadirio = 34,612,532 | mwaka_kadirio = 2024 | msongamano = 151 | pato_ppp = {{increase}} $227.189 bilioni | pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $6,905 | cheo_plt_kawaida_kwa_mtu = 136 | plt = {{increase}} $80.577 bilioni | mwaka_pato = 2023 | pato_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $2,328 | cheo_plt_kawaida = 83 | cheo_plt_kawaida_kwa_mtu = 149 | mwaka_maendeleo = 2023 | maendeleo = {{increase}} 0.628 </br> -{{wastani}} | gini = 44 | mwaka_gini = 2024 | fedha = [[Cedi ya Ghana]] (GHS) | majira_saa = +00:00 (GMT) | udereva = Kushoto | msimbo_simu = 233 | tld = .gh }} '''Ghana''', rasmi kama '''Jamhuri ya Ghana''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Afrika ya Magharibi]], inapakana na [[Kodivaa]] upande wa magharibi, [[Burkina Faso]] kaskazini, [[Togo]] mashariki, na [[Ghuba ya Guinea]] upande wa kusini. Ina idadi ya watu takriban milioni 33, na inashika nafasi ya 47 duniani kwa idadi ya watu. Mji mkuu na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Accra]], ambalo pia ni kitovu cha [[siasa]], [[uchumi]], na [[utamaduni]] wa taifa. Ghana imegawanyika katika mikoa 16. Inajulikana kwa [[historia]] yake tajiri ya Ufalme wa Ashanti, harakati za mapambano ya uhuru, na kuwa nchi ya kwanza Kusini mwa Sahara kupata uhuru kutoka kwa [[ukoloni]] wa [[Ulaya]] mwaka 1957. Kabla ya [[ukoloni]] [[Ghana]] ilikaliwa na idadi ya watu wa kale, hasa wa [[Falme za Akan]], wakiwemo [[Waakwamu]] upande wa mashariki, [[Ufalme wa Ashanti]] ya [[bara]] na falme kadha wa kadha za Kifante, pia falme zisizo za Kiakan kama [[Waga]] na [[Waewe]] waliokuwa pwani na bara. Biashara na nchi za [[Ulaya]] ilistawi baada ya kukutana kwao na [[Wareno]] katika [[karne ya 15]], na [[Waingereza]] walianzisha nchi ya [[Gold Coast]], chini ya [[himaya]] ya [[Uingereza]] mwaka wa [[1874]].<ref name="colestablish">Maclean, Iain. ''Rational Choice na Uingereza Siasa: An Analysis of Rhetoric na ghiliba kutoka Peel kwa Blair,'' 2001. Page 76.</ref> Nchi ya Gold Coast ilijinyakulia [[uhuru]] kutoka kwa Uingereza mwaka wa [[1957]], ikawa [[taifa]] la kwanza la [[Afrika]] [[Kusini mwa Sahara]] kufanya hivyo<ref name="independence">Petro N. Stearns na William Leonard LANGER. ''The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, na ya kisasa, chronologically mpangilio,'' 2001. Kwanza 1050.</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ghana - MSN Encarta|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799/Ghana.html|work=|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwptUKKy?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799/Ghana.html|archivedate=2009-11-01|deadurl=yes|accessdate=2009-11-23|https://www.webcitation.org/5kwptUKKy?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799/Ghana.html|=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwptUKKy?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799/Ghana.html}}</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1023355.stm]</ref> Ghana ni mwanachama wa mashirika mbalimbali ya kimataifa yakiwemo [[Jumuiya ya Madola]], [[Jumuiya ya Kiuchumi ya Afrika Magharibi]], [[Umoja wa Afrika]], na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]]. Ghana ni nchi ya pili baina ya nchi zinazozalisha [[mmea]] wa [[kakao]] [[ulimwengu]]ni kote, pia ni [[kiambo]] cha [[Ziwa Volta]], ambalo ndilo [[ziwa]] kubwa zaidi ulimwenguni kuundwa na [[binadamu]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://geography.about.com/library/cia/blcghana.htm |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-11-23 |archivedate=2012-02-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208015314/http://geography.about.com/library/cia/blcghana.htm }}</ref>. Vilevile, Ghana ni nchi inayojulikana sana katika ulimwengu wa [[soka]]. Tarehe [[16 Oktoba]] [[2009]], Ghana lilikuwa taifa la kwanza la Kiafrika kushinda [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] kwa walio chini ya [[umri]] wa miaka 20 (FIFA U-20 World Cup) kwa kushinda nchi ya Brazil kwa ma[[bao]] 4 kwa 3 kupitia mikwaju ya [[penalti]]<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/8311196.stm]</ref>. == Asili ya jina == Neno ''Ghana'' lina maana ya "Shujaa Mfalme",<ref name="warriorking">Jackson, John G. ''Utangulizi Civilizations Afrika,'' 2001. Page 201.</ref> na lilikuwa jina la heshima walilopewa wafalme wa Himaya ya Ghana nyakati za kale za Afrika Magharibi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ghana - MSN Encarta|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799/Ghana.html|work=|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwptUKKy?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799/Ghana.html|archivedate=2009-11-01|deadurl=yes|accessdate=2009-11-23|https://www.webcitation.org/5kwptUKKy?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799/Ghana.html|=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwptUKKy?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799/Ghana.html}}</ref>. Limekuwa chimbuko la jina “Guinea” (kupitia kwa [[Kifaransa]] ''Guinoye''), ambalo limetumika kurejelea [[pwani]] ya Afrika Magharibi (na ambalo linatumika katika Ghuba ya Guinea). Jina hilo lilichaguliwa kwa taifa jipya ili kuashiria himaya ya kale ya Ghana, ambayo kwa wakati mmoja ilienea katika sehemu kubwa ya Afrika Magharibi, ingawa kijiografia, Himaya ya Ghana inakadiriwa ilikuwa kilomita 800 {{Convert|500|mi|km}} kaskazini na magharibi mwa Ghana ya kisasa, na ilitawala majimbo katika eneo la [[Mto Sénégal]] na mashariki kuelekea [[Mto wa Niger]], katika maeneo ya sasa ya [[Senegal]], [[Mauritania]] na [[Mali]]. ''Ghana'' lilichaguliwa kuwa jina rasmi la nchi ya Gold Coast nchi hii iliponyakua uhuru mnamo tarehe 6 Machi 1957; hata hivyo, Ghana haikuweza kutangaza [[uhuru]] wake kamili kutoka kwa Uingereza hadi tarehe 1 Julai 1960 ambapo nchi ilianza kujulikana kama ''Jamhuri ya Ghana.'' == Jiografia == [[Picha:Aburi botanical gardens.jpg|thumb|right|160px|Bustani ya Aburi Botanical Gardens]] Nchi hii ina eneo la [[Kilomita ya mraba|kilomita mraba]] 238,500 (maili mraba 92,085){{Convert|238500|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}. Eneo hili limezungukwa na Togo kwa upande wa mashariki, Cote d’Ivoire upande wa magharibi, Burkina Faso upande wa kaskazini na Ghuba ya Guinea (Bahari ya Atlantiki) upande wa kusini. [[Picha:VoltaRiverWithAdombeBridge183-1-.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Mto Volta]] Ghana ni nchi ambayo inapatikana katika Ghuba ya Guinea, [[nyuzi]] chache kaskazini mwa [[Ikweta]], jambo ambalo linaipa nchi hii hali ya [[joto]]. Vilevile mstari wa [[Greenwich Meridian]] hupita ndani ya Ghana, katika jiji la viwanda la Tema. Hivyo kijiografia Ghana iko karibu zaidi ya sehemu ya “katikati” mwa ulimwengu kuliko nchi yoyote ile, ingawa sehemu halisi ya katikati, (0°, 0°) inapatikana katika Ghuba ya Guinea, katika Bahari ya Atlantiki, kwa makadirio kilomita 614 (maili 382) {{Convert|614|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} kusini mwa Accra, Ghana. [[Picha:Beach with palms Ghana.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Ufukoni mwa Ghana]] Nchi hii ina maeneo tambarare, vilima vya chini na mito michache. Nchi ya Ghana inaweza kugawanywa katika maeneo matano tofauti ya kijiografia. Eneo la pwani ni sehemu ambayo ni ya chini na iliyo na ufuo wa mchanga huku ikipakana na koko na kukingamana na mito na vijito kadha wa kadha huku sehemu ya kaskazini ikiwa na maeneo ya juu yaliyo tambarare. Eneo la kusini magharibi na kusini ya kati mwa Ghana ni sehemu iliyoinuka sawa na pana yenye misitu ikiwa na vilima vya Ashanti na eneo sawa na pana (plateau) la Kwahu na safu ya vilima vya Akuapim-Togo vinapatikana kwenye mpaka wa mashariki mwa nchi. Bonde la Volta linachukua eneo la kati mwa Ghana. Sehemu ya juu zaidi nchini Ghana ni Mlima Afadjato ulio na urefu wa mita 855 (futi 2,904){{Convert|885|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} na unaopatikana kwenye safu ya vilima vya Akwapim-Togo. [[Picha:Elefanten Mole National Park.jpg|thumb|right|Ndovu katika Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Mole]] Hali ya hewa ni ya hari. Kanda ya pwani ya mashariki ni ya joto na iliyokauka (angalia Dahomey Gap); pembe ya kusini magharibi, huwa na joto jingi na unyevu hewani; huku sehemu ya kaskazini ikiwa yenye joto jingi na iliyokauka. Ziwa Volta, ziwa lisilo la asili kubwa zaidi ulimwenguni, linaenea kupitia katika mafungu makubwa mashariki mwa Ghana na ndicho chanzo kikuu cha vijito vingi kama vile vya Oti na Afram. Kuna misimu miwili mikuu nchini Ghana, masika na kiangazi. Kaskazini mwa Ghana huwa na msimu wa masika kutoka Machi hadi Novemba huku sehemu ya kusini, ukiwemo mji mkuu wa Accra, ikiwa na masika kutoka Aprili hadi Novemba katikati. Kusini mwa Ghana kuna misitu ambayo daima ni ya kijani kibichi na ile ambayo hupoteza majani yake wakati fulani wa mwaka ikiwa na miti kama mikangazi, odumu na mipingo. Sehemu hii inayo pia mingi ya mitende ya mafuta na mikoko. Miti ya Shea, mibuyu na mikakaya hupatikana kwa kawaida katika maeneo ya Volta na kaskazini mwa nchi. === Maeneo kiutawala === {{Main|Mikoa ya Ghana|Wilaya za Ghana}} Ghana imegawiwa katika mikoa 16, ambayo yamegawiwa zaidi katika [[wilaya]] 275<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ghanadistricts.gov.gh/news/?read=46975 | title=SOCIAL:EC has done no wrong – Dr Afari-Gyan | publisher=Ghana News Agengy | access-date=13 March 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512223809/http://ghanadistricts.gov.gh/news/?read=46975 | archive-date=12 May 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2013/october-29th/mps-demand-247-police-security-for-275-members.php |title=MPs demand 24/7 police security for 275 members |publisher=myjoyonline.com |access-date=13 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512214239/http://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2013/october-29th/mps-demand-247-police-security-for-275-members.php |archive-date=12 May 2014 |url-status=live |accessdate=2021-12-06 |archivedate=2014-05-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512214239/http://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2013/october-29th/mps-demand-247-police-security-for-275-members.php }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ghanadistricts.com/districts/ |title=All Districts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031082356/http://ghanadistricts.com/districts/ |archive-date=31 October 2013 |website=GhanaDistricts.com |accessdate=2021-12-06 |archivedate=2013-10-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031082356/http://ghanadistricts.com/districts/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/Ghana-Cities.html |title=Ghana: Regions, Major Cities & Urban Localities – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts |website=City Population|access-date=6 October 2020}}</ref>, kila moja ikiwa na Bunge la Wilaya (District Assembly). Chini ya wilaya kuna aina kadhaa za mabaraza, yakiwemo mabaraza 58 ya miji au maeneo, mabaraza 108 ya kanda na mabaraza 626 ya maeneo. Kamati za vitengo 16,000 huwa katika daraja ya chini zaidi.<ref name="cs"/> Mikoa hiyo 16 ni: {{Columns |col1= * [[Mkoa wa Ahafo|Ahafo]], [[makao makuu]] [[Goaso]] * [[Mkoa wa Ashanti|Ashanti]], [[makao makuu]] [[Kumasi]] * [[Mkoa wa Bono|Bono]], makao makuu [[Sunyani]] * [[Mkoa wa Bono Mashariki|Bono East]], makao makuu [[Techiman]] * [[Mkoa wa Kati, Ghana|Central]], makao makuu [[Cape Coast]] * [[Mkoa wa Mashariki, Ghana|Eastern]], makao makuu [[Koforidua]] * [[Mkoa wa Greater Accra|Greater Accra]], makao makuu [[Accra]] * [[Mkoa wa Kaskazini, Ghana|Northern]], makao makuu [[Tamale]] |col2= * [[Mkoa wa Oti|Oti]], makao makuu [[Dambai]] * [[Mkoa wa Savannah|Savannah]], makao makuu [[Damongo]] * [[Mkoa wa Mashariki ya Juu|Upper East]], makao makuu [[Bolgatanga]] * [[Mkoa wa Magharibi ya Juu|Upper West]], makao makuu [[Wa, Ghana|Wa]] * [[Mkoa wa Volta|Volta]], makao makuu [[Ho, Ghana|Ho]] * [[Mkoa wa Magharibi, Ghana|Western]], makao makuu [[Sekondi-Takoradi]] * [[Mkoa wa Kaskazini Magharibi|Western North]], makao makuu [[Wiawso]] }} === Idadi ya wakazi katika majiji makubwa === {| class="wikitable" border="3" |- !Jiji !Idadi ya Wakazi |- | [[Accra]] | 2,096,653 |- | [[Kumasi]] | 1,604,909 |- | [[Tamale]] | 390,730 |- | [[Takoradi]] | 260,651 |- | [[Tema]] | 229,106 |- | [[Teshie]] | 154,513 |- | [[Sekondi]] | 153,900 |- | [[Cape Coast]] | 200,204 |- | [[Obuasi]] | 147,613 |- | [[Dunkwa-on-Offin]] | 108,482 |} == Historia == {{Main|Historia ya Ghana}} ===Historia ya kale=== Kuna [[ushahidi]] kutoka kwa maarifa ya mambo ya kale ambao unaonyesha kwamba watu wameishi katika eneo linalojulikana siku hizi kama Ghana kutoka karibu miaka ya [[1500 KK]] ([[Kabla ya Kristo]]).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ghana - MSN Encarta|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799_8/Ghana.html#s66|work=|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwpviLJm?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799_8/Ghana.html#s66|archivedate=2009-11-01|deadurl=yes|accessdate=2009-11-23|https://www.webcitation.org/5kwpviLJm?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799_8/Ghana.html#s66|=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwpviLJm?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799_8/Ghana.html#s66}}</ref> Licha ya hayo, hakuna ushahidi wa kuonyesha kuwa wakazi hao wana uhusiano na wale wa eneo hili kwa sasa. Kwa mujibu wa [[mapokeo simulizi]], mengi kati ya ma[[kabila]] ya Ghana, leo kama vile watu wa chimbuko la makabila kadhaa kama [[Waakan]], [[Waga]] na [[Waewe]], walifika Ghana mnamo [[karne ya 13]]. Mengi ya maeneo ya Ghana yanajumuisha eneo lililokuwa la Himaya ya Ashanti, mojawapo ya falme zilizokuwa na ushawishi mkubwa katika eneo la Afrika Kusini mwa Sahara kabla ya enzi za ukoloni. Wahamiaji [[Waakan]] walihama kuelekea kusini na kuanzisha mataifa kadhaa, likiwemo lile la kwanza la himaya kuu ya Akan ya [[Wabono]], ambayo kwa sasa inajulikana kama eneo la [[Brong Ahafo]] nchini Ghana. Sehemu kubwa ya eneo la sasa la kusini na kati mwa Ghana ilikuwa imeungana chini ya Himaya ya Ashanti ya [[Waashanti]], tawi la Waakan wa [[karne ya 16]]. [[Picha:Ashanti Yam Ceremony 1817.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Sherehe ya Waashanti ya viazi vikuu, karne ya 19 kwa mujibu wa Thomas E. Bowdich]] [[Picha:Cape coast castle II.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Cape Coast Castle]] [[Picha:Elmina slave castle.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Kasri la Elmina]] Utawala wa [[Waashanti]] ilihudumu mwanzoni kama mtandao mlegevu kabla ya kuwa ufalme ulioungana huku ukiwa na [[urasimu]] ulioendelea na wenye uchanganuzi mkubwa uliokuwa na makao yake [[Kumasi]]. Inasemekana kuwa katika kilele chake, Waasantehene wangeweza kutuma [[askari]] 500,000 [[vita]]ni na kuwa na ushawishi wa kijeshi wa kiwango fulani juu ya majirani wake wote. [[Thuluthi]] moja ya Waashanti wote walikuwa [[watumwa]].<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157 Utumwa.] [16] ^ Karibu Kwenye Encyclopaedia Britannica's Guide to Black History</ref> [[Waga]] walianzisha [[muungano]] wenye [[ufanisi]] mnamo [[1500]]<ref name="encarta.msn.com">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ghana - MSN Encarta|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799_8/Ghana.html#p78|work=|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwpwHCrq?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799_8/Ghana.html#p78|archivedate=2009-11-01|deadurl=yes|accessdate=2009-11-23|https://www.webcitation.org/5kwpviLJm?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799_8/Ghana.html#p78|=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwpviLJm?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799_8/Ghana.html#p78}}</ref> na [[Wagonja]], [[Wadagomba]] na [[Wamamprusi]], pia walipigania uwezo wa kisiasa katika [[miaka ya 1620]].<ref name="encarta.msn.com"/> ===Mwanzo wa ukoloni=== [[Mawasiliano]] ya awali na Ulaya kutoka kwa Wareno, walioingia Ghana mnamo [[1419]], yalizingatia upatikanaji wa [[dhahabu]]. Wareno walitua kwanza katika [[jiji]] la [[pwani]] lililokuwa makazi ya ufalme wa [[Wafante]] na kuliita eneo hili ''[[Elmina]]'', jina ambalo linamaanisha “[[mgodi]]” kwa [[Kireno]]. Mwaka wa [[1481]], Mfalme [[John II wa Ureno]] aliagiza [[Diogo de Azambuja]] kujenga [[Kasri]] ya Elmina, ambayo ilikamilishwa mwaka uliofuata. Lengo lao lilikuwa kufanya ubadilishanaji wa dhahabu, [[pembe za ndovu]] na watumwa, ili kuimarisha [[mamlaka]] yao yaliyokuwa yanakua kwa kasi katika eneo hilo. Kufikia mwaka wa [[1598]] [[Waholanzi]] walikuwa wameungana nao, na kujenga [[ngome]] katika maeneo ya [[Komenda]] na [[Kormantsi]]. Mwaka wa [[1637]], waliiteka [[Kasri ya Elmina]] kutoka kwa Wareno na vilevile [[Axim]] mwaka wa [[1642]] (Ngome ya Mtakatifu Antoni). [[Wafanyabiashara]] wengine kutoka Ulaya walijiunga nao kufikia miaka ya kati ya [[karne ya 17]], hasa [[Waingereza]], [[Wadenmarki]] na [[Waswidi]]. Wafanyabiashara Waingereza, waliovutiwa na [[rasilimali]] katika eneo hilo, waliliita ''Gold Coast,'' (Pwani ya Dhahabu), huku nao wafanyabiashara [[Wafaransa]], wakivutiwa na mapambo waliyokuwa wakivaa watu wa pwani, wakiliita eneo la sehemu ya magharibi “Côte d'Ivoire", au Ivory Coast (pwani ya pembe za ndovu). Zaidi ya ngome na kasri [[thelathini]] zilijengwa na wafanyabiashara Wareno, Waholanzi, Waingereza na Wadenmarki. Eneo la Gold Coast lilijulikana kwa [[karne]] nyingi kama ‘Kaburi la Mtu Mweupe’ kwa sababu wengi kati ya Wazungu walioenda huko kutoka Ulaya walikufa kutokana na [[malaria]] na [[magonjwa]] mengine ya eneo la [[hari]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080920070015/http://www.america.gov/st/peacesec-english/2008/September/20080915145840dmslahrellek0.5556452.html Bush kumtakasa Strong Uongozi wa Rais wa Ghana Kufuor.] America.gov. 15 Septemba 2008.</ref> Baada ya Waholanzi kuondoka mwaka wa [[1874]], Uingereza iliiweka Gold Coast chini ya [[himaya]] yake. Kufuatia [[ushindi]] wa Uingereza mwaka wa [[1896]], hadi unyakuzi wa uhuru mnamo Machi 1957, eneo la Ghana ya sasa ghairi ya sehemu ya Volta Region (British Togoland), lilikuwa likijulikana kama Gold Coast. [[Vita]] vingi vilitokea baina ya utawala wa kikoloni na baadhi ya mataifa ya eneo hilo vikiwemo [[Vita vya 1806 vya Ashanti-Fante]] na mapambano ya kudumu ya Waashanti dhidi ya Waingereza, ambayo yalikoma baada ya Vita vya Tatu baina ya Waashanti na Waingereza (the third Ashanti-British War) ([[1900]]-[[1901]]).<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://ca.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580620_3/Ashanti_Kingdom.html] MSN Encarta. [http://www.webcitation.org/5kwpwoVQ8 Archived] 2009/10/31.</ref>. ] Hata chini ya utawala wa kikoloni ma[[chifu]] na watu wao walipinga mara kwa mara [[sera]] za Waingereza; hata hivyo, ushawishi wa kupinga ukoloni ulikolea baada ya [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]]. Mwaka wa [[1947]] [[chama]] kipya cha [[United Gold Coast Convention]] (UGCC) kilitoa [[wito]] wa “utawala wa kujitegemea katika wakati mfupi iwezekanavyo.”<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=T9io2oPOAXAC&amp;pg=PA92&amp;lpg=PA92&amp;dq=ugcc+ghana+self+governance&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=3TYg6W5eaA&amp;sig=q4U6m1yqQEXsQjAklzT4r06hS3I&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=fJNWSt3yCoSAMr_u2Z0I&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=2 Historia ya Ghana - Google Books]</ref> ===Kuelekea uhuru=== Baada ya kuongezeka kwa [[maandamano]] mnamo 1948, wanachama wa chama cha United Gold Coast Convention walikamatwa, akiwemo [[Waziri Mkuu]] na [[Rais]] wa baadaye, [[Kwame Nkrumah]]. Baadaye, Nkrumah aliunda chama chake mwenyewe, the [[Convention People's Party]] (CPP) ambacho kiliongozwa na usemi ‘serikali ya kujitegemea sasa’ (self government now). Alianzisha kampeni ya ‘Vitendo Chanya’ na kupata ufuasi wa watu wa sehemu za ma[[shamba]]ni na wa [[daraja]] la [[wafanyakazi]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Kwa mara nyingine Nkrumah alishikwa na kuzuiliwa kwa kuwa msimamizi wa chama ambacho kilisababisha ususiaji, migomo na vitendo vingine vya [[uasi]] wa [[raia]]. Hata hivyo, baada ya kushinda wingi wa viti katika Bunge ya Kuunda Sheria mnamo [[1952]], Kwame Nkrumah aliachiliwa na kuchaguliwa kuwa Kiongozi wa Masuala ya Serikali. ===Baada ya uhuru=== [[Picha:Independence Arch - Accra, Ghana1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Tao la Uhuru, Accra]] Baada ya mazungumzo na Uingereza, hatimaye tarehe 6 Machi 1957 saa sita usiku, Kwame Nkrumah alitangaza Ghana kuwa “huru milele”.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> [[Bendera]] iliyokuwa na [[rangi]] [[nyekundu]], [[dhahabu]], [[kijani kibichi]] na [[nyota]] [[nyeusi]] ilikuwa bendera mpya mnamo 1957. Bendera hiyo iliundwa na [[Theodosia Salome Okoh]], na rangi nyekundu inawakilisha [[damu]] iliyomwagwa ili kupata uhuru, rangi ya dhahabu inawakilisha [[ukwasi]] wa [[madini]] wa Ghana, ile ya kijani kibichi inaashiria [[utajiri]] wa [[kilimo]] na ile nyeusi ni [[ishara]] ya Uhuru wa Waafrika.<ref>[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/flag.php Ghana Bendera]</ref> Huku ikiundwa kutoka kwa muungano wa maeneo ya Gold Coast na British Togoland kufuatia matokeo ya [[kura ya maoni]] ya watu yaliyodhaminiwa na Umoja wa Mataifa mnamo [[1956]], Ghana ilikuwa nchi ya kwanza ya Afrika Kusini mwa Sahara kunyakua uhuru mnamo 1957. Kwame Nkrumah, Waziri Mkuu wa kwanza na baadaye Rais wa nchi ya sasa ya Ghana, hakuwa tu kiongozi wa Kiafrika wa kupigana dhidi ya ukoloni ila alikuwa pia mtu aliyekuwa na [[ndoto]] ya [[muungano wa Afrika]] ambayo haingejipata katika [[ukoloni mamboleo]]. Alikuwa kiongozi wa serikali ya kwanza Afrika kukuza Muungano wa Waafrika (Pan-Africanism), wazo ambalo alilipata wakati wa masomo yake katika [[Chuo Kikuu Cha Lincoln]] lililoko [[Pennsylvania]] ([[Marekani]]), wakati ambapo [[Marcus Garvey]] alikuwa anapata umaarufu kwa [[harakati]] zake za “Back to Africa Movement." Aliunganisha ndoto za Macus Garvey na zile za [[mwanachuo]] mashuhuri Mmarekani Mweusi [[W.E.B. Du Bois]] ili kuandaa Ghana kisasa. Kanuni za Ghana za uhuru na [[haki]], [[usawa]] na [[elimu ya bure kwa wote]], bila kujali [[kabila]], [[dini]] au [[mila]], zinatokana na utekelezaji wa wazo la Pan-Africanism. Ingawa lengo lake la muungano wa Afrika halikuwahi kuafikiwa, Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, kama ajulikanavyo sasa, alishiriki kwa kiwango kikubwa katika kuzinduliwa kwa [[Shirika la Umoja wa Afrika]], ambalo lilifuatwa mnamo 2002 na Umoja wa Afrika (African Union). Ingawa Nkrumah aliheshimika sana ng’ambo, hakuwa akipendwa katika masuala ya ndani ya nchi.<ref name="Kevin Shillington 575">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Encyclopedia of African history|author=Kevin Shillington|page=575}}</ref> Hakufeli tu kuanzisha [[uchumi wa viwanda]], ila hata sera zake hukusu [[uchumi]] ziliishia kuifanya nchi ya Ghana kuwa [[maskini]] kuliko ilivyokuwa wakati wa kupata uhuru. Mafanikio yake yalikuwa kutambuliwa na raia wa Ghana wakati wa maadhimisho ya kuzaliwa Centenary wake na siku aliliweka kama [[likizo]] umma nchini Ghana. Hatimaye Nkrumah aliondolewa [[madaraka]]ni na [[jeshi]] alipokuwa ng’ambo mnamo Februari [[1966]], na mabadiliko hayo yalikaribishwa na wengi wa wakazi wa Ghana. Inaaminika na wengi wa wachanganuzi wa masuala ya kisiasa kwamba shirika la Marekani la Central Intelligence Agency ([[CIA]]) lilihusika na [[mapinduzi]] hayo, lakini wazo hilo halijawahi kuthibitishwa. Mfululizo wa baadaye wa mapinduzi kati ya 1966 na [[1981]] uliishia kwa kuingia madarakani kwa [[Liuteni]] wa [[Jeshi la Wanahewa]] (Flight Lieutenant) [[Jerry Rawlings]] mwaka wa 1981. Mabadiliko hayo yalisababisha kusimamishwa kwa [[katiba]] ya nchi mnamo 1981 na kupigwa [[marufuku]] kwa [[vyama vya kisiasa]]. Uchumi ulishuka sana punde baadaye, na Waghana wengi walihamia nchi zingine. Ingawa wengi wa Waghana waliohama walienda [[Nigeria]], serikali ya Nigeria iliwarudisha Ghana karibu Waghana [[milioni]] moja mwaka wa 1983.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ghana - MSN Encarta|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799_10/Ghana.html|work=|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwpu3n3T?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799_10/Ghana.html|archivedate=2009-11-01|deadurl=yes|accessdate=2009-11-23|https://www.webcitation.org/5kwpu3n3T?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799_10/Ghana.html|=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwpu3n3T?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799_10/Ghana.html}}</ref> Punde baadaye, Rawlings aliafikiana na shirika la [[International Monetary Fund]] juu ya [[mkataba wa mpango wa maendeleo]] (structural development plan) na kubadili sera nyingi za awali za uchumi na hivyo uchumi ukaanza kukua. Katiba mpya iliyorudisha mfumo wa siasa za [[vyama vingi]] ilitangazwa mwaka wa [[1992]], na Rawlings alichaguliwa kuwa Rais na tena mwaka wa [[1996]]. Katiba ya mwaka wa 1992 ilimzuia kuwania kiti hicho kwa muhula wa tatu, kwa hivyo chama chake, National Democratic Congress, kilimchagua [[Makamu]] wake wa Rais, [[John Atta Mills]], kuwania urais dhidi ya [[vyama vya upinzani]]. Huku akishinda [[uchaguzi]] wa mwaka [[2000]], [[John Kufuor]] wa chama pinzani cha New Patriotic aliapishwa kama Rais mnamo Januari [[2001]], na kumshinda tena Mills mwaka wa [[2004]]; hivyo kuhudumia kama Rais kwa mihula miwili. Mwaka wa [[2009]], John Atta Mills alichukua [[mamlaka]] huku kukiwa na tofauti ndogo sana ya kura 40,000 ambazo ni 0.46% <ref>[http://www.modernghana.com/news/197296/1/bbc-opposition-leader-wins-ghana-poll.html BBC: kiongozi wa upinzani wins Ghana uchaguzi - modernghana.com / ghana uchaguzi]</ref> kati ya chama chake, National Democratic Congress, na kile cha New Patriotic Party, tukio hili likiwa la pili la ubadilishanaji wa mamlaka kutoka kwa kiongozi mmoja aliyechaguliwa kihalali kwa mwingine, na hivyo kuimarisha hadhi ya Ghana kama [[demokrasia]] iliyo imara.<ref>{{Rejea habari |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jan/08/world-news-in-brief |title=Thousands celebrate as new president takes office |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=8 Januari 2009 }}</ref> [[Picha:Ghana regions named.png|thumb|right|180px|Maeneo ya Ghana]] == Siasa == {{Main|Siasa ya Ghana}} [[Picha:Supreme Court of Ghana.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Jengo la Mahakama Kuu (The Supreme Court Building), Accra]] [[Picha:Ghana's 50th Independence Anniversary.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Maadhimisho ya Ghana ya miaka 50 ya utaifa]] Kwa mujibu wa Fahirisi ya Mataifa Yaliyoanguka (Failed States Index), Ghana inaorodheshwa katika nambari ya 53 baina ya mataifa ambayo hayajaanguka huku likiorodheshwa kwa nafasi ya pili baina ya mataifa ya Afrika baada ya Mauritius. Taifa la Ghana liliorodheshwa katika nafasi ya 124 baina ya nchi 177 katika fahirisi hii na liliainishwa kama taifa la wastani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/images/090624_2009_final_data.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-11-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806190347/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/images/090624_2009_final_data.pdf |archivedate=2009-08-06 }}</ref> Vilevile, nchi ya Ghana imo katika nafasi ya 7 baina ya nchi 48 za Afrika zilizo Kusini mwa Sahara katika fahirisi ya mwaka wa 2008 ya Ibrahim Index of African Governance ambayo ilitokana na hakiki za mwaka wa 2006. Fahirisi ya Ibrahim ni kipimo chenye uchanganuzi mwingi kuhusu maswala ya utawala barani Afrika, kinachotokana na maswala ya mabadiliko tofautitofauti ambayo huashiria kufuzu kwa serikali wakati wa kutoa huduma muhimu za kisiasa kwa wananchi wao.<ref>[http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/ Karibu Mo Ibrahim Foundation]</ref> ===Serikali=== Taifa la Ghana lilianzishwa kama demokrasia ya bunge wakati wa kupata uhuru mnamo mwaka wa 1957, ikifuatiwa na ubadilishanaji wa serikali za kijeshi na za kiraia. Mnamo Januari 1993, serikali ya kijeshi iliondoka na kuipisha Jamhuri ya Nne baada ya uchaguzi wa urais na ubunge mnamo mwisho wa mwaka wa 1992. Katiba ya 1992 inagawa mamlaka kati ya Rais, Bunge, Baraza la Mawaziri, Baraza la Taifa na mahakama huru. Serikali huchaguliwa na upigaji kura wa haki kwa wote; ingawa bunge halina uwiano kabisa kwani wilaya zilizo na watu wachache hupata wawakilishi wengi kwa kila mtu zikilinganishwa na wilaya ambazo zina idadi ya juu ya wakazi.<ref name="cs">"Serikali na Siasa". [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ghtoc.html ''A Country Study: Ghana'' ] (La Verle Berry, mhariri). [[Library of Congress Idara ya Utafiti ya Shirikisho]] (Novemba 1994). ''Nakala unajumuisha makala hii kutoka chanzo hii, ambayo ni katika [[public domain.]] [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/about.html]''</ref> ===Mfumo wa Mahakama=== Mfumo wa kisheria unatokana na ule wa Uingereza yaani British common law, sheria za kimila (kitamaduni), na katiba ya mwaka wa 1992. Daraja za mahakama hujumuisha Mahakama Kuu ya Ghana (mahakama ya juu zaidi), Mahakama za Rufaa na Mahakama Kuu za Kisheria. Chini ya mahakama hizi kuna mahakama za kuzunguka, mahakama za hakimu, na mahakama za kitamaduni. Taasisi zingine zisizo chini ya sheria ni pamoja na mahakama za umma. Tangu unyakuzi wa uhuru, mahakama zimekuwa huru kwa kiwango fulani; uhuru huu unaendelea chini ya Jamhuri ya Nne. Mahakama za chini zinadhahirishwa na kupangwa upya chini ya utawala wa Jamhuri ya Nne.<ref name="cs"/> [[Picha:Kofi Annan.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Kofi Annan]] ===Siasa=== Vyama vya kisiasa vilihalalishwa katikati mwa mwaka wa 1992 baada ya kupigwa marufuku kwa miaka kumi. Kuna vyama vingi vya kiasisa chini ya Jamhuri ya Nne; hata hivyo vile vikubwa ni National Democratic Congress kilichoshinda uchaguzi wa urais na ubunge mnamo 1992, 1996 na 2008; New Patriotic Party, chama kikubwa cha upinzani kilichoshinda uchaguzi wa mwaka wa 2000 na ule wa 2004; People’s National Convention, na Convention People’s Party, ambacho kilichukua mahali pa chama cha awali cha Kwame Nkrumah kilichokuwa na jina lilo hilo.<ref name="cs"/> ===Mahusiano ya Kigeni=== Tangu unyakuzi wa uhuru, Ghana imefuata kwa dhati mwelekeo wa kutojiunga na upande wa kibepari au ule wa kikomunisti (nonalignment) na pia siasa zinazopendelea siasa za umoja wa Afrika (Pan-Africanism); mawazo ambayo yanahusishwa na rais wa kwanza, Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah. Nchi ya Ghana inapendele31ushirikiano wa kimataifa na wa kikanda wa kisiasa na wa kiuchumi, na ni mwanachama mwenye mashuhuri wa Umoja wa Mataifa na Umoja wa Afrika.{{Citation needed|date=Julai 2009}} Wanadiplomasia na wanasiasa wengi Waghana wana vyeo katika mashirika ya kimataifa. Hawa ni pamoja na mwanadiplomasia Mghana na Katibu Mkuu wa zamani wa Umoja wa Mataifa, Kofi Annan, Jaji wa Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai Akua Kuenyehia, na rais wa zamani Jerry Rawlings, ambaye alichaguliwa kuwa mwenyekiti wa Jumuiya ya Kiuchumi ya Mataifa ya Afrika Magharibi (Economic Community of West African States).<ref name="cs"/> == Demografia == [[Picha:Ghana Larabanga mosque01.jpg|thumb|right|160px|Msikiti wa Larabanga, uliojengwa katika karne ya 13, Larabanga]] [[Picha:Wesley Methodist Cathedral, Kumasi, Ghana.jpg|thumb|right|160px|[[Kanisa kuu]] la [[Wamethodisti|Kimethodisti]] Wesley, Kumasi]] Nchi ya Ghana ina idadi ya watu inayokadiriwa kuwa [[milioni]] 27. ===Makabila=== Ingawa Ghana ni kiambo cha zaidi ya ma[[kabila]] 70 tofauti, haijashuhudia migogoro ya kikabila kama ile ambayo imesababisha [[vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] katika nchi nyingi za Afrika<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ghana - MSN Encarta|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799_2/Ghana.html|work=|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwpue2eM?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799_2/Ghana.html|archivedate=2009-11-01|deadurl=yes|accessdate=2009-11-23|https://www.webcitation.org/5kwpue2eM?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799_2/Ghana.html|=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwpue2eM?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799_2/Ghana.html}}</ref>. Makabila nchini Ghana ni ya [[Waakan]] (ambalo linajumuisha Fante, Akyem, Ashanti, Kwahu, Akuapem, Nzema, Bono, Akwamu, Ahanta na makabila mengine) 45.7%, Wamole-Dagbon 18.5%, Waewe 12.8%, Waga-Adangbe (likijumuisha Ga, Adangbe, Ada, Krobo na makabila mengine) 7.1%, Wabassare 5.9%, Wakonkomba 5.7%, Waguan 3.2%, Wagurunsi 2.7%, Wakusasi 2.2%, Wabissa 1.1%, mengine ([[Wahausa]], Wazabarema, [[Wafula]]) 1.4% (sensa ya 2021). === Lugha === [[Lugha rasmi]] ni Kiingereza; hutumika sana katika masuala ya serikali na [[biashara]]. Lugha hiyo vilevile ndiyo inayotumika katika mafundisho ya [[elimu]]. [[Kifaransa]] pia kinajulikana sana na kiko mbioni kufanywa lugha rasmi ya pili. Hata hivyo, Waghana wengi pia huzungumza kwa kiasi [[lugha]] moja ya kikabila. Ingawa wataalamu wengine wanasema nchini Ghana huzungumzwa zaidi ya lugha na lugha ndogo 250, ''Ethnologue'' inaziorodhesha 79 tu (angalia pia [[orodha ya lugha za Ghana]]). Lugha za asili za Ghana zimegawanywa katika jamii mbili ndogo kutokana na jamii ya [[lugha za Kiniger-Kongo]]. Lugha za jamii ndogo ya Kwa zinapatikana zaidi katika maeneo ya kusini mwa Mto Volta, huku zile za jamii ya Gur zikipatikana katika eneo la kaskazini. Kikundi cha Kwa, lugha ambayo huzungumzwa na takribani 75% ya wakazi wa nchi, kinajumuisha lugha za Akan, Ga-Dangme na Ewe. Kikundi cha Gur kinajumuisha lugha za Gurma, Grusi, na Dagbani.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Ghana: A Country Study|editor=LaVerle Berry|year=1995|publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress|isbn=0844408352|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ghtoc.html|pages=81–82}}</ref> Lugha kumi na moja zina [[hadhi]] ya kuwa lugha zinazodhaminiwa na serikali: Akuapem Twi, Ashanti Twi, Fante, Nzema, Dagaare/Wale, Dagbani, Dangme, Ewe, Ga, Gonja na Kasem. Ingawa si lugha rasmi, [[Kihausa]] ndiyo [[lugha ya mawasiliano]] inayozungumzwa na Waislamu wa Ghana.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_language Hausa lugha - Wikipedia, kamusi elezo huru]</ref> ===Dini=== Kwa mujibu wa [[sensa]] ya serikali ya mwaka 2021, mgawanyiko wa kidini ni: [[Wakristo]] 71.3% (hasa [[Uprotestanti|Waprotestanti]] 49% na [[Kanisa Katoliki|Wakatoliki]] 10%), [[Waislamu]] 20%, [[dini asilia za Kiafrika]] 3.2% <ref>"2021 PHC General Report Vol 3C, Background Characteristics" (PDF). Ghana Statistical Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2021.</ref>. === Afya === Kufikia mwaka wa [[2009]], matarajio ya [[urefu wa maisha]] (life expectancy) wakati wa kuzaliwa ni takriban miaka 59 kwa wanaume na 60 kwa wanawake <ref name="ReferenceB">https: / / www.cia.gov / library / publications / the-dunia-factbook / geos / gh.html</ref> huku makisio ya [[vifo vya watoto wachanga]] yakiwa 51 kwa watoto 1000 waliozaliwa hai <ref name="ReferenceB"/>. Hesabu ya watoto wanaozaliwa pia ni takriban watoto wanne kwa kila mwanamke. Kuna takriban ma[[daktari]] 15 na [[wauguzi]] 93 kwa watu 100,000.<ref name="afro.who.int">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.afro.who.int/home/countries/fact_sheets/ghana.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-11-23 |archivedate=2010-01-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111084659/http://www.afro.who.int/home/countries/fact_sheets/ghana.pdf }}</ref> Asilimia 4.5 ya [[Pato la Taifa]] lilitumika kwa masuala ya afya mwaka wa 2003.<ref name="afro.who.int"/> == Utamaduni == Ghana ni nchi iliyo na makabila mbalimbali; kwa hivyo ni mchanganyiko wa tamaduni wa makabila yake yote, Ashanti, Fante, Akyem, Kwahu, Ga, Ewe, Mamprusi na Dagomba, baina ya mengine. Jambo hili linadhihirika katika upishi, sanaa na desturi ya mavazi ya Ghana. Maadhimisho ya tamasha nchini Ghana ni sehemu muhimu ya utamaduni wa Ghana na kuna tamasha nyingi kama vile Homowo, Odwira, Aboakyer, Dodoleglime na Sandema baina ya zingine. Ibada na mila kadha wa kadha hufanywa wakati wote wa mwaka katika sehemu mbali mbali za nchi, zikiwemo zile za kuzaliwa, ibada za mpito maishani kama vile kubalehe, ndoa na kifo. === Michezo === [[Picha:Stadium tamale2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Uwanja wa michezo wa Tamale]] [[Picha:Vida Anim Berlin 2009.jpg|thumb|left|100px|Vida Anim, mwanamichezo Mghana]] Soka ndiwo mchezo ulio na umaarufu zaidi nchini. Timu za kitaifa za soka ya wanaume zinajulikana kama The Black Stars, the Black Satellites na the Black Starlets na timu hizi hushiriki katika michuano mingi ikiwemo ile ya [[Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika]], Kombe la Dunia la FIFA na Kombe la Dunia la FIFA kwa walio chini ya miaka 20. Timu ya the Black Satellites ilishinda Kombe la Dunia la FIFA kwa walio chini ya miaka 20 mnamo 2009 baada ya kushinda timu ya Brazili ya Seleção. Kuna timu za soka kadhaa nchini Ghana za kutajika zaidi zikiwa Accra Hearts ya Oak SC na Asante Kotoko baina ya zingine. Baadhi ya wachezaji wa soka wa Ghana wanaojulikana katika daraja ya kimataifa au waliopata ufanisi katika soka ya Ulaya ni Abedi Pele, Ibrahim Abdul Razak, Tony Yeboah, Anthony Annan, John Paintsil, Asamoah Gyan, Samuel Osei Kuffour, Richard Kingston, Sulley Muntari, Laryea Kingston, Stephen Appiah, Andre Ayew, Emmanuel Agyemang-Badu, Dominic Adiyiah na Michael Essien. === Desturi ya Mavazi === [[Picha:Ewe kente stripes, Ghana.jpg|thumb|right|160px|Kitambaa cha Ewe katika muundo wa Kente]] Kufumwa kwa vitambaa ni kitengo muhimu cha utamaduni wa Ghana. Vitambaa hivi hutumika kutengeneza mavazi ya kiasili na ya kisasa. Michoro na rangi tofauti humaanisha vitu tofauti. Pengine Kente ndicho kitambaa mashuhuri zaidi baina ya vitambaa vyote vya Ghana. ''Kente'' ni kitambaa cha sherehe cha Waashanti ambacho kinatengenezwa kwa mkono kwenye kitanda cha mfumi. Vipande vya takribani inchi nne kwa upana hushonwa pamoja ili kuwa vitambaa vikubwa zaidi. Vitambaa hivi huwa katika rangi, ukubwa na namna tofautitofauti na huvaliwa wakati wa hafla muhimu sana za kijamii au kidini. Katika muktadha wa kitamaduni, kitambaa cha kente kina umuhimu zaidi ya vazi tu. Ni uwakilishi wa kuonekana wa historia, na pia aina ya lugha iliyoandikwa kwa kufuma. Neno Kente lina mizizi yake katika neno la Kitwi ''kenten'' ambalo lina maana ya kikapu. Wasusi wa kwanza wa kente walitumia nyuzi za ukindu kufuma vitambaa vilivyoonekana kama kenten (kikapu); na hivyo vilikuwa vinaitwa kenten ntoma; kumanisha kitambaa cha kikapu. [[Jina la kiasili la Kiasante la kitambaa hiki lilikuwa nsaduaso au nwontoma,|Jina la kiasili la Kiasante la kitambaa hiki lilikuwa ''nsaduaso'' au ''nwontoma,'']] kumaanisha “kitambaa kilichotengenezwa kwa mkono kwenye kitanda cha mfumi”; hata hivyo neno kente ndilo hutumika zaidi na watu wengi siku hizi. Aina nyingi tofauti za vipande vyembamba vya vitambaa vinavyofanana na ''kente'' hufumwa na makabila mengi tofauti nchini Ghana kama Ewe, Ga na mengine ya Afrika. Kente pia hupendwa na Waafrika wanaoishi katika nchi za ng’ambo. === Muziki === {{Main|Muziki wa Ghana}} [[Picha:Dashiki and kufi.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Wapiga ngoma Waghana]] [[Picha:Axatse Ghana.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Axatse]] Nchi ya Ghana ina aina nyingi ya muziki wa kitamaduni na wa kisasa. Midundo hii hutofautiana kutoka kabila moja hadi jingine na eneo moja hadi lingine. Muziki wa Ghana unajumuisha aina nyingi tofauti za vyombo vya muziki kama vile ngoma za talking drum ensembles, zeze ya goje na kinubi cha koloko, muziki wa jumba la mfalme, ikiwemo miziki ya Waakan wa Atumpan, wa Waga wa mitindo ya Kpanlogo, na marimba ya gogo itumikayo katika muziki wa Waasonko. Aina za muziki ambazo zinajulikana zaidi kutoka Ghana ni Afro-jazz ambayo ilifumbuliwa na msanii Mghana Kofi Ghanaba.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200902120888.html|title=Ghana: Kofi Ghanaba - Influential Drummer Who Emphasised the African Origins of Jazz|date=12 Februari 2009|publisher=Ghanaian Chronicle|accessdate=2009-05-30}}</ref> na aina ya awali zaidi ya muziki wa kidunia inayoitwa Highlife. Highlife ni muziki uliochimbuka katika miaka ya mwisho ya 1800 na miaka ya mwanzo ya 1900 na kuenea kote Afrika Magharibi hasa Sierra Leone na Nigeria. Katika miaka ya 1900 aina mpya ya muziki ilizinduliwa na vijana huku ikiunganisha jinsi za Highlife, Afro-reggae, Dancehall na Hiphop. Mchanganyiko huu huitwa Hiplife. Wasanii wa Ghana kama vile mwimbaji wa R&amp;B na Soul Rhian Benson, mwimbaji wa Highlife Kojo Antwi na msanii wa rap Tinchy Stryder (Kwasi Danquah) wamekuwa na ufanisi wa kimataifa. === Ngoma === Ngoma (densi) ya Ghana ina tofauti mithili ya muziki wake. Kila kabila lina ngoma zake za kitamaduni na kuna ngoma tofauti tofauti kwa hafla tofauti tofauti. Kuna ngoma za mazishi, sherehe za maadhimisho, usimulizi wa hadithi, sifa na kuabudu na kadhalika. Baadhi ya ngoma hizi ni: '''Bamaya''' Ngoma hii huchezwa na watu wa eneo la kaskazini mwa Ghana. Inasimulia hekaya ya wakati wa ukame mkubwa. Miungu iliwaambia watu kuwa ukame huo ulikuwa umeletwa na jinsi wanaume walikuwa wakiwakandamiza na kuwatweza wanawake. Ilisema pia kwamba ukame ungeondolewa tu pale wanaume wangejizusha na kuchukua majukumu waliyokuwa wamewatwika wanawake kwa kuvaa marinda na kushiriki katika ngoma hii. Wanaume walipofanya hivi, mvua ilianza kunyesha. Kwa sasa ngoma hii huchezwa wakati wa mavuno katika eneo la kaskazini magharibi mwa Ghana na wanaume pamoja na wanawake wa Dagbani. [[Picha:Dance performance in Ghana.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Wacheza ngoma wa Ghana]] '''Adowa''' Ngoma ya watu wa Ashanti wa Ghana. Ngoma hii inatajika hasa kwa madaha na weledi wa mzunguko wa wachezaji. Upigaji ngoma pia unasifika kwa weledi wa mfuatano wa sauti zinazochanganyika na ngoma mbili za atumpan ambazo zinatumika kama ngoma za kuongoza au ngoma simamizi. Ngoma hii ilikuwa awali ikichezwa katika mazishi, lakini kwa sasa inachezwa pia katika tamasha za kila mwaka na mikusanyiko ya kijamii. '''Kpanlongo''' huchezwa na watu wa Ga wa Ghana. Ngoma hii ya Kpanlongo ambayo mara nyingi huitwa “ngoma ya vijana,” ilianza kuchezwa punde tu baada ya unyakuzi wa Uhuru wa Ghana kama aina ya muziki wa burudani jijini Accra. Kpanlongo huchezwa kwa sasa kwa matukio yanayohusu maisha, tamasha na mikutano ya kisiasa. '''Klama''' Huu ni muziki na ngoma ambayo inahusishwa na ibada za kubalehe kati ya watu wa Krobo wa Ghana. Inasisitiza kusonga kwa madaha kwa mikono na miguu. Huku wakipiga hatua ndogo kuambatana na muziki na wakigeuza vichwa kwa utaratibu kuangalia chini, wacheza ngoma huwa mfano wa madahiro tulivu. Tofauti baina ya hatua za wachezaji zinanuiwa kuonyesha uzuri wa wacheza ngoma. Mara kwa mara, wachumba wanaotazama ngoma hii kutoka pembeni huzuru jamii ya msichana baada ya sherehe kwa madhumuni ya kumposa msichana huyo. == Mawasiliano == === Vyombo vya Habari na Burudani === [[Picha:Miss Ghana 08 Frances Takyi Mensah.jpg|thumb|left|120px|Miss Ghana 2007]] Vyombo vya habari vya Ghana ni mojawapo ya vile vilivyo na uhuru zaidi barani Afrika. Hapo awali, vilikuwa vimewekewa vizuizi vingi wakati wa mfululizo wa mapinduzi ya serikali na viongozi wa jeshi. Sura ya 12 ya katiba ya 1992 ya Ghana inatoa hakikisho la uhuru na kujisimamia kwa vyombo vya habari huku Sura ya 2 ikizuia uthibiti.<ref name="gov">[http://www.ghana.gov.gh/ghana/constitution_republic_ghana.jsp Katiba ya Ghana,] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/ghana/constitution_republic_ghana.jsp |date=20090120010302 }} ''Serikali ya Ghana.''</ref> Baada ya kujinyakulia uhuru, serikali na vyombo vya habari vimekuwa mara kwa mara vikiwa na uhusiano ulio na mvutano, huku mashirika ya kibinafsi yakifungwa wakati wa mapinduzi ya kijeshi na sheria kali ili kuzuia ukosoaji wa serikali.<ref name="Anokwa">Anokwa, K. (1997). Katika ''Press Freedom na Mawasiliano katika Afrika.'' Erbio, F. &#x26; Jong-Ebot, W. (Eds.) Africa World Press. ISBN 978-0-86543-551-3.</ref> Uhuru wa vyombo vya habari ulirejeshwa mnamo mwaka wa 1992, na baada ya uchaguzi wa 2000 wa John Kufuor mivutano kati ya vyombo vya habari vya kibinafsi na serikali ilipungua. Kufuor alikuwa mtetezi mkubwa wa uhuru wa vyombo vya habari na alifuta sheria ya masingizio, ingawa alisisitiza kuwa ni lazima vyombo vya habari vifanye kazi kwa uwajibikaji.<ref name="pr">[http://www.pressreference.com/Fa-Gu/Ghana.html Ghanian Media,] ''Press Reference.''</ref> Vyombo vya habari vya Ghana vimeelezwa kuwa “baadhi ya vile visivyo na uthibiti mkubwa na serikali mwingi” barani Afrika, huku vikifanya kazi vikiwa na masharti machache mno kwa vyombo vya habari vya kibinafsi. Vyombo vya habari vya kibinafsi mara kwa mara hukosoa sera za serikali.<ref name="bbc">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1023355.stm#media BBC Country Profile: Ghana,] [[BBC News.|''BBC News.'']]</ref> Vyombo vya habari vilifanya kazi kwa bidii wakati wa uchaguzi wa rais wa Ghana wa mwaka wa 2008, na Chama cha Wanahabari wa Ghana (Ghanaian Journalists Association (GJA)) kilimpongeza John Atta Mills kwa ushindi wake, huku kikinuia kukuza uhusiano mwema baina ya vyombo vya habari na serikali.<ref>[http://news.myjoyonline.com/politics/200901/24923.asp atta GJA gratulerar Rais Mills,] {{Wayback|url=http://news.myjoyonline.com/politics/200901/24923.asp |date=20110726130555 }} ''Joy Radio,'' 11 Januari 2009.</ref> == Elimu == Kiwango cha kujua kusoma na kuandika kwa watu wazima kilikuwa 65% mnamo 2007, huku wanaume wakiwa 71.7% na wanawake wakiwa 58.3%. Nchi ya Ghana ina mfumo wa elimu ya msingi wa miaka 6 kuanzia umri wa miaka sita, na, chini ya mageuzi ya elimu yaliyotekelezwa mnamo 1987 na kurekebishwa mnamo 2007, watoto huingia katika mfumo wa miaka mitatu wa elimu ya upili ya daraja la chini. Mwishoni mwa mwaka wa tatu katika shule ya upili ya Junior High, kuna mtihani wa lazima unaojulikana kama Basic Education Certificate Examination (BECE). Wale wanaoendelea na masomo ni lazima wamalize masomo ya miaka mitatu ya shule ya upili ya daraja ya juu (senior high school - SHS) na kufanya mtihani wa kukubaliwa kuingia katika masomo ya chuo kikuu au taasisi yoyote ile. Kwa sasa, Ghana ina shule za msingi 21,530, shule za upili za daraja ya chini 8,850, shule za upili za daraja ya juu 900, vyuo vya mafunzo vya umma, 52, vyuo vya mafunzo vya kibinafsi, 5<ref name="nab.gov.gh"/> vyuo vya elimu ya sanaa, 5<ref name="nab.gov.gh"/> taasisi za umma ambazo si vyuo vikuu, 4<ref name="nab.gov.gh"/> zisizo chuo kikuu Msingi umma taasisi, 8<ref name="nab.gov.gh"/> vyuo vikuu 4 na zaidi ya taasisi za kibinafsi 45.<ref name="nab.gov.gh"/> Wengi baina ya Waghana wanaweza kupata huduma za elimu ya msingi na ya upili kwa urahisi. Idadi hizi zinaweza kutofautishwa na zile za chuo kikuu kimoja tu na shule chache tu za upili na za msingi zilizokuwepo wakati wa kujinyakulia uhuru mnamo 1957. Gharama ya nchi ya Ghana kwa elimu imekuwa kati ya asilimia 28 na 40 ya bajeti yake ya mwaka katika mwongo mmoja uliopita. Mafunzo yote hufanywa kwa lugha ya Kingereza ambayo ndiyo lugha rasmi ya Ghana, na hufanywa na walimu Waghana waliohitimu. [[Picha:Ghana students.jpg|thumb|right|160px|Watoto wa shule]] Masomo yanayofunzwa katika Shule ya Msingi au ya Mwanzo ni pamoja na Kingereza, Lugha na Utamaduni wa Ghana, Hisabati, masomo ya masuala ya Mazingira, Masomo ya Kijamii na Kifaransa kama lugha ya tatu, yakiongezwa masomo ya Sayansi Jumuishi au ya Ujumla, masomo ya mwanzo ya Ustadi wa Ufundi (Pre-vocational Skills and Pre-technical skills) Elimu ya Dini na Maadili na shughuli za utendaji kama vile Muziki, Ngoma na Elimu ya Mazoezi ya Viungo. Mtaala wa daraja la upili la Senior High una masomo ya Lazima na yale ya Kuchagua. Wanafunzi wanapaswa kuchukua masomo manne ya lazima ya Lugha ya Kingereza, Hisabati, Sayansi ya Ujumla (yakiwemo masomo ya Sayansi, Kilimo na Masomo ya maswala ya Mazingira) na Masomo ya Kijamii (uchumi, jiografia, historia na serikali). Wanafunzi wa shule ya upili vilevile hufanya masomo matatu ya kuchaguliwa kati ya matano yafuatayo: Mtaala wa Kilimo, Mtaala wa Kijumla (chaguo la Sanaa au Sayansi), Mtaala wa somo la Biashara, Mtaala wa Ufundi (Vocational Programme and Technical Programme).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.tobeworldwide.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=4 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-01-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809071841/http://www.tobeworldwide.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=4 |archivedate=2011-08-09 }}</ref> Mbali na shule za msingi na za upili zinazofuata mfumo wa elimu wa Ghana, kunazo shule za kimataifa kama vile Ghana International school, Lincoln Community School na SOS-Hermann Gmeiner International College ambazo hufuata mfumo wa International Baccalaureat, Advanced Level General Certificate of Education na International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE). Huku ikiwa na asilimia 83 ya watoto wake shuleni, kwa sasa nchi ya Ghana ni baina ya nchi zilizo na viwango vya juu zaidi vya uandikishaji shuleni katika eneo la Afrika Magharibi.<ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/a-fragile-island-of-stabilityin-a-sea-of-turbulence/article1214628/ ukurasa huu unapatikana kwa GlobePlus abonnenter]</ref> Uwiano wa wasichana na wavulana katika ujumla wa mfumo wa elimu ni 1:0.96, ambao kwa nchi ya Afrika Magahribi, ni mafanikio makubwa.<ref name="news.myjoyonline.com">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://news.myjoyonline.com/features/200907/32516.asp |title=Ghana News:: '''Obama:''' Nini ajenda kwa ajili ya elimu nchini Ghana? ::: Breaking News {{!}} News in Ghana {{!}} features |accessdate=2009-11-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726130559/http://news.myjoyonline.com/features/200907/32516.asp |archivedate=2011-07-26 }}</ref> Kadiri ya watoto 500,000 hawaendi shuleni kwa sababu ya ukosefu wa mapato ya kuwezesha ujenzi wa shule, kutoa vitabu vya kusoma vya kutosha na kutoa mafunzo kwa walimu wapya.<ref name="news.myjoyonline.com"/> Chuo Kikuu cha zamani zaidi nchini Ghana, Chuo Kikuu cha Ghana, ambacho kilianzishwa mnamo mwaka wa 1948, kilikuwa na takriban jumla ya wanafunzi 29,754 katika mwaka wa 2008.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ug.edu.gh/index1.php?linkid=243&sublinkid=72 |title=Chuo Kikuu cha Ghana |accessdate=2021-01-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729000402/http://www.ug.edu.gh/index1.php?linkid=243&sublinkid=72 |archivedate=2012-07-29 }}</ref> Tangu unyakuzi wa uhuru wa Ghana, nchi hii imekuwa mojawapo ya vitovu vya elimu katika eneo la Afrika Kusini mwa Sahara na imekuwa mwenyeji wa watu maarufu kama vile Rais Robert Mugabe wa Zimbabwe, Alhaji Sir Dauda Jawara wa The Gambia na Cyprian Ekwensi wa Nigeria baina ya wengine. [[Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi na Teknolojia cha Kwame Nkrumah]], ambacho ndicho chuo kikuu cha pili kuanzishwa nchini Ghana, ndicho chuo cha kwanza cha masomo ya sayansi na teknolojia nchini humo na katika ukanda wa Afrika Magharibi. == Uchumi == Ikiwa imejaliwa sana na maliasili, nchi ya Ghana ina mapato yanayokadiriwa kupata kila mtu (per capita output) yaliyo mara mbili yakilinganishwa na yale ya nchi zilizo maskini zaidi za Afrika Magharibi. Hata hivyo, Ghana imebakia kutegemea kwa kiwango fulani biashara na usaidizi wa kimataifa na vilevile shughuli za uwekezaji kutokana na Waghana wanaoishi nchi za ng’ambo. Karibu 28% ya wakazi wanaishi chini ya mstari wa kimataifa wa umaskini wa dola za kimarekani 1.25 kwa siku,<ref>''[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDI_2008_EN_Tables.pdf fahirisi ya Maendeleo ya Binadamu,]'' Jedwali 3: Binadamu na umaskini wa kipato, s. 35. Rudishwa tarehe 1 Juni 2009</ref> na kwa mujibu wa wa Benki ya Dunia, kisio la mapato ya kila mtu (per capita income) ya Ghana yamekuwa mara dufu lakini kwa shida kwa miaka 45 iliyopita.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/07/10/ghana.obama/index.html|work=CNN|title=Obama's Ghana trip sends message across Africa|date=10 Julai 2009}}</ref> Nchi ya Ghana, ikijulikana kwa dhahabu yake katika enzi za ukoloni, bado ni kati ya wazalishaji wakuu ulimwenguni wa dhahabu. Mauzo yake mengine nje ya nchi kama vile kakao, mbao, umeme, almasi, bauxiti, na manganisi ni uzalishaji mkuu wa fedha za kigeni.<ref name="twzwxn">[https: / / cia.gov / cia / publications / factbook / geos / gh.html The World Factbook]</ref> Kiwanja cha mafuta kinachoripotiwa kuwa na hadi pipa bilioni 3 (480,000,000 m3 {{Convert|3|Goilbbl|m3}} za mafuta mepesi kiligunduliwa mnamo mwaka wa 2007.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20071222/ap_on_re_af/ghana_oil_discovery_3 |title=kiongozi Ghana: Oil akiba saa 3B Mapipa - Yahoo! News |accessdate=2007-12-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226200944/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20071222/ap_on_re_af/ghana_oil_discovery_3 |archivedate=2007-12-26 }}</ref> Utafutaji wa mafuta bado unaendelea na kiasi cha mafuta kinaendelea kuongezeka.<ref>[http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=57319 RIGZONE - Kosmos Hufanya Pili Discovery Offshore Oil Ghana]</ref> [[Picha:Sunyani Cocoa House.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Jumba la Kakao la Sunyani]] Bwawa la Akosombo, ambalo lilijengwa juu ya Mto Volta mnamo mwaka wa 1965 linatoa umeme unaozalishwa na maji kwa nchi ya Ghana na nchi zinazoizunguka. Nguvukazi ya Ghana katika mwaka wa 2008 ilikuwa jumla ya watu milioni 11.5. Uchumi unaendelea kutegemea sana kilimo ambacho huchangia 37% ya Pato la Taifa na kutoa ajira kwa kwa 56% ya watu wanaofanya kazi, hasa wenye ardhi ndogo. Sekta ya viwanda ni sehemu ndogo tu ya uchumi wa Ghana iliyochangia kwa ujumla 7.9% ya Pato la Taifa mnamo 2007.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ghana - MSN Encarta|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799_5/Ghana.html|work=|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwpvAZNH?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799_5/Ghana.html|archivedate=2009-11-01|deadurl=yes|accessdate=2009-11-23|https://www.webcitation.org/5kwpvAZNH?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799_5/Ghana.html|=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwpvAZNH?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799_5/Ghana.html}}</ref> Sera za kiuchumi zisizofaa za serikali za kijeshi zilizopita na masharti ya vikosi vya kulinda usalama katika maeneo ya kanda vimechangia mfumuko katika fedha za nakisi, kushuka thamani kwa Sidi, na kuongezeka kwa kutoridhika kwa umma katika maswala ya hatua za kupunguza ugumu wa maisha. Hata hivyo, Ghana inabakia kuwa mojawapo baina ya nchi za Afrika nzima ambazo zina ustawi wa kiuchumi. Mnamo Julai 2007, Benki ya Ghana ilianzisha shughuli ya kugeuza sarafu, kutoka kwa Sidi (¢) hadi kwa sarafu mpya, Sidi ya Ghana (GH¢). Kiwango cha ubadilishanaji ni Sidi moja ya Ghana kwa kila Sidi 10,000. Benki ya Ghana ilizindua kampeni kabambe katika vyombo vya habari ili kuelimisha umma juu ya mageuzo haya. Sarafu mpya ya Sidi ya Ghana iko imara kwa kiwango kikubwa na katika mwaka wa 2008 ilibadilishwa kwa ujumla kwa thamani ya dola moja ya marekani kwa Sidi 1.1 ya Ghana.<ref name="cia.gov"/> Kodi ya Ongezeko la Thamani ni kodi ya matumizi itozwayo nchini Ghana. Utaratibu huu wa kodi ambao ulianza mnamo 1998 ulikuwa wa kiwango kimoja lakini tangu Septemba 2007 utaratibu wa viwango kadhaa ulizinduliwa. Mnamo 1998, kiwango cha kodi kilikuwa ni 10% na na kilirekebishwa mnamo mwaka wa 2000 na kuwa 12.5%. Hata hivyo baada ya kupitishwa kwa Sheria ya 734 (Act 734) ya mwaka 2007, kodi ya usawa ya 3% (a 3% VAT Flat Rate Scheme (VFRS) ) ilianza kufanya kazi kwa sekta ya usambazaji wa rejareja. Hii inawezesha wauzaji wa rejareja wa bidhaa zinazotozwa ushuru chini ya Sheria ya 546 (Act 546) kotoza ushuru wa pambizoni wa 3% kwa mauzo yao na kuhesabu ushuru huu pamoja na ule wa VAT. Hii inanuia kurahisisha utaratibu wa uchumi na kuongezeka kwa maafikiano. === Cheo katika Ngazi za Kimataifa === {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- ! Shirika ! Ukaguzi ! Nafasi |- | [[Heritage Foundation]] / ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' | [[Faharisi ya Uhuru wa Uchumi (Index of Economic Freedom)]] | 91 juu ya 157<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/countries.cfm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213211732/http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/countries.cfm |archivedate=2008-02-13 |title=Heritage Foundation - 2007 Index of Economic Freedom |accessdate=2007-02-24 |work=Official Website for the Index |publisher=The Wall Street Journal and The Heritage Foundation |quote=The highest form of economic freedom provides an absolute right of property ownership, fully realised freedoms of movement for labour, capital, and goods, and an absolute absence of coercion or constraint of economic liberty beyond the extent necessary for citizens to protect and maintain liberty itself. In other words, individuals are free to work, produce, consume, and invest in any way they please, and that freedom is both protected by the state and unconstrained by the state. }}</ref> |- | [[Reporters Without Borders]] | [[Faharisi ya Ulimwengu mzima ya Uhuru wa Vyombo vya habari (Worldwide Press Freedom Index)]] | 31 juu ya 173<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=29031 |title=Reporters Without Borders - Worldwide Press Freedom Index 2008 |accessdate=2009-01-12 |work=Annual Worldwide Press Freedom Index |publisher=Reporters sans frontières |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022233825/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=29031 |archivedate=2008-10-22 }}</ref> |- | [[Transparency International]] | [[Fahirisi ya Matazamo wa Ufisadi) Corruption Perception Index]] | 69 out of 179<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2007 |title=Corruption Perception Index 2007 |accessdate=2007-12-11 |work=Official Website |publisher=Transparency International e.V |archivedate=2008-04-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080428203145/http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2007 }}</ref> |- | [[United Nations Development Programme]] | [[Fahirisi ya Maendeleo ya Binadamu (Human Development Index)]] | 135 juu ya 177<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/statistics/documents/hdi2004.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029110409/http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/statistics/documents/hdi2004.pdf |archivedate=2007-10-29 |title=Human Development Report 2006 |accessdate=2007-02-24 |format=pdf |work=Annual Report |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> |- | [[Maono ya Ubinadamu]] | [[Fahirisi ya Amani katika ngazi za Kimataifa (Global Peace Index)]] | 40 juu ya 121<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.visionofhumanity.com/rankings/ |title=Global Peace Index Rankings |accessdate=2007-05-30 |work=Global Peace and Sustainability |publisher=Economist Intelligence Unit, Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Sydney, Australia and some Peace Institutes and Think Tanks |archivedate=2008-04-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416203653/http://www.visionofhumanity.com/rankings/ }}</ref> |- | [[World Economic Forum]] | [[Ripoti ya Ushindani katika ngazi za Kimataifa (Global Competitiveness Report)]] | hakuna nafasi zilizotolewa<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.weforum.org/pdf/Global_Competitiveness_Reports/Reports/gcr_2006/gcr2006_rankings.pdf |title=Table 1: Global Competitiveness Index rankings and 2005 comparisons |work=World Economic Forum - Global Competitiveness Report 2006 - 2007 |accessdate=2007-02-24 |format=pdf |publisher=World Economic Forum |archivedate=2013-11-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101131629/http://www.weforum.org/pdf/Global_Competitiveness_Reports/Reports/gcr_2006/gcr2006_rankings.pdf }}</ref> |} == Tazama pia == {{Lango|Ghana}} * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]] * [[Demografia ya Afrika]] * [[Jumuiya ya Madola]] * [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] * [[Uchukuzi nchini Ghana]] == Marejeo == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Viungo vya nje == {{commons|Ghana}} ; Serikali * [http://www.ghana.gov.gh/] Tovuti rasmi ya Ghana * [http://www.parliament.gh/] Tovuti rasmi ya Bunge la Ghana * [http://www.ghanaculture.gov.gh/ Tume ya Kitaifa ya Utamaduni] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ghanaculture.gov.gh/ |date=20110430215319 }} * Mkuu wa serikali na Wanachama wa Baraza la Mawaziri ; Habari za ujumla * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1023355.stm] Maelezo ya nchi (Country Profile) kutoka BBC News * [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Ghana Ghana] kutoka [[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] * {{CIA World Factbook link|gh|Ghana}} * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/ghana.htm Ghana] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/ghana.htm |date=20080607084858 }} kutoka ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Ghana}} {{wikiatlas|Ghana}} * Tovuti ya African Activist Archive Project ina picha za mkutano wa All Africa People's Conference uliofanyika Accra, Ghana, 5-13 Desemba 1958 ikiwemo ile ya Kwame Nkrumah, Waziri Mkuu wa Ghana, akiuhutubia mkutano, ujumbe wa American Committee on Africa ukikutana na Nkrumah, na ya Patrick Duncan na Alfred Hutchinson wa Afrika Kusini katika mkutano huo. ; Vyombo vya habari * [http://www.gbcghana.com Shirika la Utangazaji la Ghana (Ghana Broadcasting Corporation)] ; Utalii * Utalii nchini Ghana (Ghana Tourism) Tovuti Rasmi ya Utalii wa Ghana * {{Wikivoyage|Ghana}} * Picha za Ghana katika Bigfoto.com * Picha za Ghana katika City photos * [http://www.accraflights.uk.com Usafiri nafuu kwenda Ghana] {{Wayback|url=http://www.accraflights.uk.com |date=20160306042235 }} {{Afrika}} {{African Union}} [[Jamii:Ghana]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]] [[Jamii:Umoja wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Jumuia ya Kiuchumi ya Mataifa ya Afrika Magharibi]] [[Jamii:Nchi na maeneo yanayozungumza Kiingereza]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Madola]] [[Jamii:Afrika ya Magharibi]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] 0v7vcu8n8sec3b2k5vi0infvfctzo2e 0 2440 1598942 1308965 2026-09-23T02:42:07Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598942 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Telescope.jpg|thumb|Aina mbalimbali za [[darubini]] ni vyombo muhimu vya elimuanga.]] '''Elimuanga''' (pia: '''astronomia''', kutoka [[Neno|maneno]] ya [[Kigiriki]] ἄστρον astron "nyota" na νόμος nomos "sheria") ni [[elimu]] juu ya [[Gimba la angani|magimba]] ya [[ulimwengu]] kama vile [[nyota]], [[sayari]], [[mwezi|miezi]], [[kimondo|vimondo]], [[nyotamkia]], [[galaksi]] kuhusu nyendo zao, nafasi, [[umbali]], [[ukubwa]] na [[sheria]] zinazotawala [[tabia]] zake. Elimuanga ni tofauti na [[unajimu]] ambayo si [[sayansi]] bali jaribio la kuona uhusiano kati ya nyota na tabia za [[wanadamu]] na pia kutabiri mambo yajayo. Hata hivyo vyanzo vya [[fani]] zote [[mbili]] zilikuwa karibu sana katika [[historia]] ya binadamu hadi kutokea kwa elimuanga ya [[sayansi|kisayansi]]. ==Chanzo na historia ya elimuanga== ===Elimu ya nyota nyakati za kale=== Tangu zamani watu waliangalia nyota wakajifunza kuzitofautisha. [[Mabaharia]] na wasafiri wakati wa [[usiku]] waliweza kutumia nyota kama vielekezi safarini. Walitazama pia mabadiliko ya kurudia kati ya nyota zinazoonekana [[Anga|angani]] wakati wa usiku. Wakaona mabadiliko haya ya jinsi nyota zinavyoonekana yaweza kuwa uhusiano na nyakati za [[mvua]], [[baridi]] na [[joto]], mavuno na ustawi wa [[mimea]] katika mwendo wa [[mwaka]]. Kutazama nyota vile kulikuwa msaada wa kupanga vipindi vya mwaka na kuunda [[kalenda]]. Watazamaji wa nyota walianza kutambua pia tofauti kati ya nyota mbalimbali, kwa mfano [[nyota]] zenye mahali palepale kila wakati na nyota chache za pekee zilizobadilisha mahali angani kwa utaratibu wa kurudia na hizi ziliitwa [[sayari]], tena nyota nyingine zilizoonekana kwa muda tu zikibadilisha mahali pake angani zikaitwa [[kimondo|vimondo]]. Kwa [[karne]] nyingi wataalamu katika sehemu mbalimbali za [[dunia]] walihisi ya kwamba nyota hizo zilikuwa [[mungu|miungu]] iliyoonekana kwa mbali sana. Katika [[vitabu]] vya [[dini]] vya kale kuna majadiliano juu ya tabia zao; wakati [[visasili|mitholojia]] ya [[Taifa|mataifa]] mengi iliona nyota kuwa miungu, [[Biblia]] ilifundisha ni [[taa]] zilizowekwa angani na [[Mungu]] pekee aliye [[uumbaji|mwumbaji]] wa ulimwengu. Wataalamu wa kale katika nchi kama [[Uhindi]] au [[Ugiriki ya Kale]] walianza kutambua mwendo wa sayari na kuunda [[nadharia]] yuu ya uhusiano wa dunia, [[jua]] na sayari nyingine. Ndiyo chanzo cha [[imani]] ya kwamba nyota zinaweza kuwa na tabia fulani na athari juu ya [[maisha]] duniani na hasa kama mtu alizaliwa wakati nyota fulani ilionekana, basi tabia zilizoaminiwa kuwa za nyota ziliweza pia kuathiri maisha ya mtu huyo. Hapa kuna asili ya "kupiga falaki" na unajimu wa kisasa. Wakati uleule wataalamu hao walitazama nyota jinsi zilivyo, kuziorodhesha na kupiga hesabu za kalenda. Orodha ya kale iliyoendelea kutumiwa kwa zaidi ya miaka 1,000 ilikuwa ya [[Klaudio Ptolemaio]] kutoka Misri. ===Kupanuka kwa elimu tangu kupatikana kwa darubini na kamera=== Kwa [[macho]] matupu mtu mwenye [[afya]] ya macho anaweza kuona takriban nyota 6000 - 7000. Leo hii kuna zaidi za nyota 945,592,683 zilizoorodheshwa katika orodha za kimataifa. Katika [[karne ya 17]] [[darubini]] za kwanza zilibuniwa [[Ulaya]]. Hivyo utazamaji wa nyota uliboreshwa na magimba ya angani mengi yalianza kuonekana. [[Galileo Galilei]] aliweza kuona [[Miezi ya sayari|miezi]] ya [[Mshtarii]] mwaka [[1609]] iliyokuwa haijajulikana hadi siku ile. Katika karne ya 19 kifaa cha [[kamera]] kilileta tena upanuzi wa elimu; [[upigaji picha]] uliwezesha uchunguzi wa picha za nyota wakati wowote. Kamera iliwezesha pia kuona nyota zisizoonekana kwa macho tu. Kuingiza mwanga kwenye kamera kwa masaa kunakusanya nuru hafifu na hivyo kuonyesha lakhi za nyota zisizoonekana kwa macho. Sehemu kubwa ya kazi ya wataalamu wa anga ilihama kutoka kwenye darubini kwenda deski ya mtafiti, siku hizi mbele ya kompyuta yenye data. ===Mitambo mipya=== Maendeleo ya tekinolojia yalileta mitambo mipya inayowezesha kupima mawimbi yasiyoonekana kwa macho kama vile * [[infraredi|Mawimbi ya infraredi]] * [[urujuanimno|Mwawimbi ya urujuanimno]] * [[Mawimbi ya redio]] Magimba ya anga yanatoa kila aina ya mnururisho kwenye spektra. Vipimo hivi vilipanusha tena elimu tuliyo nayo kuhusu muundo wa ulimwengu. Mnururisho wa mandharinyuma (''ing. cosmic background radiation)'' ulitambuliwa uliothibitisha nadharia kuhusu umri wa ulimwengu tangu [[mlipuko mkuu]]. ===Kuangalia nyota kwenye anga-nje=== Tangu mwanzo wa [[usafiri wa anga-nje]] wataalamu wa anga walipata nafasi ya kuangalia na kupima nyota nje ya athira ya [[angahewa]] ya Dunia (inayopunguza kiasi cha nuru inayoonekana) na nje ya [[ugasumaku]] wake. Tangu miaka ya 1970 [[satelaiti]] mbalimbali zilirishwa zinazobeba [[darubini za anga-nje]]. Utafiti wa nyota umepanuka hadi kupima [[eksirei|miale ya eksirei]] na ya gamma inayozuiliwa na ugasumaku na angahewa. Maendeleo yamekuwa makubwa isipokuwa gharama zimekuwa pia kubwa za kuunda vifaa, kuvipeleka kwenye anga-nje halafu kuvitunza, hadi gharama za kupeleka watu huko juu kwa matengenezo. Kati ya darubini za anga-nje zilizokuwa mdhhuri sana ni [[Darubini ya Hubble]]. Pamoja na uwezo wa [[kompyuta]] wa kushughulikia idadi kubwa za data darubini za anga-nje zmeleta vipimo na data za nyota mamilioni. (itaendelea) ==Marejeo== <references/> ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://sites.google.com/site/astronomyintanzania/astronomiakwakiswahili Namna Ya Kuelewa Nyota Za Mbinguni] *[http://unawetanzania.org Tovuti ya Unawe Tanzania kwa ajili ya watoto na vijana wanaopenda habari za astronomia] {{Wayback|url=http://unawetanzania.org/ |date=20191202144836 }} *[https://sites.google.com/site/astronomyintanzania/ Astronomy in Tanzania - tovuti ya Dr. Noorali T. Jiwaji, Chuo Kikuu Huria cha Dar es Salaam] * [http://www.dustbunny.com/afk/ Astronomy site specifically designed for kids and their parents.] * [http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ Astronomy Picture of the Day] {{Wayback|url=http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ |date=20110126064324 }} * [http://eev2.liu.edu/e3/stargazer/today.htm Astronomy Around the World] {{Wayback|url=http://eev2.liu.edu/e3/stargazer/today.htm |date=20110719231537 }} * [http://www.planetsurveyor.com Astronomy with sections for beginners and younger people] {{Wayback|url=http://www.planetsurveyor.com/ |date=20160310035512 }} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0k7qu50OYeU Video kuhusu elimuanga kwa kiswahili] {{Lango|Sayansi}} {{Mbegu-sayansi}} {{sayansi}} [[Jamii:elimuanga| ]] ihjnj8blpa83qyk7i47ols2avv1cyxt 0 2772 1599039 1580169 2026-09-23T03:05:23Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599039 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Mount Kenya.jpg|thumb|300px|Mlima Kenya.]] '''Mlima Kenya''' (kwa [[Kikuyu (lugha)|Kikuyu]]: ''Kĩrĩnyaga''; kwa [[Kiembu]]: ''Kirenia''; kwa [[Kimaasai]]: ''Ol Donyo Keri''; kwa [[Kimeru (Kenya)|Kimeru]]: ''Kirimara'') ndio mrefu zaidi nchini [[Kenya]]. [[Mlima]] huo una [[urefu]] wa [[mita]] 5,199 na unatokana na [[volkeno]] zimwe, ikikadiriwa ya kwamba [[mlipuko wa volkeno|mlipuko]] wake wa mwisho ulitokea mnamo miaka [[milioni]] 2.6 hadi 3.1 iliyopita. [[Kilele|Vilele]] vyake vya juu vinaitwa [[Batian]] (m 5,199), [[Nelion]] (m 5,188) na Lenana (m 4,985). Kuna [[barafuto]] [[nane]] mlimani lakini zinapungua kila [[mwaka]] kutokana na kupanda kwa [[halijoto]] [[duniani]] na kupungua kwa [[usimbishaji]] kwa sababu ya kukatwa kwa [[miti]] mingi<ref>{{Citation|title=The vanishing snow of Mount Kenya|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/1056-824732-ikm5mjz/index.html|work=Daily Nation|language=en-UK|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=The vanishing glaciers of Mount Kenya|url=http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/The-vanishing--glaciers-of--Mount-Kenya--/434746-3516298-12ef2p/index.html|work=The East African|language=en-UK|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=Dying gods: Mt Kenya's disappearing glaciers spread violence below|date=2017-08-02|url=http://www.climatechangenews.com/2017/08/02/dying-gods-mt-kenyas-disappearing-glaciers-spread-violence/|work=Climate Home News|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref>. Mlima Kenya ni [[volkeno]] rusu iliyoumbwa takriban miaka milioni 3 baada ya kuumbika kwa [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika ya Mashariki]].<ref name="Rift">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/15/90/18/PDF/These_P.Nonnotte_web.pdf |author=Philippe Nonnotte |title= ''Étude volcano-tectonique de la zone de divergence Nord-Tanzanienne (terminaison sud du rift kenyan)'' - Caractérisation pétrologique et géochimique du volcanisme récent (8 Ma – Actuel) et du manteau source - Contraintes de mise en place thèse de doctorat de l'université de Bretagne occidentale, spécialité : géosciences marines}}</ref> Umekuwa na [[theluji]] kwa maelfu ya miaka. Theluji hiyo hufanya kuwe na mmomonyoko unaosababishwa na barafuto na kutengeneza mabonde<ref name=":1">{{Rejea jarida|last=Gregory|first=J. W.|date=1894-02-01|title=Contributions to the Geology of British East Africa.—Part I. The Glacial Geology of Mount Kenya|url=http://jgs.lyellcollection.org/content/50/1-4/515|journal=Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society|language=en|volume=50|issue=1-4|pages=515–530|doi=10.1144/GSL.JGS.1894.050.01-04.36|issn=0370-291X}}</ref>. Barafuto zimepungua kutoka 18 hadi 10<ref name=":0" />. Mlima huu ni [[chanzo]] muhimu cha [[maji]] kwa Kenya.<ref name="development" /> Habari kuhusu mlima zilifikishwa [[Ulaya]] mwaka [[1849]] na [[Ludwig Krapf]],<ref name="dutton" /> lakini [[jamii]] ya [[wanasayansi]] walibaki na wasiwasi kuhusu uwepo wa [[theluji]] karibu na [[ikweta]].<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/greatriftvalleyb00greg|title=The Great Rift Valley : being the narrative of a journey to Mount Kenya and Lake Baringo : with some account of the geology, natural history, anthropology and future prospects of British East Africa|last=Gregory|first=J. W. (John Walter)|date=1896|publisher=London : J. Murray|others=Smithsonian Libraries}}</ref> Uwepo wa Mlima Kenya ulithibitishwa mwaka [[1883]] na [[1887]]<ref name=":2">{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/discoveryoflakes02hhne|title=Discovery of lakes Rudolf and Stefanie; a narrative of Count Samuel Teleki's exploring & hunting expedition in eastern equatorial Africa in 1887 & 1888|last=Höhnel|first=Ludwig|last2=Teleki|first2=Samuel|last3=Bell|first3=Nancy R. E. Meugens|date=1894|publisher=London, Longmans, Green and Co.|others=Smithsonian Libraries}}</ref>. Ulipandwa na [[timu]] iliyoongozwa na Halford John Mackinder, mwaka [[1899]]<ref name=":3">{{Rejea jarida|last=Mackinder|first=H. J.|date=1900|title=A Journey to the Summit of Mount Kenya, British East Africa|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774261|journal=The Geographical Journal|volume=15|issue=5|pages=453–476|doi=10.2307/1774261}}</ref>. Leo Mlima Kenya hupandwa na [[Utalii|watalii]] na wanaopenda kupanda milima na [[miamba]].<ref name="map">{{cite map|publisher=EWP|title=Mount Kenya Map and Guide|url=http://www.ewpnet.com/Kenyamap.htm|edition=4th|year=2007|cartography=EWP|scale=1:50,000 with 1:25,000 inset|series=EWP Map Guides|isbn=9780906227961|access-date=2009-12-11|archive-date=2009-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227133844/http://www.ewpnet.com/Kenyamap.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mfumo wa [[ekolojia]] wa Mlima Kenya una aina tofauti za [[mimea]] na [[wanyama]].<ref name=":4">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37843815|title=Kirinyaga : a fable of Utopia|last=D.|first=Resnick, Michael|date=1998|publisher=Ballantine Pub. Group|isbn=0345417011|edition=1st ed|location=New York|oclc=37843815}}</ref> Mteremko hufunikwa na aina tofauti ya [[misitu]]. [[Spishi]] [[Asili|asilia]] ni kama vile [[Mwanzi (nyasi)|mianzi]], [[tai]] na [[pimbi]].<ref name="ecology" /> Kwa sababu hii, eneo la [[km2|<abbr>km²</abbr>]] 715 linalozunguka mlima ni [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Mlima Kenya]] <ref name="uicn">{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/800.pdf | title= World Heritage Nomination - IUCN Technical Evaluation Mount Kenya (Kenya)}}</ref> na liliorodheshwa na [[UNESCO]] kama [[urithi wa dunia]] mwaka [[1997]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |url= http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=800 |title= Mount Kenya National Park/Natural Forest |accessdate= 2008-02-23 |author= United Nations |authorlink= United Nations |year= 2008 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061230202343/http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=800 |archivedate= 2006-12-30 }}</ref> Hifadhi hupokea [[wageni]] zaidi ya 15,000 kwa mwaka.<ref name="development" /> ==Etimolojia== Neno Kenya linaweza kuwa lilitokana na majina ambayo makabila wenyeji waliupatia Mlima Kenya. Wakikuyu; ''Kirinyaga'', Waembu; ''Kirenyaa'' na Wakamba''; Kiinyaa.'' Ludwig Krapf aliliandika jina kama Kenia na Kegnia, maneno ambayo yanaaminika kutoholewa kutoka neno la [[Kikamba]].<ref name="krapf_452">{{cite journal|last=Krapf|first=Johann Ludwig|authorlink=Johann Ludwig Krapf|date=13 Mei 1850|title=Extract from Krapf's diary|journal=Church Missionary Intelligencer|volume=i|pages=452}}</ref><ref name="foottit">{{cite book|title=Kenya|url=https://archive.org/details/kenya0000foot|last=Foottit|first=Claire|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd|year=2006|isbn=1-84162-066-1|series=The Brade Travel Guide|origyear=2004}}</ref><ref name="Krapf" /> == Jiografia == ===Jiolojia=== [[Picha:Batian and Nelion.JPG|thumb|Vilele vya Mlima kenya. Vinaaminika kuwepo baada ya mmomonyoko kwa njia ya barafuto.<ref name="geology">{{cite book|title=Geology of the Mount Kenya Area|last=Baker|first=B. H.|publisher=Ministry of Natural Resources|year=1967|isbn=|series=Geological Survey of Kenya|doi=|authorlink=}}</ref>]] Mlima Kenya ni [[volkeno rusu]] iliyokuwa hai kati ya miaka milioni 2.6 na 3.1 iliyopita. [[Kasoko]] ya awali ilikuwa pengine katika urefu wa m 6,000, juu kuliko [[Kilimanjaro]]. Tangu izimike, kumekuwa na [[Kipindi cha barafu|vipindi viwili vya barafu]]. Barafuto za leo hazipiti m 4,650 juu ya [[Usawa bahari wastani|usawa wa bahari]]<ref name="map" />. Miteremko ya kitako cha mlima haijawahi kuwa na barafuto. Ni misitu na baadhi ya sehemu zikalimwa. Miteremko hiyo ina mabonde yenye umbo la V na [[Kijito|vijito]] vingi. Juu mlimani, katika eneo ambalo ni nyika, mabonde yenye umbo la U na vina vifupi. Mabonde hayo yaliumbwa na barafuto.<ref name="geology" /> Wakati volkeno ilipokuwa hai, kulikuwa na shughuli za kivolkeno mbali kiasi na mlima. Kaskazini mashariki, kando ya mlima kuna vizibo vingi vya volkeno na [[kreta]]. Kreta ya Ithanguni ndiyo kubwa zaidi. Inadhaniwa kuwa ilikuwa na theluji wakati huo. Hii inaweza kuonekana kwa kuwa kilele kimelainika. Vilima vidogo huonekana hapo kama ishara ya kwamba vilikuwa vizibo.<ref name="geology" /> Miamba inayounda Mlima Kenya ni pamoja na [[basalt]], [[rhomb porphyrite]], [[phonolite]], [[kenyte]] na [[trachyte]].<ref name="geology" /> Kenyte iliripotiwa mara ya kwanza mwaka 1900 na Gregory katika utafiti wake wa [[jiolojia]] ya Mlima Kenya.<ref name="gregory1900">{{cite journal | last= Gregory | first= J. W. | authorlink = John Walter Gregory | year=1900 | title = Contributions to the Geology of British East Africa.-Part II. The Geology of Mount Kenya | journal= Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society | volume=56 | issue= | pages = 205–222 | url = | accessdate=4th June 2007 | doi = 10.1144/GSL.JGS.1900.056.01-04.12 }}</ref> [[Joseph Thompson]] alipendekeza utafiti ufanyiwe Mlima Kenya mara ya kwanza mwaka 1883. Aliona mlima kutoka [[Tambarare ya Laikipia]] akaandika ilikuwa volkeno zimwe, kizibo kikionekana.<ref name="thomson" /> Hata hivyo, maoni yake hayakuaminiwa na wanasayansi wa magharibi, hasa baada ya mwaka 1887, wakati [[Teleki]] na [[von Höhnel]] walikwea mlima na kueleza walichokatia kauli kuwa kreta.<ref name="gregory" /> Mwaka 1893 msafara wa Gregory ulifika Barafuto ya Lewis, m 5,000. Alithibitisha kuwa volkeno ilikuwa imezimwa na kuwa kulikuwa na barafuto.<ref name="gregory" /><ref name="gregory1900" /> ===Vilele=== [[Picha:Mount Kenya Summit photomap-en.svg|thumb|right|300px|Vilele vikuu na barafuto kati mwa mlima.]] Asili ya vilele vingi ni shughuli za volkeno. Vilele vingi vimekaribia kati mwa mlima. Vinafanana na vilele vya [[Alpi]] kwa sababu ya mikunjo.<ref name="baker">[112]</ref> Kuvu, kuvumwani na mimea midogo ya milimani humea katika vilele vya kati.<ref name="ecology" /> Vizibo vya volkeno vimefunikwa kwa majivu ya volkeno na udongo.<ref name="speck">{{cite journal | last = Speck | first = Heinrich | coauthors = | title = Soils of the Mount Kenya Area: Their formation, ecology, and agricultural significance | journal = Mountain Research and Development | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = 201–221 | publisher = | date = 1982 | url = http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0276-4741(198205)2%3A2%3C201%3ASOTMKA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-8 | doi = 10.2307/3672965 | accessdate = 2007-06-21 | year = 1982 }}</ref> Vilele virefu zaidi ni Batian (m 5,199), Nelion (m 5,188) na Lenana (m 4,985).<ref name="map" /> Vilele na vizibo vingine ni pamoja na Piggot (m 4,957), Dutton (m 4,885), John (m 4,883), John Minor (m 4,875), Krapf Rognon (m 4,800), Peter (m 4,757), Slade (m 4,750) na Midget (m 4,700). Vyote vina miinuko inayotengeneza umbo kama la piramidi.<ref name="map" /><ref name="baker" /> Vilele maarufu vilivyo katika viunga vya mlima ni Terere (m 4,714) and Sendeyo (m 4,704).<ref name="map" /> Vilele vya Batian, Nelion na Lenana vimepewa majina ya Laibon Mbatian na wanawe ambao walikuwa Wamasai.<ref name="dutton" /> Kilele cha Terere pia kilipatiwa jina la kiongozi Mmasai. Majina mengine yalitoka kwa majina ya Wazungu wapelelezi, k.v. Shipton, Sommerfelt, Tilman, Dutton na Arthur. Kuna majina yaliyotoka kwa Wakenya na walowezi maarufu. Majina ya [[Mitume wa Yesu|mitume]] John na Peter yalitolewa na Arthur, aliyekuwa [[mmisionari]].<ref name="mck">{{cite book|title=The Mountain Club of Kenya Guide to Mount Kenya and Kilimanjaro|last=Allan|first=Iain|publisher=Mountain Club of Kenya|year=1981|isbn=978-9966985606|location=Nairobi}}</ref> <center><gallery> Picha:Batian Nelion and pt Slade in the foreground Mt Kenya.JPG|Batian (kushoto), Nelion (kulia), na Slade katika mandharimbele Picha:Pt Lenana Mt Kenya.JPG|Kilele cha lenana ndicho kimeinuka zaidi Picha:Krapf rognon and glacier after snowstorm.jpg|Krapf Rognon (m 4800) na Barafuto ya Krapf Picha:Hut tarn 4500m and Midget Peak Mt Kenya.JPG|Kilele cha Midget kinaweza kukwewa kwa siku moja Picha:Terere and Sendeyo.jpg|Vilele vya Terere na Sendeyo viko katika kiunga cha mlima </gallery></center> ===Barafuto=== [[Picha:MtKenya gletscher.jpg|thumb|200px|Barafuto ya Lewis ndio kubwa zaidi.]] Barafuto zinazidi kudidimia kila mwaka.<ref name="web">{{cite web | url= http://www.mck.or.ke/ | author=Mountain Club | title= Mountain Club of Kenya Homepage | accessdate=2007-05-26 }}</ref><ref name="glafot">''[http://www.sundogpublishing.com/Hastenrath/Announcement.html Recession ya Ikweta Glaciers.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sundogpublishing.com/Hastenrath/Announcement.html|date=20120214101403}}'' ''[http://www.sundogpublishing.com/Hastenrath/Announcement.html A Photo Documentation,] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sundogpublishing.com/Hastenrath/Announcement.html|date=20120214101403}}'' Hastenrath, S., 2008, Sundog Publishing, Madison, WI, ISBN 978-0-9729033-3-2, 144 pp.</ref> Kila mwaka, theluji inayolimbikika katika [[majira ya baridi]] ni kidogo kuliko inayoyeyuka katika [[majira ya joto]]. Inabashiriwa kuwa hali ikiendelea hivyo, Mlima Kenya hautakuwa na theluji miaka 30 itakayokuja<ref name=":0" /><ref name="guide" />. Kupungua kwa barafuto kunasababishwa na kuongezeka kwa halijoto au kubadilika kwa tabia ya usimbishaji.<ref name="benn">{{cite book |last = Benn |first = Doug |last1 = David |first1 = Evans |title = Glaciers and Glaciation |url = https://archive.org/details/glaciersglaciati0000benn |publisher = Arnold |year = 1997 |isbn = 978-0340584316}}</ref> Eneo la barafuto lilipimwa rasmi mara ya kwanza mwaka 1980 na kubainika kuwa ni 0.7 km² <ref name="glacierfluctuations">{{cite journal|last=Karlén|first=Wibjörn|year=1999|title=Glacier Fluctuations on Mount Kenya since ~6000 Cal. Years BP: Implications for Holocene Climate Change in Africa|url=http://www.ambio.kva.se|journal=Ambio|publisher=Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences|volume=28|issue=5|pages=409–418|coauthors=James L Fastook, Karin Holmgren, Maria Malmström, John A Matthews, Eric Odada, Jan Risberg, Gunhild Rosqvist, Per Sandgren, Aldo Shemesh and Lars-Ove Westerberg|month=Agosti|access-date=2021-01-17|archive-date=2005-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051231095818/http://www.ambio.kva.se/|dead-url=yes|=https://web.archive.org/web/20051231095818/http://www.ambio.kva.se/}}</ref>. Majina ya barafuto za Mlima Kenya kwa mzunguko wa akrabu kutoka kaskazini ni ni: # Northey # Krapf # Gregory # Lewis # Diamond # Darwin # Forel # Heim # Tyndall # Cesar # Josef ===Miundo ya kingo za barafuto=== Jalidi usiku hufanya kuwe na miundo ya kingo za kingo za barafuto. Kuna sentimita chache ardhi jalidi chini ya uso wa ardhi.<ref name="map" /><ref name="baker" /> Kupanuka na kupunguka kwa ardhi kwa sababu ya halijoto, hufanya mimea isiweze kumea katika kingo.<ref name="mck" /> ===Mito=== Mlima Kenya ni eneo kuu la vyanzo vya maji vya mito miwili mikubwa nchini Kenya: [[Mto Tana]] na [[Mto Ewaso Ng'iro|Mto Ewaso Ngiro Kaskazini]].<ref name="development">{{cite journal | last = Gichuki | first = Francis Ndegwa | title = Threats and Opportunities for Mountain Area Development in Kenya | journal = Ambio | volume = 28 | issue = 5 | pages = 430–435 | publisher = Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences | date = Agosti 1999 | url = http://www.ambio.kva.se | access-date = 2021-01-17 | archive-date = 2005-12-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051231095818/http://www.ambio.kva.se/ | dead-url = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20051231095818/http://www.ambio.kva.se/ }}</ref> Mfumo wa ekolojia wa Mlima Kenya huwapatia maji watu zaidi ya milioni 2.<ref name="development" /> Wiani wa vijito ni kubwa hasa katika miteremko ambayo haijawahi kuwa na barafuto.<ref name="baker_map">{{cite map | publisher =Edward Stanford Ltd | title =Geological Map of the Mount Kenya Area | url =http://eusoils.jrc.it/ESDB_Archive/EuDASM/Africa/maps/afr_kegmmka.htm | edition =1st | year =1966 | cartography =B. H. Baker, Geological Survey of Kenya | scale =1:125000 | series =Geological Survey of Kenya | accessdate = | accessmonth = | accessyear = | archivedate =2011-08-07 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110807171130/http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ESDB_Archive/EuDASM/Africa/maps/afr_kegmmka.htm }}</ref> Vijito na mito inayoanza Mlima Kenya humwaga maji ndani ya [[Mto Sagana (Kenya)|Mto Sagana]], Mto Tana na Mto Ewaso Ngiso Kaskazini moja kwa moja au kupitia mito mingine. <ref name="baker_map" /><ref name="mapandguide"> {{cite map|publisher=Andrew Wielochowski and Mark Savage|title=Mt Kenya 1:50000 Map and Guide|edition=1|year=1991|cartography=West Col Productions|scale=1:50000 with 1:25000 inset|isbn=0-906227-39-9}}</ref> ===Ekolojia=== Eneo la Mlima Kenya lina kanda tofauti za kiekolojia. Kila ukanda una sifa zake na spishi kuu ya mimea. Spishi nyingi zinazopatikana katika sehemu zilizo juu ya mlima zinapatikana pia katika maeneo mengine ya mlima na Afrika Mashariki.<ref name="ecology" /> Pia kuna tofauti kati ya kanda, kutegemea upande wa mlima na ukali wa mteremko. Kusini mashariki pa mlima ni sehemu nyevu kuliko kaskazini<ref name="glacierfluctuations" /> kwa hiyo, spishi nyingi za sehemu hiyo hutegemea unyevu kukua. Baadhi ya spishi, k.v. [[mianzi]], haziwezi kukua pande zote za mlima kwa sababu za tofauti za unyevu.<ref name="map" /> ====Kanda==== [[Picha:Mount Kenya Vegetation map en.svg|thumb|right|300px|Kuna kanda tofauti mimea kuzunguka Mlima Kenya ambayo inatofautiana kulingana na urefu na kipengele.]] Tabianchi hubadilika kulingana na mwinuko. Katika kitako cha mlima, udongo una rutuba na hivyo ni mzuri kwa ukulima. Ukulima ulikuwa ukifanyika hapo kwa miaka.<ref name="castro" /> Mlima Kenya umezungukwa na misitu. [[Uoto asilia|Uoto]] katika misitu unategemea kiwango cha mvua, na spishi hutofautiana zaidi kusini na kaskazini mwa mteremko.<ref name="dutton" /> Misitu katika kitako cha mlima hutishiwa na binadamu wanaokata miti ili watengeneze mbao na wanyakuzi ardhi.<ref name="castro" /> Juu ya misitu ni ukanda wa mianzi asilia. Ukanda huu huzunguka mlima isipokuwa sehemu ya kaskazini ambapo kuna upungufu wa mvua<ref name="mck" />. Ni vigumu kupata spishi nyingine za mimea hapo kwa sababu uoto wa mianzi ni mzito na huzuia mimea mingine kumea.<ref name="map" /> [[Picha:Timberline forest with lichens.jpg|thumb|left|Msitu wa mpaka wamiti.]] Juu ya ukanda wa mianzi ni ukanda wa mpaka wa miti. Miti hapa mara nyingi ni midogo kuliko miti katika misitu ya kitako cha mlima.<ref name="zonation"> {{cite journal | last = Niemelä | first = Tuomo | coauthors = Petri Pellikka | title = Zonation and characteristics of the vegetation of Mt. Kenya | journal = Expedition reports of the Department of Geography, University of Helsinki | volume = 40 | issue = | pages = 14–20 | publisher = | date = | year = 2004 | ISBN = 952-10-2077-6 }} </ref> Mahali miti haiwezi kuota ni nyika ya mlima, m 3,000. Mimea ya jenasi ''[[Erica]]'' hupatikana katika sehemu ya magharibi ambayo huwa nyevu. Vichaka na nyasi hupatikana katika sehemu kame ambayo hushuhudia moto wa pori.<ref name="mck" /> <ref name="castro" /> Kimo kinapoongezeka, halijoto hupungua zaidi na hewa hupungua, katika ukanda unaojulikana kama Alpi ya Kiafrika. Mazingira ya ukanda huo yanafanana tu na yale ya [[Aberdare|Safu ya Aberdare]]. <ref name="ecology" /> Mimea mingi ya ukanda huo imejirekebisha ili kuweza kukabili halihewa.<ref name="rosette">{{cite journal | last = Beck | first = Erwin | coauthors = Ernst-Detlef Schulze, Margot Senser and Renate Scheibe | title = Equilibrium freezing of leaf water and extracellular ice formation in Afroalpine 'giant rosette' plants | journal = Planta | volume = 162 | issue = | pages = 276–282 | publisher = | date = 1984 | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_planta_1984-09_162_3/page/276 | doi = 10.1007/BF00397450 | accessdate = }}</ref> Ukanda ulio juu ni ambapo barafuto zimedidimia. Mimea bado haijaweza kuota hapo.<ref name="ecology" /> ====Flora==== [[Picha:Senecio keniodendron2.jpg|thumb|right|Mimea kama ''[[Dendrosenecio keniodendron]]'' hufanya marekebisho ili iweze kuota.]] Mimea ya mlima hutofautiana na mwinuko na mwelekeo wa mlima.<ref name="tropicalalpine" /> Mwinuko unapoongezeka, mimea huwa na marekebisho spesheli ili kuhimili [[jalidi]] na miale ya [[urujuanimno]].<ref name="mck" /><ref name="zonation" /> Kwa mfano, mimea ya jenasi ''[[Carduus]]'', katika ukanda wa alpi ya kiafrika, hutumia majani kulinda jicho la ua kutokana na jalidi.<ref name="senecio">{{cite journal | last = Young | first = Truman P. | coauthors = Mary M. Peacock | title = Giant senecios and alpine vegetation of Mount Kenya | journal = Journal of Ecology | volume = 80 | issue = | pages = 141–148 | publisher = | date = 1992 | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-ecology_1992_80_1/page/141 | doi = | accessdate = }} </ref><ref name="rosette" /> [[Picha:Cape Hyrax Mt Kenya 1.JPG|left|thumb|[[Pimbi]] huweza kuishi katika maeneo yenye halihewa kali.]] ====Fauna==== Wanyama wengi hukaa katika kitako cha mlima penye halianga nzuri kidogo. Spishi za nyani, pimbi wa mitini, ndovu, nungunungu, nyati, fisi, mbuni, duma na simba huishi hapo.<ref name="map" /> Wanyama mamalia wachache, k.v. ''Sylvicapra grimmia'' na pimbi wa miamba wanaweza kuishi katika miinuko ya juu kidogo.<ref name="senecio" /><ref name="ecology" /> Spishi za ndege, k.v. chozi, kwenzi, tai na tumbusi hupatikana katika ukanda wa alpi ya kiafrika. Ndege ni muhimu katika mfumo wa ekolojia hiyo kwa kuwa wao husaidia katika mchavusho.<ref name="tropicalalpine">{{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Alan P. | coauthors = Truman P. Young | title = Tropical Alpine Plant Ecology | journal = Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics | volume = 18 | pages = 137–158 | date = 1987 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.es.18.110187.001033}}</ref> ===Tabianchi=== Tabianchi ya Mlima Kenya ni ya milima ya ikweta ambayo Hedberg alieleza kuwa ni 'majira ya baridi kila usiku, majira ya joto kila mchana'. <ref name="hedberg1969">{{cite journal | last =Hedberg | first =O. | title = Evolution and speciation in a tropical high mountain flora | journal = Biological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 1 | pages = 135–148 | year = 1969 | doi =10.1111/j.1095-8312.1969.tb01816.x }}</ref> Mlima Kenya mojawapo ya vituo vya uchunguzi wa angahewa vya Global Atmospheric Watch.<ref name="globalatmospherestation">{{cite journal | last = Henne | first = Stephan | coauthors = Wolfgang Junkermann, Josiah M. Kariuki, John Aseyo and Jörg Klausen | title = Mount Kenya Global Atmosphere Watch Station (MKN): Installation and Meteorological Characterization | journal = Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology | volume = 47 | issue = 11 | pages = 2946–2962 | publisher = | date = Novemba 2008 | year = }}</ref> ====Misimu==== [[Picha:Sunrise over Mount Kenya.jpg|thumb|right|Katika msimu wa joto, asubuhi huwa baridi na bila mawingu. Adhuhuri inapofika, mawingu huziba vilele]] Mlima Kenya hushuhudia misimu miwili tofauti, [[Msimu wa joto (tropiki)|misimu ya joto]] na [[Msimu wa mvua|misimu ya mvua]], kama maeneo mengine ya Kenya.<ref name="climate_article">{{cite journal | last =Thompson | first = B. W. | title = The mean annual rainfall of Mount Kenya | journal = Weather | volume = 21 | pages = 48–49 | date = 1966 }}</ref> Miteremko ya mashariki kaskazini hupata mvua kubwa zaidi kwa kuwa uko katika [[Upande wa upepo|upande wa pepo]] za [[kusi]] ambazo huleta mvua kutoka [[Bahari ya Hindi|Bahari Hindi]]. Mvua hii huwezesha msitu uliosongamana katika upande huo. Katika miinuko ya juu, [[usimbishaji]] hufanyika kama theluji na kutengeneza barafuto.<ref name="spink">{{cite journal | last = Spink | first = Lieut.-Commander P. C. | title = Further Notes on the Kibo Inner Crater and Glaciers of Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya | journal = Geographical Journal | volume = 106 | issue = 5/6 | pages = 210–216 | publisher = The Royal Geographical Society | date = 1945 | doi = }} </ref> Misimu ya Mlima Kenya ni kama ifuatavyo<ref name="castro">{{cite book | last = Castro | first = Alfonso Peter | title = Facing Kirinyaga | url = https://archive.org/details/facingkirinyagas0000cast | year = 1995 | publisher = Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd. | location = London | isbn = 1-85339-253-7 }}</ref>: {|class="wikitable" |+ !Msimu !Wakati |- |Masika |Aprili-Juni/Julai |- |Vuli |Oktoba-Disemba |- |Joto/Kiangazi |Disemba/Januari-Februari<br>na<br>Julai/Agosti-Septemba |} ==Historia== ===Ugunduzi wa Wazungu=== [[Picha:Joseph Thomson.png|right|thumb|Joseph Thomson alithibitisha ugunduzi wa Krapf.]] Mlima Kenya ulikuwa kati ya vilele virefu [[Afrika]] kuonekana kwa mara ya kwanza na [[Mpelelezi|wapelelezi]] kutoka Ulaya. Wa kwanza kuuona alikuwa [[Johann Ludwig Krapf]], [[mmisionari]] [[Mjerumani]]<ref name="Krapf">{{cite book | last=Krapf | first=Johann Ludwig | authorlink=Johann Ludwig Krapf | title= Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa | year=1860 | publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd | location=London | isbn= }}</ref>, [[tarehe]] [[3 Desemba]] [[1849]]<ref name="dutton">{{cite book | last=Dutton | first=E.A.T. | authorlink= | title= Kenya Mountain |year=1929 |publisher=Jonathan Cape | location= London}}</ref>, kutoka [[Kitui]], mji ulio km 160 kutoka mlima<ref name="rough_guide">{{cite map | publisher=Rough Guide | title= Rough Guide Map Kenya | edition=9 | year=2006 | cartography=World Mapping Project | scale=1:900,000 | series=Rough Guide Map |isbn=1-84353-359-6 }}</ref>, baada ya ugunduzi wa [[Mlima Kilimanjaro]]. Krapf aliambiwa na [[watu]] wa [[kabila]] la [[Waembu]] kwamba walikuwa wakiuzunguka mlima lakini hawakuwa wamepaa juu kwa sababu ya [[baridi]] na [[theluji]].<ref name="Krapf" /> [[Wakikuyu]] walithibitisha haya yametukia. [[Picha:Samuel Teleki.jpg|thumb|left|Samuel Teleki, Mzungu wa kwanza kuweka mguu juu ya Mlima Kenya.]] Krapf pia alibainisha kwamba [[mito]] inayotoka Mlima Kenya, na mingine katika eneo la milima, ilikuwa mito ya kudumu. Akagundua kuwa lazima kuna chanzo cha maji mlimani, katika umbo la barafuto.<ref name="Krapf" /> Aliamini ni chanzo cha [[Mto Nili Nyeupe|Nili Nyeupe]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=Krapf | first=Johann Ludwig | authorlink=Johann Ludwig Krapf | title = Extract from Krapf's diary | date=13 Mei 1850 | journal=Church Missionary Intelligencer | volume=i | pages=345}}</ref> Mwaka [[1851]] Krapf akarudi Kitui. Yeye alisafiri km 65 karibu na mlima, lakini hakuweza kuuona tena. Mwaka 1877 Hildebrandt alikuwa katika eneo la Kitui na kusikia juu ya mlima, lakini pia hakuweza kuuona, hivyo watu walianza kumtuhumu Krapf.<ref name="gregory"> {{cite book | last=Gregory | first=John Walter |authorlink=John Walter Gregory | title=The Great Rift Valley | url=https://archive.org/details/greatriftvalley0000jwgr | origdate=1896 | year=1968 | publisher= Frank Cass & Co. Ltd | location=London}}</ref> Hatimaye, mwaka [[1883]], [[Joseph Thomson]] alipita upande wa magharibi wa mlima na Krapf alithibitisha madai yake.<ref name="thomson">{{cite book|title=Through Masai Land|url=https://archive.org/details/throughmasailand0000jose|last=Thomson|first=Joseph|publisher=Frank Cass & Co Ltd|year=1968|edition=3|location=London|authorlink=Joseph Thomson (explorer)|origdate=1885}}</ref> Hata hivyo, upelelezi rasmi wa kwanza ulifanyika mwaka 1887 na [[Samuel Teleki]] na [[Ludwig von Höhnel]]. Waliweza kufika mita 4,350 kwenye mteremko wa kusini magharibi<ref name=":2" />. Katika safari ya upelelezi huo, waliamini kuwa walikuwa wamegundua volkeno. Mwaka 1892, Teleki na von Höhnel walirudi upande wa mashariki, lakini hawakuweza kupitia msitu.<ref name="ecology">{{cite book | last=Coe | first=Malcolm James | title=The Ecology of the Alpine Zone of Mount Kenya | url=https://archive.org/details/ecologyofalpinez0017coem | year=1967 | publisher= Dr W. Junk | location=The Hague}}</ref> Hatimaye, mwaka 1893 timu ilisafiri kutoka pwani hadi [[Ziwa Baringo]] katika [[Bonde la Ufa]], ikiongozwa na [[John W. Gregory]], [[mwanajiolojia]] [[Mwingereza]]. Walikwea mlima hadi mita 4,730 na wakakaa masaa kadhaa katika Barafuto ya Lewis. Aliporudi [[Uingereza]], Gregory alichapisha [[majarida]] na [[hadithi]] ya mafanikio yake.<ref name="mck" /> George Kolb, [[daktari]] Mjerumani, alifanya safari mwaka 1894 na 1896 <ref name="mck" /> na alikuwa wa kwanza kufika nyika ya mlima upande wa mashariki. Tarehe 28 Julai 1899,<ref name=":3" /> Halford John Mackinder aliongoza kundi la wapelelezi 6 kutoka [[Ulaya]], 66 kutoka [[Uswahilini]], [[Wamaasai]] 2 na Wakikuyu 96<ref name=":3" />. Walipatana na matatizo mengi njiani<ref name=":3" />. Mackinder aliendelea kupanda mlima. Alikita kambi m 3,142<ref name=":3" /> katika Bonde la Höhnel. Alifanya jaribio la kwanza kufikia kilele tarehe [[30 Agosti]] pamoja na Brocherel na Ollier kupitia upande wa mashariki, lakini wakabakisha kupanda m 100 kutoka Kilele cha Nelion. Tarehe [[5 Septemba]], Hausberg, Ollier na Brocherel walifanya mzunguko kutafuta njia rahisi ila hawakuweza kupata. Tarehe [[11 Septemba]] Ollier na Brocherel walipanda Barafuto ya Darwin, lakini walilazimishwa kukatiza safari kutokana na [[dhoruba ya theluji]]<ref name=":3" />. Wakati Saunders alirudi kutoka Naivasha timu okozi, Mackinder, Ollier na Brocherel walijaribu kupanda kilele tena. Walifika kilele cha Batian saa sita mchana tarehe 13 Septemba, na walishuka kutumia njia ileile<ref name=":3" />. ===1900-1930=== Baada ya ukweaji wa kwanza, hakukuwa na safari nyingi za kukwea mlima. Upelelezi kabla ya [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia|Vita ya Kwanza ya Dunia]] ulikuwa ukifanywa na [[walowezi]] nchini Kenya, ambao hawakufanya upelelezi wa kisayansi. Misheni ya Kanisa la Uskoti ilipofunguliwa Chogoria[[Chogoria,|Chogoria,]], wamishonari kadhaa walikwea mlima lakini hakuna aliyefanikiwa kufikia vilele vya Batian au Nelion.<ref name="mck" /> Miti ya misitu ilikatwa ili kurahisisha safari ya kufikia vilele. Mwaka 1920, Arthur Fowell Buxton alijaribu kutengeneza njia kutoka kusini, na njia nyingine walikuja kutoka [[Nanyuki]] kaskazini, lakini njia iliyotumiwa zaidi ni ile ya Chogoria, kutoka mashariki, iliyotengenezwa na Ernest Carr.<ref name="mck" /> Mwishoni mwa Julai 1930, Shipton na Bill Tilman walikwea vilele vyote. Katika safari hii, Shipton na Tilman walijaribu kukwea vilele vingine, ikiwa ni pamoja na Petro, Dutton, Midget, Pigott na aidha Terere au Sendeyo.<ref name="cordee">{{cite book |last= Burns |first= Cameron |title= Kilimanjaro & Mount Kenya; A Climbing and Trekking Guide |year= 1998 |publisher= Cordee |location= Leicester |isbn= 1-871890-98-5}}</ref> ===1931 hadi leo=== Katika miaka ya 1930 ziara zilifanyika zaidi katika nyika ya mlima. Raymond Hook na Humphrey Slade walikwea ili wachore ramani ya mlima na wakapeleka samaki. Februari mwaka 1938, C Carol na Mtu Muthara wakawa mwanamke wa kwanza na Mwafrika wa kwanza mtawalia kupaa Nelion, katika ziara na Noel Symington, mwandishi wa ''The Night Climbers of Cambridge'', na tarehe [[5 Machi]] Una Cameron akawa mwanamke wa kwanza kupaa Batian.<ref name="mck" /> Wakati wa [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]] ziara za kukwea mlima zilididimia zaidi. Watu maarufu waliokwea katika wakati huo walikuwa wafungwa wa vitani Waitaliano, ambao walikuwa wamefungwa jela Nanyuki. Walitoroka na kupanda mlima kabla ya kurejea kambini.<ref name="picnic">{{cite book | last= Benuzzi | first= Felice | authorlink= | title=No Picnic on Mount Kenya: A Daring Escape, a Perilous Climb | origdate=1953 | year=2005 | publisher=The Lyons Press | location= | isbn=978-1592287246}}</ref> Mwaka 1949 eneo kupita m 3,400 lilifanywa [[Hifadhi ya taifa|hifadhi ya kitaifa]].<ref name="mck" /> Barabara ilijengwa kutoka [[Naro Moru]] ili kurahisisha safari ya kufikia nika ya mlima. Mwaka 1963, katika siku ya uhuru wa Kenya, Kisoi Munayo alikita bendera ya Kenya juu ya mlima. Mwaka 1997, mlima Kenya uliteuliwa kuwa eneo la urithi wa dunia na UNESCO.<ref name="unesco"/> ==Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Mlima Kenya== {{main|Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Mlima Kenya}} Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Mlima Kenya, ilianzishwa mwaka [[1949]]. Inahifadhi eneo linalozunguka mlima. Awali ilikuwa [[hifadhi ya misitu]].<ref name="kws_website">{{cite web |url= http://www.kws.org/mt-kenya.html |title= Mount Kenya National Park |accessdate= 2008-02-23 |author= Kenya Wildlife Service |authorlink= Kenya Wildlife Service |year= 2007 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070622045208/http://www.kws.org/mt-kenya.html |archivedate= 2007-06-22 }}</ref> Tangu [[Aprili]] [[1978]] eneo limeteuliwa kama Hifadhi ya Mazingira ya dunia UNESCO.<ref name="unep">{{cite web |url= http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/mt_kenya.html |title= Protected Areas and World Heritage |accessdate= 2008-02-23 |author= United Nations Environment Programme |authorlink= United Nations Environment Programme |year= 1998 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070212211303/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/mt_kenya.html |archivedate= 2007-02-12 }}</ref> [[Serikali ya Kenya]] ilikuwa na sababu nne za kuanzisha Hifadhi ya Taifa inayozunguka Mlima Kenya: umuhimu wa [[utalii]] kwa [[uchumi]], kuhifadhi eneo la uzuri, kuhifadhi [[viumbe hai]] ndani yake, na kuhifadhi [[Chanzo cha maji|vyanzo vya maji]] vinavyozunguka eneo.<ref name="development"/> ==Utamaduni== [[Picha:Mount Kenya Population map-fr.svg|right|thumb|Makazi ya makabila kabla ya taifa la Kenya.]] Makabila makuu wanaoishi kuzunguka Mlima Kenya ni [[Wakikuyu]], [[Wameru]], [[Waembu]] na [[Wamaasai]]. Hao wote huona mlima huo kama kipengele muhimu cha [[tamaduni]] zao. ===Wakikuyu=== [[Picha:Batian and Nelion in the background cropped.JPG|thumb|Makabila kadhaa wanaishi katika kitako cha mlima.|alt=|left]] [[Wakikuyu]] wanaishi kusini na magharibi mwa mlima.<ref name="ecology" /><ref name="Explorers">{{cite book |title= East African Explorers|url= https://archive.org/details/eastafricanexplo0000rich|last= Richards|first= Charles|authorlink= |coauthors= James Place|year= 1960|publisher= Oxford University Press|location= London}} </ref> Wao ni [[wakulima]] na hulima katika udongo mwekundu wa volkeno. Wakikuyu waamini kwamba Mungu wao, ''Ngai'' aliishi juu ya Mlima Kenya aliposhuka kutoka mbinguni.<ref name=":5">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=pPBtzgAACAAJ&dq=facing+mount+kenya&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwithfbKqbjdAhUD1BoKHWuEDS4Q6AEIJzAA|title=Facing Mount Kenya|last=Kenyatta|first=Jomo|date=2011-04-05|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=9781846555527|language=en}}</ref> Wao wanaamini kuwa mlima ni kiti cha enzi cha Ngai duniani. Ni mahali ambapo Gikuyu, baba wa kabila, alitumia kukutana na Mungu wao, Ngai.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="guide">{{cite|author=Kenya Wildlife Service|title=Mount Kenya Official Guidebook|publisher=Kenya Wildlife Service|year=2006|date=2006}}</ref> Jina kwa ajili ya Kikuyu Mlima Kenya ni ''Kĩrĩnyaga'' ([[Kirinyaga]]), tafsiri yake ikiwa ni mlima mweupe. Linatokana na weupe wa theluji<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Karangi|first=Matthew|date=2013-01-01|title=The gĩkũyũ religion and philosophy: A tool for understanding the current religio-political debates in Kenya|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291902121_The_gikuyu_religion_and_philosophy_A_tool_for_understanding_the_current_religio-political_debates_in_Kenya|volume=108|pages=612–622}}</ref>. Wazee wa Agikuyu husimulia kuwa Mlima Kenya uliundwa baada ya "Nyota" inayojulikana kama '''Riuki''' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mount Kenya Formation – Yamumbi|url=https://yamumbi.com/mount-kenya-formation/|accessdate=2023-08-24|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-08-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824204401/https://yamumbi.com/mount-kenya-formation/}}</ref>(kihalisi ikimaanisha -jiwe lililotoka angani) kugonga uso wa dunia. Athari hiyo ilizua mlipuko mkubwa na kufuatiwa na tetemeko la ardhi na mawimbi ya nje ya ulinganifu. Unyogovu ulioletwa na '''Riuki''' ulitoa ujiuji wa mawe (magma), majivu ya volkeno na uchafu wa ''riuki'' iliyosambaratika hadi juu. Riuki ikawa upachikaji wa miamba ya Mlima Kenya. Masimuliyi haya yanaambatana sambamba na maoni yaliyotolewa na wanajografia na wanajiolojia, ambao wamebatiza mawe ya mlima Kenya kwa jina '''[[:en:Kenyte|Kenyte]]'''. Kenyte inapatikana katika sehemu mbili tu duniani; kwenye Mlima Kenya na Antarctic katika Ncha ya Kusini. Kwa kupata '''Kenyte''' katika maeneo mawili tofauti, nadharia mpya ilisitawishwa, kwamba kimondo kikubwa kilipoingia kwenye angahewa ya dunia, kiligawanyika vipande viwili, kimoja kikigonga dunia kwenye ikweta katika Kenya ya kisasa na cha pili kilipiga Antaktika. ===Waembu=== [[Waembu]] wanaishi kusini-mashariki mwa Mlima Kenya,<ref name="ecology" /> na kuamini kuwa mlima ni nyumba ya Mungu wao, ''Ngai'' au ''Mwene Njeru''. Mlima ni takatifu, na walikuwa wakijenga nyumba zikiwa na milango iliyokuwa ikitazama mlima.<ref name="guide" /> Waembu wanauita ''kiri Njeru'', maana yake, mlima mweupe.<ref name="mck" /><ref name="cordee" /><ref name="guide" /> ===Wamasai=== [[Wamasai]] ni [[wahamahamaji]] ambao walitumia ardhi kaskazini ya mlima kulisha mifugo wao. Wanaamini kuwa mababu zao walishuka kutoka mlima mwanzoni mwa wakati.<ref name="guide" /> Wamasai waliuita ''Ol Donyo Keri'', ambalo linamaanisha 'mlima wa bakora au rangi nyingi' kudokeza theluji, misitu na mengineyo vinavyoonekana kutoka tambarare ya kandokando.<ref name="somjee">{{cite journal | last=Somjee | first=Sultan | year=2000 | title = Oral Traditions and Material Culture: An East Africa Experience | journal= Research in African Literatures | volume=31 | issue=4 | pages = 97–103 | url = http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/research_in_african_literatures/v031/31.4somjee.html | accessdate=2008-02-21 | doi = 10.2979/RAL.2000.31.4.97 }}</ref> Sala moja ya Wamasai kuhusu Mlima Kenya: {{Quote|Mungu bariki watoto wetu, wawe kama mkuyu wa Morintat, wakue na wapanuke, wawe kama Vilima vya Ngong, kama Mlima Kenya, kama Mlima Kilimanjaro na waongezeke. (tafsiri)|Ilikusanywa na Francis Sakuda wa Makumbusho ya Amani ya Oloshoibor<ref name=somjee/>}} ===Wameru=== [[Wameru]] wanaishi Mashariki na Kaskazini mwa mlima. Walilima na [[Ufugaji|kufuga]] katika sehemu yenye rutuba nyingi nchini Kenya. Jina la Mt. Kenya kwa [[Kimeru]] ni ''Kirimara'' (kutokana na weupe wa theluji).<ref name="witchmen">{{cite book |title= When We Began There Were Witchmen|last= Fadiman|first= Jeffrey A.|authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 1994|publisher= University of California Press|location= Berkeley|isbn= 0-520-08615-5|page= |pages= |url= http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft8199p24c/|accessdate= 2009-05-14}} </ref> ===Makabila mengine=== Wazungu wa kwanza kutembelea Mlima Kenya mara nyingi walileta wajumbe wa makabila mengine kama marafiki na mabawabu. Wengi wao hawakuwa na uzoefu wa baridi, au kuwahi kuona theluji. Maitikio yao mara nyingi zilikuwa za woga na tuhuma.{{Quote|Sifa nyingine ya wazanzibari ilionekana katika kambi ile ile. Asubuhi ilipofika, waume walikuja kuniarifu kwamba maji yale waliokuwa wamewacha ndani ya vyungu yalikuwa yamerogwa. Walisema kuwa ni meupe, na hayatikisiki; Fundi, aliyejulikana kuwa mwenye kuthubutu, alikuwa ameyagonga kwa kijiti na hayakutoka. Walinirai niyaangalie, nikawaambia wayaniletee. Wakakataa, hata hivyo, ili kuyagusa, wakanirai niende yalipokuwa. Kwa kweli, maji yalikuwa yameganda. Niliweka chungu juu ya jiko, nikatabiri kuwa yangegeuka kuwa maji tena. Tuliokuwa nao wakakaa karibu na kuyatazama; yalipoyeyuka, waliniambia kwa furaha kuwa shetani alikuwa amefukuzwa, na nikawaambia kuwa wangeweza kuyatumia maji tena; lakini punde nilipogeuka, waliyamwaga na kuchota mengine kutoka mto uliokuwa karibu. (tafsiri)|J W Gregory|''The Great Rift Valley''<ref name=gregory/>}} Ziara yake ya mwaka 1899, Mackinder alipatana na baadhi ya wanaume kutoka kabila la [[Wadorobo]].<ref name="ecology" /> ==Ukweaji mlima== Kuna njia nane za kutembea zinazoelekea kwenye kilele cha juu. Ni, kwa mzunguko wa akrabu, kutoka kaskazini, njia za Meru, Chogoria, Kamweti, Naro Moru, Burguret, Sirimon na Timau<ref name="map" />. Pia kuna njia inayozunguka vilele inayotumiwa kuunganisha njia tofauti. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ewpnet.com/eaimg/Mount_Kenya_general.htm|title=Mount Kenya - Introduction and Trekking Guide|date=2007-12-17|accessdate=2018-09-16|archivedate=2007-12-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217091034/http://www.ewpnet.com/eaimg/Mount_Kenya_general.htm}}</ref> Kati ya hizi, Chogoria, Naro Moru na Sirimon ndio hutumika zaidi na zina malango. Njia nyingine zinahitaji idhini maalum kutoka kwa [[Shirika la Huduma kwa Wanyama Pori ya Kenya|Huduma ya Wanyamapori Kenya]] ili kuzitumia. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya milima ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya milima ya Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya milima]] * [[Orodha ya Urithi wa Dunia katika Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya volkeno nchini Kenya]] == Marejeo == *Sir Halford Mackinder, ''The First ujio wa Mlima Kenya'' [KM Barbour, ed.], (London, 1991); hadithi ya ujio wa kwanza Batian, pamoja Mackinder's diary na baadhi ya Expedition's picha. Barbour discusses sababu Mackinder, ambaye aliandika na kuchapisha vitabu vingine, hawakuwa kuchapisha maelezo ya akaunti ya Expedition.<ref name="firstascent">{{cite book |title= The First Ascent of Mount Kenya |last= Mackinder |first= Halford John |authorlink= Halford John Mackinder |coauthors= Kenneth Michael Barbour |year= 1991 |publisher= Ohio University Press |location= |isbn= 1850651027 |page= |pages=[https://archive.org/details/firstascentofmou0000mack/page/287 287] |url=https://archive.org/details/firstascentofmou0000mack |accessdate= }} </ref> *Dutton EAT, [[Kenya Mountain|''Kenya Mountain'']] (London, 1929); akaunti ya Expedition Mlima Kenya mwaka 1926; illustreras.<ref name="dutton" /> *Vivienne de Watteville, ''Mwambie Dunia - kuzunguka na Reflections kati Tembo na Milima'' (London & New York, 1935); akaunti ya mwandishi wa ugenini katika kibanda kidogo katika kanda ya Ziwa na Ellis explorations yake ya Gorges Valley; illustreras.<ref name="wanderings">{{cite book |title= Speak to the Earth - Wanderings and Reflections among Elephants and Mountains |last= de Watteville |first= Vivienne |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 1986 |publisher= Methuen |location= |origyear= 1935 |edition= 2 |isbn= 0413602702 |page= |pages= 329 |url=https://archive.org/details/speaktoearthwand0000dewa_p9i0 |accessdate= }} </ref> *HW Tilman, theluji ''juu ya Ikweta'' (London, 1937); akaunti ya ujio wa kwanza (na Shipton) ya NW ridge na Nelion; illustreras.<ref name="snow">{{cite book |title= Snow on the Equator |last= Tilman |first= H. W. |authorlink= Bill Tilman |coauthors= |year= 1938 |publisher= The Macmillan Company |location= |isbn= |page= |pages= 265 |url=https://archive.org/details/snowonequator0000hwti |accessdate= }} </ref> *Eric Shipton, juu ''ya kwamba Mlima,'' (London, 1943); akaunti ya ujio wa kwanza (na Tilman) ya NW ridge na Nelion; illustreras.<ref name="uponthatmountain">{{cite book |title= Upon that Mountain |last= Shipton |first= Eric |authorlink= Eric Shipton |coauthors= |year= 1945 |publisher= Readers Union |location= |isbn= |page= |pages= 248 |url= |accessdate= }} </ref> *Felice Benuzzi, ''Fuga sul Kenya'' (Milano 1947) / [[No picnic juu ya Mlima Kenya|''No picnic juu ya Mlima Kenya'']] (London, 1952); a mountaineering classic, kuhusu wafungwa wa kivita tatu ambao kutoroka kutoka gerezani kambi yao mwaka 1943, hupanda mlima na sparse mgawo, improvised vifaa na hakuna ramani, na kisha ''kuvunja kurejea katika'' kambi yao gerezani.<ref name="picnic" /> *Roland Truffaut, ''Du Kenya au wa Kilimanjaro'' (Paris 1953) / ''Kutoka Kenya kwa Kilimanjaro'' (London, 1957); 1952 akaunti ya ujio wa Kifaransa N. uso wa Mt Kenya; illustreras.<ref name="dukenya">{{cite book |title=Du Kenya au Kilimanjaro: expédition française wau Kenya |last= Truffaut |first= Roland |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 1953 |publisher= Julliard |location= Paris |language= French |isbn= |page= |pages= 251 |url= |accessdate= }} </ref> *I. Allan, ''Guide to Mlima Kenya'' (1981; 1991; wengi updates); mamlaka ya kuongoza kwa njia ya peaks.<ref name="mck" /> *Hamish MacInnes, bei ''ya Adventure,'' (London, 1987); inajumuisha hadithi ya wiki-mrefu uokozi wa Gerd Judmeier baada yake kuanguka karibu na kilele cha Batian mapema katika miaka ya 1970.<ref name="priceofadventure">{{cite book | last= MacInnes | first= Hamish | authorlink= | title=The Price of Adventure | url= https://archive.org/details/priceofadventure0000maci | origdate= | year=1987 | publisher= Hodder & Stoughton | location= London | isbn=0340263237 }}</ref> *I. Allan, C. Kata, G. Boy, ''Snowcaps juu ya Ikweta'' (London, 1989); historia ya Afrika Mashariki milima na ascents yao, ikiwemo ya hivi karibuni zaidi pioneered njia; illustreras.<ref name="snowcaps">{{cite book |title= Snowcaps on the Equator: The Fabled Mountains of Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zaire |last= Ward |first= Clive |authorlink= |coauthors= Gordon Boy, Iain Allan |year= 1988 |publisher= Bodley Head |location= |isbn= 0370311264 |page= |pages= 192 |url= |accessdate= }}</ref> *Yohana Msomaji, ''Mlima Kenya'' (London, 1989); akaunti ya ujio wa Nelion, pamoja na Iain Allan kama mwongozo; illustreras.<ref name="reader"> {{cite book|title=Mount Kenya|url=https://archive.org/details/mountkenya0000read|last=Reader|first=John|publisher=Elm Tree Books|year=1989|ISBN=0-241-12486-7|location=London}} </ref> *M. Amin, D. Willetts, B. Tetley, ''On Mungu Mountain: The Story wa Mlima Kenya'' (London, 1991). A photographic maadhimisho ya mlima.<ref name="ongodsmountain">{{cite book |title= On God's Mountain: The Story of Mount Kenya |last= Amin |first= Mohamed |authorlink= |coauthors= Duncan Willetts, Brian Tetley |year= 1991 |publisher= Moorland |location= |isbn= |page= |pages= 192 |url= |accessdate= }} </ref> *''Kirinyaga'', [[Mike Resnick]], (1989).<ref name=":4" /> *[[Facing Mount Kenya, Jomo Kenyatta,|''Facing Mount Kenya,'' Jomo Kenyatta]], (1938); kitabu kuhusu Kikuyu.<ref name="facingmtkenya">{{cite book|title=Facing Mount Kenya|last=Kenyatta|first=Jomo|publisher=Secker and Warburg|year=1961|location=London|authorlink=Jomo Kenyatta}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Mount Kenya|Mount Kenya}} * [http://www.mountkenya.org/ Mount Kenya homepage] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mountkenya.org/ |date=20050906224754 }} * [http://www.mount-kenya.com/ Mount Kenya Information & Resource] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mount-kenya.com/ |date=20090319043845 }} * [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/800 UNESCO Mtindo Site Data Sheet juu ya Mlima Kenya] * [http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=-0.151405,37.312660&amp;spn=0.166014,0.234180&amp;t=k&amp;hl=en Satellite picture by Google Maps] * [http://www.kilimanjaro.cc/mkgeolog.htm Mount Kenya Jiolojia na Glasiolojia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kilimanjaro.cc/mkgeolog.htm |date=20100328152201 }} * [http://www.awf.org/section/safaris/samburu African Wildlife Foundation Safari Planner] * [http://www.mck.or.ke/ Mlima Club ya Kenya Homepage] * [http://www.mountkenyatrust.org/ Bill Woodley Mount Kenya Trust] * [http://www.animalorphanagekenya.org/ Mount Kenya Wildlife Conservancy] {{Wayback|url=http://www.animalorphanagekenya.org/ |date=20100613081648 }} * [http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft8199p24c/ Wakati tulianza, kulikuwa Witchmen] ''An Oral History kutoka Mlima Kenya'' (1993) Jeffrey Fadiman * [http://www.matthewpower.net/FEAT.KENYA.pdf Vizuka juu ya Mlima Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.matthewpower.net/FEAT.KENYA.pdf |date=20070929194948 }} Kifungu kutoka [[National Geographic Adventure]] magazine (2007) Mathayo Power * [http://www.kws.org/mt-kenya.html Kenya Wildlife Service's page on Mount Kenya National Park] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kws.org/mt-kenya.html |date=20070622045208 }} * [http://www.planetfear.com/articles/Frontier_Climbing_in_Kenya_446.html Frontier Climbing nchini Kenya]{{Wayback|url=http://www.planetfear.com/articles/Frontier_Climbing_in_Kenya_446.html |date=20100430211911 }} Article on wawili wa kwanza juu ya Hekalu Ascents * [http://www.hssonline.org/publications/Newsletter2008/NewsletterApril2008photoessay.html Afrika Mashariki ubeberu photo insha] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hssonline.org/publications/Newsletter2008/NewsletterApril2008photoessay.html |date=20080820084101 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kenya, Mlima}} [[Jamii:Milima ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Mlima Kenya]] [[Jamii:Volkeno za Kenya]] [[Jamii:Mahali pa Urithi wa Dunia katika Afrika]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Kenya]] h0mc1t3d0gjpvc515elloa4b74bph7z 0 4114 1598869 1339782 2026-09-22T22:50:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598869 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:LocationSouthAmerica.png|thumb|Mahali pa Amerika ya Kusini [[duniani]].]] [[Picha:Guajiran artisans.jpg|thumb|Waindio kama hao Wayuu nchini Venezuela ni wenyeji asilia wa Amerika Kusini hata kama leo hii wamekuwa wachache katika nchi nyingi za bara hili]] '''Amerika ya Kusini''' ni [[bara]] la [[magharibi]] ambalo kwa kiasi kikubwa sana linaenea upande wa [[kusini]] wa [[Ikweta]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari]] ya [[Pasifiki]] upande wa [[Magharibi]], na Bahari ya [[Atlantiki]] upande wa [[Mashariki]]. [[Kaskazini]] inaunganika na [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] kwa njia ya [[shingo ya nchi ya Panama]]. == Jina la "Amerika" == [[Neno]] "Amerika" limetokana na jina la kwanza la [[Mwitalia]] [[Amerigo Vespucci]] ([[1451]]-[[1512]]). Vespucci alikuwa [[baharia]] na [[mfanyabiashara]] katika [[utumishi]] wa [[familia]] ya [[Medici]] kutoka [[Firenze]] ([[Italia]]). Tangu [[mwaka]] [[1499]] alisafiri kwenye [[pwani]] za Amerika ya Kusini na Amerika ya Kati akaandika [[kitabu]] juu ya [[safari]] zake. Humo aliandika ya kwamba hakukubaliana na [[Kristoforo Kolumbus]] ya kwamba [[visiwa]] na nchi zilizofikiwa na Kolumbus zilikuwa sehemu ya [[Uhindi]]. Amerigo alipendekeza ya kwamba zilikuwa sehemu za "dunia mpya" au bara jipya akiwa mtu wa kwanza kuandika hivyo. [[Mwanajiografia]] [[Mjerumani]] [[Martin Waldseemüller]] alitumia jina la "Amerika" kwa [[heshima]] ya Amerigo alipochora [[ramani]] yake ya [[dunia]] ya mwaka [[1507]]. ==Jiografia ya Amerika Kusini== [[Picha:Suedamerika topo.png|360px|thumbnail|Topografia ya Amerika Kusini (milima, mito, tambarare)]] Amerika ya kusini huwa na kanda 3 kubwa: * [[Milima]] ya [[Andes]] inayoelekea upande wa magharibi kutoka kaskazini hadi kusini * Ma[[beseni]] ya [[mito]] upande wa mashariki wa Andes * maeneo ya nyanda za juu upande wa mashariki wa Andes Zote ziko juu ya [[bamba la Amerika ya Kusini]] Andes ni [[safu ya milima]] ndefu zaidi duniani, ikiwa na [[urefu]] wa [[kilomita]] 7,500 kuanzia [[Venezuela]] hadi [[Patagonia]] ([[Argentina]]). Kutokea kwa milima hii kulisababishwa na mgongano wa mabamba ya [[gandunia]] ya Amerika Kusini na Nasca, ilhali [[bamba la Nasca]] linasukumwa chini ya [[bamba la Amerika ya Kusini]] na kulipandisha juu, hapo pia milima ya Andes inakunjwa juu na mchakato huu unaendelea. Ndiyo asili ya mitetemeko ya ardhi inayotikisisha [[pwani]] ya Pasifiki mara kwa mara. Mlima mrefu ni [[Aconcagua]] yenye [[kimo]] cha [[mita]] 6962 juu ya [[UB]]; uko mpakani kati ya Argentina na Chile. Sehemu ya kusini kabisa ni [[rasi]] ya [[Cape Hoorn]]. Tambarare kubwa ni beseni ya [[mto]] [[Amazonas (mto)|Amazonas]] ulio na urefu wa kilomita 6,448 na [[tawimto|matawimto]] 10,000. Mto Amazonas unapokea [[maji]] yake hasa kutoka Andes. Upande wa kaskazini liko beseni la [[Orinoco]] linalotengwa na Amazonas na [[milima ya Guayana]]. Kusini mwa bara liko beseni la [[mto Paraguay]] na [[mto Parana]] inayokutana katika [[Rio de la Plata]]. Nyanda za juu ziko Guayana, Brasil na [[Patagonia]] ya mashariki (Argentina). Kuna [[visiwa]] ambavyo kisiasa ni sehemu ya nchi za Amerika Kusini ingawa kijiografia ziko nje ya bara lenyewe: *Katika bahari Pasifiki kuna [[Visiwa vya Galapagos]] (sehemu ya [[Ekuador]]), [[Kisiwa cha Pasaka]] na [[kisiwa cha Robinson Crusoe]] (sehemu za Chile) *Katikati ya Atlantiki kuna visiwa vidogo vya [[Fernando de Noronha]], [[Trindade na Martim Vaz]] na [[funguvisiwa la São Pedro e São Paulo]] (Brazil). ==Biolojia na wanyama== [[Picha:Myresluger2.jpg|250px|thumbnail|Mla sisimizi ni mwenyeji wa Amerika Kusini.]] [[Picha:2 toed sloth.jpg|250px|thumbnail|Mwendapole anapendelea kutembea mitini akijitundika matawini.]] [[biolojia|Kibiolojia]] Amerika ya Kusini ni eneo lenya tabia za pekee pamoja na [[spishi]] nyingi za [[mimea]] na [[wanyama]] zinazopatikana huko tu. Sababu yake ni kwamba katika [[historia]] ya [[sayari]] yetu bara hili lilikaa miaka [[milioni]] 100 bila kugusana na mabara mengine, hadi kutokea kwa [[shingo ya nchi]] ya Panama miaka milioni 3 iliyopita. Kwa hiyo huko zilitokea spishi ambazo hazipatikani kwenye sehemu nyingine za [[dunia]]. Kati ya wanyama ambao ni wa pekee kuna *[[Nandu]] (aina ya [[mbuni]] wa Amerika Kusini) *[[Ndege (mnyama)|Ndege]] kama [[tukani]], [[tinamu]] na [[kolibri]] (Trochilidae, [[Kiing.]] [[w:hummingbird|hummingbird]]) wasio na spishi za karibu penginepo *[[Kima wa Dunia Mpya]] ([[Platyrrhini]]) *[[Rodentia]] wa pekee kama [[nungubandia]] (''[[Cavia porcellus]]'') (Kiing. [[w:Guinea pig|guinea pig]]) na [[panya-chinchila]] *Kundi la pekee la [[mamalia]] linaloitwa [[Xenarthra]], lenye [[mla-sisimizi]] ([[w:Anteater|anteater]]), [[mwendapole]] au [[slothi]] ([[w:Sloth|sloth]]) na [[armadilo]] ([[w:Armadillo|armadillo]]). *[[Jagwa]] anayefanana kiasi na [[chui]] mkubwa *Pia spishi nyingi za [[samaki]] zinazopatikana huko tu, kwa mfano samaki mashuhuri wa [[piranya]]. ==Historia== ===Kabla ya kuingia kwa Wazungu=== [[Picha:Over Machu Picchu.jpg|250px|thumbnail|Mji wa Kifalme wa [[Inka]] katika Andes ya Peru.]] [[Picha:Pachacuteckoricancha.jpg|250px|thumbnail|Inka Pachacutec akisali katika [[hekalu]] la [[mungu]] [[jua]]. Dini hiyo ilidai watu wengi wachinjwe kama [[kafara]].]] Kufuatana na [[wachunguzi]] wengi, watu wa kwanza waliingia [[Amerika]] takriban miaka 15,000 - 20,000 iliyopita kutoka [[Asia]]. [[Jenetikia]] inaonyesha kuwa [[DNA]] za [[Waindio]] na za wakazi asilia wa [[Siberia]] ([[Asia ya Kaskazini]]) zinaonyesha [[urithi]] wa pamoja <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=WAsKm-_zu5sC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20Journey%20of%20Man&pg=PA138#v=onepage&q&f=true Wells, Spencer; Read, Mark (2002). The Journey of Man - A Genetic Odyssey (google books), Random House. pp. 138–140. ISBN 0-8129-7146-9]</ref>. Wakati wa [[enzi ya barafu]] kulikuwa na [[shingo ya nchi]] baina ya Asia na Amerika kwa sababu [[uwiano wa bahari]] ulikuwa wa chini zaidi kuliko leo; hapo vikundi vya [[wawindaji]] na [[wavuvi]] waliweza kupita<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/04/science/04fossil.html Noble, John (2008-04-04). "Evidence Supports Earlier Date for People in North America, NYT, April 4, 2008". Nytimes.com]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/03/080313-first-americans.html |title=Americas Settled 15,000 Years Ago, Study Says, Stefan Lovgren for National Geographic News March 13, 2008, iliangaliwa Machi 2016 |accessdate=2016-03-04 |archive-date=2008-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314172308/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/03/080313-first-americans.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Wachunguzi wengine huona ya kwamba [[uhamiaji]] huu ulianza mapema zaidi, labda miaka 40,000 hivi iliyopita.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Obgdz8auwkMC&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=8000+years+ago+in+the+americas&hl=de#v=onepage&q=8000%20years%20ago%20in%20the%20americas&f=false Marder, William (April 2005). Indians in the Americas: the untold story. By William Marder. ISBN 978-1-58509-104-1]</ref><ref>[http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/journey/ Linganisha hii video ya "Journey of mankind"]</ref> Kutoka [[Alaska]] na Amerika ya Kaskazini waliendelea kuelekea kusini; wanaaminiwa walifika karibu na ncha ya bara. [[Dalili]] za kwanza za [[kilimo]] zinajulikana kutoka beseni ya Amazonas tangu miaka 8,500 iliyopita. hapo watu walianza kulima [[viazi]], [[pilipili]] na [[maharagwe]]. [[Ufugaji]] wa [[Lama (mnyama)|Lama]] na [[alpaka]] ulianza mnamo mwaka [[3500 KK]]. Mabaki ya [[Kijiji|vijiji]] na [[Mji|miji]] ya kudumu katika Andes yanajulikana tangu [[milenia ya pili KK]]. Tamaduni za Waindio wa Amerika Kusini ziliboresha kilimo na kugundua [[zao|mazao]] mengi ambayo yanatupa leo hii vyakula muhimu kama vile [[mahindi]], [[viazi]], [[viazi vitamu]], [[muhogo]] na [[karanga]]. Watu hao walianza pia kujenga [[jamii]] kubwa zilizoendelea kuwa [[Dola|madola]] na [[milki]] na kuendesha [[biashara]] ya mbali. Kabla ya kuja kwa [[Wahispania]] mnamo mwaka [[1500]] ni hasa milki ya [[Inka]] iliyounganisha sehemu kubwa ya nchi za Andes. Jamii hizo ziliweza kuwasiliana katika maeneo makubwa sana na kujenga miji mikubwa. Mafanikio yao ya kijamii, ya [[uchumi|kiuchumi]] na ya [[Sanaa|kisanii]] ni ya ajabu kwa sababu katika [[teknolojia]] waliendesha shughuli bila matumizi ya vyombo vya [[metali]]. Ingawa walitengeneza mapambo mazuri sana ya [[dhahabu]], [[fedha]], [[shaba]] na [[bronzi]], kuna mifano michache sana ya matumizi ya bronzi au metali nyingine kwa vifaa na [[silaha]]. Kuna makadirio ya kwamba [[idadi]] ya wakazi asilia, yaani Waindio, ilikuwa milioni 30 hivi katika Amerika ya Kusini kabla ya kufika kwa [[Wazungu]]. ===Kipindi cha ukoloni=== [[Picha:Desembarque de Pedro Álvares Cabral em Porto Seguro em 1500 by Oscar Pereira da Silva (1865–1939).jpg|350px|thumbnail|Kufika kwa Wareno kwenye pwani ya Brazil mnamo mwaka 1500 (taswira ya mwaka 1922).]] [[Picha:Expedición de Almagro Pedro Subercaseaux.jpg|thumbnail|350px|Kikosi cha Wahispania wanavamia Chile mnamo mwaka 1530: silaha za feleji, [[askari farasi]] na [[mbwa]] wakali walihakikisha ushindi wao dhidi ya wenyeji wenye silaha za mawe tu; taswira ya karne ya 19.]] Mwaka [[1492]] [[Kristoforo Kolumbus]] alifika kwenye [[visiwa]] vya [[Karibi]] na kwenye [[safari]] yake ya tatu mwaka [[1498]] alipita kwenye [[pwani]] ya Venezuela. Nchi mbili jirani za [[Hispania]] na [[Ureno]], zilizokuwa viongozi wa teknolojia ya usafiri kwa bahari wakati ule, zilifanya [[mkataba]] wa kugawana [[dunia]] kati yao. Kutokana na mkataba huo maeneo ya Brazil ya leo yalikuwa chini ya Ureno na sehemu nyingine za Amerika Kusini chini ya Hispania. Nchi zote mbili zilituma [[wamisionari]] [[Wakatoliki]] na kuruhusu Kanisa Katoliki pekee kufanya kazi kule. Hapo ndipo msingi kwa [[lugha]] za Kihispania na Kireno kuwa lugha ya watu wengi kwenye bara hili na asilimia kubwa kuwa wafuasi wa Kanisa Katoliki hadi leo. Wahispania wachache walifaulu kuvamia na kuteka madola yote ya wenyeji. Sababu muhimu ilikuwa tofauti kubwa ya [[teknolojia]], maana wakazi asilia bado walitumia zaidi silaha za [[mawe]] na [[ubao]], ilhali Wahispania walifika na [[upanga|panga]] za [[feleji]], [[gobora]] na [[farasi]] wa [[vita]]. Sababu nyingine ni ya kibiolojia, kwa sababu Wazungu walileta [[magonjwa]] yasiyojulikana kwa wenyeji wa Amerika. Kuna makadirio ya kwamba magonjwa hayo yaliua mamilioni ya Waindio na hivyo kudhoofisha upinzani wao dhidi ya wavamizi Wazungu waliokuwa wachache kwa miaka mingi. Kiutawala Wahispania waliunda majimbo makubwa yaliyosimamiwa na [[afisa]] mwenye [[cheo]] cha "mfalme mdogo" ([[his.]] ''virrei'', ing. ''viceroy''). Majimbo hayo yalikuwa chini ya [[serikali]] kuu ya [[Madrid]], lakini yalijitawala chini ya wafalme wadogo waliotumwa kutoka Hispania. Majimbo ya kwanza yalikuwa "[[Hispania Mpya]]" ([[Meksiko]] na Venezuela) na "Peru" (maeneo makubwa ya Andes pamoja na [[Panama]]). Mwaka [[1717]] maeneo ya Ekuador, Kolombia na Venezuela yalikunganishwa kuwa jimbo kubwa la "[[Granada Mpya]]". Mwaka [[1776]] Bolivia, Chile, Argentina na Paraguay zilikuwa "[[Rio de la Plata]]". Fedha kutoka [[migodi]] ya Peru ilikuwa msingi wa [[utajiri]] wa Hispania na nafasi yake kama dola muhimu katika [[Ulaya]]. Kijamii kulikuwa na matabaka. [[Tabaka]] la juu walikuwa Wahispania waliotumwa kutoka kwao pamoja na [[familia]] wenyeji Wahispania. Sehemu kubwa ya wakazi walikuwa na asili ya mchanganyiko wa Wazungu na Waindio; katika nchi kadhaa, hasa katika [[nyanda za juu]] za Andes na katika [[misitu]] ya [[mvua]] kulikuwa bado na idadi kubwa ya Waindio. Kwenye maeneo ya pwani [[watumwa]] kutoka [[Afrika]] waliingizwa. Serikali ya Kihispania ilijaribu kuwatenganisha wakazi kufutana na [[rangi]] na kutenga vyeo vya juu kwa Wazungu watupu, lakini hii ilikuwa vigumu kutokana na asilimia kubwa ya mchanganyiko. ===Uhuru=== [[Picha:La Independencia del Perú.jpg|300px|thumbnail|Tangazo la uhuru wa Peru mwaka 1821.]] Mnamo mwaka [[1800]] [[harakati]] ya kutafuta [[uhuru]] ilipata nguvu. Kwa upande moja [[walowezi]] Wahispania walisikia juu ya uhuru wa makoloni ya Uingereza katika Marekani. Walisikitika pia kutawaliwa na nchi iliyo mbali katika Ulaya, ambayo haikuangaliwa tena na sehemu ya wenyeji kama nchi mama. Kwa upande mwingine Hispania ilidhoofika kutokana na vita za [[Napoleon]], [[uvamizi]] wa Wafaransa na [[mapinduzi]] katika Hispania. Tangu mwaka [[1808]] [[Simon Bolivar]] aliongoza [[kikosi]] cha [[wanamgambo]] na kupigana na [[jeshi]] la kikoloni hadi kushinda mwaka [[1813]]. Argentina ilifuata mwaka [[1816]] na kujitangazia uhuru, Chile na Kolombia zikafuata mwaka [[1818]]. Mapigano ya mwisho yalitokea mwaka [[1824]] huko Peru: waasi walishinda na Hispania iliondoka katika Amerika ya Kusini ikibaki kwenye [[visiwa vya Karibi]]. Baada ya uhuru sehemu kubwa ya Amerika Kusini iliunganishwa katika "[[Kolombia Kubwa]]" lakini hili dola jipya haikudumu, hivyo tangu mwaka [[1832]] madola ya leo yalitokea. == Urithi wa ukoloni: lugha na utamaduni == Kwa [[lugha]] zake mbalimbali bara linahesabiwa katika "[[Amerika ya Kilatini]]" kwa sababu wakazi wengi hutumia [[lugha za Kirumi]], hasa [[Kihispania]] na [[Kireno]], zilizotokana na [[Kilatini]]. Sababu yake ni ya kwamba sehemu kubwa ya bara hili lilikuwa [[koloni]] la [[Hispania]]. Brazil ilikuwa koloni la [[Ureno]]. Nchi zote mbili ziliacha tabia za [[utamaduni]] wao pamoja na [[dini]] ([[Kanisa Katoliki]]) na lugha zilizokuwa [[lugha ya taifa|lugha za kitaifa]]. Nchi za [[Guyana]] pekee zilikuwa makoloni ya mataifa mengine ya [[Ulaya]] zilizoacha lugha zao: * [[Guyana]] ilikuwa koloni la [[Uingereza]] ikitumia [[Kiingereza]] (zamani iliitwa Guyana ya Kiingereza) * [[Surinam]] ilikuwa koloni la [[Uholanzi]] ikitumia [[Kiholanzi]] (zamani iliitwa Guyana ya Kiholanzi) * [[Guyana ya Kifaransa]] ilikuwa koloni la [[Ufaransa]], sasa imekuwa [[mkoa]] wa Ufaransa na sehemu ya [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] ikitumia [[Kifaransa]]. == Orodha ya nchi na maeneo == Katika bara hilo kuna nchi huru zifuatazo: * [[Argentina]] * [[Bolivia]] * [[Brazil]] * [[Chile]] * [[Ekuador]] * [[Guyana]] * [[Kolombia]] * [[Paraguay]] * [[Peru]] * [[Surinam]] * [[Uruguay]] * [[Venezuela]] Maeneo chini ya utawala wa mataifa ya nje ni: * [[Guyana ya Kifaransa]] * [[Visiwa vya Falkland]] ([[Uingereza]]) * Visiwa vya [[Aruba]], [[Bonaire]] na [[Curaçao]] ([[Uholanzi]]) Taarifa zaidi zinapatikana katika jedwali lifuatalo: {{South America Labelled Map|float=right}} {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="font-size:85%" |- style="background:#ececec;" ! Jina la nchi au eneo,<br /> [[bendera]] ! [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na eneo|Eneo]]<br />(km²) ! [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi|Wakazi]]<br />(2007) ! [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi kwa km²|Wakazi kwa km²]] ! [[Mji mkuu]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Argentina|[[Picha:Flag of Argentina.svg|left|30px]] [[Argentina]]}} | align="right" | 2,766,890 | align="right" | &nbsp;40,677,348 | align="right" | 14.3 | style="text-align:left;" | [[Buenos Aires]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Bolivia|[[Picha:Flag of Bolivia.svg|left|30px]] [[Bolivia]]}} | align="right" | 1,098,580 | align="right" | &nbsp;&nbsp;9,247,816 | align="right" | 8.1 | style="text-align:left;" | [[La Paz]], [[Sucre]]<!--<ref>[[La Paz]] is the administrative capital of [[Bolivia]]; [[Sucre]] is the judicial seat.<br /></ref>--> |- | style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Brazil|[[Picha:Flag of Brazil.svg|left|30px]] [[Brazil]]}} | align="right" | 8,514,877 | align="right" | 191,908,598 | align="right" | 22.0 | style="text-align:left;" | [[Brasilia]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Chile|[[Picha:Flag of Chile.svg|left|30px]] [[Chile]]}}<!--<ref>Includes [[Easter Island]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]], a [[Chile]]an territory frequently reckoned in [[Oceania]]. [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]] is the administrative capital of Chile; [[Valparaíso]] is the site of legislative meetings.<br /></ref>--> | align="right" | 756,950 | align="right" | &nbsp;16,454,143 | align="right" | 21.1 | style="text-align:left;" | [[Santiago de Chile]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Kolombia|[[Picha:Flag of Colombia.svg|left|30px]] [[Kolombia]]}} | align="right" | 1,138,910 | align="right" | &nbsp;45,013,674 | align="right" | 37.7 | style="text-align:left;" | [[Bogotá]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Ekuador|[[Picha:Flag of Ecuador.svg|left|30px]] [[Ekuador]]}} | align="right" | 283,560 | align="right" | &nbsp;13,927,650 | align="right" | 47.1 | style="text-align:left;" | [[Quito]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Falkland Islands|[[Picha:Flag of the Falkland Islands.svg|left|30px]] [[Falkland Islands]]}} ([[Ufalme wa Muungano]])<!--<ref>Claimed by [[Argentina]].<br /></ref>--> | align="right" | 12,173 | align="right" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3,140<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fk.html Falkland Islands: July 2008 population estimate] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fk.html |date=20100129145002 }}. CIA World Factbook.</ref> | align="right" | 0.26 | style="text-align:left;" | [[Port Stanley, Falkland Islands|Port Stanley]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Guyana ya Kifaransa|[[Picha:Flag of French Guiana.svg|left|30px]] [[Guyana ya Kifaransa]]}} ([[Ufaransa]]) | align="right" | 91,000 | align="right" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;221,450 (Jan. 2008)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=99&ref_id=CMRSOS02137| title=Population des régions au 1er janvier| publisher=[[INSEE]]| accessdate=2009-01-20}}</ref> | align="right" | 2.7 | style="text-align:left;" | [[Cayenne]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Guyana|[[Picha:Flag of Guyana.svg|left|30px]] [[Guyana]]}} | align="right" | 214,970 | align="right" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;770,794 | align="right" | 3.6 | style="text-align:left;" | [[Georgetown (Guyana)|Georgetown]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Paraguay|[[Picha:Flag of Paraguay.svg|left|30px]] [[Paraguay]]}} | align="right" | 406,750 | align="right" | &nbsp;&nbsp;6,347,884 | align="right" | 15.6 | style="text-align:left;" | [[Asunción]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Peru|[[Picha:Flag of Peru.svg|left|30px]] [[Peru]]}} | align="right" | 1,285,220 | align="right" | &nbsp;28,220,764 | align="right" | 21.7 | style="text-align:left;" | [[Lima]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Visiwa vya South Georgia na South Sandwich|[[Picha:Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg|left|30px]] [[Visiwa vya South Georgia na South Sandwich]]<br />(Ufalme wa Muungano)}}<!--<ref>vinadaiwa pia na Argentina, hakuna wakazi wenyeji wa kudumu.</small><br /></ref>--> | align="right" | 3,093 | align="right" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;20 | align="right" | 0 | style="text-align:left;" | [[Grytviken]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Surinam|[[Picha:Flag of Suriname.svg|left|30px]] [[Surinam]]}} | align="right" | 163,270 | align="right" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;438,144 | align="right" | 2.7 | style="text-align:left;" | [[Paramaribo]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Uruguay|[[Picha:Flag of Uruguay.svg|left|30px]] [[Uruguay]]}} | align="right" | 176,220 | align="right" | &nbsp;&nbsp;3,477,778 | align="right" | 19.4 | style="text-align:left;" | [[Montevideo]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | {{sort|Venezuela|[[Picha:Flag of Venezuela.svg|left|30px]] [[Venezuela]]}} | align="right" | 912,050 | align="right" | &nbsp;26,414,815 | align="right" | 27.8 | style="text-align:left;" | [[Caracas]] |- class="sortbottom" ! Jumla | align="right" | {{nts|17,824,513}} | align="right" | {{nts|382,426,313}} | align="right" | 21.5 | |} == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-jio-AmerikaKusini}} [[Jamii:Bara]] [[Jamii:Amerika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Amerika]] 7yn6twqwrg3sme8tpiov4s0qrsi5hgf 0 4281 1598943 1504353 2026-09-23T02:42:14Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la nchi |jina_rasmi = Jumuiya ya Australia |jina_asili= Commonwealth of Australia |bendera= File:Flag of Australia.svg |nembo= Coat of arms of the Commonwealth of Australia.svg |kaulimbiu= |wimbo= ''Advance Australia Fair'' |ramani= Australia (orthographic projection).svg |mji_mkuu = [[Canberra]] |mji_mkubwa= [[Sydney]] (Jiji) </br> [[Melbourne]] (Jiji Kuu) |majiranukta1= |majiranukta2= |lugha_taifa= [[Kiingereza]] |kiongozi1= [[Charles III]] |kiongozi2= [[Sam Mostyn]] |cheo_kiongozi1= Mfalme wa Australia |cheo_kiongozi2= Gavana Mkuu |muundo_uhuru= '''Uhuru kutoka Uingereza''' |tukio1= Katiba ya Australia |tukio2= Sanamu ya Westminster |tukio3= Sheria za Australia |tukio4= |tukio1_tarehe= 1 Januari 1901 |tukio2_tarehe= 11 Desemba 1931 |tukio3_tarehe= 3 Machi 1986 |tukio4_tarehe= |eneo_jumla= 7,617,930 |cheo_eneo= 6 |maji= 1.79% |ardhi= 2,969,907 |watu_kadirio = 27,618,900 |mwaka_kadirio= 2024 |msongamano = 3.4 |plt_ppp= {{increase}} $1.898 Trillion |plt_ppp_kwa_mtu= {{increase}} $69,475 |cheo_plt_kawaida_kwa_mtu = 19 |plt= {{increase}} $1.8 Trillion |mwaka_pato= 2024 |plt_kwa_mtu= {{increase}} $65,970 |cheo_plt_kawaida = |cheo_plt_kawaida_kwa_mtu = |mwaka_maendeleo= 2024 |maendeleo= {{increase}} 0.946</br> {{juu sana}} |gini = 32.5 |mwaka_gini= 2020 |fedha= [[Dola ya Australia]] |majira_saa= |udereva= Kushoto |msimbo_simu= 61 |tld= .au }} '''Australia''', rasmi kama '''Jumuiya ya Australia''', ni nchi iliyo katika [[Oceania]], inayojumuisha bara la Australia, kisiwa cha [[Tasmania]], na visiwa vingine vidogo. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Hindi]] magharibi na Kusini, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] mashariki, na nchi za [[Indonesia]], [[Timor ya Mashariki]], na [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] kaskazini. Ina idadi ya watu takriban milioni 27, ikiwa ya [[Orodha ya nchi kulingana na idadi ya watu|55 duniani]]. Jiji lake kubwa zaidi ni [[Sydney]] na mji mkuu ni [[Canberra]]. Australia imegawanyika katika majimbo 6 na maeneo 2 yanayojiendesha. Ina eneo jumla la km² 7,688,287 (sq mi 2,968,464), likifanya kuwa nchi ya sita kwa ukubwa duniani na kubwa zaidi katika [[Oceania]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/australia-population/|title=Population and Demographics of Australia|language=english|publisher=Worldometers|accessdate=2026-04-11}}</ref> Inajulikana kwa mazingira yake ya kipekee, ikiwemo Jangwa la Outback, Miamba ya Matumbawe ya Great Barrier Reef, na wanyama wa kipekee kama kangaruu na koala. Vilevile Australia huangaliwa pamoja na visiwa vya [[Pasifiki]] katika orodha ya mabara ya dunia kama "[[Australia na Pasifiki]]". Australia ni [[demokrasia]] ya [[bunge|kibunge]] ya shirikisho inayofuata mfumo wa utawala wa [[Ufalme|kifalme]] wa [[katiba|kikatiba]], ambapo Mfalme [[Charles III]] ni mkuu wa nchi wa heshima, na [[Waziri Mkuu]] ndiye mkuu wa serikali. Australia ni mwanachama wa mashirika ya kimataifa kama vile [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] (UN), [[G20]], [[Jumuiya ya Madola]] (Commonwealth), na [[OECD]]. [[Taifa]] hili lina utulivu wa [[siasa|kisiasa]], mfumo wa mahakama huru, na hupata viwango vya juu katika masuala ya [[demokrasia]] na maendeleo ya binadamu. Mfumo wake wa [[sheia|kisheria]] unategemea sheria ya kawaida ya [[Kiingereza]], na serikali yake imegawanyika katika ngazi za shirikisho, majimbo, na mamlaka za mitaa. Australia ina [[uchumi]] wa kipato cha juu unaochochewa na sekta za [[madini]], [[kilimo]], huduma, na elimu ya juu. Ni miongoni mwa wauzaji wakuu duniani wa [[madini]] ya [[chuma]], mkaa, na gesi asilia. Idadi kubwa ya watu huishi mijini, hususan katika miji mikuu kama [[Sydney]], [[Melbourne]], [[Brisbane]], na [[Perth]].Ingawa Kiingereza ndiyo lugha ya taifa, jamii ya Australia ni ya [[utamaduni|kitamaduni]] mseto, ikiakisi urithi wa Waasili wa asili (Aboriginal) na mawimbi ya uhamiaji wa kimataifa. Changamoto kuu za kitaifa ni pamoja na mabadiliko ya [[tabianchi]], usimamizi wa rasilimali za maji, na uhifadhi wa [[bioanuwai]]. == Demografia == '''Australia''' ina msongamano wa watu wa wastani wa watu 3.4 kwa kila kilomita ya mraba ya eneo lote la ardhi, jambo linaloifanya kuwa moja ya nchi zenye msongamano mdogo zaidi wa watu duniani. Idadi kubwa ya watu inapatikana kwenye pwani ya mashariki, hasa katika eneo la kusini-mashariki kati ya Kusini Mashariki mwa [[Queensland]] upande wa kaskazini-mashariki na [[Adelaide]] upande wa kusini-magharibi. Australia pia ina kiwango kikubwa cha miji mikuu, ambapo 67% ya idadi ya watu waliishi katika Maeneo ya Takwimu za Miji Mikuu (maeneo ya miji mikuu ya majimbo na miji mikuu ya wilaya ya bara) mwaka 2018. Maeneo ya miji mikuu yenye zaidi ya wakazi milioni moja ni [[Sydney]], [[Melbourne]], [[Brisbane]], [[Perth]], na [[Adelaide]]. Kama ilivyo kwa nchi nyingi zilizoendelea, Australia inakumbwa na mabadiliko ya idadi ya watu kuelekea kwenye idadi kubwa ya wazee, ikiwa na wastaafu wengi na idadi ndogo ya watu wa umri wa kufanya kazi. Mnamo mwaka 2021, wastani wa umri wa watu ulikuwa miaka 39. Mnamo 2015, 2.15% ya idadi ya watu wa Australia waliishi nje ya nchi, moja ya viwango vya chini zaidi duniani. === Dini=== [[File:HurlstonePark VietnameseBaptistChurch corner.jpg|thumb|Hurlstone Park Vietnamese Baptist Church katika New South Wales]] Katika [[sensa]] ya mwaka [[2021]], [[Wakristo]] walikuwa 43.9% ya wakazi wote, wakiongozwa na [[Wakatoliki]] (20%) na [[Waanglikana]] (9.8). [[Waislamu]] walikuwa 3.2%, [[Mabanyani]] 2.7%, [[Wabuddha]] 2.4%, [[Singasinga]] 0.8%, [[Wayahudi]] 0.4% n.k. 38.9% walisema hawana [[dini]] yoyote. <ref>{{Cite Web|title=Religious affiliation in Australia|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/articles/religious-affiliation-australia|author=Australia Bureau Of Statistics|accessdate=2025-02-10}}</ref> ===Lugha=== Australia haina [[lugha rasmi]], lakini 72% ya wakazi nyumbani wanaongea Kiingereza cha Kiaustralia tu. Lugha nyingine zinazotumika na zaidi ya 1% ya wakazi ni ni [[Kichina]], [[Kiarabu]], [[Kivietnam]], [[Kipanjabi]] n.k. Wachache nyumbani wanaongea mojawapo kati ya [[lugha asili]] za Australia. Angalia pia [[Orodha ya lugha za Australia]]. <ref>{{Cite Web|title=Languages of Australia|author= Australian bureau of Statistics|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/2f762f95845417aeca25706c00834efa/d67b7c95e0e8a733ca2570ec001117a2!opendocument|accessdate=2025-02-10}}</ref> == Jiografia == [[Picha:Australia-climate-map MJC01.png|right|thumbnail|Hali ya hewa Australia kufuatana na [[Köppen classification]].]] Bara la Australia linakaa juu ya sehemu imara ya [[bamba la Australia]] bila mipaka ya [[gandunia]], hivyo hakuna [[volkeno]] na [[matetemeko ya ardhi]] ni madogo tu. [[Umbali]] kati ya magharibi na [[mashariki]] ni takriban km 4,000, na kati ya [[kaskazini]] na kusini ni km 3,700. Australia huzungukwa na [[bahari ya Hindi]], [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] na [[Bahari ya Kusini]], ikiwa na [[pwani]] yenye [[urefu]] wa kilomita 34,218. Mbele ya pwani ya mashariki-kaskazini kuna [[Great Barrier Reef]], mkusanyiko mkubwa zaidi wa [[matumbawe]] duniani wenye urefu wa takriban kilomita 2,000. Sehemu kubwa ya bara ni [[jangwa]] au maeneo [[yabisi]] sana, ambapo karibu [[asilimia]] 40 ya eneo limefunikwa na [[matuta ya mchanga]]. [[Ardhi]] yenye [[rutuba]] hupatikana hasa kusini-mashariki na katika [[kona]] ya kusini-magharibi, maeneo yenye [[hali ya hewa]] isiyo na [[joto kali]]. Kaskazini kuna hali ya [[kitropiki]] yenye [[misitu]] minene, [[savana]] na pia maeneo ya jangwa. Kwa ujumla, uso mkubwa wa nchi ni [[tambarare]] pamoja na majangwa. Kwenye pwani ya mashariki na upande wa magharibi kuna [[safu za milima]] zinazofikia [[kimo]] cha hadi [[mita]] 2,200. Sehemu ya juu kabisa ni [[Alpi za Australia]] au [[Milima ya Theluji]], ambapo [[mlima Kosciuszko]] una kimo cha mita 2,229 na kuna [[barafuto]] za kudumu. Sehemu ya chini kabisa iko katika [[beseni]] la [[ziwa Eyre]], ambalo liko mita 17 chini ya [[usawa wa bahari]]; eneo hili huwa kavu mara nyingi na hujaa [[maji]] tu baada ya [[mvua]] kubwa sana. Mahali pakavu zaidi ni [[jangwa la Simpson]] lenye [[usimbishaji]] wa chini ya 200 [[mm]] kwa [[mwaka]]. [[Mito]] mingi muhimu huanzia katika Alpi za Australia, hasa [[Murray (mto)|Murray]] na [[Darling (mto)|Darling]] ambayo huunda [[beseni]] la Murray-Darling, eneo muhimu kwa [[kilimo]] cha Australia. Mito mingine ni [[Mto Snowy]], [[Mto Murrumbidgee]], [[mto Fitzroy]] ([[Queensland]]), [[mto Ord]], [[mto Swan]] ([[Australia ya Magharibi]]), [[mto Derwent]], [[mto Tamar]] ([[Tasmania]]) na [[mto Hawkesbury]] ([[New South Wales]]). Sehemu kubwa ya bara haina watu wengi, na wakazi wengi pamoja na [[miji]] mikubwa hupatikana kwenye pwani ya mashariki na kusini. [[Miji]] mikubwa ni [[Sydney]] (wakazi milioni 3.7), [[Melbourne]] (milioni 3.6), [[Brisbane]] (milioni 1.7), [[Perth]] (milioni 1.4) na [[Adelaide]] (milioni 1.1). [[Mji mkuu]], [[Canberra]] (wakazi 308,700), ulijengwa kati ya Sydney na Melbourne baada ya miji hiyo kushindwa kukubaliana ni upi uwe mji mkuu. [[Uchumi]] wa maeneo yabisi unategemea hasa [[ufugaji]] wa [[kondoo]] wapatao milioni 130 na [[ng'ombe]] milioni 25. === Ekolojia === Australia ilitengana na mabara mengine miaka milioni mingi iliyopita, jambo lililosababisha kuwepo kwa aina nyingi za kipekee za [[mimea]] na [[wanyama]] wasiopatikana kwingine duniani. Mifano ya wanyama hao ni [[kanguru]] na [[koala]]. Pia, miti kama [[mkalitusi]] imeenezwa katika sehemu mbalimbali duniani zenye hali ya hewa inayofaa. == Historia == ===Australia ya Asili=== [[File:Australia Aboriginal Culture 011.jpg|thumb|Waustralia asili]] Australia ilikaliwa na Waustralia wa Asili(''Aboriginals'') na Wakazi wa [[Visiwa vya Torres Strait]] kwa angalau miaka 65,000,<ref>Clarkson, Chris; Jacobs, Zenobia; Marwick, Ben; Fullagar, Richard; Wallis, Lynley; Smith, Mike; Roberts, Richard G.; Hayes, Elspeth; Lowe, Kelsey; Carah, Xavier; Florin, S. Anna; McNeil, Jessica; Cox, Delyth; Arnold, Lee J.; Hua, Quan; Huntley, Jillian; Brand, Helen E. A.; Manne, Tiina; Fairbairn, Andrew; Shulmeister, James; Lyle, Lindsey; Salinas, Makiah; Page, Mara; Connell, Kate; Park, Gayoung; Norman, Kasih; Murphy, Tessa; Pardoe, Colin (2017). "Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago". Nature. 547 (7663): 306–310. Bibcode:2017Natur.547..306C. doi:10.1038/nature22968. hdl:2440/107043. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 28726833.</ref>. jambo linaloifanya kuwa mojawapo ya tamaduni za kitambo zaidi zinazoendelea kuwepo duniani. Jamii za asili zilikuwa za aina mbalimbali, zikiwa na mamia ya [[lugha]], mifumo ya [[jamii|kijamii]], na mila za kiroho tofauti. Walijihusisha na uwindaji, [[uvuvi]], na ukusanyaji wa chakula, wakitumia ujuzi wa kina kuhusu ardhi, mzunguko wa majira, na tabia za wanyama. [[Utamaduni]] wao ulikuwa tajiri katika [[sanaa]], [[muziki]], na usimulizi wa hadithi. Zana za mawe, michoro ya miambani, maeneo ya ibada, na njia za nyimbo zinadhihirisha usimamizi wa mazingira ulio wa hali ya juu na mwendelezo wa kitamaduni. Licha ya kuwasili kwa [[Wazungu]], Waustralia wa asili wameendelea kudumisha uhusiano thabiti na ardhi,[[jamii]], na urithi wa mababu zao, na hivyo kuathiri jamii na utambulisho wa kisasa wa Australia. ===Ukoloni wa Ulaya=== [[File:Landing of Lieutenant James Cook at Botany Bay, 29 April 1770 (painting by E Phillips Fox).jpg|thumb|James Cook akiwasili katika ghuba ya Botany]] Mawasiliano ya [[Ulaya]] na Australia yalianza mwaka 1606, wakati mvumbuzi [[Waholanzi|Mholanzi]] [[Willem Janszoon]] alipofanya ramani ya sehemu za pwani ya kaskazini. Wachunguzi wengine wa [[Waholanzi|Kiholanzi]], akiwemo [[Abel Tasman]], walifanya ramani ya [[Tasmania]] na sehemu za bara hilo, ambalo waliliita ''New Holland.'' Mwaka 1770, mchunguzi [[Waingereza|Mwingereza]] [[James Cook]] alichora [[ramani]] ya pwani ya mashariki na kudai eneo hilo kwa [[Uingereza]], akaliita [[New South Wales]]. Mawasiliano ya awali yalikuwa machache, lakini mwaka 1788, Meli ya Kwanza, iliyokuwa imebeba wafungwa, iliwasili Port Jackson ili kuanzisha koloni la adhabu. [[Ukoloni]] ulileta mabadiliko makubwa, yakiwemo kusafisha ardhi, kuingizwa kwa mifugo na mazao mapya, na mifumo mipya ya utawala. Idadi ya watu wa asili ilipungua kwa kasi kutokana na [[ugonjwa|magonjwa]], kunyang’anywa ardhi, na migogoro ya kikatili, jambo lililobadilisha kwa msingi mazingira ya kijamii na kimazingira ya bara hilo. ===Maendeleo na Upanuzi wa Karne ya 19 === Katika [[karne ya 19]], makazi ya [[Wazungu]] yalienea kote Australia, na kuibadilisha kutoka makoloni ya adhabu kuwa jamii zenye shughuli nyingi za [[kilimo]] na uchimbaji [[madini]]. Ugunduzi wa dhahabu huko [[New South Wales]] na [[Victoria]] katika miaka ya 1850 ulipelekea ongezeko kubwa la watu, huku wahamiaji kutoka [[Uingereza]], [[Ulaya]], na [[China]] wakivutiwa huko. Miji mipya, [[reli]], na bandari vilijengwa, na hivyo kuchochea ukuaji wa uchumi na biashara ya kikanda. Serikali za [[Ukoloni|kikoloni]] zilipata uhuru zaidi kutoka [[Uingereza]], zikianzisha mifumo ya sheria, [[miundombinu]], na taasisi za umma. Hata hivyo, Waustralia wa Asili walikabiliwa na kufukuzwa kwa nguvu, mauaji ya halaiki, na kutengwa kijamii huku walowezi wakiteka ardhi. Kipindi hiki kiliweka misingi ya [[uchumi]] na jamii ya Australia ya kisasa, kikichanganya maendeleo ya haraka na ukosefu wa usawa wa kijamii ulioendelea kwa muda mrefu. ===Shirikisho na Taifa=== Mnamo Januari 1, 1901, makoloni sita ya [[Uingereza]] yaliungana kuunda Jumuiya ya Madola ya Australia, mamlaka ya kujitawala ndani ya [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]. Muungano huo uliwezesha utawala wa kitaifa, usawazishaji wa sheria, na uratibu wa sera za [[uchumi|kiuchumi]] na ulinzi. Australia ilishiriki kikamilifu katika [[Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia]], na ikapata hasara kubwa ya maisha katika mapigano kama vile ''Gallipoli'', jambo lililochangia kuibuka kwa utambulisho wa kitaifa ulio tofauti. Kati ya vita hivyo viwili, miundombinu, miji, na viwanda vilikua, ikiwemo viwanda, kilimo, na uchimbaji madini. Sera za kijamii ziliunga mkono uhamiaji kutoka [[Ulaya]] na makazi vijijini, huku Waustralia wa Asili wakibaki wengi wao wakitengwa. [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]] vililichonga zaidi taifa hili, kwani Australia ilipata umuhimu wa kimkakati katika uwanja wa vita wa Pasifiki na ikaimarisha uhusiano wake na Marekani. ===Australia ya Kisasa=== Baada ya [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]], Australia ilipitia mabadiliko ya haraka ya [[jamii|kijamii]], [[uchumi|kiuchumi]], na [[demografia|kidemografia]]. Uhamiaji kutoka [[Ulaya]], na baadaye [[Asia]], ulisukuma ongezeko la watu na utofauti wa kitamaduni, huku viwanda na ukuaji wa miji vikipanua ajira na [[miundombinu]]. Mageuzi ya kijamii katika mwisho wa [[karne ya 20]] yalijumuisha kutambuliwa kwa haki za ardhi za Waustralia asili, sera za tamaduni mbalimbali, na juhudi za usawa wa kijinsia. Australia ilikuza kiwango cha juu cha maisha, mifumo ya kisasa ya [[elimu]] na [[afya]], na uchumi ulioendelea unaoungwa mkono na uchimbaji [[madini]], [[kilimo]], [[huduma]], na [[teknolojia]]. Leo, ni [[demokrasia]] thabiti yenye ushawishi mkubwa wa kikanda na kimataifa, ikisawazisha urithi wake wa asili, [[Ukoloni|historia ya ukoloni]], na jamii ya tamaduni mbalimbali huku ikiendeleza ukuaji wa [[uchumi|kiuchumi]] na ushirikiano wa kimataifa. == Uchumi == [[File:Sydney Opera House - Dec 2008.jpg|thumb|Sydney, Australia]] [[Uchumi]] wa Australia ni [[uchumi]] ulioendelea sana na ni miongoni mwa [[uchumi]] mkubwa duniani. Nchi hii imeainishwa kama [[uchumi]] wa kipato cha juu wenye viwango bora vya [[HDI|maendeleo ya binadamu]]. Mnamo 2024, [[pato la taifa]] (GDP) la Australia linakadiriwa kuwa takribani [[Dola|dola za Marekani]] trilioni 1.8 kwa thamani ya kawaida (nominal), na kuiweka miongoni mwa uchumi 15 wakubwa duniani, huku pato la mtu mmoja mmoja likizidi dola 69,570. Australia ni mwanachama wa mashirika makubwa ya [[uchumi|kiuchumi]] ya kimataifa kama [[G20]], [[OECD]], na [[WTO]], na imejijengea sifa ya uthabiti wa [[uchumi|kiuchumi]], ikiwa na viwango vya chini vya ukosefu wa ajira, mfumuko wa bei wa wastani, na ukuaji endelevu kwa muda mrefu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Australia Mining, Agriculture and Tourism|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Australia/Economy|publisher=Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|access-date=2026-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Economy of Australia|url=https://data360.worldbank.org/en/economy/AUS|publisher=World Bank|website=www.worldbank.org=|access-date=2026-03-27}}</ref> Muundo wa uchumi wa Australia unatawaliwa na sekta ya [[huduma]], inayochangia zaidi ya asilimia 60 ya pato la taifa na kuajiri sehemu kubwa ya nguvu kazi, hasa katika nyanja za [[fedha]], [[afya]], [[elimu]], na huduma za kitaalamu. Sekta za viwanda kama uchimbaji madini, ujenzi, na utengenezaji pia zina mchango mkubwa, huku uchimbaji madini hasa usafirishaji wa nje wa chuma cha madini ya chuma (''iron ore''), makaa ya mawe, na gesi asilia ukiwa mhimili muhimu wa biashara ya kimataifa ya nchi hiyo. [[Kilimo]], ingawa kinachangia kwa kiwango kidogo, bado kina ushindani mkubwa kimataifa kwa kuzalisha mazao kama [[ngano]], nyama ya ng’ombe, na sufu. Uchumi wa Australia umeunganishwa kwa karibu na eneo la Asia-Pasifiki, ukiwa na washirika wakuu wa kibiashara kama [[China]], [[Japan]], [[Korea Kusini]], na [[Marekani]]. Katika miaka ya karibuni, [[uchumi]] wa Australia umeendelea kukua kwa kiwango cha wastani huku ukikabiliwa na changamoto za kimuundo. Ukuaji wa uchumi unachochewa zaidi na uwekezaji wa sekta binafsi na matumizi ya kaya, huku ukuaji wa [[pato la taifa]] ukitarajiwa kuwa takribani asilimia 2 hadi 2.3 katika miaka ya mwisho ya muongo huu. Hata hivyo, changamoto kama kupungua kwa kasi ya ongezeko la uzalishaji, ongezeko la gharama za makazi, pamoja na masuala ya nishati na mazingira zimekuwa vipaumbele muhimu vya sera za [[serikali]]. Licha ya changamoto hizi, Australia inaendelea kuwekeza katika miundombinu, [[teknolojia]] za kidijitali, na nishati mbadala ili kuhakikisha ukuaji wa muda mrefu na kudumisha kiwango cha juu cha maisha kwa wananchi wake. == Serikali na Utawala == [[File:Australian House of Representatives - Parliament of Australia.jpg|thumb|Bunge la Wawakilishi la Australia]] Australia ni [[demokrasia]] ya [[shirikisho]] ya [[bunge]] na [[ufalme wa kikatiba]], ikichanganya utawala wa uwakilishi na [[ufalme]] wa kifahari kama kiongozi wa taifa. Ina majimbo sita na mikoa miwili, kila moja ikiwa na serikali yake, huku serikali ya [[shirikisho]] ikishughulikia masuala ya kitaifa kama vile ulinzi, siasa za kigeni, na biashara. [[Katiba]] ya mwaka 1901 inagawanya madaraka kati ya tawi la utendaji, [[bunge]], na tawi la mahakama. Bunge la shirikisho lenye vyumba viwili linajumuisha Nyumba ya Wawakilishi, inayowakilisha idadi ya watu, na [[Seneti]], inayowakilisha majimbo. [[Mfalme]] wa [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] ndiye kiongozi wa taifa la Australia, akiwakilishwa kwa kiwango cha ndani na [[Gavana mkuu]], ambaye hufanya majukumu ya kifahari na kuteua [[waziri mkuu]]. [[Waziri mkuu]] anaongoza [[serikali]], akiwa kiongozi wa tawi la utendaji na chama kikuu au muungano katika Nyumba ya Wawakilishi. Serikali za majimbo na mikoa zinaongozwa na [[waziri mkuu]] wa jimbo au mkuu wa mkoa. Uchaguzi wa kawaida, mahakama huru, na mgawanyo wa madaraka huhakikisha uwajibikaji wa kidemokrasia na kwamba viongozi wanabaki kuwa wa kujibu mahitaji ya wananchi. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} ==Bibliografia== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book|title=The Oxford Companion to Australian History|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_t3i0|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Melbourne, Vic.|year=1999|isbn=0-19-553597-9|author=Davison, Graeme; Hirst, John; [[Stuart Macintyre|Macintyre, Stuart]]}} * {{Cite book|first=James|last=Jupp|year=2001|title=The Australian people: an encyclopedia of the nation, its people, and their origins|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=0-521-80789-1|ref=Jupp}} * {{Cite book|title=Australian painting 1788–1990|url=https://archive.org/details/australianpainti0000smit_t9s9|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Melbourne, Vic.|year=1991|isbn=0-19-554901-5|author=Smith, Bernard; Smith, Terry|ref=Smith}} * {{Cite book|author=Teo, Hsu-Ming; White, Richard|year=2003|title=Cultural history in Australia|url=https://archive.org/details/culturalhistoryi0000unse|publisher=[[University of New South Wales Press]]|isbn=0-86840-589-2|ref=Teo}} {{refend}} {{refbegin}} * Denoon, Donald, et al. (2000). ''A History of Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific''. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-17962-3 * Goad, Philip and Julie Willis (eds) (2011). ''The Encyclopedia of Australian Architecture'' Cambridge University Press, Port Melbourne, Victoria. ISBN 978-0-521-88857-8 * Hughes, Robert (1986). ''The Fatal Shore: The Epic of Australia's Founding''. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-50668-5. * Powell JM (1988). ''An Historical Geography of Modern Australia: The Restive Fringe''. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-25619-4 * Robinson GM, Loughran RJ, and Tranter PJ (2000) ''Australia and New Zealand: economy, society and environment''. London: Arnold; NY: OUP; 0340720336 paper 0-340720328 hard. {{refend}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/australia/ About Australia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/australia/ |date=20141231054514 }} from the [[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]] website * [http://www.gov.au/ Governments of Australia website] (federal, states and territories) * [http://www.australia.gov.au/ Australian Government website] * [http://www.abs.gov.au/ Australian Bureau of Statistics] * [http://www.community.gov.au/ Community organisations portal] {{Wayback|url=http://www.community.gov.au/ |date=20100502175505 }} * [http://www.australia.com/ Tourism Australia] * {{CIA World Factbook link|as|Australia}} * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/australia.htm Australia] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/australia.htm |date=20091116175731 }} at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{dmoz|Regional/Oceania/Australia}} {{Pasifiki}} [[Jamii:Australia| ]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Australia na Pasifiki]] [[Jamii:Bara]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Madola]] [[jamii:nchi]] [[Jamii:Nchi za G20]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] 1kb3t7tz1rk086p3a8pq2cx0mblpmpw 0 7595 1598993 1531250 2026-09-23T02:55:18Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_rasmi = Umoja wa Falme za Kiarabu | jina_asili = الإمارات العربية المتحدة<br>''al-Imārāt al-‘Arabīyah al-Muttaḥidah'' | bendera = Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg | nembo = Emblem of the United Arab Emirates.svg | kaulimbiu = الله، الوطن، الرئيس<br>("Allah, Taifa, Rais") | wimbo = ''Īshī Bilādī'' ("Uishi Nchi Yangu") | ramani = United Arab Emirates (orthographic projection).svg | mji_mkuu = [[Abu Dhabi]] | mji_mkubwa = [[Dubai]] | lugha_rasmi = [[Kiarabu]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Fact sheet |url=https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/fact-sheet |website=United Arab Emirates |publisher=U.ae |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118101755/https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/fact-sheet |url-status=live }}</ref> | lugha_taifa = [[Kiarabu|Kiarabu cha Kiemirati]], [[Kiingereza]]<ref name="Siemund">{{cite journal |last1=Siemund |first1=Peter |last2=Al-Issa |first2=Ahmad |last3=Leimgruber |first3=Jakob R. E. |title=Multilingualism and the role of English in the United Arab Emirates |journal=World Englishes |date=June 2021 |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=191–204 |doi=10.1111/weng.12507 |s2cid=219903631 |language=en |issn=0883-2919|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="visitdubai">{{cite web |title=What Languages are Spoken in Dubai? {{!}} Visit Dubai |url=https://www.visitdubai.com/en/articles/spoken-languages-in-dubai#:~:text=Absolutely.,English%20is%20always%20an%20option. |website=www.visitdubai.com |publisher=Dubai Department of Economy and Tourism |access-date=15 May 2023 |language=en |archive-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115224604/https://www.visitdubai.com/en/articles/spoken-languages-in-dubai#:~:text=Absolutely.,English%20is%20always%20an%20option. |url-status=live }}</ref> | kiongozi1 = [[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]] | kiongozi2 = [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]] | cheo_kiongozi1 = [[Rais]] | cheo_kiongozi2 = [[Waziri Mkuu]] | muundo_uhuru = '''Historia''' | tukio1 = Mkataba wa ulinzi wa Uingereza (nchi za Trucial) | tukio2 = Uhuru kutoka Uingereza | tukio3 = Ras Al Khaimah yaungana | tukio1_tarehe = 1820 na 1892 | tukio2_tarehe = 2 Desemba 1971 | tukio3_tarehe = 10 Februari 1972 | eneo_jumla = 83,600 | cheo_eneo = 114 | maji = | watu_kadirio = 11,027,129<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Statistics by Subject - Population |url=https://fcsc.gov.ae/en-us/Pages/Statistics/Statistics-by-Subject.aspx#/?folder=Demography%20and%20Social/Population/Population&subject=Demography%20and%20Social |access-date=2 November 2023 |website=Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Centre |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204085440/https://fcsc.gov.ae/en-us/Pages/Statistics/Statistics-by-Subject.aspx#/?folder=Demography%20and%20Social/Population/Population&subject=Demography%20and%20Social |url-status=live }}</ref> | mwaka_kadirio = 2024 | msongamano = 132 | plt_ppp = {{increase}} $849.8 bilioni<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Databases |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/SPROLLs/world-economic-outlook-databases |language=en}}</ref> | plt_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $77,251<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Databases |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/SPROLLs/world-economic-outlook-databases |language=en}}</ref> | cheo_plt_kawaida_kwa_mtu = 14 | plt = {{increase}} $545.1 bilioni<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Databases |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/SPROLLs/world-economic-outlook-databases |language=en}}</ref> | mwaka_pato = 2024 | plt_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $49,550<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Databases |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/SPROLLs/world-economic-outlook-databases |language=en}}</ref> | cheo_plt_kawaida = 26 | cheo_plt_kawaida_kwa_mtu = 21 | mwaka_maendeleo = 2023 | maendeleo = {{increase}} 0.940 </br>- {{juu sana}}<ref name="UNDR">{{Rejea tovuti |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | gini = 26<ref>{{cite web|title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – United Arab Emirates|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AE|website=data.worldbank.org|publisher=World Bank|access-date=30 March 2020|archive-date=30 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330025458/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AE|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204222738/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2021 |title=Gini Index coefficient|publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref> | fedha = [[Dirham ya UAE]] (AED) | majira_saa = +04:00 (GST) | msimbo_simu = 971 | tld = .ae<br>.امارات }} '''Falme za Kiarabu''', rasmi kama '''Umoja wa Falme za Kiarabu''' (kwa [[Kiarabu]]: الإمارات العربيّة المتّحدة; kwa [[Kiingereza]] ''United Arab Emirates'') ni [[shirikisho]] la [[emirati]] au [[Ufalme|falme]] ndogo 7 katika kaskazini-mashariki ya [[Rasi ya Uarabuni]] kwenye [[mwambao]] wa [[ghuba ya Uajemi]]. Shirikisho limepakana na [[Saudia]] na [[Omani]] kwenye nchi kavu; baharini kuna mipaka pia na [[Katar]] na [[Iran]].Mnamo 2024, Ina idadi ya watu takriban milioni 11. [[Mji mkuu]] ni [[Abu Dhabi]] na [[mji]] mkubwa ni [[Dubai (mji)|Dubai]]. [[Lugha rasmi]] ni [[Kiarabu]] huku pamoja na [[Kiingereza]] ni lugha za taifa. Falme za Kiarabu (UAE) ni taifa la kisasa linalokua kwa kasi, linalojulikana kwa nafasi yake ya kimkakati, nguvu ya [[uchumi|kiuchumi]], na ushawishi wa kimataifa. Tangu kuundwa kwake mwaka 1971, nchi hii imebadilika kutoka eneo la jamii ndogo za jangwani kuwa kitovu kikubwa cha kimataifa cha [[biashara]], [[fedha]], [[utalii]], na usafiri wa anga. Miji yake, hasa [[Dubai]] na [[Abu Dhabi]], inatambulika kwa miundombinu ya kisasa, usanifu wa kuvutia, na nafasi yake katika kuunganisha masoko ya [[Ulaya]], [[Asia]], na [[Afrika]]. UAE inaendeshwa kama [[ufalme]] wa [[shirikisho|kishirikisho]] wa kiimla, ambapo kila emirati inaongozwa na mtawala wake, na uongozi wa kitaifa huundwa kupitia baraza la watawala hao. [[Falme za Kiarabu#Uchumi|Uchumi wa nchi hii]] unategemezwa kwa kiasi kikubwa na hifadhi za mafuta na gesi asilia, hasa katika [[Abu Dhabi]], lakini umeendelea kupanuka katika sekta kama [[utalii]], mali isiyohamishika, teknolojia, na nishati jadidifu. Aidha, UAE inajulikana kwa utofauti wake wa [[utamaduni|kitamaduni]], huku idadi kubwa ya wahamiaji wa kigeni ikichangia katika nguvu kazi na muundo wa [[jamii|kijamii]] wa nchi hiyo. == Jiografia == ===Topografia=== [[File:United Arab Emirates Topography.png|thumb|Topografia ya UAE]] [[Topografia]] ya Falme za Kiarabu (UAE) ina sifa ya jangwani, [[mlima|milima]], na tambarare za pwani. Eneo la mashariki linaongozwa na [[Milima ya Hajar]], ambayo inainuka kwa wingi kando ya [[Ghuba ya Oman]] na ina vilele vya juu zaidi vya nchi, ikiwemo Jebel Jais kwa urefu wa mita 1,934. Maeneo ya ndani yanajumuisha tambarare kavu, jangwa lenye changarawe, na baraza kubwa za mchanga, hasa [[Abu Dhabi]] na emirati za kusini, ambazo ni sehemu ya ''Rub’ al Khali'' (Sehemu Tupu). Tambarare za pwani kando ya [[Ghuba ya Uajemi]] zinaunga mkono makazi ya miji, bandari, na shughuli ndogo za [[kilimo]]. ===Hali ya Hewa=== UAE ina hali ya hewa ya jangwa kali, ikiwa na joto kali sana majira ya joto mara nyingi likizidi 45°C na baridi ya wastani inayotofautiana kati ya 14°C na 24°C . Mvua ni chache na isiyo ya kawaida, zikitokea zaidi kati ya [[Novemba]] na [[Machi]]. Maeneo ya pwani yana unyevu mkubwa, wakati sehemu za ndani za jangwa ni kavu. Dhoruba za mchanga ni za kawaida, na mafuriko ya ghafla yanaweza kutokea wakati wa mvua kubwa kwenye maeneo ya milima au wadis. ===Mifumo ya Maji=== UAE haina mito au maziwa ya kudumu, na mifumo yake ya maji ni ya msimu kwa kawaida. Maji husambazwa kupitia wadis, ambayo ni mabonde ya mito kavu yanayobeba maji tu wakati wa mvua. Mifumo ya wadi kama Wadi Bih, Wadi Shuwai, na Wadi Ham inachukua nafasi muhimu katika kuchangia maji ya chini ya ardhi na [[kilimo]] cha ndani. Nchi inategemea sana mabwawa ya chini ya ardhi, mitambo ya kuyasafisha maji ya baharini (''desalination''), na mabwawa ya bandia kukidhi mahitaji ya maji safi. Visiwa vya pwani, tambarare za maji ya ziwa vinavyopanda na mchanganyiko wa ''mangrove'' kando ya [[Ghuba ya Uajemi]] pia huchangia muundo wa kipekee wa hidrologia ya UAE. [[Picha:Tc-map.png|thumb|left|350px|Ramani ya Falme za Kiarabu]] Falme za shirikisho hili ni: {| {{prettytable}} |---- ! Jina ! Eneo (km²) ! Wakazi <small><br /> mwisho wa 2006</small> |---- | [[Abu Dhabi]] || align="right" | 67.340 || align="right" | 2.563.212 |---- | [[Umm al-Quwain]] || align="right" | 777 || align="right" | 68.000 |----- | [[Fujairah]] || align="right" | 1.165 || align="right" | 130.000 |----- | [[Ras al-Khaimah]] || align="right" | 1.684 || align="right" | 214.000 |----- | [[Sharjah]] || align="right" | 2.590 || align="right" | 699.000 |----- | [[Dubai]] || align="right" | 3.885 || align="right" | 1.327.000 |----- | [[Ajmān]] || align="right" |259 || align="right" |258.000 |} <!-- Quelle: UAE Yearbook 2006 --> == Historia == ===Enzi ya Kabla ya Uislamu (Kabla ya Karne ya 7)=== Eneo linalojulikana leo kama UAE limekuwa likikaliwa na binadamu kwa maelfu ya miaka (tangu 125,000 KK). Ushahidi wa [[historia|kihistoria]] unaonyesha makazi ya binadamu tangu kipindi cha ''Neolithic'', ambapo jamii zilihusiana na [[uvuvi]], kuvua shukaa, na [[biashara]]. Eneo hili lilikuwa sehemu ya njia za kale za biashara zinazounganisha [[Mesopotamia]], Bonde la [[Mto Indus]], na [[Rasi ya Uarabuni]]. Makazi ya pwani yalibadilishana shukaa, tarehe, na mifugo, huku maeneo ya ndani yakisaidia jamii za kabila la Bedouin. Maeneo ya muungano huo pamoja na [[Qatar]] na [[Bahrain]] yalikuwa nyumbani kwa [[Kabila|makabila]] madogo na [[chifu]] zao, ambapo maisha ya [[jamii|kijamii]] na [[siasa|kisiasa]] yalizunguka mchakato wa familia na miundo ya kabila.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mleiha, Late Pre-Islamic Center of a South-East Arabian Kingdom|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6643/|publisher=UNESCO|website=wwe.unesco.org|access-date=2026-04-05}}</ref> ===Enzi ya Uislamu na Emirati za Awali (Karne ya 7–18)=== [[Uislamu]] ulifika katika eneo hili [[karne ya 7]], ukileta mabadiliko makubwa ya kijamii na [[utamaduni|kitamaduni]]. Makabila ya hapa mara kwa mara yalikubali [[Uislamu]] na kuwa sehemu ya dunia ya [[Kiislamu]]. Kwa muda, eneo hili lilikuwa chini ya ushawishi wa nguvu mbalimbali za kikanda, zikiwemo [[khalifa]] wa [[Umayyad]] na [[Abbasid]], na baadaye mamlaka ya [[Uajemi]] na [[Omani]]. Maeneo ya pwani, hasa kando ya [[Ghuba ya Uajemi]], yalikua kituo cha biashara ya baharini, uvuvi, na uchimbaji shukaa. Kufikia [[karne ya 18]], falme ndogo huru kadhaa, ambazo baadaye zikaunda UAE, zilianzishwa kando ya pwani, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Abu Dhabi]], [[Dubai]], [[Sharjah]], [[Ajman]], [[Umm Al Quwain]], [[Fujairah]], na [[Ras Al Khaimah]]. ===Ushawishi wa Kireno na Kibritania (Karne ya 16–19)=== Kuanzia [[karne ya 16]], [[Wareno]] walijaribu kudhibiti biashara kando ya Ghuba ya Uajemi, ikiwa ni pamoja na bandari za eneo la UAE. Baadaye walibadilishwa na nguvu za kikanda, ikiwemo [[Oman]]. Kufikia [[karne ya 19]], [[Waingereza]] walipata ushawishi mkubwa kuhakikisha usalama wa njia za biashara na kuzuia uharamia wa baharini. Waingereza kati ya [[1820]] na [[1892]] walisaini mfululizo wa mikataba na sheikhs wa huko, walipoahidi kuachana na [[uharamia]] na kupokea [[ulinzi]] wa Uingereza. Ulinzi huo ulizuia [[uvamizi]] wa [[Saudia]] katika [[karne ya 20]] na kuzalisha ''Trucial States,'' ikitokana na mikataba ya amani ya baharini iliyosainiwa. Mikataba hiyo ilihakikisha utulivu kando ya pwani na kuweka msingi wa mfumo wa kisiasa wa UAE ya kisasa. ===Uhuru na Muungano (Karne ya 20)=== Ugunduzi wa mafuta katikati ya [[karne ya 20]] uliibadilisha [[uchumi]] na jamii za ''Trucial States''. Uboreshaji wa haraka na maendeleo ya miundombinu ulifuatia, hasa [[Abu Dhabi]] na [[Dubai]]. Falme hizo zilikuwa [[nchi lindwa]] chini ya [[Uingereza]] hadi mwaka [[1971]], ambapo [[madola]] hayo madogo yalipata [[uhuru]]. Wakati [[Uingereza]] ilipotangaza kujiondoa Ghuba mwishoni mwa [[miaka ya 1960]], viongozi wa emirati walianza mazungumzo ya muungano wa [[siasa|kisiasa]]. Mnamo Desemba 2, 1971, emirati sita ([[Abu Dhabi]], [[Dubai]], [[Sharjah]], [[Ajman]], [[Umm Al Quwain]], na [[Fujairah]]) ziliunda Falme za Kiarabu, na [[Ras Al Khaimah]] kujiunga muda mfupi baadaye mwaka 1972. Sheikh [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]] alikuwa rais wa kwanza wa muungano, akiongoza nchi kupitia maendeleo ya haraka, uboreshaji, na kuanzishwa kwa taasisi za kitaifa. ===Enzi ya sasa (1971 hadi sasa)=== Tangu kuundwa kwake, UAE imepitia mabadiliko makubwa ya kiuchumi, kijamii, na kisiasa. Uchumi umepanuliwa zaidi ya mafuta hadi sekta kama [[utalii]], usafiri wa anga, fedha, mali isiyohamishika, na nishati mbadala. Miji kama [[Dubai (mji)|Dubai]] na [[Abu Dhabi]] imekuwa vituo vya kimataifa vya biashara, utalii, na utamaduni. Nchi pia imejenga ushawishi mkubwa wa kikanda na kimataifa, ikishiriki katika [[diplomasia]], misaada ya kibinadamu, na biashara ya kimataifa. Leo, UAE inachanganya urithi wake wa kitamaduni na kisasa, ikigeuka kuwa moja ya nchi zenye ushawishi mkubwa katika [[Mashariki ya Kati]]. == Demografia == Mwaka [[2013]], wakazi wote walifikia [[milioni]] 9.2; kati yao, 1.4 raia na 7.8 wahamiaji. Hivyo [[asilimia]] 85 za wakazi ni wageni, kumbe wenyeji ni sehemu ndogo tu. Zaidi ya nusu ya wageni wanatoka katika nchi za [[Bara Hindi]]. === Lugha === [[Lugha rasmi]] na ya kawaida ni [[Kiarabu]] ambacho wenyeji wanakisema kwa [[lahaja]] maalumu ya Ghuba ya Uajemi. Tangu wakati wa [[ukoloni]], [[Kiingereza]] kinatumika sana na kwa kawaida kinahitajika ili kupata kazi. Wahamiaji wanaendelea kutumia pia [[lugha]] zao za asili. === Dini === [[File:Dubai UAE Jumeirah Mosque 1301200712683.jpg|thumb|Msikiti wa Jumeirah, Dubai]] [[Uislamu]] ndio [[dini]] ya wenyeji (85% [[Wasuni]] na 15% [[Washia]]) na [[dini rasmi]] ya nchi, lakini kuna [[uhuru wa dini]] kwa wote, isipokuwa si uhuru wa kuieneza kwa wengine. Kati ya wakazi wote, Waislamu ni 76-77%, [[Wakristo]] (hasa [[Wakatoliki]]) ni 9-12%, [[Wahindu]] ni 4%, [[Wabuddha]] 2%, n.k. == Uchumi == [[Picha: Abu_dhabi_skylines_2014.jpg|thumb|Mji wa Abu Dhabi]] Falme za Kiarabu (UAE) zina [[uchumi]] mmoja wa aina nyingi na wenye nguvu zaidi [[Mashariki ya Kati]], zikichanganya [[rasilimali]] asilia nyingi na [[miundombinu]] ya kisasa pamoja na mitandao ya biashara ya kimataifa. [[Historia|Kihistoria]], uchumi ulitegemea [[uvuvi]], uchimbaji shukaa, na [[biashara]] ndogo ndogo, lakini ugunduzi wa mafuta katika miaka ya 1950 na 1960 uliibadilisha nchi hii kuwa taifa tajiri na lenye viwanda. [[Abu Dhabi]], emirati kubwa zaidi, ina hifadhi nyingi zaidi za mafuta za nchi, huku [[Dubai]] ikikua kuwa kitovu kikubwa cha kimataifa cha [[biashara]], [[utalii]], na usafirishaji. Mafuta na gesi asilia bado ni wachangiaji muhimu katika [[uchumi]] wa UAE, zikiunda sehemu kubwa ya mapato ya serikali na [[mauzo ya nje]]. Hata hivyo, nchi hii imefanya jitihada kubwa kupanua uchumi wake katika miongo ya hivi karibuni, kwa kuwekeza katika sekta kama [[utalii]], usafiri wa anga, [[fedha]], mali isiyohamishika, nishati mbadala, na [[teknolojia]]. [[Dubai]], hasa, imekuwa kituo cha kimataifa cha biashara, maonyesho ya [[biashara|kibiashara]], na utalii wa kifahari, huku [[Abu Dhabi]] ikiweka uwekezaji mkubwa katika miradi ya viwanda, miundombinu, na taasisi za kitamaduni ili kupunguza utegemezi kwa ''hidrokarboni''. [[Biashara]] na uwekezaji wa kimataifa ni msingi wa mafanikio ya uchumi wa UAE. Nafasi yake ya kimkakati kando ya [[Ghuba ya Uajemi]] inaiwezesha kuwa lango kati ya [[Ulaya]], [[Asia]], na [[Afrika]]. Maeneo huru, bandari, na viwanja vya ndege vinarahisisha shughuli za biashara za kigeni, kuvutia makampuni ya kimataifa na wafanyakazi wahamiaji. Sekta za [[utalii]], usafiri wa anga, na huduma za kifedha pia zinazalisha mapato makubwa, huku juhudi za serikali kama ''UAE Vision 2021'' na ''Abu Dhabi Economic Vision 2030'' zikilenga ubunifu, uendelevu, na sekta zinazotegemea maarifa. Licha ya mabadiliko ya bei za mafuta na changamoto za [[jiografia|kijiografia]] na kisiasa za kikanda, UAE inadumisha uchumi thabiti wa kipato kikubwa wenye ushawishi mkubwa katika masoko ya kikanda na kimataifa. == Siasa == Siasa za Ufalme wa Muungano wa Falme za Kiarabu (UAE) zinategemea mfumo wa [[shirikisho]] unaoundwa na falme saba za kifalme za urithi ambazo ni [[Abu Dhabi]], [[Dubai]], [[Sharjah]], [[Ajman]], [[Umm Al Quwain]], [[Ras Al Khaimah]], na [[Fujairah]]. Kila [[emirati]] inaongozwa na mtawala wake wa kifalme wa kurithi, na kwa pamoja huunda Baraza Kuu la Shirikisho ambalo ndilo mamlaka ya juu kabisa ya kikatiba nchini. Rais wa UAE kwa kawaida ni mtawala wa [[Abu Dhabi]], wakati Makamu wa Rais na [[Waziri Mkuu]] kwa kawaida ni mtawala wa [[Dubai]]. UAE ina [[katiba]] ya [[shirikisho]] iliyoanza kutumika mwaka 1971, inayofafanua mgawanyo wa mamlaka kati ya serikali ya shirikisho na falme binafsi. Serikali ya shirikisho inahusika na mambo ya nje, ulinzi, usalama, na sheria za shirikisho, huku kila emirati ikiwa na uhuru mkubwa hasa katika masuala ya uchumi na utawala wa ndani. Baraza la Kitaifa la Shirikisho linafanya kazi kama chombo cha ushauri chenye wajumbe wanaoteuliwa na wanaochaguliwa kwa njia isiyo ya moja kwa moja, lakini halina mamlaka kamili ya kutunga sheria. Uamuzi wa kisiasa katika UAE umekolezwa sana ndani ya familia tawala, na vyama vya siasa haviruhusiwi. Utawala unategemea mashauriano, makubaliano kati ya watawala, na mifumo ya jadi ya uongozi. Nchi ina mfumo thabiti wa kisiasa na inashiriki kikamilifu katika masuala ya kikanda na kimataifa, ikiwemo uanachama katika Mashirika kama Baraza la Ushirikiano wa [[Ghuba ya Uarabuni|Ghuba]], [[Jumuiya ya Nchi za Kiarabu]], na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]]. Sera za nje zinazingatia ushirikiano wa kiuchumi, usalama wa kikanda, na mahusiano ya kidiplomasia duniani. == Tazama pia == * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] * [[Orodha ya Marais wa Falme za Kiarabu]] == Marejeo== {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{ar}} {{en}} [http://www.government.ae/ Tovuti ya serikali] {{Wayback|url=http://www.government.ae/ |date=20101006043543 }} * {{en}} [http://www.uaeinteract.com/ UAEInteract.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.uaeinteract.com/ |date=20100918022658 }} * {{CIA World Factbook link|ae|United Arab Emirates}} * [http://studiogexperts.com/ InterNet Website Services Provider IN UAE] {{Wayback|url=http://studiogexperts.com/ |date=20141105131754 }} * {{Dmoz|Regional/Middle_East/United_Arab_Emirates}} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14703998 United Arab Emirates profile] from the [[BBC News]]. * [http://lebanese-economy-forum.com/world-facts/show/ae/ United Arab Emirates country profile] from the Lebanese Economy Forum, extracted from the CIA Factbook & Worldbank data. * {{Wikiatlas|United Arab Emirates}} * [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/ARE/Year/2011/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics United Arab Emirates] * [http://zeenews.india.com/news/world/uae-leaders-condole-syednas-death_905083.html Bohra caste relations] {{asia}} [[Jamii:Falme za Kiarabu| ]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Asia]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Kiarabu]] [[Jamii:Mashariki ya Kati]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] mfvyopr6aw2s7ffxhog34xtoepa3ggo 0 7782 1598740 1497493 2026-09-22T15:45:23Z ~2026-49449-44 92535 /* Kihindi, Kiurdu na Kihindustani */ 1598740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lugha | jina_rasmi = Kihindi | jina_la_asili = हिन्दी (Kihindi) </br> Hindi ([[Kiingereza]]) | asili = [[File:Flag of India.svg|20px]] India | lugha_1 = 345 M | lugha_2 = 600 M | familia_za_lugha = Kihindi-Kiulaya </br> Kihindi-Irani </br> Kihindi-Arya | aina_za_awali = Kisanskriti | mfumo_wa_kuandika = [[Devanagari]] | lugha_rasmi = [[File:Flag of India.svg|20px]] India </br> [[File:Flag of Fiji.svg|20px]] Fiji | nambari_ya_msimbo_kichwa1 = ISO 639-1 | nambari_ya_msimbo1 = hi | nambari_ya_msimbo_kichwa2 = ISO 639-2 | nambari_ya_msimbo2 = hin | nambari_ya_msimbo_kichwa3 = Glottolog | nambari_ya_msimbo3 = hind1269 | picha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Maeneo yenye wasemaji wa Kihindi }} '''Kihindi''' ([[Devanagari]]: हिन्दी au हिंदी) ni [[Lugha za Kihindi-Kiulaya|lugha ya Kihindi-Kiulaya]] nchini [[Uhindi]], [[Nepal]], [[Afrika Kusini]] na [[Singapuri]] inayozungumzwa na [[Wahindi]]. Ni lugha ya kitaifa nchini Uhindi. Mwaka wa [[2001]] idadi ya wasemaji wa Kihindi nchini Uhindi imehesabiwa kuwa watu milioni 258; tena kuna watu milioni 120 ambao huitumia lugha ya Kihindi kama lugha ya pili au ya mawasiliano. Wengine husema kwamba kinaeleweka kati ya theluthi mbili ya Wahindi wote yaani takriban watu milioni 650, na wasemaji wa Kihindi kama lugha ya kwanza ni zaidi ya milioni 180. Pia kuna wasemaji 361,000 nchini Afrika Kusini (2003), wasemaji 77,600 nchini Nepal (2011) na wasemaji 13,100 nchini Singapuri (2010). Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha, Kihindi iko katika kundi la Kiaryan au la [[lugha za Kihindi-Kiirani]]. Lugha za karibu ni pamoja na [[Kipunjabi]], [[Kisindhi]], [[Kigujarati]], [[Kimarathi]] na [[Kibengali]]. Lugha imetoka katika [[Sanskrit]] ya kale iliyokuwa lugha ya chanzo cha utamaduni wa Uhindi. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://multitree.org/codes/hin lugha ya Kihindi kwenye Multitree] *[http://www.language-archives.org/language/hin makala za OLAC kuhusu Kihindi] *[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hind1269 lugha ya Kihindi katika Glottolog] *[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/hin lugha ya Kihindi kwenye Ethnologue] {{mbegu-lugha}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hindi}} [[Jamii:Lugha za Uhindi]] [[Jamii:Lugha za Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Lugha za Nepal]] [[Jamii:Lugha za Singapuri]] [[Jamii:Lugha za Kihindi-Kiirani]] f6w2yoo01aomyh6j5neczrhvr3700cl 1599074 1598740 2026-09-23T05:21:47Z Veritas Sapientiae 57512 Reverted cross-wiki vandalism, see [[:m:Special:Diff/31072138|SRG]] – if you find this edit constructive, feel free to revert me. 1497493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lugha | jina_rasmi = Kihindi | jina_la_asili = हिन्दी (Kihindi) </br> Hindi ([[Kiingereza]]) | asili = [[File:Flag of India.svg|20px]] India | lugha_1 = 345 M | lugha_2 = 600 M | familia_za_lugha = Kihindi-Kiulaya </br> Kihindi-Irani </br> Kihindi-Arya | aina_za_awali = Kisanskriti | mfumo_wa_kuandika = [[Devanagari]] | lugha_rasmi = [[File:Flag of India.svg|20px]] India </br> [[File:Flag of Fiji.svg|20px]] Fiji | nambari_ya_msimbo_kichwa1 = ISO 639-1 | nambari_ya_msimbo1 = hi | nambari_ya_msimbo_kichwa2 = ISO 639-2 | nambari_ya_msimbo2 = hin | nambari_ya_msimbo_kichwa3 = Glottolog | nambari_ya_msimbo3 = hind1269 | picha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Maeneo yenye wasemaji wa Kihindi }} '''Kihindi''' ([[Devanagari]]: हिन्दी au हिंदी) ni [[Lugha za Kihindi-Kiulaya|lugha ya Kihindi-Kiulaya]] nchini [[Uhindi]], [[Nepal]], [[Afrika Kusini]] na [[Singapuri]] inayozungumzwa na [[Wahindi]]. Ni lugha ya kitaifa nchini Uhindi. Mwaka wa [[2001]] idadi ya wasemaji wa Kihindi nchini Uhindi imehesabiwa kuwa watu milioni 258; tena kuna watu milioni 120 ambao huitumia lugha ya Kihindi kama lugha ya pili au ya mawasiliano. Wengine husema kwamba kinaeleweka kati ya theluthi mbili ya Wahindi wote yaani takriban watu milioni 650, na wasemaji wa Kihindi kama lugha ya kwanza ni zaidi ya milioni 180. Pia kuna wasemaji 361,000 nchini Afrika Kusini (2003), wasemaji 77,600 nchini Nepal (2011) na wasemaji 13,100 nchini Singapuri (2010). Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha, Kihindi iko katika kundi la Kiaryan au la [[lugha za Kihindi-Kiirani]]. Lugha za karibu ni pamoja na [[Kipunjabi]], [[Kisindhi]], [[Kigujarati]], [[Kimarathi]] na [[Kibengali]]. Lugha imetoka katika [[Sanskrit]] ya kale iliyokuwa lugha ya chanzo cha utamaduni wa Uhindi. ==Kihindi, Kiurdu na Kihindustani== Kihindi ni umbo la lugha ya [[Kihindustani]] nchini India. Kihindustani ilikuwa jina la pamoja katika Uhindi wa kaskazini kabla ya ugawaji wa mwaka [[1947]] mwisho wa [[ukoloni]] na kuanzishwa kwa nchi huru za [[Pakistan]] na India. Baada ya uhuru lugha ya pamoja ya awali iliitwa "Kihindi" upande wa India na "[[Kiurdu]]" upande wa Pakistan. Hali halisi lugha hizi mbili ni kama lugha 1 hata kama Urdu huandikwa kwa [[alfabeti ya Kiarabu]] na Kihindi kwa herufi za [[Devanagari]]. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://multitree.org/codes/hin lugha ya Kihindi kwenye Multitree] *[http://www.language-archives.org/language/hin makala za OLAC kuhusu Kihindi] *[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hind1269 lugha ya Kihindi katika Glottolog] *[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/hin lugha ya Kihindi kwenye Ethnologue] {{mbegu-lugha}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hindi}} [[Jamii:Lugha za Uhindi]] [[Jamii:Lugha za Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Lugha za Nepal]] [[Jamii:Lugha za Singapuri]] [[Jamii:Lugha za Kihindi-Kiirani]] 5s2uxmumbk38hp4r716rnuggfsb8j84 0 9734 1598994 1577915 2026-09-23T02:55:26Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598994 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:lake tanganyika.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Ziwa Tanganyika]] ni kati ya maziwa makubwa ya dunia (picha kutoka angani ya 1985]] [[Faili:Bariloche-_Argentina2.jpg|thumb|250px|Ziwa katika Bariloche ([[Argentina]])]] [[Faili:Lac d'arvoin.JPG|thumb|250px|Ziwa dogo milimani ya [[Ufaransa]]]] [[Faili:Seututie 325 Pelisalmi 2.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Ufini]] inajulikana kama "Nchi ya Maziwa Maelfu".<ref>{{cite web|last=Li|first=Leslie|date=1989-04-16|title=A Land of a Thousand Lakes|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/16/travel/a-land-of-a-thousand-lakes.html|access-date=2021-12-29|work=[[The New York Times]]|language=en}}</ref>]] '''Ziwa''' ni [[gimba]] kubwa la [[maji]] linalozungukwa na nchi kavu pande zote. Tofauti na [[bahari]] ni mbili: ukubwa na kutobadilishana maji na [[bahari kuu]]. Lakini maziwa kadhaa yamepewa pia jina la "bahari" hasa kama yana maji ya chumvi au kama watu wa eneo lake hawajui magimba makubwa zaidi ya maji. Mfano wake ni [[Bahari Kaspi]] katika [[Asia]] ambayo ni kubwa sana lakini hali halisi ni ziwa lenye [[maji ya chumvi]]. Mara nyingi ziwa ni mkusanyiko wa maji wa asili, mkubwa kiasi, na uliotulia juu au karibu na uso wa Dunia. Huwa limekaa kwenye bonde au mfululizo wa mabonde yaliyoungana na kuzungukwa na nchi kavu.<ref>{{Citation|title=Lake {{!}} Definition, Types, Examples, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/lake|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2026-06-30}}</ref> Maziwa yanapatikana kikamilifu barani na yametengana na bahari, ingawa yanaweza kuunganishwa na bahari kupitia mito. Maziwa, kama yalivyo makusanyiko mengine ya maji, ni sehemu ya mzunguko wa maji, yaani michakato ambayo maji huhama nayo duniani kote. Maziwa mengi yana maji baridi na yanajumuisha takriban maji baridi yote ya juu ya ardhi duniani, lakini baadhi yake ni maziwa ya chumvi yenye viwango vya chumvi vilivyo juu hata kuliko vile vya maji ya bahari. Maziwa yanatofautiana kwa kiasi kikubwa katika eneo la uso na ujazo wa maji, lakini kwa ujumla yanachukua takriban kilomita za mraba n 2.5 X 106 (chini ya 2%) ya uso wa Dunia. Maziwa kwa kawaida ni makubwa na yenye kina kirefu zaidi kuliko vidimbwi au mabwawa, ambayo nayo ni mabonde yaliyojaa maji ardhini, ingawa hakuna ufafanuzi rasmi au vigezo vya kisayansi vinavyotofautisha viwili hivyo. Maziwa pia ni tofauti na rasi, ambazo kwa ujumla ni madimbwi ya maji ya kupwa na kujaa yaliyozibwa na kingo za mchanga au nyenzo nyingine katika maeneo ya pwani ya bahari au maziwa makubwa. Maziwa mengi hupata maji kutoka kwenye chemchemi, na huishiwa pamoja na kutolewa maji na vijito pamoja na mito, lakini baadhi ya maziwa hayana njia ya kutolea maji, wakati maziwa ya volkano hujazwa moja kwa moja na maji ya mtiririko wa mvua na hayana mito yoyote inayomwaga maji ndani yake.<ref>https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2021GL093366</ref> Maziwa ya asili kwa ujumla hupatikana katika maeneo ya milimani (yaani maziwa ya milima mirefu), kreta za volkano zilizozizima, maeneo ya mabonde ya ufa, na maeneo yenye barafu inayotiririka. Maziwa mengine hupatikana katika maeneo yaliyobonyea au kando ya mikondo ya mito iliyokomaa, ambapo njia ya mto imepanuka juu ya bonde lililoundwa na kingo za mito zilizomomonyoka na maeneo oevu. Maziwa mengine hupatikana katika mapango ya chini ya ardhi. Baadhi ya sehemu za dunia zina maziwa mengi yaliyoundwa na mifumo ya mifereji ya maji iliyoharibika iliyobaki kutoka enzi iliyopita ya barafu. Maziwa yote ni ya muda mfupi tu kwa vipindi virefu vya muda, kwani yatajaa polepole na mchanga au yatafurika na kutoka nje ya bonde lililoyahifadhi. Maziwa yanayodhibitiwa na binadamu yanajulikana kama hifadhi za maji au mabwawa, na kwa kawaida hujengwa kwa ajili ya matumizi ya viwandani au kilimo, uzalishaji wa nishati ya umeme wa maji, usambazaji wa maji ya kunywa ya majumbani, kwa malengo ya kiekolojia au burudani, au kwa ajili ya shughuli nyingine za kibinadamu. Hakuna hakika kuhusu uwekaji wa mipaka ya tofauti kati ya maziwa na mabwawa, na hakuna neno hata moja kati ya hayo mawili lenye ufafanuzi unaokubalika kimataifa katika taaluma mbalimbali za kisayansi au mipaka ya kisiasa.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=USGtfTkgSfwC&pg=PA4&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Hydrological and Limnological Aspects of Lake Monitoring|last=Heinonen|first=Pertti|last2=Ziglio|first2=Giuliano|last3=Beken|first3=André Van der|date=2008-04-30|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-51113-8|language=en}}</ref> Kwa mfano, wataalamu wa viumbe na mifumo ya maji baridi wamefafanua maziwa kama makusanyiko ya maji ambayo kimsingi ni toleo kubwa zaidi la kidimbwi, ambalo linaweza kuwa na mtikisiko wa mawimbi kwenye ukingo wake au ambapo msukosuko unaosababishwa na upepo una mchango mkubwa katika kuchanganya safu ya maji. Hakuna ufafanuzi wowote kati ya hii unaotenga vidimbwi kikamilifu na yote ni magumu kupimika. Kwa sababu hii, ufafanuzi rahisi unaozingatia ukubwa unazidi kutumika kutofautisha vidimbwi na maziwa. Ufafanuzi wa ziwa unatofautiana katika kigezo cha ukubwa wa chini kabisa wa eneo la maji, kuanzia hekta 2 (ekari 5):331 hadi hekta 8 (ekari 20). <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS)|url=http://www.ramsar.org/ris/key_ris_e.htm|work=www.ramsar.org|accessdate=2026-06-30|author=Dwight Peck}}</ref>Mwanaekolojia wa wanyama wa mwanzo kabisa, Charles Elton, alichukulia maziwa kama makusanyiko ya maji yenye hekta 40 (ekari 99) au zaidi. Neno ziwa pia hutumika kuelezea eneo kama vile Ziwa Eyre, ambalo ni bonde kavu kwa wakati mwingi lakini linaweza kujaa chini ya hali ya msimu wa mvua kubwa. Katika matumizi ya kawaida, maziwa mengi yana majina yanayoishia na neno 'pond', na idadi ndogo ya majina yanayoishia na neno ''<nowiki/>'lake''<nowiki/>' (ziwa) kiuhalisia na kitaalamu ni vidimbwi tu. Kitabu kimoja cha kiada kinalisawijika jambo hili kama ifuatavyo: 'Huko Newfoundland, kwa mfano, karibu kila ziwa linaitwa kidimbwi, ambapo kule Wisconsin, karibu kila kidimbwi linaitwa ziwa.'<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=A2nJCPPixGQC&pg=PA83&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Principles of Water Resources: History, Development, Management, and Policy|last=Cech|first=Thomas V.|date=2009-08-24|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-13631-7|language=en}}</ref> Kitabu kimoja cha hidrolojia (sayansi ya maji) kinapendekeza kufafanua neno 'ziwa' kama mkusanyiko wa maji wenye sifa tano zifuatazo: # Linajaza kwa kiasi au kikamilifu bonde moja au mabonde kadhaa yaliyounganishwa na mifereji ya bahari/mizigo ya maji; # Kimsingi lina kiwango kile kile cha usawa wa maji katika maeneo yote (ukiondoa mabadiliko ya muda mfupi yanayosababishwa na upepo, mabadiliko ya utando wa barafu, maji mengi yanayoingia, n.k.); # Halina uingiaji wa mara kwa mara wa maji ya bahari; # Kiasi kikubwa cha mashapo yaliyoambaa kwenye maji hukamatwa na mabonde (ili hili litokee yanahitaji kuwa na uwiano mdogo kiasi wa maji yanayoingia ukilinganisha na ujazo wa ziwa); # Eneo linalopimwa katika wastani wa usawa wa maji linazidi kiwango cha chini kilichochaguliwa kiholela (kwa mfano, hekta moja). Ukiondoa kigezo cha tatu, vile vingine vimekubaliwa au kufafanuliwa kwa kina zaidi na machapisho mengine ya hidrolojia (sayansi ya maji).<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=ZmdYFTlcSgEC&pg=PA427&redir_esc=y|title=Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa|last=Shahin|first=M.|date=2002-11-30|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-0866-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=cY6IN_Suku0C&pg=PA381&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology|last=Copernicus|first=Index|date=2004|publisher=Index Copernicus|language=en}}</ref> == Usambazaji == [[Faili:Eyre lake map of the shape and depth (bathymetry) 2020.jpg|thumb|Umbo na kina cha Ziwa Eyre katika mfumo wa ramani ya mabadiliko ya viwango]] Idadi kubwa ya maziwa duniani ni ya maji baridi, na mengi yanapatikana katika Kizio cha Kaskazini kwenye latitudo za juu. [[Kanada]], ikiwa na mfumo wa mtiririko wa maji usio na mpangilio maalum, inakadiriwa kuwa na maziwa 31,752 yenye ukubwa wa zaidi ya kilomita za mraba 3(maili za mraba 1.2) katika eneo la uso wake.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120415102959/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/facts/lakes.html</ref> Jumla ya idadi ya maziwa nchini Kanada haijulikani lakini inakadiriwa kuwa angalau milioni 2.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Atlas of Canada - Physical Components of Watersheds|url=http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/auth/english/maps/environment/hydrology/watershed1/1|work=atlas.nrcan.gc.ca|accessdate=2026-06-30|language=en|author=Government of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Earth Sciences Sector, Geomatics Canada - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, GeoAccess Division, Atlas Infrastructure Section.|archive-date=2013-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120104411/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/auth/english/maps/environment/hydrology/watershed1/1|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Ufini]] ina maziwa 168,000 yenye ukubwa wa mita za mraba 500 (futi za mraba 5,400) au zaidi, ambapo maziwa 57,000 kati ya hayo ni makubwa (mita za mraba 10,000 (futi za mraba 110,000) au zaidi).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Suomi, 57 000 – 168 000 järven maa {{!}} Maanmittauslaitos|url=https://www.maanmittauslaitos.fi/ajankohtaista/suomi-57-000-168-000-jarven-maa|work=www.maanmittauslaitos.fi|accessdate=2026-06-30|language=fi|archive-date=2021-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526073223/https://www.maanmittauslaitos.fi/ajankohtaista/suomi-57-000-168-000-jarven-maa|url-status=dead}}</ref> Maziwa mengi yana angalau mtiririko mmoja wa asili katika mfumo wa mto au kijito, ambao hudumisha wastani wa usawa wa maji wa ziwa hilo kwa kuruhusu utiririkaji wa maji ya ziada.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Mark |first=David M. |date=1983 |title=On the Composition of Drainage Networks Containing Lakes: Statistical Distribution of Lake In-Degrees |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1983.tb00772.x |journal=Geographical Analysis |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=97–106 |doi=10.1111/j.1538-4632.1983.tb00772.x |issn=1538-4632}}</ref> Baadhi ya maziwa hayana njia ya asili ya kutolea maji na hupoteza maji kupitia uvukizaji au uvukizi wa chini ya ardhi, au vyote viwili. Maziwa haya yanajulikana kama maziwa yasiyo na mtiririko wa kwenda nje (''endorheic''). Maziwa mengi ni ya kutengenezwa na binadamu na hujengwa kwa ajili ya uzalishaji wa nishati ya umeme wa maji, malengo ya urembo na mandhari, shughuli za burudani, matumizi ya viwandani, matumizi ya kilimo, au usambazaji wa maji ya majumbani. Idadi ya maziwa duniani bado haijulikani kikamilifu kwa sababu maziwa na vidimbwi vingi ni vidogo sana na havionekani kwenye ramani au picha za satelaiti.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Downing |first=J. A. |last2=Prairie |first2=Y. T. |last3=Cole |first3=J. J. |last4=Duarte |first4=C. M. |last5=Tranvik |first5=L. J. |last6=Striegl |first6=R. G. |last7=McDowell |first7=W. H. |last8=Kortelainen |first8=P. |last9=Caraco |first9=N. F. |last10=Melack |first10=J. M. |last11=Middelburg |first11=J. J. |date=2006 |title=The global abundance and size distribution of lakes, ponds, and impoundments |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.4319/lo.2006.51.5.2388 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=2388–2397 |doi=10.4319/lo.2006.51.5.2388 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Seekell |first=David A. |last2=Pace |first2=Michael L. |date=2011-01 |title=Does the Pareto distribution adequately describe the size‐distribution of lakes? |url=https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.4319/lo.2011.56.1.0350 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=350–356 |doi=10.4319/lo.2011.56.1.0350 |issn=0024-3590}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Cael |first=B. B. |last2=Seekell |first2=D. A. |date=2016-07-08 |title=The size-distribution of Earth's lakes |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4937396/ |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=6 |pages=29633 |doi=10.1038/srep29633 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=4937396 |pmid=27388607}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=McDonald |first=Cory P. |last2=Rover |first2=Jennifer A. |last3=Stets |first3=Edward G. |last4=Striegl |first4=Robert G. |date=2012 |title=The regional abundance and size distribution of lakes and reservoirs in the United States and implications for estimates of global lake extent |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.4319/lo.2012.57.2.0597 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=597–606 |doi=10.4319/lo.2012.57.2.0597 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Licha ya kutokuwepo kwa uhakika huu, tafiti nyingi zinakubaliana kwamba vidimbwi vidogo ni vingi zaidi kuliko maziwa makubwa. Kwa mfano, utafiti mmoja unaotajwa sana ulikadiria kuwa Dunia ina maziwa na vidimbwi milioni 304, na kwamba asilimia 91 (91%) ya hivi vina ukubwa wa hekta 1 (ekari 2.5) au pungufu. Licha ya uwepo mkubwa wa vidimbwi hivyo, karibu maji yote ya maziwa duniani yanapatikana katika maziwa makubwa yasiyozidi 100; hii ni kwa sababu ujazo wa ziwa huongezeka kwa kasi kubwa isiyo ya mnyoosho kulingana na eneo la uso wake. Maziwa ya nje ya dunia yanapatikana kwenye mwezi unaoitwa [[Titani (mwezi)|Titan]], unaozunguka sayari ya [[Zohali]]. Umbo la maziwa kwenye mwezi wa Titan linafanana sana na yale yaliyopo Duniani.Hapo awali, maziwa yalikuwepo pia kwenye uso wa sayari ya [[Mirihi|Mihiri]], lakini kwa sasa yamebaki kuwa sakafu au mabonde makavu ya maziwa yaliyokauka. == Aina == [[Faili:Castiglione del Lago, Lago Trasimeno.jpg|thumb|[[Ziwa Trasimeno]] nchini [[Italia]] lina asili ya kivolkano.]] Mnamo mwaka 1957, G. Evelyn Hutchinson alichapisha tasnifu iliyopewa jina la ''A Treatise on Limnology'',ambayo inachukuliwa kama chapisho la kihistoria linalojadili na kuainisha aina zote kuu za maziwa, asili yake, sifa za kimofometria (vipimo vya umbo), na mtawanyiko wake. Katika chapisho lake, Hutchinson aliwasilisha uchambuzi wa kina wa asili ya maziwa na kupendekeza uainishaji unaokubalika sana wa maziwa kulingana na asili yake. Uainishaji huu unatambua aina 11 kuu za maziwa ambazo zimegawanywa katika vijiaina 76. Aina hizo 11 kuu za maziwa ni: * Maziwa ya kisonjo/tektoniki * Maziwa ya kivolkano * Maziwa ya barafu * Maziwa ya mto * Maziwa ya miamba inayoyeyuka * Maziwa ya maporomoko ya ardhi * Maziwa ya fukwe * Maziwa ya viumbehai * Maziwa ya kutengenezwa na binadamu === Maziwa ya kisonjo/tektoniki === Maziwa ya kisonjo ni maziwa yanayoundwa na mabadiliko na mienendo ya pembeni na wima ya ganda la Dunia. Misongeo hii inajumuisha mipasuko, kuinama, kujikunja, na kupinda kwa matabaka ya ardhi. Baadhi ya maziwa makubwa zaidi duniani ni maziwa ya bonde la ufa yanayochukua mabosho ya mabonde ya ufa, kwa mfano, maziwa ya Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki na Kati na Ziwa Baikal. Maziwa mengine maarufu ya kisonjo, kama vile Bahari ya Kaspi, Bahari ya Aral, na maziwa mengine kutoka ukanda wa Pontocaspian, yanachukua mabonde ambayo yametenganishwa na bahari kutokana na kunyanyuka kwa kisonjo kwa sakafu ya bahari juu ya usawa wa bahari kuu. Mara nyingi, harakati za kisonjo za kutanuka kwa ganda la dunia zimebuni mfululizo unaopokezana wa mabonde yaliyoshuka na safu za ardhi zilizonyanyuk ambazo hutengeneza mabonde marefu yanayopokezana na safu za milima. Hali hii haiishii tu kuchochea utengenezwaji wa maziwa kwa kuvuruga mifumo ya mtiririko wa maji iliyokuwepo awali, bali pia inatengeneza mabonde yasiyo na mtiririko wa kwenda nje ndani ya maeneo kame, ambayo huwa na maziwa ya chumvi. Maziwa haya hutokea pale ambapo hakuna njia ya asili ya kutolea maji, kukiwa na kiwango kikubwa cha uvukizaji, na eneo ambalo maji ya ardhini yanatiririka likiwa na kiwango cha chumvi kilicho juu kuliko kawaida. Mifano ya maziwa haya ya chumvi ni pamoja na Ziwa Kuu la Chumvi na Bahari Chumvi. Aina nyingine ya ziwa la kisonjo linalosababishwa na mipasuko ya ardhi ni vidimbwi vya mbonyeo. === Maziwa ya kivolkano === [[Faili:Gunung rinjani.jpg|thumb|Ziwa la kasoko la Mlima Rinjani, [[Indonesia]]]] Maziwa ya kivolkano ni maziwa yanayochukua ama mibonyeo ya eneo husika, kwa mfano kasoko na maars (mashimo ya milipuko ya gesi), au mabonde makubwa zaidi, kama vile kaldera, yaliyoundwa na shughuli za volkano. Maziwa ya kasoko hutengenezwa ndani ya kasoko za volkano na kaldera, ambazo hujaa maji ya mvua na theluji kwa kasi kubwa zaidi kuliko yanavyopungua kupitia uvukizaji, utiririkaji wa maji ya chini ya ardhi, au mchanganyiko wa vyote viwili. Wakati mwingine aina hizi za mwisho huitwa maziwa ya kaldera, ingawa mara nyingi hakuna tofauti inayowekwa kati yake. Mfano mmoja ni Ziwa la Kasoko huko Oregon, lililopo ndani ya kaldera ya Mlima Mazama. Kaldera hiyo ilitengenezwa kutokana na mlipuko mkubwa wa volkano uliosababisha kushuka chini kwa Mlima Mazama karibu miaka 4860 KK. Maziwa mengine ya kivolkano hutengenezwa pale ambapo mito au vijito vinapozibwa na maporomoko ya lava au matope ya kivolkano (lahars). Bonde ambalo sasa ni Ziwa Malheur huko Oregon lilitengenezwa pale maporomoko ya lava yalipoziba Mto Malheur. Kati ya aina zote za maziwa, maziwa ya kasoko za volkano ndiyo yanayokaribia zaidi kuwa na umbo la duara. === Maziwa ya Mto === Maziwa ya mto (ama ya mifumo ya mito) ni maziwa yanayotengenezwa na maji yanayotiririka. Maziwa haya yanajumuisha maziwa ya shoroba ya maporomoko, mabwawa ya asili ya mito, na maziwa ya makorongo. ==== '''Maziwa ya hilali''' ==== [[Faili:Nowitna river.jpg|thumb|Mto Nowitna huko Alaska. Maziwa mawili ya hilali – fupi moja chini kabisa ya picha na refu zaidi, lililopinda zaidi upande wa kulia-katikati.]] Aina ya kawaida zaidi ya ziwa la mto ni ziwa lenye umbo la mwezi linaloitwa hilali kutokana na umbo lake la kipekee lililopinda. Yanaweza kutengenezwa katika mabonde ya mito kama matokeo ya kupinda-pinda kwa mto. Mto unaotiririka taratibu hutengeneza umbo la upinde ambapo upande wa nje wa mapindo unamomonyolewa kwa kasi zaidi kuliko upande wa ndani. Hatimaye, pindo lenye umbo la kiatu cha farasi hutengenezwa na mto unakata katika shingo hiyo nyembamba. Njia hii mpya kisha inakuwa njia kuu ya mto na ncha za lile pindo la zamani zinazibwa na matope, na hivyo kutengeneza ziwa lenye umbo la upinde. Umbo lao la mwezi linayapa maziwa ya ng'ombe uwiano mkubwa zaidi wa mzunguko wa kingo zake kwa eneo la uso kuliko aina nyingine za maziwa. ==== Mabwawa ya asili ya mito ==== Haya hutengenezwa pale ambapo mashapo kutoka kwenye tawimto yanapoziba mto mkuu. ==== Maziwa ya kando ==== Haya hutengenezwa pale ambapo mashapo kutoka kwenye mto mkuu yanapoziba tawimto, kawaida katika mfumo wa ukingo wa asili. ==== Maziwa ya uwanda wa mafuriko ==== Maziwa yanayotengenezwa na michakato mingine inayohusika na uundaji wa mabonde ya nyanda za mafuriko. Wakati wa mafuriko makubwa, maziwa haya husafishwa na kufurishwa na maji ya mto. Kuna aina nne: 1. Ziwa la uwanda wa mafuriko linalokutana na mto mkuu, 2. Ziwa la uwanda wa mafuriko linalopingana na kukutana na mto mkuu, 3. Ziwa la uwanda wa mafuriko linalopingana na mto mkuu, 4. Ziwa la uwanda wa mafuriko la kina kirefu. === Maziwa ya miamba inayoyeyuka === Ziwa la myeyuko ni ziwa linalochukua bonde lililotengenezwa na mmomonyoko wa kuyeyuka kwa miamba ya msingi kwenye uso wa ardhi. Katika maeneo ambayo chini yake kuna miamba inayoyeyuka kwa urahisi, myeyuko wake unaosababishwa na maji ya mvua na maji yanayopenya ardhini mara nyingi hutengeneza mapango. Mapango haya mara kwa mara huanguka na kutengeneza mashimo ya mbonyeo ambayo ni sehemu ya topografia ya kakarst ya eneo hilo. Mahali ambapo maji ya ardhini yapo karibu na uso wa ardhi, shimo la mbonyeo hujaa maji na kuwa ziwa la mnyonyeo. Ikiwa ziwa kama hilo lina eneo kubwa la maji yaliyotuama ambalo linachukua mbonyeo mpana uliojifunga katika mwamba wa chokaa, pia huitwa ziwa la kakarst. Maziwa madogo zaidi ya myeyuko ambayo yana maji yaliyotuama ndani ya mbonyeo uliojifunga katika eneo la kakarst yanajulikana kama vidimbwi vya kakarst. Mapango ya miamba ya chokaa mara nyingi huwa na madimbwi ya maji yaliyotuama, ambayo yanajulikana kama maziwa ya chini ya ardhi. Mifano ya kitabia ya maziwa ya mnyonyeo inapatikana kwa wingi katika maeneo ya kakarst kwenye pwani ya Dalmatia nchini [[Kroatia]] na katika sehemu kubwa za [[Florida]]. == Mbinu nyingine za uanishaji == [[Faili:Lakesalaskarange.JPG|thumb|Maziwa haya ya aushi huko Alaska yalitengenezwa na barafuto inayorudi nyuma]] Mbali na njia yao ya asili ya utengenezaji, maziwa yamepewa majina na kuainishwa kulingana na mambo mengine mbalimbali muhimu kama vile matabaka ya joto, kujaa kwa hewa ya oksijeni, mabadiliko ya msimu katika ujazo wa ziwa na kina cha maji, chumvi katika maji yenyewe, uimara wa msimu unaoendana na mabadiliko, kiwango cha utiririkaji wa maji kwenda nje, na kadhalika. Majina yanayotumiwa na umma wa kawaida na katika jamii ya kisayansi kwa aina tofauti za maziwa mara nyingi yanatokana isivyo rasmi na mofolojia ya sifa za kimaumbile za maziwa hayo au mambo mengine. Pia, tamaduni na maeneo tofauti duniani yana mifumo yao wenyewe ya majina inayopendwa na watu wengi. === Kulingana na matabaka ya joto === [[Faili:Ice Melting on Lake Balaton.jpg|thumb|Barafu inayoyeyuka kwenye Ziwa Balaton nchini [[Hungaria]]]] Mbinu moja muhimu ya uainishaji wa maziwa ni kwa msingi wa matabaka ya joto, ambayo yana ushawishi mkubwa kwa maisha ya wanyama na mimea wanaoishi katika ziwa, pamoja na hatmiliki na usambazaji wa vitu vilivyoyeyuka na vilivyovundikana ziwani. Kwa mfano, matabaka ya joto, pamoja na kiwango na mzunguko wa mchanganyiko wa maji, vina udhibiti mkubwa juu ya usambazaji wa oksijeni ndani ya ziwa. [[Faili:Bellagio dal traghetto - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Bellagio, kwenye kingo za Ziwa Como, nchini Italia]] Profesa F.-A. Forel, ambaye pia anajulikana kama "Baba wa limnolojia" (sayansi ya maziwa), alikuwa mwanasayansi wa kwanza kuainisha maziwa kulingana na matabaka yake. Mfumo wake wa uainishaji baadaye ulifanyiwa marekebisho na kuboreshwa na Hutchinson pamoja na Löffler. Kwa kuwa uzito wa maji unabadilika kulingana na joto, huku ukiwa wa kiwango cha juu kabisa nyuzi joto +4 Selsiasi, matabaka ya joto ni sifa muhimu ya kimaumbile ya ziwa inayodhibiti viumbe hai, urundikaji wa mashapo, kemia, na mambo mengine ya maziwa husika. Kwanza, maji ya baridi zaidi na yenye uzito mkubwa kwa kawaida hutengeneza tabaka karibu na chini kabisa ya ziwa, ambalo linaitwa epilimnioni ya chini. Pili, kawaida juu ya tabaka hilo la chini kuna ukanda wa mpandisho unaojulikana kama metalimnioni. Mwishowe, juu ya metalimnioni kuna tabaka la juu la maji ya joto zaidi yenye uzito mdogo, linaloitwa epilimnioni ya juu. Mfuatano huu wa kawaida wa matabaka unaweza kutofautiana kwa kiasi kikubwa, kulingana na ziwa husika au wakati wa mwaka, au mchanganyiko wa mambo yote mawili. Uainishaji wa maziwa kwa matabaka ya joto unazingatia maziwa yenye kina cha kutosha kutengeneza tabaka la hypolimnion; kwa sababu hiyo, maziwa ya duni au yenye kina kifupi sana hayatayashwi katika mfumo huu wa uainishaji. Kulingana na matabaka yao ya joto, maziwa yanaainishwa kama holomiktiki, yenye kiwango cha joto na uzito sawa kutoka juu hadi chini katika wakati fulani wa mwaka, au meromiktiki, yenye matabaka ya maji ya joto na uzito tofauti ambayo hayachanganyiki. Tabaka la chini kabisa la maji katika ziwa la meromiktiki halina oksijeni yoyote iliyoyeyuka, kwa hivyo hakuna viumbe hai vinavyohitaji hewa. Kutokana na hali hiyo, matabaka ya mashapo yaliyo chini kabisa ya ziwa la meromiktiki yanabaki bila kuvurugwa, jambo linaloruhusu kuundwa kwa urundikaji wa mashapo ya ziwani. Katika ziwa la holomiktiki, usawa wa joto na uzito unaruhusu maji ya ziwa kujichanganya kikamilifu. Kulingana na matabaka ya joto na mzunguko wa kugeuka kwa maji, maziwa ya holomiktiki yamegawanywa katika maziwa ya amiktiki, maziwa ya monomiktiki ya baridi, maziwa ya dimiktiki, maziwa ya monomiktiki ya moto, maziwa ya polimiktiki, na maziwa ya oligomiktiki. Matabaka ya ziwa hayatokei kila mara kutokana na mabadiliko ya uzito wa maji yanayosababishwa na nyuzi joto. Matabaka yanaweza pia kutokea kutokana na mabadiliko ya uzito wa maji yanayosababishwa na viwango vya chumvi. Katika hali hii, tabaka la chini la baridi na tabaka la juu la joto hayatenganishwi na tabaka la mpandisho wa joto, bali yanatenganishwa na tabaka la mpandisho wa chumvi, ambalo wakati mwingine hujulikana kama tabaka la mpandisho wa kikemikali. === Kulingana na mabadiliko ya kina na ujazo wa maji === Maziwa yanaainishwa na kupewa majina isivyo rasmi kulingana na mabadiliko ya msimu katika kina cha ziwa na ujazo wake. Baadhi ya majina hayo ni pamoja na: * Ziwa la msimu mfupi ni ziwa au kidimbwi cha muda mfupi sana. Likijaa maji na kukauka (kutoweka) kulingana na msimu, linajulikana kama ziwa la vipindi. Mara nyingi maziwa haya hujaza mabonde ya kakarst.<ref>{{Citation|title=Lakes - Aquatic Havens|url=http://www.vlada.si/en/about_slovenia/geography/waters_in_slovenia/lakes_aquatic_havens/|language=en|access-date=2026-06-30|archive-date=2017-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026053730/http://www.vlada.si/en/about_slovenia/geography/waters_in_slovenia/lakes_aquatic_havens/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Ziwa kavu ni jina linalopendwa na wengi kwa ajili ya ziwa la msimu mfupi ambalo huwa na maji kwa vipindi tu, katika majira yasiyotabirika na yasiyo ya mara kwa mara. * Ziwa la kudumu ni ziwa ambalo lina maji katika bonde lake mwaka mzima na halikumbwi na mabadiliko makubwa ya ghafula katika kina chake. * Ziwa la playa kwa kawaida ni ziwa la vipindi lenye kina kifupi ambalo hufunika au kujaza eneo la playa katika majira ya mvua au katika miaka yenye mvua nyingi isivyo kawaida, lakini baadaye hukauka kabisa katika maeneo yenye ukame au ukame wa kiasi. * Vlei ni jina linalotumiwa nchini [[Afrika Kusini]] kurejelea ziwa lenye kina kifupi ambalo kina chake hubadilika kwa kiasi kikubwa kulingana na misimu. === Kulingana na kemia ya maji === Maziwa yanaweza kuainishwa na kupewa majina isivyo rasmi kulingana na kemia ya jumla ya maji yake. Kwa kutumia mbinu hii ya uainishaji, aina za maziwa ni pamoja na: * Ziwa lenye asidi huwa na maji yenye kiwango cha pH kilicho chini ya uasili, ambacho ni chini ya 6.5. Ziwa huchukuliwa kuwa na asidi kali ikiwa kiwango chake cha pH kitashuka chini ya 5.5, jambo linaloleta madhara ya kibiolojia. Maziwa ya namna hiyo ni pamoja na: maziwa ya mashimo ya asidi yanayojaza migodi iliyotelekezwa na maeneo ya uchimbaji; maziwa yenye asidi ya asili yanayopatikana kwenye maeneo ya miamba ya moto na miamba iliyogeuka; mabwawa ya peat katika mikoa ya kaskazini; maziwa ya kreta ya volkano hai na zile zilizolala; pamoja na maziwa yaliyowekwa asidi kutokana na mvua ya asidi. * Ziwa la chumvi, ambalo pia linajulikana kama ziwa la kisalini au ziwa la maji ya chumvi kali, ni mkusanyiko wa maji wa barani unaopatikana katika eneo lenye ukame au ukame wa kiasi, ambalo halina njia ya kutokea kuelekea baharini, na lina kiasi kikubwa cha chumvi asili zilizoyeyuka. Mifano ni pamoja na Ziwa Kuu la Chumvi huko Utah, na Bahari ya Chumvi upande wa kusini-magharibi mwa Asia. * Mbonyeo wa alkali, ambao pia unajulikana kama uwanda wa alkali au uwanda wa chumvi, ni eneo lenye kina kifupi la kisalini linaloweza kupatikana katika maeneo ya mabondeni ya mikoa yenye ukame na katika maeneo ya utokaji wa maji ya chini ya ardhi. Maeneo haya kwa kawaida yanaainishwa kama maziwa makavu, au playa, kwa sababu hufurika mara kwa mara kutokana na mvua au matukio ya mafuriko na kisha kukauka wakati wa vipindi vya ukame, huku yakiacha mrundikano wa maji yenye chumvi kali na madini yatokanayo na uvukizaji. * Unyevu wa chumvi ni kishimo kidogo na chenye kina kifupi cha asili ambacho maji hujikusanya humo na kuvukiza, huku kikiacha mrundikano wa chumvi, au ziwa lenye kina kifupi la maji ya magadi linalojaza kishimo hicho. (Istilahi "''salt pan''" inatokana na uchenuaji wa chumvi kwa majembe/nyungu wazi, mbinu ya kuchimba au kutoa chumvi kutoka kwenye maji ya chumvi kali kwa kutumia vyombo vikubwa vyenye nafasi wazi.) * Unyevu wa kisalini ni jina jingine la ziwa la msimu mfupi la asidi na chumv ambalo hutengeneza ukoko wa chumvi chini kabisa, ambao baadaye unabadilika unapogusana au kuachwa wazi hewani. === Linaloundwa na vimiminika vingine === * Ziwa la lava ni ujazo mkubwa wa lava iliyoyeyuka, ambayo kwa kawaida huwa ya kibasalti, iliyohifadhiwa ndani ya tundu la volkano, kreta, au mbonyeo mpana wa ardhi.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Witham |first=F. |last2=Llewellin |first2=E. W. |date=2006-11-30 |title=Stability of Lava Lakes |url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1544583 |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |language=en |volume=158 |issue=3-4 |doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.07.004 |issn=0377-0273}}</ref> * Maziwa ya haidrokaboni ni mikusanyiko ya ethane na methane ya kimiminika inayojaza mabonyeo yaliyo kwenye uso wa Titan. Maziwa haya yaligunduliwa na chombo cha anga za juu cha Cassini–Huygens. == Sifa == [[Faili:China Hangzhou Westlake-8.jpg|thumb|Maziwa yanaweza kuwa na umuhimu mkubwa wa kitamaduni. Ziwa la Magharibi la Hangzhou limewasisimua washairi wa kimapenzi katika vizazi vyote, na limekuwa na ushawishi mkubwa katika usanifu wa bustani nchini [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China|China]], [[Japani|Japan]] na [[Korea Kusini|Korea]].]] Maziwa yana sifa nyingi mbali na aina ya ziwa, kama vile bonde la mifereji ya maji (ambalo pia linajulikana kama eneo la vyanzo vya maji ), uingiaji na utokaji wa maji, kiasi cha virutubisho, oksijeni iliyoyeyuka, vichafuzi, pH, na mrundikano wa mashapo. Mabadiliko katika kiwango cha maji ya ziwa yanadhibitiwa na tofauti iliyopo kati ya maji yanayoingia na yanayotoka yakilinganishwa na ujazo mzima wa ziwa hilo. Vyanzo vikuu vya maji yanayoingia ni pamoja na usimbaji (mvua) unaoanguka moja kwa moja juu ya ziwa, maji ya mtiririko yanayobebwa na mito na mifereji kutoka kwenye eneo la vyanzo vya maji la ziwa, njia za maji ya chini ya ardhi na matabaka ya miamba yanayohifadhi maji, pamoja na vyanzo vya bandia kutoka nje ya eneo la vyanzo vya maji. Njia za maji yanayotoka ni pamoja na uvukizaji kutoka kwenye ziwa, mtiririko wa maji ya juu ya ardhi na chini ya ardhi, pamoja na uvunaji au utumiaji wowote wa maji ya ziwa unaofanywa na binadamu. Kadiri hali ya hewa na mahitaji ya maji ya binadamu yanavyobadilika, mambo haya husababisha mabadiliko ya kupanda na kushuka kwa kiwango cha ziwa. [[Faili:Lake mapourika NZ.jpeg|thumb|Ziwa Mapourika, [[Nyuzilandi]].]] Maziwa pia yanaweza kuainishwa kwa msingi wa utajiri wake wa virutubisho, ambavyo kwa kawaida huathiri ukuaji wa mimea. Maziwa yenye virutubisho haba yanajulikana kama maziwa oligotrofiki na kwa ujumla huwa safi na yenye maji meupe, huku yakiwa na kiwango kidogo cha viumbe vya mimea. Maziwa mesotrofiki yana usafi mzuri wa maji na kiwango cha wastani cha virutubisho. Maziwa eutrofiki yamejazwa virutubisho vingi, jambo linalosababisha ukuaji mzuri wa mimea na uwezekano wa mlipuko wa magugu-maji au mwani. Maziwa haipatrofiki ni makusanyiko ya maji ambayo yamerundikwa virutubisho kupita kiasi. Maziwa haya kwa kawaida yana maji machafu yasiyoonekana kwa mbali na yanakabiliwa na milipuko mibaya ya mwani inayoharibu mazingira. Maziwa kwa kawaida hufikia hali hii kutokana na shughuli za binadamu, kama vile matumizi makubwa ya mbolea katika eneo la vyanzo vya maji la ziwa. Maziwa ya namna hiyo yana faida kidogo sana kwa binadamu na yana mfumo wa ikolojia duni kutokana na kupungua kwa oksijeni iliyoyeyuka. [[Faili:九寨溝-五花海 Jiuzhaigou Five Flower Lake.jpg|thumb|Ziwa la Maua Matano huko Jiuzhaigou, Sichuan]] Kutokana na uhusiano usio wa kawaida kati ya halijoto ya maji na uzito wake, maziwa hutengeneza matabaka yanayoitwa themoklaini, ambayo ni matabaka yenye halijoto inayotofautiana kwa kiasi kikubwa sana kulingana na kina. Maji baridi yasiyo na chumvi huwa na uzito mkubwa zaidi yanapofikia halijoto ya takriban nyuzi joto 4 za Selsiasi (39.2 °F) katika usawa wa bahari. Wakati halijoto ya maji yaliyo juu ya uso wa ziwa inapofikia kiwango sawa na halijoto ya maji ya chini kabisa, kama inavyotokea wakati wa miezi ya baridi katika maeneo yenye hali ya hewa ya wastani, maji katika ziwa yanaweza kuchanganyika; hatua hii hupandisha juu maji yaliyokosa oksijeni kutoka vilindini na kushusha oksijeni chini kwenye mashapo yanayooza. Maziwa marefu ya maeneo yenye hali ya hewa ya wastani yana uwezo wa kuhifadhi hazina ya maji ya baridi mwaka mzima, jambo linalofanya baadhi ya miji kutumia hazina hiyo kwa ajili ya mifumo ya kupozea majengo kwa kutumia maji ya vilindi vya maziwa. [[Faili:Yaylyu.JPG|thumb|Ziwa Teletskoye, [[Siberia]]]] Kwa kuwa maji ya juu ya maziwa marefu ya maeneo ya kitropiki hayafikii kamwe kiwango cha halijoto yenye uzito mkubwa zaidi, hakuna mchakato unaosababisha maji hayo kuchanganyika. Tabaka la chini kabisa hukosa oksijeni na linaweza kujaa gesi ya ukaa, au gesi nyingine kama vile kiberiti ikiwa kuna hata chembe ndogo ya shughuli za kivolkano. Matukio yasiyo ya kawaida, kama vile tetemeko la ardhi au maporomoko ya ardhi, yanaweza kusababisha mchanganyiko unaopandisha kwa kasi matabaka ya chini kuelekea juu na kuachia wingu kubwa la gesi ambalo lilikuwa limenaswa ndani ya maji ya baridi chini kabisa ya ziwa. Jambo hili linaitwa mlipuko wa limniki. Mfano mzuri ni janga lilitokea katika Ziwa Nyos huko [[Kamerun]]. Kiasi cha gesi kinachoweza kuyeyuka katika maji kinahusiana moja kwa moja na mgandamizo. Maji ya vilindini yanapopanda juu, mgandamizo hushuka na kiasi kikubwa cha gesi hutoka kwenye maji. Katika mazingira haya, gesi ya ukaa ni hatari kwa sababu ina uzito mkubwa kuliko hewa ya kawaida na huchukua nafasi yake, hivyo inaweza kutiririka kufuata bonde la mto kuelekea kwenye makazi ya watu na kusababisha vifo vya watu wengi kwa kukosa hewa. Mada au nyenzo iliyopo chini kabisa ya ziwa, yaani sakafu ya ziwa, inaweza kuwa imeundwa na aina mbalimbali za vitu visivyo hai, kama vile tabataba au mchanga, na vitu vya kikaboni, kama vile mabaki ya mimea au wanyama wanaooza. Muundo wa sakafu ya ziwa una athari kubwa kwa uoto wa asili (flora) na wanyama (fauna) wanaopatikana katika mazingira ya ziwa hilo kwa kuchangia katika kiasi na aina za virutubisho vinavyopatikana. Tabaka pacha (jeusi na jeupe) la mashapo ya ziwa ya varvi huwakilisha mwaka mmoja. Wakati wa majira ya baridi, viumbe hai wanapokufa, kaboni hutua chini na kutengeneza tabaka jeusi. Katika mwaka huo huo, wakati wa majira ya joto, ni vifaa vichache sana vya kikaboni vinavyotua chini, jambo linalosababisha kutengenezwa kwa tabaka jeupe kwenye sakafu ya ziwa. Tabaka hizi hutumiwa kwa kawaida kufuatilia matukio ya kale ya kipaliontolojia. Maziwa ya asili yanatoa mfano mdogo wa ulimwengu unaojumuisha viumbe hai na vitu visivyo hai ambavyo kwa kiasi fulani vinajitegemea vyenyewe bila kutegemea mazingira yanayoyazunguka. Kwa sababu hiyo, viumbe wa ziwani mara nyingi wanaweza kufanyiwa utafiti kwa kujitenga na mazingira ya nje ya ziwa hilo. == Maziwa mashuhuri Duniani == [[Faili:Caspian Sea from orbit.jpg|thumb|Bahari ya Kaspi inahesabiwa kuwa ama ziwa kubwa zaidi duniani au bahari halisi ya ndani ya nchi.]] *Ziwa kubwa zaidi kwa eneo la uso ni Bahari ya Kaspi, ambayo licha ya jina lake, inachukuliwa kuwa ni ziwa kulingana na mtazamo wa kijiografia.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Caspian Sea|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/lakes/caspian-sea.html|work=WorldAtlas|date=2021-01-28|accessdate=2026-06-30|language=en-US|author=John Misachi January 28 2021 in Bodies of Water}}</ref> Eneo la uso wake lina ukubwa wa maili mraba 143,000 au kilomita mraba 371,000 sq. mi./371,000 km2. *Ziwa la pili kwa ukubwa kwa eneo la uso, na ziwa kubwa zaidi la maji baridi (yasiyo na chumvi) kwa eneo la uso, ni Ziwa Michigan-Huron, ambalo kihidrolojia ni ziwa moja. Eneo la uso wake lina ukubwa wa maili mraba 45,300 au kilomita mraba 117,400. Kwa wale wanaochukulia Ziwa Michigan na Ziwa Huron kama maziwa mawili tofauti, na kuichukulia Bahari ya Kaspi kama bahari ya kawaida, basi Ziwa Superior ndilo lingekuwa ziwa kubwa zaidi likiwa na ukubwa wa kilomita mraba 82,100 (maili mraba 31,700). * Ziwa Baikal ndilo ziwa refu zaidi kwenda chini duniani, likipatikana huko Siberia, likiwa na sakafu yenye kina cha mita 1,637 (futi 5,371). Kina chake cha wastani pia ndicho kikubwa zaidi duniani (mita 749 au futi 2,457). Pia, ndilo ziwa kubwa zaidi duniani la maji baridi kwa ujazo (kilomita za ujazo 23,600 au maili za ujazo 5,700), ingawa ni dogo sana likilinganishwa na Bahari ya Kaspi yenye ujazo wa kilomita za ujazo 78,200 (maili za ujazo 18,800), na ni ziwa la pili kwa urefu wa kunyooka duniani (takriban kilomita 630 au maili 390 kutoka ncha hadi ncha). [[Faili:Roundtanglelake.JPG|thumb|Ziwa la Round Tangle, mojawapo ya Maziwa ya Tangle, lililopo futi 2,864 (mita 873) juu ya usawa wa bahari katika maeneo ya ndani ya Alaska.]] * Ziwa la kale zaidi duniani ni Ziwa Baikal, likifuatiwa na [[Tanganyika (ziwa)|Ziwa Tanganyik]]<nowiki/>a lililopo nchini [[Tanzania]]. Ziwa Maracaibo linachukuliwa na baadhi ya watu kama ziwa la pili kwa ukale zaidi Duniani, lakini kwa kuwa lipo katika usawa wa bahari na kwa sasa ni mkusanyiko wa maji unaoungana moja kwa moja na bahari, wengine wanaona kwamba limegeuka kuwa hori ndogo. * Ziwa refu zaidi kwa urefu wa kunyooka ni Ziwa Tanganyika, likiwa na urefu wa takriban kilomita 660 (maili 410) (ukipimwa kufuata mstari wa katikati wa ziwa hilo). Pia, ndilo ziwa la tatu kwa ukubwa kwa ujazo, la pili kwa ukale, na la pili kwa kwenda chini duniani, likiwa na kina cha mita 1,470 (futi 4,820), likifuata baada ya Ziwa Baikal. * Ziwa la juu zaidi duniani (kwa urefu wa kwenda juu), ikiwa ukubwa si kigezo, linaweza kuwa lile ziwa la kreta la Ojos del Salado, lililopo katika urefu wa mita 6,390 (futi 20,965).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Andes Website - Information about Ojos del Salado volcano, a high mountain in South America and the World's highest volcano|url=https://www.andes.org.uk/peak-info-6000/ojos-del-salado-info.asp|work=www.andes.org.uk|accessdate=2026-06-30}}</ref> * Ziwa la chini kabisa duniani (kwa urefu wa kwenda chini kutoka usawa wa bahari) ni Bahari ya Chumvi, inayopakana na Jordan upande wa mashariki na [[Israeli|Israel]] na [[Palestina]] upande wa magharibi, likiwa katika urefu wa mita 418 (futi 1,371) chini ya usawa wa bahari. Pia, ni moja ya maziwa yenye kiwango kikubwa zaidi cha mkusanyiko wa chumvi. * Ziwa Michigan–Huron lina ukanda mrefu zaidi wa pwani ya ziwa duniani: takriban kilomita 5,250 (maili 3,260), bila kujumuisha pwani za visiwa vyake vingi vya ndani. Hata kama yakichukuliwa kama maziwa mawili tofauti, Ziwa Huron pekee bado lingekuwa na ukanda mrefu zaidi wa pwani duniani wenye urefu wa kilomita 2,980 (maili 1,850). * Kisiwa kikubwa zaidi kilichopo ndani ya ziwa ni Kisiwa cha Manitoulin kilichopo ndani ya Ziwa Michigan-Huron, kikiwa na eneo la uso lenye ukubwa wa kilomita mraba 2,766 (maili mraba 1,068). Ziwa Manitou, lililopo kwenye Kisiwa cha Manitoulin, ndilo ziwa kubwa zaidi duniani lililopo kwenye kisiwa ambacho kiko ndani ya ziwa. * Ziwa kubwa zaidi duniani linalotiririsha maji yake kiasili kuelekea pande mbili tofauti ni Ziwa Wollaston. * Ziwa Toba lililopo kwenye kisiwa cha Sumatra linapatikana katika eneo ambalo pengine ndilo kreta-mbonyeo inayofufuka kubwa zaidi Duniani. * Ziwa kubwa zaidi duniani linalopatikana kikamilifu ndani ya mipaka ya mji mmoja ni Ziwa Wanapitei lililopo katika mji wa Sudbury, [[Ontario]], [[Kanada]]. Kabla ya mipaka ya sasa ya mji huo kuanza kutumika mnamo mwaka 2001, hadhi hiyo ilikuwa ikishikiliwa na Ziwa Ramsey, ambalo pia linapatikana Sudbury. * Ziwa Enriquillo lililopo katika [[Jamhuri ya Dominika]] ndilo ziwa pekee la maji ya chumvi duniani ambalo linakaliwa na mamba. * Ziwa Bernard, lililopo Ontario, Kanada, linadaiwa kuwa ndilo ziwa kubwa zaidi duniani lisilo na kisiwa hata kimoja. * Ziwa Saimaa lililopo katika mikoa ya Savo Kusini na Karelia Kusini, nchini [[Ufini|Finland]], linatengeneza bonde kubwa zaidi la Saimaa, ambalo lina kingo nyingi zaidi za pwani kwa kila kizio cha eneo kuliko mahali pengine popote duniani, huku urefu wake wa jumla ukiwa ni karibu kilomita 15,000 (maili 9,300).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=SAIMAA – Finland's largest lake — Virtual Finland|url=http://virtual.finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=25710&LAN=ENG|work=virtual.finland.fi|accessdate=2026-06-30|archive-date=2008-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214225230/http://virtual.finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=25710&LAN=ENG|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Ziwa kubwa zaidi linalopatikana ndani ya nchi moja tu ni Ziwa Michigan, nchini [[Marekani]]. Hata hivyo, wakati mwingine huchukuliwa kama sehemu ya Ziwa Michigan-Huron, hatua inayofanya rekodi hiyo kuhamia kwenye Ziwa ''Great Bear'' lililopo katika Maeneo ya Kaskazini-Magharibi nchini Kanada, ambalo ndilo ziwa kubwa zaidi duniani lililopo chini ya mamlaka moja ya kisheria. * Ziwa kubwa zaidi duniani lililopo kwenye kisiwa ambacho kiko ndani ya ziwa ambalo nalo liko kwenye kisiwa ni Ziwa la Kreta lililopo kwenye Kisiwa cha Volkano ndani ya Ziwa Taal lililopo kwenye Kisiwa cha Luzon, nchini [[Ufilipino]]. * Ziwa lenye jina lililopo kaskazini zaidi duniani ni Ziwa Upper Dumbell lililopo katika Mkoa wa Qikiqtaaluk huko Nunavut, nchini Kanada, katika latitudo ya 82°28' Kaskazini. Linapatikana umbali wa kilomita 5.2 (maili 3.2) kusini-magharibi mwa Alert, makazi ya watu yaliyopo kaskazini kabisa duniani. Pia, kuna maziwa kadhaa madogo upande wa kaskazini mwa Ziwa Upper Dumbell, lakini yote hayana majina na yanaonekana tu kwenye ramani zenye maelezo ya kina sana. * Kuna maziwa ya kale 20 tu duniani – yaani yale yenye umri wa zaidi ya miaka milioni moja. === Kubwa zaidi kwa kila bara === Maziwa makubwa zaidi (kwa eneo la uso) kwa kila bara ni: * [[Australia]] – Ziwa Eyre (ziwa la maji ya chumvi) * [[Afrika]] – [[Ziwa Viktoria|Ziwa Victoria]], ambalo pia ni ziwa la tatu kwa ukubwa duniani kati ya maziwa ya maji baridi. Ni moja ya Maziwa Makuu ya Afrika. * [[Bara la Antaktiki|Antaktika]] – Ziwa Vostok (linalopatikana chini ya barafu) * [[Asia]] – Ziwa Baikal (ikiwa Bahari ya Kaspi itachukuliwa kama ziwa, basi ndilo kubwa zaidi katika Eurasia, lakini limegawanyika kati ya mabara mawili ya kijiografia) * Oceania – Ziwa Eyre likiwa limejaa; ziwa kubwa zaidi la kudumu (na la maji baridi) katika Oceania ni Ziwa Taupō. * [[Ulaya]] – Ziwa Ladoga, likifuatiwa na Ziwa Onega, yote mawili yakipatikana kaskazini-magharibi mwa [[Urusi]]. * [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] – Ziwa Michigan–Huron, ambalo kihidrolojia (kimfumo wa maji) ni ziwa moja. Hata hivyo, maziwa ya Huron na Michigan kwa kawaida huchukuliwa kama maziwa mawili tofauti, na katika hali hiyo, Ziwa Superior ndilo linalokuwa kubwa zaidi. * [[Amerika ya Kusini]] – Ziwa Titicaca, ambalo pia ni eneo la maji linalopitika kwa meli lililopo juu zaidi duniani likiwa katika mita 3,812 (futi 12,507) juu ya usawa wa bahari. (Ziwa Maracaibo ambalo ni kubwa zaidi – na la kale zaidi – huchukuliwa na baadhi ya watu kuwa si ziwa halisi tena, bali ni rasi ya bahari/wangwa). ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Maziwa| ]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:jiografia]] oejytymaujdv0nz5hqmmtgv93e77ahp 0 10439 1599042 1481482 2026-09-23T03:27:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Msanii muziki 2 | Jina = Beyoncé | Img = Beyoncé - Tottenham Hotspur Stadium - 1st June 2023 (10 of 118) (52946364598) (best crop).jpg | Img_capt = Beyoncé mnamo 2023. | Img_size = | Landscape = | Background = solo_singer | Jina la kuzaliwa = Beyonce Giselle Knowles | Amezaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1981|9|4}} | Pia anajulikana kama = | Asili yake = Houston, Texas | Aina = | Miaka ya kazi = 1990 - hadi leo | Studio = Parkwood | Ameshirikiana na = | Tovuti = {{URL|beyonce.com}} | Wanachama wa sasa = | Wanachama wa zamani = }} '''Beyoncé Giselle Knowles''' (alizaliwa [[4 Septemba]] [[1981]]), anayefahamika zaidi [[kwa jina moja]] '''Beyoncé''' {{pron-en|biˈjɒn.seɪ}} ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[R & B]], [[mtunzi]] wa [[nyimbo]], mtayarishaji wa rekodi, [[mwigizaji]] na [[mwanamitindo]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa na kukulia [[Houston, Texas]] na alihudhuria shule mbalimbali zinazofunza [[sanaa]]. Pia alianza kushiriki katika mashindano ya kuimba na kucheza ngoma akiwa mtoto. Knowles alikuja kujulikana katika mwisho wa miaka ya [[1990]] kama mwimbaji kiongozi wa kikundi cha wasichana cha R & B, [[Destiny's Child]]. Kulingana na [[Sony]], mauzo ya rekodi za Knowles, yakiunganishwa na yale ya kikundi cha Destiny's Child, yamezidi milioni 100.<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/features/beyonce-the-billboard-cover-story-1004017959.story#/features/beyonce-the-billboard-cover-story-1004017959.story?page=2 Beyonce: The Billboard Cover Story.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.billboard.com/features/beyonce-the-billboard-cover-story-1004017959.story#/features/beyonce-the-billboard-cover-story-1004017959.story?page=2 |date=20100109172923 }} (2009-10-01) ''[[Billboard]]'' Retrieved 2009/10/01</ref> Wakati wa kuvunjika kwa kikundi cha [[Destiny's Child]], Knowles alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza, ''[[Dangerously in Love]]'' ([[2003]]), ambayo ilikuwa mojawapo ya albamu za mwaka zilizokuwa na mafanikio zaidi na jambo hili liliashiria uwezo wake wa kufaulu kama msanii kivyake. Albamu hiyo ilikuwa na mafanikio muhimu ya kibiashara, huku ikitoa nyimbo mashuhuri kama "[[Crazy in Love]]", "[[Baby Boy]]", na kumshindia Knowles [[tuzo tano za Grammy]] katika mwaka [[2004]]. Kutawanyika kwa kikundi cha Destiny's Child mwaka [[2005]] kuliendeleza mafanikio yake: albamu yake ya pili, ''[[B'Day]]'', iliyotolewa mwaka [[2006]], ilikuwa namba moja kwenye chati ''[[za Bango]],'' na ilikuwa na nyimbo kama "[[Déjà Vu]]", "[[Irreplaceable]]", na "[[Beautiful Liar]]". Albamu yake ya tatu, ''[[I Am... Sasha Fierce]]'', ilitolewa Novemba [[2008]], na ilikuwa na nyimbo kama "[[If I Were a Boy]]", "[[Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)]]", "[[Halo]]" na "[[Sweet Dreams]]". Knowles amefikisha idadi ya nyimbo tano zinazopendwa sana miongoni mwa orodha ya nyimbo 100, hivyo basi kuwa mmoja kati ya wasanii wawili wa kike walio na idadi kubwa ya nyimbo zilizochukua nafasi ya kwanza katika miaka ya [[2000]]. Mafanikio ya albamu alizoimba akiwa peke yake yamemfanya Knowles kuwa mmoja wa wasanii wanaosifika sana katika sekta ya [[muziki]], na alipanua kazi yake kwa kuanza kujihusisha na uigizaji na kuidhinisha bidhaa. Alianza kazi yake ya uigizaji mwaka [[2001]], aliposhiriki katika filamu ya kimuziki. Katika mwaka wa [[2006]], alishiriki kama mmoja wa wahusika wakuu katika filamu ya malinganisho ya [[1981]] ya [[Broadway musical Dreamgirls]], ambayo ilimpatia uteuzi mara mbili katika [[Golden Globe Nominations]]. Knowles alizindua shirika la familia yake la mitindo, [[House of Deréon]], mwaka [[2004]], na limekuwa likihusika na kuidhinisha bidhaa kama [[Pepsi]], [[Tommy Hilfiger]], [[Armani]] na [[L'Oréal]]. Katika mwaka wa [[2009]], jarida la ''[[Forbes]]'' lilimworodhesha Knowles namba nne katika orodha yake ya watu mashuhuri walio na nguvu na ushawishi mkubwa katika dunia, wa tatu katika orodha ya wanamuziki wa hadhi ya juu, na namba moja katika orodha ya juu ya watu mashuhuri wanaolipwa malipo bora zaidi chini ya miaka 30, akiwa na zaidi ya mapato ya dola milioni 87, kati ya mwaka 2008 na 2009.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/53/celebrity-09_Beyonce-Knowles_YA72.html | title = The Celebrity 100: #4 Beyonce Knowles| date = 3 Juni 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.forbes.com/2009/07/02/beyonce-knowles-earnings-business-entertainment-young-stars.html | title = Nakala iliyohifadhiwa|accessdate=2012-05-24 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120524211152/http://www.forbes.com/2009/07/02/beyonce-knowles-earnings-business-entertainment-young-stars.html |archivedate=2012-05-24 }}</ref> == Maisha na kazi mwanzo == Knowles alizaliwa katika [[Houston]], Texas, na ni binti wa [[Mathew Knowles]], meneja mashuhuri wa rekodi, na Tina Beyincé, mtengenezaji wa [[mavazi]] na [[nywele]]. Babake Knowles 'ni [[Mmarekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Kiafrika]] na mama yake ni [[Mkrioli]] mwenye asili ya (Mwafrika Mmarekani, Mmarekani alisia, na Mfaransa).<ref name="FOX">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,204978,00.html?sPage=fnc/entertainment/beyonce |title=Beyonce Knowles' Biography |accessdate=2008-06-05 |date=15 Aprilii 2008 |work=Fox News |archive-date=2008-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307175108/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,204978,00.html?sPage=fnc%2Fentertainment%2Fbeyonce |url-status=dead}}</ref> Knowles alibatizwa na kuchukua jina la mama yake la kati, kama ishara ya shukrani kwa mama yake na kuzuia jina hilo lisisahaulike, kwani ni wanaume wachache tu wa familia ya Beyincé wanaolitumia jina hilo.<ref name="FOX"/> Babu na bibi wa mama yake, Lumis Albert Beyincé na Agnéz Deréon, walikuwa Wakrioli kutoka Louisiana, waliozungumza Kifaransa <ref name="FOX"/> Yeye ni dada mkubwa wa [[Solange]], mwimbaji - mtunzi wa nyimbo, na mwigizaji. Knowles alisomea St Mary's Elementary School katika Texas, ambapo yeye alihudhuria madarasa ya kucheza [[dansi]], ikiwa ni pamoja na ballet na [[jazz.]] Kipawa chake cha kuimba kiligunduliwa wakati mwalimu wake wa dansi alipoanza kuimba wimbo na yeye akaumaliza wimbo huo na kuweza kuimba nota za juu.<ref name="E!">{{cite video |title=Beyonce: All New |work=E! Online |accessdate=2008-04-16}}</ref> Ingawa alikuwa msichana mwenye soni, kama mama yake alivyosema, upendo wa Knowles wa kuimba na kucheza muziki ulianza bila kutarajiwa baada ya kushiriki katika shindano la kuonyesha vipawa shuleni. Mara tu alipopata nafasi ya kupanda jukwaani, yeye aliweza kukabiliana na soni zake na akataka kuwa mwimbaji na mchezaji dansi.<ref name="Driven">{{Rejea tovuti | title = Driven|url=http://www.vh1.com/shows/dyn/driven/65240/episode_about.jhtml |work=VH1 |accessdate=2008-04-16 |archivedate=2003-08-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030820042751/http://www.vh1.com/shows/dyn/driven/65240/episode_about.jhtml }}</ref> Akiwa na umri wa miaka saba, Knowles aliingia katika shindano lake la kwanza la kuonyesha kipawa chake, na kuimba wimbo wa [[John Lennon]], [["Imagine".]] Yeye alishinda na akapongezwa kwa shangwe na vifijo.<ref name="People">{{Rejea tovuti | title = Beyoncé Knowles: Biography - Part 1|url=http://www.people.com/people/beyonce_knowles/biography |work=People |accessdate=2008-04-01 |archivedate=2007-04-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070426055053/http://www.people.com/people/beyonce_knowles/biography }}</ref><ref name="Blender">{{Rejea habari | title = Beyoncé: The Ice Princess|url=http://www.blender.com/guide/articles.aspx?id=2065 |work=Blender | date = 18 Septemba 2006|accessdate=2008-04-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312131345/http://www.blender.com/guide/articles.aspx?id=2065 |archivedate=2008-03-12 }}</ref> Akiwa na umri huo, Knowles alianza kuwavutia waandishi wa habari, alipotajwa katika ''[[Houston Chronicle]]'' kama mmoja wa walioteuliwa kushindana katika maonyesho ya mtaani ya 'The Sammy'.<ref>{{Rejea habari |url=http://www.essence.com/news_entertainment/entertainment/articles/destinyschildsoulsurvivors | title = Destiny's Child: Soul-Survivors|last=Gillings |first=Andrew | date = 22 Aprilii 2001|work=Essence |accessdate=2009-02-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227140905/http://www.essence.com/news_entertainment/entertainment/articles/destinyschildsoulsurvivors |archivedate=2009-02-27 }}</ref> Mnamo [[1990]], Knowles alijiunga na Parker Elementary School, [[shule]] inayofunza muziki huko Houston, ambapo alikuwa akiimba katika kwaya ya shule.<ref name="E!"/> Pia alihudhuria shule ya [[The High School for Performing and Visual Arts]] katika Houston <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.houstonisd.org/HISDConnectDS/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=c3783acb02efc010VgnVCM10000052147fa6RCRD | title = Distinguished HISD Alumni|work=Houstonisd.org |accessdate=2008-04-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515061020/http://www.houstonisd.org/HISDConnectDS/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=c3783acb02efc010VgnVCM10000052147fa6RCRD |archivedate=2012-05-15 }}</ref> na baadaye akaenda [[Alief Elsik High School]], iliyo katika eneo la Houston la [[Alief.]] <ref name="FOX"/><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://elsikalumni.com/FamousAlumni.asp | title = Famous Alumni - Elsik High School|work=ElsikAlumni.com |accessdate=2008-04-17 |archivedate=2012-01-30 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/654NENtvd?url=http://elsikalumni.com/FamousAlumni.asp }}</ref> Knowles alikuwa [[kiongozi wa nyimbo]] katika kwaya ya kanisa lake, la St John's United Methodist.<ref name="E!"/> Hata hivyo, yeye alikaa katika kwaya hiyo kwa miaka miwili tu kwa sababu alikuwa anashughulikia kazi yake ya muziki.<ref>{{Rejea habari | title = Cameo: Fat Joe Interviews Beyoncé and Mike Epps|url=http://www.mtv.com/onair/moviehouse/cameo/16/index.jhtml |work=MTV News |accessdate=2008-04-24 |archivedate=2008-02-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224081629/http://www.mtv.com/onair/moviehouse/cameo/16/index.jhtml }}</ref> Akiwa na umri wa miaka minane, Knowles alikutana na [[LaTavia Roberson]] akiwa katika majaribio ya kikundi cha waimbaji wasichana.<ref name="Kaufman">{{Rejea habari |last=Kaufman |first=Gil | title = Destiny's Child's Long Road To Fame (The Song Isn't Called "Survivor" For Nothing)|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1504044/20050613/destinys_child.jhtml |work=MTV News | date = 13 Juni 2005|accessdate=2008-04-01 |archivedate=2009-06-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628091758/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1504044/20050613/destinys_child.jhtml }}</ref> Wao, pamoja na rafiki ya Knowles [[Kelly Rowland]], waliwekwa katika kikundi kilichoimba rap na kucheza dansi. Mwanzoni kikundi hiki kilichoitwa [[Girl's tyme]],<ref name="People"/> kilipunguzwa na kuwa cha wasichana sita.<ref name="E!"/> Kutokana na kuwepo kwa Knowles na Rowland, kikundi hiki cha Girl's tyme kiliwavutia watazamaji katika taifa zima. Mtayarishaji wa R&amp;B kutoka pwani ya magharibi, Arne Frager, alisafiri kwa ndege hadi Houston ili kuwaona. Hatimaye yeye aliwapeleka kwenye studio yake - The Plant Recording Studios - iliyoko [[Kaskazini mwa California]], na kushirikisha nyimbo za Knowles kwa sababu yeye, Frager, alifikiria kuwa Knowles alikuwa na uwezo wa kuimba.<ref name="E!"/> Kama sehemu ya jitihada za kuingiza kikundi cha Girl's tyme kwenye studio kubwa ya kurekodi, mkakati ambao Frager alipanga kuutumia ulikuwa ni kwanza kukishirikisha kikundi hiki katika ''[[Star Search]],'' <ref name="Driven"/> kipindi kilichokuwa kikubwa zaidi cha kuonyesha kipawa kwenye TV ya kitaifa kwa wakati ule.<ref name="E!"/> Girl's tyme walishiriki katika mashindano lakini wakashindwa kwa sababu wimbo waliouimba haukuwa mzuri, Knowles mwenyewe alikubali.<ref name="Farley">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Farley |first=Christopher John | title = Call Of The Child|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,998976,00.html |work=TIME | date = 15 Januari 2001|accessdate=2008-04-12 |archivedate=2012-01-30 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/654NoPGuG?url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,998976,00.html |=https://www.webcitation.org/654NoPGuG?url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,998976,00.html }}</ref><ref name="J.R.">{{Rejea tovuti|last=Reynolds |first=J.R. | title = All Grown Up|url=http://music.yahoo.com/read/interview/12027658 |work=Yahoo! Music | date = 3 Machi 1998|accessdate=2007-01-12}}</ref> Knowles alipatwa na "kipingamizi " cha kwanza katika kazi yake baada ya kushindwa, lakini baada ya kugundua kuwa waimbaji wengine mashuhuri kama [[Britney Spears]] na [[Justin Timberlake]] walipitia kipingamizi kama kile, yeye alirejesha tumaini.<ref name="E!"/> Ili kusimamia kikundi hiki, babaake Knowles (ambaye wakati huo alikuwa muuzaji wa vifaa vya matibabu) alijiuzulu katika mwaka wa [[1995]] kutoka kwa kazi yake.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Tyrangiel |first=Josh | title = Destiny's Adult|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1005114,00.html |work=TIME | date = 30 Juni 2003|accessdate=2008-04-12 |archivedate=2012-01-30 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/654O2nAkv?url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1005114,00.html |=https://www.webcitation.org/654O2nAkv?url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1005114,00.html }}</ref> Yeye kujitolea muda wake na kuanzisha kambi ya "Boot Camp" kwa ajili ya mazoezi yao.<ref name="Driven"/> Hatua hii ilipunguza pato la familia ya Knowles kwa nusu na wazazi wake wakatengana kwa sababu ya shinikizo iliyotokana na hatua hiyo ya kujiuzulu.<ref name="FOX"/> Muda mfupi baada ya kuingizwa kwa Rowland, Mathew alipunguza idadi ya awali ya kikundi hiki hadi nne,<ref name="E!"/> na [[LeToya Luckett]] aliyejiunga nao katika mwaka wa 1993.<ref name="Kaufman"/> Huku wakifanyia mazoezi katika chumba cha Tina cha kutengenezea nywele na kwenye vitaru vya nyumba zao, kikundi kiliendelea kuimba kama katika maonyesho ya vikundi vingine vya wasichana vya R&amp;B vilivyokuwa tayari vimefahamika;<ref name="Kaufman"/> Tina alichangia kwa kutengeneza mavazi yao, jambo ambalo aliendelea kufanya hata katika wakati wa kikundi cha Destiny's Child. Pamoja na msaada wa Mathew, wao walifanyiwa majaribio ya sauti na kampuni za kurekodi na hatimaye wakasainiwa na kampuni ya [[Elektra Records]], ambayo iliwafutilia mbali baada ya miezi michache kabla hawajatoa albamu yoyote.<ref name="FOX"/> == Kazi ya kurekodi na ya filamu == === 1997-2001: Enzi ya Destiny's Child === {{Main|Destiny's Child}} Kutokana na wahyi kutoka katika kifungu cha [[Kitabu cha Isaya]], kikundi kilibadilisha jina lake kuwa Destiny's Child katika mwaka wa 1993.<ref name="Kaufman"/> Pamoja, walitumbuiza watu katika matukio ya mitaa, na baada ya miaka minne, kikundi hiki kilitia saini na [[Columbia Records]], mwishoni mwa 1997. Mwaka uo huo, kikundi cha Destiny's Child kilirekodi wimbo wake wa kwanza, "Killing Time", uliotumika katika filamu iliyotolewa mwaka wa 1997 ya, ''[[Men in Black.]]'' <ref name="Kaufman"/><ref name="J.R."/> Mwaka uliofuata, kikundi kilitoa albamu yake ya kwanza iliyokuwa na jina la [[kikundi]] na kupata wimbo wao mashuhuri wa kwanza [["No, No, No".]] Albamu hiyo ilikipatia kikundi hiki nafasi katika ya sekta ya muziki na kukipatia mauzo ya wastani pamoja na kukishindia tuzo tatu za "Wimbo bora zaidi wa R&amp;B/Soul" wa "No, No, No", "Albamu bora zaidi ya mwaka ya R&amp;B/Soul "na" Msanii mpya bora zaidi wa R&B/Soul au Rap ", katika mashindano ya Soul Train Lady wa Tuzo za Soul.<ref name="Kaufman"/> Hata hivyo, kundi kilitimiza umaarufu kamili baada ya kuitoa albamu ya pili iliyohitimu kiwango cha 'multi-platinum' ''[[ya The Writing's on the Wall]]'' mwaka 1999. Rekodi hii inahusisha baadhi ya nyimbo za kikundi hiki zinazojulikana sana kama [["Bills, Bills, Bills"]], wimbo wa kwanza wa kikundi hiki kuwa namba moja, [[Jumpin 'Jumpin']] ", na" [[Say My Name]] ", ambao ndio uliokuwa wimbo maarufu zaidi kwa wakati huo, na umebaki mmoja wa nyimbo zao zilizovuma sana. Wimbo wa "Say My Name" ulishinda kategoria ya Wimbo wa R&B ulioimbwa vyema zaidi na kikundi cha watu wawili au zaidi kilicho na sauti nzuri na wimbo bora zaidi wa R & B katika mashindano ya tuzo za Grammy Awards za 2001. Wimbo wa R&amp;B ulioimbwa vyema zaidi na kikundi cha watu wawili au zaidi kilicho na sauti nzuri na [[wimbo bora zaidi wa R &amp; B]] katika mashindano ya tuzo za [[Grammy Awards za 2001.]]<ref name="Kaufman"/>Albamu ya ''The Writing's on the Wall'' iliuza zaidi ya nakala milioni saba,<ref name="Farley"/> na kimsingi kuwa albamu yao iliyouza nakala nyingi zaidi.<ref name="ASCAP">{{Rejea tovuti | title = The Best in Hip hop/Soul|url=http://www.ascap.com/playback/2004/winter/hiphopsoul2.html |work=American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers |accessdate=2008-04-02 |archivedate=2008-04-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412002351/http://www.ascap.com/playback/2004/winter/hiphopsoul2.html }}</ref><ref name="Anthony">{{Rejea tovuti|last=Anthony |first=James | title = Of course you can lose yourself|url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/filmandmusic/story/0,,1852025,00.html |work=The Guardian | date = 18 Agosti 2006|accessdate=2008-04-16}}</ref> [[Picha:Beyonce Independent.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Knowles akiimba wimbo wa Destiny's Child "Independent Women Part I", wimbo bora kutoka kwa kikundi.]] Pamoja na mafanikio yao ya kibiashara, kikundi hiki kikaingizwa katika msukosuko ulioangaziwa sana na vyombo vya habari na uliohusisha mashtaka yaliyofunguliwa na Luckett na Roberson kwa uvunjaji wa mkataba. Msukosuko huu ulizidishwa baada ya [[Michelle Williams]] na [[Farrah Franklin]] kuonekana kwenye video ya wimbo "Say My Name", kumaanisha kuwa Luckett na Roberson walikuwa wameshabadilishwa.<ref name="Kaufman"/> Hatimaye, Roberson na Luckett walitoka kwenye kikundi. Franklin pia hatimaye alififia kutoka kwenye kikundi baada ya miezi mitano,<ref name="Farley"/> kama ilivyothibitishwa na kutokuwepo kwake wakati wa maonyesho ya matangazo ya ukuzaji na utumbuizaji. Yeye alisema kuwa alitoka kwenye kikundi hicho kwa sababu ya matamshi hasi ndani ya kikundi yaliyosababisha ugomvi.<ref name="Kaufman"/> Baada ya kutulia, waimbaji hawa watatu walirekodi albamu ya "[[Independent Women Part I]]", ambayo ilishirikishwa kwenye filamu ya 2000, ''[[Charlie's Angels]]''. Huu ukawa ndio wimbo uliokaa kwenye chati kwa muda mrefu sana, kwani uliongoza kwenye chati ya Marekani ya nyimbo [[/0} kwa muda wa wiki kumi na moja mfululizo.|/0} kwa muda wa wiki kumi na moja mfululizo.<ref name="Kaufman"/><ref name="ASCAP"/>]] Mafanikio hayo yalikiimarisha kikundi hiki na kuwafanya wasifike.<ref name="People"/> Baadaye mwaka huo, Luckett na Roberson waliondoa kesi dhidi ya wanakikundi wenzao, lakini wakadumisha mashtaka dhidi Mathew, ambayo yaliishia katika makubaliano ya pande zote mbili ya kuacha kushushiana hadhi mbele ya umma.<ref name="Kaufman"/> Albamu ya tatu ya Destiny's Child, ''[[Survivor]],'' ilionyesha mzozo waliopitia, kwa kutoa wimbo wake wa kwanza [[uliotoweka baadaye]], na ambao waliutoa kukabiliana na mzozo huo.<ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Hiatt |first=Brian | title = Destiny's Child Use Turmoil To Fuel New LP|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1435986/20010108/destinys_child.jhtml |work=MTV News | date = 8 Juni 2001|accessdate=2008-04-01 |archivedate=2008-09-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917160840/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1435986/20010108/destinys_child.jhtml }}</ref> Hata hivyo, maudhui ya nyimbo za albamu hiyo ya "[[Survivor]]", yaliwafanya Luckett na Roberson wafungue mashtaka upya dhidi ya kikundi hiki, kwa kuamini kwamba zilikuwa zimewalenga wao.<ref name="Kaufman"/> Hata hivyo, kesi ilifungwa mnamo Juni 2002.<ref name="Anthony"/> Wakati huo huo, albamu ilitolewa Mei 2001, na kuwa namba moja katika [[Bango la nyimbo 200 mashuhuri la Marekani|''Bango'' la nyimbo 200 mashuhuri la Marekani]] na kuuza nakala kwa 663,000.<ref name="Martens3">{{Rejea habari |last=Todd |first=Martens | title = Beyonce, Branch Albums Storm The Chart|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1926761 |work=Billboard |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc | date = 2 Julai 2003|accessdate=2008-04-01 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120526215124/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1926761%23/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1926761 |archivedate=2012-05-26 }}</ref> Kufikia sasa, albamu ya ''Survivor'' imeuza zaidi ya nakala milioni kumi duniani kote, zaidi ya asilimia arobaini zikiwa zimeuzwa katika Marekani pekee.<ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Carpenter |first=Troy | title = Destiny's Child Slapped With Infringement Suit|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=2007671 |work=Billboard |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc | date = 22 Oktoba 2003|accessdate=2008-04-01 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120526215118/www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=2007671 |archivedate=2012-05-26 }}</ref> Albamu hii ilitoa nyimbo zingine zilizokuwa namba moja [[-"bootylicious"]] na wimbo wa anwani, "Survivor", wimbo huu wa mwisho ndio uliokishindia kikundi hiki tuzo ya Grammy ya wasilisho bora zaidi la R&B na kikundi cha waimbaji wawili au zaidi kilicho na Sauti nzuri. Baada kutoa albamu yao ya likizo, ''[[8 Days of Christmas]],'' kikundi hiki kilitangaza kutawanyika kwake na kila mmoja wao kuanza kuimba peke yake.<ref name="Kaufman"/> === 2000-02: Kuwa Pekee na kuendeleza kazi === Mwaka 2000, Knowles aliingia katika mkataba wa kutolewa albamu tatu na kampuni ya Columbia Records.<ref name="SeymourDestiny">{{Rejea habari |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,85643,00.html | title = Manifest Destiny|last=Seymour |first=Craig | date = 18 Oktoba 2000|work=Entertainment Weekly |accessdate=2009-02-26 |archivedate=2009-04-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427192429/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,85643,00.html }}</ref> Wakati Knowles alikuwa katika Destiny's Child, yeye pia aliimba peke yake. Aliimba na mwenzake [[Marc Nelson]] katika wimbo wa "When all is Said and Done" ulioshirikishwa kwenye filamu ya 1999 ya ''[[The Best Man]],'' na akashirikishwa katika wimbo wa 2000 wa [["I Got That"]] na rapa [[Amil.]] <ref name="SeymourDestiny"/> Mapema mwaka 2001, wakati kikundi cha Destiny's Child kilikuwa kinakamilisha albamu ya ''Survivor,'' Knowles alipata nafasi ya kuwa mmoja wa wahusika wakuu katika filamu iliyotayarishwa ili kuonyeshwa kwenye televisheni na MTV, ''[82]'' na aliigiza akishirikiana na mwigizaji wa filamu kutoka Marekani [[Mekhi Phifer.]] Filamu hii iliyotengenezewa [[Philadelphia]], ni kama ufafanuzi wa kisasa wa opera ya karne ya 19, ''[[Carmen]]'' iliyoandaliwa na mtunzi wa Kifaransa [[Georges Bizet.]] <ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Basham |first=David | title = Beyoncé To Star In "Carmen" Remake|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1438067/20010118/destinys_child.jhtml |work=MTV News | date = 18 Januari 2001|accessdate=2008-04-01 |archivedate=2010-04-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428064707/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1438067/20010118/destinys_child.jhtml }}</ref> Mwaka 2002, Knowles alishiriki kama mmoja wa wahusika wakuu katika filamu ya vichekesho ya ''[[Austin Powers in Goldmember]],'' kama mhusika [[Foxxy Cleopatra]] wakiwa mkabala na [[Mike Myers.]] <ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Moss |first=Corey | title = Beyonce Records Song Written By Mike Myers For 'Powers' Flick|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1451333/20011205/destinys_child.jhtml |work=MTV News | date = 6 Desemba 2001|accessdate=2008-04-01 |archivedate=2010-04-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428075135/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1451333/20011205/destinys_child.jhtml }}</ref> Filamu hii iliongoza kwenye 'sanduku la posta' na kupata dola milioni 73.1 katika wikendi yake ya kwanza.<ref name="People"/> Knowles alirekodi wimbo wake wa kwanza, [["Work It Out"]], ulioshirikishwa katika filamu hii.<ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Moss |first=Corey | title = Beyonce, Britney Serve Up First Singles From "Goldmember"|url=http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1454495/20020522/story.jhtml |work=MTV News | date = 23 Mei 2002|accessdate=2008-04-01 |archivedate=2010-04-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428074726/http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1454495/20020522/story.jhtml }}</ref> Mwaka uliofuata, Knowles aliigiza pamoja na [[Cuba Gooding, Jr]] katika filamu ya kimapenzi na vichekesho ya ''[[Fighting Temptations]]'' , na kurekodi wimbo wa [["Fighting Temptation"]], akishirikiana na waimbaji wa kike [[Missy Elliott, MC Lyte]], na [[Free for it]] soundtrack.<ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Downey |first=Ryan J. | title = Beyonce Teams With Diddy, Destiny On "Temptations" Soundtrack|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1476929/20030814/knowles_beyonce.jhtml |work=MTV News | date = 14 Agosti 2003|accessdate=2008-04-01 |archivedate=2010-08-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100813034151/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1476929/20030814/knowles_beyonce.jhtml }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Moss |first=Correy | title = Beyoncé: Genuinely In Love - Part 1|url=http://www.mtv.com/bands/b/beyonce/news_feature_062703/ |work=MTV News |accessdate=2008-04-01 |archive-date=2014-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810131051/http://www.mtv.com/bands/b/beyonce/news_feature_062703/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mwaka uo huo Knowles alishiriki katika wimbo wa [[Jay-Z]] (mume wake), wa [["'03 Bonnie &amp; Clyde".]] <ref name="People"/> Pia alirekodi toleo tofauti la wimbo wa [[50 Cent]] wa [["In Da Club"]] na akautoa Machi 2003.<ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Reid |first=Shaheem | title = Beyonce's First Solo Single Will Be A Club Banger|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1471054/20030404/knowles_beyonce.jhtml |work=MTV News | date = 7 Aprilii 2003|accessdate=2008-03-31 |archivedate=2010-08-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100813112608/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1471054/20030404/knowles_beyonce.jhtml }}</ref> [[Luther Vandross]] na Knowles waliimba upya wimbo wa "The Closer I Get to You", ambao ulikuwa umeimbwa awali na [[Roberta Flack]] na [[Donny Hathaway]] katika mwaka wa 1977.<ref name="Moss">{{Rejea habari |last=Moss |first=Corey | title = Beyonce Pushes Up Release Date Of Solo Debut|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1472224/20030602/knowles_beyonce.jhtml |work=MTV News | date = 2 Juni 2003|accessdate=2008-03-31 |archivedate=2010-08-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100813093007/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1472224/20030602/knowles_beyonce.jhtml }}</ref> Toleo lao la wimbo huo lilishinda tuzo ya Grammy katika kategoria ya wimbo bora wa R & B ulioimbwa na watu wawili au Kikundi chenye Sauti katika mwaka uliofuata, na wimbo wa Vandross, [["Dance With My Father"]], ambao pia ulihusisha Knowles, ulishinda katika kategoria ya wimbo bora wa R&B ulioimbwa na mwimbaji wa kiume mwenye sauti nzuri.<ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Sullivan |first=James | title = Beyonce, OutKast Top Grammys|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5937101/beyonce_outkast_top_grammys |work=Rolling Stone | date = 9 Februari 2004|accessdate=2008-04-01 |archivedate=2008-03-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314040827/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5937101/beyonce_outkast_top_grammys }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Moss |first=Corey | title = Beyonce, Ruben Studdard To Appear In Luther Vandross Video|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1474367/20030721/vandross_luther.jhtml |work=MTV News | date = 21 Julai 2003|accessdate=2008-04-01 |archivedate=2010-08-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100813032306/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1474367/20030721/vandross_luther.jhtml }}</ref> === 2003-2004: ''Albamu ya Dangerously in Love'' === Baada ya Williams na Rowland kutoa albamu zao, Knowles alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza, ''[[Dangerously in Love]],'' katika Juni 2003.<ref name="Moss"/> Albamu hii iliyoshirikisha wanamuziki wengi ilikuwa na mchanganyiko wa nyimbo za mpigo wa kasi na wa polepole. Albamu ilipata kushika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye ''Bango'' la nyimbo 200 mashuhuri ilipofika na, kuuza nakala 317,000 katika wiki yake ya kwanza.<ref name="Martens3"/> Albamu hii ilithibitishwa kuhitimu kiwango cha '4x platinum' tarehe 5 Agosti 2004 na shirika la [[Recording Industry Association of America]],<ref name="RIAA">{{Rejea habari | title = Gold and Platinum|url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=Beyonce&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2008&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |work=Recording Industry Association of America |accessdate=2008-04-02 |archivedate=2013-05-21 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6GmCARZKv?url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1 }}</ref> na imeuza nakala milioni 4.2 kufikia sasa katika Marekani.<ref name="Hope">{{Rejea habari |last=Hope |first=Clover | title = Beyoncé To Celebrate "B'Day" In September|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1002577296 |work=Billboard |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc | date = 30 Mei 2006|accessdate=2008-04-01 |archivedate=2010-07-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703134855/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1002577296 }}</ref> Albamu hii ilitoa nyimbo mbili zilizokuwa namba moja. Wimbo wa [["Crazy in Love"]], ulioshirikisha kifungu cha 'rap' kilichoimbwa na Jay-Z, ulitolewa kama wimbo wa kwanza wa albamu hii na ulibakia kwenye ''Bango'' la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri kwa wiki nane mfululizo <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Bonson |first=Fred | title = Chart Beat Chat|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1002035011 |work=Billboard |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc | date = 17 Februari 2006|accessdate=2008-04-02 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120527054245/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1002035011%23/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1002035011 |archivedate=2012-05-27 }}</ref> na kuongoza katika chati zingine nyingi kote duniani. Knowles pia alifanikiwa kuvuma Uingereza, na kuongoza kwenye chati nyingi za nyimbo na albamu huko.<ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Sexton |first=Paul | title = Beyonce Continues U.K. Chart Dominance|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1938016 |work=Billboard |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc | date = 21 Julai 2003|accessdate=2008-04-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929080323/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1938016 |archivedate=2008-09-29 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Sexton |first=Paul | title = Beyonce Rules Again On U.K. Charts|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1933208 |work=Billboard |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc | date = 14 Julai 2003|accessdate=2008-04-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203095445/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1933208 |archivedate=2012-02-03 }}</ref> Wimbo wa pili wa albamu hiyo, [["Baby Boy"]], ambao ulimshirikisha mwimbaji wa mtindo wa [[Dancehall, Sean Paul]], pia ulikuwa mmojawapo wa nyimbo mashuhuri za 2003, ukivuma katika vituo vya redio huko Marekani na kukaa kwa kipindi cha wiki tisa kama namba moja kwenye ''Bango'' la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri- wiki moja zaidi kushinda wimbo wa "Crazy in Love ".<ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Martens |first=Todd | title = Beyonce, Sean Paul Creep Closer To No. 1|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1977331 |work=Billboard |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc | date = 11 Septemba 2003|accessdate=2008-04-02 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120729134000/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1977331%23/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1977331 |archivedate=2012-07-29 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Martens |first=Todd | title = "Stand Up" Ends "Baby Boy" Reign|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=2042602 |work=Billboard |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc | date = 28 Novemba 2003|accessdate=2008-04-02 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120526215124/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=2042602%23/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=2042602 |archivedate=2012-05-26 }}</ref> Tofauti na wimbo wa "Crazy in Love", nyimbo tatu za mwisho zilifikia mafanikio ya kibiashara kwa haraka zaidi, na kuipandisha albamu hii juu ya chati na kuchangia pakubwa katika kuthibitishwa kwake kama albamu iliyohitimu kiwango cha 'multi-platinum'.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|last=Stacy-Deanne | coauthors=Kelly Kenyatta, Natasha Lowery | title = Alicia Keys, Ashanti, Beyonce, Destiny's Child, Jennifer Lopez & Mya: Divas of the New Millennium|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1ZGMcUEvkyEC&pg=PA60&dq=Baby+Boy+by+Beyonce&lr=&as_brr=0&sig=H1TzeKTzJqsBqow_O7HLlQZ4VuM#PPA61,M1 |publisher=Amber Books Publishing |year=2005 |pages=60–61 |isbn=0974977969 |accessdate=2008-04-02}}</ref> Knowles alishinda tuzo tano katika shindano la [[Grammy Awards 2004]] kutokana na juhudi zake mwenyewe, na zilikuwa ni pamoja na [[Uimbaji Bora wa Kike wa R &amp; B]] kwa wimbo [["Dangerously in Love 2"]], Wimbo Bora wa R & B kwa wimbo "Crazy in Love", na [[Albamu Bora ya Kisasa ya R &amp; B.]] Anashirikiana katika ushindi huu na wasanii wengine wa kike wanne: [[Lauryn Hill (1999), Alicia Keys (2002) Norah Jones (2003)]] na [[Amy Winehouse (2008).]] <ref name="ASCAP"/><ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Yes, America, Amy Winehouse Is a Star|url=http://www.bbcamerica.com/content/23/anglophenia.jsp?bc_id=899 |work=BBC America | date = 11 Februari 2008|accessdate=2008-02-13}}</ref> Katika mwaka wa 2004, yeye alishinda [[tuzo]] ya [[BRIT]] ya mwimbaji mmoja ya Kimataifa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Brit Awards 2004 winners|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/news/brits2004/winners.shtml |work=BBC UK | date = 17 Februari 2004|accessdate=2008-04-02}}</ref> === 2004-05: Albamu ya ''Destiny Fulfilled'' na kikundi kutawanyika === Mwaka 2004, Knowles alikusudia kutoa albamu ya kufuatilia ile ya ''Dangerously in Love,'' ambayo ingekuwa na baadhi ya nyimbo zilizobaki baada ya kurekodi ile ya kwanza. Hata hivyo, matarajio yake ya kimuziki yalisimamishwa kutokana na ratiba zilizokinzana, ikiwemo ile ya kurekodi na kikundi cha Destiny's Child kwa albamu ambayo ingekuwa yao ya mwisho.<ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Patel |first=Joseph | title = Beyonce Puts Off Second Solo LP To Reunite Destiny's Child|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1484202/20040107/knowles_beyonce.jhtml |work=MTV News | date = 7 Januari 2004|accessdate=2008-04-01 |archivedate=2008-01-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115070521/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1484202/20040107/knowles_beyonce.jhtml }}</ref> Mapema katika mwaka huo, Knowles aliimba [[wimbo wa taifa wa Marekani]] katika hafla ya [[Super Bowl XXXVIII]] katika uwanja wa michezo wa [[Reliant]] huko Houston; yeye alikubali kuwa jambo hili lilikuwa limetimiza ndoto yake ya utoto.<ref name="People2">{{Rejea tovuti | title = Beyoncé Knowles: Biography - Part 2|url=http://www.people.com/people/beyonce_knowles/biography/0,,20004431_10,00.html |work=People |accessdate=2008-04-01 |archivedate=2007-05-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504090034/http://www.people.com/people/beyonce_knowles/biography/0,,20004431_10,00.html }}</ref> [[Picha:Say My Name Live.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Destiny's Child wakiimba wimbo bora wa 2000 "Say My Name" wakati wa ziara yao ya mwisho, Destiny Fulfilled ... And Lovin 'It.]] Baada ya safari ya miaka mitatu iliyohusisha yeye kushughulikia miradi yake binafsi, Knowles aliungana na Rowland na Williams kwa sababu ya albamu ya ''[[Destiny Fulfilled]],'' iliyotolewa Novemba 2004.<ref name="Kaufman"/> Albamu hii ilifika namba mbili kwenye [[Bango la nyimbo 200 mashuhuri,|''Bango'' la nyimbo 200 mashuhuri]], na ikatoa nyimbo tatu zilizoingia kwenye orodha ya nyimbo arobaini za kwanza zikiwemo [["Lose My Breath"]] na [["Soldier".]] <ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Whitmire |first=Margo | title = Eminem Thankful To Remain No. 1|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000726418 |work=Billboard |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc | date = 24 Novemba 2004|accessdate=2008-04-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623084126/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000726418 |archivedate=2011-06-23 }}</ref> Katika harakati za kuipigia debe albamu hiyo, kikundi hiki kulianza ziara ya 2005 ya ''[[Destiny Fulfilled...]]'' ''[[And Lovin 'It]]'' , duniani, ambayo ilianza katika Aprili na ikaendelea hadi Septemba. Wakiwa katika ziara ya [[Barcelona]], Uhispania, kikundi hiki kilitangaza kutawanyika kwao baada ya kufikia mwisho wa ziara ya Amerika ya Kaskazini.<ref name="Kaufman"/><ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Cohen |first=Jonathan | title = Destiny's Child To Split After Fall Tour|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000955328 |work=Billboard |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc | date = 12 Juni 2005|accessdate=2008-04-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623084101/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000955328 |archivedate=2011-06-23 }}</ref> Mnamo Oktoba 2005, kikundi hiki kilitoa [[albamu ya mkusanyiko]], iliyoitwa ''[[# 1's]],'' na iliyokuwa na nyimbo zao zote ambazo zilishawahi kuwa namba moja na zile zilizojulikana sana. Albamu hii ya nyimbo zao mashuhuri ilijumuisha nyimbo tatu mpya, ikiwa ni pamoja wimbo wa [["Stand Up For Love".]] Kikundi hiki kilipongezwa kwa kupewa nyota katika hafla ya [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] mnamo Machi 2006.<ref name="People2"/> Pia walitambuliwa kama kikundi cha kike kilichokuwa na mauzo bora zaidi ulimwenguni kote.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | title = Beyonce Knowles|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/time100walkup/article/0,28804,1611030_1610841_1609748,00.html |work=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]] |accessdate=2008-04-12 |archivedate=2012-02-22 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/65dYOYWGa?url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/time100walkup/article/0,28804,1611030_1610841_1609748,00.html |=https://www.webcitation.org/65dYOYWGa?url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/time100walkup/article/0,28804,1611030_1610841_1609748,00.html }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari|last=Keller |first=Julie | title = Destiny's World Domination|url=http://music.yahoo.com/read/news/23584356 |work=[[Yahoo! Music]] | date = 1 Septemba 2005|accessdate=2006-12-28}}</ref> Huku akiendelea na kazi yake ya filamu, Knowles alishiriki kama mmoja wa wahusika wakuu katika filamu ya ''[[The Pink Panther]],'' na kucheza kama mhusika Xania, aliyesifika kimataifa, wakiwa na [[Steve Martin]], ambaye huigiza kama [[Inspekta Clouseau.]] <ref name="IGN">{{Rejea tovuti|last=Otto |first=Jeff | title = Interview: Beyonce Knowles|url=http://movies.ign.com/articles/686/686598p1.html |work=IGN | date = 8 Februari 2006|accessdate=2008-04-01}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Moss |first=Corey | title = Beyonce To Star Opposite Steve Martin In "Pink Panther"|url=http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1485971/20040325/story.jhtml |work=MTV News | date = 25 Machi 2004|accessdate=2008-04-01 |archivedate=2010-04-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428074453/http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1485971/20040325/story.jhtml }}</ref> Filamu hiyo ilitolewa 10 Februari 2006, na ikapata nafasi ya kwanza katika 'sanduku la posta', na kuuza tiketi za dola milioni 21.7 katika wiki ya kwanza.<ref name="People"/> Knowles alirekodi wimbo wa [["Check on It"]] ulioshirikishwa kwenye filamu, akishirikiana na [[Slim Thug]], na kufikia namba moja kwenye [[Bango la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri.|''Bango'' la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri.]] <ref name="IGN"/> Mwishoni mwa mwaka 2005, Knowles tena alisitisha kutolewa kwa albamu yake ya pili baada ya kupata nafasi katika ''[[Dreamgirls]],'' filamu iliyolinganisha filamu ya [[1981 Broadway]] kuhusu kikundi cha waimbaji wa kike cha 1960 kilicholinganishwa na kile cha [[Motown]] cha waimbaji wa kike kilichoitwa [[The Supremes.]] Katika filamu hii, yeye anacheza nafasi ya Deena Jones anayelinganishwa na [[Diana Ross]].<ref name="IGN"/><ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Tecson |first=Brandee J. | title = Beyonce Slimming Down And "Completely Becoming Deena"|url=http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1523138/20060203/story.jhtml |work=MTV News | date = 3 Februari 2006|accessdate=2008-04-01 |archivedate=2008-01-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120141003/http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1523138/20060203/story.jhtml }}</ref> Knowles aliambia jarida la ''Billboard'' : "Sitashughulikia albamu yangu hadi nimalize kuigiza kwenye filamu hii." <ref name="Hope"/> Filamu hii iliyotolewa Desemba 2006, ilishirikisha [[Jamie Foxx, Eddie Murphy]], na [[Jennifer Hudson.]] Knowles alirekodi nyimbo kadhaa kwa ajili ya kutumika kwenye filamu hii, ukiwemo wimbo alioubuni wa [["Listen".]] <ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Reid |first=Shaheem | title = Beyonce Wants End To Drama Over New Drama "Dreamgirls"; Sets Tour|url=http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1547863/20061212/story.jhtml |work=MTV News | date = 13 Desemba 2006|accessdate=2008-04-01 |archivedate=2010-04-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100403181043/http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1547863/20061212/story.jhtml }}</ref> Mnamo 14 Desemba 2006, Knowles alipendekezwa kupata [[tuzo mbili za Golden Globe]] kutokana na filamu hiyo ya Dream Girls: [[Kategoria ya mwigizaji bora wa kike - 'Motion Picture Musical or Comedy']] na [[Wimbo bora wa kubuni]] kutokana na wimbo alioubuni wa "Listen".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-2505178,00.html | title = Nominees for the 2007 Golden Globe Awards in full|work=[[The Times|Times Online]] | date = 15 Desemba 2006|accessdate=2007-01-12 |archive-date=2021-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214102849/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === 2006-07: Albamu ya ''B'Day'' === [[Picha:Beyonce sings Listen.jpg|thumb|180px|Knowles akiimba wimbo wa "Listen" kutoka Dreamgirls, wakati wa ziara ya The Beyoncé Experience ya mwaka 2007.]] Kutokana na msukumo uliotokana na nafasi yake katika filamu ya ''Dreamgirls,'' Knowles alianza kuifanyia kazi albamu yake ya pili bila mpango maalum, huku akisema kwenye habari za MTV, "[Baada ya kumalizika kwa utayarishaji wa filamu] mimi nilikuwa na mambo mengi ndani yangu, hisia nyingi, mawazo mengi".<ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Reid |first=Shaheem | title = Be All You Can, B.|url=http://www.mtv.com/bands/b/beyonce/news_feature_081406/index2.jhtml |work=MTV News |accessdate=2008-04-01 |archivedate=2013-06-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607124459/http://www.mtv.com/bands/b/beyonce/news_feature_081406/index2.jhtml }}</ref> Knowles alifanya kazi na watu wengine walioshiriki kwenye muziki hapo awali, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Rich Harrison, Rodney Jerkins]] na [[Sean Garrett]], katika studio za muziki za [[Sony]] mjini New York. Alishiriki katika ama kuandika au kutayarisha karibu nyimbo zote zilizokuwa katika albamu hiyo, ambayo ilikamilika kutayarishwa katika muda wa wiki tatu.<ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Vineyard |first=Jennifer | title = Beyonce's Triple Threat: New Album, Film, Fashion Line Before Year's End|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1533201/20060530/knowles_beyonce.jhtml |work=MTV News | date = 31 Mei 2006|accessdate=2008-04-01 |archivedate=2010-08-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100813104001/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1533201/20060530/knowles_beyonce.jhtml }}</ref> Albamu ya ''[[B'Day]]'' ilitolewa duniani kote tarehe 4 Septemba 2006 na tarehe 5 Septemba 2006 katika Marekani wakati mmoja na maadhimisho ya miaka ishirini na tano yake ya kuzaliwa. Albamu hii ilitolewa na kuwa namba moja kwenye ''Bango'' la nyimbo 200 mashuhuri, huku ikiuza zaidi ya nakala 541,000 katika wiki ya kwanza, na yakawa ndio mauzo yake ya juu zaidi katika wiki ya kwanza akiwa anaimba peke yake.<ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Hasty |first=Katie | title = Beyonce's 'B-Day' Makes Big Bow At No. 1|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003121337 |work=Billboard |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc | date = 13 Septemba 2006|accessdate=2008-01-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929141817/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003121337 |archivedate=2007-09-29 }}</ref> Albamu imethibitishwa kufikia kiwango cha platinumu kwa mara tatu huko Marekani na shirika la [[Recording Industry Association of America.]] <ref name="RIAA"/> Albamu hii ilitoa wimbo uliokuwa namba moja huko Uingereza, wa [["Déjà Vu"]], ambao ndio ulikuwa wa kwanza kutolewa kutoka kwa albamu hii, akishirikiana na Jay-Z. " Wimbo wa "Irreplaceable" ulitolewa Oktoba mwaka 2006 kama wimbo wa pili wa albamu hii duniani kote na wa tatu katika Marekani "Wimbo huu uliongoza kwenye ''Bango'' la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri kwa wiki 10 mfululizo, na kumpatia Knowles wimbo wake uliokaa katika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye bango kufikia sasa.<ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Hasty |first=Katie | title = Beyonce Makes It Ten Weeks At No. 1 With 'Irreplaceable'|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003543450 |work=Billboard |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc | date = 8 Februari 2007|accessdate=2008-04-02 |archivedate=2011-06-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605101410/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003543450 }}</ref> Ingawa albamu hii ilikuwa na mafanikio, kibiashara, utayarishaji wake ambao ulichukua muda mfupi ulizua mijadala mikali.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Hiatt |first=Brian | title = Beyonce: B'Day|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/beyonce/albums/album/11463836/review/11736807/bday |work=Rolling Stone | date = 20 Septemba 2006|accessdate=2008-04-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106061431/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/beyonce/albums/album/11463836/review/11736807/bday |archivedate=2007-01-06 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106061431/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/beyonce/albums/album/11463836/review/11736807/bday }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari|last=Rodman |first=Sarah | title = Beyonce shows rage and range on new release|url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/living/articles/2006/09/04/beyonce_shows_rage_and_range_on_new_release/ |work=The Boston Globe |publisher=The New York Times Company | date = 4 Septemba 2006|accessdate=2009-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Kellman |first=Andy | title = Album Review: B'Day|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/bday-r852067 |publisher=Allmusic |accessdate=2008-01-08}}</ref> Knowles alitoa upya albamu hii ya ''B'Day'' tarehe 3 Aprili 2007 ,<ref>{{Rejea habari |author=MTV News staff | title = For The Record: Quick News On Mariah, Notorious B.I.G., Paul Wall, Beyonce, Shakira, Fall Out Boy & More|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1552323/20070213/carey_mariah.jhtml |work=MTV News | date = 13 Februari 2007|accessdate=2008-04-01 |archivedate=2007-12-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224091959/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1552323/20070213/carey_mariah.jhtml }}</ref> iloyokuwa na nyimbo tano mpya na matoleo ya Kihispania ya nyimbo za "Irreplaceable", na [["Listen".]] <ref name="MTVNewsStaff">{{Rejea habari | title = For The Record: Quick News On Mariah, Notorious B.I.G., Paul Wall, Beyonce, Shakira, Fall Out Boy & More|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1552323/20070213/carey_mariah.jhtml |work=MTV News | date = 13 Februari 2007|accessdate=2008-04-03 |archivedate=2007-12-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224091959/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1552323/20070213/carey_mariah.jhtml }}</ref> Sambamba na hayo, ''[[diwani ya albamu ya B'Day]]'' ilitolewa akishirikisha video 10 za muziki.<ref name="MTVNewsStaff"/><ref name="Vineyard1">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Vineyard |first=Jennifer | title = Beyonce: Behind The B'Day Videos 1|url=http://www.mtv.com/bands/b/beyonce/videos_07/news_feature_040207/index.jhtml |work=MTV News |accessdate=2008-04-02 |archive-date=2016-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819020647/http://www.mtv.com/bands/b/beyonce/videos_07/news_feature_040207/index.jhtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Katika kuipigia debe albamu hii, Knowles kulianza ziara yake ndefu iliyoitwa [[The Beyoncé Experience]] tour, na kutembelea zaidi ya kumbi tisini duniani, na ambayo ilitolewa kama video ya DVD iliyoitwa ''[[The Beyoncé Experience Live!.]]'' <ref>[http://www.answers.com/topic/the-beyonc-experience-live-dvd The Beyonce Experience Live DVD = "Guy Charbonneau (mhandisi)][http://www.answers.com/topic/the-beyonc-experience-live-dvd '''' ]</ref> Katika mashindano ya [[Grammy Awards, 2007]], albamu ya B'Day '' ilimshindia Knowles tuzo ya Albamu Bora ya Kisasa ya R &amp; B.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | title = 49th Annual Grammy Award Winnerslist|url=http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/49th_show/list.aspx |work=The Recording Academy |accessdate=2008-04-02 |archivedate=2006-12-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208230821/http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/49th_Show/list.aspx%2321 }}</ref>'' ''Knowles alifanywa jambo la kihistoria katika shindano la 35 la kila mwaka linalohusisha mashindano ya muziki [[Annual American Music Awards]] kwa kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kushinda tuzo ya msanii wa Kimataifa.<ref name="People2"/>'' === 2008-hadi leo: Albamu ya ''I Am ... Sasha Fierce'' === [[Picha:BeyoncéKnowlesAAFeb09.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Knowles katika mashindano ya Academy 81 katika mwezi wa Februari 2009.]] Mnamo 10 Februari 2008, Knowles aliimba akishirikiana na [[Tina Turner]] katika shindano la [[50 la Grammy Awards.]] Wao waliimba mojawapo ya nyimbo mashuhuri za Tuner, [["Proud Maria"]], na kupokea maoni chanya kutoka vyombo vya habari. Knowles alitoa albamu yake ya tatu, ''[[I Am ... Sasha Fierce]],'' tarehe 18 Novemba 2008.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1596573/20081008/knowles_beyonce.jhtml |last=Vineyard |first=Jennifer | title = Beyonce Releases Two Tracks From ''I Am ...'' , Inspired By Jay-Z And Etta James|accessdate=8 Oktoba 2008 | date = 8 Oktoba 2008|publisher=MTV.com |archive-date=2012-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619051814/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1596573/beyonce-releases-two-tracks-from-i.jhtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Knowles husema kwamba jina ''Sasha Fierce'' ni jina la kimaajazi ambalo yeye hulichukua wakati anaimba kwenye jukwaa.<ref name="PCOLSashafierce">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2008/11/08/sm_beyonce.xml |work=The Telegraph | title = Beyoncé: dream girl| date = 11 Agosti 2008|accessdate=2021-07-13 |archivedate=2020-05-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531052644/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/?xml=%2Farts%2F2008%2F11%2F08%2Fsm_beyonce.xml }}</ref> Albamu hii ilitangulia na kutolewa kwa nyimbo zake mbili, "If [[I Were a Boy"]] na [["Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)".]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/080909/nytu078.html?.v=101 | title = New Beyonce Album Set for Release on Tuesday, November 18|accessdate=2008-09-09}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |first=Jonathan |last=Cohen |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003847270 | title = New Beyonce Album Arriving In November|work=Billboard |accessdate=2008-09-09 |archivedate=2008-11-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102200258/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003847270 }}</ref> Wakati wimbo wa "If I Were a Boy" uliongoza kwenye chati mbalimbali duniani, hasa katika nchi za Ulaya, wimbo wa "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" ulichukua nafasi ya kwanza kwenye chati ya [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] , kwa wiki nne ingawa si mfululizo, na kumpatia Knowles wimbo wake wa tano kuwa namba moja katika Marekani. [[Picha:Beyonce during the inaugural opening ceremonies.JPG|right|280px|thumb|Beyonce anaimba wimbo wa "America the Beautiful" wakati wa ufunguzi wa sherehe za uzinduzi.]] Knowles aliigiza kwenye filamu ya kimuziki, ''[[Cadillac Records]],'' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YpwDbsNuMtc | title = Rodney Jerkins at Clive Davis' Pre-Grammy Party|work=Rap-Up TV | date = 10 Februari 2008|accessdate=2008-02-15}}</ref> ambapo Knowles alikuwa ametunikiwa kuchaguliwa kuiga katika mchezo mwimbaji mashuhuri wa [['blues']], [[Etta James.]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://beyonceworld.net/news/show_news.php?subaction=showcomments&template=&id=1214505789&archive=&start_from=&ucat= | title = Rodney Jerkins on Beyonce album release|work=Rap-Up TV | date = 26 Juni 2008|accessdate=2008-06-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929234713/http://beyonceworld.net/news/show_news.php?subaction=showcomments&template=&id=1214505789&archive=&start_from=&ucat= |archivedate=2008-09-29 }}</ref> Uigizaji wake katika filamu hiyo umepokea sifa kutoka wakosoaji.<ref>{{Rejea habari |url=http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,25320588-5009160,00.html | title = Is Beyonce beyond her best?|last=Masterson |first=Lawrie | date = 12 Aprilii 2009|work=Daily Telegraph |accessdate=2009-04-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415161851/http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,25320588-5009160,00.html |archivedate=2009-04-15 }}</ref> Knowles pia aliigiza pamoja na [[Ali Larter]] na [[Idris Elba]] katika filamu ya kutisha iitwayo ''[[obsessed]],'' ambayo ilikuwa katika utayarishaji tangu Mei 2008. Filamu hii ilipokea maoni duni na imepata asilimia mbovu ya 18% katika orodha ya 'Rotten Tomatoes'. Hata hivyo, filamu hii kufikia sasa imethibitisha kuwa na mafanikio ya kibiashara na ilitolewa katika Marekani tarehe 24 Aprili 2009. Filamu hii ilikusanya dola milioni 11.1 katika siku yake ya kwanza kutolewa <ref name="BOM">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=2580&p=.htm | title = Box Office Mojo}}</ref> na kumalizia wikendi yake ya kufunguliwa katika nafasi ya kwanza, na jumla ya dola 28.6 milioni.<ref name="BOM"/> [["Halo"]], wimbo wa nne wa albamu ya ''I Am ...'' ''Sasha Fierce,'' ulichukua nafasi ya tano, hivyo kuwa wimbo wa 12 wa Knowles kutokea katika orodha ya nyimbo 10 za kwanza katika chati ya 'Hot 100', akiwa ameimba peke yake. Jambo hili lilimfanya Knowles msanii wa kike aliye na nyimbo nyingi zaidi katika orodha ya nyimbo kumi za kwanza kwenye chati ya 'Hot 100' katika muongo huu.<ref name="Chart"/><ref name="Flo"/> Yeye pia ndiye msanii wa kike aliyekaa sana kwenye nafasi ya kwanza katika muongo huu, kwa kukaa jumla ya wiki 36 katika namba moja, kuwa na nyimbo nyingi miongoni mwa nyimbo tano na nyimbo kumi za kwanza katika muongo huu, kwa jumla ya nyimbo kumi na tatu,<ref name="Chart">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/chart-beat-bonus/chart-beat-depeche-mode-pet-shop-boys-oak-1003968257.story | title = Chart Beat: Depeche Mode, Pet Shop Boys, Oak Ridge Boys, Hannah Montana| date = 30 Aprilii 2009|accessdate=2009-11-30 |archivedate=2009-05-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504135405/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/chart-beat-bonus/chart-beat-depeche-mode-pet-shop-boys-oak-1003968257.story }}</ref><ref name="Flo">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/flo-rida-has-sweet-week-on-billboard-hot-1003968125.story | title = Flo Rida Has Sweet Week On Billboard Hot 100| date = 30 Aprilii 2009|accessdate=2009-11-30 |archivedate=2010-01-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107130729/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/flo-rida-has-sweet-week-on-billboard-hot-1003968125.story }}</ref> pamoja na kuwa na nyimbo nyingi kabisa miongoni mwa nyimbo 40 mashuhuri muongo huu, kwa kuwa na jumla ya nyimbo 18.<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/column/chartbeat/chart-beat-thursday-whitney-houston-black-1003998991.story#/column/chartbeat/chart-beat-thursday-whitney-houston-black-1003998991.story Chati Beat Thursday: Whitney Houston, Black Eyed Peas, Demi Lovato.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.billboard.com/column/chartbeat/chart-beat-thursday-whitney-houston-black-1003998991.story#/column/chartbeat/chart-beat-thursday-whitney-houston-black-1003998991.story |date=20110311042339 }} (07-30-2009). Bango la matangazo Ilipakuliwa 2009/07/20.</ref> Knowles alishinda Msanii Bora wa Kike (Outstanding Female Artist) katika mashindano ya [[NAACP Image Awards]] 2009.<ref>{{Rejea habari |url=http://www.cbc.ca/arts/story/2009/02/13/image-winners.html | title = Hudson tops winners at NAACP Image Awards| date = 13 Februari 2009|publisher=CBC |accessdate=2009-02-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214235020/http://www.cbc.ca/arts/story/2009/02/13/image-winners.html |archivedate=2009-02-14 }}</ref> Yeye pia alishinda tuzo ya Msanii Bora wa R & B katika mashindano ya 2009 [[Teen Choice Awards.]] Knowles aliimba kwenye [[We Are One: The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial|sikukuu]] ya [[Lincoln Memorial]] iliyokuwa tarehe 18 Januari 2009 iliyoandaliwa kwa heshima ya kuanzisha rasmi utawala wa [[Barack Obama]], Rais wa 44 wa Marekani. Knowles pia aliimba wimbo toleo lake la R & B la wimbo maarufu unaojulikana kuimbwa na [[Etta James, wa "At Last"]], wakati Rais Obama na mke wake [[Michelle]] walikuwa wakicheza ngoma yao ya kwanza kama Rais na mama wa kwanza wa Marekani, tarehe 20 Januari 2009 katika hafla ya 'Neighborhood Inaugural Ball'. [[Picha:Beyoncé at 2009 MTV VMA's 2 cropped.jpg|thumb|170px|left|Knowles katika mashindano ya 2009 MTV Video Music Awards.]] Katika kupigia debe albamu yeke, Knowles kufanya ziara ndefu iliyoitwa [[I Am ...]][[Tour]] Concert tours iliyoanza katika majira ya kuchipua ya 2009, na kutembelea kumbi tofauti duniani kote. Alihitimisha awamu ya ziara yake ya Amerika ya Kaskazini na onyesho la siku nne lililohusisha watu maalum na lilokuwa katika, [[Encore Theater]] inayotoshea watu 1,500 na iliyo kwenye 'Steve Wynn's Encore Resort' mjini [[Las Vegas]], kuanzia 30 Julai hadi 2 Agosti 2009. Kufikia 2 Agosti 2009, ziara ya Knowles ilikuwa imetangazwa rasmi kuwa 'Maonyesho nambari 1', kutokana na idadi kubwa ya watu waliohudhuria na safari hiyo iliyohusisha sehemu mbalimbali. Mwandishi wa jarida la ''[[Billboard]]'' , Bob Allen anathibitisha mafanikio ya ziara hiyo kwa kusema: "Kutokana na taarifa ya mapato kufikia dola 36 milion tangu ziara ianze, oyesho lake liko miongoni mwa maonyesho 15 ya kwanza, kukiwa na ziara zingine zilizopangwa kuanzia mwaka wa 2010." <ref>http://www.singersroom.com/news/4219/Beyonce-I-AM-Tour-Ranks-No1-Worldwide</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://news.prnewswire.com/DisplayReleaseContent.aspx?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/08-03-2009/0005070327&EDATE= | title = Beyonce's Four-Night Stint at Wynn Las Vegas a Resounding Success|work=PR Newswire |accessdate=2009-08-03 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120711104938/http://news.prnewswire.com/DisplayReleaseContent.aspx?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/08-03-2009/0005070327&EDATE= |archivedate=2012-07-11 }}</ref> Video ya wimbo wa "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" ilishinda tuzo ya mwaka ya 2009 [[BET Awards]]. Aidha, video hii ilipendekezwa kupata jumla ya tuzo tisa katika shindano la [[2009 MTV Video Music Awards]], na hatimaye ikashinda tuzo ya [[Video ya mwaka]] na tuzo zingine mbili, ingawa kushindwa kwake katika kategoria ya Video Bora ya Kike na video ya [[Taylor Swift]] ya wimbo [["You Belong to Me"]] kulisababisha [[mgogoro wakati wa hafla;]] Hotuba ya Swift ya kukubali tuzo ilikatizwa na msanii wa Hip-Hop [[Kanye West]], ambaye alimpokonya kipaza sauti na kutangaza video ya "Single Ladies" kama "mojawapo ya video bora zaidi". Wakati Knowles alipokea tuzo ya video ya Mwaka, yeye alisema, "Mimi ninakumbuka nikiwa na umri wa miaka 17, nikieda kuchukua tuzo langu ya kwanza kutoka MTV na kikundi cha Destiny's Child, na ilikuwa ni mojawapo ya nyakati za kusisimua zaidi katika maisha yangu" na kwamba yeye angependa Swift "ajitokeze na afurahie wakati wake".<ref name="rollingstone.com">{{Rejea tovuti| title = Kanye West Storms the VMAs Stage During Taylor Swift's Speech| date = 2009-09-13|publisher=''[[Rolling Stone]]''|accessdate=2009-09-13|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2009/09/13/kanye-west-storms-the-vmas-stage-during-taylor-swifts-speech/?rand=84857|archivedate=2009-09-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922170945/http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2009/09/13/kanye-west-storms-the-vmas-stage-during-taylor-swifts-speech/?rand=84857|=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922170945/http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2009/09/13/kanye-west-storms-the-vmas-stage-during-taylor-swifts-speech/?rand=84857}}</ref><ref name="latimes.com">{{Rejea tovuti|first=Ann|last=Powers| title = Beyonce and Taylor Swift: Sisterhood is powerful, especially when male-directed| date = 2009-09-14|accessdate=2009-09-15|publisher=''[[Los Angeles Times]]''|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/.../beyonce-and-taylor-swift-sisterhood-is-powerful-especially-when-maledirected.html}}</ref><ref name="Cnn.com">{{Rejea tovuti|first=Lisa|last=Respers| title = Anger over West's disruption at MTV awards| date = 2009-09-14|accessdate=2009-09-15|publisher=[[CNN]]|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/09/14/kanye.west.reaction/index.html}}</ref><ref name="MTV">{{Rejea tovuti| title = Adam Lambert, Donald Trump, Joe Jackson Slam Kanye West's VMA Stunt| date = 2009-09-13|publisher=[[MTV]]|accessdate=2009-09-13|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/.../swift__taylor.jhtml|archive-date=2012-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218000931/http://www.mtv.com/news/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mnamo Oktoba 2009, Knowles alipewa tuzo ya jarida la ''[[Billboard]]'' ya "Woman of the Year".<ref name="billboardaward">{{Rejea tovuti| url=http://www.billboard.com/#/news/beyonce-accepts-billboard-s-woman-of-the-1004018301.story| title = Beyonce Accepts Billboard's Woman Of the Year Award, Lady Gaga Is Rising Star| work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]| publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc| author=Concepcion, Mariel| date = 2009-10-02| accessdate=2009-10-03}}</ref> Wakati wa kukubali tuzo hilo, Knowles alisema "Mimi ni mwanamke aliyebahatika sana duniani." <ref name="billboardaward"/> == Mtindo wa muziki na sura == === Muziki na sauti === {{Listen|filename=Beyonce Trust in Me.ogg|title="Trust in Me"|description=While predominately R&B, Knowles' music explores various styles. The ''[[Daily Mail]]'' calls Knowles' voice "versatile", capable of exploring [[power ballads]], [[soul music|soul]], [[rock music|rock]] [[Belt (music)|belting]], operatic florishes, and hip hop.<ref>"[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1187791/Beyonc-parties-5am-London--pulls-fierce-performance.html Beyoncé parties until 5am before first London show... but still pulls off a fierce performance]". (2009-26-05) ''[[The Daily Mail]]''. Retrieved (2009-08-03)</ref>|format=[[Ogg]]|filename2=Destiny's Child, Emotion.ogg|title2="Emotion"|description2=Knowles' prominent use of [[melisma]] and other vocal ornamentation earns her both praise and criticism from critics and fans.<ref name="MC"/><ref name="Their Music 2006 pg 13">''Contemporary Musicians and Their Music: Beyonce.'' (2006). The Rosen Publishing Group, pg 13.</ref>|format2=[[Ogg]]}} Knowles daima amekuwa akitambuliwa kama kiongozi wa Destiny's Child.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Card Well |first=Diane | title = FAME; In Sync|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/01/arts/music/01dest.htmhttp://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B07EEDC1739F93AA3575AC0A9679C8B63 |work=The New York Times | date = 9 Septemba 2001|accessdate=2008-04-11 |archivedate=2018-11-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128102538/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/01/arts/music/01dest.htmhttp://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B07EEDC1739F93AA3575AC0A9679C8B63 }}</ref> Mwandishi Jon Pareles wa gazeti la ''[[The New York Times]]'' alisema kwamba Knowles ana sauti inayokitambulisha kikundi, huku akiandika kuwa sauti yake ni "nyororo tena kali, pamoja na mtetemeko unaodumu na inayoweza kucharaza [[nyimbo za 'soul'".]] <ref name="Pareles">{{Rejea tovuti|last=Pareles |first=Jon | title = Empowerment, Allure and a Runway's Flair|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/01/arts/music/01dest.html |work=The New York Times | date = 1 Agosti 2005|accessdate=2008-04-11}}</ref> Mwandishi James Anthony wa jarida la ''[[The Guardian]]'' alisema kuwa sauti yake ni tofauti na ya kasi, na iliyo na mbinu za kwikwi.<ref name="Anthony"/> Wakosoaji wengine walisifu anuwai yake na nguvu. Katika marekebisho ya albamu yake ya pili, ''B'Day'' , mwandishi Jody Rosen wa jarida la ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' aliandika "Beyoncé ni mfumo wa dhoruba uliojigeuza mwimbaji. Katika albamu yake pekee ya pili, ''B'Day,'' nyimbo ziliwasili kwa mbubujiko mkubwa wa mdundo na hisia, huku sauti ya Beyoncé ikipasua kelele za matigo ya wimbo; wewe utahitajika kutafuta kwa mapana na marefu - pengine katika kumbi za [[Metropolitan Opera]] - kupata mwimbaji mwingine anayeimba kwa nguvu zaidi ya zake ...Hakuna mmoja - si [[R. Kelly]], si [[Usher]] bila kuwataja wapinzani wake wa 'pop'- anayeweza kufikia uwezo wa Beyoncé wa kuivuta mistari yake dhidi ya mapigo ya hip-hop.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | title = Music Review: B'Day|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1516025,00.html |work=Entertainment Weekly | date = 1 Septemba 2006|accessdate=2009-04-23 |archivedate=2014-10-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010085806/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1516025,00.html }}</ref> Mwandishi Chris Richards wa jarida la ''[[Washington Post]]'' anaandika, "Hata wakati ambapo yeye hafanyi vyema kimuziki, yeye hupaa juu ya waigaji wake. Yote yako katika sauti yake -chombo kilichozidi cha binadamu kilicho na uwezo wa kuimba wimbo wowote kwa mgong'ono wa kusisimua au mngurumo kamili-. Mchomo, kubeza, ashiki, mapambano-Beyoncé huimba kutoka pande hizi zote kwa uwezo mkuu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Beyonce's 'B'Day' Is Nothing to Celebrate|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/05/AR2006090501475.html|work=Washington Post| date = 6 Septemba 2006|accessdate=2009-06-28}}</ref> Jarida la ''Cove'' lilimworodhesha katika nafasi ya saba katika orodha yao ya "Waimbaji 100 mashuhuri wa Pop" (The 100 Outstanding Pop Vocalists), na kumpatia alama 48 kati ya 50 kutokana na vigezo kadhaa vikiwemo uwezo wake wa kuimba na ulinganifu wa sauti.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = 100 Outstanding Pop Vocalists|url=http://teamsugar.com/group/1006632/blog/1659579|work=Teamsugar|accessdate=2009-06-28|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/65iBaM6Dw?url=http://www.onsugar.com/|archivedate=2012-02-25}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti | title = 100 Outstanding Pop Vocalists|url=http://covemagazine.com/100vocalists.html |work=Cove |accessdate=2008-04-15 |archive-date=2006-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716122547/http://www.covemagazine.com/100vocalists.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mara nyingi Knowles amesemekana kuimba sana. Kama mtu anayejulikana kuendelea [[kujiboresha]], yeye mara kwa mara hulinganishwa na wasanii kama [[Mariah Carey]], ambao umaarufu wao wa kuimba umejulikana kupungua kutoka kwenye utamu wa nyimbo zao. Jarida la ''[[Eye Weekly]]'' linaandika, "Hakuna swali kwamba Beyonce ni mmoja wa waimbaji bora wa pop, labda mmoja aliyebora miongoni mwa walio hai ... [Hata hivyo] ingawa uimbaji wake una busara, athari kwa jumla bado ni kama kupondwa kichwa kwa ngumi iliyo kwenye glavu ya mahameli.<ref>[http://www.eyeweekly.com/music/liveeye/article/66814 Beyonce @ Molson Amphitheatre, Julai 20.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eyeweekly.com/music/liveeye/article/66814 |date=20110813052601 }} (2009-07-21). ''Eye Weekly.'' Ilipakuliwa 2009/07/20.</ref> Muziki wa Knowles kwa jumla ni [[wa R &amp; B ya kisasa]], ingawa pia unajumuisha muziki wa [[dance-pop, Funk, pop]] na [[soul.]] Ingawa karibu nyimbo zake zote ni za Kiingereza, Knowles alirekodi nyimbo kadhaa za Kihispania wakati wa toleo jipya la albamu ya ''B'Day.'' Kikundi cha Destiny's Child kilikuwa tayari kimerekodi wimbo wa Kihispania na kupokea mapokeo mazuri kutoka mashabiki wao wa Kilatini. Knowles alisoma Kihispania katika shule wakati alipokuwa kijana, lakini sasa anaweza kusema maneno machache tu ya lugha hiyo. Kabla ya kurekodi nyimbo za Kihispania za toleo jipya la albamu ya ''B'Day,'' yeye alifunzwa kutamka na mtayarishaji wa Marekani Rudy Perez.<ref name="Vineyard1"/> === Uandishi wa nyimbo na utayarishaji === Tangu wakati wa kikundi cha Destiny's Child, Knowles anadai kuwa anashughulika kisanii katika kazi yake.<ref name="Kaufman"/> Yeye alipokea sifa za kushiriki katika uandishi wa nyimbo nyingi zilizorekodiwa na kikundi cha Destiny's na zake mwenyewe. Mwimbaji huyu anayejulikana kuandika nyimbo zilizo na maudhui yanayotokana na uchocheo wake binafsi na hamasisho za kuwawezesha wanawake, yeye amesema, kuwa na Jay-Z katika maisha yake kumebadilisha mawazo yake machache kuhusu jinsi wanaume na wanawake wanavyohusiana.<ref name="Vineyard">{{Rejea habari |last=Vineyard |first=Jennifer | title = Beyonce Shoots Down Jay-Z Marriage Rumors In Vanity Fair Interview|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1510890/20051004/knowles_beyonce.jhtml |work=MTV News | date = 4 Oktoba 2005|accessdate=2008-04-05 |archivedate=2008-04-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412144106/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1510890/20051004/knowles_beyonce.jhtml }}</ref> Baadhi ya nyimbo zake ni tawasifu, ambazo amekubali kuwa zimechotwa kutoka tajriba zake mwenyewe na za marafiki zake '.<ref name="CBS">{{Rejea habari | title = Beyoncé Tries For Timeless|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/07/08/earlyshow/leisure/music/main562232.shtml |work=CBS News | date = 9 Julai 2003|accessdate=2008-04-05 |archivedate=2012-01-30 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/655ShjwWD?url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/07/08/earlyshow/leisure/music/main562232.shtml }}</ref> Knowles pia alipata sifa za kushiriki katika utayarishaji wa nyingi za rekodi ambazo amehusika, hasa wakati wa juhudi zake pekee. Hata hivyo, yeye huwa habuni [[mapigo ya mdundo]], lakini kwa kawaida yeye huandika nyimbo na kutoa mawazo mapya wakati wa utayarishaji, na kuyapitisha kwa watayarishaji.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Moss |first=Correy | title = Beyoncé: Genuinely In Love - Part 2|url=http://www.mtv.com/bands/b/beyonce/news_feature_062703/index2.jhtml |work=MTV News |accessdate=2008-04-12 |archive-date=2015-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517193403/http://www.mtv.com/bands/b/beyonce/news_feature_062703/index2.jhtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Knowles alitambuliwa kama mtunzi wa nyimbo wakati wa uimbaji wa kikundi cha Destiny's Child katika miaka ya 1990 na nyakati za mapema hadi kati ya-2000. Yeye alishinda tuzo ya Mtunzi wa Mwaka 2001 katika mashindano ya Tuzo za Muziki wa Pop wa Chama cha Watunzi Waamerika, Waandishi, na Wachapishaji[[(American Society of Composers, Authors, na Publishers]] Pop Music Awards),<ref name="ASCAP"/> na kuwa mwanamke kwanza wa Marekani mwenye asili ya [[Kiafrika]] na mwanamke wa pili kutambuliwa kwa kutunga nyimbo.<ref name="FOX"/><ref name="CBS"/> Knowles alipokea tuzo tatu katika mwaka mmoja, za uandishi wa nyimbo kutokana na kushiriki katika kuandika nyimbo za "Irreplaceable", [["Grillz"]] ( [[sampuli ya wimbo wa "Soldier"]] ) na [["Check on It"]], hivyo kuwa mwanamke pekee kufika hapo tangu [[Carole King]] katika mwaka wa 1971 na [[Mariah Carey]] mwaka 1991. Katika suala la tuzo, yeye ameshikana na [[Diane Warren]] katika nafasi ya tatu kwa kuwa na nyimbo tisa zilizowahi kuwa namba moja.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Bronson |first=Fred | title = Chart Beat Chat|url=http://billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003494790 |work=Billboard |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc | date = 8 Desemba 2006|accessdate=2008-04-02 |archivedate=2012-07-08 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120708173753/billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003494790 }}</ref> === Jukwaa === [[Picha:Beyonce Green Light1.JPG|thumb|300px|left|Knowles akiimba katika hafla ya mwaka 2007 ya Beyoncé Experience, pamoja na wabendi wake wa kike, Suga Mama.]] Mapema katika kazi yake, Knowles alichukua mwelekeo wa ujasiri, Sasha Fierce, unaowakilisha upande wa mtu asiyeogopa, hali za kingono na [[kujiamini]], wa mwimbaji. Katika mahojiano na jarida la ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' , Knowles alibainisha kuwa mwelekeo wake mpya ni wa "kutumika katika jukwaa pekee." [251] Knowles huvaa "glavu ya roboti" (roboglove) akiwa jukwaani kuendeleza Sasha Fierce. Katika mwaka wa 2006, Knowles alianzisha bendi yake ya ziara inayoshirikisha wananwake pekee na inayoitwa [[Suga Mama]], ambayo inajumuisha wacheza besi, wapiga ngoma, wacheza gita, pembe na ala zingine za muziki .<ref>{{Rejea habari |author=MTV News Staff | title = For The Record: Quick News On Beyonce, Madonna, Michael Jackson, Taylor Hicks, JC Chasez, Beth Orton, Slayer & More|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1533901/20060608/knowles_beyonce.jhtml |work=MTV News | date = 8 Juni 2006|accessdate=2008-04-11 |archivedate=2007-12-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221193537/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1533901/20060608/knowles_beyonce.jhtml }}</ref> Wao waliimba kwa mara ya kwanza katika hafla ya mashindano ya 2006 BET Awards na wakahusika katika video ya nyimbo [["Irreplaceable"]] na [["Green Light".]] <ref name="Vineyard1"/> Bendi hii imemsaidia Knowles katika maonyesho yake mbele ya hadhira, na katika ziara yake ya 2007 [[The Beyoncé Experience]] World Concert Tour, na katika ziara ya 2009 [[I Am ...]] Katika makala iliyoitwa "Born to Entertain", Knowles, akishirikiana na waimbaji wa mitindo ya kisasa na ya kale, alipokea sifa kutokana na maonyesho yake kwenye jukwaa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Holsey |first=Steve | title = Born to entertain|url=http://www.michronicleonline.com/articlelive/articles/2433/1/Born-to-entertain/Page1.html |work=Michigan Chronicle | date = 27 Februari 2008|accessdate=2008-04-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714090707/http://www.michronicleonline.com/articlelive/articles/2433/1/Born-to-entertain/Page1.html |archivedate=2011-07-14 }}</ref> Katika kutoa maoni yake kuhusu ziara ya 2009 [[I Am ...]][[Tour]], mwandishi Alice Jones wa jarida la ''[[The Independent]]'' anaandika, "kumtazama Beyoncé akiimba na kucheza kunaweza kukakufanya kwa upande mmoja ushangae na kwa upande mwingine uhisi kutengwa. Yeye huchukua jukumu lake la kuburudisha kwa umakini hivi kwamba yuko karibu kuwa mzuri kupita kiasi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Jones|first=Alice | title = Beyoncé, 02 Arena, London:Diva who answers the call of booty|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/beyonc-02-arena-london-1691069.html |work=The Independent | date = Wednesday, 27 Mei 2009|accessdate=2009-05-23}}</ref> Gazeti la ''The New York Times'' linsema, "kuna usanii wa kustaajabisha katika hamu yake ya kutaka kuburudisha".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Ratliff|first=Ben | title = Flash, Concepts and, Yes, Songs|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/23/arts/music/23beyonce.html?hp |work=The New York Times| date = 22 Juni 2009|accessdate=2009-05-23}}</ref> Mwandishi Michelle Renee Harris wa jarida la ''South Florida Times'' anaandika, Knowles "humiliki jukwaa kwa mikogo na nguvu zake zinazomtambulisha ... akionyesha uwezo wake wa kuimba bila kuruka noti hata moja, mara nyingi akiwa ameshughulikia kucheza ngoma kwa nguvu na umaarufu ... hakuna mmoja, si [[Britney]], si [[Rihanna na si Ciara]] anayeweza kufanya hivyo-kifurushi kamili cha sauti, mitindo ya uchezaji ngoma na uwepo." <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Harris|first=Renee Michelle| title = Beyonce Wows Crowd at BankAtlantic Center|url=http://www.sfltimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2977&Itemid=1 |work=South Florida Times| date = 3 Julai 2009|accessdate=2009-07-03}}</ref> Maoni haya yaliungwa mkono na mwandishi Lorraine Schwartz wa ''[[The Examiner]],'' ambaye aliandika, "Kwa muda wa chini ya mwaka, nimeona [[Madonna, Britney]] na Beyoncé ... [Beyoncé] ndiye alikuwa, kwa mbali, bora miongoni mwa wote watatu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Schwartz|first=Lorraine| title = Concert Report: Beyoncé at Madison Square Garden|url=http://www.examiner.com/x-7025-NY-Concert-Examiner~y2009m6d24-Concert-Report-Beyonce-at-Madison-Square-Garden|work=The Examiner| date = 3 Julai 2009|accessdate=2009-07-03}}</ref> Wahakiki pia husifu maonyesho yake kwenye jukwaa. Katika kutoa maoni yake kuhusu mojawapo ya maonyesho ya mwimbaji huyu, mwandishi Jim Farber wa ''[[The Daily News]]'' anaandika "Beyoncé alionyesha umaarufu mkuu. Wakati wimbo ulipokuwa ukiendelea, yeye aliimba kwa urahisi. Jinsi Beyoncé alivyotumia mwili wake ulizidisha hisia za furaha. Huku nywele zake zikiwa zimeshikwa kwa njia ya kuvutia, akitingisha kiuno chake na miguu mirefu kiasi cha kumfanya [[Tina Turner]] amwonee fahari, uwepo wa Beyoncé ulijenga uimbaji wake kikamilifu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Farber|first=Jim| title = Beyoncé shows 'Fierce' and softer sides in tour kickoff at the Garden|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/2009/06/22/2009-06-22_beyonce_shows_fierce_and_softer_sides_in_tour_kickoff_at_the_garden.html#ixzz0JIHoO0hC&C|work=New York Daily News| date = Sunday, 21 Juni 2009|accessdate=2009-05-23|archivedate=2012-02-25|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/65iBc9Rx3?url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2009-06-22/entertainment/17925311_1_fierce-character-tour#ixzz0JIHoO0hC&C}}</ref> Mwandishi Stephanie Classen wa '' [[Star Phoenix]]'' anatangaza "Beyonce si mwimbaji wa kawaida ... kutoka mwanzo, mwimbaji huyu wa umri wa miaka 27 anayeimba kwa nguvu alipaa juu ya wanavitimbi wote, huku akitawala onyesho kama malkia asiye na asili ya kibinadamu. Hakuna kitu chochote isipokuwa nguvu za kiungu kinachoweza kuelezea sauti hiyo ....[ Beyonce] anaweza kuimba vyema kushinda mwimbaji yeyote mwingine wa pop hivi leo." Jarida la ''[[Newsday]]'' linaandika, "Yeye anathibitisha kuwa si lazima uwezo bora wa kucheza ngoma na sauti nzuri zisiwe na mtu mmoja pekee ... Hakuna hofu ya mdomo-synching hapa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Gamboa|first=Glenn| title = Beyonce @ Madison Square Garden, 6.21.09|url=http://weblogs.newsday.com/entertainment/music/blog/2009/06/beyonce_madison_square_garden.html|work=Newsday| date = 21 Juni 2009|accessdate=2009-05-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626112447/http://weblogs.newsday.com/entertainment/music/blog/2009/06/beyonce_madison_square_garden.html|archivedate=2009-06-26}}</ref>****kindly assist to translate Beyonce pia amekosolewa kwa sababu ya mitindo yake ya kucheza ngoma. Uimbaji wake katika [[kaburi]] la Rais wa zamani wa Marekani [[Ulysses S. Grant]] tarehe 4 Julai 2003 ulisemekana kuwa wa kisherati; wanafamilia wa Grant waliohudhuria walitoa maoni tofauti kuhusiana na jambo hilo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Susman |first=Gary | title = Independence Woman|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,464520,00.html |work=Entertainment Weekly | date = 14 Julai 2003|accessdate=2008-04-12 |archivedate=2012-02-25 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/65iBcz11D?url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,464520,00.html }}</ref> === picha === [[Picha:Beyonce.jpg|thumb|160px|right|Knowles pose juu yake Beyoncé Experience.]] Knowles imekuja inajulikana kama ishara ya ngono.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Hinds |first=Kadidja | title = Work Your Assets Like Beyoncé!|url=http://www.bet.com/Lifestyle/Style/lifestylefashoinbeyoncelook.htm?Referrer=%7BF2038F42-FD70-4929-AF1C-981596CBCB21%7D |work=Black Entertainment Television |accessdate=2008-04-17 |archivedate=2008-02-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222225357/http://www.bet.com/Lifestyle/Style/lifestylefashoinbeyoncelook.htm?Referrer=%7BF2038F42-FD70-4929-AF1C-981596CBCB21%7D }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari| title = Change of Scenery for Beyonce|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/02/arts/02arts-CHANGEOFSCEN_BRF.html?scp=4&sq=beyonce&st=nyt |work=The New York Times | date = 2 Oktoba 2007|accessdate=2008-04-12}}</ref> Yeye alisema, "Mimi hupenda kuvaa kwa mitindo ya kingono na ninajibeba kama mwanamke aliyeheshimika," lakini yeye amesema kuwa njia anayovalia ni "ya jukwaa pekee".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | title = Beyoncé Knowles|url=http://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/g-girls/default.aspx?id=32726 |work=[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]] |accessdate=2008-04-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303102819/http://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/g-girls/default.aspx?id=32726 |archivedate=2008-03-03 }}</ref> Kama mtu ambaye anapenda mitindo ya mavazi, Knowles huchanganya sifa zake za kisanaa na video zake za muziki na maonyesho yake. Kulingana na [[mwanamitindo]] wa Kiitaliano Roberto Cavalli, Knowles hutumia mitindo tofauti na anajaribu kuioanisha na muziki wakati maonyesho.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | title = Beyonce wearing one of my dresses is harmony|url=http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/fashion/article2216732.ece |work=Times Online | date = 8 Agosti 2007|accessdate=2008-04-05 |archive-date=2011-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615200050/http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/fashion/article2216732.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> Diwani yake ya ''B'Day Anthology'' ilionyesha matukio mengi ya yanayohusiana na mitindo ya mavazi, huku ikionyesha mitindo ya kisasa na ya kale.<ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Vineyard |first=Jennifer | title = Beyonce: Behind The B'Day Videos 3|url=http://www.mtv.com/bands/b/beyonce/videos_07/news_feature_040207/index3.jhtml |work=MTV News |accessdate=2008-04-09 |archivedate=2012-06-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619051652/http://www.mtv.com/bands/b/beyonce/videos_07/news_feature_040207/index3.jhtml }}</ref> Jarida la ''[[People]]'' lilimtambua Knowles kama mtu mashuhuri anayevaa vizuri zaidi katika mwaka wa 2007.<ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Goldsmith |first=Belinda | title = Beyonce tops fashion list|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUKN1228002320070913?feedType=RSS&feedName=entertainmentNews |work=Reuters | date = 13 Septemba 2007|accessdate=2008-04-09 |archivedate=2011-06-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624050922/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2007/09/13/uk-celebrities-idUKN1228002320070913?feedType=RSS&feedName=entertainmentNews }}</ref> Mamake Knowles aliandika kitabu kilichochapishwa mwaka wa 2002, na kilichoitwa ''Destiny's Style: bootylicious Fashion, Beauty na Lifestyle Secrets From Destiny's Child,'' kilichoeleza jinsi mitindo ya mavazi ilivyoathiri mafanikio ya kikundi hiki cha Destiny's Child'.<ref>{{Rejea habari| title = Book Excerpt: Destiny's Style|url=http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/WinterConcert/story?id=125692| work=ABC News |accessdate=2008-04-17}}</ref> Kama moja wa wasanii weusi kutoka Marekani anayeangaziwa sana na vyombo vya habari, Knowles mara nyingi hupata ukosoaji ambao baadhi ya watu huamini kuwa husababishwa na ubaguzi wa rangi na uana.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Jones |first=Vanessa E. |title=Bewitched. Bothered. Beyoncé. 1 |url=http://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2007/08/05/bewitched_bothered_beyonc/?page=1 |work=The Boston Globe |publisher=Globe Newspaper Company |date=5 Agosti 2007 |accessdate=2008-04-09 |archive-date=2008-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205071344/http://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2007/08/05/bewitched_bothered_beyonc/?page=1 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mmoja wa mashabiki wake anasema, "[Knowles] anajionyesha kama ishara ya ngono kuliko kama msanii." <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Jones |first=Vanessa E. |title=Bewitched. Bothered. Beyoncé. 3 |url=http://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2007/08/05/bewitched_bothered_beyonc/?page=3 |work=The Boston Globe |publisher=Globe Newspaper Company |date=5 Agosti 2007 |accessdate=2008-04-09 |archive-date=2008-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205071354/http://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2007/08/05/bewitched_bothered_beyonc/?page=3 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mwandishi Toure wa jarida la ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' alisema kwamba tangu kutolewa kwa albamu ya ''[[Dangerously in Love]],'' "[Beyoncé] imekuwa ishara ya ngono kama [[Halle Berry]] ..." <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |author=Toure | title = Cover Story: A Woman Possessed|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/beyonce_a_woman_possessed |work=Rolling Stone | date = 4 Machi 2004|accessdate=2008-04-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029050220/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/beyonce_a_woman_possessed |archivedate=2007-10-29 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029050220/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/beyonce_a_woman_possessed }}</ref> Sura yake katika jarida la ''[[Vanity Fair]]'' pia ilizua maoni tofauti kwamba toni ya ngozi yake ilikuwa imebadilishwa kupitia mitambo ya tarakimu.<ref name="Blender"/> Mwaka 2007, Knowles alitokea kwenye ngozi ya jarida la [[Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue,|''Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue,'']] mwanamke wa kwanza asiyehusika na mtindo wala michezo, kutokea kwenye jarida hilo na modeli wa kwanza mwenye asili ya kiafrika kutoka Marekani tangu modeli [[Tyra Banks.]] <ref name="People2"/> Katika mwaka uo huo, Knowles alitokea katika mabango na magazeti kote Marekani, akiwa ameshika kishika sigara kikuukuu. Picha hiyo iliyokuwa imetolewa nyuma ya ngozi ya albamu ya ''[[B'Day]],'' ilizua maoni kutoka kwa kikundi cha wapinga uvutaji wa sigara, waliosema kuwa yeye hakuwa na haja ya kuongeza kishika sigara " ili kujifanya aonekane mngwana zaidi".<ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Dennehy |first=Luke | title = Beyonce's ad fires up critics|url=http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/story/0,26278,21255564-10388,00.html |work=News.com.au | date = 20 Februari 2007|accessdate=2008-04-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512061230/http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/story/0,26278,21255564-10388,00.html |archivedate=2008-05-12 }}</ref> Tarehe 24 Aprili 2009, Knowles alitokea katika onyesho la [[Larry King Live]], ambapo yeye mwenyewe alijipatoa picha ya kisiasa na kuongea kuhusu kila kitu kuanzia kuimba kwake wakati wa kutambulishwa kwa Rais [[Barack Obama]], hadi ubaguzi ambao amekumbana nao kwa sababu ya asili yake ya kiafrika-kiamerika. Alisema kwamba [[Michelle Obama]] ni "maridadi sana," na hata akasema kuwa kuimba kwake katika hafla ya dansi yao ya kwanza kulikuwa ndicho kilele cha uimbaji wake.<ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Vocick |first=Simon | title = Beyonce on Larry King|url=http://popwatch.ew.com/popwatch/2009/04/beyonce-larry-k.html |accessdate=2009-11-30 |archivedate=2009-04-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427092820/http://popwatch.ew.com/popwatch/2009/04/beyonce-larry-k.html }}</ref> === Visahwishi na urithi === [[Picha:Beyonce Smile.JPG|thumb|160px|left|Knowles katika uzinduzi wa bidhaa ya Usher Raymond.]] Knowles ametaja wasanii mbalimbali ambao wameathiri mtindo wake wa kimuziki. Yeye alikua akiwa anasikiliza nyimbo za [[Anita Baker]] na [[Luther Vandross]], na hatimaye akashirikiana na Luther Vandross, lakini mara nyingi yeye hutaja [[Michael Jackson]] kama aliyemfanya aimbe <ref>{{Rejea tovuti | title = Beyoncé, Top Stars Tip Their Hats to Michael Jackson|url=http://www.people.com/people/package/article/0,,20287787_20288067,00.html|work=People | date = 2009-06-27|accessdate=2009-06-27}}</ref> na shujaa wake.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | title = Beyonce’s Tribute to Michael Jackson|url=http://popculturefix.com/2009/06/beyonces-tribute-to-michael-jackson/ |work=Popculturefix | date = 2009-06-27|accessdate=2009-06-27 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/65iBfeBfp?url=http://popculturefix.com/2009/06/beyonces-tribute-to-michael-jackson/ |archivedate=2012-02-25 }}</ref> Yeye pia alianza kusikiliza muziki wa jazz uliombwa na [[Rachelle Ferrell]], baada ya kuimba nyimbo za Ferrell wakati wa masomo yake ya sauti.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Watson |first=Margeaux | title = Influences: Beyonce|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1449204,00.html |work=Entertainment Weekly | date = 29 Agosti 2006|accessdate=2008-04-09 |archivedate=2008-09-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080903230539/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1449204,00.html }}</ref> Knowles amewataja wasanii kutoka Marekani waliomwathiri wakiwa ni pamoja na [[Tina Turner]], [[Prince]], [[Aretha Franklin]], [[Whitney Houston]], [[Janet Jackson]], [[Selena]], [[Mary J. Blige]], [[Diana Ross]], [[Donna Summer]], [[Mariah Carey]] na mwimbaji kutoka Colombia [[Shakira]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Look who's coming to town|url=http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2007/oct/10/yehey/life/20071010lif1.html |work=The Manila Times | date = 10 Oktoba 2007|accessdate=2008-04-10}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = On top|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/04/03/060403crmu_music}}</ref> Knowles pia amethiri wasanii mbalimbali ya kisasa. Mwimbaji wa Pop [[Rihanna]] imelinganishwa na yeye wakati mwandishi wa safu katika jarida la 'The Guardian', Amina Taylor, alimwita [["Bajan]] Beyoncé",<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | title = Move over, Beyoncé|url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/filmandmusic/story/0,,1649595,00.html |work=The Guardian | date = 2005-11-25|accessdate=2008-04-09}}</ref> Mwimbaji kutoka Kanada wa aina sawa ya muziki, [[Keshia Chante]], pia aliathiriwa na Knowles.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | title = Keshia Chante|url=http://www.muchmusic.com/music/artists/bio.asp?artist=753 |work=Much Music |publisher=CTV Globe Media |accessdate=2008-04-09}}</ref> Aidha, wimbo wa kwanza wa mshindi wa ''[[American Idol]],'' [[Jordin Sparks]], [["Tattoo"]], na [[albamu yake ya kwanza]] zimesemekana kuwa "Beyoncé-ish";<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Saldaña |first=Hector | title = 'American Idol' singers get ready for performance|url=http://www.mysanantonio.com/entertainment/music/stories/MYSA071607.en.idol.807824e2.html |work=MySa.com |publisher=San Antonio Express-News | date = 2007-07-16|accessdate=2008-04-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822171431/http://www.mysanantonio.com/entertainment/music/stories/MYSA071607.en.idol.807824e2.html |archivedate=2007-08-22 }}</ref> baadhi ya wakosoaji walisema kuwa "Tattoo" inaweza kuwa "imetolewa" kutoka kwa wimbo wa Knowles wa [["Irreplaceable".]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti | title = Jordin Sparks Rips Off Beyonce|url=http://www.blender.com/news/comments.aspx?article=9743 |work=Belnder | date = 2007-09-10|accessdate=2008-04-24 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20070624030927/http://www.blender.com/news/comments.aspx?article=9743 |archivedate=2007-06-24 }}</ref> [[Stephen Thomas Erlewine]] kutoka [[Allmusic]] alisema kuwa nyimbo za mwimbaji wa Marekani [[Katharine McPHEE]], kwenye [[albamu]] yake [[iliyokuwa na jina hilo]] zilikuwa na athari kubwa kutoka kwa muziki wa Knowles.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas | title = Katharine McPhee: Album Review|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/discography/index.jsp?aid=825118&pid=758492 |work=Allmusic |publisher=Macrovision Company |accessdate=2008-04-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308013625/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/discography/index.jsp?aid=825118&pid=758492 |archivedate=2008-03-08 }}</ref> Rowland aliathiriwa na sauti ya Knowles wakati wa kurekodi albamu yake ya pili, ''[[Ms Kelly.]]'' <ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Moss |first=Corey | title = Kelly Rowland Scraps Sappy Story, Picks Up Snoop|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1541798/20060926/rowland_kelly.jhtml |work=MTV News | date = 2006-09-27|accessdate=2008-04-12 |archivedate=2014-09-14 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140914155938/http://www.mtv.com/news/1541798/kelly-rowland-scraps-sappy-story-picks-up-snoop/ }}</ref> Knowles ndiye aliyekuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kupewa tuzo ya 'International Artist Award' katika shindano la [[American Music Awards.]] Katika hafla ya [[World Music Awards ya 2008]], Knowles alipewa tuzo ya kifahari ya 'Outstanding Contribution To The Arts'.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://worldmusicawards.com/ | title = World Music Awards}}</ref> Knowles alikuwa mwimbaji mkuu wa mojawapo ya vikundi vya wanawake vilivyosifika sana duniani, [[Destiny's Child.]] <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/4087228.stm BBC]</ref> Kwa wengi, yeye ametambuliwa kama mmojawapo wa wasanii mashuhuri duniani kote.<ref>[http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=ind_focus.story&amp;STORY=/www/story/04-20-2009/0005009203&amp;EDATE=MON+Apr+20+2009,+02:59+PM Prnewswire.com]</ref><ref>[http://newsroom.mtv.com/category/beyonce/ title = Did You See This?!] {{Wayback|url=http://newsroom.mtv.com/category/beyonce/ |date=20100428093236 }}[http://newsroom.mtv.com/category/beyonce/ Britney, Beyoncé, Jonas Brothers And More!] {{Wayback|url=http://newsroom.mtv.com/category/beyonce/ |date=20100428093236 }}</ref> [[Albamu]] yake ya kwanza iliorodheshwa kama moja ya albamu 200 bora zaidi katika historia na [[Rock &amp; Roll Hall of Fame.]] Yeye alikuwa mmoja wa wasanii wachache wa kizazi yake kuwa zilizotajwa juu kwamba orodha.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.rockhall.com/pressroom/definitive-200 | title = Definitive 200}}</ref> Knowles ana [[sanamu]] nyingi na mbalimbali za[[nta]] lakini sanamu yake inayofahamika zaidi iko kwenye [[Madame Tussaud]] 's Wax Museum.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.screenindia.com/news/beyonce-to-get-wax-figure-at-madame-tussauds/432709/ | title = Beyonce to get wax figure at Madame Tussauds| date = 9 Machi 2009|accessdate=2009-11-30 |archive-date=2009-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615012847/http://www.screenindia.com/news/beyonce-to-get-wax-figure-at-madame-tussauds/432709 |url-status=dead }}</ref>. == Shughuli Zingine == === 'House ya Deréon' === Knowles na mama yake walianzisha [[House of Deréon]], aina ya mitindo ya kisasa ya mavazi, ya wanawake, katika mwaka wa 2005. Wazo hili lilichochewa na vizazi vitatu vya wanawake katika familia yao, waliotumia jina Deréon na waliotaka kuonyesha heshima zao kwa bibi yake Knowles, Agnèz Deréon, ambaye alifanya kazi ya kushona.<ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Silverman |first=Stephen | title = Beyoncé Unveils Her New Fashion Line|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,1130999,00.html |work=People | date = 16 Novemba 2005|accessdate=2008-04-17 |archivedate=2007-10-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011062357/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,1130999,00.html }}</ref><ref name="VIBE">{{Rejea habari |last=Rashbaum |first=Alyssa | title = Tina Knowles - House of Dereon|url=http://www.vibe.com/news/online_exclusives/2005/12/tina_knowls_house_of_dereon/ |work=VIBE | date = 19 Desemba 2005|accessdate=2008-04-03 |archivedate=2008-01-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110084351/http://www.vibe.com/news/online_exclusives/2005/12/tina_knowls_house_of_dereon/ }}</ref> Kulingana na Tina Knowles, mtindo huu wa mavazi kwa jumla unaonyesha ladha na mitindo wanayoipendelea na wanawake kutoka familia ya Knowles.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=The Beyoncé Experience |url=http://www.cosmopolitan.com/celebrities/exclusive/The-Beyonce-Experience |work=Cosmopolitan |accessdate=2008-04-05 |archive-date=2012-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225193850/http://www.cosmopolitan.com/celebrity/exclusive/The-Beyonce-Experience |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bidhaa za 'House of Dereon', zilizozinduliwa mwaka 2006, ziliwekwa kwenye maonyesho kwa umma wakati wa ziara ya kikundi hiki ya ''Destiny Fulfilled.'' <ref name="VIBE"/><ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Adenitire |first=Adenike | title = Destiny's Child Put On A Fashion Show At U.K. Concert|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1503790/20050608/destinys_child.jhtml |work=MTV News | date = 8 Juni 2005|accessdate=2008-04-03 |archivedate=2005-06-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050611001434/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1503790/20050608/destinys_child.jhtml }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Moss |first=Corey | title = Beyonce In Talks For Potential "Dream" Film Role|url=http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1499982/20050412/story.jhtml |work=MTV News | date = 12 Aprilii 2005|accessdate=2008-04-03 |archivedate=2008-09-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917160759/http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1499982/20050412/story.jhtml }}</ref> Duka za bidhaa hizi, ambazo zinapatikana kote Marekani na Kanada, zinauza nguo za michezo, denimu pamoja na manyoya, nguo za kawaida pamoja na mikoba na viatu.<ref name="VIBE"/> Bidhaa hizi pia zinahusisha viatu, ambazo hutengenezwa na Knowles wakishirikiana na 'House of Brands', kampuni ya viatu ya huko kwao.<ref>{{Rejea habari|last=Butler |first=Meredith | title = Rancho Bernardo company teams with singer|url=http://www.nctimes.com/articles/2005/08/16/business/news/81505191949.txt |work=North Country Times | date = 15 Agosti 2005|accessdate=2008-04-03}}</ref> Katika mwaka wa 2004, Knowles na mama yake walianzisha kampuni ya familia yao inayoitwa 'Beyond Productions', ambayo inatoa leseni kwa na usimamizi wa bidhaa za House of Deréon.<ref name="BusWire">{{Rejea habari | title = Beyonce Fashion Diva Hits the Runway as the Most Stylish Game for Phones|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS195809+15-Jan-2008+BW20080115 |work=Business Wire |publisher=Reuters | date = 15 Januari 2008|accessdate=2008-04-03 |archivedate=2008-12-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216032225/http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS195809+15-Jan-2008+BW20080115 }}</ref> Mapema mwaka 2008, wao walianzisha 'Beyoncé Fashion Diva', mchezo wa simu ulio na sehemu ya mitandao ya kijamii, ikishirikisha 'House of Deréon'.<ref name="BusWire"/> Shirika linalotetea [[haki]] za [[wanyama]] la [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals]] (PETA) lilimkosoa Knowles kwa kuvaa na kutumia manyoya kutengeneza nguo zake.<ref name="FOX"/> Shirika hili limetuma barua kwake, likimsihi awache kutumia manyoya katika mavazi yake. Katika tukio moja, shirika hili la PETA liliandaa hafla ya chakula cha jioni, ya Knowles pamoja na mashabiki wake, ambao walikuwa wamekula njama na shirika hili. Knowles PETA alikabiliwa na wawakilishi wa PETA, ambao walitolewa nje baada ya Tina Knowles kuja. Tukio hili lilizua maoni tofauti; Knowles hakusema lolote juu ya tukio hili, ingawa baba yake alijaribu kukabiliana nao.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Showbiz Tonight|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0606/20/sbt.01.html |work=Cable News Network |accessdate=2008-04-03 | date = 20 Juni 2006}}</ref> === Bidhaa na Ridhaa === Knowles alitia saini mkataba na shirika la [[Pepsi]] katika mwaka mwaka wa 2002 kwa ajili ya ukuzaji wa bidhaa zao,<ref>{{Rejea habari| title = Pepsi FAQs|url=http://www.pepsi.com/help/faqs/faq.php?category=ads_and_history&page=highlights |work=Pepsi |accessdate=2008-04-03}}{{Failed verification|date=Mei 2009}} </ref> ambao ulihusisha kuonekana kwenye matangazo ya runinga, pamoja na yale ya redio na mtandao. Aliwekwa na kampuni kama mtia sahihi ili kusaidia kuvutia watu kutoka maeneo mengi.<ref>{{Rejea habari|last=Nat |first=Ives | title = Pepsi Switches To a New Voice Of a Generation|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9901E7D6153DF93BA25751C1A9649C8B63 |work=The New York Times | date = 18 Desemba 2002|accessdate=2008-04-03}}</ref> Tangazo moja la kibiashara katika TV la Pepsi la 2004 liliokuwa na mada ya "Gladiators" lilishirikisha Knowles na waimbaji [[Britney Spears, Pink]], na [[Enrique Iglesias]],<ref>{{Rejea habari|last=Jeckell |first=Barry | title = Pop Stars Clash in U.K. Pepsi Ad|url=http://music.yahoo.com/read/news/12178623 |work=Reuters |publisher=Yahoo | date = 23 Januari 2004|accessdate=2008-04-03}}</ref> na la mwaka uliofuata lilimshirikisha wakiwa na [[Jennifer Lopez]] na [[David Beckham]] aliyeitwa "Samurai".<ref>{{Rejea habari | title = For The Record: Quick News On Britney Spears, Paris Hilton, Sum 41, Lil' Kim, Gerald Levert, Morrissey & More|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1497582/20050228/spears_britney.jhtml |work=MTV News | date = 28 Februari 2005|accessdate=3 Aprili 2008 |archivedate=2008-02-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219034508/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1497582/20050228/spears_britney.jhtml }}</ref> Mikataba ya kibiashara na bidhaa za Knowles pia zinajumuisha bidhaa za urembo na manukato. Yeye amefanya kazi na kampuni ya [[L'Oréal]] tangu akiwa na umri wa miaka 18,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/features/beyonce-the-billboard-q-a-1004018346.story?page=3| title = Beyonce: The Billboard Q&A|last=Mitchell|first=Gail| date = 2009-10-02|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-10-08}}</ref> na akatia saini mkataba na kampuni hii ya bidhaa za urembo katika mwaka wa 2003, mkataba ambao ulimpatia dola milioni 1.<ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Susman |first=Gary | title = Bills, Bills, Bills|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,443576,00.html |work=Entertainment Weekly | date = 15 Aprilii 2003|accessdate=2008-04-03 |archivedate=2008-09-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080903230827/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,443576,00.html }}</ref> Yeye alizindua marashi yake mwenyewe yaitwayo 'True Star', manukato ya [[Tommy Hilfiger]], mwaka 2004. Kama sehemu ya mchango wake kwa bidhaa hii, Knowles aliimba [[toleo la wimbo]] [["Wishing on a Star"]] lililotumika kwenye matangazo ya 'True Star', ambapo alilipwa $ 250.000.<ref>{{Rejea habari|last=Jessen |first=Monique, et al. | title = Beyoncé Launches New True Star Fragrance|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,656036,00.html |work=Entertainment Weekly | date = 22 Juni 2004|accessdate=2008-04-12}}</ref> Yeye pia alizindua bidhaa ya Hilfiger ya 'True Star Gold' katika mwaka wa 2005 na bidhaa ya [['Emporio Armani]] 's Diamonds' katika mwaka wa 2007.<ref>{{Rejea habari|last=Givhan |first=Robin | title = The Aura of a Pinup: Beyoncé's Winning Image|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/17/AR2007051702400.html |work=The Washington Post | date = 18 Mei 2007|accessdate=2008-04-03}}</ref> Jarida la ''[[Forbes]]'' lilisema kuwa Knowles alichuma $ 80 million kati ya Juni 2007 na Juni 2008, ikiwa ni pamoja na albamu yake, ziara zake, biashara yake ya mitindo, na mikataba ya ukuzaji. Pato hili lilimfanya mwimbaji wa pili duniani kote anayepata malipo bora wakati huu.<ref>{{Rejea habari |url=http://www.forbes.com/lifestyle/2008/09/19/music-beyonce-timberlake-forbeslife-cx_lr_0922lifestyle.html | title = World's Best-Paid Music Stars|last=Rose |first=Lacey | date = 22 Septemba 2008|work=Forbes |accessdate=2008-09-23 |archivedate=2009-04-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407042329/http://www.forbes.com/2008/09/19/music-beyonce-timberlake-forbeslife-cx_lr_0922lifestyle.html }}</ref>. Katika kipindi cha kuanzia Juni 2008 hadi juni 2009, Beyoncé alichuma $ 87 million kulingana na jarida la Forbes, jambo lililomweka katika nafasi ya nne katika orodha ya jarida la Forbes ya [[Watu 100 Mashuhuri]] ya 2009.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/53/celebrity-09_Beyonce-Knowles_YA72.html | title = #4 Beyoncé Knowles|publisher=Forbes | date = 3 Juni 2009|accessdate=2009-06-04}}</ref> === Uhisani === <!-- [[Picha:Helping handbeyonce.jpg|thumb|left|250px|"Show your helping hand" ikimshirikisha Beyonce]] --> Knowles amekuwa akihusishwa na masuala ya kijamii tangu akiwa mtoto mdogo, kwani babake wakati mwingine angempeleka kutagusana na jamii, ikiwa ni pamoja na wamarekani walio wa asili ya kiafrika.<ref name="E!"/> Knowles na Rowland, pamoja na familia ya Knowles, walianzisha shirika la 'Survivor Foundation', lililoanzishwa kusaidia kuwapatia makazi ya mpito waathiriwa wa [[Hurricane Katrina]] wa 2005 pamoja na wale walioathiriwa na dhoruba katika eneo la [[Houston]], mjini Texas.<ref name="FOX"/> Shirika hili la 'The Survivor Foundation' lilipanua wito wake wa uhisani kwa kuanzisha kituo cha vijana cha 'Knowles-Rowland Center for Youth', kinachushughulikia maswala mbalimbali ya jamii katika eneo la Houston.<ref name="FOX"/> Knowles alichangia $ 100.000 kwa 'Gulf Coast Ike Relief Fund', shirika ambalo huwafaidi waathiriwa wa [[Hurricane Ike]] katika eneo la Houston. Yeye pia ana andaa hafla ya kukusanya pesa za kuwasaidia waathiriwa wa 'Hurricane Ike' kupitia shirika lake la 'Survivor Foundation'.<ref>{{Rejea habari |url=http://newsroom.mtv.com/2008/10/15/beyonces-survivor-foundation-helps-hurricane-ike-victims/ | title = Beyonce's Survivor Foundation Helps Hurricane Ike Victims|last=Vena |first=Jocelyn | date = 15 Oktoba 2008|publisher=MTV |accessdate=2008-12-16 |archivedate=2008-10-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017121850/http://newsroom.mtv.com/2008/10/15/beyonces-survivor-foundation-helps-hurricane-ike-victims/ }}</ref> Katika mwaka wa 2005, mtayarishaji muziki [[David Foster]], binti yake Amy Foster-Gillies, na Knowles waliandika "Stand Up for Love," wimbo ambao ungetumika kama wimbo mkuu wa kuadhimisha [[Siku ya Watoto Duniani]], hafla ambayo hufanyika kila mwaka duniani kote tarehe 20 Novemba kuongeza ufahamu na fedha kwa ajili ya kushughulikia maswala yanayowaathiri watoto duniani kote. Wanakikundi cha Destiny's Child walichangia kama mabalozi wa kimataifa katika mpango wa Siku ya Watoto Duniani kote, wa 2005.<ref name="FOX"/><ref>{{Rejea habari | title = Destiny's Child Releases New Anthem for World Children's Day at McD's|url=http://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/news/corppr/2005/CPR_09272005.html |work=McDonalds | date = 27 Septemba 2005|accessdate=2008-04-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215055920/http://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/news/corppr/2005/CPR_09272005.html |archivedate=2009-02-15 }}</ref> Katika mwaka wa 2008, yeye alirekodi wimbo wa [["Just Stand Up!"]], akiwa pamoja na wasanii mbalimbali kwa ajili ya hafla ya [[Stand Up to Cancer]]. Walioungana na Knowles kurekodi wimbo huo ni pamoja na [[Mariah Carey, Leona Lewis, Rihanna, Leann Rimes]] na [[Mary J. Blige]], miongoni mwa wengine. Knowles alipeana chakula katika vituo mbalimbali aliposimama wakati wa ziara yake ya [[The Beyoncé Experience]] Tour katika Houston tarehe 14 Julai, [[Atlanta]] tarehe 20 Julai, [[Washington, DC]] on 9 Agosti, Toronto 15 Agosti, Chicago 18 Agosti, na Los Angeles tarehe 2 Septemba 2006.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://newsblaze.com/story/2007080607354900002.mwir/topstory.html | title = The Beyoncé Experience Tour Offers Food Drives in Conjunction With Pastor Rudy Rasmus, Capital Area Food Bank, and the Survivor Foundation|work=NewsBlaze | date = 20 Juni 2006|accessdate=2007-09-09}}</ref> 4 Oktoba 2008, Knowles alihudhuria hafla ya 'Miami Children's Hospital Diamond Ball & Private Concert' katika uwanja wa [[American Airlines]] mjini Miami, ambapo yeye aliingizwa kwenye International Pediatric Hall of Fame'. [[Ethan Bortnick]], mwimbaji wa miaka saba, alimwimbia Knowls wimbo wa [["Under Rainbow"]].<ref>{{Rejea habari |url=http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/7012542025 | title = Beyonce Among Stars Who Headlined Miami Children's Hospital Diamond Ball|last=Jones |first=Anthony | date = 5 Oktoba 2008|publisher=All Headline News |accessdate=2008-11-28 |archivedate=2008-12-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201185306/http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/7012542025 }}</ref> Baada ya kukamilisha kazi katika kampuni ya ''[[Cadillac Records]],'' Knowles alipeana mshahara wake wote kwa [[Phoenix House]], shirika la vituo vya kuwaasaidia watu kuweza kurudi kuishi maisha ya kawaida, nchini kote. Knowles alitembelea kituo cha Brooklyn katika maandalizi kwa kumwonyesha singer [[Etta James]], ambaye aliwahi kutumia dawa ya heroin.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.bet.com/Music/News/musicnews_beyoncedonatesalary_1.05.09.htm | title = Beyonce Donates Movie Salary To Drug Treatment Centers|last=Harling |first=Danielle | date = 5 Januari 2009|publisher=BET |accessdate=2009-03-05}}</ref>. Na hivi majuzi, Knowles ameungana na mradi wa 'The Show Your Helping Hand Hunger Relief' na 'General Mills Hamburger Helper. Lengo lao ni kusaidia shirika la 'Feeding Amerika' kupeleka zaidi ya milo milioni 3.5 kwenye mabenki ya chakula mitaani. Knowles huwahimiza mashabiki wake kuleta chakula kisichoharibika kwa urahisi kwenye vituo anavyotembelea katika ziara zake za Marekani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.beyonceonline.com/us/news/beyonc%C3%A9-lends-helping-hand | title = Nakala iliyohifadhiwa|accessdate=2021-01-15 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/65iGb9FL6?url=http://www.beyonceonline.com/us/news/beyonc%C3%A9-lends-helping-hand |archivedate=2012-02-25 }}</ref> == Wosia == [[Picha:Beyonce vote.jpg|thumb|Knowles kufanya ziara ya ghafla kwa ofisi za kujitolea za aliyekuwa mgombea Urais Barack Obama kwenye eneo la Sistrunk Boulevard katika Fort Lauderdale, Florida, siku ya mwisho wa kupiga kura mapema.]] Wakati wa mzozo wa [[Destiny's Child]] mwaka 2000, Knowles alikubali, katika Desemba 2006,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.accesshollywood.com/beyonce-speaks-about-her-past-depression_article_3131 | title = Access Hollywood - Beyonce Speaks About Her Past Depression| date = 15 Desemba 2006}}</ref> kwamba alikuwa amepatwa na [[mfadhaiko]] kutokana mkusanyiko wa matatizo: yakiwa pamoja na kutoka kwa [[LeToya Luckett]] na [[LaTavia Roberson]], kwenye kikundi kulikoangaziwa hadharani na kushambuliwa na vyombo vya habari, wakosoaji pamoja na blogu kwa kusababisha mgawanyiko huo,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/article/beyonce%20i%20was%20depressed%20at%2019_1088171 | title = Contact Music - Beyonce: "I was depressed at 19"| date = 12 Januari 2008}}</ref> na kuachwa na mchumba wake (aliyekuwa amechumbiana naye tangu umri wa miaka 12-19).<ref name="Depression">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/12/13/entertainment/main2258069.shtml | title = CBS News - Beyonce On Love, Depression and Reality...| date = 13 Desemba 2006}}</ref> Mfadhaiko huo ulikuwa mkali kwani ulidumu kwa miaka kadhaa, na wakati huo alijifungia chumbani mwake na akakataa kula kitu chochote. Knowles alisema kuwa yeye alipata ugumu wa kuzungumza kuhusu mfadhaiko huo kwa sababu kikundi cha Destiny's Child kilikuwa tu kimeshinda tuzo yao ya kwanza ya Grammy na yeye aliogopa kuwa hakuna mtu ambaye angemwamini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.femalefirst.co.uk/celebrity/BEYONCE+KNOWLES-12915.html | title = Female First - Beyonce Knowles Opens Up About Depression| date = 18 Desemba 2006}}</ref> Matukio haya yote yalimfanya ajiulize maswali na kujiuliza ni nani waliokuwa marafiki zake. Akielezea hali hiyo, yeye alisema, "Sasa kwa sababu mimi ninajulikana sana, nilikuwa ninaogopa kuwa sitaweza kumpata mtu tena wa kunipenda vile nilivyo. Niliogopa kupata marafiki wapya.<ref name="Depression"/> Yeye humkumbuka mama yake, Tina Knowles, ambaye hatimaye alimwambia haya, na kusaidia kumwondoa kwenye mfadhaiko huo, "Kwa nini unafikiri mtu hawezi kukupenda? Kwani hujui jinsi ulivyo smart na tamu na n? <ref name="Depression"/> Tangu mwaka 2002, Knowles imekuwa katika uhusiano na rapa [[Jay-Z]], ambaye ameshirikiana naye katika nyimbo nyingi. Fununu zilianza kutanda kuhusu uhusiano wao baada ya Knowles kushirikishwa katika wimbo wa [["'03 Bonnie &amp; Clyde".]] <ref name="People"/> Licha ya kuendelea kwa fununu kuhusu uhusiano wao, wao walitahadhari kuhusu jambo hilo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/International_Buzz/Beyonce_keeps_em_guessing/articleshow/2847654.cms | title = Beyonce keeps 'em guessing|work=[[The Times of India]] | date = 9 Machi 2008|accessdate=2008-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Aswad |first=Jem | title = Jay-Z And Beyonce Take Out Marriage License: Reports|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1584612/20080401/jay_z.jhtml |work=MTV News | date = 2 Aprilii 2008|accessdate=2008-04-03 |archivedate=2008-04-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405204539/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1584612/20080401/jay_z.jhtml }}</ref> Katika mwaka wa 2005, fununu zilianza kuenea kuhusu ndoa yao. Knowles alipinga uvumi huo kwa kusema kuwa yeye na Jay-Z walikuwa hata hawana uchumba.<ref name="Vineyard"/> Alipoulizwa tena kuhusu jambo hili katika Septemba 2007, Jay-Z alijibu, "siku moja hivi karibuni-wacha tuyaachie hapo." <ref>{{Rejea tovuti | title = Jay-Z And Beyonce Are Getting Married ... "One Day Soon," Jay Says|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1569079/20070906/jay_z.jhtml |work=MTV News | date = 6 Septemba 2007|accessdate=2008-03-21 |archive-date=2008-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312040348/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1569079/20070906/jay_z.jhtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Laura Schreffler, mwandishi mwandamizi wa jarida la ''[[OK!]]'' , alisema, "Wao ni watu wasiri sana".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Kaufman |first=Gil | title = Jay-Z And Beyonce Are Still Staying Quiet About Their Reported Wedding ... But Why?|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1585461/20080414/jay_z.jhtml |work=MTV News | date = 15 Aprilii 2008|accessdate=2008-04-21 |archive-date=2008-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421192906/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1585461/20080414/jay_z.jhtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mnamo 4 Aprili 2008, Knowles na Jay-Z walioana katika mji wa New York. Jambo hili lilijulikana na umma mnamo 22 Aprili 2008,<ref>{{Rejea habari|last=Helling |first=Steve | title = Beyonce and Jay-Z File Signed Marriage License|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20194030,00.html |work=People | date = 22 Aprilii 2008|accessdate=2008-04-23}}</ref> lakini Knowles hakuvaa pete yake ya harusi hadharani hadi wakati wa hafla ya 'Fashion Rocks Concert' tarehe 5 Septemba 2008 mjini New York.<ref>{{Rejea jarida| title = Beyonce's ring revealed!|journal=People magazine |volume=70 |issue=12 | date = 22 Septemba 2008|page=26}}</ref> Knowles hatimaye alifichua ndoa yao kupitia kwa video ya ufunguzi ya Montage katika hafla ya ukilizaji wa albamu yake ya ''I Am ...'' ''Sasha Fierce'' katika klabu ya Sony huko Manhattan.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20235328,00.html | title = Beyoncé Dishes on Her Sassy Alter-Ego|last=Clinton |first=Ivory Jeff | date = 23 Oktoba 2008|work=People |accessdate=2008-11-07}}</ref> == Diskografia == <!-- {{Main|Beyoncé Knowles discography}} --> ;Albamu za studio * [[Dangerously in Love|''Dangerously in Love'']] (2003) * [[B'Day|''B'Day'']] (2006) * ''[[I Am... Sasha Fierce]]'' (2008) * ''4'' (2011) * ''Beyoncé'' (2013) * ''Lemonade'' (2016) * ''Renaissance'' (2022) * ''Cowboy Carter'' (2024) ;Video zilizotolewa * [[Beyoncé: Live at Wembley|''Live at Wembley'']] (2004) * [[BET Presents Beyoncé|''BET Presents Beyoncé'']] (2006) * [[Beyoncé The Ultimate Performer|''Beyoncé The Ultimate Performer'']] (2006) * [[B'Day Anthology Video Album|''B'Day Anthology Video Album'']] (2007) * [[The Beyoncé Experience Live|''The Beyoncé Experience Live'']] (2007) * [[I Am... Yours: An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas]] (2009) == Ziara == * [[Dangerously in Love Tour]] (2003) * [[Verizon Ladies First Tour]] (2004) * [[The Beyoncé Experience]] (2007) * [[I Am ...]] [[Tour]] (2009) * The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour (2013-2014) * The Formation World Tour (2016) * Renaissance World Tour (2023) == Filamu == {| class = "wikitable" style = "font-size: 90%;" border = "2" cellpadding = "4" background: # f9f9f9; |- Align = "center" ! style = "background: # B0C4DE;" | Mwaka ! style = "background: # B0C4DE;" | Film ! style = "background: # B0C4DE;" | Role ! style = "background: # B0C4DE;" | Vidokezo |-- | 2001 || [417] || Carmen || mhusika mkuu, filamu ya TV |-- | 2002 || ''[[Austin Powers in Goldmember]]'' || [[Foxxy Cleopatra]] || mhusika mkuu |-- | 2003 || ''[[The Fighting Temptations]]'' || Lilly || mhusika mkuu |-- | 2004 || [[Fade to Black|''Fade to Black'']] || Scott || [[Jay-Z]] documentary |-- | rowspan = "2" | 2006 || ''[[The Pink Panther]]'' || Xania || mhusika msaidizi |-- | ''[[Dreamgirls]]'' || Deena Jones || mhusika mkuu |-- | 2007 || ''My Night at the Grammys'' || Scott || TV film |-- | 2008 || ''[[Cadillac Records]]'' || [[Etta James]] || mhusika mkuu |-- | rowspan = "2" | 2009 || ''[[obsessed]]'' || Sharon Charles || mhusika mkuu |-- | [[Wow!|''Wow!'']] ''[[Wow!]] '' ''[[Wubbzy!]]'' || Shine (sauti) || "Wubbzy's Big Makeover / The Big Wuzzlewood" (Season 2, episode 22)<br />"Wubb Girlz Rule!/ Wuzzleburg Idol "(Season 2, episode 19)<br />"Bye Bye Wuzzleburg / Wubbzy 's Wacky Journey" (Season 2, episode 20)<br />"Lights, Camera, Wubbzy!/ A Wubbstar Is Born "(Season 2, episode 23) |-- | 2009 || "Beyoncé: For The Record" || Scott || An hour long interview on [[4Music]] |} == Marejeo == {{Marejeo|3}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons}} {{Wikiquote}} * [http://www.beyonceonline.com Tovuti rasmi ya Marekani] {{Wayback|url=http://www.beyonceonline.com/ |date=20090105161136 }} * {{allmusicguide|11:egj97ip1g7dr|Beyoncé}} * {{IMDb name|0461498|Beyoncé}} {{Beyoncé}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Knowles, Beyonce}} <!-- [[Jamii:Waigizaji kutoka Texas]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa marekani wenye asili ya kiafrika]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa kike kutoka Marekani walio na asili ya kiafrika]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani walio na asili ya kiafrika]] [[Jamii:Waandishi nyimbo wa Marekani walio na asili ya kiafrika]] [[Jamii:Wamarekani walio na asili ya kiafrika]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji ambao ni watoto, wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wacheza ngoma wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Modeli wa kike wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanamethodi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wakurugenzi wa video za nyimbo wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa nyimbo za 'pop' wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa rhythms na blues wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Soul wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wamarekani walio na asili ya Kifaransa]] [[Jamii:Wamarekani halisi]] [[Jamii:Beyoncé Knowles]] [[Jamii:Washindi wa Brit Award]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Columbia Records]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa kikundi cha Destiny's Child]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji katika lugha ya Kiingereza]] [[Jamii:Washindi katika mashindano ya Grammy Award]] [[Jamii:Washindi wa Ivor Novello Award]] [[Jamii:Watu wanaoishi]] [[Jamii:Wakrioli kutoka Louisiana]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki kutoka Houston, Texas]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki kutoka Texas]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Houston, Texas]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Sony / ATV Music Publishing]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa lugha ya Kihispania]] [[Jamii:United Methodists]] [[Jamii:Washindi wa mashindano ya Tuzo za Muziki za MTV Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Washindi wa mashindano ya World Music Awards]] --> [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1981]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanamitindo wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watayarishaji muziki wa Marekani]] {{Persondata | name = Knowles, Beyoncé | alternative names = Knowles, Beyoncé Giselle | short description = American singer-songwriter, actress, and fashion designer | date of birth = 4 Septemba 1981 | place of birth = [[Houston, Texas|Houston]], [[Texas]], United States | date of death = | place of death = }} 6zvf0ljeb4fdr3ulc5s4o1z0terj84z 0 10610 1598853 1582085 2026-09-22T21:42:41Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598853 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] [[Picha:Albert Einstein Head.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein alivyopigwa picha na Oren Turner, [[1947]].]] '''Albert Einstein''' ([[14 Machi]] [[1879]] – [[18 Aprili]] [[1955]]) alikuwa [[mwanafizikia]] mwenye asili ya Kiyahudi kutoka nchi ya [[Ujerumani]]. Hasa anajulikana kwa [[nadharia ya uhusianifu]]. Mwaka [[1921]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya [[Fizikia]]'''. Mwaka [[1933]] alipoona kuwa [[Hitler]] aliteka utawala nchini Ujerumani, aliamua kubaki [[Marekani]] alipokuwa amekwenda, na hatimaye alipata [[uraia]] wa huko mwaka [[1940]]. ==Maandishi yake ya kisayansi== {{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{Citation |last = Einstein |first = Albert |year = 1901 |title = Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen (Conclusions Drawn from the Phenomena of Capillarity) |periodical = Annalen der Physik |volume = 4 |page = 513 |doi = 10.1002/andp.19013090306 |bibcode = 1901AnP...309..513E |issue = 3 }} * {{Citation |last = Einstein |first = Albert |year = 1905a |title = Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt (On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light) |journal=Annalen der Physik |volume = 17 |pages = 132–148 |doi = 10.1002/andp.19053220607 |url = http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/1905_17_132-148.pdf |bibcode = 1905AnP...322..132E |issue = 6 }} This annus mirabilis paper on the photoelectric effect was received by ''Annalen der Physik'' 18 March. * {{Citation |last = Einstein|first=Albert|year=1905b |title = A new determination of molecular dimensions }}. This PhD thesis was completed 30 April and submitted 20 July. * {{Citation |last = Einstein |first = Albert |year = 1905c |title = On the Motion&nbsp;– Required by the Molecular Kinetic Theory of Heat&nbsp;– of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid |journal=Annalen der Physik |volume = 17 |pages = 549–560 |bibcode = 1905AnP...322..549E |doi = 10.1002/andp.19053220806 |issue = 8 }}. This annus mirabilis paper on Brownian motion was received 11 May. * {{Citation |last = Einstein |first = Albert |year = 1905d |title = On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies |journal=Annalen der Physik |volume = 17 |pages = 891–921 |bibcode = 1905AnP...322..891E |doi = 10.1002/andp.19053221004 |issue = 10 }}. This annus mirabilis paper on special relativity was received 30 June. * {{Citation |last = Einstein|first=Albert |year=1905e |title = Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content? |journal=Annalen der Physik|volume=18|pages=639–641 |bibcode = 1905AnP...323..639E |doi = 10.1002/andp.19053231314 |issue = 13 }}. This annus mirabilis paper on mass-energy equivalence was received 27 September. * {{Citation |last = Einstein |first = Albert |title = Die Feldgleichungen der Gravitation (The Field Equations of Gravitation) |journal=Königlich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften |pages = 844–847 |year = 1915 }} * {{Citation |last = Einstein |first = Albert |title = Kosmologische Betrachtungen zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie (Cosmological Considerations in the General Theory of Relativity) |journal=Königlich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften |year = 1917a }} * {{Citation |last = Einstein |first = Albert |title = Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung (On the Quantum Mechanics of Radiation) |journal=Physikalische Zeitschrift |volume = 18 |pages = 121–128 |year = 1917b |bibcode = 1917PhyZ...18..121E }} * {{Citation |last = Einstein |first = Albert |date = 11 July 1923 |contribution = Fundamental Ideas and Problems of the Theory of Relativity |title = Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901–1921 |publisher = Elsevier Publishing Company |place = Amsterdam |url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-lecture.pdf |accessdate = 25 March 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070210054832/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-lecture.pdf |archivedate = 2007-02-10 |deadurl = no }} * {{Citation |last = Einstein |first = Albert |title = Quantentheorie des einatomigen idealen Gases (Quantum theory of monatomic ideal gases) |journal=Sitzungsberichte der Preussichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Physikalisch-Mathematische Klasse |pages = 261–267 |year = 1924 }}. First of a series of papers on this topic. * {{Citation |last = Einstein |first = Albert |title = Die Ursache der Mäanderbildung der Flussläufe und des sogenannten Baerschen Gesetzes |journal=Die Naturwissenschaften |pages = 223–224 |year = 1926 |doi = 10.1007/BF01510300 |volume = 14 |bibcode = 1926NW.....14..223E |issue = 11 }}. On [[Baer's law]] and [[meander]]s in the courses of rivers. * {{Citation |last = Einstein |first = Albert |last2 = Podolsky |first2 = Boris |last3 = Rosen |first3 = Nathan |title = Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete? |journal=Physical Review |issue = 10 |volume = 47 |pages = 777–780 |date = 15 May 1935 |doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.47.777 |ref = {{harvid|Einstein|1935}} |bibcode = 1935PhRv...47..777E }} * {{Citation |last = Einstein |first = Albert |title = On Science and Religion |journal=Nature |volume = 146 |year = 1940 |doi = 10.1038/146605a0 |page = 605 |isbn = 0-7073-0453-9 |publisher=Scottish Academic |location = Edinburgh |bibcode = 1940Natur.146..605E |issue = 3706 }} * {{Citation |last = Einstein |first = Albert ''et&nbsp;al.'' |title = To the editors |newspaper = New York Times |date = 4 December 1948 |url = http://phys4.harvard.edu/~wilson/NYTimes1948.html |isbn = 0-7354-0359-7 |publisher = AIP, American Inst. of Physics |location = Melville, NY |access-date = 2013-03-06 |archive-date = 2007-12-17 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071217113044/http://phys4.harvard.edu/~wilson/NYTimes1948.html |dead-url = yes }} * {{Citation |last = Einstein |first = Albert |title = Why Socialism? |magazine = Monthly Review |date = May 1949 |url = http://www.monthlyreview.org/598einst.htm |accessdate = 16 January 2006 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060111081948/http://www.monthlyreview.org/598einst.htm |archivedate = 2006-01-11 |deadurl = no }} * {{Citation |last = Einstein |first = Albert |title = On the Generalized Theory of Gravitation |journal=Scientific American |volume = CLXXXII |issue = 4 |pages = 13–17 |year = 1950 }} * {{Citation |last = Einstein |first = Albert |title = Ideas and Opinions |place = New York |publisher=Random House |year = 1954 |isbn = 0-517-00393-7 }} * {{Citation |last = Einstein |first = Albert |title = Albert Einstein, Hedwig und Max Born: Briefwechsel 1916–1955 |publisher=Nymphenburger Verlagshandlung |year = 1969 |location = Munich |language = German |isbn = 3-88682-005-X }} * {{Citation |last = Einstein |first = Albert |edition = Centennial |title = Autobiographical Notes |year = 1979 |place = Chicago |publisher=Open Court |isbn = 0-87548-352-6 |others = Paul Arthur Schilpp }}. The ''chasing a light beam'' thought experiment is described on pages 48–51. * Collected Papers: {{Citation |author=[[John Stachel|Stachel, John]], Martin J. Klein, a.&nbsp;J. Kox, Michel Janssen, R. Schulmann, Diana Komos Buchwald and others (Eds.) |year=1987–2006 |title=The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Vol. 1–10 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |url=http://press.princeton.edu/einstein/writings.html#papers |access-date=2013-03-06 |archive-date=2013-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217024451/http://press.princeton.edu/einstein/writings.html#papers |dead-url=yes }} Further information about the volumes published so far can be found on the webpages of the [http://www.einstein.caltech.edu/index.html Einstein Papers Project] {{Wayback|url=http://www.einstein.caltech.edu/index.html |date=20160811131907 }} and on the [[Princeton University Press]] [http://press.princeton.edu/einstein/ Einstein Page] {{refend}} ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Marejeo mengine== {{div col|2}} {{refbegin}} * Brian, Denis (1996). ''Einstein: A Life.'' New York: John Wiley. * Clark, Ronald (1971). ''Einstein: The Life and Times.'' New York: Avon Books. * Fölsing, Albrecht (1997): ''Albert Einstein: A Biography''. New York: Penguin Viking. (Translated and abridged from the German by Ewald Osers.) ISBN 978-0670855452 * {{Rejea kitabu |last1=Highfield |first1=Roger |last2=Carter |first2=Paul |year=1993 | title = The Private Lives of Albert Einstein|url=https://archive.org/details/privatelivesofal0000high |location=London |publisher=Faber and Faber |isbn=978-0-571-16744-9 |ref=harv}} * Hoffmann, Banesh, with the collaboration of Helen Dukas (1972): ''Albert Einstein: Creator and Rebel''. London: Hart-Davis, MacGibbon Ltd. ISBN 978-0670111817 * Isaacson, Walter (2007): ''Einstein: His Life and Universe''. Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, New York. ISBN 978-0-7432-6473-0 * Moring, Gary (2004): ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=875TTxildJ0C&dq=idiots+guide+to+einstein&printsec=frontcover The complete idiot's guide to understanding Einstein]'' ( 1st ed. 2000). Indianapolis IN: Alpha books (Macmillan USA). ISBN 0-02-863180-3 * [[Abraham Pais|Pais, Abraham]] (1982): ''Subtle is the Lord: The science and the life of Albert Einstein''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198539070. The definitive biography to date. * Pais, Abraham (1994): ''Einstein Lived Here''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-192-80672-6 * Parker, Barry (2000): ''Einstein's Brainchild: Relativity Made Relatively Easy!''. Prometheus Books. Illustrated by Lori Scoffield-Beer. A review of Einstein's career and accomplishments, written for the lay public. ISBN 978-1591025221 * Schweber, Sylvan S. (2008): ''Einstein and [[J. Robert Oppenheimer|Oppenheimer]]: The Meaning of Genius''. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02828-9. * [[J. Robert Oppenheimer|Oppenheimer]], J.R. (1971): "On Albert Einstein," p.&nbsp;8–12 in ''Science and synthesis: an international colloquium organized by Unesco on the tenth anniversary of the death of Albert Einstein and Teilhard de Chardin'', Springer-Verlag, 1971, 208 pp. (Lecture delivered at the UNESCO House in Paris on 13 December 1965.) Also published in The New York Review of Books, 17 March 1966, [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1966/mar/17/on-albert-einstein/?pagination=false On Albert Einstein by Robert Oppenheimer] {{refend}} {{div col end}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.scribd.com/doc/23220527/Ideas-and-Opinions-by-Albert-Einstein ''Ideas and Opinions'', Einstein's letters and speeches] {{Wayback|url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/23220527/Ideas-and-Opinions-by-Albert-Einstein |date=20120510125626 }}, Full text, ''Crown Publishers (1954) 384 pages * [http://scholar.google.com.au/citations?user=qc6CJjYAAAAJ&hl=en Einstein's Scholar Google profile] * [[wikilivres:Albert Einstein|Works by Albert Einstein]] (public domain in Canada) * {{Citation|year=1997 |month= April |publisher=School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland |title = The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive |url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Einstein.html |accessdate =14 June 2009}} * ''[http://www.monthlyreview.org/598einstein.php Why Socialism?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.monthlyreview.org/598einstein.php |date=20110317032934 }}'' by Albert Einstein, ''[[Monthly Review]]'', May 1949 * [http://www.shapell.org/exhibitions.aspx?einstein-original-letters-in-aid-of-his-brethren Einstein's Personal Correspondence: Religion, Politics, The Holocaust, and Philosophy] {{Wayback|url=http://www.shapell.org/exhibitions.aspx?einstein-original-letters-in-aid-of-his-brethren |date=20150315104758 }} Shapell Manuscript Foundation * [http://vault.fbi.gov/Albert%20Einstein FBI file on Albert Einstein] * [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html Nobelprize.org Biography:Albert Einstein] * [http://life.tumblr.com/post/526230217/the-einstein-you-never-knew The Einstein You Never Knew]&nbsp;— slideshow by ''[[Life magazine]]'' * [http://www.history.com/topics/albert-einstein Albert Einstein]&nbsp;— videos * [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bpeins.html Science Odyssey People And Discoveries] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110608004818/http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/science-technology-and-society/sts-042j-einstein-oppenheimer-feynman-physics-in-the-20th-century-spring-2006/ MIT OpenCourseWare STS.042J/8.225J: Einstein, Oppenheimer, Feynman: Physics in the 20th century]&nbsp;— free study course that explores the changing roles of physics and physicists during the 20th century * [http://www.alberteinstein.info/ Albert Einstein Archives Online (80,000+ Documents)]{{Wayback|url=http://www.alberteinstein.info/ |date=20110811112756 }} ([http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/46785542/ns/technology_and_science-science/ MSNBC - 19 March 2012] {{Wayback|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/46785542/ns/technology_and_science-science/ |date=20120512105817 }}) * [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2745/ Einstein's declaration of intention for American citizenship] {{Wayback|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2745/ |date=20140222071037 }} from the [[World Digital Library]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Einstein, Albert}} {{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1879]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1955]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia]] 9cx5s2a5bejqntpllclzqy1zrsg9omo 0 13652 1599273 1437708 2026-09-23T11:16:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599273 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:50-cent.jpg|right|thumb|150px|50 Cent mnamo [[Januari]] [[2006]].]] '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni orodha kuu ya albamu, [[filamu]], single, na [[tuzo]] za [[50 Cent]], msanii wa muziki na [[filamu]] kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. == Albamu na Studio == {|class="wikitable" |- !rowspan="2"|Mwaka !rowspan="2"|Jina !colspan="6"|Chati Iliyoshika<ref name=acharts>[http://acharts.us/performer/50_cent World Chart Positions]. acharts.us. Accessed [[9 Agosti]] [[2007]].</ref><ref name=AMG>[http://www.allmusic.com/artist/50-cent-p372609 50 Cent Billboard Album Charts]. All Music Guide. Accessed [[13 Agosti]] [[2007]].</ref> !rowspan="2"|Mauzo na Vielezo |- !align="center" width="30"|<small>[[Billboard 200|U.S.]]</small> !align="center" width="30"|<small>[[UK Albums Chart|UK]]</small> !align="center" width="30"|<small>[[Media Control Charts|GER]]</small> !align="center" width="30"|<small>[[Syndicat National de l'Edition Phonographique|FRA]]</small> !align="center" width="30"|<small>[[Canadian Albums Chart|CAN]]</small> !align="center" width="30"|<small>[[ARIA Charts|AUS]]</small> |- |2003 |''[[Get Rich or Die Tryin' (album)|Get Rich or Die Tryin']]'' *Imetoka: [[6 Februari]] [[2003]] *Studio: [[Shady Records|Shady]]/[[Aftermath Entertainment|Aftermath]]/[[Interscope]] |align="center"|1 |align="center"|7 |align="center"|4 |align="center"|12 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|4 |[[RIAA certification]]: 6× Platinum<ref name=RIAA03>[http://www.riaa.com/newsitem.php?news_year_filter=2003&resultpage=&id=D567432C-1DD7-2B70-27E8-161B2A3E9F22 2003 Ends with a Bang!] {{Wayback|url=http://www.riaa.com/newsitem.php?news_year_filter=2003&resultpage=&id=D567432C-1DD7-2B70-27E8-161B2A3E9F22 |date=20070930201035 }}</ref>. RIAA ([[18 Desemba]] [[2003]]). Accessed [[29 Juni]] [[2007]]. Mauzo ya Dunia Nzima: 12 million<ref>Byrnes, Paul ([[18 Januari]] [[2006]]). [http://www.smh.com.au/news/film-reviews/get-rich-or-die-tryin/2006/01/18/1137553646571.html Get Rich or Die Tryin']. ''The Sydney Morning Herald''. Accessed [[31 Julai]] [[2007]].</ref> |- |2005 |''[[The Massacre]]'' *Imetoka: [[3 Machi]] [[2005]] *Studio: Shady/Aftermath/Interscope |align="center"|1 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|4 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|2 |RIAA certification: 5× Platinum<ref>[http://www.riaa.com/newsitem.php?news_year_filter=&resultpage=11&id=63425463-23BF-D356-AD95-395367446804 Let’s Be Blunt] {{Wayback|url=http://www.riaa.com/newsitem.php?news_year_filter=&resultpage=11&id=63425463-23BF-D356-AD95-395367446804 |date=20070930201100 }}. RIAA ([[9 Machi]] [[2006]]). Accessed [[4 Julai]] [[2007]].</ref><br />U.S. sales: 5 million<ref>Associated Press ([[7 Novemba]] [[2005]]). [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,174864,00.html 50 Cent Film Offers New Version of Rapper] {{Wayback|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,174864,00.html |date=20091227103251 }}. Fox News. Accessed [[12 Agosti]] [[2007]].</ref><br />Mauzo ya Dunia Nzima: 9.8 million<ref>Reid, Shaheem ([[22 Mei]] [[2007]]). [http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1560222/20070522/50_cent.jhtml 50 Cent Says 'Delusional' Cam'ron Is Hurting Diplomats Camp] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1560222/20070522/50_cent.jhtml |date=20121021043123 }}. MTV. Accessed [[16 Agosti]] [[2007]].</ref> |- |2007 |''[[Curtis (50 Cent album)|Curtis]]''* *Imetoka: [[11 Septemba]] [[2007]] *Studio: Shady/Aftermath/Interscope |align="center"|2 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|3 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|1 |Mauzo ya Marekani: 691,000<ref>Geoff Mayfield ([[18 Septemba]] [[2007]]). [http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003642725 Kanye Crushes 50 Cent in Huge Album Sales Week] {{Wayback|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003642725 |date=20071004230423 }}. ''Billboard''. Accessed [[19 Septemba]] [[2007]].</ref><br />Mauzo ya Dunia Nzima: Karibuni 2 million<ref>[http://www.vivendi.com/corp/en/home/week.php Universal Music Group – The king of rap returns with ''Curtis''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.vivendi.com/corp/en/home/week.php |date=20070919081515 }}. Vivendi. Accessed [[19 Septemba]] [[2007]].</ref> |- |2008 |''[[Before I Self Destruct]]''<ref>Jokesta ([[26 Juni]] [[2007]]). [http://www.defsounds.com/news/view/1889-5-cent-adds-to-curtis-rumored-promo-campaign-begins-for-eminem-s-upcoming-lp.html 50 Cent Adds to Curtis, Rumored Promo Campaign Begins for Eminem's upcoming LP] {{Wayback|url=http://www.defsounds.com/news/view/1889-5-cent-adds-to-curtis-rumored-promo-campaign-begins-for-eminem-s-upcoming-lp.html |date=20071010053501 }}. Def Sounds. Accessed [[10 Agosti]] [[2007]].</ref> *Imetoka: Machi 2008 *Studio: Shady/Aftermath/Interscope |align="center"| |align="center"| |align="center"| |align="center"| |align="center"| |align="center"| | |- |} == Nyimbo mchanganyiko == {|class="wikitable" |- !rowspan="2"|Mwaka !rowspan="2"|Jina !colspan="3"|Chati Iliyoshika<ref name=AMG/><ref>[http://www.allmusic.com/album/get-rich-or-die-tryin-r803868 Get Rich or Die Tryin' Charts]. ''Billboard''. Accessed [[10 Agosti]] [[2007]].</ref> !rowspan="2"|Mauzo na Vielezo |- !align="center" width="40"|<small>[[Billboard 200|U.S. Hot 100]]</small> !align="center" width="40"|<small>[[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|U.S. R&B]]</small> !align="center" width="40"|<small>[[Canadian Albums Chart|CAN]]</small> |- |2002 |''[[Guess Who's Back?]]'' *Ilitoka: [[26 Aprili]] [[2002]] *Studio: Full Clip |align="center"|28 |align="center"|13 |align="center"|– |Mauzo ya Marekani: 300,000<ref>Bejda, Scott (Aprili 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070502194838/http://www.murderdog.com/april05/50cent/50cent.html 50 Cent interview]. ''Murder Dog'' magazine. Accessed [[10 Agosti]] [[2007]].</ref> |- |2005 |''[[Get Rich or Die Tryin' (soundtrack)]]'' *Ilitoka: [[8 Novemba]] [[2005]] *Studio: G-Unit/Interscope |align="center"|2 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|2 |RIAA certification: Platinum<ref>[http://www.rockonthenet.com/artists-f/50cent.htm 50 Cent Timeline]. Rock on the Net. Accessed [[24 Mei]] [[2007]].</ref><br />Worldwide sales: 3 million<ref>Johnson, Dick ([[10 Agosti]] [[2007]]). [http://www.sohh.com/articles/article.php/12289 Pulse Report] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sohh.com/articles/article.php/12289 |date=20080516120602 }}. SOHH. Accessed [[11 Agosti]] [[2007]].</ref> |- |2008 |''Greatest Hits''<ref>Shake ([[4 Aprili]] [[2007]]). [http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.5084/title.50-cent-speaks 50 Cent Speaks!] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.5084/title.50-cent-speaks |date=20140228225243 }}. HipHopDX. Accessed [[10 Agosti]] [[2007]].</ref> *Ilitoka: [[2008]] *Studio: Shady/Aftermath/Interscope |align="center"| |align="center"| |align="center"| | |- |} '''Albamu zisizozinduliwa''' * Power of the Dollar[19] * Iltoka: [[4 Julai]] [[2000]] (Sio Rasmi) * Studi: Trackmasters/Columbia/Sony '''Tepu Mchanganyiko''' * God's Plan[20] * Ilitoka: [[10 Oktoba]] ,[[2006]] * Studio: BCD Music Group * 50 Cent Is the Future[21] * Ilitoka: [[24 Oktoba]],[[2006]] * Studio: BCD Music Group * No Mercy, No Fear[22] * Ilitoka: [[31 Oktoba]] [[2006]] * Studio: BCD Music Group == Single zake == {|class="wikitable" !rowspan="2"|Mwaka !rowspan="2"|Nyimbo !colspan="7"|Chati Iliyoshika<ref name=acharts/><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070929131603/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=340706&model.vnuAlbumId=914553 Artist Chart History]. ''Billboard''. Accessed [[9 Agosti]] [[2007]].</ref> !rowspan="2"|Albamu |- !align="center" width="30"|<small>[[Billboard Hot 100|U.S. Hot 100]]</small> !align="center" width="30"|<small>[[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|U.S. R&B]]</small> !align="center" width="30"|<small>[[Hot Rap Tracks|U.S. Rap]]</small> !align="center" width="30"|<small>[[UK Singles Chart|UK]]</small> !align="center" width="30"|<small>[[German Singles Chart|GER]]</small> !align="center" width="30"|<small>[[France|FRA]]</small> !align="center" width="30"|<small>[[ARIA Charts|AUS]]</small> |- |align="center" rowspan="3"|1999 |align="left"|"[[How to Rob]]" |align="center"|– |align="center"|62 |align="center"|24 |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="left"|''[[Power of the Dollar]]'' |- |align="left"|"Rowdy Rowdy" |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="left"|''[[In Too Deep (film)|In Too Deep]] soundtrack'' |- |align="left"|"Thug Love" <small>(feat. [[Destiny's Child]])</small> |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="left"|''Power of the Dollar'' |- |align="center" rowspan="2"|2002 |align="left"|"[[Wanksta]]" |align="center"|13 |align="center"|4 |align="center"|3 |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="left"|''[[8 Mile (soundtrack)|8 Mile]]'' |- |align="left"|"[[In da Club]]" |align="center"|1 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|3 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|16 |align="center"|1 |align="left" rowspan="4"|''[[Get Rich or Die Tryin' (album)|Get Rich or Die Tryin']]'' |- |align="center" rowspan="3"|2003 |align="left"|"[[21 Questions]]" <small>(feat. [[Nate Dogg]])</small> |align="center"|1 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|6 |align="center"|35 |align="center"|58 |align="center"|4 |- |align="left"|"[[P.I.M.P.]]" |align="center"|3 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|5 |align="center"|5 |align="center"|25 |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|"[[If I Can't]]" |align="center"|76 |align="center"|34 |align="center"|15 |align="center"|10 |align="center"|34 |align="center"|– |align="center"|22 |- |align="center" rowspan="7"|2005 |align="left"|"[[Disco Inferno (50 Cent song)|Disco Inferno]]" |align="center"|3 |align="center"|4 |align="center"|3 |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="left" rowspan=4|''[[The Massacre]]'' |- |align="left"|"[[Candy Shop (50 Cent song)|Candy Shop]]" <small>(feat. [[Olivia (singer)|Olivia]])</small> |align="center"|1 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|3 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|8 |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|"[[Just a Lil Bit]]" |align="center"|3 |align="center"|3 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|10 |align="center"|11 |align="center"|38 |align="center"|13 |- |align="left"|"[[Outta Control]] (remix)" <small>(feat. [[Mobb Deep]])</small> |align="center"|6 |align="center"|11 |align="center"|5 |align="center"|7 |align="center"|8 |align="center"|– |align="center"|16 |- |align="left"|"[[Hustler's Ambition]]" |align="center"|65 |align="center"|64 |align="center"|– |align="center"|13 |align="center"|22 |align="center"|– |align="center"|23 |align="left" rowspan="3"|''[[Get Rich or Die Tryin' (soundtrack)|Get Rich or Die Tryin']]'' |- |align="left"|"[[Window Shopper]]" |align="center"|20 |align="center"|14 |align="center"|9 |align="center"|11 |align="center"|20 |align="center"|23 |align="center"|13 |- |align="left"|"[[Best Friend (50 Cent song)|Best Friend]]" <small>(feat. Olivia)</small> |align="center"|35 |align="center"|22 |align="center"|10 |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |- |align="center" rowspan="6"|2007 |align="left"|"[[Straight to the Bank]]" |align="center"|32 |align="center"|30 |align="center"|10 |align="center"|– |align="center"|33 |align="center"|38 |align="center"|– |align="left" rowspan="6"|''[[Curtis (50 Cent album)|Curtis]]'' |- |align="left"|"[[Amusement Park (song)|Amusement Park]]" |align="center"|116 |align="center"|36 |align="center"|17 |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |- |align="left"|"[[I Get Money]]"* |align="center"|20 |align="center"|10 |align="center"|5 |align="center"|41 |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |- |align="left"|"[[Ayo Technology]]"* <small>(feat. [[Justin Timberlake]] & [[Timbaland]])</small> |align="center"|5 |align="center"|56 |align="center"|11 |align="center"|5 |align="center"|3 |align="center"|– |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|"[[Follow My Lead]]"* <small>(feat. [[Robin Thicke]])</small> |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |- |align="left"|"[[Come & Go]]"* <small>(feat. [[Dr. Dre]])</small> |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |- |} == Nyimbo alizoshirikishwa == {|class="wikitable" !rowspan="2"| Mwaka !rowspan="2"| Nyimbo !colspan="7"| Chati Aliyoshika !rowspan="2"| Albamu |- !align="center" width="30"| <small>[[Billboard Hot 100|U.S. Hot 100]]</small> !align="center" width="30"| <small>[[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|U.S. R&B]]</small> !align="center" width="30"| <small>[[Hot Rap Tracks|U.S. Rap]]</small> !align="center" width="30"| <small>[[UK Singles Chart|UK]]</small> !align="center" width="30"| <small>[[German Singles Chart|GER]]</small> !align="center" width="30"| <small>[[France|FRA]]</small> !align="center" width="30"| <small>[[ARIA Charts|AUS]]</small> |- |align="center"|2003 |align="left"|"[[Magic Stick]]" <small>(with [[Lil' Kim]])</small> |align="center"|2 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="left"|''[[La Bella Mafia]]'' |- |align="center" rowspan="2"|2004 |align="left"|"[[Encore/Curtains Down]]" <small>(with [[Eminem]] & [[Dr. Dre]])</small> |align="center"|25 |align="center"|48 |align="center"|20 |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="left"|''[[Encore (album)|Encore]]'' |- |align="left"|"[[Westside Story (song)|Westside Story]]" <small>(with [[The Game (rapper)|The Game]])</small> |align="center"|93 |align="center"|55 |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="left" rowspan="2"|''[[The Documentary]]'' |- |align="center" rowspan="5"|2005 |align="left"|"[[How We Do]]" <small>(with The Game)</small> |align="center"|4 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|5 |align="center"|9 |align="center"|30 |align="center"|24 |- |align="left"|"[[So Seductive]]" <small>(with [[Tony Yayo]])</small> |align="center"|48 |align="center"|7 |align="center"|12 |align="center"|28 |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="left"|''[[Thoughts of a Predicate Felon]]'' |- |align="left"|"[[Hate It or Love It]]" <small>(with The Game)</small> |align="center"|2 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|4 |align="center"|14 |align="center"|42 |align="center"|21 |align="left"|''The Documentary'' |- |align="left"|"[[I Know You Don't Love Me]]" <small><br />(with Tony Yayo, [[Young Buck]], & [[Lloyd Banks]])</small> |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="left"|''Thoughts of a Predicate Felon'' |- |align="left"|"[[Have a Party]]"<small>(with [[Mobb Deep]] & [[Nate Dogg]])</small> |align="center"|– |align="center"|49 |align="center"|23 |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="left"|''[[Get Rich or Die Tryin' (soundtrack)|Get Rich or Die Tryin']]'' |- |align="center" rowspan="3"|2006 |align="left"|"[[Hands Up (song)|Hands Up]]" <small>(with Lloyd Banks)</small> |align="center"|84 |align="center"|30 |align="center"|15 |align="center"|43 |align="center"|20 |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="left" rowspan="2"|''[[Rotten Apple (Lloyd Banks album)|Rotten Apple]]'' |- |align="left"|"[[The Cake (Lloyd Banks song)|The Cake]]" <small>(with Lloyd Banks)</small> |align="center"|– |align="center"|65 |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |- |align="left"|"[[You Don't Know (Eminem song)|You Don't Know]]" <small>(with Eminem, Lloyd Banks, & [[Ca$his]])</small> |align="center"|12 |align="center"|87 |align="center"|– |align="center"|32 |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="left"|''[[Eminem Presents the Re-Up]]'' |- |align="center"|2007 |align="left"|"[[Can't Leave 'Em Alone]]" <small>(with [[Ciara]])</small> |align="center"|40 |align="center"|10 |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="center"|44 |align="center"|– |align="center"|– |align="left"|''[[Ciara: The Evolution]]'' |- |} == Nyimbo alizoonekana == {|class="wikitable" ! Mwaka ! Nyimbo<ref>[http://www.cduniverse.com/sresult.asp?HT_Search_Info=50+cent&HT_Search=ARTIST&image.x=0&image.y=0&cart=580503330&style=music&altsearch=yes&page=2 50 Cent appearances]. CD Universe. Accessed [[11 Agosti]] [[2007]].</ref> ! Msanii(s) ! Albamu |- |2002 |"Work It (remix)" |[[Missy Elliott]] |''[[Under Construction]]'' |- |rowspan="9"|2004 |"Never Enough" |[[Eminem]], [[Nate Dogg]] |rowspan=2|''[[Encore (album)|Encore]]'' |- |"Spend Some Time" |Eminem, [[Obie Trice]], [[Stat Quo]] |- |"I Get High" |[[Lloyd Banks]], [[Snoop Dogg]] |rowspan=2|''[[The Hunger for More]]'' |- |"Warrior, Pt. 2" |Lloyd Banks, Eminem, Nate Dogg |- |"I'm a Soldier" |[[Young Buck]] |rowspan="3"|''[[Straight Outta Ca$hville]]'' |- |"Bonafide Husler" |Young Buck, Tony Yayo |- |"DPG-Unit" |Young Buck, Snoop Dogg, [[Daz Dillinger]], <br />[[Soopafly]], Lloyd Banks |- |"We All Die One Day" |Obie Trice, Eminem, Lloyd Banks |''[[Cheers (album)|Cheers]]'' |- |"Oh No" |Snoop Dogg |''[[R&G (Rhythm & Gangsta): The Masterpiece|R&G]]'' |- |rowspan="6"|2005 |"We Don't Give a Fuck" |Tony Yayo, Lloyd Banks, [[Olivia (singer)|Olivia]] |''[[Thoughts of a Predicate Felon]]'' |- |"When Death Becomes You" |[[M.O.P.]] |rowspan="4"|''[[Get Rich or Die Tryin' (soundtrack)|Get Rich or Die Tryin']]'' |- |"You Already Know" |Lloyd Banks, Young Buck |- |"Things Change" |[[Spider Loc]], Lloyd Banks |- |"You a Shooter" |[[Mobb Deep]] |- |"Forgive Me" |[[Proof (rapper)|Proof]] |''[[Searching for Jerry Garcia]]'' |- |rowspan="10"|2006 |"Creep" |Mobb Deep |rowspan="4"|''[[Blood Money (Mobb Deep album)|Blood Money]]'' |- |"Pearly Gates" |Mobb Deep |- |"[[The Infamous (Mobb Deep song)|The Infamous]]" |Mobb Deep |- |"It's Alright" |Mobb Deep, [[Mary J. Blige]] |- |"Everywhere I Go" |Obie Trice |''[[Second Round's on Me]]'' |- |"Rotten Apple" |Lloyd Banks, [[Prodigy (rapper)|Prodigy]] |''[[Rotten Apple (Lloyd Banks album)|Rotten Apple]]'' |- |"Nigga, What's Up" |[[Lil' Scrappy]] |''[[Bred 2 Die Born 2 Live]]'' |- |"The Re-Up" |Eminem |rowspan="2"|''[[Eminem Presents the Re-Up]]'' |- |"Jimmy Crack Corn" |Eminem |- |"Officer Down" |[[Kardinal Offishall]] |''Canadian Coke'' |- |rowspan="2"|2007 |"Come and Get Me" |[[Timbaland]], Tony Yayo |''[[Timbaland Presents Shock Value|Shock Value]]'' |- |"Hold On" |Young Buck |''[[Buck the World]]'' |- |} == Video na DVD alizotoa == *''Get Rich or Die Tryin': Filamu'' (DVD ya Ziada)<ref>[http://video.aol.com/video-detail/id/2358935277 50 Cent: Get Rich or Die Tryin' The Movie]. AOL Video. Accessed [[11 Agosti]] [[2007]].</ref> **Ilitoka: [[2003]] **Studio: Shady/Aftermath/Interscope *''[[50 Cent: The New Breed]]'' **Ilitoka: [[15 Aprili]] [[2003]] **Studio: Shady/Aftermath/Interscope **Mauzo: 645,000 (as of 2003)<ref>Nelson, Chris ([[29 Desemba]] [[2003]]). [http://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/29/business/media/29music.html?ex=1388034000&en=63b2d82e7d76c6a2&ei=5007&partner=USERLAND With CD Sales Slipping, the DVD Steps In]. ''The New York Times''. Accessed [[11 Agosti]] [[2007]].</ref> == Michezo ya watoto == *''[[50 Cent: Bulletproof]]'' **Ilitoka: [[17 Novemba]] [[2005]] **Mauzo: 2 million<ref>Lifschitz, Alex (2006). [http://www.mobiletechreview.com/games/PSP/50-Cent-Bulletproof.htm 50 Cent Bulletbroof: G-Unit Edition] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mobiletechreview.com/games/PSP/50-Cent-Bulletproof.htm |date=20070518092318 }}. Mobile Tech Review. Accessed [[10 Agosti]] [[2007]].</ref> **Maelezo: Ilitoka kwa Ajili ya [[PlayStation 2]], [[Xbox]], [[PlayStation Portable]] == Muziki wa video == {|class="wikitable" ! Mwaka ! Jina ! Waongozaji<ref>[http://www.mvdbase.com/artist.php?last=50%20Cent Artist Videography] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mvdbase.com/artist.php?last=50%20Cent |date=20070930230157 }}. MVDBase. Accessed [[31 Julai]] [[2007]].</ref> |- |2002 |"Wanksta" |Jessy Terrero |- |rowspan="4"| 2003 |"In da Club" |[[Phillip Atwell]] |- |"21 Questions" |Domon Johnson, [[Dr. Dre]], Phillip Atwell |- |"Many Men (Wish Death)" |Jessy Terrero |- |"P.I.M.P. (remix)" |[[Chris Robinson (director)|Chris Robinson]] |- |rowspan="7"| 2005 |"Candy Shop" |Jessy Terrero |- |"Disco Inferno" |Jessy Terrero, Ulysses Terrero |- |"Just a Lil Bit" |[[Benny Boom]] |- |"Rowdy Rowdy" |J. Kevin Swain |- |"Outta Control (remix)" |Jessy Terrero |- |"Hustler's Ambition" |[[Anthony Mandler]] |- |"Window Shopper" |rowspan="3"|Benny Boom<ref>[http://www.mtv.com/overdrive/?artist=860639&vid=149433 "Straight to the Bank"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mtv.com/overdrive/?artist=860639&vid=149433 |date=20070921094101 }}. MTV. Accessed [[9 Septemba]] [[2007]].</ref> |- |rowspan="5"| 2007 |"Straight to the Bank" |- |"Amusement Park" |- |"I Get Money" |Broadway<ref>[http://www.mtv.com/overdrive/?artist=860639&vid=169817 "I Get Money"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mtv.com/overdrive/?artist=860639&vid=169817 |date=20071107061158 }}. MTV. Accessed [[9 Septemba]] [[2007]].</ref> |- |"Ayo Technology" |[[Joseph Kahn]]<ref>[http://www.mtv.com/overdrive/?artist=860639&vid=168226 "Ayo Technology"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mtv.com/overdrive/?artist=860639&vid=168226 |date=20071012030500 }}. MTV. Accessed [[9 Septemba]] [[2007]].</ref> |- |"Follow My Lead" | |} == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.50cent.com 50 Cent's Tovuti Binafsi] ** [http://www.50cent.com/-/Main.aspx?pbt_name=Discography Tovuti ya Albamu ya 50 Cent] {{Wayback|url=http://www.50cent.com/-/Main.aspx?pbt_name=Discography |date=20080113065611 }} * [http://www.ascap.com/ace/search.cfm?requesttimeout=300&mode=results&searchstr=1573268&search_in=c&search_type=exact&search_det=t,s,w,p,b,v&results_pp=20&start=1 50 Cent] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ascap.com/ace/search.cfm?requesttimeout=300&mode=results&searchstr=1573268&search_in=c&search_type=exact&search_det=t,s,w,p,b,v&results_pp=20&start=1 |date=20080213172107 }} Katika [[ASCAP]] [[Jamii:Diskografia|50 Cent]] ed8ck1pohps24p4msurfnzvzpu29i30 0 13934 1599122 1096336 2026-09-23T09:11:19Z ~2026-51198-01 92556 /* */ neno sahihi 1599122 wikitext text/x-wiki Msombo ni [[dutu]] iliyoundwa kwa kuungana kwa [[elementi]] [[mbili]] au zaidi za [[Kemia|kikemia]] katika hali thabiti kati ya [[masi]] au [[atomi]] zake. Atomi zake zashikwa kwa [[muungo kemia]] kuwa [[molekuli]] za dutu hiyo. == Tofauti ya kampaundi na mchanganyiko wa elementi == Kampaundi ni tofauti na mchanganyiko wa elementi. Kwa mfano mchanganyiko wa atomi mbili za [[hidrojeni]] na atomi moja ya [[oksijeni]] ni [[gesi]] ya [[oksihidrojeni]] inayowaka rahisi kwa njia ya [[mlipuko]]. Mchanganyiko huu si thabiti. Lakini kama atomi zilezile zaingia katika [[muungo kemia]] zaunda dutu mpya ya H₂O yaani [[maji]]. Kampaundi hupatikana kwa [[hali maada]] mbalimbali kama vile [[gesi]], [[mango]] au [[kiowevu]]. {{mbegu-kemia}} [[Jamii:Kemia]] 5xdlvk16fn7gonv9dy9fxa13nzwcjue 1599181 1599122 2026-09-23T09:57:33Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1599181 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Msombo''' (pia: '''kampaundi''' kutoka [[Kiingereza]] ''compound'') ni [[dutu]] iliyoundwa kwa kuungana kwa [[elementi]] [[mbili]] au zaidi za [[Kemia|kikemia]] katika hali thabiti kati ya [[masi]] au [[atomi]] zake. Atomi zake zashikwa kwa [[muungo kemia]] kuwa [[molekuli]] za dutu hiyo. == Tofauti kati ya msombo na mchanganyiko wa elementi == Msombo ni tofauti na mchanganyiko wa elementi. Kwa mfano mchanganyiko wa atomi mbili za [[hidrojeni]] na atomi moja ya [[oksijeni]] ni [[gesi]] ya [[oksihidrojeni]] inayowaka rahisi kwa njia ya [[mlipuko]]. Mchanganyiko huo si thabiti. Lakini kama atomi zilezile zinaingia katika muungo kemia zinaunda dutu mpya ya H₂O yaani [[maji]]. Msombo hupatikana kwa [[hali maada]] mbalimbali kama vile [[gesi]], [[mango]] au [[kiowevu]]. {{mbegu-kemia}} [[Jamii:Kemia]] qz9glm8zzha15vgxhiut3ut24l4uo6r 1599182 1599181 2026-09-23T09:57:52Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni moved page [[Kampaundi]] to [[Msombo]] over redirect: jina la Kiswahili 1599181 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Msombo''' (pia: '''kampaundi''' kutoka [[Kiingereza]] ''compound'') ni [[dutu]] iliyoundwa kwa kuungana kwa [[elementi]] [[mbili]] au zaidi za [[Kemia|kikemia]] katika hali thabiti kati ya [[masi]] au [[atomi]] zake. Atomi zake zashikwa kwa [[muungo kemia]] kuwa [[molekuli]] za dutu hiyo. == Tofauti kati ya msombo na mchanganyiko wa elementi == Msombo ni tofauti na mchanganyiko wa elementi. Kwa mfano mchanganyiko wa atomi mbili za [[hidrojeni]] na atomi moja ya [[oksijeni]] ni [[gesi]] ya [[oksihidrojeni]] inayowaka rahisi kwa njia ya [[mlipuko]]. Mchanganyiko huo si thabiti. Lakini kama atomi zilezile zinaingia katika muungo kemia zinaunda dutu mpya ya H₂O yaani [[maji]]. Msombo hupatikana kwa [[hali maada]] mbalimbali kama vile [[gesi]], [[mango]] au [[kiowevu]]. {{mbegu-kemia}} [[Jamii:Kemia]] qz9glm8zzha15vgxhiut3ut24l4uo6r 0 13952 1599103 1580459 2026-09-23T08:32:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mwigizaji 2 | jina = Clint Eastwood | picha = ClintEastwoodSept10TIFF.jpg | maelezo ya picha = Eastwood mnamo 2010 | jina la kuzaliwa = Clinton Eastwood, Jr. | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1930|5|31}} | mahala pa kuzaliwa = [[San Francisco]] [[Marekani]] | tarehe ya kufa = | mahala alipofia = | jina lingine = | kazi yake = [[Mwigizaji]]<br />[[Matayarishaji wa filamu|Mtayarishaji]] | miaka ya kazi = 1955–hadi leo | ndoa = Maggie Johnson (1953–84; watoto wawili)<br />Dina Ruiz (1996–present; mtoto mmoja) | watoto = Kimber Tunis<br />Kyle Eastwood<br />Alison Eastwood<br />Scott Eastwood<br />Kathryn Reeves<br />Francesca Fisher-Eastwood<br />Morgan Eastwood | mahusiano ya kimapenzi = | tovuti = }} '''Clinton Eastwood, Jr''' (amezaliwa [[31 Mei]] [[1930]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[filamu]], [[mtunzi]] wa [[nyimbo]], [[Mwongozaji wa filamu|muongozaji]] na mtayarishaji wa filamu kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Anafahamika zaidi kwa kucheza [[filamu za Western]] maarufu kama [[Spaghetti Westerns]], ni [[filamu]] zinazotoka sana nchini [[Italia]] hiyo ilikuwa kwemye miaka ya [[60]] akiwa na [[muongozaji]] wa [[filamu]] wa ki[[italia]] [[Sergio Leone]], katika mfululizo wa filamu ya ''The Man with No Name''. Mfululizo huo kulikuwa na filamu kama ''A Fistful of Dollars'' (Iliyochezwa [[1964]]) For a Few Dollars More (Iliyochezwa [[1965]]) na The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (Iliyochezwa [[1966]]). Mbali na filamu hizo Clint alicheza katika filamu nyingine mbalimbali ikiwemo ile ya ''Dirty Harry'' aliocheza kama Inspekta Dirty Harry Callahan katika mfululizo huo wa filamu ya ''Dirty Harry'' filamu ambayo ilitamba sana kwenye miaka ya [[1970]]. == Maisha ya Mwanzo == ==Filamu za Mwanzo== == Filamu Alizotoa == {| class="wikitable" |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" ! '''Mwaka''' || '''Jina la Filamu''' || '''Jina Alilotumia''' |- | 1955 in film|1955 || ''Revenge of the Creature'' || Lab Technician (''uncredited'') |- | 1955 in film|1955 || ''Francis in the Navy'' || Jonesey |- | 1955 in film|1955 || ''Lady Godiva (film)|Lady Godiva'' || First Saxon (''uncredited'') |- | 1955 in film|1955 || ''Tarantula (film)|Tarantula'' || Jet Squadron Leader (''uncredited'') |- | 1956 in film|1956 || ''Never Say Goodbye (film)|Never Say Goodbye'' || Will (''uncredited'') |- | 1956 in film|1956 || ''Star in the Dust'' || Tom (ranch hand; ''uncredited'') |- | 1956 in film|1956 || ''Away All Boats'' || Marine (Medic; ''uncredited'') |- | 1956 in film|1956 || ''The First Traveling Saleslady'' || Lieutenant Jack Rice, Roughrider |- | 1957 in film|1957 || ''Escapade in Japan'' || Dumbo Pilot (''uncredited'') |- | 1958 in film|1958 || ''With You In My Arms'' || George Moseley |- | 1958 in film|1958 || ''Ambush at Cimarron Pass'' || Keith Williams |- | 1959 in film|1959 || ''Rawhide (TV series)|Rawhide'' (TV) || Rowdy Yates (1959-1966) |- | 1964 in film|1964 || ''A Fistful Of Dollars'' || Joe (The Man with No Name) |- | 1965 in film|1965 || ''For a Few Dollars More'' || Monco (The Man with No Name) |- | 1966 in film|1966 || ''The Good, the Bad and the Ugly'' || Blondie (The Man with No Name) |- | 1967 in film|1967 || ''The Witches (1967 film)|The Witches'' || Charlie (segment "Sera come le altre, Una") |- | 1968 in film|1968 || ''Hang 'Em High'' || Marshal Jed Cooper |- | 1968 in film|1968 || ''Coogan's Bluff (film)|Coogan's Bluff'' || Deputy Sheriff Walt Coogan |- | 1968 in film|1968 || ''Where Eagles Dare'' || Lieutenant Morris Schaffer |- | 1969 in film|1969 || ''Paint Your Wagon'' || Sylvester 'Pardner' Newel |- | 1970 in film|1970 || ''Two Mules for Sister Sara'' || Hogan |- | 1970 in film|1970 || ''Kelly's Heroes'' || Private Kelly |- | 1971 in film|1971 || ''The Beguiled'' || Cpl. John McBurney |- | 1971 in film|1971 || ''Play Misty for Me'' || David 'Dave' Garver <br />(''also directed'') |- | 1971 in film|1971 || ''Dirty Harry'' || Harry Callahan (fictional character)|Inspector 'Dirty' Harry Callahan |- | 1972 in film|1972 || ''Joe Kidd'' || Joe Kidd |- | 1973 in film|1973 || ''High Plains Drifter'' || The Stranger <br />(''also directed'') |- | 1973 in film|1973 || ''Magnum Force'' || Harry Callahan |- | 1973 in film|1973 || ''Breezy'' || ''Director'' |- | 1974 in film|1974 || ''Thunderbolt and Lightfoot'' || Thunderbolt |- | 1975 in film|1975 || ''The Eiger Sanction (film)|The Eiger Sanction'' || Dr. Jonathan Hemlock <br />(''also directed'') |- | 1976 in film|1976 || ''The Outlaw Josey Wales'' || Josey Wales<br />(''also directed'') |- | 1976 in film|1976 || ''The Enforcer (1976 film)|The Enforcer'' || Harry Callahan |- | 1977 in film|1977 || ''The Gauntlet'' || Ben Shockley <br />(''also directed'') |- | 1978 in film|1978 || ''Every Which Way But Loose'' || Philo Beddoe |- | 1979 in film|1979 || ''Escape from Alcatraz (film)|Escape from Alcatraz'' || Frank Morris |- | 1980 in film|1980 || ''Bronco Billy'' || Bronco Billy McCoy <br />(''also directed'') |- | 1980 in film|1980 || ''Any Which Way You Can'' || Philo Beddoe |- | 1982 in film|1982 || ''Firefox (film)|Firefox'' || Mitchell Gant <br />(''also directed and produced'') |- | 1982 in film|1982 || ''Honkytonk Man'' || Red Stovall <br />(''also directed and produced'') |- | 1983 in film|1983 || ''Sudden Impact'' || Harry Callahan<br />(''also directed and produced'') |- | 1984 in film|1984 || ''Tightrope (film)|Tightrope'' || Wes Block<br />(''also produced) |- | 1984 in film|1984 || ''City Heat'' || Lieutenant Speer |- | 1985 in film|1985 || ''Pale Rider'' || Preacher <br />(''also directed and produced'') |- | 1986 in film|1986 || ''Heartbreak Ridge'' || Gunnery Sergent Tom 'Gunny' Highway <br />(''also directed and produced'') |- | 1988 in film|1988 || ''The Dead Pool'' || Harry Callahan |- | 1988 in film|1988 || ''Bird (1988 film)|Bird'' || ''Director and producer'' |- | 1989 in film|1989 || ''Thelonius Monk: Straight, No Chaser (1989 film)|Thelonius Monk: Straight, No Chaser'' || ''Executive producer'' |- | 1989 in film|1989 || ''Pink Cadillac (film)|Pink Cadillac'' || Tommy Nowak |- | 1990 in film|1990 || ''White Hunter Black Heart'' || John Wilson <br />(''also directed and produced'') |- | 1990 in film|1990 || ''The Rookie (1990 film)|The Rookie'' || Nick Pulovski <br />(''also directed'') |- | 1992 in film|1992 || ''Unforgiven'' || William 'Bill' Munny <br />(''also directed and produced'') |- | 1993 in film|1993 || ''In the Line of Fire'' || Secret Service Agent Frank Horrigan |- | 1993 in film|1993 || ''A Perfect World'' || Chief Red Garnett <br />(''also directed and produced'') |- | 1995 in film|1995 || ''The Bridges of Madison County (film)|The Bridges of Madison County'' || Robert Kincaid <br />(''also directed and produced'') |- | 1995 in film|1995 || ''The Stars Fell on Henrietta'' || ''Producer'' |- | 1997 in film|1997 || ''Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil'' ||''Director and producer'' |- | 1997 in film|1997 || ''Absolute Power (film)|Absolute Power'' || Luther Whitney <br />(''also directed and produced'') |- | 1999 in film|1999 || ''True Crime (1999 film)|True Crime || Steve Everett <br />(''also directed and produced'') |- | 2000 in film|2000 || ''Space Cowboys'' || Dr. Frank Corvin <br />(''also directed and produced'') |- | 2002 in film|2002 || ''Blood Work'' || Terry McCaleb <br />(''also directed and produced'') |- | 2003 in film|2003 || ''Mystic River (film)|Mystic River'' || Director and producer |- | 2004 in film|2004 || ''Million Dollar Baby'' || Frankie Dunn <br />(''also directed and produced'') |- | 2006 in film|2006 || ''Flags of Our Fathers (film)| Flags of Our Fathers'' || Director and producer |- | 2006 in film|2006 || ''Letters from Iwo Jima'' || ''Director and producer'' |- | 2008 in film|2008 || ''The Changeling (2008 film)|The Changeling'' || ''Director'' [http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117960798.html] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |} == Filamu alizoongoza == * ''Unforgiven'' (1992) * ''A Perfect World'' (1993) * ''Mystic River'' (2003) * ''Million Dollar'' Baby (2004) * ''Flags of Our Fathers'' (2006) * ''Letters from Iwo Jima'' (2006) == Nyimbo Alizototunga == * "Unknown Girl" (Nyimbo Moja, 1961) * "Rowdy" (Nyimbo Moja) * "For You, For Me, For Evermore" (Nyimbo Moja) * ''Rawhide's Clint Eastwood Sings Cowboy Favorites'' (LP) * ''Paint Your Wagon (Nyimbo ya Filamu)Paint Your Wagon'' * ''Kelly's Heroes (Nyimbo ya Filamu)Kelly's Heroes]]'' * "Barroom Buddies" (Nyimbo Moja, 1980) na Merle Haggard * "Cowboy in a Three Piece Suit" (Nyimbo ya Moja, 1981) * "Make My Day" (Nyimbo Moja, 1984) with T.G. Sheppard * ''Eastwood After Hours: Moja kwa Moja Katika [[Carnegie Hall]]'' == Marejeo == * [http://www.saga.co.uk/magazine/people/celebrities/clinteastwood.asp saga.co.uk Clint still riding high, 19 October 2006] {{Wayback|url=http://www.saga.co.uk/magazine/people/celebrities/clinteastwood.asp |date=20070927061838 }} * [http://www.filmreference.com/film/78/Clint-Eastwood.html filmreference.com Clint Eastwood Wasifu] * [http://www.adherents.com/people/pe/Clint_Eastwood.html adherents.com The Religious Affiliation of actor/director Clint Eastwood] {{Wayback|url=http://www.adherents.com/people/pe/Clint_Eastwood.html |date=20100129172756 }} * [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/02/03/sunday/main671541.shtml CBS Evening News interview, Feb. 6, 2005]{{Wayback|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/02/03/sunday/main671541.shtml |date=20071013132826 }} * [http://www.vault.com/nr/main_article_detail.jsp?article_id=19109&cat_id=0&ht_type=2 Career] {{Wayback|url=http://www.vault.com/nr/main_article_detail.jsp?article_id=19109&cat_id=0&ht_type=2 |date=20181215171837 }} * [http://uk.movies.yahoo.com/artists/e/Clint-Eastwood/awards-319608.htmlClint Eastwood Awards] == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.clinteastwood.net Tovuti Rasmi ya Clint] * [http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,1547569,00.html Picha na Burudani za kila wiki za Clint Eastwood] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,1547569,00.html |date=20071014210555 }} * [http://www.sensesofcinema.com/2003/great-directors/eastwood/ Heasabu ya Sinema: Uteuzi Mkuu wa Waongozaji katika Database] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sensesofcinema.com/2003/great-directors/eastwood/ |date=20101225031542 }} * [http://www.clinteastwood.org/forums Ukumbi wa Majadiliano wa Clint Eastwood] * [http://festivalpreviewjazz.blogspot.com/2007/09/berklee-makes-eastwoods-day-at-mjf.html Berkley Wamefanya siku ya Eastwood's katika MJF] {{Commons|Clint Eastwood}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Eastwood, Clint}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1930]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waongozaji filamu]] [[Jamii:Watayarishaji Filamu wa Marekani]] hlbsl2pbsnnv93xzxkzz0ujvapx4gkv 0 14806 1598928 1575200 2026-09-23T02:07:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name = Barack Obama |image = President Barack Obama.jpg{{!}}border |alt = Barack Obama standing in front of a wooden writing desk and two flagpoles. |caption = [[6 Desemba]] [[2012]] |order = [[Orodha ya Marais wa Marekani|44]] |office = Rais wa Marekani |vicepresident = [[Joe Biden]] |term_start = {{Start date|2009|1|20}} |predecessor = [[George W. Bush]] |successor = [[Donald Trump]] |jr/sr2 = United States Senate |state2 = [[Illinois]] |term_start2 = {{Start date|2005|1|3}} |term_end2 = {{Start date|2008|11|16}} |predecessor2 = Peter Fitzgerald |successor2 = [[Roland Burris]] |office3 = [[Mwanachama]] wa [[Seneti ya Illinois]]<br>from the 13th District |term_start3 = January 8, 1997 |term_end3 = November 4, 2004 |predecessor3 = [[Alice Palmer (politician)|Alice Palmer]] |successor3 = [[Kwame Raoul]] |birth_name = Barack Hussein Obama II |birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1961|8|4}} |birth_place = [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], U.S. |nationality = American |party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] |parents = [[Barack Obama, Sr.|Barack Hussein Obama, Sr.]]<br>[[Ann Dunham|Stanley Ann Dunham]] |relations = [[Stanley Armour Dunham]] (grandfather)<br>[[Madelyn Dunham|Madelyn Lee Payne]] (grandmother)<br>[[Maya Soetoro-Ng|Maya Kassandra Soetoro-Ng]] (half-sister) |spouse = {{marriage|[[Michelle Obama|Michelle LaVaughn Robinson]]|October 1992|}} |children = Malia Ann Obama (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1998)<br>Natasha Obama (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 2001) |residence = [[Chicago, Illinois]] |alma_mater = [[Occidental College]]<br>[[Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]])<br>[[Harvard Law School]] ([[Juris Doctor|J.D.]]) |profession = [[Lawyer]]<br>[[Professor]] of [[constitutional law]]<br>[[Community organizing|Community organizer]]<br>[[Author]] |religion = [[Ukristo]] |blank1 = Awards |data1 = [[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani]] |signature = Barack Obama signature.svg |signature_alt = Barack Obama |website = [http://www.barackobama.com/ barackobama.com] }} '''Barack Hussein Obama II''' (amezaliwa [[4 Agosti]] [[1961]]) alikuwa [[Urais wa Barack Obama|rais]] wa [[Orodha ya Marais wa Marekani|44]] wa [[Marekani]]. Ni [[Mwamerika mweusi|Mwafrika-Mwamerika]] wa kwanza kushika [[wadhifa]] huo, na pia mtu wa kwanza mwenye kuzaliwa [[Hawaii]] kuwa [[rais]] wa [[Marekani]]. Obama awali alihudumu kama [[Senati (Marekani)|Seneta]] mdogo kutoka [[jimbo]] la [[Illinois]], tangu Januari [[2005]] hadi alipojiuzulu baada ya kushinda [[uchaguzi]] wa rais wa Marekani mwaka [[2008]], mwezi wa Novemba. Obama alifuzu mwanzo kutoka katika [[chuo kikuu]] cha [[Columbia University]], kisha akafuzu katika masomo ya [[sheria]] kutoka katika [[kitivo]] cha masomo ya sheria kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard|chuo kikuu cha Harvard]], ambako alikuwa rais wa [[jarida]] la ''[[Harvard Law Review]]''. Alihudumu baadaye kama [[mwanaharakati]] wa mambo ya kijamii, kabla ya kuhitimu katika masomo ya kisheria. Hatimaye, alifanya kazi kama [[wakili]] wa [[haki za umma]] mjini [[Chicago]], kisha akafunza [[sheria ya kikatiba]] katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Chicago]] kuanzia [[1992]] hadi [[2004]]. Obama alihudumu mihula mitatu katika [[Bunge la jimbo la Illinos]] (Illinois Senate) tangu [[1997]] hadi 2004. Baada ya kushindwa katika [[jitihada]] zake za kuchaguliwa katika [[Nyumba ya Wawakilishi|Bunge Dogo la Marekani]] mwaka [[2000]], Obama alisimama kuchaguliwa katika [[Senati (Marekani)|Bunge La Maseneta La Marekani]] mwaka 2004. Alishinda uchaguzi hapo Novemba 2004. Alitangaza kusimama kuchaguliwa kama rais wa Marekani mwezi Februari, mwaka [[2007]]. Baada ya [[kampeni]] kali katika uteuzi wa [[chama]] cha [[Democratic Party]] dhidi ya [[Hillary Clinton]], aliteuliwa kama [[mgombea]] urais kwa [[tiketi]] ya chama hicho. Katika uchaguzi wa urais wa Marekani wa 2008, alimshinda [[John McCain]], aliyekuwa ameteuliwa na chama cha [[Republican Party]], akaapishwa kama rais tarehe [[20 Januari]] [[2009]]. Tarehe [[9 Oktoba]] 2009, Obama alituzwa kwa [[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani]]. Mwaka [[2012]] alishinda tena uchaguzi mkuu na kuendelea kuongoza hadi tarehe [[20 Januari]] [[2017]], alipompisha [[Donald Trump]]. == Utoto na Ujana == [[Baba]] yake Obama alikuwa [[Wajaluo|Mjaluo]] wa [[Kenya]] Barack Obama aliyeaga dunia [[1982]]. Mzee Obama alitoka [[mkoa wa Nyanza]] nchini [[Kenya]] akaenda Marekani masomoni. [[Mama]] yake, Ann Dunham, alikuwa [[Mwamerika]] [[Mzungu]] kutoka jimbo la [[Kansas]] aliyeaga dunia [[1995]]. [[Wazazi]] walioana wakati [[ndoa]] kati ya watu weupe na weusi bado ilikuwa [[marufuku]] katika sehemu za kusini za Marekani. Wazazi waliachana baada ya miaka miwili na mtoto Barack alibaki na mama. Baadaye mama yake aliolewa na [[mwanafunzi]] kutoka [[Indonesia]] akamfuata aliporudi kwake. Hivyo Barack aliishi [[Jakarta]] hadi [[1971]] aliporudi Marekani na kukaa na [[babu]] yake huko [[Hawaii]] hadi alipomaliza [[shule ya sekondari]]. Barack ana [[dada]] mmoja kutoka ndoa ya pili ya mama yake na [[baba ya kambo]] kutoka Jakarta, Indonesia [[Picha:Maathai and Obama in Nairobi.jpg|thumb|250px|Seneta Obama pamoja na [[Wangari Maathai]] huko [[Nairobi]], [[2006]].]] == Masomo na kazi == Baada ya kumaliza masomo ya sekondari alisomea masuala ya [[siasa]] na sheria katika vyuo vya [[Occidental]] huko [[Los Angeles]], [[Columbia]] huko [[New York]] na baadaye chuo kikuu cha [[Harvard]]. Mwaka [[1991]] alimaliza kwa [[shahada]] ya [[dokta]]. Baada ya shahada ya kwanza Obama aliwahi kufanya kazi ya kijamii huko [[Chicago]]. Mwaka 1991 alirudi Chicago alipopata kazi katika ofisi ya wanasheria akafundisha pia [[kozi]] za sheria kwenye chuo kikuu cha Chicago. == Kuingia katika siasa == Mwaka 1996 alichaguliwa kama seneta wa bunge la Illinois akarudishwa [[1998]] na [[2002]]. Mwaka 2004 alichaguliwa kuwa seneta wa bunge la kitaifa. Mwezi wa Februari [[2007]] alitangaza ya kwamba atatafuta nafasi ya mgombea wa urais upande wa chama cha kidemokrasia. Katika kampeni ya kitaifa ndani ya chama chake alifaulu kumshinda mgombea mwenzake mama Hillary Clinton. Tarehe [[28 Agosti]] 2008 aliteuliwa na mkutano wa chama cha kidemokrasia kuwa mgombea wa chama hicho kwa urais. Katika uchaguzi wa Novemba 2008 alimshinda mgombea wa chama cha kijamhuri seneta John McCain. == Familia == Obama alimwoa [[Michelle Robinson]] ambaye ni [[mwanasheria]] kama yeye mwenyewe. Wana ma[[binti]] wawili Malia Ann (*1998) na Natasha (*2001) anayeitwa Sasha. [[Familia]] ina nyumba yake huko Chicago. ==Urais== {{main|Urais wa Barack Obama}} Obama aliongoza kama rais tangu Januari 2009 hadi Januari 2017. == Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani == Mwaka wa [[2009]] aliteuliwa kwa [[Tuzo ya Nobel|'''Tuzo ya Nobeli ya Amani''']] "kwa jitihada zake za kuimarisha [[diplomasia]] ya kimataifa na [[ushirikiano]] kati ya mataifa".<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2009/ Obama kupewa Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani]</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category}} * [http://www.chicagoreader.com/features/stories/archive/barackobama/ What makes Obama run? - Chigaco Reader 1995 juu ya Obama kama mgombea wa senati ya Illinois] {{Wayback|url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/features/stories/archive/barackobama/ |date=20080202053420 }} * {{Official website|https://barackobama.com/}} * {{Official website|https://www.obama.org/}} * {{Official website|https://www.obamalibrary.gov/}} * {{Official website|https://www.ofa.us/}} * [https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/barackobama White House biography] * {{Dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Government/Executive_Branch/President/POTUS_Barack_Obama}} * [http://www.politifact.com/personalities/barack-obama/ Collected news and commentary] kwenye ''Tampa Bay Times'' * [https://www.washingtonpost.com/2011/02/25/ABjfuEJ_category.html Collected news and commentary] {{Wayback|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/2011/02/25/ABjfuEJ_category.html |date=20190323032559 }} kwenye ''The Washington Post'' * "[https://archive.today/20170402202312/http://www.vox.com/2015/6/26/8849925/obama-obamacare-history-presidents Barack Obama is officially one of the most consequential presidents in American history]" iliandikwa na Dylan Matthews mnamo Machi 24, 2017. * [https://www.vox.com/2015/6/26/8849925/obama-obamacare-history-presidents Archived from the original]{{Wayback|url=https://archive.today/20170402202312/http://www.vox.com/2015/6/26/8849925/obama-obamacare-history-presidents |date=20240424085005 }} mnamo Machi 24, 2017. * {{Gutenberg author | id=Obama,+Barack | name=Barack Obama}} * {{IMDb name}} {{Marais wa Marekani}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Obama, Barack}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] [[Jamii:Marais wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Senati (Marekani)]] [[Jamii:Hawaii]] [[Jamii:Watu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia]] [[Jamii:Chicago, Illinois]] [[Jamii:Washington, DC]] [[Jamii:Barack Obama| ]] 3dr0gquk051fumjb49um920pfwxxsmw 0 14827 1598944 1317427 2026-09-23T02:43:07Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Political party |party_name = Orange Democratic Movement |party_logo = |colorcode = Orange |Leader = ? |foundation = Machi 2006 |ideology = [[Democracy]], [[Reform]], [[Constitutionalism]] |website = [http://www.odm07.com/ http://www.odm07.com/] }} {{Infobox football club | jinakamili = ORANGE DEMOCRATIC MOVEMENT | jinalautani = ''chama cha chungwa'', ''Chungwa'', ''orange'' | imeanzishwa = {{Start date and age|2007|3|10|df=y}} | mwenyekiti = [[John Mbadi]] | mmiliki = [[Raila Odinga]] | naibu = [[Junnet Mohammed]] }} '''Orange Democratic Movement (ODM)''' ([[jina]] kamili: '''Orange Democratic Movement Party of Kenya''') ni [[chama cha kisiasa]] nchini [[Kenya]]. Kilianzishwa mwaka [[2006]] katika maandalizi ya [[uchaguzi]] wa [[bunge la Kenya]] wa mwaka [[2007]], lakini [[asili]] yake ni harakati za [[kura]] juu ya [[Katiba ya Kenya|katiba mpya]] nchini Kenya ambayo ilianzishwa mwaka [[2005]] kwa ajili ya [[kura ya maoni ya katiba ya Kenya]]. ODM ilianzishwa na chama cha [[Uhuru Kenyatta]], [[KANU]] na chama cha [[Raila Odinga]], [[LDP]], lakini chama cha KANU kiliweza kujiondoa, na waliobaki waligawanyika katika makundi haya mawili yanayoongozwa na [[Raila Odinga]] (ODM; ndio wengi zaidi) na [[Kalonzo Musyoka]] (ODM-Kenya). Sababu ya [[farakano]] ilikuwa suala la nani atakuwa [[mgombea]] wa [[urais]] upande wa ODM. ==Jina== Asili ya jina "chungwa" ni kutoka [[kadi ya kura]] katika [[kura ya maoni]], ambapo kura ya kukubaliana ('Yes') iliwakilishwa na [[ndizi]] na kura ya kutokubaliana ('No') ilikuwa [[chungwa]]. Kwa hivyo wenye kudai chama ni wale ambao hawakuunga mkono maoni wakati huo. ==Kambi la machungwa katika kura ya katiba mpya== Chanzo cha ODM ilikuwa kura maalumu ya wananchi ya 2005 kuhusu katiba mpya. Katiba ilipendekezwa na rais [[Mwai Kibaki]] na wafuasi wake. Wabunge wa [[LDP (Kenya)|LDP]] walipinga pendekezo la katiba pamoja na chama cha upinzani cha [[KANU]] chini ya [[Uhuru Kenyatta]]. Pande mbili katika kura hii zilipewa alama za ndizi (kambi ya "ndiyo") na chungwa (kambi ya "hapana"). [[LDP (Kenya)|LDP]] na [[KANU]] zilishirikiana pamoja na vyama vingine kama [[NPK]] ya [[Charity Ngilu]] katika kambi ya chungwa. Baada ya katiba kukataliwa na wananchi katika kura maalumu Kibaki aliondoa wafuasi wote wa kambi la chungwa katika [[serikali]] yake. == Kura ya maoni juu ya katiba == Kura ya kutokubaliana ambayo chama cha ODM kilifanyia kampeni ilishinda kwa asilimia 58.12% ya Wakenya waliopiga kura na kuweka chini katiba iliyopendekezwa, na kupatia Chungwa [[ushindi]]. Baada ya katiba kukataliwa Rais [[Mwai Kibaki]] aliwaodoa [[mawaziri]]. Wanachanma wa ODM walisema kwamba hii ilikuwa ni hatua katika mwelekeo sahihi, lakini kukawa na wito wa haraka wa uchaguzi mkuu katika serikali nzima Kenya, wakidai kuwa serikali ya Kibaki imepoteza mamlaka yake kwa sababu ya matokeo ya kura ya maoni ambayo serkali hii iliunga mkono. Serkali ya Kibaki ilipinga uchaguzi huu na haukufanyika mpaka wiki ya mwisho ya miaka mitano ya mamlaka aliyopewa Kibaki. Hata hivyo, ODM imeibuka kama chama cha upinzani mkubwa pamoja na [[KANU]], imepanga mikutano kadhaa ya kampeni kota nchini ikidai uchaguzi na katiba mpya miongoni mwa madai mengine. Pia, chama cha ODM kilipinga mawaziri wapya wa rais Kibaki. Chama cha[[Liberal Democratic Party]] (LDP), ambacho kilipinga katiba mpya, kilishushwa nje ya mawaziri. ==Kuunda chama na farakano== Hapa waliamua kuandaa chama kipya pamoja na KANU kwa ajili ya uchaguzi wa [[2007]]. Chama kiliundwa kwa jina la ''ODM-Kenya'' kwa sababu wakili Mugambi Imanyara asiyekuwa na uhusiano wowote na harakati aliwahi [[mwaka]] [[2005]] kuandikisha kisiri chama kwa jina la ODM pamoja na nembo la chungwa. Hatua hii ilitazamiwa kama jaribio la kuzuia kwa kuandikisha chama kipya chenyewe. KANU ilijiondoa kabla ya uchaguzi na kuhamia upande wa rais Kibaki lakini viongozi kadhaa kama vile [[Musalia Mudavadi]] na William Ruto walibaki upande wa machungwa. Suala la kumteua mgombea wa urais liligawa ODM-Kenya kwa sababu viongozi mbalimbali walitaka kushika nafasi hii. Hii ilileta farakano kati makundi ya Raila Odinga na ya Kalonzo Musyoka. ==Matatizo ya majina== Baada ya farakano kutokea suala la jina likajitokeza. Kundi la Raila likawa kubwa zaidi. Lakini ofisi ya Msajili Mkuu wa Kenya ilidai kuwa haijapokea habari za wenye cheo waliochaguliwa hivyo jina la ODM-Kenya likabaki mkononi wa watu waliokuwa upande wa Musyoka. Hapa kundi la Raila likaanza majadiliano na wakili Imanyara aliyekabidhi jina la "ODM" kwao. Inasemekana ya kwamba kambi la Odinga lililipa mamilioni kadhaa kwa jina hili.<ref>[http://kumekucha.blogspot.com/2007/08/mugambi-imanyara-mysterious-lawyer-who.html Mugambi Imanyara: The Mysterious Lawyer Who Registered ODM Original]</ref>. == Uchaguzi wa mwaka wa 2007 == Baada ya uchaguzi wa mwaka wa 2002 chama cha KANU kilishindwa na kuwa wapinzani, wakati LDP ilikuwa ni mshirika katika muungano tawala wa chama cha NARC, mpaka ilikuwa mateke nje baada ya kura ya maoni ya 2005. Chama cha LDP hakikuwa na kura yoyote katika kura ya maoni, na hivyo kuwa dhidi ya Rais Kibaki. Kufuatia umoja wao katika kura ya maoni na mjadala wa kukabiliana na tisho kutoka kwa chama kipya cha [[NARC-Kenya]], viongozi wa KANU, LDP na baadhi ya vyama vidogo waliamua kuungana hadi kwa [[uchaguzi mkuu]] ujao wa [[2007 ]],na kutengeneza chama cha Orange Democratic Movement, ambalo jina lake lilitokana na alama ya chungwa iliyowakilisha kutokubaliana "No" katika kura ya maoni ya katiba. Hata hivyo, wakili [[Mugambi Imanyara]] aliweza kusajili ODM kama chama kabla ya muungano, na kulazimisha wao kutumia bendera ODM-Kenya. Katika mwaka wa 2007 muungano huu ulianza kutokuwa imara, ambapo makundi mengine yalijiondoa. Chama cha [[Uhuru Kenyatta]] KANU ndicho kwanza, kujiondoa mwezi wa Julai mwaka wa 2007 na kuunga kuchaguliwa tena kwa Rais Kibaki, ingawa baadhi ya wanasiasa binafsi kutoka KANU walibaki katika ODM. kutokana nakutoelewana kati ya [[Kalonzo Musyoka]] na [[Raila Odinga]], chama cha ODM kiligawanyika katika makundi mawili katika katikati mwa mwezi Agosti 2007. Kundi la Raila, ambayo pia ni pamoja na [[Musalia Mudavadi]], [[William Ruto]], [[Joseph Nyagah]] na [[Najib Balala]] walijiondoa kayika ODM Kenya kuchukua chama cha ODM ambacho kilisajiliwa na Mugambi Imanyara, wakati huo kundi la Kalonzo, likiongozwa na yeye mwenyewe na Dr [[Julia Ojiambo]] llibakia katika asili ODM - Kenya. Makundi mawili yalifanya uchaguzi wamgombea urais siku mfululizo katika [[jumba la michezo Kasarani]] mjini [[Nairobi]]. Tarehe 31 Agosti 2007, Kalonzo Musyoka alishinda Julia Ojiambo ili kuwaania urais na tiketi ya ODM-Kenya,na tarehe 1 Septemba Raila Odinga alishinda Ruto, Mudavadi, Balala na Nyagah. Kulikuwa na madai kuwa baadhi ya wajumbe walihudhuria na kupiga kura katika uteuzi wa pande zote na kusababisha tatizo la uanachama wa vyama nchini Kenya. Raila na Kalonzo kisha walikabiliana na rais Kibaki katika uchaguzi mkuu. Kibaki alitangazwa kama mshindi wa uchaguzi katika mazingira ambayo yalikuwa yalifafanuliwa kama "questionable" kwa waangalizi mbalimbali. Raila Odinga na wafuasi wake hawakukubali matokeo gombana, na hii yalisababisha mgogoro vurugu kuenea nchini kote, kwa ujumla aidha kati ya wafuasi wa chama. Katika uchaguzi wa rais Raila Odinga alitangazwa kuwa ameshindwa na rais Kibaki kwa kura 230,000. Lakini watazamaji wengi waliona kasoro katika hesabu ya kura na ODM ilidai kuwa Odinga ni mshindi halali. ODM ilifaulu vizuri upande wa viti vya [[bunge la Kenya]]. Ilipata karibu nusu ya wabunge wote yaani 99 kati ya 120 ikawa kubwa katika bunge baada ya uchaguzi wa Desemba 2007 na 99 wajumbe wa bunge na akaenda mbele kwa kushinda 3 nje ya tano kwa-uchaguzi mapema mwaka 2008. Hata hivyo inaonekana kwamba hali ya kupoteza Wabunge bado imekabili chama hili ambapo kumekuwana uchaguzi mara mbili katika majimbo ya wabunge ambao ODM wawili waliuawa katika mwanzo wa mwaka zaidi kuliko wabunge wawili walikufa baada ya kuanguka na ndege. ==Uchaguzi wa mwaka 2017== Mwaka 2017 [[kinara]] wa ODM, Odinga, aliungana na vigogo wa siasa kama [[Kalonzo Musyoka]], [[Moses Wetangula]], [[Hassan Joho]] na [[Musalia Mudavadi]] kujitayarisha katika kura ya mwaka huo. Matokeo yalipokuja yaliwastua kwani tayari [[Uhuru Kenyatta]] alikwishatangazwa kuwa mshindi kupitia chama cha [[Jubilee]]. ==Sheria ya Vyama vya Siasa na Uchaguzi wa Chama == Kufuatia kupitishwa kwa sheria ya vyama vya siasa. Chama cha ODM, kilifanya uchaguzi wa ndani yake mwishoni mwa Desemba 2008 pamoja na Waziri Mkuu [[Raila Odinga]] anayeibukia kama kiongozi wa chama, na Waziri wa viwanda [[Henry Kosgey]] kama mwenyekiti wa chama. Hata hivyo kutokana na fadhaa juu ya kikanda na uwakilishi wa jinsia, baadhi ya vyeo vya chama viliundwa si kuhiyo. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.odm07.com/ ODM Official website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.odm07.com/ |date=20180825141352 }} - haijapitiwa kwa muda * [http://www.odmk.org ODM-Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.odmk.org/ |date=20181116042656 }} - haijapitiwa baada ya chama cha ODM-Kenya kugawanyika katika sehemu mbili - * [http://kenyavotes.org/node/107 ODM 2007 Ilani] {{Wayback|url=http://kenyavotes.org/node/107 |date=20080427184251 }} * [http://kenyavotes.org/candidates/62 ODM 2007 Parliamentary Candidates] {{Wayback|url=http://kenyavotes.org/candidates/62 |date=20080427184235 }} * [http://www.raila07.com Raila Odinga] {{Wayback|url=http://www.raila07.com/ |date=20100416122537 }} ===Matawi ya kimataifa=== * [http://www.odm-uk.org/ ODM Uingereza] {{Wayback|url=http://www.odm-uk.org/ |date=20080112152118 }} {{Kenyan political parties}} [[Jamii:Vyama vya kisiasa Kenya]] aylqnplcw8pcz3zo1wfc2nittraykn2 0 15731 1599166 1548566 2026-09-23T09:50:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599166 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Dante-alighieri.jpg|thumb|230px|right|Dante Alighieri jinsi alivyochorwa na [[Giotto di Bondone|Giotto]] wakati wa maisha yake]] '''Dante Alighieri''' ([[14 Mei]]/[[13 Juni]] [[1265]] - 13/[[14 Septemba]] [[1321]]) alikuwa [[mshairi]] bora wa lugha ya [[Kiitalia]], mwenyeji wa mji wa [[Firenze]], [[Italia]]. Anasifiwa kama [[baba]] wa [[lugha]] ya [[Kiitalia]] akiwa [[mwanashairi]] maarufu wa kwanza aliyeandika kwa lugha ya watu badala ya [[Kilatini]] cha [[wataalamu]] na [[wasomi]]. Hutazamwa pia kama mshairi muhimu zaidi wa kipindi cha [[zama za kati]] za [[Ulaya]]. Upande wa [[dini]], alikuwa [[Mkristo]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]], tena mwanachama wa [[Utawa wa Tatu wa Mt. Fransisko]]. ==Divina Commedia== Kazi yake kuu ni shairi refu la ''[[Divina Commedia]]'' ambamo anatoa habari za [[safari]] yake ya ki[[dhahania]] huko [[ahera]] akipitia [[jehanamu]], [[toharani]] hadi [[paradiso]]. Ndiyo sehemu tatu za shairi lake zinazomwezesha kukiri [[imani]] yake ya [[Ukristo|Kikristo]] na kuchukua msimamo kuhusu watu na matukio hasa ya wakati wake. <gallery> Image:Dante Nápoles.jpg|[[Sanamu]] ya Dante Alighieri mjini [[Napoli]]. Image:Dante.deathmask.jpg|[[Maskhara]] ya [[uso]] wa Dante Alighieri iliyochukuliwa baada ya [[kifo]] chake. Image:DanteflorenceCEL.jpg|[[Kaburi]] la Dante Alighieri katika [[kanisa]] la Basilica di Santa Croce mjini Firenze </gallery> ==Marejeo== [[File:De vulgari eloquentia.tif|thumb|''De vulgari eloquentia'', 1577]] *{{cite book|last=Allitt |first=John Stewart |authorlink= |title=Dante, il Pellegrino |edition=Edizioni Villadiseriane |language=Italian |publisher=Villa di Serio (BG) |location= |year=2011 |isbn=}} *{{cite book|last=Gardner |first=Edmund Garratt |authorlink=Edmund Garratt Gardner |title=Dante |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |year=1921 |isbn= |oclc=690699123 |url=http://www.archive.org/details/dantedante00gardrich}} *{{cite book|last=Hede |first=Jesper |authorlink= |title=Reading Dante: The Pursuit of Meaning |url=https://archive.org/details/readingdantepurs0000hede |publisher=Lexington Books |location=Lanham |year=2007 |isbn=9780739121962}} *{{cite book|last=Miles |first=Thomas |editor-first=Jon |editor-last=Stewart |title=Kierkegaard and the Patristic and Medieval Traditions |publisher=Ashgate |year=2008 |pages=223–236 |chapter=Dante: Tours of Hell: Mapping the Landscape of Sin and Despair |isbn=9780754663911}} *{{cite book|last=Raffa |first=Guy P. |title=The Complete Danteworlds: A Reader's Guide to the Divine Comedy |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |year=2009 |isbn=9780226702704}} *{{cite book|last=Scartazzini |first=Giovanni Andrea |authorlink=Giovanni Andrea Scartazzini |title=La Divina Commedia riveduta e commentata (4 volumes) |publisher= |location= |year=1874–1890 |isbn= |oclc=558999245}} *{{cite book|last=Scartazzini |first=Giovanni Andrea |authorlink= |title=Enciclopedia dantesca: dizionario critico e ragionato di quanto concerne la vita e le opere di Dante Alighieri (2 volumes)|publisher= |location= |year=1896–1898 |isbn= |oclc=12202483}} *{{cite book|last=Scott |first=John A. |authorlink= |title=Dante's Political Purgatory |url=https://archive.org/details/dantespoliticalp0000scot |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia |year=1996 |isbn=9780585127248}} *{{cite book|last=Seung |first=T. K. |authorlink=T. K. Seung |title=The Fragile Leaves of the Sibyl: Dante's Master Plan |url=https://archive.org/details/fragileleavesofs0000unse |publisher=Newman Press |location=Westminster, MD |year=1962 |isbn= |oclc=1426455}} *{{cite book|last=Toynbee |first=Paget |authorlink= |title=A Dictionary of the Proper Names and Notable Matters in the Works of Dante |publisher=The Clarendon Press |location=London |year=1898 |isbn= |oclc=343895 |url=http://www.archive.org/details/adictionaryprop00toyngoog}} *{{cite book|last=Whiting |first=Mary Bradford |authorlink= |title=Dante the Man and the Poet |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924011891698 |publisher=W. Heffer & Sons |location=Cambridge |year=1922 |isbn= |oclc=224789}} * Guénon, René (1925). ''The Esoterism of Dante'', trans. by C. B. Berhill, in the ''Perennial Wisdom Series''. Ghent, N.Y.: Sophia Perennis et Universalis, 1996. viii, 72 p. ''N.B''.: Originally published in French, entitled L'Esoterisme de Danté, in 1925. ISBN 0-900588-02-0 ==External links== * [http://www.greatdante.net "Dante Alighieri on the Web"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.greatdante.net |date=20080502132221 }}, about the Dante's life, and (complete) work. * [http://www.fullbooks.com/The-Banquet-Il-Convito-1.html The Banquet (Il Convito)] * [http://www.cummingsstudyguides.net/Guides2/DivineCom.html#Dante%20Home The Divine Comedy: A Study Guide about Divine Comedy] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cummingsstudyguides.net/Guides2/DivineCom.html#Dante%20Home |date=20090703142904 }} * [http://www.centocanti.it/template/contenuto.asp?IDFolder=195&LN=IT The Divine Comedy, Italian] {{Wayback|url=http://www.centocanti.it/template/contenuto.asp?IDFolder=195&LN=IT |date=20070508211327 }} * [http://www.readprint.com/author-2/Dante-Alighieri Dante Alighieri] {{Wayback|url=http://www.readprint.com/author-2/Dante-Alighieri |date=20060326233757 }} and his Divine Comedy in English on [http://www.readprint.com Read Print] {{Wayback|url=http://www.readprint.com/ |date=20080509145414 }} * [http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Fperson=23&Itemid=28 The Online Library of Liberty: Dante's Divine Comedy] {{Wayback|url=http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Fperson=23&Itemid=28 |date=20080723073102 }} Italian text with English translation, Cambridge, 1918. * [http://books.guardian.co.uk/authors/author/0,5917,-2,00.html Guardian Books: small "Author Page"] * [http://www.litweb.net/biography/205/Dante_Alighieri.html LitWeb.net: Dante Alighieri Biography] {{Wayback|url=http://www.litweb.net/biography/205/Dante_Alighieri.html |date=20081010145416 }} * [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dante/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Another biography, on his works and bibliography] * The [http://www.worldofdante.org/ World of Dante] {{Wayback|url=http://www.worldofdante.org/ |date=20170830160755 }} multimedia, texts, maps, gallery, searchable database, music, teacher resources, timeline * The [http://etcweb.princeton.edu/dante/index.html Princeton Dante Project] {{Wayback|url=http://etcweb.princeton.edu/dante/index.html |date=20090603094521 }} texts and multimedia * The [http://dante.dartmouth.edu/ Dartmouth Dante Project] searchable database of commentary * [http://www.danteonline.it/english/home_ita.asp Società Dantesca Italiana (bilingual site)] manuscripts of works, images and text transcripts * [http://dante.ilt.columbia.edu/ "Digital Dante"] {{Wayback|url=http://dante.ilt.columbia.edu/ |date=20040326133000 }} – Divine Comedy with commentary, other works, scholars on Dante * [http://oyc.yale.edu/italian-language-and-literature/ital-310 Yale Course on Dante] * [http://www.intratext.com/catalogo/Autori/Aut11.htm Works] Italian and Latin texts, concordances and frequency lists *{{worldcat id|lccn-n78-95495}} *{{gutenberg author|Dante+Alighieri}} {{mbegu-mwandishi}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dante}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1265]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1321]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wafransisko]] n4295az9kowo968bs0619bk8d666e5z 0 15868 1599137 1578053 2026-09-23T09:31:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599137 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Red White Blood cells.jpg|thumb|right|Picha ya darubini ya elektroni ya ukaguzi (SEM) ya seli nyekundu ya kawaida ya damu, chembe za kugandisha damu, na seli nyeupe za damu.]] [[Faili:Blutkreislauf.png|thumb|Mzunguko wa damu: Nyekundu = yenye oksijeni Buluu = bila oksijeni]] [[Faili:Humanbood600x.jpg|thumb|right|Damu ya binadamu iliyokuzwa mara 600]] [[Faili:320frogblood600x2.jpg|thumb|right|Damu ya chura iliyokuzwa mara 600]] [[Faili:320fishblood600x2.jpg|thumb|right|Damu ya samaki iliyokuzwa mara 600]] [[Faili:Bleeding finger.jpg|thumb||Damu ikitoka kwenye kidonda]] '''Damu''' (kutoka [[neno]] la [[Kiarabu]]) ni [[kiowevu]] katika [[mwili]] wa [[binadamu]] na [[wanyama]]. Inazunguka mwilini ndani ya [[mishipa ya damu]] ikisukumwa na [[moyo]] kwa lengo la kumwezesha kuishi. Kazi ya [[tishu]] hiyo ni kupeleka [[lishe]] na [[oksijeni]] kwa [[seli]] za mwili na kutoa [[daioksaidi ya kaboni]] pamoja na [[uchafu]] mwingine kutoka seli. Ndani ya damu kuna [[utegili (damu)|utegili]] (kwa [[Kiingereza]] ''plasma'') ambao ni kiowevu chake pamoja na [[seli za damu]] [[nyekundu]] na [[nyeupe]]. [[Seli nyekundu]] hubeba oksijeni wakati daioksaidi ya kaboni hubebwa na utegili. [[Seli nyeupe]] ni kama walinzi wa mwili wa kupambana na [[magonjwa]]. Pia kuna [[chembe sahani]]. Mtu mzima huwa na damu [[lita]] 6 mwilini. ==Muundo wa damu== Kati ya [[Vertebrata|viumbe wenye uti wa mgongo]], damu imetengenezwa kwa seli za damu zinazoelea katika [[Kiowevu|umajimaji]] unaoitwa [[plasma ya damu]]. Plasma, inayoundwa kwa 55% ya giligili ya damu, ambayo hasa ni maji (90% kwa kiasi), <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/blood/blood.html | title = Blood – The Human Heart | accessdate = 19 March 2009 | author = The Franklin Institute Inc. | archivedate = 2009-03-05 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090305043654/http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/blood/blood.html }}</ref> na ina [[protini]], [[glukosi]], [[ioni]] za [[madini]], [[homoni]], [[Dioksidi kabonia|dioksidi ya kaboni]] (Plasma ikiwa ndiyo chombo kikuu cha usafirishaji wa bidhaa taka), [[chembe za kugandisha damu]] na seli za damu zenyewe. Seli za damu zilizo kwenye damu hasa ni seli nyekundu za damu (zinazofahamika pia kama RBC yaani Red Blood Cells au erithrosaiti) na seli nyeupe za damu, zikiwa pamoja na lukosaiti na chembe za kugandisha damu. Seli nyingi zaidi katika damu za wanyama wenye [[uti wa mgongo]] ni seli nyekundu za damu. Seli hizi zina himoglobini, protini yenye [[Chuma|madini ya chuma]], ambayo huwezesha usafirishaji wa [[oksijeni]] kwa kujiunganisha kwa hali ya kujirudia na gesi hii ya kupumua na kuongeza kwa kiasi kikubwa umumunyifu wake katika damu. Kwa upande mwingine, dioksidi ya kaboni inasafirishwa karibu kabisa nje ya seli ikiwa imeyeyushwa ndani ya plazma kama ioni ya bikaboneti. Damu ya wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo huwa nyekundu yenye kung'aa wakati ambapo himoglobini yake imewekewa oksijeni. Wanyama wengine, kama vile [[krusteshia]] na [[moluska]], hutumia hemosianini kubeba oksijeni, badala ya himoglobini. [[Wadudu]] na baadhi ya moluska hutumia ugiligili unaoitwa hemolimfu badala ya damu, tofauti ikiwa kwamba hemolimfu haipatikani katika mfumo wa [[usambazaji]] uliofungwa. Katika wadudu wengi, "damu" hii haina molekuli zinazobeba oksijeni kama vile himoglobini kwa sababu miili yao ni midogo na hivyo mfumo wao wa kupumua unatosha kusambaza oksijeni. Wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo na walio pia na [[taya]] wana [[Mfumo wa kingamaradhi]] unaotegemea kwa kiasi kikubwa seli nyeupe za damu. Seli hizo husaidia kupinga maambukizi na [[vimelea]]. Chembe za kugandisha damu ni muhimu katika ugandishaji wa damu. <ref>{{cite book | last = Maton | first = Anthea | coauthors = Jean Hopkins, Charles William McLaughlin, Susan Johnson, Maryanna Quon Warner, David LaHart, Jill D. Wright | title = Human Biology and Health | url = https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyheal00scho | publisher = Prentice Hall | year = 1993 | location = Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA | isbn = 0-13-981176-1}} </ref> [[Arithropodi|Athropodi]], zinazotumia himolimfu, zina hemosaiti kama sehemu ya mfumo wao wa kinga. Damu inasambazwa mwilini kupitia mishipa ya damu kutokana na usukumaji wa [[Moyo|moyo.]] Katika wanyama wenye [[mapafu]], damu kutoka kwa ateri hubeba oksijeni kutoka kwa hewa iliyovutwa hadi kwenye tishu za mwili, na damu kutoka kwa vena hubeba dioksidi ya kaboni, bidhaa taka zinazotokana na umetaboli, zinazozalishwa na [[seli]], kutoka kwa tishu hadi kwa [[mapafu]] ili zitolewe. Istilahi za uuguzi zinazohusiana na damu mara nyingi huanza kwa ''hemo-'' au ''hemato-'' (pia inaandikwa ''haemo-'' na ''haemato-'') kutoka neno la [[Kigiriki cha Kale]] αἷμα, ''haima'' yenye maana ya "damu". Kwa upande wa [[anatomia]] na [[histolojia]], damu inafikiriwa kama muundo maalum wa tishu unganifu, kutokana na asili yake ya mifupa na uwepo wa nyuzi zenye mfumo wa fibrinojeni. ==Kazi== [[Faili:1GZX Haemoglobin.png|right|thumb|Himoglobinikijani = kikundi cha heme nyekundu &amp; buluu = visehemu vya protini]] [[Faili:Heme.svg|right|thumb|Heme]] Damu hufanya kazi nyingi muhimu katika mwili, zikiwemo: * Upelekaji wa [[oksijeni]] kwenye tishu (zilizoungana na himoglobini, ambayo hubebwa kwenye seli nyekundu) * Ugavi wa virutubishi kama vile glukosi, amino asidi, na asidi zenye mafuta (zilizoyeyushwa kwenye damu au zimeungana na protini za plazma (kwa mfano, lipidi za damu) * Uondoaji wa taka kama vile [[Dioksidi kabonia|dioksidi ya kaboni]], urea, na asidi ya maziwa yaliyochachuka * Kazi za kukinga mwili, ikiwa ni pamoja na mzunguko wa seli nyeupe za damu, na utambuzi wa vifaa vya nje kupitia zindiko * Kuganda, ambayo ni sehemu moja ya utaratibu wa kujirekebisha kwa mwili (ambapo damu huganda wakati mtu anapokatwa ili kuziba kutoka kwa damu) * Kazi za mjumbe, ikiwa ni pamoja na usafirishaji wa homoni na kutoa ishara ya uharibifu wa tishu * Udhibiti wa [[Thamani pH|pH]](kiwango cha uasidi au ualikali) mwilini * Udhibiti wa kiwango cha joto mwilini * Kazi za mwendo wa maji ==Vipengele vya damu ya binadamu== [[Faili:Blut-EDTA.jpg|upright|thumb|Neli mbili za EDTA-damu isiyoganda. Neli ya kushoto: baada ya kusimama, RBC zinakusanyika katika sehemu ya chini ya neli. Neli ya kulia: yenye damu mbichi iliyotoka kutolewa.]] Damu inachangia 8% ya [[uzito]] wa mwili wa binadamu,<ref name="alberts_table">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Search&db=books&doptcmdl=GenBookHL&rid=mboc4.table.4143|title=Leukocyte functions and percentage breakdown|accessdate=2007-04-14|publisher=NCBI Bookshelf|year=2005|author=Alberts, Bruce|work=Molecular Biology of the Cell|archive-date=2018-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216150818/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books?cmd=Search&doptcmdl=GenBookHL&rid=mboc4.table.4143|url-status=dead}}</ref> ulio na uzito wastani wa 1060 kg/ m ^3, inakaribiana sana na uzito wa maji safi ya 1000 kg/m^3. <ref>{{cite web | url = http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2004/MichaelShmukler.shtml | title = Density of Blood | accessdate = 2006-10-04 | year = 2004 | work=The Physics Factbook|last=Shmukler|first=Michael }}</ref> Mtu mzima wa kadiri ana kiasi cha damu cha kama [[lita]] 5 (1.3 gal), linalojumuisha plazma na aina kadhaa za seli (zinazoitwa mara kwa mara ''chembedamu);'' elementi hizi zilizoundwa kutoka kwa damu ni chembechembe nyekundu (seli nyekundu za damu), lukosaiti (seli nyeupe za damu), na thrombositi (chembe za kugandisha damu). Kwa kiasi, seli nyekundu za damu huchangia takribani 45% ya damu yote, plazma takribani 54.3%, na seli nyeupe takribani 0.7%. Damu yote (plazma na seli) huonyesha sifa zisizofuata sheria za giligili za [[Newton Issack|Newton]]; sifa zake za kutiririka hubadilika ili kutiririka ipasavyo kupitia mishipa midogo ya damu kwa upinzani mdogo zaidi kuliko plazma ikiwa peke yake. Aidha, kama himoglobini yote ya binadamu ingekuwa huru katika plazma badala ya kuwekwa kwenye RBCs, giligili za mzunguko ungenata sana na kufikia kiwango ambapo unazuia utendakazi bora wa mfumo wa moyo na mishipa. ===Seli=== [[Mikrolita]] moja ya damu ina: *''Chembechembe nyekundu za damu'' milioni 4.7 hadi 6.1 (za kiume), milioni 4.2 hadi 5.4 (za kike): <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003644.htm#Normal%20Values |title = Medical Encyclopedia: RBC count|publisher = Medline Plus|accessdate = 18 November 2007 }}</ref> Katika [[mamalia]] wengi, seli nyekundu za damu zilizokomaa zinakosa kiini na oganeli. Zina himogloboni za damu na husambaza oksijeni. Seli nyekundu za damu (pamoja na seli za vyombo vya endotheli na seli nyingine) pia zimetiwa alama na glaikoprotini ambazo zinatambulisha aina za damu tofauti. Kiwango cha damu kinachomilikiwa na seli nyekundu za damu kinajulikana kama hematokriti, na kwa kawaida ni takriban 45% ya damu. Ukubwa wa eneo la seli zote nyekundu za damu katika mwili wa binadamu zikiwekwa pamoja utakuwa takribani mara 2,000 kubwa zaidi ya sehemu ya nje ya mwili.<ref>{{cite book |author=Robert B. Tallitsch; Martini, Frederic; Timmons, Michael J. |title=Human anatomy |publisher=Pearson/Benjamin Cummings |location=San Francisco |year=2006 |page=529 |isbn=0-8053-7211-3 |edition=5th}}</ref> *''Lukosaiti 4,000 hadi 11,000:'' <ref name="Ganong WF">{{cite book |author=Ganong, William F. |title=Review of medical physiology |url=https://archive.org/details/reviewmedicalphy00gano |publisher=Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill |location=New York |year=2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/reviewmedicalphy00gano/page/n517 518] |isbn=0-07-121765-7 |edition=21}}</ref> Seli nyeupe za damu ni sehemu ya mfumo wa kinga; zinaangamiza na kuondoa seli nzee au potovu na mabaki ya chembechembe, na pia hushambulia vikolezo vinavyoleta maambukizi (visababisha magonjwa) na dutu za kigeni. Kansa ya lukosaiti inaitwa lukemia. *''Thrombosaiti 200,000 hadi 500,000:'' <ref name="Ganong WF"></ref> thrombosaiti, ambazo pia hujulikana kama chembe za kugandisha damu, zina jukumu kugandisha damu (ugandishaji). Hubadilisha fibrinojeni iwe fibrini. Fibrini hii inaunda wavu ambayo seli nyekundu za damu hukusanyika juu yake na kuganda na hii kuzuia damu zaidi kutoka kwenye mwili na pia husaidia kuzuia bakteria kuingia mwili. {| class="wikitable" align="right" |+ Maumbile ya damu ya kawaida |- !Kigezo !Thamani |- | Hematokriti | 45 ± 7 (38-52%) kwa wanaume<br>42 ± 5 (37-47%) kwa wanawake |- | [[Thamani pH|pH]] | 7.35-7.45 |- | wigo besi | -3 Na 3 |- | P [[Oksijeni|O ₂]] | 10-13 kPa (8-10 mm Hg) |- | P [[Dioksidi kabonia|CO ₂]] | 4.8-5.8 kPa (35-45 mm Hg) |- | HCO ₃ ^- | 21-27 mm |- | Ulowesh(w)aji wa Oksijeni | Iliyowekwa oksijeni: 98-99%<br>Iliyoondolewa Oksijeni: 75% |} ===Plazma=== Takribani 55% ya damu yote ni plazma ya damu, giligili ambalo ni chombo cha majimaji cha damu ambalo lina [[rangi]] ya [[manjano]] ya [[nyasi]]. Kiasi cha jumla cha plazma ya damu katika mwili wa binadamu wastani ni [[lita]] 2.7 hadi 3.0. Kimsingi, ni mchanganyiko wa [[maji]] (92%) na [[protini]] (8%) na viwango vidogo vya vitu vingine. Plazma hueneza virutubishi vilivyoyeyushwa, kama vile [[glukosi]], [[asidi za amino]], na asidi zenye mafuta (zilizoyeyushwa kwenye damu au zilizoshikana na protini za plazma), na huondoa bidhaa za taka, kama vile [[Dioksidi kabonia|oksidi ya kaboni]], [[urea]], na asidi ya maziwa yaliyochachuka. Sehemu nyingine muhimu ni pamoja na: * Albumini ya majimaji ya damu * Vipengele vya kugandisha damu (ili kuwezesha ugandishaji) * Globulini zinazokinga maradhi (kingamwili) * Chembe za lipoprotini * [[Protini]] nyingine * Elektrolaiti mbalimbali (hasa [[Natiri|sodiamu]] na kloridi) Neno ''seramu (majimaji ya damu)'' inarejelea plazma ambayo imetolewa protini za kuganda. Nyingi kati ya protini zilizobaki ni albumini na globulini zinazokinga [[maradhi]]. ===Kadiri ndogo ya thamani za pH=== [[Thamani pH|pH]] ya damu inadhibitiwa ili ibaki katika kadiri ndogo ya 7.35 hadi 7.45, na hivyo kuifanya alikalini kiasi. <ref name="Waugh">{{cite book|last1=Waugh|first1=Anne|last2=Grant|first2=Allison|title=Anatomy ans Physiology in Health and Illness|publisher=Churchill Livingstone Elsevier|date=2007|edition=Tenth |pages=22|chapter=2|isbn=978 0 443 10102 1}}</ref> <ref name="ReferenceA">{{MerckManual|12|157|a||Acid-Base Regulation and Disorders}}</ref> Damu iliyo na pH chini ya 7.35 ni ya asidi mno, huku pH ya damu iliyo juu ya 7.45 ni ya alkali mno. pH ya damu, sehemu ya shinikizo la oksijeni (po _2), sehemu ya shinikizo la dioksidi ya kaboni (pCO _2), na ₃ HCO zinadhibitiwa kwa makini kupitia taratibu kadhaa za homiostasisi, ambazo hutumia uwezo wao hasa kupitia mfumo wa upumuaji na mfumo wa mkojo ili kudhibiti usawa wa msingi wa asidi na kupumua. Gesi ya damu ya ateri itapima vitu hivi. Plazma pia huzungusha homoni na kupeleka ujumbe wao kwa tishu mbalimbali. Orodha ya kadiri za kurejelea za kawaida za elektrolaiti mbalimbali ni ndefu. Mifupa hasa huathiriwa na pH ya damu kwa kuwa mara kwa mara hutumika kama chanzo cha madini kwa kukinga pH. Kula kiasi kikubwa cha protini za wanyama na protini ya mimea huhusishwa na kupotea kwa mifupa kwa [[wanawake]]. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Sellmeyer DE, Stone KL, Sebastian A, Cummings SR |title=A high ratio of dietary animal to vegetable protein increases the rate of bone loss and the risk of fracture in postmenopausal women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=118–22 |year=2001 |month=January |pmid=11124760 |doi= |url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/73/1/118}}</ref> ===Damu katika wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo wasio binadamu=== Damu ya binadamu inafanana na ile ya mamalia, ingawa maelezo sahihi kuhusu idadi ya seli, ukubwa, muundo wa protini na kadhalika, huwa tofauti kiasi kati ya aina tofauti ya mamalia. Hata hivyo, kati ya wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo wasio katika kategoria ya mamalia, kuna tofauti kadhaa muhimu: <ref name="VB">{{cite book |author=Romer, Alfred Sherwood|author2=Parsons, Thomas S.|year=1977 |title=The Vertebrate Body |url=https://archive.org/details/vertebratebody0000rome_a5a9|publisher=Holt-Saunders International |location= Philadelphia, PA|pages= [https://archive.org/details/vertebratebody0000rome_a5a9/page/404 404]–406|isbn= 0-03-910284-X}}</ref> * Seli za damu za wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo wasio mamalia zimetandazwa na zina umbo la yai, na huhifadhi viini vya seli zao * Kuna tofauti kubwa katika aina na idadi ya seli nyeupe za damu; kwa mfano, asidofili kwa jumla hupatikana zaidi kuliko kwa binadamu * Chembe za kugandisha damu zinapatikana tu kwa mamalia; katika wanyama wengine wenye uti wa mgongo, seli ndogo, zenye kiini, za spindu zinashughulikia kuganda kwa damu badala yake ==Fiziolojia== ===Mfumo wa moyo na mishipa=== [[Faili:Diagram of the human heart (cropped).svg|thumb|Mzunguko wa damu kupitia moyo wa binadamu]] {{main|Mfumo wa mzunguko wa damu}} Damu husambazwa mwilini kupitia vyombo vya damu kwa msukumo wa [[moyo]]. Kwa binadamu, damu husukumwa kutoka ventrikuli thabiti ya kushoto ya moyo na kupitia ateri hadi tishu za pembeni na hurudi kwa atiria ya moyo kupitia mshipa. Baadaye huingia kwenye ventrikali ya kulia kupitia ateri ya mapafu na husukumwa kwa [[mapafu]] na kurudi kwenye atiria ya kushoto kupitia mshipa wa mapafu. Damu kisha inaingia katika ventrikali ya kushoto ili isambazwe tena. Damu ya ateri hubeba oksijeni kutoka kwa hewa iliyovutwa ndani hadi kwa seli zote za mwili, na damu ya vena hubeba dioksidi ya kaboni, bidhaa taka ya metaboli ya [[seli]], hadi kwa mapafu ili itolewe nje. Hata hivyo, tofauti moja ni ile ya ateri ya mapafu, iliyo na damu isiyo na oksijeni zaidi mwenye mwili, huku vena za zikiwa na damu yenye oksijeni. Mtiririko wa ziada wa kurudi unaweza kutokana na kusongezwa kwa misuli ya kiunzi cha mifupa ambazo zinaweza kubana vena na kusukuma damu kupitia vali katika vena kuelekea ateri ya kulia. Mzunguko wa damu ulielezwa kwa umaarufu na William Harvey katika mwaka wa 1628. <ref>{{cite web|title = [[Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus]]|url = http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/hvyexc/index.html|first = William|last = Harvey|authorlink = William Harvey|language = Latin|year = 1628|accessdate = 2014-06-01|archive-date = 2010-11-27|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101127002138/http://rarebookroom.org/Control/hvyexc/index.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> ===Uzalishaji na uchakaaji wa seli za damu=== Katika wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo, seli mbalimbali za damu huundwa katika uboho kupitia mchakato unaoitwa hematopoiesia, unaohusisha erithropoesisi, uzalishaji wa seli nyekundu za damu, na mielopesisi, uzalishaji wa seli nyeupe za damu na chembe za kugandisha damu. Wakati wa utotoni, karibu kila mfupa wa binadamu huzalisha seli nyekundu za damu. Katika utu uzima, uzalishaji wa seli nyekundu za damu unafanywa na mifupa mikubwa pekee: miili ya wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo, mfupa wa kidari (sternum), ya mbavu, ya fupanyonga, na mifupa ya sehemu za juu za mikono na miguu. Tukiongezea katika kipindi cha utotoni, tezi la thaimasi, linalopatikana katika mediastinamu, ni chanzo muhimu cha limfosaiti. <ref>{{cite book |author=Williams, Peter W.; Gray, Henry David |title=Gray's anatomy |url=https://archive.org/details/graysanatomy0000gray_m7a1 |publisher=C. Livingstone |location=New York |year=1989 |isbn=0-443-02588-6 |edition=37th}}</ref> Sehemu ya damu yenye protini (ikiwemo protini za kugandisha) huzalishwa hasa na ini, huku homoni zikizalishwa na tezi za mfumo wa mwili na sehemu ya majimaji hudhibitiwa na haipothalamasi na kudumishwa na [[figo]]. Erithrosaiti zenye afya zina maisha ya plazma ya takribani siku 120 kabla hazijadunishwa na wengu, na seli za Kupffer katika [[ini]]. Ini pia huondoa baadhi ya protini, lipidi, na amino asidi. Figo huondoa bidhaa taka na kuzipeleka kwenye mkojo. ===Usafirishaji wa oksijeni === [[Faili:Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve.png|thumb|Pindo msingi la uloweshwaji wa himoglobini unasongezwa upande wa kulia katika hali ya kiwango cha juu cha asidi (kiwango cha juu zaidi cha dioksidi ya kaboni) na upande wa kushoto katika hali ya kiwango cha chini cha asidi (kiwango cha chini zaidi cha dioksidi ya kaboni)]] Kadiri 98.5% ya [[Oksijeni|oksijeni]] katika sampuli ya damu ya ateri katika binadamu mwenye [[afya]] anayepumua kwa kanieneo ya [[bahari]] hushikanishwa kikemikali pamoja na Hgb (Himoglobini). Kadiri 1.5% imeyeyushwa kimwili katika majimaji zingine za damu na haijaunganishwa na Hgb. Molekuli ya himoglobini ndiyo kisafirishaji kikuu cha oksijeni katika miili ya mamalia na aina nyingine nyingi (kwa wanyama wenye mfumo tofauti, angalia hapo chini). Himoglobini ina uwezo wa kuunganisha oksijeni wa kati ya 1.36 na 1.37 ml O ₂ kwa gramu ya Himoglobini, <ref>{{cite journal |author=Dominguez de Villota ED, Ruiz Carmona MT, Rubio JJ, de Andrés S |title=Equality of the in vivo and in vitro oxygen-binding capacity of haemoglobin in patients with severe respiratory disease |journal=Br J Anaesth |volume=53 |issue=12 |pages=1325–8 |year=1981 |month=December |pmid=7317251 |doi= 10.1093/bja/53.12.1325|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-anaesthesia_1981-12_53_12/page/1325}}</ref> ambayo huongeza ujumla wa uwezo wa oksijeni ya damu mara sabini, <ref name="brsphys">{{cite book |author=Costanzo, Linda S. |title=Physiology |url=https://archive.org/details/physiology00cost_0 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstwon, MD |year=2007 |pages= |isbn=0-7817-7311-3 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> ikilinganishwa na ikiwa oksijeni pekee ingebebwa kwa umumunyifu wake wa O 0.03 mL kwa lita ₂ ya damu kwa sehemu ya shinikizo ya mmHg ya oksijeni (takriban 100 mmHg katika ateri). <ref name="brsphys"></ref> Isipokuwa ateri za mapafu na kitovu na vena zao husika, ateri hubeba damu yenye oksijeni kutoka kwa [[moyo]] na kuipeleka kwa mwili kupitia viateri na mishipa ya damu, ambapo oksijeni hutumika; baadaye, venali, na mishipa hubeba damu isiyo na oksijeni na kuirudisha kwa moyo. Katika hali ya kawaida kwa binadamu anayepumzika, himoglobini kwenye damu inayotoka kwenye mapafu ina ukolezo wa kama 98-99% wa oksijeni. Kwa mtu mzima mwenye afya anayepumzika, damu ''isiyo na oksijeni'' inayorudi kwenye mapafu bado ina ukolezo wa takribani 75%. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://home.hia.no/~stephens/ventphys.htm |title=Upitishaji hewa safi na Utendaji wa Uvumilivu |accessdate=2014-06-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323054138/http://home.hia.no/~stephens/ventphys.htm |archivedate=2010-03-23 }}</ref> <ref>[http://groups.msn.com/TransplantSupportLungHeartLungHeart/oxygen2.msnw Msaada kuhusu upandikizaji- Mapafu, Moyo/Mapafu, Moyo] {{Wayback|url=http://groups.msn.com/TransplantSupportLungHeartLungHeart/oxygen2.msnw |date=20040224085741 }} vikundi vya MSN</ref> Ongezeko la matumizi ya oksijeni wakati wa mazoezi yanayoendelea hupunguza uloweshwaji wa oksijeni kwenye damu ndani ya vena, ambayo inaweza kufikia chini ya 15% katika mwanariadha aliyepitia mafunzo; ingawa kiwango cha kupumua na mtiririko wa damu huongezeka ili kuifidia, uloweshwaji wa oksijeni kwenye damu ndani ya ateri unaweza kushuka hadi 95% au chini zaidi chini ya hali hii. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Mortensen SP, Dawson EA, Yoshiga CC, ''et al.'' |title=Limitations to systemic and locomotor limb muscle oxygen delivery and uptake during maximal exercise in humans |journal=J. Physiol. (Lond.) |volume=566 |issue=Pt 1 |pages=273–85 |year=2005 |month=July |pmid=15860533 |pmc=1464731 |doi=10.1113/jphysiol.2005.086025 }}</ref> Uloweshwaji wa oksijeni ulio chini hivi ni hatari kwa mtu aliyepumzika (kwa mfano, wakati wa upasuaji akiwa ametiwa ganzi. Haipoksia inayoendelea (uwekaji oksijeni ulio chini ya 90%), ni hatari kwa afya, na haipoksia kali (uloweshwaji wa chini ya 30%) unaweza kusababisha kifo ghafla. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.manbit.com/PAC/chapters/P30.cfm |title=Mwongozo wa 'St George' kuhusu Katheta ya Ateri ya Mapafu |accessdate=2014-06-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925053056/http://manbit.com/PAC/chapters/P30.cfm |archivedate=2010-09-25 }}</ref> Kijusi, kinachopokea oksijeni kupitia kondo, kinafikia kiwango cha chini zaidi cha shinikizo la oksijeni (kama 21% ya kiwango kinachopatikana katika mapafu ya mtu mzima), na hivyo, vijusi huzalisha aina nyingine ya himoglobini yenye mvuto wa juu zaidi kwa oksijeni (Himoglobini F ) ili kufanya kazi katika hali hii. <ref>[43] ^ [https://web.archive.org/web/19990502195422/http://members.aol.com/Bio50/LecNotes/lecnot20.html Ubebaji wa Oksijeni katika Damu - Sehemu za juu kulingana na bahari]</ref> ===Usafirishaji wa dioksidi ya kaboni=== Wakati damu inapotiririka kupitia mishipa, dioksidi ya kaboni huenea kutoka kwa tishu hadi kwenye damu. Kiasi kingine cha dioksidi ya kaboni huyeyushwa kwenye damu. Sehemu ya CO ₂ huathiriwa na himoglobini na protini zingine na kuunda michanganyiko ya kaboni na amino. Dioksidi ya kaboni iliyobaki inabadilishwa kuwa bikaboneti na ioni za haidrojeni kupitia kitendo cha RBC cha kiondoa maji cha kaboni. Kiasi kikubwa cha dioksidi ya kaboni kinasafirishwa kupitia damu katika muundo wa ioni za bikaboneti. [[Dioksidi kabonia|Dioksidi ya kaboni]] (CO _2), bidhaa kuu taka kutoka kwa seli hubebwa katika damu ikiwa hasa imeyeyushwa kwenye plazma, kwa kiasi sawa na bikaboneti (HCO ₃ ^-) na asidi ya kaboni (H ₂ CO _3). 86-90% ya CO ₂ katika mwili hubadilishwa kuwa asidi ya kaboni, ambayo inaweza kubadilika haraka kuwa bikaboneti, ulinganifu wa kemikali ukiwa muhimu katika ukingaji wa pH ya plazma. <ref name="veq"> [http://www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry/problem_sets/medph/intro.html Biology.arizona.edu]. Oktoba 2006. ''Uwiano wa kliniki wa viwango vya pH: bikaboneti kama kinga.'' </ref> [[Thamani pH|pH]] ya damu huwekwa katika kadiri ndogo (pH ya kati ya 7.35 na 7.45). <ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> ===Usafirishaji wa ioni za haidrojeni=== Kiasi fulani cha oksihimoglobini hupoteza oksijeni na kuwa dioksihimoglobini. Dioksihimoglobini huunganisha idadi kubwa ya ioni za haidrojeni kwa kuwa ina mvuto zaidi kwa haidrojeni zaidi kuliko oksihimoglobini. ===Mfumo wa limfatiki=== {{main|Mfumo wa limfu}} Kwa mamalia, damu ina ulinganifu na limfatiki, ambayo huendelea kuundwa katika tishu kutoka kwa damu na kwa uchujaji wa kupita kiasi wa mshipa mdogo wa damu. Limfatiki hukusanywa kupitia mfumo wa vyombo vidogo vya limfatiki na kuelekezwa kwa mchirizi wa kifua, ambayo huielekeza katika machafu katika mshipa wa subklavia wa kushoto ambapo limfatiki huungana na mfumo wa mzunguko wa damu. ===Udhibiti wa joto=== Mzunguko wa damu husafirisha joto, katika mwili na marekebisho haya ni sehemu muhimu ya udhibiti wa joto. Kuongeza mtiririko wa damu hadi kwenye sehemu ya juu (kwa mfano, wakati wa msimu wa joto au zoezi linalotumia nguvu) husababisha ngozi kupata joto, na hivyo kusababisha upoteaji wa joto kwa kasi. Kwa upande mwingine, wakati kiwango cha halijoto cha nje ni cha chini, utiririkaji wa damu kwa ncha na upande wa juu wa ngozi hupunguka na ili kuzuia joto upoteaji wa joto na husambazwa zaidi kwa viungo muhimu vya mwili. ===Kazi ya Nguvumaji=== Uzuiaji wa mtiririko wa damu pia unaweza kutumika katika tishu maalum kusababisha ujazaji kwa damu unaosababisha usimikaji wa tishu hiyo, mifano ni tishu ya usimikaji katika uume na kisimi. Mfano mwingine wa kazi ya nguvumaji ni buibui inayoruka, ambapo damu iliyolazimishwa kuelekea kwenye miguu chini ya shinikizo husababisha inyooke kwa nguvu na hivyo kuifanya iruke, bila haja ya kuwa na miguu minene yenye misuli. <ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-559817/spider |encyclopedia = Encyclopedia Britannica online|title = Spiders: circulatory system|accessdate= 2007-11-25}}</ref> ===Wanyama wasio na uti wa mgongo=== Kati ya [[wadudu]], damu (ambayo inaitwa vizuri zaidi hemolimfu) haihusishwi katika usafirishaji wa oksijeni (mianya inayoitwa bomba za pumzi huruhusu oksijeni kutoka kwa hewa kuenea moja kwa moja hadi kwenye tishu). Damu ya wadudu husafirisha virutubisho hadi kwenye tishu na huondoa bidhaa taka katika mfumo wazi. Wanyama wengine wasio na uti wa mgongo hutumia protini za kupumua ili kuongeza uwezo wa kubeba oksijeni. Himoglobini ndiyo protini ya kupumua inayopatkana sana katika mazingira asili. Himosianini (buluu) ina [[shaba]] na inapatikana katika krasteshia na moluska. Inadhaniwa kwamba tuniketi (mnyama wa baharini anayetoa maji kupitia tundu mbili anapoguswa) anaweza kutumia vanabini ([[protini]] zenye [[Vanadi|vanadiamu)]] kwa [[pigmenti]] ya kupumua (kijani-ng'avu, buluu, au rangi ya machungwa). Kati ya wanyama wengi wasio na uti wa mgongo, protini hizi za kubeba oksijeni huyeyuka kwa urahisi katika damu; kati ya wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo zinapatikana katika seli maalumu nyekundu za damu, zinazoruhusu ukolezi wa juu zaidi wa pigmenti za kupumua bila kuongeza mnato au kuharibu viungo vinavyochuja damu kama vile figo. [[Minyoo]] wakubwa huwa na himoglobini zisizo za kawaida zinazowaruhusu kuishi katika mazingira yasiyo ya kawaida. Himoglobini hizi pia hubeba salfaidi ambazo kwa kawaida ni hatari kwa wanyama wengine. ==Rangi== ===Himoglobini=== [[Faili:Bleeding finger.jpg|thumb|Damu ya mishipa kutoka kwenye kidole kinachotoa damu]] [[Faili:Bloodbags.jpg|thumb|Damu ya vena iliyokusanywa wakati wa uchangaji wa damu]] Himoglobini ndiyo chanzo kikuu cha rangi ya damu katika wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo. Kila molekuli ina makundi manne ya heme, na mwingiliano wao na molekuli mbalimbali hubadili rangi halisi. Kati ya wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo na viumbe vingine vinavyotumia himoglobini, damu ya ateri na damu kutoka kwa mishipa ni mwekundu wenye kung'aa, kwa kuwa oksijeni huipa kikundi cha heme rangi nyekundu iliyokoza. Damu isiyo na oksijeni huwa ni nyekundu iliyokoza zaidi; hii inapatikana katika vena, na inaweza kuonekana wakati wa uchangiaji wa damu na wakati sampuli za damu kutoka kwa vena zinapochukuliwa. Damu iliyopata yenye sumu ya monoksidi ya kaboni ni nyekundu inayoyong'aa, kwa sababu monoksidi ya kaboni husababisha uundaji wa kaboksihimoglobini. Katika sumu ya sianidi, mwili haiwezi kutumia oksijeni, kwa hivyo damu ya vena bado hubaki ikiwa na oksijeni na hivyo kuongeza wekundu. Ingawa damu yenye himoglobini kamwe haiwi na rangi ya buluu, kuna hali kadhaa na magonjwa ambapo rangi ya makundi ya heme hufanya ngozi ionekane ikiwa na rangi ya buluu. Ikiwa heme imewekewa oksijeni, methimoglobini, ambayo ni ya kahawia zaidi na haiwezi kusafirisha oksijeni, inaundwa. Katika hali isiyo ya kawaida ya salfahemoglobinemia, sehemu ya himoglobini ya ateri huwekwa oksijeni, na huonekana kuwa na rangi nyekundu iliyokoza na rangi ya bluu (sainosisi). Vena katika ngozi huonekana kuwa na rangi ya bluu kutokana na sababu mbalimbali ambazo hutegemea rangi ya damu kwa kiwango kidogo pekee. Kujitokeza kwa sehemu nyeupe kwenye ngozi na uchakataji maono ya rangi pia huchangia. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Kienle|first=Alwin|authorlink=|coauthors=Lothar Lilge, I. Alex Vitkin, Michael S. Patterson, Brian C. Wilson, Raimund Hibst, and Rudolf Steiner|date=March 1, 1996|title=Why do veins appear blue? A new look at an old question|journal=Applied Optics|volume=35|issue=7|pages=1151–60|url=http://www.imt.liu.se/edu/courses/TBMT36/pdf/blue.pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.1364/AO.35.001151|access-date=2014-06-01|archive-date=2012-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210145120/https://www.imt.liu.se/edu/courses/TBMT36/pdf/blue.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Mjusi]] katika kundi la ''Prasinohaema'' huwa na damu ya kijani kutokana na mkusanyiko wa bidhaa taka inayoitwa bilivedini. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Austin CC, Perkins SL |title=Parasites in a biodiversity hotspot: a survey of hematozoa and a molecular phylogenetic analysis of Plasmodium in New Guinea skinks |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-parasitology_2006-08_92_4/page/770 |journal=J. Parasitol. |volume=92 |issue=4 |pages=770–7 |year=2006 |pmid=16995395 |doi=10.1645/GE-693R.1}}</ref> ===Himosianini=== Damu ya moluska wengi - ikiwa ni pamoja na [[sefalopodi]] na [[gastropodi]] - pamoja na baadhi ya wadudu, kama vile kaa aina ya Horseshoe, yenye rangi ya buluu, kwa kuwa ina protini za himosianini zenye ukolezi wa kama gramu 50 kwa lita. <ref name="AHC 2004 p276-7"></ref> Himosianini huwa haina rangi wakati haina oksijeni na ni buluu iliyokoza wakati inapoongezewa oksijeni. Damu inayozunguka ndani ya viumbe hawa, ambao kwa ujumla huishi katika mazingira baridi yenye mivuto ya chini ya oksijeni, huwa ni rangi ya kijivu-nyeupe hadi manjano hafifu, <ref name="AHC 2004 p276-7">{{cite book |url = http://books.google.com/?id=0OSAKny-6M4C&printsec=frontcover#PRA1-PA276,M1| first = Carl N |last = Shuster|editor = Shuster, Carl N, Jr; Barlow, Robert B; Brockmann, H. Jane |title = The American Horseshoe Crab|chapter = Chapter 11: A blue blood: the circulatory system|publisher =[[Harvard University Press]]|year = 2004|isbn = 0674011597 |pages = 276–7 }}</ref> na hugeuka kuwa buluu iliyokoza wakati inapoachwa wazi kwa oksijeni iliyo kwenye hewa, kama ilivyo wakati vinatoka damu. <ref name="AHC 2004 p276-7"></ref> Hii ni kutokana na mabadiliko ya rangi ya himosianini wakati inapoongezewa oksijeni. <ref name="AHC 2004 p276-7"></ref> Himosianini hubeba oksijeni katika giligili iliyo nje ya seli, ambayo ni tofauti na usafirishaji wa oksijeni ndani ya seli kwa mamalia kupitia himolobini katika RBC. <ref name="AHC 2004 p276-7"></ref> ==Maradhi== ===Matatizo makuu ya kiafya=== * Matatizo ya kiwango ** Jeraha linaweza kusababisha upotezaji wa damu kupitia kutoka damu. <ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/blood/blood.html|title = Blood - The Human heart|publisher = The Franklin Institute|accessdate = 19 March 2009|archivedate = 2009-03-05|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090305043654/http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/blood/blood.html}}</ref> Mtu mzima mwenye afya anaweza kupoteza karibu 20% ya kiasi cha damu (1 L) kabla ya dalili ya kwanza, kutotulia, kuanza, na 40% ya kiasi cha damu(2 L) kabla ya mshtuko. Thrombosaiti ni muhimu kwa ugandishaji na uundaji wa madonge ya damu, ambayo inaweza kusimamisha upotezaji wa damu. Majeraha mabaya kwa viungo vya ndani au kwa mifupa yanaweza kusababisha kutokwa na damu kwa ndani, ambayo wakati mwingine unaweza kuwa kali. ** Kuishiwa maji mwilini kunaweza kupunguza kiasi cha damu kwa kupunguza kiwango cha katika damu. Mara nadra, hii inaweza kusababisha mshtuko (isipokuwa katika kesi kali sana) lakini huweza kusababisha kupungua kwa shinikizo la damu kunakosababishwa na kusimama na kuzirai. * Matatizo ya mzunguko ** Mshtuko ni upiliziaji usio bora wa tishu, na unaweza kusababishwa na hali mbalimbali ikiwa ni pamoja na kupoteza damu, maambukizi, kupunguka kwa uwezo wa moyo wa kusukuma damu. ** Atherosklerosisi hupunguza mtiririko wa damu kupitia ateri, kwa sababu atheroma huziweka ateri kwenye mistari na kuzifanya nyembamba zaidi. Atheroma huendelea kuongezeka kulingana na umri na kuendelea kwake kunaweza kuhusishwa na sababu nyingi ikiwa ni pamoja na kuvuta sigara, shinikizo la damu, lipidi za ziada zinazozunguka (haipalipidemia), na [[kisukari]]. ** Ugandaji unaweza kuunda mvilio, ambao unaweza kuzuia [[tezi]]. ** Matatizo ya mchanganyko wa damu, kitendo cha kusukuma damu cha moyo, au wembamba wa mishipa ya damu kunaweza kuleta matokeo mengi ikiwa ni pamoja na haipoksia (ukosefu wa oksijeni) ya tishu zinazotolewa. Neno ''[[iskemia]]'' linarejelea tishu ambayo imefunikwa na damu, na ''infarction'' inarejelea kukufa kwa tishu (nekrosisi), ambako kunaweza kutokea wakati ugavi wa damu umezibwa (au ni duni sana). ===Matatizo ya kihematolojia=== * Upungufu wa damu mwilini ** Idadi ndogo ya seli nyekundu ([[anemia]]) inaweza kusababishwa na kutoka damu, matatizo ya damu kama vile thalasemia, au ukosefu wa virutubishi, na inaweza kuhitaji kuongezewa damu. Nchi kadhaa zina benki ya damu zinazokidhi mahitaji ya damu kwa damu inayoweza kuongezewa. Mtu anayepokea damu lazima awe na aina ya damu iliyo sambamba na ile ya mtoaji damu. ** [[Anemia Selimundu]] * Matatizo ya kuenea upesi kwa seli ** [[Lukemia]] ni kikundi cha [[saratani]] za tishu zinazounda damu. ** Uzalishaji wa seli nyingi nyekundu usiohusiana na kansa (erithremia) au uzalishaji wa chembe nyingi za kugandisha damu (thrombosaitosisi muhimu) kunaweza kusababisha kansa. ** Dalili za Mayelodisplastiki huhusisha uzalishaji duni wa jamii ya seli moja au zaidi. * Matatizo ya ugandishaji ** [[Himofilia]] ni ugonjwa wa kijenetikia unaosababisha utendakazi mbaya katika mojawapo kati ya mifumo ya ugandishaji wa damu. Hii inaweza kuruhusu majeraha ambayo kwa kawaida sio makuu yawe ya kutisha maisha, lakini kwa kawaida zaidi husababisha hemarthrosisi, au utokaji wa damu katika mianya ya maungo, ambao unaweza kusababisha ulemavu. ** Utendakazi mbaya au idadi ndogo ya chembe za kugandisha damu pia unaweza kusababisha ugonjwa wa kugandisha (magonjwa ya kutokwa damu). ** Hali ya kugandishwa damu (ugonjwa wa kuvilia) hutokana na kasoro katika udhibiti wa chembe za kugandisha damu au utendakazi wa kigandiza damu, na unaweza kusababisha mvilio. * Magonjwa ya kuambukizwa kwa damu ** Damu ni chombo kikubwa cha maambukizi. [[Virusi]] vya HIV vinavyosababisha [[UKIMWI]] huambukizwa kupitia mgusano na damu, [[shahawa]], au majimaji mengine yanayotoka mwilini mwa mtu aliyekwishaambukizwa. [[Homa ya manjano]] aina ya B na C husambazwa hasa kwa njia ya mgusano na damu. Kutokana na maambukizi yanayotokana na damu, vitu vilivyo na damu huchukuliwa kama bayohatari. ** Maambukizi ya bakteria kwenye damu ni uwepobakteria au sepsisi. Kuambukizwa virusi ni viremia. [[Malaria]] na [[malale]] ni maambukizi ya damu yanayotokana na [[vimelea]]. ===Usumisho wa monoksidi ya kaboni=== Dutu zingine bali na oksijeni zinaweza kuungana na himoglobini, wakati mwingine hali hii inaweza kuleta madhara yasiyoweza kubadilishwa kwa mwili. [[Monoksidi ya kaboni]], kwa mfano, ni hatari sana inapobebwa hadi kwenye damu kupitia mapafu kwa kuvuta pumzi, kwa sababu monoksidi ya kaboni hushikana kabisa na himoglobini na kuunda himoglobini kaboksili, hivi kwamba himoglobini kidogo zaidi ina uhuru wa kuungana na oksijeni, na hivyo kiwango cha chni zaidi cha oksijeni kinaweza kusafirishwa katika damu. Hali hii huweza kusababisha kukosekana kwa hewa kwa njia fichu. Moto katika chumba kilichofungwa na kisicho na tundu za kuingiza hewa ni hatari sana, kwa kuwa kinaweza kukusanya monoksidi ya kaboni katika hewa. Kiasi fulani cha monoksidi ya kaboni huungana na himoglobini wakati wa uvutaji wa [[tumbaku]]. ==Madawa ya tiba== ===Bidhaa za damu=== {{see|Utoaji damu}} Damu ya kuongezewa hutolewa kutoka kwa binadamu kwa [[uchangaji wa damu]] na kuhifadhiwa katika [[benki ya damu]]. Kuna aina nyingi za damu katika binadamu, mfumo wa kikundi cha damu cha ÅBO, pamoja na mfumo wa kikundi cha damu cha Rhesasi, ndiyo muhimu zaidi. Kuongezewa damu ya kikundi kisichokubaliana na kikundi kingine cha damu kunaweza kusababisha matatizo makali, ambayo mara nyingi ni mabaya, kwa hivyo ulinganishaji mtambuko hufanywa ili kuhakikisha kuwa bidhaa ya damu iliyo sambamba inaongezewa. Bidhaa zigine za damu zinazotolewa ndani ya vena ni chembe za kugandisha damu, plazma ya damu, krayopresipiteti, na vikolezo vya sababu maalum za kuganda. ===Utoaji wa ndani ya vena=== Aina nyingi za madawa (kutoka [[Antibaotiki|viua vijisumu]] hadi tibakemo) hutolewa ndani ya vena, kwa kuwa hazifyonzwi kwa urahisi au vya kutosha na njia ya utumbo. Baada ya upotezaji wa damu nyingi, michanganyiko iliyotegenezwa inayojulikana kama vipanua plazma vinaweza kutolewa ndani ya vena, ama michanganyiko ya chumvi (NaCl, KCl, CaCl ₂ n.k ..) katika viwango vya ukolezi vya kifisiolojia, au michanganyiko ya koloidi, kama vile dekstrani, albumini ya majimaji ya damu ya binadamu, au plazma-bichi iliyoganda. Katika hali hizi za dharura, kipanuzi cha plazma ni bora zaidi kwa michakato hii ya kuokoa maisha kuliko kuongezewa damu, kwa sababu metaboli ya seli nyekundu za damu zilizoongezwa hazianzi upya mara baada ya kuongezewa. ===Uondoaji wa damu=== Katika matibabu yenye misingi ya kisasa, uondoaji damu hutumika kudhibiti magonjwa yasiyo ya kawaida, ikiwa ni pamoja na hemokromatosia na kuongezeka kwa chembe nyekundu za damu. Hata hivyo, uondoaji wa damu na unyonyaji damu zilikuwa njia maarufu ambazo zilikuwa hazijahalalishwa zilizotumika hadi karne ya 19, kwa kuwa magonjwa mengi yalidhaniwa kimakosa kuwa yalitokana na kiwango cha juu cha damu, kulingana na matibabu ya Hippocrates. ==Historia== ===Tiba rasmi ya Ugiriki=== Katika tiba rasmi ya [[Ugiriki]], damu ilihusishwa na [[hewa]], [[majira ya kuchipua]], na [[silika ya uchangamfu]] ''(sanguine)''. Pia iliaminika kuwa zilizalishwa na [[ini]] pekee. ===Tiba ya Hipokrati=== Katika tiba ya [[Hippokrates|Hipokrati]], damu ilichukuliwa kama moja ya viowevu vinne, vingine vikiwa [[kohozi]], [[nyongo njano]], na [[nyongo nyeusi]]. ==Utamaduni na imani za dini== Kutokana na umuhimu wake katika [[maisha]], damu inahusishwa na idadi kubwa ya [[imani]]. Moja kati ya zile kuu zaidi ni matumizi ya damu kama [[alama]] ya mahusiano ya [[familia]] kupitia kuzaliwa / [[uzazi]]; kuwa na "uhusiano wa damu" ni kuhusiana kwa uzazi au [[nasaba]], badala ya [[ndoa]]. Hii huhusiana kwa karibu na [[ukoo]], na misemo kama vile "damu ni nzito kuliko maji", "damu mbaya" na pia "ndugu wa damu." Damu husisitizwa sana katika [[dini]] za Kiyahudi na Kikristo kwa sababu [[Walawi (Biblia)|Walawi]] 17:11 inasema "maisha ya [[Kiumbehai|kiumbe]] yamo katika damu." Fungu hili ni sehemu ya [[sheria]] ya Kilawi inayopinga unywaji wa damu au ulaji wa [[nyama]] ambayo bado ina damu ndani yake badala ya kuimwaga nje. Marejeleo ya [[hadithi]] kuhusu damu mara nyingine yanaweza kushikanishwa na hali ya kutoa [[uhai]], inavyodhihirika katika matukio kama vile kujifungua, ikilinganishwa na damu ya [[jeraha]] au [[kifo]]. ===Waaustralia asili=== Katika [[desturi]] za wakazi asili wa [[Australia]], [[ngeu]] (hasa nyekundu) na damu, zote zikiwa na kiwango cha juu cha [[chuma]] na ambazo zinadhaniwa kuwa Maban (zenye nguvu za [[uchawi]]) hupakwa kwenye miili ya [[wachezaji]] wakati wa [[tambiko|matambiko]]. Kama [[Robert Lawlor]] anavyosema:<blockquote> Katika tamaduni na sherehe nyingi za Aborijini, ngeu nyekundu hupakwa katika sehemu zote za miili uchi za wachezaji. Katika sherehe za siri na takatifu za kiume, damu iliyoondolewa kutoka kwenye vena za mikono ya mshiriki hubadilishwa na kusuguliwa juu ya miili yao. Ngeu nyekundu pia hutumiwa kwa njia sawa na hii katika sherehe zisizo za siri. Damu pia hutumika kushikilia manyoya ya ndege kwenye miili ya watu. Manyoya ya ndege huwa na protini ambayo ina kiwango cha juu cha hisi ya magnetiki. <ref>{{cite book |author=Lawlor, Robert |title=Voices of the first day: awakening in the Aboriginal dreamtime |url=https://archive.org/details/voicesoffirstday0000lawl |publisher=Inner Traditions International |location=Rochester, Vt |year=1991 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/voicesoffirstday0000lawl/page/102 102]–3 |isbn=0-89281-355-5 }}</ref></blockquote> Lawlor anasema kuwa damu inayotumika kwa njia hii inaaminika na watu hawa kuwa inawaunganisha wachezaji na [[dunia]] yenye nguvu isiyoonekana ya wakati wa [[ndoto]]. Lawlor maeneo haya yenye nguvu zisizoonekana na maeneo ya [[sumaku]], kwa kuwa chuma ina sumaku. ===Upagani katika Indo-Uropa=== Kati ya ma[[kabila]] ya kundi la [[lugha]] zinazohusiana na [[Kijerumani]] (kama vile Anglo-Saksoni na Normani), damu ilitumika wakati wa kutoa [[dhabihu]] zao zilizoitwa ''the Blóts''. Damu hii ilikuwa inaaminika kuwa ina uwezo wa chanzo chake, na baada ya kuua mnyama, damu ilinyunyizwa kwenye kuta, juu ya [[sanamu]] za [[miungu]], kwa washiriki wenyewe. Kitendo hiki cha kunyunyiza damu kiliitwa ''bleodsian'' kwa [[Kiingereza cha kale]], na [[istilahi]] hii ilikopwa na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na kuwa ''kubariki'' na ''[[baraka]].'' Neno la [[Kihiti]] lenye maana ya damu, ''ishar'' lilihusiana na maneno "[[kiapo]]" na "kiunganishi":, tazama [[Ishara]]. [[Ugiriki ya Kale|Wagiriki wa Kale]] waliamini kuwa damu ya miungu, ''ichor,'' ilikuwa ni [[madini]] ambayo ilikuwa [[sumu]] kwa binadamu. ===Uyahudi=== Katika [[Uyahudi]], damu haiwezi kuliwa hata kwa kiasi kidogo (Walawi 3:17 na mahali pengine); jambo hili linajitokeza katika sheria za Kiyahudi kuhusu [[lishe]] (Kashrut). Damu huondolewa kutoka kwenye [[nyama]] kwa kuweka [[chumvi]] na kuilowesha nyama kwenye maji. Matambiko nyingine ya damu yanahusu kufunika damu ya [[ndege]] na mawindo baada ya uchinjaji (Walawi 17:13); sababu iliyotolewa na [[Torati]] ni: "Kwa kuwa uhai wa wanyama uko ndani ya damu yake" (Walawi 17:14). Pia ikiwa mtu wa imani halisi ya Kiyahudi amekufa kwa njia ya kinyama, sheria za kidini zinaamuru kuwa damu yake ikusanywe na izikwe pamoja na [[mwili]]. Jambo muhimu zaidi ni kwamba kwenye [[Pasaka]] Wayahudi wanapaswa kuchinja [[mwanakondoo]] [[dume]] na kupaka milango yao kwa damu yake kama kinga. Ndivyo walivyofanya tangu kale, hasa katika [[Musa]] kuwatoa [[Misri]]. ===Ukristo=== {{main|Ekaristi}} Kwa Wakristo [[damu ya Kristo]] husadikiwa kuwa njia pekee ya [[upatanisho]] kwa ajili ya [[dhambi]] ([[1Yoh]] 1:7; [[Ufu]] 1:5): ndiye mwanakondoo wa kweli ambaye damu yake inawapa nguvu ya kumshinda [[shetani]] (Ufu 12:11). Katika damu hiyo Mungu alifanya na watu [[agano jipya]] la [[milele]], kama alivyotangaza Yesu mwenyewe katika [[karamu ya mwisho]] na [[Mitume wa Yesu|mitume]] wake. Baadhi ya [[madhehebu]] ya [[Ukristo]], yakiwa ni pamoja na Kanisa Katoliki, [[Waorthodoksi]], [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] na [[Kanisa la Asiria]] la Mashariki hufundisha kwamba, baada ya kuwekwa [[wakfu]], [[divai]] ya [[Ekaristi]] hubadilika na kuwa damu ya [[Yesu]]. Hivyo, katika divai takatifu, Yesu anakuwa yupo kiroho na kimwili. Mafundisho hayo yana misingi yake katika [[Karamu ya mwisho]], kama ilivyoandikwa katika [[Injili]] nne za [[Biblia ya Kikristo]], ambapo Yesu aliwaambia wanafunzi wake kuwa [[mkate]] walioula ni mwili wake, na divai ni damu yake. "[[Kikombe]] hiki ni [[agano jipya]] katika damu yangu, inayomwagika kwa ajili yenu." ([[Lk|Luka]] 22:20). [[Teolojia]] ya [[Walutheri]] hufunza kuwa mwili na damu ziko pamoja "katika, pamoja na, na chini ya" mkate na divai ya [[sherehe]] ya Ekaristi. Aina nyingine za [[Uprotestanti]], hasa [[Wapresbiteri] na [[Wamethodisti]], hufundisha kuwa divai ni alama tu ya damu ya Kristo, ambaye yuko kiroho lakini hayuko kimwili. Upande wa damu ya wanyama, mitume na [[Mzee|wazee]] wa [[Kanisa]] katika [[Mtaguso wa Yerusalemu]] ([[49]] hivi) walipiga marufuku kwa Wakristo kunywa damu, pengine kwa sababu hii ilikuwa amri aliyopewa [[Nuhu]] ([[Mwanzo (Biblia)|(Mwanzo]] 9:4, tazama [[Sheria ya Nuhu]]). [[Amri]] hii iliendelea kufuatwa na Waorthodoksi huko Mashariki, ingawa [[wataalamu]] wa [[Biblia ya Kikristo]] wanaonyesha kwamba katazo hilo, na mengine matatu yaliyoendana nalo, yalitolewa tu ili [[Wakristo wa Kiyahudi]] wasikwazike katika kushirikiana na [[Wakristo wa mataifa]] wasiojisikia kubanwa na masharti yote ya [[Torati]]. ===Uislamu=== Ulaji wa vyakula vyenye damu ni [[haramu]] kulingana na [[sheria za Kiislamu]] kuhusu lishe. Hii inatokana na taarifa katika [[Kurani]], Sura Al-Ma'ida (05:03): "Vilivyoharimishiwa (kama chakula) ni: nyama ya mnyama aliyefariki, damu, nyama ya [[nguruwe]], na lolote ambalo limetajiwa juu yake jina la mwingine bali na [[Allah]]." Damu inachukuliwa kama chafu, na katika Uislamu, [[usafi]] ni sehemu ya imani, hivyo kuna mbinu maalum za kupata hali ya usafi wa kimwili na kitambiko mara tu utokaji damu unapofanyika. Sheria maalum na amri zinahusu [[hedhi]], kutokwa na damu baada ya kuzaa na kutokwa na damu kusio kwa kawaida kwenye [[uke]]. ===Mashahidi wa Yehova=== Kulingana na [[tafsiri]] yao ya maandiko, kama vile Matendo 15:28-29 ("Endelea kujitenga ... na damu."), [[Mashahidi wa Yehova]] hawali damu wala kukubali kuongezewa damu yote au sehemu kuu za damu: seli nyekundu za damu, chembechembe nyeupe za damu, chembe za kugandisha damu (thrombositi), na plazma. Wanachama wanaweza kujiamulia binafsi ikiwa watakubali taratibu za matibabu zinazohusisha damu yao wenyewe au [[dutu]] ambazo zinagawanywa zaidi kutoka kwa sehemu nne kuu.<ref>''The Watchtower'' Juni 15, 2004, ukurasa wa 22, "Be Guided by the Living God" (Kuongozwa na Mungu aliye hai)</ref> ===Tamaduni za Kichina na Kijapani=== Katika tamaduni maarufu ya [[Uchina]], mara kwa mara inasemekana kuwa, ikiwa [[pua]] la mtu limetoa kiasi kidogo cha damu, hii inamaanisha kuwa ana [[hamu]] ya [[ngono]]. Jambo hili huonekana mara nyingi katika [[filamu]] za lugha ya [[Kichina]] na [[Hong Kong]] na pia katika [[utamaduni]] wa [[Japani]] zinazotaniwa katika anime ([[katuni]] hai za [[sinema]] za Kijapani) na manga (hadithi za katuni za Kijapani zilizochapishwa). Wahusika, hasa [[wanaume]], mara nyingi huonyeshwa wakitokwa na damu kwenye pua ikiwa wamuona mtu aliye uchi au mwenye mavazi kidogo, au kama wamekuwa na mawazo au ndoto za kiashiki; hii inatokana na dhana kwamba shinikizo la damu ya wanaume hupanda kwa kiwango kikubwa wanapopata [[ashiki]]. <ref>Sheria ya Anime #40 kwa jina lingine ''Sheria'' ''ya Sanguination '' kwa [http://www.abcb.com/laws/index.htm ABCB.com] , The Anime Cafe.</ref> ===Kashfa za damu=== Makundi mbalimbali ya kidini na makundi mengine yamepewa shutuma za uongo kuwa yanatumia damu ya binadamu katika matambiko; shutuma hizo zinajulikana kama kashfa za damu. Aina maarufu sana ya kashfa hii ni kashfa ya damu dhidi ya Wayahudi. Ingawa hakuna tambiko inayohusisha damu ya binadamu katika sheria au desturi za Kiyahudi, [[uongo]] wa aina hii (mara nyingi unaohusiana na mauaji ya watoto) ulitumika sana katika [[Zama za Kati]] kuhalalisha mateso dhidi ya Wayahudi. ===Hekaya kuhusu wanyonya damu=== Wanyonya damu ni viumbe vya [[visasili]] vinavyokunywa damu moja kwa moja ili viendelee kuishi, na hupendelea zaidi damu ya binadamu. Tamaduni kote duniani huwa na visasili vya aina hii, kwa mfano 'kisasili cha Nosferatu', binadamu anayepata kuhukumiwa na asiyekufa kwa kunywa damu ya wengine, inatokana na [[elimu]] ya [[mila]] na desturi za jamii za [[Ulaya Mashariki]]. Kupe, ruba, mbu za kike, [[popo]] zinazonyonya damu, na viumbe vingine vingi vya kiasili hunywa damu, lakini ni popo pekee anaohusishwa na wanyonya damu. Hii haina uhusiano na popo wanyonyaji damu, ambao ni viumbe vya [[Amerika]] iliogunduliwa na [[Wazungu]] baada tu ya utungaji wa visasili vya [[Ulaya]]. ==Matumizi== ===Katika sayansi-tumizi=== Mabaki ya damu yanaweza kuwasaidia wapelelezi wa mahakama kutambua [[silaha]], kuunda upya kitendo cha uhalifu, na kuwahusisha watuhumiwa na uhalifu. Kupitia uchambuzi wa sampuli ya damu, habari za mahakama pia zinaweza kupatikana kutoka kwa usambazaji wa nafasi katika sampuli za damu. Uchambuzi wa mabaki ya damu pia ni mbinu inayotumika katika [[akiolojia]]. ===Katika sanaa=== Damu ni mojawapo kati ya ugiligili wa mwili ambao umetumika katika sanaa. <ref>[http://artscad.com/A.nsf/Opra/SRVV-6MDNX5 "Nostalgia"] {{Wayback|url=http://artscad.com/A.nsf/Opra/SRVV-6MDNX5 |date=20090108093007 }} Kazi ya sanaa katika damu</ref> Hasa, katika maonyesho ya mtendaji wa Viennese Hermann Nitsch, Franko B, Lennie Lee, Ron Athey, Yang Zhichao, na Kira O `Reilly, pamoja na upigaji picha wa Andres Serrano, zimehusisha damu kama kipengele kikuu cha kuona. Marc Quinn ameunda sanamu kwa kutumia damu iliyogandishwa, ikiwa ni pamoja na umbo la kichwa chake mwenyewe uliotengenezwa kwa kutumia damu yake mwenyewe. ===Katika ukoo na historia ya familia=== Neno ''damu,'' hutumika katika jamii kuashiria ''ukoo'' na asili ya mtu. Maneno mengine ambapo damu hutumika katika muktadha wa historia ya familia ni ''damu ya buluu'' (kutoka tabaka la viongozi), ''damu ya kifalme'', ''damu mchanganyiko'' (ya kutoka mbari tofauti) na ''jamaa wa damu'' (yaani ndugu). ==Tazama pia== * [[Damu bandia]] * [[Himofobia]] (Kuogopa damu) * [[Kupima damu]] * [[Shinikizo la damu]] * [[Utoaji damu]] ==Marejeo == {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{wiktionary}} {{commonscat|Blood|position=left}} [[Jamii:Damu]] [[Jamii:Dini]] [[Jamii:Mwili]] 8h4e0se03nq3g33bxgbq15gayk51d1j 0 16096 1598969 1569291 2026-09-23T02:49:34Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598969 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Wikimania.svg|thumb|Alama ya Wikimania]] [[Picha:Wikimedia.png|thumb|Nembo la Wikimedia Foundation]] '''Wikimania ''' ni tukio la kila mwaka la kimataifa wa [[Wikimedia]]. Mkutano wa kwanza wa Wikimania, ulifanyika mwaka 2005 huko nchini [[Ujerumani]]. Mkutano huu ulifanyika tarehe [[4 Agosti]], [[2006]] huko Cambridge, [[Massachussetts]], [[Marekani]]. Wikimania ni mkutano wa kijamii na kisayansi ambao utajumuisha washiriki wa [[w:Wikimedia Projects|Miradi ya Wikimedia]] ili kubadilishana mawazo, kujenga mahusiano, na kutoa taarifa za tafiti na juhudi mbalimbali za miradi hiyo. Mkutano huu hutoa nafasi pia kwa washiriki wa miradi ya Wikimedia kukutana na kubadilishana mawazo na umma kuhusu miradi ya zana huria za teknolojia, maarifa huria na miradi ya wiki duniani. '''[[Wikimania 2007|Mkutano wa Wikimania 2007]]''' ulifanyika kwa mara ya tatu kuanzia tarehe 3-5 Agosti, katika mji wa [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]]. Mkutano wa kwanza wa [[w:Wikimania 2005| Wikimania 2005]] ulifanyika nchini [[Ujerumani]]kuanzia tarehe 4-8 August. Mkutano wa pili wa[[Wikimania 2006|Wikimania 2006]] ulifanyika 4-6 Agosti huko [[Cambridge]], [[Massachussetts]], [[Marekani]]. Wikimania ni mkutano wa kijamii na kisayansi ambao unajumuisha washiriki wa [[w:Wikimedia Projects|Miradi ya Wikimedia]] ili kubadilishana mawazo, kujenga mahusiano, na kutoa taarifa za utafiti na juhudi mbalimbali za miradi hiyo. Mkutano huu hutoa nafasi pia kwa washiriki wa miradi ya Wikimedia kukutana na kubadilishana mawazo na umma kuhusu miradi ya zana huria za teknolojia, maarifa huria na miradi ya wiki duniani. == Overview == {| class="wikitable" |+ Mikutano ya Wikimania Tangu Kuanza kwake ! Mkutano !Tarehe !Pahala !Bara !Mahudhurio !Uwasilishaji |- | [[:wm2005:|Wikimania 2005]] | August 5–7 | {{Flag icon|Germany}} [[w:Frankfurt|Frankfurt]], [[w:Germany|Germany]] | [[File:Location of Europe.svg|100px|Europe]] | {{Progress bar|100|width=38.0px|header=no|border=none|center=no|height=10}}380 | [[:commons:Category:Wikimania 2005 presentations|slides, video]] |- | [[:wm2006:|Wikimania 2006]] | August 4–6 | {{Flag icon|United States}} [[w:Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge,Massachusetts]], [[w:United States|United States]] | [[File:Location of North America.svg|100px|North America]] | {{Progress bar|100|width=40.0px|header=no|border=none|center=no|height=10}}400<ref name=attendees2006/> | |- | [[:wm2007:|Wikimania 2007]] | August 3–4 | {{Flag icon|Republic of China}} [[Taipei]], ROC (Taiwan) | [[File:Location of Asia.svg|100px|Asia]] | {{Progress bar|100|width=44.0px|header=no|border=none|center=no|height=10}}440<ref name=NYT/> | [[:commons:Wikimania 2007|Commons gallery]] |- | [[:wm2008:|Wikimania 2008]] | July 17–19 | {{Flag icon|Egypt}} [[Alexandria]], Egypt | [[File:Location of Africa.svg|100px|Africa]] | {{Progress bar|100|width=65px|header=no|border=none|center=no|height=10}}650<ref name = WSJ-Egypt>James Gleick, [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121815517776622597.html?mod=googlewsj Wikipedians Leave Cyberspace, Meet in Egypt], [[Wall Street Journal]], August 8, 2008.</ref> | [http://corp.kaltura.com/devwiki/index.php/Wikimania_Sessions abstracts] {{Wayback|url=http://corp.kaltura.com/devwiki/index.php/Wikimania_Sessions |date=20110206173303 }} |- | [[:wm2009:|Wikimania 2009]] | August 26–28 | {{Flag icon|Argentina}} [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina | [[File:Location of South America.svg|100px|South America]] | {{Progress bar|100|width=55.9px|header=no|border=none|center=no|height=10}}559 | [[:commons:Category:Wikimania 2009 presentations|slides, video]] |- | [[:wm2010:|Wikimania 2010]] | July 9–11 | {{Flag icon|Poland}} [[w:Gdańsk|Gdańsk]], [[Polandi]] | [[File:Location of Europe.svg|100px|Europe]] | {{Progress bar|100|width=50px|header=no|border=none|center=no|height=10}}about 500 | [[:commons:Category:Wikimania 2010 presentation slides|slides]] |- | [[:wm2011:|Wikimania 2011]] | August 4–7 | {{Flag icon|Israeli}} [[w:Haifa|Haifa]], [[w:Israel|Israeli]] | [[File:Location of Asia.svg|100px|Asia]] | {{Progress bar|100|width=72px|header=no|border=none|center=no|height=10}}720 | [[:commons:Category:Wikimania 2011 presentations|presentations]], [http://www.youtube.com/user/WikimediaIL video] |- | [[:wm2012:|Wikimania 2012]] | July 12–15 | {{Flag icon|USA}} [[Washington, D.C.]], United States | [[File:Location of North America.svg|100px|North America]] | {{Progress bar|100|width=140.0px|header=no|border=none|center=no|height=10}}1,400{{fact|date=September 2012}} | [[:commons:Category:Wikimania 2012 presentations|presentations]], [http://www.youtube.com/user/wikimediadc videos] |- | [[:wm2013:|Wikimania 2013]] | August 7–11 | {{Flag icon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong]], China | [[File:Location of Asia.svg|100px|Asia]] | {{Progress bar|100|width=55.9px|header=no|border=none|center=no|height=10}}700 | [[:commons:Category:Wikimania 2013 presentations|slides, video]] |- | [[:wm2014:|Wikimania 2014]] | August 6–10 | {{Flag icon|GBR}} [[London]], United Kingdom | [[File:Location of Europe.svg|100px|Europe]] | N/A | |} [[File:Wikimania locations.svg|thumb|centre|600px|Ramani ya dunia ikionyesha sehemu ya mikutano ya Wikimania, inaonyesha pia mabara na idadi ya mikutano ilikowahi kufanyika]]. == Historia == === {{Flag icon|Germany}} Wikimania 2005 === [[File:Wikimania globalvoicespanel.jpg|thumb|Global Voices Panel at the 2005 conference. Shown are [[w:Hossein Derakhshan|Hossein Derakhshan]], Ting Chen, Isam Bayazidi and Milton Ainehuranga]] Mkutano wa kwanza wa Wikimania ulifanyika katika mji wa ''Haus der Jugend'' at [[Frankfurt]], Germany, kuanzia tarehe 4–8, 2005. Ambao ulivuta kiasi cha washiriki 380. Juma la mkutano huo ulijumuisha pia siku nne za maandalizi ya awali "Hacking Days", August 1–4, ambapo kiasi cha waboreshaji 25 walijadiliana juu ya Mediawiki na namna ya uendeshaji miradi ya Wikimedia. Siku za mkutano wenyewe zilibaki kama zivyokuwa "August 4–8", yaani Ijumaa na Jumapili kwa wiki hiyo yaani tarehe 5–7.August 2005, uwasilishaji wa mada uliendelea kwa siku zote tatu. Waendeshaji wa mkutano walikuwa [[Jimmy Wales]], [[w:Ross Mayfield|Ross Mayfield]], [[Ward Cunningham]] na [[Richard Stallman]] (ambaye aliongelea masuala ya Hakimiliki na Jamii katika utandawazi wa Computer). Karibu majadiliano yote yaliendeshwa kwa lugha ya kiingereza na kidogokidog kwa lugha ya Kijerumani. Wadhamini wa tukio hilo walikuwa [[w:Answers.com|Answers.com]], [[w:Socialtext|SocialText]], [[w:Sun Microsystems|Sun Microsystems]], [[w:DocCheck|DocCheck]],<ref>[http://www.doccheck.com Doccheck.com]. Website.</ref> na [[w:Logos Group|Logos Group]]. {{-}} === {{Flag icon|USA}} Wikimania 2006 === [[File:WM2006 0018.jpg|right|thumb|Picha ya washiriki wakinywa chai wakati wa mapumziko na chakula cha mchana]] Mkutano wa Wikimania kwa mwaka 2006 ulifanyika kuanzia tarehe 6 to 8, mwezi wa nane, katika ukumbi wa [[w:Harvard Law School|Harvard Law School]]'s Berkman Center for Internet & Society in [[w:Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], Massachusetts in the [[w:United States|United States]]. It had about 400<ref name=attendees2006>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/07/technology/07wiki.html?ex=1312603200&en=c7f5a3bc5ad54239&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss The Many Voices of Wikipedia, Heard in One Place]. [[New York Times|New York Times]], August 7, 2006.</ref>–500<ref>[http://www.reason.com/news/show/36969.html ]. ''[[Reason Magazine]]''. August 15, 2006.</ref> washiriki. Wasemaji wa mkutano walikuwa ni [[Jimmy Wales]], [[w:Lawrence Lessig|Lawrence Lessig]], [[w:Brewster Kahle|Brewster Kahle]], [[w:Yochai Benkler|Yochai Benkler]], [[w:Mitch Kapor:Mitch Kapor]], [[w:Ward Cunningham|Ward Cunningham]], na [[w:David Weinberger|David Weinberger]]. [[w:Dan Gillmor|Dan Gillmor]] held a [[w:citizen journalism|citizen journalism]] [[w:unconference|unconference]] kila baada ya siku. Hotuba zote za Wales' ziliandikwa na kuchapishwa na vyombo vingi vya habari vya Kimataifa [[w:Associated Press|Associated Press]]. Alidadavua kwa namana ambavyo [[Wikimedia]] imekuwa ikishirikisha tangu katika hali yake ya uchang na hadi kukomaa kwake, alielezea namna ambavyo mradi wa Wikipedia ulivyo sambazwa katika matumizi ya Computer [[w:One Laptop per Child:One Laptop per Child]]; pamoja na [[w:Wikiversity|Wikiversity]] na hata muundo wa bodi ya ushauri ya Wikipedia uliendeshwa na kusimamiwa na; pia ikiwemo Wiki-WYG [[w:Wikia Inc|Wikia Inc]]. and [[w:Socialtext|Socialtext]].<ref>[http://www.supload.com/listen?s=SI0OG2vN04i Hotuba ya Jimmy Wales' Wikimania 2006] {{Wayback|url=http://www.supload.com/listen?s=SI0OG2vN04i |date=20131020184036 }} (MP3). supload.com.</ref> [[w:Answers.com|Answers.com]] ilikuwa ndio mdhamini mkuu wa mkutano wa [[w:Wikimania 2006|Wikimania 2006]], wakati huo makampuni ya [[w:Amazon.com|Amazon.com]], [[w:Berkman Center for Internet & Society|Berkman Center for Internet & Society]] ya [[w:Harvard Law School|Shule ya sheria ya Harvard]], [[w:Nokia|Nokia]], [[w:WikiHoww:WikiHow]] were Benefactors-level sponsors, [[w:Wetpaint|Wetpaint]], [[w:Ask.com|Ask.com]], [[w:Yahoo!|Yahoo!]], and [[w:Socialtext|Socialtext]] yote yalidhamini katika kiwango kimoja cha Udhamini, na [[w:IBM|IBM]], [[w:FAQ Farm|FAQ Farm]], [[w:Elevation Partners|Elevation Partners]], [[w:One Laptop per ChildOne Laptop per Child]], and the [[w:Sunlight Foundation|Sunlight Foundation]] Nayo yalidhamini kwa kiwango cha usaidizi wa wadhamini wakuu. Kamati andazi tatu zaid ziliwasilsha tenda zao, Majiji ya London, [[w:Milan|Milan]], Boston, na [[w:Toronto|Toronto]]; ni Toronto na Boston peke yake ndizo zilifuzu kuingia mzunguko wa pili kwa kuzingatia vigezo vya waandaji wa Wikimania. Kwa jiji la [[w:Toronto|Toronto]] wao wangefanyia katika ukumbi wa [[w:University of Toronto|University of Toronto]]'s [[w:Bahen Centre|Bahen Centre]]. {{-}} === {{Flag icon|Taiwan}} Wikimania 2007 === [[File:CHTnWikimania2007.JPG|thumb| [[w:Chunghwa Telecom|Chunghwa Telecom]] Udhamini wa mkutano kwa wanahabari kuhusiana na mkutano wa Wikimania 2007 in Taipei]] Kama ulivyotangazwa kunako mwezi wa september 25, 2006, Wikimania 2007 was held in [[Taipei]], Jamhuri ya watu wa China katika mkutano wa [[Taiwan]] kuanzia tarehe 3 – 5, August 2007. Ilikuwa ni kwa mara ya kwanza kuendesha mafunzo kwa watoa huduma. Timu tatu zingine ziliwasilisha tenda zao kuomba kuandaa katika miji ya London, [[Alexandria]], and [[w:Turin|Turin]]. Tenda kwa ajili ya Hong Kong, Singapore, [[Istanbul]], na [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]] ilishindwa kuweka mpangilio. Mnamo tarehe 3, August 2007, Mwanahabari Noam Cohen wa''[[New York Times]]'' aliandika na kueleza namna ambavyo mkutano huo uliweza kuhudhuriwa na washiriki wasiopungua 440 ukiwa na washiriki wengi kutoka katika nchi ya [[Taiwan]], ambao walitaka kujifunza kuanzia siku za mwanzo ili kuwa na weledi katika masuala mbalimbali ya uandishi wa encyclopedia.<ref name=NYT>[http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/08/03/in-taipei-wikipedians-talk-of-fundraising-and-wikiwars/ "katika jiji la Taipei, Wikipedians Talk Wiki Fatigue, Wikiwars na Wiki Bucks"]. ''[[New York Times]]''. Noam Cohen, Saul Hansell (ed). August 3, 2007.</ref> Warsha kwa njia ya matendo uilifanyika namna ya mashirikianao kwa njia ya amani, lakini pia katika kujua nay a ushiriki wa uchangiaji katika miradi yote ya kwa wale wenye weledi na wasio na weledi".<ref name=NYT/> {{-}} === {{Flag icon|Egypt}} Wikimania 2008 === [[File:Wikimania 2008 dungodung 52.jpg|thumb|Nukta "Wikichix" mojawapo ya mikutano]] [[m:Wikimania 2008|Wikimania 2008]] Ulifanyika mjini [[Alexandria]], [[w:Misri|Misri]] (Egypt) kuanzia tarehe 17 to 19, July 2008. Ulihudhuriwa na washiriki 650 kutoka katika nchi 45 duniani.<ref name = WSJ-Egypt/> Alexandria was the location of the ancient [[w:Library of Alexandria|Library of Alexandria]]<ref name=NYT-Egypt> Noam Cohen, [http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/07/17/wikipedia-goes-to-alexandria-home-of-other-great-reference-works/ Wikipedia Goes to Alexandria, Home of Other Great Reference Works], New York Times, July 17, 2008.</ref> katika ukumbi wa mikutano kulikuwa na maktaba ya kisasa kabisa ya, [[w:Bibliotheca Alexandrina|Bibliotheca Alexandrina]]. Mpaka kumwisho kulikuwa na miji mita, na miji mingine ya [[w:Atlanta|Atlanta]] na [[w:Cape Town|Cape Town]]. Andiko kwa ajili ya mji wa [[Karlsruhe]], London na [[Toronto]] pia iliwasilishwa na baadaye walijiondoa wenyewe kwenye kinyang’anyilo. Kulikuwa na mkukanganyiko, ilifikia hata watu kutaka kugomea kuhudhuria Wikimania 2008 kwa sababu ya Egypt's ikituhumiwa kuendesha zoezi la kuhakiki na kuwaweka watu magerezani kwa sababu ya kuanzisha mitandapo wakati wa utawala wa Rais Husein Mubaraka wa nchi hiyo. era.<ref>[http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2008/07/boycott-wikiman.html " kuna kugomea mkutano wa Wikimania 2008?"]. ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''. July 2008.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080803063734/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/07/21/business/link21.php "In Egypt, Wikipedia is more than hobby"]. ''[[w:International Herald Tribune|International Herald Tribune]]''. July 21, 2008.</ref> Mohamed Ibrahim, mhitimu wa [[w:Alexandria University|Alexandria University]] ambaye alifanya kazi kubwa ya kupeleka mkutano huo katika jiji la Alexandria, aliongea kupitia kituo cha redio cha [[BBC]] "akisema “ nafikiri tuna haki ya kuendelea na kuwa na uhuru wa kujieleza katika kiwango cha juu." <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7519830.stm Spreading the wiki footprint], [[BBC]], July 23, 2008.</ref> moja ya lengo lake ilikuwa ni kukuza lugha ya kiarabu [[w:Arabic Wikipedia|Arabic Wikipedia]] ambapo alikuwa mchangiaji mzuri tangu mwaka 2005. Waziri wa baraza la mawazi la misri ambaye alifungua mkutano kwa niaba ya rais Husein Mubaraka.<ref name=NYT-Egypt/> {{-}} === {{Flag icon|Argentina}} Wikimania 2009 === [[File:Wikimania 2008 dungodung 60.jpg|thumb|Jukwaa la mkutano na na bango la mkutano lililoandikwa idumu Wikimania.]] [[m:Wikimania 2009|Wikimania 2009]] Mkutano ulifanyika [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina, kuanzia tarehe 26–28, August 2009. Ulihudhuriwa na washiriki 559. maamuzi ya mwisho yakuwa kati ya miji ya Buenos Aires na [[Toronto]]. [[Brisbane]] na [[Karlsruhe]] pia walipendekezwa lakini baadaye walijiondoa. {{-}} === {{Flag icon|Poland}} Wikimania 2010 === [[File:2010-07-11-gdansk-by-RalfR-001.jpg|thumb|[[Jimmy Wales]] mmojawapo ya watoa mada katika mji wa Gdańsk akisisitiza jambo]] Mkutano wa [[m:Wikimania 2010|Wikimania wa mwaka 2010]] ulifanyika kuanzia tarehe 9–11, July katika ukumbi wa [[w:Polish Baltic Philharmonic|Polish Baltic Philharmonic]] jijini [[w:Gdańsk|Gdańsk]], [[w:Poland|Polandi]]. Katika siku yake ya kwaqnza ya tarehe 9 august,mkutano huo ulilenga sana katika kuzungumzia mradi wa kitaaluma wa[[w:WikiSym|WikiSym]]. Tenda kwa [[Amsterdam]] na [[Oxford]] Wikimania 2010 lost by a small margin. [[File:2010-07-09-gdansk-by-RalfR-289.jpg|thumb|left|130 px | Polish Philharmonic Orchestra wakionyesha umahiri wao katika mkutano]] mkutano huu ulikuwa ndo wa kwanza kujikita katika masuala ya kiutamaduni, hasa onesho la bendi ya philharmonic orchestra, wakisherehekea miaka kumi tangu kufariki kwa mwanamuziki mtunzi wa Polandi [[w:Władysław Szpilman|Władysław Szpilman]] na maonyesho ya filamu ya [[w:Truth in Numbers?|Truth in Numbers?]]. Kwenye mkutano, [[w:Sue Gardner|Sue Gardner]], Mkurugenzi mtendaji wa Wikimedia Foundation, alisema kwamba lengo la foundation ni kukuza ama kuongeza namba ya watembeleaji wa tovuti ya wikimedia kutoka milioni 371 na kufikia million 680 kwa mwezi katika kipindi cha miaka mitano ijayo. {{-}} === {{Flag icon|Israeli}} Wikimania 2011 === [[File:Wikimania 2011 - Group Picture (2).jpg|thumb|Picha ya pamoja ya washiriki wa mkutano wa Haifa, Israeli]] Mkutano wa [[w:Wikimania 2011|Wikimania 2011]] Uilifanyika jijini [[w:Haifa|Haifa]], [[w:Israel|Israeli]], kuanzia tarehe 4–7, August. Ukumbi wa mikutano ulikuwa katika jumba la [[w:Haifa Auditorium|Haifa Auditorium]] Badala ya ukumbi wa [[w:Beit Hecht cultural center|Beit Hecht cultural center]] on [[w:Mount Carmel|Mount Carmel]]. Wasemaji katika mkutano walikuwa ni pamoja na [[w:Yochai Benkler|Yochai Benkler]], a fellow at the [[w:Berkman Center for Internet & Society|Berkman Center for Internet and Society]] katika [[w:Harvard University|Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard]] na [[w:Joseph Reagle|Joseph M. Reagle Jr.]] wa [[w:MIT|MIT]], mtunzi wa [[w:Good Faith Collaboration|''Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia'']].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/InnovativeIsrael/Wikimania-hits-Haifa-14-JUL-2011 |title=Israel hosts Wikimania 2011|work=mfa.gov.il |publisher=[[w:Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)|Wizara ya mambo ya nje ya Israeli]] |date=July 14, 2011 |author=Avigayil Kadesh |accessdate=October 2, 2011}}</ref> Mkuu wa kamati ya sayansi na teknologia wa [[w:Knesset|Knesset]], [[w:Meir Sheetrit|Meir Sheetrit]], pia alipata nafasi ya kuzungumza katika mkutano huo [[w:Yonah Yahav|Yonah Yahav]], ambaye ni [[w:Mayor of Haifa|Meya wa jiji la Haifa]].<ref name="themarker">{{cite news|url=http://it.themarker.com/tmit/article/16395|title=Wikimania Wakati mkutano ukiwa katika hali ya kusisimua washiriki walitangaziwa kwamba mwanzilishi wa Wikipedia atazungumza kesho yake yaani siku inayofuata|work=[[w:TheMarker|TheMarker]]|tarehe=5, August 2011|mtunzi=[[w:Levin, Verony|6=Levin, Verony|accessdate=August 12, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006082831/http://it.themarker.com/tmit/article/16395|archivedate=2011-10-06}} {{he icon}}</ref> Mmoja wapo wa wadhamini wa mkutano walikuwa ni [[w:Haifa University|Chuo Kikuu cha Haifa]].{{cite web | url=http://newmedia-eng.haifa.ac.il/?p=5405 | title=Wikimania 2011-Haifa | publisher=University of Haifa | date=Aug 07, 2011 | accessdate=October 29, 2012 | Mtunzi=Mhariri | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331192943/http://newmedia-eng.haifa.ac.il/?p=5405 | archivedate=2012-03-31 }} zaidi ya masuala 125 yalijadiliwa katika makundi manne na mkutano uklihudhuriwa na washiriki 720 [[w:Wikimedians|Wikimedians]] kutoka katika nchi 56 duniani,<ref name="themarker" /> hii ilihusisha hata nchi ambazo hazina uhusiano wa kidipromasia na Israeli.<ref>[http://www.thej.com/news/israel-news/52805/wikimania-hits-israel-conference-opens Wikimania hits Israel as conference opens] {{Wayback|url=http://www.thej.com/news/israel-news/52805/wikimania-hits-israel-conference-opens |date=20150712194735 }}. [[w:The Jewish Chronicle|The Jewish Chronicle]] (2011-08-05). Retrieved on April 20, 2012.</ref> katika mahojiano na [[w:Haaretz|Haaretz]], Mwanzilishi waWikipedia [[w:Jimmy Wales|Jimmy Wales]] alieleza kwamba kulikuwa na mgomo ulioitishwa na dhidi ya Israeli, kama ilivyokuwa katika mkutano wa Misri 2008. Mgogoro baina ya wahariri kuhusiana na mgogoro wa kisiasa wa [[w:Israel-Palestinian conflict|Israel-Palestinian conflict]],jithada zilizokuwa zikifanywa na makundi mbalimbali ya waisraeli kwa lengo la kuongeza namba ya wahariri wa Wikipedia, alisema daima wahariri wa Wikipedia hawafungamani “alisisitiza” [[W:Neutral point of view|NPOV]] jambo hili halina mjadala.”<ref>Aliyana Traison, [https://www.haaretz.com/2011-08-05/ty-article/wikipedia-founder-israel-palestine-is-heavily-debated-but-were-vigilant-on-neutrality/0000017f-db3c-d856-a37f-fffcc0730000 Wales-Waisrael-Wapalestina-ni-mjadala-mkali-lakini-sisi-tulisimama-bila kuwa na upande-1.377207 Wikipedia founder: Israel-Palestine is heavily debated, but we're vigilant on neutrality]}}, [[w:Haaretz|Haaretz]], August 5, 2011.</ref>[[w:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] Mkurugenzi mtendaji [[w:Sue Gardner|Sue Gardner]] aliueleza mkutano kuhusu mwanamume mmoja kutoka nchi za mashariki namna ambavyo yeye hakukubaliana na Wikipedia ya leo.<ref> [http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/08/business/media/a-push-to-redefine-knowledge-at-wikipedia.html Kama weledi haujarekodiwa je utaendelea kuwepo??], [[w:New York Times|New York Times]]</ref> Katika sherehe ya kufunga mkutano tarehe 7 mwezi wa Augost bwn Jimmy wales alionyesha stampu ya kwanza ya mwaka ambayo ilitengenezwa maalum na shirika la posta la Israeli kama heshima kwa Wikipedia ikitimiza miaka 10 tangu kuanziswa kwake mwaka 2001.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://english.israelphilately.org.il/stamps/content/en/002642 |title=Israel Philatelic Federation |accessdate=2013-04-04 |archivedate=2013-10-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020200937/http://english.israelphilately.org.il/stamps/content/en/002642 }}</ref> Miongini mwa miradi ambayo ilijadiliwa ilikuwa ni pamoja na kushirikisha masuala ya utamaduni, Maktaba na maeneo ya makumbusho.<ref>Yaron, Oded. (2008-04-02) [http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/wikipedia-leaders-outline-their-vision-as-conference-opens-in-haifa-1.376967 Wikipedia leaders outline their vision as conference opens in Haifa] {{Wayback|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/wikipedia-leaders-outline-their-vision-as-conference-opens-in-haifa-1.376967 |date=20110812102154 }}. Haaretz.com. Retrieved on April 20, 2012.</ref> After the conference, participants were offered a free tour of Haifa, [[w:Jerusalem|Jerusalem]], [[w:Nazareth:Nazareth]] or [[w:Akko|Akko]]. mwenyenykiti Shay Yakir, aliyekuwa anamaliza muda wake kwa shirika la wikimedia la Israeli, alisema kwa waisraeli kuandaa mkutano wa wikimania mwaka 2011 kwao ilikuwa kama kuandaa michezo ya Olimpic.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4104858,00.html Haifa imeandaa Mkutano wa wikimania]. Ynetnews.com (1995-06-20). Retrieved on April 20, 2012.</ref> {{-}} === {{Flag icon|USA}} Wikimania 2012 === [[File:Wikimania 2012 banner.svg|thumb|Logo of the Wikimania 2012 conference, held in Washington DC, US]] [[File:Wikimania 2012 Group Photograph-0001a.jpg|thumb|Group photo]] Wikimania 2012 was held July 12&ndash;15 2012 at [[w:The George Washington University|The George Washington University]] in [[w:Washington, DC|Washington, DC]]. There were over 1400 attendees from 87 countries. In addition, the [[w:U.S. Department of State|U.S. Department of State]], in conjunction with [[w:Wikimania 2012|Wikimania 2012]], hosted a conference labeled ''[[w:Tech@State|Tech@State]]:Wiki.Gov'' which focused on "Collaborative knowledge and the use of wikis in the public sector".<ref>[http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2012/07/194740.htm U.S. Department of State Hosts Tech@State:Wiki.Gov Conference], press release issued by [[U.S. Department of State]] on July 9, 2012.</ref> Maudhui ya mkutano huo yalikuwa ni "mahitaji ya kuboresha vya zamani na "dowdy" interface<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120717003255/http://www.france24.com/en/20120714-wikipedia-hits-defining-moment-social-web-era Wikipedia hits defining moment in social Web era] [[w:Agence France-Presse|Agence France-Presse]], July 14, 2012</ref> pamoja na vifaa kazi vya tolwi kwa ajili ya wikimedia katika kuwahamasisha watumiaji wa tovuti za [[:Wikimedia|Wikimedia]] kuipenda na kuwa rafiki kwa watumiaji,wakiwemo pia wanawake.<ref>Hayley Tsukayama,[http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/wikimania-hits-dc-as-wikipedia-faces-changes/2012/07/14/gJQAqRKxkW_story.html Wikimania hits D.C. as Wikipedia faces changes], [[w:Washington Post|Washington Post]], July 14, 2012.</ref> ''[[w:The Atlantic|The Atlantic]]'' featured charts displayed at the conference which showed how the number of new administrators has dropped precipitously over the last few years.<ref>Robinson Meyer, [http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/3-charts-that-show-how-wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins/259829/ 3 Charts zikionyesha namna utawala wa wikipedia unavyosonga mbele], [[w:The Atlantic|The Atlantic]], July 16, 2012.</ref> Wakati wa ufunguzi wa mkutano mwanzilishi wa wikipedia ndg. Jimmy wales alizungumzia [[w:Protests against SOPA and PIPA|''Wikipedia Blackout'']] of January 2012, stating "Wakati nilipokutana viongozi wa kiserikali kidogo waliingiwa na hofu, hata hivyo alitanabaisha kwamba [[W:Wikimedia|Wikimedia]] haifungamani na siasa ila tu katika masuala muhimu ambayo matokeo yake kwa namna moja ama nyingine yana gusa kazi zetu .”<ref>Jennifer Martinez, [http://thehill.com/blogs/hillicon-valley/technology/237559-wikipedia-co-founder-officials-afraid-when-we-go-dark Wikipedia co-founder: Officials 'afraid' when our site goes dark] {{Wayback|url=http://thehill.com/blogs/hillicon-valley/technology/237559-wikipedia-co-founder-officials-afraid-when-we-go-dark |date=20121027155409 }}, [[w:The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]], July 12, 2012.</ref><ref>Jason Koebler, [http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2012/07/12/wikipedia-open-to-future-blackout-protests-of-sopa-like-bills [[w:Wikipedia|Wikipedia]] Open to Future Blackout Protests of SOPA-Like Bills], [[w:U.S. News and World Report|U.S. News and World Report]], July 12, 2012 .</ref> Jimmy Wales alikubaliana na mwendesha mjadala [[w:Mary Gardiner|Mary Gardiner]], ambaye ni mwanzilishi wa [[w:Ada Initiative|Ada Initiative]], kwamba Wikimedia iongeze kiwango cha wahariri wanawake. [[w:Mary Gardiner|Mary Gardiner]]aliendelea kusemaa kwamba mradi huu utaleta mabadiliko katika jamii, hata kama si mradi wa uanaharakati, jamii ya Wikipedia inao wajibu katika mipango yake yote kwa watu popote pale duniani kwa kuwa tayari kuongeza namba ya mashirika mbalimbali kama miavuli ya wikipedia duniani pote.”<ref>Amar Toor, [http://www.theverge.com/2012/7/15/3160926/jimmy-wales-wikipedia-gender-gap-kate-middleton-wedding-dress Jimmy Wales, Mary Gardiner akiwahutubia washiriki wa wikipedia juu ya pengo lililopo la kijinsia katika mikutano ya Wikimania], [[The Verge (website)|The Verge]], July 15, 2012.</ref><ref> [http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Wikimania_2012_tackles_diversity_issues?dpl_id=479655 Wikimania 2012 tackles diversity issues], [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]], July 14, 2012.</ref> === {{Flag icon|Hong Kong}} Wikimania 2013 === [[File:Wikimania-2013-banner.png|thumb|Logo of the Wikimania 2013 conference, to be held in Hong Kong.]] [[m:Wikimania 2013|Wikimania 2013]] itafanyika tarehe 7-11 July 2013 katika ukumbi wa [[w:The Hong Kong Polytechnic University|Chuo kikuu cha Polytechnic, Hong Kong]]. Awali kulikuwa na michuano baina ya [[London]] (UK), [[Bristol]] (UK), [[Naples]] (Italy) na [[w:Surakarta|Surakarta]] ([[w:Indonesia|Indonesia]]), ambapo Hong kong ilishinda. {{-}} ==={{Flag icon|United Kingdom}} Wikimania 2014 === For [[m:Wikimania 2014| Wikimania 2014]], bidding officially opened in December 2012. Official bids have been given for [[London]] (United Kingdom) and [[Arusha]] (Tanzania), with London being chosen the winner in May, 2013. ==={{Flag icon|Mexico}} Wikimania 2015 === ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://wikimania2012.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Mkutano wa Wikimania 2012] * [http://wikimania2011.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Mkutano wa Wikimania 2011] * [http://wikimania2010.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Mkutano wa Wikimania 2010] * [http://wikimania2009.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Mkutano wa Wikimania 2009] * [http://wikimania2008.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Mkutano wa Wikimania 2008] * [http://wikimania2007.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Mkutano wa Wikimania 2007] * [http://wikimania2006.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Mkutano wa Wikimania 2006] * [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimania_2005:Main_Page Mkutano wa Wikimania 2005] * [http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Home/ Wikimedia Foundation] {{Wayback|url=http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Home/ |date=20090908034513 }} {{Commons category|Wikimania}} [[Jamii:Mikutano]] [[Jamii:Wikimedia]] eon3m92o6q0nfgvv0grmqidgf2rwggt 0 16350 1598945 1595448 2026-09-23T02:43:14Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598945 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:CivilWarUSAColl.png|300px|thumb|'''Picha za vita (kutoka juu na kushoto)'''Mapigano ya Gettysburg, Mapigano ya Franklin, Mizinga ya Muungano, Maghofu ya mji [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]], Askari wafungwa wa Shirikisho, Manowari ya chuma USS Atlanta, ]] '''Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe nchini Marekani''' ilipigwa kuanzia [[mwaka]] [[1861]] hadi [[1865]] kati ya [[Majimbo ya Marekani|majimbo]] ya [[kusini]] na majimbo ya [[kaskazini]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Mwaka 1861 [[kundi]] la majimbo ya kusini lilijitenga na [[Muungano wa Madola ya Amerika]] likajiita "[[Shirikisho la madola ya Amerika]]" ''(Confederate States of America)''. [[Serikali]] ya Muungano haikukubali hatua hiyo ukaiona kama uasi. Mashambulio ya [[jeshi]] la kusini dhidi ya vituo vya kijeshi ndani ya kusini vilivyokuwa chini ya amri ya Muungano yalianzisha [[vita]] iliyodumu hadi 1865 na kuleta ushindi wa kaskazini, yaani jeshi la Muungano. [[Shirikisho]] likavunjwa na majimbo yake kurudishwa katika Muungano. Vita hii ilileta [[Kifo|vifo]] vingi, pamoja na mwisho wa [[utumwa]] katika Marekani. ==Mandharinyuma ya vita== ===Tofauti za kusini na kaskazini ya Marekani=== [[Picha:United States Slavery Map 1860-sw.jpg|450px|thumb|Idadi ya watumwa katika majimbo ya Marekani, mnamo mwaka 1860]] Sababu za vita zilianza katika tofauti kubwa baina ya kaskazini na kusini ya Marekani tangu mwanzo wake. Marekani ilianzishwa kutokana na uasi wa [[Koloni|makoloni]] ya [[Uingereza]] kwenye [[pwani]] ya [[Amerika Kaskazini]] zilizotaka [[haki]] za kujitawala. Lakini makoloni hayo yalikuwa na tofauti za [[Utamaduni|kiutamaduni]], [[Jamii|kijamii]] na [[Uchumi|kiuchumi]] kati yao tangu mwanzo. Katika kusini, mashamba makubwa ya [[pamba]], [[mpunga]], [[tumbaku]] na miwa yalikuwa muhimu. Ilhali hapakuwa na [[wafanyakazi]] wa kutosha wenye mashamba walianza kuchukua kwanza Waingereza maskini na baadaye watumwa kutoka Afrika. Katika kaskazini, mashamba makubwa hayakuwa muhimu vile; makoloni kadhaa yaliundwa na makundi ya [[Dini|kidini]] ambayo yalikataa utumwa, hasa [[Makweka]]. [[Wahamiaji]] wengi kutoka [[Ulaya]] walielekea kaskazini ambako [[hali ya hewa]] ilifanana zaidi na Ulaya na hivyo [[idadi]] ya wakazi iliongezeka kushinda kwenye majimbo ya kusini. Sehemu kubwa ya [[ardhi]] ya kaskazini ililimwa na [[wakulima]] wadogo waliofanya shughuli zao wenyewe bila watumwa. ===Utumwa na uzito wa kisiasa=== [[Picha:US Secession map 1861.svg|right|thumb|300px|'''Majimbo ya Kaskazini na ya Kusini ya Marekani mwaka 1861'''<br /><font color="#0000FF">'''Buluu'''</font>: Majimbo ya Kaskazini (Muungano wa Madola ya Amerika) yaliyokataza utumwa<br /><font color="#FFD900">'''Njano'''</font>:Majimbo ya Kaskazini yaliyokubali utumwa <br /><font color="#A40000">'''Nyekundu'''</font>: Majimbo ya Kusini yaliyojitenga na Muungano (Shirikisho la Madola ya Amerika) kabla ya kuanzishwa kwa mapigano<br />'''{{font color|red|Nyekundu kali}}''': Majimbo yaliyojiunga katika Shirikisho baada ya mwanzo wa vita<br />]] Mwaka [[1787]] baada ya [[uhuru]] na wakati wa kuundwa kwa [[katiba]] ya Muungano wa Marekani swali muhimu lilikuwa jinsi ya kukadiria kiasi cha [[kodi]] ambacho kila [[jimbo]] lilitakiwa kuchangia katika muungano pamoja na swali kuhusu idadi ya [[wawakilishi]] wa kila jimbo kwenye [[bunge]]. Majimbo ya kusini yalikataa kutumia idadi ya wakazi pekee kama kizio; hatimaye walifikia mapatano kuwa msingi kuwa idadi ya wakazi katika kaskazini lakini kwa majimbo ya kusini penye watumwa wengi ilikuwa idadi ya watu weupe pamoja na 3/5 ya idadi ya watumwa. Kanuni hii ilitumiwa pia katika makadirio ya idadi ya wawakilishi kila jimbo lilistahili kutuma bungeni. Kwa hiyo swali la watumwa na tofauti kuhusu watumwa katika kusini na kaskazini lilikuwa swali la kisiasa tangu mwanzo wa Marekani. Majimbo kadhaa ya kaskazini yaliwahi kukataa au kudhibiti utumwa tayari wakati wa kutunga katiba. Bunge la taifa lilianzishwa kuwa na vitengo viwili; upande wa Senati kila jimbo lilipata wawakilishi 2 kama ni jimbo kubwa au ndogo; lakini upande wa Nyumba ya Wawakilishi idadi ya wabunge ilitakiwa kulingana na idadi ya raia wenye kura na hapo watumwa -ambao hawakuwa na haki ya kura- walihesabiwa kwa kiwango cha 3/5. Katika miaka iliyofuata polepole majimbo mengi ya kaskazini yalipiga utumwa marufuku kwa kufuata mantiki ya Tangazo la Uhuru la Marekani kutoka Uingereza lililowahi kusema "binadamu wote wameumbwa sawa, wamepewa na Muumbaji haki maalumu kama vile uhai, uhuru na kufuatia raha". Sababu nyingine zilikuwa tofauti za kiuchumi; majimbo ya kaskazini yalianza kuwa na viwanda na miji mingi mikubwa lakini uchumi wa kusini ulikuwa hasa kilimo kilichotegema kazi ya watumwa. Hata hivyo, katika majimbo ya kusini utumwa ulikuwa tayari nguzo ya uchumi kwa hiyo mawazo ya kaskazini yalikuwa na wafuasi wachache; pamoja na hayo, kuwepo kwa tabaka la watumwa weusi kuliunganisha wazungu maskini na tajiri katika majimbo ya kusini; maana hata kama raia alikuwa maskini hakuwa kwenye msiosho wa ngazi, muda wote aliona watu waliokuwa chini yake. ===Kutafuta uwiano kati ya majimbo ya watumwa na majimbo yaliyokataa watumwa=== Uwiano kati na majimbo yenye msimamo tofauti katika swali la utumwa uliendelea kuwa changamoto katika siasa ya Marekani. Maungano ya Marekani yaliendelea kukua; [[walowezi]] kutoka Ulaya walifika na kuingia katika maeneo mapya walipoanzisha mashamba na miji mipya na wakati uleule kuwasukuma Maindio wenyeji, waliowahi kupungukiwa kutokana na magonjwa ya kigeni kutoka Ulaya, kuelekea magharibi. Katika maeneo haya majimbo mapya yalianzishwa yaliyopokelewa katika Muungano. Hapa swali la utumwa ulikuwa muhimu hasa katika kutunza uwiano kati ya majimbo yenye watumwa na majimbo yaliyokataa utumwa. Harakati za kupinga utumwa kisiasa yalikua katika kaskazini. Wafuasi wake walisikitika uwezo na athira ya matajiri wa kusini waliotumia kazi ya watumwa; waliogopa upanuzi wa utumwa katika Marekani; wengine kwa sababu za kiutu na kidini, wengine wakiogopa kushindana na kazi rahisi ya watumwa ingeleta hasara kwa wakulima wadogo. Katika maeneo ya [[Kansas]] na [[Nebraska]] swali la utumwa lilisababisha mapigano na mauaji. Serikali kuu ilitaka kuingiza maeneo hayo rasmi katika Muungano; majimbo ya kusini yalikataa kwa hofu ya kuongeza idadi ya majimbo bila utumwa. Hatimaye wanasiasa walipatana kuacha jambo hili wazi hadi raia wa majimbo wangeamua baadaye wenyewe kukubali au kukataa utumwa katika maeneo yale, badala ya kuamua katika bunge. Mapatano hayo yalitazamiwa kama uhaini na watu wengi katika kaskazini. Kansas iliona mapigano kati ya watetezi na wapinzani wa utumwa ambako miongo ya watu waliuawa; kiongozi mkali wa wanamgambo wa upinzani wa utumwa alikuwa [[John Brown (mpinzani wa utumwa)|John Brown]] aliyejaribu baadaye, mnamo mwaka 1859, kuanzisha uasi wa watumwa huko [[Virginia]] katika mashambulio ya Harper's Ferry. === Kukua kwa harakati dhidi ya utumwa, uchaguzi wa Lincoln na farakano=== [[File:Wahl1860USA.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|right|450px|<center>'''Matokeo ya uchaguzi wa rais wa Marekani mwaka 1860''' ]] Katika kaskazini chama kipya cha Republican Party kilikua kilichopinga upanuzi wowote wa utumwa. Marepublican hawakulenga kufuta utumwa lakini walitaka kuzuia upanuzi wake katika maeneo mapya, hata hivyo viongozi wa kusini waliogopa wangeweza kuleta mwisho wa utumwa<ref>Linganisha "The Doom of Slavery, in the Union, Its Safety, out of it", imeandikwa na John Townsend, Charelston 1860, online [https://archive.org/details/doomslaveryinun02goog<nowiki> hapa]</nowiki></ref>. [[Uchaguzi]] wa [[mwanasiasa]] [[Abraham Lincoln]] katika Novemba 1860 aliyekuwa mgombea wa Republican kuwa [[rais]] wa Marekani ulisababisha matangazo ya majimbo yafuatayo kuondoka katika Muungano: [[South Carolina]] ilitangulia tarehe 20 Desemba 1860, iliyofuatwa katika Januari 1861 na [[Mississippi]], [[Florida]], [[Alabama]], [[Georgia (jimbo)|Georgia]] na [[Louisiana]]. Wabunge wao walikutana kwenye Februari 1861 wakaunda bunge la Shirikisho na kumchagua Jefferson Davis kutoka Missisippi kuwa rais wakaendelea kukubali katiba ya Shirikisho. Hayo yote yalitokea kabla Abraham Lincoln kuingia madarakani tarehe 4 Machi 1861. Majimbo mengine yalifendelea kujitenga na Muungano na kujiunga na Shirikisho: [[Texas]] kwenye mwezi Machi na Virginia kwenye Aprili, [[Tennessee]], [[Arkansas]] na [[North Carolina]] kwenye Mei 1861. Kwa hiyo majimbo 11 kati ya 34 yalitangaza kujitenga na Muungano, sehemu za majimbo mawili yalifuata. Majimbo yote ya kusini yalikuwa na wakazi milioni 9 hivi, lakini kati ya hao zaidi ya milioni 3 walikuwa watumwa wenye asili ya Kiafrika; majimbo ya kaskazini yalikuwa na wakazi milioni 21; karibu viwanda vyote vilikuwa kwenye kaskazini. === Majaribio ya upatanisho === Kulikuwa na majaribio ya kutafuta mapatanisho; pendekezo moja lilikuwa kutumia mstari wa [[latitudo]] 36°30′ ambo ulikuwa mpaka wa kaskazini wa Missiouri; maeneo yote mapye katika magharibi upande wa kusini wa mstari huo yangekuwa majimbo ya watumwa, yote upande wa kaskazini yangekuwa maeneo bila watumwa. Marepublican walikataa walikuwa tayari kuahidi usalama wa utumwa katika maeneo ulipokuwepo tayari, ambayo haikutosha kwa viongozi wa kusini. Katika ghotuba yake baada kuapishwa rais Lincoln alisema kwamba hatambui hatua za kujitenga na Muungano; alitangaza hakuwa na nia ya kuvamia majimbo yaliyojitenga wala kumaliza utumwa pale, lakini alisisitiza angekuwa kutumia nguvu kutetea mali ya Muungano katika majimbo yote, kama vile ngome za kijeshi, vituo vya bandari na vya posta. Alisihi majimbo ya kusini kurudi katika muungano. Wawakilishi wa kusini walifika Washington walikuwa tayari kufanya mkataba na muungano na kulipa kwa ajili ya mali ya Muungano. Lincoln alikataa aliwaona kama wawakilishi wa serikali isiyo halali ambayo hawezi kutambua. Ilhali maafisa wa sehemu ya ngome za jeshi la Muungano katika kusini wameshakabidhi vituo vyao kwa serikali ya shirikisho, Lincoln alitaka kushika hasa ngome zile ambazo bado zilikuwa na maafisa na wanajeshi walioendelea kutii mari zake; hizo zilipatikana katika Virginia, Florida na ngome ya Fort Sumter pale [[Charleston]], South Carolina. === Mwanzo wa vita === [[Picha:Kurz & Allison - Battle of Antietam.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Mapigano ya Antietam wakati wa vita ya wenyewe kwa wenywe ya Marekani]] Vita ilianza wakati jeshi la Shirikisho lilishambulia ngome ya Fort Sumter pale South Carolina mnamo tarehe 12 Aprili 1861. Afisa mkuu wa ngome aliendelea kusimama upande wa serikali ya Muungano; alikuwa na amri kukaa katika ngome bila kushambulia mji au meli za bandari. Serikali ya kusini ilizuia vyakula visifike tena na kudai wanajeshi wa Muungano waondoke. Kwenye 12 Aprili walianza kufyatulia ngome kwa mizinga, siku iliyofuata watetezi walisalimisha amri. Vita ilikuwa ndefu na watu 650.000 walikufa lakini mwishoni kaskazini ilishinda. ==Marejeo== <references/> == Viungo vya nje == {{commonscat|American Civil War|Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Marekani}} * [http://www.civil-war.net {{Wayback|url=http://www.civil-war.net/ |date=20080102180529 }} The Civil War Home Page] {{Wayback|url=http://www.civil-war.net/ |date=20080102180529 }} {{mbegu-historia}} [[Jamii:Historia ya Marekani]] [[Jamii:Vita]] suk9ilonaoeousy01fonoushqswzief 0 16757 1598946 1578124 2026-09-23T02:43:21Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598946 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vijasumu''' (kutoka [[Kiyunani]] βακτήριον, baktērion, yaani "kifimbo", kutokana na [[umbo]] la vijasumu vya kwanza kugundulika; pia: '''bakteria''') ni [[viumbehai]] wadogo sana aina ya [[vidubini]]. [[Mwili]] wa vijasumu huwa na [[seli]] moja tu. Huonekana kwa [[hadubini]] tu na kwa sababu hiyo hawakujulikana katika [[karne]] za kale. {{Uainishaji (Mimea) | rangi = lightgrey | jina = Bakteria | picha = Clostridium botulinum.jpg | upana_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = Bakteria aina ya ''Clostridium botulinum'' katika [[hadubini]] | domeni = [[Bakteria]] | subdivision = Faili *'''[[Gram positive]] / haina utando wa nje''' [[Actinobacteria]] (ina guanini na sitosini nyingi)<br /> [[Firmicutes]] (ina guanini na sitosini chache)<br> [[Tenericutes]] (haina ganda la nje) *'''[[Gram negative]] / ina utando wa nje''' [[Aquificae]]<br/> [[Deinococcus-Thermus]]<br/> [[Fibrobacteres]]–[[Chlorobi]]/[[Bacteroidetes]] ([[Sphingobacteria (phylum)|kundi la FCB]])<br/> [[Fusobacteria]]<br /> [[Gemmatimonadetes]]<br /> [[Nitrospirae]]<br /> [[Planctomycetes]]–[[Verrucomicrobia]]/[[Chlamydiae]] ([[Planctobacteria|kundi la PVC]])<br/> [[Proteobacteria]]<br /> [[Spirochaete]]s<br /> [[Synergistetes]] *'''Isiyoainishwa''' [[Acidobacteria]]<br /> [[Chloroflexi (phylum)|Chloroflexi]]<br /> [[Chrysiogenetes]]<br /> [[Cyanobacteria]]<br /> [[Deferribacteraceae|Deferribacteres]]<br /> [[Dictyoglomi]]<br /> [[Thermodesulfobacteria]]<br /> [[Thermotogae]] }} [[Picha:E. coli Bacteria (7316101966).jpg|thumb|180px|Bakteria ya [[Escherichia coli]] ziliongezwa ukubwa mara 25,000.]] Kuna aina nyingi sana za vijasumu na [[idadi]] yao ni kubwa kushinda viumbe vingine vyote [[duniani]]. Huishi kwenye [[ardhi]] na kwenye [[maji]], ziko pia [[Hewa|hewani]] zinaposukumwa na [[upepo]]. Aina nyingi huishi ndani ya viumbe vikubwa zaidi. [[Mwanadamu]] huwa na bakteria nyingi ndani ya [[utumbo]] wake ambazo ni za lazima kwa [[mmeng'enyo]] wa [[chakula]]. Hata katika [[ngozi]] kuna bakteria nyingi ambazo zinakinga mwili dhidi ya vidubini vilivyo tishio. Lakini bakteria nyingine katika [[mazingira]] huweza kusababisha [[Ugonjwa|magonjwa]] na sehemu kubwa ya [[magonjwa ya kuambukiza]] yametokana na bakteria. Bakteria huzaa kwa njia ya kujigawa na kuwa bakteria mbili ambazo ni sawa na seli asilia. Bakteria ya kawaida huwa na [[kipenyo]] cha [[µm]] 1. ==Historia ya elimu vijasumu== {{main|Mikrobiolojia}} [[File:Jan Verkolje - Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.jpg|thumb|240px|right|Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, mwanamikrobiolojia wa kwanza na mtu wa kwanza aliyeona bakteria kwa darubini.]] Bakteria waligunduliwa mara ya kwanza na [[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]] [[mwaka]] wa [[1676]], kwa kutumia [[hadubini|hadubini ya lensi moja]] ya muundo wake mwenyewe.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Porter JR |title=Antony van Leeuwenhoek: tercentenary of his discovery of bacteria |journal=Bacteriological Reviews |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=260–9 |year=1976 |month=June |pmid=786250 |pmc=413956 |url=http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=786250}}</ref> Aliwaita "animalcules" na alichapisha habari za [[utafiti]] wake kwenye msururu wa [[barua]] kwa Shirika la Muungano wa Mfalme. Jina ''bacteriam'' lililetwa miaka mingi baadaye, na Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg katika mwaka wa 1838.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=bacteria | title = Etymology of the word "bacteria" | work = Online Etymology dictionary | accessdate = 2006-11-23}}</ref> Mwaka [[1859]] [[Louis Pasteur]] alionyesha kuwa mchakato wa kuchachusha unasababishwa na ukuaji wa vijiumbe, na kwamba ukuaji huu si wa kizazi cha kujianzia. ([[Hamira]] na [[kuvu]], ambazo kwa kawaida zinahusishwa na uchachushaji, si bakteria, ila ukungu.) Pamoja na mwenzake, [[Robert Koch]], Pasteur alikuwa wa kwanza kuitetea nadharia ya kijidudu ya ugonjwa.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/cphl/history/articles/pasteur.htm#paperII | title = Pasteur's Papers on the Germ Theory | publisher = LSU Law Center's Medical and Public Health Law Site, Historic Public Health Articles | accessdate = 2006-11-23}}</ref> Robert Koch alikuwa [[mwanzilishi]] wa [[taaluma]] ya [[uuguzi]] wa [[mikrobiolojia]] na alishughulikia [[kipindupindu]], [[kimeta]] na [[kifua kikuu]]. Katika utafiti wake wa kifua kikuu, Koch hatimaye alithibitisha nadharia ya kijidudu, ambayo ilimfanya atunukiwe [[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba|Tuzo]] la [[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba|Nobel]] mwaka wa [[1905]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/ | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | accessdate = 2006-11-22}}</ref> Katika madai yake, Koch aliweka vigezo vya kutathmini kama kiumbe ndicho husababisha ugonjwa, na madai haya yanatumika mpaka leo hii.<ref>{{cite journal |author=O'Brien S, Goedert J |title=HIV causes AIDS: Koch's postulates fulfilled |journal=Curr Opin Immunol |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=613–618 |year=1996 |pmid=8902385 |doi=10.1016/S0952-7915(96)80075-6}}</ref> Ingawa katika [[karne ya 19]] ilijulikana kwamba bakteria ndio chanzo cha magonjwa mengi, hakuna [[matibabu]] yoyote ya viuabakteria yaliyopatikana.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Thurston A |title=Of blood, inflammation and gunshot wounds: the history of the control of sepsis |journal=Aust N Z J Surg |volume=70 |issue=12 |pages=855–61 |year=2000 |pmid=11167573 |doi=10.1046/j.1440-1622.2000.01983.x}}</ref> Katika mwaka wa [[1910]], [[Paul Ehrlich]] alitengeneza [[kiuavijasumu]] cha kwanza, kwa kubadilisha [[rangi]] ambazo kwa kuchagua zilitia mawaa ''Treponema pallidum'', spirokaeti ambayo husababisha [[kaswende]] katika mchanganyiko wa ambao uliua kisababishi magonjwa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Schwartz R |title=Paul Ehrlich's magic bullets |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2004-03-11_350_11/page/1078 |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=350 |issue=11 |pages=1079–80 |year=2004|pmid = 15014180 |doi=10.1056/NEJMp048021}}</ref> Ehrlich alikuwa ametuzwa [[Tuzo la Nobel]] mwaka [[1908]] kwa kazi yake kuhusu [[elimu ya kingamaradhi]], na alianzisha matumizi ya madoa ili kuchunguza na kubaini bakteria, na kazi yake ilijikita kwenye misingi ya [[doa la Gram]] na [[doa la Ziehl-Neelsen]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1908/ehrlich-bio.html | title = Biography of Paul Ehrlich | publisher = Nobelprize.org | accessdate = 2006-11-26}}</ref> Mafanikio makubwa katika utafiti wa bakteria yalikuwa kutambuliwa kwa [[Carl Woese]] mwaka [[1977]] kwamba [[Archaea|akea]] walitokana na mabadiliko tofauti na yale ya bakteria.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Woese C, Fox G |title=Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |volume=74 |issue=11 |pages=5088–5090 |year=1977|pmid = 270744 |doi=10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088 |pmc=432104}}</ref> [[Uanishaji]] huu mpya wa jamii ya filojenetiki ulikitwa kwenye misingi ya kufululizwa kwa [[ribosomu]] [[RNA]] 16S, ukagawa [[prokaryota]] katika makundi mawili yenye mageuko tofauti, kama mojawapo ya sehemu ya mifumo ya vikoa vitatu.<ref name="Woese">{{cite journal |author=Woese CR, Kandler O, Wheelis ML |title=Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=87 |issue=12 |pages=4576–9 |year=1990 |month=June |pmid=2112744 |doi=10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576 |pmc=54159}}</ref> ==Asili na mabadiliko ya awali== {{main|Mageuko ya spishi}} Asili ya bakteria wa sasa ilikuwa vijiumbe vya seli moja ambavyo ndivyo [[viumbehai]] wa kwanza duniani, takriban miaka [[bilioni]] 4 iliyopita. Karibu miaka bilioni 3 iliyopita, viumbe wote walikuwa hawawezi kuonekana kwa [[macho]], na bakteria na akea walikuwa ndio aina kubwa za viumbehai duniani.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Schopf J |title=Disparate rates, differing fates: tempo and mode of evolution changed from the Precambrian to the Phanerozoic |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |volume=91 |issue=15 |pages=6735–42 |year=1994 |pmid=8041691 |pmc=44277 |doi=10.1073/pnas.91.15.6735}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=DeLong E, Pace N |title=Environmental diversity of bacteria and archaea |journal=Syst Biol |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=470–78 |year=2001|pmid = 12116647 |doi=10.1080/106351501750435040}}</ref> Ingawa [[Kisukuku|visukuku]] vya bakteria vipo, kama vile [[stromatoliti]], ukosefu wao wa [[umbo]] maalumu unazuia kutumiwa katika uchunguzi wa [[historia]] ya mabadiliko ya bakteria, au kueleza lini [[spishi]] ya bakteria maalumu ilianza. Hata hivyo, mpangilio wa [[jeni]] unaweza kutumiwa kuelezea upya [[filojeni]] ya bakteria, na utafiti huo unaonyesha kuwa bakteria wa kwanza walitokana na [[nasaba]] ya akea / eukaryota.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Brown JR, Doolittle WF |title=Archaea and the prokaryote-to-eukaryote transition |journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=456–502 |year=1997 |month=December |pmid=9409149 |pmc=232621 |url=http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9409149}}</ref> Huenda asili ya bakteria wa hivi karibuni na ya akea ilikuwa [[haipathamofili]] iliyoishi miaka bilioni 2.5 hadi 3.2 iliyopita. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Di Giulio M |title=The universal ancestor and the ancestor of bacteria were hyperthermophiles |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-molecular-evolution_2003-12_57_6/page/721 |journal=J Mol Evol |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=721–30 |year=2003 |pmid=14745541 |doi=10.1007/s00239-003-2522-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Battistuzzi FU, Feijao A, Hedges SB |title=A genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=4 |issue= |pages=44 |year=2004 |month=November |pmid=15535883 |pmc=533871 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-4-44}}</ref> Aidha bakteria walishiriki katika geuko la pili kubwa, la akea na [[eukaryota]]. Hapo, eukaryota walitokana na bakteria wa kale na kuwa na uhusiano uliowafaidi wote huku seli za kwanza za eukaryota, ambazo huenda zilihusiana na akea.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Poole A, Penny D |title=Evaluating hypotheses for the origin of eukaryotes |journal=Bioessays |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=74–84 |year=2007 |pmid=17187354 |doi=10.1002/bies.20516}}</ref><ref name="Dyall">{{cite journal |author=Dyall S, Brown M, Johnson P |title=Ancient invasions: from endosymbionts to organelles |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2004-04-09_304_5668/page/252 |journal=Science |volume=304 |issue=5668 |pages=253&ndash;7 |year=2004 |pmid=15073369 |doi=10.1126/science.1094884}}</ref> Hii ilihusu kumezwa kwa seli za proto-eukaryota na alfa-protobakteria kwa manufaa ya wote na kuunda ama [[mitokondria]] au haidrojenisomi, ambazo bado zinapatikana kwenye eukaryota zote (wakati mwingine katika hali iliyo dhaifu sana, kwa mfano katika [[protozoa]] ya "amitokondrial" ya kale). Baadaye, baadhi ya eukaryota ambazo tayari zilikuwa na mitokondria pia zilimeza viumbe ambavyo vilikuwa kama cyanobakteri. Hii ilisababisha kuundwa kwa [[kloroplasti]] katika [[mwani]] na [[mimea]]. Aidha, kuna baadhi ya mwani ambayo ilichimbuka baadaye kutoka kwa matukio ya hali ya kutegemeana. Hapa, eukaryota zilimeza eukaryota ya mwani ambayo baadaye ilinawiri na hata kuwa plastidi ya "kizazi cha pili".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lang B, Gray M, Burger G |title=Mitochondrial genome evolution and the origin of eukaryotes |journal=Annu Rev Genet |volume=33 |issue= |pages=351–97 |year= 1999|pmid=10690412 |doi=10.1146/annurev.genet.33.1.351}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=McFadden G |title=Endosymbiosis and evolution of the plant cell |journal=Curr Opin Plant Biol |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=513–9 |year=1999 |pmid=10607659 |doi=10.1016/S1369-5266(99)00025-4}}</ref> Hii inajulikana kama hali ya kutegemeana ya daraja la pili. ==Mofolojia== [[File:Prokaryote cell.svg|right|thumb|360px|Aina ya maumbo ya seli za bakteria na mpangilio wake.]] Bakteria huwa na maumbo na ukubwa tofautitofauti, unaoitwa [[mofolojia]]. Seli za bakteria ni karibu sudusi moja 1 / 10 ya seli za eukaryota na kwa kawaida huwa na [[urefu]] wa [[mikromita]] 0.5-5.0. Hata hivyo, spishi chache, kama vile ''Thiomargarita namibiensis'' na ''Epulopiscium fishelsoni'', huwa na urefu wa milimita nusu ya muda mrefu na zinaweza kuonekana kwa macho bila darubini.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Schulz H, Jorgensen B |title=Big bacteria |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-microbiology_2001_55/page/105 |journal=Annu Rev Microbiol |volume=55 |issue=|pages=105&ndash;37 |year=2001|pmid=11544351 |doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.55.1.105}}</ref> Kati ya bakteria ambao ni wadogo ni wale wa jenasi ya ''Mykoplasma,'' ambao wana kipimo cha mikromita 0.3 tu, udogo wao unalingana na virusi vilivyo vikubwa zaidi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Robertson J, Gomersall M, Gill P. |title=Mycoplasma hominis: growth, reproduction, and isolation of small viable cells |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-bacteriology_1975-11_124_2/page/1007 |journal=J Bacteriol. |volume=124 |issue=2 |pages=1007&ndash;18 |year=1975 |pmid=1102522 |pmc=235991}}</ref> Baadhi ya bakteria wanaweza kuwa hata wadogo zaidi, lakini bakteria hao wadogo zaidi hawajatafitiwa vizuri.<ref name="Velimirov2001">{{cite journal | author = Velimirov, B. | year = 2001 | title = Nanobacteria, Ultramicrobacteria and Starvation Forms: A Search for the Smallest Metabolizing Bacterium | journal = Microbes and Environments | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = 67–77 | url = http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsme2/16/2/67/_pdf | accessdate = 2008-06-23 | doi = 10.1264/jsme2.2001.67 | archive-date = 2009-01-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090113011403/http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsme2/16/2/67/_pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Spishi za bakteria nyingi huwa ama duara-dufu, waitwao koksi (umoja: kokusi, kutoka neno la Kigiriki ''κόκκος'' - ''kókkos,'' [[nafaka]], [[mbegu]]) au umbo la fimbo, waitwao bacilli (umoja: Bacillus, kutoka neno la [[Kilatini]] ''baculus'' [[Kilatini|Kilatini]], fimbo). Kurefuka huhusishwa na kuogelea.<ref>Dusenbery, David B.2009). Living at Micro Scale, pp.20-25. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass ISBN 978-0-674-03116-6.</ref> Baadhi ya bakteria wenye umbo la fimbo, waitwao vibrio, huwa na mviringo kidogo au umbo la koma; na wengine, wanaweza kuwa na umbo la pia, waitwao spirilla, au kuzungushwa kwa pamoja, waitwao spirokiti. Idadi ndogo ya spishi wana umbo la [[pembenne]] au hata umbo la [[sanduku]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fritz I, Strömpl C, Abraham W |title=Phylogenetic relationships of the genera Stella, Labrys and Angulomicrobium within the 'Alphaproteobacteria' and description of Angulomicrobium amanitiforme sp. nov |url=http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/54/3/651 |journal=Int J Syst Evol Microbiol |volume=54 |issue=Pt 3 |pages=651–7 |year=2004 |pmid=15143003 |doi=10.1099/ijs.0.02746-0 |access-date=2015-05-07 |archive-date=2008-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010212929/http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/54/3/651 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Hivi majuzi, bakteria waligunduliwa ndani ya [[sahani ya dunia]] ambao na kuwa na urefu kama wa fimbo na sehemu ya pembeni yenye umbo la [[nyota]]. Eneo lao kubwa ukilinganishwa na uwiano wa kiasi cha mofolojia hii linaweza kufaidi hawa bakteria katika mazingira yaliyo na [[madini]] machache.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wanger Onstott Southam |title=Stars of the terrestrial deep subsurface: A novel `star-shaped' bacterial morphotype from a South African platinum mine |journal=Geobiology |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=325–330 |year=2008 |doi=10.1111/j.1472-4669.2008.00163.x |pmid=18498531 |last1=Wanger |first1=G |last2=Onstott |first2=TC |last3=Southam |first3=G}}</ref> Maumbo haya tofauti ni kutokana na ukingo wa ukuta wa seli za bakteria na kuamua na bakteria na mfupa wa saitoplazimu, na ni muhimu kwa sababu unaweza kuathiri uwezo wa bakteria wa kupata virutubisho au madini, kujigandisha kwenye kingo, kuogelea kwa vitu viwevu na kujiepusha na [[Mnyama mla nyama|kuwindwa.]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cabeen M, Jacobs-Wagner C |title=Bacterial cell shape |journal=Nat Rev Microbiol |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=601&ndash;10 |year=2005 |pmid=16012516 |doi=10.1038/nrmicro1205}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Young K |title=The selective value of bacterial shape |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_microbiology-and-molecular-biology-reviews_2006-09_70_3/page/660 |journal=Microbiol Mol Biol Rev |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=660&ndash;703 |year=2006 |pmid=16959965 |doi=10.1128/MMBR.00001-06 |pmc=1594593}}</ref> Spishi nyingi za bakteria zinaishi kama seli moja tu, wengine huwa na ruwaza fulani ya muungano: ''Neisseria'' huunda diploidi ([[jozi]]), ''Streptococcus'' huunda minyororo, na ''Staphylococcus'' hujiunga kwenye kikundi cha "rundo la zabibu". Aidha bakteria zinaweza kurufushwa kuunda filamenti, kwa mfano Aktinobakteria. Mara nyingi bakteria za nyuzi huzungukwa na uo ambao una chembechembe nyingi za kibinafsi. Aina fulani, kama vile spishi za jenasi ya ''Nocardia,'' huweza hata kuunda filamenti za kushangaza zenye matagaa, zinazofanana na vimelea vya mycelia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Douwes K, Schmalzbauer E, Linde H, Reisberger E, Fleischer K, Lehn N, Landthaler M, Vogt T |title=Branched filaments no fungus, ovoid bodies no bacteria: Two unusual cases of mycetoma |journal=J Am Acad Dermatol |volume=49 |issue=2 Suppl Case Reports |pages=S170&ndash;3 |year=2003 |pmid=12894113 |doi=10.1067/mjd.2003.302}}</ref> [[File:Relative scale.svg|thumb|310px|left|Aina ya maumbo ya prokaryoti ikilinganishwa na viumbe wengine.]] Mara nyingi bakteria hujiunganisha kwenye sehemu zingine ili kuunda mikusanyiko mikubwa iitwayo biofilamu au mikeka ya bakteria. Filamu hizi zinaweza kuwa kati ya mikromita chache kwa unene hadi [[nusu]] [[mita]] kwa [[kina]], na zinaweza kuwa na spishi nyingi za bakteria, [[protista]] na [[Archaea|akea.]] Bakteria wanaoishi katika biofilamu huwa na mpangilio mgumu wa seli na vipengele vya nje ya seli, na kuunda maumbo ya daraja la pili kama vile mikrokoloni, umbo ambalo huwa na njia nyingi kuwezesha upitishaji wa virutubisho.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Donlan R |title=Biofilms: microbial life on surfaces |journal=Emerg Infect Dis |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=881–90 |year=2002 |pmid=12194761 |pmc=2732559}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Branda S, Vik S, Friedman L, Kolter R |title=Biofilms: the matrix revisited |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-microbiology_2005-01_13_1/page/20 |journal=Trends Microbiol |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=20–26 |year=2005 |pmid=15639628 |doi=10.1016/j.tim.2004.11.006}}</ref> Katika mazingira ya kawaida, kama vile udongo au mimea, bakteria wengi huunganishwa kwenye kingo katika bio-filamu.<ref name="Davey">{{cite journal |author=Davey M, O'toole G |title=Microbial biofilms: from ecology to molecular genetics |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_microbiology-and-molecular-biology-reviews_2000-12_64_4/page/847 |journal=Microbiol Mol Biol Rev |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=847–67 |year=2000|pmid = 11104821 |doi=10.1128/MMBR.64.4.847-867.2000 |pmc=99016}}</ref> Bio-filamu ni muhimu pia katika [[uuguzi]], kwa sababu mara nyingi maumbo haya yanapatikana kwenye magonjwa mabaya ya kuambukizwa au katika maambukizi ya vifaa vya matibabu ambavyo vimewekwa mwilini, na bakteria wanaolindwa ndani ya bio-filamu ni vigumu sana kuwaua kuliko bakteria walio pweke.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Donlan RM, Costerton JW |title=Biofilms: survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-microbiology-reviews_2002-04_15_2/page/167 |journal=Clin Microbiol Rev |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=167–93 |year=2002 |pmid=11932229 |doi=10.1128/CMR.15.2.167-193.2002 |pmc=118068}}</ref> Wakati mwingine mabadiliko mengine makubwa ya kimofolojia yanaweza kutokea. Kwa mfano, wakinyimwa [[amino asidi]], miksoobakteria wanaweza kugundua seli ambazo zimewazingira, hali iitwayo hisi ya kikundi, hujumuika pamoja, na hukusanyika kuunda maumbo marefu ambayo yanaweza kufika mikromita 500 na yenye takriban seli za bakteria 100,000.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Shimkets L |title=Intercellular signaling during fruiting-body development of Myxococcus xanthus |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-microbiology_1999_53/page/525 |journal=Annu Rev Microbiol |volume=53 |issue=|pages=525–49 | year =1999|pmid = 10547700 |doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.53.1.525}}</ref> Katika maumbo haya, bakteria hutekeleza majukumu tofauti: aina hii ya ushirikiano ni mfano rahisi wa ushirika wa seli nyingi. Kwa mfano, karibu seli moja kwa kila seli 10 huhamia sehemu ya juu ya maumbo haya na huwa katika hali ya utulivu iitwayo "myxospores", ambayo ina uwezo wa kustahimili [[ukavu]] na hali nyingine mbaya zaidi za mazingira, kinyume na ilivyo seli zingine.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite journal |author=Kaiser D |title=Signaling in myxobacteria |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-microbiology_2004_58/page/75 |journal=Annu Rev Microbiol |volume=58 |issue=|pages=75–98 |year=2004|pmid=15487930 |doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123620}}</ref> ==Muundo wa seli == [[File:Average prokaryote cell- en.svg|thumb|280px|right|Muundo na sehemu ya kiini cha bakteria wa Gram chanya]] ===Miundo ya ndani ya seli=== Seli ya bakteria imezungukwa na utando wa [[lipidi]], au utando wa seli, ambao huifunika na pia kuikinga dhidi ya kushikilia virutubisho, [[protini]] na sehemu nyingine muhimu za [[saitoplazimu]] ndani ya seli. Kwa kuwa hizi seli ni prokaryota, bakteria mara nyingi huwa hazina [[oganeli]] kwenye utando katika saitoplazimu yao, kwa hivyo, huwa na sehemu chache zilizo kubwa ndani ya seli. Kwa sababu hiyo hawana [[kiini]], [[mitokondria]], [[kloroplast]] na oganeli nyingine ambazo zinapatikana katika seli za eukaryota, kama vile [[sehemu za Golgi]] na [[retikilamu]] ya endoplazimu.<ref name="Stryer">{{cite book | author = Berg JM, Tymoczko JL Stryer L | title = Molecular Cell Biology | url = https://archive.org/details/biochemistrysupp0000stry | edition = 5th | publisher = WH Freeman | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-7167-4955-6}}</ref> Wakati fulani bakteria walionekana kama mifuko tu ya saitoplazimu, lakini vitu kama vile mfupa-seli wa prokariyoti,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gitai Z |title=The new bacterial cell biology: moving parts and subcellular architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/cell_2005-03-11_120_5/page/577 |journal=Cell |volume=120 |issue=5 |pages=577–86 |year=2005 |pmid=15766522 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2005.02.026}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Shih YL, Rothfield L |title=The bacterial cytoskeleton |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_microbiology-and-molecular-biology-reviews_2006-09_70_3/page/729 |journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=729–54 |year=2006 |month=September |pmid=16959967 |pmc=1594594 |doi=10.1128/MMBR.00017-06}}</ref> na ujanibishaji wa protini katika maeneo maalum ndani ya saitoplazimu <ref>{{cite journal |author=Gitai Z |title=The new bacterial cell biology: moving parts and subcellular architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/cell_2005-03-11_120_5/page/577 |journal=Cell |volume=120 |issue=5 |pages=577–86 |year=2005 |month=March |pmid=15766522 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2005.02.026}}</ref> umedhihirisha viwango vya kuendelea. Vijisehemu hivi vya seli vimekuja kujulikana kama "maumbo ya hali ya juu ya bakteria".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Norris V, den Blaauwen T, Cabin-Flaman A, ''et al.'' |title=Functional taxonomy of bacterial hyperstructures |journal= Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=230–53 |year=2007 |month=March |pmid=17347523 |pmc=1847379 |doi=10.1128/MMBR.00035-06 |url=http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17347523 |last12=Saier M |first12=Jr |last13=Skarstad |first13=K}}</ref> Vijisehemu vidogo kama vile [[kaboksisomu]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kerfeld CA, Sawaya MR, Tanaka S, ''et al.'' |title=Protein structures forming the shell of primitive bacterial organelles |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2005-08-05_309_5736/page/936 |journal=Science (journal) |volume=309 |issue=5736 |pages=936–8 |year=2005 |month=August |pmid=16081736 |doi=10.1126/science.1113397}}</ref> vinadhihisha kiwango kingine cha mpangilio, ambavyo ni sehemu zilizo ndani ya bakteria ambazo zimezungukwa na [[ushanga|shanga]] za [[polihedra]] ya protini, badala ya utando wa lipidi.<ref name="Bobik2007">{{cite journal | author = Bobik, T. A. | title = Bacterial Microcompartments | year = 2007 | journal = Microbe | volume = 2 | pages = 25–31 | url = http://www.asm.org/ASM/files/ccLibraryFiles/Filename/000000002765/znw00107000025.pdf | publisher = Am Soc Microbiol | format = PDF | access-date = 2015-05-07 | archive-date = 2008-08-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080802025916/http://www.asm.org/ASM/files/ccLibraryFiles/Filename/000000002765/znw00107000025.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref> "Oganeli hizi za polihedra" hujikusanya na kugawa [[umetaboli]] wa bakteria katika vyumba, kazi ambayo hutekelezwa na oganeli zinazopatikana kwenye utando kwenye eukaryota.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Yeates TO, Kerfeld CA, Heinhorst S, Cannon GC, Shively JM |title=Protein-based organelles in bacteria: carboxysomes and related microcompartments |journal=Nat. Rev. Microbiol. |volume=6 |pages=681–691 |year=2008 |month=August |pmid=18679172 |doi=10.1038/nrmicro1913 |issue=9}}</ref> Mifanyiko mingi ya [[Biokemia|kibiokemia]], kama vile kualisha nguvu, hutokana na tofauti za viwango vya chumvi kupitia kwa utando, sifa ambayo pia hupatikana katika [[betri]] ya. Kukosekana kwa jumla kwa utando wa ndani kwenye bakteria kunamaanisha kwamba mifanyiko kama vile [[usafiri]] wa [[elektroni]] hutokea kwenye utando baina ya saitoplazimu na nafasi kati ya periplazimu.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Harold FM |title=Conservation and transformation of energy by bacterial membranes |journal=Bacteriological Reviews |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=172–230 |year=1972 |month=June |pmid=4261111 |pmc=408323 |url=http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=4261111}}</ref> Hata hivyo, katika bakteria wengi wanaotengeneza [[chakula]] kutoka kwa [[mwanga]] utando wa plazimu huwa umekunjwa sana na hujaza seli na safu ya utando wa kukusanya mwanga.<ref name="bryantfrigaard">{{cite journal |author=Bryant DA, Frigaard NU |year=2006 |title=Prokaryotic photosynthesis and phototrophy illuminated |journal=Trends Microbiol. |volume=14 |issue=11 |pages=488 |doi=10.1016/j.tim.2006.09.001 |pmid=16997562 |last1=Bryant |first1=DA |last2=Frigaard |first2=NU }}</ref> Utando huo wa kukusanya mwanga unaweza hata kuunda maumbo yaliyofunikwa na lipidi yaitwayo [[klorosomu]] katika bakteria za kijani za [[salfa]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Psencík J, Ikonen TP, Laurinmäki P, ''et al.'' |title=Lamellar organization of pigments in chlorosomes, the light harvesting complexes of green photosynthetic bacteria |journal=Biophys. J. |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=1165–72 |year=2004 |month=August |pmid=15298919 |pmc=1304455 |doi=10.1529/biophysj.104.040956 |url=http://www.biophysj.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15298919 |access-date=2015-05-07 |archive-date=2020-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510024136/https://www.cell.com/biophysj/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15298919 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Protini zingine huleta virutubisho kupitia kwa utando wa seli, au kutoa molekiuli ambazo hazihitajiki kutoka kwa saitoplazimu. [[File:Carboxysome 3 images.png|thumb|left|450px|Karboksisomu ni protini-iliyoambatanishwa viungovya bakteria. Upande wa kushoto juu ni picha ya darubini ya elektroni ya karboksisomu katika Halothiobacillus neapolitanus, chini ni picha safi ya karboksisomu. Katika upande wa kulia ni mfano wa muundo wao. Viwango vya kupima ni 100 nm.]] Bakteria hawana kiini chenye utando, na wameundwa kutoka kwa jeni ya kromosomu moja ya mviringo iliyo katika saitoplazimu katika umbo lisilo na muundo maalum liitwalo nukleoidi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Thanbichler M, Wang S, Shapiro L |title=The bacterial nucleoid: a highly organized and dynamic structure |journal=J Cell Biochem |volume=96 |issue=3 |pages=506–21 |year=2005 |pmid=15988757 |doi=10.1002/jcb.20519}}</ref> Kiini cha bakteria kina kromosomu yenye protini na RNA. Planktomaisiti zina upekee katika kukosekana kwa jumla kwa utando wa ndani katika bakteria, kwa sababu zina utando unaozunguka kiini chao na huwa na maumbo mengine ya seli yenye utando.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fuerst J |title=Intracellular compartmentation in planctomycetes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-microbiology_2005_59/page/299 |journal=Annu Rev Microbiol |volume=59 |pages=299–328 |year=2005 |pmid=15910279 |doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.59.030804.121258}}</ref> Kama ilivyo kwa [[Kiumbehai|viumbe wote wenye]] uhai, bakteria huwa na ribosome kwa ajili ya kutengeneza protini, lakini maumbo ya ribosome wa bakteria ni tofauti ikilinganishwa na wa [[Eukaryota|yukariyoti]] na [[Archaea|Akea.]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Poehlsgaard J, Douthwaite S |title=The bacterial ribosome as a target for antibiotics |journal=Nat Rev Microbiol |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=870–81 |year=2005|pmid = 16261170 |doi=10.1038/nrmicro1265}}</ref> Baadhi ya bakteria hutengeneza chembechembe ndani ya seli za kuhifadhi virutubisho, kama vile glikojeni, <ref>{{cite journal |author=Yeo M, Chater K |title=The interplay of glycogen metabolism and differentiation provides an insight into the developmental biology of Streptomyces coelicolor |url=http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/151/3/855?view=long&pmid=15758231 |journal=Microbiology |volume=151 |issue=Pt 3 |pages=855–61 |year=2005 |pmid=15758231 |doi=10.1099/mic.0.27428-0 |access-date=2015-05-07 |archive-date=2007-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092242/http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/151/3/855?view=long&pmid=15758231 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>polifosfeti, <ref>{{cite journal |author=Shiba T, Tsutsumi K, Ishige K, Noguchi T |title=Inorganic polyphosphate and polyphosphate kinase: their novel biological functions and applications |url=http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v65/full/65030375.html |journal=Biochemistry (Mosc) |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=315–23 |year=2000 |pmid=10739474 |access-date=2015-05-07 |archive-date=2006-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925070012/http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v65/full/65030375.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>[[Sulfuri|salfa]] <ref>{{cite journal |author=Brune DC |title=Isolation and characterization of sulfur globule proteins from Chromatium vinosum and Thiocapsa roseopersicina |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-microbiology_1995-06_163_6/page/391 |journal=Archives of Microbiology |volume=163 |issue=6 |pages=391–9 |year=1995 |month=June |pmid=7575095 |doi=10.1007/BF00272127}}</ref> au polihaidroksyalkanoeti.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kadouri D, Jurkevitch E, Okon Y, Castro-Sowinski S |title=Ecological and agricultural significance of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates |url=https://archive.org/details/critical-reviews-in-microbiology_2005_31_2/page/55 |journal=Critical Reviews in Microbiology |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=55–67 |year=2005 |pmid=15986831 |doi=10.1080/10408410590899228}}</ref> Chembechembe hizi huwezesha bakteria kuhifadhi misombo kwa ajili ya matumizi ya baadaye. Baadhi ya spishi za bakteria, kama vile zile za Sayanobacteria wa kifotosinthetiki, hutengeneza vilengelenge vya gesi vya ndani, ambavyo huvitumia kuwawezesha kuelea - na kuwaruhusu kuogolea juu na chini katika rusu za maji zenye mwanga na virutubisho tofauti.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Walsby AE |title=Gas vesicles |journal=Microbiological Reviews |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=94–144 |year=1994 |month=March |pmid=8177173 |pmc=372955 |url=http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8177173}}</ref> ===Miundo ya nje ya seli=== Karibu na nje ya utando wa seli kuna ukuta wa seli wa bakteria. kuta za seli za bakteria zimetengenezwa na peptidoglaikani (ambayo awali iliitwa murein), ambayo hutokana na mfululizo wa polisakaraidi zilizounganishwa na peptide isiyo ya kawaida yenye amino asidi ya D.<ref>{{cite journal |author=van Heijenoort J |title=Formation of the glycan chains in the synthesis of bacterial peptidoglycan | url=http://glycob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/11/3/25R |journal=Glycobiology |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=25R&ndash;36R |year=2001 |pmid=11320055 |doi=10.1093/glycob/11.3.25R}}</ref> Kuta za seli za bakteria hutofautiana na kuta za [[Mmea|mmea]] na [[Kuvu|kuvu]], ambao hutengenezwa kutokana na selulosi na chitini, mtawalia.<ref name="Koch">{{cite journal |author=Koch A |title=Bacterial wall as target for attack: past, present, and future research |url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/16/4/673?view=long&pmid=14557293 |journal=Clin Microbiol Rev |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=673&ndash;87 |year=2003 |pmid=14557293 |doi=10.1128/CMR.16.4.673-687.2003 |pmc=207114 |access-date=2015-05-07 |archive-date=2008-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928093055/http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/16/4/673?view=long&pmid=14557293 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Ukuta wa seli ya bakteria pia ni tofauti na ule wa Akea, ambao hauna peptidoglaikani. Ukuta wa seli ni muhimu katika maisha ya bakteria wengi, na antibiotiki ya penicillin anaweza kuua bakteria kwa kuzuia hatua moja katika matumizi ya peptidoglaikani.<ref name="Koch"></ref> Kuna aina mbili kuu za kuta za seli katika bakteria, ziitwazo Gramu-chanya na Gramu-hasi. Majina haya yanatokana na athari ya seli kwa waa la Gram,utafiti ambao ulitumiwa kwa muda mrefu katika kuainisha spishi za bakteria.<ref name="Gram">{{cite journal | last = Gram | first = HC | authorlink = Hans Christian Gram |year=1884 |title=Über die isolierte Färbung der Schizomyceten in Schnitt- und Trockenpräparaten |journal=Fortschr. Med. |volume=2 |pages=185&ndash;189 }}</ref> Bakteria za Gram-chanya zina ukuta wa seli mnene ambao una rusu nyingi za peptidoglaikani na asidi ya teikoiki. Kinyume na matarajio, bakteria wa Gramu-hasi wana ukuta mwembamba uliyo na rusu chache za peptidoglaikani iliyozungukwa na utando wa pili wa lipidi wenyelipopolisakaride na lipoprotini. Bakteria wengi wana ukuta wa seli wa Gramu-hasi, na Fimikuti tu na Aktinobakteria ambao(asilia walijulikana kama bakteria wa G + C ya chini na G + C ya juu Gramu-chanya, mtawalia) huwa na mpangilio wa Gramu-chanya mbadala.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hugenholtz P |title=Exploring prokaryotic diversity in the genomic era |journal=Genome Biology |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=REVIEWS0003 |year=2002 |pmid=11864374 |pmc=139013 |url=http://genomebiology.com/1465-6906/3/REVIEWS0003 |doi=10.1186/gb-2002-3-2-reviews0003 |access-date=2015-05-07 |archive-date=2020-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315111159/http://genomebiology.com/1465-6906/3/REVIEWS0003 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Utofauti huu katika miundo unaweza kuleta tofauti katika kuathirika kwa antibiotiki, kwa mfano, vankomisin inaweza tu kuua bakteria wa Gram-chanya na hushindwa kuua pathojeni za Gram-hasi, kama vile ''Haemophilus influenzae'' au ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa.'' <ref>{{cite journal |author=Walsh F, Amyes S |title=Microbiology and drug resistance mechanisms of fully resistant pathogens |journal=Curr Opin Microbiol |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=439–44 |year=2004 |pmid=15451497 |doi=10.1016/j.mib.2004.08.007}}</ref> Katika bakteria wengi rusu ya S ya molekiuli za protini zilizounganishwa pamoja hufunika nje ya ukuta wa seli.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Engelhardt H, Peters J |title=Structural research on surface layers: a focus on stability, surface layer homology domains, and surface layer-cell wall interactions |journal=J Struct Biol |volume=124 |issue=2&ndash;3 |pages=276–302 |year=1998|pmid = 10049812 |doi=10.1006/jsbi.1998.4070}}</ref> Rusu hii hukinga seli dhidi ya athari za kikemikali na zingine na inaweza kuzuia kuenea kwamakromolekiula. Rusu za S- zina kazi mbalimbali lakini ambazo hazieleweki vizuri, lakini inajulikana kwamba hufanya kazi kama sumu kali katika ''Campylobacter'' na zina [[Kimeng'enya|vimeng'enya]] katika ''stearothermophilus Bacillus.'' <ref>{{cite journal |author=Beveridge T, Pouwels P, Sára M, Kotiranta A, Lounatmaa K, Kari K, Kerosuo E, Haapasalo M, Egelseer E, Schocher I, Sleytr U, Morelli L, Callegari M, Nomellini J, Bingle W, Smit J, Leibovitz E, Lemaire M, Miras I, Salamitou S, Béguin P, Ohayon H, Gounon P, Matuschek M, Koval S |title=Functions of S-layers |journal=FEMS Microbiol Rev |volume=20 |issue=1&ndash;2 |pages=99&ndash;149 |year=1997 |pmid=9276929 |last12=Morelli |first12=L |last13=Callegari |first13=ML |last14=Nomellini |first14=JF |last15=Bingle |first15=WH |last16=Smit |first16=J |last17=Leibovitz |first17=E |last18=Lemaire |first18=M |last19=Miras |first19=I |last20=Salamitou |first20=S |last21=Béguin |first21=P |last22=Ohayon |first22=H |last23=Gounon |first23=P |last24=Matuschek |first24=M |last25=Koval |first25=SF}}</ref> [[File:EMpylori.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Mchoro wa elektroni za helikobakta pailori elektroni, unaoonyesha flajela nyingi kwenye seli]] Flajela ni maumbo magumu yenye protini, yana kipenyo cha takriban nanomita 20 [[Mita|Mita]] huwa na urefu wa hadi mikromita 20, ambazo hutumika kuwezesha usafiri wa ufanisi. Flajela huendeshwa kutokana na nguvu zinazozalishwa kupitia kwa ubadilishanaji wa Ionchini ya mwinamo wa elektrokemikali kupitia kwa utando wa seli.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kojima S, Blair D |title=The bacterial flagellar motor: structure and function of a complex molecular machine |journal=Int Rev Cytol |volume=233 |issue=|pages=93&ndash;134 |year=2004|pmid=15037363 |doi=10.1016/S0074-7696(04)33003-2}}</ref> Fimbriae ni nyuzi nyororo za protini, zenye kipenyo cha nonimita 20-10 tu na urefu wa mikromita kadhaa. Huwa wamesambaa kwenye sehemu za sseli, na hufanana na nywele laini zinapoonwa kupitia kwa hadubini ya elektroni. Inaaminika kuwa Fimbriae huhusika katika kuunganisha vitu yabisi kwenye sehemu zingine au katika seli zingine na ni muhimu katika kutengeneza sumu kali ya pathojeni fulani za bakteria.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Beachey E |title=Bacterial adherence: adhesin-receptor interactions mediating the attachment of bacteria to mucosal surface |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_1981-03_143_3/page/325 |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=143 |issue=3 |pages=325&ndash;45 |year=1981|pmid = 7014727}}</ref> Pili ''(kwa umoja'' pilus) ni viambatisho vya seli, kubwa kidogo kuliko fimbriae, ambavyo vinaweza kuhamisha vitu vya jenetiki baina ya seli za bakteria katika mchakato uitwao muungano (tazama jenetiki ya bakteria, hapa chini).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Silverman P |title=Towards a structural biology of bacterial conjugation |journal=Mol Microbiol |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=423&ndash;9 |year=1997 |pmid=9044277 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2958.1997.2411604.x}}</ref> Kapsuli au rusu za slimi zinazotengenezwa na bakteria wengi kuzingira seli zao, na hutofautiana kwa maumbo na miundo: kuanzia rusu ya slimu isiyo na mpangilio ya ya nje ya polima ya seli, na yenye muundo bainishi wa kapsuli au glaikokaliksi. Maumbo haya yanaweza kulinda seli dhidi ya kumezwa na seli za yukariyoti, kama vile makrofeji.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stokes R, Norris-Jones R, Brooks D, Beveridge T, Doxsee D, Thorson L |title=The glycan-rich outer layer of the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis acts as an antiphagocytic capsule limiting the association of the bacterium with macrophages |url=http://iai.asm.org/cgi/content/full/72/10/5676?view=long&pmid=15385466 |journal=Infect Immun |volume=72 |issue=10 |pages=5676&ndash;86 |year=2004 |pmid=15385466 |doi=10.1128/IAI.72.10.5676-5686.2004 |pmc=517526 |access-date=2015-05-07 |archive-date=2008-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929082456/http://iai.asm.org/cgi/content/full/72/10/5676?view=long&pmid=15385466 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Pia wanaweza kufanya kazi kama Antijeni na kushirikishwa katika utambuzi wa seli, kadhalika kuwezesha katika kuunganisha na na kutengenza bio-filamu.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Daffé M, Etienne G |title=The capsule of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its implications for pathogenicity |journal=Tuber Lung Dis |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=153&ndash;69 |year=1999 |pmid=10656114 |doi=10.1054/tuld.1998.0200}}</ref> Kuleta pamoja hii miundo au maumbo ya seli kunategemea mifumo ya utoaji wa ugiligili wa bakteria. Uhamisho wa protini kutoka kwa saitoplazimu hadi kwa periplazimu au katika mazingira yaliyo karibu na seli. Mifumo ya aina nyingi ya utoaji ugiligili inajulikana na mara nyingi miundo hii ni muhimu kwa ajili ya pathojeni za sumu kali, kwa hiyo hutafitiwa kwa kina.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Finlay BB, Falkow S |title=Common themes in microbial pathogenicity revisited |journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=136–69 |year=1997 |month=June |pmid=9184008 |pmc=232605 |url=http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9184008}}</ref> ===Endospora=== {{main|Endospora}} [[File:Gram Stain Anthrax.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Bacillus anthracis (yenye doa la zambarau) inyokua kwenye ugiligili wa uti wa mgongo]] Baadhi ya [[Jenasi|nasaba]] ya bakteria wa Gram-chanaya, kama vile Bacillus, Clostridium, Sporohalobacter, Anaerobacter na ''Heliobacterium,'' zinaweza kutengeneza maumbo yaliyotulia yenye uwezo kustahimili yaitwayo endospora.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Nicholson WL, Munakata N, Horneck G, Melosh HJ, Setlow P |title=Resistance of Bacillus endospores to extreme terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments |journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=548–72 |year=2000 |month=September |pmid=10974126 |pmc=99004 |url=http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10974126 |doi=10.1128/MMBR.64.3.548-572.2000}}</ref> Karibu katika visa vyote, endospora moja hutengenezwa na huu siyo mchakato wa uzazi, ingawa ''Anaerobacter'' wanaweza kutengeneza endospora kwenye seli moja.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Siunov A, Nikitin D, Suzina N, Dmitriev V, Kuzmin N, Duda V |title=Phylogenetic status of Anaerobacter polyendosporus, an anaerobic, polysporogenic bacterium |url=http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/49/3/1119.pdf |journal=Int J Syst Bacteriol |volume=49 Pt 3 |issue= |pages=1119&ndash;24 |year=1999 |pmid=10425769 |format=PDF |access-date=2015-05-07 |archive-date=2007-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616050314/http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/49/3/1119.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Endospora huwa na kitovu muhimu cha satoplazimu chenye [[ADN]] na ribosomu iliyozungukwa na rusu ya gamba na kulindwa na ngozi ngumu isiyopenyeka. Endospora haina umetaboli usiyoweza kuonekana nainaweza kustahimmili hali mbaya ya kimwili na kikemikali, kama vile viwango vya juu vya mwanga wa miale ya jua, mionzi ya gamma, sabuni za maji, vipukusi, joto, kuzizima, shinikizo na ukavu.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Nicholson W, Fajardo-Cavazos P, Rebeil R, Slieman T, Riesenman P, Law J, Xue Y |title=Bacterial endospores and their significance in stress resistance |url=https://archive.org/details/antonie-van-leeuwenhoek_2002_81_1-4/page/27 |journal=Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek |volume=81 |issue=1&ndash;4 |pages=27&ndash;32 |year=2002 |pmid=12448702 |doi=10.1023/A:1020561122764}}</ref> Katika hali hii iliyotulia, viumbe hawa wanaweza kusalia na uwezo wa kujitegemea kwa mamilioni ya miaka,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Vreeland R, Rosenzweig W, Powers D |title=Isolation of a 250 million-year-old halotolerant bacterium from a primary salt crystal |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2000-10-19_407_6806/page/896 |journal=Nature |volume=407 |issue=6806 |pages=897&ndash;900 |year=2000 |pmid=11057666 |doi=10.1038/35038060}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Cano R, Borucki M |title=Revival and identification of bacterial spores in 25- to 40-million-year-old Dominican amber |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1995-05-19_268_5213/page/n117 |journal=Science |volume=268 |issue=5213 |pages=1060&ndash;4 |year=1995 |pmid=7538699 |doi=10.1126/science.7538699}}</ref> na endospora huwezesha bakteria hata kushi kwenye ombwe tupu na mionzi ya anga.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Nicholson W, Schuerger A, Setlow P |title=The solar UV environment and bacterial spore UV resistance: considerations for Earth-to-Mars transport by natural processes and human spaceflight |journal=Mutat Res |volume=571 |issue=1&ndash;2 |pages=249&ndash;64 |year=2005|pmid = 15748651 |doi=10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.10.012}}</ref> Aidha, bakteria ambao hutengeneza endospora wanaweza kusababisha ugonjwa kwa mfano, unaweza kupata kimeta kwa kuvuta hewa yenye endospora za ''Bacillus'' ''anthracis,'' na uchafuzi wa vindnda vya ndani na endospora za '' Clostridium tetani'' husababisha pepopunda.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hatheway CL |title=Toxigenic clostridia |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=66–98 |year=1990 |month=January |pmid=2404569 |pmc=358141 |url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2404569 }}</ref> ==Umetaboli== Bakteria huonyesha aina mbalimbali za umetaboli.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Nealson K |title=Post-Viking microbiology: new approaches, new data, new insights |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_origins-of-life-and-evolution-of-biospheres_1999-01_29_1/page/73 |journal=Orig Life Evol Biosph |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=73–93 |year=1999 |pmid=11536899 |doi=10.1023/A:1006515817767}}</ref> Sifa za kundi la bakteria kijadi zimetumika katika kuainisha jamii zao, lakini aghalabu sifa hizi hazioani na uainishaji wa kisasa wa jeni.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Xu J |title=Microbial ecology in the age of genomics and metagenomics: concepts, tools, and recent advances |journal=Mol Ecol |volume=15 |issue=7 |pages=1713–31 |year=2006|pmid = 16689892 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02882.x}}</ref> Umetaboli wa bakteria huainishwa katika makundi ya lishe kwa misingi ya vigezo vitatu vikuu: aina ya nishati inayotumika katika kukua, chanzo cha [[Kaboni|kaboni]], na nyenzo za elektroni zinazotumika kwa ajili ya ukuaji. Kigezo kingine cha ziada cha vidubini vinavyopumua ni vinasa elektronivinavyotumika katika uzalishaji wa nguvu kwa kutumia oksijeni au bila oksijeni.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Zillig W |title=Comparative biochemistry of Archaea and Bacteria |journal=Curr Opin Genet Dev |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=544–51 |year=1991 |pmid=1822288 |doi=10.1016/S0959-437X(05)80206-0}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" |+ Aina za lishe katika umetaboli wa bakteria |- !Aina ya lishe !Chanzo cha nguvu !Chanzo cha kaboni !Mifano |- | &nbsp;Fototrofu&nbsp; | align="center"|Mwanga wa jua | align="center"|&nbsp;Misombo ya kaboni (fotoheterotrofu) au uongezaji wa kaboni (fotoautotrofu) | &nbsp;Cyanobakteria, Bakteria wa kijani wa salfa, Klorofleksi, au bakteria wa zambarau &nbsp; |- | &nbsp;Lithotrofu | align="center"|Iso-Misombo | align="center"|&nbsp;Misombo ya kikaboni (lithoheterotrofu) au uongezaji wa kaboni (lithoautotrofu) | &nbsp;Thamodesalfobakteria, ''Hydrogenophilaceae,'' au Nitrospirae&nbsp; |- | &nbsp;Oganotrofi | align="center"|Misombo ya kaboni | align="center"|&nbsp;Misombo kaboni (kemoheterotrofi) au uongezaji wa kaboni (kemoautotrofi) &nbsp; | &nbsp;''Bacillus, Clostridium'' au ''Enterobacteriaceae'' &nbsp; |} Umetaboli wa kaboni katika bakteria huwa aidha pale ambapo misombo ya kaboni kiheterotrofiki, ambapo misombo kikaboni hutumiwa kama vyanzo vya kaboni, au kiototrofiki, kumaanisha kamba sseli ya kaboni hutokana na uongezaji wa [[Dioksidi kabonia|gesi ya kaboni yenye oksijeni]]. Bakteria za heterotrofiki ni pamoja na aina ya vimelea. Mfano mzuri wa bakteria za ototrofiki fototrofiki siyano-bakteria, bakteria za salfa ya kijani na baadhi wa bakteria za zambarau, lakini pia spishi nyingi za aina ya kemolithotrofiki, kama vile bakteria za kuongeza naitrojeni ama za kuongeza oksijeni katika salfa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hellingwerf K, Crielaard W, Hoff W, Matthijs H, Mur L, van Rotterdam B |title=Photobiology of bacteria |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_antonie-van-leeuwenhoek_1994_65_4/page/331 |journal=Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=331&ndash;47 |year=1994|pmid = 7832590 |doi=10.1007/BF00872217}}</ref> Umetaboli wa nishati ya bakteria ama huwa umejikita katika ototrofi, utumiaji wa mwanga kupitia kwa [[Usanisinuru|usanisinuru]], au kupitia kwa kemotrofi, utumiaji wa dutu za kemikali kuzalisha vyakula, ambayo mara nyingi hutengenzwa kwa gharama ya oksijeni au vipokea elektroni mbadala (mpumuo wa erobiki / anerobiki). [[File:Bluegreen algae.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Filamenti sinobakteria ya kuzalisha chakula kutoka kwa mwanga]] Hatimaye, bakteria zimegawanyika kama lithotrof ambazo hutumia vitoa elektroni vya isokaboni na oganotrofu ambazo hutumia misombo ya kikaboni kama vitoa elektroni. Vijiumbe vya kemotropiki hutumia vitoa elektroni husika katika kuhifadhi nguvu (kwa mpumuo wa aerobiki/uchachushaji wa anerobiki) na mifanyiko mingine ya biosinthetiki (kwa mfano, kuongezea gesi ya kaboni dioksidi), navyo viumbe vya fototropiki huzitumia tu kwa madhumuni ya biosinthetiki. Viumbe vipumuzi hutumia misombo ya kemikali kama kiini cha nishati kwa kuchukua elektroni kutoka kwa substreti ilopunguzwa na kuzihamisha hadi kwenye taminali ya kukubali elektroni katika mmenyuko wa aina ya redoksi. Mmenyuko huu husababisha nishati kutolewa inayoweza kutumika kwa kumeng'enya ATP na kuendesha umetaboli. Katika viumbe vya erobiki, [[Oksijeni|oksijeni]] hutumiwa kama kikubalio cha elektroni. Katika viumbe vya anaerobic misombo ya isokaboni nyingine kama vile, naitratisalfeti au kaboni dioksaidi hutumika kama vikubalio vya elektroni. Hii hupelekea michakato muhimu ya kiikoloji ya di-naitrifikashon kupunguza kwa salfeti na asetojenesis kwa mtiririko huo. Hali nyingine ya kimaisha ya kemotrofs katika hali ya kukosekana kwa vikubalio vya elektroni inayowezekana ni kuchachua (famenteshon), ambapo elektroni zilizochukuliwa kutoka sabstreti iliyo punguzwa huhamishiwa hadi kwenye substreti za kati zilizo oksidaiziwa kuzalisha bidhaa zilizo chachuka (mfano laktate, ethanol, [[Hidrojeni|hidrojeni]] na asidi ya butiriki). Kuchachuka kwa wezekana, kwa sababu kiwango cha nishati kilichomo kwenye sabstreti ni kikubwa kuliko kile cha mazao, na hii hufanya viumbe kusinthesise ATP na kufanyika kwa metaboli zao.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Zumft W |title=Cell biology and molecular basis of denitrification | url=http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/61/4/533?view=long&pmid=9409151 |journal=Microbiol Mol Biol Rev |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=533&ndash;616 |date=1 December 1997|pmid=9409151 |pmc=232623 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Drake H, Daniel S, Küsel K, Matthies C, Kuhner C, Braus-Stromeyer S |title=Acetogenic bacteria: what are the in situ consequences of their diverse metabolic versatilities? |journal=Biofactors |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=13&ndash;24 |year=1997 |pmid=9233536 |doi=10.1002/biof.5520060103}}</ref> Michakato hii ni muhimu pia katika baiolojia kwa mujibu wa uchafuzi wa mazingira, kwa mfano, bakteria za kupunguza salfeti huwajibika kwa kiasi kikubwa katika uzalishaji wa aina mbali mbali za sumu aina ya [[zebaki]] ([[methil-]] na [[daimethilzebaki]]) katika mazingira. Anaerobu zisizopumua hutumia uchachuaji kuzalisha nishati na nguvu wa kupunguza, kutengeneza bidhaa za metaboli (kama vile ethanol katika utengezaji wa pombe) kama bidhaa taka. Anaerobu aina ya Fakaltative zinanaweza kubadili kati ya kuchachua na ukomo kubalifu wa elektronitofauti kutegemeana na hali ya mazingira ambayo wao hupatikana. Bakteria aina ya lithotrofiki hutumia misombo isokaboni kama chanzo cha nishati. Isokaboni fadhili za elektroni za kawaida ni hidrojeni,kaboni monoksidi, [[Amonia|amonia]] (inayopelekea naitrifikashion), chuma na ayoni zingine za metali zilopungukiwa, na misombo kadhaa zilizopunguzwa za [[Sulfuri|sulfuri]]. Mara nyingi gesi ya methane inaweza kutumika na bakteria aina ya methanotrof kama kiini cha [[Elektroni|elektroni]] na chakula katika kunaboli kwa kaboni.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dalton H |title=The Leeuwenhoek Lecture 2000 the natural and unnatural history of methane-oxidizing bacteria |url=http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/content/yl6umjthf30e4a59/ |journal=Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci |volume=360 |issue=1458 |pages=1207&ndash;22 |year=2005 |pmid=16147517 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2005.1657 |pmc=1569495 |access-date=2015-05-07 |archive-date=2020-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401112813/http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/content/yl6umjthf30e4a59/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Katika aerobik fototrofi na kemolithotrofi, oksijeni hutumiwa kama kikomo kubalifu cha elektroni, na huku katika hali ya anaerobik, misombo isokaboni hutumika badala yake. Viumbe vingi aina ya Lithotrofiki ni ototrofiki, navyo viumbe aina ya oganatrofiki ni heterotrofiki. Mbali na kupachika kaboni dioksidi katika usanisinuru, baadhi ya bakteria pia hupachika gesi ya [[Nitrojeni|naitrojeni]] (upachikaji wa naitrojeni) kutumia enzaimu naitrojeni. Tabia hii muhimu inayoambatana na mazingira inaweza kupatikana katika bakteria wa metaboli karibu wa aina yote waliotajwa hapo mbeleni, lakini si kwa ujumlla.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Zehr J, Jenkins B, Short S, Steward G |title=Nitrogenase gene diversity and microbial community structure: a cross-system comparison |journal=Environ Microbiol |volume=5 |issue=7 |pages=539&ndash;54 |year=2003 |pmid=12823187 |doi=10.1046/j.1462-2920.2003.00451.x}}</ref> ==Ukuaji na Uzazi== [[File:Binary fission anim.gif|thumb|right|175px|Bakteria huongeza idadi kwa kujigawanya mara mbili]] Kinyume na viumbe vyenye seli mingi, kuongezeka kwa ukubwa wa bakteria (ukuaji wa seli) na uzalishi kwa ugawi wa seli zinahusishwa haswa na viumbe vyenye seli moja. Bakteria hukua hadi kiasi fulani na kisha kuzaa kupitia kwa urudufuwa fishoni ambayo ni aina ya uzazi usio wa kingono.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Koch A |title=Control of the bacterial cell cycle by cytoplasmic growth |url=https://archive.org/details/critical-reviews-in-microbiology_2002_28_1/page/61 |journal=Crit Rev Microbiol |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=61&ndash;77 |year=2002 |pmid=12003041 |doi=10.1080/1040-840291046696}}</ref> Katika hali ya timilifu, bakteria zinaweza kukua na kugawanya sana kwa haraka, na idadi yao kufikia mara mbili kila baada ya dakika 9.8.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Eagon RG |title=Pseudomonas natriegens, a marine bacterium with a generation time of less than 10 minutes |journal=Journal of Bacteriology |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=736–7 |year=1962 |month=April |pmid=13888946 |pmc=279347 |url=http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=13888946 }}</ref> Katika mgawanyiko wa seli, seli mbili zenye kufanana clone ni zinazozalishwa. Baadhi ya bakteria, wakati bado zinazalisha bila kutumia ngono, hutengeza miundo ya uzazi ili kusaidia kugawa seli mpya zilizoundwa. Mifano ni pamoja na kutengezwa kwa mwili wa malezi wa matunda na ''Myxobakteria'' na utengezaji wa hypha angani na ''Streptomyces'' au kuunganika. Budding huhusisha seli inayojumuisha kivimbe kinachojitenga na kisha kuutoa seli mpya. [[File:E.-coli-growth.gif|thumb|300px|Koloni ya Escherichia coli jinsi wanavyojigawanya na kuongezeka<ref> [205] </ref>.]] Katika maabara, bakteria hukuzwa kwa kutumia vyombo vya mango au viowevu. Vyombo vya ukuaji kama vile sahani ya agar hutumiwa kutenga aina moja tupu ya bakteria. Hata hivyo, ukuaji katika eneo/vyombo nyong'onyevu hutumika wakati kipimo cha ukuaji au kiasi kikubwa cha seli kinahitajika. Ukuaji katika vyombo vioewevu vilivyochochewa hufanyika kama vining'inio vya seli kwenye uoevu, na kufanya aina hizo rahisi kugawanyishwa na kuzihamisha, ingawa kutenga bakteria moja kutoka vyombo/eneo ya uoevu ni ngumu. Utumizi wa vyombo chagulizi (vyombo vilivyo ongezwa rutuba maalum au kupungukiwa nayo, au kuongezwa antibiotiki) inaweza kusaidia kubaini viumbe maalum.<ref name="Thomson">{{cite journal |author=Thomson R, Bertram H |title=Laboratory diagnosis of central nervous system infections |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_infectious-disease-clinics-of-north-america_2001-12_15_4/page/1047 |journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1047–71 |year=2001 |pmid=11780267 |doi=10.1016/S0891-5520(05)70186-0}}</ref> Mbinu nyingi za maabara za kukuza bakteria hutumiakiasi kikubwa cha virutubisho kuzalisha kiasi kikubwa cha seli kwa bei nafuu na kwa haraka. Hata hivyo, katika mazingira ya asilia, rutuba ni adimu na kwa hivyo ina maana kuwa bakteria haziwezi kuendelea kuzaliana kwa muda usiojulikana. Kuadimika kwa virutubishi imesababisha mageuzi ya ukuaji wa mikakati mbalimbali (angalia r/K nadharia ya uteuzi). Baadhi ya viumbe vinaweza kukua kwa haraka sana wakati virutubisho vipatikanapo, kama vile ukuaji wa mwani (na sainobaktera) ambazo mara nyingi hutokea katika maziwa wakati wa msimu wa joto.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Paerl H, Fulton R, Moisander P, Dyble J |title=Harmful freshwater algal blooms, with an emphasis on cyanobacteria |journal=ScientificWorldJournal |volume=1 |issue=|pages=76&ndash;113 |year=2001|pmid=12805693 |doi=10.1100/tsw.2001.16}}</ref> Vijiumbe vingine hukabiliana na mazingira mbaya, kama vile uzalishaji wa antibiotiki nyingi na Streptomaises ili kuzuia ukuaji wa vijiumbe shindani.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Challis G, Hopwood D |title=Synergy and contingency as driving forces for the evolution of multiple secondary metabolite production by Streptomyces species |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/100/suppl_2/14555 |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |volume=100 Suppl 2 |issue= |pages=14555&ndash;61 |year=2003 |pmid=12970466 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1934677100 |pmc=304118 |access-date=2015-05-07 |archive-date=2008-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725001504/http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/100/suppl_2/14555 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Katika maumbile, viumbe vingi huishi katika jamii (mfano bio-filamu) ambayo inaweza kuruhusu kuongezeka kwa ugavi wa virutubisho na ulinzi kutoka mazingira finyu.<ref name="Davey"></ref> Mahusiano haya yananaweza kuwa muhimu kwa ukuaji wa viumbe fulani au kundi la viumbe (sintrofi).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kooijman S, Auger P, Poggiale J, Kooi B |title=Quantitative steps in symbiogenesis and the evolution of homeostasis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-reviews_2003-08_78_3/page/435 |journal=Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=435&ndash;63 |year=2003 |pmid=14558592 |doi=10.1017/S1464793102006127}}</ref> Ukuaji wa bakteria hufuata awamu tatu. Wakati idadi ya bakteria huingia kwanza katika mazingira yenye idadi kubwa ya virutubisho inayoruhusu ukuaji, chembechembe hujiselehi na mazingira yao mapya. Awamu ya kwanza ya ukuaji wa uchumi ni awamu timu, ni kipindi cha kukua polepole wakati seli zinazoea kuishi katika mazingara yenye virutubishi vingi na kujitayarisha kwa ukuaji wa haraka. Awamu ya timu ina viwango vya juu vya mmeng'enyo wa vyakula, kwani protini muhimu kwa ukuaji wa haraka zinazalishwa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Prats C, López D, Giró A, Ferrer J, Valls J |title=Individual-based modelling of bacterial cultures to study the microscopic causes of the lag phase |journal=J Theor Biol |volume=241 |issue=4 |pages=939&ndash;53 |year=2006|pmid = 16524598 |doi=10.1016/j.jtbi.2006.01.029}}</ref> Awamu ya pili ya ukuaji hujulikana kama awamu ya logarithimu (awamu ya logi ), pia inajulikana kama awamu kielelezo. Awamu hii ina ukuaji wakielel ezo wa haraka. Kiwango cha ukuaji cha seli katika awamu hii inajulikana kama ''kiwango cha ukuaji'' ''(k)'', na muda seli zinachukua kuongezeka mara mbili inajulikana kama ''muda wa kizazi'' ''(g''). Wakati wa awamu logi, virutubishi humetabolaiziwa kwa kasi sana hadi kirutubisho kimoja kuisha na kuwa kikwazo cha ukuaji. Awamu ya mwisho ya ukuaji ni ''awamu simamu'' na husababishwa na virutubisho vilivyomalizika. Seli hupunguza shughuli zao za metaboli na hujitosheleza na protini zisizo-muhimu kwenye chembechembe. Awamu simamu ni kipindi cha mpito kutoka ukuaji wa haraka kwa hali finyu ya na witikio na kuna ongezeko kwa uelekezi wa jeni zinazohusika katika kutengeneza ADN ,metaboli wa vito-oksidishaji na usafirishaji wa madini.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hecker M, Völker U |title=General stress response of Bacillus subtilis and other bacteria |journal=Adv Microb Physiol |volume=44 |issue=|pages=35&ndash;91 |year=2001|pmid=11407115 |doi=10.1016/S0065-2911(01)44011-2}}</ref> ==Jenetikia== {{main|Jenomu}} Bakteria wengi huwa na kromosomu moja ya mviringo na ukubwa kutoka misingi jozi 160,000 katika bakteria ya endosimbiotik ''Candidatus Carsonella ruddii'',<ref>{{cite journal |author=Nakabachi A, Yamashita A, Toh H, Ishikawa H, Dunbar H, Moran N, Hattori M |title=The 160-kilobase genome of the bacterial endosymbiont Carsonella |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2006-10-13_314_5797/page/266 |journal=Science |volume=314 |issue=5797 |pages=267 |year=2006 |pmid=17038615 |doi=10.1126/science.1134196}}</ref> hadi misingi jozi 12,200,000 katika bakteria zilizo na makao kwenye ''Sorangium cellulosum''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pradella S, Hans A, Spröer C, Reichenbach H, Gerth K, Beyer S |title=Characterisation, genome size and genetic manipulation of the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum So ce56 |url=https://archive.org/details/archives-of-microbiology_2002-12_178_6/page/484 |journal=Arch Microbiol |volume=178 |issue=6 |pages=484–92 |year=2002 |pmid=12420170 |doi=10.1007/s00203-002-0479-2}}</ref> Spirochaete za [[Jenasi|jenasi]] ''Borrelia'' ni mojawapo wa bakteria ya kipekee katika utaratibu huu, huku bakteria kama vile ''Borrelia burgdorferi'', inayosababisha ugonjwa wa lyme,ikiwa na kromosumu moja kwenye laini. Jeni katika jinomu za bakteria kawaida huwa kijikamba kimoja kiendelezi cha ADN na ingawa kuna aina mbalimbali za introni zinazopatikana kwenye bakteria, ni nadra ikilinganishwa na ukariotes.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Belfort M, Reaban ME, Coetzee T, Dalgaard JZ |title=Prokaryotic introns and inteins: a panoply of form and function |journal=J. Bacteriol. |volume=177 |issue=14 |pages=3897–903 |date=1 July 1995 |pmid=7608058 |url=http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7608058 |pmc=177115 |access-date=2015-05-07 |archive-date=2020-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530142641/https://jb.asm.org/content/177/14/3897.long |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Bakteria pia zaweza kuwa na plasmids ambazo ni ADN ndogo zenye kromosumu za ziada zinazoweza kuwa na jeni zenye kupinga antibiotiki au virusi<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Plasmid|url=https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Plasmid|work=Genome.gov|accessdate=2021-03-30|language=en}}</ref>. Bakteria, kama viumbe hukuzana bila ngono, hurithi nakala za jeni za kufanana za wazazi wao (yaani ni klonal). Hata hivyo, bakteria zote zaweza kubadilika na uteuzi juu ya mabadiliko ya maumbile nyenzo katika ADN yao inayosababishwa na kuja pamoja kwa maumbile au miuteshion. Miuteshions hutotokana na makosa yaliyotokana wakati ADN inapojiiga au kutokana na kujieka wazi kwa visababishaji vya tarasani. Viwango vya mabadiliko ya viinisaba hutofautiana sana kati ya aina tofauti ya bakteria na hata miongoni mwa kloni mbalimbali za bakteria aina moja.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Denamur E, Matic I |title=Evolution of mutation rates in bacteria |journal=Mol Microbiol |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=820&ndash;7 |year=2006 |pmid=16677295 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05150.x}}</ref> Mabadiliko ya kimaumbile katika jinomu za bakteria huja aidha kutokana na muteshion za nadra au "muteshion kutokana na hali finyu", ambapo jeni zinazohusika haswa katika michakato kadhaa za kudumisha ukuaji huongeza kiwango cha muteshion.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wright B |title=Stress-directed adaptive mutations and evolution |journal=Mol Microbiol |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=643&ndash;50 |year=2004 |pmid=15101972 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04012.x}}</ref> Baadhi ya bakteria pia kuhamisha nyenzo za maumbile miongoni mwa seli. Hii inaweza kutokea kwa njia tatu kuu. Kwanza, bakteria inaweza kuchukua ADN za kutoka nje ya seli chembe kwenye mazingira yao, katika mchakato huitwao mabadiliko. Jeni pia zaweza kusafirishwa kwa wa transdakshion wakati wa mkungamanisho wa bakteriafej huingiza ADN za kigeni kwenye kromosomu. Njia ya tatu ya kuhamisha jeni ni kukonjugati kwa bakteria ambapo ADN huhamishwa kwa njia ya moja kwa moja baina ya chembechembe. Njia hii ya kupatikana kwa jeni kutoka bakteria zingine au mazingira inajulikana kama uhamisho wa mlalo wa jeni na inaweza kuwa ya kawaida katika hali ya kawaida.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Davison J |title=Genetic exchange between bacteria in the environment |url=https://archive.org/details/plasmid_1999-09_42_2/page/73 |journal=Plasmid |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=73&ndash;91 |year=1999|pmid = 10489325 |doi=10.1006/plas.1999.1421}}</ref> Uhamisho wa jeni ni muhimu katika upinzani dhidi ya antibiotiki kwani huruhusu uhamisho wa haraka wa jeni pinzani kati miongoni mwa pathojeni.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hastings P, Rosenberg S, Slack A |title=Antibiotic-induced lateral transfer of antibiotic resistance |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-microbiology_2004-09_12_9/page/401 |journal=Trends Microbiol |volume=12 |issue=9 |pages=401&ndash;4 |year=2004 |pmid=15337159 |doi=10.1016/j.tim.2004.07.003}}</ref> ==Tabia== ===Uchozaji=== Bakteria mara kwa mara huwachilia kemikali kwenye mazingira yao ili kuyarekebisha iwafaavyo. Kemikali hizi mara nyingi huwa protini na mara nyingi hufanana na enzaimu kwa kusiaga aina fulani ya chakula katika mazingira. ===Bioluminesenz=== Bakteria chache huwa na mifumo ya kemikali ya kuzalisha mwangaza. Bakteri wa bioluminesenz mara nyingi hutokea katika bacteria wanaoishi katika muungano pamoja na samaki, na mwanga pengine husaidia kuvutia samaki au wanyama wengine wakubwa.<ref> Dusenbery, Daudi B. ((1996). Life at Small Scale. Scientific American Library. ISBN 0-7167-5060-0.</ref> - tazama Athari ya kibahari ya Milky. ===Uwepo wa seli nyingi=== Bakteria mara nyingi hufanya kazi kama totala ya seli mingi inayojulikana kama bio-filamus, zikibadilishana ishara za molekuli mbalimbali kwa mawasiliano baina ya chembechembe, na kushiriki katika shuguli zenye uratibu.<ref name="shapiro1">{{cite journal |author=Shapiro JA |title=Thinking about bacterial populations as multicellular organisms |journal=Annu. Rev. Microbiol. |volume=52 |issue= |pages=81–104 |year=1998 |pmid=9891794 |doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.52.1.81 |url=http://www.sci.uidaho.edu/newton/math501/Sp05/Shapiro.pdf |access-date=2015-05-07 |archive-date=2012-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301075327/http://www.sci.uidaho.edu/newton/math501/Sp05/Shapiro.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name="costerton1">{{cite journal |author=Costerton JW, Lewandowski Z, Caldwell DE, Korber DR, Lappin-Scott HM |title=Microbial biofilms |journal=Annu. Rev. Microbiol. |volume=49 |issue= |pages=711–45 |year=1995 |pmid=8561477 |doi=10.1146/annurev.mi.49.100195.003431 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8561477}}</ref> Faida ya jumuiya ya ushirikiano wa pamoja wa seli za bakteria ni pamoja na ugavi wa kazi baina ya seli, upatifu wa rasilimali ambazo kawaida seli moja haiwezi kufanikiwa kutimiza, kwa pamoja kulinda dhidi ya adui, na kulinda dhidi ya kufifia kwa idadi yao kwa kujibadili hadi kwenye chembechembe tofauti.<ref name="shapiro1"></ref> Kwa mfano, bakteria katika bio-filamus zaweza kuwa zimeongeza upinzani wake kwa ajenti wa bakteria mara zaidi ya 500 kuliko "bakteria" za kipekee za planktonik za aina hiyo.<ref name="costerton1"></ref> Aina moja ya mawasiliano baina ya seli kupitia ishara za molekuli inaitwa Kiwango hisi ambayo huumika kwa kusudi ya kutathmini uwepo wa msongamano wa idadi ya kutosha ili kujiingiza kwenye shughuli ambazo zitafanikiwa tu iwapo kuna idadi kubwa ya viumbe sawia vyenye kujishughulisha kwenye shughuli sawia, kama vile katika utoaji wa Enzaimu za utumbo au kutoa mwangaza. Kiwango hisi huruhusu bakteria kuratibu kujieleza kwa jeni, na kuziwezesha kuzalisha, kutoa na kubaini uwepo wa autoindusa au feromoni ambazo hujilimbikiza na ukuaji wa idadi ya chembechembe. <ref> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11544353</ref> ===Usongaji=== Bakteria nyingi huenda kwa kutumia mbinu mbalimbali: flajela hutumika kwa kuogelea majini, utelezi na misuli ya bakteria huisongeza sakafuni, na mabadiliko ya ueleaji huruhusu mwendo wa wima.<ref name="Bardy">{{cite journal |author=Bardy S, Ng S, Jarrell K |title=Prokaryotic motility structures |url=http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/149/2/295?view=long&pmid=12624192 |journal=Microbiology |volume=149 |issue=Pt 2 |pages=295&ndash;304 |year=2003 |pmid=12624192 |doi=10.1099/mic.0.25948-0 |access-date=2015-05-07 |archive-date=2007-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914013532/http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/149/2/295?view=long&pmid=12624192 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[File:Flagellum base diagram-en.svg|thumb|right|350px|Flajelam ya Bakteria ya Gram-hasi. Viendesha msingi vya mzunguko wa kunasa na filamenti.]] Bakteria za kuogelea mara kadhaa husonga kiasi cha umbali wa miili yao mara 10 kwa sekunde na chache hata kwa kasi ya mara 100. Hii huwafanya angalau kuwa kasi kama samaki, kwa uzani fulani.<ref> Dusenbery, Daudi B. (2009). Living at Micro Scale, p. 136. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. ISBN 978-0-674-03116-6.</ref> Katika utumizi wa misuli kusogelea, bakteria hutumia Pili aina ya IV kama ndoano ya kushikilia, zikiirefusha zaidi, zikiishiliza na kisha kuirudisha kwa kutumia nguvu ya ajabu (>80[[Nyutoni|pN)]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Merz A, So M, Sheetz M |title=Pilus retraction powers bacterial twitching motility |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2000-09-07_407_6800/page/98 |journal=Nature |volume=407 |issue=6800 |pages=98–102 |year=2000 |pmid=10993081 |doi=10.1038/35024105}}</ref> Flajela ni miundo ya nusu-silinda iliyozungushwa na hufanya kazi kama propela kwa meli. Vitu vidogo kama bakteria hufanya kazi chini ya Nambari ya Reynold na mfumo wa silinda ni bora zaidi kuliko wa bapa, wa ki-kafi, mifumo muafaka kwa saizi ya binadamu.<ref> Dusenbery, David B. (2009). {. Living at Micro Scale, Chapter 13. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass ISBN 978-0-674-03116-6.</ref> Spishi za aina za bakteria hutofautiana katika idadi na mpangilio wa flajela juu yazo; baadhi zina flajela moja (monotrikaos), zingine zina flajela kila upembe (amfitrikas), mrundiko wa flajela kwenye ubanze wa seli (lofotrikas), wakati zingine zina flajela zilizosambazwa kote kwenye seli (peritrikos). Flajela ya bakteria ndiyo iliyoeleweka kama kiungo cha usongezi katika kiumbe chochote na imetengezwa kwa takribani protini 20, na takriban protini 30 zingine zikihitajika kwa ajili ya udhibiti wake na mkutano. Flajela ni kiumbo kinachoendeshwa kwa mfumo wa kupokezana wa mota iliyoko chini na hutumia gradient ya elektrokemia kwenye utando kwa nguvu. Mota hii husukuma mwendo wa filamenti, ambayo hufanya kazi kama propela. Bakteria nyingi (kama vile ''E. coli)'' zina mbinu mbili tofauti za kujisongeza: kusonga mbele (kuogelea) na kutumbua. Kutumbua huziwezesha kujirekebisha na hufanya mwenendo zao kuwa tembezi baghala na mwenendo wa hali-tatu.(Tazama viungo vya nje chini kwa viungo zilizounganishwa na video.) Flajela wa kundi la kipekee la bakteria, spairochet, hupatikana kati ya utando mbili katika nafasi ya periplasmik. Wana mwili wa kipekee wa helikal ambao hufurukuta inaposonga.<ref name="Bardy"></ref> Bakteria songezi huvutiwa au hukataliwa kwa baadhi ya chochezi katia tabia iitwayo ''taksis'': na hizi hujumulisha kemotaksis, fototaksis na magnetotakis.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lux R, Shi W |title=Chemotaxis-guided movements in bacteria |journal=Crit Rev Oral Biol Med |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=207–20 |year=2004 |pmid=15284186 |doi=10.1177/154411130401500404}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Frankel R, Bazylinski D, Johnson M, Taylor B |title=Magneto-aerotaxis in marine coccoid bacteria |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biophysical-journal_1997-08_73_2/page/994 |journal=Biophys J |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=994&ndash;1000 |year=1997 |pmid=9251816 |doi=10.1016/S0006-3495(97)78132-3 |pmc=1180996}}</ref> Katika kundi moja pekee, myksobakteria, bakteria za kipekee hutembea pamoja kuunda mawimbi ya seli ambayo huunda vyombo vyenye matunda.<ref name="autogenerated1"></ref> Myksoobakteria husogelea tu kwenye sakafu kavu, tofauti na ''E. coli'' ambayo husogelea katika miundo kavu au oevu. ''Listeria'' na ''Shigella'' kadhaa husogelea ndani ya seli enyeji kwa kupenyeza saitoskeletoni, ambayo kawaida hutumika kwa kusafairisha viini ndani ya seli. Kwa kukuza upolimishaji wa actin kwenye banzi moja ya seli, zaweza kuunda aina ya mkia unaozisukuma kwenye saitoplasm ya seli enyeji.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Goldberg MB |title=Actin-based motility of intracellular microbial pathogens |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_microbiology-and-molecular-biology-reviews_2001-12_65_4/page/595 |journal=Microbiol Mol Biol Rev |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=595–626 |year=2001 |pmid=11729265 |doi=10.1128/MMBR.65.4.595-626.2001 |pmc=99042 }}</ref> ==Uainisho na utambulisho== [[File:Streptococcus mutans Gram.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Mabadiliko ya Streptococcus inavyoonekana katika doa la Gram]] {{main|Uainishaji wa kisayansi}} Madhumuni ya uainishaji ni kuelezea spishi tofauti za bakteria kwa kuzitaja na kuwaweka viumbe msingi yanayofanana. Bakteria wanaweza kwa misingi ya umbo la kiini chao, umetaboli wa seli au kwa mujibu wa tofauti wa yaliyomo kwenye seli kama vile ADN, asidi za mafuta, rangi asili, antijeni s na kuinoni s.<ref name="Thomson"></ref> Ingawa skimu hizi ziliruhusu utambulisho na Uainishaji wa bakteria, haikubainika wazi kama tofauti hizi ziliwakilisha aina mbalimbali za spishi mbili tofauti ama aina ya spishi moja. uhakika huu umebadilisha kutokana na ukosefu wa miundo tofauti katika bakteria wengi, kama vile uhamisho jeni lateral kati ya aina unrelated. Kutokana na uhamisho wa jeni ya chini, baadhi ya bakteria wanaohusiana kwa karibu wanaweza kuwa umbo na umetaboli tofauti. Ili kuondokana na dukuduku hili, uainishaji wa bakteria wa kisasa husisitiza mpangilio wa molekiuli, kwa kutumia mbinu za kimaumbile kama vile guanine uwiano wa uamuzi wa sitosini uzalishaji wa genome-genome, pamoja na uratibishaji wa jeni ambazo hazijapitia ubadilishanaji mkubwa wa jeni za chini, kama vile jeni ya RNA.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Olsen GJ, Woese CR, Overbeek R |title=The winds of (evolutionary) change: breathing new life into microbiology |journal=Journal of Bacteriology |volume=176 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |year=1994 |month=January |pmid=8282683 |pmc=205007 |url=http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8282683}}</ref> Uainisho wa bakteria umetokana na Juzuu la Kimataifa kuhusu Mfumo Taaluma ya Bakteria,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/ |title=IJSEM - Home |accessdate=2015-05-07 |archivedate=2011-10-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019160924/http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/ }}</ref> na Muongozo wa Bergey wa utaratibu Taaluma ya Bakteria.<ref>[279] ^ Bergey's Manual Trust</ref> Kamati ya Kimataifa juu ya Utaratibu Wa Bakteriolojia (ICSB) ndiyo hulinda kanuni za kimataifa za kuwapa majina makundi mbalimbali ya bakteria na kuwaweka katika viwango tofauti katika Kanuni ya Kimataifa ya majina ya Bakteria. Awali neno "bakteria" lilitumika kwa vijiumbe vyote vidogo, prokaryoti za seli moja. Hata hivyo, mifumo ya molekiuli ilionyesha maisha ya prokaryoti yakiwa na sehemu mbili tofauti ambazo awali ziliitwa ''Eubacteria'' na ''Archaebacteria,'' lakini ambayo kwa sasa inazoitwa ''Bakteria'' na ''[[Archaea|Akea]]'' ambayo ilitokana na mabadiliko ya kujitegemea kutoka mababu zao.</ref> Akea na yukaryoti hufanana sana kinyume na ilivyo na bakteria. Hii miundo miwili, pamoja na Yukarya, ndio msingi wa mfumo wa sehemu tatu ambayo kwa sasa ndiyo hutumika sana katika uainisho wa mikrobiolojia.<ref name="Gupta">{{cite journal |author=Gupta R |title=The natural evolutionary relationships among prokaryotes |url=https://archive.org/details/critical-reviews-in-microbiology_2000_26_2/page/111 |journal=Crit Rev Microbiol |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=111–31 |year=2000 |pmid=10890353 |doi=10.1080/10408410091154219}}</ref> Hata hivyo, kutokana na kuanzishwa kwa hivi karibuni mifumo ya molekiuli na kuongezeka kwa kasi kwa idadi ya mfululizo wa genome waliopo,uainisho wa bakteria unaendelea kubadilika na kuwa eneo pana.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Doolittle RF |title=Evolutionary aspects of whole-genome biology |journal=Curr Opin Struct Biol |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=248–253 |year=2005 |pmid=11837318 |doi=10.1016/j.sbi.2005.04.001}}</ref> Kwa mfano, wanabiolojia wachache wanadai kuwa Akea na Yukaryoti walitokana na mabadiliko chanya ya bakteria ya Gram.<ref name="Cavalier-Smith2002">{{cite journal |author=Cavalier-Smith T |title=The neomuran origin of archaebacteria, the negibacterial root of the universal tree and bacterial megaclassification |journal=Int J Syst Evol Microbiol |volume=52 |issue=Pt 1 |pages=7–76 |year=2002 |pmid=11837318}}</ref> Utambulisho wa bakteria katika maabara ni muhimu, hasa katika dawa, ambapo matibabu sahihi hutokana na spishi inayosababisha maambukizi. Kwa hiyo, haja ya kutambua visababisha magonjwa ya binadamu ilikuwa msukumo mkubwa katika maendeleo ya kuibua mbinu za kutambua bakteria. {{PhylomapA|size=400px|align=left|caption=[[Phylogenetic tree]] showing the diversity of bacteria, compared to other organisms.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ciccarelli FD, Doerks T, von Mering C, Creevey CJ, Snel B, Bork P |title=Toward automatic reconstruction of a highly resolved tree of life |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2006-03-03_311_5765/page/1282 |journal=Science |volume=311 |issue=5765 |pages=1283–7 |year=2006 |pmid=16513982 |doi=10.1126/science.1123061}}</ref> [[Eukaryote]]s are colored red, [[archaea]] green and bacteria blue.}} Waa la Gram, iliyoasisiwa mwaka 1884 na [[Hans Christian Gram]], inaweka bakteria katika makundi mbalimbali kwa msingi wa miundo ya kuta za seli zao.<ref name="Gram"></ref> Rusu nene za peptidoglaikoni "Gram-chanya" kuta za seli huwa na baka la zambarau ilihali ile nyembamba nyembamba "Gram-hasi" ukuta wa seli huonekana kuwa wa waridi. Kwa kuchanganya mofolojia na madoa ya Gram, bakteria wengi wanaweza kuainishwa kama waliyo kwenye kundi moja kati ya makundi manne (Gram-positive cocci, bacilli Gram-positive, cocci Gram-negative na bacilli Gram-negative bacilli). Baadhi ya viumbe hutambulika vizuri kwa kutumia mabaka kando na baka la Gram, hususan maikobakteria au ''Nokardia,'' ambao huonyesha kasi ya asidi wakati wako kwenye Ziehl-Neelsen au baka sawia na hilo.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Woods GL, Walker DH |title=Detection of infection or infectious agents by use of cytologic and histologic stains |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=382–404 |year=1996 |month=July |pmid=8809467 |pmc=172900 |url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8809467 }}</ref> Baadhi ya viumbe wanaweza kutambuliwa kwa kuwalea katika mazingira na vifaa maalumu, au kwa mbinu nyingine, kama vile serolojia. Mbinu za mazingira maalumu zimebuniwa ili kukuza ukuaji na kutambua bakteria fulani, huku zikizuia ukuaji wa baadhi ya sampuli za bakteria. Mara nyingi mbinu hizi huwa zimeundwa kwa spishi maalumu, kwa mfano, sampuli ya sputum inaweza kushughulikwa ili kuonyesha ni vijiumbe gani husababishakichomi, ilihali sampuli za kinyesi hukuzwa katika mazingira maalumu kutambua vijiumbe ambao husababisha kuhara, huku ukidhibiti ukuaji wa vijiumbe visivyoleta magonjwa. Sampuli ambazo kwa kawaida huwa tasa, kama vile [[Damu|damu]], mkojo au maji ya mti wa mgongo, hukuzwa katika mazingira ambayo yanaweza kukuza vijiumbe vya kila nui.<ref name="Thomson"></ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Weinstein M |title=Clinical importance of blood cultures |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinics-in-laboratory-medicine_1994-03_14_1/page/9 |journal=Clin Lab Med |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=9&ndash;16 |year=1994|pmid = 8181237}}</ref> Mara tu kijiumbe kinachosababisha magonjwa kinapotengwa, kinaweza kuelezewa zaidi kupitia kwa umbo lake, ruwaza za ukuaji kama vile (ukuaji wa aerobiki au ukuaji, mifumo ya hemolisi) na matumizi ya mabaka. Kama ilivyo na uinisho wa bakteria, matumizi ya njia ya molekiuli katika utambulishio wa bakteria yanaendelea kuongezeka. Matibabu ya kutumia vifaa vya msingi wa ADN, kama vile mchakato wa mmenyeko wa polimerase, unazidi kuwa na umaarufu kutokana na umahususi na kasi yake, ikilinganishwa njia za ukuaji katika mazingira maalumu.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Louie M, Louie L, Simor AE |title=The role of DNA amplification technology in the diagnosis of infectious diseases |journal=CMAJ | url=http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/163/3/301 |volume=163 |issue=3 |pages=301–309 |date=8 August 2000|pmid=10951731 |pmc=80298 }}</ref> Aidha, mbinu hizi huruhu uchunguzi na utambuzi wa seli zilizo hai lakini ambazo hazijakuzwa katika mazingira maalumu ambazo hazijigawanyi lakini zina umetaboli.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Oliver J |title=The viable but nonculturable state in bacteria |url=http://www.msk.or.kr/jsp/view_old_journalD.jsp?paperSeq=2134 |journal=J Microbiol |volume=43 Spec No |issue= |pages=93–100 |year=2005 |pmid=15765062 |access-date=2015-05-07 |archive-date=2013-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404021821/http://www.msk.or.kr/jsp/view_old_journalD.jsp?paperSeq=2134 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Hata hivyo, kando na kutumia mbinu hizi zilizoboreshwa, idadi kamili ya spishi za bakteria haijulikani na haiwezi kukadiriwa na uhakika wowote. Kufuatia uainisho wa sasa, spishi za bakteria zinazojulikana ni chini ya 9,000 (ikiwa ni pamoja na cyanobacteria),<ref>ABRS - Numbers of living species in Australia and the World Report - Excutive Summary</ref> lakini majaribio ya kukisia viwango kamili vya baketeria mbalimbali vimekuwa kati ya 107 hadi 109 jumla ya spishi-na hata hayo makadirio haya mbalimbali yanaweza kuwa na viwango vingi vya kiasi mabalimbali.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Curtis TP, Sloan WT, Scannell JW |title=Estimating prokaryotic diversity and its limits |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=99 |issue=16 |pages=10494–9 |year=2002 |month=August |pmid=12097644 |pmc=124953 |doi=10.1073/pnas.142680199}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Schloss PD, Handelsman J |title=Status of the microbial census |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_microbiology-and-molecular-biology-reviews_2004-12_68_4/page/686 |journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=686–91 |year=2004 |month=December |pmid=15590780 |pmc=539005 |doi=10.1128/MMBR.68.4.686-691.2004}}</ref> ==Mwingiliano na viumbe wengine== Licha ya ukawaida wao, bakteria wanaweza kuwa na muungano mkubwa na viumbe wengine. Uhusiano huu wa kutegemeana kugawanywa unaweza kugawanwa katika uhsiano wa ukupe, kutoshelezana na kunufaika. Kutokana na udogo wao, bakteria za komeshuali huwa na maumbo yasiyoeleweka na huishi kwa wanyama na mimea kama wanavyokua katika sehemu nyingine. Hata hivyo, ukuaji ukuaji wao unaweza kuongezwa kwa joto na jasho, na idadi kubwa ya viumbe hawa kwa binadamu ndiyo husababisha harufu ya mwili. ===Wawindaji=== Baadhi ya spishi za bakteria huua na hula vijiumbe vingine, viumbe hawa huitwa bakteria wawindaji.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Martin MO |title=Predatory prokaryotes: an emerging research opportunity |journal=Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=467–77 |year=2002 |month=September |pmid=12432957}}</ref> Hawa ni pamoja na vijiumbe kama vile ''Myxococcus xanthus,'' ambao huunda kundi la seli ambazo huua na kumeng'enya bakteria yoyote wanayokutana nayo.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Velicer GJ, Stredwick KL |title=Experimental social evolution with Myxococcus xanthus |url=https://archive.org/details/antonie-van-leeuwenhoek_2002_81_1-4/page/155 |journal=Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek |volume=81 |issue=1-4 |pages=155–64 |year=2002 |month=August |pmid=12448714 |doi=10.1023/A:1020546130033}}</ref> Bakteria nyingine wawindaji ama hujiunganisha kwenye mawindo yao ili kuimeng'enya na kunyonya virutubisho, kama vile ''Vampirococcus,'' au huvamia seli nyingine na kuzaana ndani ya sehemu wazi ya seli, kama vile ''Daptobacter.''<ref>{{cite journal |author=Guerrero R, Pedros-Alio C, Esteve I, Mas J, Chase D, Margulis L |title=Predatory prokaryotes: predation and primary consumption evolved in bacteria |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=83 |issue= |pages=2138–42 |year=1986 |month=April |pmid=11542073 |pmc=323246 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.83.7.2138|url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11542073}}</ref> Bakteria wawindaji zinadhaniwa kwamba zilitokana na saprophages ambao walikula mizoga, na kutokana na mazoea iliwawezesha kunasa na kuua vijiumbe wengine.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Velicer GJ, Mendes-Soares H |title=Bacterial predators |journal=Current Biology |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=R55–R56 |year=2009 |month=January|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.043 |pmid=19174136 |last1=Velicer |first1=GJ |last2=Mendes-Soares |first2=H}}</ref> ===Wanaotegemeana=== Baadhi ya bakteria huwa na uhusia wakaribu na huunda makundi ambayo nimuhimu katika maisha yao. Mfano mmoja wauhusiano huu wa kutegemeana uitwao uhamisho wa haidrojeni hutokea kati ya makundi ya bakteria wa aerobiki na wale wa anaerobiki ambao hula asidi ya kaboni kama vile asidi biutiriki au asidi propioniki na huzalisha [[haidrojeni]], na methanogeni ya Akea ambayo hutumia haidrojeni.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stams A, de Bok F, Plugge C, van Eekert M, Dolfing J, Schraa G |title=Exocellular electron transfer in anaerobic microbial communities |journal=Environ Microbiol |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=371&ndash;82 |year=2006 |pmid=16478444 |doi=10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.00989.x}}</ref> bakteria katika uhusiano huu hawawezi kutumia asidi ya kaboni kwa sababu mmenyeko hutoa haidrojeni ambayo hujilimbikiza katika mazingira yao. Ni uhusiano huu tu wa ndani na Akea wanaotumia haidrojeni ambao hudhibiti viwango vya haidrojeni kuwa chini ilikuruhusu bakteria kukua. Katika [[udongo]], vijiumbe wanaoishi kwenye raizosifia ya (a ukanda wa ozoni ambao ni pamoja na mizizi na udongo hunata kwenye mizizi baada ya kutikisa) hutekeleza jukumu la kuongeza nitrojeni kwa kuwageuza gesi ya nitrojeni kuwa misombo ya nitrojeni.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Barea J, Pozo M, Azcón R, Azcón-Aguilar C |title=Microbial co-operation in the rhizosphere |url=http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/56/417/1761 |journal=J Exp Bot |volume=56 |issue=417 |pages=1761&ndash;78 |year=2005 |pmid=15911555 |doi=10.1093/jxb/eri197 |access-date=2015-05-07 |archive-date=2007-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216133241/http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/56/417/1761 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Hii husaidia kutooa aina ya haidrojeni ambayo inanyonyek kwa urahisi na mimea mingi, ambayo haiwezi kujiongezea oksijeni yenyewe. Bakteria wengine wengi hupatikana kama saimbioti katika binadamu na viumbe wengine. Kwa mfano, uwepo wa spishi za bakteria zaidi ya 1,000 katika utumbo wa binadamu unaweza kuchanga katika kinga ya utumbo mmeng'enyo wa vitamini kaama vile asidi ya foliki vitamini k na [[biotin]], kubadilisha [[protini ya maziwa]] na [[asidi laktik]] (Tazama ''[[Lactobacillus]]''), pamoja na uchachushaji wa kabohaidreti kubwa zisizomeng'enyeka.<ref>{{cite journal |author=O'Hara A, Shanahan F |title=The gut flora as a forgotten organ |journal=EMBO Rep |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=688&ndash;93 |year=2006 |pmid=16819463 |doi=10.1038/sj.embor.7400731 |pmc=1500832}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Zoetendal E, Vaughan E, de Vos W |title=A microbial world within us |journal=Mol Microbiol |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=1639&ndash;50 |year=2006 |pmid=16553872 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05056.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Gorbach S |title=Lactic acid bacteria and human health |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-medicine_1990-02_22_1/page/37 |journal=Ann Med |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=37&ndash;41 |year=1990|pmid = 2109988 |doi=10.3109/07853899009147239}}</ref> Uwepo wa utumbo huu hudhibiti wa vimelea ambavyo husababisha magonjwa (kawaida kwa kutengwa kwa lazima) na bakteria hawa wa manufaa huuzwa kama chakula mbadala cha probiotiki.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Salminen S, Gueimonde M, Isolauri E |title=Probiotics that modify disease risk | url=http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/135/5/1294 |journal=J Nutr |volume=135 |issue=5 |pages=1294&ndash;8 |date=1 May 2005|pmid=15867327 }}</ref> [[File:SalmonellaNIAID.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Picha inayoonyesha bakteriainayosababisha homa ya matumbo ikivamia seli za binadamu katika mazingira maalumu]] ===Vimelea vinavyosababisha magonjwa=== {{Main|Bakteria na maradhi}} Iwapo bakteria watakuwa na uhusiano wa kupe na viumbe wengine, huainishwa kama vimelea vya magonjwa. Bakteria wanaosababisha magonjwa ndiyo husababisha vifo vingi kwa binadamu na husababisha magonjwa ya kuambukizwa kama vile pepopunda, [[Homa ya matumbo|homa ya matumbo]], mkamba, [[Kaswende|kaswende]], [[Kipindupindu|kipindupindu]], magonjwa yanayotokana na chakula, ukoma na [[Kifua kikuu|kifua kikuu.]] Kimelea kinachojulikana kwa kusababisha magonjwa kinaweza kujulikana baada ya miaka mingi, kama ilivyokuwa kwa ''Helicobacter pylori '' na ugonjwa vidonda vya tumbo wa ''peptiki.'' Magonjwa ya bakteria ni muhimu pia katika [[kilimo]], huku bakteria wakisababisha madoa ya matawi, kukauka na kupukutika katika mimea, kadhalikaugonjwa wa Johne, ugonjwa wa maziwa, salmonella na kimeta katika wanyama wa kufugwa. Kila spishi ya pathojeni ina tabia ya mwingiliano na miili ya binadamu. Baadhi ya viumbe, kama vile ''Staphylococcus'' au ''Streptococcus,'' wanaweza kusababisha maambukizi ya ugonjwa wa ngozi, kichomi, [[ugonjwa wa uti wa mgongo]] na hata sepsis kupita kiasi, uvimbe wa mara kwa mara ambao huleta mshtuko, kunyong'onyea kwa mishipa ya damu na kifo.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fish D |title=Optimal antimicrobial therapy for sepsis |journal=Am J Health Syst Pharm |volume=59 Suppl 1 |issue=|pages=S13&ndash;9 |year=2002|pmid=11885408}}</ref> Hata hivyo, viumbe hawa ni sehemu ya kawaida ya binadamu na mimea na huwa kwenye ngozi[[Pua| au pua]] bila kusababisha ugonjwa wowote. Viumbe vingine husababisha magonjwa kwa binadamu, kama vile Rickettsia, ambayo ni kimelea cha ndani ya seli ambayo huweza kukua na kuzaa kama iko ndani ya viumbe wengine. Spishi moja ya Rickettsia husababisha homaya matumbo, ilihali nyingine husababisha homa inayopatikana maeneo ya milima. ''Klamidia,'' kundi lingine la vimelea wa ndani, ina ina spishi ambazo zinaweza kusababisha kichomi, au maambukizi ya magonjwa ya njia ya mkojo na kuchangia katika magonjwa ya mishipa ya moyo.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Belland R, Ouellette S, Gieffers J, Byrne G |title=Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis |journal=Cell Microbiol |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=117&ndash;27 |year=2004|pmid = 14706098 |doi=10.1046/j.1462-5822.2003.00352.x}}</ref> Mwisho kabisa, baadhi ya spishi kama vile Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cenocepacia, na Mycobacterium avium ni ni pathojeni ambazo hutaka kutumia hali fulani ya binadamu walio na uhaba wa kinga ya magonjwa ama chanagarawe za s aitiki.<ref name="Saiman">{{cite journal |author=Saiman L |title=Microbiology of early CF lung disease |journal=Paediatric Respiratory Reviews |volume=5 Suppl A |issue= |pages=S367–9 |year=2004 |pmid=14980298}}</ref> [[File:Bacterial infections and involved species.png|thumb|left|380px|Muhtasari wa maambukiziya bakteria na spishi maalumu zinazohusika.]] Maambukizi ya bakteria yanaweza kutibiwa na [[antibaotiki]], ambazo huitwa antibakteriasida kama zinaweza kuua vimelea, au kusitisha ukuaji wa bakteria. Kuna antibaotiki za aina nyingi na kila kundi huzuia mchakato tofauti na ule wa pathojenikando na ule unaopatikana kwenye mazingira ilimo. Mfano wa jinsi bakteria wanavyotoa sumu kiuchaguzi ni kloramfebikoli na puromaisini, ambayo huzuia ribosomu ya bakteria, lakini si ribosomu ya yukaryoti ya umbo tofauti.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Yonath A, Bashan A |title=Ribosomal crystallography: initiation, peptide bond formation, and amino acid polymerization are hampered by antibiotics |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-microbiology_2004_58/page/233 |journal=Annu Rev Microbiol |volume=58 |pages=233&ndash;51 |year=2004 |pmid=15487937 |doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123822}}</ref> Antibiotiki hutumiwa katika kutibu magonjwa ya binadamu na katika kilimo kikubwa kukuza ukuaji wa wanyama, ambapo zinaweza kuchangia katika ukuaji wa kasi ya uwezo wa kupigana na idadi ya bakteria.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Khachatourians GG |title=Agricultural use of antibiotics and the evolution and transfer of antibiotic-resistant bacteria |journal=CMAJ |volume=159 |issue=9 |pages=1129–36 |year=1998 |month=November |pmid=9835883 |pmc=1229782 |url=http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/pmidlookup?view=reprint&pmid=9835883}}</ref> Maambukiziyanaweza kuzuiwa kwa kutumia maagizo ya antiseptiki kama vile kusafisha ngozi kabla ya kuitoboa kwa sindano au sirenji, na kwa utunzaji mzuri wa katheta za nyumbani. Vifaa vya upasuaji na vya meno pia husafishwa kuzuia kuchafuka kutokana na bakteria. Sabuni za kuosha kama vile blichi hutumiwa kuua bakteria au pathojeni zingine katika sehemu mablimbali ili kuzuia uchafu na uwezekano wa kuambukizwa ugonjwa. ===Maadui=== {{main|Bakteriofagi}} [[Bakteriofagi]] (pia fagi au vilabakteria) ni virusi vilivyo na uwezo wa kushambulia na kuua bakteria ili kuongeza idadi yao<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=understanding Bacteriophages in details|url=https://www.thephage.xyz/2021/02/understanding-bacteriophages-in-details.html|accessdate=2021-03-30|language=en|archivedate=2021-05-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506175516/https://www.thephage.xyz/2021/02/understanding-bacteriophages-in-details.html}}</ref>. Kuna spishi nyingi za bakteriofagi zinazoshambulia spishi zote za bakteria na [[arkea]] kwa kuingiza ADN au ARN ndani yao na kushirikisha utaratibu wa seli kutoa [[virioni]] mpya. Bakteria hupinga maambukizo ya fagi kupitia mfumo tata wa kijeni ambao huharibu ADN au ARN ya kigeni<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bickle TA, Krüger DH |title=Biology of DNA restriction |journal=Microbiol. Rev. |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=434–50 |date=1 June 1993|pmid=8336674 |pmc=372918 |url=http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8336674 }}</ref>. [[Jenomu]] ya bakteriofagi nyingi huunganishwa katika ile ya [[kimelewa]] na inaweza kukaa [[bwete]] kwa muda wa [[kizazi|vizazi]] vingi. Baadhi ya jeni za bakteriofagi zinaweza kuchangia [[sifajeni]] (fenotipi) ya vimelewa vyao. Kwa mfano, [[ukoo|koo]] fulani za ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' na za ''[[Clostridium botulinum]]'' zina [[sumu]] kwa sababu ya [[toksini]] zinazozalishwa na jeni za bakteriofagi, wakati koo bila jeni hizo hazina sumu. Jeni hizo hunakiliwa na bakteria pamoja na jeni zao binafsi, ambayo inawapatia uwezo wa kusababisha magonjwa<ref>{{cite journal |author=Brüssow H, Canchaya C, Hardt WD |title=Phages and the evolution of bacterial pathogens: from genomic rearrangements to lysogenic conversion |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_microbiology-and-molecular-biology-reviews_2004-09_68_3/page/560 |journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=560–602 |year=2004 |month=September |pmid=15353570 |pmc=515249 |doi=10.1128/MMBR.68.3.560-602.2004}}</ref>. ==Umuhimu katika teknolojia na viwanda== {{main|Bakteria na uchumi}} Bakteria, hususan bakteria wa asidi ya laktiki kama vile ''Lactobacillus'' na ''Lactococcus,'' inapoongezwa chachu, wametumika kwa maelfu ya miaka katika maandalizi ya vyakula vya kuchachusha kama vile [[jibini]], sosi ya soya, [[divai]] na [[siki]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Johnson M, Lucey J |title=Major technological advances and trends in cheese |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-dairy-science_2006-04_89_4/page/1174 |journal=J Dairy Sci |volume=89 |issue=4 |pages=1174–8 |year=2006 |pmid=16537950 |doi=10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72186-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Hagedorn S, Kaphammer B |title=Microbial biocatalysis in the generation of flavor and fragrance chemicals |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-microbiology_1994_48/page/773 |journal=Annu. Rev. Microbiol. |volume=48 |issue= |pages=773–800 |year=1994 |pmid=7826026 |doi=10.1146/annurev.mi.48.100194.004013}}</ref> Uwezo wa bakteria kuharibu misombo mbalimbali ya kaboni ni muhimu na imetumika katika [[usindikaji]] wa taka na na ufuaji wa misombo ya kaboni kutoka kwa taka. Bakteria wenye uwezo wa kusaga haidrokaboni katika [[mafuta ya petroli]] mara nyingi hutumika kusafisha mafuta yanayovuja.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cohen Y |title=Bioremediation of oil by marine microbial mats |journal=Int Microbiol |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=189&ndash;93 |year=2002 |pmid=12497184 |doi=10.1007/s10123-002-0089-5}}</ref> Mbolea iliongezwa kwa baadhi ya fukwe katika Prince William Sound katika jaribio la kukuza ukuaji wa kawaida wa hawa bakteria baada ya kuvuja ambako kulileta hasara kwa mwaka 1989 ''Exxon Valdez''. Juhudi hizi zilifanikiwa katika fukwe ambazo hazikuwa zimefunikwa na rusu nene ya mafuta. Bakteria pia hutumika katika ufufuaji wa misombo ya kaboni kutoka taka za viwanda zenye sumu.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Neves LC, Miyamura TT, Moraes DA, Penna TC, Converti A |title=Biofiltration methods for the removal of phenolic residues |journal=Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. |volume=129-132 |issue= |pages=130–52 |year=2006 |pmid=16915636 |doi=10.1385/ABAB:129:1:130}}</ref> Katika sekta ya viwanda vya kemikali, bakteria ni muhimu katika uzalishaji wa kemikali safi za enatiomeriki ambazo hutumika kama dawa au dawa za mimea.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Liese A, Filho M |title=Production of fine chemicals using biocatalysis |journal=Curr Opin Biotechnol |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=595&ndash;603 |year=1999 |pmid=10600695 |doi=10.1016/S0958-1669(99)00040-3}}</ref> Bakteria pia zinaweza kutumika badala ya dawa za kuua wadudu katika kudhibiti wadudu kibiolojia. Kwa kawaida hii huhusisha '' Bacillus thuringiensis'' (pia huitwa BT), bakteria ya Gram-chanya inayopatikana katika udongo. Spishi ndogo za hii bakteria hutumika kama dawa maalumu ya kuua wadudu ya Lepidoptera inayojulikana kwa jina la madukani kama vile Dipel na Thuricide.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Aronson AI, Shai Y |title=Why Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal toxins are so effective: unique features of their mode of action |journal=FEMS Microbiol. Lett. |volume=195 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |year=2001 |pmid=11166987 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10489.x}}</ref> Kwa sababu ya umaalumu wao, dawa hizi zinaaminika kuwa hazina madhara yoyote katika mazingira, bila atahri yoyote kwa binadamu wanyama, wadudu wa kufyonza na wadudu wengine wengi wenye manufaa kwa binadamu.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bozsik A |title=Susceptibility of adult Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to insecticides with different modes of action |journal=Pest Manag Sci |volume=62 |issue=7 |pages=651–4 |year=2006 |pmid=16649191 |doi=10.1002/ps.1221}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Chattopadhyay A, Bhatnagar N, Bhatnagar R |title=Bacterial insecticidal toxins |url=https://archive.org/details/critical-reviews-in-microbiology_2004_30_1/page/33 |journal=Crit Rev Microbiol |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=33–54 |year=2004 |pmid=15116762 |doi=10.1080/10408410490270712}}</ref> Kwa sababu ya uwezo wao kukua kwa haraka na urahisi ambao wanaweza kubadilishwa, bakteria hutumika pakubwa katika biolojia ya molekiuli {0,{/0} taaluma ya nasaba au [[jenetikia]] na [[biokemia]]. Kwa kubadilika katika maumbo ya ADN ya bakteria na kuchunguza umbo la nje linalotokea, wanasayansi wanaweza kujua dhima ya jeni, [[Kimeng'enya|vimeng'enya]] na njia za umetaboli katika bakteria, na kutumia ujuzi huu kwenye wanyama wakubwa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Serres MH, Gopal S, Nahum LA, Liang P, Gaasterland T, Riley M |title=A functional update of the Escherichia coli K-12 genome |journal=Genome Biology |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=RESEARCH0035 |year=2001 |pmid=11574054 |pmc=56896 |url=http://genomebiology.com/1465-6906/2/RESEARCH0035 |doi=10.1186/gb-2001-2-9-research0035 |access-date=2015-05-07 |archive-date=2020-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315111159/http://genomebiology.com/1465-6906/2/RESEARCH0035 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Lengo la kulewa biokemi ya seli na hufikia kiwango chake tata katika usagaji wa wa iadi kubwa ya vimeng'enya na maelezo ya data ya jeni katika mtindo wa hisabati ya viumbe wote. Hali hii inaweza kufikiwa katika baadhi ya bakteria ambao wametafitiwa vizuri, wenye maumbo ya umetaboli wa ''Escherichia coli'' ambao kwa sasa wanazalishwa na kujaribiwa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Almaas E, Kovács B, Vicsek T, Oltvai Z, Barabási A |title=Global organization of metabolic fluxes in the bacterium Escherichia coli |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2004-02-26_427_6977/page/838 |journal=Nature |volume=427 |issue=6977 |pages=839–43 |year=2004 |pmid=14985762 |doi=10.1038/nature02289}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Reed JL, Vo TD, Schilling CH, Palsson BO |title=An expanded genome-scale model of Escherichia coli K-12 (iJR904 GSM/GPR) |journal=Genome Biol. |volume=4 |issue=9 |pages=R54 |year=2003 |pmid=12952533 |doi=10.1186/gb-2003-4-9-r54 |pmc=193654}}</ref> Uelewa wa umetaboli wa bakteria na jenetikia yake inawezesha matumizi ya bioteknolojia katika uhandisi wa bakteria kwa ajili ya uzalishaji wa protini ya matibabu, kama vile insulini, nyenzo za ukuaji, au kingamwili.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Walsh G |title=Therapeutic insulins and their large-scale manufacture |url=https://archive.org/details/applied-microbiology-and-biotechnology_2005-04_67_2/page/151 |journal=Appl Microbiol Biotechnol |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=151&ndash;9 |year=2005 |pmid=15580495 |doi=10.1007/s00253-004-1809-x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Graumann K, Premstaller A |title=Manufacturing of recombinant therapeutic proteins in microbial systems |journal=Biotechnol J |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=164&ndash;86 |year=2006 |pmid=16892246 |doi=10.1002/biot.200500051}}</ref> ==Tazama Pia== *[[Bioteknolojia]] *[[Orodha ya makundi ya bakteria]] *[[Kidubini]] *[[Kanuni ya kimataifa ya majina ya bakteria]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist|2}} ==Marejeo== * {{cite book |author=Alcamo IE |title=Fundamentals of microbiology |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9790763710674 |publisher=Jones and Bartlett |location=Boston |year=2001 |pages= |isbn=0-7637-1067-9}} * {{cite book |author=Atlas RM |title=Principles of microbiology |url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofmicr0000atla_l1q7 |publisher=Mosby |location=St. Louis |year=1995 |pages= |isbn=0-8016-7790-4}} * {{cite book |author=Martinko JM, Madigan MT |title=Brock Biology of Microorganisms | edition = 11th |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J |year=2005 |pages= |isbn=0-13-144329-1}} * {{cite book |author=Holt JC, Bergey DH |title=Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology |edition = 9th |publisher=Williams & Wilkins |location=Baltimore |year=1994 |pages= |isbn=0-683-00603-7}} * {{cite journal | author=Hugenholtz P, Goebel BM, Pace NR | title=Impact of culture-independent studies on the emerging phylogenetic view of bacterial diversity | journal=J Bacteriol | date=15 September 1998 | pages=4765&ndash;74 | volume=180 | issue=18 | pmid=9733676 | url=http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/full/180/18/4765?view=full&pmid=9733676 | pmc=107498 | access-date=2015-05-07 | archive-date=2008-09-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914121802/http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/full/180/18/4765?view=full&pmid=9733676 | dead-url=yes }} * {{cite book |author=Funke BR, Tortora GJ, Case CL |title=Microbiology: an introduction |edition = 8th |publisher=Benjamin Cummings |location=San Francisco |year=2004 |pages= |isbn=0-8053-7614-3}} * {{cite book |author=Shively, Jessup M. |title=Complex Intracellular Structures in Prokaryotes (Microbiology Monographs) |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin |year=2006 |isbn=3-540-32524-7}} * {{cite journal | author=Witzany G, | title=Bio-Communication of Bacteria and their Evolutionary Roots in Natural Genome Editing Competences of Viruses | journal=Open Evol J | year=2008 | volume=2 |pages=44–54 | doi=10.2174/1874404400802010044}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Wikispecies}} {{Sisterlinks}} * # MicrobeWiki, an extensive wiki about bacteria and viruses * [http://www.ncppb.com Bacteria which affect crops and other plants] * [http://www.dsmz.de/bactnom/bactname.htm Bacterial Nomenclature Up-To-Date from DSMZ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dsmz.de/bactnom/bactname.htm |date=20070929083605 }} * Genera of the domain Bacteria - list of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature * [http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/sn_arc99/4_17_99/fob5.htm The largest bacteria] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/sn_arc99/4_17_99/fob5.htm |date=20121211094146 }} * [http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Eubacteria&amp;contgroup=Life_on_Earth Tree of Life: Eubacteria] {{Wayback|url=http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Eubacteria&contgroup=Life_on_Earth |date=20141021015145 }} * Videos of bacteria swimming and tumbling, use of optical tweezers and other videos. * Planet of the Bacteria by Stephen Jay Gould * [http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/ On-line text book on bacteriology] {{Wayback|url=http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/ |date=20080913123627 }} * [http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/trun/artwork/Animations/Overview/overview.html Animated guide to bacterial cell structure.] * [http://www.newscientist.com/channel/life/dn14094-bacteria-make-major-evolutionary-shift-in-the-lab.html Bacteria Make Major Evolutionary Shift in the Lab] * Cell-Cell Communication in Bacteria on-line lecture by Bonnie Bassler, and TED: Discovering bacteria's amazing communication system * [http://esciencenews.com/articles/2009/02/19/online.collaboration.identifies.bacteria Online collaboration for bacterial taxonomy.] {{Wayback|url=http://esciencenews.com/articles/2009/02/19/online.collaboration.identifies.bacteria |date=20140415222312 }} * [http://www.smartymaps.com/map.php?s=prokaryote Parts of a bacterial cell] {{Wayback|url=http://www.smartymaps.com/map.php?s=prokaryote |date=20120305100006 }} * Bacterial Chemotaxis Interactive Simulator - A web-app that uses several simple algorithms to simulate bacterial chemotaxis. [[Jamii:Bakteria]] [[Jamii:Bakteriolojia]] [[Jamii:Mikrobiolojia]] jwq5j44njh2rk1vvsuwlrtd5jjlmgm1 0 17097 1598947 1575138 2026-09-23T02:43:29Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist |Jina = Akon |Img =Akon in July 2015 (cropped).jpg |Img_size = |Img_capt = |Background = solo_singer |Jina la kuzaliwa = Aliaune Badara Akon Thiam |Asili yake = [[Dakar]], Senegal |Amezaliwa = {{birth date and age|1973|4|30|df=yes}} |Aina = [[Hip hop]], [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]], [[Pop music|Pop]] |Kazi yake = Mwanamuziki<br />Mtayarishaji<br />Mtunzi wa nyimbo |Miaka ya kazi = 1996–hadi leo |Studio = [[Universal Motown Records Group|Universal]], [[Akonik]], [[SRC Records|SRC]], [[Konvict Muzik]], [[UpFront Records|UpFront]] |Ameshirikiana na = [[DJ Khaled]], [[Lil Wayne]], [[Colby O'Donis]], [[Kardinal Offishall]], [[Snoop Dogg]], [[T-Pain]], [[Young Jeezy]] |Tovuti = [http://www.akononline.com/ www.akononline.com] }} '''Aliuane Badara Akon Thiam''' (anafahamika zaidi kwa jina lake la kati ambalo analitumia kwa [[usanii]]; amezaliwa [[30 Aprili]] [[1973]]<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20070513113841/http://www.cnn.com/2007/SHOWBIZ/05/10/showbuzz/index.html#0 Akon apologizes for sexually explicit dance]", CNN, [[2007-05-10]].</ref><ref>"[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003583281 Akon Apologizes For Racy Onstage Dance] {{Wayback|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003583281 |date=20080618173046 }}", ''Billboard'', [[2007-05-09]].</ref>) ni [[chotara]] wa [[Senegal|Msenegali]] na [[Mmarekani]] ambaye ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi]] wa [[nyimbo]] za [[R & B]], mtayarishaji wa rekodi, [[mfanyabiashara]], na mhisani. Alipata umashuhuri mwaka wa 2004 kufuatia kutolewa kwa wimbo wa "Locked Up", uliokuwa wa kwanza kutoka [[albamu]] yake ya kwanza iliyoitwa, Trouble. Albamu yake ya pili, Konvicted, ilimwezesha kuteuliwa kushindania tuzo la Grammy kutokana na wimbo wa "Smack That". Yeye kufikia sasa ameanzisha kampuni mbili za kurekodi ambazo ni, Konvict Muzik na Kon Live Distribution. Yeye anajulikana kama mojawapo wa waimbaji waliofanikiwa na hodari zaidi wa mtindo wa R & B wa karne ya 21, apataye zaidi ya dola milioni 30 kwa mwaka. Haya ni kulingana na jarida la Forbes. Akon mara nyingi hushirikiana na wasanii wengine na kwa sasa ameshirikishwa katika zaidi ya nyimbo 200 na ana nyimbo 36 kwenye orodha ya Bango la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri. Yeye ni msanii wa kwanza kuchukua nafasi ya kwanza na ya pili mtawalia, kwa mara mbili, kwenye chati za Mabango ya nyimbo 100 mashuhuri. Yeye ameteuliwa mara 6 kushindania tuzo ya Grammy na amehusika katika utayarisha ji wa nyimbo za wasanii kama vile [[Lady Gaga]], [[T-Pain]], [[Leona Lewis]] miongoni mwa wengine. Yeye amekuwa na nyimbo 19 kwenye kitengo cha nyimbo 20 bora duniani kote. == Maisha == Akon amedai katika mahojiano kwamba jina lake kamili ni Aliuane Damala Bouga Time Puru Nacka Lu Lu Lu Badara Akon Thiam <ref>Akon at The Ellen Degeneres Show and in other interviews (7 Januari 2009).</ref> ingawa kuna utata na mjadala kuhusu jina lake halisi na tarehe yake ya kuzaliwa. Akon kwa kawaida anajulikana kama Aliuane Thiam. Juu ya jina lake refu, jina kamili la Akon limeripotiwa kuwa Aliaune Badara Thiam na Alioune Badara Thiam na mtandao wa About.com unadai kwamba jina lake la katikati halijawahi kuthibitishwa. Kuhusu tarehe yake ya kuzaliwa, baadhi ya vyombo vya habari vimeripoti kwamba Akon alizaliwa mwaka 1981. Taasisi zingine, ikiwemo AP, wanadai kuwa Akon alizaliwa mwaka wa 1973, na mamake alisaidiwa kujifungua na daktari msenegali aitwaye Magueye Seck. Hati za kisheria zilizotolewa na [[The Smoking Gun]] zinaonyesha jina la Akon kama Aliuane Damala Thiam na tarehe yake ya kuzaliwa kama 1973/04/30 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/years/2008/0416081dutchmisd2.html | title = Nakala iliyohifadhiwa|accessdate=2009-11-30 |archivedate=2008-12-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216135452/http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/years/2008/0416081dutchmisd2.html }}</ref> au 1973/04/16,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/years/2008/0416081njjudgment1.html | title = Nakala iliyohifadhiwa|accessdate=2009-11-30 |archivedate=2009-02-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215041337/http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/years/2008/0416081njjudgment1.html }}</ref> hata hivyo shirika la [[BBC]] linasema kuwa Akon alizaliwa tarehe 14 Oktoba 1981. === Maisha ya utotoni === Akiwa mwanawe mcheza ala za muziki aliyesifika kutoka Senegali aliyejulikana kama Mor Thiam, Akon alikulia katika mandhari ya muziki na alifundishwa kucheza ala kadhaa ikiwemo djembe. Yeye alizaliwa St Louis, Missouri, USA ili kukwepa shughuli za kutafuta kibali cha uhamiaji, lakini aliishi mjini Dakar, Senegal hadi alipofikisha umri wa miaka 7, kisha akabadilishana kati ya kuishi Senegali na Marekani hadi alipofikisha umri wa miaka 15, alipohamia kabisa mjini Jersey, New Jersey. Wakati Akon aliposemaka kuwa katika jela kwa miaka 3, alianza kutambua kipawa chake cha muziki na akaanza kujivunia historia ya muziki iliyokuwa kwenye familia yake. Mchanganyiko wake wa kipekee wa mtindo wa Afrika Magharibi, ujuzi wake na hatimaye mitindo yake ya densi iliwavutia wakuu wa shirika la Universal. Akon alianza kuandika na kurekodi nyimbo katika studio yake ya nyumbani. Tepu zake zilifika kwenye kampuni hiyo ya SRC/Universal, ambayo ilitoa albumu (LP) yake ya kwanza, Trouble, mnamo juni 2004. Albamu hii ni mseto wa mtindo mwororo wa Akon wa Afrika Magharibi Ukichanganywa na MIDU kutoka Pwani ya Mashariki na Kusini. Nyimbo nyingi za Akon huanza kwa sauti ya kufunguka kwa mlango wa jela naye akitamka neno "Konvict". === Maisha ya binafsi na madai === Akon ni [[Mwislamu]], na anasema hajawahi kulewa [[pombe]] kutokana na [[imani]] yake. Kumekuwa na madai kuwa ana wake watatu, hata hivyo amebaini kuwa anaye mmoja tu, aitwaye Tomeka. Akon alidai kuwa amepata watoto sita na wanawake watatu tofauti katika mahojiano na jarida la Blender. Akon pia anadai kuwa na uhusiano mzuri sana na watoto wake wote, na kwamba yeye anataka kukinga familia yake kutokana na jicho la umma. Yeye pia anasema kwamba dini yake ilimfanya kuwa mtu bora, na inampa mwongozo wa jinsi ya kutagusana na watu wengine maishani. Yeye pia ana shirika lake la kutoa msaada kwa watoto wasiojiweza barani Afrika liitwalo Konfidence Foundation. Akon anamiliki mgodi wa almasi katika Afrika ya Kusini na anakanusha uwepo wa almasi za damu (zinajulikana pia kama " almasi za vita") akisema, "Hata siamini kuwa kuna almasi za vita. Hiyo ni filamu tu. Hebu fikiria. Hakuna mtu yeyote aliyewahi kufikiria chochote kuhusu almasi ya vita hadi wakati filamu hii ilipotolewa. Hata hivyo,tangu wakati huo yeye amesema kuwa hakubali kwamba almasi za damu zipo, na kwamba anamiliki nusu ya mgodi mmoja uliopo Afrika ambao unatia jitihada kuepuka matumizi ya almasi za damu huku wakizifaidi jamii zinazowazunguka. Inadaiwa kuwa aliwahi kushiriki katika ulanguzi wa madawa ya kulevya, lakini yeye amekanusha akisema hajawahi kutumia madawa haya, ingawa maneno ya baadhi ya nyimbo zake yanakinzana na makanusho yake. Jarida la "The Smoking Gun" liliripoti, mnamo Aprili 2008, kwamba historia ya Akon ya kufungwa jela imeongezwa chumvi. Madai ya kuwa Akon alikuwa sehemu ya genge la wizi na kwamba alikaa miaka mitatu gerezani yalikabiliwa na rekodi za mahakama na za mahojiano na wachunguzi waliohusika katika kesi yake. Kulingana na makala ya jarida la "Smoking Gun" , Akon hakushtakiwa na hatia yoyote ya uhalifu na hakutumikia kifungo chochote gerezani kati ya 1999-2002 kama alivyodai hapo awali. Yeye alisema kwamba jaribio la jarida la "The Smoking Gun" la kumharibia jina halina maana yoyote kwani hilo ni jambo analojaribu kulisahau." Akon alisema kuwa yeye hajawahi kukaa kwenye jela kipindi cha miaka 3 mfululizo, lakini amewahi kukaa vipindi vifupu vifupi ambavyo vimefikia miaka mitatu, na anasema kwamba huko ni kutoelewa kwa makala ya Smoking Gun. Japo ana historia ya uhalifu, Akon anatangaza kwamba amebadilisha mienendo ya maisha yake. == Kazi == === 2004-05: Albamu ya kwanza: Trouble === Albamu yake ya kwanza, 'Trouble' ilitolewa Juni tarehe 29, 2004. Albamu hii ina nyimbo kama "Locked Up" na "Lonely", "Belly Dancer (Bananza)", "Pot of Gold", na "Ghetto." Albamu hii ndiyo iliyokuwa ya kwanza kutolewa na kampuni yake mpya ya kurekodi ya Konvict Music. Msukumo wa kuimba wimbo wake wa kwanza ulitokana na miaka mitatu aliyokaa kwenye jela kwa sababu ya 'kuiba'. Wimbo wa "Locked Up" uliorodheshwa kwa nyimbo 10 bora nchini Marekani na tano bora nchini Uingereza. "Wimbo wa "Ghetto" ulivuma kwenye redio wakati ulipochanaganywa upya na DJ Green Lantern na kujumuisha mistari kutoka wasanii 2Pac na The Notorious B.I.G. Katika mwaka wa 2005, yeye alitoa wimbo "Lonely" (ambao ni sampuli ya wimbo wa Bobby Vinton wa "Mr Lonely"). Wimbo huo uliorodheshwa miongoni mwa nyimbo tano bora kwenye orodha ya Bango laynyimbo 100 mashuhuri, na ukaongoza kwenye chati katika nchi ya Australia, Uingereza na Ujerumani. Albamu yake pia ilifikia namba moja nchini Uingereza katika mwezi wa Aprili 2005. Wakati runinga ya muziki ya 'The Box' ilikuwa ikichagua nyimbo kumi bora za wiki, uchaguzi ambao ulikadiriwa kwa kiasi cha mara ambayo video hiyo iliombwa na mashabiki, wimbo wa Akon "Lonely" ndio ulioongoza kwenye chati hiyo kwa muda mrefu zaidi, kwani ulikaa wiki kumi na tano. Akon kisha alitoa wimbo, akishirikiana na msanii kutoka New Zealand aliyeitwa Savage, ulioitwa 'Moonshine', na ambao ulivuma huko New Zealand na Australia, na ukawa namba moja katika chati ya New Zealand. Katika mwaka wa 2005, alishiriki katika albamu ya kwanza ya mwimbaji Young Jeezy katika wimbo wa "Soul Survivor." Mwezi Desemba mwaka uo huo meneja wake, Robert Montanez aliuawa kwa kupigwa risasi baada ya mzozo huko New Jersey. === 2006-07: albamu ya ''Konvicted'' === [[Picha:GwenStefaniAndAkon.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Akon akicheza na Gwen Stefani katika The Sweet Escape Tour.]] Albamu ya pili ya Akon, ''[[Konvicted]]'' ilitolewa tarehe 14 Novemba 2006. Ilikuwa na nyimbo alizoshirikisha waimbaji kama [[Eminem]], [[Snoop Dogg]] na [[Styles P.]] Wimbo wa kwanza [["Smack That"]] aliomshirikisha Eminem ulitolewa Agosti 2006 na ukashika nafasi ya pili kwenye orodha ya ''Bango'' la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri kwa wiki tano mfululizo. Wimbo wa [["I Wanna Love You,"]] (akimshirikisha [[Snoop Dogg]]) ndio uliokuwa wimbo wa pili uliotolewa Septemba, na ukawa ndio ambao ungekuwa wa kwanza wa Akon kuwa namba moja kwenye orodha ya ''Bango'' la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri, na wa pili wa Snoop. Wimbo huu wa "I Wanna Love You" uliongoza kwenye chati za Marekani kwa muda wa wiki mbili mfululizo. Katika Januari 2007, wimbo wa tatu [["Don't Matter"]] ambao ulikuwa wimbo wa kwanza, alioimba bila kumshirikisha yeyote, kuwa namba moja, na wimbo wake wa pili kuichukua nafasi hiyo kwenye chati ya nyimbo 100 mashuhuri, ulitolewa. Wimbo wa [["Mama Afrika"]] ulitolewa kama wimbo wa Ulaya mwezi Julai 2007, na kufikisha jumla ya nyimbo nne zilizokuwa zimetolewa kutokwa kwenye albamu hiyo iliyokuwa imefika namba 47 nchini Uingereza. <br /> Kutolewa ya toleo la 'Platinum (Deluxe)' la albamu hii kulifanyika wakati mmoja na kutolewa kwa [["Sorry, Blame It on Me"]], uliokuwa wimbo wa tano kutoka kwa albamu hiyo, na ulioshika nafasi ya saba kwenye orodha ya nyimbo 100 mashuhuri katika mwezi Agosti 2007. Toleo hilo la Deluxe lilitolewa kikamilifu tarehe 28 Agosti 2007. Wimbo wa mwisho katika albamu hiyo ulithibitishwa na Akon kuwa [["Never Took the Time."]] <ref>Tang, Melisa. [http://ballerstatus.com/article/features/2007/08/2908/ Akon: The Good The Bad,] {{Wayback|url=http://ballerstatus.com/article/features/2007/08/2908/ |date=20090207184752 }} BallerStatus.com, 2007/08/02.</ref> Albamu ya ''Konvicted'' ilipata kushika nafasi pili kwenye orodha ya Bango [[la nyimbo 200 mashuhuri,|'''' la nyimbo 200 mashuhuri]], na kuuza nakala 286,000 katika wiki yake ya kwanza. Baada ya wiki sita tu, albamu ya ''Konvicted'' iliuza zaidi ya nakala milioni moja nchini Marekani na zaidi ya nakala milioni 1.3 duniani kote. Albamu hii ilithibitishwa kuhitimu kiwango cha platinumu baada ya wiki saba, na baada ya wiki kumi na sita ilithibitishwa kuhitimu kiwango hiki, cha platinamu, kwa mara mbili. Albamu hii ilikaa katika orodha ya nyimbo ishirini za kwanza kwenye orodha ya '''' Bango/0} la nyimbo 200 mashuhuri kwa wiki 28 mfululizo na ilipata kushika nafasi ya pili katika nyakati nne tofauti. Mnamo 20 Novemba 2007, shirika la RIAA ilithibitisha albamu hii kuwa imehitimu kiwango cha 'triple platinum' na rekodi milioni 3 zikiwa zimeuzwa Marekani. Imeuza zaidi ya nakala milioni 4 duniani. Mnamo 5 Oktoba 2006, Akon alivunja rekodi ya orodha ya nyimbo 100 mashuhuri, kwani wimbo wake wa "Smack That" ulipata mafanikio ya juu zaidi kwa kuruka kutoka namba 95 hadi namba 7. Kupanda huko kulitokana na wimbo huo kushika nafasi ya sita kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye orodha ya [[Hot Digital Songs]] kutokana na mipakuo 67000. Rekodi hiyo imevunjwa mara kadhaa tangu wakati huo. Mnamo Desemba 2006, wimbo wa Akon wa "Smack That" ulikuwa umependekezwa kushindana katika kategoria ya [[Best Rap / Sung Collaboration]] katika mashindano ya [[49 ya Grammy Awards]], lakini ulishindwa na ule wa [[Justin Timberlake]] na [[wa T.I.]] wa [["My Love".]] ==== Miradi aliyoshirikiana na wasanii wengine ==== * Mwaka wa 2006, Akon alianza kampuni yake mpya ya [[Kon Live Distribution]] chini ya [[Interscope Records.]] Msanii wake wa kwanza kusaini mkataba naye alikuwa ni Ray Lavender. * Yeye alishirikishwa kwenye albamu ya hivi karibuni ya [[Gwen Stefani]], ''[[The Sweet Escape.]]'' Yeye alishiriki katika wimbo wa anwani ya jalada na wimbo wa pili, [["The Sweet Escape."]] Akon alitayarisha wimbo huo. Mnamo 10 Desemba 2006, Akon na Stefani walihudhuria 'Saturday Night Live' kama wageni wanamuziki, hata hivyo hawakuimba wimbo huo kwa sababu Stefani alikuwa bado hajajifunza maneno yake. Hata hivyo, Akon aliimba wimbo huo mbele ya hadhira, katika hafla ya [[American Idol]] tarehe 28 Machi 2007 kutokana na [[Gwen Stefani]] kushiriki kama kocha usiku uliotangulia. Wimbo huu wa "The Sweet Escape" umefikia # 2 kwenye [[Bango la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri.|''Bango'' la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri.]] * Akon alishirikiana na [[Chamillionaire]] kwenye tepu yake ya, ''Mixtape Messiah 2,'' akishiriki kwenye kibao "Ridin 'Overseas" ambacho alikuwa amekitayarisha. Tepu hii ilikuwa tayari kupakuliwa kutoka tovuti ya Chamillionaire kuanzia 24 Desemba 2006. * Katika mwaka 2006, baada ya wimbo wao wa mwaka wa 2005 uliotayarishwa na Akon, [["Soul Survivor,"]] wawili hawa walisema kuwa kuna mengi zaidi ya kutarajia kutoka kwao katika siku zijazo. Wao walitangaza kuwa kuna mipango ya kushirikiana na kutoa albamu.<ref>Reid, Shaheem. [http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1534336/20060614/jeezy_young.jhtml Saga Of Young Jeezy, Akon Continues With Possible Duet LP,] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1534336/20060614/jeezy_young.jhtml |date=20100109025528 }} ''MTV News,'' 2006/06/15.</ref><ref>Petipas, Jolene. [http://sohh.com/articles/article.php/10420 Young Jeezy Teams With Akon For Collabo CD,] {{Wayback|url=http://sohh.com/articles/article.php/10420 |date=20070127184238 }} ''SOHH,'' 2006/12/07.</ref> * Akon pia alishiriki katika albamu ya [[Bone Thugs-n-Harmony]] ya ''[[Strength and Loyalty]]'' na kwenye albamu ya nane ya [[Three 6 Mafia]], ''[[Last 2 Walk, We The Best]]'' iliyotayarishwa na [[DJ Khaled. Aidha yeye alishiriki kwenye albamu ya Fabolous]] ya, ''[[From Nothin' to Somethin ']],'' na wakashiriki wakiwa na [[50 Cent]] katika baadhi nyimbo za ''[[Curtis. Isitoshe, yeye alishiriki kwenye]] '' <ref>[http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/14021920/my_list_akon?source=music_news_rssfeed "My List: Akon".] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/14021920/my_list_akon?source=music_news_rssfeed |date=20081216141808 }} ''Rolling Stone,'' 2007/04/03.</ref> albamu ya 5 ya [[T.I]], ''[[T.I dhidi ya T.I.P.]],'' <ref>Kohen, Jonathan. [http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003561354 "TI Stretches Out With Eminem, Timbaland, Wyclef",] {{Wayback|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003561354 |date=20080618173034 }} ''Billboard,'' 2007/04/14.</ref> albamu ya tatu ya [[Mario]] ''[[Go!]],'' <ref>Rodriguez, Jayson. [http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1557037/20070412/mario.jhtml "Mario Gets Back To Making Music With Akon, Timberland, Neptunes",] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1557037/20070412/mario.jhtml |date=20070429010915 }} ''MTV.com,'' 2007/04/13.</ref> na wakatayarisha wakiwa na [[Daddy Yankee]] katika wimbo unaoitwa "Bring It on" kwenye albamu ambayo ilitolewa tarehe 5 Juni 2007.<ref>Cohen, Jonathan. [http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003566628 "Daddy Yankee Drafts Fergie, Akon For New Album",] {{Wayback|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003566628 |date=20080726152407 }} ''Billboard,'' 2007/04/03.</ref> * Tarehe 7 Julai 2007 Akon alitumbuiza watu katika hafla ya [[American leg of Live Earth.]] * Mnamo Novemba 2007, Akon alirekodi toleo jipya la wimbo [["Wanna Be Startin 'Somethin'"]] wakiwa na [[Michael Jackson.]] Mwezi wa Februari 2008, toleo jipya la wimbo huo lilitolewa wakati wa [[maadhimisho ya 25 ya kutolewa upya kwa]] video ya Michael Jackson ya ''[[Thriller.]]'' Akon alitayatayarisha kibao cha "Echo" kilicho kwenye albamu mpya ya bendi ya wavulana ya Kilatini, [[Menudo]], kilichotolewa katika majira ya spring ya 2008. * Kampuni ya 'Konvict Music' ndiyo ingehusika katika kutolewa upya kwa albamu ya kwanza ya [[Kat DeLuna]], [[9 Lives (albamu)]] ambayo ingeshirikisha Akon katika wimbo wa [["Am I Dreaming."]] * Yeye pia alikuwa katika wimbo uliohusisha [[Aventura]], Akon na [[Wisin Y Yandel]] ulioitwa "All up 2 you". * Katika mwezi wa Julai 2008, wimbo unaoitwa "Hold My Hand" ulisambaa kwenye mtandao. Wimbo huo ni wa R & B ulioimbwa kwa ushirikiano kati ya Michael Jackson na Akon, na uliotungwa na [[Claude Kelly.]] Pia kuna toleo lingine la wimbo huo linalomshirikisha Akon pekee. Pia hakuna kutajwa rasmi kwa kurekodiwa kwa wimbo huo katika aidha ya tovuti za wasanii hawa wawili ingawa Akon ameuzungumzia katika tovuti zingine tofauti. Wimbo huu haukujumuishwa katika orodha ya nyimbo za ''Freedom'' kama Akon alivyokuwa ameeleza hapo awali. Katika mahojiano na [[Smiley Tavis]], Akon alisema kuwa Jackson alikuwa amepanga kufanya toleo moja la hali ya juu ambalo lingehusisha video ya wimbo huo lakini wimbo huo ulifichuka kwa umma. Huu ndio wimbo wa mwisho unaojulikana wa Jackson kabla ya kifo chake kilichotokea tarehe 25 Juni 2009. Mwishoni mwa Julai ya mwaka huo, wimbo wa heshima ulioandaliwa na Akon unaojulikana kama "Cry Out Of Joy" ilifichuliwa kwenye mtandao. * Akon ndiye aliyekuwa pia mtaarishaji mkuu wa albamu ya nne ya Kardinal Offishall, ''[[Not 4 Sale]],'' iliyotolewa 9 Septemba 2008. Wimbo wa mauzo wa albamu hiyo, "Graveyard Shift" ulishirikisha Akon, ukiwa pamoja na wimbo wa kwanza, "Dangerous", ambao ulipata kushika nafasi ya # 5 kwenye ''Bango'' la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri, na ulioshinda tuzo la [[Wimbo wa Mwaka]] katika mashindano ya [[Juno Awards ya 2009.]] * Akon alishiriki katika kuandika na kutayarisha wimbo wa "Put It on My Tab" na [[New Kids on the Block]] uliokuwa wa albamu yao ya 2008 Reunion ''[[ya The Block.]]'' * Akon alishiriki katika kuandika na kutayarisha wimbo wa [[Leona Lewis]] wa [[Forgive Me]], ulio kwenye albamu yake, [[Spirit.|''Spirit.'']] * Kwa sasa yeye anafanya kazi na mshindi wa [[X Factor]] 2008, [[Alexandra Burke]] kwenye albamu yake ya kwanza. * Akon alishiriki katika kutayarisha albamu ya kwanza ya msanii wa [[Konvict Muzik]], [[Lady Gaga]] iliyoitwa ''[[The Fame]]'' na akashiriki katika kuandika & kutayarisha wimbo uliovuma duniani kote wa [["Just Dance"]], ambao pia ulishirikisha [[Colby O'Donis]] na uliopendekezwa kushindana katika mashindano ya [[Grammy Awards ya 51.]] Wimbo huu uliwapatia vijana hawa wawili wa [[Konvict Muzik]] nafasi zao za kwanza za kushindana kwenye mashindano ya [[Grammy]] na umefikia namba # 1 katika nchi zaidi ya 14, zikiwa ni pamoja na Australia, Uingereza & Marekani * Albamu mpya ya [[Flo Rida]] ya ''[[R.O.O.T.S.]]'' ilishirikisha Akon kwenye wimbo wa "Available". * Akon amerekodi wimbo na [[E-40]] unaoitwa [["Wake It Up"]] ulio katika albamu ya E-40 ya ''[[The Ball Street Journal.]]'' Akon anafanya majaribio na athari za [['auto-tune']] katika wimbo huo. * Mwimbaji wa Rap, Nelly, alithibitisha kuwa Akon, [[Pharrell]], na [[T-Pain]] walizungumza kuhusu kuunda kikundi cha kuimba muziki wa rap katika mwaka wa 2009.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Goldstein|first=Melissa| title = Pharrell, T-Pain, Nelly, Akon Unite for Supergroup|url=http://www.spin.com/articles/pharrell-t-pain-nelly-akon-unite-supergroup|work=Spin| date = 2008-10-23|accessdate=2009-11-30|archivedate=2009-07-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729082755/http://www.spin.com/articles/pharrell-t-pain-nelly-akon-unite-supergroup}}</ref> * Akon pamoja na kampuni yake ya [[Konvict Muzik]] pia wanahusika katika kutayarisha albamu ya 2009 ya kikundi cha hip hop / rock, [[Flipsyde]], inayoitwa ''State of Survival,'' itakayotolewa kupitia [[Kon Live Distribution]] na [[Cherrytree Records.]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www. . /flipsyde | title = Flipsyde's Official MySpace}}</ref> * Akon alifanyakazi na [[Whitney Houston]] katika kutayarisha albamu yake mpya ya mwaka wa 2009 iitwayo ''[[I Look To You.]]'' Yeye alishiriki katika wimbo wa "Like I Never Left".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1591675/20080728/houston_whitney.jhtml | title = MTV: Whitney & akon Collab|accessdate=2009-11-30 |archive-date=2009-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722031256/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1591675/20080728/houston_whitney.jhtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Akon alifanya kazi na kikundi cha bachata kiitwacho [[Aventura]], na waimbaji wa [[Reggaeton]], [[Wisin y Yandel]], katika kutayarisha wimbo wao wa pili wa [[All Up 2 You]] kutoka kwa albamu ya Aventura [[ya The Lastthat]] iliyotolewa Juni. * Akon hivi majuzi alitia saini mkataba na [[Jayko]], msanii wa R & B na [[Reggaeton]] kutoka Uhispania, kwenye studio yake na sasa hivi anashirikiana naye kutayarisha albamu yake inayoitwa [["Marcando Territorio"]] * Albamu ya [[Sexy Bitch]] ilitolewa Julai 2009, kwa ushirikiano na DJ wa Kifaransa, [[David Guetta.]] * Mnamo Agosti 2009, Akon alitolewa toleo jipya la 'Beautiful' akimshirikisha [[BOA]], mwimbaji maarufu kutoka Korea. Hata hivyo, toleo hili lilikuwa limelenga soko la Ujapani. * Akon pia aliimba katika wimbo akishirikiana na [[Colby O'Donis]] unaoitwa [["What You Got".]] ==== Matatizo ya kisheria ==== Mwezi Aprili 2007, Akon alikosolewa baada ya kucheza ngoma ya kusisimua na Danah (Deena) Alleyne, binti wa mhubiri aliyekuwa na umri wa miaka 15 wakati huo, katika klabu moja huko [[Trinidad na Tobago]], kama sehemu ya shindano bandia, licha ya klabu hiyo kudai kuwa hawaruhusu watu walio na umri wa chini ya miaka 21, kuingia huko.<ref>Telesford, Nigel. [http://www.trinidadexpress.com/index.pl/article_news?id=161129187 Akon 'Africa' Trinidad,] {{Wayback|url=http://www.trinidadexpress.com/index.pl/article_news?id=161129187 |date=20070514214327 }} ''Trinidad Express,'' 2007/04/14.</ref><ref>Ramnarine, Kristy. [http://www.trinidadexpress.com/index.pl/article_news?id=161131759 Zen mmiliki: for club,] {{Wayback|url=http://www.trinidadexpress.com/index.pl/article_news?id=161131759 |date=20070701110512 }} ''Trinidad Express,'' 2007/04/20.</ref> Tukio hilo lilirekodiwa na wafanyakazi wa Akon na baadaye rekodi hiyo ikapakiwa kwenye mtandao. Tarehe 20 Aprili 2007 vyombo vya habari vya mtaa, chaneli [[TV6]], walionyesha video hiyo hadharani. Katikati ukosoaji kwenye redio, televisheni, na kutoka [[kwa Blogu, Verizon Wireless]] waliondoa nyimbo za mlio wa simu (ringitoni) zilizoshirikisha nyimbo za Akon. Verizon pia waliamua kutogharamia ziara ya [[The Sweet Escape]][[Tour]] ambapo Akon alitarajiwa kuimba mwanzoni mwa onyesho kabla ya [[Gwen Stefani.]] kuingia jukwaani <ref>Leeds, Jeff. [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/10/arts/music/10akon.html?ex=1336536000&amp;en=3a9b2615949e9be2&amp;ei=5124 Verizon Drops Pop Singer From Ads,] ''New York Times,'' 2007/05/10.</ref> Hata hivyo, kampuni ya [[Universal Music Group]] haikuchukua hatua dhidi ya Akon, bali iliamrisha tu video hiyo iondolewe kutoka kwa tovuti ya [[YouTube]] kutokana na [[ukiukaji wa hakimiliki.]] Mtoa maoni na mwanzilishi wa [[Parents Television council]], [[Brent Bozell]] aliita hatua hii "ukosefu wa uwajibikaji wa pamoja." <ref>Bozell, L. Brent III. [http://www.parentstv.org/PTC/publications/lbbcolumns/2007/0524.asp Rapper Not a "Perfect Gentleman",] {{Wayback|url=http://www.parentstv.org/PTC/publications/lbbcolumns/2007/0524.asp |date=20070930210154 }} ''ParentsTV.org,'' 2007/05/24.</ref> Wachambuzi wa kisiasa [[Michelle Malkin]], [[Laura Ingraham]], na [[Bill O'Reilly]] walimkosoa Akon kwa "kushusha hadhi ya wanawake." <ref>Malkin, Michelle. [http://michellemalkin.com/2007/05/03/look-whos-promoting-a-vulgar-misogynist/ Look who's Promoting a vulgar misogynist,] MichelleMalkin.com, 2007/05/03.</ref><ref>[http://www.sohh.com/articles/article.php/11592 Pulse Report,] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sohh.com/articles/article.php/11592 |date=20070911145152 }} ''SOHH.com,'' 2007/05/11.</ref> Malkin alipakia ufafanuzi kuhusu Akon kwenye tovuti ya [[YouTube]], kwa kutumia vijisehemu kutoka kwa video za muziki pamoja na onyesho la Trinidad, na kampuni ya [[Universal Music Group]] ikalazimisha kuondolewa kwa video kwa kuwapatia ilani ya kuondoa ya [[DMCA]].<ref>Malkin, Michelle. [http://www.michellemalkin.com/archives/007446.htm "Akon's record company abuses DMCA kwa Rose to stifle criticism on YouTube",] {{Wayback|url=http://www.michellemalkin.com/archives/007446.htm |date=20070505053513 }} MichelleMalkin.com, 2007/05/03.</ref> Wakfu wa The [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] ilimuunga mkono Malkin katika kupinga kuondolewa huko kwa kusema kuwa hayo ni matumizi mabaya ya hakimiliki, akirejelea [[matumizi ya haki.]] <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070508182328/http://www.eff.org/news/archives/2007_05.php#005245 "Malkin Fights Back Against Copyright Law Misuse by Universal Music Group",] ''Electronic Frontier Foundation,'' 2007/05/09.</ref> Mwezi Mei 2007, UMG walibatiliza madai yao ya video hiyo, na ikarejeshwa kwenye tovuti ya YouTube. Tarehe 3 Juni 2007, kwenye onyesho la [[WSPK]] 's ''KFEST'' katika [[Uwanja wa Dutchess]] huko [[Fishkill, New York]], mhudhuria mmoja wa onyesho hilo alimtupia Akon kifaa fulani alipokuwa jukwaani. Akon aliuliza umati kumtambua aliyekuwa ametupa kitu hicho na wampeleke jukwaani. Walinda usalama walimshika kijana huyo na kumpeleka hadi jukwaani. Akon kisha alimvuta kutoka kwa umati na kumbeba kwa mabega yake. Kisha akamtupa kijana huyo kwenye umati. Video ya tukio hilo ilitazamwa tena na polisi wa Fishkill.<ref>[http://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070829/ENT04/70829010 Police: Akon investigation continues,] {{Wayback|url=http://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20070829%2FENT04%2F70829010 |date=20160116095236 }} ''Poughkeepsie Journal,'' 2007/08/29.</ref> Akon amedai kuwa tukio hilo lilikuwa la maigizo na kwamba yeye alilitumia kuanzisha rekodi yake iliyofuata.<ref name="Sawjani"/> Mashtaka ya kuhatarisha ustawi wa kijana, kumdharau, na kumdhulumu, ukiukaji, yaliandikwa, kulingana na ofisa wa polisi Donald F. Williams, na Akon alipelekwa kortini ili kujibu mashtaka haya mawili tarehe 3 Desemba 2007 katika korti la mji wa Fishkill.<ref>[http://www.pojonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071130/NEWS05/711300344 Akon Faces Charges,] ''Poughkeepsie Journal,'' 2007/11/30.</ref> === 2008-hadi leo: Albamu ya ''Freedom'' === Akon alitoa albamu yake mpya ''[[Freedom]]'' mnamo 2 Desemba, ambayo imetoa nyimbo nne: [["Right Now (Na Na Na)", "I'm So Paid"]] (akishirikiana na [[Lil Wayne]] na [[Young Jeezy), "Beautiful"]] (akimshirikisha [[Kardinal Offishall]] na [[Colby O'Donis)]] na [["We Don't Care"]], Wimbo wa 'We Don't Care' umeshindwa kupanda juu kwenye chati za nchi nyingi, na kufika tu namba 61 katika UK na namba 91 katika Australia kufikia sasa. Albamu hii imefikia kiwango cha dhahabu kwa kuuza zaidi ya nakala 600,000. {{Citation needed|date=Mei 2009}}. Baada ya kifo cha ghafla cha mfalme wa Pop [[Michael Jackson]], ambaye Akon alikuwa akifanya kazi naye katika miaka ya mwisho ya Jackson Akon alitoa wimbo wa kuonyesha heshima unaoitwa "Cry Out Of Joy". Akon & Michael Jackson walikuwa marafiki wa karibu katika wakati huu wa mwisho wa maisha ya Jackon. Akizungumza kuhusu uhusiano wake na Michael Jackson kwa mwandishi anayesifika wa UK wa R & B, Pete Lewis, aliyeshinda tuzo kwa wimbo 'Blues & Soul' katika Oktoba 2008, Akon alisema: "Mike ni Mfalme wa Pop, na nadhani kuwa ni kutimia kwa ndoto kwa msanii yeyote mkuu / mtunzi / mtayarishaji kuweza kufanya kazi na wale waliobora katika biashara! Unajua, kufanya kazi na mtu kama Mike - ambaye amebuni fursa, akafungua milango kwa watu wengi, na kupata mafanikio makubwa katika ulimwengu wa muziki, basi - ni tajriba ambayo imetosha kuipokea kwa mtu ye yote! Yaani, wakati mimi nilisafiri kwa ndege hadi Vegas ili nikutane naye, ilikuwa ni kama tulikuwa tumejuana kwa MIAKA! UKWELI! 'Kwa sababu kimuziki tulikuwa na maoni sawa! Uhusiano wetu ulikuwa wa ajabu! Na, kwa hulka zake, alikuwa ndiye mtu mzuri na mnyenyekevu zaidi niliyewahi kukutana naye milele! Yaani, sisi hata tulienda kutazama filamu pamoja - katika wakati wa mchana! Ambayo ilikuwa ni tajriba spesheli! <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.bluesandsoul.com/feature/364/out_of_akon_do_big_interviews_grow/ | title = Akon interviewed by Pete Lewis, 'Blues & Soul' December 2008|accessdate=2009-11-30 |archivedate=2008-12-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210093216/http://www.bluesandsoul.com/feature/364/out_of_akon_do_big_interviews_grow/ }}</ref> [[David Guetta]] alishirikiana na Akon katika [[Sexy Bitch, wimbo wa kwanza]] wa Akon, na umevuma duniani kote. Wimbo huu ambao umekuwa namba # 1 katika zaidi ya nchi 5, na kushika nafasi ya 12 kwenye chati ya [[Biango la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri,|''Biango '' la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri]], umeshirikishwa kwenye albamu ya Guetta ya [[One Love]]. Na ni wimbo wake wa 19 kuingia kwenye orodha ya nyimbo bora 20 duniani kote. Albamu ya nne ya Akon, ''[[Stadium Music]]'' inatarajiwa kutolewa 2010.<ref>[http://www.vibe.com/mt/2009/10/akon-preps-new-album/ Akon Preps New Album.] ''Vibe.''</ref> === Televisheni na filamu === Akon amethibitisha kwamba anafanyia kazi mradi wa kuanzisha kipindi maalum kwenye televisheni. Kipindi hicho kitaitwa "My Brother's Keeper" na kitahusisha ndungu wawili wa Akon wanaokaribia kuwa mapacha na ambao watazunguka Atlanta wakijifanya kuwa wao ni yeye wa kuwapumbaza watu. Watajaribu kupata huduma za VIP, wasichana na vitu vya bure. Akon amedai kwamba mara nyingi watu huko Atlanta wamedhani kuwa ndugu zake ni yeye na huu ndio msingi wa kipindi hiki.<ref name="Sawjani">Sawjani, Archna. [http://allhiphop.com/blogs/alternatives/archive/2007/08/06/18367247.aspx Akon: Real Talk,] {{Wayback|url=http://allhiphop.com/blogs/alternatives/archive/2007/08/06/18367247.aspx |date=20080720111502 }} ''AllHipHop.com,'' 2007/08/06.</ref> Akon ana mipango ya kurekodi [[filamu]] nzima yenye jina ''Illegal Alien.'' Filamu hii imejikita katika baadhi ya matukio ya maisha yake na mwigizaji [[Mekhi Phifer]] atamwigiza yeye. Mbali na hayo, Akon alithibitisha katika mahojiano na tovuti ya Poland ya INTERIA.PL mnamo Agosti 2007, kwamba yeye anarekodi filamu inayoitwa "Cocain Cowboys", ambayo inazungumzia maisha ya Jon Roberts, mkuu wa kateli ya Medellin (walanguzi wa madawa ya kulevya wa Colombia).<ref>[http://muzyka.interia.pl/szukaj/news/akon-intensywnie,966807 "Akon intensywnie",] {{Wayback|url=http://muzyka.interia.pl/szukaj/news/akon-intensywnie,966807 |date=20090129102959 }} ''INTERIA.PL,'' 2007/08/28.</ref> Yeye pia alishirikishwa kwenye tangazo la kibiashara na la kuimba la [[Verizon Wireless Snitch]] wakiwa na [[Obie Trice]] katika tukio lililoitwa [[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation]] "Poppin' Tags." Mnamo 30 Novemba 2007, Akon aliingia kwenye nyumba ya Big Brother katika ''[[Pinoy Big Brother Celebrity Edition 2]]'' kama mgeni ili washiriki waweza kukutana naye kwa sekunde 100 tu. Yeye pia alionekana kwenye toleo la tarehe 17 Novemba 2008 la [[WWE Raw]], huku [[Santino Marella]] akimtaja katika hotuba yake. Kwa sababu ya athari za Kiitaliano za Santino, yeye alilitamka jina la Akon vibaya, yaani "Akorn". Mnamo 27 Aprili 2008, Akon alionekana na [[Colby O'Donis]] katika [[Dance on Sunset.]] === Mtindo === Mnamo Februari 2007, Akon alianzisha aina yake ya mavazi, ''Konvict Clothing.'' Mavazi haya yalishirikisha mavazi yanayovaliwa mitaani kama jeans za kitambaa cha denimu, fulana zilizo na kofia, t-shati na kofia. ''Aliuane '' ni toleo la juu, ambalo linalenga wanaume na wanawake, na linalojumuisha makoti ya aina ya bleza, jeans za kitambaa cha denimu na vitu vingine. Timothy Hodge alionekana kwenye kipindi cha MTV cha Direct Effect wakiwa na Akon wakiwa wanajaribu kukuza mauzo ya mavazi ya Konvict line.<ref>Winning, Brolin. "[http://www.mp3.com/features/stories/6856.html Akon - Got It Locked] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mp3.com/features/stories/6856.html |date=20061204092135 }} ", ''MP3.com,'' 2006/10/23.</ref> == Diskografia == * ''Trouble'' (2004) * ''Konvicted'' (2006) * ''Freedom'' (2008) * ''Stadium Music'' (2016) * ''El Negreeto'' (2019) == Tuzo na Uteuzi == {{Infobox Musician Awards | name = Akon | image = | image_size = | caption = | awards = 1 | nominations = 12 | AmericanW = 1 | AmericanN = 3 | GrammyN = 5 | MTVVideoN = 4 }} Akon alipokea uteuzi mara nne ya kushindana kwenye [[mashindano ya Grammy]] ya 2008. Uteuzi huo ulikuwa ni katika kategoria za [[Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals]] kwa wimbo [["The Sweet Escape"]] wakishirikiana na [[Gwen Stefani, Best R &amp; B Performance na waimbaji wawili ama kikundi]] kwa wimbo [["Bartender"]] wakishirikiana na [[T-Pain, Best Contemporary R &amp; B Album]] kwa ''[[Konvicted]],'' na [[Best Rap / Sung Collaboration]] na [["I Wanna Love You"]] wakishirikiana na [[Snoop Dogg]]. Tuzo tu ambalo Akon amepokea ni la [[Mwimbaji wa Kiume wa Soul / R & B anayependwa zaidi]] kutoka mashindano ya [[American Music Awards]] ya mwaka wa 2007. Ujumla, Akon amepokea tuzo moja kutokana na uteuzi wa mara kumi na mbili. === Shindano la American Music Awards === Shindani la [[American Music Awards]] ni hafla ya kila mwaka iliyobuniwa na [[Dick Clark]] katika mwaka wa 1973. Akon amepokea tuzo moja kutokana na uteuzi mara tatu.<ref name="rotn">{{Rejea tovuti|accessdate=2008-10-18|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/artists-a/akon.htm| title = Akon|publisher=Rock on the Net }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|accessdate=2008-10-18|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/18/AR2007111800297_pf.html| title = Daughtry Wins 3 American Music Awards|work=The Washington Post| date = 2007-11-19|author=Cohen, Sandy }}</ref> {{awards table}} | -- | rowspan = "3" | {{ama|2007}} | | rowspan = "3" | Akon | | [[Favourite Soul / R &amp; B Male Artist]] | | {{won}} | -- | Msanii wa Mwaka | | {{nom}} | -- | [[Msanii wa Kiume wa Pop / Rock anayependwa]] | | {{nom}} {{end}} === Shindano la Grammy Awards === Tuzo za [[Grammy Awards]] hutolewa kila mwaka na [[National Academy of Recording Arts and Science]] la Marekani. Akon ameteuliwa kwa mashindano mara matano.<ref name="rotn"/><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|accessdate=2008-10-18|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1575989/20071206/akon.jhtml| title = Akon Calls His Mom, Plain White T's Call Delilah To Celebrate Grammy Nominations|publisher=MTV| date = 2007-12-06|author=Montgomery, James|archive-date=2009-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106000316/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1575989/20071206/akon.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{awards table}} | -- | {{grammy|2007}} | | [["Smack That"]] <small>(na [[Eminem)]]</small> | | [[Best Rap / Sung Collaboration]] | | {{nom}} | -- | rowspan = "4" | {{grammy|2008}} | | [["The Sweet Escape"]] <small>(with Gwen Stefani) | | [[Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals]] | | {{nom}}</small> | -- | [["Bartender"]] <small>(with [[T-Pain)]]</small> | | [[Best R &amp; B Performance by a Duo or Group]] | | {{nom}} | -- | [[Konvicted|''Konvicted'']] | | [[Best Contemporary R &amp; B Album]] | | {{nom}} | -- | [["I Wanna Love You"]] <small>(na [[Snoop Dogg)]]</small> | | Best Rap / Sung Collaboration | | {{nom}} {{end}} === Tuzo za MTV Video Music Awards === [[Tuzo za MTV Video Music Awards]] ni hafla ya mwaka iliyoanzishwa mwaka 1984 na [[MTV.]] Akon ameteuliwa kwa mashindano mara nne.<ref name="rotn"/><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|accessdate=2008-10-18|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2005/| title = 2005 Video Music Awards|publisher=MTV|archive-date=2008-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828073144/http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2005/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|accessdate=2008-10-18|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2007/| title = 2007 Video Music Awards|publisher=MTV|archive-date=2016-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517061921/http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2007/|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{awards table}} | -- | {{mtvvma|2005}} | | [["Locked Up"]] | | [[MTV2 Award]] | | {{nom}} | -- | rowspan = "3" | {{mtvvma|2007}} | | Akon | | [[Male Artist of the Year]] | | {{nom}} | -- | "Smack That" <small>(with Eminem)</small> | | [[Most Earthshattering Collaboration]] | | {{nom}} | -- | "The Sweet Escape" <small>(with Gwen Stefani)</small> | | Most Earthshattering Collaboration | | {{nom}} {{end}} == Ziara == * [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Tanzania]] One-off Concert (2006) * Konvicted Tour (Julai to Septemba 2007, then additional dates in 2008) * [[The Sweet Escape Tour]] with [[Gwen Stefani]] (Aprili-Julai 2007) * [[The Good Girl Gone Bad Tour]] with [[Rihanna]] (Canada - leg only, Septemba-Desemba 2008) * Konvict Muzik Tour with [[T-Pain]], Australia only, 26-27 Oktober 2009 == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == {{commons}} * [http://www.akononline.com/ Tovuti rasmi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.akononline.com/ |date=20110223012737 }} * {{imdb|1868102|Akon}} {{Akon}} {{BD|1943|}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Akon}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watayarishaji muziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa hip hop]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Dakar]] 18mqd1mbpfolpqg32zi66kjftrou50s 0 17350 1598700 1530322 2026-09-22T12:38:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1598700 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Coat of Arms of the Order of Friars Minor.svg|thumb|150px|Ngao ya Utawa wa Ndugu Wadogo.]] '''Utawa wa Tatu wa Mt. Fransisko''' ni [[kundi]] kubwa kuliko yote ndani ya [[familia ya kiroho]] ya [[Wafransisko]]. Kwa asili walikuwa [[Wakristo]] wa kawaida waliopenda kujiunga na [[Fransisko wa Asizi]] na [[harakati]] aliyoianzisha ndani ya [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. Wengi wao walikuwa watu wenye [[ndoa]] na hivyo hawakuweza kuingia katika [[jumuiya]] ya [[watawa]] [[wanaume]] ("utawa wa kwanza") au ya ma[[sista]] ("utawa wa pili") waliofuata [[kanuni]] za Kifransisko. Kwa hiyo Fransisko aliwapa [[mwongozo]] wa pekee wa kuishi kama jumuiya za Wakristo wa "utawa wa tatu". Baadaye Wakristo kadhaa kutoka jumuiya za [[Utawa wa Tatu]] walianza kuishi pamoja kwa namna zilizofanana zaidi na [[maisha]] ya [[Mmonaki|kimonaki]] lakini walibaki katika Utawa wa Tatu. Leo hii kuna [[tawi|matawi]] mawili ndani ya Utawa wa Tatu: * [[Wasekulari]] ambao ni Wakristo wa kawaida, wengi wenye [[familia]], wanaofuata utaratibu wa pamoja wa [[sala]] na mikutano ya kiroho na [[kazi]] za kijamii. [[Neno]] "Sekulari" linamaanisha "ki-dunia (kwa [[Kiing.]] secular'', kutoka ''[[Kilat.]] saeculum, [[dunia]]), yaani wanaishi maisha ya kawaida katika mambo ya dunia. * [[Waregulari]] ambao wameamua kuishi bila ndoa katika [[nidhamu]] ya kanuni ya kitawa (''[[lat.]] "regula"'') ya jumuiya yao. ==Asili na ustawi wa Utawa wa Toba (1209-1517)== ===Fransisko wa Asizi katika tapo la toba (hadi mwaka 1226)=== Tangu mwanzo [[Kanisa]] liliona kufanya [[dhambi]] na [[toba]] si jambo la binafsi tu, bali linaathiri wengine pia. Ndiyo sababu liliwadai waamini [[malipizi]] ili kuwapa [[msamaha]] wa [[Mungu]], na waliopaswa kuyafanya waliandikishwa katika orodha rasmi ya [[Watubu]] (Ordo Poenitentium). Kitubio cha siri kiliposhika nafasi ya utaratibu huo, wengi walijiamulia kufanya malipizi ya hadhara hata kwa dhambi za wengine wakajulikana kama Watubu. Toba ni neno la msingi katika [[historia ya Kanisa]]. Maana yake asili ni kujitoa kabisa kwa Mungu na kuishi kadiri ya [[Injili]], lakini Wakristo wa [[karne za kati]] waliona inadai sana huzuni na fidia kwa dhambi za binafsi na za [[ulimwengu]]. Mtubu, akiwa peke yake au pamoja na wengine, alitarajiwa kuacha kazi zilizotazamwa ni kinyume cha Injili (k.mf. [[biashara]] na [[uaskari]]), kujitenga na jamii ili kufungamana zaidi na Mungu kwa maisha ya [[sala]] na [[tafakuri]], kuhiji, kufunga, kujinyima, kutoa [[sadaka]] na kujitesa kwa [[wokovu]] wake na wa wote. Wengi kati yao walikuwa wanawake, hasa wa koo bora, kama mama wa [[Klara wa Asizi]]. [[Tapo la toba]] liliwahusu walei, ambao baadhi yao wakawa baadaye watawa na hata makleri, tunavyoona kati ya [[Wahumiliati]] waliostawi kidogo tu kabla ya [[Fransisko wa Asizi]]. Wakati huo walei walihesabiwa kama ngazi ya chini (ya tatu) baada ya makleri na watawa. Uenezi wa Watubu ukasababisha wapewe na [[sheria]] hadhi ya pekee, kwa kuwahesabu kama kundi maalumu kati ya walei na watawa, na kuwapa [[haki]] na [[fadhili]] kadhaa za watawa. Watubu walikuwa walei, lakini wa pekee kutokana na azimio lao (propositum) lililowadai zaidi katika mengi. Kwanza walikuwa wanashika [[usafi kamili]], lakini kuanzia karne XII baadhi yao wenye [[ndoa]] waliahidi tu kujinyima ndoa ya pili (wakifiwa) na hata [[tendo la ndoa]] siku za kufunga chakula na za kupokea [[sakramenti]]. Mambo ya namna hiyo yanasomwa katika maisha ya Fransisko, kwa jinsi alivyoathiriwa na roho hiyo. Ndiyo sababu alipozungumzia maisha yake mapya alitumia neno “toba”, na jina asili la kundi lake lilikuwa “Watubu wa Asizi”. Baadaye ukubwa wa [[karama]] yake ulimfanya ajitokeze kama kiongozi wa tapo hilo, kwa kuwa namna yake ya kuelewa Injili iliathiri Watubu wengi walioanza kumfuata. [[Thoma wa Celano]] aliandika (1229) kwamba, “kwa [[uvuvio]] wa Mungu, watu wengi, maarufu kwa wadogo, makleri kwa walei, walimkaribia mtakatifu Fransisko wakijitolea kuishi chini ya uongozi wake na ualimu wake. Hao wote aliwashirikisha maji tele ya [[neema]] za mbinguni ambayo yalibubujika toka rohoni mwake na kustawisha maua ya [[maadili]] katika shamba la mioyo yao. Wanaume kwa wanawake walifuata mifano yake, [[kanuni]] yake na mafundisho yake; hivyo tunapaswa kumtangaza kwa haki mtendaji asiye na kifani wa hali mpya ya Kanisa na wa ushindi wa majeshi matatu ya wateule. Aliwapa wote mwongozo wa maisha na kadiri ya hali ya kila mmoja alielekeza kwa [[unyofu]] njia ya wokovu”. Hayo yalianza kutokea muda mfupi baada ya kukubaliwa na [[Papa Inosenti III]] (1198-1216), alipohubiri huko na huko (1211). Kesi ya pekee ni ile ya kijiji cha [[Greccio]], aliposhangaa kuona kilivyojaa Watubu wengi kuliko wale wa miji mikubwa. “Mara nyingi, ndugu walipoimba [[Masifu]] ya Jioni, kama walivyofanya sehemu nyingine nyingi, watu wa kijiji hicho, wakubwa kwa wadogo, walitoka nje ya nyumba zao na kusimama barabarani na kuwaitikia ndugu kwa sauti kubwa, Asifiwe [[Bwana]] Mungu wetu!” ([[Simulizi la Perugia]]). Tangu zamani baadhi ya walei walikusanyika kuishi kando ya [[monasteri]] ili kufaidika nazo kiroho na ki[[uchumi]]. Baadhi yao waliweza kujifunga kwa namna mbalimbali waishi kwa [[useja]], au kwa [[uadilifu]], au kwa [[utiifu]] au kwa kufuata kanuni maalumu. Ikawa vilevile kwa [[Wakanoni]], aina mpya za watawa. Mageuzi ya jamii yalipozidi kuvuta watu mijini ili wafanye [[kazi]] tofauti na [[kilimo]], walei wengi waliona [[Mashirika ya Ombaomba]] yanalingana zaidi na mahitaji yao ya kiroho, wakayafuata kama Watubu. Bila ya kuacha kazi zao mpya wala ndoa wakaanza kuvaa nguo ya kitawa ya shirika husika (walau joho), nyeusi kwa [[Wadominiko]], ya kijivu kwa [[Wafransisko]]. Hata kabla Fransisko hajafa, walikuwepo Watubu, hasa wanawake, walioamua kuishi pamoja ili kushika vizuri zaidi azimio lao; k.mf. mwaka 1213 kulikuwa na jumuia ya kike huko [[Padua]]. Fransisko, akiwajibika kwa watu hao, aliwaandikia aina ya kanuni katika [[Barua kwa Waamini]] (1215), alimojumlisha mahubiri yake kwa waliotamani kushika toba nyumbani kwao. Katika toleo la pili la barua hiyo (1221) akaongeza mawaidha na miongozo akitanguliza dibaji iliyo nzito ki[[teolojia]] na kiroho. Chini ya Inosenti III, na zaidi chini ya [[Papa Honori III]] (1216-1227), hasa kwa juhudi za [[Kardinali]] Ugolino, Kanisa lilikusudia kulipa tapo la toba [[umoja]] na muundo fulani, pamoja na kulikinga dhidi ya [[uzushi]]. Hivyo lilitunga kanuni maalumu (1221) kwa kuchota mengi katika [[Azimio la Wahumiliati]] lililokubaliwa mwaka 1201. Kanuni hiyo mpya iliitwa [[Kumbukumbu ya Azimio]] (Memoriale Propositi) ikarekebishwa 1228. Hiyo ni sheria hasa yenye namba 39. Ya kwanza inahusu uduni wa mavazi; halafu kuna katazo la kuhudhuria karamu, tamasha na michezo; agizo la [[kufunga chakula]] mara moja au mbili kwa wiki; la kusali Masifu kama makleri au [[Baba Yetu]] kadhaa; la kupokea [[ekaristi]] kwenye [[Noeli]], [[Pasaka]] na [[Pentekoste]]; la kulipa [[zaka]]; la kutotumia [[silaha]] na kutokula [[kiapo]] kwa kawaida; la kufanya [[familia]] nzima iishi Kikristo; la kukutana mara moja kwa mwezi kwa [[Misa]], mafundisho na mchango kwa ndugu na wengineo wenye shida; la mtumishi kutembelea ndugu wagonjwa kila wiki; la kushiriki [[mazishi]] ya ndugu na kuwaombea; la kuandika [[wasia]] mapema ili kuzuia ugomvi; la kupatana kidugu; la kuungama kila mwezi. Kati ya masharti ya kumpokea ndugu mpya, lipo la kutokuwa na madeni, [[uadui]] na uzushi; pia [[mwanamke]] awe na ruhusa ya [[mume]]. Baada ya mwaka wa jaribio, anayefaa aweke ahadi kwa maisha yote asiweze kuacha jamaa tena isipokuwa kwa kuingia shirikani. Pia kuna taratibu za kusamehe na za kufukuza ndugu. Hatimaye kuna maelezo ya kuwa kuvunja kanuni si dhambi, ingawa kunastahili [[adhabu]]. Kwa jumla hakuna mambo ya pekee ya Kifransisko. ===Uenezi (1227-1300)=== Ugolino, kisha kuchaguliwa awe [[Papa Gregori IX]] (1227-1241), aliwaandikia Ma[[askofu]] wa [[Italia]] (1227) juu ya aina mbili za Watubu: wale wa kawaida walioishi nyumbani kwao, na wale walioishi upwekeni kwa mfano wa watawa halisi: ndio msingi wa tofauti kati ya OFS na TOR iliyoratibiwa baadaye. Mwenyewe aliandika pia (1238) kwamba Fransisko alianzisha aina tatu za utawa: “ule wa Ndugu Wadogo, ule wa Akina Dada wa [[Ugo]] na ule wa Watubu”. Jambo linalodhihirisha umuhimu wa Ufransisko ni uenezi wa aina hiyo ya tatu katika [[Ulaya]] ya karne XIII, unaothibitishwa na hati nyingi zilizotolewa na Mapapa ili kuitetea. Ingawa hatuwezi kujua idadi yao, walienea haraka nje ya Italia, hasa [[Ujerumani]], [[Ufaransa]], [[Uswisi]], [[Ubelgiji]], [[Uholanzi]] na [[Hispania]]. Kwa njia hiyo ujumbe wa Injili wa upendo na amani ulipenya maisha ya familia, kazi na mazingira yote ya kila siku, ukiunganisha watawala na [[raia]], wakubwa na wadogo, wasomi na mafundi wa kila aina. Hao Ndugu wa Toba walijisikia viungo si vya [[chama cha kitume]] kama vingine vingi, bali vya utawa wa kimataifa, wenye sura na haki za pekee. Kilichowapa nguvu ni fadhili walizopewa na Mapapa: zile zilizotolewa zamani kwa Watubu wote ziliongezewa kwa Wafransisko wa sehemu mbalimbali. Muhimu hasa ni ile ya kutopaswa kuapa uaminifu kwa mtawala, uliodai mtu awe tayari kwenda [[vita]]ni; halafu ile ya kutopaswa kushika [[serikali]]ni [[wadhifa]] usiolingana na hali ya kitawa; tena ile ya kutumia [[mali]] yao bila ya kuingiliwa (hasa kwa lengo la kumudu [[hospitali]] na huduma nyingine); hatimaye ile ya kutoweza kuhukumiwa na [[mahakama]] ya serikali, ila na ile ya Kanisa tu. [[Papa Selestini V]] (1294) alifikia hatua ya kuwapa Watubu wa [[L’Aquila]] fadhili ya kutolipa [[kodi]]! Bila ya shaka viongozi wa nchi walipinga vikali fadhili hizo zilizodhoofisha [[mamlaka]] yao, wakasumbua sana jamaa za toba. Kwa Kanisa ilikuwa njia ya kupunguza nguvu za mfalme mkuu wa Ujerumani dhidi ya Papa, lakini ilisaidia pia kupunguza vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe huko Italia. Ndugu wa Toba walikuwa chini ya mamlaka ya Askofu wa jimbo, aliyetakiwa kusimamia maendeleo yao na kuwatetea mbele ya serikali. Lakini Maaskofu pia walipinga vikali fadhili nyingine muhimu, yaani ile ya kutobanwa na katazo la kushiriki ibada likitolewa na Askofu dhidi ya Wakristo wa eneo fulani. Upinzani huo wote, ukijumlishwa na ule uliowapata [[Ndugu Wadogo]], unaeleza kwa nini hao walisimamisha mara kadhaa huduma kwa Watubu (k.mf. 1232-1247, halafu 1257-1284). Sababu nyingine ilikuwa kutotaka kulemewa nazo. Hasa watumishi wakuu [[Elia Bombarone]] na [[Bonaventura wa Bagnoregio]] walizikataa katakata. Hivyo kwa kiasi kikubwa Watubu walijiongoza na kujieneza. Mkutano wa jamaa, chini ya [[mkaguzi]] toka nje, ulikuwa na mamlaka ya juu katika kuamua, kuchagua, kufukuza. Polepole jamaa zikafungamana. Zamani za Bonaventura zilikuwa zimeshaunda [[kanda]] zikiongozwa na Mtumishi wa kanda; zilikuwa na mikutano mikuu pia zilizokusanya wajumbe wa kanda nyingi, kabla ya mwisho wa karne XIII. Pamoja na hayo, jumuia za Watubu walioishi nyumba moja ziliongezeka haraka. Tuna hakika ya kuwepo kwa jumuia hizo nje ya Italia pia: [[Korasia]] (1250), Ujerumani (1264), [[Ureno]] (1285) na Ufaransa (1287). Kulingana na maelekeo mawili ya Fransisko (moja la toba, sala na [[upweke]], lingine la [[ushuhuda]] wa Kiinjili kati ya watu), jumuia hizo zilikazania ama [[muungano na Mungu]] ama [[huduma]] kwa wenye shida. Toka mwanzo wakaapweke wengi walijiunga na Utawa wa Toba, baadhi yao wakiwa na wafuasi. Jumuia kubwa zaidi zilikuwa zile za kutolea huduma fulani, hasa kutunza wagonjwa. Katika hali hiyo [[Papa Nikolaus IV|Papa Nikola IV]] (1288-1292), Mfransisko, alitoa (1289) kanuni mpya kwa Watubu wote, wa kiume na wa kike, wa wakati huo na wa wakati ujao, akiwaweka chini ya Ndugu Wadogo kama “wakaguzi na washauri” wao, kwa kumuona Fransisko kama “[[mwanzilishi]] wa Utawa wa Toba” (tamko ambalo si sahihi ki[[historia]]). Kanuni hiyo haikubadili sana sheria za Memoriale, ila ilizipanga vizuri zaidi kulingana na zile za kitawa. Ina sura 20 zenye jumla ya namba 60, ambamo 1-13 zinahusu [[mapokezi]] na [[ustawi]]; 14-42 namna ya kuishi; 42-60 maisha ya kidugu na [[uongozi]]. Kanuni hiyo iliweza kuchangia ustawi wa Watubu, lakini ilipingwa mapema na mashirika mengine yenye watu wa namna hiyo (k.mf. mwaka 1285 Wadominiko walikuwa wameamua kushughulikia Watubu waliofuata karama yao, hivyo wakaendelea mpaka walipokubaliwa kanuni maalumu mwaka 1405, baada ya mfumo wao kumzaa [[Katerina wa Siena]]). Shida nyingine iliyojitokeza ni kwamba kanuni ya Nikola IV haikuzungumzia walioishi kijumuia: hiyo ilizidi kuwaletea matatizo mpaka walipopewa kanuni tofauti (1521). Kwa kuwa kanuni hiyo ilikuwa ya tatu kwa Wafransisko (baada ya ile ya Ndugu Wadogo na ile ya Waklara), Utawa wa Toba ulianza kuitwa Utawa III (Tertius Ordo) na washiriki wake wakaitwa [[Watersyari]] (= Wa tatu). Kumbe kabla ya hapo Tertius Ordo ilimaanisha kundi la tatu la waamini, yaani walei, waliopangwa baada ya makleri na watawa. Wazo la toba pia lilibadilika, na tapo lake likamezwa na Utawa III wa mashirika mbalimbali. Watersyari waliweza wakaishi ama nyumbani kwao, ama kijumuia, ama upwekeni (pengine kwa kutunza [[patakatifu]] fulani au kwa kujifungia mahali, k.mf. ndani ya [[mnara]] wa [[ngome]] ya [[mji]]); waliweza wakaishi katika ndoa au kuahidi [[useja]] n.k. Kati yao, waliotangazwa [[watakatifu]] wanaweza wakafikia 6, mbali na [[wenyeheri]] 6. Idadi kamili haieleweki kwa sababu hakuna hakika juu ya baadhi yao kujiunga na Utawa III. Wa hakika zaidi ni [[Verdiana wa Castelfiorentino]] (+1242), aliyejifungia ndani tangu [[ujana|ujanani]] hadi [[Mzee|uzeeni]], na [[Margerita wa Cortona]] (+1297), aliyeshika toba kali baada ya kuacha maisha ya dhambi. [[Somo]] wa Utawa huo ni [[Elizabeti wa Hungaria]] (+1231), [[malkia]] aliyemtambua na kumtumikia [[Yesu]] katika wenye shida, pamoja na [[Ludoviko IX]] (+1270), [[mfalme]] bora kabisa. ===Watersyari kuzidi kutofautiana (1300-1517)=== [[Wakarmeli]] walipoanza kuelekeza Watersyari wao kuweka [[nadhiri]] ya useja (kuna ushahidi wa mwaka 1283), [[desturi]] hiyo ikaenea haraka: mwaka 1307 [[mwanamume]] Mfransisko aliweka nadhiri tatu kufuatana na kanuni ya Nikola IV ingawa hiyo haitaji kabisa nadhiri. Kadiri Watersyari walivyozidi kujilinganisha na [[wanadhiri]], yalizuka maswali juu yao: mbona kanuni haisemi juu ya kuishi pamoja? Mbona wanaweka nadhiri kama si watawa? Mbona wanawake wanaoishi kijumuia hawashiki ugo? Mbona wengine wanaweka nadhiri halafu wanaendelea kuishi kwao? Je, ni watawa? Majibu yakapatikana polepole, mpaka wakabainishwa [[Wasekulari]] (yaani ndugu wa ulimwenguni) na [[Waregulari]] (watawa hasa). Zaidi ya hayo, tangu zamani tapo lolote la walei lililokazia Injili lilishukiwa kuwa na uzushi. Basi, mwanzoni mwa karne XIV Utawa III wa Kifransisko (TOF) ulijaribiwa sana, kutokana na matatizo ya Ndugu Wadogo, waliotaka kushindana na Papa, na yale ya makundi ambayo yalifanana na TOF yakaja kukatazwa na [[Mtaguso wa Vienne]] (1312). Ingawa laana ya Mtaguso haikuipata TOF, kwa kuwa [[Papa Klementi V]] (1305-1314) aliwahi kuagiza [[utafiti]] halafu akathibitisha tena kanuni yake (1308), Maaskofu wakaendelea kuwa na shaka na kusababisha dhuluma dhidi ya Watersyari. Isitoshe, jumuia nyingi zilizokatazwa ziliamua kujiunga na TOF ili kuendelea kihalali. Jumuia ziliweza kuwa na ndugu 3 hadi 40. Maisha ya pamoja hayakuwa na lazima ya ndugu kushirikishana mali. Baadhi yao waliendelea kuwa na mali binafsi kama Wasekulari, ingawa baadhi walichanga kila kitu kama watawa hasa. Kazi zao zilikuwa za [[ufundi]] (kushona, kuhariri, kutengeneza [[hostie]] na mishumaa n.k.), za [[malezi]] (kufundisha watoto), za [[uuguzi]] (nyumbani kwa wagonjwa au hospitalini) pamoja na kuwakeshea [[mahututi]] na [[maiti]]. [[Riziki]] zilipatikana kwa kazi hizo, lakini pia (hasa kwa wanawake) kwa kuombaomba mlango kwa mlango. Muundo wa jumuia ulikuwa sawa na ule wa Wasekulari, yaani kila moja ilikuwa chini ya Askofu, pamoja na mkaguzi au mshauri toka Utawa I, halafu ilikuwa na uongozi wa ndani (Mtumishi na [[halmashauri]] yake). Muundo huo ukaja kubadilishwa na baadhi ya jumuia mwishoni mwa karne XIV, kutokana na ongezeko kubwa la jumuia hizo za kiume na za kike. Pengine moja ilizaa nyingine ambayo ikabaki chini ya ile mama. Pia ulihitajika ulinganifu mkubwa zaidi wa taratibu ([[kanzu]], ugo n.k.) kati ya jumuia za [[dayosisi|jimbo]] au kanda moja. Kwa kibali cha Askofu na cha Mtumishi wa Ndugu Wadogo, [[shirika]] jipya la namna hiyo liliweza kuwa na [[mkutano mkuu]] na kumchagua Mkuu wake. Kila shirika lilikuwa na mkaguzi toka shirika lingine. Jaribio la kwanza lilifanywa na [[Alfonsi Pecha]] aliyetaka kuunganisha wakaapweke wote wa Italia ya Kati na Kusini (1373) asifaulu. Kumbe walifanikiwa Watersyari wa [[Utrecht]] (Uholanzi, 1401), Ubelgiji wa Kiholanzi (1413), [[Koln]] (Ujerumani, 1427), Hispania (1442), Ubelgiji wa Kifaransa (1443), Italia (1447), [[Irelandi]] (1456), [[Marburg]] (Ujerumani, 1467), Ureno (1470), Korasia (1473) n.k. Wengine waliruhusiwa kuweka [[nadhiri kuu]] ya useja (1401) au zote tatu (1413). Yalijipatia kibali ingawa upinzani uliendelea kwa kuwa masuala yao hayakuwa bayana ki[[nadharia]]. Hata hivyo hayakuwa mashirika ya kimataifa, yanayotarajia kuenea popote, bali ya kijimbo au ya kikanda. Kwa kuwa hayakuwa ya kitawa rasmi, yaliweza kuunganisha jumuia za kiume na za kike chini ya Mkuu mmoja; hapo kulikuwa na Mtumishi wa kike pia kwa jumuia za kike. Mashirika hayo yalitoa huduma zilizopangwa vizuri kadiri ya [[katiba]] yake. Mwaka 1439 lile la Ubelgiji wa Kiholanzi lilikuwa na [[konventi]] 70 na ndugu 3,000 hivi, wa kiume na wa kike, wote wakivaa kanzu ya kijivu. Elekeo la kitawa la mashirika hayo lilikuwa wazi, hivyo si ajabu kwamba yalizidi kujilinganisha na wanadhiri. Hata Ndugu Wadogo [[Waoservanti]] walichangia sana, hasa Italia: kuanzia mwaka 1380 [[Paolucho Trinci]] alijipatia ruhusa kadhaa, mojawapo ile ya kupokea Wasekulari (1384), halafu ile ya kuanzisha [[monasteri]] kwa ajili ya wale wa kike huko [[Foligno]] (1388). Tangu mwaka 1397 hadi 1435 monasteri hiyo ikaja kuongozwa na [[Anjelina wa Marsciano]] aliyefaulu kuzianzisha 16 nyingine: ndio mwanzo wa shirika la kike (1428) lililofanana sana na yale ya kisasa. Lilikuwa na Mtumishi mkuu ambaye alichaguliwa na Watumishi wa kila monasteri na kuwa na mamlaka ya kuzitembelea zote. Halikuwa na ugo wala nadhiri, isipokuwa ya utiifu. Kazi kuu ya wanashirika ilikuwa kulea wasichana. Anjelina alipofariki, [[Papa Eugeni IV]] (1431-1447) alikuza mamlaka ya Mtumishi mkuu, lakini uamuzi huo ulipingwa na Watumishi wa monasteri na Waoservanti. Halafu ongezeko la nyumba hata nje ya Italia lilidai safari nyingi za Mtumishi mkuu na za wengine, nazo zikasababisha vurugu. Basi, [[Papa Pius II]] (1458-1464) alifuta wadhifa wa Mtumishi mkuu (1461), hivyo shirika likapotewa na sura yake na umoja wake. Waoservanti walipozidi kudai Watersyari hao wote washike ugo wa Kipapa, wengine wakakubali (Watersyari wa ugo, ambao baadhi yao wakaja kuwa [[Waklara]]), ila wengine wakajitenga na Waoservanti ili kuendelea na [[utume]]. Ingawa [[Papa Sisto IV]] (1471-1484) alitaka Watersyari wote wa kike wakae chini ya Ndugu Wadogo (1471), wengine walijiweka chini ya Maaskofu, wengine chini ya TOR au chini ya [[Waamadei]] wasibanwe na ugo. Kwa kweli Waoservanti walishughulikia sana Utawa III na kuustawisha upya. Katikati ya karne XV [[Antonino wa Firenze]], Mdominiko, alishuhudia kwamba, “Watersyari Wadominiko ni wachache sehemu hizi, tena wa kiume ni mmojammoja tu; kumbe chini ya kanuni na kanzu ya Utawa III wa Mt. Fransisko wako wengi wa kiume na wa kike. Wengine kama wakaapweke, wengi kama wauguzi wa hospitali, wengine wameunda shirika”. Ili kupunguza upinzani, [[Papa Martino V]] (1417-1431) alikuwa ameweka Wasekulari wote chini ya Watumishi wa Ndugu Wadogo (1428), ambao tu waliruhusiwa kupokea watakaji, kufundisha, kukagua na kukosoa. Pengine waandamizi wake wakawa na msimamo tofauti na kuwarudishia mamlaka Wasekulari wenyewe. [[Yohane wa Kapestrano]] aliwashughulikia na kuwatetea kwa namna ya pekee, akikusudia kuratibu na kuunganisha jumuia zote za Watersyari zisizo na sura maalumu kisheria ili azihusishe na [[urekebisho]] wa watawa na wa Kanisa lote. Alipokubaliwa na Eugeni IV kwa sauti tu (1436) ifutwe hati ya [[Papa Yohane XXII]] (1316-1334) iliyokataza jumuia zote za Watersyari, akawatangazia haraka, ikaanza mikutano ya kanda na mikutano mikuu. Kwa miaka 10 Watersyari wakaapweke wa Italia waliunganika wote. Lakini wengine walipendelea kujitegemea zaidi, na wengine walikataa kujilinganisha kabisa na watawa na kuweka nadhiri (walivyodai hasa [[Waklareno]], waliojitenga na OFM na kukimbilia Utawa III). Basi, [[Papa Nikola V]] (1447-1455) baada ya miaka miwili alifuta kabisa ruhusa aliyoitoa mwaka 1447, akisema, “Wanaopenda maisha magumu zaidi wanao tayari Utawa ulioanzishwa na Mt. Fransisko mwenyewe”. Lakini mwaka 1457 Watersyari wa [[Lombardia]] walikubaliwa tena kuwa na Mkuu wa kwao, halafu wakaenea katika mikoa mingine ya Italia, wakakubaliwa (1467) fadhili zote walizopewa wenzao wa shirika la Hispania, zikiwa ni pamoja na ile ya kuweka nadhiri kuu tatu. Mwaka 1472 mkutano mkuu ulitunga kanuni mpya. Mwaka 1476 walikuwa na kanda kadhaa tayari. Hatimaye Sisto IV alitamka rasmi (1480) kuwa nadhiri za Watersyari wa kiume na wa kike zilizowekwa kwa fahari zihesabiwe kuwa kuu kisheria. Tamko hilo likathibitishwa (1517) na [[Papa Leo X]] (1513-1521) aliyekanusha kuwa hivyo pia kwa nadhiri ya useja ya wanaoishi nyumbani kwao, ingawa aliwakubalia fadhili kadhaa. Hata kuhusu ugo kwa wanawake, uliobaki kuwatofautisha na wamonaki, ilitamkwa (1487) kuwa ni wa [[hiari]]. Pia baadhi ya Watersyari waliishi utawani kwa Ndugu Wadogo ili wawatumikie kwa hiari pasipo malipo wala nia ya kuwa watawa hasa, ingawa waliweza wakashiriki maisha ya jumuia chini ya mlinzi, wakiweka nadhiri ya utiifu na useja. Ni kwamba katika karne XIII Utawa I ulipojali mno ukleri na kuzuia ongezeko la ma[[bradha]] pamoja na kudharau kazi za mikono, ulikuja kuhitaji maboi (wanazungumziwa na hati za Kanisa kuanzia mwaka 1248). Katiba ya OFM (1260) ilikataza wasiongozane na Ndugu Wadogo ili kuwashikia [[pesa]] na kuzitumia kwa niaba yao; ila iliruhusu watoe baadhi ya huduma konventini, mradi wasilale huko. Baadaye ndugu maarufu waliruhusiwa kuwa na boi binafsi (katiba ya 1316 n.k.). Mwishoni mwa karne XV maboi walianza kufikiriwa washirikishwe kwa kiasi fulani maisha ya kitawa: kwanza wafuate vizuri [[dini]], halafu wajiunge na Utawa III na kuvikwa kanzu fulani, mradi ionekane wazi ni tofauti na ile ya Ndugu Wadogo. Hasa katika karne XIV, matunda ya Utawa III ni mengi na ya kila aina: malkia na ma[[padri]], watu wa ndoa na waseja, wakulima na mafundi, waanzilishi wa mashirika na mashujaa wa huruma, wakaapweke, wafiadini n.k. Mbali na watakatifu ambao hatuna hakika kama walijiunga na Utawa III, kuna Klara wa Montefalco (+1308), ambaye mwisho akawa [[abesi]] wa [[monasteri]] ya [[Waaugustino]], [[Anjela wa Foligno]] (+1309), anayeitwa “mwalimu wa wanateolojia” kwa ubora wa maandishi yake juu ya [[mang’amuzi]] ya kiroho, [[Elzeario wa Sabran]] (+1323), aliyeishi na mke wake ([[Delfina]]) kwa [[usafi kamili]], malkia [[Elizabeti wa Ureno]] (+1336), aliyemaliza maisha yake katika jumuia ya Utawa III, [[Konrado Confalonieri]] (+1351) aliyeishi miaka mingi upwekeni, na malkia [[Birgita wa Sweden]] (+1373), somo wa Ulaya. Kati ya wenye heri 21 akumbukwe hasa na [[Raimundo Lull]], mwandishi, mwanzilishi wa [[seminari]] ya kimisionari na hatimaye [[mfiadini]] kwa mikono ya [[Waislamu]] (+1316). [[Umisionari]] wa Utawa III ulijitokeza kwa namna ya pekee kati ya Waregulari wa Ureno, waliosindikiza wapelelezi wa nchi yao katika safari za hatari pia, kama vile [[Kongo]] na [[Angola]]. Mmojawao akasoma Misa mbele ya mfalme wa Kongo (1491) akambatiza (1495). Lakini utume wa Watersyari ulijitokeza zaidi katika mazingira ya kawaida ya walei wa Ulaya, na katika huduma mbalimbali walizozianzisha: hospitali, wokovu wa ma[[kahaba]], uombaji wa msaada kwa ajili ya [[maskini]], [[ghala]] za kugawia chakula bure, mafunzo kwa watoto fukara na kwa wanaosomea [[upadri]] n.k. ==Kanuni tofauti kwa Wasekulari na Waregulari (1517-1762)== ===Waregulari kukomaa kama watawa hasa (1517-1762)=== [[Mtaguso wa tano wa Laterano]] ulitofautisha (1516) aina nne za Watersyari: wanaoishi pamoja, wanaume wanaoishi katika konventi za Utawa I, wanawake wanaoishi nyumbani kwa nadhiri ya useja, na Wasekulari. Kwa msingi huo [[Gabrieli Maria]] alitunga (1517) kanuni sahili kwa Waregulari ambayo ikaja kukubaliwa na Leo X, halafu na [[Papa Julius III]] (1550-1555), ikaendelea kufuatwa na konventi nyingi za Ufaransa. Lakini nyingi zaidi zilikubali ile ya Leo X iliyokusudiwa (1521) kuleta umoja na [[usawa]] kati ya Waregulari, ikiwafanya watawa hasa na kuwatenganisha na Wasekulari, walioendelea kufuata kanuni ya Nikola IV hadi mwaka 1884. Katika sura zake 10, kanuni hiyo mpya ilidai nadhiri za Waregulari wote ziwe tatu tena kuu, ingawa iliiachia kila konventi ya kike kuamua kuhusu ugo kama haijaushika, kusudi utume kwa wagonjwa na wasichana usizuiwe. Hata hivyo haikupokewa na Waregulari wote, na ilipingwa vikali hasa Ulaya Kaskazini. Sababu mojawapo ni kwamba ilitaka konventi zote za kiume na za kike ziwe chini ya Ndugu Wadogo, zikibaki na Mkubwa wa nyumba tu, bila ya Watumishi wakuu wa mashirika. Uamuzi huo ulitokana na juhudi za Waoservanti za kuzuia uwepo wa shirika lingine la Kifransisko lenye uongozi unaolingana na ule wa Utawa I. Basi, mashirika yaliyokwishakubaliwa yakaendelea kufuata kanuni ya Nikola IV pamoja na katiba zao. Lakini mapambano hayo yalidumu muda mfupi tu, kwa kuwa uenezi wa [[Uprotestanti]] ulifuta mapema karibu jumuia zote za Ujerumani na Uholanzi. Hapo katikati shirika la Waregulari wa Hispania, kisha kushindana sana na Ndugu Wadogo waliodai kulikagua, lilikubaliwa na [[Papa Paulo III]] (1534-1549) kanuni mpya (1547) kwa Watersyari wote wa Hispania, Ureno na ma[[koloni]] yake. Kanuni hiyo, tofauti sana na ile ya Leo X, ilikuwa na sehemu kuu tatu: ya kwanza kwa Watersyari wa kiume walioishi pamoja kwa nadhiri; ya pili kwa wale wa kike wenye nadhiri walioishi pamoja bila ya ugo; ya tatu kwa Wasekulari, pamoja na wakaapweke na ma[[bikira]] walioishi makwao. Jambo la pekee zaidi, lilikuwa kuwaweka wote chini ya Mtumishi mkuu wa Waregulari wa kiume (aliyetakiwa kuwa padri): hivyo hao walifikia kulingana na Utawa I. Nje ya Ufransisko jambo kama hilo halijatokea hata leo: kuwepo Utawa III wenye ma[[sista]] na Wasekulari chini yake! Halafu Waregulari wa Italia pia wakakubaliwa katiba na [[uhuru]] kamili kwa kanda zao. Baada ya hapo juhudi za urekebisho zilizofuatana na [[Mtaguso wa Trento]] zilidai masista wote washike ugo ili kukwepa makwazo. [[Papa Pius V]] (1566-1572) kwanza alidai (1566) masista wote wa shirika lolote wabanwe daima na [[ugo wa Kipapa]], hata kama hawajawahi kuwa nao; wenye [[nadhiri ndogo]] (ambazo wakati huo hazikuwa na nguvu za kisheria) wahimizwe kuweka zile kuu na hivyo kukubali ugo, la sivyo wakatazwe wasipokee tena [[miito]] waje kwisha. Haikuwa rahisi kutekeleza agizo hilo, pia kwa sababu ya umuhimu wa huduma ambazo walikuwa wanazitoa na ambazo hazikupatana na ugo. Matokeo, baadhi ya jumuia zikawa monasteri za Waklara, lakini nyingine zikaendelea huru katika nchi zote na katika mashirika karibu yote. Halafu, akiona maisha yao hayana toba na nidhamu za kutosha, ingawa [[Kardinali mlinzi]] alijitahidi, aliwaweka wote, wanaume kwa wanawake, chini ya Waoservanti (1567-1568). Hatimaye alifuta jumuia zote zenye nadhiri ndogo akakataza zisianzishwe tena (1568): hata agizo hilo likashindikana, lakini yote yalikuwa changamoto zifanyike juhudi za urekebisho. Hapo kwa wanaume wa Ufaransa kanda 7 zilikuja kushika maisha yaliyofanana sana na yale ya marekebisho ya Utawa I: kuishi mbali na watu, kuamka usiku wa manane kwa [[sala]], kufanya [[malipizi]] makali na kutembea peku. Kwa wanawake pia mkazo ulikuwa kufuata mfano wa [[Wakapuchini]] au marekebisho mengine, pamoja na kushika ugo na nadhiri kuu, hasa [[Uswisi]], Ujerumani, Ubelgiji, Ufaransa. Hata hivyo wakaendelea kushika kanuni ya TOR na pengine kufundisha. TOR ya Italia ilijipatia tena uhuru (1586) kwa kanda zake 11 chini ya Mtumishi mkuu; polepole Waregulari wa nchi nyingine ama walijiunga nayo katika karne XVII, ama wakakoma kwa kumezwa na OFM au kwa kudhulumiwa na serikali. Mwaka 1700 wanaume wa TOR jumla walikuwa 3,991 katika konventi 217 na kanda 20, takwimu ambayo haikubadilika sana katika nusu ya kwanza ya karne XVIII. Upande wa wanawake haiwezekani kukadiria idadi yao. Pamoja na hayo, yalianzishwa mashirika mapya ya kiume Hispania, Ufaransa na hata [[Gwatemala]] kwa ajili ya huduma mbalimbali. Watakatifu waliopatikana wakati huo ni [[Yasinta Mariscotti]] (+1640), aliyeongoka baada ya kuishi miaka 15 utawani kwa [[uzembe]], [[Petro wa Betancur]] (+1667), aliyeweka msingi wa shirika la [[Ndugu Wabethlehemu]], na [[Maria Kreshensya Hoess]] (+1744), aliyemuabudu sana [[Roho Mtakatifu]], mbali ya mwenye heri Mjapani aliyefia dini kwao. ===Wasekulari kuzidi kuenea (1517-1762)=== Upande wa Wasekulari, karne XVI iliwarudisha nyuma Italia (watu waliporudia [[sanaa]] za kipagani) na Ulaya Kaskazini (ulipoenea Uprotestanti), kumbe iliwastawisha katika nchi zilizoongoza kisiasa na kidini (Hispania na Ureno) pamoja na makoloni yake huko Ulaya na ng’ambo (hasa [[Amerika]] na [[Filipino]]: mwaka 1586 nchi hizo zilikuwa na Wasekulari zaidi ya 100,000!). Wahispania (hata wafalme, ma[[jemadari]], Maaskofu) walikuja kumheshimu sana Fransisko na kutamani waitwe wanae na kuzikwa wamevaa kanzu yake. Uenezi ulileta pia ulegevu katika maisha yote ya toba, hata uduni wa kanzu uliachwa, halafu badala yake vitambaa viwili kifuani na mgongoni hadi kwenye kamba kiunoni vikaruhusiwa kuvaliwa chini ya nguo yoyote, hata ya fahari. Katika umati huo kuna watakatifu pia, kuanzia [[Anjela Merichi]] (+1540) aliyeanzisha kikosi cha Mt. [[Ursula]] kwa roho ya Kifransisko na chini ya kanuni ya Utawa III, ambacho muda mrefu baadaye kikageuka kuwa shirika la kitawa. Wengine ni [[Gaetano wa Thiene]] (+1547), [[Ignas wa Loyola]] (+1556), [[Filipo Neri]] (+1595) na [[Kamilo wa Lellis]] (+1614), waanzilishi wa mashirika yasiyo ya Kifransisko, ambao ni vigumu kusema walichota nini katika Utawa III. Walio wengi ni wafiadini 17 wa [[Japani]] waliochanganya damu yao na ile ya wamisionari wa Utawa I waliowashirikisha Injili kwa roho ya Kifransisko (+1597): [[Paulo Suzuki]], [[Gabrieli wa Ize]], [[Yohane Kinuya]], [[Thomas Danki]], [[Fransisko wa Meako]], [[Thomas Kozaki]], [[Yohakim Sakakibara]], [[Bonaventura wa Meako]], [[Leo Karasuma]], [[Mathias wa Miyako]], [[Antoni wa Nagasaki]], [[Ludoviko Ibaraki]], [[Paulo Ibaraki]], [[Mikaeli Kozaki]], [[Petro Sukejiro]], [[Kosma Takeya]] na [[Fransisko Adauctus]]. Katika karne XVII uenezi uliendelea katika nchi hizo na pia [[Austria]], halafu Ufaransa, hasa Ndugu Wadogo wa matawi mbalimbali walipoamua kuwajibika zaidi upande huo wakaanza kushindana kati yao tena na TOR. Mapapa, wakijua umuhimu wa Utawa III katika kuzuia uzushi, walichangia uenezi huo kwa kuupatia [[rehema]] na fadhili za pekee. Kwa ajili ya Wasekulari vilitungwa pia vitabu vingi vya sala na maelezo ya kanuni, pamoja na kukaza [[maisha ya kiroho]] ([[tafakuri]], [[mafungo ya kiroho]], sakramenti) na huduma kwa wenye shida. Hata hivyo hali ya jumla ilizidi kudidimia, na OFS ilionekana kulingana na chama chochote cha kumheshimu mtakatifu fulani, kuadhimisha [[sherehe]] yake n.k. Lakini mambo kama hayo hayapiti bure yasiathiri roho za watu na jamii nzima, hasa yanapogusa umati (mwaka 1689 [[Madrid]] ilikuwa na Wasekulari 25,000!). Vilevile miundo ya huduma iliyoanzishwa na Wafransisko hao iliendelea hata katika matatizo mengi, hivi kwamba mingine ipo hadi leo. Tunda bora ni [[Maria Ana wa Yesu]] wa Paredes (+1645), Mfransisko wa kwanza wa Amerika kutangazwa na Kanisa kuwa ni mtakatifu. Wengine waliojiunga na OFS au kuvaa kamba yake ni [[Fransisko wa Sales]] (+1622) na [[Yoana Fransiska wa Chantal]] (+1641) katika Ufaransa wa leo, pia [[Yosefu Kalasanzi]] (+1648) na [[Yosefu Oriol]] (+1702) kutoka Hispania. Kundi kubwa zaidi ni lile la wenye heri 30, hasa wafiadini wa Japani tena. Kwa Watersyari walioishi utawani kwa Ndugu Wadogo katikati ya karne XVII ulipangwa umri wa chini (miaka 20) na malezi ya miaka 3 chini ya padri. Baadaye tena hali yao ikafafanuliwa kikamilifu na katiba, hasa ya OFM (iliyokuwa na Watersyari wengi zaidi konventini). ==Wasekulari na Waregulari nyakati zetu (1762-2024)== ===Waregulari kudhulumiwa halafu kuongezeka ajabu (1762-2024)=== Kwa Utawa III pia miaka ya mwisho ya karne XVIII na sehemu kubwa ya ile iliyofuata ilikuwa kipindi kigumu cha majaribu, kutokana na dhuluma za serikali nyingi. [[Falsafa]] ya waasi wa dini na [[utaifa]] wa wafalme na Maaskofu wa nchi kadhaa vilielekeza hata kumwaga damu za wengi, hasa baada ya [[mapinduzi ya Kifaransa]] kuenea Ulaya karibu nzima. Ilianza Jamhuri ya [[Venezia]] (1767) kwa kufuta kanda moja ya TOR. Akafuata malkia wa Austria na [[Hungaria]], aliyekataza (1776) OFS isipokee tena watakaji. Mtoto wake akafuta Utawa III kwa namna zake zote (1782). Ufaransa ukafuta miundo yote ya kidini (1790), ikiwa ni pamoja na Utawa III, na kutaifisha mali yake. Baadhi ya Watersyari kwa [[uaminifu]] wao walifungwa hata kuuawa. Hispania (1812) na Ureno (1834) pamoja na [[Brazili]] mashirika yote yakafutwa, ingawa jamaa za OFS zikaendelea. Hata Italia jamaa hizo ziliondolewa hadhi yao mbele ya sheria (1861-1866), lakini zikaendelea kama vyama vya hiari. TOR ni kati ya mashirika yaliyopigwa zaidi, hata karibu kutoweka: kwa miaka 30 hivi kanda nyingi zilikwisha; katika mikutano mikuu iliyofanyika tena kuanzia mwaka 1824 waliweza kuhudhuria tu ndugu toka mikoa 3 ya Italia na pengine toka Korasia. Dhuluma hizo zilipiga sio tu miundo na mali, bali pia mfumo wa maisha, kwa kudai watawa wawe na faida kwa jamii, si mzigo kwake. Katika mazingira hayo yakaja kuanzishwa mashirika mengi ajabu, hasa ya wanawake: karne XIX ndiyo iliyozaa mashirika mengi kuliko nyingine zote. Kati yake, asilimia kubwa ni ya Kifransisko (siku hizi yapo 22 ya wanaume na zaidi ya 400 ya wanawake, yanayojumlisha watawa 120,000 hivi, mbali ya monasteri 61 zenye masista 900!). Si rahisi kuandika historia ya mashirika hayo yote. Kwa kifupi, mengine yalitokana na monasteri za Waklara waliolazimika kushika utume fulani ili waruhusiwe kuendelea kuishi kijumuia (baadhi yake wanafuata bado kanuni ya Utawa II kwa namna yao). Mengine yalitokana na Wasekulari walioanza kuishi pamoja. Mengine yalianzishwa tu kutokana na elekeo la kila jimbo kutaka liwe na shirika lake, hivi kwamba Askofu (au hata paroko) alijitahidi kujianzishia jipya au kutenga tawi na nyumba asili; katika hilo pengine hali ya siasa na ya jamii ilichangia, pamoja na hamu ya kujitegemea. Ustawi huo ulitokea wakati uleule wa mashirika ya zamani kufifia: tena watawa hao, waliofukuzwa na serikali kutoka konventi zao, ndio walioanzisha mashirika mengi kulingana na mahitaji ya watu katika ulimwengu mpya wa kibepari. K.mf. [[Honorati Kazminski]] (+1916), padri Mkapuchini aliyeanzisha mashirika 27 tofauti (kati yake 17 bado yapo), na Askofu Mkapuchini [[Luis Amigò]] (+1934), aliyeanzisha mashirika mawili makubwa (la kiume na la kike) yaliyokwishapata wenye heri 22 wafiadini. Kwa kawaida ni mashirika ya nadhiri ndogo, au yasiyo na nadhiri, yanayotoa huduma maalumu upande wa umisionari, huruma kwa maskini, ustawi wa jamii, malezi, [[tiba]] n.k. Kwa sababu ya kutoweka nadhiri kuu, wanashirika hawakuhesabiwa kama watawa, wala wale wa kike hawakubanwa na ugo. Walifuata katiba zao maalumu chini ya viongozi wao. Waliotaka kuwa Wafransisko walijiunga binafsi na OFS. Kanisa, baada ya kutamka (1887-1893) kwamba mtawa hawezi kuwa Mtersyari pia, na baada ya kutambua (1900) mashirika hayo kuwa ya kitawa liliamua (1901) shirika la [[mchepuo]] fulani wa kiroho lisianzishwe pasipo fungamano na Utawa I wa mchepuo huo. Hapo watawa wote wa mashirika hayo wakahesabiwa kuwa Watersyari jumla, bila ya kujiunga binafsi na Utawa III. Mashirika mengi ya Kifransisko yalifungamana kiroho na OFM (1905 n.k.) na OFMCap (1906 n.k.). TOR ilipoomba ruhusa ya kuwa na mashirika ya Watersyari chini yake, ilikubaliwa baada ya miaka 5, halafu ikaondolewa. Ugumu wa suala hilo ni kwamba TOR yenyewe ni Utawa III: inawezaje kujilinganisha na Utawa I? Lakini [[Papa Benedikto XV]] (1914-1922), baada ya kuona TOR inameza mashirika madogo ya Watersyari, aliiruhusu tena (1921) akipendekeza mashirika yote ya kiume na ya kike ya Utawa III wa Kifransisko yaungane nayo. Kwa ajili hiyo aliilinganisha TOR na matawi matatu ya Utawa I: tangu hapo familia ya Kifransisko ikahesabiwa kuwa na Wakuu 4. Kufuatana na [[Mkusanyo wa Sheria za Kanisa]], [[Papa Pius XI]] (1922-1939) alitoa kanuni mpya (1927) iliyotungwa kwa ushirikiano wa Wakuu 4 wa familia ya Kifransisko iwe kanuni pekee kwa mashirika ya Utawa III, yakiwa ni pamoja na TOR yenyewe iliyokuwa imeikataa ile ya mwaka 1521. Ingawa juhudi ya kuyaunganisha yote chini ya TOR ikashindikana kwa sababu karibu yote yalipendelea kujitegemea, kuanzia mwaka 1950 ilifanyika mikutano mingi ya pamoja na kuzidisha [[ushirikiano]] hasa kwa ajili ya kutunga kanuni nyingine kufuatana na maelekezo ya [[Mtaguso II wa Vatikani]]. Kanuni hiyo iliyothibitishwa (1982) na [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] (1978-2005) ni ya Kifransisko kuliko zile zote zilizotangulia. Hatimaye likaanzishwa (1985) [[Baraza la Kimataifa la Kifransisko]] (IFC-TOR) linaloshirikisha mpaka sasa ¾ za mashirika yote ya Utawa III. Ushirikiano mpya wa Utawa III na Utawa I uliimarishwa kwa kuunda (1995) [[Baraza la Familia ya Kifransisko]], linalojumlisha Wakuu wa OFM, OFMConv, OFMCap, TOR, IFC-TOR na OFS. Utawa II hauna mwakilishi, kutokana na muundo wake wa monasteri zenye ugo. Baraza la Familia ya Kifransisko linawakilishwa katika [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] kwa njia ya [[asasi isiyo ya kiserikali]] inayoitwa [[Franciscans International]]. Watersyari Waregulari 40 wa kipindi hicho wameshatangazwa wenyeheri, k.mf. [[Maria wa Mateso]] (+1904) aliyeanzisha shirika kubwa la [[Wafransisko Wamisionari wa Maria]] (wako 8,000 hivi), ambao 7 kati yao ni watakatifu waliofia dini [[China]] (+1900): [[Maria Ermelina wa Yesu]], [[Maria wa Amani]], [[Maria Klara Nanetti]], [[Maria wa Mt. Natalia]], [[Maria wa Mt. Yusto]], [[Maria Amandina wa Moyo Mtakatifu]] na [[Maria Adolfina Dierk]]. Muda mrefu kabla yao alistawi [[Maria Fransiska wa Madonda Matano]] (+1791), aliyestahimili mateso mengi, na baada yao [[Alberto Chmieliwski]] (+1916), aliyeanzisha mashirika mawili (la kiume na la kike) huko [[Polandi]], [[Mariana wa Molokai|Mariana Cope]] (+1918), bikira kutoka Ujerumani aliyehudumia wakoma wa Molokai ([[Hawaii]], leo jimbo la [[Marekani]]), Maria wa Yesu Santocanale (+1923), mwanzilishi nchini Italia, [[Maria Bernarda Buetler]] (+1924), [[Uswisi|Mswisi]] mmisionari katika Amerika Kusini, [[Maria Alfonsa Matathupadathu]] (+1946), bikira wa mateso nchini [[India]], na [[Dulse Pontes]] (+1992) aliyehudumia maskini nchini [[Brazil]]. [[Picha:0000 Secular Franciscan Order.JPG|250px|thumbnail|Lebo ya jumuia ya Utawa wa Tatu ya [[Petropolis]], [[Brazil]].]] ===Wasekulari kufikia kilele cha ustawi wao (1762-2024)=== Kuna mambo mbalimbali yaliyochangia ustawi mpya wa Utawa III katika matawi yake kuanzia mwisho wa karne XIX: kikomo cha dhuluma za serikali katika nchi nyingi, hali mpya ya Utawa I, mvuto mkubwa wa Fransisko kwa wenye elimu na uenezi wa roho ya Kifransisko kupitia ma[[gazeti]]. Ndiyo sababu Utawa III ulianzishwa hata kati ya [[Waanglikana]] na [[Uprotestanti|Waprotestanti]]! Kwa miaka 115 mfululizo (1848-1963) Mapapa wote walikuwa wa OFS, kuanzia [[Papa Pius IX]] (1846-1878) hadi [[Papa Yohane XXIII]] (1958-1963), wakahamasisha Maaskofu na wengineo kueneza Utawa huo, hasa [[Papa Leo XIII]] (1878-1903) aliyetoa kanuni mpya (1884) yenye sura tatu na namba 24 jumla. Pamoja na kufupisha ile ya zamani ilirahisisha mengi iweze kuwafaa Wakristo wote, ikiwadai tu wavae [[skapulari]] ndogo na [[kamba]], kupata malezi ya mwaka mmoja kabla ya kutoa [[ahadi]], kuvaa na kuishi pasipo makuu, kukwepa tamasha za kilimwengu, kuwa na [[kiasi]] mezani, kuungama na kupokea kila mwezi, kusali [[Zaburi]] au walau Baba Yetu, [[Salamu Maria]] na [[Atukuzwe]] mara 12 kwa siku, kuandika mapema wasia, kujitafiti [[dhamiri]] kila siku, kushiriki Misa kila siku ikiwezekana, kuhudhuria mkutano kila mwezi, kuchangia gharama za Utawa na misaada kwa maskini, kukaguliwa na Ndugu Wadogo kila mwaka. Kwa juhudi hizo, na hasa kwa ma[[kongamano]] mengi makubwa, OFS ilionekana [[mshikamano]] wa kidugu wa kimataifa mbadala wa [[Ukomunisti]] uliotangaza [[chuki]] kwa mabepari. Lakini wengine waliogopa elekeo hilo la kijamii. Basi, [[Papa Pius X]] (1903-1914) aliweka Wasekulari chini zaidi ya Ndugu Wadogo na kudai wawajibike katika siasa binafsi, si kwa pamoja. Hivyo OFS ikarudi kutazamwa kama shule ya kiroho tu, ikachapishiwa vitabu vingi, hasa juu ya masharti yake, namna za kusali na kujinyima, kujipatia fadhili na rehema n.k. Mkusanyo wa Sheria za Kanisa ulipanga aina zote za Utawa III katika nafasi ya kwanza kati ya [[vyama vya waamini]], na kueleza kuwa lengo lake ni [[ukamilifu]] wa Kikristo kadiri ya maisha ya ulimwenguni kwa kufuata kanuni maalumu iliyokubaliwa na Papa na chini ya uongozi na roho ya Utawa I unaohusika. Kwa hamasa za Mapapa, wengi walijiunga na OFS (mwaka 1934 walikaribia kuwa 4,000,000!) lakini muda mfupi kabla ya [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia|vita vikuu vya pili]] walianza kupungua kutokana na matapo mengine ya kiroho kuanzishwa na kuhamasishwa na Mapapa, hasa [[Aksyo Katoliki]]; pia kwa sababu wingi si hoja, yaani ongezeko lao lilisababisha ulegevu fulani hata kusawazisha OFS na chama chochote. Kabla na hasa baada ya [[Mtaguso wa pili wa Vatikani]] ilitokea misukosuko na maswali mengi. Ili kuyakabili, ilifanyika mikutano mingi ya matawi yake mbalimbali (1950 n.k.) na kuzidisha ushirikiano kati yake (pia na Utawa III wa michepuo mingine) hata ikatolewa (1957) katiba moja kwa Wasekulari wa matawi yote ya Kifransisko. Miaka hiyohiyo lilianzishwa kundi la [[Vijana Wafransisko]]. Halafu ikaanzishwa halmashauri ya kimataifa ya OFS yote (1973) na [[Papa Paulo VI]] (1963-1978) akathibitisha (1978) kanuni mpya ya OFS kulingana na maelekezo ya [[Mtaguso]] huo. Ina sura tatu na namba 26 jumla kuhusu [[asili]] ya OFS na kanuni yake (1-3), mtindo wa maisha (4-19) na taratibu zake (19-26). Ni kama mwongozo wa [[maisha ya Kiinjili]] unaomkazia [[Yesu Kristo]] kwa kuwa Injili si nadharia, bali ni mwenyewe (namba 12 kati ya 26 zinamzungumzia wazi). Haina tena maagizo ya kinaganaga kuhusu toba, ambayo yaliachwa kwa katiba mpya (1990) iliyounganisha moja kwa moja matawi yote yaliyokuwa chini ya Wakuu 4 wa familia ya Kifransisko. Mwaka huo Wasekulari walikuwa 508,619, wengi wao wakiwa [[Meksiko]] na Italia. Hapo katikati toleo la pili la Mkusanyo wa Sheria za Kanisa lilitaja Utawa III peke yake kati ya vyama vya waamini, kutokana na heshima uliyopewa na [[mapokeo]]. Jambo jipya ni kwamba sasa mashirika yoyote yanaweza kuanzisha aina ya Utawa III, hata yale ya kike. Kuhusu Wasekulari kuishi katika nyumba za Ndugu Wadogo, mtazamo baada ya Mtaguso II wa Vatikani ukawa tofauti: Ndugu Wadogo wanapaswa kutumikia, si kutumikiwa na Wasekulari; watu wakiishi konventini kwa kufanya kazi fulani, basi walipwe kadiri ya sheria za nchi. Hivyo idadi yao ikazidi kupungua haraka: kwa OFM mwaka 1968 walikuwa 536, mwaka 1994 wakabaki 155 tu. Kati ya Wasekulari wa hakika wa karne hizi za mwisho tunakuta wenye heri 11 na watakatifu [[Yosefu Benedikto Cottolengo]] (+1842), [[Maria Magdalena Postel]] (+1846), [[Vinchensya Gerosa]] (+1847), [[Vinchensyo Pallotti]] (+1850), [[Mikaeli Garicoits]] (+1856), [[Emilia wa Vialar]] (+1856), [[Yohane Maria Vianney]] (+1859), [[Zelia Guerin]] (+1877), [[Maria Yosefa Rossello]] (+1880), [[Yohane Bosco]] (+1888), [[Louis Martin]] (+1894), [[Arkanjelo Tadini]] (+1912), Pius X (+1914), [[Luigi Guanella]] (+1915), [[Fransiska Saverio Cabrini]] (+1917), [[Rikardo Pampuri]] (+1930), [[Anjela wa Msalaba]] (+1932), [[Nazaria Ignasya]] (+1943), [[Maria wa Yesu Ekaristi]] (+1959) na [[Papa Yohane XXIII|Yohane XXIII]] (+1963), wengi wao wakiwa waanzilishi wa mashirika yasiyo ya Kifransisko. Pia kuna watakatifu 11 wa China waliofia dini (+1900): [[Yohane Zhang Huan]], [[Patrick Dong Bodi]], [[Yohane Wang Rui]], [[Filipo Zhang Zhihe]], [[Yohane Zhang Jinggwang]], [[Thomas Shen Jihe]], [[Simoni Chen Ximan]], [[Petro Zhang Banniu]], [[Fransisko Zhang Rong]], [[Mathias Feng De]] na [[Petro Wu Anpeng]]. ==Tazama pia== [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== <references /> ==Marejeo== * ''St. Francis and the Third Order: The Franciscan and pre-Franciscan Penitential Movement'', by Raffaele Pazzelli, [[Franciscan Institute Publications]], 1989. ISBN 978-0-8199-0953-4 ==Viungo vya nje== ===Vya [[Kanisa Katoliki]]=== * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14637b.htm "Third Orders"] ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14520b.htm "Tertiaries"] ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' * [http://www.franfed.org/ Federation of the various congregations of men and women in the T.O.R.] * [http://www.nafra-sfo.org/ Secular Franciscan Order in the U.S.A.] * [http://www.franciscanfriarstor.com/ Friars of the Third Order Regular in the U.S.A.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.franciscanfriarstor.com/ |date=20061004041156 }} * [http://www.franciscanbrothers.org/ Franciscan Brothers of Brooklyn] * [http://www.franciscan-brothers.net/index.html/ Brothers of the Poor of St. Francis] {{Wayback|url=http://www.franciscan-brothers.net/index.html/ |date=20130201075009 }} * [http://www.franciscanbrothers.net/ Franciscan Brothers of the Holy Cross] * [http://www.atonementfriars.org/ Franciscan Friars of the Atonement] * [http://www.littlebrothersofstfrancis.org/ Little Brothers of St. Francis, based in Boston] {{Wayback|url=http://www.littlebrothersofstfrancis.org/ |date=20130215003716 }} * [http://www.brothersofpeace.org/ Franciscan Brothers of Peace] * [http://www.franciscanbrothers.us/ Franciscan Brothers of the Eucharist] * [http://www.bspenance.org/ The Brothers and Sisters of Penance] ===Vya Ushirika wa [[Anglikana]]=== * [http://www.tssf.org.au/ Province of Australia, Papua New Guinea and East Asia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tssf.org.au/ |date=20220310004005 }} * [http://orders.anglican.org/tssf/ European Province] {{Wayback|url=http://orders.anglican.org/tssf/ |date=20090204183419 }} * [http://www.tssf.org/ Province of the Americas] * [http://www.franciscanthirdorder.godzone.net.nz/ New Zealand Province] {{Wayback|url=http://www.franciscanthirdorder.godzone.net.nz/ |date=20180922174647 }} [[Category:Ukristo]] [[Category:Mashirika ya kitawa]] [[Jamii:Wafransisko]] 87s4ap5dqfqiuvgo980kyhrrmqgebab 0 17488 1599040 1526532 2026-09-23T03:05:30Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599040 wikitext text/x-wiki [[picha:ZANZIBARI_TAARAB.jpg|thumbnail|right|200pax|Kundi la waimbaji wa muziki wa Taarab Zanzibar]] '''Taarab''' (pia: '''tarabu''', '''taarabu''') ni aina ya [[muziki]] ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] yenye [[asili]] yake katika [[utamaduni]] wa [[Waswahili]]. [[Neno]] lenyewe limetokana na [[Kiarabu]] "tarab" (طرب) linalomaanisha "uimbaji, [[wimbo]]". ==Tabia za taarab== Taarab ni muziki wa Waafrika wa [[pwani]] uliopokea athira kutoka tamaduni nyingi, hasa muziki wa [[Waarabu]] na [[Wahindi]]. Kimsingi ni uimbaji wa [[mashairi]] unaofuata muziki wa [[bendi]]. Bendi hizi hutofautiana kieneo: katika taarab ya [[Unguja]] [[kinanda|vinanda]] vya kulingana na tarab za Kiarabu hupendelewa; katika taarabu ya [[Mombasa]] aina za [[ngoma]] ni muhimu; katika taarab ya [[Tanga]] [[gitaa]] inapendwa. Siku hizi vyombo vya kisasa vimetumiwa pia. ==Historia== Neno "taarab" laaminiwa lina asili katika Unguja ambako mnamo [[1870]] [[Sultani]] [[Sayyid Bargash]] alialika kundi la [[wanamuziki]] kutoka [[Misri]] kuja [[Zanzibar]] walioleta uimbaji wao aina ya "tarab". Alipopenda muziki huu sultani alimtuma Mzanzibari [[Mohammed bin Ibrahim]] kwenda Misri ajifunze vyombo vya huku. Mohammed aliporudi alikuwa [[mwanashairi]] wa Sultani akaendelea kuwafundisha [[marafiki]] vinanda vyake. Pamoja waliunda kundi la [[Nadi Ikhwani Safaa]] linalosemekana ni bendi ya kwanza iliyotumia jina la "taarab".<ref>tazama Ntarangwi, Mwenda uk. 11</ref>. Kundi limeendelea hadi leo na kujulikana sasa kwa jina la "Malindi Taarab"<ref>Malindi alimaanishi hapa mji wa Kenya bali mtaa ndani ya Mji Mkongwe wa Zanzibar</ref>. Hata hivyo muziki wa [[Waswahili]] unaojulikana leo kwa jina la taarab lina asili ya kale kushinda jina hilo ambalo ni kawaida siku hizi. Kuna [[kumbukumbu]] kutoka [[Lamu]] ya muziki iliyoitwa "kinanda" iliyounganisha uimbaji pamoja na chombo cha kibangala na ngoma ndogo na waimbaji wake walihamia Zanzibar wakaitwa "taarabu" huko. ==Taarab katika utamaduni wa Uswahilini== Katika [[utamaduni]] wa Waswahili taarab ilikuwa utamaduni wa pekee kwa sababu ilikuwa mahali pekee ambapo [[wanawake]] walifika kwenye [[jukwaa]] pamoja na [[wanaume]] na kuimba. Kwa sababu hiyo taarab imepingwa mara kwa mara na viongozi wa [[dini]] walioona aina kadhaa za taarab ni [[haramu]], hazilingani na masharti ya [[Uislamu]], hasa wakati wa [[Mwezi (wakati)|mwezi]] wa [[Ramadhani]] na kama watu wanaanza kucheza.<ref>tazama Ntarangwi, Mwenda uk. 14</ref> Miaka ya nyuma muziki wa taarab umesambaa hata [[Bara|barani]], nje ya utamaduni wa Waswahili: unavuta wasikilizaji katika [[miji]] mikubwa kote Afrika ya Mashariki hadi [[Burundi]] na [[Rwanda]]. Bendi mbalimbali zimeingiza vyombo vya kisasa vya muziki katika mtindo wao kama vile keyboard na gitaa ya umeme. ==Taarab ya Tanga na asili ya Taarab ya kisasa (Modern Taarab)== [[Picha:Waziri Ally.JPG|thumb|Waziri Ally akipiga kinanda Lucky Star.]] Katika miaka ya 1950 wanawake tisa wa [[Tanga]] walijikusanya na kuanzisha kikundi cha kuimba walichokiita Raha til Fuad maana yake Raha ya Moyo. Akina mama hawa chini ya bibie aliyeitwa Mama Akida au aka Mama Lodi, waliendesha kikundi chao wakiwa wanaimba nyimbo za [[Siti Binti Sadi]] na tungo zao ambazo waliimba katika melody ya nyimbo za Kihindi zilizotamba wakati huo. Kundi hili liliendelea na kuanza kuruhusu wanaume kujiunga hasa wakiwa wapiga vyombo, akiwemo mtoto wa Mama Akida, Akida Jumbe hatimaye alijiunga na kundi hili kama mpiga accordion kwenye mwaka 1962. Kundi hili ambalo baadaye lilikuja kuitwa [[Young Noverty]], liliendelea mpaka kukaweko na mgawanyiko uliozaa kundi la Shaabab Al Waatan. Hapa ndipo kukaanza mtindo wa kuweko kundi pinzani jambo ambalo kwa njia ya ajabu sana likawa linadumu kiasi cha miaka kumi kumi. Miaka ya 1960 Young Noverty na Shabaab al Waatan, miaka ya 1970 [[Lucky Star Musical Club]] na [[Black Star Musical Club]], miaka ya 1980 [[Golden Star Taarab]] na [[White Star Taarab]], miaka ya 1990, [[Babloom Modern Taarab]] na [[Freedom Modern Taarab]]. Taarab ya Tanga ndo haswa inastahili kuitwa modern Taarab, kwani wao hawakufuata taarab ile iliyoletwa [[Zanzibar]] enzi ya [[Sultan Seyyid Barghash]], makundi la taarab ya Tanga yalikuwa madogo na vyombo vyake vilikuwa pamoja na Gitaa la besi, gitaa la solo, drums bongos, akodion au kinanda, nyimbo zao zilikuwa fupi na si ndefu kama za Kizanzibari. Nyimbo zilitegemea mipigo ya ngoma za asili za kumbwaya na chakacha na hata baadaye mitindo kama rumba, bossa nova ilitumika kama mapigo. Na Taarab ya Tanga ndio iliyoanzisha moto wa vikundi vya taarab Tanzania Bara. Moshi kulikuwa na New Alwatan, AzimioTaarab, na Blue Star Taarab, Arusha-Blue Star Taarab, Dodoma-Dodoma Stars, Kondoa –Blue Stars, Mbeya-Magereza Kiwira, Mwanza-Ujamaa Taarab, Bukoba wakiwa na Bukoba Stars, na muendelezo huu uliingia mpaka [[Burundi]] kutokana na mwanamuziki mmoja aliyejulikana kama Athmani Mkongo, alitoka Burundi na bendi yake kufika Tanga akawa mwanamuziki mahiri wa Taarab na hata kuipeleka kwao Burundi na kukaanzshwa huko vikundi kadhaa vya Taarab.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://wanamuzikiwatanzania.blogspot.com/2012/07/tanga-taarab-waanzilishi-halisi-wa.html |title=Taarab ya Tanga katika Blogu ya Anko Jay |accessdate=2016-10-16 |archivedate=2017-01-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111025810/http://wanamuzikiwatanzania.blogspot.com/2012/07/tanga-taarab-waanzilishi-halisi-wa.html }}</ref> ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.mwambao.com/audio.htm Mifano ya muziki ya taarabu (audio)] *[http://www.mwambao.com/tarab.htm Mwambao.com juu ya "tarabu"] * [http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~caforum/volume2/pdf/volumetwo.pdf Ntarangwi, Mwenda: A Socio-Historical and Contextual Analysis of Popular Musical Performance among the Swahili of Mombasa, Kenya; in: Cultural Analysis 2001, 2: 1-37, 2001 University of California] *[http://www.mcm.asso.fr/site02/music-w-islam/articles/Igobwa-2007.pdf Igobwa, Everett Shigenje: Taarab and Chakacha in East Africa, 2007] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mcm.asso.fr/site02/music-w-islam/articles/Igobwa-2007.pdf |date=20081123053818 }} *[http://zanzibar.net/zanzibar/music_and_culture/groups_atoz/music_jtoq Vikundi vya muziki vya Zanzibar] {{Wayback|url=http://zanzibar.net/zanzibar/music_and_culture/groups_atoz/music_jtoq |date=20080407230852 }} ==Bendi na waimbaji wa Taarab== [[Jahazi Modern Taarab‎]] ==Tanbihi== <references/> [[Jamii:Muziki wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Muziki wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Waswahili]] 5d9rnk7oeg1nef6hnvlbrltokkbm3lu 0 21127 1599123 1593807 2026-09-23T09:16:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | Jina = Céline Dion | Img = Celine Dion 2018.jpg | Img_capt = Céline Dion, mnamo 2018. | Img_size = 250 | Landscape = | Background = solo_singer | Jina la kuzaliwa = Céline Marie Claudette Dion | Amezaliwa = {{birth date and age|1968|3|30|df=yes}}<br />[[Charlemagne, Quebec]], Kanada | Asili yake = [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], Kanada | Ala = [[sauti]] | Aina = [[Pop]], [[Muziki wa rock|rock]] | Kazi yake = [[Mwimbaji]], [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]]<ref name=Brit>Britannica.com. ''[http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-9311022 Céline Dion]''. Retrieved 13 Januari 2006.</ref> | Aina ya sauti = [[Soprano]]<ref name=SoundofCeline>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E07E6DD123AF931A35750C0A962958260 Review/Pop; The International Sound of Céline Dion]. ''[[:en:The New York Times|The New York Times]]''. 2 Machi 1994. Retrieved 17 Novemba 2008</ref> | Miaka ya kazi = 1980–2000, 2002-hadi leo | Studio = [[:en:550 Music|550]]/[[Epic Records|Epic]]/[[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]] (1986–2004)<br />[[Epic Records|Epic]] (2004–2007)<br />[[Sony Music Entertainment]]/[[Columbia Records|Columbia]] (2007-hadi leo) | Tovuti = [http://www.celinedion.com www.celinedion.com] }} '''Céline Dion''' (amezaliwa [[Charlemagne]], [[Quebec]], [[Kanada]], [[30 Machi]] [[1968]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] mashuhuri za [[pop]] kutoka nchini [[Kanada]]. ==Maisha== Yeye ni mdogo kwa kuzaliwa katika [[familia]] ya watoto [[kumi na nne]]. Alifikisha [[umri]] wa miaka 12, kaka yake alimpeleka kwa meneja wa urekodi aliyejulikana kwa jina la [[René Angélil]], ambaye baadaye akaja kumwoa na kumzalia mtoto. [[Image:Céline Dion 1986.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Dion alipokuwa na miaka 18]] Kwa msaada wake, alifanikiwa kutoa albamu yake ya kwanza mnamo mwaka wa 1981, ambazo alikuwa akiimba kwa [[Kifaransa]]. Alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza kwa lugha ya [[Kiingereza]] kunako mwaka wa 1990. Kwa sasa anaishi mjini [[Las Vegas]] ambapo alifanya maonyesho yake mengi sana. Mnamo mwaka wa 2007, aliimba katika onyesho moja akiwa na [[Elvis Presley]], ambalo liliandaliwa katika kompyuta ambazo kuna picha za maonyesho ya zamani yaliyofanywa na Elvis. Dhumuni la onyesho, lilikuwa likiandaliwa kwa ajili ya onyesho la TV la [[American Idol]]. Ameuza albamu babkubwa duniani kwa msanii wa kike, kitendo ambacho kimemfanya ashinde Tuzo za Muziki wa Dunia kunako mwaka wa 2004. Pia ameuza zaidi ya nakala milioni 7 za muziki kwa lugha ya Kifaransa. Amekuwa nyota maarufu kwa [[Ulaya]] kwa albamu yake ya ''[[Incognito]]'' ya mwaka wa 1987. Baada ya hapo, akafanya maonyesho kadhaa katika Ulaya kisha akaja kuwa maarufu zaidi. == Muziki == ===Albamu zake=== ====1980-1989==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| Jina ! rowspan="2" style="width:17em;"| Maelezo ! colspan="10"| Nafasi iliyoshika katika nchi tofauti ! rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| Mauzo ! rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| Matunukio |- style="font-size:smaller;" ! style="width:25px;"|Canada<br /><ref name="canadianpeaks"> Canadian Albums Chart peak positions: * For ''Unison'': {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.1527&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=dvgfubfgblsc92t61d929man50|title=Top Albums/CDs – Volume 53, No. 25, May 25, 1991|work=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|date=25 May 1991|accessdate=16 August 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311104951/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.1527&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=dvgfubfgblsc92t61d929man50|archivedate=11 March 2016}} * For ''Dion chante Plamondon'' and ''À l'Olympia'': {{cite book|author=[[Nanda Lwin]]|title=Top 40 Hits: The Essential Chart Guide|publisher=Music Data Canada|year=1999|isbn= 1-896594-13-1}} * For ''Celine Dion'': {{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jg8EAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=pl&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=dion&f=false|title=Hits of the World|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=30 May 1992|accessdate=16 August 2014}} * For ''The Colour of My Love'': {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2346&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=dvgfubfgblsc92t61d929man50|title=Top Albums/CDs – Volume 58, No. 24, December 25, 1993|work=RPM|date=25 November 1993|accessdate=16 August 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225150240/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2346&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=dvgfubfgblsc92t61d929man50|archivedate=25 February 2015}} * For ''D'eux'': {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.9229&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=dvgfubfgblsc92t61d929man50|title=Top Albums/CDs – Volume 61, No. 19, June 12, 1995|work=RPM|date=12 June 1995|accessdate=16 August 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809084358/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.9229&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=dvgfubfgblsc92t61d929man50|archivedate=9 August 2014}} * For ''Live à Paris'': {{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugkEAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=pl&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=dion&f=false|title=Hits of the World|work=Billboard|date=23 November 1996|accessdate=16 August 2014}} * For ''Taking Chances World Tour: The Concert'': {{cite web|title=Tour DVDs Take the Top 3 Spots!|publisher=Five Star Feeling Inc|url=http://www.celinedion.com/ca/news/tour-dvds-take-top-3-spots|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085340/http://www.celinedion.com/ca/news/tour-dvds-take-top-3-spots|archivedate=19 August 2014|date=13 May 2010|accessdate=16 August 2014}} * For all the other albums: {{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/celine-dion-mn0000186185/awards|title=Celine Dion – Awards – Billboard Albums: Top Canadian Albums|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=16 August 2014}}</ref> ! style="width:25px;"|Auustralia<br /><ref name="australianpeaks">Australian Albums Chart peak positions: * For ''Unison'': {{cite web |url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1992/Billboard-1992-10-10.pdf |title=Hits of the World |work=Billboard |page=47 |date=10 October 1992 |accessdate=9 May 2015 }} * For ''The Collector's Series, Volume One'': {{cite web |url=http://www.aria.com.au/issue566.PDF |title=Top 100 Albums – Week Commencing 25th December 2000 |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]] |accessdate=16 August 2014 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20020221-0000/www.aria.com.au/issue566.PDF |archivedate=2002-02-21 |df= |url-status=live }} * For ''A New Day... Live in Las Vegas'': {{cite web |url=http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20040807-0000/ISSUE751.pdf |title=ARIA Top 100 Albums – Week Commencing 19th July 2004 |publisher=ARIA |accessdate=16 August 2014 |archive-date=2004-08-06 |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20040806140000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20040807-0000/issue751.pdf |url-status=dead }} * For ''Taking Chances World Tour: The Concert'': {{cite web |url=http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20100511-1124/Issue1054.pdf |title=ARIA Top 40 Music DVD – Week Commencing 10th May 2010 |publisher=ARIA |accessdate=16 August 2014 }} * For all the other albums: {{cite web |url=http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion&titel=Celine+Dion&cat=a |title=Céline Dion in Australian Charts |publisher=Hung Medien |accessdate=16 August 2014 }}</ref> ! style="width:25px;"|Ubelgiji<br /><ref name="belgianpeaks"> Belgian Albums Chart peak positions: * For ''Incognito'', ''Unison'' and ''Gold Vol. 2'': {{cite book|author=Sam Jaspers|title=Ultratop 1995-2005|publisher=Book & Media Publishing|year=2006|isbn=90-5720-232-8}} * For ''The Colour of My Love'', ''The Collector's Series, Volume One'', ''One Heart'' and ''My Love: Essential Collection'': {{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/album/6f9/Celine-Dion-The-Colour-Of-My-Love|title=Céline Dion Charts: Albums – Ultratop|language=Dutch|publisher=[[Ultratop]] & Hung Medien|accessdate=16 August 2014}} * For all the other albums: {{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/fr/album/28e9/Celine-Dion-A-l'Olympia|title=Céline Dion Classements: Albums – Ultratop|language=French|publisher=Ultratop & Hung Medien|accessdate=16 August 2014}}</ref> ! style="width:25px;"|Ufaransa<br /><ref name="frenchpeaks"> French Albums Chart peak positions: * For ''Des mots qui sonnent'', ''The Colour of My Love'', ''À l'Olympia'', ''D'eux'', ''Les premières chansons vol. 1'', ''Falling into You'', ''All the Way... A Decade of Song'', ''Tout en amour'', ''On ne change pas'', ''My Love: Essential Collection'', ''D'elles/D'eux'', ''Des mots qui sonnent/D'eux/S'il suffisait d'aimer/Au cœur du stade/1 fille & 4 types/D'elles'' and ''1 fille & 4 types/Sans attendre'': {{cite web |url=http://www.infodisc.fr/Album_D.php |title=Le Détail des Albums de chaque Artiste |language=French |publisher=InfoDisc |accessdate=16 August 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804194725/http://www.infodisc.fr/Album_D.php |archivedate=4 August 2014 }} * For ''La collection'': {{cite web |url=http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-albums-fusionnes/?ye=2013&we=48 |title=Le Top de la semaine : Top Albums |language=French |publisher=SNEP |date=23 December 2013 |accessdate=18 September 2016 }} * For ''Celine Dion Collection'': {{cite web |url=http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-albums-fusionnes/?ye=2016&we=25 |title=Le Top de la semaine : Top Albums |language=French |publisher=SNEP |date=17 June 2016 |accessdate=18 September 2016 }} * For ''On ne change pas/My Love: Essential Collection'', ''S'il suffisait d'aimer/Live à Paris'' and ''Loved Me Back to Life/A New Day Has Come'': {{cite web |url=http://lescharts.com/weekchart.asp?year=2016&date=20160910&cat=a |title=Album Top 100: 10/09/2016 |language=French |publisher=Hung Medien |date=17 June 2016 |accessdate=18 September 2016 }}<!-- 2CD albums are listed under the first album title --> * For all the other albums: {{cite web |url=http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion&titel=Live+%E0+Paris&cat=a |title=Céline Dion dans les charts français |language=French |publisher=Hung Medien |accessdate=16 August 2014 }}</ref> ! style="width:25px;"|Ujerumani<br /><ref name="germanpeaks">German Albums Chart peak positions: * For ''Taking Chances World Tour: The Concert'': {{cite web |url=http://www.media-control.de/dire-straits-preschen-vor.html |title=Dire Straits preschen vor |language=German |publisher=[[GfK Entertainment|Media Control]] |date=27 May 2010 |accessdate=17 August 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530055012/http://www.media-control.de/dire-straits-preschen-vor.html |archivedate=30 May 2010 }} * For all the other albums: {{cite web |url=http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Dion%2CCeline/?type=longplay |title=Céline Dion Longplay-Chartverfolgung |language=German |publisher=Phononet GmbH |accessdate=17 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927061525/http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Dion,Celine/?type=longplay |archive-date=27 September 2012 |dead-url=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927061525/http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Dion,Celine/?type=longplay |archivedate=2012-09-27 }}</ref> ! style="width:25px;"|Japan<br /><ref name="japanesepeaks">{{cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/98172/ranking/cd_album/|script-title=ja:セリーヌ・ディオンのアルバム売り上げランキング|language=Japanese|publisher=[[Oricon]]|accessdate=17 August 2014}}</ref> ! style="width:25px;"|Uholanzi<br /><ref name="dutchpeaks">{{cite web|url=http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion&titel=The+Colour+Of+My+Love&cat=a|title=Céline Dion in Dutch Charts|language=Dutch|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=17 August 2014}}</ref> ! style="width:25px;"|Uswisi<br /><ref name="swisspeaks"> Swiss Albums Chart peak positions: * For ''Taking Chances World Tour: The Concert'': {{cite web|url=http://swisscharts.com/weekchart.asp?cat=d&date=20100523&year=2010|title=Swiss Charts: Music DVD Top 10|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=17 August 2014}} * For all the other albums: {{cite web|url=http://swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion&titel=The+Colour+Of+My+Love&cat=a|title=Céline Dion Charts: Albums – Schweizer Hitparade|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=17 August 2014}}</ref> ! style="width:25px;"|Uingereza<br /><ref name="ukpeaks"> UK Albums Chart peak positions: * For ''For You'', ''Les premières années'', ''Au cœur du stade'' and ''Let's Talk About Love / Falling into You / A New Day Has Come'': {{cite web|url=http://zobbel.de/cluk/CLUK_D.HTM|title=Chart Log UK 1994–2010|publisher=Dipl.-Bibl.(FH)|accessdate=17 August 2014}} * For ''Sans attendre'': {{cite web|url=http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/121117cluk.txt|title=Chart: Cluck Update 17.11.2012 (wk45)|publisher=Dipl.-Bibl.(FH)|accessdate=17 August 2014}} * For all the other albums: {{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/Celine%20Dion/|title=Celine Dion: Albums|publisher=[[Official Charts Company|OCS]]|accessdate=17 August 2014}}</ref> ! style="width:25px;"|Marekani<br /><ref name="uspeaks"> US Albums Chart peak positions: * For ''Taking Chances World Tour / The Concert'': {{cite web|author=Gary Trust|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/958175/chart-beat-thursday-fox-tvs-lee-glee|title=Chart Beat Thursday: Fox-TV's Lee & "Glee"|date=20 May 2010|accessdate=17 August 2014|work=Billboard}} * For all the other albums: {{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/celine-dion-mn0000186185/awards|title=Celine Dion – Awards – Billboard Albums: The Billboard 200|publisher=AllMusic|accessdate=17 August 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''La voix du bon Dieu'' | * Ilitoka: Novemba 6, 1981 * Lebo: Super Étoiles | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | * Canada: 100,000<ref>{{cite book|author=Georges-Hébert Germain|title=Céline: The Authorized Biography|publisher=Dundurn Press Limited|year=1998|isbn= 1-55002-318-7|url=https://books.google.com/?id=EvYnMhGsUWkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=sold%20more%20than%20100%2C000%20copies&f=false|page=119}}</ref> | |- ! scope="row"| ''Céline Dion chante Noël'' | * Ilitoka: Disemba 4, 1981 * Lebo: Super Étoiles | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | |- ! scope="row"| ''Tellement j'ai d'amour...'' | * Ilitoka: Septemb1 7, 1982 * Lebo: Saisons | || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | * Canada: 150,000<ref>{{cite book|author=Jean Beaunoyer|title=René Angelil: The Making of Céline Dion: The Unauthorized Biography|publisher=Dundurn Group|year=2004|isbn=1-55002-489-2|url=https://books.google.com/?id=EpOtS5GprskC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&dq=Rene+Angelil:+The+Making+of+C%C3%A9line+Dion:+The+Unauthorized+Biography#v=onepage&q=150%2C000%20copies&f=false|page=155}}</ref> | * Canada: Platinum<ref name="cria"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Les chemins de ma maison'' | * Ilitoka: Septemba 7, 1983 * Lebo: Saisons | || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | * Canada: 100,000<ref>{{cite book|author=Georges-Hébert Germain|title=Céline: The Authorized Biography|publisher=Dundurn Press Limited|year=1998|isbn= 1-55002-318-7|url=https://books.google.com/?id=EvYnMhGsUWkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=Les%20chemins%20de%20ma%20maison&f=false|page=143}}</ref> | * Canada: Gold<ref name="cria"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Chants et contes de Noël'' | * Ilitoka: Disemba 3, 1983 * Lebo: Saisons | || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | |- ! scope="row"| ''Mélanie'' | * Ilitoka: Agosti 22, 1984 * Lebo: TBS | || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | * Canada: Gold<ref name="cria"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''C'est pour toi'' | * Ilitoka: Agosti 27, 1985 * Lebo: TBS | || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | |- ! scope="row"| ''Incognito'' | * Ilitoka: Aprili 2, 1987 * Lebo: Columbia Records | || — || 65 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | * 500,000<ref>''Incognito'' sales: * {{cite web|url=http://www.lemauricien.com/article/jean-alain-roussel-maestro-mauricien-qui-fait-chanter-monde|title=Jean Alain Roussel: Le Maestro mauricien qui a fait chanter le monde|work=[[Le Mauricien]]|date=18 October 2012|accessdate=17 August 2014|language=French|archive-date=2014-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812205335/http://www.lemauricien.com/article/jean-alain-roussel-maestro-mauricien-qui-fait-chanter-monde|url-status=dead}} * {{cite web|author=Dany Bouchard|url=http://fr.canoe.ca/divertissement/musique/nouvelles/2007/05/18/4191982-jdm.html|title=Le parcours francophone d'une star mondiale|publisher=[[Canoe.ca]]|date=19 May 2007|accessdate=17 August 2014|language=French|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812202642/http://fr.canoe.ca/divertissement/musique/nouvelles/2007/05/18/4191982-jdm.html|archivedate=2014-08-12}}</ref> | * Canada: 2× Platinum<ref name="cria"/> |} ====1990-1999==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| Jina ! rowspan="2" style="width:17em;"| Maelezo ! colspan="10"| Nafasi iliyoshika katika nchi tofauti ! rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| Mauzo ! rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| Matunukio |- style="font-size:smaller;" ! style="width:25px;"|Canada<br /><ref name="canadianpeaks"/> ! style="width:25px;"|Australia<br /><ref name="australianpeaks"/> ! style="width:25px;"|Ubelgiji<br /><ref name="belgianpeaks"/> ! style="width:25px;"|Ufaransa<br /><ref name="frenchpeaks"/> ! style="width:25px;"|Ujerumani<br /><ref name="germanpeaks"/> ! style="width:25px;"|Japan<br /><ref name="japanesepeaks"/> ! style="width:25px;"|Uholanzi<br><ref name="dutchpeaks"/> ! style="width:25px;"|Uswisi<br /><ref name="swisspeaks"/> ! style="width:25px;"|Uingereza<br /><ref name="ukpeaks"/> ! style="width:25px;"|Marekani<br /><ref name="uspeaks"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Unison'' | * Ilitolewa: Aprili 2, 1990 * Lebo: Columbia, Epic | 15 || 15 || 56 || — || — || — || — || — || 55 || 74 | * Duniani: 3,000,000<ref name="unison"/> * Ufaransa: 100,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://infodisc.fr/Ventes_Albums_Tout_Temps.php?debut=4600|title=Les Meilleures Ventes de CD / Albums "Tout Temps"|publisher=InfoDisc|language=French|accessdate=17 April 2016}}</ref> * Marekani: 1,227,000<ref name="ussalesdec2010">{{cite web|author=Gary Trust|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/949407/ask-billboard-celine-dion-celebrates-chart-anniversary|title=Ask Billboard: Celine Dion Celebrates Chart Anniversary|date=10 December 2010|accessdate=17 August 2014|work=Billboard}}</ref> | * Canada: 7× Platinum<ref name="cria"/> * Ufaransa: Gold<ref name="snep"/> * Uingereza: Gold<ref name="bpi"/> * Marekani: Platinum<ref name="riaa"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Dion chante Plamondon''<br />(''Des mots qui sonnent'') | * Ilitolewa: Novemba 4, 1991 * Lebo: Columbia, Epic | 57 || — || 17 || 4 || — || — || — || — || — || — | * Duniani: 2,000,000<ref>''Dion chante Plamondon'' worldwide sales: * {{cite web|author=Juan Rodriguez|url=http://www2.canada.com/montrealgazette/columnists/story.html?id=1ca9faa0-7fcf-4660-8fb8-c021ac114668|title=A soundtrack of Quebec history|work=[[The Gazette (Montreal)|The Gazette]]|date=25 November 2010|accessdate=17 August 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714163926/http://www2.canada.com/montrealgazette/columnists/story.html?id=1ca9faa0-7fcf-4660-8fb8-c021ac114668|archivedate=14 July 2014}} * {{cite web|url=http://ici.radio-canada.ca/emissions/en_direct_de_l_univers/2010-2011/document.asp?idDoc=126021|title=Dans l'univers de Luc Plamondon / 4 décembre 2010|language=French|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|Société Radio-Canada]]|accessdate=17 August 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714143447/http://ici.radio-canada.ca/emissions/en_direct_de_l_univers/2010-2011/document.asp?idDoc=126021|archivedate=14 July 2014}}</ref> * Ufaransa: 660,000<ref>''Dion chante Plamondon'' French sales: * {{cite web|url=http://www.infodisc.fr/Ventes_Albums_Tout_Temps.php?debut=350|title=Les Meilleures Ventes de CD / Albums "Tout Temps"|publisher=InfoDisc|language=French|accessdate=17 April 2016}} * {{cite web|url=http://canadianmusichalloffame.ca/inductees/luc-plamondon/|title=Luc Plamondon: 1999|publisher=Canadian Music Hall of Fame|accessdate=17 August 2014}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/luc-plamondon-emc/|title=Luc Plamondon|work=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]|accessdate=17 August 2014|archive-date=2023-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506000111/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/luc-plamondon-emc|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Marekani: 275,000<ref name="huffington">{{cite web|author=Charles des Portes|title=Vidéos. Stromae en concert à New York : peut-il rejoindre le club très fermé des stars mondiales francophones?|work=[[The Huffington Post|Le Huffington Post]]|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.fr/2014/06/20/videos-stars-mondiales-francophones-stromae-tournee_n_5514129.html|language=French|date=20 June 2014|accessdate=17 August 2014}}</ref> | * Ubelgiji: Gold<ref name="bea"> Belgian certifications: * For ''Dion chante Plamondon'': {{cite certification|region=Belgium|type=album|artist=Celine Dion|certyear=1995|accessdate=18 September 2018}} * For ''The Colour of My Love'', ''D'eux'' and ''Live à Paris'': {{cite certification|region=Belgium|type=album|artist=Celine Dion|certyear=1996|accessdate=18 September 2018}} * For ''Falling into You'': {{cite certification|region=Belgium|type=album|artist=Celine Dion|certyear=1997|accessdate=18 August 2014}} * For ''Let's Talk About Love'', ''S'il suffisait d'aimer'' and ''These Are Special Times'': {{cite certification|region=Belgium|type=album|artist=Celine Dion|certyear=1998|accessdate=18 August 2014}} * For ''Au cœur du stade'', ''One Heart'' and ''1 fille & 4 types'': {{cite certification|region=Belgium|type=album|artist=Celine Dion|certyear=2003|accessdate=18 August 2014}} * For ''All the Way... A Decade of Song'': {{cite certification|region=Belgium|type=album|artist=Celine Dion|certyear=2000|accessdate=18 August 2014}} * For ''A New Day Has Come'': {{cite certification|region=Belgium|type=album|artist=Celine Dion|certyear=2002|accessdate=18 August 2014}} * For ''Miracle'': {{cite certification|region=Belgium|type=album|artist=Celine Dion|certyear=2004|accessdate=18 August 2014}} * For ''On ne change pas'': {{cite certification|region=Belgium|type=album|artist=Celine Dion|certyear=2006|accessdate=18 August 2014}} * For ''D'elles'' and ''Taking Chances'': {{cite certification|region=Belgium|type=album|artist=Celine Dion|certyear=2007|accessdate=18 August 2014}} * For ''My Love: Essential Collection'': {{cite certification|region=Belgium|type=album|artist=Celine Dion|certyear=2009|accessdate=18 August 2014}} * For ''Sans attendre'': {{cite certification|region=Belgium|type=album|artist=Celine Dion|certyear=2012|accessdate=18 August 2014}} * For ''Loved Me Back to Life'': {{cite certification|region=Belgium|type=album|artist=Celine Dion|certyear=2013|accessdate=18 August 2013}} * For ''Encore un soir'': {{cite certification|region=Belgium|type=album|artist=Celine Dion|certyear=2016|accessdate=18 August 2016}}</ref> * Canada: 2× Platinum<ref name="cria"/> * Ufaransa: 2× Platinum<ref name="snep"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Celine Dion'' | * Ilitolewa: Machi 30, 1992 * Lebo: Columbia, Epic | 3 || 15 || — || — || — || 59 || — || — || 70 || 34 | * Duniani: 5,000,000<ref>{{cite web|author=David Ball|url=http://canadianmusichalloffame.ca/this-week-in-history-december-12-to-18/|title=This Week in History: December 12 to 18|publisher=Canadian Music Hall of Fame|accessdate=17 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929172529/http://canadianmusichalloffame.ca/this-week-in-history-december-12-to-18/|archivedate=2014-09-29}}</ref> * Marekani: 2,400,000<ref name="SoundScanSales2016"/> | * Canada: Diamond<ref name="cria"/> * Australia: Gold<ref name="aria"> Australian certifications: * For ''Celine Dion'': {{cite book|author=[[David Kent (historian)|David Kent]]|title=Australian Chart Book 1970-1992|publisher=St Ives, N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book|location=Australia|year=1993|edition=|pages=|isbn=0-646-11917-6}} * For ''The Colour of My Love'': {{cite book|author=[[David Kent (historian)|David Kent]]|title=Australian Chart Book 1993-2005|publisher=Turramurra, N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book|location=Australia|year=2006|edition=|pages=|isbn=0-646-45889-2}} * For ''Falling into You'': {{cite certification|region=Australia|type=album|artist=Celine Dion|certyear=2011|accessdate=18 August 2014}} * For ''Let's Talk About Love'' and ''These Are Special Times'': {{cite certification|region=Australia|type=album|artist=Celine Dion|certyear=1998|accessdate=18 August 2014}} * For ''All the Way... A Decade of Song'': {{cite certification|region=Australia|type=album|artist=Celine Dion|certyear=1999|accessdate=18 August 2014}} * For ''A New Day Has Come'': {{cite certification|region=Australia|type=album|artist=Celine Dion|certyear=2002|accessdate=18 August 2014}} * For ''One Heart'': {{cite certification|region=Australia|type=album|artist=Celine Dion|certyear=2003|accessdate=18 August 2014}} * For ''Taking Chances'': {{cite certification|region=Australia|type=album|artist=Celine Dion|certyear=2008|accessdate=18 August 2014}}</ref> * [[Recording Industry Association of Japan|JPN]]: Gold<ref name="riaj"/> * Uingereza: Gold<ref name="bpi"/> * Marekani: 2× Platinum<ref name="riaa"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''The Colour of My Love'' | * Ilitolewa: Novemba 9, 1993 * Lebo: Columbia, Epic | 1 || 1 || 1 || 7 || 16 || 7 || 2 || 9 || 1 || 4 | * Duniani: 20,000,000<ref name="thecolourofmylove"/> * Canada: 1,500,000<ref>{{cite web|author=Chuck Taylor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygkEAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=pl&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=dion&f=false|title=550's Celine Dion Takes Stardom to Next Level|work=Billboard|date=9 November 1996|accessdate=17 August 2014}}</ref> *Ufaransa: 352,600<ref>{{cite web|url=http://infodisc.fr/Ventes_Albums_Tout_Temps.php?debut=1000|title=Les Meilleures Ventes de CD / Albums "Tout Temps"|publisher=InfoDisc|language=French|accessdate=17 April 2016}}</ref> * Japan: 1,013,450<ref>''The Colour of My Love'' Japanese sales: * {{cite web|url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1996/BB-1996-01-06.pdf|title=Celine Dion, Epic Find Some Unusual Kompany|work=Billboard|date=6 January 1996|accessdate=13 May 2015|page=41}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.jp/object_ori/1995a.html|title=1995年 アルバム年間TOP100|publisher=Oricon|language=Japanese|accessdate=17 August 2014}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.jp/object_ori/1996a.html|title=1996年 アルバム年間TOP100|publisher=Oricon|language=Japanese|accessdate=17 August 2014}}</ref> * Uingereza: 1,816,915<ref name="ukbest">{{cite web|author=Bill Harris|title=Queen rules – in album sales|publisher=Jam!|url=http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Artists/Q/Queen/2006/11/17/2391437.html|date=17 November 2006|accessdate=17 August 2014}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Marekani: 4,600,000<ref name="SoundScanSales2016"/> | * Canada: Diamond<ref name="cria"/> * Australia: 8× Platinum<ref name="aria"/> * Ubelgiji: 2× Platinum<ref name="bea"/> * Ufaransa: Platinum<ref name="snep"/> * Ujerumani: Gold<ref name="bvmi">{{cite certification|region=Germany|artist=Celine Dion|type=album|accessdate=17 August 2014}}</ref> * Japan: 3× Platinum<ref name="riaj"/> * Uholanzi: 3× Platinum<ref name="nvpi">{{cite certification|region=Netherlands|type=album|artist=Celine Dion|accessdate=17 August 2014}}</ref> * Uswisi: Platinum<ref name="swisscerts">{{cite certification|region=Switzerland|artist=Dion|type=album|accessdate=17 August 2014}}</ref> * Uingereza: 5× Platinum<ref name="bpi"/> * Marekani: 6× Platinum<ref name="riaa"/> * EU: 4× Platinum<ref name="europeancerts"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''D'eux''<br />''(The French Album)'' | * Ilitolewa: Machi 27, 1995 * Lebo: Columbia, Epic | 29 || — || 1 || 1 || 69 ||50 || 1 || 1 || 7 || — | * Duniani: 10,000,000<ref name="deux"/> * Ufaransa: 4,500,000<ref name="10million"/><ref name="diamond">{{cite web|url=http://infodisc.fr/CDCertif_D.php |title=Les albums diamant |publisher=InfoDisc |accessdate=18 August 2014 |language=French |dead-url=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200508/http://infodisc.fr/CDCertif_D.php |archivedate=8 December 2015 }}</ref> * Uingereza: 250,000<ref>''D'eux'' UK sales: * {{cite web|author=Dany Bouchard|title=Céline Dion D'eux: Une nouvelle version "de luxe"|publisher=Canoe.ca|url=http://fr.canoe.ca/divertissement/musique/nouvelles/2009/11/26/11934231-jdm.html|date=26 November 2009|accessdate=18 August 2014|language=French|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140812041943/http://fr.canoe.ca/divertissement/musique/nouvelles/2009/11/26/11934231-jdm.html|archivedate=2014-08-12}} * {{cite book|author=Jenna Glatzer|title=Céline Dion: For Keeps|url=https://archive.org/details/celinedionforkee0000glat|page=[https://archive.org/details/celinedionforkee0000glat/page/69 69]|publisher=Andrews McMeel Publishing|year=2005|isbn=0-7407-5559-5}}</ref> * Marekani: 300,000<ref name="huffington"/> | * Canada: 7× Platinum<ref name="cria"/> * Ubelgiji: 6× Platinum<ref name="bea"/> * Ufaransa: Diamond<ref name="snep"/> * Uholanzi: Platinum<ref name="nvpi"/> * Uswisi: 4× Platinum<ref name="swisscerts"/> * Uingereza: Gold<ref name="bpi"/> * EU: 8× Platinum<ref name="europeancerts"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Falling into You'' | * Ilitoka: Machi 11, 1996 * Lebo: Columbia, Epic | 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 5 || 6 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 | * Duniani: 32,000,000<ref name="fallingintoyou"/> * Australia: 1,000,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=es&id=QQ0EAAAAMBAJ&q=dion#v=snippet&q=Falling%20Into%20You&f=false|title=Sony Australia, Dion Acknowledge Special Bond|date=16 May 1998|accessdate=18 August 2014|work=Billboard}}</ref> * Ufaransa: 1,172,500<ref name="diamond"/> * Marekani: 10,812,000<ref name="ussalesfeb2013"/> | * Canada: Diamond<ref name="cria"/> * Australia: 13× Platinum<ref name="aria"/> * Ubelgiji: 4× Platinum<ref name="bea"/> * Ufaransa: Diamond<ref name="snep"/> * Ujerumani: 5× Gold<ref name="bvmi"/> * Japan: 4× Platinum<ref name="riaj"/> * Uholanzi: 6× Platinum<ref name="nvpi"/> * Uswisi: 3× Platinum<ref name="swisscerts"/> * Uingereza: 7× Platinum<ref name="bpi"/> * Marekani: 11× Platinum<ref name="riaa"/> * EU: 9× Platinum<ref name="europeancerts"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Let's Talk About Love'' | * Ilitolewa: Novemba 14, 1997 * Lebo: Columbia, Epic | 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 5 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 | * Duniani: 31,000,000<ref name="letstalkaboutlove"/> * Canada: 1,700,000<ref name="canadiansales1">{{cite web|author=Larry Leblanc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mw0EAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=pl&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=dion&f=false|title=Seagram, Dion Led Canadian Biz|work=Billboard|date=26 December 1998|accessdate=19 August 2014}}</ref> * Ufaransa: 1,327,400<ref>{{cite web|url=http://infodisc.fr/Ventes_Albums_Tout_Temps.php?debut=50|title=Les Meilleures Ventes de CD / Albums "Tout Temps"|publisher=InfoDisc|language=French|accessdate=17 April 2016}}</ref> * Uingereza: 1,984,152<ref name="ukbest"/> * Marekani: 9,601,000<ref name="ussalesfeb2013"/> | * Canada: Diamond<ref name="cria"/> * Australia: 6× Platinum<ref name="aria"/> * Ubelgiji: 4× Platinum<ref name="bea"/> * Ufaransa: Diamond<ref name="snep"/> * Ujerumani: 3× Platinum<ref name="bvmi"/> * Japan: Million<ref name="riaj"/> * Uholanzi: 5× Platinum<ref name="nvpi"/> * Uswisi: 6× Platinum<ref name="swisscerts"/> * Uingereza: 6× Platinum<ref name="bpi"/> * Marekani: 10× Platinum<ref name="riaa"/> * EU: 10× Platinum<ref name="europeancerts"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''S'il suffisait d'aimer'' | * Ilitolewa: Septemba 7, 1998 * Lebo: Columbia, Epic | 1 || — || 1 || 1 || 11 || 37 || 4 || 1 || 17 || — | * Duniani: 4,000,000<ref>''S'il suffisait d'aimer'' worldwide sales: * {{cite web|url=http://www.rfimusique.com/musiqueen/articles/060/article_7167.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928151128/http://www.rfimusique.com/musiqueen/articles/060/article_7167.asp|archivedate=28 September 2013|title=Céline Dion: The Recordbreaking Diva|author=Gilles Rio|publisher=Radio France Internationale|date=17 October 2003|accessdate=19 August 2014}} * {{cite web|author=Benjamin Jacquot|url=http://www.francebleu.fr/musique/celine-dion/celine-dion-et-goldman-20-ans-d-amitie-889726|title=Céline Dion et Jean-Jacques Goldman : 20 ans d'amitié|publisher=France Bleu|date=30 September 2013|accessdate=19 August 2014|language=French}}</ref> * Canada: 500,000<ref name="canadiansales1"/> * Ufaransa: 1,714,700<ref>{{cite web|url=http://infodisc.fr/Ventes_Albums_Tout_Temps.php?debut=0|title=Les Meilleures Ventes de CD / Albums "Tout Temps"|publisher=InfoDisc|language=French|accessdate=17 April 2016}}</ref> * Ujerumani: 120,000<ref name="rfi1">{{cite web|author=Gilles Rio|url=http://www.rfi.fr/musiquefr/articles/060/article_14085.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223204606/http://www1.rfi.fr/musiquefr/articles/060/article_14085.asp|archivedate=23 December 2014|title=Les artistes Francophones s'exportent bien!|language=French|publisher=Radio France Internationale|date=9 December 1998|accessdate=19 August 2014}}</ref> * Japan: 41,000<ref name="rfi1"/> * Uingereza: 100,000<ref name="rfi1"/> * Marekani: 112,000<ref>{{cite web|author=Paul Grein |title=Week Ending Sept. 12, 2010: The Dulcet Tones Of Bruno Mars |publisher=Yahoo! |url=http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart-watch/week-ending-sept-12-2010-the-dulcet-tones-of-bruno-mars.html |date=15 September 2010 |accessdate=19 August 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002051223/http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart-watch/week-ending-sept-12-2010-the-dulcet-tones-of-bruno-mars.html |archivedate=2 October 2012 }}</ref> | * Canada: 4× Platinum<ref name="cria"/> * Ubelgiji: Platinum<ref name="bea"/> * Ufaransa: Diamond<ref name="snep"/> * Uholanzi: Gold<ref name="nvpi"/> * Uswisi: 2× Platinum<ref name="swisscerts"/> * Uingereza: Gold<ref name="bpi"/> * EU: 2× Platinum<ref name="europeancerts"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''These Are Special Times'' | * Ilitolewa: Oktoba 30, 1998 * Lebo: Columbia, Epic | 1 || 6 || 12 || 23 || 3 || 4 || 3 || 1 || 20 || 2 | * Duniani: 12,000,000<ref name="thesearespecialtimes2"/> * Ufaransa: 60,400<ref>{{cite web|url=http://infodisc.fr/Ventes_Albums_Tout_Temps.php?debut=6550|title=Les Meilleures Ventes de CD / Albums "Tout Temps"|publisher=InfoDisc|language=French|accessdate=17 April 2016}}</ref> * Japan: 500,000<ref>{{cite web|title=スペシャル・タイムス(Legacy Edition)|language=Japanese|publisher=[[Sony Music Entertainment Japan]]|url=http://www.sonymusic.co.jp/artist/CelineDion/discography/EICP-882|accessdate=19 August 2014}}</ref> * Marekani: 5,440,000<ref name="SoundScanSales2016updated"/> | * Canada: Diamond<ref name="cria"/> * Australia: Platinum<ref name="aria"/> * Ubelgiji: Platinum<ref name="bea"/> * Ujerumani: Gold<ref name="bvmi"/> * Japan: 2× Platinum<ref name="riaj"/> * Uholanzi: Gold<ref name="nvpi"/> * Uswisi: 2× Platinum<ref name="swisscerts"/> * Uingereza: Platinum<ref name="bpi"/> * Marekani: 5× Platinum<ref name="riaa"/> * EU: Platinum<ref name="europeancerts"/> |} ====2000-2009==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| Jina ! rowspan="2" style="width:17em;"| Maelezo ! colspan="10"| Nafasi iliyoshika katika nchi tofauti ! rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| Mauzo ! rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| Matunukio |- style="font-size:smaller;" ! style="width:25px;"|Canada<br /><ref name="canadianpeaks"/> ! style="width:25px;"|Australia<br /><ref name="australianpeaks"/> ! style="width:25px;"|Ubelgiji<br /><ref name="belgianpeaks"/> ! style="width:25px;"|Ufaransa<br /><ref name="frenchpeaks"/> ! style="width:25px;"|Ujerumani<br /><ref name="germanpeaks"/> ! style="width:25px;"|Japan<br /><ref name="japanesepeaks"/> ! style="width:25px;"|Uholanzi<br><ref name="dutchpeaks"/> ! style="width:25px;"|Uswisi<br /><ref name="swisspeaks"/> ! style="width:25px;"|Uingereza<br /><ref name="ukpeaks"/> ! style="width:25px;"|Marekani<br /><ref name="uspeaks"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''A New Day Has Come'' | * Ilitolewa: Machi 22, 2002 * Lebo: Columbia, Epic | 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 15 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 | * Duniani: 12,000,000<ref name="anewdayhascome"/> * Australia: 160,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sonybmg.com.au/cd/releaseDetails.do?catalogueNo=5108772000 |title=One Heart |publisher=[[Sony Music Australia]] |accessdate=19 August 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050506132555/http://www.sonybmg.com.au/cd/releaseDetails.do?catalogueNo=5108772000 |archivedate=6 May 2005 }}</ref> * Ufaransa: 863,500<ref>{{cite web|url=http://infodisc.fr/Ventes_Albums_Tout_Temps.php?debut=200|title=Les Meilleures Ventes de CD / Albums "Tout Temps"|publisher=InfoDisc|language=French|accessdate=17 April 2016}}</ref> * Marekani: 3,307,000<ref name="ussalesdec2010"/> | * Canada: 6× Platinum<ref name="cria"/> * Australia: 2× Platinum<ref name="aria"/> * Ubelgiji: 2× Platinum<ref name="bea"/> * Ufaransa: 3× Platinum<ref name="snep"/> * Ujerumani: 3× Gold<ref name="bvmi"/> * Japan: Gold<ref name="riaj"/> * Uholanzi: Platinum<ref name="nvpi"/> * Uswisi: 3× Platinum<ref name="swisscerts"/> * Uingereza: Platinum<ref name="bpi"/> * Marekani: 3× Platinum<ref name="riaa"/> * EU: 3× Platinum<ref name="europeancerts"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''One Heart'' | * Ilitolewa: Machi 24, 2003 * Lebo: Columbia, Epic | 1 || 6 || 1 || 1 || 6 || 27 || 3 || 1 || 4 || 2 | * Duniani: 5,000,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfimusique.com/musiqueen/articles/060/article_7167.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928151128/http://www.rfimusique.com/musiqueen/articles/060/article_7167.asp|archivedate=28 September 2013|title=Céline Dion: The Recordbreaking Diva|author=Gilles Rio|publisher=Radio France Internationale|date=17 October 2003|accessdate=19 August 2014}}</ref> * Ufaransa: 270,900<ref>{{cite web|url=http://infodisc.fr/Ventes_Albums_Tout_Temps.php?debut=1450|title=Les Meilleures Ventes de CD / Albums "Tout Temps"|publisher=InfoDisc|language=French|accessdate=17 April 2016}}</ref> * Uingereza: 204,075<ref name="musicweek1">{{cite web|url=http://www.musicweek.com/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=1032750&c=1|title=X Factor acts dominate charts|author=Ben Cardew|work=[[Music Week]]|date=31 December 2007|accessdate=19 August 2014}}</ref> * Marekani: 1,800,000<ref name="SoundScanSales2016"/> | * Canada: 3× Platinum<ref name="cria"/> * Australia: Platinum<ref name="aria"/> * Ubelgiji: Gold<ref name="bea"/> * Ufaransa: Platinum<ref name="snep"/> * Ujerumani: Gold<ref name="bvmi"/> * Uswisi: Platinum<ref name="swisscerts"/> * Uingereza: Gold<ref name="bpi"/> * Marekani: 2× Platinum<ref name="riaa"/> * EU: Platinum<ref name="europeancerts"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''1 fille & 4 types'' | * Ilitolewa: Oktoba 13, 2003 * Lebo: Columbia, Epic | 1 || — || 1 || 1 || 26 || — || 30 || 2 || — || — | * Canada: 100,000<ref>{{cite web|author=Maxime Demers|url=http://fr.canoe.ca/divertissement/musique/nouvelles/2003/12/31/1736244-jdm.html|title=Les Québécois ont acheté des disques de gens d'ici en 2003|publisher=Canoe.ca|date=31 December 2003|accessdate=19 August 2014|language=French|archivedate=2013-02-19|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130219183218/http://fr.canoe.ca/divertissement/musique/nouvelles/2003/12/31/1736244-jdm.html}}</ref> * Ufaransa: 750,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.francebleu.fr/musique/celine-dion/celine-dion-et-goldman-20-ans-d-amitie-889726|title=Céline Dion et Jean-Jacques Goldman : 20 ans d'amitié|author=Benjamin Jacquot|publisher=[[France Bleu]]|date=30 September 2013|accessdate=10 August 2014|language=French}}</ref> * Marekani: 26,000<ref name="frss">{{cite web|author=Paul Grein |title=Chart Watch Extra: Swift Joins An Elite Club |publisher=Yahoo! |url=http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/68870/chart-watch-extra-swift-joins-an-elite-club |date=3 November 2010 |accessdate=19 August 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107194009/http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/68870/chart-watch-extra-swift-joins-an-elite-club |archivedate=7 November 2010 }}</ref> | * Ubelgiji: Platinum<ref name="bea"/> * Ufaransa: 2× Platinum<ref name="snep"/> * Uswisi: Platinum<ref name="swisscerts"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Miracle'' | * Ilitolewa: Oktoba 11, 2004 * Lebo: Columbia, Epic | 1 || 15 || 1 || 4 || 34 || 168 || 4 || 6 || 5 || 4 | * Ufaransa: 111,500<ref>{{cite web|url=http://infodisc.fr/Ventes_Alb_10Ans.php?debut=950|title=Les Albums les plus Vendus depuis le 1er Janvier 2000|language=French|publisher=InfoDisc|accessdate=19 August 2014|deadurl=unfit|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107002342/http://infodisc.fr/Ventes_Alb_10Ans.php?debut=950|archivedate=7 January 2016}}</ref> * Uingereza: 109,963<ref name="musicweek1"/> * Marekani: 944,000<ref name=paulgrein>{{cite web|url=http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/65334/chart-watch-extra-the-ageless-tina-turner |title=Chart Watch Extra: The Ageless Tina Turner |author=Paul Grein |date=3 September 2010 |accessdate=19 August 2014 |publisher=Yahoo! |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909113913/http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/65334/chart-watch-extra-the-ageless-tina-turner |archivedate=9 September 2010 }}</ref> | * Ubelgiji: Gold<ref name="bea"/> * Ufaransa: Gold<ref name="snep"/> * Uswisi: Gold<ref name="swisscerts"/> * Uingereza: Gold<ref name="bpi"/> * Marekani: Platinum<ref name="riaa"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''D'elles'' | * Ilitolewa: Mei 18, 2007 * Lebo: Columbia, Epic | 1 || — || 1 || 1 || 52 || — || 50 || 3 || — || — | * Ufaransa: 300,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chartsinfrance.net/Celine-Dion/news-70887.html|title=Série de l'été : la carrière de Céline Dion|author=Jonathan Hamard|publisher=[[PureMédias]]|date=12 September 2010|accessdate=12 September 2010|language=French}}</ref> | * Canada: 2× Platinum<ref name="cria"/> * Ubelgiji: Gold<ref name="bea"/> * Ufaransa: Platinum<ref name="snep"/> * Uswisi: Gold<ref name="swisscerts"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Taking Chances'' | * Ilitolewa: Novemba 7, 2007 * Lebo: Columbia, Epic | 1 || 12 || 3 || 2 || 5 || 6 || 4 || 1 || 5 || 3 | * Duniani: 3,100,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/top-50-albums-2007.pdf |title=2007 – Top 50 Global Best Selling Albums |publisher=IFPI |accessdate=19 August 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411183036/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/top-50-albums-2007.pdf |archivedate=11 April 2008 }}</ref> * Ufaransa: 150,000<ref>{{cite web|author=Jonathan Hamard|url=http://www.chartsinfrance.net/Celine-Dion/news-83636.html|title=Céline Dion : écoutez le titre "Unfinished Song", extrait de la B.O. de "Song for Marion" (màj)|publisher=PureMédias|date=2 March 2013|language=French|accessdate=19 August 2014}}</ref> * Uingereza: 392,998<ref>{{cite web|author=Alan Jones|url=http://www.musicweek.com/businessanalysis/read/official-charts-analysis-lady-gaga-hits-no-1-with-65k-sales/056769|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131118163848/http://www.musicweek.com/businessanalysis/read/official-charts-analysis-lady-gaga-hits-no-1-with-65k-sales/056769|dead-url=yes|archive-date=18 November 2013|title=Official Charts Analysis: Lady Gaga hits No.1 with 65k sales|work=[[Music Week]]|date=18 November 2013|accessdate=18 November 2013|archivedate=2013-11-18|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20131118163848/http://www.musicweek.com/businessanalysis/read/official-charts-analysis-lady-gaga-hits-no-1-with-65k-sales/056769}}</ref><!-- "(...)Her last new English language album was Taking Chances, which debuted and peaked six years ago this week at number five on sales of 55,592 copies, and has subsequently sold 392,998 copies.(...)" --> * Marekani: 1,100,000<ref name="SoundScanSales2016"/> | * Canada: 4× Platinum<ref name="cria"/> * Australia: Platinum<ref name="aria"/> * Ubelgiji: Gold<ref name="bea"/> * Ufaransa: Gold<ref name="snep"/> * Japan: Gold<ref name="riaj"/> * Uholanzi: Gold<ref name="nvpi"/> * Uswisi: Platinum<ref name="swisscerts"/> * Uingereza: Platinum<ref name="bpi"/> * Marekani: Platinum<ref name="riaa"/> |} ====2010-hadi leo==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| Jina ! rowspan="2" style="width:17em;"| Maelezo ! colspan="10"| Nafasi iliyofika katika nchi tofauti ! rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| Mauzo ! rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| Matunukio |- style="font-size:smaller;" ! style="width:25px;"|Canada<br /><ref name="canadianpeaks"/> ! style="width:25px;"|Australia<br /><ref name="australianpeaks"/> ! style="width:25px;"|Ubelgiji<br /><ref name="belgianpeaks"/> ! style="width:25px;"|Ufaransa<br /><ref name="frenchpeaks"/> ! style="width:25px;"|Ujerumani<br /><ref name="germanpeaks"/> ! style="width:25px;"|Japan<br /><ref name="japanesepeaks"/> ! style="width:25px;"|Uholanzi<br><ref name="dutchpeaks"/> ! style="width:25px;"|Uswisi<br /><ref name="swisspeaks"/> ! style="width:25px;"|Uingereza<br /><ref name="ukpeaks"/> ! style="width:25px;"|Marekani<br /><ref name="uspeaks"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Sans attendre'' | * Ilitolewa: Novemba 2, 2012 * Lebo: Columbia | 1 || — || 1 || 1 || 44 || — || 20 || 2 || 158 || — | * Duniani: 1,500,000<ref>''Sans attendre'' worldwide sales: * {{cite web|author=Sandra Godin|title=Deux disques platine remis par Julie Snyder|work=[[Le Journal de Montréal]]|language=French|url=http://www.journaldemontreal.com/2013/11/14/deux-disques-platine-remis-par-julie-snyder|date=14 November 2013|accessdate=20 August 2014}} * {{cite web|author=Susan Harris|title=Celine Dion Divorce Rumors In Las Vegas|publisher=NewsOXY|url=http://www.newsoxy.com/entertainment/celine-dion-wedding-ring-146904.html|date=15 November 2013|accessdate=20 August 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820184210/http://www.newsoxy.com/entertainment/celine-dion-wedding-ring-146904.html|archivedate=20 August 2014}} * {{cite web|author=Karen Enyeart|title=René Angélil & Celine Dion Split? Star Spotted Without Ring|publisher=eCanadaNow|url=http://www.ecanadanow.com/entertainment/2013/11/14/celine-dion-wedding-ring-photo-is-canadian-singers-marriage-on-the-rocks/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820214733/http://www.ecanadanow.com/entertainment/2013/11/14/celine-dion-wedding-ring-photo-is-canadian-singers-marriage-on-the-rocks/|archivedate=20 August 2014|date=14 November 2013|accessdate=20 August 2014}}</ref> * Ufaransa: 800,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.journaldequebec.com/2013/11/25/celine-dion-retrouve-ses-fans-parisiens|title=Céline Dion retrouve ses fans parisiens|author=Véronique Beaudet|work=Le Journal de Montréal|date=25 November 2013|accessdate=25 November 2013|language=French}}</ref> * Canada: 300,000<ref>{{cite web|author=Élizabeth Ménard|title=Céline Une chanson à la fois|work=Le Journal de Montréal|language=French|url=http://img4.hostingpics.net/pics/421574we03.jpg|date=24 July 2013|accessdate=19 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014041233/http://img4.hostingpics.net/pics/421574we03.jpg|archive-date=14 October 2013|dead-url=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014041233/http://img4.hostingpics.net/pics/421574we03.jpg|archivedate=2013-10-14}}</ref> | * Canada: 3× Platinum<ref name="cria"/> * Ubelgiji: Platinum<ref name="bea"/> * Ufaransa: Diamond<ref name="snep"/> * Uswisi: Gold<ref name="swisscerts"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Loved Me Back to Life'' | * Ilitolewa: Novemba 1, 2013 * Lebo: Columbia | 1 || 9 || 2 || 3 || 9 || 34 || 1 || 3 || 3 || 2 | * Duniani: 1,500,000<ref>{{cite web|author=Stacia Proefrock|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/298857/celine-dion/biography|title=Celine Dion Biographys|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=24 January 2014|accessdate=20 August 2014|archivedate=2015-07-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714202127/http://www.billboard.com/artist/298857/celine-dion/biography}}</ref> * Ufaransa: 218,600<ref>{{cite web|url=http://infodisc.fr/Ventes_Albums_Tout_Temps.php?debut=1900|title=Les Meilleures Ventes de CD / Albums "Tout Temps"|publisher=InfoDisc|language=French|accessdate=17 April 2016}}</ref> * Uingereza: 350,000<ref name="lmbtl">{{cite web|author=Julien Goncalves|title=Clip de "Incredible" : Céline Dion et Ne-Yo sur le toit du monde|language=French|publisher=PureMédias|url=http://www.chartsinfrance.net/Celine-Dion/news-92273.html|date=4 June 2014|accessdate=20 August 2014}}</ref> * Marekani: 300,000<ref name="lmbtl"/> | * Canada: 4× Platinum<ref name="cria"/> * Ubelgiji: Gold<ref name="bea"/> * Ufaransa: 2× Platinum<ref name="snep"/> * Uingereza: Platinum<ref name="bpi"/> * Uswisi: Gold<ref name="swisscerts"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Encore un soir'' | * Ilitolewa: Agosti 26, 2016 * Lebo: Columbia | 1 || — || 1 || 1 || 16 || — || 7 || 1 || 88 || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|''Encore un soir'' did not enter the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], but peaked at number 82 on the [[Billboard 200#Albums|Top Current Albums]] and number 96 on the [[Billboard 200#Albums|Top Album Sales]] chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f[0]=is_bmdb_album_id%3A7497182&f[1]=itm_field_chart_id%3A1072&refine=1|title=Top Current Albums|work=Billboard|accessdate=7 September 2016|archivedate=2017-01-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112100830/http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f%5b0%5d=is_bmdb_album_id%3A7497182&f%5b1%5d=itm_field_chart_id%3A1072&refine=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/298857/celine-dion/chart?page=1&f=2160|title=Top Album Sales|work=Billboard|accessdate=7 September 2016|archivedate=2018-11-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122181815/https://www.billboard.com/artist/298857/celine-dion/chart?page=1&f=2160}}</ref>}} | * Duniani: 1,500,000<ref>{{cite web|title=Céline Dion : Collaborations avec Adele, MHD, tracklist... On fait le point !|url=http://www.purepeople.com/article/celine-dion-collaborations-avec-adele-mhd-tracklist-on-fait-le-point_a255763/1|publisher=[[PureMédias]]|author=Thomas Montet|date=18 October 2017|accessdate=26 October 2017}}</ref> * Ufaransa: 800,000<ref>{{cite web|title=A Nice, Céline Dion rend un hommage bouleversant aux 86 victimes de l'attentat|author=Yohann Ruelle|publisher=Pure Charts|url=http://www.chartsinfrance.net/Celine-Dion/news-104698.html|date=21 July 2017|accessdate=21 July 2017|language=French}}</ref> | * Canada: 2× Platinum<ref name="euscerts">{{cite web|title=Encore un soir Hits #1!|publisher=celinedion.com|url=http://www.celinedion.com/news?n_id=346|date=7 September 2016|accessdate=7 September 2016}}</ref> * Ubelgiji: Platinum<ref name="bea"/> * Ufaransa: Diamond<ref name="diamond1">{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/snep/status/798182980040593408|title=#ENCOREUNSOIR @celinedion sorti le 26 août est certifié ALBUM DIAMANT avec + de 500 000 ex (physique + téléchgt + streaming)|publisher=SNEP|date=14 November 2016|accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref> * Uswusu: Platinum<ref name="swisscerts"/> |} === Single zake === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Mwaka ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em;" | Jina ! scope="col" colspan="12" | Nafasi ilitotokea katika nchi tofauti ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:13em;" | Matunukio ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:13em;" | Albamu |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |Canada<br /><ref name="ad1">Peak chart positions for singles in Canada: * All except listed below: {{cite book | author=[[Nanda Lwin]]| title=[[The Record (magazine)|Top 40 Hits: The Essential Chart Guide]] | publisher=Music Data Research | year=1999 | isbn=1-896594-13-1}}, {{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=artist|id=celine-dion-p4099/charts-awards/billboard-singles|pure_url=yes}}|title=Celine Dion > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles|publisher=[[AllMusic]]. [[Rovi|Macrovision]]|accessdate=1 November 2010}} and {{cite web |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/celine-dion/chart-history/canadian-hot-100 |title=Celine Dion Chart History: Canadian Hot 100 |work=Billboard |accessdate=19 March 2019 }} *"Can't Live with You, Can't Live Without You" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.6425&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=2omscg8i3r01mpbe51mdqpklh4|title=Top Singles – Volume 50, No. 16, August 14, 1989|publisher=RPM|date=14 August 1989|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014120532/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.6425&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=2omscg8i3r01mpbe51mdqpklh4|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"(If There Was) Any Other Way" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.7917&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|title=Top Singles – Volume 52, No. 4, June 09 1990|work=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|date=9 June 1990|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014120751/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.7917&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"The Last to Know" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.1528&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|title=Top Singles – Volume 53, No. 25, May 25, 1991|publisher=RPM|date=25 May 1991|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014121159/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.1528&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"Have a Heart" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.1624&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|title=Top Top Singles – Volume 54, No. 15, September 14, 1991|publisher=RPM|date=14 September 1991|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014121242/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.1624&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"If You Asked Me To" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2151&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|title=Top Singles – Volume 55, No. 23, June 06 1992|publisher=RPM|date=6 June 1992|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014155502/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2151&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"Nothing Broken But My Heart" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.1910&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|title=Top Singles – Volume 56, No. 16, October 17, 1992|publisher=RPM|date=17 October 1992|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014155554/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.1910&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"Love Can Move Mountains" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.1839&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|title=Top Singles – Volume 57, No. 2, January 23, 1993|publisher=RPM|date=23 January 1993|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014155725/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.1839&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"Water from the Moon" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.1780&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|title=Top Singles – Volume 57, No. 17, May 08 1993|publisher=RPM|date=8 May 1993|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014155813/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.1780&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"Did You Give Enough Love" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2207&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|title=Top Singles – Volume 58, No. 5, August 14, 1993|publisher=RPM|date=14 August 1993|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014160010/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2207&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"When I Fall in Love" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2263&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|title=Top Singles – Volume 58, No. 13, October 9, 1993|publisher=RPM|date=9 October 1993|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014155917/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2263&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"The Power of Love" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2393&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|title=Top Singles – Volume 59, No. 5, February 21 1994|work=RPM|date=21 February 1994|accessdate=10 September 2014}} *"Misled" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2484&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|title=Top Singles – Volume 59, No. 18, May 23, 1994|publisher=RPM|date=23 May 1994|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014160430/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2484&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"Think Twice" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2620&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|title=Top Singles – Volume 60, No. 12, October 10, 1994|publisher=RPM|date=10 October 1994|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014160502/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2620&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"Only One Road" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2701&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|title=Top Singles – Volume 60, No. 23, January 09 1995|publisher=RPM|date=9 January 1995|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014202453/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2701&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"To Love You More" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.7850&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|title=Top Singles – Volume 65, No. 1, March 10, 1997|publisher=RPM|date=10 March 1997|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014202530/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.7850&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2913&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=2omscg8i3r01mpbe51mdqpklh4|title=Top Singles – Volume 63, No. 4, March 11, 1996|publisher=RPM|date=11 March 1996|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014202612/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2913&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=2omscg8i3r01mpbe51mdqpklh4|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"It's All Coming Back to Me Now" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.9815&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|title=Top Singles – Volume 64, No. 11, November 04 1996|publisher=RPM|date=4 November 1996|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014202704/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.9815&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"All by Myself" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.3210&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|title=Top Singles – Volume 65, No. 10, May 12, 1997|publisher=RPM|date=12 May 1997|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014202748/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.3210&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"Tell Him" {{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=artist|id=barbra-streisand-p3153/charts-awards/billboard-singles|pure_url=yes}}|title=Barbra Streisand > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles|publisher=AllMusic. Macrovision|accessdate=1 November 2010}} *"My Heart Will Go On" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.3476&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|title=Top Singles – Volume 66, No. 23, March 02 1998|publisher=RPM|date=2 March 1998|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014202901/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.3476&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"Immortality" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.7907&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|title=Top Singles – Volume 67, No. 23, August 31, 1998|publisher=RPM|date=31 August 1998|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014203327/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.7907&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"I'm Your Angel" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.7466&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|title=Top Singles – Volume 68, No. 14, January 25, 1999|publisher=RPM|date=25 January 1999|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014203405/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.7466&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=a46dl095od0cosu0h4g49kv8g5|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"That's the Way It Is" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.9695&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=vainn98scb905rrd6jhvrastm6|title=Top Singles – Volume 70, No. 12, January 24 2000|publisher=RPM|date=24 January 2000|accessdate=3 June 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117065013/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.9695&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=vainn98scb905rrd6jhvrastm6|archivedate=17 November 2016}} *"Sous le vent" {{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=artist|id=garou-p411486/charts-awards/billboard-singles|pure_url=yes}}|title=Garou > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles|publisher=AllMusic. Macrovision|accessdate=1 November 2010}} *"A New Day Has Come" {{cite web |url=http://chartts.tripod.com/CA/CA0213.HTM |title=Canada (Top 10) |publisher=[[Nielsen SoundScan]] |accessdate=5 April 2009 |archive-date=2011-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717102720/http://chartts.tripod.com/CA/CA0213.HTM |url-status=dead }} *"The Prayer" (Live) {{cite web|url=http://acharts.us/canada_singles_top_100/2008/09|title=Canada Singles Top 100, March 01, 2008|work=αCharts.us|accessdate=5 April 2008}} *"Somebody Loves Somebody" {{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts|title=Hot Canadian Digital Songs|accessdate=26 March 2015<!-- exact link: http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f[0]=is_bmdb_track_id%3A5790047&f[1]=itm_field_chart_id%3A1186&refine=1 -->|archivedate=2015-10-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031001207/http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts}} *"Voices That Care" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.1528&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=2omscg8i3r01mpbe51mdqpklh4|title=Top Singles – Volume 53, No. 25, May 25, 1991|publisher=RPM|date=25 May 1991|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023075323/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.1528&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=2omscg8i3r01mpbe51mdqpklh4|archivedate=23 October 2012}} *"We Are the World 25 for Haiti" {{cite web|url=http://acharts.us/canada_singles_top_100/2010/09|title=Canada Singles Top 100, March 6, 2010|work=αCharts.us|accessdate=5 April 2009}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |Canada AC<br /><ref name="ad2">Peak chart positions for singles on the Canadian Adult Contemporary Chart: * All except listed below: {{cite web |url=http://www.bdsradio.com/pdweb/pdweb.dll/login?GUID={5B9A8C32-7D8D-4ADC-B5EB-F5AD075BC376} |title=BDSradio National Airplay Charts |publisher=[[Nielsen N.V.|The Nielsen Company]] |accessdate=25 March 2010 }} and {{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz|title=Canada AC, Celine Dion|accessdate=23 March 2015}} *"Can't Live with You, Can't Live Without You" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.6436&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|title=Adult Contemporary – Volume 50, No. 18, August 28, 1989|publisher=RPM|date=28 August 1989|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014120615/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.6436&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"(If There Was) Any Other Way" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.7982&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|title=Adult Contemporary – Volume 52, No. 4, June 09 1990|publisher=RPM|date=9 June 1990|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014120833/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.7982&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"Unison" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.1295&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|title=Adult Contemporary – Volume 52, No. 21, October 06 1990|publisher=RPM|date=6 October 1990|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014120942/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.1295&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"Where Does My Heart Beat Now" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.1424&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|title=Adult Contemporary – Volume 53, No. 9, February 02 1991|publisher=RPM|date=2 February 1991|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014121129/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.1424&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"The Last to Know" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.1517&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|title=Adult Contemporary – Volume 53, No. 24, May 18, 1991|publisher=RPM|date=18 May 1991|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014121219/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.1517&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"Have a Heart" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.1607&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|title=Adult Contemporary – Volume 54, No. 13, August 31, 1991|publisher=RPM|date=31 August 1991|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014155332/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.1607&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"Beauty and the Beast" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2037&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|title=Adult Contemporary – Volume 55, No. 6, February 01 1992|publisher=RPM|date=1 February 1992|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014155445/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2037&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"If You Asked Me To" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2166&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|title=Adult Contemporary – Volume 55, No. 26, June 27, 1992|publisher=RPM|date=27 June 1992|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014155515/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2166&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"Nothing Broken But My Heart" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.1932&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|title=Adult Contemporary – Volume 56, No. 14, October 03 1992|publisher=RPM|date=3 October 1992|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014155657/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.1932&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"Love Can Move Mountains" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.1845&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|title=Adult Contemporary – Volume 57, No. 3, January 30, 1993|publisher=RPM|date=30 January 1993|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014155739/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.1845&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"Water from the Moon" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.0973&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|title=Adult Contemporary – Volume 57, No. 22, June 12, 1993|publisher=RPM|date=8 May 1993|accessdate=12 June 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014155904/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.0973&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"Did You Give Enough Love" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2189&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|title=Adult Contemporary – Volume 58, No. 3, July 31, 1993|publisher=RPM|date=31 July 1993|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014160026/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2189&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"When I Fall in Love" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2253&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|title=Adult Contemporary – Volume 58, No. 12, October 2, 1993|publisher=RPM|date=2 October 1993|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014155951/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2253&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"The Power of Love" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2323&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|title=Adult Contemporary – Volume 59, No. 22, December 11, 1993|publisher=RPM|date=11 December 1993|accessdate=16 May 2010}} *"Misled" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2485&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|title=Adult Contemporary – Volume 59, No. 19, May 30, 1994|publisher=RPM|date=30 May 1994|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014160451/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2485&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"Think Twice" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2593&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|title=Adult Contemporary – Volume 60, No. 9, September 19, 1994|publisher=RPM|date=19 September 1994|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014160516/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2593&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"Only One Road" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2688&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|title=Adult Contemporary – Volume 60, No. 22, December 19, 1994|publisher=RPM|date=19 December 1994|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014202506/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2688&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"To Love You More" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.9788&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|title=Adult Contemporary – Volume 64, No. 21, January 27, 1997|publisher=RPM|date=27 January 1997|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014202554/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.9788&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2865&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|title=Adult Contemporary – Volume 62, No. 24, January 29, 1996|publisher=RPM|date=29 January 1996|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014202641/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2865&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"Because You Loved Me" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2927&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|title=Adult Contemporary – Volume 63, No. 7, April 01 1996|publisher=RPM|date=1 April 1996|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021172419/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2927&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|archivedate=21 October 2012}} *"It's All Coming Back to Me Now" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.9933&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|title=Adult Contemporary – Volume 64, No. 6, September 23, 1996|publisher=RPM|date=23 September 1996|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014202719/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.9933&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"All by Myself" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.3191&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|title=Adult Contemporary – Volume 65, No. 8, April 28, 1997|publisher=RPM|date=28 April 1997|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014202813/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.3191&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"Tell Him" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.3383&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|title=Adult Contemporary – Volume 66, No. 11, November 17, 1997|publisher=RPM|date=17 November 1997|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014202844/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.3383&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"My Heart Will Go On" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.3433&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|title=Adult Contemporary – Volume 66, No. 18, January 26, 1998|publisher=RPM|date=26 January 1998|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815053019/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.3433&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|archivedate=15 August 2011}} *"Immortality" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.3657&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|title=Adult Contemporary – Volume 67, No. 21, August 17, 1998|publisher=RPM|date=17 August 1998|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014203342/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.3657&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"Miles to Go (Before I Sleep)" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.7022&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|title=Adult Contemporary – Volume 68, No. 7, November 09 1998|publisher=RPM|date=9 November 1998|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014203352/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.7022&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"I'm Your Angel" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.7024&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|title=Adult Contemporary – Volume 68, No. 8, November 16, 1998|publisher=RPM|date=16 November 1998|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014203420/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.7024&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"The Prayer" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.8130&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|title=Adult Contemporary – Volume 69, No. 4, May 17, 1999|publisher=RPM|date=17 May 1999|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014203432/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.8130&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"That's the Way It Is" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.7285&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|title=Adult Contemporary – Volume 70, No. 5, November 22, 1999|publisher=RPM|date=22 November 1999|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014203517/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.7285&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"I Want You to Need Me" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.7295&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|title=Adult Contemporary – Volume 71, No. 6, June 12, 2000|publisher=RPM|date=12 June 2000|accessdate=16 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014203631/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.7295&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=u3achcjsn764k581548u4f8gc3|archivedate=14 October 2012}} *"Le miracle" {{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts|title=Canada AC|accessdate=26 March 2015<!-- exact link: http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f[0]=ss_chart_search_title%3A%22Le%20Miracle%22&f[1]=itm_field_chart_id%3A1237&refine=1 -->}} *"Qui peut vivre sans amour?" {{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts|title=Canada AC|accessdate=26 March 2015<!-- exact link: http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f[0]=ss_chart_search_title%3A%22Qui%20Peut%20Vivre%20Sans%20Amour%22&f[1]=itm_field_chart_id%3A1237&refine=1 -->}} *"Loved Me Back to Life" {{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/298857/Celine+Dion/chart?f=1237|title=''Billboard'' Chart History|accessdate=26 March 2015}} *"Incredible" {{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts|title=Canada AC|accessdate=26 March 2015<!-- exact link: http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f[0]=ss_chart_search_title%3A%22Incredible%22&f[1]=itm_field_chart_id%3A1237&refine=1 -->}} *"L'hymne" {{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts|title=Canada AC|accessdate=8 February 2016<!-- exact link: http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f[0]=ss_chart_search_title%3A%22L%27Hymne%22&f[1]=itm_field_chart_id%3A1237&refine=1 -->}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |Australia<br /><ref name="ad3">Peak ([[ARIA Charts|ARIA Chart]]) positions for singles in Australia: *Top 50 peaks: {{cite web |url=http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion |title=Céline Dion in Australian charts |publisher=australian-charts.com Hung Medien |accessdate=13 October 2015 }} *Top 100 peaks until December 2010: {{cite book|last=Ryan|first=Gavin|title=Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010|year=2011|publisher=Moonlight Publishing|location=Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia}} *"Where Does My Heart Beat Now" and "Taking Chances": {{cite journal |date=12 November 2007 |title=Issue 923 |journal=ARIA Report |issue=923 |page=3 |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]] |url=http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20071120-0000/issue923.pdf |format=PDF, reprint |accessdate=3 July 2009 }} *"The Last to Know" and "Water from the Moon": {{cite web |url=http://i.imgur.com/1iEUqcX.jpg |title=Response from ARIA re: chart inquiry, received 14 November 2016 |publisher=Imgur.com |accessdate=17 March 2017 }} *"Nothing Broken but My Heart": {{cite web|url=https://i.imgur.com/MTv4MC1.gif|title=Response from ARIA re: chart inquiry, received 19 September 2017|publisher=Imgur.com|accessdate=19 September 2017}} *"Misled": {{cite web |url=http://i.imgur.com/0v4cNYv.jpg |title=The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 24 Jul 1994 |publisher=Imgur.com (original document published by [[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]) |accessdate=9 March 2016 }} N.B. The HP column displays the highest peak reached. *"Next Plane Out": {{cite web |url=http://i.imgur.com/4M3kUBs.jpg |title=The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 17 Dec 1995 |publisher=Imgur.com (original document published by ARIA) |accessdate=9 March 2016 }} *"One Heart": {{cite journal |date=28 July 2003 |title=Issue 701 |journal=ARIA Report |issue=701 |page=4 |publisher=ARIA |url=http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20030807-0000/Issue701.pdf |format=PDF, reprint |accessdate=3 July 2009 }} *"We Are the World 25 for Haiti": {{cite web |url=http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Artists+For+Haiti&titel=We+Are+The+World+25&cat=s |title=Artists for Haiti in Australian charts |publisher=australian-charts.com Hung Medien |accessdate=9 September 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309034127/http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Artists%20For%20Haiti&titel=We%20Are%20The%20World%2025&cat=s |archivedate=9 March 2012 }} *"Ashes": {{cite web|url=https://www.auspop.com.au/2018/5/aria-chart-watch-474/|title=ARIA Chart Watch #474|publisher=auspOp|date=26 May 2018|accessdate=26 May 2018|archivedate=2021-11-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101012722/https://www.auspop.com.au/2018/5/aria-chart-watch-474/}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |Ubelgiji<br /><ref name="ad4">Peak chart positions for singles in Belgium: *All except listed below: {{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/song/ba9/Celine-Dion-Think-Twice |title=Ultratop 50 Singles (Flemish Chart) |work=Ultratop|accessdate=25 March 2010}} and {{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/fr/showitem.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion&titel=Think+Twice&cat=s |title=Ultratop 50 Singles (Walloon Chart) |work=Ultratop|accessdate=25 March 2010}} *"The Reason", "Treat Her Like a Lady", "Live (For the One I Love)" and "I Want You to Need Me": {{cite book | author=Sam Jaspers| title=Ultratop 1995–2005 | publisher=Book & Media Publishing| year=2006 | isbn=90-5720-232-8}} *"We Are the World 25 for Haiti": {{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/fr/showitem.asp?interpret=Artists+For+Haiti&titel=We+Are+The+World+25&cat=s |title=Artists for Haiti dans l'Ultratop Wallonie|publisher=Ultratop|language=French|accessdate=9 September 2010}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |Ufaransa<br /><ref name="ad5">Peak chart positions for singles in France: *All except "D'amour ou d'amitié" and "J'irai où tu iras": {{cite web|url=http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion&titel=Ne+partez+pas+sans+moi&cat=s|title=Céline Dion dans les charts français|language=French|publisher=lescharts.com Hung Medien|accessdate=31 May 2008}} *"D'amour ou d'amitié": {{cite web|url=http://www.infodisc.fr/SongPts_80.php?debut=150|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118061623/http://www.infodisc.fr/SongPts_80.php?debut=150|archivedate=18 November 2008|title=Les chansons classées par points des années 80|publisher=InfoDisc|language=French|accessdate=9 November 2008}} *"J'irai où tu iras": {{cite web|url=http://www.chartsinfrance.net/charts/1901/singles.php,p4|title=Classement officiel des ventes de singles & titres en France du 28 décembre 2018 au 03 janvier 2019|publisher=[[PureMédias]]|language=French|accessdate=27 January 2019}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |Ujerumani<br /><ref name="ad6">Peak chart positions for singles in Germany: *All except "Tell Him" and "I'm Your Angel": {{cite web|url=http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Dion%2CCeline/?type=single|title=Chartverfolgung / Dion, Celine / Single|language=German|publisher=musicline.de PhonoNet|accessdate=27 January 2008|archivedate=2012-04-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412043143/http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Dion,Celine/?type=single}} *"Tell Him": {{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-3560|title=Barbra Streisand & Céline Dion, Tell Him|language=German|publisher=[[GfK Entertainment Charts]]|accessdate=19 October 2014}} *"I'm Your Angel": {{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-3794|title=Céline Dion & R. Kelly, I'm Your Angel|language=German|publisher=GfK Entertainment Charts|accessdate=19 October 2014}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |Japan<br /><ref name="jp1">Peak chart positions for singles in Japan: *All except listed below: {{cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/98172/rank/single/|title=セリーヌ・ディオンのランキング|language=Japanese|publisher=[[Oricon]]|accessdate=24 March 2015}} *"Beauty and the Beast": {{cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/475465/|title=セリーヌ・ディオン&ピーボ・ブライソンの作品|language=Japanese|publisher=Oricon|accessdate=24 March 2015}} *"To Love You More": {{cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/98175/rank/single/|title=セリーヌ・ディオンwithクライズラー&カンパニーのランキング|language=Japanese|publisher=Oricon|accessdate=24 March 2015}} *"A World to Believe In": {{cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/440511/rank/single/|title=伊藤由奈×セリーヌ・ディオンのランキング|language=Japanese|publisher=Oricon|accessdate=24 March 2015}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |Uholanzi<br /><ref name="ad11">Peak chart positions for singles in the Netherlands: *All except listed below: {{cite web |url=http://www.top40.nl/top40-artiesten/celine-dion |title=Top 40-artiest: Celine Dion |language=Dutch |publisher=Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 |accessdate=19 October 2014 }} *"Ne partez pas sans moi", "When I Fall in Love", "Only One Road", "Je sais pas", "Falling into You", "All by Myself", "Je sais pas" (Live), "Call the Man", "Zora sourit", "Treat Her Like a Lady", "Live (for the One I Love)", "I Want You to Need Me", "Sous le vent", "I'm Alive", "I Drove All Night", "One Heart", "Tout l'or des hommes", "Taking Chances" and "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)": {{cite web |url=http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion&titel=Ne+partez+pas+sans+moi&cat=s |title=Céline Dion – Ne partez pas sans moi (nummer) |language=Dutch |publisher=Hung Medien |accessdate=19 October 2014 }}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |Uswisi<br /><ref name="ad7">{{cite web|url=http://swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion&titel=Ne+partez+pas+sans+moi&cat=s|title=Singles – Schweizer Hitparade|publisher=swisscharts.com Hung Medien|accessdate=9 November 2008}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |Uingereza<br /><ref name="ad8">Peak chart positions for singles in the United Kingdom: *All except listed below: {{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/20048/CELINE-DION/ |title=Celine Dion – Singles|publisher=[[The Official Charts Company]]|accessdate=25 May 2009}} *"Eyes on Me" and "My Love": {{cite web| url=http://zobbel.de/cluk/CLUK_D.HTM| title=Chart Log UK 1994–2010: D| publisher=zobbel.de| accessdate=8 November 2008}} *"Sing": {{cite web| url=http://zobbel.de/cluk/CLUK_L.HTM| title=Chart Log UK 1994–2010: L| publisher=zobbel.de| accessdate=8 November 2008}} *"We Are the World 25 for Haiti": {{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/search/singles/WE%20ARE%20THE%20WORLD%2025%20FOR%20HAITI/|title=The Official Charts Company – We Are The World 25 For Haiti by Artists For Haiti |date=19 October 2014|publisher=The Official Charts Company}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |Marekani<br /><ref name="ad9">Peak chart positions for singles in the United States: *All except listed below: {{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=artist|id=celine-dion-p4099/charts-awards/billboard-singles|pure_url=yes}}|title=Celine Dion > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles|publisher=AllMusic. Macrovision|accessdate=1 November 2010}} *"I'm Your Angel": {{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=artist|id=r-kelly-p45175/charts-awards/billboard-singles|pure_url=yes}}|title=R. Kelly > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles|publisher=AllMusic. Macrovision|accessdate=1 November 2010}} *"I'm Alive", "Have You Ever Been in Love", "Alone" and "Ashes": {{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/music/celine-dion/chart-history/bubbling-under-hot-100|title=Celine Dion Chart History: Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles|work=Billboardaccessdate=15 May 2018}} *"Voices That Care": {{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/ask-billboard/268963/ask-billboard-n-sync-and-gulf-war-songs |title=Ask Billboard: 'N Sync and Gulf War Songs |date=10 April 2009|accessdate=10 April 2009|work=Billboard}} *"We Are the World 25 for Haiti": {{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/959358/we-are-the-world-returns-to-the-upper-reaches-of-the-hot-100 |title='We Are The World' Returns to the Upper Reaches of the Hot 100|date=17 February 2010|accessdate=17 February 2010|work=Billboard}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |Marekani AC<br /><ref name="ad10">Peak chart positions for singles on the US Adult Contemporary Chart: *All except listed below: {{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=artist|id=celine-dion-p4099/charts-awards/billboard-singles|pure_url=yes}}|title=Celine Dion > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles|publisher=AllMusic. Macrovision|accessdate=1 November 2010}} *"(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman": {{cite web|url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1996/BB-1996-01-20.pdf|title=Hits of the World|work=Billboard|page=80|date=20 January 1996|accessdate=5 November 2015}} *"I'm Your Angel": {{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=artist|id=r-kelly-p45175/charts-awards|pure_url=yes}}|title=R. Kelly > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles|publisher=AllMusic. Macrovision|accessdate=1 November 2010}} *"I Believe in You": {{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/il-divo-mn0000071636/awards|title=Il Divo|accessdate=17 February 2010|publisher=AllMusic. Macrovision}} *"Voices That Care": {{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/david-foster-mn0000861757/awards|title=David Foster|accessdate=17 February 2010|publisher=AllMusic. Macrovision}} *"Sing": {{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/annie-lennox-mn0000585249/awards|title=Annie Lennox|accessdate=17 February 2010|publisher=AllMusic. Macrovision}} *"We Are the World 25 for Haiti": {{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=hurricane-relief-come-together-now-r811104/charts-awards|pure_url=yes}} |title=Various Artists > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles|publisher=AllMusic. Macrovision|accessdate=1 November 2010}}</ref> |- | rowspan=2 | 1981 ! scope="row" | "Ce n'était qu'un rêve" | | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | rowspan=3 | ''La voix du bon Dieu'' |- ! scope="row" | "La voix du bon Dieu" | | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | rowspan=3 | 1982 ! scope="row" | "L'amour viendra" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- ! scope="row" | "Tellement j'ai d'amour pour toi" | | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | rowspan=2 | ''Tellement j'ai d'amour...'' |- ! scope="row" | "D'amour ou d'amitié" | | — | — | — | 5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | * Canada: Gold<ref name="cria">{{cite web|url=https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?fwp_gp_search=celine%20dion&fwp_gp_format=36|title=Gold/Platinum – Music Canada|publisher=[[Music Canada]]|accessdate=30 March 2015}}</ref> * Ufaransa: Gold<ref name="fr01">{{cite web |url=http://www.infodisc.fr/Single_Certif.php |title=Les Certifications depuis 1973 |publisher=InfoDisc |accessdate=24 March 2015 |language=French |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071130030454/http://www.infodisc.fr/Single_Certif.php |archivedate=30 November 2007 |https://www.webcitation.org/697lSTfwO?url=http://www.infodisc.fr/Single_Certif.php |=https://www.webcitation.org/697lSTfwO?url=http://www.infodisc.fr/Single_Certif.php }}</ref> |- | rowspan=2 | 1983 ! scope="row" | "Mon ami m'a quittée" | | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | ''Les chemins de ma maison'' |- ! scope="row" | "Un enfant" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | ''Chants et contes de Noël'' |- | rowspan=4 | 1984 ! scope="row" | "Ne me plaignez pas" | | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | ''Les chemins de ma maison'' |- ! scope="row" | "Une colombe" | | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | * CAN: Gold<ref name="cria"/> | rowspan=3 | ''Mélanie'' |- ! scope="row" | "Mon rêve de toujours" | | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- ! scope="row" | "Un amour pour moi" | | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | rowspan=4 | 1985 ! scope="row" | "C'est pour toi" | | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | rowspan=2 | ''C'est pour toi'' |- ! scope="row" | "C'est pour vivre" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- ! scope="row" | "Dans la main d'un magicien" / <br/>"Listen to the Magic Man" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | rowspan=2 | ''Opération beurre de pinottes'' / <br/>''The Peanut Butter Solution'' |- ! scope="row" | "La ballade de Michel" / <br/>"La ballade de Michel" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | rowspan=3 | 1986 ! scope="row" | "The Best of Celine Dion" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | rowspan="2" {{n/a|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "L'univers a besoin d'amour" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- ! scope="row" | "Fais ce que tu voudras" | | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | ''Les chansons en or'' |- | rowspan=4 | 1987 ! scope="row" | "Je ne veux pas" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "On traverse un miroir" | | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | rowspan=4 | ''Incognito'' |- ! scope="row" | "Incognito" | | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- ! scope="row" | "Lolita (trop jeune pour aimer)" | | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | rowspan=6 | 1988 ! scope="row" | "Comme un cœur froid" | | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- ! scope="row" | "La religieuse" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "Ne partez pas sans moi" | | — | — | 12 | 36 | — | — | 42 | 11 | — | — | — | | ''The Best of Celine Dion'' |- ! scope="row" | "Délivre-moi" | | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | rowspan=3 | ''Incognito'' |- ! scope="row" | "D'abord, c'est quoi l'amour" | | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- ! scope="row" | "Jours de fièvre" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 1989 ! scope="row" | "Can't Live with You, Can't Live Without You"<br />{{small|(pamoja na [[Billy Newton-Davis]])}} | 41 | 12 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | ''Spellbound'' |- | rowspan=3 | 1990 ! scope="row" | "(If There Was) Any Other Way" | 23 | 12 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 35 | 8 | | rowspan=5 | ''Unison'' |- ! scope="row" | "Unison" | 38 | 7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- ! scope="row" | "Where Does My Heart Beat Now" | 6 | 1 | 62 | 23 | 20 | — | — | 24 | — | 72 | 4 | 2 | |- | rowspan=5 | 1991 ! scope="row" | "The Last to Know" | 16 | 7 | 134 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 22 | |- ! scope="row" | "Just Have a Heart" | 26 | 4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- ! scope="row" | "Des mots qui sonnent" | | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | rowspan=2 | ''Dion chante Plamondon'' |- ! scope="row" | "L'amour existe encore" | | — | — | — | 31 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- ! scope="row" | "Beauty and the Beast"<br />{{small|(pamoja na [[Peabo Bryson]])}} | 2 | 1 | 17 | 36 | — | — | 67 | 18 | — | 9 | 9 | 3 | * Japan: Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/issue/record/1997/199701.pdf|title=ビューティ・アンド・ザ・ビースト～美女と野獣 92.4.8 (SME)|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of Japan|RIAJ]]|language=Japanese|accessdate=24 March 2015|archive-date=2013-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102224637/http://www.riaj.or.jp/issue/record/1997/199701.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Marekani: Gold<ref name="riaa">{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=celine+dion|title=Gold & platinum searchable database |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]|accessdate=11 June 2009}}</ref> | ''Celine Dion'' |- | rowspan=5 | 1992 ! scope="row" | "Je danse dans ma tête" | | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | ''Dion chante Plamondon'' |- ! scope="row" | "If You Asked Me To" | 1 | 1 | 52 | — | — | — | — | 27 | — | 57 | 4 | 1 | | rowspan=2 | ''Celine Dion'' |- ! scope="row" | "Nothing Broken but My Heart" | 3 | 1 | 192 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 29 | 1 | |- ! scope="row" | "Quelqu'un que j'aime, quelqu'un qui m'aime" | | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | ''Dion chante Plamondon'' |- ! scope="row" | "Love Can Move Mountains" | 2 | 1 | 54 | — | — | 61 | — | — | — | 46 | 36 | 8 | | rowspan=2 | ''Celine Dion'' |- | rowspan=5 | 1993 ! scope="row" | "Water from the Moon" | 7 | 3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 11 | |- ! scope="row" | "Un garçon pas comme les autres (Ziggy)" | — | — | — | — | 2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | * Ufaransa: Gold<ref name="fr01"/> | ''Dion chante Plamondon'' |- ! scope="row" | "Did You Give Enough Love" | 17 | 23 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | ''Celine Dion'' |- ! scope="row" | "When I Fall in Love"<br />{{small|(pamoja na [[Clive Griffin]])}} | 21 | 2 | 93 | — | — | — | — | 37 | — | — | 23 | 6 | | rowspan=5 | ''The Colour of My Love'' |- ! scope="row" | "The Power of Love" | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 57 | — | 18 | — | 4 | 1 | 1 | * Australia: Platinum<ref name="aria1">{{cite book|last=Ryan|first=Gavin|title=Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010|year=2011|publisher=Moonlight Publishing|location=Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia}}</ref> * Ufaransa: Silver<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disqueenfrance.com/fr/page-259165.xml?year=1994&type=6 |title=Certifications Singles Argent – année 1994 |language=French |publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|SNEP]] |accessdate=24 March 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303033010/http://www.disqueenfrance.com/fr/page-259165.xml?year=1994&type=6 |archivedate=3 March 2012 }}</ref> * Uingereza: Silver<ref name="bpi">{{cite web |url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certified-awards.aspx |title=Certified Awards |publisher=[[British Phonographic Industry]] |accessdate=14 July 2017 |format=To access, enter the search parameter "Celine Dion" and select "Search by Keyword" |archivedate=2013-02-06 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6EEYfYVwc?url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certified-awards.aspx }}</ref> * Marekani: Platinum<ref name="riaa"/> |- | rowspan=4 | 1994 ! scope="row" | "Misled" | 4 | 2 | 55 | — | — | 83 | — | — | — | 15 | 23 | 15 | |- ! scope="row" | "Think Twice" | 13 | 3 | 2 | 1 | — | 19 | — | 1 | 6 | 1 | 95 | 21 | * Australia: Platinum<ref name="aria1"/> * Ubelgiji: Gold<ref name="belg95">{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/nl/goud-platina/1995/singles|title=Goud en Platina - Singles 1995|publisher=Ultratop|language=Dutch|accessdate=18 September 2018}}</ref> * Uingereza: Platinum<ref name="bpi"/> |- ! scope="row" | "Only One Road" | 15 | 1 | 23 | 17 | — | — | — | 40 | — | 8 | 93 | 27 | |- ! scope="row" | "Calling You" | — | — | — | — | 75 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | ''À l'Olympia'' |- | rowspan=5 | 1995 ! scope="row" | "Pour que tu m'aimes encore" | } | — | — | 1 | 1 | 39 | — | 3 | 17 | 7 | — | — | * Ubelgiji: Platinum<ref name="belg95"/> * Ufaransa: Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/page-259165.xml?year=1995&type=9 |title=Certifications Singles Platine – année 1995 |language=French |publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|SNEP]] |accessdate=30 September 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011122437/http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/page-259165.xml?year=1995&type=9 |archivedate=11 October 2012 }}</ref> | rowspan=2 | ''[[D'eux]]'' |- ! scope="row" | "Je sais pas" | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Je sais pas" peaked at number 1 in Quebec.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qim.com/oeuvres/oeuvre.asp?oeuvreid=1326&albumid=107|title=Québec Info Musique: Céline Dion, Je sais pas|publisher=Québec Info Musique|accessdate=3 April 2015|language=French}}</ref>}} | — | — | 1 | 1 | — | — | 34 | — | — | — | — | * Ubelgiji: Gold<ref name="belg95"/> * Ufaransa: Silver<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/page-259165.xml?year=1995&type=6 |title=Certifications Singles Argent – année 1995 |language=French |publisher=SNEP |accessdate=26 March 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913021236/http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/page-259165.xml?year=1995&type=6 |archivedate=13 September 2012 }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "Next Plane Out" | — | — | 61 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | rowspan=2 | ''The Colour of My Love'' |- ! scope="row" | "To Love You More" | 9 | 1 | — | — | — | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | 1 | * Japan: Million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/data/others/million_list/1995.html|script-title=ja:年度別ミリオンセラー一覧　1995年|trans-title=1995 million-seller list|language=Japanese|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of Japan]]|accessdate=14 April 2012|archive-date=2013-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103052144/http://www.riaj.or.jp/data/others/million_list/1995.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman" | 47 | 4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 31 | | ''Falling into You'' |- | rowspan=9 | 1996 ! scope="row" | "Destin" | | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | rowspan=2 | ''D'eux'' |- ! scope="row" | "Le ballet" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- ! scope="row" | "Falling into You" | — | — | 12 | 11 | 11 | 71 | — | 18 | 19 | 10 | — | — | | rowspan=2 | ''Falling into You'' |- ! scope="row" | "Because You Loved Me" | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 19 | 13 | — | 4 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 1 | * Australia: 2&times; Platinum<ref name="aria1"/> * Ujerumani: Gold<ref name="mediacontrol">{{cite certification|region=Germany|artist=Celine Dion|type=single|accessdate=31 December 2003}}</ref> * Uingereza: Platinum<ref name="bpi"/> * Marekani: Platinum<ref name="riaa"/> |- ! scope="row" | "J'irai où tu iras"<br />{{small|(pamoja na [[Jean-Jacques Goldman]])}} | | — | — | — | — | 181 | — | — | — | — | — | — | | ''D'eux'' |- ! scope="row" | "It's All Coming Back to Me Now" | 1 | 1 | 8 | 1 | 13 | 62 | — | 4 | — | 3 | 2 | 1 | * Australia: Gold<ref name="aria1"/> * Ubelgiji: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/nl/goud-platina/1996/singles|title=Goud en Platina - Singles 1996|publisher=Ultratop|language=Dutch|accessdate=18 September 2018}}</ref> * Uingereza: Gold<ref name="bpi"/> * Marekani: Platinum<ref name="riaa"/> | rowspan=3 | ''Falling into You'' |- ! scope="row" | "The Power of the Dream" | — | — | — | — | — | — | 30 | — | — | — | — | — | * Japan: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/issue/record/1997/199703.pdf |title=The Power of the Dream 96.8.21 (SME) |publisher=RIAJ |language=Japanese |accessdate=26 March 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306111501/http://www.riaj.or.jp/issue/record/1997/199703.pdf |archivedate=6 March 2014 }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "All by Myself" | 7 | 1 | 38 | 7 | 5 | 55 | — | 20 | 36 | 6 | 4 | 1 | * Ufaransa: Silver<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disqueenfrance.com/fr/page-259165.xml?year=1996&type=6 |title=Certifications Singles Argent – année 1996 |language=French |publisher=SNEP |accessdate=26 March 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309184049/http://www.disqueenfrance.com/fr/page-259165.xml?year=1996&type=6 |archivedate=9 March 2012 }}</ref> * Uingereza: Silver<ref name="bpi"/> * Marekani: Gold<ref name="riaa"/> |- ! scope="row" | "Les derniers seront les premiers"<br />{{small|(pamoja na Jean-Jacques Goldman)}} | | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | ''Live à Paris'' |- | rowspan=6 | 1997 ! scope="row" | "Call the Man" | — | — | — | 26 | — | — | — | 69 | — | 11 | — | — | | ''Falling into You'' |- ! scope="row" | "J'attendais" | — | — | — | 22 | 46 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | ''Live à Paris'' |- ! scope="row" | "Tell Him" <br />{{small|(pamoja na [[Barbra Streisand]])}} | 12 | 1 | 9 | 3 | 4 | 25 | — | 1 | 4 | 3 | — | 5 | * Australia: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-singles-1997.htm |title=ARIA charts – accreditations – 1997 Singles |publisher=ARIA |accessdate=30 November 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912150607/http://aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-singles-1997.htm |archivedate=12 September 2009 }}</ref> * Ubelgiji: Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/xls/Awards%201997.htm |title=Certifications awards 1997 |publisher=Ultratop|accessdate=27 March 2010}}</ref> * Ufaransa: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/page-259165.xml?year=1997&type=7 |title=Certifications Singles Or – année 1997 |language=French |publisher=SNEP |accessdate=26 March 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923124752/http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/page-259165.xml?year=1997&type=7 |archivedate=23 September 2012 }}</ref> * Uswisi: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=http://swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=1997 |title=Awards 1997 |publisher=[[Swiss Music Charts]] |accessdate=31 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613144052/http://swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=1997 |archivedate=13 June 2011 }}</ref> * Uingereza: Gold<ref name="bpi"/> | rowspan=6 | ''Let's Talk About Love'' |- ! scope="row" | "Be the Man" | — | — | — | — | — | — | 24 | — | — | — | — | — | * Japan: Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/issue/record/1998/199801.pdf |title=Be the Man 97.11.13 (SME) |publisher=RIAJ |language=Japanese |accessdate=26 March 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329071234/http://www.riaj.or.jp/issue/record/1998/199801.pdf |archivedate=29 March 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "The Reason" | — | — | — | 59 | rowspan="2"| 1 | — | — | — | — | 11 | — | — | |- ! scope="row" | "My Heart Will Go On" | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 34 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * Australia: 2&times; Platinum<ref name="aria98">{{cite web|url=http://aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-singles-1998.htm |title=ARIA charts – accreditations – 1998 singles |publisher=ARIA |accessdate=30 April 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912150715/http://aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-singles-1998.htm |archivedate=12 September 2009 }}</ref> * Ubelgiji: 2&times; Platinum<ref name="belgia">{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/xls/Awards%201998.htm |title=Certifications awards 1998 |publisher=Ultratop|accessdate=27 March 2010}}</ref> * Ufaransa: Diamond<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/page-259165.xml?year=1998&type=10 |title=Certifications Singles Diamant – année 1998 |language=French |publisher=SNEP |accessdate=26 March 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923124720/http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/page-259165.xml?year=1998&type=10 |archivedate=23 September 2012 }}</ref> * Ujerumani: 4&times; Platinum<ref name="mediacontrol"/> * Japan: 2&times; Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/issue/record/1999/199904.pdf |title=マイ・ハート・ウィル・ゴー・オン 1998.01.13 (SME) |publisher=RIAJ |language=Japanese |accessdate=26 March 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123043927/http://www.riaj.or.jp/issue/record/1999/199904.pdf |archivedate=23 January 2014 }}</ref> * Uswisi: 2&times; Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=1998 |title=Awards 1998 |publisher=Swiss Music Charts |accessdate=31 December 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716232621/http://www.swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=1998 |archivedate=16 July 2011 }}</ref> * Uingereza: 2&times; Platinum<ref name="bpi"/> * Marekani: Gold<ref name="riaa"/> |- | rowspan=5 | 1998 ! scope="row" | "Immortality"<br />{{small|(pamoja na [[Bee Gees]])}} | 28 | 1 | 38 | 15 | 15 | 2 | — | 28 | 8 | 5 | — | — | * Ufaransa: Silver<ref name="snep98"> {{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/page-259165.xml?year=1998&type=6 |title=Certifications Singles Argent – année 1998 |language=French |publisher=SNEP |accessdate=26 March 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913021236/http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/page-259165.xml?year=1998&type=6 |archivedate=13 September 2012 }}</ref> * Ujerumani: Platinum<ref name="mediacontrol"/> * Uingereza: Silver<ref name="bpi"/> |- ! scope="row" | "Miles to Go (Before I Sleep)" | — | 17 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- ! scope="row" | "Zora sourit" | | — | — | 12 | 20 | — | — | 67 | 25 | — | — | — | * Ubelgiji: Gold<ref name="belgia"/> * Ufaransa: Silver<ref name="snep98"/> | ''S'il suffisait d'aimer'' |- ! scope="row" | "I'm Your Angel"<br />{{small|(pamoja na [[R. Kelly]])}} | 11 | 1 | 31 | 26 | 97 | 14 | — | 8 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 1 | * Australia: Gold<ref name="aria98"/> * Uingereza: Silver<ref name="bpi"/> * Marekani: Platinum<ref name="riaa"/> | ''[[These Are Special Times]]'' |- ! scope="row" | "S'il suffisait d'aimer" | | — | — | 6 | 4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | * Ubelgiji: Gold<ref name="belgia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/xls/Awards%201999.htm |title=Certifications awards 1999 |publisher=Ultratop|accessdate=27 March 2010}}</ref> * Ufaransa: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/page-259165.xml?year=1999&type=7 |title=Certifications Singles Or – année 1999 |language=French |publisher=SNEP |accessdate=26 March 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913021252/http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/page-259165.xml?year=1999&type=7 |archivedate=13 September 2012 }}</ref> | rowspan=2 | ''S'il suffisait d'aimer'' |- | rowspan=6 | 1999 ! scope="row" | "On ne change pas" | | — | — | 16 | 17 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- ! scope="row" | "The Prayer"<br />{{small|(pamoja na [[Andrea Bocelli]])}} | — | 6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 22 | | ''These Are Special Times'' |- ! scope="row" | "Treat Her Like a Lady"<br />{{small|(pamoja na [[Diana King]] na [[Brownstone (band)|Brownstone]])}} | — | — | — | 70 | — | 64 | — | 62 | — | 29 | — | — | | ''Let's Talk About Love'' |- ! scope="row" | "En attendant ses pas" | | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | ''S'il suffisait d'aimer'' |- ! scope="row" | "Dans un autre monde" | | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | ''Au cœur du stade'' |- ! scope="row" | "That's the Way It Is" | 5 | 1 | 14 | 7 | 6 | 8 | — | 7 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 1 | * Australia: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-singles-1999.htm |title=ARIA charts – accreditations – 1999 singles |publisher=ARIA|accessdate=31 December 2007}}</ref> * Ubelgiji: Gold<ref name="belgia1"/> * Ufaransa: Silver<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/page-259165.xml?year=2000&type=6 |title=Certifications Singles Argent – année 2000 |language=French |publisher=SNEP |accessdate=26 March 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923124705/http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/page-259165.xml?year=2000&type=6 |archivedate=23 September 2012 }}</ref> * Ujerumani: Gold<ref name="mediacontrol"/> | ''All the Way... A Decade of Song'' |- | rowspan=3 | 2000 ! scope="row" | "Live (for the One I Love)" | 23 | — | — | 47 | 63 | — | — | 89 | 82 | — | — | — | | rowspan=3 | ''All the Way... A Decade of Song'' |- ! scope="row" | "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 19 | — | — | |- ! scope="row" | "I Want You to Need Me" | 1 | 19 | — | 73 | — | — | — | 49 | 40 | — | — | 12 | |- | 2001 ! scope="row" |"Sous le vent"<br />{{small|(pamoja na [[Garou (singer)|Garou]])}} | 14 | — | — | 1 | 1 | — | — | 78 | 2 | — | — | — | * Ubelgiji: Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/fr/certifications.asp?year=2001 |title=Les disques d'or/de platine – singles – 2001 |publisher=Ultratop|language=French|accessdate=27 March 2010}}</ref> * Ufaransa: Diamond<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/page-259165.xml?year=2001&type=10 |title=Certifications Singles Diamant – année 2001 |language=French |publisher=SNEP |accessdate=26 March 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923124627/http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/page-259165.xml?year=2001&type=10 |archivedate=23 September 2012 }}</ref> * Uswisi: Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=2002 |title=Awards 2002 |publisher=Swiss Music Charts |accessdate=31 December 2002 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613140247/http://swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=2002 |archivedate=13 June 2011 }}</ref> | ''[[Seul (album)|Seul]]'' |- | rowspan=4 | 2002 ! scope="row" | "A New Day Has Come" | 2 | 1 | 19 | 13 | 23 | 6 | — | 19 | 2 | 7 | 22 | 1 | * Australia: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-singles-2002.htm |title=ARIA charts – accreditations – 2002 singles |publisher=ARIA |accessdate=30 April 2002 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829092953/http://aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-singles-2002.htm |archivedate=29 August 2010 }}</ref> * Uingereza: Silver<ref name="bpi"/> * Marekani: Gold<ref name="riaa"/> | rowspan=4 | ''A New Day Has Come'' |- ! scope="row" | "I'm Alive" | 21 | 1 | 30 | 2 | 7 | 4 | — | 7 | 7 | 17 | | 6 | * Ubelgiji: Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/fr/certifications.asp?year=2002 |title=Les disques d'or/de platine – singles – 2002 |publisher=Ultratop|language=French|accessdate=27 March 2010}}</ref> * Ufaransa: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/page-259165.xml?year=2002&type=7 |title=Certifications Singles Or – année 2002 |language=French |publisher=SNEP |accessdate=26 March 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923124553/http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/page-259165.xml?year=2002&type=7 |archivedate=23 September 2012 }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "Goodbye's (The Saddest Word)" | 67 | 11 | — | 36 | — | 56 | — | 37 | 35 | 38 | — | 27 | |- ! scope="row" | "At Last" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 16 | |- | rowspan=6 | 2003 ! scope="row" | "I Drove All Night" | 1 | 1 | 22 | 1 | 22 | 22 | — | 24 | 11 | rowspan="2"| 27 | 45 | 7 | * Australia: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-singles-2003.htm |title=ARIA charts – accreditations – 2003 singles |publisher=ARIA|accessdate=31 March 2003}}</ref> * Ubelgiji: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/fr/certifications.asp?year=2003 |title=Les disques d'or/de platine – singles – 2003 |publisher=Ultratop|language=French|accessdate=27 March 2010}}</ref> | rowspan=4 | ''One Heart'' |- ! scope="row" | "One Heart" | 59 | 13 | 75 | 37 | 63 | 56 | — | 78 | 36 | — | — | |- ! scope="row" | "Have You Ever Been in Love" | — | 3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | 2 | |- ! scope="row" | "Stand by Your Side" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 17 | |- ! scope="row" | "Tout l'or des hommes" | 2 | — | — | 5 | 3 | 77 | — | 100 | 10 | — | — | — | * Ufaransa: Silver<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/page-259165.xml?year=2003&type=6 |title=Certifications Singles Argent – année 2003 |language=French |publisher=SNEP |accessdate=26 March 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011122451/http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/page-259165.xml?year=2003&type=6 |archivedate=11 October 2012 }}</ref> | ''1 fille & 4 types'' |- ! scope="row" | "Faith" | — | 37 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | ''One Heart'' |- | rowspan=5 | 2004 ! scope="row" | "Et je t'aime encore" | — | — | — | 14 | 16 | — | — | — | 31 | — | — | — | | rowspan=2 | ''1 fille & 4 types'' |- ! scope="row" | "Contre nature" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- ! scope="row" | "You and I" | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 16 | | ''A New Day... Live in Las Vegas'' |- ! scope="row" | "Beautiful Boy" | — | 32 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 18 | | rowspan=3 | ''Miracle'' |- ! scope="row" | "Je lui dirai"<ref name="belgianbook">{{cite book | author=Jaspers, Sam| title=Ultratop 1995–2005 | publisher=Book & Media Publishing| year=2006 | isbn=90-5720-232-8}}</ref> | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | rowspan=2 | 2005 ! scope="row" | "In Some Small Way" | — | 14 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 28 | |- ! scope="row" | "Je ne vous oublie pas" | — | 23 | — | 4 | 2 | — | — | — | 21 | — | — | — | * Ufaransa: Silver<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/page-259165.xml?year=2005&type=6 |title=Certifications Singles Argent – année 2005 |language=French |publisher=SNEP |accessdate=26 March 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913021236/http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/page-259165.xml?year=2005&type=6 |archivedate=13 September 2012 }}</ref> | rowspan=3 | ''On ne change pas'' |- | rowspan=2 | 2006 ! scope="row" | "Tous les secrets" | — | 30 | — | 33 | 20 | — | — | — | 75 | — | — | — | |- ! scope="row" | "I Believe in You (Je crois en toi)"<br />{{small|(pamoja na [[Il Divo]])}} | — | — | — | — | 30 | — | — | — | 35 | — | — | 31 | |- | rowspan=4 | 2007 ! scope="row" | "Et s'il n'en restait qu'une (je serais celle-là)" | — | 28 | — | 4 | 1 | — | — | — | 34 | — | — | — | | rowspan=3 | ''D'elles'' |- ! scope="row" | "Immensité" | — | 30 | — | | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- ! scope="row" | "On s'est aimé à cause" | — | 23 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- ! scope="row" | "Taking Chances" | 9 | 1 | 60 | 29 | 7 | 25 | — | 100 | 5 | 40 | 54 | 6 | * Canada: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?fwp_gp_search=celine%20dion&fwp_gp_format=38|title=Gold/Platinum |publisher=Music Canada|accessdate=26 March 2015}}</ref> | rowspan=3 | ''Taking Chances'' |- | rowspan=5 | 2008 ! scope="row" | "Eyes on Me" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 113 | — | — | |- ! scope="row" | "A World to Believe In"<br />{{small|(pamoja na [[Yuna Ito]])}} | — | — | — | — | — | — | 8 | — | — | — | — | — | |- ! scope="row" | "The Prayer"<br />{{small|(pamoja na [[Josh Groban]])}} | 37 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 70 | — | | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "Alone" | 57 | 7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 85 | | — | | ''Taking Chances'' |- ! scope="row" | "My Love" | 67 | 8 | — | | — | — | — | — | — | 129 | — | 15 | | ''My Love: Essential Collection'' |- | rowspan=2 | 2012 ! scope="row" | "Parler à mon père" | 53 | 29 | — | 11 | 8 | — | — | — | 25 | — | — | — | | rowspan=3 | ''Sans attendre'' |- ! scope="row" | "Le miracle" | — | 21 | — | 27 | 77 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | rowspan=3 | 2013 ! scope="row" | "Qui peut vivre sans amour?" | — | 41 | — | | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- ! scope="row" | "Loved Me Back to Life" | 26 | 39 | — | 25 | 32 | 38 | — | — | 25 | 14 | — | 24 | * Canada: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?fwp_gp_search=Loved+Me+Back+to+Life%2520Celine+Dion|title=Gold/Platinum |publisher=Music Canada|accessdate=12 September 2016}}</ref> | rowspan=4 | ''Loved Me Back to Life'' |- ! scope="row" | "Break Away" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | rowspan=3 | 2014 ! scope="row" | "Incredible"<br />{{small|(pamoja na [[Ne-Yo]])}} | 44 | 24 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 25 | |- ! scope="row" | "Water and a Flame" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- ! scope="row" | "Celle qui m'a tout appris" | — | — | — | | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | ''Céline une seule fois / Live 2013'' |- | rowspan=5 | 2016 ! scope="row" | "The Show Must Go On"<br />{{small|(pamoja na [[Lindsey Stirling]])}} | 89 | — | — | | 23 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "Encore un soir" | 92 | 39 | — | 10 | 1 | — | — | — | 25 | — | — | — | * Ufaransa: Diamond<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/les-disques-dor/?awards_cat=64&awards_awd=0&awards_year=0&awards_artist=dion&awards_title=encore+un+soir&awards_edit_distrib=&awards_sort=date_certif-desc&awards_nb=30&submitAdvanced=Rechercher|title=Les Certifications: Notre Base de Données|language=French|publisher=SNEP|accessdate=10 January 2018|archivedate=2018-06-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613041900/http://www.snepmusique.com/les-disques-dor/?awards_cat=64&awards_awd=0&awards_year=0&awards_artist=dion&awards_title=encore+un+soir&awards_edit_distrib=&awards_sort=date_certif-desc&awards_nb=30&submitAdvanced=Rechercher}}</ref> * Uswisi: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=http://swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=2017 |title=Awards 2017 |publisher=Swiss Music Charts |accessdate=18 May 2017}}</ref> | ''Encore un soir'' |- ! scope="row" | "Recovering" | | — | — | — | 50 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "L'étoile" | — | 35 | — | | 191 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | rowspan=4 | ''Encore un soir'' |- ! scope="row" | "Si c'était à refaire" | — | — | — | | 100 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | rowspan=2 | 2017 ! scope="row" | "Je nous veux" | — | 38 | — | — | 143 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- ! scope="row" | "Les yeux au ciel" | — | 43 | — | — | 169 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 2018 ! scope="row" | "Ashes" | 72 | 41 | 94 | | 15 | — | — | — | 65 | 86 | | 22 | | ''Deadpool 2'' |} ==Tuzo== ===American Music Awards=== [[Image:Celine Dion both walk of fame stars.jpg|thumb|right|Celine Dion kwenye ''Hollywood Walk of Fame'']] {{awards table}} |- |1995<ref>{{cite web|title=22nd American Music Awards|publisher=Rock On The Net|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/1995/amas.htm|accessdate=8 January 2014}}</ref> |"The Power of Love" |American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Song |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|1997<ref>{{cite web|title=24th American Music Awards|publisher=Rock On The Net|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/1997/amas.htm|accessdate=8 January 2014}}</ref> |rowspan="6"|Celine Dion |American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |American Music Award for Favorite Adult Contemporary Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|1998<ref>{{cite web|title=25th American Music Awards|publisher=Rock On The Net|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/1998/amas.htm|accessdate=8 January 2014}}</ref> |Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist |{{won}} |- |Favorite Adult Contemporary Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="4"|1999<ref>{{cite web|title=26th American Music Awards|publisher=Rock On The Net|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/1999/amas.htm|accessdate=8 January 2014}}</ref> |Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist |{{won}} |- |Favorite Adult Contemporary Artist |{{won}} |- |''Let's Talk About Love'' |American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Album |Aliteuliwa |- |''Titanic: Music from the Motion Picture'' |American Music Award for Top Soundtrack |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|2001<ref>{{cite web|title=28th American Music Awards|publisher=Rock On The Net|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2001/amas.htm|accessdate=8 January 2014}}</ref> |rowspan="6"|Celine Dion |Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |Favorite Adult Contemporary Artist |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|2003<ref>{{cite web|title=30th American Music Awards|publisher=Rock On The Net|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2003/amas.htm|accessdate=8 January 2014}}</ref> |Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |Favorite Adult Contemporary Artist |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|2003<ref>{{cite web|title=31st American Music Awards|publisher=Rock On The Net|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2003/amas2.htm|accessdate=8 January 2014}}</ref> |Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |Favorite Adult Contemporary Artist |{{won}} |- {{end}} ===Amigo Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |1997<ref name="official"/> |rowspan="2"|Celine Dion |rowspan="2"|Best International Female Artist |{{won}} |- |1998<ref name="official"/> |{{won}} |- {{end}} ===Arion Music Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |2003<ref name="official"/> |''A New Day Has Come'' |Best Selling International Album |{{won}} |- {{end}} ===Bambi Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |1996<ref name="official"/> |rowspan="3"|Celine Dion |Top International Pop Star of the Year |{{won}} |- |1999<ref name="official"/> |Kwa mauzo ya kupita milioni 10 nchini Ujerumani, Austria na Uswisi |{{won}} |- |2012<ref name="official"/> | |{{won}} |- {{end}} ===Banff Television Foundation Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |2002<ref>{{cite web|title=Céline Among Famous Faces of Canadian TV|publisher=Five Star Feeling Inc|url=http://www.celinedion.com/ca/node/12524|date=21 June 2002|accessdate=4 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222192053/http://www.celinedion.com/ca/node/12524|archivedate=2014-02-22}}</ref> |Celine Dion |''All-Time Famous Faces in Canadian Television'' |{{won}} |- {{end}} ===Best of Las Vegas Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |2003<ref name="official"/> |''A New Day...'' |''Best Overall Show'' |{{won}} |- |2004<ref name="official"/> |rowspan="5"|Celine Dion |Best Singer |{{won}} |- |2005<ref name="official"/> |rowspan="2"|''Best Headliner'' |{{won}} |- |2006<ref name="official"/> |{{won}} |- |rowspan="3"|2007<ref>{{cite web|title=Celine and A New Day... Win 'Best of Las Vegas' Awards!|publisher=Five Star Feeling Inc|url=http://www.celinedion.com/ca/node/64113|date=1 April 2007|accessdate=11 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512213043/http://www.celinedion.com/ca/node/64113|archivedate=2014-05-12}}</ref> |''Best Singer'' |{{won}} |- |''Best All-Around Performer'' |{{won}} |- |''A New Day...'' |''Best Show Choreography'' |{{won}} |- |2008<ref>{{cite web|title=Celine Receives 'Best of Las Vegas 2008' Award!|publisher=Five Star Feeling Inc|url=http://www.celinedion.com/ca/node/75720|date=1 April 2008|accessdate=11 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512212923/http://www.celinedion.com/ca/node/75720|archivedate=2014-05-12}}</ref> |Celine Dion |''Best Singer'' |{{won}} |- |2012<ref>{{cite web|title=Voted Best in '12: Overall Show|publisher=[[Stephens Media (newspapers)|Stephens Media]]|url=http://m.bestoflasvegas.com/propertyview.php?s=celine&pid=91bf802a61d177939d2e570c9be03c8c&bk=&lid=858641e51cf2336b732c1d7a2a9e8cc6&ret=default|accessdate=26 January 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203062835/http://m.bestoflasvegas.com/propertyview.php?s=celine&pid=91bf802a61d177939d2e570c9be03c8c&bk=&lid=858641e51cf2336b732c1d7a2a9e8cc6&ret=default|archivedate=2014-02-03}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|''Celine'' |rowspan="2"|''Best Overall Show'' |{{won}} |- |2014<ref>{{cite web|title=Voted Best in '14: Overall Show|publisher=Stephens Media|url=http://m.bestoflasvegas.com/propertyview.php?s=celine&pid=91bf802a61d177939d2e570c9be03c8c&bk=&lid=858641e51cf2336b732c1d7a2a9e8cc6&ret=default|accessdate=31 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203062835/http://m.bestoflasvegas.com/propertyview.php?s=celine&pid=91bf802a61d177939d2e570c9be03c8c&bk=&lid=858641e51cf2336b732c1d7a2a9e8cc6&ret=default|archivedate=2014-02-03}}</ref> |{{won}} |- |2016<ref>{{cite web|title=Best of Las Vegas 2016 Award Winners|publisher=bestoflasvegas.com|url=http://bestoflasvegas.com/winners-2016|accessdate=15 November 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114035251/http://bestoflasvegas.com/winners-2016|archivedate=14 November 2016|=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114035251/http://bestoflasvegas.com/winners-2016}}</ref> |Celine Dion |''Best Singer'' |{{won}} |- {{end}} ===Best of Montreal Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |1997<ref>{{cite web|title=Most Desirable|publisher=Five Star Feeling Inc|url=http://www.celinedion.com/ca/node/596|date=30 May 1997|accessdate=8 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222194655/http://www.celinedion.com/ca/node/596|archivedate=2014-02-22}}</ref> |Celine Dion |''Most Desirable Woman'' |Aliteuliwa |- {{end}} ===Billboard Latin Music Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |2002<ref name="official"/> |"My Heart Will Go On" |''First English-Language Song to Top'' |{{won}} |- {{end}} ===Billboard Music Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |rowspan="2"|1992<ref>{{cite web|title=1992 Billboard Music Awards|publisher=Timothy E. Ryan|work=[[The Baltimore Sun]]|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1992-12-10/features/1992345145_1_garth-brooks-u2-billboard-200-albums|date=10 December 1992|accessdate=21 January 2014|archivedate=2014-12-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202152222/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1992-12-10/features/1992345145_1_garth-brooks-u2-billboard-200-albums}}</ref> |Celine Dion |''Hot Adult Contemporary Artists'' |Aliteuliwa |- |"If You Asked Me To" |Hot Adult Contemporary Singles & Tracks |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="6"|1994<ref>{{cite web|title=Billboard 24 December 1994|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAgEAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=pl&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=dion&f=false|date=24 December 1994|accessdate=17 January 2014}}</ref> |rowspan="4"|Celine Dion |''Top Pop Artists - Female'' |Aliteuliwa |- |''Top Billboard 200 Album Artists - Female'' |Aliteuliwa |- |''Hot 100 Singles Artists - Female'' |Aliteuliwa |- |''Hot Adult Contemporary Artists'' |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|"The Power of Love" |Hot 100 Singles |Aliteuliwa |- |''Hot Adult Contemporary Singles & Tracks'' |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="13"|1996<ref>{{cite web|title=1996 Billboard Music Awards|publisher=[[MetroLyrics]]|url=http://m.metrolyrics.com/1996-billboard-music-awards.html|accessdate=22 January 2014|archivedate=2014-02-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202154110/http://m.metrolyrics.com/1996-billboard-music-awards.html}}</ref> |rowspan="8"|Celine Dion |''Top Pop Artists'' |Aliteuliwa |- |Top Pop Artists - Female |Aliteuliwa |- |Top Billboard 200 Album Artists |Aliteuliwa |- |Top Billboard 200 Album Artists - Female |Aliteuliwa |- |Hot 100 Singles Artists |Aliteuliwa |- |Hot 100 Singles Artists - Female |Aliteuliwa |- |Hot Adult Contemporary Artists |Aliteuliwa |- |Hot Adult Top 40 Artists |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="4"|"[[Because You Loved Me]]" |Hot 100 Singles |Aliteuliwa |- |Hot 100 Singles Airplay |Aliteuliwa |- |Hot Adult Contemporary Singles & Tracks |Aliteuliwa |- |Hot Adult Top 40 Singles & Tracks |Aliteuliwa |- |''Falling into You'' |Top Billboard 200 Albums |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="6"|1997<ref>{{cite web|title=Billboard 24 December 1994|work=Billboard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0g0EAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=pl&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=dion&f=false|date=27 December 1997|accessdate=17 January 2014}}</ref> |rowspan="5"|Celine Dion |Top Pop Artists |Aliteuliwa |- |Top Pop Artists - Female |Aliteuliwa |- |Top Billboard 200 Album Artists |Aliteuliwa |- |Top Billboard 200 Album Artists - Female |Aliteuliwa |- |Hot Adult Contemporary Artists |Aliteuliwa |- |''Falling into You'' |Top Billboard 200 Albums |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="9"|1998<ref>{{cite web|title=Billboard 26 December 1998|work=Billboard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mw0EAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=pl&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=dion&f=false|date=26 December 1998|accessdate=17 January 2014}}</ref> |rowspan="4"|Celine Dion |Top Pop Artists - Female |Aliteuliwa |- |Top Billboard 200 Album Artists |{{won}} |- |Top Billboard 200 Album Artists - Female |{{won}} |- |Hot Adult Contemporary Artists |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|"My Heart Will Go On" |Hot Adult Contemporary Singles & Tracks |Aliteuliwa |- |Hot Soundtrack Singles |{{won}} |- |''Let's Talk About Love'' |rowspan="2"|Top Billboard 200 Albums |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|''Titanic: Music from the Motion Picture'' |{{won}} |- |Hot Soundtrack Albums |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|1999<ref>{{cite web|title=Billboard 25 December 1999|work=Billboard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9w0EAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=pl&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=dion&f=false|date=25 December 1999|accessdate=17 January 2014}}</ref> |Celine Dion |Top Billboard 200 Album Artists - Female |Aliteuliwa |- |"I'm Your Angel" |Hot 100 Singles Sales |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|2000<ref>{{cite web|title=Billboard 30 December 2000|work=Billboard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ehEEAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=pl&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=dion&f=false|date=30 December 2000|accessdate=17 January 2014}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|Celine Dion |Top Pop Artists - Female |Aliteuliwa |- |Top Billboard 200 Artists - Female |Aliteuliwa |- |2016<ref>{{cite web|title=Celine Dion to Receive ICON Award & Perform at 2016 Billboard Music Awards|publisher=Billboard|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/bbma/7356823/celine-dion-icon-award-perform-2016-billboard-music-awards|accessdate=4 May 2016}}</ref> |Celine Dion |Billboard Icon Award |{{won}} |- {{end}} ===Blockbuster Entertainment Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |rowspan="2"|1997<ref name="aw97">{{cite web|title=International Nominations For Celine|publisher=Five Star Feeling Inc|url=http://www.celinedion.com/ca/node/325|date=14 February 1997|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221080225/http://www.celinedion.com/ca/node/325|archivedate=2014-02-21}}</ref> |Celine Dion |Favorite Female Artist - Pop |Aliteuliwa |- |"Because You Loved Me" |rowspan="2"|Favourite Song from a Movie |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|1999<ref>{{cite web|title=Blockbuster Entertainment Awards|publisher=[[Internet Movie Database|IMDb]]|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000104/1999|accessdate=29 January 2014}}</ref> |"My Heart Will Go On" |{{won}} |- |''Titanic: Music from the Motion Picture'' |Favorite Soundtrack{{ref|b|[b]}} |Aliteuliwa |- |2000<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominees Announced for 'Sixth Annual Blockbuster Entertainment Awards(R)' To Air in June on FOX|publisher=[[PR Newswire]]|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/nominees-announced-for-sixth-annual-blockbuster-entertainment-awardsr-to-air-in-june-on-fox-72458137.html|accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|Celine Dion |rowspan="2"|Favorite Female Artist - Pop |Aliteuliwa |- |2001<ref>{{cite web|title=7th Annual Blockbuster Entertainment Awards Nominees Announced|publisher=[[Google]]|url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/alt.fan.teen.idols/S2nGy7f3Mmg|accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref> |Aliteuliwa |- {{end}} ===Bravo Otto Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |1998<ref>{{cite web|title=Bravo Otto - 1998!|work=[[Bravo (magazine)|Bravo]]|url=http://www.bravo.de/family/archiv/bravo-otto-1998|language=German|accessdate=16 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221124250/http://www.bravo.de/family/archiv/bravo-otto-1998|archivedate=2014-02-21}}</ref> |Celine Dion |Gold Otto for Female Singer |{{won}} |- {{end}} ===Brit Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |1996<ref>{{cite web|title=1996|publisher=[[Brit Awards|BRIT Awards Ltd]]|url=http://www.brits.co.uk/history/shows/1996|accessdate=8 January 2014|archive-date=2010-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225164347/http://www.brits.co.uk/history/shows/1996|url-status=dead}}</ref> |rowspan="3"|Celine Dion |rowspan="3"|Brit Award for International Female Solo Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |1997<ref>{{cite web|title=1997|publisher=BRIT Awards Ltd|url=http://www.brits.co.uk/history/shows/1997|accessdate=8 January 2014|archive-date=2011-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112053839/http://www.brits.co.uk/history/shows/1997|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Aliteuliwa |- |1998<ref>{{cite web|title=1998|publisher=BRIT Awards Ltd|url=http://www.brits.co.uk/history/shows/1998|accessdate=8 January 2014|archive-date=2010-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326191951/http://www.brits.co.uk/history/shows/1998|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Aliteuliwa |- |1999<ref>{{cite web|title=1999|publisher=BRIT Awards Ltd|url=http://www.brits.co.uk/history/shows/1999|accessdate=8 January 2014}}</ref> |''Titanic: Music from the Motion Picture'' |Best Soundtrack/Cast Recording{{ref|b|[b]}} |{{won}} |- {{end}} ===Canada's Walk of Fame=== {{awards table}} |- |1999<ref name="official"/> |Celine Dion |Inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame |{{won}} |- {{end}} ===Canadian Broadcast Hall of Fame=== {{awards table}} |- |1999<ref name="official"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Member of CAB Hall of Fame|publisher=The Canadian Communications Foundation|url=http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/index3.html?url=http%3A//www.broadcasting-history.ca/personalities/personalities.php%3Fid%3D206|accessdate=8 January 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091432/http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/index3.html?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadcasting-history.ca%2Fpersonalities%2Fpersonalities.php%3Fid%3D206|archivedate=2 April 2015}}</ref> |Celine Dion |Inducted into Canadian Broadcast Hall of Fame |{{won}} |- {{end}} ===Canadian Radio Music Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |2005<ref>{{cite web|title=2005 Annual Canadian Radio Music Awards Nominations|publisher=One More Pill|url=http://www.onemorepill.com/article/%5Bfield_date_y%5D/2005_annual_canadian_radio_music_awards_nominations|accessdate=8 January 2014|archivedate=2009-01-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106072321/http://www.onemorepill.com/article/%5Bfield_date_y%5D/2005_annual_canadian_radio_music_awards_nominations}}</ref> |Celine Dion |Fans' Choice Award |Aliteuliwa |- {{end}} ===Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC Music Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |2014<ref>{{cite web|title=2014 CBC Music Awards: the winners |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |url=http://music.cbc.ca/#!/blogs/2014/12/2014-CBC-Music-Awards-the-winners |accessdate=9 December 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301002442/http://music.cbc.ca/ |archivedate=1 March 2016 |df= }}</ref> |Celine Dion |Artist of the Year Award |{{won}} |- {{end}} ===Chérie FM Stars=== {{awards table}} |- |2005<ref name="official"/> |rowspan="3"|Celine Dion |Honorary Award |{{won}} |- |rowspan="4"|2007<ref>{{cite web|title=Les Etoiles Chérie FM 2007|publisher=[[NRJ Group]]|url=http://www.nrjgroup.fr/commun/pdf/publi_1192464264_fr.pdf|accessdate=8 January 2014|archivedate=2008-11-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081116083346/http://www.nrjgroup.fr/commun/pdf/publi_1192464264_fr.pdf}}</ref> |Honorary Award for the Entire Career |{{won}} |- |Female Artist of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |''[[D'elles]]'' |Album of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |"[[Et s'il n'en restait qu'une (je serais celle-là)]]" |French Song of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- {{end}} ===Chicago Film Critics Association Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |1998<ref name="titanic">{{cite web|title=Titanic Awards|publisher=anlimara.com|url=http://www.anlimara.com/dreampage/titanic/titanicawards.html|accessdate=16 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528010500/http://www.anlimara.com/dreampage/titanic/titanicawards.html|archivedate=2016-05-28}}</ref> |''Titanic: Music from the Motion Picture'' |Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Original Score{{ref|b|[b]}} |{{won}} |- {{end}} ===Coca-Cola Full Blast Music Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |1997<ref name="official"/> |Celine Dion |Most Popular International Artist of 1996 |{{won}} |- {{end}} ===Commemorative Medallion of the 400th Anniversary of Quebec City=== {{awards table}} |- |2008<ref>{{cite web|title=Le médaillon commémoratif du 400e de la Ville de Québec|publisher=Numicanada|url=http://numicanada.com/jetons-medailles-articles.php?article=le-m%E9daillon-comm%E9moratif-du-400%3Csup%3Ee%3C/sup%3E-de-la-ville-de-qu%E9bec&id=256|language=French|accessdate=2 February 2014}}</ref> |Celine Dion |Commemorative Medallion of the 400th Anniversary of Quebec City |{{won}} |- {{end}} ===Music Canada|CRIA Special Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |1999<ref>{{cite web|title=Céline Trivia|publisher=Five Star Feeling Inc|url=http://www.celinedion.com/ca/node/10756|date=3 May 2002|accessdate=8 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222195109/http://www.celinedion.com/ca/node/10756|archivedate=2014-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=This Day in Music|publisher= Billboard|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/72832/this-day-in-music|language=French|accessdate=5 January 2003 }}</ref> |Celine Dion |Best Selling Canadian Recording Artist of the Century |{{won}} |- {{end}} ===Danish Music Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |1997<ref name="aw97"/> |rowspan="3"|Celine Dion |rowspan="3"|Best International Female Singer |Aliteuliwa |- |1998<ref>{{cite web|title=Award Highlights|publisher=Five Star Feeling Inc|url=http://www.celinedion.com/ca/node/1131|date=24 February 1998|accessdate=4 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923224020/http://www.celinedion.com/ca/node/1131|archivedate=2015-09-23}}</ref> |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|1999<ref>{{cite web|title=Dansk Grammy 1999 – samtlige nominerede|publisher=Dialog Design|url=http://tv-2.dk/grammy.html|language=Danish|accessdate=4 February 2014}}</ref> |Aliteuliwa |- |"[[My Heart Will Go On]]" |Best International Hit |Aliteuliwa |- {{end}} ===Dragon Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |2003<ref name="official"/> |rowspan="2"|Celine Dion |rowspan="2"|International Female Artist of the Year |{{won}} |- |2004<ref name="official"/> |{{won}} |- {{end}} ===Echo Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |1997<ref name="aw97"/> |rowspan="4"|Celine Dion |rowspan="4"|International Female Artist of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |1998<ref name="echo">{{cite web|title=Echo Pop: Archiv |publisher=[[Echo (music award)|Echo]] |url=http://www.echopop.de/no_cache/pop-suche/ |language=German |accessdate=1 February 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217071025/http://www.echopop.de/no_cache/pop-suche/ |archivedate=17 February 2012 |df= }}</ref> |Aliteuliwa |- |1999<ref name="echo"/> |{{won}} |- |2003<ref name="echo"/> |Aliteuliwa |- {{end}} ===Edison Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |1995<ref>{{cite web|title=Platenbranche lanceert Edison-Publieksprijs|work=Nieuwsblad van het Noorden|url=http://www.dekrantvantoen.nl/vw/article.do?id=NVHN-19950811-AE0002008&vw=org&lm=edison%2CDVHN%2CAMB%2CBCH%2CBNH%2CBRU%2CDAM%2CDRC%2CEMS%2CFEA%2CFKC%2CFRC%2CFRI%2CGBS%2CGZB%2CHAH%2CHEC%2CHOH%2CHSK%2CHWB%2CJCH%2CKHN%2CKLA%2CKSK%2CKVF%2CKVH%2CMCK%2CMDW%2CMFH%2CMOH%2CNDC%2CNOF%2CNOK%2CNOL%2CNPD%2CNVHN%2CNVP%2CPEK%2CROJ%2CSBO%2CSNB%2CSSN%2CSSP%2CTAC%2CVEE%2CWEZ%2CWKL%2CWKW%2CZFH%2CZOH%2CLC|language=Dutch|date=11 August 1995|accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref> |''The Colour of My Love'' |Best Album |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|1998<ref name="official"/> |Celine Dion |Best International Female Singer |Aliteuliwa |- |"Tell Him" |Single of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- {{end}} ===Ella Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |2004<ref name="official"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.singers.org/special-events/ |title=Ella Award Special Events |date=12 February 2011 |accessdate=10 May 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514064028/http://www.singers.org/special-events/ |archivedate=14 May 2015 |df= |=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514064028/http://www.singers.org/special-events/ }}</ref> |Celine Dion |For Contribution to Music and Humanitarian and Community Support |{{won}} |- {{end}} ===Eurovision Song Contest=== {{awards table}} |- |1988\ |"Ne partez pas sans moi" |First Prize |{{won}} |- {{end}} ===Félix Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |1982<ref>{{cite web|title=Gala de l'ADISQ - 1982|publisher=[[ADISQ]]|url=http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala1982.html|accessdate=13 January 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101075643/http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala1982.html|archivedate=2013-11-01}}</ref> |rowspan="4"|Celine Dion |rowspan="2"|Newcomer of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="4"|1983<ref>{{cite web|title=Gala de l'ADISQ - 1983|publisher=ADISQ|url=http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala1983.html|accessdate=13 January 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101080246/http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala1983.html|archivedate=2013-11-01}}</ref> |{{won}} |- |Artist of the Year Achieving the Most Success Outside Quebec |{{won}} |- |Female Vocalist of the Year |{{won}} |- |''Tellement j'ai d'amour...'' |Pop Album of the Year |{{won}} |- |rowspan="4"|1984<ref>{{cite web|title=Gala de l'ADISQ - 1984 |publisher=ADISQ |url=http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala1984.html |accessdate=13 January 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171652/http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala1984.html |archivedate=3 March 2016 |df= }}</ref> |rowspan="2"|Celine Dion |Artist of the Year Achieving the Most Success Outside Quebec |Aliteuliwa |- |Female Vocalist of the Year |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|''Les chemins de ma maison'' |Pop Album of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Selling Album of the Year |{{won}} |- |rowspan="10"|1985<ref>{{cite web|title=Gala de l'ADISQ - 1985 |publisher=ADISQ |url=http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala1985.html |accessdate=13 January 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926194550/http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala1985.html |archivedate=26 September 2015 |df= }}</ref> |rowspan="2"|Celine Dion |Artist of the Year Achieving the Most Success Outside Quebec - French Market |Aliteuliwa |- |Female Vocalist of the Year |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|"Une colombe" |Song of the Year |{{won}} |- |Best Selling Single of the Year |{{won}} |- |"Une colombe" - Paul Baillargeon |Arranger of the Year{{ref|d|[d]}} |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="3"|''Mélanie'' |Album of the Year |{{won}} |- |Pop Album of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Selling Album of the Year |{{won}} |- |Céline Dion en concert |Show of the Year - Music and Pop Songs |Aliteuliwa |- |Céline Dion en concert - Harvey Robitaille |Sound Engineer of the Year{{ref|e|[e]}} |{{won}} |- |1986<ref>{{cite web|title=Gala de l'ADISQ - 1986 |publisher=ADISQ |url=http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala1986.html |accessdate=13 January 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102051915/http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala1986.html |archivedate=2 November 2013 |df= }}</ref> |''Opération beurre de pinottes'' |Kids Album of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="6"|1987<ref>{{cite web|title=Gala de l'ADISQ - 1987 |publisher=ADISQ |url=http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala1987.html |accessdate=13 January 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303130900/http://adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala1987.html |archivedate=3 March 2016 |df= }}</ref> |Celine Dion |Female Vocalist of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |"Fais ce que tu voudras" |Video of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|"Incognito" - Jean-Alain Roussel |Producer of the Year{{ref|f|[f]}} |Aliteuliwa |- |Sound Engineer of the Year{{ref|g|[g]}} |Aliteuliwa |- |"Comme un cœur froid" - Jean-Alain Roussel |Arranger of the Year{{ref|d|[d]}} |{{won}} |- |''Incognito'' |Pop Album of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="8"|1988<ref>{{cite web|title=Gala de l'ADISQ - 1988 |publisher=ADISQ |url=http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala1988.html |accessdate=13 January 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604004606/http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala1988.html |archivedate=4 June 2012 |df= }}</ref> |rowspan="2"|Celine Dion |Artist of the Year Achieving the Most Success Outside Quebec - French Market |{{won}} |- |Female Vocalist of the Year |{{won}} |- |"Incognito" |Most Popular Song of the Year |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|[[Incognito tournée]] |Best Stage Performance of the Year |{{won}} |- |Show of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |Incognito tournée - Jean Bissonnette |Stage Director of the Year{{ref|e|[e]}} |{{won}} |- |Incognito tournée - Pierre Labonté |Stage Designer of the Year{{ref|e|[e]}} |Aliteuliwa |- |Incognito tournée - Michel Murphy |Lighting Designer of the Year{{ref|e|[e]}} |Aliteuliwa |- |1990<ref>{{cite web|title=Gala de l'ADISQ - 1990 |publisher=ADISQ |url=http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala1990.html |accessdate=13 January 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102200845/http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala1990.html |archivedate=2 November 2013 |df= }}</ref> |rowspan="3"|Celine Dion |Anglophone Artist of the Year |{{won}} |- |rowspan="4"|1991<ref>{{cite web|title=Gala de l'ADISQ - 1991|publisher=ADISQ|url=http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala1991.html|accessdate=13 January 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102201017/http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala1991.html|archivedate=2 November 2013}}</ref> |Artist of the Year Achieving the Most Success Outside Quebec |Aliteuliwa |- |Artist of the Year Achieving the Most Success in a Language Other Than French |{{won}} |- |[[Unison Tour]] - René-Richard Cyr |Stage Director of the Year{{ref|e|[e]}} |{{won}} |- |Unison Tour - Yves Aucoin |Lighting Designer of the Year{{ref|e|[e]}} |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="5"|1992<ref>{{cite web|title=Gala de l'ADISQ - 1992 |publisher=ADISQ |url=http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala1992.html |accessdate=13 January 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103130044/http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala1992.html |archivedate=3 November 2013 |df= }}</ref> |rowspan="3"|Celine Dion |Artist of the Year Achieving the Most Success Outside Quebec |Aliteuliwa |- |Artist of the Year Achieving the Most Success in a Language Other Than French |{{won}} |- |Female Vocalist of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|''Dion chante Plamondon'' |Pop/Rock Album of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Selling Album of the Year |{{won}} |- |rowspan="4"|1993<ref>{{cite web|title=Gala de l'ADISQ - 1993 |publisher=ADISQ |url=http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala1993.html |accessdate=13 January 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103130042/http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala1993.html |archivedate=3 November 2013 |df= }}</ref> |rowspan="3"|Celine Dion |Artist of the Year Achieving the Most Success Outside Quebec |{{won}} |- |Artist of the Year Achieving the Most Success in a Language Other Than French |{{won}} |- |Female Vocalist of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |"Quelqu'un que j'aime, quelqu'un qui m'aime" |Most Popular Song of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="4"|1994<ref>{{cite web|title=Gala de l'ADISQ - 1994 |publisher=ADISQ |url=http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala1994.html |accessdate=13 January 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103173435/http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala1994.html |archivedate=3 November 2013 |df= }}</ref> |rowspan="3"|Celine Dion |Artist of the Year Achieving the Most Success Outside Quebec |{{won}} |- |Artist of the Year Achieving the Most Success in a Language Other Than French |{{won}} |- |Female Vocalist of the Year |{{won}} |- |"L'amour existe encore" |Video of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="7"|1995<ref>{{cite web|title=Gala de l'ADISQ - 1995|publisher=ADISQ|url=http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala1995.html|accessdate=13 January 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103173009/http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala1995.html|archivedate=3 November 2013}}</ref> |rowspan="3"|Celine Dion |Artist of the Year Achieving the Most Success Outside Quebec |{{won}} |- |Artist of the Year Achieving the Most Success in a Language Other Than French |Aliteuliwa |- |Female Vocalist of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|"Pour que tu m'aimes encore" |Most Popular Song of the Year |{{won}} |- |Video of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|''[[D'eux]]'' |Pop/Rock Album of the Year |{{won}} |- |Best Selling Album of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="8"|1996<ref>{{cite web|title=Gala de l'ADISQ - 1996|publisher=ADISQ|url=http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala1996.html|accessdate=13 January 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026004824/http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala1996.html|archivedate=26 October 2014}}</ref> |rowspan="4"|Celine Dion |Artist of the Year Achieving the Most Success Outside Quebec |{{won}} |- |Artist of the Year Achieving the Most Success in a Language Other Than French |{{won}} |- |Female Vocalist of the Year |{{won}} |- |Special Award |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|"Je sais pas" |Most Popular Song of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |Video of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |''D'eux'' |Best Selling Album of the Year |{{won}} |- |[[D'eux Tour]] |Show of the Year - Performer |{{won}} |- |rowspan="7"|1997<ref>{{cite web|title=Gala de l'ADISQ - 1997 |publisher=ADISQ |url=http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala1997.html |accessdate=13 January 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221137/http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala1997.html |archivedate=3 March 2016 |df= }}</ref> |rowspan="3"|Celine Dion |Artist of the Year Achieving the Most Success Outside Quebec |{{won}} |- |Artist of the Year Achieving the Most Success in a Language Other Than French |{{won}} |- |Female Vocalist of the Year |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|"[[Les derniers seront les premiers]]" |Most Popular Song of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |Video of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|''[[Live à Paris]]'' |Pop/Rock Album of the Year |{{won}} |- |Best Selling Album of the Year |{{won}} |- |1998<ref>{{cite web|title=Gala de l'ADISQ - 1998|publisher=ADISQ|url=http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala1998.html|accessdate=13 January 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103232052/http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala1998.html|archivedate=3 November 2013}}</ref> |rowspan="4"|Celine Dion |rowspan="2"|Artist of the Year Achieving the Most Success in a Language Other Than French |Aliteuliwa |- |1999<ref>{{cite web|title=Gala de l'ADISQ - 1999 |publisher=ADISQ |url=http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala1999.html |accessdate=13 January 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103235845/http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala1999.html |archivedate=3 November 2013 |df= }}</ref> |{{won}} |- |rowspan="3"|2000<ref>{{cite web|title=Gala de l'ADISQ - 2000|publisher=ADISQ|url=http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala2000.html|accessdate=13 January 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232840/http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala2000.html|archivedate=30 December 2013}}</ref> |Artist of the Year Achieving the Most Success Outside Quebec |Aliteuliwa |- |Female Vocalist of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |''Let's Talk About Love World Tour'' |Show of the Year - Performer |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="4"|2002<ref>{{cite web|title=Gala de l'ADISQ - 2002|publisher=ADISQ|url=http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala2002.html|accessdate=13 January 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105181340/http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala2002.html|archivedate=5 November 2013}}</ref> |Celine Dion |Artist of the Year Achieving the Most Success in a Language Other Than French |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|"Sous le vent" |Most Popular Song of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |Video of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |''La Fureur - Spécial Céline Dion'' |Television Show of the Year - Song{{ref|h|[h]}} |Aliteuliwa |- |2003<ref>{{cite web|title=Gala de l'ADISQ - 2003 |publisher=ADISQ |url=http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala2003.html |accessdate=13 January 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113223038/http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala2003.html |archivedate=13 January 2014 |df= }}</ref> |rowspan="2"|Celine Dion |Artist of the Year Achieving the Most Success in a Language Other Than French |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="3"|2004<ref>{{cite web|title=Gala de l'ADISQ - 2004|publisher=ADISQ|url=http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala2004.html|accessdate=13 January 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105181342/http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala2004.html|archivedate=2013-11-05}}</ref> |Female Vocalist of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |''1 fille & 4 types'' |Best Selling Album of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |celinedion.com |Website of the Year{{ref|h|[h]}} |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|2005<ref>{{cite web|title=Gala de l'ADISQ - 2005 |publisher=ADISQ |url=http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala2005.html |accessdate=13 January 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113224835/http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala2005.html |archivedate=13 January 2014 |df= }}</ref> |''A New Day... Live in Las Vegas'' |rowspan="2"|Anglophone Album of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |''Miracle'' |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|2006<ref>{{cite web|title=Gala de l'ADISQ - 2006|publisher=ADISQ|url=http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala2006.html|accessdate=13 January 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110170707/http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala2006.html|archivedate=10 January 2014}}</ref> |Celine Dion |Female Vocalist of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |"Je ne vous oublie pas" |Most Popular Song of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |2007<ref>{{cite web|title=Gala de l'ADISQ - 2007|publisher=ADISQ|url=http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala2007.html|accessdate=13 January 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113234321/http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala2007.html|archivedate=13 January 2014}}</ref> |''Céline : 25 ans d'amour, 25 ans de télé'' |Television Show of the Year - Song{{ref|h|[h]}} |Aliteuliwa |- |2008<ref name="official"/> |rowspan="2"|Celine Dion |Honorary Award |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|2009<ref>{{cite web|title=Gala de l'ADISQ - 2009 |publisher=ADISQ |url=http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala2009.html |accessdate=13 January 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109162835/http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala2009.html |archivedate=9 November 2013 |df= }}</ref> |Artist of the Year Achieving the Most Success Outside Quebec |Aliteuliwa |- |''Céline sur les Plaines'' |DVD of the Year{{ref|h|[h]}} |{{won}} |- |rowspan="6"|2013<ref>{{cite web|title=Gala de l'ADISQ - 2013 |publisher=ADISQ |url=http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala2013.html |accessdate=13 January 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113225348/http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala2013.html |archivedate=13 January 2014 |df= }}</ref> |rowspan="2"|Celine Dion |Artist of the Year Achieving the Most Success Outside Quebec |Aliteuliwa |- |Female Vocalist of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |"Parler à mon père" |Most Popular Song of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|''Sans attendre'' |Adult Contemporary Album of the Year |{{won}} |- |Best Selling Album of the Year |{{won}} |- |''Céline Dion... Sans attendre'' |Television Show of the Year - Music{{ref|h|[h]}} |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="3"|2014<ref>{{cite web|title=Gala de l'ADISQ - 2014 |publisher=ADISQ |url=http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala2013.html |accessdate=7 June 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113225348/http://www.adisq.com/even-gala/archives/gala2013.html |archivedate=13 January 2014 |df= }}</ref> |Celine Dion |Artist of the Year Achieving the Most Success Outside Quebec |Aliteuliwa |- |''Loved Me Back to Life'' |Anglophone Album of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |''Sans attendre Tour'' |Television Show of the Year - Music{{ref|h|[h]}} |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="4"|2017<ref>{{cite web|title=Gala de l'ADISQ - 2017|publisher=ADISQ|url=http://palmaresadisq.ca/fr/artiste/celine-dion/?ref=calendar|accessdate=8 October 2017|archive-date=2019-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329020407/https://palmaresadisq.ca/fr/artiste/celine-dion/?ref=calendar|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Celine Dion |Female Vocalist of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|''Encore un soir'' |Adult Contemporary Album of the Year |{{won}} |- |Best Selling Album of the Year |{{won}} |- |"Encore un soir" |Most Popular Song of the Year |Aliteuliwa {{end}} ===FiFi Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |2004<ref name="official"/> |Celine Dion Parfums |rowspan="2"|Women's Fragrance of the Year - Popular Appeal |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|2006<ref name="official"/> |rowspan="2"|Celine Dion Belong |Aliteuliwa |- |Women's Best Packaging of the Year - Popular Appeal |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|2007<ref name="official"/> |rowspan="2"|Fragrances Always Belong |Women's Fragrance of the Year - Popular Appeal |Aliteuliwa |- |Women's Best Packaging of the Year - Popular Appeal |Aliteuliwa |- |2008<ref name="official"/> |Celine Dion Parfums Enchanting |rowspan="2"|Women's Fragrance of the Year - Popular Appeal |Aliteuliwa |- |2009<ref name="official"/> |Celine Dion Parfums Sensational |Aliteuliwa |- {{end}} ===FM Select Diamond Award=== {{awards table}} |- |1997<ref name="official"/> |Celine Dion |Top Female International Artist |{{won}} |- {{end}} ===France Bleu Talent Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |2013<ref>{{cite web|title=Celine Receives A 'Talent d'Honneur France Bleu 2013' Award|publisher=Five Star Feeling Inc|url=http://www.celinedion.com/ca/news/celine-receives-%E2%80%98talent-d%E2%80%99honneur-france-bleu-2013%E2%80%99-award|date=26 December 2013|accessdate=28 January 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201225802/http://www.celinedion.com/ca/news/celine-receives-%E2%80%98talent-d%E2%80%99honneur-france-bleu-2013%E2%80%99-award|archivedate=2014-02-01}}</ref> |Celine Dion |Honorary Award for the Long-Standing Career in France |{{won}} |- {{end}} ===Fryderyk Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |1998<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominees and Winners 1997|publisher=ZPAV|url=http://www.zpav.pl/fryderyk/nominowani/index.php?lang=2&year=1997|accessdate=29 January 2014}}</ref> |''Let's Talk About Love'' |Best Foreign Album |Aliteuliwa |- {{end}} ===Gémeaux Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |rowspan="6"|1988<ref>{{cite web|title=Canada's Awards Database: Céline Dion - Incognito|publisher=Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television|url=http://www2.academy.ca/hist/history.cfm?stitle=C%C3%A9line+Dion+-+Incognito&awyear=0&winonly=0&awards=3&rtype=2&curstep=4&submit.x=36&submit.y=5|language=French|accessdate=5 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306213455/http://www2.academy.ca/hist/history.cfm?stitle=C%C3%A9line+Dion+-+Incognito&awyear=0&winonly=0&awards=3&rtype=2&curstep=4&submit.x=36&submit.y=5|archivedate=2014-03-06}}</ref> |rowspan="6"|''Incognito'' |Best Cinematography: All Categories: Variety, Performing Arts or Humor{{ref|c|[c]}} |{{won}} |- |Best Lighting: Program or Series: All Categories{{ref|c|[c]}} |{{won}} |- |Best Direction: Program, Variety Series or Performing Arts{{ref|c|[c]}} |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Production Design: All Categories{{ref|c|[c]}} |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Costume Design: All Categories{{ref|c|[c]}} |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Makeup/Hair: All Categories{{ref|c|[c]}} |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="3"|1990<ref>{{cite web|title=Canada's Awards Database: Céline Dion - Unison|publisher=Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television|url=http://www2.academy.ca/hist/history.cfm?stitle=C%C3%A9line+Dion+-+Unison&awyear=0&winonly=0&awards=0&rtype=2&curstep=4&submit.x=28&submit.y=11|language=French|accessdate=6 February 2014|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140206142437/http://www2.academy.ca/hist/history.cfm?stitle=C%C3%A9line+Dion+-+Unison&awyear=0&winonly=0&awards=0&rtype=2&curstep=4&submit.x=28&submit.y=11|archivedate=2014-02-06}}</ref> |rowspan="3"|''Unison'' |Best Variety Special{{ref|c|[c]}} |{{won}} |- |Best Direction: Humor or Variety Special{{ref|c|[c]}} |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Editing: Variety, Humor, Performing Arts or Documentary Arts{{ref|c|[c]}} |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="5"|1992<ref>{{cite web|title=Canada's Awards Database: Dion, 1992|publisher=Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television|url=http://www2.academy.ca/hist/history.cfm?stitle=dion&awyear=1992&winonly=0&awards=0&rtype=2&curstep=4&submit.x=27&submit.y=11|language=French|accessdate=6 February 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306213544/http://www2.academy.ca/hist/history.cfm?stitle=dion&awyear=1992&winonly=0&awards=0&rtype=2&curstep=4&submit.x=27&submit.y=11|archivedate=6 March 2014}}</ref> |rowspan="3"|''Céline Dion: 10 ans déjà'' |Best Variety Special{{ref|c|[c]}} |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Direction: Variety Series or Special{{ref|c|[c]}} |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Sound: All Categories: Variety, Humor, Performing Arts or Documentary Arts{{ref|c|[c]}} |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|''Dion chante Plamondon'' |Best Variety Special{{ref|c|[c]}} |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Direction: Variety Series or Special{{ref|c|[c]}} |Aliteuliwa |- |1995<ref>{{cite web|title=Canada's Awards Database: Meilleur spécial de varieties, 1995|publisher=Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television|url=http://www2.academy.ca/hist/history.cfm?categid=300018&shownum=10&winonly=0&awards=3&rtype=5&curstep=4|language=French|accessdate=6 February 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306213636/http://www2.academy.ca/hist/history.cfm?categid=300018&shownum=10&winonly=0&awards=3&rtype=5&curstep=4|archivedate=6 March 2014}}</ref> |''Céline Dion - D'eux'' |Best Variety Special{{ref|c|[c]}} |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|1996<ref>{{cite web|title=Canada's Awards Database: Céline Dion - spécial d'enfer|publisher=Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television|url=http://www2.academy.ca/hist/history.cfm?stitle=C%C3%A9line+Dion+-+Sp%C3%A9cial+d%27Enfer&awyear=0&winonly=0&awards=0&rtype=2&curstep=4&submit.x=49&submit.y=5|language=French|accessdate=6 February 2014|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140206145706/http://www2.academy.ca/hist/history.cfm?stitle=C%C3%A9line+Dion+-+Sp%C3%A9cial+d'Enfer&awyear=0&winonly=0&awards=0&rtype=2&curstep=4&submit.x=49&submit.y=5|archivedate=2014-02-06}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|''Céline Dion - spécial d'enfer'' |Best Variety Special{{ref|c|[c]}} |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Animation: Series or Variety Special{{ref|c|[c]}} |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="6"|1998<ref>{{cite web|title=Canada's Awards Database: Céline, 1998|publisher=Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television|url=http://www2.academy.ca/hist/history.cfm?stitle=C%C3%A9line&awyear=1998&winonly=0&awards=0&rtype=2&curstep=4&submit.x=44&submit.y=7|language=French|accessdate=6 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306213549/http://www2.academy.ca/hist/history.cfm?stitle=C%C3%A9line&awyear=1998&winonly=0&awards=0&rtype=2&curstep=4&submit.x=44&submit.y=7|archivedate=2014-03-06}}</ref> |rowspan="4"|''[[Let's Talk About Love|Let's Talk About Love avec Céline Dion]]'' |Best Variety Special{{ref|c|[c]}} |{{won}} |- |Best Direction: Variety Series or Special{{ref|c|[c]}} |{{won}} |- |Best Interview: All Categories{{ref|c|[c]}} |Aliteuliwa |- |Audience Award{{ref|c|[c]}} |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|''[[Let's Talk About Love|Let's talk from Las Vegas, Céline]]'' |Best Variety Special{{ref|c|[c]}} |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Direction: Variety Series or Special{{ref|c|[c]}} |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|1999<ref>{{cite web|title=Canada's Awards Database: Un an avec Céline|publisher=Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television|url=http://www2.academy.ca/hist/history.cfm?stitle=Un+an+avec+C%C3%A9line&awyear=0&winonly=0&awards=0&rtype=2&curstep=4&submit.x=49&submit.y=2|language=French|accessdate=7 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306213628/http://www2.academy.ca/hist/history.cfm?stitle=Un+an+avec+C%C3%A9line&awyear=0&winonly=0&awards=0&rtype=2&curstep=4&submit.x=49&submit.y=2|archivedate=2014-03-06}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|''Let's Talk About Love'' |Best Variety{{ref|c|[c]}} |{{won}} |- |Best Direction: All Variety Categories{{ref|c|[c]}} |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|2000<ref>{{cite web|title=Canada's Awards Database: La dernière de Céline|publisher=Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television|url=http://www2.academy.ca/hist/history.cfm?stitle=La+derni%C3%A8re+de+C%C3%A9line&awyear=0&winonly=0&awards=0&rtype=2&curstep=4&submit.x=48&submit.y=10|language=French|accessdate=7 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306213623/http://www2.academy.ca/hist/history.cfm?stitle=La+derni%C3%A8re+de+C%C3%A9line&awyear=0&winonly=0&awards=0&rtype=2&curstep=4&submit.x=48&submit.y=10|archivedate=2014-03-06}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|''Let's Talk About Love World Tour'' |Best Variety{{ref|c|[c]}} |{{won}} |- |Best Direction: All Variety Categories{{ref|c|[c]}} |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="3"|2003<ref>{{cite web|title=Canada's Awards Database: La Petite Vie, 2003|publisher=Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television|url=http://www2.academy.ca/hist/history.cfm?stitle=La+Petite+vie&awyear=2003&winonly=0&awards=0&rtype=2&curstep=4&submit.x=52&submit.y=7|language=French|accessdate=7 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306213630/http://www2.academy.ca/hist/history.cfm?stitle=La+Petite+vie&awyear=2003&winonly=0&awards=0&rtype=2&curstep=4&submit.x=52&submit.y=7|archivedate=2014-03-06}}</ref> |rowspan="3"|''[[La Petite Vie|La Petite Vie: Noël chez les pare]]'' |Best Performance: Humor |{{won}} |- |Best Comedy Series or Special{{ref|c|[c]}} |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Writing: Humor, Variety, Talk Show{{ref|c|[c]}} |Aliteuliwa |- {{end}} ===Gemini Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |1992<ref>{{cite web|title=Canada's Awards Database: Best Performance in a Variety Program or Series, 1992|publisher=[[Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television]]|url=http://www2.academy.ca/hist/history.cfm?categid=9512&shownum=6&winonly=0&awards=2&rtype=5&curstep=4|accessdate=5 February 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306213502/http://www2.academy.ca/hist/history.cfm?categid=9512&shownum=6&winonly=0&awards=2&rtype=5&curstep=4|archivedate=6 March 2014}}</ref> |Celine Dion at the Juno Awards of 1991 |rowspan="3"|Best Performance in a Variety Program or Series |Aliteuliwa |- |1994<ref>{{cite web|title=Canada's Awards Database: Best Performance in a Variety Program or Series, 1994|publisher=Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television|url=http://www2.academy.ca/hist/history.cfm?categid=9512&shownum=8&winonly=0&awards=2&rtype=5&curstep=4|accessdate=5 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306213457/http://www2.academy.ca/hist/history.cfm?categid=9512&shownum=8&winonly=0&awards=2&rtype=5&curstep=4|archivedate=2014-03-06}}</ref> |Celine Dion at the Juno Awards of 1993 |Aliteuliwa |- |1995<ref name="gemini">{{cite web|title=Canada's Awards Database: The Colour of My Love|publisher=Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television|url=http://www2.academy.ca/hist/history.cfm?stitle=The+Colour+of+My+Love&awyear=0&winonly=0&awards=0&rtype=2&curstep=4&submit.x=35&submit.y=12|accessdate=5 February 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306213708/http://www2.academy.ca/hist/history.cfm?stitle=The+Colour+of+My+Love&awyear=0&winonly=0&awards=0&rtype=2&curstep=4&submit.x=35&submit.y=12|archivedate=6 March 2014}}</ref> |Celine Dion in ''The Colour of My Love Concert'' |Aliteuliwa |- {{end}} ===Governor General's Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |1992<ref name="official"/> |Celine Dion |Medal of Recognition for the Contribution to Canadian Culture |{{won}} |- {{end}} ===Grammy Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |rowspan="3"|1993<ref name="g1">{{cite web|title=35th Grammy Awards - 1993|publisher=Rock On The Net|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/1993/grammys.htm|accessdate=11 January 2014}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|"[[Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)|Beauty and the Beast]]" |Grammy Award for Record of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals |{{won}} |- |''Celine Dion'' |Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance |Aliteuliwa |- ||1994<ref name="g2">{{cite web|title=36th Grammy Awards - 1994|publisher=Rock On The Net|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/1994/grammys.htm|accessdate=11 January 2014}}</ref> ||"When I Fall in Love" |Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal |Aliteuliwa |- |1995<ref>{{cite web|title=37th Grammy Awards - 1995|publisher=Rock On The Net|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/1995/grammys.htm|accessdate=11 January 2014}}</ref> |"The Power of Love" |Best Female Pop Vocal Performance |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="4"|1997<ref name="g3">{{cite web|title=39th Grammy Awards - 1997|publisher=Rock On The Net|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/1997/grammys.htm|accessdate=11 January 2014}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|"Because You Loved Me" |Record of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Female Pop Vocal Performance |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|''Falling into You'' |Album of the Year |{{won}} |- |Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album |{{won}} |- |1998<ref>{{cite web|title=39th Grammy Awards - 1998|publisher=Rock On The Net|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/1998/grammys.htm|accessdate=12 January 2014}}</ref> |"Tell Him" |Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="4"|1999<ref name="g4">{{cite web|title=41st Grammy Awards - 1999|publisher=Rock On The Net|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/1999/grammys.htm|accessdate=12 January 2014}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|"My Heart Will Go On" |Record of the Year |{{won}} |- |Best Female Pop Vocal Performance |{{won}} |- |"I'm Your Angel" |Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals |Aliteuliwa |- |''Let's Talk About Love'' |Best Pop Album |Aliteuliwa |- |2000<ref>{{cite web|title=42nd Grammy Awards - 2000|publisher=Rock On The Net|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2000/grammys.htm|accessdate=12 January 2014}}</ref> |"The Prayer" |rowspan="2"|Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals |Aliteuliwa |- |2001<ref>{{cite web|title=43rd Grammy Awards - 2001|publisher=Rock On The Net|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2001/grammys.htm|accessdate=12 January 2014}}</ref> |"All the Way" |Aliteuliwa |- {{end}} ===Hungarian Music Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |1998<ref name="official"/> |''Let's Talk About Love'' |International Album of the Year |{{won}} |- {{end}} ===Hollywood Walk of Fame=== {{awards table}} |- |2004<ref name="official"/> |Celine Dion |Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame |{{won}} |- {{end}} ===International Federation of the Phonographic Industry=== {{awards table}} |- |rowspan="2"|2003<ref>{{cite web|title=Céline Receives IFPI Award|publisher=Five Star Feeling Inc|url=http://www.celinedion.com/ca/node/23206|date=31 March 2003|accessdate=25 January 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201215154/http://www.celinedion.com/ca/node/23206|archivedate=2014-02-01}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|Celine Dion |Special Award for Selling 50 Million Albums in Europe |{{won}} |- |Special Award for Selling 10 Million Copies of ''Let's Talk About Love'' in Europe |{{won}} |- {{end}} ===International Achievement in Arts Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |1997<ref name="official"/> |Celine Dion |Entertainer of the Year for Distinguished Achievement in Music |{{won}} |- {{end}} ===Irish Recorded Music Association=== {{awards table}} |- |1996<ref name="official"/> |''The Colour of My Love'' |rowspan="2"|Best International Female Artist Album |{{won}} |- |1997<ref name="official"/> |''Falling into You'' |{{won}} |- {{end}} ===Japan Record Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |1998<ref name="official"/> |"My Heart Will Go On" |Special Achievement Award |{{won}} |- {{end}} ===Kraków's Walk of Fame=== {{awards table}} |- |2008<ref name="official"/> |Celine Dion |Inducted into Kraków's Walk of Fame |{{won}} |- {{end}} ===Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |1998<ref>{{cite web|title=Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards|publisher=IMDb|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000392/1998-1|accessdate=22 February 2014}}</ref> |"My Heart Will Go On" |Best Song |{{won}} |- {{end}} ===Laval University's Honorary Doctorate in Music=== {{awards table}} |- |2008<ref name="official"/> |Celine Dion |In Recognition of the Personal and Professional Achievements |{{won}} |- {{end}} ===Legion of Honour=== {{awards table}} |- |2008 |Celine Dion |Knight of the Legion of Honour for Merits and Contributions to France |{{won}} |- {{end}} ===MTV Europe Music Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |1998<ref>{{cite web|title=Entertainment: All Saints top MTV nominations|publisher=[[BBC News]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/184529.stm|date=1 October 1998|accessdate=10 January 2014}}</ref> |Celine Dion |MTV Europe Music Award for Best Female |Aliteuliwa |- {{end}} ===MuchMusic Video Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |1990<ref name="rockonthenet">{{cite web|title=Celine Dion: Timeline|publisher=Rock On The Net|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/artists-d/celinedion_main.htm|accessdate=10 January 2014}}</ref> |"Can't Live with You, Can't Live Without You" |Best MOR Video |{{won}} |- |1992<ref name="rockonthenet"/> |"Je danse dans ma tête" |Best Adult Contemporary Video |{{won}} |- |1997<ref>{{cite web|title=The Choice Is Yours|publisher=Five Star Feeling Inc|url=http://www.celinedion.com/ca/node/717|date=30 July 1997|accessdate=8 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222194542/http://www.celinedion.com/ca/node/717|archivedate=2014-02-22}}</ref> |Celine Dion |People's Choice: Favourite International Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |1998<ref name="rockonthenet"/> |"My Heart Will Go On" |Peoples Choice: Favourite Artist |{{won}} |- |1999<ref>{{cite web|title=MMVA Nominee|publisher=Five Star Feeling Inc|url=http://www.celinedion.com/ca/node/1494|date=1 September 1999|accessdate=4 February 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222191841/http://www.celinedion.com/ca/node/1494|archivedate=22 February 2014}}</ref> |"I'm Your Angel" |rowspan="5"|MuchMoreMusic Award |Aliteuliwa |- |2000<ref name="rockonthenet"/> |"That's the Way It Is" |Aliteuliwa |- |2002<ref>{{cite web|title=MuchMusic Video Awards: 12 nominacji Nickelback!|publisher=[[Interia.pl]]|url=http://muzyka.interia.pl/wiadomosci/news/muchmusic-video-awards-12-nominacji-nickelback,261201,44|language=Polish|date=15 May 2002|accessdate=10 January 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140110182039/http://muzyka.interia.pl/wiadomosci/news/muchmusic-video-awards-12-nominacji-nickelback,261201,44|archivedate=10 January 2014}}</ref> |"A New Day Has Come" |Aliteuliwa |- |2003<ref>{{cite web|title=2003 MuchMusic Video Awards Nominees|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/70812/2003-muchmusic-video-awards-nominees|date=30 May 2003|accessdate=10 January 2014}}</ref> |"I Drove All Night" |Aliteuliwa |- |[[2005 MuchMusic Video Awards|2005]]<ref>{{cite web|title=2005 MuchMusic Video Awards|publisher=MetroLyrics|url=http://m.metrolyrics.com/2005-muchmusic-video-awards.html|accessdate=10 January 2014|archivedate=2014-01-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110152057/http://m.metrolyrics.com/2005-muchmusic-video-awards.html}}</ref> |"You and I" |Aliteuliwa |- {{end}} ===World Music Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |1992<ref name="official"/> |rowspan="15"|Celine Dion |rowspan="2"|World's Best Selling Canadian Female Artist of the Year |{{won}} |- |1995<ref name="official"/> |{{won}} |- |1996<ref name="official"/> |World's Best Selling Canadian Artist of the Year |{{won}} |- |rowspan="3"|1997<ref name="official"/> |World's Best Selling Artist of the Year |{{won}} |- |World's Best Selling Pop Artist of the Year |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|World's Best Selling Canadian Artist of the Year |{{won}} |- |1998<ref name="official"/> |{{won}} |- |[[1999 World Music Awards|1999]]<ref name="official"/> |rowspan="2"|World's Best Selling Female Pop Artist of the Year |{{won}} |- |2000<ref name="official"/> |{{won}} |- |[[2004 World Music Awards|2004]]<ref name="official"/> |[[Chopard Diamond award|Diamond Award]] for Selling Over 100 Million Albums |{{won}} |- |[[2007 World Music Awards|2007]]<ref name="official"/> |[[World Music Awards#Legend Awards|Legend Award]] for Outstanding Contribution to the Music Industry |{{won}} |- |[[2008 World Music Awards|2008]]<ref name="official"/> |World's Best Selling Canadian Artist of the Year |{{won}} |- |rowspan="4"|2013<ref>{{cite web|title=Celine Nominated At The 2013 World Music Awards|publisher=Five Star Feeling Inc|url=http://www.celinedion.com/ca/news/celine-nominated-2013-world-music-awards|date=12 March 2013|accessdate=28 May 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617030812/http://www.celinedion.com/ca/news/celine-nominated-2013-world-music-awards|archivedate=17 June 2013}}</ref> |World's Best Female Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |World's Best Live Act |Aliteuliwa |- |World's Best Entertainer of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="1"|''Sans attendre'' |World's Best Album |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="6"|[[2014 World Music Awards|2014]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Vote For Celine For the 2014 World Music Awards|publisher=Five Star Feeling Inc|url=http://www.celinedion.com/ca/news/vote-celine-2014-world-music-awards|date=22 May 2014|accessdate=28 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529084610/http://www.celinedion.com/ca/news/vote-celine-2014-world-music-awards|archivedate=2014-05-29}}</ref> |rowspan="3"|Celine Dion |World's Best Female Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |World's Best Live Act |Aliteuliwa |- |World's Best Entertainer of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |''Sans attendre'' |rowspan="2"|World's Best Album |Aliteuliwa |- |''Loved Me Back to Life'' |Aliteuliwa |- |"Incredible" |World's Best Song |Aliteuliwa |- {{end}} == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya Nje == {{Commons|Céline Dion}} * [http://www.celinedion.com CelineDion.com] – Official website, managed by Sony BMG Music Canada (English, French). * [http://www.celinetakingchances.com CelineTakingChances.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.celinetakingchances.com/ |date=20090314153049 }} – Official UK website. * [http://www.youtube.com/user/CelineDionTV?ob=1 Céline Dion YouTube Channel] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090719155542/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/bio/index.jsp?JSESSIONID=Gd3v91yY0Zv2CLJLy0d5klgb2v1FgXnCspwqJ7vJj179TpKTt9B2!563335813&pid=4468 Celine Dion] at Billboard.com * {{IMDb name|id=0001144|name=Céline Dion}} {{Celine Dion}} {{BD|1968||Dion, Celine}} [[Jamii:muziki wa pop]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Kanada]] r69jzvt1xfkfi6g7094stllac5y71od 0 24304 1598777 1477438 2026-09-22T17:15:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1598777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Jiji la Wuhan |picha_ya_satelite = Wuhan-boat-0156.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = Wuhan na [[Mto Yangtze]] |settlement_type = Jiji |pushpin_map = Jamhuri ya Watu wa China |pushpin_map_caption = Mahali pa Wuhan katika China |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[China]] |subdivision_type1 = [[:en:Province (China)|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Hubei]] |latd=29|latm=58|lats=20|latNS=N |longd=113|longm=53|longs=29|longEW=E |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 9,760,000 (2007) |website = http://www.wuhan.gov.cn }} [[Picha:WuhanSkyline.jpg|thumb|Wuhan]] [[Picha:Wuhan in Hubei.png|thumb|Mahali pa Wuhan katika [[mkoa wa Hubei]]]] '''Wuhan''' (kwa [[Kichina]]: 武汉) ni [[mji]] wa [[China]]. Ndio [[mji mkuu]] wa [[jimbo]] la [[Hubei]]. Kwa mujibu wa [[sensa]] iliyofanyika mnamo [[mwaka]] wa [[2007]], kuna wakazi wapatao [[milioni]] 9.8 wanaoishi katika mji huu<ref>[https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/urban-rural-and-regional-development/oecd-urban-policy-reviews-china-2015_9789264230040-en#page39 OECD Urban Policy Reviews: China 2015] {{Wayback|url=https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/urban-rural-and-regional-development/oecd-urban-policy-reviews-china-2015_9789264230040-en#page39 |date=20220509115527 }}, tovuti ya [[OECD]] library, iliangaliwa Januari 2020</ref>. Hivyo si mji mkubwa zaidi katika Hubei pekee, bali ni [[jiji]] kubwa zaidi katika China ya Kati. Ni mji wenye tasnia nyingi, kuanzia makampuni yanayozalisha [[motokaa]] hadi makampuni ya [[teknolojia]] mpya kama [[kompyuta]], pamoja na taasisi za [[utafiti]] wa kisayansi zaidi ya 300 <ref>[https://www.tradecommissioner.gc.ca/china-chine/market-facts-faits-sur-le-marche/96289.aspx?lang=eng Focus on Wuhan, China] {{Wayback|url=https://www.tradecommissioner.gc.ca/china-chine/market-facts-faits-sur-le-marche/96289.aspx?lang=eng |date=20181217025408 }}, tovuti ya Canadian Trade Commissioner Service, 2007</ref>. Mwaka [[2020]] [[jina]] la Wuhan lilitajwa kote [[duniani]] kutokana na uenezi wa [[virusi vya korona|virusi hatari vya korona]] ambao ulisababisha [[Kifo|vifo]] vya watu zaidi ya elfu moja pamoja na hofu ya [[epidemiki]]<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/27/asia/china-wuhan-coronavirus-reaction-intl-hnk/index.html China's unprecedented reaction to the Wuhan virus probably couldn't be pulled off in any other country], tovuti ya CNN tar. 27-01-2020</ref>. Jiji lote liliwekwa na [[serikali kuu]] katika hali ya [[karantini]]. Kabla ya tangazo hilo [[watu]] [[milioni]] 5 waliondoka mjini<ref>[https://www.pulselive.co.ke/bi/politics/5-million-people-left-wuhan-before-china-quarantined-the-city-to-contain-the/l5hye6y 5 million people left Wuhan before China quarantined the city to contain the coronavirus outbreak] {{Wayback|url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/bi/politics/5-million-people-left-wuhan-before-china-quarantined-the-city-to-contain-the/l5hye6y |date=20200128143931 }}, taarifa ya gazeti Business Insider USA, kupitia www.pulselive.co.ke, tarehe 27-01-2020</ref>. == Tazama pia == * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Wuhan]] ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-jio-China}} [[Jamii:Miji ya China]] [[Jamii:Mto Chang Jiang]] [[Jamii:Hubei]] 90b45n9e9pv9331y4flaqr3nhrjllu2 0 27123 1598948 1155402 2026-09-23T02:43:36Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single | Jina = HIStory"/"Ghosts | Cover = Ghostssinglecover.jpg | Msanii = [[Michael Jackson]] | Albamu = [[Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix]] | Imetolewa = [[30 Julai]] [[1997]] | Muundo = [[CD single]] | Imerekodiwa = 1993–1996 | Aina = [[New jack swing]] | Urefu = 6:37 <small>(HIStory)</small><br />5:13 <small>(Ghosts)</small> | Studio = [[Epic Records]] | Mtayarishaji = [[Michael Jackson]], [[Jimmy Jam na Terry Lewis]] na [[Teddy Riley]] | Single iliyopita = "[[Blood on the Dance Floor (wimbo)|Blood on the Dance Floor]]"<br />(1997) | Single ya sasa = "'''HIStory'''"/"'''Ghosts'''"<br />(1997) | Single ijayo = "[[You Rock My World]]"<br />(2001) }} "'''HIStory'''"/"'''Ghosts'''" ni wimbo wa [[Michael Jackson]] kutoka katika [[remix albamu]] yake ya mwaka wa 1997, ''[[Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix]]''. Wimbo halisi wa "HIStory" ulitolewa ukiwa kama wimbo kwenye albamu yake ya mwaka wa 1995, ''[[HIStory]]'', lakini haukutolewa kama single. "Ghosts" limekuwa jina jipya la rekodi hii. "HIStory" ulitungwa na Michael Jackson, [[James Harris III]] na [[Jimmy Jam na Terry Lewis|Terry Lewis]] kabla haijaremixiwa na [[Tony Moran]] mnamo 1997. Remix, lakini, haijahusisha kabisa kionho chochote kile kilichokuwa katika wimbo halisi wa history. "Ghosts" ulitungwa na kutayarishwa na Jackson na [[Teddy Riley]] mnamo mwaka wa 1997. Wazee wa maelezo wamefanya uchunguzi kuhusu mashairi yaliyomo wimboni, hasa katika shighuli za utengenezaji wa video yake. == Michakaliko yake kwenye chati == Ilipotolewa tu imeshika nafasi kadhaa kule UK, namba 5. Kule nchini Uholanzi, Ubelgiji na Sweden, wimbo umetumia majuma 17-18 kwenye chati za nchini humo. Nchini Australia, wimbo umeshika nafasi ya 43 kabla haujabwagwa kwenye chati hizo. Wimbo huu haujaonekana kabisa kwenye chati za ''[[Billboard (gazeti)|Billboard]]'' kule nchini Marekani.<ref name="Michael Jackson Billboard History">{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=4902&model.vnuAlbumId=497792 |title=Artist Chart History - Michael Jackson |publisher=''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' |accessdate=27 Februari 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202200329/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=4902&model.vnuAlbumId=497792 |archivedate=2008-02-02 }}</ref> === Chati === {| class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chart (1997) !align="left"|Nafasi<br />iliyoshika |- |align="left"|Australia |align="center"|43 |- |align="left"|Austria |align="center"|36 |- |align="left"|Belgium (Vl) |align="center"|17 |- |align="left"|Belgium (Wa) |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|Netherlands |align="center"|14 |- |align="left"|Finland |align="center"|16 |- |align="left"|France |align="center"|26 |- |align="left"|New Zealand |align="center"|29 <ref name="HIStory/Ghosts single charts ultratop">{{cite web |url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=History+%2F+Ghosts&cat=s |title=M. Jackson - HIStory/Ghosts (nummer) |publisher=www.ultratop.be |accessdate=14 Septemba 2008 }}</ref> |- |align="left"|Sweden |align="center"|12 |- |align="left"|Switzerland |align="center"|16 |- |align="left"|UK |align="center"|5 |} == Tanbihi == {{Marejeo}} == Marejeo == * [[Nelson George|George, Nelson]] (2004). ''[[Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection]]'' booklet. [[Sony BMG]]. * {{cite book |last=Lewis |first=Jel |title=Michael Jackson, the King of Pop: The Big Picture : the Music! the Man! the Legend! the Interviews! |url=https://archive.org/details/michaeljacksonki0000unse |year = 2005 |publisher=Amber Books Publishing|id=ISBN 0-9749779-0-X}} * {{cite book |last=Taraborrelli |first=J. Randy |authorlink=J. Randy Taraborrelli |title=The Magic and the Madness |year=2004 |publisher=Headline |location=Terra Alta, WV |id=ISBN 0-330-42005-4 }} == Tazama pia == * [[Ghosts (video)]] {{Michael Jackson singles}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 1997]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Michael Jackson]] {{mbegu-muziki}} 3t9s4jsda97mxh3wvdfsmknk5m6aeik 0 30433 1598950 1575867 2026-09-23T02:46:13Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[Picha:Maquina vapor Watt ETSIIM.jpg|250px|thumb|Injini ya [[Mvuke ya Watt]], [[Injini ya Mvuke]] iliyoendeshwa hasa kutumia [[makaa]] ambayo ilisukuma Mapinduzi ya Viwanda nchini [[Uingereza]]na Duniani.<ref>[[Watt steam engine]] image: located in the lobby of into the Superior Technical School of Industrial Engineers of a the UPM ([[Madrid]])</ref>]] '''Mapinduzi ya Viwandani''' yalikuwa kipindi kutoka [[karne ya 18]] hadi [[karne ya 19]] ambapo yalitokea mabadiliko makubwa katika [[kilimo]], [[utengenezaji]] wa [[bidhaa]], [[uchimbaji]] wa [[madini]] na [[uchukuzi]] yakiwa na matokeo makubwa kwa hali ya [[kiuchumi]], ya kijamii na ya [[kitamaduni]]. Yalianzia [[Uingereza]] na hatimaye kuenea [[Ulaya]] nzima, [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] na mwishowe [[duniani]] kote. Mwanzo wa Mapinduzi ya viwanda ulidokeza mabadiliko muhimu katika [[historia]] ya [[binadamu]]; karibu kila kipengele cha maisha ya kila siku hatimaye yaliathirika kwa njia fulani. Mwanzo wa wakati wa mwisho wa karne ya 18 mabadiliko katika baadhi ya sehemu za [[Uingereza]] yalianza na kazi ambazo hapo awali zilikuwa za mkononi na uchumi uliotumia wanyama kuendesha kazi kulibadilishwana uundaji bidhaa uliotegemea [[mashine]]. Ilianza na utumizi wa [[mashine]] katika viwanda vya [[nguo]], uundaji kwa mbinu za kutengeneza chuma na kuzidi kutegemea makaa ya mawe yaliyosafishwa.<ref>{{cite book | last = Beck B. | first = Roger | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = World History: Patterns of Interaction | publisher = McDougal Littell | date = 1999 | location = Evanston, Illinois | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> Upanuzi wa biashara uliwezeshwa na kuanzishwa kwa [[mifereji]], uboreshaji wa barabara na [[reli]]. Kuvumbuliwa kwa [[nguvu za mvuke]] kuliowezeshwa hasa na makaa ya mawe, utumizi mwingi wa [[gurudumu la maji]] na mashine za nguvu (hasa katika [[kutengeneza nguo]]) kulisisimua kuongezeka kukubwa wa uwezo wa uzalishaji.<ref>Business and Economics. ''Leading Issues in Economic Development'', Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-511589-9 [http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=ISBN0195115899&id=CX9kBaVx4JkC&pg=PA98&lpg=PA98&sig=V0eO27c7koD8rrIV2EKv6-guB5s Read it]</ref> Kuundwa kwa [[vifaa vya mashine]] ambavyo vilikuwa vya chuma pekee katika miongo miwili ya kwanza ya karne ya 19 kuliwezesha kutengenezwa kwa mashine zaidi za kuunda vifaa katika viwanda vingine. Matokeo yalienea kote katika [[Ulaya ya Magharibi]] na [[Marekani ya Kaskazini]] wakati wa karne ya 19, na hatimaye kuathiri karibu Dunia yote, mchakato ambao unaendelea katika [[kuenea kwa viwanda]]. Athari ya matokeo kwa jamii ilikuwa kubwa sana.<ref>Russell Brown, Lester. ''Eco-Economy'', James & James / Earthscan. ISBN 1-85383-904-3 [http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=ISBN1853839043&id=5aCyfUsHM6kC&pg=PA93&lpg=PA93&sig=1dsUat9P_-9dWWVRMpPt1udT8DQ Read it]</ref> Mapinduzi ya Viwanda ya Kwanza, ambayo yalianza katika karne ya 18, yaliingia katika [[Mapinduzi ya Pili ya Viwanda]] mnamo mwaka wa 1850, ambapo maendeleo ya teknolojia na uchumi yalizidi kwa [[meli]] zinazotumia mvuke, reli, na baadaye katika karne ya 19 [[injini ya mwako ya ndani]] na [[uzalishaji wa nguvu za umeme]]. Urefu wa Mapinduzi ya Viwanda unatofautisha wanahistoria mbalimbali. [[Eric Hobsbawm]] anasisitiza kwamba 'yalianza' nchini [[Uingereza]] katika miaka ya 1780 na hayakuonekana kikamilifu hadi miaka ya 1830 au 1840,<ref>Eric Hobsbawm, ''The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789–1848'', Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd. ISBN 0-349-10484-0</ref> ilhali [[T. S. Ashton]] anaamini kwamba ilifanyika, kwa kukadiria, kati ya miaka 1760 na 1830. Baadhi ya wanahistoria wa karne ya 20 kama vile [[John Clapham]] na [[Nicholas Crafts]] wamedokeza kuwa mchakato wa mabadiliko ya kiuchumi na kijamii yalifanyika hatua kwa hatua na kuwa neno ''[[mapinduzi]]'' halifai kuelezea yaliyofanyika. Hii bado ni mada inayojadiliwa na wanahistoria.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/2598327 |title=Rehabilitating the Industrial Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_economic-history-review_1992-02_45_1/page/24 |year=1992 |author=Berg, Maxine |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=45 |pages=24}}</ref><ref>[http://www.julielorenzen.net/berg.html Rehabilitating the Industrial Revolution] {{Wayback|url=http://www.julielorenzen.net/berg.html |date=20061109022755 }} by Julie Lorenzen, Central Michigan University. Retrieved Novemba 2006.</ref> [[Mapato ya Kijumla ya Nchi]] ya kila mtu kwa upana yalikuwa imara kabla ya Mapinduzi ya Viwandani na kuibuka kwa uchumi wa kisasa wa [[ubepari]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | publisher = Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis | url = http://www.minneapolisfed.org/pubs/region/04-05/essay.cfm | title = The Industrial Revolution | accessdate = 2007-11-14 | author = [[Robert Lucas, Jr.]] | year = 2003 | quote = it is fairly clear that up to 1800 or maybe 1750, no society had experienced sustained growth in per capita income. (Eighteenth century population growth also averaged one-third of 1 percent, the same as production growth.) That is, up to about two centuries ago, per capita [[real income|incomes]] in all societies were stagnated at around $400 to $800 per year. | archivedate = 2008-05-16 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080516211911/http://minneapolisfed.org/pubs/region/04-05/essay.cfm }}</ref> Mapinduzi ya viwanda yalianzisha zama za [[ustawi wa kiuchumi]] na kulenga mapato ya kila mtu katika nchi zenye uchumi wa kibepari.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | url = http://www.minneapolisfed.org/pubs/region/04-05/essay.cfm | title = The Industrial Revolution ''Past and Future'' | first = Robert | last = Lucas | year = 2003 | quote = [consider] annual growth rates of 2.4 percent for the first 60 years of the 20th century, of 1 percent for the entire 19th century, of one-third of 1 percent for the 18th century | accessdate = 2010-01-14 | archivedate = 2008-05-16 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080516211911/http://minneapolisfed.org/pubs/region/04-05/essay.cfm }}</ref> Wanahistoria wanakubaliana kwamba Mapinduzi ya Viwandani yalikuwa mojawapo ya matukio muhimu sana kihistoria.<ref>[http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/IndustrialRevolutionandtheStandardofLiving.html Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics], Library of Economics and Liberty</ref> == Historia ya jina == [[Arnold Toynbee]] ndiye anayetambulika kuyafanya maneno ''Mapinduzi ya Viwandani'' kuwa maarufu, na ambaye hotuba zake zilizotolewa mnamo mwaka wa 1881 zilikuwa na maelezo ya kina. Matumizi ya kwanza kabisa ya maneno "Mapinduzi ya Viwandani", ambayo ushahidi wake bado haujapatikana, kulingana na mwanahistoria [[David Landes]], yalikuwa katika barua ya tarehe 6 Julai 1799 iliyoandikwa na mjumbe wa Ufaransa Louis-Guillaume Otto. Maneno hayo yalitumika kumaanisha mabadiliko ya kiteknolojia yaliyokuwa yanazidi kuwa ya kawaida katika miaka ya mwisho ya 1830, kama katika maelezo ya [[Louis-Auguste Blanqui]] ya 1837 ya ''la révolution industrielle''. [[Friedrich Engels]] katika ''[[Hali ya Daraja la Watu Linalofanya Kazi nchini Uingereza mnamo mwaka wa 1844]]'' alizungumzia "mapinduzi ya viwandani, mapinduzi ambayo katika wakati mmoja yalibadilisha jamii nzima ya kiraia." Katika kitabu chake ''[[Maneno muhimu: Msamiati wa Utamaduni na Jamii]]'', [[Raymond Williams]] anataja katika sehemu ya [[Viwanda]]: ''Wazo la utaratibu mpya wa kijamii wenye msingi katika mabadiliko makubwa ya viwandani yalikuwa wazi katika [[Robert Southey|Southey]] na [[Robert Owen|Owen]], kati ya mwaka wa 1811 na mwaka wa 1818, na ulikuwa wazi pia wakati wa mapema wa malenga [[William Blake|Blake]] katika miaka ya mapema ya 1790 na katika mashairi ya [[William Wordsworth|Wordsworth]] kufikia mwisho wa karne.'' == Vyanzo == [[Picha:World GDP Capita 1-2003 A.D.png|300px|thumb|Mapato ya Kijumla ya kila mtu katika maeneo mbalimbali hayakubadilika sana katika historia ya binadamu kabla ya Mapinduzi ya Viwandani. (sehemu tupu zinamaanisha kuwa hakuna data, si viwango vidogo sana. Kuna data ya miaka 1, 1000, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1820, 1900, and 2003)]] Vyanzo vya Mapinduzi ya Viwandani ni vigumu kuelezea na vinabaki kuwa swala la kujadiliwa, huku baadhi ya wanahistoria wakiamini kuwa Mapinduzi hayo yalikuwa sehemu ya mabadiliko ya kijamii na kitaasisi yaliyosababishwa na kuisha kwa [[Ubwana]] nchini [[Uingereza]] baada ya [[Vita vya wenyewe kwa Wwenyewe vya Uingereza]] katika karne ya 17. Kadiri udhibiti wa mipaka ya kitaifa ulivyozidi kufanikiwa, kuenea kwa magonjwa kulipunguzwa, hivyo basi kuzuia [[pandemia]] zilizokuwa kawaida katika nyakati zilizotangulia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/voices/voices_salisbury.shtml |title=BBC – Plague in Tudor and Stuart Britain |publisher=bbc.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2008-11-03}}</ref> Asilimia ya watoto ambao waliishi kuzidi miaka ya utotoni iliongezeka pakubwa, kupelekea kuwa na wafanyikazi wengi. Harakati ya [[nyumba]] na [[Mapinduzi ya Kilimo ya Uingereza]] yalifanya uzalishaji wa chakula kuwa rahisi zaidi na kutotegemea wafanyakazi wengi, hivyo kulazimisha idadi ya watu ambao hawengeweza kupata kazi katika kilimo wajiunge na [[viwanda vya karakana]],kwa mfano [[ushonaji]], na baada ya kipindi kirefu wakajiunga na miji na [[viwanda]] vilivyokuwa vimejengwa upya wakati huo.<ref>[http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/lecture17a.html The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England]</ref> [[Upanuzi wa kikoloni]] wa karne ya 17 ulioambatana na maendeleo ya biashara ya kimataifa, kuundwa kwa [[masoko ya kifedha]] na kukusanywa kwa [[mtaji]] pia zinatajwa kama sababu, kama tu [[mapinduzi ya kisanyansi]] ya karne ya 17.<ref>"[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_701509067/Scientific_Revolution.html Scientific Revolution] {{Wayback|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_701509067/Scientific_Revolution.html |date=20091028110638 }}". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009. 2009-10-31.</ref> Hadi miaka ya 1980, iliaminika Ulimwenguni kote na wasomi wa kihistoria kuwa uvumbuzi wa kiteknolojia ulikuwa chanzo muhimu cha Mapinduzi ya Viwanda ni kuwa teknolojia msingi iliyowezesha haya ilikuwa uundaji na uboreshaji wa [[injini ya mvuke]].<ref>Hudson, Pat. ''The Industrial Revolution'', Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-7131-6531-6</ref> Hata hivyo, utafiti wa hivi karibuni kuhusu [[zama ya Masoko]] imeibua changamoto dhidi ya tafsiri ya jadi ya Mapinduzi ya Viwanda inayotegemea usambazaji.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Fullerton | first = Ronald A. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = How Modern Is Modern Marketing? Marketing's Evolution and the Myth of the "Production Era" | journal = The Journal of Marketing | volume = 52 | issue = 1 | pages = 108–125 | publisher = [[American Marketing Association]] | location = New York City, NY | date = Januari 1988 | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-marketing_1988-01_52_1/page/108 | doi = 10.2307/1251689 | id = | accessdate = }}</ref> [[Lewis Mumford]] amependekeza kuwa Mapinduzi ya Viwanda yana asili yao katika [[Zama za Mapema za Kati]], mapema zaidi kuliko makadirio mengi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/015688254X/ref=sib_fs_top?ie=UTF8&p=S00Q&checkSum=udoW5CVmUdy3Y45ns0wtGk7Wesh6yWx220dcukbd7VE%3D#reader-link |title=Technics & Civilization |publisher=Lewis Mumford |accessdate=2009-01-08}}</ref> Anaelezea kuwa mfano wa mfumo huo wa [[uzalishaji mkubwa]] kwa kawaida ulikuwa [[mashine ya uchapishaji]] na kuwa "dhana ya mfano wa zama za viwanda ulikuwa ni saa". Pia anasisitiza kuhusu msisitizo wa [[kimonastiki]]kuhusu mpangilio mwema na kuweka-wakati, na pia ukweli kwamba katika [[miaka ya karne ya 13]] katikati ya miji kulikuwa na kanisa ambapo kengele kilipigwa baada ya saa chache kama mahitaji muhimu ya mambo kufanyika kwa mpangilio maalum uliohitajika baadaye kwa, vifaa vya kimwili zaidi, vilivyoweza kudhihirika, maka vile injini ya mvuke. Kuwepo kwa soko kubwa la ndani pia unapaswa kutiliwa maanani kama chanzo muhimu cha Mapinduzi ya Viwandani, hasa katika kuelezea mbona yakafanyika nchini Uingereza. Katika mataifa mengine, kama vile Ufaransa, masoko yalipasuliwa na kimkoa, mikoa ambayo mara nyingi ilituza ushuru na [[kodi]] kwa bidhaa zilizouzwa miongoni mwao.<ref>Deane, Phyllis. ''The First Industrial Revolution'', Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29609-9 [http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=ISBN0521296099&id=eMBG_soDdNoC&pg=PA131&lpg=PA131&sig=xzXl17mm0GYiH80TH-V0lR7JVAk Read it]</ref> Serikali kuwapa wavumbuzi [[uwezo wa kipekee wa kuuza]] ambao ulipimwa chini ya mfumo uliokuwa ukiendelezwa wa [[patenti]] ( [[Katiba ya Uwezo wa Kipekee wa Kuuza 1623]]) inatambulika kama sababu muhimu.Matokeo ya patenti, mabaya na mazuri, ya maendeleo ya viwanda yanaonyeshwa wazi katika historia ya injini ya mvuke, teknolojia muhimu ya kuwezesha mapinduzi hayo. Kama malipo ya kuonyesha wazi mbele ya umma jinsi kifaa kilichovumbuliwa kilivyofanya kazi mfumo wa patenti uliwalipa wavumbuzi kama [[James Watt]] kwa kuwaruhusu kuwa na uwezo wa kipekee wa kuunda injini za kwanza za mvuke, hivyo basi kuwalipa wavumbuzi na kuongeza kasi ya maendeleo ya kiteknolojia. Hata hivyo uwezo wa kipekee wa kuuza kawaida husababisha madhara yanayoweza kuondoa, au hata kuzidi kwa umbali, matokeo mazuri ya kufanya uvumbuzi uwe wazi mbele ya umma na kuwalipa wavumbuzi.<ref>Eric Schiff, ''Industrialisation without national patents: the Netherlands, 1869-1912; Switzerland, 1850-1907'', [[Princeton University]] Press, 1971.</ref> Uwezo wa kipekee wa Watt wa kuunda injini za mvuke huenda kulizuia wavumbuzi wengine, kama vile [[Richard Trevithick]], [[William Murdoch]] au [[Jonathan Hornblower]], kuunda injini za mvuke bora zaidi, hivyo basi kuchelewesha maendeleo ya mapinduzi ya viwandani kwa takriban miaka 16.<ref>Michele Boldrin and David K. Levine, [http://www.dklevine.com/general/intellectual/againstfinal.htm Against Intellectual Monopoly], {{PDFlink|[http://www.dklevine.com/papers/imbookfinal01.pdf Chapter 1, final online version January 2, 2008]|55&nbsp;KB}}, page 15. Cambridge University Press, 2008. ISBN-13: 9780521879286</ref> === Sababu za Mapinduzi ya Viwandani kutokea Ulaya === [[Picha:Vereinigte Ostindische Compagnie bond - Middelburg - Amsterdam - 1622.jpg|thumb|A 1623 [[Hundi (Kifedha)|Hundi]] ya [[Kampuni ya Kiholanzi ya Uhindi Mashariki]].<br /> Upanuzi wa kikoloni wa Ulaya wa karne ya 17, biashara ya kimataifa, na kuundwa kwa masoko ya kifedha yalizalisha mazingira mapya ya kisheria na kifedha, ambayo yaliwezesha kuendelea kwa viwanda katika karne ya 18.]] Swali moja linalowasumbua sana wanahistoria ni mbona mapinduzi ya viwanda yakafanyika Barani Ulaya lakini si sehemu zingine za Dunia katika karne ya 18, hasa [[Uchina]], [[Uhindi]], na [[Mashariki ya Kati]], au katika zama zingine kama [[zama za Kale za Kihistoria]]<ref>[http://www.j-bradford-delong.net/movable_type/archives/000891.html Why No Industrial Revolution in Ancient Greece? ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.j-bradford-delong.net/movable_type/archives/000891.html |date=20110927042849 }} J. Bradford DeLong, Professor of Economics, University of California at Berkeley, 20 Septemba 2002. Retrieved Januari 2007.</ref> au [[Zama za Kati]].<ref>[http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/lecture17a.html The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England] | The History Guide, Steven Kreis, 11 Oktoba 2006 – Accessed Januari 2007</ref> Sababu nyingi zimependekezwa, ikiwemo elimu na mabadiliko ya kiteknolojia<ref>Jackson J. Spielvogel (2009). "''[http://books.google.com/books?id=fwxLkRmd-4QC&printsec=frontcover&dq=&hl=en&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false Western Civilization: Since 1500]''". p.607.</ref> (angalia [[Mapinduzi ya Kisayanis]] barani Ulaya), serikali ya "kisasa", mitazamo ya "kisasa" ya kikazi, kiikolojia, na utamaduni.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://industrialrevolution.sea.ca/causes.html |title=The Industrial Revolution – Causes |accessdate=2010-01-14 |archive-date=2010-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202030217/http://industrialrevolution.sea.ca/causes.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Zama za Kutaalamika]] hazikumaanisha tu idadi kubwa zaidi ya watu walioelimika lakini pia mitazamo ya kisasa kuhusu kazi. Hata hivyo, wanahistoria wengi wanakataa madai kuwa Ulaya na Uchina zilikuwa karibu sawa kwa sababu makadirio ya kisasa ya mapato ya wastani ya kila mtu katika Ulaya ya magharibi katika miaka ya mwisho ya karne ya 18 ni takriban dola 1,500 za [[nguvu sawa za ununuzi]] (na Uingereza ilikuwa na [[mapato ya wastani ya kila raia]] ya takriban dola 2,000<ref>{{PDFlink|[http://www.iisg.nl/research/jvz-cobbdouglas.pdf Cobb-Douglas in pre-modern Europe1 – Simulating early modern growth]|254&nbsp;KB}} Jan Luiten van Zanden, International Institute of Social History/University of Utrecht. Mei 2005. Retrieved Januari 2007.</ref>) huku Uchina, kwa kulinganisha, ikiwa na dola 450 pekee. Pia, [[kiwango cha riba]] cha wastani kilikuwa karibu 5% nchini Uingereza na zaidi ya 30% nchini Uchina, jambo linaloonyesha jinsi mtaji ulivyokuwa mwingi zaidi nchini Uingereza.{{Citation needed|date=Oktoba 2009}} Baadhi ya wahistoria kama vile [[David Landes]]<ref name=Landes>{{cite book | last = Landes | first = David | authorlink = David Landes | coauthors = | title = The Wealth and Poverty of Nations | publisher = Abacus | date = 1999 | location = London | pages = [https://archive.org/details/wealthpovertyofn0000davi/page/38 38]–9 | url =https://archive.org/details/wealthpovertyofn0000davi | doi = | id = | isbn = 0349111669}}</ref> na [[Max Weber]] wanaashiria mitazamo mbalimbali nchini Uchina na Ulaya na kuamuru mahali ambapo mapinduzi yalitokea. Dini na imani za Ulaya zilikuwa haswa chanzo cha [[Ukristo wa Kiyudea]], na dhana za Kigiriki. Jamii ya Kichina ilikuwa na msingi wake katika watu kama vile [[Confucius]], [[Mencius]], [[Han Feizi]] ([[Matendo bila Imani]]), [[Lao Tzu]] ([[Utao]]), and [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] ([[Ubudha]]). Watu wa Ulaya walipoamini kuwa ulimwengu ulitawaliwa na sheria za kimantiki na za milele, watu wa Mashariki, waliamini kuwa ulimwengu ulibadilika kila uchao na, kwa Wabudha na Watao, haungeweza kueleweka kimantiki. {{Citation needed|tarehe=Oktoba 2009}} Kuhusu Uhindi, mwanahistoria wa Kimaksi [[Rajani Palme Dutt]] alisema: "Mtaji wa kuyawezesha Mapinduzi ya Viwanda nchini Uhindi yalitumika kuwezesha Mapinduzi ya Viwanda nchini Uingereza kifedha."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121101154852/http://india_resource.tripod.com/colonial.html South Asian History] -Pages from the history of the Indian subcontinent: British rule and the legacy of colonisation. Rajni-Palme Dutt ''India Today'' (Indian Edition published 1947). Retrieved Januari 2007.</ref> Ikitofautishwa na Uchina, nchi ya Uhindi iligawanywa katika milki mbalimbali zilizokuwa zikishindana, huku milki tatu kuu zikiwa [[Marathas]], [[Sikhs]] na [[Mughals]]. Isitoshe, uchumi ulitegemea pakubwa—kilimo cha nyumbani na pamba, na kunaonekana kuwa na uvumbuzi mchache sana wa kiufundi. Inaaminika kuwa idadi kubwa ya mali mara nyingi ilifichwa katika hazina za makasri na wafalme au malkia ambao waliendesha serikali za kiimla kabla ya Uingereza kuchukua mamlaka. Uongozi wa [[Kiimla]] nchini Uchina, Uhindi, na Mashariki ya Kati kulishindwa kusisimua utengenezaji wa bidhaa na uuzaji wa bidhaa nje ya nchi, na kulionyesha nia kidogo ya kuwajali waliotawaliwa. === Sababu ya Mapinduzi ya Viwanda kufanyika nchini Uingereza === [[Picha:graph rel share world manuf 1750 1900 02.png|300px|thumb|Kadiri Mapinduzi ya Viwanda yalivyoendelea ndivyo idadi ya vyombo vilivyoundwa Uingereza ilivyopanda na kushinda vya uchumi wa nchi zingine]] Mjadala kuhusu mwanzo wa Mapinduzi ya Viwanda pia unahusisha jinsi [[Uingereza]] ilivyozitangulia inchi zingine na kuzishinda kwa mbali. Kuna watu ambao wamesisitiza umuhimu wa rasilimali za kiasili au za kifedha ambazo Uingereza ilipokea kutoka nchi nyingi za nje [[ilizozitawala]] au faida kutokana na [[biashara ya utumwa]] ya Uingereza, kati ya Afrika na eneo la Karibiani, iliyosaidia kuendesha uwekezaji wa viwandani. Imedokezwa kuwa, mbali na hayo, kuwa biashara ya Utumwa na mashamba makubwa ya Uhindi ya Magharibi yalitoa 5% pekee ya mapato ya kitaifa ya Uingereza wakati wa miaka ya Mapinduzi ya Viwandani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/con_economic.cfm |title=Was slavery the engine of economic growth? Digital History |accessdate=2010-01-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513025327/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/con_economic.cfm |archivedate=2012-05-13 }}</ref> Ingawa utumwa ulikuwa chanzo cha faida cha kiasi kidogo cha kiuchumi nchini Uingereza wakati wa Mapinduzi ya Viwandani, mahitaji kutoka eneo la Karibiani yaliambatana na 12% ya pato la viwanda vya Uingereza.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=Bh7HVl92bVMC&pg=PA194&lpg=PA194&dq=Industrial+Revolution,+slavery&source=bl&ots=zBje8eBxGe&sig=vEZVgz3EL-kzaYWVZAkmRqenBho&hl=en&ei=lTIxSoTdMoOyNP6h1LcH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=12#PPA198,M1 The Industrial Revolution by Pat Hudson, pg. 198]</ref> Kwa upande mwingine, biashara kufanywa huru zaidi kutokana na msingi mkubwa wa wabepari huenda ikawa uliruhusu ncgi ya Uingereza kutengeneza na kutumia maendeleo ya kisayansi na kiteknolojia vizuri zaidi kuliko nchi zilizokuwa na milki zenye nguvu zaidi, hasa Uchina na Urusi. Uingereza iliinuka kutoka [[Vuta vya Kinapolioni]] kama taifa pekee Ulaya ambalo halikuwa limeharibiwa na utumizi mbaya wa fedha na kuharibika kwa uchumi, na ikiwa meli za kibiashara kubwa za kipekee (Meli za kibiashara za Ulaya zilikuwa zimeharibiwa katika kipindi cha vita na [[Jeshi la Uingereza la Wanamaji]]<ref>The Royal Navy itself may have contributed to Britain's industrial growth. Among the first complex industrial manufacturing processes to arise in Britain were those that produced material for British warships. For instance, the average warship of the period used roughly 1000 pulley fittings. With a fleet as large as the Royal Navy, and with these fittings needing to be replaced ever 4 to 5 years, this created a great demand which encouraged industrial expansion. The industrial manufacture of rope can also be see as a similar factor.</ref>). Viwanda vingi vya Uingereza vya kuunda bidhaa ndogo ndogo na kuziuza pia zilihakikisha kuwa masoko yalikuwa tayari kwa aina nyingi ya bidhaa zilizokuwa za kwanza kuundwa.Mgogoro ulisababisha vita vingi vilivyohusisha nchi ya Uingereza kufanywa katika nchi geni, hivyo basi kupunguza madhara mabaya ya utekaji wa maeneo zaidi, jambo lililoaliadhiri inchi nyingi Barani Ulaya. Jambo hili liliwezeshwa zaidi na maumbile ya Kijiografia ya Uingereza—kwani Uingereza ni kisiwa kilichotengwa na nchi zingine Barani Ulaya. Nadharia nyingine ni kuwa Uingereza iliweza kufanikiwa katika Mapinduzi ya Viwandani kwa sababu ya kuwa na rasilimali muhimu. Nchi ya Uingereza Ilikuwa na idadi kubwa ya wakazi katika kila eneo mraba ikilinganishwa na umbo lake ndogo la kijiografia. [[Kupimwa]] kwa ardi iliyotumika na kila mtu na mapinduzi ya kilimo yanayohusiana na hili kulisababisha kupatikana kwa wafanyikazi kuwe rahisi. Kulikuwa na bahati ya kupata maliasili katika maeneo ya [[Kasakazini mwa Uingereza]], [[Maeneo ya Kati ya Uingereza]], [[Wales ya Kusini]] na [[maeneo tambarare ya Scotland]]. Usambazaji wa makaa ya mawe, chuma, risasi, shaba, bati, chokaa mawe na nguvu za maji, kulisababisha mazingira bora ya kuendeleza na kupanua viwanda. Pia, hali za hewa ya unyevunyevu, na hali ya hewa isiyo kali ya eneo la Kaskazini Magharibi mwa Uingereza zilikuwa mazingira bora ya kuzungusha pamba, huku zikiwapatia Waingereza sehemu ya kimaumbile ya kuanza kuanzisha kiwanda cha nguo. Hali tulivu ya kisiasa nchini Uingereza tangu miaka ya 1688, na nia zaidi ya jamii ya Kiingereza kukubali mabadiliko (ikilinganishwa na nchi zingine za Ulaya) inaweza pia kusemwa kuwa sababu iliyowezesha Mapinduzi ya Viwandani. Kwa sehemu kubwa, kwa sababu ya Harakati ya Kufungiwa, watu maskini waliangamizwa kama chanzo kubwa cha upinzani dhidi ya kuenea kwa viwanda, na watu wa madaraja ya juu waliendesha maslahi ya biashara yaliyosababisha watu wa kwanza katika kuondoa vikwazo dhidi ya ukuaji wa ubepari.<ref>[[Barrington Moore, Jr.]], ''Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World'', pp. 29-30, Boston, Beacon Press, 1966.</ref> (Wazo hili pia limedokezwa katika kitabu cha [[Hilaire Belloc]], [[Nchi ya Kitumishi]].) ==== Maadili ya kazi ya Kiprotestanti ==== Nadharia nyingine ni kwamba mafanikio ya Waingereza yalikuwa kwa sababu ya kuwepo kwa daraja la [[Kijasiriamali]] ambalo liliamini kuwa kulikuwa na maendeleo, teknolojia na kazi ngumu.<ref> {{Rejea kitabu|title=Capital and Innovation: How Britain Became the First Industrial Nation|url=https://archive.org/details/capitalinnovatio0000char|last=Foster|first=Charles|publisher=Arley Hall Press|year=2004|isbn=0951838245|location=Northwich}} Argues that capital accumulation and [[wealth concentration]] in an entrepreneurial culture following the [[commercial revolution]] made the industrial revolution possible, for example.</ref> Kuwepo kwa daraja hili mara nyingi huusishwa na maadili ya kazi ya Kiprotestanti (tazama [[Max Weber]]) na hasa hadhi ya [[Wabatizi]] na madhehebu yanayopingana nao ya Kiprotestanti, kama vile [[Jamii ya Kidini ya Marafiki|Wakweka]] na [[Wapresbiteri]] ambazo zilikuwa zimenawiri wakati wa [[Vita vya Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe vya Uingereza]]. Kuimarishwa kwa imani ya watu katika utawala wa sheria, ambao ulifuata kuundwa kwa mfano wa Milki ya Kikatiba nchini Uingereza katika [[Mapinduzi ya Kitukufu]] ya 1688, na kuibuka kwa soko dhabiti la kifedha nchini Uingereza lililokuwa na msingi katika usimamizi wa [[deni la kitaifa]] na [[Benki ya Uingereza]], kulichangia katika uwezo wa, na hamu ya, uwekezaji wa kibinafsi wa kifedha katika biashara za viwanda. [[Wapingamizi wa Kiingereza|Wapingamizi]] walijipata wakiwa wamekatzwa au kukatishwa tamaa kutoka ofisi karibu zote za umma, au elimu katika [[Oxbridge|vyuo vikuu viwili vywa kipekee]] nchini Uingereza wakati huo (ingawa wapingamizi bado walikuwa huru kusoma katika [[Vyuo Vikuu vya Jadi vya Scotland|vyuo vinne vikuu]]) vya Scotland. Marejesho ya milki yalipofanyika na uanachama katika [[Kanisa la rasmi la Kianglikana]] ulipofanywa lazima kwa sababu ya [[Sheria ya Jaribio]], wao baada ya hapo walijibidiisha na shughuli za kibenki, viwanda na elimu. [[Wanaumoja]], haswa, walihusika sana katika elimu, kwa kuwa na Mashule ya Wapingamizi, ambapo, ikitofautishwa na vyuo vya Oxford na Cambridge na mashule kama Eton na Harrow, kipaumbele kilipewa kwa masomo ya hisabati na sayansi—taaluma muhimu kwa maendeleo ya teknolojia ya utengenezaji bidhaa. Wanahistoria wakati mwingine hutazama kipengele hiki cha kijamii kuwa muhimu sana, pamoja na hali ya uchumi wa mataifa yanayohusika. Ingawa wanachama wa madhehebu haya walitengwa mbali na duru fulani za kiserikali, walitazamwa na Waprotestanti wenzao kama, kwa kiwango kidogo, na wengi katika [[daraja la kati]], wakopaji pesa wa jadi au wanabiashara wengine. Kutokana na kuvumilia huku, kiasi na usambazaji wa mtaji, njia ya kimaumbile ya watu wenye nia ya ujasirimali ya haya madhehebu ingekuwa kutafuta nafasi mpya katika teknolojia zilizoundwa wakati wa mapinduzi ya kisayansi ya karne ya 17. == Maendeleo ya uvumbuzi == [[Picha:Mule-jenny.jpg|thumb|Mfano wa kipekee ambao bado unaweza kupatikana wa kifaa cha Farasi mdogo cha kushona kilichojengwa na mvumbuzi Samuel Crompton]] Mwanzo wa Mapinduzi ya Viwandani kunahusishwa kwa karibu na idadi ndogo ya maendeleo ya uvumbuzi<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://industrialrevolution.sea.ca/innovations.html |title=The Industrial Revolution – Innovations |accessdate=2010-01-14 |archive-date=2011-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906051618/http://industrialrevolution.sea.ca/innovations.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> yaliyofanywa katika nusu ya pili ya karne ya 18: * '''Vitambaa''' – [[Uzungushaji]] wa [[pamba]] kwa kutumia [[mashine ya maji]] ya [[Richard Arkwright]], mashine ya [[Punda Mdogo wa Kuzungusha]] ya James Hargreaves, na mashine ya [[Farasi Mdogo wa Kuzungusha]] ya Samuel Crompton (machanganyiko wa mashine za Farasi Mdogo wa Kuzungusha na Mashine ya Maji). Hii ilisajiliwa chini ya patenti mnamo mwaka wa 1769 na kwa hivyo patenti hiyo iliisha mnamo mwaka wa 1783. Mwisho wa patenti ulifuatwa kwa haraka na ujenzi wa viwanda vingi vya [[Kutengeneza pamba]]. Teknolojia sawa mwishowe ilitumika kwa kushona [[nyuzi]] za [[worsted]] kwa nguo mbalimbali na [[lin]] badala ya [[sanda]]. * '''Nguvu za Mvuke''' – [[Injini ya mvuke]] iliyoboreshwa na kuvumbuliwa na [[James Watt]] hapo awali ilitumika kwa kusukumia nje [[migodi]], lakini tangu miaka ya 1780 ilitumika kwa mashine za nguvu. Jambo hili liliwezesha maendeleo ya haraka ya viwanda vilivyofanya kazi vizuri na vilivyotumia mashine kufanya baadhi ya kazi katika kiwango ambacho hapo awali hakingewezekana katika mahala ambapo [[nguvu za maji]] hazikuwepo. * '''Kutengeneza Chuma''' – katika [[kiwanda cha Chuma]], [[koki]] mwishowe ilitumika kwa hatua zote za [[kufua chuma]], huku zikikomesha utumizi wa [[makaa]]. Hili lilikuwa limefanywa mapema zaidi kwa [[risasi]] na [[shaba]] na pia kwa kutengeneza [[chuma ya nguruwe]] ndani ya [[tanuri]], lakini hatua ya pili ya uzalishaji [[kipande-chuma]] ilitegemea matumizi ya [[kuweka ndani ya chungu na kufinyilia]] (ambayo [[patenti]] yake ilikuwa imekwisha mnamo mwaka wa 1786) au [[Kupudulu]] (Kulipatentiwa na [[Henry Cort]] mnamo mwaka wa 1783 na 1784). Haya yanawakilisha maeneo ''matatu ya mbele'', yaliyokuwa na maendeleo muhimu ya uvumbuzi, na ambayo yaliruhusu kuinuka kiuchumu ambao ndio sehemu maalum ya Mapinduzi ya Viwanda. Huku si kupuuza uvumbuzi mwingine mwingi, hasa katika kiwanda cha [[nguo]]. Bidhaa zingine za mapema, kama vile [[punda mdogo wa kuzungusha]] na [[kifaa cha kupaa]] katika kiwanda cha nguo na kuyeyushwa kwa chuma ya nguruwe na koki, mafanikio haya yote hayangewezekana. Uvumbuzi wa baadaye kama vile [[mashine ya ushonaji]] ya nguvu na [[injini ya mvuke]] wenye shinikizo ya [[Richard Trevithick]] pia yalikuwa muhimu katika kuenea kwa viwanda nchini Uingereza. Kutumika kwa injini za mvuke katika uendeshaji wa [[viwanda vya kutengeneza pamba]] na katika [[kazi za kuunda vifaa vya chuma]] kuliwezesha vifaa hivi kujengwa katika maeneo yaliyofaa zaidi kwa sababu rasilimali zingine zilipatikana hapo kwa urahisi, badala ya mahali ambapo ingelazimika maji yapatikane ili kuwezesha [[mashine ya kusaga maji]] ifanye kazi. Katika sekta ya viwanda ya nguo, mashine kama hizo zilikuwa mfano wa mpangilio wa ajira ya binadamu katika viwanda, iliyoonyeshwa bayana na [[“Cottonopolis”]], jina lilopewa idadi kubwa ya [[viwanda vya pamba]], [[viwanda vya kawaida]] na ofisi za usimamizi zilizopatikana mjini [[Manchester]]. Pia mfumo wa kuunda vifaa vilivyosonga mstarini uliboresha sana kazi, katika kiwanda hiki na viwanda vinginevyo. Huku wanaume wengi wakipewa mafunzo ya kufanya huduma moja bidhaa Fulani, halafu kufanya bidhaa hiyo isongeshwe mbele hadi kwa mfanyikazi mwingine, idadi ya bidhaa zilizomalizika iliongezeka pakubwa. Jambo lingine muhimu lilikuwa uvumbuzi wa [[kokoto]] mnamo mwaka wa 1756 (iliyoundwa kwa kutumia [[Chokaa ya kujenga iliyofinyiliwa]]) na mhandisi Mwingereza [[John Smeaton]], ambayo ilikuwa imepotea kwa muda wa karne 13.<ref>''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (2008) "Building construction: the reintroduction of modern concrete"</ref> === Uhamishaji wa maarifa === [[Picha:Wright of Derby, The Orrery.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mwanafalsafa akitoa hotuba katika eneo la Orrery]] (ca. 1766)<br />iJamii za kifalsafa ambazo hazikuwa na muundo maalum ziliendeza uvumbuzi wa kisayansy]] Maarifa kuhusu undelezaji wa uvumbuzi ulienezwa kwa kutumia mbinu mbalimbali. Wafanyikazi ambao walipewa mafunzo katika mbinu fulani huenda walisonga kwenda kwa mwajiri mwingine au wakachukuliwa na mwajiri fulani kumfanyia kazi. Mbinu ya kawaida ilikuwa mtu kutembea na kujifunza, huku akikusanya taarifa kila mahali lipoweza. Wakati wa Mapinduzi yote ya Viwanda na kwa karne ya awali, nchi zote za Ulaya na Marekani zilitumia mbinu ya masomo ya kutembea; nchi fulani, kama [[Uswidi]] na Ufaransa, ziliweza hata kuwapa watumishi wa umma au mafundi kufanya masomo hayo kama sera ya kiserikali. Katika nchi zingine, hasa Uingereza na Marekani, mwenendo huu ulifanywa na watengenezaji bidhaa wa kibinafsi waliokuwa na wasiwasi na kwa hivyo waliotaka kuboresha mbinu zao. Kusafiri ili kuyapata masomo kulikuwa maarufu wakati huo, kama ilivyo maarufu siku za leo kwa watu kuandika kumbukumbu za safari zao mbalimbali. Kumbukumbu zilizoandikwa na waanzishaji viwanda na mafundi wa wakati huo ni chanzo kisichoweza kulinganishwa na chochote kingine kuhusu mbinu zao. Njia nyingine ya kueneza uendelezaji wa uvumbuzi ilikuwa mtandao wa jamii za kifalsafa ambazo hazikuwa rasmi, kama vile [[Jamii ya Kimwezi]] ya [[Birmingham]], ambapo wanachama walikutana kuzijadili 'falsafa za kimaumbile' (''yaani sayansi'') na mara kwa mara jinsi ingeweza kutumika katika utengenezaji wa bidhaa. Jamii ya Kimwezi ilinawiri kutoka mnamo mwaka wa 1765 hadi mwaka wa 1809, na imesemekana hivi kuhusu wanachama wa jamii hiyo, "Walikuwa, ukipenda, kamati ya kimapinduzi ya mapinduzi makubwa zaidi ya karne ya 18, ambayo ni Mapinduzi ya Viwandani".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080207075746/http://jquarter.members.beeb.net/morelunar.htm The Lunar Society] at Moreabout, the website of the ''Birmingham Jewellery Quarter'' guide, Bob Miles.</ref> Jamii zingine kama hii zilivichapisha vitabu vingi vya mikutano yao na biashara. Kwa mfano, [[Jamii ya Kimilki ya Sanaa]] iliyokuwa na makao yake mjini London, ilichapisha kitabu chenye picha za vifaa vipya vilivyovumbuliwa, na majarida kuhusu vifaa hivyo katika mikutano yao ya kila mwaka ya ''Kibiashara''. Kulikuwa na vitabu walivyovichapisha vilivyoelezea kuhusu teknolojia. [[Kamusi elezo]] kama vile ''[[Lexicon Technicum]]'' (1704) ya Harris na ''[[Cyclopaedia]]'' ya Daktari Abraham Rees (1802-1819) zina vitu vingi vya maana. ''Cyclopaedia'' inayo idadi kubwa ya taarifa kuhusu sayansi na teknolojia ya nusu ya kwanza ya Mapinduzi ya Viwandani, zinazoambatana na picha nzuri za kuchongwa. Vyanzo toka nchi geni kama vile ''[[Descriptions des Arts et Métiers]]'' na ''[[Encyclopédie]]'' ya Diderot zilielezea mbinu za kigeni zikitumia picha kwenye vijisahani vya kuchongwa. Kulikuwa na machapisho mengi ya mara kwa mara kuhusu utengenezaji wa bidhaa na teknolojia yaliyoanza katika muongo wa mwisho wa karne ya 18, na mara kwa mara yalihusisha taarifa kuzihusu patenti mpya. Machapisho ya nchi geni, kama vile [[Annales des Mines]], zilizichapisha taarifa kuhusu safari zilizofanywa na wahandisi wa Kifaransa ambao walitazama mbinu za Kiingereza walipokuwa katika safari zao za kujifunza. === Maendeleo ya kiteknolojia nchini Uingereza === ==== Utengenezaji wa nguo ==== [[Picha:Spinning jenny.jpg|thumb|right|Mfano wa mashine ya [[punda mdogo wa kuzungusha]] katika makavazi mjini [[Wuppertal]],Ujerumani. Mashine ya punda mdogo wa kuzungusha ilikuwa mojawapo ya uvumbuzi ulioanzisha Mapinduzi ya Viwanda]] Mapema katika karne ya 18, utengenezaji nguo wa Kiingereza ulitegemea [[sufu]] ambayo ilitengenezwa na [[mafundi]] wa kibinafsi, [[waliozungusha]] na [[kushona]] nyumbani mwao. Mfumo huu unajulikana kama [[karakana ndogo]]. [[Lin]] na [[pamba]] pia zilitumika kutengeneza vitambaa laini, lakini njia ya kuunda ilikuwa gumu, kwa sababu ya shughuli iliyohitajika kufanyika kabla ya kuunda, na kwa sababu hiyo bidhaa zilizotengenezwa na vifaa hivi zilichangia sehemu ndogo tu ya pato. Utumizi wa [[gurudumu la kuzungusha]] na [[mashine ya mkono ya kushona]] uliweka vikwazo dhidi ya uwezo wa uzalishaji wa kiwanda hicho cha nguo, lakini maendeleo yaliyozidi kufanyika yaliongeza uzalishaji hadi kufikia kiwango ambapo bidhaa za kutengenezwa zikawa bidhaa zenye umuhimu zaidi zilizouzwa katika nchi geni kufikia miongo ya mapema ya karne ya 19. Uhindi iling’olewa kama muuzaji mkuu wa bidhaa za pamba. [[Lewis Paul]] aliandikisha patenti ya mashine ya kuzungusha ya kubingiria na mashine ya mfumo wa [[“flyer and bobbin”]] ya kutengeneza sufu iwe na umbo laini, iliyoundwa na usaidizi wa John Wyatt mjini [[Birmingham]]. Paul and Wyatt walifungua kiwanda cha nguo mjini Birmingham ambacho kilitumia mashine yao mpya ya kubingiria iliyoendeshwa na [[punda]]. Mnamo mwaka wa 1743, kiwanda kilifunguliwa mjini [[Northampton]] kikiwa na mbao za kushona hamsini katika kila moja kati ya mashine tano za Paul na Wyatt. Upanuzi huu uliendelea hadi mwaka wa 1764. Kiwanda sawa cha nguo kilijengwa na [[Daniel Bourn]] katika mji wa [[Leominster]], lakini kilichomeka. Lewis Paul na Daniel Bourn wote walipatenti mashine za [[kadi]] mnamo mwaka wa 1748, zIkitumia mipangilio miwili ya mibingirio ambayo ilizunguka kwa mbio tofauti, baadaye zilitumika katika kiwanda cha kwanza cha pamba kuzungushia pamba. Uvumbuzi wa Lewis baadaye uliendelezwa na kuboreshwa na [[Richard Arkwright]] katika [[fremu ya maji]] na [[Samuel Crompton]] katika mashine yake ya [[farasi mdogo wa kuzungushia]]. Wavumbuzi wengine waliboresha kila hatua ya uzungushaji (hatua ya kadi, kusuka and kuzungusha, na kubingirisha) na kuwezesha ugavi wa [[uzi]] kuongezeka vilivyo, jambo lililowezesha kiwanda cha ushonaji kilichokuwa kikizidi kuendelea kuboresha [[mashine ya kushona ya shato]] na lumu au 'fremu'. Uzalishaji bidhaa wa kila mfanyikazi mmoja uliongezeka vilivyo, na kusababisha mashine hizo mpya kuonekana kama tisho kwa ajira, na wavumbuzi wa awali walivamiwa na vifaa walivyokuwa wamevumbua kuharibiwa. Ili kuchukua fursa ya kupata faida kutokana na maendeleo haya, ilikuwa ni zamu ya daraja la [[wajasiriamali]], maarufu kwa wote akiwa ni [[Richard Arkwright]]. Arkwright anatambulika kwa orodha kubwa ya uvumbuzi, lakini vifaa hivyo si yeye aliyevivumbua bali ni watu kama [[Thomas Highs]] na [[John Kay]]; Arkwright aliwakuza wavumbuzi hawa, akasajili patenti za mawazo yao, akawapa usaidizi wa kifedha kwa wale waliojitolea kuvumbua vifaa, na akalinda mashine. Aliunda [[kiwanda cha pamba]] ambacho kilileta hatua za untengenezaji hadi viwandani kutoka manyumbani, na alitengeneza utumizi wa nguvu—kwanza [[nguvu za farasi]] kisha [[nguvu za maji]]— uliofanya utengenezaji wa pamba uambatane na utumizi wa mashine viwandani. Baada ya kipindi kifupi [[nguvu za mvuke]] zilitumika kuendesha mashine za viwanda vya nguo. ==== Ufuaji wa Chuma ==== [[Picha:Philipp Jakob Loutherbourg d. J. 002.jpg|left|thumb|[[mji wa Coalbrookdale wakati wa usiku]], 1801, [[Philip James de Loutherbourg|Philipp Jakob Loutherbourg mdogo]]<br />Tanuri kubwa zinawasha mji wa kufua chuma wa [[Coalbrookdale]]]] [[Picha:Reverberatory furnace diagram.png|thumb|right|Tanuri hii ya kirevaberatori ingeweza kuunda [[chuma nzito]] ikitumia makaa ya mawe yaliyochimbwa kutoka ardhini. Makaa ya mawe yalibaki kando na chuma iliyofuliwa ma kwa hivyo hayakuchafua chuma na uchafu kama vile madini ya kiberiti. Jambo hili liliwezesha ufuaji mwingi zaidi wa chuma.]] Mabadiliko makuu katika viwanda vya chuma wakati wa zama za Mapinduzi ya Viwanda yalikuwa kukoma kutumia kuni ya vitu vilivyokuwa hai hapo awali kama vile [[mbao]] na badala yake kutumia [[kuni za kifosili]] zilizopatikana kutoka makaa ya mawe. Mengi kati ya haya yalifanyika kabla ya Mapinduzi ya Viwandani, yakitumia maendeleo ya kiuvumbuzi ya [[Clement Clerke]] na wengine tangu mwaka wa 1678, kwa kutumia [[tanuri za kireveberatori]] za makaa ya mawe zilizojulikana kama kupola. Hizi ziliendeshwa kwa kutumia mioto, ambayo ilikuwa na [[kaboni monoksaidi]], ikiingia ndani ya [[mawe ya madini]] na [[kupunguza]] [[oksaidi]] ili iwe chuma. Hii ina faida ya kutohamisha uchafu (kama vile madini ya kiberiti) yanayopatikana ndani ya makaa ya mawe hadi yaiingie ndani ya chuma. Teknolojia hii ilitumika na [[risasi]] kuanzia mwaka wa 1678 na [[shaba]] kuanzia mwaka wa 1687. Pia ilitumika katika kazi ya kuunganisha vifaa vya chuma katika miaka ya 1690, lakini tanuri ya kireveberatori ilijulikana kama tanuri ya hewa. Kupola la kuunganisha chuma ni maendeleo ya uvumbuzi (ya baadaye) na tofauti. [[Abraham Darby]] alifuata na kufanya maendeleo makubwa kwa kutumia koki kama kuni ya [[tanuri za kulipua]] katika mji wa [[Coalbrookdale]] mnamo mwaka wa 1709. Hata hivyo, [[chuma ya nguruwe]] aliyotengeneza na koki ilitumika hasa kwa utengenezaji wa vifaa vigumu vya chuma kama vile masufuria na mabirika. Alikuwa amewashinda washirika wake kwani sufuria zake, zilizoundwa na mchakato wa patenti, zilikuwa konde zaidi na za bei rahisi kuliko zingine. Chuma ya nguruwe ya koki ilitumika nadra sana kutengeneza vipande vya chuma kwa kuchomelea hadi miaka ya kati ya 1750, mwanawe [[Abraham Darby II]] alipojenga tanuri za [[“Horsehay”]] na [[Ketley]] (karibu na Coalbrookdale). Kufikia wakati huo, chuma ya koki ya nguruwe ilikuwa ikiuzwa kwa bei rahisi kuliko chuma ya nguruwe ya makaa. [[Chuma ya Kipande]] iliyotumiwa na wafua chuma ili kutengeneza bidhaa za kutumika bado iliundwa katika [[viwanda vya kuchoma]], kama ilivyokuwa ikifanyika tangu jadi. Hata hivyo, mbinu mpya zilianza kutumika katika miaka iliyofuata. Ya kwanza hivi leo inajulikana kama [[kuweka ndani ya chungu na kukanyaga]], lakini mbinu hii ilipitwa na wakati na baadaye mbinu ya [[Henry Cort]] ya [[“kupudulu”]] ikawa maarufu. Kuanzia mwaka wa 1785, labda kwa sababu mchakato huu ulioboreshwa wa kuweka ndani ya chungu na kukanyaga ulikuwa karibu kuachwa kulindwa chini ya patenti, upanuzi mkubwa katika pato la kiwanda cha chuma cha Uingereza ulianza. Mchakato mpya haukutegemea [[makaa]] na kwa hivyo watu hawakudhibitiwa na kutoweza kupata makaa. Hadi wakati huo, watengenezaji chuma wa Uingereza walikuwa wametumia idadi kubwa ya chuma kutoka nchi geni kuongozea ile iliyopatikana nchini. Chuma hii hasa ilitoka [[Uswdi]] kutoka miaka ya kati ya karne ya 17 na baadayeilitoka hata Urusi kuanzia mwisho wa miaka ya 1720. Hata hivyo, kuanzia mwaka wa 1785, idadi ya bidhaa za kuagizwa ilipungua kwa sababu ya teknolojia mpya ya kutengeneza chuma, na Uingereza ikawa muuzaji nje wa chuma ya vipande vipande na pia mtengenezaji wa [[vifaa vya matumizi vya nyumbani]] vya [[chuma nyepesi]]. Kwa sababu chuma ilikuwa inazidi kuuzwa kwa bei nafuu and kuongezeka zaidi, pia iliifanya kuwa nyenzo muhimu ya ujenzi kufuatia ujenzi wa kibunifu wa [[daraja la chuma]] [[Abraham Darby III]]mnamo mwaka wa 1778. [[Picha:Ironbridge 6.jpg|thumb|[[Daraja la Chuma]], [[Shropshire]], Uingereza]] Uboreshaji ulifanywa katika uzalishaji wa [[stili]], ambayo ilikuwa kifaa cha bei ghali kilichotumika tu ambapo chuma haingefaa, kama vile makali ya vifaa na spring’i. [[Benjamin Huntsman]] alitengeneza mbinu yake ya [[chungu cha stili]] katika miaka ya 1740. Mali ghafi kwa ajili ya kufanya hivi yalikuwa stili ya kijipu, iliyoundwa kwa [[machakato wa kuongeza simiti]]. Usambazaji wa chuma ya bei nafuu zaidi na stili kulisaidia mapipa ya kuchemsha na injini za mvuke yatengenezwe vizuri zaidi, na hatimaye kukawezesha kuundwa kwa barabara za reli. Kuboreshwa kwa [[vyombo vya mashinel]] kuliruhusu chuma na stili kutumika kufanyiwa kazi vizuri na kuliongeza zaidi ukuaji wa viwanda wa Uingereza. ==== Uchimbuzi wa madini ==== [[Uchimbuzi wa makaa ya mawe]] nchini uingereza, hasa katika eneo la [[Wales ya Kusini]] ulianza mapema. Kabla ya injini ya mvuke, [[mashimo]] yalikuwa mafupi na yalifuata maeneo lenye makaa ya mawe juu ya ardhi, ambayo yaliwacha kutumika kadiri makaa ya mawe yalivyochimbwa. Wakati mwingine, ikiwa jiolojia ilikuwa nzuri, makaa ya mawe yalichimbuliwa kwa kutumia [[mgodi wa kiaditi]] au [[mgodi wa kusonga]] uliochimbwa katika upnde wa mlima. [[uchimbuzi wa madini kutoka mashimo yaliyochimbwa]] ulifanywa katika maeneo kadhaa, lakini kikwazo kilukuwa kuyatoa maji. Ingefanywa kwa kutumia ndoo kuyachota maji kutoka mashimo hayo au kwa [[“sough”]] (shimo lililochimbwa katika upande wa mlima ili kutoa mawe yenye madini kutoka kwa mgodi). Kwa kutumia mbinu yoyote ile, maji lazima yangeelekezwa kwa mkondo au chimbuko ambapo yangeweza kutiririka yakitumia mvuto. Kuanzishwa kwa utumizi wa injini ya mvuke kuliwezesha pakubwa kuondoa maji na kuliwezesha mashimo kuchimbwa kwa undani zaidi, na pia kuwezesha makaa ya mawe zaidi kutolewa. Haya yalikuwa maendeleo ambayo yalikuwa yameanza kabla ya Mapinduzi ya Viwandani, lakini yalitumika kwa injini ya mvuke ya James Watt iliyokuwa bora zaidi kuanzia miaka ya 1770 ambapo yalipunguza bei ya kuni ya injini, na kufanya migodi iwe yenye faida zaidi. Uchimbuzi wa makaa ya mawe ulikuwa wa kihatari sana kwa sababu ya kuwepo kwa [[motonyevunyevu]] katika maeneo mengi yenye makaa ya mawe ardhini. Usalama kidogo ulipatikana kwa kutumia [[taa ya usalama]] iliyovumbuliwa mnamo mwaka wa 1816 na [[Humphry Davy]] na kuvumbuliwa na [[George Stephenson]] akiwa peke yake. Hata hivyo, taa hizo hazikusaidia sana kwani zilisababisha hatari kwa haraka sana na pia zilitoa mwanga dhaifu. Milipuko ya Motonyevunyevu iliendelea, na kuwezesha wakati mwingine [[milipuko]] ya [[vumbi ya makaa ya mawe]], kwa hivyo idadi majeruhi ilizidi kupanda katika kipindi chote cha karne ya kumi na nane. Mazingira ya kikazi yalikuwa mabaya sana, huku kukiwa na visa vingi vya majeruhi kutokana na mawe kuanguka. ==== Nguvu za mvuke ==== [[Picha:Savery-engine.jpg|upright|thumb|left|''Injini ya Savery'' ya mwaka wa 1698– [[Injini]] ya kwanza iliyojengwa na [[Thomas Savery]] kwa mujibu wa picha za [[Denis Papin]].]] Utengenezaji wa [[injini ya mvuke isiyosonga]] ilikuwa kipengele muhimu cha wakati wa mapema cha Mapinduzi ya Viwanda; hata hivyo, kwa muda wa kipindi kirefu wa Mapinduzi ya Viwandani, viwanda vingi bado vilitegemea nguvu za upepo na maji na hata nguvu za farasi na binadamu ili kuendesha mashine ndogo. Jaribio halisi la kwanza la kutumia nguvu za mvuke lilifanywa na [[Thomas Savery]] mnamo mwaka wa 1698. Alijenga na kupatenti mjini London pampu ya kuinua maji kwa kiwango kidogo iliyojumuisha utupu na shinikizo, na iliyoweza kutoa karibu [[nguvu za farasi]] (HP kwa Kiingereza) moja na iliyotumika katika kazi nyingi zilizohusisha maji na katika migodi michache (ambapo ilipata "jina la kimaarufu", ''Rafiki wa mchimba mgodi''), lakini haikufanikiwa kwa sababu haikuweza kuyapeleka maji juu zaidi ya urefu fulani na sehemu yake ya kuchemshia maji ililipuka kwa urahisi. [[Picha:Newcomens Dampfmaschine aus Meyers 1890.png|thumb|upright|[[Injini ya mvuke ya Newcomen]] ilikuwa injini ya kwanza iliyoweza kufanya kazi vyema. Injini zilizofuata za mvuke ndizo ambazo zingeendesha Mapinduzi ya Viwandani]] Kituo cha kwanza salama ambacho kilizalisha nguvu kutokana na mvuke kilianzishwa na [[Thomas Newcomen]] kabla ya mwaka wa 1712. Newcomen inaonekana aliunda [[Injini ya mvuke ya Newcomen]] bila kumtegemea Savery, lakini kwa sababu Savery alikuwa na patenti pana sana, ilimbidi Newcomen na na washirika wake kufanya mpango naye, wakiitafutia soko injini hiyo pamoja hadi mwaka wa 1733 chini ya patenti moja.<ref>Hulse, David H: The Early Development of the Steam Engine; TEE Publishing, Leamington Spa, U.K., 1999 ISBN 1-85761-107-1</ref><ref>L.T.C. Rolt and J. S. Allen, ''The Steam engine of Thomas Newcomen'' (Landmark, Ashbourne, 1997), 44.</ref> Injini ya Newcomen inaonekana ni kana kwamba iliundwa kwa kuyafuata majaribio ya [[Denis Papin|Papin]] yaliyokuwa yamefanywa miaka 30 hapo awali, na ilitumia pistoni na mtungi, sehemu moja ya mwisho ikiwa imewachwa wazi na anga juu ya pistoni. Mvuke ambao ulikuwa juu ya shinikizo la anga (ambalo ndilo kiasi pekee ambacho mtungi wa kuchemshia maji ungeweza kuhimili) uliingizwa chini nusu ndani ya mtungi ikilaliwa na pistoni wakati wa kusonga kwenda juu kuliowezeshwa na mvuto; mvuke hapo ulikuwa baridi na maji baridi yaliyoingizwa katika nafasi ya mvuke ili kutengeneza nafasi tupi; tofauti ya shinikizo kati ya anga na nafasi tupu katika pande mbili za pistoni ziliifanya pistoni kusonga chini na kuingia katika mtungi, hivyo basi kuinua sehemu ya mwisho ya kifaa kilichokuwa kikisonga juu na chini ambacho kilikuwa kimeunganishwa na pampu nyingi za nguvu zilizotumia mvuto zilizokuwa ndani ya kifaa maalum. Kusonga chini kwa kifaa fulani cha nguvu ndani ya injini, kuliilanisha na kuitayarisha kwa hatua ya kutengeneza shinikizo. Mwanzoni hatua hizo zilifanywa kwa kutumia mkono, lakini baada ya miaka mikumi eneo la kutorosha lilikuwa limetengezwa na lilitumia ''mti wa kuziba'' uliosimama wima ukishikiliwa kichuma fulani ambacho kilifanya injini kufanya kazi peke yake. Injini nyingi za Newcomen zilifanikiwa kutumika nchini Uingereza kwa kutoa maji katika migodi ambayo hapo awali haingeweza kuchimbwa, huku injini ikiwa juu; hizi zilikuwa mashine kubwa, zilihitaji mtaji mengi kujenga na zilizalisha takriban nguvu 5 za farasi (kilowati 3.7). Zilikuwa zinapoteza nguvu nyingi zikilinganishwa na mashine za kisasa, lakini katika maeneo ambapo makaa ya mawe yalikuwa yanapatikana kwa virahisi katika sehemu za mwisho za mashimo, ziliwezesha upanuzi wa uchimbaji wa makaa ya mawe kwa kuruhusu migodi kuenda chini zaidi. Ijapokuwa ya hasara zao, injini za Newcomen zilikuwa za kutegemewa na rahisi kudumisha na ziliendelea kutumika katika migodi ya makaa ya mawe hadi miaka ya mwanzo ya karne ya kumi na tisa. Kufikia mwaka wa 1729, Newcomen alipokufa, injini zake kwanza zilikuwa zimeenea (kwanza) hadi nchini [[Hungary]] mnamo mwaka wa 1722 , Ujerumani, [[Austria]], na [[Uswidi]]. Jumla ya mashine hizo 110 zinajulikana kujengwa kufikia mwaka 1733 ambapo patenti ya pamoja ilipokwisha, 14 kati ya mashine hizo zote zilikuwa katika nchi geni. Katika miaka ya 1770, mhandisi [[John Smeaton]] alijenga mifano mikubwa sana na kuanzisha maboresho. Jumla ya injini 1,454 zilikuwa zimejengwa kufikia mwaka wa 1800.<ref>Rolt and Allen, 145</ref> [[Picha:Watt James von Breda.jpg|thumb|upright|James Watt]] Mabadiliko makubwa katika kanuni za kufanya kazi yalifanywa na [[James Watt]]. Akishirikiana kwa karibu na [[Matthew Boulton]], kufikia mwaka wa 1778 alikuwa amefanikiwa kuboresha [[injini ya Watt ya mvuke|injini yake ya mvuke]], iliyokuwa na mabadiliko mengi makubwa, hasa kufungwa kwa sehemu ya juu ya mtungi hivyo basi kufanya kiendeshaji mvuke kiwe juu ya pistoni badala ya anga, matumizi ya kifungo cha mvuke na chumba maarufu cha kupoesha mvuke. Haya yote yalimaanisha kuwa kiwango cha joto sawa zaidi kingeweza kudumishwa ndani ya mtungi na kuwa kufanya kazi kwa injini kuliwacha kutegemea hali ya anga. Maboresho haya yaliongeza ufanisi wa injini kwa karibu mara tatu, na hivyo kuokoa 75% ya gharama ya makaa ya mawe. Injini ya kianga haingeweza kutumika kwa urahisi kuendesha gurudumu lizunguke, ingawa Wasborough na Pickard walifanikiwa kufanya hivyo kufikia mwaka wa 1780. Hata hivyo, kufikia mwaka wa 1783 injini ya mvuke ya Watt yenye kuokoa pesa zaidi ilikuwa imetengenezwa kikamilifu kuwa aina ya kuzungusha katika sehemu mbili, jambo ambalo lilimaanisha kuwa ingeweza kutumika kuendesha moja kwa moja mashine za kuzunguka za viwanda. Aina zote mbili za injini msingi za Watt zilifanikiwa kununuliwa kwa wingi, na kufikia mwaka wa 1800, kampuni ya [[Boulton na Watt]] ilikuwa imejenga injini 496, zikiwa na pampu 164 za kubadilishana, [[tanuri za kulipuka]] 24 , na mashine 308 za kuwezesha viwanda vya nguo; injini nyingi zilitoa kati ya nguvu za farasi 5 na 10 (kilowati 7.5) Utengenezaji wa [[vifaa vya mashine]], kama vile mashine za lethi, randa na kutengeneza maumbo ziliwezeshwa na injini hizi, zilifanya sehemu zote za chuma za injini kukatwa kwa urahisi na umakini na hivyo basi zikafanya kujenga injini kubwa na zenye uwezo mkubwa kuwezekane. Hadi mwaka wa 1800, muundo wa kawaida sana wa injini ya mvuke ulikuwa [[injini ya boriti]], iliyojengwa kama sehemu muhimu ya nyumba ya mawe au matofari injini, lakini baada ya muda mfupi miundo mbalimbali ya injini ambazo zilizokuwa za kijitegemea za kusongezwa (zilizoweza kutolewa kwa urahisi lakini ambazo hazikuwa na magurudumu) ziliundwa, kama vile [[injini ya meza]]. Kuelekea mwisho wa karne ya 19, mhandishi wa Kikorni [[Richard Trevithick]], na Mumarekani, [[Oliver Evans]] walianza kujenga injini zenye shinikizo nyingi ambazo hazikubadilisha maji kuwa mvuke, na kutoa mvuke kinyume na anga. Kufanya hivi kuliruhusu injini na mtungi wa kuchemsha kujumuishwa pamoja katika kitengo kimoja kilichokuwa kidogo kiasi cha kutumika katika [[garimoshi]] zilizotumia reli na barabara na [[meli za mvuke]]. Katika karne ya mapema ya 19 baada ya patenti ya Watt kumalizika, injini ya mvuke ilipitia mabadiliko mengi yaliyofanywa na wavumbuzi wengi na wahandisi. ==== Kemikali ==== [[Picha:Thamestunnel.jpg|right|thumb| [[Shimo la Thames]] (lililofunguliwa mnamo mwaka wa 1843)<br />Simiti ilitumika katika shimo la kwanza Duniani la chini ya maji]] Uzalishaji mkubwa wa kemikali ulikuwa mojawapo ya maendelo muhimu wakati wa Mapinduzi ya Viwandani. Ya kwanza kati yao ikiwemo uzalishaji wa [[asidi sulfuriki]] kupitia [[mchakato wa chumba cha risasi]] iliyovumbuliwa na Muingereza [[John Roebuck]] (mwenziwe wa kwanza wa James Watt) mnamo mwaka wa 1746. Aliweza kuongeza pakubwa kiwango cha utengenezaji kwa kuondoa mitungi ghali ya vioo iliyotumika hapo awali na vyumba vikubwa, na ambavyo havikuwa ghali vilivyoundwa na vipande vya [[risasi]]. Badala ya kutengeneza kiasi kidogo kila wakati, aliweza kutengeneza karibu paundi 100 (kilo 50) katika kila chumba, ongezeko la angalau mara kumi. Uzalishaji wa [[alkali]] kwa kiasi kikubwa ulikuwa lengo muhimu pia, na [[Nicolas Leblanc]] alifanikiwa mnamo waka wa 1791 kuanzisha njia ya kuzalisha [[sodiamu kabonati]]. [[Machakato wa Leblanc]] ulikuwa mmenyuko wa asidi sulfiriki na sodiamu kloridi ili kupata sodiamu salfeti na [[asidi haidrokloriki]]. [[Sodiamu salfeti]] ilichomwa na [[chokaa mawe]] ([[kalsiamu kaboneti]]) na makaa ya mawe ili kupata mchanganyiko wa [[sodiamu kaboneti]] na [[kalsiamu salfaidi]]. Kuongeza maji kulitenganisha sodiamu kaboneti mmunyifu kutoka kwa kalsiamu salfaidi. Mchakato ulisababisha idadi kubwa ya mchafuko wa mazingira (asidi kloriki wakati wa kwanza ilitolewa hewani, na kalsiamu salfaidi ilikuwa bidhaa taka ya bure). Hata hivyo, hii, [[jivu ya kisoda]] ilionekana kuwa yenye gharama ndogo ya kiuchumi ikilinganishwa na kuchomwa kwa mimea maalum ([[barilla]]) au kutoka kwa [[kelp]], ambazo zilikuwa vyanzo vikuu vya hapo awali vya jivu ya kisoda,<ref name="Clow52">{{cite |last1=Clow|first1=Archibald |last2=Clow|first2=Nan L. |date=Juni 1952 |title=Chemical Revolution |publisher=Ayer Co |pages=65–90 |isbn=0-8369-1909-2}}</ref> Na pia kwa [[potashi]] ([[potasiamu kaboneti]]) iliyotolewa kwa majivu ya miti migumu. Kemikali hizi mbili zilikuwa muhimu sana kwa sababu ziliwezesha kuanzishwa kwa uvumbuzi mwingi zaidi, zikichukua mahala pa oparesheni nyingi zilizofanywa kwa maeneo madogo na michakato yenye kuokoa pesa na kudhibitiwa kwa urahisi zaidi. Sodiamu kaboneti ilikuwa na matumizi mengi katika viwanda vya vioo, nguo, sabuni na karatasi. Matumizi ya mapema ya asidi sulfuriki ni kama vile usafishaji wa chuma na stili, na [[kufanya vitambaa kwa vieupe zaidi]]. Kutengenezwa kwa poda ya kufanya vifaa view vieupe zaidi ([[kalsiamu haipoklorati]]) na mwanakemia wa Kiskoti [[Charles Tennant]] karibu mwaka wa 1800, ulikuwa na msingi katika uvumbuzi wa mwanakemia wa Kifaransa [[Claude Louis Berthollet]], na ulisababisha mapinduzi katika mchakato wa kufanya vifaa kuwa viupe zaidi kwa kuupunguza muda uliohitajika (kutoka miezi hadi masiku) ikilinganishwa na mbinu ya kijadi iliyokuwa ikitumika wakati huo, iliyohitaji mfiduo unaorudiwa kwa jua katika mashamba maalum baada ya kulowesha nguo na alkali pamoja na maziwa yaliyoganda. Kiwanda cha Tennant kilichokuwa katika mji wa St Rollox, [[Glasgow]] ya kaskazini, kikawa kiwanda kikubwa zaidi cha kemikali duniani kote. Mnamo mwaka wa 1824 [[Joseph Aspdin]], muwekaji matofari katika nyumba aliyebadilika kuwa mjenzi, alipatenti mchakato wa kikemikali wa kutengeneza [[simiti ya aina ya “Portland”]] ambayo ilikuwa muhimu katika ujenzi. Mchakato huu unahusisha [[kuchoma]] mchanganyiko wa matope na makaa ya chokaa hadi kipimo joto cha 1400&nbsp;°C, alafu kusaga hadi kutengeza vumbi laini inayochanganishwa na maji, mchanga na changarawe ili kuzalisha [[konkreta]]. Simiti ya Portland ilitumika na mhandisi mashuhuri wa Kiingereza [[Marc Isambard Brunel]] miaka mingi baadaye alipokuwa akiunda [[Shimo la Thames]].<ref>[http://www.ce.memphis.edu/1101/notes/concrete/concrete_properties_slides.pdf ''Properties of Concrete''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ce.memphis.edu/1101/notes/concrete/concrete_properties_slides.pdf |date=20100628235936 }} Published lecture notes from University of Memphis Department of Civil Engineering. Retrieved 2007-10-17.</ref> Simiti pia ilitumika vilivyo katika katika ujenzi wa [[mfumo wa kupitishia maji machafu wa London]] kizazi baadaye. ==== Vifaa vya mashine ==== [[Picha:Joseph whitworth.jpg|thumb|left|upright| Joseph Whitworth]] Mapinduzi ya viwanda hayangewezekana bila [[vifaa vya mashine]], kwani viliwezesha vifaa vya utengenezaji bidhaa kuundwa. Vina asili katika vifaa vilivyoundwa katika karne ya 18 na waundaji saa na waundaji wa vyombo vya kisayansi kuwawezesha kuzalisha mashine ndogo ndogo. Sehemu za ufundi za mashine za mwanzo za nguo wakati mwingine ziliitwa “kazi ya saa” kwa sababu ya vyuma na vijigurudumu vilivyokuwa ndani. Uundaji wa mashine za nguo ulitumia mafundi wa kazi za saa na ndiyo asili ya viwanda vya kihandisi vya kisasa. Mashine zilijengwa na mafundi mbalimbali—[[maseremala]] walitengeneza vizingiti vya mbao, na wafua vyuma na wapindushaji walitengeneza sehemu za vyuma. Mfano mzuri kuhusu jinsi vifaa vya mashine vilivyobadilisha utengenezaji bidhaa ulifanyika mjini Birmingham, Uingereza, mnamo mwaka wa 1830. Uvumbuzi wa mashine mpya na [[Joseph Gillott]], [[William Mitchell]] na [[James Stephen Perry]] uliwezesha kuunda kwa wingi kwa sehemu za mbele za kalamu dhabiti kwa bei nafuu; mchakato huo hapo awali ulikuwa mgumu na ghali. Kwa sababu ya ugumu wa kufanya kazi na chuma na ukosefu wa vifaa vya mashine, utumizi wa chuma ulikuwa mdogo. Vizingiti vya mbao vilikuwa na hasara ya kubadilisha vipimo kulingana na kiwango cha kipimo joto na unyevunyevu, na viungo mbalimbali mara nyingi viliharibika. Kadiri Mapinduzi ya Viwandani yalivyoendelea, mashine zenye vizingiti vya chuma vilikuwa nyingi zaidi, lakini vifaa vya mashine vilihitajika ili kuvinda kwa njia ambayo ingeokoa pesa. Kabla ya ujio wa zana za chuma, chuma ilitumika kazini na mikono na vifaa vya kimsingi kama vile nyundo, faili, vigwaruzo, misumeno na vifaa vya kuchonga. Sehemu ndogo za chuma zilitengenezwa kwa urahisi kwa kutumia mbinu hii, lakini si sehemu kubwa za mashine, uzalishaji ulikuwa mgumu sana na ghali. [[Picha:Lathe.PNG|thumb|right|Lethi ya mwaka wa 1911. Hii ni zana ya mashine inayoweza kutumika kuunda mashine zingine]] Mbali na [[lethi]] za maduka ya kiufundi zilizotumika na mafundi, zana ya kwanza ya mashine ilikuwa [[mashine ya mtungi ya kutoboa mashimo]] iliyotumika kutoboa mashimo makubwa katika mitungi ya awali ya injini za mvuke. [[Mashine ya randa]], [[mashine ya kutoboa mashimo]] na mashine ya [[kutengeneza maumbo]] zilivumbuliwa katika miongo ya kwanza ya karne ya 19. Ingawa [[mashine ya kusaga]] ilivumbuliwa wakati huu, haikutengenezwa kama zana ya maana Katika maduka ya kiufundi hadi Mapinduzi ya Pili ya Viwandani. Uzalishaji wa kijeshi ulikuwa muhimu katika maendeleo ya zana za mashine. [[Henry Maudslay]], ambaye aliipa mafunzo shule ya watengenezaji wa zana za mashine mapema katika karne ya 19, aliajiriwa katika eneo la [[Royal Arsenal]], [[Woolwich]], kama kijana ambapo aliona mashine kubwa za mbao zilizoendeshwa na farasi za kutoboa [[kanoni]] zikitengenezwa na [[Waverbruggans]]. Baadaye alifanya kazi kwa [[Joseph Bramah]] kuunda vifuli vya chuma, na baadaye alianza kufanya kazi peke yake. Alikuwa akijibidiisha kuunda mashine za kujenga vifaa vya meli vya kuvutia vitu vya [[Wajeshi Wanamaji]] katika kiwanda cha ufundi cha [[Portsmouth]]. Hizi zote zilikuwa chuma na zilikuwa mashine za kwanza [[kutengenezwa kwa wingi]] na za kutengeza sehemu zenye uwezo wa [[kubadilika]]. Maudslay aliyatumia mafunzo aliyoyapata kuhusu haja ya kuwa na utulivu na umakini kwa kutengeneza zana za mashine, na katika maduka yake ya kiufundi alikipa mafunzo kizazi cha watu wengi kuendeleza kazi yake, kama vile [[Richard Roberts (mhandisi)|Richard Roberts]], [[Joseph Clement]] na [[Joseph Whitworth]]. [[James Fox (mhandisi)|James Fox]] wa [[Derby]] alikuwa na biashara nzuri ya kuuza nje bidhaa za zana za mashine katika theluthi ya kwanza ya karne, kama tu [[Matthew Murray]] wa Leeds. Roberts alikuwa muundaji wa zana za mashine za hali ya juu na mwanzilishi wa kutumia jigi na vipimaji kwa mapimo ya ufasaha katika maduka ya ufundi. ==== Taa ya gesi ==== Kiwanda kingine kikubwa cha kipindi cha baadaye cha Mapinduzi ya Viwandani kilikuwa cha [[taa ya gesi]]. Ingawa wengine waliweza kubuni vifaa sawa kwingeneko, kuanzishwa kwa kazi hii katika eneo kubwa kulifanywa na [[William Murdoch]], mfanyikazi wa [[Boulton na Watt]], waanzilishaji wa [[injini ya mvuke ya Watt|injini za mvuke]] za [[Birmingham]]. Mchakato ulihusu kupitisha gesi kwa tanuri kubwa zenye makaa ya mawe, kuisafisha gesi (kutoa kiberiti, amonia na haidrokaboni nzito), kisha uhifadhi na usambazaji wake. Vifaa vya kwanza vilivyowashwa na gesI vilianzishwa mjini London kati ya miaka ya 1812 na 1820. Baadaye vilikuwa mojawapo ya watumiaji wakubwa wa makaa ya mawe nchini Uingereza. Taa ya gesi ilisababisha mabadiliko makubwa katika mipango ya kijamii na ya viwanda kwa sababu iliviruhusu viwanda na maghala kubaki wazi kwa muda mrefu zaidi kuliko kupitia mishumaa na mafuta taa. Kutumika kwake kuliwezesha maisha ya usiku kunawiri mijini kwa sababu miji na maeneo ya ndani ya manyumba yaliweza kumulikwa kwa njia kubwa sana ambayo haikuwezekana miaka ya awali. ==== Kuunda Vioo ==== [[Picha:Crystal Palace interior.jpg|thumb|Kasri la Vioo lilikuwa na [[Maonyesho Makuu]] ya mwaka wa 1851]] Mbinu pmya ya kuzalisha vioo, iliyojulikana kama mchakato wa mtungi, ilitengenezwa Barani Ulaya katika karne ya 19. Mnamo mwaka wa 1832, mchakato huu ulitumika na [[Mandugu wa Chance]] kutengeneza vioo vyembaba. Walikuwa wwazalishaji wakuu wa vioo vya dirisha na kijisahani. Maendeleo haya yaliruhusu vioo vikubwa kutengenezwa bila usumbufu, hivyo basi kukomboa nafasi ya kupanga ndani na pia kuundwa kwa majengo yenye vioo vingi. [[Kasri ya Vioo]] ndioyo mfamo mkuu wa utumiaji wa vioo vyembamba katika njia mpya na ujenzi wa kibunifu. ==== Mapinduzi yalivyoathiri kilimo ==== [[Picha:JohnFowlerTractionEngine.JPG|thumb| Injini ya kulima ya [[John Fowler na Kampuni yake.]]]] Uvumbuzi wa mitambo kulisaidia pakubwa katika kuendesha mbele Mapinduzi ya Kilimo ya Kiingereza. Uboreshaji wa kilimo ulianza katika karne chache kabla ya Mapinduzi ya Viwanda yalipoanza na huenda ilisaidia kwa kukomboa ajira kutoka ardhi ili ifanye kazi katika viwanda vipya vya karne ya kumi na nane. Kadiri mapinduzi katika viwanda yalipoendelea mfululizo wa mitambo ulipatikana na kuongeza uzalishaji wa chakula kwa kutumia wafanyikazi wachache kuliko hapo awali. [[Kitoboaji mbegu]] cha [[Jethro Tull]] kilichovumbuliwa mnamo mwaka wa 1731 kilikuwa kifaa cha kupanda mbegu ambacho kilizisambaza mbegu vizuri katika ardhi. Jembe ya Rotherham ya [[Joseph Foljambe]] ya mnamo mwaka wa 1730, ndiyo iliyokuwa jembe ya chuma ya kwanza kufanikiwa kibiashara. [[mashine ya kupura]] ya [[Andrew Meikle]] ya 1784 ilikuwa ndiyo mwisho kwa wafanyikazi wengi wa mashamba, na ilisababisha uasi wa kilimo wa [[Maandamano ya Swing]] ya mnamo mwaka 1830. Katika miaka ya 1850 na 1860 [[John Fowler (mhandisi wa kilimo)|John Fowler]], aliyekuwa mhandisi na mvumbuzi, alianza kutafuta uwezekano wa kutumia injini za mvuke kwa kulima na kuchimba mifereji ya kupitishia maji. Mfumo aliovumbua ulihusisha injini moja ambayo haikusonga katika sehemu moja ya shamba ikivuta majembe kwa kutumia kamba au injini mbili ziliwekwa katika pande mbili za mwisho za shamba zinazovuta jembe mbele na nyuma. Mfumo wa kulima wa Fowler ulipunguza gharama ya kulima mashamba pakubwa ikilinganishwa na majembe yaliyovutwa na farasi. Pia, mbinu yake ya kilimo, ilipotumika kuchimba mifereji ya kupitishia maji, ilifanya ardhi yenye maji mengi ambayo haingeweza kutumika hapo awali iweze kutumika. [[Injini ya kuvutwa]] baadaye ilikuwa inaonekana kwa wingi ikitumika pamoja na [[mashine za kupura]] wakati wa kutengeneza nyasi ya mifugo na wakati wa kuyalima mashamba. === Uchukuzi nchini Uingereza === Katika mwanzo wa Mapinduzi ya Kilimo, mapinduzi ndani ya nchi yalitumia mito na barabara za kuoitika, huku vyombo vya pwani vikitumika kusafirisha bidhaa nzito baharini. Reli ilitumika kusafirisha makaa ya mawe hadi mitoni ili yasafirishwe tena, lakini mifereji bado haikuwa imejengwa. Wanyama ndio walisaidia katika kusafiri ardhini, na mashua zikisaidia katika usafiri majini. Mapinduzi ya Viwandani yaliboresha miundombinu ya usafiri huku ikewezesha kuwepo kwa mtandao wa mabarabara, mfereji na mtandao wa majini na hata mtandao wa reli. Malighafi na bidhaa zilizokamilika zingewezwa kusongeshwa haraka na kwa bei nafuu kuliko hapo awali. Kuboreshwa kwa uchukuzi pia kuliruhusu mawazo mapya kuenea haraka. ==== Coastal sail ==== Vyombo vya majini kwa muda mrefu vilikuwa vimetumika kwa kusafirisha bidhaa katika eneo la pwani ya Uingereza. Biashara ya kusafirisha makaa ya mawe kutoka London hadi Newcastle ilikuwa imenaza katika [[Zama za Kati]]. Usafirishaji wa biashara katika pwani kwa kutumia bahari nchini Uingereza ulikuwa jambo la kawaida wakati wa Mapinduzi ya Viwandani, kama ilivyokuwa karne nyingi za awali. Hili lilizidi kuwa jambo la maana reli zilipokuwa katika mwisho wa kipindi. ==== Mito inayoweza kupitika ==== Mito yote mikubwa nchini Uingereza iliweza kupitika wakati wa Mapinduzi ya Viwandani. Mingine iliweza kupitika katika zama za kale, hasa mto wa [[Severn]], [[Thames]], and [[Trent]]. Mito mingine iliboreshwa, au urambazaji uliweza kufanyika katika maeneo fulani, lakini katika kipindi kabla ya Mapinduzi ya Viwandani, bali si wakati wa kipindi hicho. Mto Severn, haswa, ulitumika kwa usafirishaji wa bidhaa hadi maeneo ya kati ambazo zilikuwa zimeagizwa hadi Bristol kutoka nje, na kwa uuzaji wa bidhaa nje kutoka vituo vya uzalishaji mjini [[Shropshire]] (kama vile bidhaa za chuma kutoka [[Coalbrookdale]]) na [[Nchi Nyeusi]]. Uchukuzi ulitumia [[trowi]]—vyombo vidogo vya maji ambavyo vingeweza kupita katika katika maeneo mbalimbali ambayo na madaraja katika mito. Trowi zingeweza kupita Mto wa Bristol na kuingia katika bandari za Wales na Somerset Kusini, kama vile [[Bridgwater]] na hata maeneo ya mbali kama vile Ufaransa. ==== Mifereji ==== [[Picha:WalesC0047.jpg|thumbnail|[[Daraja la Pontcysyllte]], [[Llangollen]], [[Wales]]]] Mifereji ilianza kujengwa mwishoni mwa karne ya kumi na nane kuunganisha maeneo makubwa ya utengenezaji bidhaa katika Maeneo ya kati na kaskazini na bandari za bahari na mji wa London, amabyo wakati kuo ilikuwa kituo kikubwa zaidi cha utengenezaji bidhaa nchini. Mkifereji ndiyo iliyokuwa teknoljia ya kwanza kuruhusu vifaa vikubwa kusafirishwa kwa urahisi kote nchini. Farasi mmoja wa mfereji angeweza kuvuta mzigo mkubwa mara nyingi kuliko mkokoteni haraka zaidi. Kufikia miaka ya 1820, mtandao wa kitaifa ulikuwepo. Ujenzi wa mifereji ulikuwa kama mfano wa mipango na mbinu ambazo baadaye zilitumika katika ujenzi wa reli. Hatimaye mifereji ilipitwa kama biashara yenye faida na ujenzi wa reli kuanzia miaka ya 1840 na kuendelea. Mtandao wa mifereji wa Uingereza, pamoja na majengo yaliyobaki ya viwanda vya kinu vilivyobaki, ndiyo mojawapo ya dhihirisho bayana la zama za mapema za Mapinduzi ya Viwandani yanayoweza kuonekana nchini Uingereza. ==== Barabara ==== Barabara nyingi za awali za mfumo wa barabara za Uingereza zilitunzwa vibaya na maelfu ya maparokia ya mitaa, lakini kuanzia miaka ya 1720 (na mara chache mapema zaidi) mashirika ya kifedha ya [[turnpike]] yaliundwa kutozwa kodi ili na kudumisha baadhi ya barabara. Kuongezeka kwa idadi ya barabara kuu ziliwekewa vituo vywa “turnpike” kuanzika miaka ya 1750 hadi kiwango ambacho kila barabra kuu ya Uingereza na Wales ilikuwa jukumu la [[shirika la kifedha la “turnpike”]]. Barabara mpya zilizotengenezwa na wahandisi zilijengwa na [[John Metcalf (mhandisi wa kiraia)|John Metcalf]], [[Thomas Telford]] na [[John Loudon McAdam|John Macadam]]. “Turnpike” zilitoka katika katika eneo la mji wa London na zilikuwa mbinu iliyotumika na huduma za Kimiliki za posta kufikia nchi yote. Usafirishaji wa bidhaa nzito katika barabara hizi ulitumia mikokoteni iliyoenda polepole, na yenye miguu pana iliyovutwa na farasi. Bidhaa nyepesi zilisafirishwa kwa kutumia mikokoteni midogo zaidi au kwa kutumia [[farasi]] wengi. Farasi zenye kuvuta majigari madogo yalibeba matajiri, na wale ambao hawakuwa matajiri wangeweza kulipa kuendeshwa katika [[kikokoteni ya kubebewa]]. ==== Njia za reli ==== Njia za reli za mikokoteni za kubeba makaa ya mawe katika maeneo ya uchimbuzi wa madini ulikuwa umenaza kaika karne ya 17 na mara kwa mara yalihusishwa na mifumo ya mifereji au mito kwa usafirishaji zaidi wa makaa ya mawe. Hizi zote zilivutwa na farasi au zilitegemea mvuto, huku zikiwa na injini ya mvuke ambayo haikusonga ya kuivuta mkokoteni maalum juu hadi kilele cha mlima. Matumizi ya kwanza ya [[garimoshi]] ya mvuke yalikuwa katika mkokoteni maalum au njia za sahani (zilivyoitwa mara kwa mara wakati huo kwani ziliundwa na mfano wa vijisahani vya chuma nzito). Reli za umma zilizovutwa na farasi hazikuanza hadi miaka ya mapema ya karne ya 19. Reli za umma zilizovutwa na mvuke zilianza na Reli ya [[Stockton na Darlington]] na mnamo mwaka wa 1825 na reli za [[Liverpool na Manchester]] mnamo mwaka wa 1830. Ujenzi wa reli kuu ukiunganisha miji mikubwa ulianza katika miaka ya 1830 lakini ilizidi kwa kasi katika mwisho kabisa wa Mapinduzi ya Viwandani. Baada ya wafanyikazi wengi kumaliza reli, hawakurudi katika maisha yao ya vijijini lakini badala yake walibaki katika miji, wakitoa nyongeza zaidi ya wafinyikazi katika viwanda vya uundaji wa bidhaa. Barabara za reli ziliusaidia uchumi wa nchi ya Uingereza pakubwa, kwa kutoa njia rahisi nay a haraka ya uchukuzi na niia rahisi ya kusafirisha barua na habarii. == Athari za kijamii == Kwa mujibu wa muundo wa kijamii, Mapinduzi ya Viwandani yalishuhudia ushindi wa watu wa [[daraja la kati]] ya wanaviwanda na wafanyabiashara ambao waliwashinda daraja la watu lenye ardhi ya mabwana wakubwa. Watu wa kawaida walipata fursa nyingi zaidi za kufanya kazi katika viwanda vipya vya kutengeneza bidhaa, lakini hizi zilikuwa chini ya mazingira magumu ya kikazi yakiwa na masaa marefu ya kazi yaliyotawaliwa na mbio za kufanya kazi za mashine. Hata hivyo, hali ngumu za kikazi yalikuwa miaka mingi kabla ya ujio wa Mapinduzi ya Viwandani kufanyika. Jamii ya kabla ya viwanda haikuwa na mabadiliko mengi na mara nyingi ilikuwa na uhasama mwingi—[[watoto kufanya kazi]], hali hafu za maisha, na masaa marefu yalikuwa kwa wingi hata kabla ya Mapinduzi ya Viwandani.<ref>R.M. Hartwell, ''The Industrial Revolution and Economic Growth'', Methuen and Co., 1971, page 339-341 ISBN 0-416-19500-8</ref> === Viwanda na upanuzi wa miji === [[Picha:Cottonopolis1.jpg|thumb|left|Manchester, Uingereza ("[[Cottonopolis]]"), katika picha ya mwaka wa 1840, ikionyesha idai kubwa ya vifaa vya kutoa moshi katika viwanda vya untegenezaji wa bidhaa]] Ueneaji wa viwanda ulisababisha kuanzishwa kwa [[kiwanda cha kuuza bidhaa]]. Cha kwanza ilikuwa ya [[John Lombe]] ya [[Makavazi ya Derby Viwanda|kiwanda cha kuunda nduo kwa kutumia maji]] mjini [[Derby]], kilichoanza mnamo mwaka wa 1721. Hata hivyo, kuibuka kwa kiwanda cha kuunda bidhaa ulifanyika baadaye kidogo wakati uzungushaji wa pama ulipoanza kutumia mitambo maalum. Mfumo wa viwandani uliwajibika pakubwa katika kuibuka kwa [[mji]] wa kisasa, kwani idadi kubwa ya wafanyikazi walihamia miji wakitafuta ajira katika viwanda vya kuunda bidhaa. Hili halikuwa dhahiri popote pengine kama ilivyokuwa katika viwanda vya kinu na viwanda vilivyohusika na kiwanda cha aina hii mjini [[Manchester]], ikipewa jina "[[Cottonopolis]]", na kuwa mji wa kwanza wa viwanda duniani. Kwa kipidindi kikubwa cha karne ya 19, uzalishaji ulifanywa katika viwanda vidogo vya kinu, ambavyo kwa kawaida, vilitumia [[maji]] kufanya kazi na ambavyo vilijengwa kutumikia mahitaji ya mitaa. Baadaye kila kiwanda cha utengenezaji wa bidhaa kilikuwa na injini yake ya mvuke na kifaa cha kupitishia moshi kuiufanya mtungi wa kuchemshia maji uweze kufanya kazi bora zaidi. Mpito wa kuingia zama za upanuzi wa viwanda haukukosa shida. Kwa mfani, kikundi cha wafayikazi wa Kiingereza kilichojulikana kama [[Waludaiti]] kiliundwa ili kuandamana dhidi ya upanuzi wa viwanda na wakati mwingine [[kuharibu]] viwanda. Katika viwanda vingine mpito wa kuingia katika zama ya viwanda haukuibua mgawanyiko. Baadhi ya wanaviwanda wenyewe walijaribu kuboresha maish katika viwanda vya utengenezaji bidhaa na hali ya maisha ya wafanyikazi wao. Mmmoja wa watu aliyeanazisha mabadiliko viwandani alikuwa [[Robert Owen]], aliyejulikana kwa jitihada zake za kwanza za kuboresha maisha ya wafanyikazai katika [[Viwanda vya kinu vya New Lanark]], na mara kwa mara yeye hutazamwa kama mmoja wa wanafalsafa wa [[Uyutopia wa Kisosholista|harakati ya mapema ya kisosholista]]. Kufikia mwaka wa 1746, kiwanda cha kujumuishwa cha kinu cha brasi kilikuwa kikifanya kazi katika mji wa [[Warmley]] karibu na [[Bristol]]. Malighafi yaliingia katika upande mmoja, yakafuliwa kuwa brasi na kubadilishwa kuwa pani, oinim waya na bidhaa nyingenezo. Makazi yalipewa kwa wafanyikazi katika kiwanda. [[Josiah Wedgwood]] na [[Matthew Boulton]] walikuwa wanaviwanda wengine maarufu, amaboa waliotumia mfumo wa viwanda vya utengenezaji bidhaa. === Ajira ya watoto === [[Picha:coaltub.png|right|frame|"Mvutaji"mwenye umri mdogo anavuta sanduku la makaa ya mawe katika shimo la kuchimba madini]] Mapinduzi ya Viwandani yalisababisha ongezeko la idadi ya watu, lakini uwezekano wa kuishi kupita miaka ya utotoni haukuboreshwa kupitia kipindi chote cha Mapinduzi ya Viwandani (ingawa vifo vya ''watoto wachanga'' vilipungua sana).<ref name = "Buer"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Demographic Transition and Industrial Revolution: A Macroeconomic Investigation|year=2007|accessdate=2007-11-05|url=http://www.unc.edu/~oksana/Paper1.pdf|first1=Michael last1 = Bar|first2=Oksana|format=PDF|last2=Leukhina|quote=The decrease [in mortality] beginning in the second half of the 18th century was due mainly to declining adult mortality. Sustained decline of the mortality rates for the age groups 5-10, 10-15, and 15-25 began in the mid 19th century, while that for the age group 0-5 began three decades later|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127160733/http://www.unc.edu/~oksana/Paper1.pdf|archivedate=2007-11-27}}. Although the survival rates for infants and children were static over this period, the birth rate & overall life expectancy increased. Thus the population grew, but the [[Demographics|average Briton was about as old]] in 1850 as in 1750 (see figures 5 & 6, page 28). Population size statistics from [http://www.mortality.org/ mortality.org] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mortality.org/ |date=20110228152143 }} put the mean age at about 26.</ref> Bado kulikuwa na nafasi ndogo ya elimu, na watoto walitarajiwa kufanya kazi. Waajiri waliweza kumplipa motto kiasi kidogo kuliko mtu mzima ingawa uzalishaji wao ulikawa sawa; hakukuwa na haja ya nguvu katika utumizi wa mashine za viwandani, na kwa sababu mfumo wa viwandani ulikuwa mpya kabisa vibarua waliokuwa watu wazima wenye uzoefu hawakuwepo. Jambo hili lilifanya ajira ya watoto kupendwa katika awamu za kwanza za Mapinduzi ya Viwandani kati ya karne za 18 na 19. [[Ajira ya watoto]] ilikuwa kabla ya miaka ya Mapinduzi ya Viwandani, lakini kufuatia ongezeko la idadi ya watu na elimu iliweza kuwa dhahiri zaidi. Watoto wengi walilazimishwa kufanya kazi katika mazingira mabaya na kulipwa kiasi kidogo kuliko watu wazima.<ref>"[http://www.usp.nus.edu.sg/victorian/history/workers1.html The Life of the Industrial Worker in Ninteenth-Century England]".</ref> Ripoti ziliandikwa zikielezea kuhusu dhuluma iliyofanywa, hasa katika migodi ya mawe ya makaa<ref>{{cite web | title = Testimony Gathered by Ashley's Mines Commission | year = 2008 | accessdate = 2008-03-22 | url=http://www.victorianweb.org/history/ashley.html}}</ref> na viwanda vya nguo <ref>{{cite web | title = The Life of the Industrial Worker in Nineteenth-Century England | year = 2008 | accessdate = 2008-03-22 | url=http://www.victorianweb.org/history/workers1.html}}</ref> na ripoti kama hizi zilisaidia watu kujua zaidi kuhusu mateso waliyofanyiwa watoto. Malalamiko ya umma, hasa katika watu wa daraja la kati na daraja la juu, kulisaidia kufanya mabadiliko katika ustwai wa wafanyikazi. Wanasiasa na serikali zilijaribu kukomesha ajira ya watoto kisheria, lakini wamiliki wa viwanda walikataa; wengi walihisi kuwa walikuwa wakiwasaidia watoto maskini kwa kuwapa pesa za kununua chakula ili kujiepusha na [[kufa njaa]], na wengine walikaribisha tu wafanyikazi wa bei nafuu. Mnamo mwaka wa 1833 na 1844, sheria za kwanza za jumla dhidi ya ajira ya watoto, [[Sheria za viwanda vya Utengenezaji wa Bidhaa]], zilipitishwa nchini Uingereza: Watoto wenye umri mdogo kuliko miaka tisa hawakuruhusiwa kufanya kufanya kazi, watoto hawakuruhusiwa kufanya kazi usiku, na siku ya kazi kwa kijana mwenye umri wa chini ya miaka 18 ulikuwa usizidi masaa kumi na mawili.Wasimamizi wa viwanda vya utengenezaji bidhaa walihakikisha sheria hiyo imetekelezwa. Miaka kumi baadaye, utumiaji wa watoto na wanawake ulipigwamarufuku. Sheria hizi zilipunguza idadi ya vibarua waliokuwa watoto; hata hivyo, ajira ya watoto ilibaki Barani Ulaya na nchini Marekani hadi karne ya 20.<ref>"[http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/hine-photos/ Photographs of Lewis Hine: Documentation of Child Labor]". The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.</ref> Kufikia mwaka wa 1900, kulikuwa na watoto milioni 1.7 walioripotiwa katika viwanda vywa Marekani chini ya umri wa miaka kumi na mitano.<ref>"[http://webinstituteforteachers.org/%7Ebobfinn/2003/industrialrevolution.htm The Industrial Revolution]". The Web Institute for Teachers.</ref> === Makazi === [[Picha:YCBA London a Pilgrimage 06 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|''Juu ya mji wa London kwa Reli''. Picha iliyochorwa na [[Gustave Doré]] katika miaka ya 1870. Inaonyesha mazingira yenye watu wengi na yaliyochafuliwa yaliyoibuka katika miji mipya ya viwanda]] Hali ya maisha wakati wa Mapinduzi ya Viwandani yalitofautiana kutoka kwa mapambo ya manyumba ya wenye viwanda hadi ufukara wa maisha ya wafanyikazi. [[Cliffe Castle]], [[Keighley]], ni mfano mzuri wa jinsi walikuwa wametajirika wakati huo walichagua kuishi. Hii ni nyumba kubwa inayofanana na kasri ikiwa na minara na nyuta za bustani. Nyumba yenyewe ni kubwa sana na imezingirwa na bustani kubwa, Kasri la sasa limefunguliwa kwa umma kama makavazi. Watu masikini waliishi katika nyumba ndogo sana katika vitongji vilivyosongamana. Makazi haya yangetumia vyoo kwa kushiriki, kuwa na mitaro ya uchafu na iliyokuwa wazi na iliyokuwa katika hatari ya [[unyevunyevu]]. Magonjwa yalienezwa kupitia mfumo wa kusambaza maji uliochafuliwa. Hali hii iliboreshwa katika kipindi cha karne ya 19 kadiri sheria za umma za afya zilivyoanzishwa kushughulikia mambo kama vile mitaro ya maji machafu, usafi na kutengeneza kwa vizuizi fulani kuhusu ujenzi wa nyumba. Si watu wote walioishi katika nyumba kama hizi. Mapinduzi ya Viwandani yalitengeneza idadi kubwa zaidi ya watu wa daraja la kati katika kazi kama vile mawakili na madakitari. Hali ya maisha za watu masikni ziliboreshwa katika kipindi cha karne ya 19 kwa sababu ya mipango ya serikali nay a mitaa iliyosababisha miji kuwa maeneo masafi zaidi, lakini maisha ya maskini hayakuwa rahisi kwa watu masikkini kabla ya kuenea kwa viwanda. Hata hivyo, kama chanzo cha Mapinduzi ya viwandani, watu wengi wa daraja la kufanya kazi walikufa kwa sababu ya magonjwa yaliyoenea kupitia hali ya maisha ya msongamano. Magonjwa ya kifua, [[kipi ndupindu]] kutoka maji machafu na homa ya kuharisha yalikuwa kawaida, kama tu ugonjwa wa “smallpox”. Ajali katika viwanda vya kutengeneza bidhaa zilizohusisha wafanyikazi watoo na wanawake yalikuwa mengi. Riwaya za [[Charles Dickens|Dickens]] zinaashiria hili; hata baadhi ya vongozi wa kiserikali walistaajabishwa na kile walichokiona{{Citation needed|date=Oktoba 2008}}. Migomo na maandamano ya wafanyikazi yalikuwa pia yalikuwa kawaida. === Waludaiti === {{Main|Uludaiti}} [[Picha:Luddite.jpg|thumb|right|''Kiongozi wa Waludaiti'', picha ya kuchongwa ya mnamo mwaka wa 1812]] Kukuwa kwa haraka kwa uchumi wa Uingereza kuliwagharimu wafanyikazi wengi wa rejareja kazi zao. Harakati ilianza kwanza na wafanyikazi wa [[lesi]] and [[kofia]] karibu na mji wa [[Nottingham]] na kuenea hadi pande zingine za viwanda vya nguo kwa sababu ya kuibuka kwa viwanda mapema. Washonaji wengi pia walijipata kighafla bila ajira kwa sababu hawangeweza kushindana na mashine ambazo zilihitaji tu kuhudumiwa kidogo ( na bila kuhitaji uzoefu) ili kuzalisha nguo zaidi kuliko mshonaji mmoja. Wafanyikazi wengi wa aina hiyo waliokuwa wamepoteza kazi zao, waligeuza hasira yao kwa mashine ambazo zilikuwa zimnyakua kazi zao na wakaanza viwanda vywa utengenezaji bidhaa na mitambo. Washambuliaji hawa walijulikana kama Waludaiti, wafuasi wa aliyesemekana kuitwa [[Ned Ludd]], ambaye alikuwa mtu wa kihadithi tu. Mshambulizi ya kwanza ya harakati ya Waludaiti yalianza mnamo mwaka wa 1811. Waludaiti walipata umaarufu haraka, na serikali ya Uingereza ilichukua hatua kubwa kwa kutumia [[wanamigambo]] au [[majeshi]] kuvilinda viwanda. Waandamanaji waliokamatwa walifikishwa kotini na kuyongwa, au [[hukumu ya kusafirishwa|kusafirishwa]] kwa maisha. Migogoro iliendelea katika sekta myingi kadiri zilivyozidi kuongeza viwanda, kama vile vibarua wa kilimo katika miaka ya 1830, ambapo idadi kubwa ya Uingereza ya kusini iliadhiriwa na usumbufu wa [[Kapteni Swing]]. Mashine za upuraji ndizo zilizolengwa haswa, na kuchoma riki za mashine kulikuwa maarufu. Maandamano hayo hata hivyo, yalisababisha kuundwa kwa mara ya kwanza kwa [[vyama vya wafanyikazi]], na shinikizo zaidi la kufanya mabadiliko. === Mpangilio wa ajira === {{See also|Vyama vya wafanyakazi}} [[Picha:Chartist meeting, Kennington Common.jpg|thumb|Mkutano Mkuu wa Wachatisti iliyofanywa katika eneo la Kennington Common, mnamo mwaka wa 1848]] Mapinduzi ya viwandani yalifanya ajira kukolea katika viwanda vya vinu, viwanda vya utengenezaji wa bidhaa na migodi, hivyo basi kuwezesha mipango ya ''mchanganyiko'' au [[vyama vya wafanyikaz]] ili kusaidia kuendeleza maslahi ya watu waliokuwa wakifanya kazi. Nguvu za vyama vya wafanyikazi ungeweza kudai msharti bora kwa kuondoa ajira yote na kusababisha kukomeshwa kwa uzalishaji. Iliwabidi waajiri kuamua kati ya kukubali matakwa ya vyama vya wafanyikazi ambapo wangelipa gharama au kupitia gharama ya uzalishaji uliopotea. Ilikuwa vigumu kupata wafanyikazi wengine wenye ujuzi wa kufanya kazi ya wale ambao walikuwa wamekataa kufanya kazi, na hivi vilikuwa vikundi vya kwanza kufanikiwa kutetea haki zao kupitia mbinu hii. Njia kuu iliyotumika na vyama vya wafanyikazi kufanya mabadiliko zilikuwa [[hatua za migomo]]. Migomo mingi ilikuwa chanzo cha uchungu mwingi kwa pande zote mbili, vyama vywa wafanyikazi na wasimamizi. Nchini Uingereza, [[Sheria ya Pamoja]] iliwazuia wafanyikazi wasitengeneza aina yoyote ile ya chama cha wafanyikazi kuanzia mwaka wa 1799 hadi ilipofutiliwa mbali mnamo mwaka wa 1824. Hata baada ya hili, vyama vya wafanyikazi bado viliwekewa vikwazo vingi. Mnamo mwaka wa 1832, mwaka wa [[Sheria ya Mageuzi]] ambayo iliendeleza kura nchini Uingereza lakini haikuwezesha upigaji kura kwa wote, wanaume sita kutoka mtaa wa [[Tolpuddle]] mjini Dorset walianzisha Jamii ya Kirafiki ya Vibarua wa Kilimo kupinga kupungua kwa kiwango cha mishahara katika miaka ya 1830. Walikataa kufanya kazi kwa kiasi kilichopungua shilingi 10 kila wiki, ingawa kufikia wakati huu mishahara ilikuwa imepunguzwa hadi shilingi saba na zilikuwa zimepangwa kupungzwa zaidi hadi shilingi sita. Mnamo mwaka wa 1834 James Frampton, mwenye ardhi wa mtaa, alimandikia Waziri mkuu, [[Bwana Melbourne]], kulalamika kuhusu chama cha wafanyikazi, na kusababisha kutumika kwa sheria ya zamani ya 1797 iliyowakataza watu kula viapo kati yao, jambo ambalo wanachama wa Jamii ya Kirafiki ya Vibarua wa Kilimo walikuwa wamefanya. James Brine, James Hammett, George Loveless, James Loveless ndugu yake George, ndugu yake George kisheria Thomas Standfield, na John Standfield mwanawe Thomas walikamatwa, wakapatikana na hatia, na kusafirishwa hadi nchini Australia. Walikuja kujulikana kama [[Mameta wa Tolpuddle]]. Katika miaka ya 1830 na 1840 harakati ya [[Kimkataba]] ilikuwa mkutano wa kwanza mkubwa wa kupangwa wa wafanyikazi wa kisiasa uliofanya kampeni za kutetea usawa wa kisiasa na haki ya kijamii. Mkataba wake wa mageuzi ulipokea zaidi ya saini milioni tatu lakini ilikatiliwa na Bunge bila kuzingatiwa. Watu waliokuwa wakifanya kazi pia waliunda [[Jamii ya Kirafiki|jamii za kirafiki]] na [[Shirika|mashirika ya kijamii]] kama vikundi vya kutoa usaidizi dhidi ya wakati mgumu wa kiuchumi. Wanaviwanda waliotaalamika, kama vile [[Robert Owen]] pia waliunga mkono mashirika haya ili kuboresha hali za watu wa daraja la kufanya kazi. Vyama vya wafanyikazi polepole vilishinda vikwazo vya kisheria dhidi ya haki ya kugoma. Mnamo mwaka wa 1842, [[Mgomo wa Kijumla]] uliohusisha wafanyikazi wa pamba na wafanyikazi wa kuchimba mawe ya makaa ulipangwa kupitia harakati ya [[Kimkataba]] ambayo ilikomesha uzalishaji wa bidhaa kote nchini Uingereza.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070609204531/http://www.chartists.net/General-Strike-1842 General Strike 1842] From chartists.net. Retrieved 13 Novemba 2006.</ref> Hatimaye mpango wa kisiasa wneye unfanisi kwa watu wenye kufanya kazi ulifikiwa kupitia vyama vya wafanyikazi ambavyo, baada ya upanuzi wa kibiashara mnamo mwaka wa 1867 na mwaka wa 1885, ulianza kuunga mkono vyama vya kisiasa vya kisosholista ambavyo viliibuka baadaye ili kuwa [[Chama cha Kavi (Uingereza)|Chama cha Kazi]] cha Uingereza. === Athari nyingine === Utumizi wa nguvu za mvuke katika michakato ya viwandani ya [[uchapashaji]] uliwezesha upanuzi mkubwa wa uchapishaji wa magazeti na vitabu maarufu, jambo ambalo liliwezesha kuongezeka kwa idadi ya watu wenye uwezo wa kusoma na mahitaji ya kushiriki kukubwa kwa watu kisiasa. Wakati wa Upanuzi wa Viwandani, [[urefu wa maisha]] wa watoto uliongezeka pakubwa. Asilimia ya watoto waliozaliwa mjini London waliokufa kabla ya kutimiza umri wa miaka ilipunguka kutoka 74.5% mnamo mwaka wa 1730–1749 hadi 31.8% mnamo mwaka wa 1810–1829.<ref name="Buer">Mabel C. Buer, ''Health, Wealth and Population in the Early Days of the Industrial Revolution'', London: George Routledge & Sons, 1926, page 30 ISBN 0-415-38218-1</ref> Pia, kulikuwa na ongezeko kubwa la mishahara ya wafanyikzai wakati wa kipindi cha mwaka 1813 hadi mwaka 1913.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1006/exeh.1994.1007 |title=Trends in Real Wages in Britain, 1750-1913 |year=1994 |author=Crafts, N |journal=Explorations in Economic History |volume=31 |pages=176}}</ref><ref>[http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/IndustrialRevolutionandtheStandardofLiving.html Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living] From www.econlib.org, downloaded 17 Julai 2006.</ref><ref>R.M. Hartwell, ''The Rising Standard of Living in England, 1800-1850'', Economic History Review, 1963, page 398 ISBN 0-631-18071-0</ref> Kulingana na Robert Hughes katika kitabu chake ''The Fatal Shore'', [[idadi ya wakazi wa Uingereza]] na Wales, ambayo ilikuwa imebaki katika kiwango bila kusonga cha milioni 6 kutoka mwaka wa 1700 hadi mwaka wa 1740, kiliongezeka pakubwa baada ya mwaka wa 1740. Idadi ya watu wa Uingereza ilikuwa imeongezeka kwa zaidi ya mara mbili kutoka milioni 8.3 mnamo mwaka wa 1801 hadi milioni 16.8 mnamo mwaka wa 1851 na, kufikia mwaka wa 1901, ilikuwa imeongezeka karibu mara mbili hadi milioni 30.5.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20060215211500/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/fom2005/01_FOPM_Population.pdf The UK population: past, present and future]" (PDF). Statistics.gov.uk</ref> Kadiri hali ya maisha na huduma za kiafya zilivyoboreka wakati wa karne ya 19, ndivyo idadi ya watu nchini Uingereza ilivyoongezeka maradufu kila miaka 50.<ref>"[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/a-portrait-of-britain-in-2031-395231.html A portrait of Britain in 2031]". The Independent. 24 Oktoba 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/victorian_medicine_01.shtml BBC - History - Victorian Medicine - From Fluke to Theory]. Published: 2002-02-01.</ref> Idadi ya watu ya Bara [[Ulaya]] iliongezeka maradufu wakati wa kipindi cha karne ya 18, kutoka takriban milioni 100 hadi karibu milioni 200, na kuongezeka maradufu tena wakati wa kipindi cha karne ya 19, hadi karibu milioni 400.<ref>"[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/387301/modernization/12022/Population-change Modernization - Population Change]". Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref> Ukuaji wa sekta ya kisasa ya viwanda tangu kipindi cha mwisho cha karne ya 18 kuendelea kulisababisha [[kukuwa kwa miji mikubwa]] na kuibuka kwa [[mji|miji]] mipya mikubwa, kwanza Barani Ulaya na baadaye katika maeneo mengine, kwani fursa mpya zilileta idadi kubwa ya wahamiaji kutoka jamii za mashambani hadi maeneo mjini. Mnamo mwaka wa 1800, 3% tu ya idadi ya watu duniani iliishi katika miji,<ref>"[http://www.prb.org/Educators/TeachersGuides/HumanPopulation/Urbanization.aspx Human Population: Urbanization] {{Wayback|url=http://www.prb.org/Educators/TeachersGuides/HumanPopulation/Urbanization.aspx |date=20091026040409 }}". Population Reference Bureau.</ref> takwimu ambayo imeongezeka hadi 50% kufikia kipidindi cha mwanzo cha karne ya 21.<ref>"[http://www.prb.org/Educators/TeachersGuides/HumanPopulation/PopulationGrowth/QuestionAnswer.aspx Human Population: Population Growth: Question and Answer] {{Wayback|url=http://www.prb.org/Educators/TeachersGuides/HumanPopulation/PopulationGrowth/QuestionAnswer.aspx |date=20130406023303 }}". Population Reference Bureau.</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 1717 [[Manchester]] ilikuwa mji mdogo wa kibiashara tu wa takriban watu 10,000, lakini kufikia mwaka wa 1911 mji wa Manchester ulikuwa na idadi ya watu milioni 2.3.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/361363/Manchester Manchester (England, United Kingdom)]. Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref> Sababu ya vifo vingi zaidi katika miji ilikuwa ni [[kifua kikuu]].<ref>"[http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/diseases_industrial_revolution.htm Diseases in industrial cities in the Industrial Revolution] {{Wayback|url=http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/diseases_industrial_revolution.htm |date=20100106010412 }}". Historylearningsite.co.uk.</ref> Kufikia kipindi cha mwisho cha karne ya 19, kati ya 70 hadi 90% ya wakazi wa miji wa Ulaya na Amerika ya Kaskazini walikuwa wameambukizwa ugonjwa wa ''M. tuberculosis'', na karibu 40% ya vifo vya watu wa daraja la kufanya kazi katika maeneo ya mijini yalisababishwa na kifua kikuu.<ref>"[http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/contagion/tuberculosis.html Tuberculosis in Europe and North America, 1800–1922]". ''The Harvard University Library, Open Collections Program: Contagion.''</ref> == Bara la Ulaya == Mapinduzi ya Viwandani katika maeneo yanayopatikana katika Bara la [[Ulaya]] yalifanyika muda mchache baada ya kufanyika nchini [[Uingereza]]. Katika viwanda vingi, jambo hili lilihusisha matumizi ya teknolojia iliyokuwa na asili yake nchini Uingereza ambapo iliendelezwa katika maeneo mapya. Mara nyingi teknoljia hiyo ilinunuliwa kutoka nchini Uingereza au wahandisi wa Uingereza na wajasiriamali walihamia nchi za ng’ambo wakitafuta fursa mpya. Kufikia mwaka wa 1809 sehemu ya [[Eneo la Ruhr|Bonde la Ruhr]] katika jimbo la Westphalia liliitwa 'Uingereza Ndogo' kwa sababu ya kufanana na maeneo ya viwanda nchini Uingereza. Serikali za Kijerumani, Kirusi na Kibegiji zote zilitoa fedha ili kukuza viwanda vipya. Kwa baadhi ya bidhaa (kama vile [[chuma]]), upatikanaji tofauti wa rasilimali nchini kulimaanisha kuwa nit u baadhi ya vipengele vya teknolojia ya Uingereza vilivyotumika. === Wallonia, Ubelgiji === [[Picha:Houding1.jpg|thumb| [[Vifaa vya kuinua meli katika Mfereji mzee wa Canal du Centre]]mwaka wa 1900 [[Eneo la Kitamaduni la Dunia]]]] [[Picha:Bois-du-Luc CM3JPG.jpg|thumb|Nyumba ya wafanyikazi katika eneo la Bois-du-Luc (1838-1853) katika [[La Louvière]]]] Maarufu kwa makaa yake ya mawe na chuma yake ya aina ya stili, [[Wallonia]] imekuwa na uzoefu mkubwa wa viwanda tangu Zama za Kati. Kwa miaka mingi, viwanda vya kuunda bidhaa nzito nzito ndivyo vilivyokuwa kiendeshaji cha uchumi wa kanda hiyo. Hakika, mji wa Wallonia ndio uliokuwa eneo la kuzaliwa kwa Mapinduzi ya Viwandani katika Bara la Ulaya: <blockquote>Kabla ya ujenzi wa reli katika Bara Ulaya lilihitaji idadi kubwa ya chuma iliyoweza kuchomwa na kufanywa kuwa umbo lolote kwa urahisi ili kuunda chuma za reli, ambapo chuma dhaifu za bei ya rejareja zilitumika, Wallonia ilikuwa eneo la kipekee Barani Ulaya kufanikiwa katika kuufuata mfano wa Uingereza. Tangu miaka ya kati ya 1820, vifaa vingi vilivyojumuisha tanuri za kulipua za koki na hata viwanda vya vinu vya “puddling” na kubingirisha zilijengwa katika maeneo ya kuchimba makaa ya mawe karibu na miji ya [[Liège]] na [[Charleroi]]. Ikishinda vingine vyote, viwanda vya [[John Cockerill]] katika mji wa [[Seraing]] vilijumisha hatua zote za uzalishaji, kuanzia uhandisi hadi utoaji wa malighafi, kufikia mwaka wa 1825.<ref>Chris Evans, Göran Rydén, ''The Industrial Revolution in Iron; The impact of British Coal Technology in Ninenteenth-Century Europe'' Published by Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., Farnham2005, pp. 37-38 ISBN 0-7546-3390-X.</ref></blockquote> Mji wa Wallonia ulikuja kutazamwa kama mfano wa mabadiliko makuu ya upanuzi wa viwandani. Kwa sababu ya makaa ya mawe (jina la Kifaransa "houille" lilibuniwa mjini Wallonia),<ref>a word from [[Walloon language|Walloon]] origin</ref> kanda hiyo ilijitayarisha kuwa nguvu ya pili katika eneo la kiwandani baada ya Uingereza. Lakini pia inadokezwa na watafiti wengi kuwa, pamoja na ''[[Sillon industriel]]'' yake, haswa katika maeneo la [[Haine]], [[Sambre]] na Bonde la [[Mto Meuse|Meuse]], kati ya [[Borinage]] na [[Liège (mji)|Liège]], (...) kulikuwa na maendeleo makubwa ya viwandani yaliyotegemea uchimbaji wa makaa ya mawe na utengenezaji wa chuma...'<ref>Muriel Beven and Isabelle Devos, 'Breaking stereotypes', in M.Beyen and I.Devos (editors), 'Recent work in Belgian Historical Demography', in ''Revue belge d'histoire contemporaine'', XXXI, 2001, 3-4, pages 347-359 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610160338/http://www.flwi.ugent.be/btng-rbhc/pdf/BTNG-RBHC,%2031,%202001,%203-4,%20inhoud.pdf]</ref>. Philippe Raxhon aliandika kuhusu kipindi hicho baada ya mwaka wa 1830: "Haikuwa propaganda lakini ukweli kuwa maeneo ya Walloon yalikuwa yakielekea kuwa nguvu za pili za viwandandani nchini kote baada ya Uingereza."<ref>Philippe Raxhon, ''Le siècle des forges ou la Wallonie dans le creuset belge (1794-1914)'', in B.Demoulin and JL Kupper (editors), ''Histoire de la Wallonie'', Privat, Toulouse, 2004, pages 233-276, p. 246 ISBN 2-7089-4779-6</ref> "Kituo cha pekee cha viwandani nje ya migodi ya mawe ya makaa na tanuri za kulipuka za Walloon yalikuwa kijiji cha zamani za kutengeneza nguo cha [[Ghent]]."<ref>[European Route of Industrial Heritage http://en.erih.net/index.php?pageId=114 {{Wayback|url=http://en.erih.net/index.php?pageId=114 |date=20130731024244 }}]</ref> Michel De Coster, Profesa katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Liège]] pia aliandika: "Wanahistoria na wanauchumi wanasema kuwa Ubelgiji ilikuwa nchi ya pili duniani ya nguvu viwandani, kulingana na na wakazi wake na wilaya yake(…) Lakini safu hii ni ile ya Wallonia ambapo migodi ya mawe ya makaa, tanuri za kulipua, viwanda vya utengenezaji wa chuma na zinki. Kiwanda cha sufu, kiwanda cha vioo, kiwanda cha silaha ... vyote vilikolea " <ref>Michel De Coster, ''Les enjeux des conflits linguistiques'', L'Harmattan, Paris, 2007, ISBN 978-2-296-0339-8 , pages 122-123</ref> ==== Matokeo ya Kidemografia ==== [[Picha:Belgium resources 1968.jpg|thumb| [[Sillon industriel]] ya mji wa [[Wallonia]] tilia maanani eneo la buluu katika pande ya kaskazini]] [[Picha:Chassis à molette de Crachet à Frameries vue large.JPG|thumb| ''Gallow frame'' ya ''Crachet'' katika [[Frameries]] katika lugha ya Kifaransa ya Wallonia ''Châssis à molettes''au ''Belfleur'' (Kifaransa ''Chevalement'' ]] [[Picha:Affiche 1905.jpg|thumb|Picha rasmi ya maonyesho ya Dunia ya [[Liège]] ya mwaka wa 1905]] Wallonia ilikuwa eneo la kuzaliwa kwa chama chenye nguvu cha Kisosholista na vyama vyenye nguvu vya wafanyikazi katika mandhari fulani ya kijamii. Kushoto, kuna ''Sillon industriel'', ambayo inapatikana kutoka eneo la [[Mons]] katika eneo la Magharibi, hadi [[Verviers]] katika eneo la mashariki (isipokuwa sehemu ya Flanders ya Kaskazini, katika kipindi kingine cha Mapinduzi ya Viwandani, baada ya mwaka wa 1920). Hata kama Wallonia ndiyo nchi ya pili ya viwandani baada ya Uingereza, athari ya mapinduzi ya Viwandani yalikuwa tofauti. Katika kitabu cha 'Kuvunja dhana za Kiakili', Muriel Beven na Isabelle Devos wanasema: <blockquote>Mapinduzi ya Viwandani yalibadilisha jamii iliyokuwa ya mashambani kuwa jamii ya mjini, lakini kukiwa na tofauti kubwa kati ya [[Ubelgiji]] ya kaskazini nay a kusini. Wakati wa [[Zama za Kati]] na Kipindi cha Mapema cha Kisasa, eneo la Flanders lilikuwa na sifa ya kuwa na vituo vikubwa vya mji (...) katika kipindi cha mwanzo cha karne ya kumi na tisa eneo hili (Flanders), likiwa na kiwango cha muwa mji cha asilimia 30, kilibaki kuwa mojawapo ya maeneo yenye miji mikubwa zaidi duniani. Kwa kulinganisha, uwiano huu ulifikia asilimia 17 katika eneo la Wallonia, na chini ya asilimia 10 katika maeneo mengi ya Ulaya ya Magharibi, 16 nchini Ufaransa na asilimia 25 nchini Uingereza. Kuenea kwa viwanda katika karne miundomsingi ya kijadi ya miji, isipokuwa katika mji wa [[Ghent]] (...) Pia, katika mji wa [[Wallonia]] mtandao wa mji wa kijadi haukuathiriwa pakubwa na mchakato wa upanuzi wa viwanda, hata ingawa uwiano wa wakazi wa miji ulipanda kutoka asilimia 17 hadi asilimia 45 kati ya mwaka wa 1831 na mwaka wa 1910. Hasa katika maeneo ya [[Haine]], [[Sambre]] na mabonde ya [[Mto Meuse|Meuse]], kati ya [[Borinage]] na [[Liège (mji)|Liège]], ambapo palikuwa na maendleo mengi ya viwandani yaliyotegemea uchimbuzi wa migodi ya makaa na uundaji wa chuma, kuenea kwa miji kulikuwa haraka. Katika miaka hii themanini idadi ya manisipaa zenye zaidi ya wakazi 5,000 ilipanda kutoka 21 tu hadi zaidi ya mia, huku zikijaza zaidi ya nusu ya idadi ya watu wa Kiwaluni katika eneo hili. Hata hivyo, kuenea kwa viwanda ulibaki kuwa wa aina ya kijadi hakukusababisha kukuwa kwa miji mikubwa ya kisasa, lakini kuishi kwa watu wengi katika vijiji vyenye viwanda na miji kulifanyika karibu na mgodi wa makaa ya mawe au kiwanda cha utengenezaji wa bidhaa. Njia za mawasiliano kati ya vito hivi vidogo zilikuja tu kuwa na watu wengi baadaye na ziliunda umbo dogo zaidi la mji, kwa mfano, eneo linalozingira Liège ambapo mji mzee ulikuwa kuelekeza mitiririko ya wahamiaji.<ref>Muriel Beven and Isabelle Devos, ''Breaking stereotypes'', art. cit., pages 315-316</ref></blockquote> ==== Matokeo ya kisiasa na kijamii ==== Wallonia ilikuwa nchi ya [[mgomo wa kijumla]]. Mgomo wwa kijumla ni wakati ambapo wafanyikzi wengi wanawacha kufanya kazi katika viwanda vyote katika eneo fulani au nchi fulani. Kuwacha kufanya kazi kwa namna hii ni wa kiuchumi ikiwa lengo lake ni kurekebisha shida fulani au kumsukuma mwajiri mfululizo wa madai ya kiuchumi. Ni wa kisiasa ikiwa umeitwa kwa lengo kuilazimisha serikali kufanya jambo fulani au ikiwa lengo ni kuipindua serikali iliyopo. Mgomo wa aina ya kisiasa umeungwa mkono na wasindiketi na kwa kiwango fulani na harakati za kianakisti".<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-generals.html The Columbia Encyclopedia, 2008]</ref> Migomo ya kijumla ilifanyika katika eneo la Wallonia mnamo mwaka wa 1885 (mgomo huu ulianza kusherehekea [[Commune de Paris]]), 1902, 1913 (ili kuweza kupata haki ya kupiga kura kwa wote), 1932, 1936 (ili kupata likizo ambapo wafanyikazi wanalipwa), 1950 (dhidi ya [[Leopold III wa Ubelgiji|Leopold III]]), katika majira ya baridi ya 1960-1961 ili kupata uhuru wa eneo la Wallonia, wakati kushuka kwa uchumi wa Walloon ulipokuwa wazi na wkati ilipokuwa (au wakati ilipoonekana) wazi kwa baadhi ya viongozi wa vyama vya wafanyikazi, kuwa serikali uya Ubelgiji haingeweza kufanya chochote kusaidia uchumi wa Wallonia usaidike. === Ufaransa === [[Picha:Barricade18March1871.jpg|thumb|Kufungwa kwa barabara katika Commune de Paris—ilifanywa mnamo mwezi Machi mwaka wa 1885 katika eneo la Wallonia kupitia mgomo wa kijumla wa tarehe 18 Machi, mwaka wa 1871.]] Mapinduzi ya viwandani nchini Ufaransa ulikuwa mchakato fulani kwani haukufuata mtindo mkuu uliofuatwa na nchi nchi zingine.Haswa, wahistoria wengi wa Kifaransa huwa na mtazamo kuwa Ufaransa haikupitia enzi ''ya kupanda''<ref>Jean Marczewski, « Y a-t-il eu un "''take-off''" en France ? », 1961, dans les ''Cahiers de l'ISEA''</ref>.Badala yake, kukuwa kwa uchumi wa Ufaransa na mchakato wa upanuzi wa viwanda ulikuwa polepole na wa makini katika karne za kumi na nane na kumi na tisa. Hata hivvyo, hatua fulani zilitambuliwa na Maurice Lévy-Leboyer : * Mapinduzi ya Ufaransa na Vita vya Napolia (1789-1815), * Upanuzi wa viwanda, pamoja na Uingereza (1815-1860), * Uchumi kukuwa polepole (1860-1905), * marekebisho ya ukuaji baada ya 1905. == Marekani == [[Picha:SlaterMill.JPG|thumb|left|Kiwanda cha kinu cha Slater]] Awali, Marekani ilitumia mashine zilizotumia farasi kwa mahitaji ya nguvu katika viwanda vyake, lakini mwishowe ilianza kutumia nguvu za maji, na matokeo yakasababisha upanuzi wa viwandani kimsingi ulibaki katika eneo la [[Uingereza Mpya]] na upande uliosalia wa [[Kaskazini-mashariki mwa Marekani]], ambapo mito yenye maji yaliyosonga kwa kasi yanapatikana. Uzalishaji unaotegemea farasi kuvuta vitu ilionekana kuwa yenye changamoto nyingi na mbinu ya mbadala iliyokuwa gumu zaidi kuliko mbinu mpya ya kuunda bidhaa viwandani iliyotumia maji. Hata hivyo, malighafi (pamba) ilitoka eneo la [[Marekani Kusini]]. Haikuwa hadi baada ya [[Vita vya Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe vya Marekani|Vita vya Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe]] katika miaka ya 1860 ambapo utengenezaji bidhaa uliotumia mvuke ulipita utengenezaji bidhaa uliotumia maji, hivyo basi kuruhusu kiwanda kuenea nchini kote. [[Samuel Slater]] (1768–1835) ni maarufu kama mwanzilishi wa sekta ya pamba nchini Marekani. Kama kijana mwanafunzi katika mji wa [[Derbyshire]], Uingereza, alijifunza mbinu mpya za kiwanda cha nguo na alizipuuza sheria dhidi ya uhamiaji wa wafanyikazi wenye ujuzi kwa kuelekea mji wa New York mnamo mwaka wa 1789, akitumaini kupata pesa na maarifa yake. Slater, alijiunga na [[Mandugu wa Cabot]] na wawekezaji, ma kuanzisha [[Kiwanda cha Utengenezaji Pamba cha Beverly]] mjini [[Beverly, Massachusetts]]. Hiki kilikuwa kiwanda cha kinu cha kwanza cha pamba nchini Marekani. Kiwanda hichi cha kinu kiliundwa kutumia nguvu za farasi. Wafanyikzai wa kinu walijifunza haraka kuwa utulivu wa kiuchumi wa kifaa chao kilichovutwa na farasi haukuwa dhabiti, na walikuwa na maswala ya kifedha miaka mingi baada ya ujenzi. Ijapokuwa ya hasara, kiwanda hicho kilikuwa kama eneo la kukuza ubunifu, kwa kutengeneza idadi kubwa ya pamba na pia kwa kutengeneza muundo wa kinu wa kutengeneza pamba uliotumika katika kinu cha pili cha Slater<ref>"Made In Beverly-A History of Beverly Industry", by Daniel J. Hoisington. A publication of the Beverly Historic District Commission. 1989.</ref>, [[Kinu cha Slater]] katika eneo la [[Pawtucket, Kisiwa cha Rhode]], mnamo mwaka wa 1793. Alizidi na kuendelea ambapo alikuwa na vinu kumi na vitatu vya nguo.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica (1998): ''Samuel Slater''</ref> [[Daniel Day]] alianzisha kinu cha kukadi katika [[Bonde la Blackstone]] mjini [[Uxbridge, Massachusetts]] mnamo mwaka wa 1810, kinu cha sufi cha tatu kilichoanzishwa nchini Marekani (Cha kwanza kilikuwa katika mji wa [[Hartford, Connecticut]], na cha pili katika mji wa [[Watertown, Massachusetts]].) makavazi ya [[John H. Chafee]] ya [[Bonde la Mto Blackstone la Kitamaduni]] inafuata historia ya "Mto wa Marekani uliofanya Kazi Nyingi Zaidi', Mto Blackstone. [[Mto Blackstone]] na vijito vyake, vinavyopita katika eneo la zaidi ya maili 45 (kilomita 72) kutoka [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]] hadi [[Providence, Kisiwa cha Rhode|Providence]], ilikuwa eneo ambapo Mapinduzi ya Viwandani ya Amerika yalifanyika. Katika kilele chake cha vuwanda vya vinu 1100 vilivyofanya kazi katika bonde hilo, ikiwemo kiwanda cha kinu cha Slater, na pamoja nayo mwanzo wa mapema kabisa wa Maendeleo ya Kiteknolojia na Viwanda ya Amerika. Wakati aliposafiri kwenda Uingereza mnamo mwaka wa 1810, Mfanyibiashara [[Francis Cabot Lowell (mfanyibiashara)|Francis Cabot Lowell]] wa [[Newburyport, Massachusetts|Newburyport]] aliruhusiwa kutembelea viwanda vya [[nguo]] vya Uingereza, lakini bila ya kuandika chochcote. Alipogundua kuwa [[Vita vya mwaka 1812]] vilkuwa vimeharibu biashara yake ya uagizaji bidhaa kuttoka nchi geni lakini soko la vitambaa vilivyokamilika vya nyumbani lilikuwa likiibuka nchini Marekani, alikumbuka muundo wa mashine za nguo, na aliporudi nchini Marekani, alianzisha [[Kampuni ya Utengenezaji]] bidhaa. Lowell na wenziwe walijenga kiwanda cha pili cha kinu cha Marekani cha kubadilisha pamaba iwe kitambaa katika eneo la [[Waltham, Massachusetts]], ikija nafasi ya pili baada ya [[Kiwanda cha Utengenezaji Pamba cha Beverly]]. Baada ya kifo chake mnamo mwaka wa 1817, wenzake wa kibiashara walijenga mji wa kwanza Marekani wa viwanda vya utengenezaji bidhaa vua kupangwa, ambao waliupa jina lake. Biashara hii ilipata mtaji wake kutoka [[Utoaji Hisa kwa Umma]], mojawapo ya matumizi yake ya awali nchini Marekani. [[Lowell, Massachusetts]], ikitumia maili 5.6 (kilomita 9) za mifereji na nguvu za farasi elfu kumi iliyosafirishwa na [[Mto Merrimack]], hutazamwa kuwa kama is considered the 'Mwanzo wa Mapinduzi ya Viwandani nchini Marekani'. [[Mfumo wa Lowell]] uliofanana Yutopia na uliokaa kwa kipindi muda mchache ulitengeneza, kama jibu la moja kwa moja la hali duni za kikazi za Uingereza. Hata hivyo, kufikia mwaka wa 1850, hasa kufuatia [[Ukame wa Viazi wa nchi ya Ireland]], mfumo huo ulikuwa umebadilishwa na ajira ya wahamiaji maskini. Kuundwa katika viwanda kwa saa pia kulianza katika mwaka wa 1854 pia katika eneo la Waltham, Massachusetts, katika [[Kampuni ya Saa ya Waltham]], pamoja na maendeleo ya zana za mashine, zana, vipimaji, na mbinu za kuunda bidhaa zilizotumiwa katika ufasaha mdogo unaohitajika kuunda saa. == Ujapani == {{Main|Matengenezo ya Meiji}} Mnamo mwaka wa 1871 kikundi cha wanasiasa wa Kijapani waliojulikana kama [[Mishoni ya Iwakura]] walitembelea nchi ya Ulaya na Marelani kujifunza mbinu za magharibi. Chanzo kilikuwa sera uundaji wa viwanda za kimakusudi zilizoanzishwa na serikali zilizonuiwa kuzuia Ujapani isachwe nyuma. [[Benki ya Ujapani]], iliyoanzishwa mnamo mwaka wa 1877, ilitumia kodi kulipia mifano ya viwanda vya utengenezaji wa stili na nguo. Elimu ilipanuliwa na wanafunzi wa Kijapani walitumwa magharibi kusoma. == Mapinduzi ya Pili ya Viwandani na mabadiliko ya baadaye == [[Picha:ConverterB.jpg|thumb|Kibadilishaji cha Bessemer]] Mahitaji makubwa ya barabara za reli ya reli ambayo ingeweza kudumu zaidi ilisababisha kuvumbuliwa kwa mbinu za kuzalisha kwa bei nafuu idadi kubwa ya stili. Stili mara nyingi hutajwa kama eneo ya kwanza kati ya maeneo mengi ya uzalishaji wa kiasi kikubwa viwandani, ambazo zinasemekana kuwa sifa ya "Mapinduzi ya Viwandani ya Pili ", kuanzia mwaka wa 1850, ingawa mbinu ya kutengeneza [[stili]] kwa kiwango kikubwa haikuvumbuliwa hadi mnamo miaka ya 1860, wakati ambapo [[Henry Bessemer]] aliundwa tanuri mpya ambayo ingeweza kutengeneza [[chuma nzito]] na stili kwa kiwango kikubwa. Hata hivyo, iliweza tu kupatikana kwa wingi katika miaka ya 1870. Mapinduzi haya ya pili ya Viwandani yalikua ya polepole na ya kujumuisha [[kiwanda cha kemikali|viwanda vywa kemikali]], usafishaji na usambazaji wa [[mafuta]], [[viwanda vya umeme]], na, katika karne ya ishirini, [[kiwanda cha magari|viwanda vya magari]], na ilikuwa na mpito ya uongozi wa kiteknolojia kutoka nchi ya Uingereza hadi nchi Mrekani na Ujerumani. Kuanzishwa kwa kizazi cha [[nguvu za umeme za maji]] katika milima ya [[Alps]] kuliwezesha kuenea kukubwa kwa eneo la kaskazini la Italy ambalo halikuwa na viwanda, kuanzia miaka ya 1890. Kuzidi kongezeka kwa bidhaa za mafuta za bei nafuu pia kulipunguza umuhimu wa makaa ya mawe na kulipanua zaidi uwezo wa kuwa na viwanda zaidi. [[Marshall McLuhan]] aliyachambua matokeo ya kijamii na kitamaduni ya [[zama za umeme]]. Ingawa zama ya awali ya [[mashine]] ilikuwa imeeneza wazo la kugawa kila mchakato uwe mtiririko, hili lilimalizwa na kuanzishwa kwa kasi ya mara moja ya umeme ambayo iliwezesha mambo kufanyika mara moja. Jambo hili lilileta mabadiliko ya kitamaduni kutoka kwa mtazamo wa kuangalia "maeneo maalum " (kushikilia mtazamo maalum), hadi kwa dhana ya "kujua mara moja kwa kuhisi kuhusu yote", na umakini kwa "eneo jumla", "hisia ya muundo mzima". Ilifanya iwe dhahiri na dhana ya "umbo na umoja", an "dhana muhimu ya muundo na kufanya kazi". Hii ilikuwa na athari kubwa katika masomo ya uchoraji (na [[ukiubi]]), fizikia, ushairi, mawasiliamo na [[nadharia ya elimu]].<ref>[[Marshall McLuhan]] (1964) ''[[Understanding Media]]'', p.13 [https://web.archive.org/web/20071218071224/http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/irvinem/theory/McLuhan-Understanding_Media-I-1-7.html]</ref> Kufikia miaka ya 1890, kuenea kwa viwanda katika maeneo haya ulikuwa umeunda mashirika ya kwanza makubwa yaliyokuwa na maslahi ya kimataifa, kama vile kampuni kama vile [[Shrika la Marekani la Stili|U.S. Steel]], [[General Electric]],na [[Bayer|Bayer AG]] yaliyojiunga kampuni za njia za reli katika [[masoko ya hisa]] ya Dunia. == Dhana za kielimu na ukosoaji == === Ubepari === {{Main|Ubepari}} Ujio wa [[Enzi ya Kutaalamika]] ulitoa miundomsingi ya kitaaluma ambayo iliambayo ilikaribisha kutumika bayana kwa mwili wa maarifa ya kisayansi—chanzo kinachothibitika wazi maendeleo ya kimfumo ya injini ya mvuke, iliyoongzwa kwa kutumia uchunguzi wa kisayansi, na maendeleo katika uchunguzi wa kisiasa na katika [[elimu ya kijamii]], iliyofikia upeo wake katika kitabu cha [[Adam Smith]] kilichoitwa ''[[Utajiri wa Mataifa]]''. Mojawapo ya hoja za kuunga mkono ubepari, iliyoandikwa katika kitabu ''[[Kuboresha Hali ya Dunia]]'', ni kuwa kuenea kwa viwanda kunaongezea kila mtu utajiri, kama inavyothibitishwa na kuongezeka kwa urefu wa maisha ya watu, kupunguka kwa masaa ya kazi, na watoto na watu wazee kutofanya kazi. === Umaksi === {{Main|Umaksi}} Umaksi ulianza kimsingi kama mmenyuko wa Mapinduzi ya Viwandani.<ref>{{PDFlink|[http://www.mises.org/journals/rae/pdf/rae4_1_5.pdf Karl Marx: Communist as Religious Eschatologist]|3.68&nbsp;MB}}</ref> Kulingana na [[Karl Marx]], kuenea kwa viwanda kulifanya jamii kutengana na kuwa [[“bourgeoisie”]] (wale ambao wanamiliki [[mbinu za uzalishaji]], viwanda vya utengenezaji bidhaa na ardhi) na kundi la [[“proletariat”]] lenye watu zaidi (watu wanaofanya kazi na amabo hufanya kazi [[ajira (uchumi)|ajira]] inayotakikana kutoa kitu cha thamani kutoka kwa mbinu za uzalishaji). Aliona mchakato wa kuenea kwa viwanda kama umantiki wa [[dialectics|dialectical]] progression of feudal economic modes, necessary for the full development of capitalism, which he saw as in itself a necessary precursor to the development of [[socialism]] and eventually [[communism]]. ===Uromantiki===<!-- This section is linked from [[And did those feet in ancient time]] --> {{Main|Uromantiki}} Wakati wa Mapinduzi ya Viwandanu uadui dhidi wa kitaaluma na kisanii dhidi ya kuenea kwa viwanda kulitokea. Jambo hili lilijulikana kama harakati ya Kiromantiki. Baadhi ya Wafuasi wake nchini Uingereza walikuwa msanii na malenga [[William Blake]] na malenga [[William Wordsworth]], [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]], [[John Keats]], [[Byron]] na [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]]. Harakati ilizisitiza umuhimu wa "maumbile" katika sanaa na lugha, ikitofautishwa na mashine na viwanda vya "kizimwi"; "Viwanda vyenye giza" katika shairi la Blake "[[Na hiyo miguu ilifanya katika muda wa kale]]". Riwaya ya [[Mary Shelley]] ya ''[[Frankenstein]]'' iliangazia wasiwasi kuwa maendeleo ya kisayansi yanaweza kuwa mwenye pande mbili za kukata. == Tazama pia == * [[Karatasi]] * [[Viwanda]] * [[Historia]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Soma zaidi == * {{cite |title=An Introduction to the Industrial History of England |date=1920 |url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC00224415&id=WiQEAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1 |accessdate=2009-07-26}} * {{cite |last=Ashton|first=Thomas S. |authorlink=T. S. Ashton |title=The Industrial Revolution (1760-1830) |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1948 |isbn10=0195002520 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=77198082 online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * {{cite |editor-last=Berlanstein|editor-first=Lenard R. |title=The Industrial Revolution and work in nineteenth-century Europe |publisher=[[Routledge]] |publication-place=London and New York |date=1992 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107622068 online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * {{cite |first=J. H.|last=Clapham |title=An Economic History of Modern Britain: The Early Railway Age, 1820-1850 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=1926 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=83597738 online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * {{cite |last=Clark|first=Gregory |title=A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |date=2007 |isbn10=0691121354 }} * {{cite |first=M. J.|last=Daunton |title=Progress and Poverty: An Economic and Social History of Britain, 1700-1850 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1995 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=100599398 online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * {{cite |last=Dunham|first=Arthur Louis |title=The Industrial Revolution in France, 1815-1848 |publisher=[[Exposition Press]] |publication-place=New York |date=1955 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14880719 online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * {{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2004.00295_21.x |title=Farm to factory: a reinterpretation of the Soviet industrial revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_economic-history-review_2004-11_57_4/page/794 |year=2004 |author=Gatrell, PETER |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=57 |pages=794 }} * {{cite |first=Margaret C.|last=Jacob |title=Scientific Culture and the Making of the Industrial West |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |publication-place=Oxford, UK |date=1997 }} * {{cite |first=Herbert|last=Kisch |title=From Domestic Manufacture to Industrial Revolution The Case of the Rhineland Textile Districts |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1989 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=78932320 online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * {{cite |first=Paul|last=Mantoux |authorlink=Paul Mantoux |title=The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century |date=First English translation 1928, revised 1961 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=22792856 online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * {{cite |first=Constance|last=McLaughlin Green |title=''[[Holyoke, Massachusetts]]: A Case History of the Industrial Revolution in America |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |publication-place=New Haven, CT |date=1939 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=8893044 online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * {{cite |last=Mokyr|first=Joel |authorlink=Joel Mokyr |title=The British Industrial Revolution: An Economic Perspective |date=1999 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98674232 online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * {{cite |last=More|first=Charles |title=Understanding the Industrial Revolution |publisher=[[Routledge]] |publication-place=London |date=2000 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102816164 online edition |accessdate=2009-04-17 }} * {{cite |first=Sidney|last=Pollard |title=Peaceful Conquest: The Industrialization of Europe, 1760-1970 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1981 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=23488627 online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * {{cite |authorlink=Neil Smelser |last=Smelser|first=Neil J. |title=Social Change in the Industrial Revolution: An Application of Theory to the British Cotton Industry |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |date=1959 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=55370383 online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * {{cite |last=Stearns |first=Peter N. |title=The Industrial Revolution in World History |publisher=[[Westview Press]] |date=1998 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6967400 |accessdate=2009-07-26 |archivedate=2010-04-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413094115/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6967400 }} * {{cite |first=Vaclav |last=Smil |title=Energy in World History |publisher=[[Westview Press]] |date=1994 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=94468450 |accessdate=2009-07-26 |archivedate=2007-07-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718112416/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=94468450 }} * {{cite |last=Snooks|first=G.D. |title=Was the Industrial Revolution Necessary? |publication-place=London & New York |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=2000 }} * {{cite |last=Szostak|first=Rick |title=The Role of Transportation in the Industrial Revolution: A Comparison of England and France |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |publication-place=[[Montréal]] |date=1991 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101607770 online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * {{cite |last=Toynbee |first=Arnold |authorlink=Arnold Toynbee |title=Lectures on the Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century in England |url=http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/toynbee/indrev |year=1884 |publication-place=[[Whitefish, Montana]] |publisher=[[Kessinger Publishing]] |9=edition-paperback edition 2004 |isbn10=1-4191-2952-X |accessdate=2009-07-26 |archivedate=2016-03-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182004/http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/toynbee/indrev }} * {{cite |last=Uglow|first=Jenny |authorlink=Jenny Uglow |title=The Lunar Men: The Friends who made the Future 1730-1810 |publisher=[[Faber and Faber]] |publication-place=London |date=2002 }} * {{cite |last=Usher|first=Abbott Payson |title=An Introduction to the Industrial History of England |date=1920 |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |pages=529 |accessdate=2009-04-17 |url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC00224415&id=WiQEAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1- online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * Chambliss, William J. (editor), ''Problems of Industrial Society'', Reading, Massachusetts : Addison-Wesley Publishing Co, Desemba 1973. ISBN 978-0-201-00958-3 == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category|Industrial revolution|{{PAGENAME}}}} * {{dmoz|Society/History/By_Time_Period/Eighteenth_Century/Industrial_Revolution/}} * [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook14.html Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Industrial Revolution] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook14.html |date=20090831051624 }} * [http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270 "The Day the World Took Off" Six part video series from the University of Cambridge tracing the question "Why did the Industrial Revolution begin when and where it did."] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270 |date=20130118112031 }} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/enlightenment/features_enlightenment_industry.shtml BBC History Home Page: Industrial Revolution] * [http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/ National Museum of Science and Industry website: machines and personalities] {{Wayback|url=http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/ |date=20091012185400 }} * [http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/IndustrialRevolutionandtheStandardofLiving.html ''Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living''] by Clark Nardinelli – the debate over whether standards of living rose or fell. * [http://www.galbithink.org/fw.htm Factory Workers in the Industrial Revolution] * [http://www.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/home.stm Revolutionary Players website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/home.stm |date=20060308154827 }} [[Jamii:Teknolojia]] [[Jamii:Mapinduzi]] [[Jamii:Historia]] 1vqxfj1y1ggz1unsk0fg22773ir76c5 0 32082 1598951 1519140 2026-09-23T02:46:21Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Football club | clubname = Manchester United | image = | fullname = Manchester United Football Club<!-- see discussion --> | nickname = The Red Devils<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.premierleague.com/page/manchester-united |title=Manchester United Football Club |accessdate=2 Machi 2008 |publisher=Premier League |archivedate=2011-06-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606075748/http://www.premierleague.com/page/manchester-united }}</ref> | founded = 1878, as ''Newton Heath L&YR F.C.'' | ground = [[Old Trafford]] | capacity = 74,879 | chairman = {{Flag icon|USA}} [[Joel Glazer|Joel]] & [[Avram Glazer]] | chrtitle = Co-chairmen | manager = {{Flag icon|NED}} [[Erik ten Hag]] | pattern_la1 = _manutd2425h | pattern_b1 = _manutd2425h | pattern_ra1 = _manutd2425h | pattern_sh1 = _manutd2425h | pattern_so1 = _manutd2425hl | leftarm1 = ff0000 | body1 = ff0000 | rightarm1 = ff0000 | shorts1 = ffffff | socks1 = 000000 | pattern_la2 = _manutd2425a | pattern_b2 = _manutd2425a | pattern_ra2 = _manutd2425a | pattern_sh2 = _manutd2425a | pattern_so2 = _manutd2425al | leftarm2 = 001a67 | body2 = 001a67 | rightarm2 = 001a67 | shorts2 = 001a67 | socks2 = 001a67 | pattern_la3 = _manutd2425t | pattern_b3 = _manutd2425t | pattern_ra3 = _manutd2425t | pattern_sh3 = _manutd2425t | pattern_so3 = _manutd2425tl | leftarm3 = faf9f6 | body3 = faf9f6 | rightarm3 = faf9f6 | shorts3 = faf9f6 | socks3 = faf9f6 | website = https://www.manutd.com/}} '''Manchester United''' ni [[kilabu]] cha [[kandanda]] cha [[Uingereza]], ambacho ni kimojawapo kati ya vilabu maarufu sana ulimwenguni, na kina makao katika [[Old Trafford]] eneo la Greater [[Manchester]]. Kilabu hiki kilikuwa mwanachama mwanzilishi wa Ligi ya Premier mwaka 1992, na kimeshiriki katika divisheni ya juu ya kandanda ya Uingereza tangu mwaka wa [[1938]], isipokuwa msimu wa [[1974]]-[[1975]]. Mahudhurio ya wastani kwenye kilabu yamekuwa ya juu kuliko timu nyingine yoyote katika kandanda ya Uingereza kwa misimu yote isipokuwa sita tangu 1964-65.<ref name="attendance">{{Rejea tovuti |title=European Football Statistics |url=http://www.european-football-statistics.co.uk/attn/attneng.htm |accessdate=24 Juni 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613212457/http://www.european-football-statistics.co.uk/attn/attneng.htm |archivedate=2008-06-13 }}</ref> Manchester United ndiyo bingwa wa sasa wa Uingereza na washikilizi wa Kombe la Dunia la Vilabu, baada ya kushinda Ligi ya Primia 2008-09 na [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]]. Kilabu hicho ni miongoni mwa vilabu vyenye ufanisi mkubwa katika historia ya kandanda ya Uingereza na kimeshinda mataji makubwa 22 tangu Alex Ferguson alipochukua wadhifa wa meneja wake mnamo Novemba 1986. Mwaka wa 1968, kilikuwa kilabu cha kwanza kushinda Kombe la Uropa kwa kucharaza Benfica 4-1. Walishinda kombe la pili la Ulaya kama sehemu ya ushindi wa mataji matatu mwaka 1999, na la tatu mwaka wa 2008, kabla ya kumaliza katika nafasi ya pili mwaka wa cha 2009. Kilabu hicho kinashikilia rekodi mbili ya kushinda mataji mengi ya Ligi ya Uingereza mara 18 na pia kushikilia rekodi kwa wingi wa kutwaa kombe la FA ikiwa imeshinda mara 11.<ref>{{Rejea habari |title=Manchester United win 11th FA Cup |url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2004/05/22/manchesterunited040522.html |work=CBC Sports |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |date=22 Mei 2004 |accessdate=12 Agosti 2007 |archivedate=2013-05-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521024951/http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2004/05/22/manchesterunited040522.html }}</ref> [[Faili:RubenAmorim4.png|thumb|Ruben Amorim kocha wa sasa wa Manchester United, 2025.]] Tangu mwisho wa mwaka ya 1990, kilabu hicho kimekuwa mojawapo ya vilabu tajiri duniani kilicho na mapato ya juu kuliko kilabu chochote,<ref>{{Rejea habari |url=http://www.premierleague.com/page/Headlines/0,,12306~1212087,00.html |title=United tops global rich list |work=premierleague.com |publisher=Premier League |date=11 Januari 2008 |accessdate=11 Januari 2008 |archivedate=2011-11-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109013518/http://www.premierleague.com/page/Headlines/0,,12306~1212087,00.html }}</ref> na sasa kinatajwa kama kilabu chenye thamani zaidi katika mchezo wowote, na makisio ya thamana ya takriban bilioni £ 1.136 (bilioni € 1.319 ) Aprili 2009.<ref>{{Rejea habari |title=Soccer Team Valuations (Special Report) |url=http://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/34/soccer-values-09_Soccer-Team-Valuations_Rank.html |work=Forbes.com |publisher=[[Forbes]] |date=4 Aprili 2009 |accessdate=12 Agosti 2009 }}</ref> Manchester United ilikuwa mwanachama mwanzilishi wa kundi la vilabu la G-14 la Vilabu kuu vya kandanda Uingereza, ambalo halipo tena, na European Club Association, muungano uliochukua nafasi yake.<ref>{{Rejea habari |title=Agreement heralds new era in football |url=http://www.uefa.com/uefa/keytopics/kind=4096/newsid=648350.html |work=uefa.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=21 Januari 2008 |accessdate=21 Januari 2009 }}</ref> [[Alex Ferguson]] amekuwa meneja wa kilabu hicho tangu 6 Novemba 1986 alipojiunga na kilabu hicho kutoka Aberdeen baada ya kung'atuka kwa Ron Atkinson.<ref>{{Rejea habari |first=Jonathan |last=Northcroft |title=20 glorious years, 20 key decisions |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/article625585.ece |work=The Sunday Times |publisher=Times Newspapers |date=5 Novemba 2006 |accessdate=26 Januari 2009 |archivedate=2007-03-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070309065821/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/article625585.ece }}</ref> Nahodha wa kilabu wa sasa ni Garry Neville, aliyechukua nafasi ya Roy Keane Novemba 2005.<ref>{{Rejea habari |title=Neville appointed Man Utd skipper |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/4492224.stm |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=2 Desemba 2005 |accessdate=21 Januari 2009 }}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} ==Historia== === Miaka ya mwanzo (1878–1945) === [[Picha:Manchester_United_FC_League_Performance.svg|thumb|Chati inayoonyesha maendeleo ya Manchester United F.C katika mfumo wa ligi ya kandanda Uingereza tangu kujiunga kama Newton Heath mwaka 1892-93 kwa sasa]] Kilabu kilianzishwa kikijulikana kama '''Newton Heath L & YR F.C.''' mwaka wa 1878 kama timu ya kazi ya bohari la Reli la Lancashire na Yorkshire huko Newton Heath. Mashati ya kilabu hiyo yalikuwa ya kijani na nusu dhahabu. Walicheza kwenye uwanja mdogo, uliochakaa huko North Road kwa miaka kumi na mitano, kabla ya kuhamia Bank Street katika mji wa karibu wa Clayton mwaka wa 1893. Kilabu kilikuwa kimeingia ligi ya kandanda ya Football Leagu mwaka uliotangulia na kuanza kukatiza uhusiano wake na bohari la reli, na ikawa kampuni ya kujitegemea, ikimteua katibu wa kilabu na kudondoasha herufi “L&amp;YR” kutoka jina lao na kujiita '''Newton Heath F.C.''' Muda mrefu haukupita, mwaka 1902, kilabu kilikaribia kufilisika, kikawa na madeni ya zaidi ya £2,500. Wakati mmoja, uwanja wao wa Bank Street ulifungwa na wadai wao.<ref name="north_road">{{Rejea kitabu |last=Murphy |first=Alex |title=The Official Illustrated History of Manchester United |url=https://archive.org/details/officialillustra0000unse |year=2006 |publisher=[[Orion Publishing Group|Orion Books]] |location=London |isbn=0-7528-7603-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/officialillustra0000unse/page/14 14] |chapter=1878-1915: From Newton Heath to Old Trafford }}</ref> Kabla ya kufungwa kabisa, kilabu kilipokea uwekezaji mkubwa kutoka kwa J. H. Davies, mkurugenzi mtendaji wa Manchester Breweries.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.talkfootball.co.uk/guides/footballclubs/history_of_manchester_united.html |title=Manchester United FC |accessdate=2008-03-09 |publisher=Talk Football |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/612eZjdan?url=http://www.talkfootball.co.uk/guides/footballclubs/history_of_manchester_united.html |archivedate=2011-08-19 }}</ref> Kuna tetesi kuwa Harry Stafford, nahodha wa kilabu alikuwa akijivunia mbwa wake wa thamani wa aina ya St. Bernard katika mkutano wa kuchangishia kilabu fedha, wakati Davies alipomwendea ili kumnunua mbwa huyo. Stafford alikataa, lakini aliweza kumshawishi Davies kuwekeza katika kilabu na kuwa mwenyekiti wake.<ref>{{Rejea habari |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4630489.stm |title=Man Utd's turbulent business history |accessdate=8 Juni 2007 |author=Bill Wilson |date=29 Juni 2005 |publisher=BBC News }}</ref> Iliamuliwa katika kikao cha bodi ya mapema kuwa kilabu kilihitaji kubadilishwa jina ili kuashiria mwanzo huo mpya. Manchester Central na Manchester Celtic ni miongoni mwa majina yaliopendekezwa kabla ya Louis Rocca, mhamiaji mchanga kutoka Italy aliposema "Ndugu zangu, mbona tusijiite Manchester united?"<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |last=Murphy |first=Alex |title=The Official Illustrated History of Manchester United |url=https://archive.org/details/officialillustra0000unse |year=2006 |publisher=Orion Books |location=London |isbn=0-7528-7603-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/officialillustra0000unse/page/16 16] |chapter=1878-1915: From Newton Heath to Old Trafford }}</ref> Jina hilo lilibakia hivyo, na Manchester United likawa jina rasmi tarehe 26 Aprili 1902. Davies pia aliamua itakuwa vyema kubadili rangi za kilabu, walitupilia mbalirangi za kijani na nusu dhahabu za Newton Health na kuchagua nyekundu na nyeupe kuwa rangi za Manchester United. Ernest Mangnall aliteuliwa kama katibu wa kilabu baada ya James West ambaye alikuwa amejiizulu kama meneja tarehe 28 Septemba 1902. Mangnall alitwikwa jukumu la kujitahidi kukifika kilabu kwenye Divisheni ya kwanza, na kushindwa kidogo tu katika jaribio la kwanza kusudio hilo kwa jaribuio la, walipomaliza katika nafasi ya tano katika Divisheni ya pili. Mangnall aliamua kwamba ilikuwa muhimu kuleta machipukizi katika klabu, na kuwasajili wachezaji kama vile Harry Moger katika lango, Dick Duckworth, beki wa nyuma na Jack Picken mbele lakini ilikuwa na beki wa nyuma mwingine kwa jina la Charlie Roberts aliyeleta mabadiliko makubwa. Alinunuliwa kwa £750 kutoka Grimsby Town Aprili 1904, na kuisaidi klabu kumaliza msimu wa 1903-04 kikiwa kimekosa alama moja tu kipandishwe ngazi iliyofuata. Hata hivyo, haikuchukua muda mrefu, kilabu kilipandishwa cheo hadi Divisheni ya Kwanza kwa mara ya kwanza chini ya jina mpya na kumaliza katika nafasi ya pili katika Divisheni ya Pili mwaka wa 1905-06. Msimu wa kujiiimarisha ulifuatia, huku kilabu ikimaliza katika nafasi ya nane, kabla ya kutwaa taji lao la kwanza la ligi mwaka wa 1908. Katika siku za karibuni,Manchester City ilikuwa ikichunguzwa kwa kuwalipa baadhi ya wachezaji wao mshahara uliozidi kiwango kilichopendekezwa na masharti ya FA. Walipigwa faini ya £250 na wachezaji wao kumi na wanane wakapigwa marufuku kuwachezea tena. United hawakusita kukabiliana na hali hiyo na kuwatwaa Billy Meredith (almaarufu Welsh Wizard) na Sandy Turnbull, miongoni mwa wengine. Vijana hao wageni kutoka mji jirani hawakuruhusiwa kucheza hadi tarehe mosi mwaka wa 1907, kwa sababu ya marufuku yao, kwa hivyo hatua hiyo iliahirishwa hadi msimu wa 1907-08 ili waweze kuendeleza jitihada za united kutwaa taji. Na hilo walifanya, walianza kampeni yao kwa kishindo kwa kuishinda Sheffield United 2-1 na kuanzisha msururu wa ushindi mfululilizo mara kumi. Licha ya msimu kuonekana wenye tatizo mwishoni, United ilifaulu kushikilia na kumaliza msimu kwa pointi tisa mbele ya wapinzani wao wa karibu Aston Villa. Msimu uliofuatia ulianza kwa United kujitwalia fedha nyingine, [[Charity Shield]],<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://footballsite.co.uk/Statistics/CommunityShield/1907-08CharityShield.htm |title=1908 Charity Shield |accessdate=12 Agosti 2007 |publisher=footballsite.co.uk |archivedate=2011-08-19 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/612eanlL2?url=http://footballsite.co.uk/Statistics/CommunityShield/1907-08CharityShield.htm }}</ref> ambayo ilikuwa ya kwanza kuwahi kutolewa na kumalizia kwa taji jingine, taji la kwanza kwa kilabu cha FA, ambalo lilipanda mbegu njema ya kile kimekuwa rekodi ya mataji ya FA. Jinsi walivyokuwa katika kampeni ya taji la kwanza la klabu, Turnbull na Meredith walikuwa na umuhimu katika msimu huu, Turnbull akifunga bao la ushindi katika Finali ya kombe la FA. Ilibidi Klabu kusubiri miaka mingine miwili kabla ya kushinda makombe mengine zaidi, kilishinda Divisheni ya Kwanza kwa mara ya pili katika msimu wa 1910-11. Wakati huo huo, United ilihamia uga wao mpy wa Old Trafford. Walichezea mmchuano wao wa kwanza huko tarehe 19 Februari 1910 dhidi ya Liverpool, lakini wakapoteza 4-3 baada ya kupoteza ushindi wao wa 3-0. Kisha wakasalia bila kombe tena katika msimu wa 1911-12, ambao haukuwa tu wa mwisho kwa Mangnall kuhusikia (alihamia Manchester City baada ya miaka kumi na United), lakini pia wakati wa mwisho kwa klabu kushinda Divisheni ya Kwanza baada ya miaka 41, muda mrefu zaidi ambao klabu imekaa bila kushinda ligi katika historia yake. Kwa miaka kumi iliyofuata, klabu kilishuhudia hali ya kudidimia polepole kabla ya kushushwa ngazi ya chini, Division ya pili katika 1922. Walipandishwa ngazi tena mwaka 1925, wakang'ang'ana kufika nusu ya msimamo wa ligi, na wakashushwa ngazi tena mwaka wa 1931. Katika miaka minane iliyotangulia Vita vya Pili vya Dunia, klabu kilididimia na kuwa klabu yo-yo, kikafikia kiwango chao cha chini zaidi cha nafasi ya 20 katika Divisheni ya Pili mwaka wa 1934. Walipandishwa tena katika msimu wa mwisho kabla ya Vita vya Pili vya Dunia. Walijihakikishia nafasi yao katika kiwango cha juu baada ya vita kwa kumaliza katika nafasi ya 14 katika msimu wa 1938-39. === Kipindi cha Busby (1945-1969) === 1945 ilishuhudia kuteuliwa kwa Matt Busby kuwa msimamizi katika Old Trafford. Alitumia mtindo usio wa kawaida kufanya kazi yake, akisisitiza kuwa aruhusiwe kuchagua timu yake mwenyewe, kuchagua wachezaji atakaowaajiri na kuwafunza mwenyewe. Mwenyewe alikuwa tayari amepoteza kazi ya usimamizi kwenye kilabu chake cha awali, Liverpool, kwa sababu klabu kiliona kazi hizo kama za wakurugenzi lakini United ikaamua kujaribu mawazo bunifu ya Busby. Wa kwanza kusajiliwa na Busby hakuwa mchezaji, bali meneja msaidizi mpya kwa jina la Jimmy Murphy. Hatua hatari ambayo klabu ilichukulia kumteua Bushy ilileta mazao ya mara moja, klabu kilipomaliza katika nafasi ya pili katika ligi ya 1947, 1483 na 1949 na kushinda kombe la FA 1948, kutokana na juhudi za wazao wa hapo watatu, Stan Pearson, Jack Rowley na Charlie Mitten (Rowley na Pearson walifunga katika fainali ya kombe la 1948), na pia kiungo wa kati kutoka Kazini Mashariki, Allenby Chilton. Charlie Mitten alikuwa amekimbilia Kolombia kutafuta mshahara bora,lakini wachezaji waliobaki waliweza kushinda taji la Divisheni ya Kwanza baadaye mwaka 1952. Hata hivyo, Busby alijua kwamba timu za kandanda zilihitaji zaidi ya tajriba, kwa hivyo alitumia sera ya kuleta wachezaji kutoka katika timu ya vijana pale ilipowezekana. Mara ya kwanza, wachezaji wachanga kama vile Roger Byrne, Bill Foulkes, Mark Jones na Dennis Viollet, walichukua muda kuzoea timu kuu, na kuteremka hadi nafasi ya nane mwaka 1956, lakini timu hiyo ilishinda ligi tena katika mwaka wa 1956 kwa umri wa wastani miaka 22 tu, na kufunga mabao 103 wakati huo. Sera ya kuteua vijana iliyowekwa na Busby sasa imekuwa fadhila mahususi kwa vipindi vilivyofanikiwa zaidi katika historia ya klabu (katikati ya 1950, kati na mwisho wa miaka ya 1960 na miak 1990). Kundi asilia la vijana wachezaji lilijulikana kama Busby Babes, ambapo aliyevuma sana alikuwa kiungo wa pembeni Duncan Edwards. Kijana huyo kutoka Dudley, West Midlands aliichezea United kwa mara ya kwanza kabisa akiwa na umri wa miaka 16 tu mwaka 1953. Ilisemekana kuwa Edwards angeweza kucheza katika nafasi yoyote uwanjani, na wengi waliomwona akicheza walisema kuwa yeye ndiye alikuwa mchezaji maarufu kabisa katika historia ya mchezo huo. Msimu uliofuata, 1956-57, walishinda ligi tena na kufikia fainali ya Kombe la FA, na kupoteza kwa Aston Villa. Pia ilikuwa timu ya kwanza ya Uingereza kushindana katika kombe la Uropa, kwa amri ya FA, ambayo ilikuwa imeiinyima Chelsea fursa sawa na hiyo msimu uliotangulia, na kufika nusu fainali kabla ya kung'olewa na Real Madrid. Ikielekea nusu fainali hizo, United pia iliacha rekodi kwa ushindi ambayo bado ipo kama washindi wakuu katika mashindano yote, kwa kuwachapa mabingwa wa Ubelgiji Anderlecht mabao 10-0 ugani Maine Road. [[Picha:Munich memorial plaque.JPG|thumb|left|Bamba la taarifa Old Trafford kwa heshima ya wachezaji walikufa katika ajali ya ndege ya Munich.]] Janga liliikumba msimu uliofuata, wakati ndege iliyokuwa imewabeba wachezaji kurejea nyumbani kutoka mchuano wa European Cup ilipoanguka pindi ilipoanza kupaa baada ya kutua kujaza mafuta huko Munich, Ujerumani. Ajali hiyo ya ndege Munich ya 6 Februari 1958 ilisababisha vifo vya wachezaji - Geoff Bent, Roger Byrne, Eddie Colman, Duncan Edwards, Marko Jones, Daudi Pegg, Tommy Taylor na Liam "Billy" Whelan - na abiria wengine kumi na watano, pamoja na wafanyikazi wa United Walter Crickmer, Bert Whalley na Tom Curry.<ref>{{Rejea habari |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/6/newsid_2535000/2535961.stm |title=Munich Air Disaster |accessdate=12 Agosti 2007 |publisher=BBC News }}</ref> Tayari kulikuwa na majaribio mawili ya kupaa kabla hilo la tatu lililoishia maafa, lilisababishwa na kujazana kwa tope mwishoni mwa barabara ya ndege na hivyo kupunguza kasi ya ndege hadi kiwango kisichotosha kupaa. Ndege iliteleza nje ya mwishoni mwa barabara ya kupaa, kupitia uani na kuingia katika nyumba ambazo hazikuwa na watu watu. Mlindalango wa United Harry Gregg alifanikiwa kutozirai baada ya ajali, na kwa kuhofia kulipuka kwa ndege wakati wowote, aliwakamata Bobby Charlton-ambaye alikuwa ameichezea United mechi yake ya kwanza kabisa miezi 18 tu iliyopita – na Denni Viollet viunoni na kuwavuta mahali salama. Wachezaji 7 wa United walikufa katika eneo la tukio, huku Duncan Edwards akifa majuma mawili baadaye hospitalini. Wing'a wa kulia Johnny Berry pia alinusurika ajali hiyo, lakini majeraha aliyopata kwenye ajali yalisitisha ghafla uchezaji wa kandanda. Matt Busby hakutumainiwa kuishi zaidi na madaktari wa Munich na wakati mmoja alifanyiwa Maombi ya Mwisho, lakini alipata afueni kimiujiza na hatimaye aliruhusiwa kutoka hospitalini baada ya kulazwa kwa zaidi ya miezi miwili. Kulikuwa na uvumi kuwa klabu ingefilisika na kujiondoa kutoka mashindano yote, lakini Jimmy Murphy aliposhikilia usukani kama meneja huku Busby akiendelea kupona majeraha, klabu kiliendelea kucheza kwa timu hafifu. Licha ya ajali hiyo, walifika fainali ya kombe la FA tena, ambapo walipoteza dhidi ya Bolton Wanderers. Mwishoni mwa msimu, UEFA iliipa FA nafasi ya kuwasilisha United na mabingwa wa msimu Wolverhampton Wanderers, kushiriki kombe la Uropa mwaka 1958-59 kama heshima kwa waathiriwa lakini FA ilikataa. United ilimudu kuikaba Wolves koo msimu uliofuata, huku ikimaliza katika nafasi ya kuridhisha ya pili; haikuwa mbaya kwa timu iliyokuwa imepoteza wachezaji tisa katika ajali ya ndege ya Munich. Busby aliijenga upya tena timu hiyo mapema miaka ya 1960, akisajili wachezaji kama vile Denis Law na Pat Crerand, wakati huo huo akilea kizazi chake kipya cha vijana chipukizi. Huenda maarufu zaidi katika kundi hili jipya alikuwa kijana kutoka Belfast aliyeitwa George Best. Best alikuwa na uanariadha wa kipekee, lakini kipawa chake cha thamani zaidi kilikuwa kudhibiti mpira. Miguu yake ya kasi ilimruhusu kupenya kwenye mwanya wowote katika ngome ya wapinzani, hata uwe mdogo kiasi gani. Timu hiyo ilitwaa Kombe la FA mwaka wa 1963, ingawa ilimaliza katika nafasi ya 19 katika Daraja la Kwanza. Shangwe za ushindi wa Kombe la FA zilionekana kuwaimarisha wachezaji, waliosaidia klabu kufikia nafasi ya pili 1964, na kuimarika zaidi kwa kushinda ligi katika mwaka wa 1965 na 1967. United ilishinda kombe la Uropa 1968 kwa kuinyuka Eusébio's Benfica 4-1 kwenye fainali na kuwa kilabu cha kwanza Uingereza kushinda shindano hilo. Timu hii ya United ilikuwa maarufu kwa kuwa na wanakandanda watatu bora wa Mwaka barani Uropa: Bobby Charlton, Denis Law na George Best. Matt Busby alijiuzulu kama meneja 1969 na nafasi yake kuchukuliwa na kocha wa akiba na pia aliyekuwa mchezaji wa United, Wilf McGuinness. === 1969-1986 === United ilijitahidi kujaza nafasi ya Busby, na timu ilitatizika chini ya Wilf McGunness katika msimu wa 1969-70, ilipomaliza katika nafasi ya kukatisha tamaa ya nane, na kufuatiwa na kuanza vibaya katika msimu wa 1970-1971, McGunnies alishushwa madaraka na kuwa kocha wa timu ya akiba. Busby alishawishwa kurudi klabuni, japo kwa miezi sita pekee. Matokeo yalikuwa bora chini ya uongozi wa Busby, lakini hatimaye aliondoka klabuni kwa mara ya mwisho katika majira ya joto ya 1971. Hayo yakijiri, United ilikuwa imewapoteza wachezaji wa hali ya juu kama Nobby Stiles na Pat Crerand. Licha ya kumwomba maneja aliyeiongoza Celtic kushinda kombe la Uropa Jock Stein, kuwa meneja wake, Stein alikubali kwa mkataba wa mazungumzo kujiunga na United, lakini akaghairi msimamo dakika za mwisho- Frank O’Farrell aliteuliwa kumrithi Busby. Hata hivyo, kama Mc Guinness, O’Farrell alidumu chini ya miezi 18, tofauti kati ya wawili hao ni kuwa O’Farrell aliitikia matokea ya timu yasiyo ya kuridhisha kwa kuleta vipaji vipya, wakutajika hasa ni Martini Buchaman kutoka Aberdeen kwa malipo ya £125,000. Tommy Docherty akawa meneja mwishoni mwa 1972. Docherty, au "Doc", aliiokoa United kutoshushwa ngazi msimu huo lakini walishushwa mwaka 1974, wakati ambapo nyota watatu, Best, Law na Charlton walikuwa wamekihama klabu. Denis Law alikuwa amehamia Manchester City katika majira ya joto ya 1973, na kuishia kufunga bao ambalo watu wengi husema liliishusha ngazi ya United, kwa adabu alikataa kusherehekea pamoja na wanatimu wenzake. Wachezaji kama vile Lou Macari, Stewart Houston na Brian Greenhoff waliletwa kuchukua nafasi za Best, Law na Charlton lakini hakuna aliyefikia kimo cha watatu hao waliotangulia. Timu iliweza kupandishwa ngazi katika jaribio la kwanza, huku kijana Steve Coppell akishiriki mchuano wake wa kwanza kuelekea mwisho wa msimu baada ya kujiunga na klabu kutoka Tranmere Rovers na kufika fainali za Kombe la FA mwaka 1976, lakini walishindwa na Southampton. Walifika fainali tena mwaka 1977, walipoishinda Liverpool 2-1. Pamoja na mafanikio na umaarufu wake miongoni mwa mashabiki, Docherty alipigwa kalamu mara baada ya fainali ilipopatikana kuwa alikuwa na uhusiano wa kimapenzi na mke wa mtaalamu wa tibamaungo (physiotherapist). [[Dave Sexton]] alichukua nafasi ya Docherty kama meneja katika majira ya joto ya 1977 na kuifanya timu kucheza mtindo wa kujihami zaidi. Mtindo huu haukupendwa na mashabiki ambao walikuwa wamezoea mtindo wa kandanda ya kushambulia iliyopendelewa na Docherty na Busby. Usajili mkuu wa wachezaji uliofanyika chini ya Sexton ulihusisha [[Joe Jordan]], [[Gordon McQueen]], [[Gary Baileyna]] na [[Ray Wilkins]] lakini kwa sababu ya mtindo wa kujihamu wa Sexton, United ilishindwa kutoka katika safu ya kati isipokuwa mara moja tu, ilipomaliza katika nafasi ya timu mbili bora na ikaweza kufikia finali ya kombe la F.A mara moja, ilipoteza kwa timu ya [[Arsenal]]. Kwa sababu ya ukosefu huu wa vikombe, Sexton alifutwa mwaka wa 1981, ingawa alikuwa ameshinda michuano yake yote saba ya mwisho. Nafasi yake ilichukuliwa na mshaufu [[Ron Atkinson]] ambaye fikra zake za ucheshi zilidhihirika katika vilabu alivyosimamia. Mara moja alivunja rekodi ya Uingereza ya ada ya uhamisho kwa kumsajili Bryan Robson kutoka klabu yake ya zamani, West Bromwich Albion. Robson aliibuka kuwa kile wengi{{Who|date=Novemba 2009}} walifikiria kuwa mchezaji bora kiungo cha kati wa United tangu Duncan Edwards. Timu ya Atkinson iliweza kushuhudia usajili mpya wa wachezaji kama vile Jesper Olsen, Paul McGrath na Gordon Strachan ambao walicheza na wliokuwa wachezaji wa timu ya vijana wakiwemo Norman Whiteside na Mark Hughes. United ilishinda Kombe la FA mara mbili katika miaka mitatu, katika mwaka wa 1983 na 1985, walipigiwa upatu kushinda Ligi katika msimu wa 1985-86 kabla ya kushinda mechi zao kumi za kwanza ligini jambo lililopelekea kuwepo na tofauti ya pointi kumi kati yao na wapinzani wao mwanzoni mwa mwezi wa Oktoba. Hata hivyo, muundo wa timu uliporomoka na United ikamaliza msimu huo katika nafasi ya nne. Uhafifu wa timu uliendelea katika msimu uliofuata, na United ilikuwa ikichungulia kushushwa ngazi kuanzia mwanzo wa Novemba 1986, Atkinson alifutwa. === Enzi ya Alex Ferguson, kabla ya Treble [1986-1998] === [[Picha:Alex Ferguson.jpg|thumb|Alex Ferguson amekuwa meneja wa Manchester United tangu Novemba 1986.]] Alex Ferguson aliwasili kutoka Aberdeen kuchukua nafasi ya Atkinson siku hiyo hiyo aliyofutwa Atkinson, alikuja pamoja na meneja msaidizi wake, Archie Knox. Ingawa mechi yake ya kwanza uongozini, dhidi ya Oxford United tarehe 8 Novemba 1986 alishindwa 2-0, Ferguson aliiongoza klabu kumalizia nafasi ya 11 katika ligi. Kumaliza katika nafasi ya pili 1987-88, pamoja na Brian McClair kuwa mchezaji wa kwanza wa United tangu George Best na kufunga mabao ishirini katika msimu wa ligi, huenda kuliwafanya mashabiki kuwa na matumaini kidogo kwa siku za usoni lakini walirejelea haraka uhafifu kwa kumalizia nafasi ya 11 mwaka 1989. Wachezaji wengi waliosajiliwa na Ferguson hawakufikia matarajio ya mashabiki, na meneja iliripotiwa nusura aachishwe kazi mwanzoni mwa 1990, wengi waliamini kwamba kushindwa kwao na Nottingham Forest katika duru ya tatu ya Kombe la FA kungetia muhuri hatma yake. Bao la Marko Robins kunako dakika 56 liliiwezesha United kushinda mchuano huo na kuwaweka katika king'ang'anyiro kilichowapeleka hadi fainali iliyofanyika Wembley, ambapo waliitinga Crystal Palace 1-0 katika mchuano wa marudio baada ya sare ya 3-3 katika mechi ya awali. Mwaka uliofuata, United ilifika fainali ya League Cup na kupoteza kwa bao 1-0 kwa timu ya aliyekuwa meneja wao Ron Atkinson Sheffield Wednesday. Hata hivyo, msimu ulimalizika kwa ushindi wa kwanza wa Kombe la Washindi wa Vilabu (Cup Winners 'Cup), walipoiadhibu Barcelona 2-1 katika fainali ugani Rotterdam. Ushindi wa taji la Cup Winners uliiruhusu timu kucheza katika UEFA Super Cup mwaka 1991 ambapo waaliwashinda waliokuwa washindi wa Kombe la Ulaya Red Star Belgrade 1-0 uwanjani Old Trafford. Mechi hiyo ilipaswa kuchezwa kwa michuano miwili lakini kutokana na ukosefu wa utulivu wa kisiasa nchini Yugoslavia wakati huo, UEFA iliamua kwamba mchuano wa Old Trafford tu ndio utakaochezwa. Kushiriki kwa mara ya pili mfululizo katika fainali ya kombe la Ligi kulitokea mwaka 1992, United wakati huo iliifunga Nottingham Forest 1-0 ugani Wembley. Wakati huo huo, matukio yalikuwa yakiendelea nje ya uwanja mwishoni mwa mwongo, huku mwenyekiti Martin Edwards akijaribu kuiuza klabu kwa mkwasi Michael Knighton mwaka 1989. Uuzaji huo wa milioni £20 ulikuwa karibu kuthibitishwa huku Knighton akiingia Old Trafford akiwa na sare ya Manchester United na akifanya mbwembwe kadha kabla ya kuvurumisha mpira kuelekea langoni upande wa Stretford ugani humo. Knighton aliweza kuona rekodi za kifedha za klabu, lakini, kabla ya mkataba wa uuzaji kukamilishwa washauri wake wa kifedha walikataa na mpango huo ukafutiliwa. Hata hivyo, kwa kuwa Knighton alikuwa na ufahamu wa jinsi mambo yalivyokuwa yakiendeshwa klabuni, alipewa wadhifa katika bodi ya klabu kama njia ya kumfanya kubaki kimya kuhusu jambo hilo. Mwaka 1991, ikihitaji msaada zaidi wa kifedha kufuatia [[Ripoti ya Taylor]] klabu ilianza uuzaji katika [[Soko la Hisa la London]] kwa thamana iliyokisiwa kuwa paundi milioni 47, na kuleta katika macho ya umma hali yake ya kifedha. Martin Edwards alihifadhi wadhifa wake kama mwenyekiti, lakini sasa klabu ilikuwa ikimilikiwa na umma. Majira ya joto ya mwaka 1991 pia yalishuhudia kuwasili kwa mlindalango raiya wa Denmak Peter Schmeichel, ambaye kutofungwa kwake katika michuano 17 kuliipa United rekodi bora ya kujihami katika Divisheni ya kwanza msimu wa 1991-92na kuwasaidia kumaliza katika nafasi ya pili nyuma ya Leeds United, ndani ya safu hizo kulikuwa na sogora fulani Mfaransa aliyeitwa Eric Cantona. Alex Ferguson alitambua haja ya United ya kuwa na mshambulizi kama njia ya kumzuia Mark Hughes na Brian McClair na alijaribu - na kushindwa - mara kadhaa kumsajili mshambuliaji wa Sheffield Wednesday David Hirst, lakini wakati meneja wa Leeds Howard Wilkinson alipompigia Martin Edwards mwezi Novemba 1992 kuuliza kuhusu uwezekano wa kupatikana kwa Denis Irwin, mazungumzo hayo yaligeuka haraka na kumhusu Cantona. Kwa mshangao wa Edward na Ferguson, vilabu hivyo viwili viliweza kukubaliana kwa ada ya pauni milioni 1.2 ili kumpata Mfaransa huyo thabiti. Kuwasili kwa Cantona kuliipa United mwamko muhimu sana na kuisaidia timu hiyo kuweza kujishindia taji la kwanza la Ligi tangu mwaka wa 1967. Baada ya kusajiliwa kwa Roy Keane kutoka Nottngham Forest mnamo mwaka wa Julai 1993, United iliweza kushinda taji la pili mtawalia kwa mara ya kwanza tangu mwaka wa 1957 kwenye mwaka uliofuata, kabla ya kushinda kombe la FA ili kukamilisha "Ushindi pacha" wa kwanza katika historia ya Kilabu hiyo. Mwaka huo, hata hivyo, klabu kiliomboleza kufuatia kifo cha aliyekuwa meneja na mkurugenzi wa klabu Matt Busby, aliyekufa tarehe 20 Januari 1994. Msimu wa 1994-95 ulikuwa wa kwanza kwa klabu kumaliza bila kombe tangu 1988-89, ingawa walicheza vizuri hadi katika wiki ya mwisho wa msimu na kufikiwa fainali ya FA Cup, ambapo walipoteza kwa Everton. [[Andy Cole]] alisajiliwa kutoka Newcastle United kwa gharama iliyoweka rekodi Uingereza ya paundi milioni £6 pamoja na Keith Gillespie. Hata hivyo, baada mchuanio wa kwanza wa Cole akiwa United, Eric Cantona alipokea marufuku ya miezi nane kwa kuruka ndani ya eneo umati na kumuumiza Mathayo Simmons shabiki wa Crystal Palace, ambaye alikuwa amemdhihaki Cantona kutokana na rangi ya ngozi yake akiondoka uwanjani wakati wa mchuano wa United ugani Selhurst Park. Kusimamishwa kwa Cantona kulitolewa na baadhi kama sababu ya United kushindwa kukamilisha kwa mataji matatu "hat-trick" msimu huo. Kutofanikiwa kama ilivyotarajiwa msimu huo kulimsababisha Ferguson kufanya marekebisho makuu katika timu aliwauza Paul Ince, Andrei Kanchelskis na Mark Hughes na kujaza nafasi zaoo kwa wachezaji kutoka katika timu ya vijana wa klabu hiyo, akiwemo David Beckham, Gary Neville, Phil Neville na Paul Scholes. Baada ya kushindwa 3-1 na Aston Villa katika siku ya ufunguzi wa msimu 1995-96, mwanahabari wa televisheni maarufu Alan Hansen alitoa kauli maarufu kwa kusema "kamwe hamtashinda chochote mkiwa na watoto."<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.onthisfootballday.com/2007_08_19/aug-19-%E2%80%93-%E2%80%9Cyou%E2%80%99ll-never-win-anything-with-kids%E2%80%9D.php |title=August 19 - “You’ll Never Win Anything With Kids” |accessdate=5 Januari 2009 |date=19 Agosti 2007 |publisher=On This Football Day }}</ref> Wachezaji kadhaa wapya, ambao baadhi yao kwa haraka walijumuishwa katika michuano ya kimataifa ya mara kwa mara na timu ya Uingereza, waliitikia vizuri na kutokana na motisha ya kurejea kwa Cantona Oktoba 1995, United ikawa klabu ya kwanza ya Uingereza kuwahi kushinda mataji mawili mara mbili, ufanisi uliokuja kujulikana kama "Double Double".<ref>{{Rejea habari |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?xml=/sport/1996/05/12/sfgliv12.xml |title=Cantona crowns United's season of Double delight |work=Daily Telegraph |publisher=Telegraph Media Group |date=12 Mei 1996 |accessdate=11 Desemba 2006 |archivedate=2006-12-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231150213/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fsport%2F1996%2F05%2F12%2Fsfgliv12.xml }}</ref> Nahodha Steve Bruce aliondoka kuelekea Birmingham City mwezi Julai 1996, na Alex Ferguson akamtaja Eric Cantona kama nahodha mpya wa klabu. Aliiongoza timu kutwaa taji la nne la ligi kati ya miaka mitano katika 1996-97 kabla ya kustaafu kutoka kandanda akiwa na umri wa 30 ilipofika mwisho wa msimu huo. Teddy Sheringham aliletwa kuchukua nafasi yake, na shati yake tambulika nambari 7 ikakabidhiwa David Beckham. Walianza msimu wa 1997-98 vizuri, lakini wakapoteza michuano mitano baada ya Krismasi na kumaliza katika nafasi ya pili, pointi moja nyuma ya washindi mara mbili Arsenal. Baada ya kipindi bila mshindani wa kila mara kuwania taji ligi, hii ilikuwa dhibitisho ya kuwasili kwa Arsenal kama mshindani halisi ambao wangegombea katika miaka michache iliyofuata. === Ushindi mara tatu, Treble (1998–99) === [[Picha:PalmaresManU.jpg|thumb|Mataji ya Utatu - ya Ligi Kuu, Ligi ya Mabingwa na Kombe la FA (kushoto kuelekea kulia)]] Msimu wa 1998-99 kwa Manchester United ulikuwa na mafanikio sana katika historia ya vilabu vya kandanda nchini Uingereza kwani walikuwa timu ya pekee ya Uingereza iliyowahi kushinda mataji matatu - Ligi Kuu (Premier), kombe la FA na taji la mabingwa UEFA Champions Leaguae katika msimu huo.<ref name="BBC">{{Rejea habari |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/353842.stm |title=United crowned kings of Europe |publisher=BBC News |date=26 Mei 1999 |accessdate=11 Agosti 2008 }}</ref> Baada ya msimu wa wasiwasi wa Ligi ya Premier, Manchester United ilitwaa taji hilo kwenye siku ya mwisho ya fainali kwa kuwashinda Tottenham Hotspur mabao 2-1, huku Arsenal ikiishinda Aston Villa bao 1-0.<ref name="SI">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/world/news/1999/05/16/british_roundup/ |title=Man United stands alone |publisher=Sports Illustrated |date=16 Mei 1999 |accessdate=11 Agosti 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080106060543/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/world/news/1999/05/16/british_roundup/ |archivedate=2008-01-06 }}</ref> Kutwaa taji la Ligi ya Premier kulikuwa sehemu ya kwanza ya ushindi mara tatu (treble), sehemu moja ambayo meneja Alex Ferguson aliieleza kuwa ngumu zaidi.<ref name="SI"/> Katika Fainali ya kombe la FA United ilikabiliana na Newcastle United na kushinda 2-0 kwa mabao kutoka kwa Teddy Sheringham na Paul Scholes.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/world/news/1999/05/22/fa_cup/ |title=Two down, one to go |publisher=Sports Illustrated |date=22 Mei 1999 |accessdate=11 Agosti 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006075501/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/world/news/1999/05/22/fa_cup/ |archivedate=2008-10-06 }}</ref> Katika mechi ya mwisho ya msimu wa 1999 walicheza UEFA Chapions League Final na kuishinda timu ya Bayern Munich katika kile kinafikiriwa kuwa mwamko mkuu sana kuwahi kushuhudiwa, mchuano ulikuwa umeingia muda wa ziada wakiwa wameshindwa kwa bao moja kabla ya kutoka nyuma na kufunga mara mbili na hivyo kushinda 2-1.<ref name="BBC"/> Ferguson baadaye alipongezwa kwa huduma zake katika kandanda na kutunukiwa heshima ya taifa inayompa ruhusa kuitwa "sir".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2004/03/08/stud_ed3_.php |title=Ferguson and Magnier: a truce in the internal warfare at United |publisher=International Herald Tribune |date=8 Machi 2004 |accessdate=11 Agosti 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061128184355/http://www.iht.com/articles/2004/03/08/stud_ed3_.php |archivedate=2006-11-28 }}</ref> Kuhitimisha mwaka huo wa kuvunja rekodi, Manchester United ilishinda kombe la Intercontinental baada ya kuinyuka Palmeiras bao 1-0 mjini Tokyo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.t3.rim.or.jp/~sports/arch/soa99.html |title=Other News in Soccer in 1999 |publisher=Sports Info Japan |accessdate=11 Agosti 2008 }}</ref> === Baada ya kipindi cha ushindi Mara Tatu (1999-hadi sasa) === United ilishinda ligi mwaka 2000 na 2001, lakini vyombo vya habari vikaona kana kwamba klabu kimeshindwa msimu huo kwa sababu kilishindwa kutwaa tena taji la Ulaya.{{Citation needed|date=Oktoba 2009}} Mwaka 2000, Manchester United ilikuwa mojawapo ya timu 14 waanzilishi wa G-14, kundi la vilabu vya soka mashuhuri Ulaya.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.g14.com/G14members/index.asp |title=G-14's members |publisher=G14.com |accessdate=12 Septemba 2006 |archivedate=2006-09-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902181900/http://www.g14.com/G14members/index.asp }}</ref> Klabu hicho pia kilikataa kushiriki kombe la FA 1999-2000 na badala yake kushiriki katika mashindano ya uzinduzi wa taji la FIFA la Klabu Bingwa Duniani Brazil, kilitaja shinikizo kutoka kwa FA, UEFA na kamati ya Uingereza iliyokuwa ikishughulikia kombe la dunia la 2006. Ferguson aliweka mikakati ya kujihami ili kufanya iwe vigumu kwa United kushindwa Ulaya, lakini mikakati hiyo haikuwa na mafanikio kwani United ilikamilisha msimu wa Ligi Kuu ya 2001-02 katika nafasi ya tatu. Walitwaa tena ligi msimu uliofuata (2002-03) na kuanza msimu uliofuata vizuri, lakini hali yao ilishuka kwa kiasi kikubwa baada ya Rio Ferdinand kupokezwa marufuku tata ya miezi minane kwa kutohudhuria upimaji wa madawa ya kulevya. Walishinda kombe la FA 2004, hata hivyo, waliibandua nje Arsenal (hatimaye Arsenal ilishinda taji la Ligi Kuu msimu huo) wakiwa njiani kuelekea fainali ambako waliishinda Millwall. Msimu wa 2004-2005 ulijawa na hali ya kutofunga mabao, hasa kutokana na jeraha la mshambulizi Ruud van Nistelrooy na United ikamaliza msimu huo bila taji lolote na katika nafasi ya tatu. Wakati huu, hata kombe la FA liliwaponyoka kwani Arsenal iliishinda United kwa mikwaju ya penalti baada ya kutoka sare baada ya kucheza kwa dakika 120. Nje ya uwanja, hadithi kuu ilikuwa uwezekano wa klabu kuchukuliwa, tarehe 12 Mei 2005 na mfanyibiashara wa Kimarekani Malcom Glazer ambaye aliweza kupata udhibiti wa klabu hiyo kupitia uwekezaji kutumia kampuni yake ya Red Football Ltd. katika ununuzi uliothaminiwa kufikia kima cha takribani milioni £800 (wakati huo ikikisiwa kuwa sawa na dola bilioni 1.5).<ref>{{Rejea habari |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4550141.stm |title=Glazer Man Utd stake exceeds 75% |publisher=BBC News |date=16 Mei 2005 |accessdate=11 Agosti 2007 }}</ref><ref name="CBS">{{Rejea habari |url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/columns/newsmakers/malcolm_glazer.html |title=Manchester United's new owner |publisher=CBS Sports Online |date=22 Juni 2005 |accessdate=11 Agosti 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050910141125/http://www.cbc.ca/sports/columns/newsmakers/malcolm_glazer.html |archivedate=2005-09-10 }}</ref> Tarehe 16 Mei, aliziongeza hisa zake hadi 75% zinazohitajika kukiondoa klabu hicho kutoka Soko la Hisa na kukifanya kuwa binafsi tena, alitangaza nia yake kufanya hivyo katuka muda wa siku 20.<ref name="CBS"/> Tarehe 8 Juni, aliwateua wanawe katika bodi ya Manchester United kama wakurugenzi wasio watendaji.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2005/06/08/1387352.htm |title=Glazer's sons join Man U board |publisher=ABC News |date=8 Juni 2005 |accessdate=2008-08-11 }}</ref> United ilianza vibaya msimu wa 2005-06, huku kiungo wa kati Roy Keane akiondoka kujiunga na Celtic baada ya kuwakosoa hadharani wachezaji wenzake kadhaa. Klabu pia ilikuwa imeshindwa kuhitimu kufuzu kwa awamu ya mwondoaano wa UEFA Champions League kwa zaidi ya mwongo mmoja, baada ya kupoteza kwa Benfica. Msimu huu pia walikumbwa na mikosi kadhaa ya majeraha kwa wachezaji wakuu kama vile Gabriel Heinze, Alan Smith, Ryan Giggs na Paul Scholes. Hata hivyo, walizuiliwa kuachwa mikono mitupu katika misimu mifululizo- masikitiko ambayo yalikuwa hayajashuhudiwa kwa miaka 17 iliyopita-kwa kushinda kombe la Ligi ya 2006, baada ya kuwalaza majirani zao waliopandishwa cheo Wigan Athletic katika fainali kwa mabao 4-0. United pia ilijihakikishia nafasi ya pili na kufuzu moja kwa moja kushiriki michuano ya Ligi ya Mabingwa (Champions League) siku ya mwisho ya msimu kwa kuishinda Charlton Athletic 4-0. Mwishoni mwa msimu wa 2005-06, mmoja wa washambuliaji wa United, Ruud van Nistelrooy, alikihama klabu na kujiunga na Real Madrid, kutokana na ugomvi baina yake na Alex Ferguson.<ref>{{Rejea habari |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/5322562.stm |title=Ruud accuses Ferguson of betrayal |publisher=[[BBC Sport]] |date=7 Septemba 2006 |accessdate=11 Desemba 2006 }}</ref> Mnamo Julai 2006, klabu kilitangaza mpango wa ufadhili mpya. Kiasi cha jumla kitakuwa £ milioni 660, ambayo italipiwa riba ya £ milioni 62 kwa mwaka.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.footballeconomy.com/archive/archive_2006_jul_08.htm |title=Glazers Tighten Grip On United With Debt Refinancing |publisher=The Political Economy of Football |date=8 Julai 2006 |accessdate=11 Agosti 2008 |archivedate=2011-08-19 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/612fbw7oM?url=http://www.footballeconomy.com/archive/archive_2006_jul_08.htm }}</ref> Matokeo ya mpango huu mpya wa ufadhili utakuwa punguzo la asilimia 30 ya malipo ya kila mwaka.<ref name="RTE">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/2006/0718/manunited2.html |title=Manchester United reveal refinancing plans |publisher=RTÉ Sport |date=18 Julai 2006 |accessdate=11 Agosti 2008 |archivedate=2012-05-08 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/67W7eY8sG?url=http://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/english/2006/0718/206981-manunited2/ }}</ref> Uwanjani, msimu wa 2006-07 ulishuhudia United ikirejea na mtindo wao wa kandanda ya kushambulia ambao ndio ulikuwa msingi wa miaka yao ya ufanisi mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1990, wakifunga takriban mabao 20 zaidi ya Chelsea waliokuwa katika nafasi ya pili baada ya michuano 32. Januari 2007, United ilimsajili Henrik Larsson kwa mkopo wa miezi miwili kutoka Helsingborg ya Uswidi, mshambuliaji alitekeleza jukumu muhimu sana katika kuisaidia United kuingia nusu fainali ya Ligi ya Mabingwa,<ref>{{Rejea habari |title=Seven wonders of sublime United dazzle and destroy helpless Roma |publisher= The Guardian |url=http://football.guardian.co.uk/Match_Report/0,,2054231,00.html |date=11 Aprili 2007 |date=4 Januari 2009 }}</ref> huku ikiwa na matumaini ya kushinda mataji matatu kwa mara ya pili, hata hivyo, baada ya kufikia nusu fainali, United iliaibishwa na Milan kwa jumla ya mabao 3-5.<ref>{{Rejea habari |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/6603095.stm |title=AC Milan 3-0 Man Utd (Agg: 5-3) |accessdate=28 Mei 2007 |author=Caroline Cheese |date=2 Mei 2007 |publisher=BBC Sport }}</ref> Miaka minne baada taji lao la mwisho, United ilishinda taji la Premier League tarehe 6 Mei 2007 baada ya Chelsea kutoka sare na Arsenal jambo lililoiacha The Blues pointi saba nyuma ikiwa imesaza michuano miwili ili kumaliza, kufuatia ushindi wa United wa 1-0 katika mchuano wa timu kutoka mji wa Manchester "Derby" siku iliyopita na kuifanya kombe lao la 9 la Ligi ya Premier katika misimu 15 ya uwepo wa ligi hiyo. Hata hivyo, ushindi pacha "Double" wa mara ya nne ambao haukutarajiwa haukutokea baada ya Chelsea kuifunga United 1-0 katika muda wa ziada katika kombe la kwanza la FA kufanyika katika uwanja mpya wa Wembley; wa kwanza kufanyika nchini Uingereza tangu uwanja wa zamani kubomolewe miaka saba iliyopita. Kipindi cha kati ya 2007-08 kilishuhudia United ikimaliza kwa kushinda mataji mawili ya Ulaya licha ya kuanza vibaya msimu huo walipojipata katika nafasi 17 katika Ligi Kuu baada ya kushiriki katika mechi tatu. Hata hivyo, tarehe 11 Mei 2008, United ilihifadhi taji la Ligi ya Premier kufuatia ushindi dhidi ya Wigan Athletic. Huku washindani wao katika taji hilo Chelsea wakiweza tu kutoka sare na Bolton Wanderers, United iliweza kumaliza msimu kwa alama mbili mbele. Klabu pia ilifika fainali ya Kombe la Ulaya kwa mara ya tatu katika historia yake, baada ya kuvishinda vilabu kama Barcelona na Roma ili kufuzu kwa fainali. Waliifunga Chelsea katika mikwaju ya penalti 6-5 katika fainali ugani Luzhniki Moscow baada ya kutoka sare ya 1-1 katika muda wa kawaida tarehe 21 Mei 2008. Kupitia ushindi huu, walijipatia taji lao la tatu la Ulaya na kuweka rekodi yao kutowahi kupoteza fainali kubwa ya Ulaya. Kisadfa, msimu huu ulikuwa wa miaka 100 tangu Manchester United iliposhinda taji lao la kwanza la Ligi, ilikuwa miaka 50 baada ya ajali ya ndege ya Munich na miaka 40 baada ya Manchester United kuwa timu ya kwanza ya Uingereza kushinda taji la Ulaya. Fainali ya Kombe la Ulaya ilishuhudia pia Ryan Giggs akiichezea klabu hiyo kwa mara ya 759, na kumpita Bobby Charlton aliyekuwa akishikilia rekodi ya kuichezea mara nyingi zaidi klabu hicho. Kabla ya kuanza kwa msimu wa 2008-09, United walishiriki na kushinda tuzo ya ngao yaFA Community Shield ya 2008. United walifunga Portsmouth katika mikwaju ya penalti 3-1, washindi wa Kikombe cha FA cha 2007-08, baada ya mechi kukamilika kwa sare tasa ya 0-0 ndani ya dakika 90. Mnamo tarehe 21 Desemba 2008, United waliongezea nishani zaidi kwenye hazina yao ya tuzo kwa kushinda katika fainali ya Kombe la Ulimwengu la Vilabu vya FIFA kwa kuishinda LDU Quito kutoka Ecuador kwa bao 1-0 kule Japan, Wayne Rooney ndiye aliyefunga bao la ushindi. Miezi miwili baadaye, waliliongezea kombe la Ligi ya 2009 katika hazina yao ya tuzo kwa kuishinda Tottenham Hotspur mabao 4-1 kwenye mikwaju ya penalti.<ref>{{Rejea habari |first=Phil |last=McNulty |title=Man Utd 0-0 Tottenham (aet) |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league_cup/7905889.stm |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=1 Machi 2009 |accessdate=1 Machi 2009 }}</ref> Mnamo tarehe 16 Mei, United waliweza kuwahi taji la 11 katika Ligi ya Primia - na taji la ujumla la 18 katika Ligi – baada ya kuenda sare tasa ya 0-0 nyumbani kwao wakicheza na Arsenal huku wakishinda mataji matatu mtawalia ya Ligi ya Premier kwa mara ya pili.<ref>{{Rejea habari |first=Phil |last=McNulty |title=Man Utd 0-0 Arsenal |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/8038259.stm |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=16 Mei 2009 |accessdate=16 Mei 2009 }}</ref> Mnamo tarehe 27 Mei 2009, Barcelona waliweza kuishinda Manchester United mabao 2-0 katika fainali ya Ligi Mabingwa kule Rome, yaliyofungwa na Samuel Eto'o na Lionel Messi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Bell |first=Jack |url=http://goal.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/05/27/running-commentary-champions-league-final/?hp |title=Champions League Final: Barcelona 2, Manchester United 0 - Goal Blog - NYTimes.com |publisher=Goal.blogs.nytimes.com |date=27 Mei 2009 |accessdate=27 Mei 2009 }}</ref> Fainali ya Ligi ya Mabingwa ilitokea kuwa mechi ya mwisho kwa Carlos Tévez – ambaye mkataba wake ulikamilika mnamo tarehe 30 Juni – na Christiano Ronaldo – aliyeuzwa kwa Real Madrid kwa gharama ya milioni £80, kuvunja rekodi ya dunia ya kuhamisha na kusajiliwa kwa Kaka na Real Madrid kutoka Milan kwa gharama ya milioni £56. Hata hivyo, United waliitikia hasara hizo kwa kumhamisha na kumsajili Michael Owen bila gharama yoyote, Antonio Valencia kwa milioni £17 na Gabriel Obertan kwa gharama ya milioni £3. Msimu wa 2009-10 ulianza vizuri kwa timu ya Manchester United, licha ya kushindwa 1-0 na timu ya Burnley kule Turf Moor iliyokuwa pigo kubwa kwao. Wingi wa ushindi ukafuata hatimaye, pamoja na ushindi wa kusisimua dhidi ya Manchester City kwa mabao 4-3, uliopatikana mnamo dakika ya 96 kutokana na bao lake Michael Owen. Hata hivyo, mchezo isioridhisha uliwafanya kushindwa mabao 2-0 na Liverpool uwanjani Antfield. Kufikia 1 Novemba, Manchester United ni ya pili katika ligi, alama 2 nyuma ya [[Chelsea.]] Katika Ligi ya Mabingwa, United kwa sasa ndio washindi wa kwanza kwenye kundi lao, pamoja na ushindi dhidi ya Beşiktaş na CSKA Moscow na ushindi dhidi ya Wolfsburg huko nyumbani kwao. Mnamo tarehe 3 Novemba, Manchester United waliweza kuhifadhi na kuhitimu kutoka katika kikundi kwa kupata mabao sare 3-3 dhidi ya CKSA Moscow. ==Nembo na rangi za klabu== Katika enzi zake kama Newton Heath, klabu kilitumia mavazi ya rangi tofauti, inayotambuliwa zaidi ni shati la rangi ya manjano na kijani lililovaliwa kuanzia 1878 hadi 1892, na tena 1894-1896; vazi hili la milia lilitumika tena katika michuano ya ugenini mapema miaka ya 1990. Mavazi mengine yaliyovaliwa na Newton Heath ni pamoja na shati jekundu lililokuwa na weupe robo yake (1892-1894) na shati jeupe lisilo kuwa na milia (1896-1902), zote hizi zilivaliwa na kaptura ya rangi ya samawati.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Manchester_United/Manchester_United.htm |title=Manchester United Historical Kits |accessdate=11 Agosti 2008 |publisher=historicalkits.co.uk }}</ref> Katika mwaka wa 1902, pamoja na klabu kubadili jina na kuwa Manchester United, klabu pia kilibadili rangi zake kuwa jezi nyekundu, kaptura nyeupe na soksi nyeusi, ambayo imesalia kuwa sare wastani ya Man Utd katika michuano ya nyumbani tangu wakati huo. Kilicho tofauti na haya ni jezi ambazo timu ilivaa ikicheza fainali ya kombe la [[FA 1909]] na [[Briston]] City ambayo ilikuwa nyeupe na mshipi mwekundu wa muundo wa “V”.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/English_Football_League/FA_Cup_Finals/1900-1909.html |title=English FA Cup Finalists 1900 - 1909 |accessdate=11 Agosti 2008 |publisher=historicalkits.co.uk |archivedate=2008-09-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925084712/http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/English_Football_League/FA_Cup_Finals/1900-1909.html }}</ref> Mtindo huu ulifufuliwa katika miaka ya 1920 kabla United kurudia mashati yenye rangi nyekundu pekee, pia ilitumika kwa ajili ya michuano ya nyumbani na ugenini katika [[msimu wa 2009-10]] kama njia ya kusherehekea miaka 100 katika [[Old Trafford]].<ref name="home kit">{{Rejea habari |first=Gemma |last=Thompson |title=Gallery: New home kit |url=http://www.manutd.com/default.sps?pagegid={48C41513-A376-4D1F-981D-660FC5BB193E}&newsid=6635120 |work=ManUtd.com |publisher=Manchester United |date=26 Juni 2009 |accessdate=26 Juni 2009 }}</ref><ref name="away_kit">{{Rejea habari |first=Gemma |last=Thompson |title=Black and blue suits Reds |url=http://www.manutd.com/default.sps?pagegid={48C41513-A376-4D1F-981D-660FC5BB193E}&newsid=6636908 |work=ManUtd.com |publisher=Manchester United |date=29 Julai 2009 |accessdate=29 Julai 2009 }}</ref> Jezi za kuchezea ugenini kawaida huwa nyeupe na kaptura nyeusi na soksi nyeupe, lakini rangi nyingine zimetumika, ikiwa ni pamoja na shati iliyokuwa na milia ya samawati na nyeupe iliyotumika kati ya 1903-1916, sare nyeusi kila kitu kilichotumika mwaka 1994, 2003 na 2007 na shati la blue iliyokuwa na mistari myembamba mwaka 2000. Mojawapo ya sare iliyokuwa maarufu kwa wengi, japo haikudumu, ni sare ya United iliyokuwa ya michuano ya ugenini ya rangi ya kijivu pekee iliyotumika kati ya 1995-96, iliacha kutumiwa baada ya timu kushindwa mchezo mmoja wakati walikuwa wameivaa. Katika muda wa mapumziko wakicheza dhidi ya Southampton, wakati united ilikuwa imetingwa 3-0, walibadilisha mavazi na kuvaa sare ya samawati na nyeupe lakini bado wakashindwa 3-1. Kulingana na wachezaji, mavazi ya kijivu hayakuwa yakionekana vyema jambo lililosababisha matokeo duni.<ref>{{Rejea habari |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sportacademy/hi/sa/tennis/features/newsid_2223000/2223651.stm |title=Grey day for Manchester United |accessdate=28 Mei 2007 |publisher=BBC.co.uk }}</ref> Sare nyingine maarufu ya kucheza ugenini ya Man Utd ilikuwa uweza wa kuvalika pande zote, ilikuwa na milia ya nyeupe na mikono mieusi na mstari wa kidhahabu upande mmoja na milia ya kidhahabu na mstari mweusi upande mwingine. Shati hii ilitolewa kama sare ya mwisho iliyoshonwa na [[Umbro]] kwa klabu kabla ya kuanza kuhudumiwa na [[Nike]], na iliadhimisha miaka 100 tangu klabu kilipobadili jina lake kutoka Newton Heath kuwa Manchester United. Sare ya tatu ambayo huvaliwa katika michuano ya nyumbani ni samawati tangu shati hadi sokisi kwa heshima ya sare iliyovaliwa 1968 timu iliposhinda Kombe la Ulaya, ukumbusho wa moja kwa moja ulifanywa na klabu 2008-09 kukumbuka miaka 40 ya jezi la tatu la 1968. Kinyume na desturi hii ni kuwa ni pamoja na sare ya rangi ya manjano iliyovaliwa katika miaka ya 1970, sare iliyotajwa hapo awali ya mistari ya samawati na nyeupe kuanzia 1996, ambayo ilionekana kuwapendeza sana mashabiki, na shati jeupe iliyokuwa na mikato ya mlazo wa rangi nyeusi na nyekundu kuanzia 2004. United pia imetumia shati zilizo wahi kutumika kama ya mazoezi kuwa sare zao za tatu, iliwahi kutumia sare nyeusi toka juu hadi chini katika msimu 1998-99 na shati samawati iliyokuwa na rangi ya damu ya mzee ubavuni mwaka 2001 kwa michuano dhidi ya Southampton na PSV Eindhoven. Hivi sasa, jezi ya nyumbani ya Manchester United ni nyekundu na iliyo na tepe nyeusi isiyokolea kifuani. Nembo ya klabu huwa juu ya ngao nyeusi yenye ukubwa sawa upande wa kushoto wa V, ilihali alama ya Nike ni nyeupe na huwa upande wa kulia; nembo ya AIG pia ni nyeupe. Katika kukumbuka miaka 100 tangu kufunguliwa kwa uwanja wa klabu hicho cha Old Trafford kuna kitambulisho kinachosoma “Uwanja wa ndoto tangu 1910” (The Theatre of Dreams Since 1910) kilichoshikishwa upande wa mshono. Shati la nyumbani huvaliwa na kaptura nyeupe iliyo na mistari myekundu inayoteremka pande zote mbili za miguu, na soksi nyeusi iliyo na mkato mwekundu.<ref name="home kit"/> Hivi karibuni sare ya kucheza ugenini imekaribiana katika muundo na sare ya nyumbani, lakini shati ni jeusi lililo na utepe wa samawati kifuani na nembo ya klabu huwa juu ya ngao ya samawati. Sawa na sare ya nyumbani, nembo ya wadhamini iko katikati na kwa rangi nyeupe. Kaptura pia ni nyeusi na milia ya samawati ikielekea chini, huku soksi nazo zikiwa nyeusi na tepe ya samawati.<ref name="away_kit"/> Sare ya ugenini ya klabu ya msimu wa 2008-09, inayojumuisha shati jeupe lililo na mstari wa samawati kwenda chini ubavuni na ukosi wa samawati ilio na mkato mwekundu, unaotumiwa kama sare ya tatu ya msimu wa 2009-10. Ikivaliwa pamoja na kaptura za samawati na soksi nyeupe, jezi la tatu lina nembo za wafadhili kwa rangi ya samawati pamoja na herufi "MUFC" nyuma ya ukosi.Beji ya klabu inakalia nguo nyeupe kushoto mwa kifua.<ref>{{Rejea habari |first=Gemma |last=Thompson |title=Free trophy pic with new kit |url=http://www.manutd.com/default.sps?pagegid={48C41513-A376-4D1F-981D-660FC5BB193E}&newsid=6614065 |work=ManUtd.com |publisher=Manchester United |date=18 Julai 2008 |accessdate=26 Juni 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Third Kit 2009/10 |url=http://store.manutd.com/stores/manutd/products/kit_selector.aspx?selector=268 |work=United Direct |publisher=Manchester United |accessdate=7 Agosti 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805070424/http://store.manutd.com/stores/manutd/products/kit_selector.aspx?selector=268 |archivedate=2009-08-05 }}</ref> Nembo ya Manchester United imebadilishwa mara chache, lakini umbo la kimsingi limebakia sawa. Beji hiyo imechukuliwa kutoka kwa nembo ya jiji la Manchester. Picha ya Shetani kwenye beji ya klabu ilitokana na lakabu ya klabu “Red Devils” (Shetani Wekundu); lililoanza kutumika mapema miaka ya 1960 baada ya Matt Busby kusikia likirejelea timu ya raga ya Salford kutokana na jezi zao nyekundu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.manutdzone.com/atoz/r.html#reddevils |title=A to Z of Manchester United&nbsp;— R |accessdate=3 Agosti 2007 |publisher=ManUtdZone.com |quote=In the early 1960's Salford Rugby club toured France wearing red shirts and became known as "The Red Devils". Manager Matt Busby liked the sound of it, thinking that a nasty devil is more intimidating to opponents than angelic babes. |archivedate=2007-06-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622224422/http://www.manutdzone.com/atoz/r.html#reddevils }}</ref> Kufikia mwisho wa miaka ya 1960 nembo hiyo ya shetani ilianza kujumuishwa katika utaratibu na shali za klabu kabla ya kujumuishwa kwenye beji ya klabu mnamo 1970 ikishikilia mkuki wenye ncha tatu. Katika mwaka wa 1998, beji iliundwa upya tena, wakati huu maneno "Footbal Club" yakiondolewa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.prideofmanchester.com/sport/mufc-kits.htm |title=Manchester United kits |accessdate=28 Mei 2007 |publisher=prideofmanchester.com }}</ref> ==Wachezaji== === Kikosi cha timu ya kwanza === Kama ilivyokuwa 29 Oktoba 2009,kulingana na vyanzo mseto katika tovuti rasmi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=First Team |url=http://www.manutd.com/default.sps?pagegid={91EA3BE2-963A-4BAB-802C-F46A0EF3FCA3}&page=1 |work=ManUtd.com |publisher=Manchester United |accessdate=22 Septemba 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |title=Reds register European squad |url=http://www.manutd.com/default.sps?pagegid={F9E570E6-407E-44BC-800F-4A3110258114}&newsid=6638851 |work=ManUtd.com |publisher=Manchester United |date=2 Septemba 2009 |accessdate=3 Septemba 2009 }}</ref> {{Fs start}} {{Fs player |no=1 |nat=NED |pos=GK |name=[[Edwin van der Sar]] }} {{Fs player |no=2 |nat=ENG |pos=DF |name=[[Gary Neville]] |other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]] }} {{Fs player |no=3 |nat=FRA |pos=DF |name=[[Patrice Evra]] }} {{Fs player |no=4 |nat=ENG |pos=MF |name=[[Owen Hargreaves]] }} {{Fs player |no=5 |nat=ENG |pos=DF |name=[[Rio Ferdinand]] }} {{Fs player |no=6 |nat=ENG |pos=DF |name=[[Wes Brown]] }} {{Fs player |no=7 |nat=ENG |pos=FW |name=[[Michael Owen]] }} {{Fs player |no=8 |nat=BRA |pos=MF |name=[[Anderson Luís de Abreu Oliveira|Anderson]] }} {{Fs player |no=9 |nat=BUL |pos=FW |name=[[Dimitar Berbatov]] }} {{Fs player |no=10 |nat=ENG |pos=FW |name=[[Wayne Rooney]] }} {{Fs player |no=11 |nat=WAL |pos=MF |name=[[Ryan Giggs]] |other=[[Captain (association football)#Vice-captain|vice-captain]] }} {{Fs player |no=12 |nat=ENG |pos=GK |name=[[Ben Foster (footballer)|Ben Foster]] }} {{Fs player |no=13 |nat=KOR |pos=MF |name=[[Park Ji-Sung]] }} {{Fs player |no=14 |nat=SER |pos=MF |name=[[Zoran Tošić]] }} {{Fs player |no=15 |nat=SER |pos=DF |name=[[Nemanja Vidić]] }} {{Fs player |no=16 |nat=ENG |pos=MF |name=[[Michael Carrick]] }} {{Fs player |no=17 |nat=POR |pos=MF |name=[[Nani (footballer)|Nani]] }} {{Fs player |no=18 |nat=ENG |pos=MF |name=[[Paul Scholes]] }} {{Fs mid}} {{Fs player |no=19 |nat=ENG |pos=FW |name=[[Danny Welbeck]] }} {{Fs player |no=20 |nat=BRA |pos=DF |name=[[Fábio Pereira da Silva|Fábio]] }} {{Fs player |no=21 |nat=BRA |pos=DF |name=[[Rafael Pereira da Silva (footballer born 1990)|Rafael]] }} {{Fs player |no=22 |nat=IRL |pos=DF |name=[[John O'Shea]] }} {{Fs player |no=23 |nat=NIR |pos=DF |name=[[Jonny Evans]] }} {{Fs player |no=24 |nat=SCO |pos=MF |name=[[Darren Fletcher]] }} {{Fs player |no=25 |nat=ECU |pos=MF |name=[[Antonio Valencia]] }} {{Fs player |no=26 |nat=FRA |pos=FW |name=[[Gabriel Obertan]] }} {{Fs player |no=27 |nat=ITA |pos=FW |name=[[Federico Macheda]] }} {{Fs player |no=28 |nat=IRL |pos=MF |name=[[Darron Gibson]] }} {{Fs player |no=29 |nat=POL |pos=GK |name=[[Tomasz Kuszczak]] }} {{Fs player |no=30 |nat=BEL |pos=DF |name=[[Ritchie De Laet]] }} {{Fs player |no=31 |nat=NIR |pos=MF |name=[[Corry Evans]] }} {{Fs player |no=38 |nat=GER |pos=GK |name=[[Ron-Robert Zieler]] }} {{Fs player |no=41 |nat=NOR |pos=FW |name=[[Joshua King (footballer)|Joshua King]]}} {{Fs player |no=42 |nat=NOR |pos=MF |name=Magnus Wolff Eikrem }} {{Fs player |no=43 |nat=ENG |pos=MF |name=Matthew James}} {{Fs end}} ==== Wa mkopo ==== {{Fs start}} {{Fs player |no=35 |nat=ENG |pos=MF |name=[[Tom Cleverley]] |other=at [[Watford F.C.|Watford]] until 3 Januari 2010 }}<ref>{{Rejea habari |first=Nick |last=Coppack |title=Young Reds on loan |url=http://www.manutd.com/default.sps?pagegid={B4CEE8FA-9A47-47BC-B069-3F7A2F35DB70}&newsid=6637957 |work=ManUtd.com |publisher=Manchester United |date=18 Agosti 2009 |accessdate=18 Agosti 2009 }}</ref> {{Fs player |no=36 |nat=SCO |pos=MF |name=[[David Gray (footballer born 1988)|David Gray]] |other=at [[Plymouth Argyle F.C.|Plymouth Argyle]] until 18 Desemba 2009 }}<ref>{{Rejea habari |title=Graychester |url=http://www.pafc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10364~1801046,00.html |work=pafc.co.uk |publisher=Plymouth Argyle FC |date=18 Septemba 2009 |accessdate=18 Septemba 2009 |archivedate=2009-09-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922182730/http://www.pafc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10364~1801046%2C00.html }}</ref> {{Fs player |no=37 |nat=NIR |pos=DF |name=[[Craig Cathcart]] |other=at [[Watford F.C.|Watford]] until 4 Januari 2010 }}<ref>{{Rejea habari |first=Steve |last=Bartram |title=Cathcart joins Hornets |url=http://www.manutd.com/default.sps?pagegid={F9E570E6-407E-44BC-800F-4A3110258114}&newsid=6639725 |work=ManUtd.com |publisher=Manchester United |date=15 Septemba 2009 |accessdate=15 Septemba 2009 }}</ref> {{Fs mid}} {{Fs player |no=40 |nat=ENG |pos=GK |name=[[Ben Amos]] |other=at [[Peterborough United F.C.|Peterborough United]] until 29 Novemba 2009 }}<ref>{{Rejea habari |title=Posh sign Man Utd keeper on loan |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/p/peterborough_united/8331810.stm |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=29 Oktoba 2009 |accessdate=29 Oktoba 2009 }}</ref> {{Fs player |no=— |nat=SEN |pos=FW |name=[[Mame Biram Diouf]] |other=at [[Molde FK|Molde]] until 31 Desemba 2009 }}<ref>{{Rejea habari |first=Adam |last=Bostock |title=United agree terms for striker |url=http://www.manutd.com/default.sps?pagegid={F9E570E6-407E-44BC-800F-4A3110258114}&newsid=6636392 |work=ManUtd.com |publisher=Manchester United |date=17 Julai 2009 |accessdate=17 Julai 2009 }}</ref> {{Fs end}} === Wa ziada na walio chuoni === ''Kwa kikosi cha wachezaji wa ziada na walio chuoni, tazama Manchester United F.C. Reserves and Academy.'' === Waliokuwa wachezaji hapo awali === ''Kwa maelezo juu ya wachezaji wa zamani, tazama [[Orodha ya wachezaji wa klabu ya Soka ya Manchester United]] na [[:Category:Manchester United F.C. players]]'' === Manahodha wa klabu === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Tarehe <ref>{{Rejea kitabu |last=Crick |first=Michael |title=Manchester United: The Complete Fact Book |url=https://archive.org/details/manchesterunited0000mich |origyear=1996 |edition=2nd |year=1999 |publisher=Profile Books |location=London |isbn=1-86197-206-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/manchesterunited0000mich/page/46 46]–47 }}</ref> ! Jina ! Maelezo |- | 1878-1882 | Haijulikani |- | 1882 | {{Flag icon}} E. Thomas | Nahodha wa kwanza wa klabu anayejulikana |- | 1882-1883 | Haijulikani |- | c.1883-1887 | {{Flag icon|ENG}} Sam Black |- | c.1887-1890 | {{Flag icon|WAL}} [[Jack Powell]] |- | 1890-1892 | Haijulikani |- | 1892-1893 | {{Flag icon|SCO}} [[Joe Cassidy]] |- | 1893-1894 | Haijulikani |- | c.1894 | {{Flag icon|SCO}} [[James McNaught]] |- | 1894-1896 | Haijulikani |- | c.1896-1903 | {{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Harry Stafford]] | Nahodha wa kwanza wa Manchester United |- | 1903-1904 | Haijulikani |- | c.1904-1905 | {{Flag icon|SCO}} [[Jack Peddie]] |- | c.1905-1912 | {{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Charlie Roberts]] |- | 1912-1913 | {{Flag icon|ENG}} [[George Stacey]] |- | 1913 | {{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Dick Duckworth]] |- | 1914 | {{Flag icon|ENG}} [[George Hunter]] |- | 1914-1915 | {{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Patrick O'Connell]] |- | 1915-1919 | Hamna | Hakuna kandanda iliyochezwa wakati wa [[Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia]] |- | 1919-1922 | Haijulikani |- | c.1922-1928 | {{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Frank Barson]] |- | c.1928-1931 | {{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Jack Wilson]] |- | 1931-1932 | {{Flag icon|SCO}} [[George McLachlan]] |- | 1932 | {{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Louis Page]] |- | 1932-1935 | Haijulikani |- | c.1935-1939 | {{Flag icon|SCO}} [[Jimmy Brown]] |- | 1939-1945 | Hamna | Hakuna kandanda iliyochezwa wakati wa [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]] |- | 1945-1953 | {{Flag icon|IRL}} [[Johnny Carey]] | Nahodha wa Kwanza wa baada ya Vita, na wa kwanza kutoka nje ya Uingereza |- | 1953-1954 | {{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Stan Pearson]] |- | 1954-1955 | {{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Allenby Chilton]] |- | 1955-1958 | {{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Roger Byrne]] | Alikufa mwaka wa 1958 katika [[ajali ya ndege ya Munich]] |- | 1958-1959 | {{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Bill Foulkes]] |- | 1959-1960 | {{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Dennis Viollet]] |- | 1960-1962 | {{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Maurice Setters]] |- | 1962-1964 | {{Flag icon|IRL}} [[Noel Cantwell]] |- | 1964-1967 | {{Flag icon|SCO}} [[Denis Law]] |- | 1967-1973 | {{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Bobby Charlton]] |- | 1973 | {{Flag icon|SCO}} [[George Graham]] |- | 1973-1975 | {{Flag icon|SCO}} [[Willie Morgan]] |- | 1975-1982 | {{Flag icon|SCO}} [[Martin Buchan]] |- | 1982 | {{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Ray Wilkins]] |- | 1982-1994 | {{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Bryan Robson]] | Nahodha aliyehudumu kwa muda mrefu zaidi katika historia ya United |- | 1994-1996 | {{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Steve Bruce]] |- | 1996-1997 | {{Flag icon|FRA}} [[Eric Cantona]] | Nahodha wa kwanza wa United kutoka nje ya Uingereza na pia [[Jamhuri ya Ireland]] |- | 1997-2005 | {{Flag icon|IRL}} [[Roy Keane]] | Tuzo nyingi zaidi zilishindwa akiwa nahodha |- | 2005-hadi leo | {{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Gary Neville]] | Nahodha wa kwanza wa kilabu wa kuzaliwa katika eneo la [[Greater Manchester]] tangu enzi za Dennis Viollet |} === Rekodi za wachezaji === ''Kwa mujibu wa mechi iliyochezwa tarehe 8 Novemba 2009 na kulingana na takwimu ya tovuti rasmi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.stretfordend.co.uk/ |title=The Website of Dreams |accessdate=8 Novemba 2009 |last=Endlar |first=Andrew |publisher=StretfordEnd.co.uk }}</ref> '' ''Wachezaji walioandikwa kwa maandishi kolezo ndiyo bado wanaichezea timu ya Manchester United. '' ==== Walioshiriki michuano mingi ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |- !# !Jina !Muda klabuni !Kushiriki !Mabao |- | 1 | align="left"|{{Flag icon|WAL}} [[Ryan Giggs|'''Ryan Giggs''']] | 1991-hadi sasa | 817 | 150 |- | 2 | align="left"|{{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Bobby Charlton]] | 1956-1973 | 758 | 249 |- | 3 | align="left"|{{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Bill Foulkes]] | 1952-1970 | 688 | 9 |- | 4 | align="left"|{{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Paul Scholes|'''Paul Scholes''']] | 1994-hadi leo | 616 | 144 |- | 5 | align="left"|{{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Gary Neville|'''Gary Neville''']] | 1992-hadi leo | 578 | 7 |- | 6. | align="left"|{{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Alex Stepney]] | 1966-1978 | 539 | 2 |- | 7 | align="left"|{{Flag icon|IRL}} [[Tony Dunne]] | 1960-1973 | 535 | 2 |- | 8 | align="left"|{{Flag icon|IRL}} [[Denis Irwin]] | 1990-2002 | 529 | 33 |- | 9. | align="left"|{{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Joe Spence]] | 1919-1933 | 510 | 168 |- | 10 | align="left"|{{Flag icon|SCO}} [[Arthur Albiston]] | 1974-1988 | 485 | 7 |} ==== Waliofunga zaidi ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |- !# !Jina !Muda klabuni !Mabao !Kushiriki !Uuwiano wa Mabao/Michezo<br /> |- | 1 | align="left"|{{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Bobby Charlton]] | 1956-1973 | 249 | 758 | {{#expr: 249/758 round 3}} |- | 2 | align="left"|{{Flag icon|SCO}} [[Denis Law]] | 1962-1973 | 237 | 404 | {{#expr: 237/404 round 3}} |- | 3 | align="left"|{{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Jack Rowley]] | 1937-1955 | 211 | 424 | {{#expr: 211/424 round 3}} |- | 4 = | align="left"|{{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Dennis Viollet]] | 1953-1962 | 179 | 293 | {{#expr: 179/293 round 3}} |- | 4 = | align="left"|{{Flag icon|NIR}} [[George Best]] | 1963-1974 | 179 | 470 | {{#expr: 179/470 round 3}} |- | 6. | align="left"|{{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Joe Spence]] | 1919-1933 | 168 | 510 | {{#expr: 168/510 round 3}} |- | 7 | align="left"|{{Flag icon|WAL}} [[Mark Hughes]] | 1983-1986<br />1988-1995 | 163 | 467 | {{#expr: 163/467 round 3}} |- | 8 = | align="left"|{{Flag icon|NED}} [[Ruud van Nistelrooy]] | 2001-2006 | 150 | 219 | {{#expr: 150/219 round 3}} |- | 8 = | align="left"|{{Flag icon|WAL}} [[Ryan Giggs|'''Ryan Giggs''']] | 1991-hadi leo | 150 | 817 | {{#expr: 150/816 round 3}} |- | 10 | align="left"|{{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Stan Pearson]] | 1937-1954 | 148 | 343 | {{#expr: 148/343 round 3}} |} === Washindi wa matuzo === ;Ballon d'Or Wachezaji wafuatao walikuwa washindi wa [[Ballon d'Or]] wakati wakiichezea Manchester United: * {{Flag icon|SCO}} [[Denis Law]] - 1964 * {{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Bobby Charlton]] - 1966 * {{Flag icon|NIR}} [[George Best]] - [[1968]] * {{Flag icon|POR}} [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] - [[2008]] ;European Golden Shoe ( taji la kiatu cha dhahabu cha Ulaya) Wachezaji wafuatao walikuwa washindi wa [[European Golden Shoe]] wakati wakiichezea Manchester United: * {{Flag icon|POR}} [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] (mabao 31 ) - 2008 ;Tuzo la UEFA kwa mwanakandanda wa klabu bora wa mwaka Wachezaji wafuatao walikuwa washindi wa tuzo la [[UEFA kwa mwanakandanda wa klabu bora wa mwaka]] wakati wakiichezea Manchester United: * {{Flag icon|ENG}} [[David Beckham]] - 1999 * {{Flag icon|POR}} [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] - 2008 ;Mchezaji wa mwaka wa FIFA Wachezaji wafuatao walikuwa washindi wa tuzo la[[Mchezaji wa mwaka wa FIFA]] wakati wakiichezea Manchester United: * {{Flag icon|POR}} [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] - [[2008]] === Timu ya akina dada === Timu ya soka ya akina dada ya Manchester United yaani Manchester United Ladies FC ilianzishwa mwaka 1977 kama klabu ya mashabiki akina dada yaani Manchester United Supporters Club Ladies. Walijiunga na ligi ya Three Counties League mwaka 1979, na wakawa wanachama waanzilishi wa ligi ya wanawake wa eneo la kaskazini (North West Women's Regional Footbal League) mwaka 1989, walipogeuza jina lao rasmi na kuwa Manchester United Ladies FC. Ingawa walishushwa kutoka katika ligi msimu wao wa kwanza, walipandishwa ngazi tena baada ya msimu huo na kushinda taji ya ligi ya 1995-96. Msimu wa 1998-99, timu hiyo ilijiunga na Northern Combination, hatua mbili chini ya [[Ligi Kuu ya wanawake ya FA.]] Waliletwa rasmi chini ya mwavuli wa Manchester United FC mwanzo wa msimu wa 2001-02, lakini walivunjiliwa mbali kiutata mwanzo wa msimu wa 2004-05 kwa sababu za kifedha. Uamuzi huo ulikumbwa na upinzani ikizingatiwa faida inayopatikana na Manchester United na pia kutokana na ukweli kuwa timu ziliondolewa ligi zao zote kabla hata wachezaji kuarifiwa kuhusu uamuzi huo. Hata hivyo, klabu bado kilishiriki katika kandanda ya wasichana kwa kutoa mafundisho kwa wasichana chini ya umri wa miaka 16.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Towle |first=Theresa |year=2005 |month=Mei |title=United abandons women’s football |journal=United Shareholder |issue=26 |page=10 |publisher=Shareholders United |url=http://www.joinmust.org/news/newsletter/UnitedShareholder26.pdf#page=10 |format=PDF |accessdate=21 Januari 2009 }}</ref> ==Maafisa wa klabu== * Mmiliki: [[Malcolm Glazer]] * Rais wa heshima: [[Martin Edwards]] '''Manchester United Limited''' * Wenyekiti wenz: [[Joel Glazer]] & [[Avram Glazer]] * Afisa mkuu mtendaji: [[David Gill]] * Afisa mkuu wa utekelezaji: Michael Bolingbroke * Mkurugenzi wa Kibiashara: Richard Arnold * Mkurugenzi mtendaji: Ed Woodward * Wakurugenzi wasio watendaji: [[Bryan Glazer]], Kevin Glazer, Edward Glazer & Darcie Glazer '''Manchester United Football Club''' * Wakurugenzi: [[David Gill, Michael Edelson, Sir Bobby Charlton, Maurice Watkins]] * Katibu wa Klabu: Ken Ramsden * Naibu katibu wa klabu: Ken Merrett * Balozi wa kimataifa: [[Bryan Robson]] '''Maafisa wa ukufunzi na wa kimatibabu''' * Meneja: [[Sir Alex Ferguson]] * Naibu meneja: [[Mike Phelan]] * Mkufunzi wa timu ya kwanza: [[René Meulensteen]] * Mkufunzi wa walindalango: [[Eric Steele]] * Mkufunzi wa mazoezi: [[Tony Strudwick]] * Mkufunzi wa nguvu & uzoefu: Mick Clegg * Mkuu wa utendaji wa binadamu: Dr. Richard Hawkins <ref>{{Rejea jarida |year=2008 |month=Oktoba |title=Anatomy of the United Bench |journal=Inside United |issue=195 |pages=18–19 |quote=Richard Hawkins has the fascinating title of 'head of human performance'. He works with the sports science team at Carrington, helping the players reach peak physical performance. }}</ref> * Meneja wa timu ya ziada: [[Ole Gunnar Solskjær]] * Mkufunzi wa timu ya ziada: [[Warren Joyce]] * Skauti mkuu: [[Jim Lawlor]] * Skauti mkuu wa Ulaya: [[Martin Ferguson]] * Mkurugenzi wa chuo cha vijana: [[Brian McClair]] * Mkurugenzi wa kandanda ya vijana: [[Jimmy Ryan]] * Daktari wa klabu: Dr. Steve McNally * Naibu daktari wa klabu : Dr. Tony Gill * Mwanatibamaungo wa timu ya kwanza: [[Rob Swire]] === Historia ya usimamizi === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Tarehe ! Jina ! Maelezo |- | 1878-1892 | Hajulikani |- | 1892-1900 | {{Flag icon|ENG}} [[AH Albut]] |- | 1900-1903 | {{Flag icon|ENG}} [[James West]] |- | 1903-1912 | {{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Ernest Mangnall]] |- | 1912-1914 | {{Flag icon|ENG}} [[John Bentley]] |- | 1914-1922 | {{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Jack Robson]] |- | 1922-1926 | {{Flag icon|SCO}} [[John Chapman]] | Meneja wa kwanza kutoka nje ya Uingereza |- | 1926-1927 | {{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Lal Hilditch]] |- | 1927-1931 | {{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Herbert Bamlett]] |- | 1931-1932 | {{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Walter Crickmer]] |- | 1932-1937 | {{Flag icon|SCO}} [[Scott Duncan]] |- | 1937-1945 | {{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Walter Crickmer]] |- | 1945-1969 | {{Flag icon|SCO}} [[Mtt Busby]] | Meneja wa kwanza wa baada ya Vita ya Pili ya Dunia na meneja aliyehudumu muda mrefu katika historia ya United |- | 1969-1970 | {{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Wilf McGuiness]] |- | 1970-1971 | {{Flag icon|SCO}} [[Mtt Busby]] |- | 1971-1972 | {{Flag icon|IRL}} [[Frank O'Farrell]] | Meneja wa kwanza kutoka nje ya Uingereza |- | 1972-1977 | {{Flag icon|SCO}} [[Tommy Docherty]] |- | 1977-1981 | {{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Dave Sexton]] |- | 1981-1986 | {{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Ron Atkinson]] |- | 1986-hadi leo | {{Flag icon|SCO}} [[Alex Ferguson]] | Meneja aliyefaulu sana kwa mujibu wa vikombe |} ==Ufuasi== Kabla ya Vita ya Pili vya Dunia, mashabiki wachache wa kandanda wa Uingereza walisafiri mbali kutazama michezo kwa sababu ya muda, gharama, na vikwazo vya kivifaa kama vile uhaba wa magari miongoni mwa wakaazi.{{Citation needed|date=Januari 2009}} Jinsi City na United walivyocheza michuano ya nyumbani kwa kubadilishana siku za Jumamosi, Wanamanchester wengi wangetazama United juma moja na juma lifuatalo City, lakini baada ya vita, ushindani mkali ukaibuka na ikawa kawaida zaidi kwa shabiki kuchagua kufuata timu moja pekee.{{Citation needed|date=Januari 2009}} United iliposhinda ligi mwaka 1956, walikuwa na ufuasi wastani wa juu zaidi wa mahudhurio ya ligi nyumbani, rekodi iliyokuwa inashikiliwa na Newcastle United kwa miaka michache iliyotangulia. Kufuatia ajali yao ya ndege Munich mwaka wa 1958, watu zaidi walianza kushabikia United na wengi wakaanza kuhudhuria michuano. Hii illisababisha ushabiki kwa United kupanuka sababu moja inayofanya United kuwa mahudhurio ya juu katika ligi ya kandanda ya Uingereza kwa takribani kila msimu tangu wakati huo, hata wakati waliposhushwa ngazi na kuwa katika Divisheni ya Pili [[1974-75.]]<ref name="attendance"/> Kwa kweli, kwa misimu miwili ambayo United haikuwa na mahudhurio ya ligi, Old Trafford ilikuwa ikifanyiwa kazi kubwa ya ujenzi [[(1971-72]] na 1992-93). Ripoti ya mwaka 2002, kwa anwani ''Do You come From Manchester?,'' Ilionyesha kuwa asilimia kubwa ya wanunuzi wa tiketi za msimu za Manchester City huishi katika wilaya za posta za Manchester, wakati United ilikuwa na idadi kamili juu ya wanunuzu wa tiketi za msimu wanaoishi katika eneo moja.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.e-space.mmu.ac.uk/e-space/bitstream/2173/12506/1/seasonticketreport%20-%20brown1.pdf |title=Do You Come From Manchester? |accessdate=28 Mei 2007 |author=Dr. Adam Brown |year=2002 |format=PDF |publisher=[[Manchester Metropolitan University]] |page=3 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227194327/http://www.e-space.mmu.ac.uk/e-space/bitstream/2173/12506/1/seasonticketreport%20-%20brown1.pdf |archivedate=2008-02-27 }}</ref> Katika miaka ya 1990 na mapema miaka ya 2000, chanzo cha wasiwasi kwa mashabiki wengi wa United kilikuwa uwezekano wa klabu kununuliwa. Kundi la wafuasi [[IMUSA]] ''(Independent Manchester United Supporters' Association)'' lilijihusisha sana katika kupinga ununuzi uliotarajiwa wa [[Rupert Murdoch]] mwaka 1998. Kundi lingine lililotoa shinikizo klabu kisiuzwe, ''Shareholders United against Murdoch'' (ambalo baadaye lilikuwa Shareholders United na sasa ni ''[[Manchester United Supporters' Trust)]]'' liliundwa wakati huu kuhamasisha wafuasi kununua hisa za klabu, ili kwa kiasi kuwawezesha wafuasi kuwa na usemi zaidi katika masuala yaliyowatia wasiwasi kama vile bei na mgao wa tiketi, na kwa kiasi kupunguza hatari ya watu wasiohitajika kununua hisa za kutosha kumiliki klabu. Hata hivyo, mpango huu ulishindwa kumzuia Malcolm Glazer kuwa mmiliki mwenye hisa nyingi. Wafuasi wengi walikasirishwa, na baadhi walibuni klabu asi kwa jina [[F.C. United of Manchester.]] Licha ya hasira ya baadhi ya wafuasi kwa wamiliki wapya, mahudhurio yameendelea kuongezeka. Hisia zilizotolewa na mashabiki hao, wakati mwingine umeshutumiwa. Mwaka 2000, maoni yaliyotolewa kuhusu baadhi ya mashabiki katika Old Trafford na nahodha wa wakati huo Roy Keane, kwamba baadhi ya mashabiki hawawezi hata " kuendeleza neno kandanda, acha kuielewa" yalipelekea wao kutajwa kama "mashabiki wanaohudhuria mchuano kufurahia ukarimu wa klabu na wala si kuishabikia".<ref name="RoyKeanerants">{{Rejea habari |title=Home 10 classic Roy Keane rants |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2006/aug/24/sport.comment |date=24 Agosti 2006 |accessdate=18 Mei 2008 |publisher=Guardian }}</ref> Alex Ferguson pia ametoa maoni kadhaa kuhusu mashabiki kiasi kwamba alidai kuwa hali iliyoshuhudiwa tarehe 1 Januari 2008 ilikuwa kama "matanga".<ref name="crowdcriticism"/> Baadaye aliongeza, "Nadhani kumekuwa na siku kama hizi hapo nyuma. Ilitokea miaka michache iliyopita, wakati tulipotawala".<ref name="crowdcriticism">{{Rejea habari |title=Home support disappoints Ferguson |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/7167508.stm |date=2 Januari 2008 |accessdate=2 Januari 2008 |publisher=BBC Sport }}</ref> Baada ya ushindi maarufu wa 1-0 dhidi ya Barcelona ugani Old Trafford, ambao uliiwezesha United kushiriki katika fainali ya Ligi ya Mabingwa ( Champions League) Moscow, Ferguson alisema kwamba mashabiki wa United "walikuwa wapevu sana" na kwamba wao "walituwezesha kufanikiwa".<ref>{{Rejea habari |title=Boss: Fans forced us to play |url=http://www.manutd.com/default.sps?pagegid={B4CEE8FA-9A47-47BC-B069-3F7A2F35DB70}&newsid=550016 |date=29 Aprili 2008 |accessdate=4 Januari 2009 |work=ManUtd.com |publisher=Manchester United }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |title=FERGUSON HAILS SCHOLES GOAL |url=http://football365.com/story/0,17033,8652_3495498,00.html |date=28 Aprili 2008 |accessdate=28 Aprili 2008 |publisher=Football365 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505120146/http://football365.com/story/0,17033,8652_3495498,00.html |archivedate=2009-05-05 }}</ref> ==Uwanja== {{Infobox Stadium | stadium_name = Old Trafford | nickname = Theatre of Dreams | image = [[Picha:Old Trafford inside 20060726 1.jpg|250px|Old Trafford after its most recent expansion]] |location = [[Sir Matt Busby Way]], <br />[[Old Trafford, Manchester|Old Trafford]], <br />[[Greater Manchester]], <br />[[England]] | broke_ground = 1909 | opened = 19 Februari 1910 | owner = Manchester United | operator = Manchester United | construction_cost = £90,000 (1909) | architect = [[Archibald Leitch]] (1909) | tenants = Manchester United ([[Premier League]]) (1910–present)</center> | seating_capacity = 76,212 seated<ref name="sky_sports"/> }} Klabu kilipoanzishwa mara ya kwanza, Newton Heath alicheza michuano yao ya nyumbani kwenye uwanja mdogo ulio North Road, Newton Heath. Hata hivyo, timu geni zilizokuja kucheza uwanjani humo zililalamikia hali yake, ambayo ilikuwa "bwawa upande mmoja na uliojaa miamba kama ya timbo upande mwingine".<ref name="north_road"/> vyumba vya kubadilishia nguo pia havikuwa vya kujivunia, vilikuwa umbali wa kutembea dakika kumi katika baa ya Three Crowns iliyokuwa Oldham Road. Baadaye walihamishiwa Shears Hotel, mkahawa mwingine uliokuwa Oldham Road, hata hivyo mabadiliko yalihitajika kama klabu ilitaka kuendelea katika Ligi ya Kandanda. Heath walibaki katika uwanja wao wa North Road kwa miaka kumi na mitano 1878-1893, mwaka mmoja baada ya kuingia Football League na baadaye kuhamia makao mapya Bank Street hapo Clayton. Uwanja mpya haukuwa mzuri sana, vipande vichache vya nyasi vilijipenyeza usoni mwa changarawe na mawingu ya moshi yalifuka kutoka katika kiwanda kilichokuwa karibu. Wakati mmoja, Walsall Town Swifts ilikataa kucheza kutokana na hali mbaya ya uwanja. Changarawe ilimwagwa uwanjani na walinda uga, hatimaye wageni wakawashawishi kucheza na kupoteza 14-0. walipinga matokeo hayo, wakitaja hali mbaya ya uwanja kama sababu ya wao kushindwa, mchuano ukarudiwa. Hali haikuwa nzuri sana wakati wa marudiano, timu ya Walsall ilishindwa tena, ingawa wakati huu walibugia 9-0 tu.<ref name="north_road"/> Mwaka wa 1902, klabu karibu kifilisike na uwanja wa Bank Street ulifungwa na mdai kutokana na klabu kushindwa kulipa deni lake. Klabu kiliokolewa katika dakika za mwisho na nahodha Harry Stafford ambaye aliweza kuchangisha fedha za kutosha kulipia mchuano wa ugenini Bristol City na kupata uwanja wa muda karibu na Harpurhey kwa kuchezea duru nyingine dhidi ya Blackpool.<ref name="temporary_home">{{Rejea kitabu |last=Murphy |first=Alex |title=The Official Illustrated History of Manchester United |url=https://archive.org/details/officialillustra0000unse |year=2006 |publisher=Orion Books |location=London |isbn=0-7528-7603-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/officialillustra0000unse/page/15 15] |chapter=1878-1915: From Newton Heath to Old Trafford }}</ref> Kufuatia uwekezaji kuimarisha klabu tena, jina lilibadilishwa na kuwa Manchester United, ingawa kulikuwa na hamu ya kupata uwanja uliokubalika. Wiki sita kabla ya mchuano wa kwanza wa United kuwania Kombe la FA Aprili 1909, Old Trafford ilitajwa kuwa nyumbani kwa Manchester United kufuatia ununuzi wa ardhi muhimu kwa takribani £ 60,000. Msanifumijengo Archibald Leitch aliajiriwa na mwenyekiti wa United John Henry Davies na kupewa bajeti ya £ 30.000 kwa ajili ya ujenzi. Mipango asilia ilionyesha kuwa uwanja ungefaa kujengwa kuhimili watu 100.000, ingawa idadi hiyo ilipunguzwa hadi 77,000. Licha ya hilo, rekodi ya mahudhurio ya 76,962 ilirekodiwa, ambayo hata sasa ni zaidi ya idadi rasmi inayokubalika katika uwanja huo. Ujenzi ulifanywa na Messrs Brameld na Smith wa Manchester. Katika ufunguzi wa uwanja, tiketi za kusimama ziligharimu peni sita, wakati viti ghali zaidi katika jukwaa kuu zililipiwa shilingi tano. Mchezo wa ufunguzi ulikuwa tarehe 19 Februari 1910 dhidi ya Liverpool FC, na wageni wakashinda kwa 4-3. Kama ilivyotokea, mabadiliko ya uwanja yalitokea wakati mwafaka zaidi - siku chache tu baada ya klabu kucheza mchuano wao wa mwisho ugani Bank Street, mojawapo ya jukwaa liliangushwa chini na dhoruba.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |last=Murphy |first=Alex |title=The Official Illustrated History of Manchester United |url=https://archive.org/details/officialillustra0000unse |year=2006 |publisher=Orion Books |location=London |isbn=0-7528-7603-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/officialillustra0000unse/page/27 27] |chapter=1878-1915: From Newton Heath to Old Trafford }}</ref> Kupigwa kwa bomu wakati wa [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]], tarehe 11 Machi 1941, kuliharibu sehemu kubwa ya uwanja, hasa jukwaa kuu. Handaki la kati katika South Stand ndilo la pekee lililobakia katika robo hiyo ya uwanja. Baada ya vita, United iliwasilisha ripoti kwa Tume ya Madhara ya Vita na kupokea fidia ya £ 22.278 kwa ajili ya ukarabati wa uwanja huo. Ingawa uwanja ulijengwa upya tena 1949, hakuna mchuano uliosakatwa Old Trafford kwa takribani miaka 10 michuano ya "nyumbani" katika kipindi hicho ilichezwa katika uwanja wa Manchester City, Maine Road. Manchester City iliilipisha United £ 5,000 kwa mwaka kwa matumizi ya uwanja wao, pamoja na asilimia fulani ya ada ya kiingilio.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |last=White |first=John |title=The United Miscellany |url=https://archive.org/details/unitedmiscellany0000whit_y9e1 |origyear=2005 |edition=2nd |year=2007 |publisher=Carlton Books |location=London |isbn=978-1-84442-745-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/unitedmiscellany0000whit_y9e1/page/11 11] }}</ref> Marekebisho mengine yalitokea baadaye, yakianza na kuwekwa paa upande wa Stretford End kisha ikawekwa pande za North Stand na East Stand. Hata hivyo, mtindo wa zamani wa paa uliwazuia mashabiki wengi kutazama na hivyo, kupelekea kuboreshwa kwa paa hizo kuwa zilizoinuka na ambazo bado zipo katika uwanja huo leo. Stretford End lilikuwa jukwaa la mwisho kufanyiwa ukarabati wa kuinuliwa paa, kazi iliyokamilika kwa muda ufaao kuruhusu michuano ya msimu wa [[1993-94.]]<ref name="expansion">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.manutdzone.com/oldtrafford/oldtrafford.htm |title=Old Trafford 1909-2006 |accessdate=21 Mei 2007 |publisher=ManUtdZone.com |archivedate=2008-02-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080217222825/http://www.manutdzone.com/oldtrafford/oldtrafford.htm }}</ref> Taa za uwanjani ziliwekwa kwa mara ya kwanza uwanjani katikati ya miaka ya 1950. Viunzi{{Convert|180|ft|m|sing=on}} vinne vikuu vilijengwa, kila kimoja kikiwa na taa 54. Mfumo mzima wa taa uliigharima klabu £ 40,000, na kutumika mara ya kwanza katika mechi ya tarehe 25 Machi 1957. Hata hivyo, taa mtindo zamani zilibomolewa mwaka wa 1987, na kubadilishwa na taa za kisasa zilizowekwa katika paa la kila jukwaa, zinadumu hadi leo. Mwaka 1990, kufuatia janga la [[Hillsborough Disaster]], ripoti ilitolewa iliyotaka viwanja vyote kukarabatiwa ili kuruhusu mashabiki [[wanaoketi pekee]], hilo lilipelekea ukarabati ulioshusha idadi ya mashabiki wanaoruhusiwa hadi takribani 44,000. Hata hivyo, umaarufu wa klabu ulimaanisha kuwa maendeleo zaidi yangetokea. Mwaka 1995, North Stand ilijengwa kuwa na daraka tatu na kuongeza idadi inayoruhusiwa hadi takribani 55,000. Hii ilifuatiwa na upanuzi kwanza wa jukwaa la East na kisha West kufikisha jumla ya idadi ya 68,000. Upanuzi wa hivi karibuni zaidi ulikamilika mwaka 2006, ambapo robo iliyopo North-East na North West ilifunguliwa, na kufikisha rekodi ya idadi ya sasa ya 76,098, 104 tu chini ya upeo wa idadi inayoruhusiwa.<ref name="expansion"/> Imekadiriwa kwamba kwa maendeleo zaidi kufanyiwa uwanja, hasa Southern Stand ambayo ndio hadi sasa ina daraka moja tu, gharama ya uboreshaji inaweza kukaribia £ million 114 ambazo tayari zimetumika kuboresha uwanja huo katika miaka kumi na minne iliyopita. Hii ni kutokana na ukweli kwamba ingebidi takriban nyumba hamsini kununuliwa na klabu, hilo huenda likaongeza usumbufu kwa wakazi wa mtaa huo,na upanuzi wowote ungelazimika kujengwa juu ya laini ya reli inayopita karibu na uwanja huo. Kwa kweli, upanuzi huo utajumuisha kuifanya South Stand kuwa na angalau daraka mbili na kujaza jukwaa za South-West na South-East kuhifadhi umbo la "bakuli" la uwanja huo. Makadirio ya sasa yanaashiria kuwa uwanja huo ukijengwa hivyo utakuwa na uwezo wa kuhimili takriban mashabiki 96,000, zaidi wa uwanja mpya wa Wembley.<ref name="expansion"/> ==Udhamini== [[AIG]] ndio [[wadhamini]] wakuu wa Manchester United, na kama sehemu ya mpango huo wa udhamini nembo yao imebandikwa mbele ya mashati ya klabu na bidhaa nyingi nyinginezo za klabu. Udhamini wa AIG ulitangazwa na afisa mtendaji wa Manchester United David Gill tarehe 6 Aprili 2006, ina thamani ya £ milioni 56.5 rekodi ya aina yake nchini Uingereza na ya kulipwa kwa takribani miaka minne (£ milioni 14.1 kila mwaka).<ref>{{Rejea habari |title=Man Utd sign £56m AIG shirt deal |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4882640.stm |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=6 Aprili 2006 |accessdate=28 Mei 2007 }}</ref> Udhamini huo ulikuwa wenye thamani zaidi dunia mwezi Septemba 2006 baada ya kubatilishwa kwa udhamini wa £ milioni 15 kila mwaka kati ya [[Juventus]] na kampuni ya mafuta ya [[Tamoil]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.sportbusiness.com/news/160395/oilinvest-to-renegotiate-juventus-sponsorship |title=Oilinvest to renegotiate Juventus sponsorship |accessdate=28 Mei 2007 |date=7 Septemba 2006 |publisher=SportBusiness.com }}</ref> Tarehe 21 Januari 2009, ilitangaza kuwa AIG haitafanya upya udhamini wao wa klabu ifikapo mwisho wa udhamini wa sasa Mei 2010. Hata hivyo, si wazi ikiwa mkataba wa AIG kusimamia MU Finance utaendelea.<ref>{{Rejea habari |title=AIG ends Man Utd sponsorship deal |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7841748.stm |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=21 Januari 2009 |accessdate=21 Januari 2009 }}</ref> Kampuni ya bima ya marekani [[Aon]] ilitajwa kama mdhamini mkuu wa klabu tarehe 3 Juni 2009, huku udhamini wao kwa klabu ukianza kutekelezwa mwanzo wa [[msimu wa 2010-11.]]<ref>{{Rejea habari |author=Communications Dept |title=Future shirt sponsor unveiled |url=http://www.manutd.com/default.sps?pagegid={48C41513-A376-4D1F-981D-660FC5BB193E}&newsid=6633776 |work=ManUtd.com |publisher=Manchester United |date=3 Juni 2009 |accessdate=3 Juni 2009 }}</ref> Masharti ya mpango huo hawakufichuliwa, lakini imeripotiwa kuwa una thamani ya takriban £ million 80 kwa takriban miaka minne, ambayo itaifanya kuwa mdhamini mkuu zaidi katika historia ya kandanda.<ref>{{Rejea habari |title=Man Utd in new shirt sponsor deal |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8081787.stm |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=3 Juni 2009 |accessdate=3 Juni 2009 }}</ref> Klabu kimekuwa na wadhamini wakuu watatu tu wa shati. Wa kwanza na waliohudumu kwa muda mrefu zaidi walikuwa [[Sharp Electronics]], ambao walifadhili klabu kuanzia 1982 hadi 2000, ilikuwa moja ya udhamini wa faida kubwa na wa muda mrefu katika [[Soka ya Uingereza.]]<ref name="vodafone">{{Rejea habari |title=Vodafone in £30m Man Utd tie-up |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/639243.stm |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=11 Februari 2000 |accessdate=8 Aprili 2008 }}</ref><ref name="new_sponsor">{{Rejea habari |title=United must find new shirt sponsor |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2005/SPORT/football/11/23/united.sponsor/ |publisher=CNN.com International |date=24 Novemba 2005 |accessdate=8 Aprili 2008 |archivedate=2020-01-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120005657/http://edition.cnn.com/2005/SPORT/football/11/23/united.sponsor/ }}</ref> Nembo ya Sharp ilikuwa mbele ya shati za United katika miaka hiyo 17, wakati ambao timu ilishinda mataji saba ya [[Ligi Kuu]], tano za [[Kombe la FA]], moja la [[Football League]], moja la [[Washindi wa makombe ya Ulaya]] na moja la [[Kombe la Ulaya.]] Vodafone ilichukua udhamini kwa mkataba wa awali wa miaka minne wa £ million 30 tarehe 11 Februari 2000, udhamini ulianza mwanzo wa msimu wa 2000-01.<ref name="vodafone"/><ref name="new_sponsor"/> Mnamo Desemba 2003, udhamini ulirefushwa kwa miaka minne na Vodafone ikakubaliana kulipa £ million 36 zaidi kwa miaka minne ya 2004-2008.<ref>{{Rejea habari |title=Man Utd rings up £36m shirt deal |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3252120.stm |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=1 Desemba 2003 |accessdate=21 Januari 2009 }}</ref> Hata hivyo, tarehe 23 Novemba 2005, Vodafone ilitangaza kuwa itakomesha udhamini wake Mei 2006 ili kuangazia zaidi udhamini wao wa [[UEFA Champions League.]]<ref>{{Rejea habari |title=Vodafone ends Man Utd shirt deal |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4463534.stm |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=23 Novemba 2005 |accessdate=21 Januari 2009 }}</ref> Vivyo hivyo, klabu imekuwa na washonaji huru nne tu wa sare yake, wa kwanza walikuwa kampuni ya Uingereza [[UMBRO]]. [[Admiral]] ilichukua usukani mwaka 1975, na kuwa kampuni ya kwanza ya kuweka nembo yao kwenye shati la Manchester United mwaka wa 1976.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.prideofmanchester.com/sport/mufc-kits4.htm |title=Manchester United Shirts 1970-79 |accessdate=13 Agosti 2008 |publisher=Pride Of Manchester }}</ref> [[Adidas]] ilifuatiwa mwaka 1980,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.prideofmanchester.com/sport/mufc-kits5.htm |title=Manchester United Shirts 1980-89 |accessdate=13 Agosti 2008 |publisher=Pride Of Manchester }}</ref> kabla Umbro kuanzaa kipindi chao cha pili kama watengenezaji wa sare za klabu hiyo mwaka wa 1992.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.prideofmanchester.com/sport/mufc-kits6.htm |title=Manchester United Shirts 1990-99 |accessdate=13 Agosti 2008 |publisher=Pride Of Manchester }}</ref> Udhamini wa Umbro ulidumu kwa miaka kumi zaidi kabla ya klabu kupata udhamini wa kuvunja rekodi - £ million 302.9 kutoka kwa Nike. Makubaliano na Nike yatadumu kwa miaka 13 ya awali, na kuendelea hadi angalau mwaka wa 2015.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.manutdzone.com/atoz/n.html#Nike |title=A to Z of Manchester United&nbsp;— N |accessdate=22 Mei 2007 |publisher=ManUtdZone.com |archivedate=2001-04-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010422063156/http://www.manutdzone.com/atoz/n.html#Nike }}</ref> ==Washindani== Kihistoria, washindani wa karibu wa Manchester United wamekuwa [[Liverpool]], [[Manchester City]] na [[Leeds United]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?xml=/sport/2008/04/15/sfnwba115.xml |title=Bitter rivals do battle |publisher=Daily Telegraph |date=15 Aprili 2008 |accessdate=6 Mei 2008 |archivedate=2011-08-19 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/612fOTm3N?url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/2297404/Wolves-v-West-Brom-Bitter-rivals-do-battle.html }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/sport/football/manchester_united/s/174/174381_giggs_liverpool_our_biggest_test.html |title=United's rivalries |publisher=Manchester Evening News |date=16 Septemba 2005 |accessdate=23 Desemba 2007 }}</ref> Hivi sasa, mashabiki wengi huona Liverpool kama washindani wao wakubwa kutokana na mafanikio ya klabu zote mbili,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11667_2972778,00.html |title=Liverpool v Manchester United preview |accessdate=23 Desemba 2007 |publisher=Sky Sports }}</ref> ingawa bado wengine huiorodhesha Manchester City kama wapinzani wao wakuu. Ushindani na Liverpool ulianza katika miaka ya 1960 wakati klabu hizo mbili zilikuwa kati ya klabu imara zaidi Uingereza, na zimekuwa zikishindana kwa karibu sana kila msimu tangu zamani. Ushindani wa Manchester City ulianza wakati wa enzi ya Newton Heath ya miaka ya 1890 na imebakia kali kutokana na klabu hizi mbili kuwa katika divisheni sawa kwa muda mrefu wa historia yao. Huku ushindani ukiwa na msingi wa ukinzani wa jadi kati ya[[Yorkshire-Lancashire]], ushindani kati yao na [[Leeds United]] ulianza mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1960 wakati Leeds ilitawazwa mshindi, na kuendelea katika miaka ya 1970 na 1980 kabla kufikia kilele wakati Leeds ilipoiadhibu United katika taji la ligi 1992. ==Tuzo== === Nchini Uingereza === ==== Ligi ==== * '''[[Ligi Kuu:]] <ref name="premier_league">[342] ^ Baada ya kubuniwa kwake mwaka wa 1992, [[Ligi Kuu]] imekuwa daraja ya juu katika [[kandanda ya Uingereza;]] [[Divisheni ya Kwanza]] na [[ya Pili]] zilifanywa kuwa daraja za pili na tatu katika usanjari huo. Divisheni ya kwanza sasa inajulikana kama [[Football League Championship]] na [[Divisheni ya Pili]] sasa inajulikana kama [[Football League One.]]</ref> 11''' ** [[1992-93, 1993-94, 1995-96, 1996-97, 1998-99, 1999-2000, 2000-01, 2002-03, 2006-07, 2007-08, 2008-09]] * '''[[Divisheni ya kwanza:]] <ref name="premier_league"/> 7''' ** [[1907-08, 1910-11, 1951-52, 1955-56, 1956-57, 1964-65, 1966-67]] * '''[[Divisheni ya pili:]] <ref name="premier_league"/> 2''' ** [[1935-36, 1974-75]] ==== Vikombe ==== * '''[[Kombe la FA:]] 11''' ** [[1909, 1948, 1963, 1977, 1983, 1985, 1990, 1994, 1996, 1999, 2004]] * '''[[Kombe ya Ligi:]] 3''' ** [[1992, 2006, 2009]] * '''[[FA Charity / Community Shield:]] 17 (washindi waziwazi mara 13, mara 4 imegawanywa)''' ** [[1908, 1911, 1952, 1956, 1957, 1965]] *, [[1967]] *, [[1977]] *, [[1983, 1990]] *, [[1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2003, 2007, 2008]] (* washindi wa pamoja) === Ya Ulaya === * '''[[Kombe la Ulaya / UEFA Champions League:]] 3''' ** [[1968, 1999, 2008]] * '''[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup:]] 1''' ** [[1991]] * '''[[UEFA Super Cup:]] 1''' ** [[1991]] === Duniani === * '''[[Kombe la Mabara:]] 1''' ** [[1999]] * '''[[Kombe la FIFA la Klabu za Dunia:]] walilipata mwaka 2008. na ni moja wapo ya bora ulimwenguni ambayo ina makombemengi === Ushindi wa mataji mawili au matatu === * [[Mataji mawili:]] ** [[Ligi na Kombe la FA:]] '''3''' *** [[1994, 1996, 1999]] (kama sehemu ya [[Utatu)]] ** [[Ligi]] na [[Kombe ya Ligi:]] '''1''' *** [[2009]] ** [[Mataji mawili ya Ulaya (Ligi]] na [[Kombe la Ulaya):]] '''2''' *** [[1999]] (kama sehemu ya [[ya Utatu), 2008]] * [["Utatu"]] (League, Kombe la FA na Kombe la Ulaya): '''1''' ** [[1999]] Hasa mashindano mafupi kama vile [[Charity / Community Shield, Kombe la mabara, Kombe la FIFA la klabu za Dunia]] au [[Super Cup]] hazifikiriwi kwa jumla kuchangia Ushindi mara mbili au tatu. Taji kuu la peke ambalo Manchester United haijashinda kamwe ni [[Kombe la UEFA]],<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.manutd.com/default.sps?pagegid={EE4D6083-FCB8-4FAB-A765-75E2B0F4B4E0} |title=Trophy Room |accessdate=4 Januari 2009 |year=2009 |work=ManUtd.com |publisher=Manchester United }}</ref> ingawa walifika robo-fainali mwaka 1984-85 na nusu fainali ya mashindano tangulizi ya michuano hiyo [[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup]], mwaka wa 1964-65.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.uefa.com/competitions/uefacup/history/season=1984/round=1124/index.html |title=UEFA Cup&nbsp;— Season 1984-1985 - Quarter-finals |accessdate=15 Februari 2009 |work=uefa.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.rsssf.com/ec/ec196465det.html#fc |title=Fairs' Cup 1964-65 |accessdate=15 Februari 2009 |last=Zea |first=Antonio |coauthors=Haisma, Marcel |date=9 Januari 2008 |work=rsssf.com |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist|2}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons|Manchester United}} * [http://www.manutd.com/ tovuti rasmi] * [http://www.stretfordend.co.uk/ Statistics Website ] * [http://www.imusa.org/ Independent Manchester United Supporters Association Website] * [http://www.joinmust.org/ Official Manchester United Supporters' Trust] {{BBC football info|m/man_utd}} * [http://www.skysports.com/football/teams/manchesterunited Manchester United] katika skysports.com * [http://www.premierleague.com/page/manchester-united Manchester United] {{Wayback|url=http://www.premierleague.com/page/manchester-united |date=20110606075748 }} katika premierleague.com {{Manchester United F.C.}} {{Premier League}} {{ECA}} [[Jamii:Manchester United FC]] [[Jamii:Vilabu Mpira vya Uingereza]] s8adbtqpsnifgoe8ozlzbm17xk0tzht 0 32089 1598970 1486726 2026-09-23T02:50:31Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598970 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist |Jina = Chris Brown |Img = Chris Brown singing at Brisbane Entertainment Centre 2.jpg |Img_capt = Brown performing at the [[Brisbane Entertainment Centre]] |Background = solo_singer |Birth_name = Christopher Maurice Brown |Alias = |Amezaliwa = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1989|5|5|df=yes}} |Asili yake = [[Tappahannock, Virginia|Tappahannock]], [[Virginia]], <br />United States |Aina = [[Pop]], [[contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[hip hop]], [[dance music|dance]] |Kazi yake = [[Mwimbaji]], [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]], [[dancer]], [[mwigizaji]] |Aina ya sauti = [[Tenor]] |Miaka ya kazi = 2005 mpaka sasa |Studio = [[Jive Records|Jive]], [[Zomba Label Group|Zomba]], LBW |Tovuti = [http://www.chrisbrownworld.com/ www.chrisbrownworld.com] }} '''Christopher Maurice "Chris" Brown''' (amezaliwa [[5 Mei]] [[1989]]) ni [[msanii]] anayerekodi [[muziki]] na [[mwigizaji]] [[filamu]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alirekodi [[albamu]] yake ya kwanza akiwa na [[umri]] wa miaka 16 mwishoni mwa mwaka wa 2005 akaiita ''[[Chris Brown]]''. Albamu hii ilihusisha [[wimbo]] wake wa kwanza [["Run It!"]], ambao uliongoza kwenye [[Bango la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri|''Bango'' la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri]], na kumfanya msanii wa kwanza wa kiume tangu [[Montell Jordan]] kuwa na wimbo wake ukiongoza kwenye chati.<ref name="runitchart">[http://acharts.us/song/891 Chris Brown - Run It!][http://acharts.us/song/891 Chart Track.] ''Accharts.'' Accessed 14 Agosti 2008.</ref> Albamu hii imeuza zaidi ya nakala milioni mbili katika Marekani na imethibitishwa kuhitimu kiwango cha platinamu kwa mara [[mbili]] na shirika la [[Recording Industry Association la Marekani]] (RIAA).<ref name="RIAA">{{cite web|title=RIAA - Gold & Platinum|work=[[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]|url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=chris%20brown&format=ALBUM&startYear=1958&endYear=2009&sort=Artist&perPage=25|accessdate=2009-01-12}}</ref> Albamu ya pili ya Brown ''[[Exclusive]]'', ilitolewa duniani kote Novemba 2007. Albamu hii ilitoa ngoma mbili zilizofanikiwa; wimbo wake wa pili kuwa namba moja Marekani, [["Kiss Kiss"]] akimshirikisha [[T-Pain]] na [["With You"]], ambao ulikuwa namba mbili kwenye ''Bango'' la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://au.launch.yahoo.com/071101/11/1gv7e.html|title=R&B singer Chris Brown tops U.S. singles chart|author=Reuters|publisher=[http://au.launch.yahoo.com/ Yahoo! 7 Music]|date=2007-11-02|accessdate=2008-08-14|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20071020010511/http://au.launch.yahoo.com/071101/11/1gv7e.html|archivedate=2007-10-20}}</ref><ref>[7] ^ [http://acharts.us/song/30147 Chris Brown - With You Chart Track.] ''Accharts.'' Accessed 14 Agosti 2008.</ref>, Brown imetoa toleo jipya la albamu hii liitwalo ''The Forever Edition.'' Wimbo wa kwanza katika albamu hii, [["Forever"]], ulitolewa Mei 2008 na ulifikia namba mbili kwenye ''Bango '' la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri.<ref name="foreveerchart">[8] ^ [http://acharts.us/song/35202 Chris Brown - Forever Chart Track.] ''Accharts.'' Accessed 14 Agosti 2008.</ref> Albamu ya ''Exclusive'' imethibitishwa kuhitimu kiwango cha Platinamu na shirika la RIAA.<ref name="RIAA" /> Mbali na mafanikio ya nyimbo zake pekee, Brown ameshiriki katika ngoma kadhaa kama vile [["No Air"]], alioshirikiana na mwimbaji [[Jordin Sparks, "shorti like Mine"]] akishirikiana na [[rapa Bow Wow]] na [["shawty Get Loose"]] akishirikiana na [[Lil Mama]] na T -Pain. Nyimbo hizi zimenyakua nafasi za tatu, kumi na tisa mtawalia katika ''Bango'' la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?f=Pop+100&pageNumber=Top+11-50&g=Singles |title=Billboard - Updated Album Chart from the most FORUMS Music Magazine |accessdate=2021-05-20 |archivedate=2008-10-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005075106/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?f=Pop+100&pageNumber=Top+11-50&g=Singles }}</ref><ref> [http://acharts.us/song/11170 shortpages Like Mine Chart Track.] ''Accharts.'' Accessed 16 Agosti 2008.</ref><ref>[http://acharts.us/song/33939 Lil Mama and Chris Brown - shawty Get Loose - Music Charts.] ''Accharts.'' Accessed 16 Agosti 2008.</ref> Kutokana na mitindo yake ya kucheza ngoma, Brown amekuwa akilinganishwa na wasanii mashuhuri wa R & B kama vile [[Usher]] na [[Michael Jackson]], wote ambao wamesemekana kuathiri muziki wake pakubwa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/hiphopmediatraining/19398/usher-has-chris-brown-taken-your-spot|title=Usher, Has Chris Brown Taken Your Spot?|author=Billy Johnson, Jr.|publisher=[http://music.yahoo.com/ Yahoo! Music]|date=2008-05-01|accessdate=2008-08-16|archivedate=2008-05-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516110652/http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/hiphopmediatraining/19398/usher-has-chris-brown-taken-your-spot/}}</ref> Mnano mwaka wa 2009, Brown alikubali mashtaka ya kushambulia mwimbaji [[Rihanna]], na alihukumiwa miaka mitano ya majaribio na miezi sita ya huduma kwa jamii. ==Maisha na kazi== ===1988-2004: Maisha ya awali na Mwanzo wa kazi=== Christopher Maurice Brown alizaliwa 5 Mei 1989,<ref name="Allmusic">{{cite web|last=Kellman|first=Andy|title=Chris Brown Biography|work=[[Allmusic]]|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/chris-brown-p724933|accessdate=2008-11-15}}</ref> katika mji mdogo wa [[Tappahannock, Virginia]] na Joyce Hawkins, [[aliyekuwa]] mkurugenzi wa [[kituo cha kuwachunga watoto]], na Clinton Brown, [[afisa wa ukusanyaji]] katika gereza la hapo mtaani.<ref name="Times Online">{{cite web|title=The new Michael Jackson|work=[[The Times]]|publisher=[[The Times|Times Online]]|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article728620.ece|date=2006-02-12|accessdate=2009-05-28|archive-date=2011-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617005445/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article728620.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="NME">{{cite web|title=Chris Brown Biography|work=[[NME]]|publisher=[[Time Warner]]|url=http://www.nme.com/artists/chris-brown#biography|accessdate=2009-01-12}}</ref> Yeye ni kitinda mimba, na ana dada mkubwa anayefanya kazi katika benki.<ref name="Times Online" /> Tangu utoto mwake,Brown alikuwa anapenda muziki, ingawa hakuna mtu katika familia yake aliyehusiana na muziki; yeye alikuwa [[akisikiliza]] Albamu za muziki wa 'soul' zilizokuwa za wazazi wake,<ref name="NME" /> lakini hatimaye, Brown alianza kupendelea muziki wa [[hip-hop]].<ref name="Allmusic" /> Brown alijifunza kuimba na kucheza akiwa na umri mdogo, mara nyingi akimtaja [[Michael Jackson]] kama mwimbaji aliyemtia moyo.<ref name="Times Online" /> Kisha alianza kuimba katika [[kwaya]] ya kanisa lake na katika maonyesho kadhaa ya kuonyesha talanta mtaani.<ref name="People">{{cite web|title=Chris Brown Biography|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|publisher=[[Time Inc.|Time]]|url=http://www.people.com/people/chris_brown/biography|accessdate=2009-01-12|archivedate=2015-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002171925/http://www.people.com/people/chris_brown/biography/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Biography - Chris Brown|work=[[Getty Images]]|publisher=WireImage.com|url=http://www.wireimage.com/Celebrities/Chris-Brown|accessdate=2009-05-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218191708/http://www.wireimage.com/Celebrities/Chris-Brown|archivedate=2007-02-18}}</ref> Wakati mmoja alipokuwa akiiga wimbo wa [[Usher]], mama yake walitambua talanta yake na wakaanza kutafuta fursa ya [[rekodi.]] <ref name="People" /> Wakati uo huo, Brown alikuwa amepitia mambo kadhaa binafsi. Ndoa ya wazazi wake ilikuwa tayari imevunjika, na alisema mpenzi wa mama yake alimwogofya kila wakati, kutokana na [[dhuluma]] mama yake aliyovumilia kutoka kwa mpenzi huyo.<ref>{{cite web|date=2007-09-10|title=VMA Showstopper Chris Brown Opens Up about His New Album, Past Pain and Looking Ahead in the September 2007 Issue of Giant Magazine|work=[[FindArticles]]|publisher=[[CBS Corporation]]|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2007_Sept_10/ai_n19505347|accessdate=2009-01-12|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120710183000/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2007_Sept_10/ai_n19505347/|archivedate=2012-07-10}}</ref> Akiwa na umri wa miaka 13, Brown alichukuliwa na kikundi kilichohusika na utayarishaji wa muziki kutoka mtaani kilipotembelea [[kituo]] cha baba yake cha kuuzia [[gesi]] kikitafuta talanta mpya.<ref name="us">{{cite web|title=Celebrity Bios - Chris Brown|work=[[Us Weekly]]|publisher=[[Jann Wenner|Wenner Media]]|url=http://www.usmagazine.com/chris_brown_profile|accessdate=2008-10-11|archivedate=2008-04-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401030734/http://www.usmagazine.com/chris_brown_profile}}</ref> Kisha mwimbaji huyu, alihamia [[New York]]. <ref name="Times Online" /> Katika mwaka wa 2004, Tina Davis-aliyekuwa mkuu wa [[A &amp; R]] katika kampuni ya utayarishaji ya [[Def Jam Recordings-alimgundua]] wakati Brown alikuwa anafanya kazi na baadhi ya wazalishaji wa mtaa. Bi. Tina alipendezwa na Brown pamoja na sauti yake wakati alipokuwa akifanyiwa majaribio ya sauti katika ofisi yake huko Island Def Jam Records mjini New York. Bila kusita, alimpeleka kukutana na mkuu wa zamani wa [[Island Def Jam Music Group]] [[Antonio "LA"]][[Reid]], ambaye alimchukua Brown siku hiyohiyo. "Mimi nilijua kwamba Chris alikuwa na kipawa," alisema Davis. "Na nilitaka kuwa sehemu ya uvumbuzi wa kipawa hiki." <ref name="SFGate">{{cite web|title=Brown runs with it|work=[[Hearst Corporation]]|publisher=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/10/01/PKG5ULA4C41.DTL&type=music|date=2006-10-01|accessdate=2009-05-28|archive-date=2009-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704075741/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2006%2F10%2F01%2FPKG5ULA4C41.DTL&type=music|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mazungumzo na Def Jam yalidumu kwa miezi miwili, hadi Davis alipopoteza kazi yake kutokana na uunganishi wa kampuni. Kisha Brown alimwomba akuwe meneja wake. Davis alikubali, na akaanza "kukuza" mwimbaji huyu kwa kampuni kama vile [[Jive Records, J-Records]] na [[Warner Bros Records.]] Brown hatimaye alichagua kampuni ya Jive, kutokana na mafanikio yake ya kuwakuza waimbaji wachanga kama vile [[Britney Spears]] na [[Justin Timberlake]]. Brown anadai, "Mimi nilichagua kampuni ya Jive kwa sababu walikuwa na mafanikio bora katika kuwakuza wasanii wachanga katika soko la 'pop', [...] Mimi nilijua kuwa ningewateka watazamaji Wamarekani wenye asili ya Kiafrika kama mimi, lakini kampuni ya Jive ilikuwa na msingi mwema katika eneo la 'pop' na vilevile ilikuwa imefanya kazi kwa muda mrefu.<ref name="SFGate" /> ===2005-2006: Albamu ya kwanza na usafiri=== [[File:Chris Brown.jpg|thumb|200px|Brown akitumbuiza katika hafla ya KISS 106.1 Seattle Jingle Bell Bash 8]] Baada ya kusainiwa kwa kampuni ya Jive Records katika mwaka wa 2004, Brown alianza kurekodi katika mwezi wa Februari 2005. Kufikia mwezi wa Mei, kulikuwa na nyimbo 50 zilizokuwa tayari zimerekodiwa, 14 kati yazo ziliteuliwa kuwa katika orodha ya mwisho.<ref name="Times Online" /> Mwimbaji huyu alifanya kazi na watayarishaji na waandishi wa nyimbo kadhaa [[-Scott Storch, Cool &amp; Dre]] na [[Jazze Pha]] na wengineo- na kutoa maoni kwamba wao "kwa kweli walikiona kipawa [chake]".<ref name="SFGate" /> Brown pia alitoa mchango kwenye albamu hiyo, na kupokea pongezi za kushiriki katika uandishi wa nyimbo tano.<ref name="Times Online" /> "Mimi huandika kuhusu mambo ambayo vijana wa miaka 16 hupitia kila siku," Brown anasema. "Kwa mfano umeingia mashakani kwa sababu ya kumwingiza msichana ndani ya nyumba bila ruhusa, au huna gari la kwendesha, hivyo basi unaiba au kitu kama hicho." <ref name="MTV">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/yhif/brown_chris/|title=Chris Brown|work=[[MTV Networks]]|publisher=[[MTV]]|author=Brandee J. Tecson|accessdate=2009-05-30|archive-date=2009-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705103339/http://www.mtv.com/news/yhif/brown_chris/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Albamu nzima ilichukua chini ya wiki nane kutayarisha,<ref name="MTV" /> na ikatolewa 29 Novemba 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1511011/20051006/brown__chris__18_.jhtml|title=Chris Brown Dancing His 'Run It!' Straight Up The Charts|work=MTV Networks|publisher=[[MTV News]]|author=Shaheem Reid|date=2005-10-06|accessdate=2009-05-30|archive-date=2009-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028152043/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1511011/20051006/brown__chris__18_.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> Albamu aliyoipa jina lake ''[[Chris Brown]],'' ilichukua nafasi ya pili kwenye[[Bango la nyimbo 200 mashuhuri|''Bango'' la nyimbo 200 mashuhuri]] na kuuza nakala 154,000 katika wiki yake ya kwanza.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001656191|title='NOW!' Rebounds, Holds Brown From No. 1|work=[[Nielsen SoundScan]]|publisher=''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''|author=Katie Hasty|date=2005-12-05|accessdate=2009-05-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425195132/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001656191|archivedate=2009-04-25}}</ref> Albamu ya ''Chris Brown'' ilikuwa na mafanikio kwa wakati huo; iliuza zaidi ya nakala milioni mbili katika Marekani-ambako ilithibitishwa kuhitimu kiwango cha platinumu [[kwa]] mara mbili na shirika la [[RIAA- na]] nakala milioni tatu duniani kote.<ref>{{cite web|last=Saldanha|first=Evita|title=Feature: Chris Brown|work=[[MTV India]]|url=http://www.mtvindia.com/music/music.php?id=18719|accessdate=2009-01-12|archivedate=2008-12-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219151728/http://www.mtvindia.com/music/music.php?id=18719}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=Chris%20Brown&format=&debutLP=&category=SOLO&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=on&before=on&startMonth=11&endMonth=6&startYear=2005&endYear=2009&sort=Artist&perPage=25|title=Search Results|work=Recording Industry Association of America|date=2006-12-18|accessdate=2009-06-01|archivedate=2015-09-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151606/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1}}</ref> Wimbo wa kwanza wa albamu hiyo, [["Run It!"]], ulimfanya Brown kuwa mwimbaji wa kwanza mwanamume kwanza (tangu Montell Jordan katika 1995) kuwa na wimbo wake wa kwanza ukifikia kilele cha [[Bango la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri-na|''Bango'' la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri-na]] ulibaki pale kwa muda wa wiki nne zaidi.<ref name="Allmusic" /> Nyimbo zingine tatu [[-"Yo (Excuse Me Miss)," "Gimme That"]] na [["Say Goodbye"-zilichukua nafasi miongoni mwa nyimbo]] ishirini za kwanza katika chati hiyo.<ref name="Billboard singles">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=679240&model.vnuAlbumId=986558|title=Artist Chart History - Chris Brown - Singles|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media|accessdate=2009-04-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102151123/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=679240&model.vnuAlbumId=986558|archivedate=2007-11-02}}</ref> Mnamo 13 Juni 2006, Brown ilitoa kanda ya video iliyoitwa, ''safari ya Chris Brown,'' na iliyoonyesha video zake akisafiri nchini Uingereza na Ujapani, akijitayarisha kwa ziara yake ya kwanza ya shindano la [[Grammy Awards]], akitayarisha video za muziki wake na blopa. Mnamo 17 Agosti 2006 ili kukuza albamu yake zaidi, Brown alianza ziara yake kuu ya ushirikiano, iliyoitwa ''The Up Close na Personal Tour.'' Kutokana na ziara hii, utayarishaji wa albamu yake iliyofuata ulisukumwa nyuma kwa miezi miwili. [[Hospitali ya utafiti ya watoto ya St Jude]] ilipokea dola 50,000 kutoka kwa mauzo ya tiketi za safari ya Brown ya "Up Close &amp; Personal" ya 2006. Brown pia aliimba mwanzoni mwa onyesho la mwimbaji [[wa R &amp; B, Beyoncé]] katika safari yake ya Australia iliyoitwa [[The Beyoncé Experience]] tour. ===2007-2008: Mwanzo wa Uigizaji na ''Albamu ya Exclusive'' === Brown amehudhuria kipindi cha [[UPN]] cha ''[[One on One]]'' na katika tukio la majaribio la kipindi cha [[The N']] s ''Brandon T. Jackson Show''.<ref>Brandee J. Tecson (7 Januari 2006). [http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1519861/20060106/brown__chris__18_.jhtml Chris Brown SWITCHES Over Ili Kaimu - Na Can't Get A Date] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1519861/20060106/brown__chris__18_.jhtml |date=20091028153840 }} ''MTV.'' Accessed 27 Oktoba 2008.</ref><ref> [http://tv.nytimes.com/show/185108/Brandon-T-Jackson-Show/overview Brandon T Jackson Show] ''The New York Times.'' Accessed 27 Oktoba 2008.</ref> Aidha, Brown alipata nafasi ndogo ya kuigiza kama [[mmoja wa wanabendi]] katika msimu wa nne wa [[kipindi cha Fox The O. C.]] katika mwezi wa Januari 2007.<ref>Jayson Rodriguez (31 Agosti 2006). [http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1539927/20060831/story.jhtml Chris Brown Scores Role On 'The OC,' Ready To Be 'Geeked Out All The Way'] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1539927/20060831/story.jhtml |date=20090706002809 }} ''MTV.'' Accessed 27 Oktoba 2008.</ref> Kisha Brown akapata nafasi yake ya kwanza katika filamu [[Stomp the Yard,|''Stomp the Yard,'']] wakiwa na [[Ne-Yo, Meagan Good]] na [[Columbus Short]] katika mwezi wa Januari 2007.<ref>Larry Carroll (3 Januari 2007). [http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1548995/20061228/story.jhtml Ne-Yo, Chris Brown Open Up About Stepping Up For 'Stomp The Yard'] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1548995/20061228/story.jhtml |date=20091028153933 }} ''MTV.'' Accessed 27 Oktoba 2008.</ref> Baadaye Brown alishiriki katika filamu ya ''[[This Christmas]],'' igizo la drama ambalo mhusika mkuu alikuwa ni [[Regina King]], iliyotolewa tarehe 21 Novemba 2007.<ref>[60] ^ Larry Carroll (6 Februari 2007). [http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1551660/20070205/story.jhtml 'Christmas' Crazy On Giving - Join Chris Brown On Holiday Flick's Set] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1551660/20070205/story.jhtml |date=20091028151618 }} ''MTV.'' Accessed 27 Oktoba 2008.</ref> Mnamo 9 Julai 2007, Brown alishiriki katika sehemu ya onyesho la [[MTV]] la ''[[My Super Sweet 16]]'' (kwa ajili ya tukio hilo, jina lilibadilishwa na kuitwa: ''Chris Brown: My Super 18)'' kuadhimisha kutimiza kwake kwa miaka kumi na nane mjini New York.<ref>[61] ^ [http://www.mtv.com/ontv/dyn/sweet_16/episode/episode.jhtml?episodeId=120190#bio My Super Sweet 16 - Chris Brown - Episode Summary] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/dyn/sweet_16/episode/episode.jhtml?episodeId=120190#bio |date=20090306044942 }} ''MTV.'' Accessed 27 Oktoba 2008.</ref> Brown pia aliigiza kama mhusika wa kualikwa katika [[filamu ya Disney ya The Suite Life of Zack &amp; Cody]] kama yeye mwenyewe.<ref>[http://entertainment.glam.com/articles/tvghotlist/the_suite_life_of_zack_cody/ The Suite Life of Zack &amp; Cody] {{Wayback|url=http://entertainment.glam.com/articles/tvghotlist/the_suite_life_of_zack_cody/ |date=20090705003956 }} ''Glam Media.'' Accessed 27 Oktoba 2008.</ref> Brown anatarajiwa kuigiza kama mhusika mkuu katika [[filamu ya drama ya]] mpira wa kikapu ''Phenom.'' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1555168/20070320/story.jhtml|title=Movie File: Chris Brown, 'Ocean's Thirteen,' Michelle Trachtenberg & More|last=Adler|first=Shawn|coauthors=Carroll, Larry|date=2007-03-21|work=[[MTV]]|accessdate=2009-01-26|archive-date=2009-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415072509/http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1555168/20070320/story.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Chris Brown singing at Brisbane Entertainment Centre cropped.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Brown akitumbuiza katika Kituo cha Burudani cha Brisbane]] Muda mfupi baada ya kumaliza ziara yake katika majira ya joto na [[Ne-Yo]], Brown alianza kushughulikia utayarishaji wa albamu yake ya pili, ''[[Exclusive]],'' ambayo ilitolewa Novemba 2007. Albamu ilichukua nafasi ya nne kwenye [[Bango la nyimbo 200 mashuhuri,|''Bango'' la nyimbo 200 mashuhuri]], na kuuza nakala 294,000 katika wiki yake ya kwanza.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hasty|first=Katie|date=2007-11-14|title=Jay-Z Leapfrogs Eagles, Britney For No. 1 Debut|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Nielsen Company|Nielsen Business Media]]|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003672227|accessdate=2009-01-12|archivedate=2011-06-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605224555/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003672227}}</ref> Imeuza nakala milioni 1.9 Marekani.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mitchell|first=Gail|date=2008-12-12|title=Chris Brown Pairs With Rihanna, McGraw|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/chris-brown-pairs-with-rihanna-mcgraw-1003922298.story|accessdate=2009-01-12|archivedate=2012-10-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023094230/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/chris-brown-pairs-with-rihanna-mcgraw-1003922298.story}}</ref> Kulingana na habari za [[MTV]], Brown alisema: "Mimi bado nitaendelea vivyo hivyo ili mashabiki wangu vijana waweza kuendelea kusikiliza muziki wangu, lakini nina nyimbo chache za watu wazima." Wimbo wa kwanza wa albamu hii, [["Wall to Wall"]], ulikuwa namba 96 katika [[Bango la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri|''Bango'' la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri]], kisha ukapanda na kuwa namba 79 na namba 22 katika Bango la R & B na chati ya Hip-Hop na kuwa wimbo wake uliochukua nafasi ya chini kabisa hadi kufikia sasa. Wimbo wa [["Kiss Kiss"]], ulioshirikisha na kutayarishwa na [[T-Pain]], ulitolewa kama wimbo wa pili. Wimbo huu ukawa na mafanikio zaidi ya ule wa [["Wall To Wall,"]] na kufikia namba moja kwenye ''Bango'' la Marekani la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri, na kuwa wimbo wa Chris wa pili kuchukua nafasi ya kwanza tangu wimbo wa "Run It!" katika mwaka wa 2005. Mnamo 4 Desemba 2007, Brown alitoa wimbo wa tatu kutoka kwa albamu yake "Exclusive," ulioitwa [["With You"]], na uliotayarishwa na Stargate. Wimbo huu wa "With You" ulifika namba mbili kwenye ''Bango'' la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri na ukaingia kwenye chati katika nchi mbalimbali duniani, hivyo basi kuwa mmoja wa nyimbo za Brown zilizofanikiwa sana kufikia sasa. Wimbo huu uliingia katika orodha ya nyimbo kumi za kwanza katika nchi za New Zealand, [[Singapore]], Kanada, Marekani, [[Cypern]], Ayalandi, Ufaransa, Uingereza, [[Malaysia]], na Australia. Brown alitoa toleo lingine la albamu ya ''Exclusive'' tarehe 3 Juni 2008. Toleo hili aliliita ''[[Exclusive: The Forever Edition]],'' na alilitoa miezi saba baada ya kutolewa kwa toleo asili. Toleo hili mpya lilikuwa na nyimbo nne mpya, ikiwa ni pamoja na wimbo wa [["Forever"]] ambao ulifika namba mbili kwenye ''Bango'' la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri. Katika kupigia debe albamu yake Brown alianza ziara yake ya ''Exclusive Holiday '' Concert tour, na kutembelea zaidi ya sehemu thelathini Marekani. Alianza ziara hiyo katika eneo la [[Cincinnati, Ohio]], tarehe 6 Desemba 2007 na aliihitimisha mnamo 9 Februari 2008 katika eneo la [[Honolulu, Hawaii.]] Video iliyorekodiwa ya ziara hiyo ilitolewa tarehe 3 Juni 2008 kama rekodi ya ''[[Exclusive: The Forever Edition]].'' Yeye aliimba wimbo wa "With You" katika shindano la [[BET Awards '08]] katika mwezi wa Juni 2008. Kisha [[Ciara]] alijiunga naye Brown ili wacheze pamoja kipande cha wimbo wa [["Take You Down"]]. Brown, pamoja na [[The Game]], ameshirikishwa katika albamu ya [[Nas ambayo bado haijapewa jina]] katika wimbo wa [["Make the World Go Round"]], uliotayarishwa kwa ushirikiano wa The Game na [[Cool &amp; Dre.]] <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://media.hurricane-game.net/play.php?vid=263 |title=Game explains Chris Brown's appearance on Nas album |accessdate=2009-11-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729071805/http://media.hurricane-game.net/play.php?vid=263 |archivedate=2010-07-29 }}</ref> Yeye pia ameshirikishwa, wakiwa na Sean Garrett, katika wimbo wa Ludacris wa [["What Them Girls Like"]] kutoka kwa albamu ya ''[[Theater of the Mind.]]'' Pia alishirikishwa kwenye wimbo wa tatu wa [[T-Pain]] [["Freeze"]] kutoka kwa albamu yake mpya ya ''[[Thr33 Ringz]]''. Brown alitajwa kama msanii mashuhuri wa 2008 na jarida la ''[[Billboard]]'' magazine.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Artists - Billboard Year in Music 2008|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Nielsen Company|Nielsen Business Media]]|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/yearend/2008/charts/top-artists.shtml|accessdate=2008-12-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212220835/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/yearend/2008/charts/top-artists.shtml|archivedate=2008-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/feature/artist-of-the-year-chris-brown-1003925612.story|title=Artist Of The Year: Chris Brown|last=Mitchell|first=Gail|date=2008-12-30|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-01-09|archivedate=2009-07-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705210112/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/feature/artist-of-the-year-chris-brown-1003925612.story}}</ref> Brown alisaidia kukuza mradi wa Math-A-Thon uliofaidi hospitali hiyo kwa kushiriki kama mwenyeji katika filamu ya kuukuza.<ref> [http://www.mathathon.org/chris_10_07.shtml St Jude Children's Research Hospital]</ref> Brown alitoa wimbo wake wa [["Take You Down"]] katika Januari 2009 nchini Uingereza na Ireland. ===2009-hadi leo: ''GRAFFITI'' na kesi ya vurugu za kinyumbani=== Tangu mwaka 2008, Brown ilianza kufanyia kazi albamu iliyokutarajiwa kutoka. Kulingana naye, atajaribu mwelekeo tofauti wa muziki kwenye albamu yake mpya ambayo, kwa sasa ina jina ''[[GRAFFITI]]'' akitumaini kuiga waimbaji wenzake wa Marekani, [[Prince]] na [[Michael Jackson.]] Yeye anasema, "Mimi ninataka kujibadilisha na kuwa tofauti. Kama mtindo wangu siku hizi, mimi sijaribu kufuata mtindo wa mijini pekee. Mimi nataka kuwa kama vile Prince na Michael [Jackson] na [[Stevie Wonder]] walivyokuwa. Wanaweza wakaingia kwenye aina yoyote ya muziki." <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itv.com/Entertainment/celebrity/Articles/Chris-Browns-close-Rihanna-860312740.html|title=Chris Brown's close Rihanna|date=2008-06-27|publisher=[[ITV.com]]|accessdate=2009-05-27}}</ref> Brown alitoa wimbo wake wa kwanza kutoka kwenye albamu ya GRAFFITI unaoitwa [["I Can Change Ya"]] tarehe 29 Septemba kama tarakimu ya kupakia, na video yake ilitolewa baadaye kwenye [[MTV]], tarehe 27 Oktoba 2009. Brown pia alithibitisha kuwa wimbo wake utakaofuata utaitwa "Crawl", na ambao utatolewa wiki chache baada ya wimbo wake wa kwanza. Wao wametengeneza video za nyimbo zote mbili. Albamu ya ''GRAFFITI'' itafuata na kutolewa tarehe 15 Desemba 2009 .<ref name="Billboard">{{cite web|author=Nancy Dillon|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20281314,00.html|title=Chris Brown Finally Speaks: 'I Ain't a Monster'|date=2009-05-27|publisher=''[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=2009-05-27|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211447/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20281314,00.html}}</ref> Brown alijipeleka katika [[Idara ya Polisi ya Los Angeles]], kituo cha Wilshire, tarehe 8 Februari 2009, na alikamatwa kwa makosa ya kufanya vitisho vya jinai,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/b99069_chris_brown_arrested_after_alleged.html|title=Chris Brown Arrested After Alleged Rihanna Assault|last=Errico|first=Marcus|date=2009-02-08|work=[[E! Online]]|publisher=[[E!|E! Online]]|accessdate=2009-02-08}}</ref> akiwa bado anafanyiwa uchunguzi kwa madai ya vurugu za nyumbani, kufuatia ugomvi na mwanamke ambaye hakutambuliwa. Ripoti ya polisi haikutaja jina la mwanamke aliyehusika katika tukio hilo kama ilivyo sera, lakini ripoti hiyo ilisema kwamba "yeye alikuwa amepata majeraha yaliyoonekana".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/02/09/chris.brown/index.html?iref=mpstoryview#cnnSTCText|title=Sources: Brown's alleged victim was girlfriend Rihanna}}</ref> Hata hivyo, baadhi ya vyombo vya habari kama vile [[Los Angeles Times, CNN]] na [[MSNBC]] vilisema kuwa kuna watu waliokuwa wamemtambua mhasiriwa katika kesi hii, na kwamba alikuwa ni mpenzi wake na mwimbaji mwenzake wa muziki wa R & B, [[Rihanna]]. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29088387/|title=Brown arrested after alleged attack on Rihanna|accessdate=2009-03-13 |publisher= MSNBC|date= 2009-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2009/02/chris-brown-boo.html |title= Singer Chris Brown under investigation in alleged assault |accessdate=2009-03-13 |publisher= Los Angeles Times |date= 2009-02-08}}</ref><ref name="Schreffler">{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2009/02/08/2009-02-08_chris_brown_sought_by_police_in_battery_.html|title=Chris Brown sought by police in battery investigation|last=Schreffler|first=Laura|coauthors=Yaniv, Oren|date=2009-02-08|work=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]|publisher=[[Mortimer Zuckerman]]|accessdate=2009-02-08|archivedate=2009-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418224830/http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2009/02/08/2009-02-08_chris_brown_sought_by_police_in_battery_.html}}</ref> Kufuatia kukamatwa kwake, mengi ya matangazo yake ya kibiashara yalifutiliwa mbali, muziki wake uliwacha kuchezwa katika vituo vingi vya redio, na yeye akajiondoa kutoka kwenye mitagusano na umma, ikiwa ni pamoja na mashindano ya [[Grammy Awards, 2009]] ambapo nafasi yake ilichukuliwa na [[Justin Timberlake]] na [[Al Green.]] <ref name="Schreffler"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/b99243_chris_brown_bounces_nba_all-star.html|title=Chris Brown Lowdown: Cops Continue Probe, Wrigley Halts Ads|last=Grossberg|first=Josh |coauthors=Errico, Marcus|date=2009-02-09|work=E! Online|publisher=E! Online|accessdate=2009-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hollywoodinsider.ew.com/2009/02/chris-brown-and.html|title=Chris Brown and Rihanna: More fallout|accessdate=2009-11-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213111742/http://hollywoodinsider.ew.com/2009/02/chris-brown-and.html|archivedate=2009-02-13}}</ref> Brown baadaye alitoa taarifa akisema, "Maneno hayawezi kuanza kueleza jinsi ninavyojuta na kusikitika kutokana na kilichotendeka." <ref>{{cite web|url=http://gawker.com/5154020/chris-brown-sorry-about-rihanna-incident|title=Chris Brown Sorry About Rihanna Incident|last=Tate|first=Ryan|date=15 Februari 2009|publisher=Gawker|accessdate=2009-03-18}}</ref> Mnamo tarehe 5 Machi 2009, Brown alishtakiwa kwa mashtaka ya kushambulia na kufanya vitisho vya jinai. Yeye alipelekwa kortini mnamo 6 Aprili 2009, na walikanusha shtaka moja la kufanya mashambulizi na lingine la kufanya vitisho vya jinai.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/04/06/chris.brown/index.html|title=Chris Brown pleads not guilty in assault case|date=2009-04-07|publisher=CNN|accessdate=2009-06-08}}</ref> Tarehe 22 Juni 2009, Brown alikubali mashtaka yake na kukubali adhabu ya kufanya kazi ya jamii na miaka mitano ya majaribio rasmi. Kupata ushauri kuhusu vurugu za nyumbani pia ilikuwa sehemu ya uamuzi wa Jaji Patricia Schnegg, huko mahakamani.<ref>[http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2009/06/settlement-might-be-near-in-chris-brown-case.html Settlement reached in Chris Brown's alleged beating of Rihanna,] ''Los Angeles Times,'' 22 Juni 2009</ref> Mashirika kadhaa yanayopinga vurugu hizi yalipinga uamuzi huo, wakisema kuwa adhabu hiyo haikuwa kali vya kutosha kwa uhalifu uliofanywa; kiwango cha ushawishi wa Brown kwa vijana pia kilijadiliwa, kwani vurugu hizi za nyumbani zinaaminika kuwa tabia ya kujifunza.<ref>{{citation|last=Melago|first=Carrie|title=Chris Brown plea deal in Rihanna beating sends bad message, say domestic abuse experts|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2009/06/24/2009-06-24_chris_brown_plea_deal_in_rihanna_beating_sends_bad_message_says_domestic_abuse_e.html|newspaper=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]|date=2009-06-24|accessdate=2009-07-20|archive-date=2009-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822090514/http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2009/06/24/2009-06-24_chris_brown_plea_deal_in_rihanna_beating_sends_bad_message_says_domestic_abuse_e.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last1=Brown|first1=DeNeen|last2=Surdin|first2=Ashley|title=Chris Brown Pleads Guilty to Assault|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/22/AR2009062200452.html?wprss=rss_print/style|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=2009-06-23|accessdate=2009-07-20}}</ref> Tarehe 20 Julai 2009, Brown alitowa video ya dakika mbili katika tovuti ya [[YouTube]] ya kuomba msamaha kwa mashabiki wake na kwa Rihanna kwa sababu ya kosa hilo. Yeye alisema kuwa "alisikitishwa mno" na tukio hilo na kusema kwamba amerudia kuomba msamaha kutoka kwa Rihanna na "anakubali kosa lake ".<ref name="youtube.com">{{cite news|title= A Message From Chris |publisher=[[YouTube]]/Chris Brown Official Channel|date=2009-07-20|accessdate=2009-07-20|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n4SD6oBvbKY}}</ref><ref name="wonderwall.msn.com">{{cite news|title=Chris Brown apologizes for Rihanna beating|publisher=[[MSN]]|date=2009-07-20|accessdate=2009-07-20|url=http://wonderwall.msn.com/#wallState=0__/music/chris-brown-apologizes-or-rihanna-beating-1518453.story|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709063455/http://wonderwall.msn.com//#wallState=0__/music/chris-brown-apologizes-or-rihanna-beating-1518453.story|archivedate=2009-07-09}}</ref><ref name="Mtv.com">{{cite news|first=Jayson|last=Rodriguez|title=Chris Brown Apologizes For Rihanna Assault In New Video|publisher=[[MTV]]|date=2009-07-20|accessdate=2009-07-20|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1616575/20090720/brown__chris__18_.jhtml|archivedate=2010-01-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109233014/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1616575/20090720/brown__chris__18_.jhtml}}</ref> Brown alisema kuwa alitaka kuzungumza hapo awali kuhusu kesi hiyo lakini alishauriwa na wakili wake kutosema chochote hadi kesi hiyo imalizike kortini.<ref name="youtube.com" /><ref name="wonderwall.msn.com" /><ref name="Mtv.com" /> Katika mwezi wa 25 Agosti, Brown alihukumiwa miaka mitano ya [[majaribio]], mwaka mmoja wa ushauri kuhusu vurugu za nyumbani, na miezi sita ya [[huduma kwa jamii;]] hakimu alitoa [[amri ya kuzuia]] ya hukumu miaka mitano kwa Brown, ambayo inamhitaji kukaa yadi 100 mbali na Rihanna, na yadi 10 katika matukio ya umma.<ref>{{cite news|first=Anthony|last=McCartney|title=Chris Brown sentenced in Rihanna assault case|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=2009-09-25|accessdate=2009-09-25|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jd7tN4gXF5Ta8eaVJfsc_n3pBFfAD9AA6DTO0}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Chris Brown sentenced for Rihanna assault|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/08/25/chris.brown.sentencing/|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=2009-09-25|accessdate=2009-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Chris Brown sentenced to community labour in Rihanna assault case|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/6090224/Chris-Brown-sentenced-to-community-labour-in-Rihanna-assault-case.html|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=2009-09-25|accessdate=2009-09-25|archivedate=2010-09-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915160524/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/6090224/Chris-Brown-sentenced-to-community-labour-in-Rihanna-assault-case.html}}</ref> Tarehe 2 Septemba 2009, Brown alizungumza kuhusu kesi hiyo ya unyanyasaji katika rekodi iliyofanywa kabla, ya mahojiano ya ''[[Larry King Live interview]]'', ambayo ndiyo yaliyokuwa mahojiano yake ya kwanza tangu tukio hilo.<ref name="www.cnn.com">{{cite news|first=Amy|last=Huggins|title= Chris Brown says he still loves Rihanna |publisher=[[CNN]]|date=2009-08-31|accessdate=2009-09-03|url= http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/08/31/chris.brown.interview/index.html}}</ref><ref name="www.msnbc.msn.com">{{cite news|title=Yes, Chris Brown remembers Rihanna beating|publisher=[[MSNBC]]|date=2009-09-01|accessdate=2009-09-03|url= http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/32634846/ns/entertainment-celebrities/}}</ref><ref name="www.rollingstone.com">{{cite news|title=Chris Brown Clarifies King Interview, Says He Recalls Rihanna Incident|publisher=''[[Rolling Stone]]''|date=2009-09-01|accessdate=2009-09-03|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2009/09/01/chris-brown-denies-he-cant-recall-rihanna-incident/|archivedate=2009-09-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908003738/http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2009/09/01/chris-brown-denies-he-cant-recall-rihanna-incident/}}</ref><ref name="www.nydailynews.com">{{cite news|first=Issie|last=Lapowsky|title=Chris Brown on 'Larry King Live': Relationship with Rihanna 'was sort of like Romeo and Juliet'|publisher=''[[Daily News (New York)|New Your Daily News]]''|date=2009-08-31|accessdate=2009-09-03|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2009/09/03/2009-09-03_chris_brown_on_larry_king_live_relationship_with_rihanna_was_sort_of_like_romeo_.html#ixzz0Q5q2qUHR|archivedate=2009-09-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906103831/http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2009/09/03/2009-09-03_chris_brown_on_larry_king_live_relationship_with_rihanna_was_sort_of_like_romeo_.html#ixzz0Q5q2qUHR}}</ref> Yeye aliandamana na mama yake na wakili wake [[Marko Geragos]], kwenye mahojiano hayo, ambapo alizungumza kuhusu maisha yake alipokuwa anakua akishuhudia vurugu za nyumbani; mama yake alikuwa akidhulumiwa na babake Brown wakambo. Brown alisema haya aliposikia maelezo kuhusu yale yaliyotokea katika usiku wa shambulio lake mwenyewe, alipomgonga Rihanna, "Nimeshtuka, kwa sababu, kwanza kabisa, mimi siko hivyo, na si ahadi kwamba nataka kuwa hivyo.<ref name="www.cnn.com" /> Mama yake Brown, Joyce Hawkins, alisema Brown "hajawahi kamwe kuwa mtu wa vurugu", na kwamba yeye haamini katika [[mzunguko wa vurugu.]] <ref name="www.cnn.com" /> Brown alielezea kuhusu uhusiano wake na Rihanna na kusema kwamba ulikuwa kama wa [[Romeo na Juliet]] wakati wa ripoti zilizotolewa na vyombo vya habari kuhusu kesi hii, na kwamba ilikuwa ni vyombo vya habari vilivyowatenganisha kufuatia habari kuhusu shambulizi hilo.<ref name="www.nydailynews.com" /> Alisema kuwa hakuwa anakumbuka akimpiga Rihanna na aligundua tu kuwa alikuwa ashamchapa, na anaomba msamaha kwa sababu ya matendo yake usiku huo.<ref name="www.cnn.com" /><ref name="www.nydailynews.com" /><ref name="www.msnbc.msn.com" /><ref name="www.rollingstone.com" /><ref name="www.usmagazine.com">{{cite news|title=Chris Brown: I Don't Remember Beating Rihanna|publisher=''[[Us Weekly]]''|date=2009-08-31|accessdate=2009-09-03|url=http://www.usmagazine.com/news/chris-brown-i-dont-remember-beating-rihanna-2009318|archivedate=2009-09-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902105547/http://www.usmagazine.com/news/chris-brown-i-dont-remember-beating-rihanna-2009318}}</ref> Kufuatia ukosoaji wa kusema hakuwa anakumbuka, Brown baadaye alisema katika taarifa yake, "Bila shaka ninakumbuka nini kilichotokea. Mara nyingi katika mahojiano, mama yangu alisema kuwa nilimwendea muda tu baada ya tukio hilo na kumwambia kila kitu. " Brown alisema kuwa, "bado alikuwa hakumbuki kilichotendeka [usiku] huo vyema".<ref name="www.msnbc.msn.com" /><ref name="www.rollingstone.com" /> Mapema katika mahojiano na ''Larry King Live'', Brown alisema kwamba ni "jambo gumu" kwake kutazama picha maarufu iliyotolewa ya uso wa Rihanna ukiwa na majeraha, ambayo inaweza kuwa picha moja itakayomkaa akilini na kufuatana naye milele, na kwamba yeye bado anampenda.<ref name="" name="www.cnn.com"></ref> "Nina uhakika tunaweza kuendelea kuwa marafiki," alisema Brown, "na mimi sijui kuhusu uhusiano wetu, lakini ninajua tu kwamba sisi tulibaki kama marafiki." Aidha, yeye alisema kuwa hahisi kwamba kazi yake imesitishwa.<ref name="www.nydailynews.com" /> ==Diskografia== * ''[[Chris Brown (albamu)|Chris Brown]]'' (2005) * ''[[Exclusive]]'' (2007) * ''[[Graffiti]]'' (2009) * ''[[F.A.M.E.]]'' (2011) * ''[[Fortune]]'' (2012) ==Ziara== * 2006: Ziara ya Up Close and Personal * 2007: Ziara ya The UCP Exclusive * 2009: Ziara ya Kushukuru Mashabiki <ref>http://www.billboard.com/ # / news/chris-brown-announces-fan-appreciation-tour-1004027466.story</ref> ;Maonyesho ya kufungua * [[The Beyoncé Experience]] ==Filamu== {|border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%;" |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" !colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;"|Televisheni |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" !Mwaka !Jina !Uhusika !Maelezo |- |2006 |''Christmas in Washington'' |Chris Brown |television special (Turner Network Television) |- |2007 |''The O.C.'' |Will Tutt |vipengele vitatu |- |2008 |''The Suite Life of Zack and Cody'' |Chris Brown |nyota mwalikwa |- |2011 |''Tosh.O'' |Chris Brown |mwalimu wa densi |- |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" !colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;"|Filamu |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" !Mwka !Jina !Uhusika !Maelezo |- |rowspan="2"|2007 |''Stomp the Yard'' |Duron |small role/film debut |- |''This Christmas'' |Michael 'Baby' Whitfield |uhusika mkuu |- |2009 |''Blood Rogues'' |Christopher | |- |2010 |''Takers'' |Jessie Attica<ref name=Takers>{{cite web|last=Adler|first=Shawn|title=Chris Brown Dances Around Bullets In Upcoming Film 'Bone Deep'|work=MTV|publisher=MTV Networks|date=2008-10-02|url=http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1596085/20081001/story.jhtml|accessdate=2009-02-10|archive-date=2010-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302160949/http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1596085/20081001/story.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Executive Producer |- |2012 |''Think Like A Man'' | | |} ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo|2}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.chrisbrownworld.com/ Tovuti rasmi ya Chris Brown] * {{IMDb name|id=2093097|name=Chris Brown}} {{Chris Brown}} {{Persondata | name= Brown, Chris | alternative names= Brown, Christopher Maurice | short description= [[Singer-songwriter]], [[rapper]], [[dancer]], [[actor]] | date of birth= 5 Mei 1989 | place of birth= [[Tappahannock, Virginia|Tappahannock]], [[Virginia]], United States | date of death= | place of death= }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brown, Chris}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1989]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa hip hop]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] q8z6eqorw36uum7cgurx7oyhdnd9pql 1599084 1598970 2026-09-23T06:47:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist |Jina = Chris Brown |Img = Chris Brown singing at Brisbane Entertainment Centre 2.jpg |Img_capt = Brown performing at the [[Brisbane Entertainment Centre]] |Background = solo_singer |Birth_name = Christopher Maurice Brown |Alias = |Amezaliwa = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1989|5|5|df=yes}} |Asili yake = [[Tappahannock, Virginia|Tappahannock]], [[Virginia]], <br />United States |Aina = [[Pop]], [[contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[hip hop]], [[dance music|dance]] |Kazi yake = [[Mwimbaji]], [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]], [[dancer]], [[mwigizaji]] |Aina ya sauti = [[Tenor]] |Miaka ya kazi = 2005 mpaka sasa |Studio = [[Jive Records|Jive]], [[Zomba Label Group|Zomba]], LBW |Tovuti = [http://www.chrisbrownworld.com/ www.chrisbrownworld.com] }} '''Christopher Maurice "Chris" Brown''' (amezaliwa [[5 Mei]] [[1989]]) ni [[msanii]] anayerekodi [[muziki]] na [[mwigizaji]] [[filamu]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alirekodi [[albamu]] yake ya kwanza akiwa na [[umri]] wa miaka 16 mwishoni mwa mwaka wa 2005 akaiita ''[[Chris Brown]]''. Albamu hii ilihusisha [[wimbo]] wake wa kwanza [["Run It!"]], ambao uliongoza kwenye [[Bango la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri|''Bango'' la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri]], na kumfanya msanii wa kwanza wa kiume tangu [[Montell Jordan]] kuwa na wimbo wake ukiongoza kwenye chati.<ref name="runitchart">[http://acharts.us/song/891 Chris Brown - Run It!][http://acharts.us/song/891 Chart Track.] ''Accharts.'' Accessed 14 Agosti 2008.</ref> Albamu hii imeuza zaidi ya nakala milioni mbili katika Marekani na imethibitishwa kuhitimu kiwango cha platinamu kwa mara [[mbili]] na shirika la [[Recording Industry Association la Marekani]] (RIAA).<ref name="RIAA">{{cite web|title=RIAA - Gold & Platinum|work=[[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]|url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=chris%20brown&format=ALBUM&startYear=1958&endYear=2009&sort=Artist&perPage=25|accessdate=2009-01-12}}</ref> Albamu ya pili ya Brown ''[[Exclusive]]'', ilitolewa duniani kote Novemba 2007. Albamu hii ilitoa ngoma mbili zilizofanikiwa; wimbo wake wa pili kuwa namba moja Marekani, [["Kiss Kiss"]] akimshirikisha [[T-Pain]] na [["With You"]], ambao ulikuwa namba mbili kwenye ''Bango'' la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://au.launch.yahoo.com/071101/11/1gv7e.html|title=R&B singer Chris Brown tops U.S. singles chart|author=Reuters|publisher=[http://au.launch.yahoo.com/ Yahoo! 7 Music]|date=2007-11-02|accessdate=2008-08-14|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20071020010511/http://au.launch.yahoo.com/071101/11/1gv7e.html|archivedate=2007-10-20}}</ref><ref>[7] ^ [http://acharts.us/song/30147 Chris Brown - With You Chart Track.] ''Accharts.'' Accessed 14 Agosti 2008.</ref>, Brown imetoa toleo jipya la albamu hii liitwalo ''The Forever Edition.'' Wimbo wa kwanza katika albamu hii, [["Forever"]], ulitolewa Mei 2008 na ulifikia namba mbili kwenye ''Bango '' la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri.<ref name="foreveerchart">[8] ^ [http://acharts.us/song/35202 Chris Brown - Forever Chart Track.] ''Accharts.'' Accessed 14 Agosti 2008.</ref> Albamu ya ''Exclusive'' imethibitishwa kuhitimu kiwango cha Platinamu na shirika la RIAA.<ref name="RIAA" /> Mbali na mafanikio ya nyimbo zake pekee, Brown ameshiriki katika ngoma kadhaa kama vile [["No Air"]], alioshirikiana na mwimbaji [[Jordin Sparks, "shorti like Mine"]] akishirikiana na [[rapa Bow Wow]] na [["shawty Get Loose"]] akishirikiana na [[Lil Mama]] na T -Pain. Nyimbo hizi zimenyakua nafasi za tatu, kumi na tisa mtawalia katika ''Bango'' la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?f=Pop+100&pageNumber=Top+11-50&g=Singles |title=Billboard - Updated Album Chart from the most FORUMS Music Magazine |accessdate=2021-05-20 |archivedate=2008-10-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005075106/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?f=Pop+100&pageNumber=Top+11-50&g=Singles }}</ref><ref> [http://acharts.us/song/11170 shortpages Like Mine Chart Track.] ''Accharts.'' Accessed 16 Agosti 2008.</ref><ref>[http://acharts.us/song/33939 Lil Mama and Chris Brown - shawty Get Loose - Music Charts.] ''Accharts.'' Accessed 16 Agosti 2008.</ref> Kutokana na mitindo yake ya kucheza ngoma, Brown amekuwa akilinganishwa na wasanii mashuhuri wa R & B kama vile [[Usher]] na [[Michael Jackson]], wote ambao wamesemekana kuathiri muziki wake pakubwa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/hiphopmediatraining/19398/usher-has-chris-brown-taken-your-spot|title=Usher, Has Chris Brown Taken Your Spot?|author=Billy Johnson, Jr.|publisher=[http://music.yahoo.com/ Yahoo! Music]|date=2008-05-01|accessdate=2008-08-16|archivedate=2008-05-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516110652/http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/hiphopmediatraining/19398/usher-has-chris-brown-taken-your-spot/}}</ref> Mnano mwaka wa 2009, Brown alikubali mashtaka ya kushambulia mwimbaji [[Rihanna]], na alihukumiwa miaka mitano ya majaribio na miezi sita ya huduma kwa jamii. ==Maisha na kazi== ===1988-2004: Maisha ya awali na Mwanzo wa kazi=== Christopher Maurice Brown alizaliwa 5 Mei 1989,<ref name="Allmusic">{{cite web|last=Kellman|first=Andy|title=Chris Brown Biography|work=[[Allmusic]]|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/chris-brown-p724933|accessdate=2008-11-15}}</ref> katika mji mdogo wa [[Tappahannock, Virginia]] na Joyce Hawkins, [[aliyekuwa]] mkurugenzi wa [[kituo cha kuwachunga watoto]], na Clinton Brown, [[afisa wa ukusanyaji]] katika gereza la hapo mtaani.<ref name="Times Online">{{cite web|title=The new Michael Jackson|work=[[The Times]]|publisher=[[The Times|Times Online]]|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article728620.ece|date=2006-02-12|accessdate=2009-05-28|archive-date=2011-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617005445/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article728620.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="NME">{{cite web|title=Chris Brown Biography|work=[[NME]]|publisher=[[Time Warner]]|url=http://www.nme.com/artists/chris-brown#biography|accessdate=2009-01-12}}</ref> Yeye ni kitinda mimba, na ana dada mkubwa anayefanya kazi katika benki.<ref name="Times Online" /> Tangu utoto mwake,Brown alikuwa anapenda muziki, ingawa hakuna mtu katika familia yake aliyehusiana na muziki; yeye alikuwa [[akisikiliza]] Albamu za muziki wa 'soul' zilizokuwa za wazazi wake,<ref name="NME" /> lakini hatimaye, Brown alianza kupendelea muziki wa [[hip-hop]].<ref name="Allmusic" /> Brown alijifunza kuimba na kucheza akiwa na umri mdogo, mara nyingi akimtaja [[Michael Jackson]] kama mwimbaji aliyemtia moyo.<ref name="Times Online" /> Kisha alianza kuimba katika [[kwaya]] ya kanisa lake na katika maonyesho kadhaa ya kuonyesha talanta mtaani.<ref name="People">{{cite web|title=Chris Brown Biography|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|publisher=[[Time Inc.|Time]]|url=http://www.people.com/people/chris_brown/biography|accessdate=2009-01-12|archivedate=2015-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002171925/http://www.people.com/people/chris_brown/biography/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Biography - Chris Brown|work=[[Getty Images]]|publisher=WireImage.com|url=http://www.wireimage.com/Celebrities/Chris-Brown|accessdate=2009-05-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218191708/http://www.wireimage.com/Celebrities/Chris-Brown|archivedate=2007-02-18}}</ref> Wakati mmoja alipokuwa akiiga wimbo wa [[Usher]], mama yake walitambua talanta yake na wakaanza kutafuta fursa ya [[rekodi.]] <ref name="People" /> Wakati uo huo, Brown alikuwa amepitia mambo kadhaa binafsi. Ndoa ya wazazi wake ilikuwa tayari imevunjika, na alisema mpenzi wa mama yake alimwogofya kila wakati, kutokana na [[dhuluma]] mama yake aliyovumilia kutoka kwa mpenzi huyo.<ref>{{cite web|date=2007-09-10|title=VMA Showstopper Chris Brown Opens Up about His New Album, Past Pain and Looking Ahead in the September 2007 Issue of Giant Magazine|work=[[FindArticles]]|publisher=[[CBS Corporation]]|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2007_Sept_10/ai_n19505347|accessdate=2009-01-12|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120710183000/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2007_Sept_10/ai_n19505347/|archivedate=2012-07-10}}</ref> Akiwa na umri wa miaka 13, Brown alichukuliwa na kikundi kilichohusika na utayarishaji wa muziki kutoka mtaani kilipotembelea [[kituo]] cha baba yake cha kuuzia [[gesi]] kikitafuta talanta mpya.<ref name="us">{{cite web|title=Celebrity Bios - Chris Brown|work=[[Us Weekly]]|publisher=[[Jann Wenner|Wenner Media]]|url=http://www.usmagazine.com/chris_brown_profile|accessdate=2008-10-11|archivedate=2008-04-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401030734/http://www.usmagazine.com/chris_brown_profile}}</ref> Kisha mwimbaji huyu, alihamia [[New York]]. <ref name="Times Online" /> Katika mwaka wa 2004, Tina Davis-aliyekuwa mkuu wa [[A &amp; R]] katika kampuni ya utayarishaji ya [[Def Jam Recordings-alimgundua]] wakati Brown alikuwa anafanya kazi na baadhi ya wazalishaji wa mtaa. Bi. Tina alipendezwa na Brown pamoja na sauti yake wakati alipokuwa akifanyiwa majaribio ya sauti katika ofisi yake huko Island Def Jam Records mjini New York. Bila kusita, alimpeleka kukutana na mkuu wa zamani wa [[Island Def Jam Music Group]] [[Antonio "LA"]][[Reid]], ambaye alimchukua Brown siku hiyohiyo. "Mimi nilijua kwamba Chris alikuwa na kipawa," alisema Davis. "Na nilitaka kuwa sehemu ya uvumbuzi wa kipawa hiki." <ref name="SFGate">{{cite web|title=Brown runs with it|work=[[Hearst Corporation]]|publisher=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/10/01/PKG5ULA4C41.DTL&type=music|date=2006-10-01|accessdate=2009-05-28|archive-date=2009-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704075741/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2006%2F10%2F01%2FPKG5ULA4C41.DTL&type=music|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mazungumzo na Def Jam yalidumu kwa miezi miwili, hadi Davis alipopoteza kazi yake kutokana na uunganishi wa kampuni. Kisha Brown alimwomba akuwe meneja wake. Davis alikubali, na akaanza "kukuza" mwimbaji huyu kwa kampuni kama vile [[Jive Records, J-Records]] na [[Warner Bros Records.]] Brown hatimaye alichagua kampuni ya Jive, kutokana na mafanikio yake ya kuwakuza waimbaji wachanga kama vile [[Britney Spears]] na [[Justin Timberlake]]. Brown anadai, "Mimi nilichagua kampuni ya Jive kwa sababu walikuwa na mafanikio bora katika kuwakuza wasanii wachanga katika soko la 'pop', [...] Mimi nilijua kuwa ningewateka watazamaji Wamarekani wenye asili ya Kiafrika kama mimi, lakini kampuni ya Jive ilikuwa na msingi mwema katika eneo la 'pop' na vilevile ilikuwa imefanya kazi kwa muda mrefu.<ref name="SFGate" /> ===2005-2006: Albamu ya kwanza na usafiri=== [[File:Chris Brown.jpg|thumb|200px|Brown akitumbuiza katika hafla ya KISS 106.1 Seattle Jingle Bell Bash 8]] Baada ya kusainiwa kwa kampuni ya Jive Records katika mwaka wa 2004, Brown alianza kurekodi katika mwezi wa Februari 2005. Kufikia mwezi wa Mei, kulikuwa na nyimbo 50 zilizokuwa tayari zimerekodiwa, 14 kati yazo ziliteuliwa kuwa katika orodha ya mwisho.<ref name="Times Online" /> Mwimbaji huyu alifanya kazi na watayarishaji na waandishi wa nyimbo kadhaa [[-Scott Storch, Cool &amp; Dre]] na [[Jazze Pha]] na wengineo- na kutoa maoni kwamba wao "kwa kweli walikiona kipawa [chake]".<ref name="SFGate" /> Brown pia alitoa mchango kwenye albamu hiyo, na kupokea pongezi za kushiriki katika uandishi wa nyimbo tano.<ref name="Times Online" /> "Mimi huandika kuhusu mambo ambayo vijana wa miaka 16 hupitia kila siku," Brown anasema. "Kwa mfano umeingia mashakani kwa sababu ya kumwingiza msichana ndani ya nyumba bila ruhusa, au huna gari la kwendesha, hivyo basi unaiba au kitu kama hicho." <ref name="MTV">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/yhif/brown_chris/|title=Chris Brown|work=[[MTV Networks]]|publisher=[[MTV]]|author=Brandee J. Tecson|accessdate=2009-05-30|archive-date=2009-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705103339/http://www.mtv.com/news/yhif/brown_chris/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Albamu nzima ilichukua chini ya wiki nane kutayarisha,<ref name="MTV" /> na ikatolewa 29 Novemba 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1511011/20051006/brown__chris__18_.jhtml|title=Chris Brown Dancing His 'Run It!' Straight Up The Charts|work=MTV Networks|publisher=[[MTV News]]|author=Shaheem Reid|date=2005-10-06|accessdate=2009-05-30|archive-date=2009-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028152043/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1511011/20051006/brown__chris__18_.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> Albamu aliyoipa jina lake ''[[Chris Brown]],'' ilichukua nafasi ya pili kwenye[[Bango la nyimbo 200 mashuhuri|''Bango'' la nyimbo 200 mashuhuri]] na kuuza nakala 154,000 katika wiki yake ya kwanza.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001656191|title='NOW!' Rebounds, Holds Brown From No. 1|work=[[Nielsen SoundScan]]|publisher=''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''|author=Katie Hasty|date=2005-12-05|accessdate=2009-05-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425195132/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001656191|archivedate=2009-04-25}}</ref> Albamu ya ''Chris Brown'' ilikuwa na mafanikio kwa wakati huo; iliuza zaidi ya nakala milioni mbili katika Marekani-ambako ilithibitishwa kuhitimu kiwango cha platinumu [[kwa]] mara mbili na shirika la [[RIAA- na]] nakala milioni tatu duniani kote.<ref>{{cite web|last=Saldanha|first=Evita|title=Feature: Chris Brown|work=[[MTV India]]|url=http://www.mtvindia.com/music/music.php?id=18719|accessdate=2009-01-12|archivedate=2008-12-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219151728/http://www.mtvindia.com/music/music.php?id=18719}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=Chris%20Brown&format=&debutLP=&category=SOLO&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=on&before=on&startMonth=11&endMonth=6&startYear=2005&endYear=2009&sort=Artist&perPage=25|title=Search Results|work=Recording Industry Association of America|date=2006-12-18|accessdate=2009-06-01|archivedate=2015-09-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151606/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1}}</ref> Wimbo wa kwanza wa albamu hiyo, [["Run It!"]], ulimfanya Brown kuwa mwimbaji wa kwanza mwanamume kwanza (tangu Montell Jordan katika 1995) kuwa na wimbo wake wa kwanza ukifikia kilele cha [[Bango la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri-na|''Bango'' la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri-na]] ulibaki pale kwa muda wa wiki nne zaidi.<ref name="Allmusic" /> Nyimbo zingine tatu [[-"Yo (Excuse Me Miss)," "Gimme That"]] na [["Say Goodbye"-zilichukua nafasi miongoni mwa nyimbo]] ishirini za kwanza katika chati hiyo.<ref name="Billboard singles">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=679240&model.vnuAlbumId=986558|title=Artist Chart History - Chris Brown - Singles|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media|accessdate=2009-04-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102151123/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=679240&model.vnuAlbumId=986558|archivedate=2007-11-02}}</ref> Mnamo 13 Juni 2006, Brown ilitoa kanda ya video iliyoitwa, ''safari ya Chris Brown,'' na iliyoonyesha video zake akisafiri nchini Uingereza na Ujapani, akijitayarisha kwa ziara yake ya kwanza ya shindano la [[Grammy Awards]], akitayarisha video za muziki wake na blopa. Mnamo 17 Agosti 2006 ili kukuza albamu yake zaidi, Brown alianza ziara yake kuu ya ushirikiano, iliyoitwa ''The Up Close na Personal Tour.'' Kutokana na ziara hii, utayarishaji wa albamu yake iliyofuata ulisukumwa nyuma kwa miezi miwili. [[Hospitali ya utafiti ya watoto ya St Jude]] ilipokea dola 50,000 kutoka kwa mauzo ya tiketi za safari ya Brown ya "Up Close &amp; Personal" ya 2006. Brown pia aliimba mwanzoni mwa onyesho la mwimbaji [[wa R &amp; B, Beyoncé]] katika safari yake ya Australia iliyoitwa [[The Beyoncé Experience]] tour. ===2007-2008: Mwanzo wa Uigizaji na ''Albamu ya Exclusive'' === Brown amehudhuria kipindi cha [[UPN]] cha ''[[One on One]]'' na katika tukio la majaribio la kipindi cha [[The N']] s ''Brandon T. Jackson Show''.<ref>Brandee J. Tecson (7 Januari 2006). [http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1519861/20060106/brown__chris__18_.jhtml Chris Brown SWITCHES Over Ili Kaimu - Na Can't Get A Date] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1519861/20060106/brown__chris__18_.jhtml |date=20091028153840 }} ''MTV.'' Accessed 27 Oktoba 2008.</ref><ref> [http://tv.nytimes.com/show/185108/Brandon-T-Jackson-Show/overview Brandon T Jackson Show] ''The New York Times.'' Accessed 27 Oktoba 2008.</ref> Aidha, Brown alipata nafasi ndogo ya kuigiza kama [[mmoja wa wanabendi]] katika msimu wa nne wa [[kipindi cha Fox The O. C.]] katika mwezi wa Januari 2007.<ref>Jayson Rodriguez (31 Agosti 2006). [http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1539927/20060831/story.jhtml Chris Brown Scores Role On 'The OC,' Ready To Be 'Geeked Out All The Way'] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1539927/20060831/story.jhtml |date=20090706002809 }} ''MTV.'' Accessed 27 Oktoba 2008.</ref> Kisha Brown akapata nafasi yake ya kwanza katika filamu [[Stomp the Yard,|''Stomp the Yard,'']] wakiwa na [[Ne-Yo, Meagan Good]] na [[Columbus Short]] katika mwezi wa Januari 2007.<ref>Larry Carroll (3 Januari 2007). [http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1548995/20061228/story.jhtml Ne-Yo, Chris Brown Open Up About Stepping Up For 'Stomp The Yard'] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1548995/20061228/story.jhtml |date=20091028153933 }} ''MTV.'' Accessed 27 Oktoba 2008.</ref> Baadaye Brown alishiriki katika filamu ya ''[[This Christmas]],'' igizo la drama ambalo mhusika mkuu alikuwa ni [[Regina King]], iliyotolewa tarehe 21 Novemba 2007.<ref>[60] ^ Larry Carroll (6 Februari 2007). [http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1551660/20070205/story.jhtml 'Christmas' Crazy On Giving - Join Chris Brown On Holiday Flick's Set] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1551660/20070205/story.jhtml |date=20091028151618 }} ''MTV.'' Accessed 27 Oktoba 2008.</ref> Mnamo 9 Julai 2007, Brown alishiriki katika sehemu ya onyesho la [[MTV]] la ''[[My Super Sweet 16]]'' (kwa ajili ya tukio hilo, jina lilibadilishwa na kuitwa: ''Chris Brown: My Super 18)'' kuadhimisha kutimiza kwake kwa miaka kumi na nane mjini New York.<ref>[61] ^ [http://www.mtv.com/ontv/dyn/sweet_16/episode/episode.jhtml?episodeId=120190#bio My Super Sweet 16 - Chris Brown - Episode Summary] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/dyn/sweet_16/episode/episode.jhtml?episodeId=120190#bio |date=20090306044942 }} ''MTV.'' Accessed 27 Oktoba 2008.</ref> Brown pia aliigiza kama mhusika wa kualikwa katika [[filamu ya Disney ya The Suite Life of Zack &amp; Cody]] kama yeye mwenyewe.<ref>[http://entertainment.glam.com/articles/tvghotlist/the_suite_life_of_zack_cody/ The Suite Life of Zack &amp; Cody] {{Wayback|url=http://entertainment.glam.com/articles/tvghotlist/the_suite_life_of_zack_cody/ |date=20090705003956 }} ''Glam Media.'' Accessed 27 Oktoba 2008.</ref> Brown anatarajiwa kuigiza kama mhusika mkuu katika [[filamu ya drama ya]] mpira wa kikapu ''Phenom.'' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1555168/20070320/story.jhtml|title=Movie File: Chris Brown, 'Ocean's Thirteen,' Michelle Trachtenberg & More|last=Adler|first=Shawn|coauthors=Carroll, Larry|date=2007-03-21|work=[[MTV]]|accessdate=2009-01-26|archive-date=2009-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415072509/http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1555168/20070320/story.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Chris Brown singing at Brisbane Entertainment Centre cropped.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Brown akitumbuiza katika Kituo cha Burudani cha Brisbane]] Muda mfupi baada ya kumaliza ziara yake katika majira ya joto na [[Ne-Yo]], Brown alianza kushughulikia utayarishaji wa albamu yake ya pili, ''[[Exclusive]],'' ambayo ilitolewa Novemba 2007. Albamu ilichukua nafasi ya nne kwenye [[Bango la nyimbo 200 mashuhuri,|''Bango'' la nyimbo 200 mashuhuri]], na kuuza nakala 294,000 katika wiki yake ya kwanza.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hasty|first=Katie|date=2007-11-14|title=Jay-Z Leapfrogs Eagles, Britney For No. 1 Debut|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Nielsen Company|Nielsen Business Media]]|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003672227|accessdate=2009-01-12|archivedate=2011-06-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605224555/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003672227}}</ref> Imeuza nakala milioni 1.9 Marekani.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mitchell|first=Gail|date=2008-12-12|title=Chris Brown Pairs With Rihanna, McGraw|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/chris-brown-pairs-with-rihanna-mcgraw-1003922298.story|accessdate=2009-01-12|archivedate=2012-10-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023094230/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/chris-brown-pairs-with-rihanna-mcgraw-1003922298.story}}</ref> Kulingana na habari za [[MTV]], Brown alisema: "Mimi bado nitaendelea vivyo hivyo ili mashabiki wangu vijana waweza kuendelea kusikiliza muziki wangu, lakini nina nyimbo chache za watu wazima." Wimbo wa kwanza wa albamu hii, [["Wall to Wall"]], ulikuwa namba 96 katika [[Bango la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri|''Bango'' la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri]], kisha ukapanda na kuwa namba 79 na namba 22 katika Bango la R & B na chati ya Hip-Hop na kuwa wimbo wake uliochukua nafasi ya chini kabisa hadi kufikia sasa. Wimbo wa [["Kiss Kiss"]], ulioshirikisha na kutayarishwa na [[T-Pain]], ulitolewa kama wimbo wa pili. Wimbo huu ukawa na mafanikio zaidi ya ule wa [["Wall To Wall,"]] na kufikia namba moja kwenye ''Bango'' la Marekani la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri, na kuwa wimbo wa Chris wa pili kuchukua nafasi ya kwanza tangu wimbo wa "Run It!" katika mwaka wa 2005. Mnamo 4 Desemba 2007, Brown alitoa wimbo wa tatu kutoka kwa albamu yake "Exclusive," ulioitwa [["With You"]], na uliotayarishwa na Stargate. Wimbo huu wa "With You" ulifika namba mbili kwenye ''Bango'' la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri na ukaingia kwenye chati katika nchi mbalimbali duniani, hivyo basi kuwa mmoja wa nyimbo za Brown zilizofanikiwa sana kufikia sasa. Wimbo huu uliingia katika orodha ya nyimbo kumi za kwanza katika nchi za New Zealand, [[Singapore]], Kanada, Marekani, [[Cypern]], Ayalandi, Ufaransa, Uingereza, [[Malaysia]], na Australia. Brown alitoa toleo lingine la albamu ya ''Exclusive'' tarehe 3 Juni 2008. Toleo hili aliliita ''[[Exclusive: The Forever Edition]],'' na alilitoa miezi saba baada ya kutolewa kwa toleo asili. Toleo hili mpya lilikuwa na nyimbo nne mpya, ikiwa ni pamoja na wimbo wa [["Forever"]] ambao ulifika namba mbili kwenye ''Bango'' la nyimbo 100 mashuhuri. Katika kupigia debe albamu yake Brown alianza ziara yake ya ''Exclusive Holiday '' Concert tour, na kutembelea zaidi ya sehemu thelathini Marekani. Alianza ziara hiyo katika eneo la [[Cincinnati, Ohio]], tarehe 6 Desemba 2007 na aliihitimisha mnamo 9 Februari 2008 katika eneo la [[Honolulu, Hawaii.]] Video iliyorekodiwa ya ziara hiyo ilitolewa tarehe 3 Juni 2008 kama rekodi ya ''[[Exclusive: The Forever Edition]].'' Yeye aliimba wimbo wa "With You" katika shindano la [[BET Awards '08]] katika mwezi wa Juni 2008. Kisha [[Ciara]] alijiunga naye Brown ili wacheze pamoja kipande cha wimbo wa [["Take You Down"]]. Brown, pamoja na [[The Game]], ameshirikishwa katika albamu ya [[Nas ambayo bado haijapewa jina]] katika wimbo wa [["Make the World Go Round"]], uliotayarishwa kwa ushirikiano wa The Game na [[Cool &amp; Dre.]] <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://media.hurricane-game.net/play.php?vid=263 |title=Game explains Chris Brown's appearance on Nas album |accessdate=2009-11-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729071805/http://media.hurricane-game.net/play.php?vid=263 |archivedate=2010-07-29 }}</ref> Yeye pia ameshirikishwa, wakiwa na Sean Garrett, katika wimbo wa Ludacris wa [["What Them Girls Like"]] kutoka kwa albamu ya ''[[Theater of the Mind.]]'' Pia alishirikishwa kwenye wimbo wa tatu wa [[T-Pain]] [["Freeze"]] kutoka kwa albamu yake mpya ya ''[[Thr33 Ringz]]''. Brown alitajwa kama msanii mashuhuri wa 2008 na jarida la ''[[Billboard]]'' magazine.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Artists - Billboard Year in Music 2008|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Nielsen Company|Nielsen Business Media]]|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/yearend/2008/charts/top-artists.shtml|accessdate=2008-12-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212220835/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/yearend/2008/charts/top-artists.shtml|archivedate=2008-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/feature/artist-of-the-year-chris-brown-1003925612.story|title=Artist Of The Year: Chris Brown|last=Mitchell|first=Gail|date=2008-12-30|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-01-09|archivedate=2009-07-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705210112/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/feature/artist-of-the-year-chris-brown-1003925612.story}}</ref> Brown alisaidia kukuza mradi wa Math-A-Thon uliofaidi hospitali hiyo kwa kushiriki kama mwenyeji katika filamu ya kuukuza.<ref> [http://www.mathathon.org/chris_10_07.shtml St Jude Children's Research Hospital]</ref> Brown alitoa wimbo wake wa [["Take You Down"]] katika Januari 2009 nchini Uingereza na Ireland. ===2009-hadi leo: ''GRAFFITI'' na kesi ya vurugu za kinyumbani=== Tangu mwaka 2008, Brown ilianza kufanyia kazi albamu iliyokutarajiwa kutoka. Kulingana naye, atajaribu mwelekeo tofauti wa muziki kwenye albamu yake mpya ambayo, kwa sasa ina jina ''[[GRAFFITI]]'' akitumaini kuiga waimbaji wenzake wa Marekani, [[Prince]] na [[Michael Jackson.]] Yeye anasema, "Mimi ninataka kujibadilisha na kuwa tofauti. Kama mtindo wangu siku hizi, mimi sijaribu kufuata mtindo wa mijini pekee. Mimi nataka kuwa kama vile Prince na Michael [Jackson] na [[Stevie Wonder]] walivyokuwa. Wanaweza wakaingia kwenye aina yoyote ya muziki." <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itv.com/Entertainment/celebrity/Articles/Chris-Browns-close-Rihanna-860312740.html|title=Chris Brown's close Rihanna|date=2008-06-27|publisher=[[ITV.com]]|accessdate=2009-05-27}}</ref> Brown alitoa wimbo wake wa kwanza kutoka kwenye albamu ya GRAFFITI unaoitwa [["I Can Change Ya"]] tarehe 29 Septemba kama tarakimu ya kupakia, na video yake ilitolewa baadaye kwenye [[MTV]], tarehe 27 Oktoba 2009. Brown pia alithibitisha kuwa wimbo wake utakaofuata utaitwa "Crawl", na ambao utatolewa wiki chache baada ya wimbo wake wa kwanza. Wao wametengeneza video za nyimbo zote mbili. Albamu ya ''GRAFFITI'' itafuata na kutolewa tarehe 15 Desemba 2009 .<ref name="Billboard">{{cite web|author=Nancy Dillon|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20281314,00.html|title=Chris Brown Finally Speaks: 'I Ain't a Monster'|date=2009-05-27|publisher=''[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=2009-05-27|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211447/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20281314,00.html}}</ref> Brown alijipeleka katika [[Idara ya Polisi ya Los Angeles]], kituo cha Wilshire, tarehe 8 Februari 2009, na alikamatwa kwa makosa ya kufanya vitisho vya jinai,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/b99069_chris_brown_arrested_after_alleged.html|title=Chris Brown Arrested After Alleged Rihanna Assault|last=Errico|first=Marcus|date=2009-02-08|work=[[E! Online]]|publisher=[[E!|E! Online]]|accessdate=2009-02-08}}</ref> akiwa bado anafanyiwa uchunguzi kwa madai ya vurugu za nyumbani, kufuatia ugomvi na mwanamke ambaye hakutambuliwa. Ripoti ya polisi haikutaja jina la mwanamke aliyehusika katika tukio hilo kama ilivyo sera, lakini ripoti hiyo ilisema kwamba "yeye alikuwa amepata majeraha yaliyoonekana".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/02/09/chris.brown/index.html?iref=mpstoryview#cnnSTCText|title=Sources: Brown's alleged victim was girlfriend Rihanna}}</ref> Hata hivyo, baadhi ya vyombo vya habari kama vile [[Los Angeles Times, CNN]] na [[MSNBC]] vilisema kuwa kuna watu waliokuwa wamemtambua mhasiriwa katika kesi hii, na kwamba alikuwa ni mpenzi wake na mwimbaji mwenzake wa muziki wa R & B, [[Rihanna]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29088387/|title=Brown arrested after alleged attack on Rihanna|accessdate=2009-03-13|publisher=MSNBC|date=2009-02-09|archive-date=2009-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091213151245/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29088387/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2009/02/chris-brown-boo.html |title= Singer Chris Brown under investigation in alleged assault |accessdate=2009-03-13 |publisher= Los Angeles Times |date= 2009-02-08}}</ref><ref name="Schreffler">{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2009/02/08/2009-02-08_chris_brown_sought_by_police_in_battery_.html|title=Chris Brown sought by police in battery investigation|last=Schreffler|first=Laura|coauthors=Yaniv, Oren|date=2009-02-08|work=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]|publisher=[[Mortimer Zuckerman]]|accessdate=2009-02-08|archivedate=2009-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418224830/http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2009/02/08/2009-02-08_chris_brown_sought_by_police_in_battery_.html}}</ref> Kufuatia kukamatwa kwake, mengi ya matangazo yake ya kibiashara yalifutiliwa mbali, muziki wake uliwacha kuchezwa katika vituo vingi vya redio, na yeye akajiondoa kutoka kwenye mitagusano na umma, ikiwa ni pamoja na mashindano ya [[Grammy Awards, 2009]] ambapo nafasi yake ilichukuliwa na [[Justin Timberlake]] na [[Al Green.]] <ref name="Schreffler"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/b99243_chris_brown_bounces_nba_all-star.html|title=Chris Brown Lowdown: Cops Continue Probe, Wrigley Halts Ads|last=Grossberg|first=Josh |coauthors=Errico, Marcus|date=2009-02-09|work=E! Online|publisher=E! Online|accessdate=2009-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hollywoodinsider.ew.com/2009/02/chris-brown-and.html|title=Chris Brown and Rihanna: More fallout|accessdate=2009-11-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213111742/http://hollywoodinsider.ew.com/2009/02/chris-brown-and.html|archivedate=2009-02-13}}</ref> Brown baadaye alitoa taarifa akisema, "Maneno hayawezi kuanza kueleza jinsi ninavyojuta na kusikitika kutokana na kilichotendeka." <ref>{{cite web|url=http://gawker.com/5154020/chris-brown-sorry-about-rihanna-incident|title=Chris Brown Sorry About Rihanna Incident|last=Tate|first=Ryan|date=15 Februari 2009|publisher=Gawker|accessdate=2009-03-18}}</ref> Mnamo tarehe 5 Machi 2009, Brown alishtakiwa kwa mashtaka ya kushambulia na kufanya vitisho vya jinai. Yeye alipelekwa kortini mnamo 6 Aprili 2009, na walikanusha shtaka moja la kufanya mashambulizi na lingine la kufanya vitisho vya jinai.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/04/06/chris.brown/index.html|title=Chris Brown pleads not guilty in assault case|date=2009-04-07|publisher=CNN|accessdate=2009-06-08}}</ref> Tarehe 22 Juni 2009, Brown alikubali mashtaka yake na kukubali adhabu ya kufanya kazi ya jamii na miaka mitano ya majaribio rasmi. Kupata ushauri kuhusu vurugu za nyumbani pia ilikuwa sehemu ya uamuzi wa Jaji Patricia Schnegg, huko mahakamani.<ref>[http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2009/06/settlement-might-be-near-in-chris-brown-case.html Settlement reached in Chris Brown's alleged beating of Rihanna,] ''Los Angeles Times,'' 22 Juni 2009</ref> Mashirika kadhaa yanayopinga vurugu hizi yalipinga uamuzi huo, wakisema kuwa adhabu hiyo haikuwa kali vya kutosha kwa uhalifu uliofanywa; kiwango cha ushawishi wa Brown kwa vijana pia kilijadiliwa, kwani vurugu hizi za nyumbani zinaaminika kuwa tabia ya kujifunza.<ref>{{citation|last=Melago|first=Carrie|title=Chris Brown plea deal in Rihanna beating sends bad message, say domestic abuse experts|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2009/06/24/2009-06-24_chris_brown_plea_deal_in_rihanna_beating_sends_bad_message_says_domestic_abuse_e.html|newspaper=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]|date=2009-06-24|accessdate=2009-07-20|archive-date=2009-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822090514/http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2009/06/24/2009-06-24_chris_brown_plea_deal_in_rihanna_beating_sends_bad_message_says_domestic_abuse_e.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last1=Brown|first1=DeNeen|last2=Surdin|first2=Ashley|title=Chris Brown Pleads Guilty to Assault|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/22/AR2009062200452.html?wprss=rss_print/style|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=2009-06-23|accessdate=2009-07-20}}</ref> Tarehe 20 Julai 2009, Brown alitowa video ya dakika mbili katika tovuti ya [[YouTube]] ya kuomba msamaha kwa mashabiki wake na kwa Rihanna kwa sababu ya kosa hilo. Yeye alisema kuwa "alisikitishwa mno" na tukio hilo na kusema kwamba amerudia kuomba msamaha kutoka kwa Rihanna na "anakubali kosa lake ".<ref name="youtube.com">{{cite news|title= A Message From Chris |publisher=[[YouTube]]/Chris Brown Official Channel|date=2009-07-20|accessdate=2009-07-20|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n4SD6oBvbKY}}</ref><ref name="wonderwall.msn.com">{{cite news|title=Chris Brown apologizes for Rihanna beating|publisher=[[MSN]]|date=2009-07-20|accessdate=2009-07-20|url=http://wonderwall.msn.com/#wallState=0__/music/chris-brown-apologizes-or-rihanna-beating-1518453.story|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709063455/http://wonderwall.msn.com//#wallState=0__/music/chris-brown-apologizes-or-rihanna-beating-1518453.story|archivedate=2009-07-09}}</ref><ref name="Mtv.com">{{cite news|first=Jayson|last=Rodriguez|title=Chris Brown Apologizes For Rihanna Assault In New Video|publisher=[[MTV]]|date=2009-07-20|accessdate=2009-07-20|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1616575/20090720/brown__chris__18_.jhtml|archivedate=2010-01-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109233014/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1616575/20090720/brown__chris__18_.jhtml}}</ref> Brown alisema kuwa alitaka kuzungumza hapo awali kuhusu kesi hiyo lakini alishauriwa na wakili wake kutosema chochote hadi kesi hiyo imalizike kortini.<ref name="youtube.com" /><ref name="wonderwall.msn.com" /><ref name="Mtv.com" /> Katika mwezi wa 25 Agosti, Brown alihukumiwa miaka mitano ya [[majaribio]], mwaka mmoja wa ushauri kuhusu vurugu za nyumbani, na miezi sita ya [[huduma kwa jamii;]] hakimu alitoa [[amri ya kuzuia]] ya hukumu miaka mitano kwa Brown, ambayo inamhitaji kukaa yadi 100 mbali na Rihanna, na yadi 10 katika matukio ya umma.<ref>{{cite news|first=Anthony|last=McCartney|title=Chris Brown sentenced in Rihanna assault case|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=2009-09-25|accessdate=2009-09-25|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jd7tN4gXF5Ta8eaVJfsc_n3pBFfAD9AA6DTO0}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Chris Brown sentenced for Rihanna assault|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/08/25/chris.brown.sentencing/|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=2009-09-25|accessdate=2009-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Chris Brown sentenced to community labour in Rihanna assault case|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/6090224/Chris-Brown-sentenced-to-community-labour-in-Rihanna-assault-case.html|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=2009-09-25|accessdate=2009-09-25|archivedate=2010-09-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915160524/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/6090224/Chris-Brown-sentenced-to-community-labour-in-Rihanna-assault-case.html}}</ref> Tarehe 2 Septemba 2009, Brown alizungumza kuhusu kesi hiyo ya unyanyasaji katika rekodi iliyofanywa kabla, ya mahojiano ya ''[[Larry King Live interview]]'', ambayo ndiyo yaliyokuwa mahojiano yake ya kwanza tangu tukio hilo.<ref name="www.cnn.com">{{cite news|first=Amy|last=Huggins|title= Chris Brown says he still loves Rihanna |publisher=[[CNN]]|date=2009-08-31|accessdate=2009-09-03|url= http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/08/31/chris.brown.interview/index.html}}</ref><ref name="www.msnbc.msn.com">{{cite news|title=Yes, Chris Brown remembers Rihanna beating|publisher=[[MSNBC]]|date=2009-09-01|accessdate=2009-09-03|url= http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/32634846/ns/entertainment-celebrities/}}</ref><ref name="www.rollingstone.com">{{cite news|title=Chris Brown Clarifies King Interview, Says He Recalls Rihanna Incident|publisher=''[[Rolling Stone]]''|date=2009-09-01|accessdate=2009-09-03|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2009/09/01/chris-brown-denies-he-cant-recall-rihanna-incident/|archivedate=2009-09-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908003738/http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2009/09/01/chris-brown-denies-he-cant-recall-rihanna-incident/}}</ref><ref name="www.nydailynews.com">{{cite news|first=Issie|last=Lapowsky|title=Chris Brown on 'Larry King Live': Relationship with Rihanna 'was sort of like Romeo and Juliet'|publisher=''[[Daily News (New York)|New Your Daily News]]''|date=2009-08-31|accessdate=2009-09-03|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2009/09/03/2009-09-03_chris_brown_on_larry_king_live_relationship_with_rihanna_was_sort_of_like_romeo_.html#ixzz0Q5q2qUHR|archivedate=2009-09-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906103831/http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2009/09/03/2009-09-03_chris_brown_on_larry_king_live_relationship_with_rihanna_was_sort_of_like_romeo_.html#ixzz0Q5q2qUHR}}</ref> Yeye aliandamana na mama yake na wakili wake [[Marko Geragos]], kwenye mahojiano hayo, ambapo alizungumza kuhusu maisha yake alipokuwa anakua akishuhudia vurugu za nyumbani; mama yake alikuwa akidhulumiwa na babake Brown wakambo. Brown alisema haya aliposikia maelezo kuhusu yale yaliyotokea katika usiku wa shambulio lake mwenyewe, alipomgonga Rihanna, "Nimeshtuka, kwa sababu, kwanza kabisa, mimi siko hivyo, na si ahadi kwamba nataka kuwa hivyo.<ref name="www.cnn.com" /> Mama yake Brown, Joyce Hawkins, alisema Brown "hajawahi kamwe kuwa mtu wa vurugu", na kwamba yeye haamini katika [[mzunguko wa vurugu.]] <ref name="www.cnn.com" /> Brown alielezea kuhusu uhusiano wake na Rihanna na kusema kwamba ulikuwa kama wa [[Romeo na Juliet]] wakati wa ripoti zilizotolewa na vyombo vya habari kuhusu kesi hii, na kwamba ilikuwa ni vyombo vya habari vilivyowatenganisha kufuatia habari kuhusu shambulizi hilo.<ref name="www.nydailynews.com" /> Alisema kuwa hakuwa anakumbuka akimpiga Rihanna na aligundua tu kuwa alikuwa ashamchapa, na anaomba msamaha kwa sababu ya matendo yake usiku huo.<ref name="www.cnn.com" /><ref name="www.nydailynews.com" /><ref name="www.msnbc.msn.com" /><ref name="www.rollingstone.com" /><ref name="www.usmagazine.com">{{cite news|title=Chris Brown: I Don't Remember Beating Rihanna|publisher=''[[Us Weekly]]''|date=2009-08-31|accessdate=2009-09-03|url=http://www.usmagazine.com/news/chris-brown-i-dont-remember-beating-rihanna-2009318|archivedate=2009-09-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902105547/http://www.usmagazine.com/news/chris-brown-i-dont-remember-beating-rihanna-2009318}}</ref> Kufuatia ukosoaji wa kusema hakuwa anakumbuka, Brown baadaye alisema katika taarifa yake, "Bila shaka ninakumbuka nini kilichotokea. Mara nyingi katika mahojiano, mama yangu alisema kuwa nilimwendea muda tu baada ya tukio hilo na kumwambia kila kitu. " Brown alisema kuwa, "bado alikuwa hakumbuki kilichotendeka [usiku] huo vyema".<ref name="www.msnbc.msn.com" /><ref name="www.rollingstone.com" /> Mapema katika mahojiano na ''Larry King Live'', Brown alisema kwamba ni "jambo gumu" kwake kutazama picha maarufu iliyotolewa ya uso wa Rihanna ukiwa na majeraha, ambayo inaweza kuwa picha moja itakayomkaa akilini na kufuatana naye milele, na kwamba yeye bado anampenda.<ref name="" name="www.cnn.com"></ref> "Nina uhakika tunaweza kuendelea kuwa marafiki," alisema Brown, "na mimi sijui kuhusu uhusiano wetu, lakini ninajua tu kwamba sisi tulibaki kama marafiki." Aidha, yeye alisema kuwa hahisi kwamba kazi yake imesitishwa.<ref name="www.nydailynews.com" /> ==Diskografia== * ''[[Chris Brown (albamu)|Chris Brown]]'' (2005) * ''[[Exclusive]]'' (2007) * ''[[Graffiti]]'' (2009) * ''[[F.A.M.E.]]'' (2011) * ''[[Fortune]]'' (2012) ==Ziara== * 2006: Ziara ya Up Close and Personal * 2007: Ziara ya The UCP Exclusive * 2009: Ziara ya Kushukuru Mashabiki <ref>http://www.billboard.com/ # / news/chris-brown-announces-fan-appreciation-tour-1004027466.story</ref> ;Maonyesho ya kufungua * [[The Beyoncé Experience]] ==Filamu== {|border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%;" |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" !colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;"|Televisheni |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" !Mwaka !Jina !Uhusika !Maelezo |- |2006 |''Christmas in Washington'' |Chris Brown |television special (Turner Network Television) |- |2007 |''The O.C.'' |Will Tutt |vipengele vitatu |- |2008 |''The Suite Life of Zack and Cody'' |Chris Brown |nyota mwalikwa |- |2011 |''Tosh.O'' |Chris Brown |mwalimu wa densi |- |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" !colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;"|Filamu |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" !Mwka !Jina !Uhusika !Maelezo |- |rowspan="2"|2007 |''Stomp the Yard'' |Duron |small role/film debut |- |''This Christmas'' |Michael 'Baby' Whitfield |uhusika mkuu |- |2009 |''Blood Rogues'' |Christopher | |- |2010 |''Takers'' |Jessie Attica<ref name=Takers>{{cite web|last=Adler|first=Shawn|title=Chris Brown Dances Around Bullets In Upcoming Film 'Bone Deep'|work=MTV|publisher=MTV Networks|date=2008-10-02|url=http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1596085/20081001/story.jhtml|accessdate=2009-02-10|archive-date=2010-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302160949/http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1596085/20081001/story.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Executive Producer |- |2012 |''Think Like A Man'' | | |} ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo|2}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.chrisbrownworld.com/ Tovuti rasmi ya Chris Brown] * {{IMDb name|id=2093097|name=Chris Brown}} {{Chris Brown}} {{Persondata | name= Brown, Chris | alternative names= Brown, Christopher Maurice | short description= [[Singer-songwriter]], [[rapper]], [[dancer]], [[actor]] | date of birth= 5 Mei 1989 | place of birth= [[Tappahannock, Virginia|Tappahannock]], [[Virginia]], United States | date of death= | place of death= }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brown, Chris}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1989]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa hip hop]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] hkqi8fbiwk133344i035loyhoe474ly 0 32090 1598952 1520104 2026-09-23T02:46:29Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598952 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Phone communication icon.png|thumb|Alama ya mawasiliano ya simu]] '''Mawasiliano''' kwa kawaida hufafanuliwa kama kupashana au kubadilishana [[wazo|mawazo]], [[oni|maoni]], [[hisia]] au [[habari]] kwa [[neno|maneno]], [[andishi|maandishi]] au [[ishara]] kufikia [[lengo]] lililokubaliwa au [[mwelekeo]] uliokubaliwa (habari)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartz |first1=Gary E. |last2=Simon |first2=William L. |last3=Carmona |first3=Richard |title=The Energy Healing Experiments |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lj7CUO6uo4YC&pg=PA129&dq=Communication%20two-way%20process&f=false |page=129 |year=2008 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=0743292399 |quote=All communication is a process of exchanging energy and exchanging information.}}</ref>. Ingawa kuna mawasiliano ya [[njia]] moja, mawasiliano yanaweza kueleweka vyema kama [[mchakato]] wa kuhamisha [[taarifa]] kati ya wahusika wawili. Katika mawasiliano habari hupakiwa na kutumwa na kupashwa na mtu kwa anayepokea kupitia njia maalum. Kisha anayepokea hupakua [[ujumbe]] ule na kumpatia aliyetuma (ma)[[jibu]]. Aina zote za mawasiliano huhitaji mtumaji, ujumbe na mpokeaji. Mawasiliano huhitaji kwamba wanaohusika wawe na jambo linalowaunganisha. Kuna njia zinazohusisha kusikia, kama vile [[unenaji]], [[wimbo]], na [[toni]] ya [[sauti]], na kuna zile zisizohusisha kusikia, kama vile [[mwondoko|miondoko]] ya [[mwili]], [[lugha ishara]], kugusa, kuwasiliana kwa [[macho]] na [[kuandika]]. == Mabadiliko katika mawasiliano == Kadiri [[wakati]] unavyopita, [[teknolojia]] imeendelea kukua na kuibua aina mpya za mawazo kuhusu mawasiliano. [[Maendeleo]] hayo ya teknolojia yalibadilisha jinsi mawasiliano yanavyofanyika. Watafiti wamegawanya jinsi mawasiliano yalivyobadilika katika hatua tatu. Mabadiliko ya mwanzo: mawasiliano ya kwanza katika maandishi yalianza na [[mchoro|michoro]]. Maandishi hayo yaliandikwa kwenye [[mawe]], ambayo yalikuwa mazito mno kuhamishwa. Wakati huo, mawasiliano ya maandishi hayangeweza kubebwa, ingawa yalikuwepo. Mabadiliko ya pili: maandishi yalianza kufanyiwa kwenye [[karatasi]], ma[[vunjo]], [[udongo]], [[nta]], n.k. [[Herufi]] za [[alfabeti]] zilibuniwa, hivyo basi kuruhusu [[mfanano]] wa lugha katika ma[[eneo]] makubwa. Baada ya muda, shirika la [[uchapishaji]] la [[Gutenberg]] lilianzishwa. Gutenberg alitayarisha [[kitabu]] cha kwanza cha kuchapishwa akitumia [[mashine]] yake, na kitabu hicho kilikuwa [[Biblia]]. Maandiko hayo yaliweza kusafirishwa kwa watu wengine [[dunia]]ni ili wayaone, pia yaliweza kuhifadhiwa na kubebwa. Mabadiliko ya tatu: [[taarifa]] sasa inaweza kuhamishwa kupitia ma[[wimbi]], na [[ishara za kielektroniki]]. Kwa hiyo mawasiliano ni njia inayotumiwa katika kutoa na kufikisha [[maana]] katika [[jaribio]] la kusababisha [[ufahamu]] wa jumla. [[Utaratibu]] huu unahitaji mkusanyiko mkubwa wa ujuzi wa mawasiliano miongoni mwa na baina ya watu, kusikiliza, kutazama, kuongea, kuhoji, kuchambua na kutathmini. Ni kupitia mawasiliano kwamba [[ushirikiano]] hutokea. <ref>{{cite web|title=communication|work=office of superintendent of Public instruction|location=Washington|url=http://www.k12.wa.us/CurriculumInstruct/Communications/default.aspx|accessdate=14 Machi 2008|dateformat=mdy|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119141954/http://www.k12.wa.us/CurriculumInstruct/Communications/default.aspx|archivedate=2009-11-19}}</ref> Pia kuna vi[[kwazo]] vingi vya kawaida katika mawasiliano. Viwili kati yake vikiwa ''kupasha ujumbe kupita kiasi'' (mtu anapopokea ujumbe mwingi mno kwa wakati mmoja), na ''ujumbe changamano.'' == Aina za mawasiliano == Kuna sehemu tatu kuu katika mawasiliano ya ana kwa ana kati ya [[binadamu]]: miondoko ya mwili, toni ya sauti na maneno. Kulingana na [[utafiti]]: <ref> Mehrabian na Ferris (1967). "Inference of Attitude from Nonverbal Communication in Two Channels". Katika: ''The Journal of Counselling Psychology'' Vol.31, 1967, pp.248-52.</ref> * 55% ya [[athari]] hulingana na miondoko ya mwili. Kwa mfano: jinsi mtu alivyokaa, ishara za [[uso]], [[mikono]] na macho * 38% hulingana na toni ya sauti, na * 7% hulingana na maudhui (ujumbe au maneno) yaliyotumika katika mchakato wa mawasiliano. Ingawa [[asilimia]] ya [[ushawishi]] inaweza ikabadilika kwa [[sababu]] tofauti, kama vile [[msikilizaji]] na [[msemaji]], mawasiliano kwa jumla hulenga kutimiza lengo moja, kwa hiyo, katika baadhi ya ma[[tukio]], huwa yanafanana kote duniani. Mfumo wa ishara, kama vile sauti, kiimbo au [[uzito]] wa sauti, ishara za mikono au za uso au ishara zilizoandikwa ambazo huwasilisha mawazo au [[hisia]]. Ikiwa [[lugha]] inahusu kuwasiliana kwa ishara, sauti, [[mlio]], ishara za uso na za mikono, au ishara zilizoandikwa, je, mawasiliano ya [[wanyama]] yanaweza kuchukuliwa kama lugha? Wanyama hawana lugha iliyoandikwa, lakini baadhi wanadhani mawasiliano ya wanyama yanaweza kuchukuliwa kama lugha ya namna yake. Lugha za [[binadamu]] zinazozungumzwa na kuandikwa zinaweza kufafanuliwa kama [[mfumo]] wa [[ishara]] (zinazojulikana wakati mwingine kama [[leksia]] na [[sarufi]]) ambayo ishara hizo huzingatia. Neno "lugha" pia hutumika kurejelea [[sifa]] bainifu za lugha. [[Kujifunza lugha]] ni jambo la kawaida katika [[utoto]] wa binadamu. Lugha nyingi hutumia mifumo ya [[sauti]] au [[ishara]] ambazo huwezesha mawasiliano baina ya mtu na wenzake. Kuna ma[[elfu]] ya lugha, nazo huwa na sifa bainifu, ingawa nyingi ya sifa hizi huwa na upekee. Hakuna mgawanyo dhahiri kati ya lugha na [[lahaja]], lakini [[mwanaisimu]] [[Weinreich Max]] anatambuliwa kwa kusema kuwa "lugha ni lahaja iliyo na [[jeshi]] la nchi kavu na la [[maji]]ni". [[Lugha za kuundwa]] kama vile [[Kiesperanto]], lugha za [[tarakilishi]], na ma[[umbo]] mbalimbali ya [[hisabati]] haziko chini ya sifa bainifu zinazohusisha lugha za binadamu. === Mawasiliano kwa ishara/kutazama === [[Mawasiliano kwa ishara]] ni mchakato wa kuwasiliana kwa njia ya kutuma na kupokea [[ujumbe]] usiohusisha maneno. Ujumbe kama huo unaweza kuwasilishwa kupitia ishara za uso au mikono, miondoko ya mwili au jinsi ya kukaa; ishara ya uso na kutazamana machoni, mawasiliano kwa njia ya vitu, kama vile ma[[vazi]] uliyovalia, jinsi ulivyotengeza [[nywele]], au hata kwa michoro, pia kupitia jumla ya njia zilizoandikwa hapo juu, kama vile mawasiliano kupitia [[tabia]]. Mawasiliano kwa ishara huwa na [[jukumu]] muhimu katika [[maisha]] ya kila [[siku]] ya kila mtu, iwe ni katika uhusiano wa ki[[ajira]] hadi wa ki[[mapenzi]]. Mazungumzo pia huwa na vipengele vya mawasiliano kwa ishara yanayojulikana kama 'viziada-lugha' ('paralanguage'), ambayo huhusisha [[ubora]] wa sauti, hisia na mitindo ya kuzungumza, ikiwa pamoja na sifa za kiarudhi kama vile [[mdundo]], [[lafudhi]] na [[msisitizo]]. Aidha, [[matini]] zilizoandikwa zina vipengele vya mawasiliano kwa ishara kama vile [[mtindo]] wa kuandika, [[mpangilio]] wa maneno, au [[matumizi]] ya hisia. Neno lililounganisha maneno ya [[Kiingereza]] ya hisia (emote) na [[ikoni]] (icon), [[kihisishi]] (emoticon) ni ishara au [[muungano]] wa ishara zinazotumiwa kupitisha hisia katika maandishi. Aina nyingine za mawasiliano kama vile [[telegrafia]] huwa katika [[kategoria]] hii, ambapo ishara hupitishwa kutoka kwa mtu mmoja hadi mwingine kwa njia tofauti. Ishara hizo zinaweza kuwa [[viwakilishi]] vya maneno, vifaa au ma[[kadirio]] tu. Ma[[jaribio]] yameonyesha kwamba binadamu wanaweza kuwasiliana moja kwa moja kupitia njia hii <ref>[[Warwick, K, Gasson, M]], Hutt, B, Goodhew, I, [[Kyberd, P]], Schulzrinne, H na Wu, X: "Thought Communication and Control: A First Step using Radiotelegraphy", ''IEE Proceeedings on Communication,'' 151 (3), pp.185-189, 2004</ref> bila miondoko ya kimwili, toni ya sauti au maneno. '''Kategoria na sifa''' GW Porter anagawanya mawasiliano kwa ishara katika kategoria nne: #'''Kimwili.''' Hii ni aina ya mawasiliano ya binafsi. Mawasiliano hayo yanahusisha ishara za uso, toni ya sauti, kugusa, kunusa, na miondoko ya mwili. #'''Ujumi.''' Hii ni aina ya mawasiliano ambayo hufanyika kupitia njia za ubunifu: kucheza [[ala ya muziki]], [[dansi]], [[uchoraji]] na [[uchongaji]]. #'''Ishara.''' Hii ni aina ya mawasiliano, ambayo inajumuisha matumizi ya [[bendera]] za ishara, milio 21 ya [[bunduki]], [[pembe]], na [[king'ora|ving'ora]]. #'''Kiashiria.''' Hii ni aina ya mawasiliano ambayo inatumia alama za kidini, hadhi, au za kujenga nafsi. '''Sifa zisizobadilika''' '''Umbali.''' Umbali mtu mmoja anaosimama kutoka kwa mtu mwingine kwa kawaida huwasilisha ujumbe fulani. Katika baadhi ya tamaduni hii ni ishara ya mvuto, na kwa wengine inaweza kuonyesha hadhi au umuhimu wa ujumbe unaopitishwa. '''Namna ya kujiwasilisha.''' Watu wanaweza kujiwasilisha kwa njia mbalimbali: uso kwa uso, [[ubavu]] kwa ubavu, au hata wakifuatana. Kwa mfano, watu walio na ushirikiano kuna uwezekano watakaa ubavu kwa ubavu na washindani wakati mwingi hutazamana. '''Namna ya kukaa.''' Kwa kawaida mtu anaweza kuwa amelala chini, ameketi, au amesimama. Hivi si vipengele vya mkao vinavyowasilisha ujumbe. Je, sisi tunatembea kwa kujikokota au tumesimama wima? Tunakunja [[miguu]] au mikono yetu? Njia kama hizi za kukaa huwasilisha kiwango cha urasmi na kiwango cha mapumziko katika mawasiliano. '''Mgusano wa kimwili.''' Kusalimiana kwa mikono, kugusana, kushikana, kukumbatiana, kusukumana, au kupiga kofi [[Mgongo|mgongoni]], haya yote huwasilisha ujumbe. Huwa yanaashiria [[urafiki]] au hisia za (au ukosefu wa) mvuto. '''Sifa Badilifu''' '''Ishara za uso.''' [[Tabasamu]], kukunja uso, kuinua [[nyusi]], piga miayo, na kukenua, hivi vyote huwasilisha habari. Ishara za uso hubadilika mara kwa mara wakati wa mawasiliano na hufuatiliwa sana na mpokeaji. Kuna ushahidi kuwa maana ya ishara hizo inaweza kuwa sawa katika tamaduni mbalimbali. '''Ishara.''' Mojawapo ya ishara zinazotumiwa, lakini zisizoeleweka, ni vidokezo katika mwondoko wa mkono. Watu wengi hutumia mara kwa mara miondoko ya mkono wanapoongea. Wakati baadhi ya ishara (mfano, kukunja [[ngumi]]) zina maana bia, nyingi za ishara huwa kila mtu anajifunza kibinafsi na zina upekee. '''Kutazama.''' Kipengele kikubwa cha mawasiliano ya kijamii ni kutazamana macho. Kipengele hiki kinaweza kuwasilisha hisia, ashiria wakati wa kuzungumza au kuacha kuzungumza, au [[chuki]]. Marudio ya kutazamana yanaweza kuonyesha aidha shauku au [[uchovu]]. === Mawasiliano ya kutazama === [[Mawasiliano ya kutazama]], kama jina linavyodokeza, ni mawasiliano kwa njia ya vielelezo. Ni kupitisha mawazo na habari katika aina ambazo zinaweza kusomwa au kutazamwa. Kimsingi yanahusishwa na vipimo vya aina [[mbili]], na yanahusisha: [[ishara]], [[tipografia]], [[uchoraji]], miundo ya grafia, mchoro, [[rangi]] na rasilimali za ki[[elektroniki]]. Mawasiliano hayo hutegemea tu kutazama. Ni aina ya mawasiliano ilijengwa kwenye wazo kwamba ujumbe unaoonekana ukiunganishwa na [[maandishi]] huwa na uwezo mkubwa wa kutaarifu, kuelimisha au [[kumshawishi]] mtu. Ni mawasiliano kwa kuwasilisha taarifa kupitia vielelezo. Tathmini ya muundo mzuri wa kutazamwa hujikita kwenye kupima ufahamu na watazamaji, wala si ujumi au upendeleo wa kisanii. Hakuna kanuni bia za [[uzuri]] na [[ubaya]]. Kuna njia mbalimbali za kuwasilisha taarifa kwa kutazama, kama vile kutumia ishara, miondoko ya mwili, [[video]] na [[TV]]. Hapa, lengo liko kwenye kuwasilisha [[matini]], [[picha]], michoro na kadhalika, zikiunganishwa kwenye maonyesho ya tarakilishi. Dhana wasilisho la kutazama hutumiwa kurejelea uwasilishaji halisi wa taarifa. Utafiti wa hivi karibuni katika sehemu hii umelenga miundo ya [[tovuti]] na matumizi ya [[grafiti]]. [[Waundaji wa grafiti]] hutumia mbinu za mawasiliano ya kutazama katika kazi yao. === Aina nyingine za mawasiliano === Aina nyingine za mawasiliano maalumu ni kama vile: * [[Mawasiliano kwa umma]] * [[Mawasiliano ya kusaidiwa]] * [[Mawasiliano ya grafiki]] * [[Mawasiliano yasiyo na ukatili]] * [[Mawasiliano ya mdomo]] * [[Mawasiliano ya sayansi]] * [[Mawasiliano ya kimkakati]] * [[Mawasiliano yanayofahamika kwa urahisi]] * [[Mawasiliano ya kiufundi]] * [[Mawasiliano ya kiununuzi]] == Mawasiliano ya mdomo == Mawasiliano ya mdomo ni mchakato ambapo habari hupitishwa kutoka kwa msemaji hadi kwa msikilizaji kupitia mdomo, lakini vielelezo vinaweza kutumiwa kusaidia katika mchakato huu. Msikilizaji anaweza kuwa mtu mmoja, kikundi au hata hadhira. Kuna aina chache za mawasiliano ya mdomo: majadiliano, hotuba, mawasilisho, n.k. Hata hivyo, mara nyingi wakati unawasiliana ana kwa ana [[miondoko]] ya [[mwili]] na toni ya sauti yako huwa na athari kubwa kuliko maneno halisi unayoyasema. Kulingana na utafiti wa hapo juu unaweza kuona kwamba maudhui au neno unalolitumia silo litakaloamua sehemu ya mawasiliano mazuri. "Jinsi unavyowasilisha ujumbe" huwa na athari kubwa kwa msikilizaji. Ni lazima unase umakini wa hadhira na uhusiane nao. Kwa mfano, watu wawili wanaosema kichekesho, mmoja wao anaweza kuifanya hadhira kuangua kicheko kutokana na miondoko mizuri ya kimwili na toni ya sauti. Hata hivyo, mtu wa pili anayewasilisha kichekesho kile kwa maneno yale yale anaweza kuifanya hadhira itazamane. Katika mawasiliano ya mdomo, inawezekana kutumia vielelezo ili kukusaidia kuwasilisha habari kwa usahihi zaidi. Mara nyingi, tunaweza kutumia [['PowerPoint']] katika mawasilisho yanayohusiana na hotuba zetu ili kuwezesha au kuboresha mchakato wa mawasiliano. Ingawa, hatuwezi kuwasiliana kwa kutumia vielelezo tu kwa sababu sisi hatutakuwa tukizungumza kuhusu mawasiliano ya mdomo tena. == Maumbo ya mawasiliano == [[Picha:Communication emisor.jpg|thumb|270px|Mipango mikuu ya Mawasiliano]] [[Picha:Encoding communication.jpg|thumb|270px|Mipango ya kodi za mawasiliano]] Mawasiliano kwa kawaida hufafanuliwa kwa kuzingatia mitazamo michache mikuu: Ujumbe (mambo ya aina gani yanayosemwa), chanzo / mtumaji / Msemaji / [[Mfumbaji]] (ambaye anatuma), aina (ujumbe ni wa aina gani), njia (unatumwa kupitia njia gani), unapokwenda / mpokeaji / lengo / [[mpokeaji]] (anayepokea ujumbe), na lengo au kipengele cha kipragramatiki. Kati ya vikundi, mawasiliano yanahusisha vitendo vinavyotunukia maarifa na tajriba, kupatia mawaidha na amri, na kuuliza maswali. Matendo haya yanaweza kuchukua sura nyingi, katika mojawapo ya njia mbalimbali za mawasiliano. Sura hizi hutegemea uwezo wa kikundi kinachowasiliana. Pamoja, maudhui na sura za mawasiliano kukamilisha [[ujumbe]] unaotumwa mahali. Mpokeaji anayelengwa anaweza kuwa msemaji mwenyewe, [[mtu]] mwingine au kiumbe kingine, kikundi kingine (kama vile shirika au kikundi cha viumbe). Mawasiliano yanaweza kuonekana kama mchakato wa [[kusambaza habari]] unaoongozwa na viwango vitatu vya sheria za [[elimu ishara]]: # [[Kiwango cha kisintaksia]] (sifa rasmi za ishara na viashiria), # [[Kiwango cha kipragmatiki]] (kinahusika na mahusiano kati ya ishara / maneno na watumiaji wake) na # [[Kiwango cha kisemantiki]] (utafiti wa uhusiano kati ya ishara na viashiria na yale vinayowasilisha). Kwa hiyo, mawasiliano ni [[mwingiliano wa kijamii]] ambapo angalau vitu au watu wawili wanaotagusana hutumia seti moja ya ishara na seti moja ya kanuni za [[kielimu ishara]]. Sheria hizi zinazozingatiwa wakati mwingine huwa zinapuuza [[mawasiliano ambayo hutokea bila kupangiwa]], yaliwemo [[mawasiliano ya mtu na nafsi yake]] kupitia kwa [[shajara]] au mazungumzo-nafsi, yote ambayo ni matukio ya sekondari yaliyofuatia kujifunza lugha katika maingiliano ya kijamii. Katika mfano rahisi, habari au maudhui (mfano ujumbe katika [[lugha asilia)]] hutumwa katika njia fulani (kama [[lugha ya mazungumzo)]] kutoka kwa mtumaji / msemaji / [[mfumbaji]] kwa mahali maalum / mpokeaji / [[mfumbuaji.]] Katika njia changamano zaidi, msemaji na mpokeaji huwa wameunganishwa kwa wakati mmoja. Mfano mmoja wa mawasiliano ni kama [[tendo usemi.]] Namna ya kutafsiri ujumbe ya msemaji inaweza kuwa tofauti na ya msikilizaji kulingana na desturi na tamaduni za eneo walilomo, au jinsia; mambo ambayo yanaweza kuathiri ujumbe uliokusudiwa. Uwepo wa [[kelele za mawasiliano]] katika njia inayotumiwa (ikiwa ni hewa, katika kesi hii), mapokezi na ufumbuaji wa ujumbe unaweza kuathiriwa, hivyo basi tendo usemi linaweza kutofikia matokeo yaliyotarajiwa. Tatizo moja la mfano huu wa kupakia-kutuma-kupokea-kupakua ni kwamba mchakato wa kupakia na kupakua huashiria kwamba mtumaji na mpokeaji, kila mmoja ana kitu kinachofanya kazi kama [[kitabu cha kodi]], na kwamba vitabu hivi viwili vya kodi vinafanana kwa kiasi ikiwa si kabisa. Ingawa kitu kama vitabu vya kodi kimetajwa na mfano huu, havijawakilishwa kwenye sehemu yoyote ya mfano huu, jambo ambalo linaibua matatizo mengi ya kuelewa. Nadharia za [[urekebishaji-pamoja]] huelezea mawasiliano kama mchakato wa ubunifu na unaobadilika badilika, unaoendelea wala si kubadilishana tu kwa habari. Mwanataaluma wa vyombo vya habari kutoka Kanada [[Innis Harold]] alikuwa na nadharia kwamba watu hutumia njia mbalimbali kuwasiliana na njia watakayochagua kutumia itawapa uwezekano tofauti wa kuumba na kudumisha jamii (Wark, McKenzie 1997). Mfano wake maarufu wa kufafanua haya ni kutumia [[Misri ya kale]] na kuangalia vile wao walijijenga wenyewe nje ya vyombo vya habari kwa aina tofauti za mawe na mafunjo. Mafunjo ndiyo aliyoyaita ''''Kufunga Nafasi (Space Binding)'.''' Kufunga huku kuliwezesha kupitishwa kwa maandishi kutoka sehemu moja hadi nyingine na kuwezesha kufanyika kwa kampeni za kijeshi za mbali na utawala wa kikoloni. Mengine ni jiwe na ''''Kufunga Wakati (Time Binding)',''' kupitia ujenzi wa mahekalu na piramidi, wanaweza kuendeleza mamlaka yao kizazi hadi kizazi, kwa kupitia njia hii ya kupitisha habari, wanaweza kubadilika na kuumba ya mawasiliano katika jamii yao (Wark, McKenzie 1997). == Bila mawasiliano ya watu == Mawasiliano katika mingi ya mitazamo yake hayajajifungia tu kwa [[binadamu]], au hata kwa [[sokwe.]] Kila [[mabadilishano ya habari]] kati viumbe vilivyo hai - yaani kubalishana kwa [[ishara]] kunakohusiha mtumaji na mpokeaji walio hai - kunaweza kuchukuliwa kama njia ya mawasiliano. Kwa hivyo, kuna uwanja mpana wa [[mawasiliano ya wanyama]], ambayo yanahusisha mengi ya masuala katika [[ethnolojia.]] Pia wanyama waasili kama mwamba tumbawe wanaweza kuwasiliana. <ref> Witzany G, Madl P. (2009). Biocommunication of corals. International Journal of Integrative Biology 5 (3): 152-163.</ref> Katika ngazi ya kimsingi zaidi, kuna [[kupatiana ishara kati ya seli, mawasiliano ya seli]], na mawasiliano ya kemikali kati ya viumbe asili kama [[bakteria]], <ref> Witzany G (2008). Bio-Communication of Bacteria and their Evolutionary Roots in Natural Genome Editing Competences of Viruses. Open Evolution Journal 2: 44-54.</ref> na miongoni mwa [[mimea]] na [[himaya za kuvu]]. Michakato hii yote ya mawasiliano huhusisha mitagusani inayoshirikisha ishara zilizo na ratibu bainifu mbalimbali. [[Mawasiliano ya wanyama]] ni [[tabia]] yoyote kwa upande wa mnyama mmoja iliyo na athari ya sasa au baadaye kwenye tabia ya mnyama mwingine. Bila shaka, mawasiliano ya binadamu yanaweza kujumlishwa kama mawasiliano ya wanyama yaliyoendelezwa. Utafiti wa mawasiliano ya wanyama, uitwao [[zoosemiotiki]] (zoosemiotics), tofauti na [[anthroposemiotiki]] (anthroposemiotics, utafiti wa mawasiliano ya binadamu) umechangia pakubwa katika ukuzaji wa [[etholojia]], [[biolojia-jamii]] na masomo ya [[uwezo wa mnyama wa kutambua]]. Jambo hili ni dhahiri kwani binadamu huwa wanaweza kuwasiliana na wanyama, hasa [[pomboo]] na wanyama wengine ambao hutumika katika [[sarakasi]]. Hata hivyo, hawa wanyama hulazimika kujifunza njia za kipekee za mawasiliano. Mawasiliano ya wanyama, na haswa kuelewa ulimwengu wa mnyama kwa ujumla, ni [[taaluma]] inayokua kwa kasi, na hata katika [[karne ya 21]] kufikia sasa, uelewa mwingi wa hapo awali kuhusiana na nyanja mbalimbali kama vile matumizi ya kiishara ya [[jina]], [[hisia za wanyama]], [[utamaduni]], [[kujifunza kwa wanyama]] na hata [[tabia za kingono]], zilizofikiriwa kwa muda mrefu kuwa zimeeleweka vizuri, zimebadilika pakubwa. === Mimea na kuvu === Miongoni mwa [[mimea]], mawasiliano huonekana ndani ya mmea wenyewe, yaani, ndani ya na kati ya [[seli za mimea]], kati ya mimea ya [[spishi]] moja au spishi zinazohusiana, na kati ya mimea na viumbe visivyo hai, hasa katika sehemu ya mizizi. [[Mizizi ya mimea]] huwasiliana na [[bakteria za rhizobia]], na [[kuvu]] pamoja na [[wadudu]] walio kwenye [[ardhi]]. Mitagusano hii sambamba inayohusisha ishara na inayoongozwa na kanuni za kisintaksia, kipragmatiki na kisemantiki hutokea kwa sababu ya "[[mfumo wa neva]]" wa mimea uliogatuka. Maana asilia ya neno nyuro katika [[Kigiriki]] ni "nyuzinyuzi za mboga" na kama utafiti wa hivi karibuni unavyoonyesha, mengi ya mawasiliano ya ndani ya mmea hufanana na ya nyuro. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Baluska |first1=F. |last2=Marcuso |first2=Stefano |last3=Volkmann |first3=Dieter |title=Communication in plants: neuronal aspects of plant life |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IH9N4SKWTokC&pg=PA19&dq=plant+communication+processes+are+neuronal-like#v=onepage&q=plant%20communication%20processes%20are%20neuron-like&f=false |page=19 |year=2006 |publisher=Taylor & Francis US |isbn=3540284758 |quote=...the emergence of plant neurobiology as the most recent area of plant sciences.}}</ref> Mimea pia kuwasiliana kupitia kwa [[mivuke]] katika kisa cha tabia za wakati wa mashambulizi na wanyama wala mimea, ili kuonya mimea jirani. Sambamba na hayo, mimea hiyo hutoa mivuke ya kuvivutia [[vimelea]] ambavyo huwashambulia wale wanyama. Katika [[hali ya dhiki]] mimea inaweza kubadilisha [[kodi ya kinasaba]] iliyorithi kutoka kwa wazazi wao na kurudi kwa ile ya mababu zao. <ref> Witzany, G. (2006 Plant Communication from Biosemiotic Perspective. Plant Signaling na Behavior 1 (4): 169-178.</ref> [[Kuvu]] huwasiliana ili kuratibu na kupanga ukuaji wao wenyewe na maendeleo yao kama vile malezi ya [[seli zake]] na [[sehemu za kuota]]. Aidha, kuvu huwasiliana spishi zinazofanana au kuhusiana pamoja na spishi zisizokuvu katika mitagusano ya kimfaano, haswa na bakteria, 'unicellular eukaryotes' , mimea na wadudu. Kemikali za kisemiotiki zinazotumiwa huwa za asili ya kibayotiki na hufanya kuvu kuonyesha athari maalum, ambapo, katika tofauti wakati hata huo kemikali za molekuli huwa si sehemu ya ujumbe wa biotiki unaosababisha msisimko wa viumbe-kuvu. Ina maana kuwa, kuvu zinaweza kutambua tofauti katika molekuli ambazo ni sehemu ya ujumbe wa kibayotiki au kutokuwepo kwa sifa hizi. Hadi sasa kuna [[molekuli]] tano tofauti na za msingi zinazojulikana ambazo huratibisha ruwaza tofauti za kitabia kama vile 'nyuzi za hisia', kuzaana, ukuaji, usababishaji wa magonjwa. Uratibu wa tabia na uzalishaji wa vitu kama hivi unaweza tu kufikiwa kupitia michakato fasili: ya kibinafsi au isiyo ya kibinafsi, kiashiria cha kibiotiki, ujumbe wa kibiotiki kutoka kwa spishi zinazofanana, zinazohusiana au zisizohusiana, au hata "kelele", yaani, molekuli zinazofanana lakini hazina ujumbe wa kibiotiki. <ref> Witzany, G. (2007 Applied Biosemiotics: Fungal meddelande. Katika: Witzany, G. (Ed). Biosemiotics in Transdisciplinary Contexts. Helsingfors, Umweb, uk. 295-301.</ref> == Mawasiliano kama taaluma ya kiakademia == Mawasiliano kama taaluma ya kiakademia, ambayo wakati mwingine huitwa "komunikolojia," <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.communicology.org/content/definition-communicology |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-11-23 |archivedate=2009-09-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923181545/http://www.communicology.org/content/definition-communicology }}</ref> inahusiana na njia zote tunazozitumia kuwasiliana, hivyo basi inahusisha sehemu kubwa ya utafiti na maarifa. Taaluma ya mawasiliano inahusisha mawasiliano ya kimaongezi na yasiyo ya kimaongezi. Mkusanyiko wa maarifa kuhusu mawasiliano umewakilishwa na kufafanuliwa katika vitabu, machapisho ya kielektroniki, na majarida ya kiakademia. Katika majarida, ripoti za kitafiti ndizo matokeo ya tafiti ambazo ni msingi wa uelewa, unaoendelea kupanuka, wa jinsi sisi wote tunavyowasiliana. Mawasiliano hufanyika katika ngazi tofauti (hata kwa tendo moja), katika njia mbalimbali, na kwa viumbe wengi, na vilevile kwa mashine fulani. Baadhi ya taaluma za utafiti, ikiwa siyo zote, hutenga sehemu ya mafunzo yake kwa mawasiliano, hivyo basi wakati wa kuzungumza kuhusu mawasiliano, ni muhimu sana kuwa na uhakika kuhusu nyanja ya mawasiliano inayozungumziwa. Ufafanuzi wa mawasiliano hutofautiana sana, baadhi yake ukitambua kwamba wanyama wanaweza kuwasiliana na wenzao na binadamu pia, na baadhi ni finyu zaidi, ukihusisha binadamu katika mitagusano ya kibinadamu iliyo na maana. ==Umuhimu wa mawasiliano== Hakuna linaloweza kufanikiwa pasipo mawasiliano. Mawasiliano ni kati ya nafsi na nafsi – hivyo nafsi zisipokuwa na mawasiliano ina maana miili inayobeba nafsi hizo haiwezi kushirikiana kwa lolote. Kitu kimoja ambacho ni kikwazo cha mawasiliano ni woga. Ndio unaokufanya usiwasiliane na fulani, usiwe na ushirika naye. Woga huo ndio unaosababisha usipate usaidizi toka popote pale. == Tanbihi == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mawasiliano]] euhm337ogjtk5s9qmdcnzwa6ajco0ma 0 32407 1598807 1087266 2026-09-22T18:54:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ziwa | jina = Ziwa Nakuru | picha = Overview lakenakuru.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = | mahali = | nchi = [[Kenya]] | eneo = 5 to 45 km² | kina = | mito inayoingia = | mito inayotoka = | kimo = | miji = }} '''Ziwa Nakuru''' ni mojawapo ya [[ziwa la magadi|maziwa ya magadi]] katika [[Bonde la Ufa]]. Linapatikana [[kusini]] mwa [[mji]] wa [[Nakuru]], katika eneo la kati nchini [[Kenya]] na linazungukwa na [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Ziwa Nakuru]]. Hifadhi hiyo ilianzishwa [[mwaka]] [[1961]]. Ilianza ndogo, ikizingira ziwa hilo maarufu na maeneo ya [[milima]] yaliyo karibu. Na sasa imeongezwa kujumuisha sehemu kubwa ya maeneo ya [[mbuga]]. Wingi wa [[mwani]] katika [[ziwa]] hili huvutia kwa kiasi kikubwa [[Ndege (mnyama)|ndege]] aina ya [[flamingo]] ambayo hupatikana sana katika ufuo wa ziwa hili. Ndege wengine pia hustawi katika eneo hili, na hata [[wanyamapori]] wakubwa. [[Mito]] inayoingia ziwani ni: [[mto Enchorro (Nakuru)|mto Enchorro]], [[mto Enderit]], [[mto Isirkon]], [[mto Lamuriak]] na mmojawapo kati ya mito inayoitwa [[mto Makalia (Nakuru)|mto Makalia]]. Kiwango cha [[maji]] katika ziwa hili kilishuka kwa kiasi kikubwa katika [[miaka ya 1990]] lakini hivi karibuni kimeweza kurejea kiwango cha kale. Maana ya Nakuru ni "vumbi" au "Mahali pa vumbi" katika [[lugha]] ya [[Kimaasai]]. Ziwa Nakuru imelindwa chini ya [[Mkataba wa Ramsar]] ya maeneo ya maji. == Mbuga ya Wanyama ya Kitaifa ya Ziwa Nakuru == {{main|Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Ziwa Nakuru}} [[Picha:Flamingos at lake Nakuru.jpg|thumb|250px|Flamingo wakila katika Ziwa Nakuru]] Mbuga ya kitaifa ya Wanyama ya Ziwa Nakuru (188&nbsp;km ²), ilianzishwa mwaka 1961 kuzunguka Ziwa Nakuru, karibu na mji wa Nakuru. Inajulikana sana kwa maelfu, wakati mwingine mamilioni ya ndege aina ya flamingo yanayokusanyaka ufuoni mwa ziwa Nakuru. Ya usawa wa ziwa vifupi recog Idadi ya flamingo katika ziwa hutegemea maji na hali ya chakula na pahali bora kuwatazama ni juu ya kiinuko kinachoitwa Baboon Cliff. Eneo lingine lenye kivutio ni eneo la 188&nbsp;km ambalo limezingirwa kwa ukuta wa seng'enge kuhifadhi wanyama walio na hatari ya kuangamia kama twiga , Kifaru mweusi na Kifaru mweupe Hifadhi hii ya wanyama hivi karibuni imepanuliwa kupatia hifadhi Kiporu mweusi ili kuwazuia wawindaji haramu kuwavamia. Im Hifadhi maandamano kwa Hifadhi hii ya wanyama sasa (2009) ina zaidi ya vifaru weusi 25, moja ya viwango vya ukubwa nchini, pamoja na takriban vifaru weupe 70. Pia kuna idadi fulani ya twiga aina ya Rothschild, ambazo ziliamishwa kwa usalama kutoka magharibi mwa Kenya mwanzo wa mwaka 1977. Waterbuck ni ya k Kati ya wanyama wanaokula wenzao ni simba na chui, lakini ni chui ambayo imekuwa ikionekana sana hivi karibuni. Hifadhi hii pia ina nyoka wakubwa ambao wanaishi ndani ya msitu na uonekana ya kivuka barabara ama kurukaruka mitini. == Makazi na wanyamapori == Ziwa Nakuru, ziwa ndogo yenye maji ya chumvi kusini mwa mji wa Nakuru inapatikana takriba kilomita 160 kutoka [[Nairobi]]. Hivyo basi inaweza kutumbelewa katika ziara ya siku moja kutoka mji mkuu.Au zaidi, kama sehemu ya mzunguko inayohusisha [[Masai Mara]] au [[Ziwa Baringo]] na Samburu mashariki. Ziwa hili ni maarufu sana duniani kama eneo kubwa ya kusanyiko ya ndege aina ya flamingo ambayo idadi yao ni zaidi ya milioni moja- ama hata milioni mbili!Wao hula mwani, ambayo hupatitakana kwa wingi katika ziwa hili. Wanasayansi wanadhani kuwa flamingo hawa hula takribani kilo 250,000 za mwani kwa kila hekari kila mwaka. Kuna spishi aina mbili ya flamingo; flamingo wale wadogo wanaweza kutofautishwa kwani wana rangi nyekundu nene na ya pinki. Wale flamingo wakubwa wana busu yenye ncha nyeusi. Flamingo wale wadogo ndio ambao huonyeshwa kwenya filamu mara nyingi kwani idadi yao ni kubwa. Idadi ya flamingo imekuwa ikipungua hivi karibuni. Labda ni kwa sababu ya kuongeza kwa watalii,uchafuzi wa mazingira unaosababishwa na viwanda ambavyo vina tupa takataka kwenye maji haya au maji yamebadilika yakawa hayafai kwa maisha. Kawaida, ziwa hupungukiwa na maji wakati wa kiangazi na hufurika wakati wa masika. Hivi karibuni,kumekuwa na tofauti baina ya kiwango cha maji wakati wa kiangazi na wakati wa mvua. Hii imekisiwa kutokana na kuangezeka kwa kubadilisha maeneo muhimu ya uhifadhi wa maji kuwa maneo ya ukulima wa dhati na maendelo mengineyo. Uchafuzi wa mazingara pia unaharibu chakula cha flamingo na kuwasababisha kuhamia maziwa ya karibu yakiwemo: Elmenteita, Simbi Nyaima na Bogoria. Badiliko ya anga ya eneo hili pia imekisiwa kuchangia mabadiliko kwenye mazingira ya eneo hili. Ripoti za vyombo vya habari hivi karibuni zimeashiria wasiwasi uliopo baina ya washika dau kufuatia uhamaji mkuu wa flamingo na pia vifo baina yao huenda ikasababisha hasara kubwa kwenye sekta ya utalii. Flamingo hula mwani ambayo hotokana na mchanganyiko wa kiniesi chao pamoja na maji ya chumvi yaliyo vuguvugu pamoja na chakula cha samaki aina ya plankton. Lakini flamingo sio ndege wa kipekee wa kuvutia kwenye ziwa hili, kunao ndege wala samaki wa aina ya pelican na cormorants.Licha ya maji haya kuwa ya chumvi na vuguvugu,samaki aina ya Tilapia grahami imeonekana kunawiri baada ya kuwekwa mwanzo wa miaka ya 1960. Ziwa hili lina ndege wengi sana. Kuna zaidi ya spishi 400 kwenye ziwa hili na mbuga iizungukayo. Maelfu ya ndege wa aina nyingine pia huonekana. Kunao pia punda milia. == Tazama pia == * [[Maziwa ya Kenya]] * [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki]] * [[Mito ya Kenya]] == Viungo vya nje == {{commonscat|Lake Nakuru}} * [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/11/1107_021108_TVflamingo.html National Geographic - "Mysterious Kenya Flamingo Die-awamu ya pili ikiwa imefungwa na Sumu, Masomo Says" (Novemba 2002)] {{Wayback|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/11/1107_021108_TVflamingo.html |date=20021112062553 }} {{Maziwa ya Kenya}} [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Hifadhi za Taifa za Kenya|Nakuru]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Nakuru]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya chumvi]] 766xv11h44sj24bwe606jr8b4lkr6gj 0 32449 1598803 1205361 2026-09-22T18:39:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598803 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zeitgeist''' ''(tamka tsait-gaist)'' ni neno la lugha ya [[Kijerumani]] lililopokelewa katika Kiingereza na kutoka hapa kupitishwa kwa lugha mbalimbali kimataifa. Ni muungano wa maneno "Zeit" ''wakati'' na Geist ''roho'' kwa hiyo maana yake ni "roho ya wakati". Hutumiwa kutaja mwelekeo wa kiutamaduni, kiakili, kisayansi au kisanii wa watu wengi katika kipindi fulani. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Zeitgeist|title=Zeitgeist |location=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. (2003) | date=7 Agosti 2009}}</ref> ==Chimbuko== Dhana ya ''zeitgeist'' ilikuwa maarufu tangu mwanafalsafa [[Johann Herder Gottfried]] aliyeitumia kutaja mwelekeo wa kiroho wa [[karne]]. Neno lilipokelea na waandishi maarufu kama Schiller na Goethe na kuingia katika lugha za Ulaya. ==Mifano== Kwa mfano baada ya [[mapinduzi ya Kifaransa]] 1789 watu wengi katika Ulaya walivutwa na mabadiliko yake wakitafakari hatua za kufanana katika nchi zao. Hapa wengi walisema "zeitgeist" ya kipindi hiki katika Ulaya ilikuwa kimapinduzi. Vivyo hivyo tangu nchi nyingi za [[Afrika]] kupata uhuru mnamo 1960 "zeitgeist" katika Afrika ilikuwa ya kujiamini, kujenga taifa na kuwa na matumaini mengi. Mabadiliko ya [[fesheni]] yanayoonekana kwenye [[mavazi]] ya watu wakati mwingine ni pia dalili ya aina ya "zeitgeist". Kuna mifano mingi kama vile uenezaji wa [[blue jeans]] katika nchi nyingi zilizokuwa zamani suruali ya wafanyakazi ya mikono lakini zilianza kuenea duniani pamoja na [[muziki wa rock]] na kuwa ishara ya uhuru wa kibinafsi zikivaliwa na wasanii wengi na siku hizi katika nchi kadhaa hata kwenye mazingira ya ofisini pamoja na watu wengi nje ya kazi. Magazeti kama vile [[Guardian.co.uk]] yana kurasa zinazojadili habari za mielekeo mipya katika muziki, falsafa, fesheni au teknolojia chini ya kichwa "zeitgeist". <ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/zeitgeist|title=Zeitgeist|publisher=The Guardian|date=2011] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Google]] kila mwaka hutoa orodha ya maneno yanayotafutwa zaidi na watumiaji wake ("most searched keywords annually") chini ya kichwa hiki ca "zeitgeist".<ref>[http://google.com/zeitgeist2010 Google Zeitgist: a year in review or 'what the world searched']</ref><ref>http://www.google.com/intl/en/press/zeitgeist2009/</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Wiktionary}} * [http://www.historikertag2002.uni-halle.de/druck/halle_geschichte/klotz.shtml Adolph Kikristo Klotz] * [http://susi.e-technik.uni-ulm.de:8080/Meyers2/seite/werk/meyers/band/9/seite/0859/meyers_b9_s0859.html#Klotz Adolf Kikristo Klotz] {{Wayback|url=http://susi.e-technik.uni-ulm.de:8080/Meyers2/seite/werk/meyers/band/9/seite/0859/meyers_b9_s0859.html#Klotz |date=20071014175635 }} katika: Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, 4. Aufl., 1888, Kitabu cha. 9, Ukurasa 859 * [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv4-74 Zeitgeist, Historia ya Ideas] {{Wayback|url=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv4-74 |date=20110621220420 }} [[Jamii:Falsafa]] aylhoz5c7qjxya0s856kgodbdanjll4 0 32503 1598995 1278054 2026-09-23T02:55:32Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598995 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Nyayo_stadium.jpg|thumb|Uwanja wa michezo Nyayo]] '''Uwanja wa Taifa wa Nyayo''' ni uwanja unaotumika katika matumizi mbalimbali ya [[michezo]] na unapatikana katika jiji la [[Nairobi]] nchini [[Kenya]]. Umejengwa katikati ya barabara ya [[Mombasa]]. Barabara ya Langata na Barabara ya Aerodrome. Ni takribani kilometa mbili kutoka katikati ya Jiji, pia ni moja mkabala na ''Nairobi Mega Mall'', zamani palijulikana kama [[Nakumatt]] Mega. Uwanja huo ulijengwa mnamo mwaka [[1983]] unachukua Takribani watu 30,000.( Elfu thelathini ) Hivi sasa unatumiwa zaidi na [[chama cha mpira wa miguu kwa kuchezesha mechi mbalimbali. Klabu maarufu ya ''AFC Leopards'' hucheza michezo yake ya nyumbani kwenye uwanja wa Nyayo. Uwanja huo pia hutumiwa kwa michezo ya [[riadha]], kuogelea na sherehe za Kitaifa na kimataifa. Rasilimali nyingine zilizopo uwanja wa Nyayo ni pamoja na ukumbi wa mazoezi na dimbwi la kuogelea la mita 50. Klabu ya umoja wa raga ''Mwamba RFC'' pia Ulitumia Uwanja wa Kitaifa wa Nyayo kwa michezo ya nyumbani. Kukamilika kwa Uwanja wa Nyayo kuliipa Kenya nafasi ya kuwekwa kwenye kitengo cha kuwania kuandaa michezo minne ya [[Afrika]] ''All-Africa Games'' mnamo mwaka [[1987]]. Badae uwanja ulibadilisha jina na kuitwa '' uwanja wa kitaifa wa [[Coca-Cola]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Nyayo National Stadium renamed in $1.5M |publisher=various |url=http://www.kenyafootball.com/index.php?doc=story&id=3426&categ=1&PHPSESSID=881b3f89f8675c3afa5aac040f1a08bd |access-date=4 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713144449/http://www.kenyafootball.com/index.php?doc=story&id=3426&categ=1&PHPSESSID=881b3f89f8675c3afa5aac040f1a08bd |archive-date=13 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> ==Viungo vya Nje== * [http://www.stadiumskenya.co.ke Michezo Stadia Management Board] - mwili stadiums chache zinazotawala nchini Kenya *[http://www.worldstadiums.com/stadium_pictures/africa/kenya/nairobi_nyayo.shtml Photo] {{Wayback|url=http://www.worldstadiums.com/stadium_pictures/africa/kenya/nairobi_nyayo.shtml |date=20100418140402 }} [http://www.worldstadiums.com/ worldstadiums.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.worldstadiums.com/ |date=20060316095418 }} *[http://www.fussballtempel.net/caf/KEN/Nyayo.html Photos] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fussballtempel.net/caf/KEN/Nyayo.html |date=20071022095132 }} [http://www.fussballtempel.net/ fussballtempel.net] ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-michezo}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha]] [[Jamii:Viwanja vya michezo Kenya]] 5a14n1dvnunqr1bpygg0el61cbbd7q9 0 32513 1598919 1266238 2026-09-23T01:30:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[File:Factory Automation Robotics Palettizing Bread.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Kuka Viwanda Robots zinatumiwa katika bakery kwa uzalishaji wa chakula]] '''Automation''' ni matumizi ya [[mfumo wa kudhibiti]] (kama kudhibiti nambari, kudhibiti mantiki ya mpango, na mengine kingozi mitambo ya viwanda), katika Matamasha pia matumizi mengine ya [[teknolojia]] ya [[habari]] (kama vile [[teknolojia ya kompyuta-saidizi]] [CAD, CAM, CAx]), kudhibiti [[mitambo ya viwandani]] na [[michakato]], ili kupunguza haja ya kuingilia kwa binadamu.<ref> {{Cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Automation |title=Automation - Definitions from Dictionary.com |publisher=dictionary.reference.com |accessdate=2008-04-22 |last= |first= }} </ref> Katika wigo wa [[sekta ya viwanda]] automation ni hatua zaidi [[mechanization.]] Wakati ''mechanization'' zinazotolewa na mashine operators binadamu kuwasaidia ''misuli'' na mahitaji ya kazi, inapunguza sana ''automatisering'' haja ''Sensory'' binadamu na mahitaji ''ya akili'' pia. Taratibu na mifumo na pia inaweza automatiska. Automation plays kuongezeka jukumu muhimu katika [[uchumi]] wa [[dunia]] na uzoefu wa kila siku. Wahandisi bidii kuchanganya automatiska vifaa na hisabati na mashirika binafsi kujenga mifumo tata kwa haraka kupanua matumizi mbalimbali na shughuli za binadamu. Majukumu mengi kwa binadamu katika michakato ya viwandani uongo sasa zaidi wigo wa automatisering. [[Muundo]] wa ngazi za binadamu [[kutambuliwa, lugha kutambuliwa]], na uwezo wa uzalishaji wa lugha ni vizuri zaidi ya uwezo wa kisasa muwasho na mifumo ya kompyuta. Tasks wanaohitaji au subjective tathmini ya awali ya tata Sensory data, kama vile scents na size, vilevile high-level kazi kama kimkakati, sasa zinahitaji utaalamu binadamu. Katika matukio mengi, matumizi ya binadamu ni gharama nafuu zaidi kuliko muwasho mbinu hata pale ambapo kazi automatisering ya viwanda ni iwezekanavyo. Specialiserade ngumu kompyuta, inajulikana kama [[mtawala mantiki programmable]] s (PLCs), ni mara nyingi hutumika synchronize mtiririko wa pembejeo kutoka (kimwili) [[sensor]] s na matukio na mtiririko wa matokeo ya actuators na matukio. Hii inasababisha kudhibitiwa vitendo halisi kwamba kibali a tight udhibiti wa karibu [[viwanda]] yoyote [[mchakato.]] [[Binadamu-mashine interface]] s (HMI) au [[kompyuta interfaces binadamu]] (CHI), zamani inayojulikana kama ''mtu-mashine interfaces,'' ni kawaida walioajiriwa kuwasiliana na kompyuta PLCs na mengine, kama vile kuingia na ufuatiliaji [[joto]] au shinikizo kwa udhibiti automatiska zaidi au dharura. Service wafanyakazi ambao kufuatilia na kudhibiti interfaces hizi mara nyingi ni stationary inajulikana kama Wahandisi.<ref>[http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos228.htm Stationary Wahandisi na Boiler Operators]</ref> ==Impact== Automation imekuwa na athari mashuhuri katika anuwai inayoonekana sana viwanda zaidi ya viwanda. Mara-ubiquitous [[simu operator]] s wamekuwa badala kikubwa kwa [[switchboard]] s automatiska [[simu]] na kujibu mashine. Medical michakato ya msingi kama vile [[electrocardiography]] au uchunguzi katika maabara [[radiography]] na uchambuzi wa [[jeni]] binadamu, [[Sera, seli]], na [[tishu]] mnabebwa nje katika kasi kubwa sana na usahihi na automatiska system. [[Automatiska mashine]] s [[teller]] imepungua haja kwa ziara ya benki ili kupata fedha na kutimiza transaktioner. Kwa ujumla, automatisering imekuwa kuwajibika kwa mabadiliko katika uchumi wa dunia kutoka agrarian kwa viwanda katika karne ya 19 na kutoka viwandani na huduma katika karne ya 20.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boston.com/bostonworks/galleries/30fast_declining_occupations?pg=10 |title=30 ya kupungua kwa kasi kazi - Boston.com |accessdate=2009-11-30 |archive-date=2010-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825020111/http://www.boston.com/bostonworks/galleries/30fast_declining_occupations?pg=10 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kuenea kwa athari za industriautomatisering huwafufua masuala ya kijamii, miongoni mwao madhara yake [[ajira.]] Kihistoria wasiwasi kuhusu madhara ya tarehe automatisering nyuma mwanzo wa mapinduzi ya viwanda, wakati harakati ya kijamii ya Kiingereza [[nguo]] mashine operators mapema 1800s anajulikana kama [[Luddites]] wamepinga dhidi Jacquard's automatiska Weaving looms <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRluddites.htm |title=The Luddites |accessdate=2009-11-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015044804/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRluddites.htm |archivedate=2008-10-15 }}</ref> - mara nyingi kwa kuharibu kama nguo mashine - kwamba wao waliona kutishia ajira zao. Mwandishi mmoja alifanya zifuatazo kesi. Wakati automatisering ilianzishwa mara ya kwanza, ni unasababishwa kuenea hofu. Ilikuwa walidhani kwamba katika makazi yao ya binadamu na computerized [[operator]] s system skulle kusababisha kali [[ajira.]] Wakosoaji wa automatisering wanakubali kwamba ongezeko industriautomatisering husababisha kuongezeka kwa ajira; hii ilikuwa kubwa ya wasiwasi wakati wa miaka ya 1980. Hoja moja madai kwamba hii imetokea invisibly katika miaka ya karibuni, kama ukweli kwamba viwanda vingi ajira waliondoka Marekani mapema miaka ya 1990 wakati ilikuwa kompenserat kwa wakati mmoja na ongezeko kubwa katika [[IT]] ajira kwa wakati huo. Baadhi ya waandishi wanasema kuwa kinyume mara nyingi imekuwa kweli, na kwamba automatisering imesababisha ''juu'' ajira. Chini synpunkten, ya kumkomboa juu ya nguvukazi ina zaidi ya watu kuruhusiwa kuingia ujuzi zaidi usimamizi na vilevile specialiserade mshauri / mkandarasi ajira (kama [[cryptographer]] s), ambayo ni kawaida ya juu kulipa. Upande mmoja odd athari za mabadiliko haya ni kwamba "wahudumu kazi" ni katika mahitaji ya juu katika [[ulimwengu wa kwanza]] wengi mataifa, kwa sababu watu wachache zinapatikana kujaza kama ajira. Katika mtazamo wa kwanza, automatisering wapate kuonekana devalue [[kazi]] kupitia badala yake pamoja na mashine ya chini-ghali, hata hivyo, athari za jumla ya nguvukazi yote inabakia kama hauelewi. {{Citation needed|date=Agosti 2009}} Leo automatisering ya nguvukazi ni advanced kabisa, na inaendelea kuongezeka mapema haraka zaidi kote duniani na ni juu ya milele encroaching ujuzi zaidi kazi, lakini katika kipindi hicho jumla ustawi na ubora wa maisha ya watu wengi katika ulimwengu (ambapo kisiasa bado muddied picha) wana kuboreshwa kwa kasi. Ni jukumu automatisering zimekuwa katika mabadiliko haya haijawahi alisoma vizuri. ==Mwishoni mwa karne ya 20 == Hivi sasa, kwa makampuni ya viwanda, madhumuni ya automatisering ina flyttas över kutoka kuongeza tija na kupunguza gharama, kwa mapana masuala, kama vile kuongeza ubora na viwanda flexibilitet katika mchakato. Mwelekeo wa zamani juu ya kutumia automatisering tu kuongeza tija na kupunguza gharama mara kuonekana kuwa mfupi wenye kuona, kwa sababu ni muhimu pia kutoa ujuzi nguvukazi ambao wanaweza kufanya matengenezo na kusimamia mitambo. Aidha, gharama za awali za automatisering walikuwa juu na mara nyingi hawakuweza kuwa zinalipwa kwa wakati kabisa tillverkningsprocesser mpya badala ya zamani. (Japan's "robot junkyards" walikuwa mara moja maarufu duniani katika sekta ya viwanda.) Automation sasa ni mara nyingi hutumiwa hasa kuongeza ubora katika mchakato ya viwanda, ambapo automatisering inaweza kuongeza ubora betydligt. Kwa mfano, bilindustrin na lori [[piston]] s kutumika kuwa imewekwa ndani [[engines]] manually. Hii ni kwa haraka kuwa transitioned kwa mashine automatiska installation, kwa sababu kiwango cha kosa kwa mwongozo installment mara kuzunguka 1-1.5%, lakini umepungua kwa 0.00001% kwa automatisering. Madhara uendeshaji, kama vile [[mafuta raffinering]], ya utengenezaji wa [[kemikali za viwandani]], na kila aina ya [[metali kazi]], walikuwa daima wanaogombea kwa automatisering mapema. Mwingine mabadiliko makubwa katika automatisering ni kuongeza msisitizo flexibilitet na viwanda convertibility katika mchakato. Tillverkare zinazidi kudai uwezo rahisi kubadili kutoka viwanda Product A to viwanda Product B bila kuwa na [[uzalishaji]] upya kabisa [[Mpya]] s. Flexibilitet na kusambazwa lett michakato ya kuanzishwa [[automatiska Guided Vehicle]] s pamoja Mtindo Features Navigation. ==Faida na hasara== Faida kuu automatisering ni: *Kuondoa binadamu tedious operators katika kazi. *Kuondoa binadamu katika kazi kufanywa katika mazingira ya hatari (yaani, moto, nafasi, Volkano, vifaa vya nyuklia, chini ya maji, nk) *Kufanya kazi ambazo ni zaidi ya uwezo wa binadamu kama vile kuchukua mizigo mizito mno, vitu kubwa mno, pia moto au baridi mno dutu au matakwa ya kufanya mambo pia kufunga au polepole mno. *Uchumi kuboresha. Wakati mwingine na baadhi ya aina ya automatisering inadokeza inaboresha katika uchumi wa makampuni, jamii au wengi wa wanadamu. Kwa mfano, wakati wa biashara ambayo imewekeza katika teknolojia automatisering recovers uwekezaji wake; wakati jimbo au nchi huongeza mapato yake kutokana na automatisering kama [[Ujerumani]] au [[Ujapani]] katika karne ya 20 au wakati [[wanadamu]] wanaweza kutumia [[internet]] ambayo yanatumia [[satellite]] s na automatiska nyingine motorer. Hasara kuu automatisering ni: *Teknolojia ya mipaka. Hali teknolojia ni kushindwa aŭtomate wote taka kazi. *Unpredictable gharama ya maendeleo. [[Utafiti na maendeleo]] automating gharama ya mchakato ni vigumu kutabiri kwa usahihi mbele. Tangu gharama hii inaweza kuwa na athari kubwa ya faida, ni automating iwezekanavyo ili kumaliza mchakato tu na kugundua kuwa hakuna faida ya kiuchumi katika kufanya hivyo. *Gharama za awali ni relativt juu. The automatisering wa [[bidhaa]] mpya required awali uwekezaji mkubwa katika kitengo ukilinganisha na gharama ya bidhaa, ingawa gharama ya automatisering ni kuenea katika bidhaa nyingi batches. The automatisering ya [[mmea]] required awali uwekezaji mkubwa mno, ingawa gharama hii ni kuenea katika kuwa bidhaa zinazozalishwa. ==Utata sababu== *[[Ukosefu wa ajira.]] Ni kawaida inadokeza walidhani kwamba automatisering ajira kutokana na ukweli kwamba kazi ya binadamu ni kubadilishwa kwa sehemu au kabisa na mashine. Hata hivyo, ukosefu wa ajira unasababishwa na siasa ya kiuchumi ya utawala kama dismissing wafanyakazi badala ya kubadilisha majukumu yao. Tangu sera za kiuchumi kwa ujumla zaidi ya viwanda kumfukuza mimea ni watu, ina maana sikuhizi automatisering ajira. Katika matukio tofauti bila wafanyakazi, automatisering inadokeza zaidi muda bure, badala ya ajira kama ilivyo kwa mashine ya kuosha automatiska nyumbani. Automation haina ajira kuashiria wakati inafanya kazi bila unimaginable automatisering kama vile kuchunguza Mars na [[mgeni]] au wakati uchumi ni kutumika kikamilifu kwa teknolojia automatiserade kama kwa [[Telephone switchboard.]] *Mazingira Gharama ya automatisering kwa mazingira ni tofauti kutegemea teknolojia, bidhaa au injini automatiska. Kuna automatiska engines kwamba hutumia zaidi nishati ya rasilimali kutoka duniani ukilinganisha na injini uliopita na wale kwamba kufanya kinyume chake pia. *Binadamu replacement. Katika siku zijazo, kuna uwezekano kwamba [[Artificial akili]] inaweza kuchukua nafasi na kuboresha ubongo binadamu na robots wamekua si tu automatiska lakini kikamilifu kikamilifu autonoma kutoka binadamu [[(teknisk singularity)]] ==Automation tools== Aina mbalimbali za zana automatisering kuishi: * Ann - [[Artificial neural mtandao]] * DCS - [[Distributed Control System]] * HMI - [[Human Machine Interface]] * SCADA - [[Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition]] * PLC - [[Logic Programmable Mdhibiti]] * PAC - [[Programmable Automation Mdhibiti]] * [[Instrumentation]] * [[Motion kudhibiti]] * [[Robotics]] ==Automatiska viwanda== Automatiska viwanda inahusu matumizi ya vitu automatisering kuzalisha katika kiwanda njia. Zaidi ya faida ya teknolojia automatisering ina ushawishi wake katika mchakato wa utengenezaji. Faida kuu ya viwanda automatiska ni: konsekvensen na ubora zaidi, kupunguza kuongoza nyakati, enklare uzalishaji, kupunguza utunzaji, kuboresha kazi kati yake na kuongeza maadili ya wafanyakazi wakati utekelezaji mzuri wa automatisering ni gjort. ==Tazama pia== {{Lango|Robotics|Electronics}} ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo}} ==Marejeo== * [[Jeremy Rifkin:]] Mwisho ya Kazi: Upungufu wa Global Ajira na Dawn ya Post-Soko Era * Ramin Ramtin: ''Capitalism na Automation - Mapinduzi katika Teknolojia na kibepari Breakdown.'' Pluto Press, London, Concord Misa 1991 ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} {{Wikiquote}} * [http://goldberg.berkeley.edu/t-ase/ IEEE Transactions tarehe Automation Sayansi na Uhandisi] [[Jamii:Uhandisi]] 030y85ss72i4gubfv5xcercpvtdif0w 0 32986 1598971 1417773 2026-09-23T02:50:38Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[Picha: Arsene_Wenger_JHayes_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Arsene Wenger, kocha wa zamani wa klabu ya Arsenal FC.]] '''Arsène Wenger,''' [[OBE]] <ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2988090.stm |title=2003 Queen's birthday honours announced}}</ref> (alizaliwa [[Strasbourg]], [[Ufaransa]], [[22 Oktoba]] [[1949]]) ni [[meneja]] ambaye ameweza kuongoza [[Arsenal F.C.]], [[kilabu]] cha ligi ya [[Uingereza]], tangu mwaka wa [[1996]] hadi [[2018]]. Yeye ni meneja mwenye mafanikio zaidi katika suala la nyara na meneja aliyedumu sana katika [[historia]] ya Arsenal. Katika suala la urefu wa Uzimamizi, miaka kumi na tatu ya George Allison kuwa msimamizi wa Arsenal kati ya mwaka wa 1934 na mwaka wa 1947 ni zaidi ya miaka kumi na mbili nukta tano ya usimamizi wa Wenger (Machi 2009), lakini kipindi cha Allison ni pamoja na ukamilifu wa Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia,|miaka kumi na tatu ya George Allison kuwa msimamizi wa Arsenal kati ya mwaka wa 1934 na mwaka wa 1947 ni zaidi ya miaka kumi na mbili nukta tano ya usimamizi wa Wenger( Machi 2009), lakini kipindi cha Allison ni pamoja na ukamilifu wa [[Vita Kuu]] ya [[Pili]] ya [[Dunia]],]] ambapo hakuna mechi rasmi iliyochezwa na hivyo Wenger amesimamia mechi mingi. Wenger ni meneja asiye wa Uingereza ambaye amewahi kushinda [[nyara mbili]] nchini Uingereza, baada ya kufanya hivyo mwaka 1998 na 2002. Mwaka [[2004]], alikuwa meneja wa pekee katika historia ya [[Ligi ya FA]] kwenda msimu mzima bila kushindwa. Wenger anatambulika sana kama mmoja wa mameneja bora duniani baada ya mafanikio alijipatia katika clabu cha [[AS Monako]] na [[Arsenal]]. Wenger ana shahada la [[Uhandizi katika nyancha ya Electroniki]] na [[bwana shahada]] ya [[Uchumi]] <ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.football365.com/story/0,17033,8750_1547289,00.html | title=A few things you may not know about Arsène Wenger | work=Football365.com | accessdate=2009-12-07 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209011822/http://www.football365.com/story/0%2C17033%2C8750_1547289%2C00.html | archivedate=2009-02-09 }}</ref> kutoka [[Strasbourg University]] na anaelewa lugha ya [[Kifaransa]], [[Kijerumani]], [[Kihispania]] na [[Kiingereza]]; yeye pia anaongea baadhi ya [[Kiitaliano]] na [[Kijapani]].<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/profile/amy-lawrence.shtml| title=Amy Lawrence Q&A on Arsène Wenger| work=bbc.co.uk| accessdate=2009-12-07| archivedate=2011-02-19| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219055708/http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/profile/amy-lawrence.shtml}}</ref> == Maisha na ubia == Yeye ni mtoto ya Alphonse na Louise, Arsène Wenger alizaliwa mjini Strasbourg na kukulia katika kijiji cha jirani cha [[Duttlenheim]] na dadake na nduguye wakubwa. Wazazi wake walimiliki biashara ya sehemu vipuri ya magari katika Strasbourg, vilevile na [[duka la Bistro]] katika Duttlenheim inayoitwa ''La Croix d'Or.'' Akizungumzia malezi yake ''La Croix d'Or,'' yeye alisema katika hotuba ya [[Ligi ya mameneja Association:]] {{Quote|"There is no better psychological education than growing up in a pub... I learned about tactics and selection from the people talking about football in the pub - who plays on the left wing and who should be in the team."|Wenger on his childhood.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2009/sep/25/arsene-wenger-arsenal-pub|title=I owe everything to growing up above a pub, says Arsène Wenger|last=Hytner|first=David|date=25 Septemba 2009 |work=The Guardian|accessdate=2009-09-28}}</ref>}} Wenger ameoa aliyekuwa mchezaji zamani wa [[mpira wa kikapu]] Annie Brosterhous, ambaye ana [[binti]] mmoja, na sasa anaishi katika [[Totteridge, London]].<ref name="rees-guardian">{{Cite news | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2003/aug/18/sport.comment | title=Inside the mind of Arsene Wenger (excerpt from Wenger: The Making of a Legend by Jasper Rees) | author =Jasper Rees | work=The Guardian | date=18 Agosti 2003 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2006/oct/01/sport.comment1 | title=French lessons | work=The Observer | author=Amy Lawrence | date=1 Oktoba 2006 }}</ref> Yeye pia ni [[balozi]] wa ulimwengu kwa ajili ya mdhamini wa [[FIFA World Cup]], [[Castrol]], na kama sehemu ya utaratibu wake amepeana mafunzo kadhaa makambini kwa timu ya vijana ya kimataifa duniani kote, na vilevile kupeana ushauri na kutoa maoni na utendekazi wa Castrol, hili ni mfumo rasmi wa FIFA wa kuwapima ufanisi wa timu na wachezaji katika mashindano mbalimbali.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.castrol.com/castrol/genericarticle.do?categoryId=8278043&contentId=7052191|title=Arsène Wenger signs for Castrol|publisher=[[Castrol|Castrol India]]|date=2009-03-25|accessdate=2009-08-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130142606/http://www.castrol.com/castrol/genericarticle.do?categoryId=8278043&contentId=7052191|archivedate=2013-01-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/sports/29031-educate-coaches-and-young-players--arsene-wenger|title=Educate coaches and young players – Arsene Wenger|publisher=[[The Malaysian Insider]]|date=2008-06-09|accessdate=2009-08-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917134214/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/sports/29031-educate-coaches-and-young-players--arsene-wenger|archivedate=2015-09-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fcbusiness.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=93&Itemid=1|title=An interview with Arsene Wenger|publisher=FC Business|accessdate=2009-08-31}}</ref> Yeye pia amajapisha kitabu juu ya usimamizi wa soka kwa minajili ya soko la[[Ujapani]], {{nihongo|''Shōsha no Spirit''|勝者のエスプリ|Shōsha no Esupuri|lit. ''The Spirit of Conquest'' in [[English language|English]] and ''L'esprit conquérant'' in [[French language|French]]}} ilichapishwa na kampuni ya uchapishaji wa japan Broadcast (kampuni ndogo ya[[NHK)]] katika Septemba 1997, ambapo yeye alidhihirisha falsafa,maadili na ujuzi wake usimamizi na vilevile mawazo yake juu ya soka la Kijapani na mchezo kwa ujumla.<ref name="rees-guardian"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.amazon.co.jp/gp/switch-language/product/4140803215/ref=dp_change_lang?ie=UTF8&language=en_JP|title=Amazon.co.jp: 勝者のエスプリ: アーセン ベンゲル, Ars`ene Wenger: 本|publisher=[[Amazon.com|Amazon Japan]]|accessdate=2009-09-02}}</ref> == Wasifu wa Mapema == Wenger alitumia kiasi kubwa cha ujana wake kucheza mpira na kupanga mechi katika timu za kijiji, FC Duttlenheim, ambako alipata kuchezea timu ya kwanza akiwa na umri wa 16 na hatimaye kuajiriwa na klabu cha daraja la tatu ya AS [[Mutzig]] na meneja wa timu Max Hild, ambaye alikuwa mshauri wake baadaye ,na kumshauri kuhusu usimamizi wa soka baadaye katika utaalamu wake,na ambaye timu yake ilijulikana kucheza soka safi ligi ndogo katika Ufaransa.<ref name="rees-guardian"/> Wasifu wa Wenger kucheza ilikuwa hadimu. Yeye alicheza kama [[mlinzi]] katika vilabu ndogo mbalimbali wakati huo akisoma katika [[EUROPEEN Institut d'Etudes Commerciales Supérieures de Strasbourg]] wa [[Robert Schuman lade University]], ambapo yeye kumaliza [[shahada]] mwaka 1971. Wenger aligeuza utaaluma katika 1978, na kuchaza mechi yake ya kwanza dhidi ya Monako [[RC Strasbourg]]. Yeye alichezea timu yake mara kumi na mbili timu ikiwemo mechi mbili ambapo walishinda [[Ligi ya ufaranza]] katika mwaka wa 1978-79, na akacheza mara moja katika Kombe la UEFA katika msimu huo. Mwaka 1981, yeye alipata cheti cha stashahada na akatuliwa kuwa kocha wa timu ya vijana ya klabu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/a/arsenal/2984744.stm |title= Profile: Arsene Wenger|publisher=BBC News|date=12 Juni 2003|accessdate=24 Februari 2008}}</ref> Baada ya wakati wake katika timu ya Strasbourg, Wenger alijiunga na [[AS Cannes]] kama meneja msaidizi mwaka 1983.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2006/may/14/sport.comment|title=The French revolutionary|author=Jason Cowley|work=[[The Observer]]|date=2006-05-14|accessdate=2009-09-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/players/manager?id=5&cc=4716|title=Arsene Wenger|publisher=[[ESPN Soccernet]]|accessdate=2009-09-02|archivedate=2010-10-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030170654/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/players/manager?id=5&cc=4716}}</ref> == Wasifu wake wa usimamizi == [[Picha:Arsene Wenger 2.jpg|150px|right|thumb|Wenger akishukuru umati baada ya mchezo wa mwisho wa mwaka wa 2006-07 nyumbani msimu mnamo tarehe moja Mei mwaka wa 2007.]] Kazi yake ya kwanza katika usimamisi ilikuwa katika klabu cha [[Nancy]], ambapo alijiunga mwaka wa 1984, lakini alipata mafanikio kidogo hapa: katika wake mwaka wake wa tatu na msimu wake wa mwisho, Nancy ilimaliza katika nafazi ya kumi na tisa na walizushwa daraja hadi ligi ya pili ya ufaranza (sasa [[Ligue 2).]] Wasifu wake wa usimamizi ilipanda ipokuwa meneja wa [[AS Monako]] mwaka wa 1987. Yeye alishinda ligi mwaka wa 1988 (msimu wake wa kwanza ) na [[Kombe la Kifaransa]] mwaka wa 1991, na kuwasajili wachezaji shupafu kama [[Glenn Hoddle, George Weah]] na [[Hermann Klinsmann.]] Yeye pia alisajili [[Youri Djorkaeff]] akiwa na umri ishirini na tatu kutoka [[klabu cha Strasbourg;]] ambaye alishinda Kombe la dunia, Youri alikuwa mfugaji wa mabao katika Ligi ya Ufaranza (mabao ishirini), katika mwaka wa mshisho kwa Wenger kuwa menaja katika Ufaransa. Wenger aliorodeshwa kuwa mojawapo wa menaja wa kusimamia saa Bayern Munich, lakini hakuweza kuchukua kazi kutokana na bodi la Monako kukataa kuruhusu Bayern Munich kuzungumza na Wenger, ingawaje walimwachilia Wenger wiki chache baadaye kazi hiyo kuwa imechukuliwa na mtu mwingine.<ref> Biographia ya Arsene Wenger ilioandikwa na Xavier Rivoire</ref> Alihamia kwenye ligi ya Japani kufunza timu ya Nagoya Grampus nane kwa muda wa miezi kumi na tisa ambapo alipata mafanikio kubwa. Alishinda [[Kombe la Mfalme]] kikombe cha kitaifa. Yeye pia aliongoza klabu kutoka chini ya msimamo ya ligi hadi nafasi ya pili <ref name="espnsoccernet">{{Cite web| url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/players/manager?id=5| title=ESPNsoccernet: Arsene Wenger| work=ESPNsoccernet| accessdate=2006-12-26| archivedate=2010-11-27| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127203615/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/players/manager?id=5}}</ref> Mafanikio yake katika klabu yake ilimwezesha kushinda [[meneja wa ligi wa mwaka {/0 katika wa mwaka 1995, meneja wa kwanza wa kigeni kufanya hivyo. {1/}]] Akiwa Grampus, yeye aliajiriwa meneja wa zamani wa Valenciennes, [[Boro Primorac]], kama msaidizi wake, ambaye walikutana mwaka wa 1993 wakati wa kashfa la upangaji mechi iliyoshirikisha [[timu]] ya [[Olympique de Marseille]], Wenger, alikuwa na maoni kwamba timu ya Marseille ilivunja sheria,aliunga mkono kikamilifu kocha huyo wa Yugoslavia alipo jaribu (hatimaye pamoja na mafanikio) kujitoa lawamani. Primorac alibakia kuwa rafiki Wenger kwa miaka ijayo, na bado anashikilia wadhifa huo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sport.independent.co.uk/football/premiership/article1772317.ece |title=The Independent - miaka kumi Wenger: jinsi yeye walipanga mapinduzi ya Kifaransa |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014010108/http://sport.independent.co.uk/football/premiership/article1772317.ece |archivedate=2007-10-14 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014010108/http://sport.independent.co.uk/football/premiership/article1772317.ece }}</ref> Wakati huohuo Wenger alikuwa ameanza urafiki na aliyekuwa makamu mwenyekiti wa Arsenal [[David Dein]], baada ya wao wawili kukutana wakati Wenger alikuwa amahudhuria mechi kati ya [[Arsenal]] na [[Queens Park Rangers]] mwaka wa 1988.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?article=420866&lid=&sub=Ten+Years+of+Wenger:+a+week+of+celebration&sublid=&Title=Ten+Years+of+Wenger:+a+week+of+celebration&f=rss | title=Ten Years of Wenger: a week of celebration | work=Arsenal.com | accessdate=2006-10-09 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930211702/http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?article=420866&lid=&sub=Ten+Years+of+Wenger:+a+week+of+celebration&sublid=&Title=Ten+Years+of+Wenger:+a+week+of+celebration&f=rss | archivedate=2007-09-30 }}</ref> [[Baada ya Bruce Rioch]] kuachishwa kazi mna mwezi nane mwaka 1996, [[Gérard Houllier]],aliyekuwa mkurugenzi wa kiufundi wa [[Shirikisho la Soka la Kifaransa]], ilipendekeza Wenger kwa Daudi Dein katika majira ya joto ya 1996. Arsenal ilithibitisha kuteuliwa kwake rasmi tarehe 28 Septemba 1996, na yeye rasmi kuchukua ushukani tarehe 1 Oktoba. Arsenal Wenger alikuwa meneja wa kwanza kutoka nje ya [[Uingereza.]] Ingawa hapo awali alikuwa amesemekana kuwapewa kazi kama mkurugenzi wa kiufundi [[la shirikisho la kadanda]], wakati Wenger alikuwa anajulikana kwa nadrwa katika Uingereza, ambako [[gazeti la Evening]] [[Standard]] iliandika uteuzi wake na habari kuu 'Arsene nani?'.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.anr.uk.com/anr.news7dec.html | title=Press at a glance: Tuesday 7 December 1998 | work=ANR | accessdate=2006-10-09 | archive-date=2010-11-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124102933/http://www.anr.uk.com/anr.news7dec.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Mwezi mmoja kabla ya Wenger kuchukua rasmi hatimu ya timu ya Arsenal, Wenger aliomba klabu iwasajili viungo vya kati wa Kifaransa [[Patrick Vieira]] na [[Rémi Garde.]] Mechi yake ya kwanza ilikuwa ushindi wa mabao mawili dhidi ya [[Blackburn Rovers]] tarehe kumi na mbili Oktoba 1996. Arsenal ilimaliza ya tatu katika msimamo ligi katika msimu wake wa kwanza, na kukosa nafasi ya pili (iliyoshikiliwa na [[Newcastle United]]), na hivyo kufuzu kwa Ligi ya Mabingwa, kwa wingi wa mabao. Katika msimu wake wa pili (1997-98), Arsenal ilishinda mataji mawili ikiwemo [[Ligi Kuu]] na [[Kombe la FA]],na kuifanya kuwa mara ya pili katika historia ya klabu kushinda mataji mawili kwa msimu mmoja. Arsenal ilikata uongozi wa poiti kumi na mawili kutoka klabu cha [[Manchester United na kushinda taji la ligi]] ilifanikiwa kushinda ligi kama mechi mbili ilikuwa imesalia. Ngumo ya mafanikio hayo ilikuwa kurithi ulinzi wa [[Tony Adams, Steve Bould, Nigel Winterburn, Lee Dixon]] na [[Martin Keown]], pamoja na mshambuliaji [[Dennis Bergkamp]] na kuelewana wazajili wapya, [[Emmanuel Petit]] kama mcheza mke wa [[Patrick Vieira]], na mshabulizi wa kazi [[Marc Overmars]], na vijana mshambuliaji [[Nicolas Anelka.]] Misimu michache zilizofuata zilikuwa tasa, wakikaribia kushinda kikombe. Katika msimu wa 1998-99, wao walipoteza taji la ligi kwa Manchester United na pointi moja siku ya mwisho ya msimu, na Manchester pia ikaondoa Arsenal katika muda wa ziada katika nusu-finali ya kikombe cha FA Cup. Msimu wa 1999-2000, Arsenal ilipoteza [[fainali]] ya [[Kombe la UEFA kwa timu ya Galatasaray kwa penalti]] na [[2001 Finali ya kombe la FA]] kwa [[Liverpool]] 2-1. Wenger alitatua kuleta wachezaji mpya wa kikosi, pamoja usajili wa utata wa mlinzi Tottenham (aliyekuwa amemaliza mmkataba)na nahodha wa zamani [[Sol Campbell]] vilevile wachezaji wa timu ya kwanza kama [[Fredrik Ljungberg]], [[Thierry Henry]] na [[Robert Pires]]. Wasajili wapya ilisaidia timu ya Wenger kushinda mataji mawili mara moja katika [[msimu wa 2001-02.]] Mechi iliyosisimua sana ilikuwa mechi ya pili kutoka mwisho dhidi ya Manchester United. Arsenal ilishinda 1-0 katika mchezo ambao Arsenal ilionekana kizidi Manchester United. Arsenal alienda msimu mzima unbeaten mbali kutoka nyumbani na kila moja alifunga katika mchezo wa Ligi Kuu kwamba msimu, na kumaliza Double kwa kumpiga Chelsea 2-0 katika fainali ya Kombe la FA na malengo kutoka [[Ray Parlour]] na Fredrik Ljungberg. Baada ya kuanza msimu wa [[2002-03 kwa nguvu]], Arsenal ilionekana kama ingehifadhi taji la ligi kwa mara ya kwanza katika historia yao. Arsenal walikuwa wanaongoza Manchester United (ambao walishinda) kwa point nane wakati mmoja, lakini kucheza kwao ilididimia msimu ikikienda kuisha. Manchester United ilipita Arsenal katika hatua ya mwisho ya msimu na kushinda taji, Arsenal ilitupa ouuongozi wa mabao mwaili dhidi ya [[Bolton Wanderers]] na kutoka sare ya mabao mawili na kisha kupoteza wakiwa nyumbani kwa [[Leeds United]]. Arsenal walifanikiwa kushinda kombe la FA mwaka wa 2003, na msimu iliyofuata, waliandika historia kwa kushinda Ligi ya 2003-04 bila ya kupoteza mechi yeyote ,timu ya daraja la kwanza kuandikisha historia tangu 0}timu Preston North End mwaka wa 1888 -89 kufanya hivyo, hili ni historia ambayo timu ya [[AC Milan]] na [[Ajax]] walikuwa wamewaza kuandikisha katika ligi za kubwa za Ulaya. Mwaka mmoja awali, Wenger alikuwa ameskika akisema kuwa ingeweza Arsenal kucheza msimu mzima bila kushindwa.<ref> Dondoo ya Wenger's halisi ni: "inawezekana". Najua itakuwa vigumu kwa sisi kucheza msimu yote bila kushindwa. Lakini kama sisi tutashikilia mtazamo sahihi ni inawezekana kufanya hivyo. " From: {{Cite news | title=We Won't Lose One Match | publisher=The Mirror | date=21 Septemba 2002 | pages=78–79 | first=Martin | last=Lipton }}</ref> Mechi ya Arsenal kutoshindwa kwa mechi arobaini na tisa ilifikia kikomo pale waliposhindwa na Manchester United kwa mabao mawili kwa nunge mnamo Oktoba 2004. Arsenal walikuwa na ushindi mwingine wa muda katika kampen ligi ya, lakini walishinddwa kutetea ligi na Chelsea. Faraja tena ilikuja katika Kombe la FA mwaka wa 2005, ambapo Arsenal ilishinda Manchester United kwa penalti baada ya kutoka sare ya nunge kwenye fainali. [[Picha:In Arsene We Trust.jpg|240px|right|thumb|Wafuasi wa Arsenal wanaonyesha kadi iliyoandikwa "KWA ARSENE TUNA IMANI" Mei 2009]] Arsenal walikuwa na misimu miwili katika 2005-06 na 2006-07 ya kutoshinda taji lolote, ambapo walimaliza katika nafasi ya nne katika hafla zote mbili. Arsenal wakiwa katika fomu mzuri walitishia kuchukua Ligi Kuu na dhoruba katika [msimu wa 2007-08, walioongoza ligi kwa muda mrefu katika msimu huo, lakini walishindwa na Chelsea na Manchester United, baada ya mguu wa mshabuliaji wao Eduardo kuvunjwa ikatatanisha kikosi changa cha Arsenal kwa wiki chache. Kwa jumla, Arsenal imeshinda Ligi mara tatu na vikombe vya FA manne chini ya uongozi wa Wenger, hili linamfanya kuwa meneja mwenye mafanikio kubwa zaidi katika masuala ya nyara. Nyara ya [[vilabu mabingwa]] ndilo taji peke yake ambalo Wenger hajashinda,hata hivyo, Arsenal ilikaribia kushinda walikapo fika [[finali]] katika msimu wa 2005-06, kwa mara ya kwanza katika historia ya klabu, ambapo walipoteza kwa mabao mawili kwa moja dhidi ya timu ya [[Barcelona]]. Mnamo Oktoba 2004, yeye alitia saini mkataba wa kuongoza kandarasi yake ambayo ingeweka ugani Emireti kupita [[msimu wa 2007-08]] /0} <ref>{{Cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/a/arsenal/3958385.stm | title=Wenger signs new Arsenal contract | work=BBC | accessdate=27 Oktoba 2004}}</ref> Aliyekuwa makamu mwenyekiti Arsenal [[wakati huo David Dein]] alisema kuwa Wenger ana kazi ya arsenal " kwa maisha" , na alipangia kumpatia Wenger jukumu kazi ya mwanabodi wa klabu mara tu atakopo Arsenal retires mara moja yeye kama meneja. Maisha ya baadaye ya Wenge rkatika Arsenal ilikuwa na maswahili chungu baada ya Daudi Dein kutoka bodi la Arsenal tarehe 18 Aprili 2007, na uvumi kuvuma kwamba Wenger atawacha kazi yake ili awe meneja wa [[Real Madrid.]] Hata hivyo, mnamo tarehe 6 Septemba 2007, Wenger ilikubali kandarasi mpya ya miaka mitatu katika Arsenal.<ref> {{Cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/a/arsenal/6981442.stm|title=Wenger agrees new deal at Arsenal | work=BBC Sport}}Mkataba inadhaniwa kuwa thamani ya pouni milioni nne kila mwaka.</ref> == Mkabala na falsafa == [[Picha:Arsène Wenger 2008.jpg|thumb|Wenger mwaka 2008.]] Wenger ameelezewa kama kocha ambaye "imetumia wasifu yake kujenga timu kushinda mataji na wakati huo kkuwa hamu ya kufurahisha na kushambulia",<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/a/arsenal/7339174.stm | title= Wenger sticks to his guns | work=BBC Sport | author=Whyatt, Chris | date=9 Aprili 2008 }}</ref> na kama mwandilishi,anashughulika sana wakfu kwa mtu binafsi na ya kiufundi wa umoja ".<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/sport/football.html?in_article_id=560305&in_page_id=1779 | title=Arsene Wenger has made some mistakes but he's still the best Arsenal have ever had | work=Daily Mail | author=[[Tom Watt|Watt, Tom]] | date=17 Aprili 2008 }}</ref> ''Gazeti ya Times'' inabainisha kuwa tangu 2003-04 mkabala na mchezo wa Wenger imekuwa msisitizo ya ushambuliaji.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/fink_tank/article2933477.ece | title=Efficiency drive in defence and attack is proving Arsene Wenger right | work=The Times | author=[[Daniel Finkelstein|Finkelstein, Daniel]] | date=27 Novemba 2007 | quote=For the past four years, our model shows Arsenal as an attacking team – at no point has their defence ranking been above their ranking for attack. | accessdate=2009-12-07 | archivedate=2009-01-08 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108014519/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/fink_tank/article2933477.ece }}</ref> Mtindo wake wa kucheza imekuwa kinyume na mkabala wa wapinzani wake,<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/premier_league/arsenal/article3717226.ece | title=Why Arsene Wenger should be proud rather than cowed | quote=Arsène Wenger could have instructed his team to play with the dispiriting pragmatism so beloved of his rival managers, but the mercurial Frenchman was not prepared to betray his nobler ideals, even when it might have improved his club’s chances of success. | work=The Times | author=[[Matthew Syed|Syed, Matthew]] | date=10 Aprili 2008 | accessdate=2009-12-07 | archivedate=2008-10-14 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014000941/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/premier_league/arsenal/article3717226.ece }}</ref> lakini pia imekosolewa kwa kwa kukosa nguzo wa kuua".<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/columnists/columnists.html?in_article_id=559462&in_page_id=1951&in_author_id=260 | title=Make this your final year, Joe | work=Daily Mail | author=[[Jeff Powell|Powell, Jeff]] | date=13 Aprili 2008 | quote=Imaginative play to delight connoisseurs but lack of a killer touch leaving them vulnerable to more relentless opponents. }}</ref> Ingawa Wenger kwa miaka kadhaa alichezesha kikosi chake na mfumo wa 4-4-2, tangu mwaka 2005 amekuwa mara nyingi akitegemea mfumo 4-5-1 na mshambuliaji mmoja na kiungo iliyojaa wachezaji,<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.arsenal-land.co.uk/columns/?col=246 | title=What is Arsenal's optimal tactical strategy? | accessdate=2009-12-07 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125192859/http://www.arsenal-land.co.uk/columns/?col=246 | archivedate=2009-01-25 }}</ref> hasa tangu kuhama uwanja pana wa Emirati,<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.arsenalamerica.com/2006/10/06/evolution-of-the-arsenal-playing-style/ | title=Evolution of the Arsenal Playing Style | accessdate=2009-12-07 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091201090134/http://www.arsenalamerica.com/2006/10/06/evolution-of-the-arsenal-playing-style/ | archivedate=2009-12-01 }}</ref> na katika ligi ya mabingwa.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=news&article=416732&lid=NewsHeadline&Title=Adebayor+might+not+remain+a+lone+Gunner | title=Adebayor might not remain a lone Gunner | accessdate=2009-12-07 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606223303/http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=News | archivedate=2013-06-06 }}</ref> Mwanzo kwa msimu wa 2009-10, Wenger ameanza mfumo mpya ya 4-3-3 , ikiwa na washambuliaji watano wanaobadilishana nafasikwa hiari wakati wa mechi.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/blog/2009/oct/27/the-question-false-nines-jonathan-wilson }| title=Why don't more teams trust false nines? }}</ref> Wenger ana sifa kubwa ya kutafuta talanta ya vijana wachanga. Wakati wake akiwa Monako alimleta [[mrai wa Liberia, George Weah]], ambaye baadaye akashinda tuzo la shirikisho la kandanda duniani[[ya mchezaji mzuri wa mwaka]] wakati huo akichezea [[AC Milan, Tonnerre Yaoundé]] kutoka timu y [[Kamerun]]na [[rai wa]] Nigeria [[Victor Ikpeba]], ambaye baadaye akawa [[mchezaji bora wa Afrika wa Mwaka]] kutoka [[klabu cha RFC de Liege.]] Wakati akiwa Arsenal, Wenger amesajili vijana, ambao hawakuwa wakijulikani kama vile [[Patrick Vieira, Francesc Fabregas, Robin Van Persie]] na [[Kolo Toure]], na kuwasaidia kuwa kuwa wachezaji wa duniani. Imeonekana, utetezi ambao iliweka rekodi mpya baada ya kucheza mechi kumi mfululizo bila kufungwa bao lolote wakiwa njiana kufika fainali ya[[kombe la Uefa]] dhidi ya [[Barcelona]]msimu wa 2005-06 iligharimau Arsenal chini ya pouni tano za uingereza kukusanyika. Ingawa Wenger amefanya baadhi ya uzajili ya wachezaji wenye pesa mingi kwa Arsenal, rekodi ya matumizi yake ni nadra zaidi kuliko timu nyingine inayoongoza Ligi. Utafiti wa mwaka wa 2007,ilipata kuwa alikuwa meneja wa pekee kwenye Ligi eamefanya faida kwa uhamisho wa wachezaji,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/sports/wenger+most+money+wise+manager/667357 |title=Wenger wengi 'pesa busara' meneja |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2009-08-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822153528/http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/sports/wenger+most+money+wise+manager/667357 }}</ref> na kati ya mwaka wa 2004 na mwaka wa 2009 Wenger alifanya faida wastani ya pauni dola million nne nukta nne kwamsimu kutokana na uhamisho, mbali zaidi kuliko vilabu vingine vyovyote.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://transferleague.co.uk/ |title=Transfer League |publisher=Transfer League |date=2008-06-11 |accessdate=2009-10-31 |archive-date=2010-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811070130/http://www.transferleague.co.uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mfano mzuri ni ya ununuzi wa [[Nicolas Anelka]] kutoka [[Paris St Germain]] kwa pauni elfu mia tano tuna baadaye kuuzwa pauni millioni ishirini na mbili kwa [[Real Madrid]]baada ya miaka miwili tu. Hiyo ilimwezesha Wenger kununua wachezaji watatu, wakiwemo Thierry Henry, Robert Pires na [[Sylvain Wiltord]], ambao wote walicheza nafasi muhimu katika kushinda mataji mawili katika msimu wa 2001-02 na kushinda ligi katika msimu wa 2003-04. Vilevile kwa kukuza vipaji kwa klabu, Wenger pia ameonekana kufufua wasifu ya wachezaji wakongwe akiwa Arsenal. [[Dennis Bergkamp]], ambaye alikuwa amesajiliwa na Arsenal mwaka mmoja kabla Wenger kijiunga na Arsenal, alifikia upeo wake chini ya uonngozi wa Wenger. Wenger pia alisaidia mwanafunzi wake wa awali akiwa Monako, Thierry Henry, kuwa mchezaji wa hadiri ya dunia na kumwona akiwa nahodha na mfungaji bora wa boa kwa historia ya Arsenal. Wenger pia aligeuza mfumo wa kufanya mazoezi na kukula,kwa kutoa unywaji pombe na ukulaji wa chakula yenye mafuta mingi. Wenger alisimama na nahodha [[Tony Adams]] baada ya Adams kukubali kuwa [[ulevi]] mwaka wa 1996. Wenger alisaidia Adams wakati wa ukarabati wake, na mchezaji huyo akarejea fomu mzuri na akamwongezea wasifu yake kwa miaka kadhaa. Mafunzo ya Wenger na sheria ya malazi na chakula huenda pia ilichangia kurefusha wasifu wa wanabegi wa Arsenal kwa muda mrefu, wanabegi [[Nigel Winterburn]], [[Lee Dixon]] na [[Martin Keown]]. Wenger awali alikuwa kupanga kuwasajili wachezaji wengine kuchukua nafasi yao, lakini baadaye alitambua kwamba hakuwa na haja ya kufanya hivyo. Wenger alikuwa na mchango wa moja kwa moja kwa muundo wa ndani wa [[uwanja]] mpya ya [[Emirates]], ambao ulifunguliwa mwaka wa 2006, na uhamisho kwa uwanja mpya ya mafunzo ya [[London Colney]]. == Plaudits na tuzo == {{Wikiquote}} Wenger anafurahia pendo kubwa kutoka kwa mashabiki wa Arsenal, ambao wameonyesha imani kubwa na meneja wake wa muda mrefu wa maono yake ya muda ijaayo. Display banners wafuasi mara kwa mara wakidai "Arsène anajua" na "Katika sisi Arsène matumaini" katika matches at Emirates Stadium. Wakati Arsenal msururo wa ushindikatika kampeni wakiwa Highbury mwaka wa [[2005-06]], wafuasi walionyesha kuridhishwa kwao na kuamua kuwa " Siku ya Wenger" katika mojawebo ya sikuza mechi kali. Siku ya Wenger wulifanyika siku yake ya kuzaliwa akiadhimisha miaka hamsini na sita ya kuzaliwa mnamo tarehe ishirini na mbilimwezi wa Oktoba 2005, wakati wa mechi dhidi ya [[Manchester City.]] <ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=&article=359079 | title=It's Wenger Day at Highbury! | work=Arsenal.com | accessdate=2009-12-07 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014183632/http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=&article=359079 | archivedate=2007-10-14 }}</ref> Aliyekuwa makamu mwenyekiti wa Arsenal, David Dein, alieleza Wenger kama meneja muhimu katika historia ya klabu: "Arsene kama mfanyakazi wa maajabu. Yeye alibadilisha klabu. Aligeuza wachezaji kuwa wa kiwango cha duniani. Tangu awe hapa, tumeona mpira kutoka sayari nyingine".<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?xml=/sport/2001/12/06/sfnwen07.xml&sSheet=/portal/2001/12/07/por_right.html | title=Arsenal sign Wenger with expert timing | work=Daily Telegraph | accessdate=2021-07-13 | archivedate=2007-12-15 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215130008/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fsport%2F2001%2F12%2F06%2Fsfnwen07.xml&sSheet=%2Fportal%2F2001%2F12%2F07%2Fpor_right.html }}</ref> Katika Tarehe 18 mwezi wa Oktoba 2007, kinyago cha shaba, sawa toleo la awali la [[Herbert Chapman]], ilizindua kwake, na bodi ya wakurugenzi wa Arsenal, katika Mkutano Mkuu wa mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=News&article=483062&lid=NewsHeadline&Title=Arsenal+commission+bust+of+Ars%26egrave;ne+Wenger| title=Arsenal commission bust of Arsène Wenger| work=Arsenal.com| accessdate=2009-12-07| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106135002/http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=news&article=483062&lid=NewsHeadline&Title=Arsenal+commission+bust+of+Ars%26egrave;ne+Wenger| archivedate=2007-11-06}}</ref> Wenger ilipewa zanaa mzuri ya kifaranza ya [[Légion d'Honneur]] mwaka wa 2002. Yeye ilipewa tuzo la [[OBE]] kwa huduma yake kwa soka ya Uingereza katika [[siku ya tuzo za kuzaliwa Malkia]] ya mwaka wa 2003, pamoja na mfaranza mwenzake ambaye alikuwa meneja wa Liverpool [[Gérard Houllier.]] Mwaka wa 2006, Wenger aliingiza ndani ya makwiji wa soka la Uingereza [[kama utambuzi mafanikio yake kama]] meneja katika Uiingereza. Yeye alikuwa meneja wa pili wa kigeni kuingishwa kwa orodha ya makwiji haoe, baada ya Mwitalia [[Dario Gradi]] wa timu ya [[Crewe Alexandra]]. Mwaka wa 2007, alipata nyota moja KUpewa jina la [[33179 Arsène Wenger]], <ref>{{Cite web|author=Alan Chamberlin |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=33179;orb=1;cov=0#orb |title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser |publisher=Ssd.jpl.nasa.gov |date= |accessdate=2009-10-31}}</ref> na mwanaastronomia [[Ian P. Griffin]], ambaye anasema kilabu cha Arsenal anakipenda sana.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://web.mac.com/i_griffin/Ian_Griffins_Website/Arsenewenger.html |title=Arsenewenger |publisher=Web.mac.com |date=2007-11-21 |accessdate=2009-10-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520100408/http://web.mac.com/i_griffin/Ian_Griffins_Website/Arsenewenger.html |archivedate=2011-05-20 }}</ref> == Sakata == [[Picha:Arsene Wenger.JPG|thumb|Wenger imekuwa katika kesi za utatanishi]] Timu za Wenger imeshtumiwa kukoza nidhamu, walipa [[kadi nyekundu]] sabini na tatu kati ya mwaka wa 1996 na 2008.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/2003/10/04/story581667712.asp | title=Wenger has no back-up plan | work=Irish Examiner | accessdate=2009-12-07 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230033233/http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/2003/10/04/story581667712.asp | archivedate=2008-12-30 }}</ref> Hata hivyo, katika wawili mwaka 2004 na 2005 timu ya Wenger ilishinda zawadi ya timu iliyo na nidhamu na tabia mzuri katika ligi ya Uingereza <ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.thefa.com/Features/EnglishDomestic/Postings/2004/08/Arsenal_FairPlay.htm | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041027082515/http://www.thefa.com/Features/EnglishDomestic/Postings/2004/08/Arsenal_FairPlay.htm | archivedate=2004-10-27 | title=Fair Play to Gunners | work=The Football Association | accessdate=2009-12-07 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.breakingnews.ie/2005/05/19/story203267.html | title=Fair Play to Arsenal could see Spurs in Europe | work=BreakingNews.ie | accessdate=2009-12-07 | archivedate=2008-12-06 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206055127/http://www.breakingnews.ie/2005/05/19/story203267.html }}</ref> na karibu wajishidie zawadi hilo tena mwaka wa 2006.walimaliza katika nafasi ya pili.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.premierleague.com/public/downloads/publications/Fair_Play_May_06.pdf | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923111427/http://www.premierleague.com/public/downloads/publications/Fair_Play_May_06.pdf | archivedate=2006-09-23 | format=PDF | title=Barclays Premiership 2005/06 Fair Play League | work=Premierleague.com | accessdate=2009-12-07 }}</ref> Rekodi yao kama mojawebo ya vilabu vya michezo yenye nidhamu iliendelea hadi 2009 baada ya klabu kuwa katika nafasi nne za kwanza kwa kuwania zawadi hilo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.avfc.co.uk/page/News/0,,10265~1024029,00.html |title=MON On Fair Play &#124; Latest News &#124; Latest News &#124; News &#124; Aston Villa |publisher=Avfc.co.uk |date=2009-10-27 |accessdate=2009-10-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.whoateallthepies.tv/2009/06/what_the_200809.html |title=What the 2008/09 Premier League Fair Play table tells us » Who Ate all the Pies |publisher=Whoateallthepies.tv |date=2009-06-05 |accessdate=2009-10-31}}</ref> Mwaka wa 1999, Wenger alipatia klabu ya [[Sheffield United]] mechi ya marudiano katika shindano la FA baada ya sintofahamu kuhuzu ushindi wa Arsenal. Bao la ushindi la Arsenal iliyofungwa na [[Marc Overmars]], ilitokana na mshambuliaji [[Kanu]] kushindwa kurudisha mpira kwa upinzani baada ya mpira kutolewa nje ili mchezaji wa Sheffield United kupata matibabu kwa ajili ya kuumia. Arsenal alishinda mechi ya marudio kwa mabao mawili kwa moja. Yeye anajukika vizuri sana kutika na ushindani na menaja wa [[Manchester United]], [[Sir Alex Ferguson]]. Ushindani huu ulifikia kilele katika tukio la "Pizzagate" <ref>{{Cite news | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2006/sep/15/newsstory.sport1 | title = Pizzagate: a slice of strife | publisher = Guardian | date = 15 Septemba 2006 | accessdate = 18 Februari 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/2392616/Untold-story-of-%27Pizzagate%27.html | title = Untold story of 'Pizzagate' | first = Mihir | last = Bose | publisher = Daily Telegraph | date = 8 Desemba 2004 | accessdate = 18 Februari 2009 | archivedate = 2008-12-12 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081212224444/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/2392616/Untold-story-of-%27Pizzagate%27.html }}</ref> huko [[OLD TRAFFORD]] katika Oktoba mwaka wa 2004 baada ya mkwaju wa adhabu la utata ulipelekea kushindwa kwa mabao mawili kwa nunge,hivyo kufanya ushindi wa Arsenal wa mechi arobaini na tisa bila kushindwa kufikia kikomo. Baada ya mechi mwanachama wa Arsenal alidaiwa kurushia chakula upinzani katika mwingilio wa chumba cha mapumziko.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.football365.com/news/story_131481.shtml | title=Wenger: I didn't see tunnel fracas | work=Football365 | accessdate=2009-12-07 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041027235622/http://www.football365.com/news/story_131481.shtml | archivedate=2004-10-27 }}</ref> Wenger alipigwa faini ya dollar elfu kumi na tano kwa ajili ya kumwita mshambulizi wa Manchester [[Ruud van Nistelrooy]] kama mdanganyifu katika mahojiano na wandishi wa habari baada ya mechi. Yeye pia alipigwa faini nyingine baadaye kwa wito wake wa kumwita van Nistelrooy mdanganyanyifu, kuonyesha kwamba yeye aliamini yake.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/a/arsenal/4099659.stm | title=Wenger fined over Ruud outburst | work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Mameneja wote sasa wamekubali kupunguza la toni maneno yao ushindani wao itulie.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/4190561.stm | title=Wenger and Ferguson to end feud | work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Katika mwezi wa Oktoba na Novemba mwaka 2005, Wenger alijiingiza katika cheche la maneno na aliyekuwa meneja wa [[Chelsea]] [[José Mourinho.]] Mourinho alimstumu Wenger kuwa hana anapenda Chelsea kinyume na maadili ya kazi, akiwita Wenger kama panya na [[mtu anayependa maswala ya watu wengine]] <ref>{{Cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/c/chelsea/4391824.stm | title=Mourinho labels Wenger a 'voyeur' | work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Mourinho alinukuliwa akisema, "Yeye's ana wasiwasi kuhusu sisi, yeye daima anazungumza kuhusu sisi - ni Chelsea, Chelsea, Chelsea, Chelsea". Wenger alijitetea kuwa alikuwa anajibu waandishi wa habari kuhusu maswali juu ya Chelsea, na akaelezea mtizamo wa Mourinho kama "isiyo na nidhamu". Mourinho tangu imenukuliwa akisema kuwa yeye anajutia kusema neno hilo "voyeur" , na Wenger amakubali msamaha wake.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/chelsea/4554688.stm | title=Mourinho regrets 'voyeur' comment | work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Wenger mara nyingi imekuwa akikosolewa na meneja wengine wa wa Ligi kuwa amekosa kuchezesha wachezaji kutoka uingereza, hasa katika Ligi ya Mabingwa. Aliyekuwa meneja wa West Ham United, Alan Pardew alisema kuwa mafanikio ya Arsenal katika Ligi ya mabingwa si lazima kuwa ushindi kwa soka ya Uingereza".<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://football.guardian.co.uk/championsleague200506/story/0,,1727709,00.html | title= This was no English victory says Taylor | work=The Guardian}}</ref> Wenger aliona suala la utaifa kama lisilo na msingi wowote na akasema, "Wakati wewe unawakilisha klabu, ni kuhusu maadili na sifa, si kuhusu paspoti", pia inaonyesha kuwa kulikuwa na kile kipengele cha kirangi alivyosema Pardew. Katika kukabiliana, Pardew alisema kuwa, "Meneja ambaye ameowa mswidi na amawazajili wachezaji kutoka duniani kote huwezi kuitwa mpaguzi wa rangi." <ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/2353083/Wenger-and-Pardew-face-an-early-rematch.html | title= Wenger and Pardew face an early rematch | publisher=''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]''|author=Mick Collins|date=2006-12-31|accessdate=2009-08-14}}</ref> Wajambuzi wengine, pamoja [[Trevor Brooking]], mkurugenzi wa mpira wa maendeleo katika [[shirikisho la kandanda]], alitetea Wenger. Brooking alibainisha kuwa ukosefu wa wachezaji kutoka Uingereza katika mojawebo ya vilabu yenye mafanikio zaidi katika Uingereza ilikuwa tafakari ya kutokuwepo na talanta nchini Uingereza kuliko Wenger mwenyewe.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=361745&cc=5739 | title=English kids are technically inferior, claims Brooking | work=Soccernet | accessdate=2009-12-07 | archivedate=2008-12-06 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206140505/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=361745&cc=5739 }}</ref> Wachezaji kadhaa wa Uingereza walianzia wasifu wao Arsenal chini ya usimamizi wa Wenger, wakiwemo [[David Bentley]], [[Steve Sidwell]], [[Jermaine Pennant]], [[Mathayo Upson]] na [[Ashley Cole]] na vijana wa Uingereza wenye vipaji kama vile [[Theo Walcott]], [[Kieran Gibbs]] na [[Jack Wilshere]] na sasa wanajenga wasifu wao katika Arsenal. Baadhi ya wachezaji vijana wa Uingereza hata hivyo waliona kwamba ingekuwa mzuri kuhama mahali pengine kupata fursa zaidi timu ya kwanza. Wachezaji kama Mathayo Upson, Steve Sidwell, na David Bentley walikuwa wataalamu wenyewe, lakini walishindwa kupata nafasi ya kawaida kwa Arsenal. Mnamo Novemba mwaka wa 2007, [[Sir Alex Ferguson]] pia alikosoa Wenger kwa kutowachezesha wachezaji wengi wa Kiingereza.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/7080436.stm | title=Ferguson supports Fifa quota plan | work=BBC Website}}</ref> Wenger maneno yenye utata baada ya taarifa juu ya maamuzi ya marefari baada ya maamuzi kuenda kwa wapinzani wake.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/a/arsenal/4539160.stm| title=FA quizzes Wenger about comments | work=BBC Sport }}</ref> Kufuatia finali ya Carling mwishoni mwa mwaka wa 2007, yeye alimwita [[mzaidizi wa refa]] kama 'mwongo', kupelekea uchunguzi na shirikisho la kandanda,<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/a/arsenal/6417007.stm | title=Wenger out of order, says ex-ref | work=BBC Website}}</ref> na kupewa faini ya dollar elfu mbili mia tano, na onyo.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/a/arsenal/6561059.stm | title=Wenger given fine & warning by FA | work=BBC Website}}</ref> Wenger kwa mara nyingi amejaribu kutetea wachezaji wake wakati wamehusika katika matukio utata uwanjani kwa kusema kwamba hakuona tukio hilo; hili ni chaguo Wenger anasema anapendelea kwa wakati hakuna " maelezo kamilifu" ili kujitetea, na kwamba yeye ina maslahi ya mchezaji bora katika akili yake. {0 == Takwimu == === Wachezaji === {{Football player statistics 1|YY}} {{Football player statistics 2|FRA|YY}} | -- | [[1978-79]] | rowspan = "3" | [[Strasbourg]] | rowspan = "3" | [[Daraja la kwanza]] | 2 | | 0 | | | | | | | | | | 1 | | 0 | | | | | -- | [[1979-80]] | 1 | | 0 | | | | | | | | || colspan = "2 "|-|| | | | -- | [[1980-81]] | 8 | | 0 | | | | | | | | | | colspan = "2 "|-|| | | {{Football player statistics 3|1|FRA}} 11 | | 0 | | | | | | | | | | 1 | | 0 | | | | {{Football player statistics 5}} 11 | | 0 | | | | | | | | | | 1 | | 0 | | | | |} <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.racingstub.com/page.php?page=joueur&id=101 |title=Arsène WENGER - Racing Club de Strasbourg - racingstub.com |publisher=racingstub.com |date=1949-10-22 |accessdate=2009-10-31 |archivedate=2009-08-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822193825/http://www.racingstub.com/page.php?page=joueur&id=101 }}</ref> === Msimamizi === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |- !rowspan = "2" | Timu !rowspan = "2" | Nat !rowspan = "2" | From !rowspan = "2" | Kwa !colspan = "5" | Record |- !G!!W!!D!!L!!Kushinda% |- | align = left | [[AS Nancy|Nancy]] | align = "left" | {{Flag icon | Ufaransa}} | align = left | 1984 | align = left | 1987 ((WDL | 114 | 33 | 30 | 51)) |- | align = left | [[AS Monaco FC|AS Monako]] | align = "left" | {{Flag icon | Ufaransa}} | align = left | 1987 | align = left | 1995 ( (WDL | 266 | 130 | 53 | 83)) |- | align = left | [[Nagoya Grampus|Nagoya Grampus Nane]] | align = "left" | {{Flag icon | Ujapani}} | align = left | 1995 | align = left | 1996 ((WDL | 56 | 38 | 0 * | 18)) |- | align = left | [[Arsenal FC|Arsenal]] | align = "left" | {{Flag icon | England}} | align = left | 30 Septemba 1996 | align = left |''Present''((WDL | 755 | 435 | 187 | 133)) | -!colspan = "4" | Total {{WDLtot|1191|636|270|285}} |} {{updated|29 Novemba 2009}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/managers2.sd?managerid=92 |title=Arsene Wenger's managerial career |date= |accessdate=2 Novemba 2009 |publisher=[[Racing Post]] |archivedate=2010-03-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330003951/http://www.soccerbase.com/managers2.sd?managerid=92 }}</ref> <nowiki>*</nowiki> ''Wakati wa Wenger's umiliki huko, katika Ujapani's J-League katika tukio la scores kuwa ngazi mwishoni wa dakika 90, viberiti itakuwa waliamua kwa muda wa ziada na adhabu.'' == Tuzo == === Player === ==== Strasbourg ==== * [[Ligi ya Ufaranza: 1978-79]] === Msimamizi === {{Col-begin}} {{Col-2}} ==== Monako ==== ;Mshindi * [[Ligi ya Ufaranza (1): 1987-88]] * [[kombe la Ufaransa (1): 1990-91]] ;Nafasi ya pili * [[Taji la kompe la UEFA]] (1): [[1991-92]] * Ligi ya Ufaranza (3): [[1990-91 1991-92 1992-93]] ==== Nagoya Grampus ==== ;Mshindi * [[Kombe la Mfalme]] (1): 1996 * [[Ligi ya Japani]] (1): 1996 ;Nafasi ya pili * [[Ligi ya Japani]] (1): [[1996]] ==== Arsenal ==== ;Mshindi * [[Taji ya ligi]] (3): [[1997-98, 2001-02, 2003-04]] * [[Kombe la FA]] (4): [[1997-98, 2001-02, 2002-03, 2004-05]] * [[Ngao la jamii]] (4): [[1998, 1999, 2002, 2004]] ;Nafasi ya pili * [[Kombe la UEFA (1): 2005-06]] * [[Taji ya ligi]] (5): [[1998-99, 1999-2000, 2000-01, 2002-03, 2004-05]] * [[Kombe la FA]] (1): [[2000-01]] * [[Taji ya Carling (1): 2006-07]] * [[Ngao ya jamii]] (2): [[2003, 2005]] * [[Kombe la UEFA (1): 1999-2000]] {{Col-2}} {{Col-end}} ==== Binafsi ==== * Meneja wa Mwaka katika Ufaranza: 1988, 2008 * [[Meneja wa Mwaka katika ligi ya Japani:]] 1995 * [[Afisa wa Ufalme wa Uingereza:]] 2003 * [[Onze d'Or]] Kocha wa Mwaka: 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004 * [[Meneja wa Mwaka wa ligi ya Uingereza:]] 1998, 2002, 2004 * [[Lma Meneja wa Mwaka:]] 2001-02, 2003-04 <ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/3723881.stm |title=Wenger secures LMA award |date=18 Mei 2004 |accessdate=28 Mei 2009 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> * [[Tuzo la BBC kwa meneja wa Mwaka]] 2002, 2004 * Uhuru wa [[Islington:]] 2004 <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.arsenal.com/first-team/coaching-staff/ars-ne-wenger |title=Arsène Wenger &#124; Coaching Staff &#124; First Team |publisher=Arsenal.com |date= |accessdate=2009-10-31 |archivedate=2015-03-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318100708/http://www.arsenal.com/first-team/coaching-staff/ars-ne-wenger }}</ref> * [[Tuzo la FWA :]] 2005 <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.footballwriters.co.uk/news/article/tribute_2005.html |title=Football Writers' Association: Latest News :: Arsene Wenger Tribute |publisher=Footballwriters.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2009-10-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725033151/http://www.footballwriters.co.uk/news/article/tribute_2005.html |archivedate=2011-07-25 }}</ref> * [[Makwiji wa soka Uingereza :]] 2006 * [[Meneja wa Ligi wa Mwezi:]] mara kumi <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.leaguemanagers.com/manager/honours-189.html |title=Arsene Wenger OBE – Honours |date= |accessdate=28 Mei 2009 |publisher=[[League Managers Association]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514125406/http://www.leaguemanagers.com/manager/honours-189.html |archivedate=2010-05-14 }}</ref> (Machi 1998, Aprili 1998, Oktoba 2000,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/1016826.stm |title=Sheringham wins monthly award |date=10 Novemba 2000 |accessdate=28 Mei 2009 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Aprili 2002,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/a/arsenal/1979708.stm |title=Arsenal duo win awards |date=10 Mei 2002 |accessdate=29 Mei 2009 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Septemba 2002,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/a/arsenal/2300107.stm |title=Arsenal duo bag awards |date=4 Oktoba 2002 |accessdate=29 Mei 2009 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Agosti 2003,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/a/arsenal/3104430.stm |title=Wenger wins award |date=12 Septemba 2003 |accessdate=28 Mei 2009 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Februari 2004,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/3505712.stm |title=Arsenal scoop awards double |date=12 Machi 2004 |accessdate=29 Mei 2009 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Agosti 2004,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/a/arsenal/3645216.stm |title=Arsenal claim double award |date=10 Septemba 2004 |accessdate=29 Mei 2009 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Septemba 2007,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/a/arsenal/7053374.stm |title=Arsenal pair scoop monthly awards |date=19 Oktoba 2007 |accessdate=28 Mei 2009 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Desemba 2007 <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.premierleague.com/page/Headlines/0,,12306~1212757,00.html |title=Wenger and Santa Cruz scoop awards |date=11 Jan 2008 |accessdate=28 Mei 2009 |publisher=Barclays Premier League |archivedate=2010-11-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126134405/http://www.premierleague.com/page/Headlines/0,,12306~1212757,00.html }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons2|Arsène Wenger}} * {{Soccerbase (manager)|id=92|name=Arsène Wenger}} * [http://www.arsenal.com/first-team/coaching-staff/ars-ne-wenger Arsène Wenger profile tarehe Arsenal.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.arsenal.com/first-team/coaching-staff/ars-ne-wenger |date=20150318100708 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/a/arsenal/5380998.stm Arsène Wenger profile juu BBC Sport] <br /> {{Football manager history |name=Arsenal F.C. managers |teamname=Arsenal F.C. |managerlist=List of Arsenal F.C. managers |bgcolor=#DD0000 |textcolor=White |bordercolor=gold |list =<div> {{Football manager list entry|name=[[Thomas Mitchell (football manager)|Mitchell]]|from=1897|to=1898}} {{Football manager list entry|name=[[William Elcoat|Elcoat]]|from=1898|to=1899}} {{Football manager list entry|name=[[Harry Bradshaw|Bradshaw]]|from=1899|to=1904}} {{Football manager list entry|name=[[Phil Kelso|Kelso]]|from=1904|to=1908}} {{Football manager list entry|name=[[George Morrell (football manager)|Morrell]]|from=1908|to=1915}} {{Football manager list entry|name=[[James McEwen|McEwen]]|from=1915|to=1919<sup>c</sup>}} {{Football manager list entry|name=[[Leslie Knighton|Knighton]]|from=1919|to=1925}} {{Football manager list entry|name=[[Herbert Chapman|Chapman]]|from=1925|to=1934}} {{Football manager list entry|name=[[Joe Shaw (footballer born 1883)|Shaw]]|from=1934<sup>c</sup>}} {{Football manager list entry|name=[[George Allison|Allison]]|from=1934|to=1947}} {{Football manager list entry|name=[[Tom Whittaker (footballer)|Whittaker]]|from=1947|to=1956}} {{Football manager list entry|name=[[Jack Crayston|Crayston]]|from=1956|to=1958}} {{Football manager list entry|name=[[George Swindin|Swindin]]|from=1958|to=1962}} {{Football manager list entry|name=[[Billy Wright (footballer born 1924)|Wright]]|from=1962|to=1966}} {{Football manager list entry|name=[[Bertie Mee|Mee]]|from=1966|to=1976}} {{Football manager list entry|name=[[Terry Neill|Neill]]|from=1976|to=1983}} {{Football manager list entry|name=[[Don Howe|Howe]]|from=1983|to=1986}} {{Football manager list entry|name=[[Steve Burtenshaw|Burtenshaw]]|from=1986<sup>c</sup>}} {{Football manager list entry|name=[[George Graham (footballer)|Graham]]|from=1986|to=1995}} {{Football manager list entry|name=[[Stewart Houston|Houston]]|from=1995<sup>c</sup>}} {{Football manager list entry|name=[[Bruce Rioch|Rioch]]|from=1995|to=1996}} {{Football manager list entry|name=[[Stewart Houston|Houston]]|from=1996<sup>c</sup>}} {{Football manager list entry|name=[[Pat Rice|Rice]]|from=1996<sup>c</sup>}} {{Football manager last|name=[[Arsène Wenger|Wenger]]|from=1996|to=2018}} {{Football manager last|name=[[Mikel Arteta|Mikel Arteta]]|from=2018}} </div> <small> (c) caretaker </small> }}{{Navboxes |title=Arsène Wenger - Navigation boxes and awards |list1= {{FA Premier League Manager of the Year}} {{AS Nancy managers}} {{AS Monaco FC managers}} {{Nagoya Grampus managers}} {{Arsenal F.C. managers}} {{Premier League managers}} {{J. League Manager of the Year}} {{Start box}} {{S-ach}} {{Succession box| before=[[Ruud Gullit]]| title=[[FA Cup]] Winning Coach| years=1998| after=[[Alex Ferguson|Sir Alex Ferguson]]| }} {{Succession box| before=[[Gérard Houllier]]| title=[[FA Cup]] Winning Coach| years=2002 & 2003| after=[[Alex Ferguson|Sir Alex Ferguson]]| }} {{Succession box| before=[[Alex Ferguson|Sir Alex Ferguson]]| title=[[FA Cup]] Winning Coach| years=2005| after=[[Rafael Benítez]]| }} {{end box}} }} {{League Managers Association Manager of the Year}} {{Persondata | name= Wenger, Arsène | alternative names= Wenger, Arsène | short description=Professional football manager | date of birth= 1949-10-22 | place of birth= [[Strasbourg]], [[Ufaransa]] | date of death= | place of death= }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wenger, Arsene}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1949]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Strasbourg]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ufaransa]] n2m3vm5zl57kg4c7pfmm3urkjhmui9q 0 32990 1598953 1418196 2026-09-23T02:46:37Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox flag | Name = Kenya | Image = Flag of Kenya.svg | Use = 111110 | Proportion = 2:3 | Adopted = [[12 Desemba]] [[1963]] | Design = A white-fimbriated horizontal tricolour of black, red, and green charged with two crossed white spears behind a red, white, and black [[Maasai]] shield. | Image2 = Naval Ensign of Kenya.svg | Use2 = 000001 | Design2 = A white field with the national flag in the canton and a large red [[anchor]] in the fly. | Type = Ya taifa }} '''Bendera ya Kenya''' ilizinduliwa rasmi tarehe kumi na mbili Desemba, mwaka wa 1963. == Mfano == Bendera ya Kenya ina msingi katika bendera ya muungano wa kitaifa wa Kenya African. Rangi zinaashiria weusi wengi wenyeji, nyekundu ni damu iliyomwagwa wakati wa mapambano ya uhuru, na kijani kibichi ni mali asili; mikanda meupe yaliongezwa baadaye na yanasimamia amani. Ngao nyeusi, nyekundu, na nyeupe ya jadi ya Kimaasai na mikuki miwili yanaashiria ulinzi wa mambo yote yaliyotajwa hapo juu. == Buni == Rangi za bendera zimebuniwa na Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Kenya. {| width="60%" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;border-collapse:collapse;white-space:nowrap;text-align:left" |- style="text-align:center" ! Mfuko ! Nyekundu ! Kijani kibichi |- | Rangi Rasmi za Uingereza | Nyekundu ya Posta 0-006 | 0-010 |} : Chanzo: Bendera ya Kenya iliyoko Get Kenya Online. Imeangaliwa tmwezi wa 6 Agosti 2006. : Chanzo: Maelezo ya Bendera iliyoko Kumbuku za Taifa. Imeangaliwa 16 Februari 2006. [[Picha:Flag of Kenya (construction sheet).png|350px|left|Karatasi ya Ujenzi]] == Historia == Bendera ya Kenya imejikita kwenye bendera nyeusi juu ya nyekundu juu ya kijani ya chama cha KANU, chama cha siasa kilichoongoza mapambano ya uhuru wa Kenya. Baada ya uhuru, mikanda meupe, inayoashiria amani na umoja, na ngao zikaongezwa. == Tazama pia == * [[Orodha ya bendera za Kenya]] == Viungo vya nje == * {{FOTW|id=ke|title=Kenya}} {{Hoja Kuhusu Kenya}} {{Africa topic|Bendera ya|title=[[Bendera]] ya [[Afrika]]}} {{Flag-stub}} [[Jamii:Kenya]] [[Jamii:Bendera za nchi]] aqrxu3m2g0wse07nv6d3c3amcuuycea 0 33215 1598849 1586649 2026-09-22T21:27:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598849 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox militant organization |name = al-Qaeda<br />{{rtl-lang|ar|القاعدة}} </small> |logo = Flag_of_al-Qaeda_in_Iraq.svg<!-- I'm concerned that this alleged flag of al-Qaeda is not the global al-Qaeda flag. After all, the file name of this flag is "Flag of al-Qaeda in Iraq". I have found a website which gives a different design for the al-Qaeda flag: http://www.tridentmilitary.com/islamic.html It is the top flag, apparently. --> |caption = Bendera ya Al-Qaeda. |leader = [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]] |dates = 1988–sasa | |area = [[Dunia]] |ideology = [[Kiislamu]] <br /> [[Islamic fundamentalism]] <br /> [[Sunni]] [[Islam]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Atwan|2006|p=40}}.</ref> <br /> [[Pan-Islamism]]<br /> [[Jihad salafi|Salafi]] <br /> [[Qutbism]] |allies = Taliban, Hamid |opponents = United States, Israel, United Nations, United Kingdom, Afghan National Army, Iraqi Armed Forces, Coalition Forces/Tribes, Canada, NATO, European Union, ASEAN, African Union, etc. |status = Designated as [[U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations|Foreign Terrorist Organization]] by the [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]]<ref name=USTerrorList>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/2002/12535.htm| title = Foreign Terrorist Organizations List|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|accessdate=2007-08-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20021002023829/http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/2002/12535.htm|archivedate=2002-10-02}} – [[U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations|USSD Foreign Terrorist Organization]]</ref><br />Designated as [[Terrorism Act 2000|Proscribed Group]] by the [[United Kingdom|UK]] [[Home Office]]<ref name=UKTerrorList>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2000/20000011.htm| title = Terrorism Act 2000|publisher=[[Home Office]]|accessdate=2007-08-14}} – [[Terrorism Act 2000]]</ref><br />Designated as terrorist group by [[European Union|EU]] [[Common Foreign and Security Policy]]<ref name=EUTerrorList>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/45394.htm| title = Council Decision|publisher=[[Council of the European Union]]|accessdate=2007-08-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050506203604/http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/45394.htm|archivedate=2005-05-06}}</ref> }} '''Al-Qaeda''' (pengine imeandikwa '''al-Qaida'''; kutoka [[Kiarabu]] ''al-qa'idah,'' "msingi") ni kundi la [[Kiislamu]] lililoanzishwa kati ya [[Agosti]] [[1988]] <ref name="bergen75"> {{Harvnb|Bergen|2006|p=75}}</ref> na mwanzoni mwa [[1990]]. <ref name="al-Fadl">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/reports/binladen.htm | title = Testimony of Jamal Ahmad Al-Fadl| date = 6 Februari 2001|publisher=James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies |author=United States District Court, Southern District of New York |work=United States v. Usama bin Laden et al., defendants |accessdate=2008-09-03 |archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011214040200/http%3A//cns.miis.edu/pubs/reports/binladen.htm |archivedate=2001-12-14 }}</ref> Ni mtandao wa kimataifa usiotegemea taifa fulani<ref>{{Harvnb|Gunaratna|2002|pp=95–96}}. "Mtandao wa kimataifa wa Al Qaida, tunavyoijua leo, iliundwa mjini Khartoum, kuanzia Desemba 1991 hadi Mei 1996. Ili kuratibu oparesheni zake wakati makadirio na rasilimali zake zikiongezeka,iliunda uongozi wa kikanda. [...] Kama mtandao wa kimataifa, Al Qaeda hufanya mataifa na makabila tanzu, ambapo kuna dazeni kadhaa, kuwajibika kwa kanda au eneo la kijiografia fulani. Ingawa ''modus operandi'' yake ni ya seli, mahusiano ya kifamilia yanahimili."<br /> Tazama pia: * {{Rejea jarida|last=Naím|kwanza=Moisés|authorlink=Moisés Naím|kichwa=The Five Wars of Globalization|nakala=[[Foreign Policy (nakala)|Foreign Policy]]|toleo=134|kurasa=28–37|tarehe=Januari/Februari 2003}} </ref> na [[kundi]] la [[wanaharakati]] wa [[Sunni]] wanaotoa wito wa [[jihad]] kwa [[ulimwengu]] mzima. Al-Qaeda imeweza kushambulia [[raia]] na malengo ya kijeshi katika nchi mbalimbali, mashuhuri zaidi ikiwa [[mashambulio ya 11 Septemba 2001]]. [[Serikali]] ya [[Marekani]] iliitikia kwa kuzindua [[Vita dhidi ya Ugaidi]]. Kati ya wanachama 3,000 na 4,000 wa mtandao huu wamekamatwa, na maelfu zaidi kuuawa vitani [[Afghanistan]]. Mbinu zao za kushambulia ni pamoja na [[mashambulizi ya kujitolea mhanga]] na ulipuaji wa mabomu ya malengo tofauti kwa wakati mmoja. <ref> {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|pp=107–108, 185, 270–271}}</ref> Shughuli zake zinaweza kuhusisha wanachama wa harakati, ambao wamechukua amana ya uaminifu kwa kiongozi (sasa Mmisri Ayman al-Zawahiri), au wengi zaidi "watu binafsi wanaohusishwa na al-Qaeda" ambao wamepitia mafunzo katika moja ya kambi zake nchini [[Afghanistan]] au [[Sudan]], bila kuchukuliwa amana yoyote. <ref> {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=270}}</ref> Wakereketwa wa Al-Qaeda wanaangazia kukatiza kabisa mvuto wa kigeni katika [[nchi za Kiislamu]], na uumbaji wa [[ahmadiyya]] mpya ya Kiislamu. Imani ambazo zimeripotiwa ni pamoja na kuwa muungano wa [[Wakristo]] na [[Wayahudi]] unakusudia kuharibu Uislamu, <ref> Fu'ad Husayn `Al-Zarqawi ... "The Second Generation of al-Qaida, Sehemu ya Kumi na nne," ''Al-Quds al-Arabi,'' 13 Julai 2005</ref> na kwamba mauaji ya raia wanaopatikana pahali pa mashambulizi yanakubalika katika jihad. Usimamizi wake [[falsafa]] umeelezewa kama "umoja wa uamuzi na madaraka ya utekelezaji mikoani." <ref>al-Hammadi, Khalid, `The Inside Story of al-Qaeda,` sehemu ya 4, ''Al-Quds al-Arabi,'' 22 Machi 2005</ref> Kufuatia vita dhidi ya ugaidi, imedhaniwa kwamba uongozi wa al-Qaida "umegawanyika kijiografia", na hili limepelekea "kuibuka kwa uongozi uliogawanywa kikanda" wa makundi yanayotumia jina la al-Qaeda. == Asili ya jina == Kwa [[Kiarabu]], ''al-Qaeda'' ina [[silabi]] [[nne]]. Jina hilo linaweza [[kusomwa]] pia kama al-Qaida au el-Qaida. <ref>[http://ibb7.ibb.gov/pronunciations/sounds/2930.ra Listen to the US Pronounciation] {{Wayback|url=http://ibb7.ibb.gov/pronunciations/sounds/2930.ra |date=20051211020849 }} ([[RealPlayer]]).</ref> Jina hili linatoka katika jina la Kiarabu ''qā'idah,'' ambalo lina maana ya ''msingi'' na pia inamaanisha kambi la kijeshi. Silabi ya kwanza ''al-'' ni makala ''ya'' uhakika "the" ya lugha ya Kiingereza katika Kiarabu. [[Osama Bin Laden]] alielezea asili ya jina hilo katika mahojiano na [[mwandishi wa habari]] wa [[Al Jazeera Tayseer Alouni]] katika Oktoba 2001: {{quotation|The name 'al-Qaeda' was established a long time ago by mere chance. The late [[Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri|Abu Ebeida El-Banashiri]] established the training camps for our mujahedeen against Russia's terrorism. We used to call the training camp al-Qaeda. The name stayed.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/02/05/binladen.transcript/index.html | title = Transcript of Bin Laden's October interview|publisher=[[CNN]] | date = 2002-02-05|accessdate=2006-10-22 |archivedate=2006-12-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206081331/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/02/05/binladen.transcript/index.html }}</ref>}} Imesemekana kuwa hati mbili zilizochukuliwa kutoka ofisi ya [[Sarajevo]] ya [[Benevolence International Foundation]] zinathibitisha kwamba jina halikuchukuliwa tu na wanaharakati hao wa mujahid na kwamba kundi linaloitwa al-Qaeda lilianzishwa mwezi Agosti 1988. Hati zote mbili zina dakika za mikutano iliyofanyika kuanzisha kikundi kipya cha kijeshi zenye jina "al-Qaeda". <ref> {{Harvnb|Bergen|2006|p=75}} Wright ananakili, sio moja kwa moja, moja ya hati, yenye msingi kwenye onyesho kutoka "Tareek Osama" hati iliyotolewa katika <span class="plainlinks">[http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/bif/usarnaout10603prof.pdf ''United States v. Enaam M. Arnaout.'' ]</span></ref> Mwezi Aprili 2002, kundi hili lilichukua jina ''Qa'idat al-Jihad,'' lenye maana "msingi wa Jihad". Kulingana na [[Diaa Rashwan]], hii ilikuwa, "inaonekana, kama matokeo ya kukutanishwa kwa tawi la Misri la [[al-Jihad]] (EIJ), likiongozwa na [[Ayman El-Zawahiri]], pamoja na makundi ambayo Bin Laden alileta pamoja chini ya utawala wake baada ya kurudi Afghanistan katikati ya miaka ya 1990. <ref>[http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/619/op13.htm "After Mombassa",] {{Wayback|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/619/op13.htm |date=20130514233523 }} ''[[Al-Ahram Weekly Online]],'' 2-8 Januari 2003 (Issue Na. 619). Ilirudishwa18 Septemba 2009.</ref> == Itikadi == Wanaharakati wenye itikadi kali wa Kiislam kwa ujumla na al-Qaeda waliendelea kukua hasa katika wakati wa [[uamsho]] wa [[Kiislamu]] na [[harakati ya Kiislam]] ya miongo mitatu iliyopita ya karne ya 20 pamoja na harakati za chini zilizokithiri. Baadhi wamesema kuwa "bila ya maandiko" ya mwandishi na muwazaji wa Kiislamu [[Sayyid Qutb]] "al-Qaeda isingekuwepo." <ref> {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=332}}</ref> Qutb alihubiri kwamba kwa sababu ya ukosefu wa sheria ya [[Sharia]] ulimwengu wa Kiislamu haukuwa tena wa Kiislamu, ikiwa imerudia ujinga wa kabla ya Uislamu unaojulikana kama [[jahiliyyah]]. Kurejesha Uislamu halisi, kundi la wanaharakati wa haki Waislamu mara lilihitajika kuanzisha "[[nchi]] za kweli za [[Kiislamu]]", kutekeleza Sharia, na kuondoa kutoka ulimwengu wa Waislamu mivuto yote yasiyo ya Kiislamu, kama vile dhana kama [[usoshalisti]] au [[utaifa]]. Maadui wa Uislamu ni pamoja na "Waorientalisti makhaini" <ref> {{Harvnb|Qutb|2003|pp=63, 69}}</ref> na "ulimwengu wa Kiyahudi", ambao walipanga "njama" na wakapinga Uislamu "kiovu". Katika maneno ya Mohammed Jamal Khalia, rafiki wa karibu chuoni wa Osama Bin Laden: ''Uislamu ni tofauti na dini nyingine yoyote; ni njia ya maisha.'' ''Sisi [Khalia na Bin Laden] tulikuwa tunajaribu kuelewa nini Uislamu unasema kuhusu jinsi ya kula, nani tunamuoa, jinsi tunaongea.'' ''Tunamsoma Sayyid Qutb.'' ''Yeye ndiye ameathiri kizazi chetu zaidi.'' <ref> {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=79}}</ref> Qutb alikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa hata zaidi kwa mshauri wa Osama Bin Laden na mwanachama mwingine mkuu wa al-Qaeda, <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/qutb_milest_influence_obl.html |title=Je, Sayyid Qutb alimshawishi Osama Bin Laden kwa jinsi gani? |accessdate=2009-12-09 |archive-date=2010-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017060150/http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/qutb_milest_influence_obl.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]]. Mjomba wa Zawahiri na dume wa familia ya mamake, Mafouz Azzam, alikuwa mwanafunzi wa Qutb, kisha mfuasi, kisha wakili wake binafsi na hatimaye mhifadhi wa mali- mmoja wa watu wa mwisho kumuona Qutb kabla ya utekelezaji wa kunyongwa kwake. "Ayman al Zawahiri akiwa mdogo alisikiliza mara kwa mara kutoka kwa mjombake mpendwa Mahfouz kuhusu usafi wa tabia na Qutb na adhabu aliyovumilia gerezani." <ref>Mafouz Azzam; imetajwa katika {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=36}}</ref> Zawahiri alilipa heshima kwa Qutb katika kazi yake ''Knights under the Prophet's Banner.'' <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/milestones_qutb.html#footnote_24 |title=Mafanikio ya Sayyid Qutb (tanbihi 24) |accessdate=2009-12-09 |archive-date=2022-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818064032/https://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/milestones_qutb.html#footnote_24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Moja ya madhara ya mawazo ya Qutb ilikuwa wazo kwamba wengi ambao walisema walikuwa Waislamu hawakuwa, yaani, walikuwa [[walioasi]], hili halikuwapa tu wafuasi wa jihadi "shimo la kisheria kuhusiana na kukatazwa mauaji ya Muislamu mwingine," lakini liliifanya " kuwa wajibu wa kidini wa kila Muislamu nadhiri nitafanya "ya. Waliodaiwa kuwa walioasi ni pamoja na viongozi wa nchi za Kiislamu, tangu walishindwa kutekeleza sharia. <ref>[http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/07spring/eikmeier.htm Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism] {{Wayback|url=http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/07spring/eikmeier.htm |date=20070609120804 }} Dale C. EIKMEIER Kutoka ''Parameters,'' Spring 2007, uk. 85-98.</ref> == Historia == === Uanzishaji nchini Pakistan === Maandiko ya mkutano wa Bin Laden na wengine tarehe 20 Agosti 1988, yanaonyesha al-Qaeda ilikuwa kundi rasmi: 'kimsingi ikiwa kundi binafsi la Kiislamu, ikiwa na lengo la kuinua neno la Mungu, kuifanya dini Yake kushinda.' Orodha ya mahitaji ya uanachama yalikuwa kama yafuatayo: uwezo wa kusikiliza, tabia nzuri, utiifu na kufa amana (bayat) kufuata wakubwa wa mmoja. Kulingana na Wright, jina halisi la kundi halikuwa likitumika katika maongeo ya umma kwa sababu "uwepo wake bado ulikuwa siri iliowekwa na watu wachache wa karibu." <ref> {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=260}}</ref> Utafiti wake unaonyesha kuwa al-Qaeda iliundwa katika mkutano wa 11 Agosti 1988, kati ya "viongozi waandamizi kadhaa" wa [[Egyptian Islamic Jihad, Abdullah Azzam]], na [[Osama Bin Laden]], ambapo ilikubaliwa kuunganisha fedha za Bin Laden na utaalamu wa shirika la Islamic Jihad na kuchukua ya njia ya jihadi mahali pengine baada ya Wasovieti kujiondoa kutoka [[Afghanistan]]. <ref name="RebellionWright"> {{Harvnb|Wright|2008}}</ref> === Jihad nchini Afghanistan === Asili ya al-Qaeda kama mtandao unaoendeleza ugaidi kote duniani na mafunzo ya washirika unaweza kufuatiliwa nyuma hadi kwenye [[vita]] vya [[Urusi katika Afghanistan]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Cooley|first=John K.|authorlink=John K. Cooley|title=Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism|work=[[Demokratizatsiya]]|date=Spring 2003|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3996/is_200304/ai_n9199132|format=reprint|accessdate=2009-12-09|archive-date=2007-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219110535/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3996/is_200304/ai_n9199132|url-status=dead}}</ref> Umoja wa Marekani ilichukulia vita nchini Afghanistan, iliyokuwa na Afghanistan Allied Marxists na askari wa Urusi upande mmoja na raia Afghanistan mujahideen upande mwingine, kama kesi ya upanuzi bila aibu na uchokozi wa Kisovyeti. Marekani ilituma fedha kupitia kwa wakala wa [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] ya [[Pakistan]] kwa raia asili wa Kiafghan mujahedeen waliokuwa wakipigana dhidi ya ukoloni wa Kisovyeti katika mpango wa CIA uliyoitwa [[Operation Cyclone]]. <ref name="HOW-THE-CIA-CREATED-OSAMA-BIN-LADEN">{{Rejea habari | title = How the CIA created Osama bin Laden |url=http://www.greenleft.org.au/2001/465/25199 | date = 2001-09-19 |publisher=[[Green Left Weekly]] |accessdate=2007-01-09 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120803184811/http://www.greenleft.org.au/node/24198 |archivedate=2012-08-03 }}</ref> <ref name="1986-1992-CIA-AND-BRITISH-RECRUIT-AND-TRAIN-MILITANTS-WORLDWIDE-TO-HELP-FIGHT-AFGHAN-WAR">{{Rejea tovuti | title = 1986-1992: CIA and British Recruit and Train Militants Worldwide to Help Fight Afghan War |url=http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/context.jsp?item=a86operationcyclone |publisher=Cooperative Research History Commons |accessdate=2007-01-09 |archive-date=2006-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001232643/http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/context.jsp?item=a86operationcyclone |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wakati huohuo, idadi kubwa ya mujahideen wa Kiarabu iliyokuwa ikiongezeka walijiunga na jihad dhidi ya serikali ya [[Afghanistan Marxist]], iliwezeshwa na mashirika ya kimataifa ya Waislamu, na hasa [[Maktab al-Khidamat]], <ref name="MAKTAB-AL-KHIDAMAT-GLOBALSECURITY">{{Rejea tovuti | title = Maktab al-Khidamat |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/profiles/maktab_al-khidamat.htm |publisher=[[GlobalSecurity.org]] | date = 2006-01-11 |accessdate=2007-02-11 |archivedate=2007-02-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214205625/http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/profiles/maktab_al-khidamat.htm }}</ref> ambayo ilipata fedha kutoka kwa baadhi ya dola milioni 600 kwa mwaka iliyochangiwa jihad na serikali ya Saudi Arabia na Waislamu binafsi - hasa wafanyabiashara wa Saudi wa kujitegemea waliokuwa wamekaribiwa na Osama Bin Laden. <ref> {{Harvnb|Wright|2006}}</ref> Maktab al-Khidamat iliundwa na [[Abdullah Azzam]] na Bin Laden katika [[Peshawar]], Pakistan, mwaka wa 1984. Kuanzia 1986 ilianzisha mtandao wa kuajiri ofisi Marekani, ambazo kwazo ya kitovu ilikuwa [[Kituo cha Wakimbizi cha Al Kifah]] katika Msikiti wa Farouq kwenye barabara ya Atlantic Avenue, [[Brooklyn]]. Miongoni mwa watu mashuhuri katika kituo cha Brooklyn walikuwa "ajenti mara mbili" [[Ali Mohamed]], ambaye wakala maalum wa FBI Jack Cloonan alimwita "mkufunzi wa kwanza wa Bin Laden," <ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline//////torture/interviews/cloonan.html mahojiano ya ''Frontline'' Cloonan ,] PBS, 13 Julai 2005.</ref> na "Sheikh Kipofu" [[Omar Abdel-Rahman]], msajili mkuu wa [[mujahideen]] kwa Afghanistan. Al-Qaeda imeendelea kutoka [[Maktab al-Khidamat]], au "Ofisi ya Huduma ", shirika la Uislamu lililoanzishwa mwaka wa 1980 kukusanya fedha na recruit kanal [[mujahideen]] kigeni kwa ajili ya vita dhidi ya Soviets nchini Afghanistan. Ilianzishwa na [[Abdullah Yusuf Azzam]], msomi wa Kiislamu wa Kipalestina na mwanachama wa Udugu wa Kiislamu. MAK ilipanga [[nyumba za wageni]] katika Peshawar, karibu na mpaka wa Afghanistan na ikakusanya vifaa kwa ajili ya ujenzi wa makambi ya mafunzo ya kijeshi kuandaa wasajiliwa wa kigeni kwa vita vya Afghanistan. Azzam akamshawishi Bin Laden kujiunga na MAK. {{When|date=Septemba 2009}} Bin Laden akawa "mfadhili mkuu" wa mujahideen, akitumia pesa zake mwenyewe na uhusiano wake na "familia ya kifalme ya Saudi na mabilionea wa mafuta wa Ghuba" ili kuboresha maoni ya umma ya vita hiyo na kuongeza fedha zaidi. <ref> {{Harvnb|Gunaratna|2002|p=19}} Nukuu kutoka {{Harvnb|Riedel|2008|p=42}} na {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=103}}</ref> Kuanzia mwaka 1987, Azzam na Bin Laden walianza kujenga makambi ndani ya Afghanistan. <ref> {{Harvnb|Sageman|2004|p=35}}</ref> Jukumu la mujahideen wa kujitolea wa kigeni, au "Waarabu wa Kiafghan", na MAK katika vita hiyo si moja kubwa. Wakati juu ya wamujahideen wa Afghanistan 250,000 wakipigana na Wasovieti na serikali ya kikomunisti ya Afghanistan, inakadiriwa kwamba kamwe kulikuwa na zaidi ya mujahideen wa kigeni 2000 vitani wakati wowote ule. <ref> {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=137}}</ref> Hata hivyo, walijitolea mujahedeen wa kigeni kutoka nchi 43 na idadi ya walioshiriki katika harakati za Afghanistan kati ya 1982 na 1992 wameripotiwa kuwa 35,000. <ref name="THE-WAR-ON-TERROR-AND-THE-POLITICS-OF-VIOLENCE-IN-PAKISTAN">{{Rejea tovuti | title = The War on Terror and the Politics of Violence in Pakistan |url=http://www.jamestown.org/news_details.php?news_id=54 | date = 2004-07-02 |publisher=[[The Jamestown Foundation]] |accessdate=2007-01-09}}</ref> [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] hatimaye ilijiondoa kutoka Afghanistan mwaka wa 1989. Kwa mshangao wa wengi, serikali ya kikomunisti ya Afghanistan ya [[Mohammed Najibullah]] ilishikilia uongozi kwa zaidi ya miaka mitatu kabla ya kulemewa na wapiganaji wa mujahedeen. Huku viongozi wa mujahedeen wakishindwa kukubaliana juu ya muundo wa utawala, machafuko yaliibuka, daima kukiwa na fungamano zilizoundwa na kusambaratika kila mara zikipigania kudhibiti uongozi wa wilaya ambazo hazikugawanywa vyema, na yakaacha nchi ikiwa imesambaratika. === Upanuaji wa shughuli === Kuelekea mwisho wa utume wa kijeshi wa [[Kisovyeti]] nchini Afghanistan, baadhi mujahedeen walitaka kupanua shughuli zao kujumuisha mapambano ya Kiislamu katika maeneo mengine ya dunia, kama Israeli na Kashmir. Idadi fulani ya mashirika yanayohusiana na kushirikiana yalianzishwa kuendeleza matarajio hayo. Moja ya haya mashirika ni ile ambayo hatimaye ilikuja kuitwa al-Qaeda, lililoundwa na Osama Bin Laden na mkutano wa kwanza uliofanyika 11 Agosti 1988. <ref name="THE-OSAMA-BIN-LADEN-I-KNOW">{{Rejea tovuti | title = The Osama bin Laden I know |url=http://www.tpmcafe.com/story/2006/1/18/13810/7770 | date = 2006-01-18 |accessdate=2007-01-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101144608/http://www.tpmcafe.com/story/2006/1/18/13810/7770 |archivedate=2007-01-01 }}</ref> Bin Laden alitaka kuanzisha shughuli zizizo za kijeshi katika maeneo mengine ya dunia; Azzam, kwa kulinganisha, naye alitaka kubakia ikilenga kampeni ya kijeshi. Baada ya Azzam kuuawa mwaka wa 1989, MAK iligawanyika huku idadi kubwa wakijiunga na shirika la Bin Laden. Mnamo Novemba 1989, [[Ali Mohamed]], awali Sergeant wa [[vikosi maalum]] a [[Fort Bragg]], North Carolina, kushoto huduma za kijeshi na kuhamia [[Santa Clara, California]]. Alisafiri kwenda Afghanistan na Pakistan na akawa "anahusika kwa undani na mipango Bin Laden." <ref> {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=181}}</ref> Mwaka mmoja baadaye, tarehe 8 Novemba 1990, FBI ilivamia nyumba ya New Jersey ya mshirika wa Mohammed [[El Sayyid Nosair]], na kugundua ushahidi wa mipango mikubwa ya kigaidi, pamoja na mipango ya kulipua vyumba virefu vya New York. <ref>[http://www.tkb.org/CaseHome.jsp?caseid=332 Mkusanyiko wa Hekima Kuhusu Ugaidi wa MIPT]</ref> Nosair hatimaye alipatikana na hatia kuhusiana na ulpuaji wa bomu wa 1993 katika [[World Trade Center]], na kwa mauaji ya [[Rabbi Meir Kahane]] tarehe 5 Novemba 1990. Mwaka wa 1991, Ali Mohammed amesemekana kuwa alisaidi kupanga kuhamishwa kwa Osama Bin Laden Sudan. <ref> {{Rejea tovuti | title = Osama bin Laden: The Past |url=http://www.iacsp.com/itobli3.html |accessdate=2007-01-12 }} </ref> === Vita vya Ghuba na kuanza uadui na Marekani === Kufuatia uondoaji wa Wasovyeti kutoka Afghanistan, Osama Bin Laden alirudi Saudi Arabia. [[Uvamizi]] wa [[Iraq wa nchi ya Kuwait]] mwaka 1990 ulikuwa umeweka ufalme na utawala wa [[Nyumba ya Saud]] hatarini. Mashamba yenye wingi zaidi wa [[mafuta]] ya thamani duniani yalikuwa karibu sana na vikosi vya Iraq katika Kuwait, na wito wa Saddam wa "harakati za Kiarabu/Kiislamu" ungeweza kuleta migawanyiko ya ndani. Katika uso wa kuonekana uwepo mkubwa wa kijeshi wa Iraq, vikosi vya Saudi Arabia vyenyewe vilikuwa vizuri lakini wachache na mbali. Bin Laden alitoa huduma za mujahedeen wake kwa [[Mfalme Fahd]] wa Saudi Arabia kulinda Saudi Arabia kutoka kwa jeshi la Iraq. Mfalme wa Saudi alikataa toleo la Bin Laden, badala akaruhusu majeshi ya Marekani na Washirika kupeleka askari ndani eneo la Saudi. <ref>{{Rejea habari | last = Jehl | first = Douglas | title = A Nation Challenged: Holy war lured Saudis as rulers looked away| work = The New York Times | date = 2001-12-27| pages = A1, B4 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/27/world/a-nation-challenged-saudi-arabia-holy-war-lured-saudis-as-rulers-looked-away.html | accessdate = 2009-09-05}}</ref> Hili lilimkasirisha Bin Laden, kwani yeye aliamini kuwepo kwa askari wa kigeni katika "nchi ya misikiti miwili" ([[Makka]] na [[Madina]]) ilikuwa dharau kwa udongo mtakatifu. Baada ya kutamka hadharani dhidi ya serikali ya Saudi kwa kuwaweka askari wa Marekani, alifukuzwa na kulazimishwa kuishi uhamishoni nchini Sudan. Tarehe 9 Aprili 1994, uraia wake wa Saudi ulifutwa. <ref name="OSAMA-BIN-LADEN-A-CHRONOLOGY-OF-HIS-POLITICAL-LIFE">{{Rejea tovuti | title = Osama bin Laden: A Chronology of His Political Life |publisher=[[PBS]] |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline///shows/binladen/etc/cron.html |accessdate=2007-01-12 }}</ref> Familia yake ilimkataa hadharani. Kuna utata kuhusiana na kiasi cha msaada alichoendelea kupata kutoka kwa wajumbe wa familia yake na / au serikali ya Saudi. <ref name="CONTEXT-OF-SHORTLLY-AFTER-APRIL-1994">{{Rejea tovuti | title = Context of 'Shortly After April 1994' |url=http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/context.jsp?item=a94familydisown |publisher=[[Cooperative Research History Commons]] |accessdate=2007-01-12 |archive-date=2013-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819013249/http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/context.jsp?item=a94familydisown |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Sudan === Kutoka 1992 hadi 1996, al-Qaeda na Bin Laden makao wenyewe nchini [[Sudan]] katika mwaliko wa [[Hassan al Turabi]]. Hatua hii ilifuatia mapinduzi ya Kiislamu yakiongozwa na Kanali [[Omar al-Bashir]], ambaye nadhiri alijitoa kupanga tena maadili ya kisiasa ya Kiislamu; hakuna yeyote katika al-Qaeda angeweza kutabiri kufukuzwa kwao kutoka nchini humo. Wakati huo Bin Laden alisaidia serikali ya Sudan, alinunua au kuanzisha makampuni ya biashara mbalimbali, na kuanzisha makambi ambapo wapiganaji walipata mafunzo. Wakati akiwa nchini Sudan Bin Laden alipoteza pasipoti yake ya Saudi na chanzo cha mapato yake kama mwitikio kwa kumkasirisha mfalme wa Saudi. <ref> {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=195}}</ref> Mgeuko mkuu kwa Bin Laden ulitokea mwaka wa 1993 wakati Saudi Arabia ilikubaliana na [[Oslo Accords]] ambayo iliweka njia ya amani kati ya [[Israeli]] na [[Wapalestina]]. <ref> {{Harvnb|Riedel|2008|p=52}}</ref> Zawahiri na EIJ, ambao walikuwa kama msingi wa al-Qaeda lakini pia wakishiriki katika shughuli zingine tofauti dhidi ya serikali ya Misri, walikuwa na bahati mbaya zaidi nchini Sudan. Katika mwaka wa 1993, msichana mdogo mwanafunzi wa shule aliuawa katika jaribio la EIJ lililotibuka kwenye maisha ya Waziri wa Mambo ya Ndani wa Misri, [[Hasan al-Alfi]]. Maoni ya umma ya Misri ikageuka dhidi ya ulipuaji wa mabomu na wanaharakati wa Kiislam na polisi <ref> {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=186}}</ref> wakawakamata zaidi ya wanachama 280 wa al-Jihad na kuwanyonga wasita wao. Katika mwaka wa 1995 [[jaribio la kumuua rais Mubarak wa Misri]] uliotibuka hata zaidi ulipelekea kufukuzwa kwa EIJ kutoka Misri na si muda mrefu baadaye kufukuzwa kwa Bin Laden na serikali ya Sudan. === Kukimbilia nchini Afghanistan === Baada ya Wasovyeti ya kuondoka, Afghanistan ikawa haina serikali kwa miaka saba na wakikumbana na mapigano ya daima kati ya washirika wa zamani na vikundi mbalimbali vya mujahedeen. Katika miaka ya 1990, nguvu mpya ikaanza kuibuka. Asili ya [[Taliban]] (imaanishayo "wanafunzi") ilitokea katika watoto wa Afghanistan, wengi wao mayatima baada ya vita, na wengi ambao walikuwa wameelimishwa katika mtandao uliokuwa ukipanuka haraka wa shule za Kiislamu ([[Madrassa]]) aidha katika [[Kandahar]] au katika makambi ya wakimbizi, mpakani mwa Afghanistan na Pakistan. Kulingana na [[Ahmed Rashid]], viongozi watano wa Taliban walikuwa wahitimu wa [[Darul Uloom Haqqania]], shule ya Madrassa katika mji mdogo wa Akora Khattak. <ref name="Harvnb|Rashid|2002"> {{Harvnb|Rashid|2002}}</ref> Mji huo uko karibu na [[Peshawar]] nchini Pakistan, lakini kwa ukubwa umehudhuriwa na wakimbizi wa [[Kiafghan]]. <ref name="Harvnb|Rashid|2002"/> Taasisi hii inaonyesha imani za Salafi katika mafundisho yake, na kiasi kikubwa cha fedha zake binafsi zimetoka kwa michango kutoka kwa Waarabu matajiri. Washirika wa Bin Laden walikuwa bado wanavuja zaidi ya michango hii, kwa kutumia benki za Kiislamu kuhamisha fedha hizi kwa "safu" za mashirika ya msaada ambayo yalitumika kama vikundi vya mbele vya al-Qaeda au kusafirisha fedha zilizojazwa ndani ya mifuko moja kwa moja ndani ya Pakistan. <ref>{{Harvnb|Napoleoni|2003|pp=121–123}} {{Harvnb|Akacem|2005}} ( <small>"[Napoleoni] anafanya kazi ya heshima ya kufunika al-Qaida na anatoa baadhi ya idadi na makadirio ambayo ni ya thamani [kwa wasomi wa ugaidi].").</small></ref> Viongozi wengine wanne wa Taliban walihudhuria Madrassa iliyofadhiliwa na kusukumwa sawa na hili katika Kandahar, Afghanistan. Wengi wa mujahedeen ambao baadaye walijiunga na Wataliban walipigana kando ya kundi la mkereketwa wa vita [[Nabi Muhammad Mohammadi]] la Harkat i Inqilabi wakati wa uvamizi wa Urusi. Kundi hili pia lilipata uaminifu wa wapiganaji wengi Waarabu wa Kiafghani. Ugomvi uliokuwa ukiendelea kati ya makundi mbalimbali, na uasi na kutofuata sheria kufuatia kuondoka kwa Urusi, iliwawezesha Wataliban, waliokuwa wakiongezeka na nidhamu nzuri, kupanua udhibiti wa wilaya zao katika Afghanistan, na walikuja kuanzisha eneo ambalo waliita [[Emirati]] ya Kiislamu ya Afghanistan. Katika mwaka wa 1994, waliteka kituo cha mikoa cha [[Kandahar]], na baada ya kutengeneza faida za kieneo haraka, wakachukua mji mkuu [[Kabul]] mwezi Septemba 1996. Baada ya Sudan kuweka wazi kuwa Bin Laden kamwe hakaribishwi kurudi,{{Clarify|date=Septemba 2009}} Afghanistan iliyodhibitiwa na Taliban-pamoja na kuanzishwa kwa uhusiano awali kati ya makundi mbali mbali, ikisimamiwa na uanajeshi uliogawiwa, <ref> {{Harvnb|Kronstadt|Katzman|2008}}</ref> na kwa kiasi kikubwa ikiwa imetengwa kutoka ushawishi wa kisiasa na nguvu za wa Marekani na kijeshi-zinazotolewa mkamilifu hatiani kwa al-Qaeda kuanzisha makao makuu yake. Al-Qaeda ilipata ulinzi wa Taliban na kipimo uhalali kama sehemu yao ya Wizara ya Ulinzi, ingawa tu [[Pakistan]], Saudi Arabia, na [[United Arab Emirates]] alitambua Taliban halali kama serikali ya Afghanistan. === Wito kwa jihad ya kimataifa === Katika mwaka wa 1994, makundi ya Salafi Kutokea "[[jihad]]" katika Bosnia yaliingia katika hayawezi kusahihishwa inaonekana kushuka. Huku wakipungua kidogo na kidogo katika hazma, makundi kama vile EIJ yalianza kujitenga mbali na harakati za Salafi katika Ulaya. Al-Qaeda ilichukua hatua ikaingia na kuchukua udhibiti wa karibu asilimia 80 ya seli za kigaidi katika Bosnia mwishoni mwa 1995. Wakati huo huo, al-Qaeda waliwaelekeza wasajili wa mtandao wa kuangalia kwa ''[[Jihadi kimataifa]],'' Waislamu ambao waliamini kwamba lazima jihad walipigana kwenye ngazi ya kimataifa. Dhana ya "jihad ya Salafi ya kimataifa" ilikuwepo tangu angalau mapema miaka ya 1980. Makundi kadhaa walikuwa sumu kwa madhumuni ya kuwaondoa wasiokuwa Waislamu nje ya nchi Muislamu, wakati huo huo na kwa upeo carnage. Hili lilikuwa, hata hivyo, mkakati wa kujihami kimsingi. Al-Qaeda walitaka kufungua "awamu ya kukera" ya jihad ya kimataifa Salafi. <ref> {{Harvnb|Sageman|2004|pp=48, 51}}</ref> Waislamu wa Kibosnia leo wanatoa wito wa "mshikamano kwa sababu ya Uislamu duniani kote", wakiunga mkono wapiganaji katika Kashmir na Iraq na vile vile makundi yanayopigania kuwepo kwa jamuhuri ya Palestina. <ref> {{Harvnb|Trofimov|2006|p=282}}</ref> === Fatwa === Katika mwaka wa 1996, al-Qaeda ilitangaza jihad yake ya kufukuza maslahi na majeshi ya kigeni kutoka ardhi walizofikiria kuwa za Kiislamu. Bin Laden alitoa Fatwa, <ref>{{Rejea habari | title = Bin Laden's Fatwa |url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html |publisher=[[Al Quds Al Arabi]] | date = Agosti 1996 |accessdate=2007-01-09 |archivedate=2018-12-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225172127/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html }}</ref> ambayo ilifikia tamko la umma kutangaza vita dhidi ya Marekani na washirika wake wowote, na wakaanza kulenga rasilimali za al-Qaeda kuelekea mashambulizi makubwa. Pia kilichotokea tarehe 25 Juni 1996, ilikuwa ulipuaji bomu minara ya Khobar, ziko katika Khobar, Saudi Arabia. Tarehe 23 Februari 1998, Osama Bin Laden na [[Ayman al Zawahiri]], kiongozi wa Jihad ya Kiislamu ya Misri (EIJ), pamoja na viongozi wengine watatu wa Kiislamu, walitia saini pamoja na wakatoa Fatwa (tangazo la kidini linalofungamana) ikiwaita Waislamu kuwaua Wamarekani na washirika wao ambapo wanaweza, wakati wanaweza. <ref>Summary imechukuliwa kutoka kwa mahojiano ya Bin Laden 26 Mei 1998 na mwandishi wa Marekani [[John Miller]]. Hivi karibuni matangazo katika makala ya ''Age of Terror,'' sehemu ya 4, na tafsiri zote zimesahihishwa na Barry Purkis (mtafiti wa mkusanyiko).</ref> Chini ya bendera ya [[World Islamic Front for Combat Against Jews and Crusaders]] wao walisema: {{quotation|[T]he ruling to kill the Americans and their allies—civilians and military—is an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it, in order to liberate the al-Aqsa Mosque [in Jerusalem] and the holy mosque [in Makka] from their grip, and in order for their armies to move out of all the lands of Islam, defeated and unable to threaten any Muslim. This is in accordance with the words of Almighty Allah, 'and fight the pagans all together as they fight you all together,' and 'fight them until there is no more tumult or oppression, and there prevail justice and faith in Allah'.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ict.org.il/articles/fatwah.htm| title = Text of Fatwah Urging Jihad Against Americans|accessdate=2006-05-15|archivedate=2006-04-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422210853/http://www.ict.org.il/articles/fatwah.htm}}</ref>}} Bin Laden wala al-Zawahiri hawakuwa na sifa za kitaalamu za jadi za Kiislamu kutoa Fatwa ya aina yoyote, hata hivyo, walikataa mamlaka ya [[ulema]] wa kisasa (walioonekana kama watumishi wa kulipwa wa watawala wa ''[[jahiliyya]]'' ) na wakachukua jukumu hilo wenyewe. <ref> {{Harvnb|Benjamin|Simon|2002|p=117}} "Kwa kutoa Fatwas, Bin Laden na wafuasi wake wanahudumu kutokana na kujiteua kibinafsi na kujitegemea miadi kama alim: wao ni tunadai haki zao kama wakalimani wa sheria za Kiislamu."</ref> {{Verify credibility|reason=questionable statement as at least one of the other signers of the fatwa may have indeed been able to issue such an edict – bin Laden and al-Zawahiri were co-signers|date=Mei 2009}} Ajenti wa zamani wa FSB aliyeuawa [[Alexander Litvinenko]] alidai kuwa [[FSB]] ya Urusi ilimpa mafunzo al Zawahiri katika kambi iliyoko Dagestan miezi minane kabla ya Fatwa ya mwaka wa 1998. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| last = Nyquist| first = J.R. | title = Is Al Qaeda a Kremlin Proxy?| work = | publisher = jrnyquist.com| date = 13 Agosti 2005| url = http://www.jrnyquist.com/nyquist_2005_0813.htm| accessdate = 2008-04-17 }}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Obituary: Alexander Litvinenko| publisher = BBC News| date = 24 Novemba 2006| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6163502.stm| accessdate = 2008-04-16 }}</ref> === Njia ya kwenda Somalia na Yemen === Wakati viongozi wa Al Qaeda walipokuwa mafichoni katika maeneo ya kikabila kando ya mpaka wa Afghanistan na Pakistan, mrengo wa kati wa wanaharakati hao ulionyesha hali ya juu ya shughuli katika Somalia na Yemen. "Tunajua kwamba Asia ya Kusini tena si wigo wao wa msingi," chanzo katika shirika la ulinzi Marekani alisema katika Washington Times. "Wao wanatafuta maficho katika maeneo mengine ya dunia na wanaendelea kupanua shirika lao. " Nchini Somalia, mawakala wa Al Qaeda wanashirikiana na kikundi cha Shahab, wanawasjili watoto kwa mafunzo ya walipuaji wa kujitolea mhanga, na kupeleka vijana kushiriki katika hatua za kijeshi dhidi ya Wamarekani mpakani mwa Afghanistan na Pakistan. Mwaka huu, mgawanyiko wa Al Qaida nchini Saudi Arabia has umejikutanisha na mrengo wa Yemeni kuunda Al Qaeda katika Peninsula ya Arabia wenye wigo katika Yemen. Hapa magaidi huchukua faida ya uchumi maskini, demografia na usalama wa ndani. Katika mwezi wa Agosti walifanya jaribio la kwanza la mauaji dhidi ya mwanachama wa nasaba ya kifalme ya Saudi Arabia katika miongo. Rais Obama katika barua yake yake alimuuliza mwenzake wa Yemen Ali Abdullah Saleh kuhakikisha ushirikiano wa karibu na Marekani katika mapambano dhidi ya kuongezeka kwa shughuli ya Al Qaeda katika [[wilaya za Yemen]], na aliahidi kutuma nyongeza ya misaada ya kimataifa. Kwa sababu ya vita nchini Iraq na Afghanistan, Marekani imeshindwa kulipa kipaumbele ya kutosha kwa Somalia na Yemen, ambayo yanaweza kusababishia Marekani baadhi ya matatizo makubwa katika siku chache zijazo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://english.pravda.ru/hotspots/terror/109278-0/| title = Al-Qaeda Slowly Makes Its Way to Somalia and Yemen|accessdate=2009-09-23|publisher=Pravda.ru}}</ref> === Oparesheni za Marekani === [[Anwar al-Awlaki]], [[imam]] mzaliwa wa Marekani amebainishwa na [[vyombo vya habari vya Magharibi]] {{Specify|date=Novemba 2009}} kama "Imam wa 9 / 11 " na "msajili wa al Qaeda", ingawa uchunguzi wa FBI kuhusiana na ugaidi haukukusanya ushahidi wa kutosha kwa ajili ya uchunguzi kamili au mashtaka. {{Citation needed|date=Novemba 2009}} Yeye hivi karibuni amehusishwa na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Iman]] katika [[Yemen]] ambapo yeye sasa anakaa. Kuna madai ya wanafunzi wa chuo hicho kuhusishwa na mauaji, na inaongozwa na [[Abdul Majeed Al-Zindani]], ambaye anaonekana katika orodha ya Marekani na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] kama anayehusishwa na Al-Qaeda, na anatakikana kujibu maswali kuhusiana na mashambulizi katika [[USS Cole]] uko Yemen. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2009/01/21/monitor/entry4745907.shtml | title = CBS News Januari 21, 2009 7:44 Al Qaeda wazindua mpango presenterar Strike Lines Ugavi wa Marekani katika majeshi ya Kiarabu "Zindani, ambaye ni alitaka kwa kuhoji na FBI juu ya mashambulizi ya USS Cole"|accessdate=2009-12-09 |archivedate=2009-03-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303112803/http://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2009/01/21/monitor/entry4745907.shtml }}</ref> Mahubiri ya Awlaki uko Marekani yalihudhuriwa na watatu wa watekaji wa [[9 / 11]] , vilevile mtuhumiwa mpiga risasi wa[[Fort Hood Nidal Malik Hasan]]. Majasusi wa Marekani walipata barua pepe kutoka kwa Hasan Awlaki kati ya Desemba 2008 na mapema 2009. Katika tovuti yake Awlaki alisifu vitendo vya Hasan katika Fort Hood.<ref name="abcnews.go.com">[http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/fort-hood-shooter-contact-al-qaeda-terrorists-officials/story?id=9030873 Esposito, Richard, Cole, Mathew, na Ross, Brian , "Maafisa: Jeshi la Marekani laambiwa juu ya mawasiliano ya Hasan na al Qaeda;Meja wa Jeshi wa Fort Hood alitumia 'njia za kielektroniki' to kuwasiliana na magaidi," ''[[ABC News]],'' 9 Novemba 2009, iliangaliwa 12 Novemba 2009]</ref> Awlawki sasa anatafutwa na mamlaka za Yemen kuhusu uwezekano wa mahusiano yake na al-Quaeda, lakini mamlaka hazijawezasi lokalisera naye kwa miezi. Maafisa wa Marekani wamemwita Awlaki "mfano wa al-Qaeda kufikia ndani" ya Marekani katika mwaka wa 2008 baada ya uchunguzi katika mahusiano yake na watekaji wa 11 Septemba. Ajenti wa zamani wa FBI anamfahamu Awlaki kama "msajili mwandamizi wa al Qaeda", na mtia nguvu wa kiroho. <ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/al-qaeda-recruiter-focus-fort-hood-killings-investigation/story?id=9045492 Chucmach, Megan, na Ross, Brian, "Msajili wa Al Qaeda mkazo Mpya katika Uchunguzi wa Mauaji ya Fort Hood Meja wa Jeshi Nidal Hasan Alikuwa Katika Mawasiliano na Imam Anwar Awlaki, Maafisa Wasema, ''[[ABC News]],'' 10 Novemba 2009,iliangaliwa 12 Novemba 2009]</ref> Afisa ambaye hajatajwa alidai kulikuwa na sababu nzuri ya kuamini kuwa Awlaki "umekuwa akishiriki katika shughuli za kigaidi sana tangu kuondoka Marekani[baada ya 9 / 11], ikiwa ni pamoja na kupanga mashambulizi dhidi ya Marekani na washirika wetu." <ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/26/AR2008022603267_pf.html 27 Februari 2008 Imam From Va.][http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/26/AR2008022603267_pf.html Mosque Now Thought to Have Aided Al-Qaeda]</ref> == Muundo wa Shirika == Ingawa mfumo wa sasa wa al-Qaeda haujulikani, habari zaidi zikipatikana kutoka kwa [[Jamal al-Fadl]] ziliwapa mamlaka za Marekani angalau picha ya jinsi kikundi kimeundwa. Wakati ukweli wa taarifa zilizotolewa na al-Fadl na motisha ya ushirikiano wake bado hazijabainishwa, mamlaka za Marekani zimeweka wigo wa maarifa yao ya sasa kuhusu al-Qaeda kwenye ushahidi wake. <ref name="first informant"> {{Harvnb|McGeary|2001}}</ref> === Uongozi === [[Osama Bin Laden]] alikuwa [[Emir]] na Mwandamizi Mkuu wa Operesheni wa al-Qaeda (ingawa awali jukumu hili huenda lilikuwa limejazwa na [[Abu Ayoub]] al-Iraq). Bin Laden alishauriwa na Baraza la Shura, ambalo linajumulisha wanachama waandamizi wa al-Qaeda, ambao inakadiriwa na maofisa wa ngazi za Magharibi kuwa watu ishirini hadi thelathini. [[Ayman al Zawahiri]] ni Naibu Mkuu wa Operesheni wa al-Qaida na [[Abu Ayyub al-Masri]] kuna uwezekano ni kiongozi mwandamizi wa al-Qaeda nchini Iraq. Mtandao wa Al-Qaida ulijengwa ''ex nihilo'' kama mtandao wa kuhitaji kutoka kwa viongozi wa mikoa yake yote "kama na wakati muhimu kutumika kama sehemu muhimu ya amri yake kuu." <ref> {{Harvnb|Gunaratna|2002|p=54}}</ref> * Kamati ya Jeshi inawajibika kwa mafunzo ya washirika, kupata silaha, na kupanga mashambulizi. * Kamati ya Fedha/ Biashara inalipia usajili na mafunzo ya washirika kupitia mfumo wa benki ''[[hawala]]''. Jitihada zinazoongozwa na Marekani za kutokomeza vyanzo vya fedha kwa ugaidi <ref> {{Harvnb|White House|2003}}</ref> zilikuwa na wingi wa mafanikio katika mwaka mmoja mara baada ya 11 Septemba; <ref> {{Harvnb|Basile|2004|p=177}}</ref> al-Qaeda inaendelea kufanya kazi kupitia benki bila vikwazo, kama vile ''hawaladars'' elfu moja au hivyo nchini Pakistan, baadhi ambazo zinaweza kushughulikia mikataba ya hadi dola milioni 10. <ref> {{Harvnb|Wechsler|2001|p=135}} alitaja katika {{Harvnb|Gunaratna|2002|p=63}}</ref> Pia inatoa tiketi za ndege na [[pasipoti]] za uongo, inalipa wanachama wa al-Qaeda, na husimamia faida inayotokana na biashara. <ref> Biashara husimamiwa kutoka chini, na baraza kushauriwa tu kuhusu mapendekezo mapya na kukusanya fedha.<br /> Angalia: * {{Harvnb|Hoffman|2002}} </ref> Katika Taarifa ya Tume ya 9 / 11, inakadiriwa kuwa al-Qaeda inahitaji dola milioni 30 kwa mwaka ili kuendesha shughuli zake. * Kamati ya Sheria inahakiki sheria ya Kiislamu na inaamua kama njia hasa za utekelezaji zinafuata sheria. * Kamati ya Masomo ya Kiislamu / Fatwah inatoa matangazo ya masuala ya kidini, kama vile tangazo la mwaka wa 1998 lililowaeleza Waislamu kuwaua Wamarekani. * Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1990 kulikuwa na Kamati ya Vyombo vya Habari iliyojulikana hadharani, ambayo iliendesha gazeti la ''Nashrat al Akhbar (Newscast)'' iliyoanguka na kusimamia [[mahusiano ya umma]]. * Katika mwaka wa 2005, al Qaeda iliunda [[As-Sahab]], nyumba ya uzalishaji wa vyombo vya habari, na kusambaza vifaa na vyombo vyake vya video na sauti. ==== Muundo wa Amri ==== Alipoulizwa kuhusu uwezekano wa Al Qaida kuhusika na ulipuaji mabomu ya [[London 7 Julai 2005]] ya mwaka wa 2005, mkuu wa Metropolitan Police [[Sir Ian Blair]] alisema: <blockquote>"Al Qaeda si shirika. Al Qaeda ni njia ya kufanya kazi ... lakini hii ina fadhila mahususi ya mbinu hiyo ... Al Qaeda kwa wazi ina uwezo wa kutoa mafunzo ... kutoa utaalamu ... na nadhani kuwa ni hicho kilitokea hapa. <ref name="foxnewsblair">{{Rejea habari | first= | last= | coauthors= | title = Cops: London Attacks Were Homicide Blasts| date = | publisher=| url =http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,162476,00.html | work =[[Fox News]] | pages = | accessdate = 2008-06-15 | language = }}</ref></blockquote> Hata hivyo, tarehe 13 Agosti 2005 gazeti la ''The Independent'' iliripoti, ikinukuu uchunguzi wa [[MI5]] na polisi, kwamba walipuaji wa 7 Julai walijitegemea bila usidizi wa mtaalamu wa ugaidi wa al-Qaeda kutoka mahali fulani nje ya nchi. <ref>{{Rejea habari | title = London bombings: the truth emerges| url=http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article305547.ece | first=Jason | last=Bennetto | coauthors=Ian Herbert | work=The Independent | date = 2005-08-13| accessdate=2006-12-03 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061026100045/http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article305547.ece | archivedate=2006-10-26 }}</ref> Al-Qaeda ni nini hasa, au ilikuwa, inabakia katika mzozo. Mwandishi na mwanahabari [[Adam Curtis]] anaamini kuwa wazo la al-Qaeda kama shirika rasmi kimsingi ni uvumbuzi wa Marekani. Curtis anaamini jina "al-Qaeda" mara ya kwanza uliletwa kwa usikivu wa umma katika kesi ya 2001 Osama Bin Laden na watu wanne wanaotuhumiwa katika ulipuaji mabomu wa mwaka wa [[1998 katika ofisi za ubalozi wa Marekani]] katika Afrika Mashariki. {{quotation|The reality was that bin Laden and Ayman Zawahiri had become the focus of a loose association of disillusioned Islamist militants who were attracted by the new strategy. But there was no organization. These were militants who mostly planned their own operations and looked to bin Laden for funding and assistance. He was not their commander. There is also no evidence that bin Laden used the term "al-Qaeda" to refer to the name of a group until after Septemba the 11th, when he realized that this was the term the Americans had given it.<ref name="The Power of Nightmares">''The Power of Nightmares''.</ref>}} Kama suala la sheria, [[Idara ya Haki ya Marekani]] ilihitajika kuonyesha kwamba Osama Bin Laden alikuwa kiongozi wa shirika la jinai ili kumfungulia mashtaka''[[akiwa hayupo]]'' chini ya [[Sheria ya Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act]], inajulikana pia kama RICO Statutes. Jina la shirika na maelezo ya muundo wake yalitolewa katika ushuhuda wa [[Jamal al-Fadl]], ambaye alidai kuwa mwanachama mwanzilishi wa shirika na mfanyakazi wa zamani wa Osama Bin Laden. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/reports/binladen.htm | title = "WMD Terrorism and Usama Bin Laden" na The Center for Nonproliferation Studies|accessdate=2009-12-09 |archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011214040200/http%3A//cns.miis.edu/pubs/reports/binladen.htm |archivedate=2001-12-14 }}</ref> Maswali kuhusu kuegemea kwa ushuhuda wa al-Fadl yametolewa na idadi fulani ya vyanzo kwa sababu ya historia yake ya udanganyifu na kwa sababu alikuwa akiitoa kama sehemu ya matakwa yake katika mkataba wa mapatano baada ya kupatikana na hatia ya kupanga kushambulia majengo ya kijeshi ya Marekani. <ref name="first informant"/> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2001/LAW/02/13/Embassy.bombings.trial/ | title = Witness: Bin Laden planned attack on U.S. embassy in Saudi Arabia |publisher=[[CNN]] | date = 2001-02-13 |accessdate=2007-06-12}}</ref> Sam Schmidt, wakili wa mshtakiwa katika kesi, alikuwa yafuatayo kusema kuhusu ushuhuda wa al-Fadl: <blockquote>Kulikuwa na sehemu za ushahidi wa al-Fadl ambazo naamini zilikuwa uongo, kusaidia picha kwamba yeye alisaidia Wamarekani kujiunga pamoja. Nadhani yeye alisema uongo katika idadi fulani ya ushuhuda hasa kuhusu picha nzima ya nini shirika hili lilikuwa. Ilifanya al-Qaeda kuwa Mafia mpya au Wakomunisti wapya. Iliwafanya kutambulika kama kundi na hivyo kufanya kuwa rahisi mashtaka dhidi ya mtu yoyote anayehusiana na al-Qaeda kwa vitendo au kauli yoyote iliyotolewa na Bin Laden. <ref name="The Power of Nightmares"/></blockquote> === Makamanda wa Vitani === Idadi ya watu binafsi katika shirika ambao wamepitia mafunzo kamili ya kijeshi, na wana uwezo wa kuongoza vikosi vya wapiganaji, haijulikani kwa ukubwa. Katika mwaka wa 2006, ilikuwa inakadiriwa kwamba al-Qaida walikuwa na makamanda elfu kadhaa walioingizwa katika nchi arobaini mbalimbali. <ref name="Cassidy"> {{Harvnb|Cassidy|2006|p=9}}</ref> Katika mwaka wa 2009, iliaminika kuwa hakukuwa zaidi ya mia mbili au tatu ya wanachama ambao bado walikuwa wakihudumu kama makamanda. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2211994/ | title = The Terrorists-Are-Dumb Theory: Don't mistake these guys for criminal masterminds |first=Timothy |last=Noah |authorlink=Timothy Noah |publisher=Slate | date = 2009-02-25}}</ref> Kulingana na taarifa ya [[BBC]] The Power of Nightmares, al-Qaeda haijaunganishwa pamoja kwa nguvu hadi ni vigumu kusema kuwa iko mbali na Osama Bin Laden na kundi ndogo la washirika wa karibu. Ukosefu wa idadi kubwa ya wanachama waliopatikana na hatia wa al-Qaeda licha ya idadi yao kubwa kukamatwa kwa madai ya ugaidi imetolewa na makala hayo kuwa sababu ya kushuku kama kundi hilo lililoenea linalokutana na maelezo ya al-Qaeda iko kwa vyovyote vile. Kwa hivyo kiwango na asili ya al-Qaeda inabakia kuwa mada yenye mzozo. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu | last = Gerges | first = Fawaz A | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global | url = https://archive.org/details/farenemywhyjihad0000gerg | publisher = Cambridge University Press | date = 2005-09-05 | isbn = 0-521-79140-5}}</ref> === Vikosi vya wapiganaji === Kulingana na [[Robert Cassidy]], al-Qaeda inadhibiti vikosi wawili tofauti vinavyo sambamba na wapiganaji nchini Iraq na Pakistan. Kwanza, wanaohesabika katika makumi ya maelfu, iliundwa, ikafunzwa, na kukabidhiwa vifaa kama vikosi vya wapiganaji wa kupambana" katika vita vya Usovyeti na Afghanistani. <ref name="Cassidy"/> IlIundwa kimsingi na mujahideen wa kigeni kutoka Saudi Arabia na Yemen. Wengi walikwenda kupambana katika Bosnia na Somalia, ambapo vitendo vyao vilisaidia kuinua bendera ya jihad ya kimataifa. Kundi lingine, takriban elfu kumi wenye nguvu, wanaishi katika mataifa ya Magharibi na wamepokea mafunzo kiasi ya kupambana. <ref name="Cassidy"/> Wachambuzi wengine wameelezea kuwa cheo na faili za al-Qaida kama zinazobadilika kutoka kuwa "unaotegemea Waarabu", katika miaka yake ya kwanza ya oparesheni, na kuwa "kwa ukubwa ya Kipakistani", wa 2007. <ref>[http://www.meforum.org/article/1710 Jihad's New Leaders] {{Wayback|url=http://www.meforum.org/article/1710 |date=20070704191032 }} na Daveed Gartenstein-Ross na Kyle Dabruzzi, ''Middle East Quarterly,'' Summer 2007</ref> Imekadiriwa kwamba 62% ya wanachama wa al-Qaeda wana elimu ya chuo kikuu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=c841b52c-b2e7-4e41-b27e-33d10245b935&k=0 | title = Wanajihadi wa sasa: elimu, na tajiri na lengo la kuua?|accessdate=2022-11-26 |archivedate=2007-09-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120758/http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=c841b52c-b2e7-4e41-b27e-33d10245b935&k=0 }}</ref> == Mashambulizi == [[Picha:RecentAlQaedaAttacks.svg|thumb|400px|Ramani ya mashambulizi makubwa ya karibuni ulitokana na al-Qaeda: 1. Pentagon, Marekani - Sep 11, 20012. World Trade Center, Marekani - Sep 11, 20013. Istanbul, Uturuki - 15 Novemba 2003; Nov 20, 20034. Aden, Yemen - Oct 12, 20005. Nairobi, Kenya - Aug 7, 19986. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania - 7 Agosti 1998]] Al-Qaeda imetekeleza jumla ya mashambulizi sita kuu ya kigaidi, nne zao katika jihad yake dhidi ya Marekani. Katika kila kesi uongozi ulipanga shambulizi miaka mapema, ikipanga usafirishaji wa silaha na mabomu na kutumia biashara zake ya kutoa privatized ushirika pamoja na utambulisho safehouses na uongo. Al-Qaeda kwa kawaida haitumi fedha kwa ajili ya mashambulizi, na mara chache sana hufanya uhamisho wa nyaya. <ref>{{Rejea habari | last = Eichenwald | first = Kurt | authorlink = Kurt Eichenwald | title = A Nation Challenged: Terror money hard to block, officials find| work = The New York Times | date = 2001-12-10| pages = A1, B4 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/10/international/10MONE.html | accessdate = 2009-09-04}}</ref> === Mwaka 1992 === Tarehe 29 Desemba 1992, shambulizi la kwanza la kigaidi la al-Qaida lilifanyika wakati mabomu mawili yalipolipuliwa [[Aden]], [[Yemen]]. Shabaha ya kwanza ilikuwa hoteli ya Mövenpick na ya pili ilikuwa pahali pa kuegeza magari katika hoteli ya Goldmohur. Ulipuaji huo ulikuwa jaribio la kuondoa askari wa Marekani waliokuwa njiani kwenda Somalia kushiriki katika juhudi za kimataifa unafuu njaa, [[Operation Restore Hope]]. Kindani, al-Qaeda iliamini shambulizi hilo lilikuwa ushindi uliyowatia hofu Wamarekani kutoweka, lakini katika Marekani shambulizi hilo lilikuwa vigumu kujulikana. Hakuna Wamarekani waliouawa kwa sababu askari walikuwa wakikaa katika hoteli tofauti kabisa, na wao walikwenda kwenye Somalia kama imepangwa. Hata kama lilijulikana kidogo tu, shambulizi hili lilikuwa kama kilele kwani lilikuwa mwanzo wa mabadiliko katika mwelekeo wa al-Qaida, kutoka mapigano na majeshi kwenda kwa maua [[raia]] s. <ref name="wright174"> {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=174}}</ref> Watu wawili waliuawa katika shambulizi, mtalii kutoka Australia na mfanyakazi wa hoteli Myemeni. Wengine saba, wengi Wayemeni, walikuwa ukali kujeruhiwa. Fatwas mbili zimesemekana ziliteuliwa na mwanatheolojia mwenye ujuzi zaidi wa al-Qaida, [[Mamdouh Mahmud Salim]], kwa kuhalalisha mauaji kulingana na sheria za Kiislamu. Salim alinukuu Fatwa maalumu maarufu iliyoteuliwa na [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], mwanachuo wa karne ya kumi na tatu aliyedhaminiwa na Wahhabi, ambayo ilishinikiza upinzani kwa njia yoyote ile wakati wa uvamizi wa Mongol. <ref> {{Harvnb|Jansen|1997}}</ref> {{Verify credibility|date=Septemba 2009}} === Ulipuaji wa 1993 wa World Trade Center === Katika mwaka wa 1993, [[Ramzi Yousef]] alitumia lori lililobeba bomu kushambulia [[World Trade Center]] jijini [[New York]]. Shambulizi hili lilikusudiwa kuvunja msingi wa Mnara wa Kwanza ili kuigonganisha na Mnara wa pili, na kuyaangusha chini majengo yote mawili. Yousef alitarajia hili lingewaua watu 250,000. Minara ilisukasuka lakini msingi haukuvunjika na yeye alifanikiwa kuwaua watu wasita tu (ingawa wengine 1,042 kujeruhiwa unasababishwa karibu dola milioni 300 mali ya uharibifu). <ref name="yousef"> {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=178}} {{Harvnb|Reeve|1999}}</ref> <ref name="miis">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.cns.miis.edu/pubs/reports/wtc93.htm | title = February 1993 Bombing of the World Trade Center in New York City |publisher=[[Center for Nonproliferation Studies]] | date = 2001-11-12 |accessdate=2007-01-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203110421/http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/reports/wtc93.htm |archivedate=2007-02-03 }}</ref> Baada ya shambulizi, Yousef alikimbilia Pakistan na baadaye kuhamia [[Manila]]. Huko alianza kuendeleza mpango wa [[Bojinka Plot]] wa kulipua ndege dazeni za Kimarekan , kumuua Papa [[Yohana Paulo II]] na Rais Bill Clinton, na kuangusha ndege ya kibinafsi katika makao makuu ya CIA. Baadaye alishikwa nchini Pakistan. <ref name="yousef"/> Hakuna katika mashitaka ya serikali ya Marekani dhidi ya Osama Bin Laden lililopendekeza kwamba alikuwa na uhusiano wowote na shambulizi huu, lakini Ramzi Yousef inajulikana kuwa walihudhuria kambi ya mafunzo ya kigaidi nchini Afghanistan. Baada ya kukamatwa, Yousef alitangaza kwamba msingi wake wa kuhesabu haki mashambulizi ulikuwa kuadhibu Marekani kwa msaada wake katika uvamizi wa Israeli kwenye wilaya za Palestina na hakutaja motisha yoyote ya kidini. <ref name="miis"/> === Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1990 === [[Mashambulizi]] kwenye afisi za kibalozi za [[Marekani]] katika Afrika Mashariki, zilisababisha vifo vya zaidi ya watu 300, wengi wazawa. Mashambulizi ya [[cruise missile]] ya majeshi ya Marekani kwa kuitikia yaliharibu wigo wa al-Qaeda iliyokuwa [[Khost]], Afghanistan, lakini uwezo wa mtandao haukuadhiriwa. Mnamo Oktoba mwaka wa 2000, wapiganaji wa al-Qaeda uko [[Yemen]] walilipua [[Kiangamizi cha missile]] cha [[USS Cole]] katika mashambulizi ya kujitolea, na kuua wanajeshi 17 wa Marekani na kuharibu chombo. Ikiongozwa na mafanikio ya shambulizi hili shaba, al-Qaeda amri ya msingi wakaanza kujiandaa kwa shambulio kwenye Marekani yenyewe. === Mashambulizi ya 11 Septemba === {{Main|Shambulio la 11 Septemba 2001}} [[Picha:September 17 2001 Ground Zero 01.jpg|thumb|250px|Baada ya mashambulizi ya 11 Septemba]] Mashambulizi ya 11 Septemba yalikuwa matendo ya kigaidi ya kuleta uharibifu mkubwa zaidi katika historia ya [[Marekani]] na dunia, iliyoua takriban watu 3,000. Ndege mbili za kibiashara zilielekezwa makusudi kwenye minara ya [[World Trade Center]], ya tatu kwenye jengo la The [[Pentagon]], na la nne, lililokusudiwa kulenga [[Capitol]] ya Marekani, ilianguka Pennsylvania. Mashambulizi hayo yalifanywa na al-Qaeda, kaimu kwa mujibu wa ''[[Fatwa]]'' iliyotolewa mwaka wa [[1998]] dhidi ya Marekani na washirika wake na vikosi vya kijeshi chini ya amri ya Bin Laden, al-Zawahiri, na wengine. <ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.ict.org.il/articles/fatwah.htm|title=Text of Fatwah Urging Jihad Against Americans| accessdate=2006-07-05| date=23 Februari 1998}}</ref> Ushahidi unaangazia wanaharakati wa kujiua wakiongozwa na kamanda wa kijeshi wa al-Qaeda [[Mohamed atta]] kama watekelezaji wa mashambulizi, na [[Bin Laden]], [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]], [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]], [[Hambali]] kama wapangaji na sehemu muhimu ya amri ya kisiasa na ya kijeshi. Jumbe zilizotolewa na Bin Laden baada ya 11 Septemba 2001, zilisifu mashambulizi, na kuelezea motisha yao wakati kukanusha kuhusika yoyote. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/16/inv.binladen.denial/| title = Bin Laden says he wasn't behind attacks| publisher=[[CNN]]| accessdate=2006-07-06| date = 17 Septemba 2001| archivedate=2006-07-05| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060705161654/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/16/inv.binladen.denial/}}</ref> Bin Laden alihalalisha mashambulizi kwa kutambua vilio vilivyoonekana na Waislamu wote tawala na wale wa Kiislamu, kama vile mtazamo wa jumla kwamba Marekani ilikuwa ikiwatesa Waislamu. <ref> {{Harvnb|Esposito|2002|p=22}}</ref> Bin Laden alisisitiza kuwa Marekani ilikuwa inawaua Waislamu uko '[[Palestina]], [[Chechnya]], [[Kashmir]] na [[Iraq]]' na kwamba Waislamu wanapaswa kuwa na 'haki ya kushambulia katika kuadhibu'. Yeye pia alidai kuwa mashambulizi ya 9 / 11 hayakuwa yakiwalenga wanawake na watoto, lakini 'vinara wa nguvu za kijeshi na kiuchumi'. <ref>Hamid Miir 'Osama claims he has nukes:If US uses N-arms it will get the same response' "Dawn:The Internet Edition" 10 Novemba 2001</ref> Ushahidi umekuja kwa mwanga kwamba malengo ya awali ya mashambulizi huenda yalikuwa vituo vya nguvu za nyuklia pwani ya mashariki ya Marekani. Malengo hayo baadaye yalibadilishwa al-Qaeda, kwani waliogopa kwamba shambulizi kama hilo "lingetoka nje ya mkono". <ref name="AL-QAIDA-LEADERS-SAY-NUCLEAR-POWER-STATIONS-WERE-ORIGINAL-TARGETS">{{Rejea habari | title = Al-Qaida leaders say nuclear power stations were original targets |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/afghanistan/story/0,1284,788431,00.html |publisher=[[The Guardian]] | date = 2002-09-09 |accessdate=2007-01-11 }}</ref> <ref name="Al-Qaeda-SCALED-BACK-10-PLANE-PLOT">{{Rejea habari | title = Al Qaeda Scaled Back 10-Plane Plot |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A45853-2004Jun16_2.html |publisher=[[Washington Post]] | date = 2004-06-17 |accessdate=2007-01-11 }}</ref> == Kujulikana kama shirika la kigaidi == Al-Qaeda imeteuliwa kama ''[[shirika]]'' la ''[[kigaidi]]'' na idadi ya mashirika, ikiwemo: * [[Baraza la Usalama]] la [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] , <ref name="UNSC-WORK-RELATED-TO-RESOLUTION-1267">{{Rejea tovuti| title = Security Council Resolutions Related to the Work of the Committee Established Pursuant to Resolution 1267 (1999) Concerning Al-Qaida and the Taliban and Associated Individuals and Entities|publisher=[[United Nations Security Council]]|url=http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/1267/1267ResEng.htm|accessdate=2007-01-09 }}</ref> * [[Katibu Mkuu wa Shirika la Mkataba wa Atlantiki]] ya [[Kaskazini]], <ref name="NATOQaeda">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.nato.int/docu/speech/2001/s011122b.htm| title = Press Conference with NATO Secretary General, Lord Robertson|accessdate=2006-10-23|author=NATO}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.nato.int/structur/library/bibref/them0305.pdf| title = AL QAEDA|author=NATO Library|year=2005|accessdate=2007-06-11|format=PDF}}</ref> * [[Tume ya Jumuiya za Ulaya]] ya Umoja wa Ulaya, <ref name="EU">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/com/2004/com2004_0700en01.doc| title = COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT|author=[[Commission of the European Communities]]| date = 2004-10-20|accessdate=2007-06-11|format=DOC|archivedate=2007-06-14|archiveurl=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20070614032134/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/com/2004/com2004_0700en01.doc}}</ref> * [[Idara]] ya Nchi ya [[Marekani]] * [[Serikali]] ya [[Australia]], <ref name="Australia">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/agd/www/nationalsecurity.nsf/AllDocs/95FB057CA3DECF30CA256FAB001F7FBD?OpenDocument| title = Listing of Terrorist Organisations|accessdate=2006-07-03|author=Australian Government|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204040731/http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/agd/www/nationalsecurity.nsf/AllDocs/95FB057CA3DECF30CA256FAB001F7FBD?OpenDocument|archivedate=2014-02-04}}</ref> * [[Serikali ya India]], <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/04/09/stories/2002040903651100.htm | title = The Hindu: Centre bans Al-Qaeda|accessdate=2009-12-09 |archivedate=2009-04-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427232058/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/04/09/stories/2002040903651100.htm |=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427232058/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/04/09/stories/2002040903651100.htm }}</ref> * [[Usalama wa Umma ya Kanada]], <ref name="Canada">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.psepc.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-en.asp| title = Entities list|accessdate=2006-07-03|author=Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119150657/http://www.psepc.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-en.asp|archivedate=2006-11-19}}</ref> * Wizara ya Mambo ya Nje, <ref name="Israel">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Terrorism+and+Islamic+Fundamentalism-/Summary+of+indictments+against+Al-Qaeda+terrorists+in+Samaria+March 21, 2006.htm| title = Summary of indictments against Al-Qaeda terrorists in Samaria| date = 21 Machi 2006|accessdate=2007-06-10|author=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref>ya [[Israeli]] * Kitabu cha Buluu Kidiplomasia ya Ujapani * [[Wizara ya Nje ya Kikorea Kusini]], <ref name="Korea">{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.korea.net/news/news/NewsView.asp?serial_no=20070813015&part=102| title = Seoul confirms release of two Korean hostages in Afghanistan| date = 14 Agosti 2007|accessdate=2007-09-16|author=Korean Foreign Ministry|archivedate=2007-12-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215153000/http://www.korea.net/news/news/NewsView.asp?serial_no=20070813015&part=102}}</ref> * [[Katibu Mkuu]] wa [[Ulinzi wa Taifa wa Ufaransa]], <ref name="fr-report">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://lesrapports.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/cgi-bin/brp/telestats.cgi?brp_ref=064000275&brp_file=0000.pdf| title = La France face au terrorisme|publisher=Secrétariat général de la défense nationale (France)|language={{fr}}|accessdate=2009-08-06|archivedate=2011-08-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807105500/http://lesrapports.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/BRP/064000275/0000.pdf}}</ref> * [[Huduma ya Ujasusi wa Kijeshi na Usalama ya Kiholanzi]], <ref name="Netherlands">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://ftp.fas.org/irp/world/netherlands/aivd2004-eng.pdf| title = Annual Report 2004|accessdate=2007-06-11|author=[[General Intelligence and Security Service]]|format=PDF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614032136/http://ftp.fas.org/irp/world/netherlands/aivd2004-eng.pdf|archivedate=2007-06-14}}</ref> * [[Home Office]] ya Uingereza,<ref name="UK">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/security/terrorism-and-the-law/terrorism-act/proscribed-groups| title = Proscribed terrorist groups|accessdate=2006-07-03|author=United Kingdom Home Office|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081106131515/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/security/terrorism-and-the-law/terrorism-act/proscribed-groups|archivedate=2008-11-06}}</ref> * [[Urusi]], <ref name="Russia">{{Rejea habari| url=http://www.mosnews.com/news/2006/07/28/russiaterrorlist.shtml| title = Russia Outlaws 17 Terror Groups; Hamas, Hezbollah Not Included| accessdate=2009-12-09| archivedate=2006-11-14| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114154904/http://www.mosnews.com/news/2006/07/28/russiaterrorlist.shtml}}</ref> * [[Wizara]] ya [[Mambo ya Nje]] ya [[Sweden]], <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.sweden.gov.se/content/1/c6/06/12/67/01b99143.pdf| title = Radical Islamist Movements in the Middle East|author=Ministry for Foreign Affairs Sweden| date = Machi – Juni 2006|accessdate = 2007-06-11|format=PDF}}</ref> * [[Vikosi vya Polisi vya Kituruki]] <ref name="Emniyet">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.egm.gov.tr/temuh/terorgrup1.html | title = "Türkiye'de halen faaliyetlerine devam Edeni başlıca terör örgütleri listesi" (Emniyet Genel Müdürlügü)|accessdate=2009-12-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114042731/http://www.egm.gov.tr/temuh/terorgrup1.html |archivedate=2013-01-14 }}</ref> * na [[Serikali]] ya [[Uswizi]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.efv.admin.ch/d/dokumentation/downloads/themen/finanzkrimi/CH_UNTerror_1201_e.pdf| title = Report on counter-terrorism submitted by Switzerland to the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1373 (2001)| date = 20 Desemba 2001|accessdate=2007-06-11|format=PDF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609153811/http://www.efv.admin.ch/d/dokumentation/downloads/themen/finanzkrimi/CH_UNTerror_1201_e.pdf|archivedate=2007-06-09}}</ref> == Vita dhidi ya ugaidi == Mara tu baada ya mashambulizi, serikali ya Marekani [[iliamua kujibu kijeshi]], ikaanza kuandaa [[majeshi]] yake kuipindua serikali ya Taliban iliyoamini ilikuwa inawaweka al-Qaeda. Kabla ya Marekani kushambuliwa, ilimpa kiongozi wa Taliban [[Mullah Omar]] nafasi ya kusalimisha Bin Laden na washirika wake wa juu. Vikosi vya kwanza vya kijeshi kuingizwa Afghanistan walikuwa Maafisa kutoka [[Special Activities Division]] (SAD) ya CIA. [[Taliban]] ilijitolea kumsalimisha Bin Laden kwa kesi katika [[nchi isiyo na ushirika]] kama Marekani ingetoa ushahidi kuwa Bin Laden alishiriki katika mashambulizi. [[Rais wa Marekani]] [[George W. Bush]] alijibu kwa kusema: "Tunajua yeye ana hatia. Msalimisheni", <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| url=http://www.seacoastonline.com/2001news/10_15_w1.htm| title = U.S. Jets Pound Targets Around Kabul| work=[[The Portsmouth Herald]]| date = 15 Oktoba 2001| accessdate=2006-07-06| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125170035/http://www.seacoastonline.com/2001news/10_15_w1.htm| archivedate=2005-11-25}}</ref> na Waziri Mkuu wa Uingereza [[Tony Blair]] akaionya serikali ya Taliban:" kumsalimisha Bin Laden, au wasalimishe nguvu ". <ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2001/10/02/blair_war011002.html Blair and Taliban: Surrender Bin Laden or surrender power]</ref> Mapema baadaye Marekani na washirika wake walivamia Afghanistan, na pamoja na [[Ushirikiano wa Kazkazini ya Kiafghan]] wakang'oa serikali ya Taliban mamlakani katika [[vita vya Afghanistan]]. [[Picha:Anaconda-helicopter.jpg|thumb|left|Askari wa Marekani nchini Afghanistan]] Kama matokeo ya [[Marekani]] kutumia [[vikosi vyake maalum]] na kutoa [[msaada wa angani]] kwa [[vikosi vya ardhini vya Ushirika wa Kaskazini]], [[makambi ya mafunzo]] ya [[Taliban]] na [[al-Qaeda]] yaliharibiwa na kubwa ya muundo wa uendeshaji wa al-Qaeda unaaminika uliharibiwa. Baada kuondolewa kutoka katika nafasi yao muhimu katika eneo la [[Tora Bora]] la [[Afghanistan]], wengi wa wapiganaji wa al-Qaeda walijaribu kujikusanya katika eneo la [[Gardez]] taifa. Tena, chini ya [[ulipuaji mkali wa angani]], [[majeshi ya ardhini]] ya Marekani pamoja na vikosi vya Kiafghan walishambulia, na wakibomoa msimamo wa al-Qaeda na kuwaua au kuwakamata wapiganaji wengi. Ikifikia mapema mwaka wa 2002, al-Qaeda ilikuwa imepata pigo kubwa kwa uwezo wa uendeshaji wake, na uvamizi wa Afghanistani ulionekana mafanikio ya awali. Hata hivyo, sehemu kubwa ya [[Ukereketwa wa Taliban]] unabakia katika [[Afghanistan]], na viongozi wawili wakuu wa al-Qaida, Bin Laden na Al Zawahiri, walihepa kukamatwa. Mjadala uliendelea kuhusu asili ya jukumu la al-Qaida katika mashambulizi ya 9 / 11, na baada ya uvamizi wa Marekani kuanza, [[Idara ya Nchi ya Marekani]] pia ilitoa [[video]] iliyoonyesha Bin Laden akiongea na kundi dogo la washirika mahali fulani katika Afghanistan muda mfupi kabla ya Taliban kuondolewa madarakani. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| url = http://www.defenselink.mil/releases/2001/b12132001_bt630-01.html| title = U.S. RELEASES VIDEOTAPE OF OSAMA BIN LADEN| accessdate = 2006-07-04| date = 13 Desemba 2001| archive-date = 2006-06-25| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060625223529/http://www.defenselink.mil/releases/2001/b12132001_bt630-01.html| url-status = dead}}</ref> Ingawa uhalisi wake umeshukiwa na baadhi, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/september11/story/0,11209,619188,00.html| author=Morris, Steven| title = US urged to detail origin of tape| publisher=The Guardian| accessdate=2006-07-11| date = 15 Desemba 2001}}</ref> video hiyo inaonekana kulaumu Bin Laden na Al-Qaeda katika mashambulizi ya 11 Septemba na ilionyeshwa katika [[televisheni]] nyingi kote duniani, pamoja na [http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/12/13/tape.transcript/ Tafsiri ya Kiingereza] {{Wayback|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/12/13/tape.transcript/ |date=20070202084109 }} iliyotolewa na [[Idara ya Ulinzi ya Marekani]]. Mnamo Septemba 2004, [[tume ya serikali]] ya [[Marekani ya]] kuchunguza mashambulizi ya 11 Septemba ilihitimisha rasmi kwamba mashambulizi yalipangwa na kutekelezwa na al-Qaeda operatives. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/| title = National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States| accessdate=2006-04-27| date = 20 Septemba 2004}}</ref> Mnamo Oktoba 2004, Bin Laden alionekana akidai uwajibikaji kwa mashambulizi katika [[video]] iliyotolewa kupitia Al Jazeera, akisema yeye aliongozwa na mashambulizi ya Israeli kwenye [[majengo marefu]] katika [[uvamizi wa]] 1982 wa [[Lebanon]]: "Nilipoona minara iliyobomolewa nchini [[Lebanon]] , iliingia katika mawazo yangu kwamba tunapaswa kumuadhibu mtesi katika aina na kwamba tunapaswa kuharibu minara katika Amerika ili wapate ladha ya kile sisi tulionja na hivyo kuwa wanapaswa kukoma kuwaua wanawake na watoto wetu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| url=http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/79C6AF22-98FB-4A1C-B21F-2BC36E87F61F.htm| title = Full transcript of bin Ladin's speech| publisher=Al Jazeera| accessdate=2006-07-12| date = 1 Novemba 2004}}</ref> Hadi mwisho wa 2004, serikali ya Marekani alitangaza kwamba theluthi mbili ya waandamizi al-Qaeda takwimu kuanzia mwaka 2001 alikuwa alitekwa na kuhojiwa na CIA: [[Abu Zubaydah]], [[Ramzi bin al-Shibh]] na [[Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri]] katika 2002; <ref name="martinez interrogations">{{Rejea habari | last = Shane | first = Scott | title = Inside the interrogation of a 9/11 mastermind| work = The New York Times | date = 2008-06-22| pages = A1, A12–A13 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/22/washington/22ksm.html | accessdate = 2009-09-05}}</ref> [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]] mwaka 2003; na [[Saif al Islam el Masry]] mwaka 2004. {{Citation needed|date=Septemba 2009}} [[Mohammed Atef]] na wengine kadhaa waliuawa. == Shughuli == === Afrika === <!--[[Picha:The Guardian al-Qaeda recruitment.jpg|thumb|Ukurasa wa kwanza wa The Guardian Weekly kuhusu adhimisho la nane ya mashambulizi ya Septemba 11. Nakala ilidai kuwa shughuli za al-Qaida "inaendelea kutawanywa kwa 'makundi shirika' au 'franchises' katika Yemen na Afrika Kaskazini."]]--> [[Matendo ya al-Qaida katika Afrika]] ni pamoja na idadi ya mashambulizi katika [[Afrika Kaskazini]], na kusaidia vyama katika vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe nchini [[Eritrea]] na [[Somalia]]. Kutoka mwaka wa 1991 hadi 1996, [[Osama Bin Laden]] na viongozi wengine wa Al-Qaeda walikuwa kimsingi nchini [[Sudan]]. Waasi wa Kiislam katika [[Sahara]] wanaojiita [[Al-Qaeda katika Maghreb ya Kiislamu]] wameongeza vurugu yao katika miaka ya karibuni. <ref> * {{Rejea habari | last = Trofimov | first = Yaroslav | title = Islamic rebels gain strength in the Sahara| work = The Wall Street Journal | volume = 254 | issue = 39 | date = 2009-08-15| page = A9 | url = http://online.wsj.com/article/SB125030117348933737.html | accessdate = 2009-09-15}} * {{Rejea habari | last = Trofimov | first = Yaroslav | title = Islamic rebels gain strength in the Sahara| work = The Wall Street Journal Europe | volume = 27 | issue = 136 | date = 2009-08-17| page = 12}} * {{Rejea habari | last = Trofimov | first = Yaroslav | title = Islamic rebels gain in the Sahara| work = The Wall Street Journal Asia | volume = 33 | issue = 245 | date = 2009-08-18| page = 12}} </ref>Maafisa wa Kifaransa {{Citation needed|date=Septemba 2009}} wanasema waasi hao hawana viungo halisi na uongozi wa al-Qaeda, lakini hili ni suala la mgogoro katika baadhi ya vyombo vya kimataifa na miongoni mwa wachambuzi wa usalama. Inaonekana kuwa Bin Laden alikubali jina la kikundi hicho mwishoni mwa mwaka wa 2006, na waasi "wakachukua jina la al Qaeda", karibu mwaka mmoja kabla ya vurugu kuanza kuenea. <ref> {{Harvnb|Riedel|2008|p=126}}</ref> === Uropa === Katika mwaka wa 2003, Waislamu walitekeleza mfululizo wa ulipuaji mabomu katika [[Istanbul]] na kuua watu hamsini na saba na kuwajeruhi mia saba. Watu sabini na wanne walishtakiwa na mamlaka za Kituruki. Baadhi yao awali walikuwa wamekutana na Osama Bin Laden, na ingawa hawakutaka hasa ahadi fungamana na Al-Qaeda wao waliomba baraka yake na msaada. <ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/12/AR2007021201715_pf.html Washington Post - Al-Qaida's Hand In Istanbul Plot]</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3735645/ |title=Msn News - Bin Laden alegedly planned attacks in Turkey - Stymied by tight security at US bases, militants switched targets |accessdate=2009-12-09 |archive-date=2007-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223055540/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3735645/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Katika mwaka wa 2009, watu watatu wakaazi wa London, [[Miles Hussain]], Assad Sarwar na [[Ahmed Abdullah Ali]], walipatikana na hatia ya kupanga kulipua mabomu yaliyofichwa kama vinywaji kwenye ndege saba zilizokuwa zinaelekea Kanada na Marekani. Uchunguzi mkubwa tata wa polisi na [[MI5]] kuhusiana na njama hiyo ilihusisha zaidi ya mwaka mmoja wa kazi ya ufuatiliaji uliofanywa na maafisa juu ya mia mbili. <ref> * {{Rejea habari | last = Gardham | first = Duncan | title = Gang is brought to justice by most complex operation since the war| work = The Daily Telegraph | date = 2009-09-08| page = 2 | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/6152185/Airline-bomb-plot-investigation-one-of-biggest-since-WW2.html | accessdate = 2009-09-15}} * {{Rejea habari | last = Gardham | first = Duncan | title = Complex operation brings gang to justice| work = The Weekly Telegraph | place = Australian edition, issue 947 | date = 2009-09-16| page = 9}} </ref> <ref>{{Rejea habari | last = Milmo | first = Cahal | title = Police watched the plot unfold, then pounced| work = The Independent | date = 2009-09-08| pages = 2–4 | url = http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/police-watched-the-plot-unfold-then-pounced-1783388.html | accessdate = 2009-09-15 | archivedate = 2009-09-10 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090910200749/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/police-watched-the-plot-unfold-then-pounced-1783388.html }}</ref> Maafisa wa Uingereza na Marekani walisema mpango huo-usiofanana na mengi ya kigaidi yanayopangwa katika Ulaya-mara moja ulihusishwa na al-Qaeda na uliongozwa na wapiganaji waandamizi wa Kiislamu nchini Pakistan. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1251804512098&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull | title = UK court convicts 3 of plot to blow up airliners {{!}} International {{!}} Jerusalem Post |accessdate=2021-09-25 |archivedate=2009-09-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090909212006/http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1251804512098&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull }}</ref> <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8221375.stm BBC NEWS | UK| Airline plot: Al-Qaida connection]</ref> === Mashariki ya Kati === Kufuatia [[kukutanishwa kwa Yemeni]] mwaka 1990, Mwahhabi mitandao wamisionari wakaanza kuhamia ndani ya nchi katika jitihada ya kibepari subvert kaskazini. Ingawa ni ngumu kuwe na uwezekano Bin Laden au al-Qaida ya Saudi walihusika moja kwa moja, urafiki wa kibinafsi waliounda ungekuwa imara zaidi katika muongo uliyofuata na ungetumika katika shambulizi la USS ''Cole.'' <ref>{{Citation | last = Weir | first = Shelagh | authorlink = | publication-date = Julai/Septemba 1997 | title = A Clash of Fundamentalisms: Wahhabism in Yemen | series = Middle East Report | publisher = [[Middle East Research and Information Project]] | issue = 204 | url = http://www.merip.org/mer/mer204/weir.htm | accessdate = 2009-01-19 | ref = none | archive-date = 2008-10-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081003091516/http://www.merip.org/mer/mer204/weir.htm | dead-url = yes }} ilitajwa katika {{Rejea kitabu | last = Burke | first = Jason | authorlink = Jason Burke | title = Al-Qaeda: Casting a Shadow of Terror | url = https://archive.org/details/alqaedacastingsh00burk | pages = [https://archive.org/details/alqaedacastingsh00burk/page/128 128]–129 | publisher = I.B. Tauris | year = 2003 | location = New York | isbn = 1850433968 }}</ref> Katika [[Iraq]], vikosi vya al-Qaeda vilivyohusiana na uongozi vilikuwa vimejumuishwa katika [[Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad]] shirika lililoongozwa na [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]]. Wakizingatia zaidi oparesheni za kujitolea mhanga, wamekuwa ni "dereva muhimu " wa [[Ukereketwa wa Kisunni]]. <ref> {{Harvnb|Riedel|2008|p=100}}</ref> Ingawa walishiriki sehemu ndogo katika Ukereketwa kwa ujumla, kati ya 30% na 42% ya ulipuaji mabomu ya kujiua yaliyofanyika katika miaka ya mwanzoni yalidaiwa na shirika la Zarqawi. <ref> Angalia kazi zifuatazo zilizotajwa katika {{Harvnb|Riedel|2008|p=101}}<br /> * {{Harvnb|Hafez|2007|pp=97–98}} * {{Rejea habari | last = Al-Shishani | first = Murad Batal | authorlink = Murad Batal al-Shishani | title = Al-Zarqawi's Rise to Power: Analyzing Tactics and Targets| work = Jamestown Foundation Terrorism Monitor | volume = 3 | issue = 22 | date = 2005-11-17}} </ref> Kwa ukubwa, ilikuwa si mpaka mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1990 ndipo al-Qaeda ilianza mafunzo kwa Wapalestina. Hii si kupendekeza kuwa wapiganaji wa upinzani hawajawakilishwa vyema katika mtandao kwani idadi ya Wapalestina, wengi kutoka Yordani, walitaka kujiunga na wamejitokeza kutumikia majukumu makubwa nchini Afghanistan. <ref name="palestinian operatives"> {{Harvnb|Gunaratna|2002|p=150}}</ref> Badala yake, makundi makubwa kama [[Hamas]] na [[Islamic Jihad ya Kipalestina]] ambayo hushirikiana na al-Qaeda katika sehemu nyingi-wamekuwa na matatizo kukubali muungano wa kimkakati, wakiogopa kuwa Al-Qaeda itachukua seli zao ndogo. Hii inaweza kuwa imebadilika hivi karibuni, kwani huduma za usalama na ujasusi za Israeli zinaamini al-Qaeda imeweza kujiingiza ndani ya washirika kutoka Maeneo Yaliyonyakuliwa na kuingia Israeli, na inangojea wakati mwafaka wa kufanya mashambulizi. <ref name="palestinian operatives"/> === Intaneti === Timothy L. Thomas anadai kuwa baada ya kuondolewa kwake kutoka Afghanistan, al-Qaeda na waandamizi wake wamehama mtandaoni kuhepa kujulikana katika hali inayoongezeka ya uangalifu kimataifa. Kama matokeo, matumizi ya shirika ya mtandao yameongezeka zaidi, yakijumuisha fedha, ajira, mitandao, uhamasishaji, utangazaji, vilevile usambazaji habari, ukusanyaji na ugawaji. <ref>Timothy Thomas, [https://web.archive.org/web/20030410231224/http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/03spring/thomas.pdf "Al Qaeda and the Internet: The Danger of Cyberplanning"] Ilirudishwa 14 Februari 2007.</ref> Harakati ya [[Abu Ayyub al-Masri]] ya al-Qaeda nchini [[Iraq]] mara hutoa video fupi zinazotukuza shughuli za walipuaji wa kujitolea mhanga wa kijiha. Pia, kabla na baada ya kifo cha [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]] (kiongozi wa zamani wa [[al-Qaeda]] nchini Iraq), shirika mwamvuli ambalo al-Qaeda nchini Iraq ni mshirika, [[Baraza]] la [[Mujahideen Shura]], limekuwa na [[uwepo]] wa mara kwa mara katika [[mtandao]] ambapo matangazo yanapeanwa na [[Murasel]]. Aina ya nakala zinazopatikana inajumuisha video za mafunzo ya Guerrilla, picha za waathiriwa walio karibu kuuawa, shuhuda za walipuaji wa kujitolea mhanga, na video ushiriki katika jihad kupitia stylized portraits wa misikiti na alama ya muziki. Tovuti moja inazohusiana na al-Qaeda ilitoa video ya mjasiriamali wa Marekani [[Nick Berg]] akiwa anauawa nchini Iraq. Video na picha zingine za mauaji, pamoja na za [[Paul Johnson]], Kim Sun-il, na [[Daniel Pearl]], zilitolewa kwanza katika tovuti za jihadi. Desemba 2004 ujumbe wa kusikilizwa uliyodai kutoka kwa Bin Laden ulitolewa moja kwa moja kwenye tovuti moja, badala ya kutuma nakala kwa [[al Jazeera]] kama alivyofanya huko nyuma. Al Qaeda iligeukia na intaneti kutoa video zake ili kuwa na uhakika ingepatikana bila kusahihishwa, kuliko hatari ya uwezekano wa wahariri al Jazeera kuhariri wa video na kukatwa nje chochote muhimu [[kifalme]] wa [[Saudi familia]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2373884 | title = Bin Laden Identifies Saudi Arabia as the Enemy of Mujahideen Unity|author=Scheuer, Michael |month=Januari |year=2008 |work=Terrorism Focus |publisher=Jamestown Foundation |accessdate=2009-12-09 |archivedate=2008-01-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118190019/http://jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2373884 }}</ref> Ujumbe wa Bin Laden wa Desemba 2004 ulikuwa shadidi zaidi kuliko kawaida katika hotuba hii, kudumu zaidi ya saa moja. Huko nyuma, [[Alneda.com]] na [[Jehad.net]] zilikuwa tovuti muhimu zaidi za al-Qaeda. Alneda awali iliangushwa na Mmarekani [[Jon Messner]], lakini wahudumu wakapinga kwa kuchukua tovuti katika tarakilishi kuu mbalimbali na na kchukua y kimkakati. Marekani kwa sasa inajaribu kumfungulia mashtaka bingwa wa teknolojia ya habari wa Uingereza, [[Babar Ahmad]], juu ya madai ya kuendesha mtandao wa lugha ya Kiingereza na al-Qaeda Nje, kama Azzam.com. <ref>{{Rejea habari | last = Whitlock | first = Craig | authorlink = Craig Whitlock | title = Briton Used Internet As His Bully Pulpit| work = The Washington Post | date = 2005-08-08| page = A1 | url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/07/AR2005080700890.html | accessdate=2009-09-04}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti | title = Babar Ahmad Indicted on Terrorism Charges| publisher = United States Attorney's Office District of Connecticut | date = 2004-10-06| url=http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/ct/Press2004/20041006.html|dateformat=mdy |accessdate=2006-05-29}}</ref> Mashtaka dhidi yaAhmad yanapingwa na mashirika mbalimbali ya Kiislamu ya Uingereza, kama vile [[Muslim Association of Britain]]. == Madai ya kuhusika kwa CIA == Iwe au isiwe mashambulizi ya al-Qaeda yalikuwa "[[kisasi]]" ya mpango wa "[[Operation Cyclone]]" wa [[CIA]] ya Marekani kusaidia [[mujahideen]] wa Afghanistan ni suala la baadhi cha mjadala. [[Robin Cook]], aliyekuwa Katibu wa kigeni wa Uingereza kutoka 1997-2001, ameandika kuwa al-Qaeda na Bin Laden walikuwa "bidhaa ya na mashirika ya magharibi ya usalama," na kwamba "Al-Qaida, literally ni" database ", awali ilikuwa faili ya kompyuta ya maelfu wa mujahideen ambao walisajiliwa na kupewa mafunzo pamoja na msaada kutoka CIA ili kuwashinda Warusi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/terrorism/story/0,12780,1523838,00.html| title = The struggle against terrorism cannot be won by military means|author=Cook, Robin|publisher=Guardian Unlimited|accessdate=2005-07-08}}</ref> Aina kadhaa za vyanzo- mwandishi wa [[CNN]] Peter Bergen, Brigadier wa ISI [[Muhammad Yousaf wa Pakistan]], na washirika wa CIA waliohusika katika mpango wa Afghanistan, kama [[Vincent Cannistraro]]- wamekana kwamba CIA au maafisa wengine wa Marekani waliwasiliana na mujahideen wa kigeni au Bin Laden, sembuse kuwapa silaha, au mafunzo yoyote. Hii inapingana na matamko ya [[Milton Bearden]], Field Officer 1985-1989 wa CIA wa Afghanistan, ambaye anakumbuka hofu aliyohisi wakati wa mkutano na wapiganaji wa Jihadi: ''"nyakati nyingi nilizokuwa katika taabu yoyote halisi nchini Afghanistan ni wakati mimi nilikutana na watu hawa- Unajua kuwa kuna 'wakati' au mawili ambayo yangeonekana kidogo kama sehemu ya bar katika Star Wars, unajua.'' ''Kila kundi mfano ikizunguka na hatimaye mtu anatuliza hali. <ref>''The Power of Nightmares,'' sehemu 2.</ref>'' Lakini Bergen na wengine wanasema kwamba hakukuwa na haja ya kuwasajili wageni ambao hawakujua lugha, mila au walei wa nchi tangu kulikuwa robo milioni ya wazawa wa Afghanistan tayari kupambana; <ref> {{Harvnb|Coll|2005|pp=145–146, 155–156}}</ref> kwamba mujahideen wa kigeni wenyewe walikuwa hawana haja ya fedha za Marekani tangu walipata dola milioni mia kadhaa kwa mwaka kutoka kwa vyanzo visivyo vya Kimarekani; kwamba Wamarekani hawangeweza kuwapa mafunzo mujahideen kwa sababu maafisa wa Pakistan hawangeruhusu zaidi ya kiganja yao kufanya kazi nchini Pakistan na hakuna hata mmoja katika Afghanistan, na kwamba Waarabu wa Kiafghanistan walikuwa karibu sawa na wapiganaji wa Kiislamu ambao walikuwa maadui kwa watu wa nchi za Magharibi iwe ama isiwe watu wa Magharibi walikuwa wakiwasaidia Waislamu wa Afghanistan. Kulingana na [[Peter Bergen]], anayejulikana kwa kufanya mahojiano televisheni ya kwanzana Osama Bin Laden mwaka 1997, wazo kwamba "CIA ilimfadhili Bin Laden au kumpa mafunzo ... Bin Laden [ni] hadithi ya watu. Hakuna ushahidi wa hili. ... Bin Laden alikuwa pesa zake mwenyewe, alikuwa mpinga-Amerika na alifanya kazi kwa siri na kwa kujitegemea. ... Habari halisi hapa ni CIA hawakuwa na ukweli kuwa kidokezo kuhusu nani Bin Laden alikuwa mpaka mwaka wa 1996 wakati walianzisha kitengo cha kweli kuanza kumfuatilia. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/08/15/bergen.answers/index.html| title = Bergen: Bin Laden, CIA links hogwash|author=Bergen, Peter|publisher=CNN|accessdate=2006-08-15}}</ref> Lakini kama Bergen mwenyewe alivyokubali, katika "tukio moja la ajabu" CIA ''ilionekana'' kutoa msaada viza [[mujahideen-recruiter Omar Abdel-Rahman]]. <ref> {{Harvnb|Bergen|2001|pp=72–73}}</ref> Al-Qaeda ina historia ya muda mrefu na CIA, hasa kitengo cha [[Special Activities Division]]. [[Oparesheni hii maalum]] inayosifika husehemu ya CIA utume ni msingi wa nguvu za Marekani katika vita dhidi ya Al Qaeda na umeleta mafanikio zaidi. <ref> {{Harvnb|Coll|2005}}</ref> == Ukosoaji == Kulingana na idadi ya vyanzo kumekuwa "wimbi la " dhidi ya Al Qaeda na washirika wake na "wasomi wa kidini, wapiganaji wa zamani" wakishangazwa na [[takfir]] ya Al Qaida na mauaji ya Waislamu katika nchi za Kiislamu, hasa Irak. <ref> {{Harvnb|Bergen|Cruickshank|2008}} {{Harvnb|Wright|2008}} Nukuu zimechukuliwa kutoka {{Harvnb|Riedel|2008|pp=106–107}} {{Harvnb|Bergen|Cruickshank|2008}}</ref> [[Noman Benotman]], Muarabu wa zamani wa Afghanistan na mpiganaji wa [[Kundi la Kupambana la Kiislamu la Libya]], akajitokeza kwa umma na barua ya wazi ya kumkosoa [[Ayman al Zawahiri]] Novemba 2007 baada ya kuwavuta waandamizi wa uongozi wa zamani wa kundi lake waliofungwa jela kuingia katika mazungumzo ya amani na serikali ya Libya Wakati Ayman al Zawahiri akitangaza kuunganisha wa kikundi hicho na Al Qaeda katika Novemba 2007, serikali ya Libya iliyotolewa 90 wanachama wa kikundi kutoka gerezani miezi kadhaa baadaye baada ya "walikuwa alisema kuwa sagts upp ghasia." <ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/AA64F530-BCA8-40B0-8226-22154CCD1032.htm Libya releases scores of prisoners Aprili 9, 2008]</ref> Katika mwaka wa 2007, karibu na maadhimisho ya sita ya 11 Septemba na miezi michache kabla ya ''Rationalizing Jihad'' kuonekana katika magazeti, <ref name="RebellionWright"/> ya Saudi [[Salman al-Ouda]] alitoa kemeo binafsi kwa Bin Laden. Al-Ouda, mwanachuo wa kidini na mmoja wa baba wa Sahwa, harakati ya kifandamentalisti iliyoamka na kuenea kote Saudi Arabia katika miaka ya 1980, ni mpinzani wa kuheshimiwa sana wa ujihadi. {{Citation needed|date=Septemba 2009}} Al-Ouda alimuuliza kiongozi wa al Qaida kwenye televisheni <blockquote>Ndugu yangu Osama, ni damu kiasi gani imemwagika? Watu wasio na hatia wangapi, watoto, wazee, na wanawake wameuawa ... katika jina la Al Qaeda? Je, utakuwa na furaha kukutana na Mwenyezi Mungu ukibeba mzigo wa hawa mamia ya maelfu au mamilioni [ya waathiriwa] nyuma yako? <ref name="theunraveling"> {{Harvnb|Bergen|Cruickshank|2008}}</ref></blockquote> Kulingana na uchunguzi wa Pew, msaada kwa Al Qaeda umekuwa ukipungua katika dunia ya Kiislamu katika miaka ya kuongoza hadi 2008. <ref>[http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/05/taking_stock_in_the_war_on_ter.html Taking Stock of the War on Terror]</ref> Idadi ya wanaosaidia mabomu ya kujiua nchini Indonesia, Lebanon, na Bangladesh, kwa mfano, imeshuka kwa nusu au zaidi katika miaka mitano iliyopita. Nchini Saudi Arabia, asilimia 10 tu sasa wana mtazamo mwema wa Al Qaeda, kulingana na uchunguzi wa Desemba na Terror Free Tomorrow, yenye makao yake makuu [[Washington]]. <ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/12/17/saudi.poll/index.html Uchunguzi wa 18 Desemba 2007: Most Saudis oppose al Qaeda]</ref> Katika mwaka wa 2007, [[Sayyed Imam Al-Sharif]], Mwarabu mshawishi wa Afghanistan aliyefungwa jela, "kiitikadi mwandamizi mzazi wa Al Qaeda", na msaidizi wa zamani wa takfir, aliondoa msaada kutoka al Qaeda na kitabu ''[[Wathiqat Tarshid Al-'Aml Al-Jihadi fi Misr w'Al-'Alam]] (Rationalizing Jihad in Egypt and the World).'' Ingawa kwa wakati mmoja ilihusishwa na al-Qaeda, katika Septemba ya 2009 [[LIFG]] ilikamilisha "kodi" mpya kwa jihad, hati ya kidini yenye kurasa 417 inayoitwa "Corrective Studies". Kutokana uaminifu wake na ukweli kwamba wanajihadi wengine kadhaa maarufu katika Mashariki ya Kati wamegeuka dhidi ya al Qaeda, uso kuhusu LIFG inaweza kuwa hatua muhimu kuelekea kuvunja usajili wa al Qaeda. <ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/11/09/libya.jihadi.code/ New jihad code threatens al Qaeda,] Nic Robertson na Paulo Cruickshank, ''[[CNN]],'' 10 Novemba 2009</ref> == Mfumo == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Marejeo == === Bibliografia === {{refbegin|colwidth=20em}} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Atwan | first = Abdel Bari | authorlink = Abd al-Bari Atwan | title = The Secret History of al Qaeda | url = https://archive.org/details/secrethistoryofa0000atwa | publisher = University of California Press | year = 2006 | location = Berkeley, CA | isbn = 9780520249745 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea jarida | last = Basile | first = Mark | title = Going to the Source: Why Al Qaeda's Financial Network Is Likely to Withstand the Current War on Terrorist Financing | journal = [[Studies in Conflict and Terrorism]] | volume = 27 | issue = 3 | month = Mei | year = 2004 | pages = 169–185 | doi = 10.1080/10576100490438237 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Benjamin | first = Daniel | authorlink = Daniel Benjamin | last2 = Simon | first2 = Steven | title = The Age of Sacred Terror | url = https://archive.org/details/ageofsacredterro00benj | publisher = Random House | year = 2002 | edition = 1st | location = | isbn = 0375508597 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Bergen | first = Peter | authorlink = Peter Bergen | title = Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden | url = https://archive.org/details/holywarincinside00berg | publisher = Free Press | year = 2001 | edition = 1st | location = New York | isbn = 0743234952 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Bergen | first = Peter | title = The Osama bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of al Qaeda's Leader | url = https://archive.org/details/osamabinladenikn0000berg | publisher = Free Press | year = 2006 | edition = 2nd | location = New York | isbn = 0743278925 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea habari | last = Bergen | first = Peter | last2 = Cruickshank | first2 = Paul | authorlink2 = Paul Cruickshank | title = The Unraveling: The jihadist revolt against bin Laden | work = [[The New Republic]] | volume = 238 | issue = 10 | date = 2008-06-11 | pages = 16–21 | url = http://www.tnr.com/toc/story.html?id=702bf6d5-a37a-4e3e-a491-fd72bf6a9da1 | accessdate = 2009-05-12 | ref = harv | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090705142813/http://www.tnr.com/toc/story.html?id=702bf6d5-a37a-4e3e-a491-fd72bf6a9da1 | archivedate = 2009-07-05 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Bin Laden | first = Osama | authorlink = Osama bin Laden | editor-last = Lawrence | editor-first = Bruce | editor-link = Bruce Lawrence | title = Messages to the World: The Statements of Osama bin Laden | url = https://archive.org/details/messagestoworlds00binl | year = 2005 | publisher = Verso | isbn = 1844670457 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Cassidy | first = Robert M. | authorlink = Robert Cassidy | title = Counterinsurgency and the Global War on Terror: Military Culture and Irregular War | url = https://archive.org/details/counterinsurgenc0000cass | publisher = Praeger Security International | year = 2006 | location = Westport, CT | isbn = 0275989909 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Coll | first = Steve | authorlink = Steve Coll | title = Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001 | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780141020808 | edition = 2nd | year = 2005 | publisher = Penguin Books | isbn = 0143034669 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Esposito | first = John L. | authorlink = John L. Esposito | title = Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam | url = https://archive.org/details/unholywarterrori0000espo_h9s9 | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2002 | location = New York | isbn = 0195154355 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Gunaratna | first = Rohan | authorlink = Rohan Gunaratna | title = Inside Al Qaeda | publisher = C. Hurst & Co. | year = 2002 | edition = 1st | location = London | isbn = 1850656711 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea jarida | last = Hafez | first = Mohammed M. | authorlink = Mohammed Hafez | title = Martyrdom Mythology in Iraq: How Jihadists Frame Suicide Terrorism in Videos and Biographies | journal = [[Terrorism and Political Violence]] | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | date = Machi 2007 | year = 2007 | pages = 95–115 | doi = 10.1080/09546550601054873 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Hoffman | first = Bruce | authorlink = Bruce Hoffman | contribution = The Emergence of the New Terrorism | editor-last = Tan | editor-first = Andrew | editor2-last = Ramakrishna | editor2-first = Kumar | title = The New Terrorism: Anatomy, Trends, and Counter-Strategies | url = https://archive.org/details/newterrorismanat0000work | pages = [https://archive.org/details/newterrorismanat0000work/page/n41 30]–49 | publisher = Eastern Universities Press | year = 2002 | location = Singapore | isbn = 9812102108 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Jansen | first = Johannes J.G. | authorlink = Johannes J.G. Jansen | title = The Dual Nature of Islamic Fundamentalism | url = https://archive.org/details/dualnatureofisla00jans | publisher = Cornell University Press | year = 1997 | location = Ithaca, NY | isbn = 080143338X | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea habari | last = McGeary | first = Johanna | title = A Traitor's Tale | work = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] | volume = 157 | issue = 7 | date = 2001-02-19 | pages = 36–37 | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,999237,00.html | accessdate = 2009-09-15 | ref = harv | archivedate = 2009-02-09 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090209074154/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,999237,00.html }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Napoleoni | first = Loretta | authorlink = Loretta Napoleoni | title = Modern Jihad: Tracing the Dollars Behind the Terror Networks | url = https://archive.org/details/modernjihadtraci0000napo | publisher = Pluto Press | year = 2003 | location = London | ref = harv | isbn = 0745321178 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Qutb | first = Sayyid | authorlink = Sayyid Qutb | title = [[Ma'alim fi al-Tariq|Milestones]] | publisher = Kazi Publications | year = 2003 | location = Chicago | isbn = 0911119426 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Rashid | first = Ahmed | authorlink = Ahmed Rashid | title = Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia | url = https://archive.org/details/talibanislamoiln0000rash_x9l1 | publisher = Yale University Press | year = 2002 | location = | isbn = 1860648304 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Reeve | first = Simon | authorlink = Simon Reeve (UK television presenter) | title = The New Jackals: Ramzi Yousef, Osama Bin Laden and the Future of Terrorism | url = https://archive.org/details/newjackalsramziy00reev | publisher = Northeastern University Press | year = 1999 | location = Boston | isbn = 1555534074 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Riedel | first = Bruce | authorlink = Bruce Riedel | title = The Search for al Qaeda: Its Leadership, Ideology, and Future | url = https://archive.org/details/searchforalqaeda00ried | publisher = Brookings Institution Press | year = 2008 | location = Washington, D.C. | isbn = 9780815774143 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Sageman | first = Marc | authorlink = Marc Sageman | title = Understanding Terror Networks | url = https://archive.org/details/understandingter00sage | publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press | year = 2004 | location = Philadelphia | isbn = 0812238087 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Trofimov | first = Yaroslav | authorlink = Yaroslav Trofimov | title = Faith At War: A Journey On the Frontlines of Islam, From Baghdad to Timbuktu | url = https://archive.org/details/faithatwarjourne0000trof | publisher = Picador | year = 2006 | location = New York | isbn = 9780805077544 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Wechsler | first = William F. | contribution = Strangling The Hydra: Targeting Al Qaeda's Finances | editor-last = Hoge | editor-first = James | editor-link = James F. Hoge, Jr. | editor2-last = Rose | editor2-first = Gideon | editor2-link = Gideon Rose | title = How Did This Happen? Terrorism and the New War | url = https://archive.org/details/howdidthishappen00hoge | publisher = PublicAffairs | year = 2001 | location = New York | pages = [https://archive.org/details/howdidthishappen00hoge/page/129 129]–143 | isbn = 1586481304 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Wright | first = Lawrence | authorlink = Lawrence Wright | title = The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 | url = https://archive.org/details/loomingtoweralqa00wrig | publisher = Knopf | year = 2006 | location = New York | isbn = 037541486X | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea habari | last = Wright | first = Lawrence | title = The Rebellion Within | work = [[The New Yorker]] | volume = 84 | issue = 16 | date = 2008-06-02 | pages = 36–53 | url = http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/06/02/080602fa_fact_wright?currentPage=all | accessdate = 2009-09-15 | ref = harv }} {{refend}} ---- {{refbegin}} * {{Rejea jarida | last = Akacem | first = Mohammed | title = Review: Modern Jihad: Tracing the Dollars behind the Terror Networks | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_2005-08_37_3/page/444 | journal = [[International Journal of Middle East Studies]] | volume = 37 | issue = 3 | date = Agosti 2005 | year = 2005 | pages = 444–445 | doi = 10.1017/S0020743805362143 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea jarida | last = Bale | first = Jeffrey M. | title = Deciphering Islamism and Terrorism | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-east-journal_autumn-2006_60_4/page/777 | journal = [[Middle East Journal]] | volume = 60 | issue = 4 | date = Oktoba 2006 | year = 2006 | pages = 777–788 }} {{refend}} === Taarifa za Serikali === {{refbegin}} * {{Rejea tovuti | author = White House | title = Progress Report on the Global War on Terrorism | publisher = [[United States Department of State]] | date = Septemba 2003 | year = 2003 | url = http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/rpt/24087.htm | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20030922090723/http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/rpt/24087.htm | archivedate = 2003-09-22 | ref = harv | accessdate = 2009-12-09 }} * {{Rejea tovuti | last = Kronstadt | first = K. Allen | last2 = Katzman | first2 = Kenneth | title = Islamist Militancy in the Pakistan-Afghanistan Border Region and U.S. Policy | publisher = [[Congressional Research Service|United States Congressional Research Service]] | date = Novemba 2008 | year = 2008 | url = http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/113202.pdf | format = PDF | ref = harv }} {{refend}} === Filamu === {{refbegin}} * {{cite video | people = [[Adam Curtis]] | year2 = 2004 | title = [[The Power of Nightmares]] | publisher = BBC}} * [[Petro Taylor]]. (2007). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/age_of_terror/7306413.stm "Vita ya Magharibi".] ''Umri wa ugaidi,'' No 4, mfululizo 1. BBC. * {{cite video | people = Various commentators | year2 = 2007 | title = [[Islam: What the West Needs to Know]] | publisher = Quixotic Media}} {{refend}} == Viungo vya nje == * Idara ya Haki ya Marekani, [https://web.archive.org/web/20050331091340/http://www.usdoj.gov/ag/trainingmanual.htm Al Qaeda Training Manual] * [http://spaces.brad.ac.uk:8080/display/ssispsru/Home Utafiti wa Usalama wa Pakistan (PSRU)] {{Wayback|url=http://spaces.brad.ac.uk:8080/display/ssispsru/Home |date=20120915030412 }} * [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/al-qaida/ Al-Qaida] taarifa zinazoendelea kutoka ''[[The Guardian]]'' * [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/front Mwelekeo mpya wa Al Qaeda] kutoka ''[[PBS Frontline]],'' Januari 2005 [[Jamii:Ugaidi]] [[Jamii:Uislamu]] aneru4ab7okr3iq0bnng5gewbxhxxd5 1598954 1598849 2026-09-23T02:46:44Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox militant organization |name = al-Qaeda<br />{{rtl-lang|ar|القاعدة}} </small> |logo = Flag_of_al-Qaeda_in_Iraq.svg<!-- I'm concerned that this alleged flag of al-Qaeda is not the global al-Qaeda flag. After all, the file name of this flag is "Flag of al-Qaeda in Iraq". I have found a website which gives a different design for the al-Qaeda flag: http://www.tridentmilitary.com/islamic.html It is the top flag, apparently. --> |caption = Bendera ya Al-Qaeda. |leader = [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]] |dates = 1988–sasa | |area = [[Dunia]] |ideology = [[Kiislamu]] <br /> [[Islamic fundamentalism]] <br /> [[Sunni]] [[Islam]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Atwan|2006|p=40}}.</ref> <br /> [[Pan-Islamism]]<br /> [[Jihad salafi|Salafi]] <br /> [[Qutbism]] |allies = Taliban, Hamid |opponents = United States, Israel, United Nations, United Kingdom, Afghan National Army, Iraqi Armed Forces, Coalition Forces/Tribes, Canada, NATO, European Union, ASEAN, African Union, etc. |status = Designated as [[U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations|Foreign Terrorist Organization]] by the [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]]<ref name=USTerrorList>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/2002/12535.htm| title = Foreign Terrorist Organizations List|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|accessdate=2007-08-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20021002023829/http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/2002/12535.htm|archivedate=2002-10-02}} – [[U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations|USSD Foreign Terrorist Organization]]</ref><br />Designated as [[Terrorism Act 2000|Proscribed Group]] by the [[United Kingdom|UK]] [[Home Office]]<ref name=UKTerrorList>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2000/20000011.htm| title = Terrorism Act 2000|publisher=[[Home Office]]|accessdate=2007-08-14}} – [[Terrorism Act 2000]]</ref><br />Designated as terrorist group by [[European Union|EU]] [[Common Foreign and Security Policy]]<ref name=EUTerrorList>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/45394.htm| title = Council Decision|publisher=[[Council of the European Union]]|accessdate=2007-08-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050506203604/http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/45394.htm|archivedate=2005-05-06}}</ref> }} '''Al-Qaeda''' (pengine imeandikwa '''al-Qaida'''; kutoka [[Kiarabu]] ''al-qa'idah,'' "msingi") ni kundi la [[Kiislamu]] lililoanzishwa kati ya [[Agosti]] [[1988]] <ref name="bergen75"> {{Harvnb|Bergen|2006|p=75}}</ref> na mwanzoni mwa [[1990]]. <ref name="al-Fadl">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/reports/binladen.htm | title = Testimony of Jamal Ahmad Al-Fadl| date = 6 Februari 2001|publisher=James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies |author=United States District Court, Southern District of New York |work=United States v. Usama bin Laden et al., defendants |accessdate=2008-09-03 |archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011214040200/http%3A//cns.miis.edu/pubs/reports/binladen.htm |archivedate=2001-12-14 }}</ref> Ni mtandao wa kimataifa usiotegemea taifa fulani<ref>{{Harvnb|Gunaratna|2002|pp=95–96}}. "Mtandao wa kimataifa wa Al Qaida, tunavyoijua leo, iliundwa mjini Khartoum, kuanzia Desemba 1991 hadi Mei 1996. Ili kuratibu oparesheni zake wakati makadirio na rasilimali zake zikiongezeka,iliunda uongozi wa kikanda. [...] Kama mtandao wa kimataifa, Al Qaeda hufanya mataifa na makabila tanzu, ambapo kuna dazeni kadhaa, kuwajibika kwa kanda au eneo la kijiografia fulani. Ingawa ''modus operandi'' yake ni ya seli, mahusiano ya kifamilia yanahimili."<br /> Tazama pia: * {{Rejea jarida|last=Naím|kwanza=Moisés|authorlink=Moisés Naím|kichwa=The Five Wars of Globalization|nakala=[[Foreign Policy (nakala)|Foreign Policy]]|toleo=134|kurasa=28–37|tarehe=Januari/Februari 2003}} </ref> na [[kundi]] la [[wanaharakati]] wa [[Sunni]] wanaotoa wito wa [[jihad]] kwa [[ulimwengu]] mzima. Al-Qaeda imeweza kushambulia [[raia]] na malengo ya kijeshi katika nchi mbalimbali, mashuhuri zaidi ikiwa [[mashambulio ya 11 Septemba 2001]]. [[Serikali]] ya [[Marekani]] iliitikia kwa kuzindua [[Vita dhidi ya Ugaidi]]. Kati ya wanachama 3,000 na 4,000 wa mtandao huu wamekamatwa, na maelfu zaidi kuuawa vitani [[Afghanistan]]. Mbinu zao za kushambulia ni pamoja na [[mashambulizi ya kujitolea mhanga]] na ulipuaji wa mabomu ya malengo tofauti kwa wakati mmoja. <ref> {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|pp=107–108, 185, 270–271}}</ref> Shughuli zake zinaweza kuhusisha wanachama wa harakati, ambao wamechukua amana ya uaminifu kwa kiongozi (sasa Mmisri Ayman al-Zawahiri), au wengi zaidi "watu binafsi wanaohusishwa na al-Qaeda" ambao wamepitia mafunzo katika moja ya kambi zake nchini [[Afghanistan]] au [[Sudan]], bila kuchukuliwa amana yoyote. <ref> {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=270}}</ref> Wakereketwa wa Al-Qaeda wanaangazia kukatiza kabisa mvuto wa kigeni katika [[nchi za Kiislamu]], na uumbaji wa [[ahmadiyya]] mpya ya Kiislamu. Imani ambazo zimeripotiwa ni pamoja na kuwa muungano wa [[Wakristo]] na [[Wayahudi]] unakusudia kuharibu Uislamu, <ref> Fu'ad Husayn `Al-Zarqawi ... "The Second Generation of al-Qaida, Sehemu ya Kumi na nne," ''Al-Quds al-Arabi,'' 13 Julai 2005</ref> na kwamba mauaji ya raia wanaopatikana pahali pa mashambulizi yanakubalika katika jihad. Usimamizi wake [[falsafa]] umeelezewa kama "umoja wa uamuzi na madaraka ya utekelezaji mikoani." <ref>al-Hammadi, Khalid, `The Inside Story of al-Qaeda,` sehemu ya 4, ''Al-Quds al-Arabi,'' 22 Machi 2005</ref> Kufuatia vita dhidi ya ugaidi, imedhaniwa kwamba uongozi wa al-Qaida "umegawanyika kijiografia", na hili limepelekea "kuibuka kwa uongozi uliogawanywa kikanda" wa makundi yanayotumia jina la al-Qaeda. == Asili ya jina == Kwa [[Kiarabu]], ''al-Qaeda'' ina [[silabi]] [[nne]]. Jina hilo linaweza [[kusomwa]] pia kama al-Qaida au el-Qaida. <ref>[http://ibb7.ibb.gov/pronunciations/sounds/2930.ra Listen to the US Pronounciation] {{Wayback|url=http://ibb7.ibb.gov/pronunciations/sounds/2930.ra |date=20051211020849 }} ([[RealPlayer]]).</ref> Jina hili linatoka katika jina la Kiarabu ''qā'idah,'' ambalo lina maana ya ''msingi'' na pia inamaanisha kambi la kijeshi. Silabi ya kwanza ''al-'' ni makala ''ya'' uhakika "the" ya lugha ya Kiingereza katika Kiarabu. [[Osama Bin Laden]] alielezea asili ya jina hilo katika mahojiano na [[mwandishi wa habari]] wa [[Al Jazeera Tayseer Alouni]] katika Oktoba 2001: {{quotation|The name 'al-Qaeda' was established a long time ago by mere chance. The late [[Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri|Abu Ebeida El-Banashiri]] established the training camps for our mujahedeen against Russia's terrorism. We used to call the training camp al-Qaeda. The name stayed.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/02/05/binladen.transcript/index.html | title = Transcript of Bin Laden's October interview|publisher=[[CNN]] | date = 2002-02-05|accessdate=2006-10-22 |archivedate=2006-12-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206081331/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/02/05/binladen.transcript/index.html }}</ref>}} Imesemekana kuwa hati mbili zilizochukuliwa kutoka ofisi ya [[Sarajevo]] ya [[Benevolence International Foundation]] zinathibitisha kwamba jina halikuchukuliwa tu na wanaharakati hao wa mujahid na kwamba kundi linaloitwa al-Qaeda lilianzishwa mwezi Agosti 1988. Hati zote mbili zina dakika za mikutano iliyofanyika kuanzisha kikundi kipya cha kijeshi zenye jina "al-Qaeda". <ref> {{Harvnb|Bergen|2006|p=75}} Wright ananakili, sio moja kwa moja, moja ya hati, yenye msingi kwenye onyesho kutoka "Tareek Osama" hati iliyotolewa katika <span class="plainlinks">[http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/bif/usarnaout10603prof.pdf ''United States v. Enaam M. Arnaout.'' ]</span></ref> Mwezi Aprili 2002, kundi hili lilichukua jina ''Qa'idat al-Jihad,'' lenye maana "msingi wa Jihad". Kulingana na [[Diaa Rashwan]], hii ilikuwa, "inaonekana, kama matokeo ya kukutanishwa kwa tawi la Misri la [[al-Jihad]] (EIJ), likiongozwa na [[Ayman El-Zawahiri]], pamoja na makundi ambayo Bin Laden alileta pamoja chini ya utawala wake baada ya kurudi Afghanistan katikati ya miaka ya 1990. <ref>[http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/619/op13.htm "After Mombassa",] {{Wayback|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/619/op13.htm |date=20130514233523 }} ''[[Al-Ahram Weekly Online]],'' 2-8 Januari 2003 (Issue Na. 619). Ilirudishwa18 Septemba 2009.</ref> == Itikadi == Wanaharakati wenye itikadi kali wa Kiislam kwa ujumla na al-Qaeda waliendelea kukua hasa katika wakati wa [[uamsho]] wa [[Kiislamu]] na [[harakati ya Kiislam]] ya miongo mitatu iliyopita ya karne ya 20 pamoja na harakati za chini zilizokithiri. Baadhi wamesema kuwa "bila ya maandiko" ya mwandishi na muwazaji wa Kiislamu [[Sayyid Qutb]] "al-Qaeda isingekuwepo." <ref> {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=332}}</ref> Qutb alihubiri kwamba kwa sababu ya ukosefu wa sheria ya [[Sharia]] ulimwengu wa Kiislamu haukuwa tena wa Kiislamu, ikiwa imerudia ujinga wa kabla ya Uislamu unaojulikana kama [[jahiliyyah]]. Kurejesha Uislamu halisi, kundi la wanaharakati wa haki Waislamu mara lilihitajika kuanzisha "[[nchi]] za kweli za [[Kiislamu]]", kutekeleza Sharia, na kuondoa kutoka ulimwengu wa Waislamu mivuto yote yasiyo ya Kiislamu, kama vile dhana kama [[usoshalisti]] au [[utaifa]]. Maadui wa Uislamu ni pamoja na "Waorientalisti makhaini" <ref> {{Harvnb|Qutb|2003|pp=63, 69}}</ref> na "ulimwengu wa Kiyahudi", ambao walipanga "njama" na wakapinga Uislamu "kiovu". Katika maneno ya Mohammed Jamal Khalia, rafiki wa karibu chuoni wa Osama Bin Laden: ''Uislamu ni tofauti na dini nyingine yoyote; ni njia ya maisha.'' ''Sisi [Khalia na Bin Laden] tulikuwa tunajaribu kuelewa nini Uislamu unasema kuhusu jinsi ya kula, nani tunamuoa, jinsi tunaongea.'' ''Tunamsoma Sayyid Qutb.'' ''Yeye ndiye ameathiri kizazi chetu zaidi.'' <ref> {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=79}}</ref> Qutb alikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa hata zaidi kwa mshauri wa Osama Bin Laden na mwanachama mwingine mkuu wa al-Qaeda, <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/qutb_milest_influence_obl.html |title=Je, Sayyid Qutb alimshawishi Osama Bin Laden kwa jinsi gani? |accessdate=2009-12-09 |archive-date=2010-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017060150/http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/qutb_milest_influence_obl.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]]. Mjomba wa Zawahiri na dume wa familia ya mamake, Mafouz Azzam, alikuwa mwanafunzi wa Qutb, kisha mfuasi, kisha wakili wake binafsi na hatimaye mhifadhi wa mali- mmoja wa watu wa mwisho kumuona Qutb kabla ya utekelezaji wa kunyongwa kwake. "Ayman al Zawahiri akiwa mdogo alisikiliza mara kwa mara kutoka kwa mjombake mpendwa Mahfouz kuhusu usafi wa tabia na Qutb na adhabu aliyovumilia gerezani." <ref>Mafouz Azzam; imetajwa katika {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=36}}</ref> Zawahiri alilipa heshima kwa Qutb katika kazi yake ''Knights under the Prophet's Banner.'' <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/milestones_qutb.html#footnote_24 |title=Mafanikio ya Sayyid Qutb (tanbihi 24) |accessdate=2009-12-09 |archive-date=2022-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818064032/https://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/milestones_qutb.html#footnote_24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Moja ya madhara ya mawazo ya Qutb ilikuwa wazo kwamba wengi ambao walisema walikuwa Waislamu hawakuwa, yaani, walikuwa [[walioasi]], hili halikuwapa tu wafuasi wa jihadi "shimo la kisheria kuhusiana na kukatazwa mauaji ya Muislamu mwingine," lakini liliifanya " kuwa wajibu wa kidini wa kila Muislamu nadhiri nitafanya "ya. Waliodaiwa kuwa walioasi ni pamoja na viongozi wa nchi za Kiislamu, tangu walishindwa kutekeleza sharia. <ref>[http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/07spring/eikmeier.htm Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism] {{Wayback|url=http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/07spring/eikmeier.htm |date=20070609120804 }} Dale C. EIKMEIER Kutoka ''Parameters,'' Spring 2007, uk. 85-98.</ref> == Historia == === Uanzishaji nchini Pakistan === Maandiko ya mkutano wa Bin Laden na wengine tarehe 20 Agosti 1988, yanaonyesha al-Qaeda ilikuwa kundi rasmi: 'kimsingi ikiwa kundi binafsi la Kiislamu, ikiwa na lengo la kuinua neno la Mungu, kuifanya dini Yake kushinda.' Orodha ya mahitaji ya uanachama yalikuwa kama yafuatayo: uwezo wa kusikiliza, tabia nzuri, utiifu na kufa amana (bayat) kufuata wakubwa wa mmoja. Kulingana na Wright, jina halisi la kundi halikuwa likitumika katika maongeo ya umma kwa sababu "uwepo wake bado ulikuwa siri iliowekwa na watu wachache wa karibu." <ref> {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=260}}</ref> Utafiti wake unaonyesha kuwa al-Qaeda iliundwa katika mkutano wa 11 Agosti 1988, kati ya "viongozi waandamizi kadhaa" wa [[Egyptian Islamic Jihad, Abdullah Azzam]], na [[Osama Bin Laden]], ambapo ilikubaliwa kuunganisha fedha za Bin Laden na utaalamu wa shirika la Islamic Jihad na kuchukua ya njia ya jihadi mahali pengine baada ya Wasovieti kujiondoa kutoka [[Afghanistan]]. <ref name="RebellionWright"> {{Harvnb|Wright|2008}}</ref> === Jihad nchini Afghanistan === Asili ya al-Qaeda kama mtandao unaoendeleza ugaidi kote duniani na mafunzo ya washirika unaweza kufuatiliwa nyuma hadi kwenye [[vita]] vya [[Urusi katika Afghanistan]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Cooley|first=John K.|authorlink=John K. Cooley|title=Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism|work=[[Demokratizatsiya]]|date=Spring 2003|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3996/is_200304/ai_n9199132|format=reprint|accessdate=2009-12-09|archive-date=2007-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219110535/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3996/is_200304/ai_n9199132|url-status=dead}}</ref> Umoja wa Marekani ilichukulia vita nchini Afghanistan, iliyokuwa na Afghanistan Allied Marxists na askari wa Urusi upande mmoja na raia Afghanistan mujahideen upande mwingine, kama kesi ya upanuzi bila aibu na uchokozi wa Kisovyeti. Marekani ilituma fedha kupitia kwa wakala wa [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] ya [[Pakistan]] kwa raia asili wa Kiafghan mujahedeen waliokuwa wakipigana dhidi ya ukoloni wa Kisovyeti katika mpango wa CIA uliyoitwa [[Operation Cyclone]]. <ref name="HOW-THE-CIA-CREATED-OSAMA-BIN-LADEN">{{Rejea habari | title = How the CIA created Osama bin Laden |url=http://www.greenleft.org.au/2001/465/25199 | date = 2001-09-19 |publisher=[[Green Left Weekly]] |accessdate=2007-01-09 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120803184811/http://www.greenleft.org.au/node/24198 |archivedate=2012-08-03 }}</ref> <ref name="1986-1992-CIA-AND-BRITISH-RECRUIT-AND-TRAIN-MILITANTS-WORLDWIDE-TO-HELP-FIGHT-AFGHAN-WAR">{{Rejea tovuti | title = 1986-1992: CIA and British Recruit and Train Militants Worldwide to Help Fight Afghan War |url=http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/context.jsp?item=a86operationcyclone |publisher=Cooperative Research History Commons |accessdate=2007-01-09 |archive-date=2006-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001232643/http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/context.jsp?item=a86operationcyclone |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wakati huohuo, idadi kubwa ya mujahideen wa Kiarabu iliyokuwa ikiongezeka walijiunga na jihad dhidi ya serikali ya [[Afghanistan Marxist]], iliwezeshwa na mashirika ya kimataifa ya Waislamu, na hasa [[Maktab al-Khidamat]], <ref name="MAKTAB-AL-KHIDAMAT-GLOBALSECURITY">{{Rejea tovuti | title = Maktab al-Khidamat |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/profiles/maktab_al-khidamat.htm |publisher=[[GlobalSecurity.org]] | date = 2006-01-11 |accessdate=2007-02-11 |archivedate=2007-02-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214205625/http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/profiles/maktab_al-khidamat.htm }}</ref> ambayo ilipata fedha kutoka kwa baadhi ya dola milioni 600 kwa mwaka iliyochangiwa jihad na serikali ya Saudi Arabia na Waislamu binafsi - hasa wafanyabiashara wa Saudi wa kujitegemea waliokuwa wamekaribiwa na Osama Bin Laden. <ref> {{Harvnb|Wright|2006}}</ref> Maktab al-Khidamat iliundwa na [[Abdullah Azzam]] na Bin Laden katika [[Peshawar]], Pakistan, mwaka wa 1984. Kuanzia 1986 ilianzisha mtandao wa kuajiri ofisi Marekani, ambazo kwazo ya kitovu ilikuwa [[Kituo cha Wakimbizi cha Al Kifah]] katika Msikiti wa Farouq kwenye barabara ya Atlantic Avenue, [[Brooklyn]]. Miongoni mwa watu mashuhuri katika kituo cha Brooklyn walikuwa "ajenti mara mbili" [[Ali Mohamed]], ambaye wakala maalum wa FBI Jack Cloonan alimwita "mkufunzi wa kwanza wa Bin Laden," <ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline//////torture/interviews/cloonan.html mahojiano ya ''Frontline'' Cloonan ,] PBS, 13 Julai 2005.</ref> na "Sheikh Kipofu" [[Omar Abdel-Rahman]], msajili mkuu wa [[mujahideen]] kwa Afghanistan. Al-Qaeda imeendelea kutoka [[Maktab al-Khidamat]], au "Ofisi ya Huduma ", shirika la Uislamu lililoanzishwa mwaka wa 1980 kukusanya fedha na recruit kanal [[mujahideen]] kigeni kwa ajili ya vita dhidi ya Soviets nchini Afghanistan. Ilianzishwa na [[Abdullah Yusuf Azzam]], msomi wa Kiislamu wa Kipalestina na mwanachama wa Udugu wa Kiislamu. MAK ilipanga [[nyumba za wageni]] katika Peshawar, karibu na mpaka wa Afghanistan na ikakusanya vifaa kwa ajili ya ujenzi wa makambi ya mafunzo ya kijeshi kuandaa wasajiliwa wa kigeni kwa vita vya Afghanistan. Azzam akamshawishi Bin Laden kujiunga na MAK. {{When|date=Septemba 2009}} Bin Laden akawa "mfadhili mkuu" wa mujahideen, akitumia pesa zake mwenyewe na uhusiano wake na "familia ya kifalme ya Saudi na mabilionea wa mafuta wa Ghuba" ili kuboresha maoni ya umma ya vita hiyo na kuongeza fedha zaidi. <ref> {{Harvnb|Gunaratna|2002|p=19}} Nukuu kutoka {{Harvnb|Riedel|2008|p=42}} na {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=103}}</ref> Kuanzia mwaka 1987, Azzam na Bin Laden walianza kujenga makambi ndani ya Afghanistan. <ref> {{Harvnb|Sageman|2004|p=35}}</ref> Jukumu la mujahideen wa kujitolea wa kigeni, au "Waarabu wa Kiafghan", na MAK katika vita hiyo si moja kubwa. Wakati juu ya wamujahideen wa Afghanistan 250,000 wakipigana na Wasovieti na serikali ya kikomunisti ya Afghanistan, inakadiriwa kwamba kamwe kulikuwa na zaidi ya mujahideen wa kigeni 2000 vitani wakati wowote ule. <ref> {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=137}}</ref> Hata hivyo, walijitolea mujahedeen wa kigeni kutoka nchi 43 na idadi ya walioshiriki katika harakati za Afghanistan kati ya 1982 na 1992 wameripotiwa kuwa 35,000. <ref name="THE-WAR-ON-TERROR-AND-THE-POLITICS-OF-VIOLENCE-IN-PAKISTAN">{{Rejea tovuti | title = The War on Terror and the Politics of Violence in Pakistan |url=http://www.jamestown.org/news_details.php?news_id=54 | date = 2004-07-02 |publisher=[[The Jamestown Foundation]] |accessdate=2007-01-09}}</ref> [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] hatimaye ilijiondoa kutoka Afghanistan mwaka wa 1989. Kwa mshangao wa wengi, serikali ya kikomunisti ya Afghanistan ya [[Mohammed Najibullah]] ilishikilia uongozi kwa zaidi ya miaka mitatu kabla ya kulemewa na wapiganaji wa mujahedeen. Huku viongozi wa mujahedeen wakishindwa kukubaliana juu ya muundo wa utawala, machafuko yaliibuka, daima kukiwa na fungamano zilizoundwa na kusambaratika kila mara zikipigania kudhibiti uongozi wa wilaya ambazo hazikugawanywa vyema, na yakaacha nchi ikiwa imesambaratika. === Upanuaji wa shughuli === Kuelekea mwisho wa utume wa kijeshi wa [[Kisovyeti]] nchini Afghanistan, baadhi mujahedeen walitaka kupanua shughuli zao kujumuisha mapambano ya Kiislamu katika maeneo mengine ya dunia, kama Israeli na Kashmir. Idadi fulani ya mashirika yanayohusiana na kushirikiana yalianzishwa kuendeleza matarajio hayo. Moja ya haya mashirika ni ile ambayo hatimaye ilikuja kuitwa al-Qaeda, lililoundwa na Osama Bin Laden na mkutano wa kwanza uliofanyika 11 Agosti 1988. <ref name="THE-OSAMA-BIN-LADEN-I-KNOW">{{Rejea tovuti | title = The Osama bin Laden I know |url=http://www.tpmcafe.com/story/2006/1/18/13810/7770 | date = 2006-01-18 |accessdate=2007-01-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101144608/http://www.tpmcafe.com/story/2006/1/18/13810/7770 |archivedate=2007-01-01 }}</ref> Bin Laden alitaka kuanzisha shughuli zizizo za kijeshi katika maeneo mengine ya dunia; Azzam, kwa kulinganisha, naye alitaka kubakia ikilenga kampeni ya kijeshi. Baada ya Azzam kuuawa mwaka wa 1989, MAK iligawanyika huku idadi kubwa wakijiunga na shirika la Bin Laden. Mnamo Novemba 1989, [[Ali Mohamed]], awali Sergeant wa [[vikosi maalum]] a [[Fort Bragg]], North Carolina, kushoto huduma za kijeshi na kuhamia [[Santa Clara, California]]. Alisafiri kwenda Afghanistan na Pakistan na akawa "anahusika kwa undani na mipango Bin Laden." <ref> {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=181}}</ref> Mwaka mmoja baadaye, tarehe 8 Novemba 1990, FBI ilivamia nyumba ya New Jersey ya mshirika wa Mohammed [[El Sayyid Nosair]], na kugundua ushahidi wa mipango mikubwa ya kigaidi, pamoja na mipango ya kulipua vyumba virefu vya New York. <ref>[http://www.tkb.org/CaseHome.jsp?caseid=332 Mkusanyiko wa Hekima Kuhusu Ugaidi wa MIPT]</ref> Nosair hatimaye alipatikana na hatia kuhusiana na ulpuaji wa bomu wa 1993 katika [[World Trade Center]], na kwa mauaji ya [[Rabbi Meir Kahane]] tarehe 5 Novemba 1990. Mwaka wa 1991, Ali Mohammed amesemekana kuwa alisaidi kupanga kuhamishwa kwa Osama Bin Laden Sudan. <ref> {{Rejea tovuti | title = Osama bin Laden: The Past |url=http://www.iacsp.com/itobli3.html |accessdate=2007-01-12 }} </ref> === Vita vya Ghuba na kuanza uadui na Marekani === Kufuatia uondoaji wa Wasovyeti kutoka Afghanistan, Osama Bin Laden alirudi Saudi Arabia. [[Uvamizi]] wa [[Iraq wa nchi ya Kuwait]] mwaka 1990 ulikuwa umeweka ufalme na utawala wa [[Nyumba ya Saud]] hatarini. Mashamba yenye wingi zaidi wa [[mafuta]] ya thamani duniani yalikuwa karibu sana na vikosi vya Iraq katika Kuwait, na wito wa Saddam wa "harakati za Kiarabu/Kiislamu" ungeweza kuleta migawanyiko ya ndani. Katika uso wa kuonekana uwepo mkubwa wa kijeshi wa Iraq, vikosi vya Saudi Arabia vyenyewe vilikuwa vizuri lakini wachache na mbali. Bin Laden alitoa huduma za mujahedeen wake kwa [[Mfalme Fahd]] wa Saudi Arabia kulinda Saudi Arabia kutoka kwa jeshi la Iraq. Mfalme wa Saudi alikataa toleo la Bin Laden, badala akaruhusu majeshi ya Marekani na Washirika kupeleka askari ndani eneo la Saudi. <ref>{{Rejea habari | last = Jehl | first = Douglas | title = A Nation Challenged: Holy war lured Saudis as rulers looked away| work = The New York Times | date = 2001-12-27| pages = A1, B4 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/27/world/a-nation-challenged-saudi-arabia-holy-war-lured-saudis-as-rulers-looked-away.html | accessdate = 2009-09-05}}</ref> Hili lilimkasirisha Bin Laden, kwani yeye aliamini kuwepo kwa askari wa kigeni katika "nchi ya misikiti miwili" ([[Makka]] na [[Madina]]) ilikuwa dharau kwa udongo mtakatifu. Baada ya kutamka hadharani dhidi ya serikali ya Saudi kwa kuwaweka askari wa Marekani, alifukuzwa na kulazimishwa kuishi uhamishoni nchini Sudan. Tarehe 9 Aprili 1994, uraia wake wa Saudi ulifutwa. <ref name="OSAMA-BIN-LADEN-A-CHRONOLOGY-OF-HIS-POLITICAL-LIFE">{{Rejea tovuti | title = Osama bin Laden: A Chronology of His Political Life |publisher=[[PBS]] |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline///shows/binladen/etc/cron.html |accessdate=2007-01-12 }}</ref> Familia yake ilimkataa hadharani. Kuna utata kuhusiana na kiasi cha msaada alichoendelea kupata kutoka kwa wajumbe wa familia yake na / au serikali ya Saudi. <ref name="CONTEXT-OF-SHORTLLY-AFTER-APRIL-1994">{{Rejea tovuti | title = Context of 'Shortly After April 1994' |url=http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/context.jsp?item=a94familydisown |publisher=[[Cooperative Research History Commons]] |accessdate=2007-01-12 |archive-date=2013-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819013249/http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/context.jsp?item=a94familydisown |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Sudan === Kutoka 1992 hadi 1996, al-Qaeda na Bin Laden makao wenyewe nchini [[Sudan]] katika mwaliko wa [[Hassan al Turabi]]. Hatua hii ilifuatia mapinduzi ya Kiislamu yakiongozwa na Kanali [[Omar al-Bashir]], ambaye nadhiri alijitoa kupanga tena maadili ya kisiasa ya Kiislamu; hakuna yeyote katika al-Qaeda angeweza kutabiri kufukuzwa kwao kutoka nchini humo. Wakati huo Bin Laden alisaidia serikali ya Sudan, alinunua au kuanzisha makampuni ya biashara mbalimbali, na kuanzisha makambi ambapo wapiganaji walipata mafunzo. Wakati akiwa nchini Sudan Bin Laden alipoteza pasipoti yake ya Saudi na chanzo cha mapato yake kama mwitikio kwa kumkasirisha mfalme wa Saudi. <ref> {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=195}}</ref> Mgeuko mkuu kwa Bin Laden ulitokea mwaka wa 1993 wakati Saudi Arabia ilikubaliana na [[Oslo Accords]] ambayo iliweka njia ya amani kati ya [[Israeli]] na [[Wapalestina]]. <ref> {{Harvnb|Riedel|2008|p=52}}</ref> Zawahiri na EIJ, ambao walikuwa kama msingi wa al-Qaeda lakini pia wakishiriki katika shughuli zingine tofauti dhidi ya serikali ya Misri, walikuwa na bahati mbaya zaidi nchini Sudan. Katika mwaka wa 1993, msichana mdogo mwanafunzi wa shule aliuawa katika jaribio la EIJ lililotibuka kwenye maisha ya Waziri wa Mambo ya Ndani wa Misri, [[Hasan al-Alfi]]. Maoni ya umma ya Misri ikageuka dhidi ya ulipuaji wa mabomu na wanaharakati wa Kiislam na polisi <ref> {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=186}}</ref> wakawakamata zaidi ya wanachama 280 wa al-Jihad na kuwanyonga wasita wao. Katika mwaka wa 1995 [[jaribio la kumuua rais Mubarak wa Misri]] uliotibuka hata zaidi ulipelekea kufukuzwa kwa EIJ kutoka Misri na si muda mrefu baadaye kufukuzwa kwa Bin Laden na serikali ya Sudan. === Kukimbilia nchini Afghanistan === Baada ya Wasovyeti ya kuondoka, Afghanistan ikawa haina serikali kwa miaka saba na wakikumbana na mapigano ya daima kati ya washirika wa zamani na vikundi mbalimbali vya mujahedeen. Katika miaka ya 1990, nguvu mpya ikaanza kuibuka. Asili ya [[Taliban]] (imaanishayo "wanafunzi") ilitokea katika watoto wa Afghanistan, wengi wao mayatima baada ya vita, na wengi ambao walikuwa wameelimishwa katika mtandao uliokuwa ukipanuka haraka wa shule za Kiislamu ([[Madrassa]]) aidha katika [[Kandahar]] au katika makambi ya wakimbizi, mpakani mwa Afghanistan na Pakistan. Kulingana na [[Ahmed Rashid]], viongozi watano wa Taliban walikuwa wahitimu wa [[Darul Uloom Haqqania]], shule ya Madrassa katika mji mdogo wa Akora Khattak. <ref name="Harvnb|Rashid|2002"> {{Harvnb|Rashid|2002}}</ref> Mji huo uko karibu na [[Peshawar]] nchini Pakistan, lakini kwa ukubwa umehudhuriwa na wakimbizi wa [[Kiafghan]]. <ref name="Harvnb|Rashid|2002"/> Taasisi hii inaonyesha imani za Salafi katika mafundisho yake, na kiasi kikubwa cha fedha zake binafsi zimetoka kwa michango kutoka kwa Waarabu matajiri. Washirika wa Bin Laden walikuwa bado wanavuja zaidi ya michango hii, kwa kutumia benki za Kiislamu kuhamisha fedha hizi kwa "safu" za mashirika ya msaada ambayo yalitumika kama vikundi vya mbele vya al-Qaeda au kusafirisha fedha zilizojazwa ndani ya mifuko moja kwa moja ndani ya Pakistan. <ref>{{Harvnb|Napoleoni|2003|pp=121–123}} {{Harvnb|Akacem|2005}} ( <small>"[Napoleoni] anafanya kazi ya heshima ya kufunika al-Qaida na anatoa baadhi ya idadi na makadirio ambayo ni ya thamani [kwa wasomi wa ugaidi].").</small></ref> Viongozi wengine wanne wa Taliban walihudhuria Madrassa iliyofadhiliwa na kusukumwa sawa na hili katika Kandahar, Afghanistan. Wengi wa mujahedeen ambao baadaye walijiunga na Wataliban walipigana kando ya kundi la mkereketwa wa vita [[Nabi Muhammad Mohammadi]] la Harkat i Inqilabi wakati wa uvamizi wa Urusi. Kundi hili pia lilipata uaminifu wa wapiganaji wengi Waarabu wa Kiafghani. Ugomvi uliokuwa ukiendelea kati ya makundi mbalimbali, na uasi na kutofuata sheria kufuatia kuondoka kwa Urusi, iliwawezesha Wataliban, waliokuwa wakiongezeka na nidhamu nzuri, kupanua udhibiti wa wilaya zao katika Afghanistan, na walikuja kuanzisha eneo ambalo waliita [[Emirati]] ya Kiislamu ya Afghanistan. Katika mwaka wa 1994, waliteka kituo cha mikoa cha [[Kandahar]], na baada ya kutengeneza faida za kieneo haraka, wakachukua mji mkuu [[Kabul]] mwezi Septemba 1996. Baada ya Sudan kuweka wazi kuwa Bin Laden kamwe hakaribishwi kurudi,{{Clarify|date=Septemba 2009}} Afghanistan iliyodhibitiwa na Taliban-pamoja na kuanzishwa kwa uhusiano awali kati ya makundi mbali mbali, ikisimamiwa na uanajeshi uliogawiwa, <ref> {{Harvnb|Kronstadt|Katzman|2008}}</ref> na kwa kiasi kikubwa ikiwa imetengwa kutoka ushawishi wa kisiasa na nguvu za wa Marekani na kijeshi-zinazotolewa mkamilifu hatiani kwa al-Qaeda kuanzisha makao makuu yake. Al-Qaeda ilipata ulinzi wa Taliban na kipimo uhalali kama sehemu yao ya Wizara ya Ulinzi, ingawa tu [[Pakistan]], Saudi Arabia, na [[United Arab Emirates]] alitambua Taliban halali kama serikali ya Afghanistan. === Wito kwa jihad ya kimataifa === Katika mwaka wa 1994, makundi ya Salafi Kutokea "[[jihad]]" katika Bosnia yaliingia katika hayawezi kusahihishwa inaonekana kushuka. Huku wakipungua kidogo na kidogo katika hazma, makundi kama vile EIJ yalianza kujitenga mbali na harakati za Salafi katika Ulaya. Al-Qaeda ilichukua hatua ikaingia na kuchukua udhibiti wa karibu asilimia 80 ya seli za kigaidi katika Bosnia mwishoni mwa 1995. Wakati huo huo, al-Qaeda waliwaelekeza wasajili wa mtandao wa kuangalia kwa ''[[Jihadi kimataifa]],'' Waislamu ambao waliamini kwamba lazima jihad walipigana kwenye ngazi ya kimataifa. Dhana ya "jihad ya Salafi ya kimataifa" ilikuwepo tangu angalau mapema miaka ya 1980. Makundi kadhaa walikuwa sumu kwa madhumuni ya kuwaondoa wasiokuwa Waislamu nje ya nchi Muislamu, wakati huo huo na kwa upeo carnage. Hili lilikuwa, hata hivyo, mkakati wa kujihami kimsingi. Al-Qaeda walitaka kufungua "awamu ya kukera" ya jihad ya kimataifa Salafi. <ref> {{Harvnb|Sageman|2004|pp=48, 51}}</ref> Waislamu wa Kibosnia leo wanatoa wito wa "mshikamano kwa sababu ya Uislamu duniani kote", wakiunga mkono wapiganaji katika Kashmir na Iraq na vile vile makundi yanayopigania kuwepo kwa jamuhuri ya Palestina. <ref> {{Harvnb|Trofimov|2006|p=282}}</ref> === Fatwa === Katika mwaka wa 1996, al-Qaeda ilitangaza jihad yake ya kufukuza maslahi na majeshi ya kigeni kutoka ardhi walizofikiria kuwa za Kiislamu. Bin Laden alitoa Fatwa, <ref>{{Rejea habari | title = Bin Laden's Fatwa |url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html |publisher=[[Al Quds Al Arabi]] | date = Agosti 1996 |accessdate=2007-01-09 |archivedate=2018-12-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225172127/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html }}</ref> ambayo ilifikia tamko la umma kutangaza vita dhidi ya Marekani na washirika wake wowote, na wakaanza kulenga rasilimali za al-Qaeda kuelekea mashambulizi makubwa. Pia kilichotokea tarehe 25 Juni 1996, ilikuwa ulipuaji bomu minara ya Khobar, ziko katika Khobar, Saudi Arabia. Tarehe 23 Februari 1998, Osama Bin Laden na [[Ayman al Zawahiri]], kiongozi wa Jihad ya Kiislamu ya Misri (EIJ), pamoja na viongozi wengine watatu wa Kiislamu, walitia saini pamoja na wakatoa Fatwa (tangazo la kidini linalofungamana) ikiwaita Waislamu kuwaua Wamarekani na washirika wao ambapo wanaweza, wakati wanaweza. <ref>Summary imechukuliwa kutoka kwa mahojiano ya Bin Laden 26 Mei 1998 na mwandishi wa Marekani [[John Miller]]. Hivi karibuni matangazo katika makala ya ''Age of Terror,'' sehemu ya 4, na tafsiri zote zimesahihishwa na Barry Purkis (mtafiti wa mkusanyiko).</ref> Chini ya bendera ya [[World Islamic Front for Combat Against Jews and Crusaders]] wao walisema: {{quotation|[T]he ruling to kill the Americans and their allies—civilians and military—is an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it, in order to liberate the al-Aqsa Mosque [in Jerusalem] and the holy mosque [in Makka] from their grip, and in order for their armies to move out of all the lands of Islam, defeated and unable to threaten any Muslim. This is in accordance with the words of Almighty Allah, 'and fight the pagans all together as they fight you all together,' and 'fight them until there is no more tumult or oppression, and there prevail justice and faith in Allah'.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ict.org.il/articles/fatwah.htm| title = Text of Fatwah Urging Jihad Against Americans|accessdate=2006-05-15|archivedate=2006-04-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422210853/http://www.ict.org.il/articles/fatwah.htm}}</ref>}} Bin Laden wala al-Zawahiri hawakuwa na sifa za kitaalamu za jadi za Kiislamu kutoa Fatwa ya aina yoyote, hata hivyo, walikataa mamlaka ya [[ulema]] wa kisasa (walioonekana kama watumishi wa kulipwa wa watawala wa ''[[jahiliyya]]'' ) na wakachukua jukumu hilo wenyewe. <ref> {{Harvnb|Benjamin|Simon|2002|p=117}} "Kwa kutoa Fatwas, Bin Laden na wafuasi wake wanahudumu kutokana na kujiteua kibinafsi na kujitegemea miadi kama alim: wao ni tunadai haki zao kama wakalimani wa sheria za Kiislamu."</ref> {{Verify credibility|reason=questionable statement as at least one of the other signers of the fatwa may have indeed been able to issue such an edict – bin Laden and al-Zawahiri were co-signers|date=Mei 2009}} Ajenti wa zamani wa FSB aliyeuawa [[Alexander Litvinenko]] alidai kuwa [[FSB]] ya Urusi ilimpa mafunzo al Zawahiri katika kambi iliyoko Dagestan miezi minane kabla ya Fatwa ya mwaka wa 1998. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| last = Nyquist| first = J.R. | title = Is Al Qaeda a Kremlin Proxy?| work = | publisher = jrnyquist.com| date = 13 Agosti 2005| url = http://www.jrnyquist.com/nyquist_2005_0813.htm| accessdate = 2008-04-17 }}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Obituary: Alexander Litvinenko| publisher = BBC News| date = 24 Novemba 2006| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6163502.stm| accessdate = 2008-04-16 }}</ref> === Njia ya kwenda Somalia na Yemen === Wakati viongozi wa Al Qaeda walipokuwa mafichoni katika maeneo ya kikabila kando ya mpaka wa Afghanistan na Pakistan, mrengo wa kati wa wanaharakati hao ulionyesha hali ya juu ya shughuli katika Somalia na Yemen. "Tunajua kwamba Asia ya Kusini tena si wigo wao wa msingi," chanzo katika shirika la ulinzi Marekani alisema katika Washington Times. "Wao wanatafuta maficho katika maeneo mengine ya dunia na wanaendelea kupanua shirika lao. " Nchini Somalia, mawakala wa Al Qaeda wanashirikiana na kikundi cha Shahab, wanawasjili watoto kwa mafunzo ya walipuaji wa kujitolea mhanga, na kupeleka vijana kushiriki katika hatua za kijeshi dhidi ya Wamarekani mpakani mwa Afghanistan na Pakistan. Mwaka huu, mgawanyiko wa Al Qaida nchini Saudi Arabia has umejikutanisha na mrengo wa Yemeni kuunda Al Qaeda katika Peninsula ya Arabia wenye wigo katika Yemen. Hapa magaidi huchukua faida ya uchumi maskini, demografia na usalama wa ndani. Katika mwezi wa Agosti walifanya jaribio la kwanza la mauaji dhidi ya mwanachama wa nasaba ya kifalme ya Saudi Arabia katika miongo. Rais Obama katika barua yake yake alimuuliza mwenzake wa Yemen Ali Abdullah Saleh kuhakikisha ushirikiano wa karibu na Marekani katika mapambano dhidi ya kuongezeka kwa shughuli ya Al Qaeda katika [[wilaya za Yemen]], na aliahidi kutuma nyongeza ya misaada ya kimataifa. Kwa sababu ya vita nchini Iraq na Afghanistan, Marekani imeshindwa kulipa kipaumbele ya kutosha kwa Somalia na Yemen, ambayo yanaweza kusababishia Marekani baadhi ya matatizo makubwa katika siku chache zijazo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://english.pravda.ru/hotspots/terror/109278-0/| title = Al-Qaeda Slowly Makes Its Way to Somalia and Yemen|accessdate=2009-09-23|publisher=Pravda.ru}}</ref> === Oparesheni za Marekani === [[Anwar al-Awlaki]], [[imam]] mzaliwa wa Marekani amebainishwa na [[vyombo vya habari vya Magharibi]] {{Specify|date=Novemba 2009}} kama "Imam wa 9 / 11 " na "msajili wa al Qaeda", ingawa uchunguzi wa FBI kuhusiana na ugaidi haukukusanya ushahidi wa kutosha kwa ajili ya uchunguzi kamili au mashtaka. {{Citation needed|date=Novemba 2009}} Yeye hivi karibuni amehusishwa na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Iman]] katika [[Yemen]] ambapo yeye sasa anakaa. Kuna madai ya wanafunzi wa chuo hicho kuhusishwa na mauaji, na inaongozwa na [[Abdul Majeed Al-Zindani]], ambaye anaonekana katika orodha ya Marekani na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] kama anayehusishwa na Al-Qaeda, na anatakikana kujibu maswali kuhusiana na mashambulizi katika [[USS Cole]] uko Yemen. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2009/01/21/monitor/entry4745907.shtml | title = CBS News Januari 21, 2009 7:44 Al Qaeda wazindua mpango presenterar Strike Lines Ugavi wa Marekani katika majeshi ya Kiarabu "Zindani, ambaye ni alitaka kwa kuhoji na FBI juu ya mashambulizi ya USS Cole"|accessdate=2009-12-09 |archivedate=2009-03-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303112803/http://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2009/01/21/monitor/entry4745907.shtml }}</ref> Mahubiri ya Awlaki uko Marekani yalihudhuriwa na watatu wa watekaji wa [[9 / 11]], vilevile mtuhumiwa mpiga risasi wa[[Fort Hood Nidal Malik Hasan]]. Majasusi wa Marekani walipata barua pepe kutoka kwa Hasan Awlaki kati ya Desemba 2008 na mapema 2009. Katika tovuti yake Awlaki alisifu vitendo vya Hasan katika Fort Hood.<ref name="abcnews.go.com">[http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/fort-hood-shooter-contact-al-qaeda-terrorists-officials/story?id=9030873 Esposito, Richard, Cole, Mathew, na Ross, Brian , "Maafisa: Jeshi la Marekani laambiwa juu ya mawasiliano ya Hasan na al Qaeda;Meja wa Jeshi wa Fort Hood alitumia 'njia za kielektroniki' to kuwasiliana na magaidi," ''[[ABC News]],'' 9 Novemba 2009, iliangaliwa 12 Novemba 2009]</ref> Awlawki sasa anatafutwa na mamlaka za Yemen kuhusu uwezekano wa mahusiano yake na al-Quaeda, lakini mamlaka hazijawezasi lokalisera naye kwa miezi. Maafisa wa Marekani wamemwita Awlaki "mfano wa al-Qaeda kufikia ndani" ya Marekani katika mwaka wa 2008 baada ya uchunguzi katika mahusiano yake na watekaji wa 11 Septemba. Ajenti wa zamani wa FBI anamfahamu Awlaki kama "msajili mwandamizi wa al Qaeda", na mtia nguvu wa kiroho. <ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/al-qaeda-recruiter-focus-fort-hood-killings-investigation/story?id=9045492 Chucmach, Megan, na Ross, Brian, "Msajili wa Al Qaeda mkazo Mpya katika Uchunguzi wa Mauaji ya Fort Hood Meja wa Jeshi Nidal Hasan Alikuwa Katika Mawasiliano na Imam Anwar Awlaki, Maafisa Wasema, ''[[ABC News]],'' 10 Novemba 2009,iliangaliwa 12 Novemba 2009]</ref> Afisa ambaye hajatajwa alidai kulikuwa na sababu nzuri ya kuamini kuwa Awlaki "umekuwa akishiriki katika shughuli za kigaidi sana tangu kuondoka Marekani[baada ya 9 / 11], ikiwa ni pamoja na kupanga mashambulizi dhidi ya Marekani na washirika wetu." <ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/26/AR2008022603267_pf.html 27 Februari 2008 Imam From Va.][http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/26/AR2008022603267_pf.html Mosque Now Thought to Have Aided Al-Qaeda]</ref> == Muundo wa Shirika == Ingawa mfumo wa sasa wa al-Qaeda haujulikani, habari zaidi zikipatikana kutoka kwa [[Jamal al-Fadl]] ziliwapa mamlaka za Marekani angalau picha ya jinsi kikundi kimeundwa. Wakati ukweli wa taarifa zilizotolewa na al-Fadl na motisha ya ushirikiano wake bado hazijabainishwa, mamlaka za Marekani zimeweka wigo wa maarifa yao ya sasa kuhusu al-Qaeda kwenye ushahidi wake. <ref name="first informant"> {{Harvnb|McGeary|2001}}</ref> === Uongozi === [[Osama Bin Laden]] alikuwa [[Emir]] na Mwandamizi Mkuu wa Operesheni wa al-Qaeda (ingawa awali jukumu hili huenda lilikuwa limejazwa na [[Abu Ayoub]] al-Iraq). Bin Laden alishauriwa na Baraza la Shura, ambalo linajumulisha wanachama waandamizi wa al-Qaeda, ambao inakadiriwa na maofisa wa ngazi za Magharibi kuwa watu ishirini hadi thelathini. [[Ayman al Zawahiri]] ni Naibu Mkuu wa Operesheni wa al-Qaida na [[Abu Ayyub al-Masri]] kuna uwezekano ni kiongozi mwandamizi wa al-Qaeda nchini Iraq. Mtandao wa Al-Qaida ulijengwa ''ex nihilo'' kama mtandao wa kuhitaji kutoka kwa viongozi wa mikoa yake yote "kama na wakati muhimu kutumika kama sehemu muhimu ya amri yake kuu." <ref> {{Harvnb|Gunaratna|2002|p=54}}</ref> * Kamati ya Jeshi inawajibika kwa mafunzo ya washirika, kupata silaha, na kupanga mashambulizi. * Kamati ya Fedha/ Biashara inalipia usajili na mafunzo ya washirika kupitia mfumo wa benki ''[[hawala]]''. Jitihada zinazoongozwa na Marekani za kutokomeza vyanzo vya fedha kwa ugaidi <ref> {{Harvnb|White House|2003}}</ref> zilikuwa na wingi wa mafanikio katika mwaka mmoja mara baada ya 11 Septemba; <ref> {{Harvnb|Basile|2004|p=177}}</ref> al-Qaeda inaendelea kufanya kazi kupitia benki bila vikwazo, kama vile ''hawaladars'' elfu moja au hivyo nchini Pakistan, baadhi ambazo zinaweza kushughulikia mikataba ya hadi dola milioni 10. <ref> {{Harvnb|Wechsler|2001|p=135}} alitaja katika {{Harvnb|Gunaratna|2002|p=63}}</ref> Pia inatoa tiketi za ndege na [[pasipoti]] za uongo, inalipa wanachama wa al-Qaeda, na husimamia faida inayotokana na biashara. <ref> Biashara husimamiwa kutoka chini, na baraza kushauriwa tu kuhusu mapendekezo mapya na kukusanya fedha.<br /> Angalia: * {{Harvnb|Hoffman|2002}} </ref> Katika Taarifa ya Tume ya 9 / 11, inakadiriwa kuwa al-Qaeda inahitaji dola milioni 30 kwa mwaka ili kuendesha shughuli zake. * Kamati ya Sheria inahakiki sheria ya Kiislamu na inaamua kama njia hasa za utekelezaji zinafuata sheria. * Kamati ya Masomo ya Kiislamu / Fatwah inatoa matangazo ya masuala ya kidini, kama vile tangazo la mwaka wa 1998 lililowaeleza Waislamu kuwaua Wamarekani. * Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1990 kulikuwa na Kamati ya Vyombo vya Habari iliyojulikana hadharani, ambayo iliendesha gazeti la ''Nashrat al Akhbar (Newscast)'' iliyoanguka na kusimamia [[mahusiano ya umma]]. * Katika mwaka wa 2005, al Qaeda iliunda [[As-Sahab]], nyumba ya uzalishaji wa vyombo vya habari, na kusambaza vifaa na vyombo vyake vya video na sauti. ==== Muundo wa Amri ==== Alipoulizwa kuhusu uwezekano wa Al Qaida kuhusika na ulipuaji mabomu ya [[London 7 Julai 2005]] ya mwaka wa 2005, mkuu wa Metropolitan Police [[Sir Ian Blair]] alisema: <blockquote>"Al Qaeda si shirika. Al Qaeda ni njia ya kufanya kazi ... lakini hii ina fadhila mahususi ya mbinu hiyo ... Al Qaeda kwa wazi ina uwezo wa kutoa mafunzo ... kutoa utaalamu ... na nadhani kuwa ni hicho kilitokea hapa. <ref name="foxnewsblair">{{Rejea habari | first= | last= | coauthors= | title = Cops: London Attacks Were Homicide Blasts| date = | publisher=| url =http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,162476,00.html | work =[[Fox News]] | pages = | accessdate = 2008-06-15 | language = }}</ref></blockquote> Hata hivyo, tarehe 13 Agosti 2005 gazeti la ''The Independent'' iliripoti, ikinukuu uchunguzi wa [[MI5]] na polisi, kwamba walipuaji wa 7 Julai walijitegemea bila usidizi wa mtaalamu wa ugaidi wa al-Qaeda kutoka mahali fulani nje ya nchi. <ref>{{Rejea habari | title = London bombings: the truth emerges| url=http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article305547.ece | first=Jason | last=Bennetto | coauthors=Ian Herbert | work=The Independent | date = 2005-08-13| accessdate=2006-12-03 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061026100045/http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article305547.ece | archivedate=2006-10-26 }}</ref> Al-Qaeda ni nini hasa, au ilikuwa, inabakia katika mzozo. Mwandishi na mwanahabari [[Adam Curtis]] anaamini kuwa wazo la al-Qaeda kama shirika rasmi kimsingi ni uvumbuzi wa Marekani. Curtis anaamini jina "al-Qaeda" mara ya kwanza uliletwa kwa usikivu wa umma katika kesi ya 2001 Osama Bin Laden na watu wanne wanaotuhumiwa katika ulipuaji mabomu wa mwaka wa [[1998 katika ofisi za ubalozi wa Marekani]] katika Afrika Mashariki. {{quotation|The reality was that bin Laden and Ayman Zawahiri had become the focus of a loose association of disillusioned Islamist militants who were attracted by the new strategy. But there was no organization. These were militants who mostly planned their own operations and looked to bin Laden for funding and assistance. He was not their commander. There is also no evidence that bin Laden used the term "al-Qaeda" to refer to the name of a group until after Septemba the 11th, when he realized that this was the term the Americans had given it.<ref name="The Power of Nightmares">''The Power of Nightmares''.</ref>}} Kama suala la sheria, [[Idara ya Haki ya Marekani]] ilihitajika kuonyesha kwamba Osama Bin Laden alikuwa kiongozi wa shirika la jinai ili kumfungulia mashtaka''[[akiwa hayupo]]'' chini ya [[Sheria ya Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act]], inajulikana pia kama RICO Statutes. Jina la shirika na maelezo ya muundo wake yalitolewa katika ushuhuda wa [[Jamal al-Fadl]], ambaye alidai kuwa mwanachama mwanzilishi wa shirika na mfanyakazi wa zamani wa Osama Bin Laden. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/reports/binladen.htm | title = "WMD Terrorism and Usama Bin Laden" na The Center for Nonproliferation Studies|accessdate=2009-12-09 |archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011214040200/http%3A//cns.miis.edu/pubs/reports/binladen.htm |archivedate=2001-12-14 }}</ref> Maswali kuhusu kuegemea kwa ushuhuda wa al-Fadl yametolewa na idadi fulani ya vyanzo kwa sababu ya historia yake ya udanganyifu na kwa sababu alikuwa akiitoa kama sehemu ya matakwa yake katika mkataba wa mapatano baada ya kupatikana na hatia ya kupanga kushambulia majengo ya kijeshi ya Marekani. <ref name="first informant"/> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2001/LAW/02/13/Embassy.bombings.trial/ | title = Witness: Bin Laden planned attack on U.S. embassy in Saudi Arabia |publisher=[[CNN]] | date = 2001-02-13 |accessdate=2007-06-12}}</ref> Sam Schmidt, wakili wa mshtakiwa katika kesi, alikuwa yafuatayo kusema kuhusu ushuhuda wa al-Fadl: <blockquote>Kulikuwa na sehemu za ushahidi wa al-Fadl ambazo naamini zilikuwa uongo, kusaidia picha kwamba yeye alisaidia Wamarekani kujiunga pamoja. Nadhani yeye alisema uongo katika idadi fulani ya ushuhuda hasa kuhusu picha nzima ya nini shirika hili lilikuwa. Ilifanya al-Qaeda kuwa Mafia mpya au Wakomunisti wapya. Iliwafanya kutambulika kama kundi na hivyo kufanya kuwa rahisi mashtaka dhidi ya mtu yoyote anayehusiana na al-Qaeda kwa vitendo au kauli yoyote iliyotolewa na Bin Laden. <ref name="The Power of Nightmares"/></blockquote> === Makamanda wa Vitani === Idadi ya watu binafsi katika shirika ambao wamepitia mafunzo kamili ya kijeshi, na wana uwezo wa kuongoza vikosi vya wapiganaji, haijulikani kwa ukubwa. Katika mwaka wa 2006, ilikuwa inakadiriwa kwamba al-Qaida walikuwa na makamanda elfu kadhaa walioingizwa katika nchi arobaini mbalimbali. <ref name="Cassidy"> {{Harvnb|Cassidy|2006|p=9}}</ref> Katika mwaka wa 2009, iliaminika kuwa hakukuwa zaidi ya mia mbili au tatu ya wanachama ambao bado walikuwa wakihudumu kama makamanda. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2211994/ | title = The Terrorists-Are-Dumb Theory: Don't mistake these guys for criminal masterminds |first=Timothy |last=Noah |authorlink=Timothy Noah |publisher=Slate | date = 2009-02-25}}</ref> Kulingana na taarifa ya [[BBC]] The Power of Nightmares, al-Qaeda haijaunganishwa pamoja kwa nguvu hadi ni vigumu kusema kuwa iko mbali na Osama Bin Laden na kundi ndogo la washirika wa karibu. Ukosefu wa idadi kubwa ya wanachama waliopatikana na hatia wa al-Qaeda licha ya idadi yao kubwa kukamatwa kwa madai ya ugaidi imetolewa na makala hayo kuwa sababu ya kushuku kama kundi hilo lililoenea linalokutana na maelezo ya al-Qaeda iko kwa vyovyote vile. Kwa hivyo kiwango na asili ya al-Qaeda inabakia kuwa mada yenye mzozo. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu | last = Gerges | first = Fawaz A | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global | url = https://archive.org/details/farenemywhyjihad0000gerg | publisher = Cambridge University Press | date = 2005-09-05 | isbn = 0-521-79140-5}}</ref> === Vikosi vya wapiganaji === Kulingana na [[Robert Cassidy]], al-Qaeda inadhibiti vikosi wawili tofauti vinavyo sambamba na wapiganaji nchini Iraq na Pakistan. Kwanza, wanaohesabika katika makumi ya maelfu, iliundwa, ikafunzwa, na kukabidhiwa vifaa kama vikosi vya wapiganaji wa kupambana" katika vita vya Usovyeti na Afghanistani. <ref name="Cassidy"/> IlIundwa kimsingi na mujahideen wa kigeni kutoka Saudi Arabia na Yemen. Wengi walikwenda kupambana katika Bosnia na Somalia, ambapo vitendo vyao vilisaidia kuinua bendera ya jihad ya kimataifa. Kundi lingine, takriban elfu kumi wenye nguvu, wanaishi katika mataifa ya Magharibi na wamepokea mafunzo kiasi ya kupambana. <ref name="Cassidy"/> Wachambuzi wengine wameelezea kuwa cheo na faili za al-Qaida kama zinazobadilika kutoka kuwa "unaotegemea Waarabu", katika miaka yake ya kwanza ya oparesheni, na kuwa "kwa ukubwa ya Kipakistani", wa 2007. <ref>[http://www.meforum.org/article/1710 Jihad's New Leaders] {{Wayback|url=http://www.meforum.org/article/1710 |date=20070704191032 }} na Daveed Gartenstein-Ross na Kyle Dabruzzi, ''Middle East Quarterly,'' Summer 2007</ref> Imekadiriwa kwamba 62% ya wanachama wa al-Qaeda wana elimu ya chuo kikuu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=c841b52c-b2e7-4e41-b27e-33d10245b935&k=0 | title = Wanajihadi wa sasa: elimu, na tajiri na lengo la kuua?|accessdate=2022-11-26 |archivedate=2007-09-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120758/http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=c841b52c-b2e7-4e41-b27e-33d10245b935&k=0 }}</ref> == Mashambulizi == [[Picha:RecentAlQaedaAttacks.svg|thumb|400px|Ramani ya mashambulizi makubwa ya karibuni ulitokana na al-Qaeda: 1. Pentagon, Marekani - Sep 11, 20012. World Trade Center, Marekani - Sep 11, 20013. Istanbul, Uturuki - 15 Novemba 2003; Nov 20, 20034. Aden, Yemen - Oct 12, 20005. Nairobi, Kenya - Aug 7, 19986. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania - 7 Agosti 1998]] Al-Qaeda imetekeleza jumla ya mashambulizi sita kuu ya kigaidi, nne zao katika jihad yake dhidi ya Marekani. Katika kila kesi uongozi ulipanga shambulizi miaka mapema, ikipanga usafirishaji wa silaha na mabomu na kutumia biashara zake ya kutoa privatized ushirika pamoja na utambulisho safehouses na uongo. Al-Qaeda kwa kawaida haitumi fedha kwa ajili ya mashambulizi, na mara chache sana hufanya uhamisho wa nyaya. <ref>{{Rejea habari | last = Eichenwald | first = Kurt | authorlink = Kurt Eichenwald | title = A Nation Challenged: Terror money hard to block, officials find| work = The New York Times | date = 2001-12-10| pages = A1, B4 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/10/international/10MONE.html | accessdate = 2009-09-04}}</ref> === Mwaka 1992 === Tarehe 29 Desemba 1992, shambulizi la kwanza la kigaidi la al-Qaida lilifanyika wakati mabomu mawili yalipolipuliwa [[Aden]], [[Yemen]]. Shabaha ya kwanza ilikuwa hoteli ya Mövenpick na ya pili ilikuwa pahali pa kuegeza magari katika hoteli ya Goldmohur. Ulipuaji huo ulikuwa jaribio la kuondoa askari wa Marekani waliokuwa njiani kwenda Somalia kushiriki katika juhudi za kimataifa unafuu njaa, [[Operation Restore Hope]]. Kindani, al-Qaeda iliamini shambulizi hilo lilikuwa ushindi uliyowatia hofu Wamarekani kutoweka, lakini katika Marekani shambulizi hilo lilikuwa vigumu kujulikana. Hakuna Wamarekani waliouawa kwa sababu askari walikuwa wakikaa katika hoteli tofauti kabisa, na wao walikwenda kwenye Somalia kama imepangwa. Hata kama lilijulikana kidogo tu, shambulizi hili lilikuwa kama kilele kwani lilikuwa mwanzo wa mabadiliko katika mwelekeo wa al-Qaida, kutoka mapigano na majeshi kwenda kwa maua [[raia]] s. <ref name="wright174"> {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=174}}</ref> Watu wawili waliuawa katika shambulizi, mtalii kutoka Australia na mfanyakazi wa hoteli Myemeni. Wengine saba, wengi Wayemeni, walikuwa ukali kujeruhiwa. Fatwas mbili zimesemekana ziliteuliwa na mwanatheolojia mwenye ujuzi zaidi wa al-Qaida, [[Mamdouh Mahmud Salim]], kwa kuhalalisha mauaji kulingana na sheria za Kiislamu. Salim alinukuu Fatwa maalumu maarufu iliyoteuliwa na [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], mwanachuo wa karne ya kumi na tatu aliyedhaminiwa na Wahhabi, ambayo ilishinikiza upinzani kwa njia yoyote ile wakati wa uvamizi wa Mongol. <ref> {{Harvnb|Jansen|1997}}</ref> {{Verify credibility|date=Septemba 2009}} === Ulipuaji wa 1993 wa World Trade Center === Katika mwaka wa 1993, [[Ramzi Yousef]] alitumia lori lililobeba bomu kushambulia [[World Trade Center]] jijini [[New York]]. Shambulizi hili lilikusudiwa kuvunja msingi wa Mnara wa Kwanza ili kuigonganisha na Mnara wa pili, na kuyaangusha chini majengo yote mawili. Yousef alitarajia hili lingewaua watu 250,000. Minara ilisukasuka lakini msingi haukuvunjika na yeye alifanikiwa kuwaua watu wasita tu (ingawa wengine 1,042 kujeruhiwa unasababishwa karibu dola milioni 300 mali ya uharibifu). <ref name="yousef"> {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=178}} {{Harvnb|Reeve|1999}}</ref> <ref name="miis">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.cns.miis.edu/pubs/reports/wtc93.htm | title = February 1993 Bombing of the World Trade Center in New York City |publisher=[[Center for Nonproliferation Studies]] | date = 2001-11-12 |accessdate=2007-01-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203110421/http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/reports/wtc93.htm |archivedate=2007-02-03 }}</ref> Baada ya shambulizi, Yousef alikimbilia Pakistan na baadaye kuhamia [[Manila]]. Huko alianza kuendeleza mpango wa [[Bojinka Plot]] wa kulipua ndege dazeni za Kimarekan, kumuua Papa [[Yohana Paulo II]] na Rais Bill Clinton, na kuangusha ndege ya kibinafsi katika makao makuu ya CIA. Baadaye alishikwa nchini Pakistan. <ref name="yousef"/> Hakuna katika mashitaka ya serikali ya Marekani dhidi ya Osama Bin Laden lililopendekeza kwamba alikuwa na uhusiano wowote na shambulizi huu, lakini Ramzi Yousef inajulikana kuwa walihudhuria kambi ya mafunzo ya kigaidi nchini Afghanistan. Baada ya kukamatwa, Yousef alitangaza kwamba msingi wake wa kuhesabu haki mashambulizi ulikuwa kuadhibu Marekani kwa msaada wake katika uvamizi wa Israeli kwenye wilaya za Palestina na hakutaja motisha yoyote ya kidini. <ref name="miis"/> === Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1990 === [[Mashambulizi]] kwenye afisi za kibalozi za [[Marekani]] katika Afrika Mashariki, zilisababisha vifo vya zaidi ya watu 300, wengi wazawa. Mashambulizi ya [[cruise missile]] ya majeshi ya Marekani kwa kuitikia yaliharibu wigo wa al-Qaeda iliyokuwa [[Khost]], Afghanistan, lakini uwezo wa mtandao haukuadhiriwa. Mnamo Oktoba mwaka wa 2000, wapiganaji wa al-Qaeda uko [[Yemen]] walilipua [[Kiangamizi cha missile]] cha [[USS Cole]] katika mashambulizi ya kujitolea, na kuua wanajeshi 17 wa Marekani na kuharibu chombo. Ikiongozwa na mafanikio ya shambulizi hili shaba, al-Qaeda amri ya msingi wakaanza kujiandaa kwa shambulio kwenye Marekani yenyewe. === Mashambulizi ya 11 Septemba === {{Main|Shambulio la 11 Septemba 2001}} [[Picha:September 17 2001 Ground Zero 01.jpg|thumb|250px|Baada ya mashambulizi ya 11 Septemba]] Mashambulizi ya 11 Septemba yalikuwa matendo ya kigaidi ya kuleta uharibifu mkubwa zaidi katika historia ya [[Marekani]] na dunia, iliyoua takriban watu 3,000. Ndege mbili za kibiashara zilielekezwa makusudi kwenye minara ya [[World Trade Center]], ya tatu kwenye jengo la The [[Pentagon]], na la nne, lililokusudiwa kulenga [[Capitol]] ya Marekani, ilianguka Pennsylvania. Mashambulizi hayo yalifanywa na al-Qaeda, kaimu kwa mujibu wa ''[[Fatwa]]'' iliyotolewa mwaka wa [[1998]] dhidi ya Marekani na washirika wake na vikosi vya kijeshi chini ya amri ya Bin Laden, al-Zawahiri, na wengine. <ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.ict.org.il/articles/fatwah.htm|title=Text of Fatwah Urging Jihad Against Americans| accessdate=2006-07-05| date=23 Februari 1998}}</ref> Ushahidi unaangazia wanaharakati wa kujiua wakiongozwa na kamanda wa kijeshi wa al-Qaeda [[Mohamed atta]] kama watekelezaji wa mashambulizi, na [[Bin Laden]], [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]], [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]], [[Hambali]] kama wapangaji na sehemu muhimu ya amri ya kisiasa na ya kijeshi. Jumbe zilizotolewa na Bin Laden baada ya 11 Septemba 2001, zilisifu mashambulizi, na kuelezea motisha yao wakati kukanusha kuhusika yoyote. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/16/inv.binladen.denial/| title = Bin Laden says he wasn't behind attacks| publisher=[[CNN]]| accessdate=2006-07-06| date = 17 Septemba 2001| archivedate=2006-07-05| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060705161654/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/16/inv.binladen.denial/}}</ref> Bin Laden alihalalisha mashambulizi kwa kutambua vilio vilivyoonekana na Waislamu wote tawala na wale wa Kiislamu, kama vile mtazamo wa jumla kwamba Marekani ilikuwa ikiwatesa Waislamu. <ref> {{Harvnb|Esposito|2002|p=22}}</ref> Bin Laden alisisitiza kuwa Marekani ilikuwa inawaua Waislamu uko '[[Palestina]], [[Chechnya]], [[Kashmir]] na [[Iraq]]' na kwamba Waislamu wanapaswa kuwa na 'haki ya kushambulia katika kuadhibu'. Yeye pia alidai kuwa mashambulizi ya 9 / 11 hayakuwa yakiwalenga wanawake na watoto, lakini 'vinara wa nguvu za kijeshi na kiuchumi'. <ref>Hamid Miir 'Osama claims he has nukes:If US uses N-arms it will get the same response' "Dawn:The Internet Edition" 10 Novemba 2001</ref> Ushahidi umekuja kwa mwanga kwamba malengo ya awali ya mashambulizi huenda yalikuwa vituo vya nguvu za nyuklia pwani ya mashariki ya Marekani. Malengo hayo baadaye yalibadilishwa al-Qaeda, kwani waliogopa kwamba shambulizi kama hilo "lingetoka nje ya mkono". <ref name="AL-QAIDA-LEADERS-SAY-NUCLEAR-POWER-STATIONS-WERE-ORIGINAL-TARGETS">{{Rejea habari | title = Al-Qaida leaders say nuclear power stations were original targets |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/afghanistan/story/0,1284,788431,00.html |publisher=[[The Guardian]] | date = 2002-09-09 |accessdate=2007-01-11 }}</ref> <ref name="Al-Qaeda-SCALED-BACK-10-PLANE-PLOT">{{Rejea habari | title = Al Qaeda Scaled Back 10-Plane Plot |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A45853-2004Jun16_2.html |publisher=[[Washington Post]] | date = 2004-06-17 |accessdate=2007-01-11 }}</ref> == Kujulikana kama shirika la kigaidi == Al-Qaeda imeteuliwa kama ''[[shirika]]'' la ''[[kigaidi]]'' na idadi ya mashirika, ikiwemo: * [[Baraza la Usalama]] la [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], <ref name="UNSC-WORK-RELATED-TO-RESOLUTION-1267">{{Rejea tovuti| title = Security Council Resolutions Related to the Work of the Committee Established Pursuant to Resolution 1267 (1999) Concerning Al-Qaida and the Taliban and Associated Individuals and Entities|publisher=[[United Nations Security Council]]|url=http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/1267/1267ResEng.htm|accessdate=2007-01-09 }}</ref> * [[Katibu Mkuu wa Shirika la Mkataba wa Atlantiki]] ya [[Kaskazini]], <ref name="NATOQaeda">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.nato.int/docu/speech/2001/s011122b.htm| title = Press Conference with NATO Secretary General, Lord Robertson|accessdate=2006-10-23|author=NATO}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.nato.int/structur/library/bibref/them0305.pdf| title = AL QAEDA|author=NATO Library|year=2005|accessdate=2007-06-11|format=PDF}}</ref> * [[Tume ya Jumuiya za Ulaya]] ya Umoja wa Ulaya, <ref name="EU">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/com/2004/com2004_0700en01.doc| title = COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT|author=[[Commission of the European Communities]]| date = 2004-10-20|accessdate=2007-06-11|format=DOC|archivedate=2007-06-14|archiveurl=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20070614032134/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/com/2004/com2004_0700en01.doc}}</ref> * [[Idara]] ya Nchi ya [[Marekani]] * [[Serikali]] ya [[Australia]], <ref name="Australia">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/agd/www/nationalsecurity.nsf/AllDocs/95FB057CA3DECF30CA256FAB001F7FBD?OpenDocument| title = Listing of Terrorist Organisations|accessdate=2006-07-03|author=Australian Government|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204040731/http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/agd/www/nationalsecurity.nsf/AllDocs/95FB057CA3DECF30CA256FAB001F7FBD?OpenDocument|archivedate=2014-02-04}}</ref> * [[Serikali ya India]], <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/04/09/stories/2002040903651100.htm | title = The Hindu: Centre bans Al-Qaeda|accessdate=2009-12-09 |archivedate=2009-04-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427232058/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/04/09/stories/2002040903651100.htm |=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427232058/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/04/09/stories/2002040903651100.htm }}</ref> * [[Usalama wa Umma ya Kanada]], <ref name="Canada">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.psepc.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-en.asp| title = Entities list|accessdate=2006-07-03|author=Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119150657/http://www.psepc.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-en.asp|archivedate=2006-11-19}}</ref> * Wizara ya Mambo ya Nje, <ref name="Israel">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Terrorism+and+Islamic+Fundamentalism-/Summary+of+indictments+against+Al-Qaeda+terrorists+in+Samaria+March 21, 2006.htm| title = Summary of indictments against Al-Qaeda terrorists in Samaria| date = 21 Machi 2006|accessdate=2007-06-10|author=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref>ya [[Israeli]] * Kitabu cha Buluu Kidiplomasia ya Ujapani * [[Wizara ya Nje ya Kikorea Kusini]], <ref name="Korea">{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.korea.net/news/news/NewsView.asp?serial_no=20070813015&part=102| title = Seoul confirms release of two Korean hostages in Afghanistan| date = 14 Agosti 2007|accessdate=2007-09-16|author=Korean Foreign Ministry|archivedate=2007-12-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215153000/http://www.korea.net/news/news/NewsView.asp?serial_no=20070813015&part=102}}</ref> * [[Katibu Mkuu]] wa [[Ulinzi wa Taifa wa Ufaransa]], <ref name="fr-report">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://lesrapports.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/cgi-bin/brp/telestats.cgi?brp_ref=064000275&brp_file=0000.pdf| title = La France face au terrorisme|publisher=Secrétariat général de la défense nationale (France)|language={{fr}}|accessdate=2009-08-06|archivedate=2011-08-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807105500/http://lesrapports.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/BRP/064000275/0000.pdf}}</ref> * [[Huduma ya Ujasusi wa Kijeshi na Usalama ya Kiholanzi]], <ref name="Netherlands">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://ftp.fas.org/irp/world/netherlands/aivd2004-eng.pdf| title = Annual Report 2004|accessdate=2007-06-11|author=[[General Intelligence and Security Service]]|format=PDF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614032136/http://ftp.fas.org/irp/world/netherlands/aivd2004-eng.pdf|archivedate=2007-06-14}}</ref> * [[Home Office]] ya Uingereza,<ref name="UK">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/security/terrorism-and-the-law/terrorism-act/proscribed-groups| title = Proscribed terrorist groups|accessdate=2006-07-03|author=United Kingdom Home Office|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081106131515/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/security/terrorism-and-the-law/terrorism-act/proscribed-groups|archivedate=2008-11-06}}</ref> * [[Urusi]], <ref name="Russia">{{Rejea habari| url=http://www.mosnews.com/news/2006/07/28/russiaterrorlist.shtml| title = Russia Outlaws 17 Terror Groups; Hamas, Hezbollah Not Included| accessdate=2009-12-09| archivedate=2006-11-14| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114154904/http://www.mosnews.com/news/2006/07/28/russiaterrorlist.shtml}}</ref> * [[Wizara]] ya [[Mambo ya Nje]] ya [[Sweden]], <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.sweden.gov.se/content/1/c6/06/12/67/01b99143.pdf| title = Radical Islamist Movements in the Middle East|author=Ministry for Foreign Affairs Sweden| date = Machi – Juni 2006|accessdate = 2007-06-11|format=PDF}}</ref> * [[Vikosi vya Polisi vya Kituruki]] <ref name="Emniyet">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.egm.gov.tr/temuh/terorgrup1.html | title = "Türkiye'de halen faaliyetlerine devam Edeni başlıca terör örgütleri listesi" (Emniyet Genel Müdürlügü)|accessdate=2009-12-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114042731/http://www.egm.gov.tr/temuh/terorgrup1.html |archivedate=2013-01-14 }}</ref> * na [[Serikali]] ya [[Uswizi]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.efv.admin.ch/d/dokumentation/downloads/themen/finanzkrimi/CH_UNTerror_1201_e.pdf| title = Report on counter-terrorism submitted by Switzerland to the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1373 (2001)| date = 20 Desemba 2001|accessdate=2007-06-11|format=PDF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609153811/http://www.efv.admin.ch/d/dokumentation/downloads/themen/finanzkrimi/CH_UNTerror_1201_e.pdf|archivedate=2007-06-09}}</ref> == Vita dhidi ya ugaidi == Mara tu baada ya mashambulizi, serikali ya Marekani [[iliamua kujibu kijeshi]], ikaanza kuandaa [[majeshi]] yake kuipindua serikali ya Taliban iliyoamini ilikuwa inawaweka al-Qaeda. Kabla ya Marekani kushambuliwa, ilimpa kiongozi wa Taliban [[Mullah Omar]] nafasi ya kusalimisha Bin Laden na washirika wake wa juu. Vikosi vya kwanza vya kijeshi kuingizwa Afghanistan walikuwa Maafisa kutoka [[Special Activities Division]] (SAD) ya CIA. [[Taliban]] ilijitolea kumsalimisha Bin Laden kwa kesi katika [[nchi isiyo na ushirika]] kama Marekani ingetoa ushahidi kuwa Bin Laden alishiriki katika mashambulizi. [[Rais wa Marekani]] [[George W. Bush]] alijibu kwa kusema: "Tunajua yeye ana hatia. Msalimisheni", <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| url=http://www.seacoastonline.com/2001news/10_15_w1.htm| title = U.S. Jets Pound Targets Around Kabul| work=[[The Portsmouth Herald]]| date = 15 Oktoba 2001| accessdate=2006-07-06| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125170035/http://www.seacoastonline.com/2001news/10_15_w1.htm| archivedate=2005-11-25}}</ref> na Waziri Mkuu wa Uingereza [[Tony Blair]] akaionya serikali ya Taliban:" kumsalimisha Bin Laden, au wasalimishe nguvu ". <ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2001/10/02/blair_war011002.html Blair and Taliban: Surrender Bin Laden or surrender power]</ref> Mapema baadaye Marekani na washirika wake walivamia Afghanistan, na pamoja na [[Ushirikiano wa Kazkazini ya Kiafghan]] wakang'oa serikali ya Taliban mamlakani katika [[vita vya Afghanistan]]. [[Picha:Anaconda-helicopter.jpg|thumb|left|Askari wa Marekani nchini Afghanistan]] Kama matokeo ya [[Marekani]] kutumia [[vikosi vyake maalum]] na kutoa [[msaada wa angani]] kwa [[vikosi vya ardhini vya Ushirika wa Kaskazini]], [[makambi ya mafunzo]] ya [[Taliban]] na [[al-Qaeda]] yaliharibiwa na kubwa ya muundo wa uendeshaji wa al-Qaeda unaaminika uliharibiwa. Baada kuondolewa kutoka katika nafasi yao muhimu katika eneo la [[Tora Bora]] la [[Afghanistan]], wengi wa wapiganaji wa al-Qaeda walijaribu kujikusanya katika eneo la [[Gardez]] taifa. Tena, chini ya [[ulipuaji mkali wa angani]], [[majeshi ya ardhini]] ya Marekani pamoja na vikosi vya Kiafghan walishambulia, na wakibomoa msimamo wa al-Qaeda na kuwaua au kuwakamata wapiganaji wengi. Ikifikia mapema mwaka wa 2002, al-Qaeda ilikuwa imepata pigo kubwa kwa uwezo wa uendeshaji wake, na uvamizi wa Afghanistani ulionekana mafanikio ya awali. Hata hivyo, sehemu kubwa ya [[Ukereketwa wa Taliban]] unabakia katika [[Afghanistan]], na viongozi wawili wakuu wa al-Qaida, Bin Laden na Al Zawahiri, walihepa kukamatwa. Mjadala uliendelea kuhusu asili ya jukumu la al-Qaida katika mashambulizi ya 9 / 11, na baada ya uvamizi wa Marekani kuanza, [[Idara ya Nchi ya Marekani]] pia ilitoa [[video]] iliyoonyesha Bin Laden akiongea na kundi dogo la washirika mahali fulani katika Afghanistan muda mfupi kabla ya Taliban kuondolewa madarakani. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| url = http://www.defenselink.mil/releases/2001/b12132001_bt630-01.html| title = U.S. RELEASES VIDEOTAPE OF OSAMA BIN LADEN| accessdate = 2006-07-04| date = 13 Desemba 2001| archive-date = 2006-06-25| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060625223529/http://www.defenselink.mil/releases/2001/b12132001_bt630-01.html| url-status = dead}}</ref> Ingawa uhalisi wake umeshukiwa na baadhi, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/september11/story/0,11209,619188,00.html| author=Morris, Steven| title = US urged to detail origin of tape| publisher=The Guardian| accessdate=2006-07-11| date = 15 Desemba 2001}}</ref> video hiyo inaonekana kulaumu Bin Laden na Al-Qaeda katika mashambulizi ya 11 Septemba na ilionyeshwa katika [[televisheni]] nyingi kote duniani, pamoja na [http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/12/13/tape.transcript/ Tafsiri ya Kiingereza] {{Wayback|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/12/13/tape.transcript/ |date=20070202084109 }} iliyotolewa na [[Idara ya Ulinzi ya Marekani]]. Mnamo Septemba 2004, [[tume ya serikali]] ya [[Marekani ya]] kuchunguza mashambulizi ya 11 Septemba ilihitimisha rasmi kwamba mashambulizi yalipangwa na kutekelezwa na al-Qaeda operatives. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/| title = National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States| accessdate=2006-04-27| date = 20 Septemba 2004}}</ref> Mnamo Oktoba 2004, Bin Laden alionekana akidai uwajibikaji kwa mashambulizi katika [[video]] iliyotolewa kupitia Al Jazeera, akisema yeye aliongozwa na mashambulizi ya Israeli kwenye [[majengo marefu]] katika [[uvamizi wa]] 1982 wa [[Lebanon]]: "Nilipoona minara iliyobomolewa nchini [[Lebanon]], iliingia katika mawazo yangu kwamba tunapaswa kumuadhibu mtesi katika aina na kwamba tunapaswa kuharibu minara katika Amerika ili wapate ladha ya kile sisi tulionja na hivyo kuwa wanapaswa kukoma kuwaua wanawake na watoto wetu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| url=http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/79C6AF22-98FB-4A1C-B21F-2BC36E87F61F.htm| title = Full transcript of bin Ladin's speech| publisher=Al Jazeera| accessdate=2006-07-12| date = 1 Novemba 2004}}</ref> Hadi mwisho wa 2004, serikali ya Marekani alitangaza kwamba theluthi mbili ya waandamizi al-Qaeda takwimu kuanzia mwaka 2001 alikuwa alitekwa na kuhojiwa na CIA: [[Abu Zubaydah]], [[Ramzi bin al-Shibh]] na [[Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri]] katika 2002; <ref name="martinez interrogations">{{Rejea habari | last = Shane | first = Scott | title = Inside the interrogation of a 9/11 mastermind| work = The New York Times | date = 2008-06-22| pages = A1, A12–A13 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/22/washington/22ksm.html | accessdate = 2009-09-05}}</ref> [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]] mwaka 2003; na [[Saif al Islam el Masry]] mwaka 2004. {{Citation needed|date=Septemba 2009}} [[Mohammed Atef]] na wengine kadhaa waliuawa. == Shughuli == === Afrika === <!--[[Picha:The Guardian al-Qaeda recruitment.jpg|thumb|Ukurasa wa kwanza wa The Guardian Weekly kuhusu adhimisho la nane ya mashambulizi ya Septemba 11. Nakala ilidai kuwa shughuli za al-Qaida "inaendelea kutawanywa kwa 'makundi shirika' au 'franchises' katika Yemen na Afrika Kaskazini."]]--> [[Matendo ya al-Qaida katika Afrika]] ni pamoja na idadi ya mashambulizi katika [[Afrika Kaskazini]], na kusaidia vyama katika vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe nchini [[Eritrea]] na [[Somalia]]. Kutoka mwaka wa 1991 hadi 1996, [[Osama Bin Laden]] na viongozi wengine wa Al-Qaeda walikuwa kimsingi nchini [[Sudan]]. Waasi wa Kiislam katika [[Sahara]] wanaojiita [[Al-Qaeda katika Maghreb ya Kiislamu]] wameongeza vurugu yao katika miaka ya karibuni. <ref> * {{Rejea habari | last = Trofimov | first = Yaroslav | title = Islamic rebels gain strength in the Sahara| work = The Wall Street Journal | volume = 254 | issue = 39 | date = 2009-08-15| page = A9 | url = http://online.wsj.com/article/SB125030117348933737.html | accessdate = 2009-09-15}} * {{Rejea habari | last = Trofimov | first = Yaroslav | title = Islamic rebels gain strength in the Sahara| work = The Wall Street Journal Europe | volume = 27 | issue = 136 | date = 2009-08-17| page = 12}} * {{Rejea habari | last = Trofimov | first = Yaroslav | title = Islamic rebels gain in the Sahara| work = The Wall Street Journal Asia | volume = 33 | issue = 245 | date = 2009-08-18| page = 12}} </ref>Maafisa wa Kifaransa {{Citation needed|date=Septemba 2009}} wanasema waasi hao hawana viungo halisi na uongozi wa al-Qaeda, lakini hili ni suala la mgogoro katika baadhi ya vyombo vya kimataifa na miongoni mwa wachambuzi wa usalama. Inaonekana kuwa Bin Laden alikubali jina la kikundi hicho mwishoni mwa mwaka wa 2006, na waasi "wakachukua jina la al Qaeda", karibu mwaka mmoja kabla ya vurugu kuanza kuenea. <ref> {{Harvnb|Riedel|2008|p=126}}</ref> === Uropa === Katika mwaka wa 2003, Waislamu walitekeleza mfululizo wa ulipuaji mabomu katika [[Istanbul]] na kuua watu hamsini na saba na kuwajeruhi mia saba. Watu sabini na wanne walishtakiwa na mamlaka za Kituruki. Baadhi yao awali walikuwa wamekutana na Osama Bin Laden, na ingawa hawakutaka hasa ahadi fungamana na Al-Qaeda wao waliomba baraka yake na msaada. <ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/12/AR2007021201715_pf.html Washington Post - Al-Qaida's Hand In Istanbul Plot]</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3735645/ |title=Msn News - Bin Laden alegedly planned attacks in Turkey - Stymied by tight security at US bases, militants switched targets |accessdate=2009-12-09 |archive-date=2007-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223055540/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3735645/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Katika mwaka wa 2009, watu watatu wakaazi wa London, [[Miles Hussain]], Assad Sarwar na [[Ahmed Abdullah Ali]], walipatikana na hatia ya kupanga kulipua mabomu yaliyofichwa kama vinywaji kwenye ndege saba zilizokuwa zinaelekea Kanada na Marekani. Uchunguzi mkubwa tata wa polisi na [[MI5]] kuhusiana na njama hiyo ilihusisha zaidi ya mwaka mmoja wa kazi ya ufuatiliaji uliofanywa na maafisa juu ya mia mbili. <ref> * {{Rejea habari | last = Gardham | first = Duncan | title = Gang is brought to justice by most complex operation since the war| work = The Daily Telegraph | date = 2009-09-08| page = 2 | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/6152185/Airline-bomb-plot-investigation-one-of-biggest-since-WW2.html | accessdate = 2009-09-15}} * {{Rejea habari | last = Gardham | first = Duncan | title = Complex operation brings gang to justice| work = The Weekly Telegraph | place = Australian edition, issue 947 | date = 2009-09-16| page = 9}} </ref> <ref>{{Rejea habari | last = Milmo | first = Cahal | title = Police watched the plot unfold, then pounced| work = The Independent | date = 2009-09-08| pages = 2–4 | url = http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/police-watched-the-plot-unfold-then-pounced-1783388.html | accessdate = 2009-09-15 | archivedate = 2009-09-10 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090910200749/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/police-watched-the-plot-unfold-then-pounced-1783388.html }}</ref> Maafisa wa Uingereza na Marekani walisema mpango huo-usiofanana na mengi ya kigaidi yanayopangwa katika Ulaya-mara moja ulihusishwa na al-Qaeda na uliongozwa na wapiganaji waandamizi wa Kiislamu nchini Pakistan. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1251804512098&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull | title = UK court convicts 3 of plot to blow up airliners {{!}} International {{!}} Jerusalem Post |accessdate=2021-09-25 |archivedate=2009-09-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090909212006/http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1251804512098&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull }}</ref> <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8221375.stm BBC NEWS | UK| Airline plot: Al-Qaida connection]</ref> === Mashariki ya Kati === Kufuatia [[kukutanishwa kwa Yemeni]] mwaka 1990, Mwahhabi mitandao wamisionari wakaanza kuhamia ndani ya nchi katika jitihada ya kibepari subvert kaskazini. Ingawa ni ngumu kuwe na uwezekano Bin Laden au al-Qaida ya Saudi walihusika moja kwa moja, urafiki wa kibinafsi waliounda ungekuwa imara zaidi katika muongo uliyofuata na ungetumika katika shambulizi la USS ''Cole.'' <ref>{{Citation | last = Weir | first = Shelagh | authorlink = | publication-date = Julai/Septemba 1997 | title = A Clash of Fundamentalisms: Wahhabism in Yemen | series = Middle East Report | publisher = [[Middle East Research and Information Project]] | issue = 204 | url = http://www.merip.org/mer/mer204/weir.htm | accessdate = 2009-01-19 | ref = none | archive-date = 2008-10-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081003091516/http://www.merip.org/mer/mer204/weir.htm | dead-url = yes }} ilitajwa katika {{Rejea kitabu | last = Burke | first = Jason | authorlink = Jason Burke | title = Al-Qaeda: Casting a Shadow of Terror | url = https://archive.org/details/alqaedacastingsh00burk | pages = [https://archive.org/details/alqaedacastingsh00burk/page/128 128]–129 | publisher = I.B. Tauris | year = 2003 | location = New York | isbn = 1850433968 }}</ref> Katika [[Iraq]], vikosi vya al-Qaeda vilivyohusiana na uongozi vilikuwa vimejumuishwa katika [[Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad]] shirika lililoongozwa na [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]]. Wakizingatia zaidi oparesheni za kujitolea mhanga, wamekuwa ni "dereva muhimu " wa [[Ukereketwa wa Kisunni]]. <ref> {{Harvnb|Riedel|2008|p=100}}</ref> Ingawa walishiriki sehemu ndogo katika Ukereketwa kwa ujumla, kati ya 30% na 42% ya ulipuaji mabomu ya kujiua yaliyofanyika katika miaka ya mwanzoni yalidaiwa na shirika la Zarqawi. <ref> Angalia kazi zifuatazo zilizotajwa katika {{Harvnb|Riedel|2008|p=101}}<br /> * {{Harvnb|Hafez|2007|pp=97–98}} * {{Rejea habari | last = Al-Shishani | first = Murad Batal | authorlink = Murad Batal al-Shishani | title = Al-Zarqawi's Rise to Power: Analyzing Tactics and Targets| work = Jamestown Foundation Terrorism Monitor | volume = 3 | issue = 22 | date = 2005-11-17}} </ref> Kwa ukubwa, ilikuwa si mpaka mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1990 ndipo al-Qaeda ilianza mafunzo kwa Wapalestina. Hii si kupendekeza kuwa wapiganaji wa upinzani hawajawakilishwa vyema katika mtandao kwani idadi ya Wapalestina, wengi kutoka Yordani, walitaka kujiunga na wamejitokeza kutumikia majukumu makubwa nchini Afghanistan. <ref name="palestinian operatives"> {{Harvnb|Gunaratna|2002|p=150}}</ref> Badala yake, makundi makubwa kama [[Hamas]] na [[Islamic Jihad ya Kipalestina]] ambayo hushirikiana na al-Qaeda katika sehemu nyingi-wamekuwa na matatizo kukubali muungano wa kimkakati, wakiogopa kuwa Al-Qaeda itachukua seli zao ndogo. Hii inaweza kuwa imebadilika hivi karibuni, kwani huduma za usalama na ujasusi za Israeli zinaamini al-Qaeda imeweza kujiingiza ndani ya washirika kutoka Maeneo Yaliyonyakuliwa na kuingia Israeli, na inangojea wakati mwafaka wa kufanya mashambulizi. <ref name="palestinian operatives"/> === Intaneti === Timothy L. Thomas anadai kuwa baada ya kuondolewa kwake kutoka Afghanistan, al-Qaeda na waandamizi wake wamehama mtandaoni kuhepa kujulikana katika hali inayoongezeka ya uangalifu kimataifa. Kama matokeo, matumizi ya shirika ya mtandao yameongezeka zaidi, yakijumuisha fedha, ajira, mitandao, uhamasishaji, utangazaji, vilevile usambazaji habari, ukusanyaji na ugawaji. <ref>Timothy Thomas, [https://web.archive.org/web/20030410231224/http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/03spring/thomas.pdf "Al Qaeda and the Internet: The Danger of Cyberplanning"] Ilirudishwa 14 Februari 2007.</ref> Harakati ya [[Abu Ayyub al-Masri]] ya al-Qaeda nchini [[Iraq]] mara hutoa video fupi zinazotukuza shughuli za walipuaji wa kujitolea mhanga wa kijiha. Pia, kabla na baada ya kifo cha [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]] (kiongozi wa zamani wa [[al-Qaeda]] nchini Iraq), shirika mwamvuli ambalo al-Qaeda nchini Iraq ni mshirika, [[Baraza]] la [[Mujahideen Shura]], limekuwa na [[uwepo]] wa mara kwa mara katika [[mtandao]] ambapo matangazo yanapeanwa na [[Murasel]]. Aina ya nakala zinazopatikana inajumuisha video za mafunzo ya Guerrilla, picha za waathiriwa walio karibu kuuawa, shuhuda za walipuaji wa kujitolea mhanga, na video ushiriki katika jihad kupitia stylized portraits wa misikiti na alama ya muziki. Tovuti moja inazohusiana na al-Qaeda ilitoa video ya mjasiriamali wa Marekani [[Nick Berg]] akiwa anauawa nchini Iraq. Video na picha zingine za mauaji, pamoja na za [[Paul Johnson]], Kim Sun-il, na [[Daniel Pearl]], zilitolewa kwanza katika tovuti za jihadi. Desemba 2004 ujumbe wa kusikilizwa uliyodai kutoka kwa Bin Laden ulitolewa moja kwa moja kwenye tovuti moja, badala ya kutuma nakala kwa [[al Jazeera]] kama alivyofanya huko nyuma. Al Qaeda iligeukia na intaneti kutoa video zake ili kuwa na uhakika ingepatikana bila kusahihishwa, kuliko hatari ya uwezekano wa wahariri al Jazeera kuhariri wa video na kukatwa nje chochote muhimu [[kifalme]] wa [[Saudi familia]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2373884 | title = Bin Laden Identifies Saudi Arabia as the Enemy of Mujahideen Unity|author=Scheuer, Michael |month=Januari |year=2008 |work=Terrorism Focus |publisher=Jamestown Foundation |accessdate=2009-12-09 |archivedate=2008-01-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118190019/http://jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2373884 }}</ref> Ujumbe wa Bin Laden wa Desemba 2004 ulikuwa shadidi zaidi kuliko kawaida katika hotuba hii, kudumu zaidi ya saa moja. Huko nyuma, [[Alneda.com]] na [[Jehad.net]] zilikuwa tovuti muhimu zaidi za al-Qaeda. Alneda awali iliangushwa na Mmarekani [[Jon Messner]], lakini wahudumu wakapinga kwa kuchukua tovuti katika tarakilishi kuu mbalimbali na na kchukua y kimkakati. Marekani kwa sasa inajaribu kumfungulia mashtaka bingwa wa teknolojia ya habari wa Uingereza, [[Babar Ahmad]], juu ya madai ya kuendesha mtandao wa lugha ya Kiingereza na al-Qaeda Nje, kama Azzam.com. <ref>{{Rejea habari | last = Whitlock | first = Craig | authorlink = Craig Whitlock | title = Briton Used Internet As His Bully Pulpit| work = The Washington Post | date = 2005-08-08| page = A1 | url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/07/AR2005080700890.html | accessdate=2009-09-04}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti | title = Babar Ahmad Indicted on Terrorism Charges| publisher = United States Attorney's Office District of Connecticut | date = 2004-10-06| url=http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/ct/Press2004/20041006.html|dateformat=mdy |accessdate=2006-05-29}}</ref> Mashtaka dhidi yaAhmad yanapingwa na mashirika mbalimbali ya Kiislamu ya Uingereza, kama vile [[Muslim Association of Britain]]. == Madai ya kuhusika kwa CIA == Iwe au isiwe mashambulizi ya al-Qaeda yalikuwa "[[kisasi]]" ya mpango wa "[[Operation Cyclone]]" wa [[CIA]] ya Marekani kusaidia [[mujahideen]] wa Afghanistan ni suala la baadhi cha mjadala. [[Robin Cook]], aliyekuwa Katibu wa kigeni wa Uingereza kutoka 1997-2001, ameandika kuwa al-Qaeda na Bin Laden walikuwa "bidhaa ya na mashirika ya magharibi ya usalama," na kwamba "Al-Qaida, literally ni" database ", awali ilikuwa faili ya kompyuta ya maelfu wa mujahideen ambao walisajiliwa na kupewa mafunzo pamoja na msaada kutoka CIA ili kuwashinda Warusi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/terrorism/story/0,12780,1523838,00.html| title = The struggle against terrorism cannot be won by military means|author=Cook, Robin|publisher=Guardian Unlimited|accessdate=2005-07-08}}</ref> Aina kadhaa za vyanzo- mwandishi wa [[CNN]] Peter Bergen, Brigadier wa ISI [[Muhammad Yousaf wa Pakistan]], na washirika wa CIA waliohusika katika mpango wa Afghanistan, kama [[Vincent Cannistraro]]- wamekana kwamba CIA au maafisa wengine wa Marekani waliwasiliana na mujahideen wa kigeni au Bin Laden, sembuse kuwapa silaha, au mafunzo yoyote. Hii inapingana na matamko ya [[Milton Bearden]], Field Officer 1985-1989 wa CIA wa Afghanistan, ambaye anakumbuka hofu aliyohisi wakati wa mkutano na wapiganaji wa Jihadi: ''"nyakati nyingi nilizokuwa katika taabu yoyote halisi nchini Afghanistan ni wakati mimi nilikutana na watu hawa- Unajua kuwa kuna 'wakati' au mawili ambayo yangeonekana kidogo kama sehemu ya bar katika Star Wars, unajua.'' ''Kila kundi mfano ikizunguka na hatimaye mtu anatuliza hali. <ref>''The Power of Nightmares,'' sehemu 2.</ref>'' Lakini Bergen na wengine wanasema kwamba hakukuwa na haja ya kuwasajili wageni ambao hawakujua lugha, mila au walei wa nchi tangu kulikuwa robo milioni ya wazawa wa Afghanistan tayari kupambana; <ref> {{Harvnb|Coll|2005|pp=145–146, 155–156}}</ref> kwamba mujahideen wa kigeni wenyewe walikuwa hawana haja ya fedha za Marekani tangu walipata dola milioni mia kadhaa kwa mwaka kutoka kwa vyanzo visivyo vya Kimarekani; kwamba Wamarekani hawangeweza kuwapa mafunzo mujahideen kwa sababu maafisa wa Pakistan hawangeruhusu zaidi ya kiganja yao kufanya kazi nchini Pakistan na hakuna hata mmoja katika Afghanistan, na kwamba Waarabu wa Kiafghanistan walikuwa karibu sawa na wapiganaji wa Kiislamu ambao walikuwa maadui kwa watu wa nchi za Magharibi iwe ama isiwe watu wa Magharibi walikuwa wakiwasaidia Waislamu wa Afghanistan. Kulingana na [[Peter Bergen]], anayejulikana kwa kufanya mahojiano televisheni ya kwanzana Osama Bin Laden mwaka 1997, wazo kwamba "CIA ilimfadhili Bin Laden au kumpa mafunzo ... Bin Laden [ni] hadithi ya watu. Hakuna ushahidi wa hili. ... Bin Laden alikuwa pesa zake mwenyewe, alikuwa mpinga-Amerika na alifanya kazi kwa siri na kwa kujitegemea. ... Habari halisi hapa ni CIA hawakuwa na ukweli kuwa kidokezo kuhusu nani Bin Laden alikuwa mpaka mwaka wa 1996 wakati walianzisha kitengo cha kweli kuanza kumfuatilia. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/08/15/bergen.answers/index.html| title = Bergen: Bin Laden, CIA links hogwash|author=Bergen, Peter|publisher=CNN|accessdate=2006-08-15}}</ref> Lakini kama Bergen mwenyewe alivyokubali, katika "tukio moja la ajabu" CIA ''ilionekana'' kutoa msaada viza [[mujahideen-recruiter Omar Abdel-Rahman]]. <ref> {{Harvnb|Bergen|2001|pp=72–73}}</ref> Al-Qaeda ina historia ya muda mrefu na CIA, hasa kitengo cha [[Special Activities Division]]. [[Oparesheni hii maalum]] inayosifika husehemu ya CIA utume ni msingi wa nguvu za Marekani katika vita dhidi ya Al Qaeda na umeleta mafanikio zaidi. <ref> {{Harvnb|Coll|2005}}</ref> == Ukosoaji == Kulingana na idadi ya vyanzo kumekuwa "wimbi la " dhidi ya Al Qaeda na washirika wake na "wasomi wa kidini, wapiganaji wa zamani" wakishangazwa na [[takfir]] ya Al Qaida na mauaji ya Waislamu katika nchi za Kiislamu, hasa Irak. <ref> {{Harvnb|Bergen|Cruickshank|2008}} {{Harvnb|Wright|2008}} Nukuu zimechukuliwa kutoka {{Harvnb|Riedel|2008|pp=106–107}} {{Harvnb|Bergen|Cruickshank|2008}}</ref> [[Noman Benotman]], Muarabu wa zamani wa Afghanistan na mpiganaji wa [[Kundi la Kupambana la Kiislamu la Libya]], akajitokeza kwa umma na barua ya wazi ya kumkosoa [[Ayman al Zawahiri]] Novemba 2007 baada ya kuwavuta waandamizi wa uongozi wa zamani wa kundi lake waliofungwa jela kuingia katika mazungumzo ya amani na serikali ya Libya Wakati Ayman al Zawahiri akitangaza kuunganisha wa kikundi hicho na Al Qaeda katika Novemba 2007, serikali ya Libya iliyotolewa 90 wanachama wa kikundi kutoka gerezani miezi kadhaa baadaye baada ya "walikuwa alisema kuwa sagts upp ghasia." <ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/AA64F530-BCA8-40B0-8226-22154CCD1032.htm Libya releases scores of prisoners Aprili 9, 2008]</ref> Katika mwaka wa 2007, karibu na maadhimisho ya sita ya 11 Septemba na miezi michache kabla ya ''Rationalizing Jihad'' kuonekana katika magazeti, <ref name="RebellionWright"/> ya Saudi [[Salman al-Ouda]] alitoa kemeo binafsi kwa Bin Laden. Al-Ouda, mwanachuo wa kidini na mmoja wa baba wa Sahwa, harakati ya kifandamentalisti iliyoamka na kuenea kote Saudi Arabia katika miaka ya 1980, ni mpinzani wa kuheshimiwa sana wa ujihadi. {{Citation needed|date=Septemba 2009}} Al-Ouda alimuuliza kiongozi wa al Qaida kwenye televisheni <blockquote>Ndugu yangu Osama, ni damu kiasi gani imemwagika? Watu wasio na hatia wangapi, watoto, wazee, na wanawake wameuawa ... katika jina la Al Qaeda? Je, utakuwa na furaha kukutana na Mwenyezi Mungu ukibeba mzigo wa hawa mamia ya maelfu au mamilioni [ya waathiriwa] nyuma yako? <ref name="theunraveling"> {{Harvnb|Bergen|Cruickshank|2008}}</ref></blockquote> Kulingana na uchunguzi wa Pew, msaada kwa Al Qaeda umekuwa ukipungua katika dunia ya Kiislamu katika miaka ya kuongoza hadi 2008. <ref>[http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/05/taking_stock_in_the_war_on_ter.html Taking Stock of the War on Terror]</ref> Idadi ya wanaosaidia mabomu ya kujiua nchini Indonesia, Lebanon, na Bangladesh, kwa mfano, imeshuka kwa nusu au zaidi katika miaka mitano iliyopita. Nchini Saudi Arabia, asilimia 10 tu sasa wana mtazamo mwema wa Al Qaeda, kulingana na uchunguzi wa Desemba na Terror Free Tomorrow, yenye makao yake makuu [[Washington]]. <ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/12/17/saudi.poll/index.html Uchunguzi wa 18 Desemba 2007: Most Saudis oppose al Qaeda]</ref> Katika mwaka wa 2007, [[Sayyed Imam Al-Sharif]], Mwarabu mshawishi wa Afghanistan aliyefungwa jela, "kiitikadi mwandamizi mzazi wa Al Qaeda", na msaidizi wa zamani wa takfir, aliondoa msaada kutoka al Qaeda na kitabu ''[[Wathiqat Tarshid Al-'Aml Al-Jihadi fi Misr w'Al-'Alam]] (Rationalizing Jihad in Egypt and the World).'' Ingawa kwa wakati mmoja ilihusishwa na al-Qaeda, katika Septemba ya 2009 [[LIFG]] ilikamilisha "kodi" mpya kwa jihad, hati ya kidini yenye kurasa 417 inayoitwa "Corrective Studies". Kutokana uaminifu wake na ukweli kwamba wanajihadi wengine kadhaa maarufu katika Mashariki ya Kati wamegeuka dhidi ya al Qaeda, uso kuhusu LIFG inaweza kuwa hatua muhimu kuelekea kuvunja usajili wa al Qaeda. <ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/11/09/libya.jihadi.code/ New jihad code threatens al Qaeda,] Nic Robertson na Paulo Cruickshank, ''[[CNN]],'' 10 Novemba 2009</ref> == Mfumo == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Marejeo == === Bibliografia === {{refbegin|colwidth=20em}} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Atwan | first = Abdel Bari | authorlink = Abd al-Bari Atwan | title = The Secret History of al Qaeda | url = https://archive.org/details/secrethistoryofa0000atwa | publisher = University of California Press | year = 2006 | location = Berkeley, CA | isbn = 9780520249745 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea jarida | last = Basile | first = Mark | title = Going to the Source: Why Al Qaeda's Financial Network Is Likely to Withstand the Current War on Terrorist Financing | journal = [[Studies in Conflict and Terrorism]] | volume = 27 | issue = 3 | month = Mei | year = 2004 | pages = 169–185 | doi = 10.1080/10576100490438237 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Benjamin | first = Daniel | authorlink = Daniel Benjamin | last2 = Simon | first2 = Steven | title = The Age of Sacred Terror | url = https://archive.org/details/ageofsacredterro00benj | publisher = Random House | year = 2002 | edition = 1st | location = | isbn = 0375508597 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Bergen | first = Peter | authorlink = Peter Bergen | title = Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden | url = https://archive.org/details/holywarincinside00berg | publisher = Free Press | year = 2001 | edition = 1st | location = New York | isbn = 0743234952 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Bergen | first = Peter | title = The Osama bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of al Qaeda's Leader | url = https://archive.org/details/osamabinladenikn0000berg | publisher = Free Press | year = 2006 | edition = 2nd | location = New York | isbn = 0743278925 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea habari | last = Bergen | first = Peter | last2 = Cruickshank | first2 = Paul | authorlink2 = Paul Cruickshank | title = The Unraveling: The jihadist revolt against bin Laden | work = [[The New Republic]] | volume = 238 | issue = 10 | date = 2008-06-11 | pages = 16–21 | url = http://www.tnr.com/toc/story.html?id=702bf6d5-a37a-4e3e-a491-fd72bf6a9da1 | accessdate = 2009-05-12 | ref = harv | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090705142813/http://www.tnr.com/toc/story.html?id=702bf6d5-a37a-4e3e-a491-fd72bf6a9da1 | archivedate = 2009-07-05 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Bin Laden | first = Osama | authorlink = Osama bin Laden | editor-last = Lawrence | editor-first = Bruce | editor-link = Bruce Lawrence | title = Messages to the World: The Statements of Osama bin Laden | url = https://archive.org/details/messagestoworlds00binl | year = 2005 | publisher = Verso | isbn = 1844670457 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Cassidy | first = Robert M. | authorlink = Robert Cassidy | title = Counterinsurgency and the Global War on Terror: Military Culture and Irregular War | url = https://archive.org/details/counterinsurgenc0000cass | publisher = Praeger Security International | year = 2006 | location = Westport, CT | isbn = 0275989909 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Coll | first = Steve | authorlink = Steve Coll | title = Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001 | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780141020808 | edition = 2nd | year = 2005 | publisher = Penguin Books | isbn = 0143034669 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Esposito | first = John L. | authorlink = John L. Esposito | title = Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam | url = https://archive.org/details/unholywarterrori0000espo_h9s9 | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2002 | location = New York | isbn = 0195154355 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Gunaratna | first = Rohan | authorlink = Rohan Gunaratna | title = Inside Al Qaeda | publisher = C. Hurst & Co. | year = 2002 | edition = 1st | location = London | isbn = 1850656711 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea jarida | last = Hafez | first = Mohammed M. | authorlink = Mohammed Hafez | title = Martyrdom Mythology in Iraq: How Jihadists Frame Suicide Terrorism in Videos and Biographies | journal = [[Terrorism and Political Violence]] | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | date = Machi 2007 | year = 2007 | pages = 95–115 | doi = 10.1080/09546550601054873 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Hoffman | first = Bruce | authorlink = Bruce Hoffman | contribution = The Emergence of the New Terrorism | editor-last = Tan | editor-first = Andrew | editor2-last = Ramakrishna | editor2-first = Kumar | title = The New Terrorism: Anatomy, Trends, and Counter-Strategies | url = https://archive.org/details/newterrorismanat0000work | pages = [https://archive.org/details/newterrorismanat0000work/page/n41 30]–49 | publisher = Eastern Universities Press | year = 2002 | location = Singapore | isbn = 9812102108 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Jansen | first = Johannes J.G. | authorlink = Johannes J.G. Jansen | title = The Dual Nature of Islamic Fundamentalism | url = https://archive.org/details/dualnatureofisla00jans | publisher = Cornell University Press | year = 1997 | location = Ithaca, NY | isbn = 080143338X | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea habari | last = McGeary | first = Johanna | title = A Traitor's Tale | work = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] | volume = 157 | issue = 7 | date = 2001-02-19 | pages = 36–37 | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,999237,00.html | accessdate = 2009-09-15 | ref = harv | archivedate = 2009-02-09 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090209074154/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,999237,00.html }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Napoleoni | first = Loretta | authorlink = Loretta Napoleoni | title = Modern Jihad: Tracing the Dollars Behind the Terror Networks | url = https://archive.org/details/modernjihadtraci0000napo | publisher = Pluto Press | year = 2003 | location = London | ref = harv | isbn = 0745321178 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Qutb | first = Sayyid | authorlink = Sayyid Qutb | title = [[Ma'alim fi al-Tariq|Milestones]] | publisher = Kazi Publications | year = 2003 | location = Chicago | isbn = 0911119426 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Rashid | first = Ahmed | authorlink = Ahmed Rashid | title = Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia | url = https://archive.org/details/talibanislamoiln0000rash_x9l1 | publisher = Yale University Press | year = 2002 | location = | isbn = 1860648304 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Reeve | first = Simon | authorlink = Simon Reeve (UK television presenter) | title = The New Jackals: Ramzi Yousef, Osama Bin Laden and the Future of Terrorism | url = https://archive.org/details/newjackalsramziy00reev | publisher = Northeastern University Press | year = 1999 | location = Boston | isbn = 1555534074 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Riedel | first = Bruce | authorlink = Bruce Riedel | title = The Search for al Qaeda: Its Leadership, Ideology, and Future | url = https://archive.org/details/searchforalqaeda00ried | publisher = Brookings Institution Press | year = 2008 | location = Washington, D.C. | isbn = 9780815774143 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Sageman | first = Marc | authorlink = Marc Sageman | title = Understanding Terror Networks | url = https://archive.org/details/understandingter00sage | publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press | year = 2004 | location = Philadelphia | isbn = 0812238087 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Trofimov | first = Yaroslav | authorlink = Yaroslav Trofimov | title = Faith At War: A Journey On the Frontlines of Islam, From Baghdad to Timbuktu | url = https://archive.org/details/faithatwarjourne0000trof | publisher = Picador | year = 2006 | location = New York | isbn = 9780805077544 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Wechsler | first = William F. | contribution = Strangling The Hydra: Targeting Al Qaeda's Finances | editor-last = Hoge | editor-first = James | editor-link = James F. Hoge, Jr. | editor2-last = Rose | editor2-first = Gideon | editor2-link = Gideon Rose | title = How Did This Happen? Terrorism and the New War | url = https://archive.org/details/howdidthishappen00hoge | publisher = PublicAffairs | year = 2001 | location = New York | pages = [https://archive.org/details/howdidthishappen00hoge/page/129 129]–143 | isbn = 1586481304 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Wright | first = Lawrence | authorlink = Lawrence Wright | title = The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 | url = https://archive.org/details/loomingtoweralqa00wrig | publisher = Knopf | year = 2006 | location = New York | isbn = 037541486X | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea habari | last = Wright | first = Lawrence | title = The Rebellion Within | work = [[The New Yorker]] | volume = 84 | issue = 16 | date = 2008-06-02 | pages = 36–53 | url = http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/06/02/080602fa_fact_wright?currentPage=all | accessdate = 2009-09-15 | ref = harv }} {{refend}} ---- {{refbegin}} * {{Rejea jarida | last = Akacem | first = Mohammed | title = Review: Modern Jihad: Tracing the Dollars behind the Terror Networks | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_2005-08_37_3/page/444 | journal = [[International Journal of Middle East Studies]] | volume = 37 | issue = 3 | date = Agosti 2005 | year = 2005 | pages = 444–445 | doi = 10.1017/S0020743805362143 | ref = harv }} * {{Rejea jarida | last = Bale | first = Jeffrey M. | title = Deciphering Islamism and Terrorism | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-east-journal_autumn-2006_60_4/page/777 | journal = [[Middle East Journal]] | volume = 60 | issue = 4 | date = Oktoba 2006 | year = 2006 | pages = 777–788 }} {{refend}} === Taarifa za Serikali === {{refbegin}} * {{Rejea tovuti | author = White House | title = Progress Report on the Global War on Terrorism | publisher = [[United States Department of State]] | date = Septemba 2003 | year = 2003 | url = http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/rpt/24087.htm | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20030922090723/http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/rpt/24087.htm | archivedate = 2003-09-22 | ref = harv | accessdate = 2009-12-09 }} * {{Rejea tovuti | last = Kronstadt | first = K. Allen | last2 = Katzman | first2 = Kenneth | title = Islamist Militancy in the Pakistan-Afghanistan Border Region and U.S. Policy | publisher = [[Congressional Research Service|United States Congressional Research Service]] | date = Novemba 2008 | year = 2008 | url = http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/113202.pdf | format = PDF | ref = harv }} {{refend}} === Filamu === {{refbegin}} * {{cite video | people = [[Adam Curtis]] | year2 = 2004 | title = [[The Power of Nightmares]] | publisher = BBC}} * [[Petro Taylor]]. (2007). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/age_of_terror/7306413.stm "Vita ya Magharibi".] ''Umri wa ugaidi,'' No 4, mfululizo 1. BBC. * {{cite video | people = Various commentators | year2 = 2007 | title = [[Islam: What the West Needs to Know]] | publisher = Quixotic Media}} {{refend}} == Viungo vya nje == * Idara ya Haki ya Marekani, [https://web.archive.org/web/20050331091340/http://www.usdoj.gov/ag/trainingmanual.htm Al Qaeda Training Manual] * [http://spaces.brad.ac.uk:8080/display/ssispsru/Home Utafiti wa Usalama wa Pakistan (PSRU)] {{Wayback|url=http://spaces.brad.ac.uk:8080/display/ssispsru/Home |date=20120915030412 }} * [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/al-qaida/ Al-Qaida] taarifa zinazoendelea kutoka ''[[The Guardian]]'' * [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/front Mwelekeo mpya wa Al Qaeda] kutoka ''[[PBS Frontline]],'' Januari 2005 [[Jamii:Ugaidi]] [[Jamii:Uislamu]] q5se21jipcgdf5rizgq3ajetexjsmst 0 33400 1599079 1575247 2026-09-23T06:15:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} {{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | Name = Charley Pride | Img = Charley-Pride 1981.JPEG | Img_capt = Pride performing at the [[Capital Centre]] on the 1981 [[Inauguration Day]] | Img_size = <!-- Only for images smaller than 220 pixels --> | Landscape = | Background = solo_singer | Birth_name = Charley Frank Pride | Born = {{birth date and age|1938|3|18}} | Died = | Origin = [[Sledge, Mississippi]], [[United States of America|USA]] | Instrument = [[Guitar]], vocals | Genre = [[Country Music]] | Occupation = Singer<br> [[Baseball player|Former Professional Baseball Player]]<br>business and radio station owner | Years_active = [[1966 in country music|1966]] – Present | Label = [[RCA Records|RCA]]<br> 16th Avenue<br>Music City | Associated_acts = | URL = http://www.charleypride.com/ }} '''Charley Frank Pride''' (alizaliwa [[18 Machi]] [[1938]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] na [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa rungu]]. Mafanikio makubwa wake yalikuja mapema hadi katikati ya [[miaka ya 1970]], wakati yeye alikuwa bora zaidi kuuza kwa [[Rekodi ya RCA]] tangu [[Elvis Presley]]. <ref>http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:fifuxql5ldde ~ T1</ref> Chati yake ya mafanikio na rekodi tangu mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1980 haikuvunjwa, lakini Pride aliendelea kutia fora. Pride ni mmoja wa [[Wamarekani weusi]] kuimba nyimbo hizo aliyepata mafanikio kwa kiasi kikubwa na aliyechaguliwa ndani ya [[Grand Ole Opry]]. ==Maisha ya Utotoni na Kazi== Pride alizaliwa [[Sledge, Mississippi]], mmoja wa watoto kumi wa mkulima maskini. Baba yake aitwaye yake "Charl Frank Pride," lakini kwa sababu ya makosa katika [[cheti cha kuzaliwa]], jina lake kisheria ni Charley Frank Pride.<ref name="CMHOF">[http://www.countrymusichalloffame.com/site/inductees.aspx?cid=158# Country Music Hall of Fame]</ref> Mapema, alianza kucheza gitaa. Ingawa yeye pia aliupenda muziki, moja ya ndoto zake kuu ilikuwa awe mchezaji wa mpira wa rungu. Mwaka 1952, yeye [[wakatua]] kwa ligi ya Memphis Red Sox Negro Amerika. Yeye wakatua vizuri, na, mwaka 1953, alitia saini mkataba na [[Boise]] Yankees, [[mashamba]] ya Hatari C [[timu]] ya [[New York Yankees.]] Wakati kwamba msimu, an kuumia unasababishwa kwake kupoteza "haradali" fastball yake, na yeye alitumwa kwa Yankees 'Hatari D timu [[Fond du Lac, Wisconsin.]] Baadaye kuwa msimu, wakati katika Ligi Negro na CLIPPERS [[Louisville]], yeye na mchezaji mwingine (Jesse Mitchell), walikuwa na kufanyiwa biashara na [[Birmingham Black Barons]] kwa basi ya timu. "Jesse nami tunaweza kuwa tofauti ya kuwa wachezaji pekee katika historia ya kufanyiwa biashara kwa kutumia magari," Pride aliandika kwa tawasifu yake ya 1994.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060913135646/http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/news/2006/060720.htm ] Baseball Hall of Fame website</ref> Yeye wakatua kwa ligi nyingine kadhaa madogo timu yake, matumaini ya kufanya kuwa na ligi kubwa bado hai. alionekana kuwa angeweza kuendeleza kazi ya mchezo huo, lakini [[jeshi ya Marekani]] ilipunguza mwendo huu. Baada ya kutumikia miaka miwili katika jeshi, alijaribu kurudi mpirani alioucheza.<ref name="72.14.253.104">[https://web.archive.org/web/20060913135646/http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/news/2006/060720.htm ] Baseball Hall of Fame</ref> Ingawa vikwazo kwa njia ya kuumia mkono wake , Pride alichezea ta [[Timberjacks]] ya [[Missoula Pioneers League]] (shamba klabu ya [[Cincinnati reds]]) kwa ufupi na mwaka 1960, alikuwa na jaribio katika mashirika [[California Angels]] (1961) na [[Mets New York]] (1962), lakini hakuchukuliwa na timu yoyote. Wakati ilikuwa dhahiri kwamba hangeweza kujikimi kuupitia mchezo huu, Pride alianza kazi ya uimbaji.<ref name="72.14.253.104" /> 5 Juni 2008, Charley, ndugu yake, Mack "The Knife" Pride, na wengine 28 walioishi Ligi ya wachezaji wa zamani walikuwa (Negro) "walitayarisha" [[timu za ligi kuu za mpira wa rungu thelathini]] timu katika usioridhisha wa juu mafanikio na kihistoria zilipoteza umuhimu katika ligi hiyo . Charley mara alichukua kwa [[Texas Rangers]] wakati ndugu yake alichukuliwa na [[Colorado Rockies]]. <ref>{{Rejea habari |url=http://texas.rangers.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20080529&content_id=2793671&vkey=news_tex&fext=.jsp&c_id=tex | title = Rangers to make Pride part of family|first=Shawn |last=Shroyer |publisher=''[[MLB.com]]'' | date = 2008-05-30|accessdate=2008-08-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103094137/http://texas.rangers.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20080529&content_id=2793671&vkey=news_tex&c_id=tex&fext=.jsp |archivedate=2013-11-03 }}</ref><ref>[http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20080529&content_id=2795840&vkey=draft2008&fext=.jsp Maalum Negro Ligi Rasimu | MLB.com: News]</ref> ==Kuinuka kwa umaarufu wake katika mziki== Wakati alipokuwa akiucheza mpira kwa biddi, Pride alihimizwa kujiunga na biashara ya muziki mkongwe wa nchi kwa na wanamziki wengine kama [[Sovine]] na [[Red Red Foley]], na alngojea kwa ghamu kuendeleza kazi hii. Mwaka 1958, katika [[Memphis, Tennessee]], Pride alitembelea [[studio ya Sun]] ya kuunda nyimbo.<ref>[http://www.gactv.com/gac/nw_headlines/article/0,3034,GAC_26063_5053276_,00.html ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gactv.com/gac/nw_headlines/article/0,3034,GAC_26063_5053276_,00.html |date=20141225072119 }} GACTV website</ref> Wimbo mmoja umeendelea kuhifadhiwa kwenye [[tepe]], na ulitolewa katika [[Uingereza]] kama sehemu ya sanduku-LP. Wimbo ni wa kutembea polepole unaoitwa "Walkin '(the Stroll)." <ref>[http://www.tickets--tickets.com/Event/3897/Charley-Pride.html ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tickets--tickets.com/Event/3897/Charley-Pride.html |date=20120207113212 }} Tickets.com website</ref> Baada wakijitahidi kupata [[mkataba]] na [[kampuni ya rekodi]], yeye hatimaye alivutia macho ya mtayarishaji [[Chet Atkins]]. Atkins alikuwa mtayarishaji wa muda mrevu katika [[Rekodi ya RCA]] ambaye alifanya nyota waimbaji kama [[Jim Reeves]], [[Skeeter Davis]] na wengine. Pride alitia saini ya mkataba na RCA mwaka 1966. Mwaka 1966, yeye alitoa wimbo wake wa kwanza kwa RCA, "Snakes Crawl at Night". Juu ya kumbukumbu ya wimbo huu redio kwa kuimbwa zaidi, mwimbaji alipatiwa jina la mabezo "Mwimbaji yimbo kongwe za Nchi Charley Pride". Wakati huu, muziki huu haukutambulika sana. Mara baada ya kutolewa kwa "Snakes Crawl at Night", alitoa wimbo mwingine unaoitwa "Before I Met You". Mara baada, wimbo wake wa tatu, "Just Between you and Me", ulitolewa. Wimbo huu hatimaye ulimletea mafanikio katika chati za ulimwengu za nyimbo hizi. Wimbo huu uliweza kufikia # 9 kwa chati za marekani. ==Umbali wa kazi yake== Mafanikio ya "Just Between you and me" ulikuwa mkubwa sana. Yeye alishinda [[tuzo ya Grammy]] kwa wimbo huu mwaka uliofuata. Mwaka 1967, yeye akawa wa binadamu mweusi wa kwanza kuonekana katika [[Grand Ole Opry]] tangu mchezaji [[DeFord Bailey]] katika 1925.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110809202325/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_tov/ai_2419100532/] Find Articles website</ref>]] Yeye pia alionekana mwaka 1967 juu ya [[maonyesho ya kampuni ya utangazaji ya Amerika iitwayo "The Lawrence Welk show".]] <ref>[http://stephist.livejournal.com/161003.html ] {{Wayback|url=http://stephist.livejournal.com/161003.html |date=20120207113305 }} Live Journal website</ref> Kati ya 1969 na 1971 aliimba nyimbo nane za pekena kuweka rekodi ya kuwa mwimbaji namba moja Marekani katika chati ya Marekani ya Parade: "All I Have to Offer You is Me", "I'm So Afraid of Losing You Again", "I Can't Believe That You've Stopped Lovin' Me", "I'd Rather Love You", "Is Anybody Goin' to San Antone?", "I Wonder Could I Live There Anymore?", "I'm Just Me", and "Kiss an Angel Good Morning". Mafanikio makuu ya nyimbo hizo kunaonyesha uzuri wake miakani 1960 na mapema miaka ya 1970, unaojulikana kama "[[Countrypolitan]]". =="Kiss an Angel Good Morning"== Mwaka 1971, atakuwa huru gani kuwa kubwa wake hit [["Kiss Malaika Good Morning"]], kuuza mamilioni kote,na kushinda taji ya [[Muungano wa Nchi Halisi]] mtumbuizaji bora zaidi wa Mwaka huo, vilevile kama Mwanaume muimbaji bora zaidi.<ref>[http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0150676.html ] Fact Monster website</ref> Yeye alishinda tuzo ya Mwanaume muimbaji bora zaidi tena katika 1972.<ref>[http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0150678.html ] Fact Monster website</ref> "Kiss an Angel Good Morning" kikawa kujilisho chake kikuu. Licha ya kuwa mshindi wa kipekee kwa wiki tano , mwishoni mwa 1971 na mapema 1972, wimbo wake wa pekee ulikuwa wa aina ya [[pop]] ulimshindia hidaya kochokocho kwa mara ingine. ==Pride wakati wa miaka ya 1970, 1980, na baadaye== Wakati wa mapumziko ya miaka ya 1970 na katika miaka ya 1980, Charley Pride iliendelea kuimba na kushinda kupitia ngoma zake. Viwango vyake miaka ya 1970 na 1980 ni pamoja na Is Anybody Goin' To San Antone?", "Mississippi Cotton Picking Delta Town," "Someone Loves You, Honey," "When I Stop Leaving, I'll Be Gone," "Burgers and Fries", "I Don't Think She's In Love Anymore", "Roll On Mississippi", "Never Been So Loved In (All My Life)" and "You're So Good When You're Bad." Kama waimbaji wengine, yeye ameimba kwa makumbusho na heshima ya [[Hank Williams]], pamoja na albamu ya nyimbo alizomuimbia "There's a Little Bit of Hank in Me", iliyokuwa na nyimbo za William aina ya klasiki "Kaw-Liga," "Honky Tonk Blues" na "You Win Again". Kiburi ina kuuzwa zaidi ya rekodi milioni 70. Alikaa katika rekodi ya [[RCA]] hadi 1986. Wakati alikasirika juu ya kampuni ya kurekodi kuendeleza wasanii kwapya zaidi na si wasanii wa awaliwaliokuwa na kampuni kwa miaka. Alihamia kwenye [[Rekodi ya Avenue 16]], ambapoalipanda hadi # 5 na wimbo, "Shouldn't it be Easier Than This." Aliziimba nyimbo zingine chache huko. Mapenzi ya Charleykwa mpira yaliendelea; siku ya kujiunga na [[Texas Rangers]] kwa mazoezi wakati wa Mafunzo ya kipupwe. Ni mfuasi mkuu wa Ramgers [[(Dallas]] anakoishi kwa miaka mingi), Pride huonekana mara kwa mara michezoni yao yao.<ref name="Charley Pride website">Charley Kiburi website</ref> Mwaka 2008, Pride alipokea tuzo la tume ya Mississippi kwa maisha mafanikio katika sanaa wakati wa shirika la Gavana wa Ubora wa Sanaa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cmt.com/news/articles/1578951/20080103/pride_charley.jhtml |title=CMT.com: Charley Kiburi kwa Mpokee Mississippi Heshima |accessdate=2009-12-11 |archive-date=2009-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210094340/http://www.cmt.com/news/articles/1578951/20080103/pride_charley.jhtml |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Binafsi== Pride alikutana mustakabali wake mke, kucheza besiboli Rozene wakati katika majimbo ya kusini. Walioana mwaka 1956. Wana paswa 2 wana (Kraig, Dion) na binti (Angela). Sasa wao kuishi katika mji wa Dallas, Texas.<ref name="Charley Pride website" /> Kraig sasa anakwenda kwa jina Carlton ikifuatiwa na ina kiasi fulani katika nyayo za baba yake alicheza kama msanii. Bendi yake, Carlton Kiburi na Sayuni ulianza katika San Marcos, Texas mwaka 1995 na wao kufanya mbalimbali rege, Fanki, na mziki wa nafsi kote Marekani. Mwaka 1994 aliandika Charley mwenza (na Jim Henderson) tawasifu yake, Pride: The Charley Pride Story. (Hadithi ya Pride) <ref>kwanza na William Morrow iliyochapishwa mwaka 1994, ISBN 068814232X</ref> Katika kitabu hiki unaonyesha kwamba yeye ana miaka kwa Jihadi kwa unyogovu. Kiburi alikuwa nduli iliyoondolewa kutoka kulia kwa koo yake mwaka 1997 katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Arkansas]] cha udaktari. Yeye alirudi tovuti katika Februari 2009 kwa utaratibu na kushangaza [[Seneti]] ya [[Arkansas]] kuimba nyimbo tano za ghafla. Yeye alikuwa alijiunga na Gavana [[Mike Beebe]] wakati wa maonyesho.<ref>Demillo, Andrew. [http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2009-02-12-pride-arkansas_N.htm Charley Kiburi inaongoza katika wimbo wabunge Arkansas,] [[USA Today,|''USA Today,'']] 2009/02/12.</ref> ==Wendo== * 1960, Pride aliishi Helena MT na Jeshi kucheza besiboli kwa Helena Smelterites. * Desemba 1966 – Alianza ushindi na kuingia chati ya nyimbo bora na "Just Between You and Me." Wimbo ingekuwa bora 10 chini ya miezi mitatu baadaye; mapema Imeshindwa chati. * 9 Agosti 1969 - alikuwa nambari moja na wimbo "All I Have to Offer You is Mimi." * 6 Septemba 1969 - inaonekana kwenye televisheni ya kitaifa juu ''[[ya Johnny Cash Onyesha]]'' kutumbuiza a [[Hank Williams]] ya nyimbo na [[fulusi.]] * 1971 - anafurahia kubwa hit wa kazi yake na milioni-seller "Kiss an angel Good Mornin '." Wimbo mara nane wake nambari 1 '''' chati, na ilitumia wiki tano juu ya chati. * 17 Septemba 1983 -maki zake na ya mwisho 29 No 1 hit on ''hati'' kwa "Night Games." Yeye bado sita katika muda wote orodha ya wengi No 1 hits nchi ya chati'''' . "Night Games" ungekuwa wimbo iliyopita alifanya kwa msanii mweusi kuwatwanga juu ya chti za mzikimpaka [[Darius Rucker]] 's [["Don't Think I Don't Think About It"]] kufikiwa # 1 mwaka 2008. * 1 Mei 1993 - alikubali mwaliko wa kujiunga na [[Grand Ole Opry]], katika mchakato wa kwanza mweusi kuwa [[Opry]] kawaida katika kuonyesha zaidi ya 70 mwaka historia. * 1994 - iliyotolewa [[tawasifu]] yake, ''Pride: The Charley Pride Story'' (iliyochapishwa na [[William Morrow]]). * Juni 1994 - aliheshimiwa na [[chama chamziki wa kikongwe]] tuzo la ubora la Pioneer . * Januari 1996 - Kiburi mara kuheshimiwa na tuzo kwa baragumu [[watangazaji Turner ]], kuashiria waamerika weusi bora. Wake hit 1981, "Roll On Mississippi", ni wimbo rasmi kufikiriwa ya hali yake ya nyumbani na kunyoosha ya Mississippi kupinduka mara aitwaye ajili yake na yeye headlined utendaji Krismasi maalum kwa Rais [[Bill Clinton]] na [[Hillary]] First Lady [[Clinton]] saa ya [[White House]]- * Julai 1999 - alipokea nyota yake mwenyewe juu ya [[Hollywood Walk of Fame.]] * 25 Machi 2003 - Missada ya Texas walimpa medali ya kisanaa.<ref>{{Rejea habari | author=Associated Press | title = Talented Texans to be Honored| url=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2003_3624907 | work=The Houston Chronicle | pages=2 | date = 7 Februari 2003| accessdate=2008-01-22}}</ref> * 27 Machi 2003 - akawa nambari18 kwa ''[[CMT]] kwa wanaume bora wa nyimbo kongwe.'' * 20 Mei 2003 - Kiburi's albamu, ''Comfort of Her Wings,'' ilitolewa katika [[Rekodi ya Halisi City]]. * 7 Novemba 2006 - albamu yake, ''Pride & Joy: Ya nyimbo za dini,'' ilitolewa katika Rekodi ya Halisi City. * 10 Januari 2008 - Alipewa tuzo la mafanikio kutoka [[Tume Sanaa Mississippi]] ==Maneno maarufu == * "Sina ngozi ilyovutika. mimi si rangi. Mimi ni Prida Charley tu, mwanadamu.<ref>http://www.montanakids.com/cool_stories/Famous_Montanans/pride.htm Montana Kids website</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.charleypride.com/ Tovuti Rasmi] * [http://mywebpages.comcast.net/mcityrecords481955/index.html Record Label] {{Wayback|url=http://mywebpages.comcast.net/mcityrecords481955/index.html |date=20061027001649 }} * [http://www.countrymusichalloffame.com/site/inductees.aspx?cid=158&search=GO wakati wa Nchi Music Hall of Fame] * [http://www.opry.com/MeetTheOpry/Members.aspx?id=97 saa ya Grand Ole Opry] {{Wayback|url=http://www.opry.com/MeetTheOpry/Members.aspx?id=97 |date=20061210015550 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pride, Charley}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1938]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] r2tiqwfxsy28aava4xaz48xo1pau8gr 0 33733 1599066 1575224 2026-09-23T04:45:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist |Img = Burningspear.jpg |Jina = Burning Spear ||Img_capt = |Background = solo_singer |Jina la kuzaliwa = Winston Rodney |Amezaliwa = {{birth date and age|1948|3|1|df=yes}} |Aina = [[Reggae]] |Kazi yake = |Miaka ya kazi = 1969 – present |Studio = [[Studio One]], [[Island Records|Island]], [[EMI]], [[Heartbeat Records|Heartbeat]], [[Slash Records|Slash]] |Ameshikiriana = |Tovuti = [http://www.burningspear.net/ www.burningspear.net] }} '''Winston Rodney''' (anajulikana kama '''Burning Spear'''; alizaliwa [[1 Machi]] [[1948]] <ref name="Thompson">^ Thompson, Dave: ''Reggae &amp; Caribbean Music,'' 2002, Backbeat Books, ISBN 0-87930-655-6, s. 51-54</ref><ref>^ Larkin, Colin: ''The Virgin Encyclopedia of Reggae,'' 1998, Virgin Books, ISBN 0-7535-0242-9</ref>) ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mwanamuziki]] mwenye mizizi ya [[Reggae]] kutoka nchini [[Jamaika]], aliyeshinda [[tuzo ya Grammy]]. Kama wengi wa [[wasanii]] maarufu wa Reggae, Burning Spear hujulikana kwa [[ujumbe]] wake wa [[Rastafari]]. ==Historia== Rodney alizaliwa katika Saint Ann's Bay, [[Saint Ann]], [[Jamaika]], kama [[Bob Marley]] na [[Marcus Garvey]] ambao wote walikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa katika maisha ya Rodney: Garvey katika [[falsafa]] yake, ambayo Burning Spear aliiamini sana, na Marley aliyemsaidia Burning Spear katika kuzindua wasifu wake katika sekta ya [[muziki]] (kulingana na baadhi ya akaunti) kwa kumjulisha kwa [[Clement Dodd]]. <ref name="Thompson" /> Rodney alikutana na Marley katika shamba lake mwaka 1969, na alimwambia kuwa alitaka kuingia katika biashara ya muziki, Marley naye alimshauri kuanza katika kiwanda cha Dodd [[Studio One]],<ref name="Thompson" /> [[Larry Marshall]] alidai kuwa ni yeye, wakati klipotembelea St Ann's Bay na [[Jackie Mittoo]], ambaye alikuwa alijiwa na Rodney, na akampa ushauri huu, na mpangilio kuanzishwa.<ref name="Barrow">barrow, Steve &amp; Dalton, Peter (2004) ''The Rough Guide to Reggae, 3rd edn.,'' Rough Guides, ISBN 1-84353-329-4, s. 95</ref> Burning Spear alikuwa awali katika kundi la Rodney, jina lake alipewa na [[Jomo Kenyatta]], [[Waziri Mkuu]] wa kwanza na [[Rais]] wa [[Kenya]], <ref name="Moskowitz" /> na awali walikuwa pamoja na mwimbaji Rupert Willington, na ilikuwa kundi hili lililoingia majaribio mnamo mwaka 1969, na kumbukumbu ya kwanza ilikuwa "Door Peep".<ref name="Thompson" /> Punde si punde walikuwa wameungwa na mwimbaji Delroy Hinds (ndugu wa [[Justin Hinds).]] <ref name="Thompson" /> Kundi hilo la watatu lilirekodi nyimbo kadhaa zaidi kwa Dodd, na albamu mbili, kabla ya kuhamia kufanya kazi na [[Jack Ruby]] mwaka 1975.<ref name="Thompson" /> Wimbo wao wa kwanza na Ruby, "Marcus Garvey", awali lilikuwa na lengo la wimbo wa kipekee wa [[redio]] ya Ruby [[Ocho Rios]] lakini ilitolewa kama wimbo wa umma maana ulipendwa sana na watu, kupata umaarufu wa haraka, na ulikuwa umefuatiliwa na wimbo mwingine uliofanikiwa uitwao "Slavery Days".<ref name="Thompson" /> Hizi rekodi zilifanywa na muungano wa bendi iitwayo The Black Disciples, ambayo ilikuwa na watu kama [[Earl "Chinna" Smith, Valentine Chin, Robbie Shakespeare]] na Leroy Wallace.<ref name="Thompson" /> Kikundi hiki kilifanya kazi na Ruby kutayarisha albamu yake ya tatu, ''[[Marcus Garvey]]'' (1976), ambayo ilikuwa na mafanikio ya mara moja na ilimpatia ushirikisho na [[Island Records]] ili wapate kufikia watu wengi zaidi.<ref name="Thompson" /> Kisiwa walibadilisha baadhi ya nyimbo, na hili liliwakasirisha mashabiki na kikundi chenyewe,<ref name="Greene">Greene, Jo-Ann [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&amp;sql=11:fifuxqq5ldfe~T1 "Burning Spear Biography",] [[Allmusic,|''Allmusic,'']] Macrovision Corporation</ref> na lilimfanya Rodney kuanzisha studio yake mwenyewe chini ya jina la Spear ambapo angekuwa na udhibiti kamili, ingawa matokeo mengine yangefuatiwa na Island kwa mfano albamu yake ya [[kuiga]] ''(Garvey's Ghost)'' na ''[[Man in the Hills]]''.<ref name="Thompson" /> Mwishoni mwa mwaka 1976, Rodney alijitenga kutoka kwa Ruby na wanakikundi Willington na Hinds, na kutoka wakati huo alitumia jina Burning Spear mwenyewe peke yake. ''Dry and Heavy'' ilifuata mwaka 1977, aliyotayarisha mwenyewe lakini bado akiwa katika Island, na wakati huu alikuwa na mashabiki kadhaa katika Uingereza,<ref name="Greene" /> yeye kutumbuiza katika London mwaka na wanachama wa bendi la [[Aswad]] wakimwunga mkono kwa onyesho katika [[Rainbow Theatre]], ambayo ilirekodiwa na kutolewa ''papo hapo!'' <ref name="Thompson" /> Aswad pia walimwunga mkono katika albamu yake iliyofuatia, ''[[Social Living]]'' (1978), ambayo pia ilifanywa na [[Sly Dunbar]] na [[Rico Rodriguez.]] <ref name="Thompson" /> Toleo la kuiga la albamu hiyo ''Living Dub'' (1979), ilikuwa imechanganywa na [[Sylvan Morris.]] <ref name="Thompson" /> Profaili yake iliinuliwa juu zaidi na tokeo lake katika filamu ''[[Rockers]],'' alipocheza "Jah no Dead".<ref name="Greene" /> Mwaka 1980, Rodney aliondoka Island Records, na kuanzisha studio ya Burning Spear, ambapo alisaini [[EMI]], <ref name="Greene" /> akianza studio na wimbo uitwao ''[[Hail H.I.M.]],'' iliyorekodiwa katika studio ya Marley iitwayo [[Tuff Gong]] na kutayarishwa na [[Aston Barrett]]. <ref name="Thompson" /> Toleo la kuiga la Sylvan Morris lilifuata katika namna ya ''Living Dub Volume Two.'' <ref name="Thompson" /> Mwaka 1982, Rodney alijisajili na [[Heartbeat Records]] na kutoa albamu kadhaa zilizopokewa vizuri, ikiwemo moja iliyopata tuzo la [[Grammy]] mwaka 1985 iitwayo ''Resistance.'' <ref name="Thompson" /> Yeye alirudi Island mapema katika miaka ya 1990, akitoa albamu mbili kabla ya kujiunga tena na Heartbeat. Burning Spear amezuru sana, na albamu zake kadhaa zimetolewa. Katika albamu yake ya 1999, ''[[Calling Rastafari]]'' ilimletea tuzo lake la kwanza la Grammy mwaka 2000,<ref name="Moskowitz">Moskowitz, Daudi V. (2006) ''Caribbean Popular Music: an Encyclopedia of Reggae, Mento, Ska, Rock Steady, na Dancehall,'' Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-33158-8, s. 45-46</ref> ustaarafu ambao alirudia na ''[[Jah Is Real]]'' mwaka 2009.<ref name="Rodman">Rodman, Sarah (2009) [http://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2009/07/03/roots_reggae_pioneer_keeps_it_8216real8217/ "Roots-reggae waanzilishi anayeshika ni 'Halisi'",] {{Wayback|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2009/07/03/roots_reggae_pioneer_keeps_it_8216real8217/ |date=20091128005053 }} [[Boston Globe,|''Boston Globe,'']] 3 Julai 2009, retrieved 20 Septemba 2009</ref> Katika miaka ya 1990, alianzisha kampuni ya Burning Music Production, ambapo alijitegemea, na mwaka 2002, yeye na mke wake, Sonia Rodney ambaye ametunga idadi ya albamu zake, walianzisha upya Burning Spear Records, kumpatia udhibiti wa kisanaa wa kiwango kikubwa zaidi.<ref name="Jackson" /><ref>[http://www.darmik.com/web/free_text.php?id=77 Burning Spear Biography,] {{Wayback|url=http://www.darmik.com/web/free_text.php?id=77 |date=20090218143347 }} Darmik</ref><ref name="Brooks">Brooks, Sadeke (2009) [http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20090201/ent/ent9.html "Grammy Nods Burning Spear matumaini",] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20090201/ent/ent9.html |date=20090313142630 }} [[Jamaika Gleaner,|''Jamaika Gleaner,'']] 1 Februari 2009, retrieved 20 Septemba 2009</ref> Yeye saini mkataba kwa uendelezaji na kampuni ya MRI / Ryko.<ref name="Devenish">Devenish, Colin (2004) [http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/burningspear/articles/story/6085655/burning_spear_a_free_man "Burning Spear a Free Man",] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/burningspear/articles/story/6085655/burning_spear_a_free_man |date=20080807164740 }} [[Rolling Stone,|''Rolling Stone,'']] 2 Juni 2004, retrieved 20 Septemba 2009</ref> Tangu katikati ya miaka ya 1990, amekuwa mjini [[Queens, New York.]] <ref name="Baxter"> Baxter, Nicky (1996) [http://www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/02.15.96/burn-spear-9607.html "Mwenye Tochi ya Reggae: Burning Spear anakumbuka siku za utumwa",] ''[[Metroactive]],'' 15-21 Februari 1996, retrieved 20 Septemba 2009</ref> Burning Spear alipatiwa amri ya kutofautisha katika safu ya Afisa tarehe 15 Oktoba 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070513102312/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/lifestyle/html/20071015T230000-0500_128382_OBS_ARTISTES_PRESENTED_WITH_NATIONAL_AWARDS.asp "Wasanii waliopata tuzo ya kitaifa",] ''[[Jamaica Observer]],'' 16 Oktoba 2007, retrieved 20 Septemba 2009</ref> Wimbo wake "We are Going" ulitumiwa katika filamu ya baiskeli iitwayo "Roam" iliyotayarishwa na The Collective. ==Tuzo== Burning Spear ana Tuzo mbili za Grammy alizoshinda kwa Albamu Bora ya Reggae; mmoja wakati wa sherehe ya 42 ya Tuzo za Grammy mwaka 2000 kwa ''Calling Rastafari,'' na moja kwa ajili ya 2009 ''Jah Is Real.'' Ameteuliwa kwa jumla ya Tuzo 12 za Grammy.<ref name="Brooks" /><ref> [http://theenvelope.latimes.com/factsheets/ "Fact Sheets - The Envelope,] ''[[LA Times]]''</ref> ''Mapendekezo ya Albamu Bora ya Reggae'' * 1986 [[Resistance|''Resistance'']] * 1988 ''[[People of the World]]'' * 1990 [[Live in Paris Zenith '88|''Live in Paris Zenith '88'']] * 1991 ''[[Mek We Dweet]]'' * 1994 ''[[The World Should Know]]'' * 1996 [[Rasta Business|''Rasta Business'']] * 1998 ''[[Appointment with His Majesty]]'' * 2000 [[Calling RASTAFARI|''Calling RASTAFARI'']] * 2004 ''[[Free Man]]'' * 2005 ''[[Our Music]]'' * 2008 [[The Burning Spear Experience|''The Burning Spear Experience'']] * 2009 [[Jah Is Real|''Jah Is Real'']] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.burningspear.net/ Tovuti Rasmi ya Burning Spear] {{Wayback|url=http://www.burningspear.net/ |date=20140408222459 }} * [http://www.burningspear.net/blog/ Winston Rodney's Blog] {{Wayback|url=http://www.burningspear.net/blog/ |date=20111003081748 }} * [http://www.musicbox-online.com/bspr-int.html Yetu Halisi: Zamani, Sasa, na baadaye na Burning Spear] - The Music Box, Vol. 12, # 11 * [http://brucecmoore.com/pages/burningspear.html Picha za utendaji] {{Pan-Africanism}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Burning Spear}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Jamaika]] 6nyy34fnwycji7v6b8d53qtkafbhlvv 0 33832 1598955 1392153 2026-09-23T02:47:30Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pan-African}} '''Walter Rodney''' ([[23 Machi]] [[1942]] - [[13 Juni]] [[1980]]) alikuwa [[mwanahistoria]] maarufu wa [[Guyana]] na mwanatakwimu wa kisiasa. Baada ya kuzaliwa katika [[familia]] ya [[wafanyakazi]], Rodney alikuwa mwanafunzi mwerevu, na aliweza kuhudhuria [[Chuo cha Queen's]] katika [[Guyana]] na kisha kuhudhuria kwa udhamini [[Chuo Kikuu cha West Indies]] katika [[Jamaika]] na kufuzu mwaka wa [[1963]]. ==Kazi== Walter Rodney aliweza kupata [[PhD]] yake mwaka [[1966]] katika [[Shule ya Oriental and African Studies]] mjini [[London]], [[Uingereza]]. Leng [[biashara]] ya [[watumwa]] kwenye pwani [[Guinea]] ghorofani. Jarida lilitolewa mwaka wa 1970 kwa jina, ''A History of the Upper Guinea, Coast, 1545-1800'' na ilipendekezwa sana kwa changamoto lake kwa hekima ya kawaida kwenye eneo hilo. Alisafiri sana akawa anajulikana kote [[duniani]] kama [[mwanaharakati]] na [[mwanachuoni]]. Yeye alifundisha kwa muda nchini [[Tanzania]] baada ya kufuzu, na baadaye katika [[Jamaika]] katika alma mater yake - UWI [[Mona]]. Rodney alikuwa na kina katika [[kiwango]] cha [[katikati]] kwa jukumu lake katika uhuru [[post-Caribbean]]. Yeye pia hakupendelea ubinafsi na alipendekeza mfumo wa maendeleo ya Kijamii. <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/capitalismsocialism.html | title=Walter Rodney Capitalism and Socialism Models | publisher=African Holocaust Society | accessdate=2007-01-04 | archivedate=2013-07-09 | archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Hze3NgiI?url=http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/capitalismsocialism.html }}</ref> Wakati serikali ya Jamaika, ikiongozwa na [[waziri mkuu]] [[Hugh Shearer]], ilimpiga marufuku, katika Oktoba [[1968]], kurejea nchini, kwa sababu ya utetezi wake kwa [[maskini]] wanaofanya kazi katika nchi hiyo, [[maandamano]] yalitokea, hatimaye kudai [[uhai]] wa watu kadhaa na kusababisha mamilioni ya dola kuharibika. Haya maandamano, ambayo yalianza tarehe 16 Oktoba 1968, kwa sasa yanajulikana kama [[maandamano ya Rodney]] na yalisababisha ongezeko katika mwamko wa kisiasa katika Karibi, hasa miongoni mwa [[Rastafarian]], [[dini]] ya Kiafrika ya Jamaika, kumbukumbu katika kitabu chake, ''The groundings with my brothers''. Rodney aliweza kuwa [[Mwafrika]] mashuhuri na alikuwa muhimu katika harakati za [[Uongozi wa watu Weusi]] katika Karibi na [[Amerika Kaskazini]]. Wakati alipoishi jijini [[Dar es Salaam]] alikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa katika kuendeleza kituo kipya cha Afrika cha kujifunza na majadiliano. ==Umaarufu katika elimu== [[Kitabu]] mashuhuri zaidi cha Rodney ''[[Jinsi Ulaya Ilivyorudisha Nyuma Afrika]]'', kilichapishwa mwaka [[1972]]. Katika kitabu hiki alielezea jinsi [[Afrika]] ambayo imetumiwa kwa njia mbaya na [[Ulaya]] na kusababisha [[kukosekana kwa maendeleo]] ya kisasa katika pande nyingi za [[bara]]. Kitabu kilikuwa mashuhuri na vilevile kilileta utata. ==Miaka ya baadaye na kuuawa== Katika mwaka wa [[1974]] Rodney alirejea [[Guyana]] kutoka Tanzania. Alitakiwa kuchukua nafasi kama [[profesa]] katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Guyana]] lakini [[serikali]] ilizuia miadi yake. Aliendelea kushiriki katika [[siasa]], na kutengeneza chama cha [[Working People's Alliance]] dhidi ya PNC ya serikali. Katika mwaka wa [[1979]] alikamatwa na kushtakiwa kwa [[uharibufu]] baada ya kuchomwa kwa [[ofisi]] [[mbili]] za serikali. Mwaka wa [[1980]], Rodney aliuawa kwa [[bomu]] katika [[gari]] lake wakati alipokuwa akigombea ofisi katika [[uchaguzi]] Guyana. Rodney aliishi na [[mke]] wake, Pat, na [[watoto]] wake watatu. [[Ndugu]] yake, Donald, ambaye alijeruhiwa katika mlipuko, alisema kuwa [[afisa]] wa [[Jeshi la Guyana]] aitwaye Gregory Smith ndiye alimpa Rodney bomu iliyomuua. Baada ya mauaji, Smith alikimbilia [[Guiana ya Kifaransa]] ambako alikufa mwaka wa [[2002]]. <ref>Pran 2002, [http://www.landofsixpeoples.com/news022/ns211247.htm 'Gregory Smith wafu, ripoti kusema',] {{Wayback|url=http://www.landofsixpeoples.com/news022/ns211247.htm |date=20160303174102 }} ''Stabroek News,'' 24 Novemba.</ref> Kifo cha Rodney kiliadhimishwa na [[Martin Carter]] kwa [[shairi]] lililotungiwa ''Walter Rodney.'' Mwaka wa [[2004]], mjane wake, Patricia, na watoto wake walichangia majarida kwa Robert L Woodruff Maktaba ya [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha [[Atlanta]]. Tangu mwaka wa 2004, kuna Kongamano la Walter Rodney linalofanyika kila mwaka tarehe 23 Machi (Siku ya kuzaliwa ya Rodney) katika Kituo chini ya udhamini wa Maktaba na Idara ya [[Sayansi ya Siasa chuo kikuu cha Atlanta]] na chini ya familia ya Rodney. == Maandishi yake == * ''Walter Rodney akizungumza: Kutengeneza mwafrika mwenye Busara'' (1990) * ''A Historia ya Waguyana Wanaofanya Kazi, 1881-1905'' (1981) * ''Marx katika Ukombozi wa Afrika'' (1981) * ''Mashamba ya sukari ya Wanaguyana katika karne ya kumi na tisa : kielezo kutoka "Argosy"'' (1979) * ''Vita vya Dunia Vya Pili na Uchumi wa Tanzania'' (1976) * ''Jinsi Ulaya imechangia maendeleo duni Afrika'' (1972) * ''Historia yapwani ya juu ya Guinea (1970)'' * ''Mateso pamoja na kaka wangu '' (1969) ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://rodney25.org/ Walter Rodney 25 Anniversary Kamati Commemoration] {{Wayback|url=http://rodney25.org/ |date=20070929102324 }} * [http://www.africanaphilosophy.com/?p=11 Walter Rodney's uzushi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.africanaphilosophy.com/?p=11 |date=20070927033605 }} na Neil Roberts. * [http://www.guyanacaribbeanpolitics.com/wpa/rodney_bio.html Rodney biography] {{Wayback|url=http://www.guyanacaribbeanpolitics.com/wpa/rodney_bio.html |date=20091225231111 }} * [http://www.guyanacaribbeanpolitics.com/wpa/rodney_literature.html Ya "Walter Rodney Effect"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.guyanacaribbeanpolitics.com/wpa/rodney_literature.html |date=20110515141746 }} * [http://historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/rodneylib.html Historia ya Afrika katika utumishi wa Black Ukombozi] * [http://historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/rodneyjackson.html George Jackson: Black Mapinduzi] * [http://historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/rodneystrspe.html Mitaani Speech] * [http://www.library.cornell.edu/africana/lecture/campbell.pdf/ Walter Rodney na Pan Africanism Leo na Horace Campbell] {{Pan-Africanism}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rodney, Walter}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1942]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1980]] [[Category:Waandishi wa Guyana]] [[Category:Wanahistoria wa Guyana]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Guyana]] 6o60xiwnaw1gsjl6vn8fes8zw2tgpgx 0 34029 1598956 1575902 2026-09-23T02:47:37Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598956 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Buchenwald Slave Laborers Liberation.jpg|thumb|right|[[Makambi ya KZ|Kambi]] la [[Buchenwald]] walipouawa [[halaiki]] ya watu kwa [[amri]] ya [[Adolf Hitler]].]] '''Mauaji ya kimbari''' ni ma[[angamizi]] ya [[mpango]] ya [[kundi]] zima la watu au ya [[sehemu]] yake kwa msingi wa [[taifa]], [[kabila]], [[rangi]] au [[dini]]. ==Ufafanuzi== Ingawa [[ufafanuzi]] fasaha haujapatikana, kutokana na tofauti kati ya [[wataalamu]] wa mauaji ya kimbari, ufafanuzi wa ki[[sheria]] hupatikana katika [[Mkataba wa Kuzuia na Kuadhibu Uhalifu wa Mauaji ya Kimbari]] (unaofupishwa "CPPCG" katika [[lugha]] ya [[Kiingereza]]) wa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] wa [[mwaka]] wa [[1948]]. [[Ibara]] ya 2 ya [[mkataba]] huo inayafafanua mauaji ya kimbari kama "Tendo lolote kati ya yale yafuatayo linalofanyika kwa nia ya kuharibu, kikamilifu au katika sehemu, kikundi cha kitaifa, kikabila, kirangi au cha kidini, kama vile: ma[[uaji]] ya watu wa kikundi hicho; kusababisha [[athari]] kubwa upande wa [[mwili]] au wa [[akili]] kwa watu wa kikundi hicho; kutwika kwa ma[[kusudi]] juu ya kundi hali za maisha, zinazonuiwa kuleta [[uharibifu]] wa mwili mzima au sehemu ya mwili; kuchukua hatua zinazonuiwa kuzuia [[wanawake]] wasijifungue katika kikundi hicho; [na] kuhamisha [[watoto]] wa kikundi hicho hadi kikundi kingine kwa lazima.<ref name=CPPCG>Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. ''[http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/p_genoci.htm Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide]'' <!--Retrieved 2008-10-22--></ref> Utangulizi wa CPPCG unasema kuwa matukio ya mauaji ya kimbari yamefanyika tangu [[jadi]],<ref name=CPPCG/> lakini haikuwa hadi [[Raphael Lemkin]] alipoyatunga maneno hayo na wahusika wa [[Mauaji ya kimbari ya Wayahudi]] waliposhtakiwa katika [[kesi za Nuremberg]]; ndipo Umoja wa Mataifa ulipokubaliana na CPPCG ambayo iliufafanua [[uhalifu]] wa mauaji ya kimbari ya watu chini ya [[sheria ya kimataifa]]. Kulikuwa na zaidi ya miaka 40 kati ya CPPCG kukamilika na ma[[shtaka]] ya kwanza chini ya ma[[sharti]] ya mkataba kufanywa. Hadi leo mashtaka yote ya kimataifa ya mauaji ya kimbari, hasa ya [[Mauaji ya kimbari ya Rwanda]], na [[Mauaji ya kimbari ya Srebrenica]], yamefanywa kupitia mahakama ya dharura ya kimataifa.<ref>Verdirame, Guglielmo "The Genocide Definition in the Jurisprudence of the ''Ad Hoc'' Tribunals", ''International & Comparative Law Quarterly'' (2000), 49 : 578-598 Cambridge University Press, doi:10.1017/S002058930006437X. [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=07E462EEFA2A366C7A6476B30AC9CB06.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=1531072 Abstract] {{Wayback|url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=07E462EEFA2A366C7A6476B30AC9CB06.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=1531072 |date=20110604115350 }}</ref> [[Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai]] iliundwa mwaka wa [[2002]] ikiwa na [[mamlaka]] ya kuwahukumu watu kutoka nchi ambazo zimetia [[saini]] mkataba huo, lakini hadi sasa haijamhukumu yeyote. Tangu CPPCG ianze kutumika mnamo Januari [[1951]], takriban [[nchi]] 80 ambazo ni wanachama wa Umoja wa Mataifa zimepitisha sheria ambayo inayajumuisha masharti ya CPPCG ndani ya sheria za nchi yao, na baadhi ya wahusika wa mauaji ya kimbari wamepatikana na [[hatia]] chini ya sheria za namna hizo, kama vile [[Nikola Jorgic]], ambaye alipatikana na hatia ya mauaji ya kimbari katika [[Bosnia]] na mahakama ya [[Ujerumani]] (Jorgic dhidi ya Ujerumani). Wakosoaji wa CPPCG wameangazia uwepo wa ufafanuzi finyu wa makundi yanayolindwa chini ya mkataba, hasa ukosefu wa [[ulinzi]] kwa makundi ya kisiasa, jambo ambalo linajulikana kama Mauaji ya watu wa kundi fulani la kisiasa (Mauaji hayo yamejumuishwa na mauaji ya kimbari katika baadhi ya nchi).<ref>Naomi Klein. ''The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism'', Macmillan, 2007 ISBN 0-8050-7983-1, 9780805079838. [http://books.google.com/books?id=b1uQNYbE8DkC&pg=PA101&lpg=PA101 p. 101], see footnote</ref> [[Tatizo]] moja ni kwamba hadi mkusanyiko wa [[kesi]] za sheria kutoka mashtaka upatikane, ufafanuzi fasaha wa kile ambacho mkataba ulimaanisha haukuwa umepimwa [[mahakama]]ni, kwa mfano, ni nini hasa maana ya maneno "katika sehemu"? Kadiri wahalifu wanavyozidi kufikishwa mahakamani chini ya mfumo wa mahakama ya kimataifa na kesi za mahakama za nchi, ndivyo [[mkusanyo]] wa [[hoja]] za kisheria na [[tafsiri]] za kisheria unavyosaidia kuyashughulikia ma[[suala]] haya. [[Ukosoaji]] mwingine wa CPPCG ni kwamba wakati vifungu vyake vimetumiwa na [[Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa]], vimetumiwa tu kuwaadhibu wale ambao tayari wametenda mauaji ya kimbari na wamekuwa wapumbavu kiasi kwamba wameacha [[ishara]] fulani iliyoandikwa. Ilikuwa ukosoaji huo uliosababisha kuundwa kwa [[Sheria ya Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa ya 1674]] na [[Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa]] tarehe [[28 Aprili]] [[2006]], ambayo inahimiza Baraza lichukue hatua ya kuwalinda [[raia]] katika [[vita]] na kulinda wakazi kutoka mauaji ya kimbari, uhalifu wa kivita, [[utakaso wa kikabila]] na uhalifu dhidi ya u[[binadamu]]. Wasomi wa mauaji ya kimbari, kama vile [[Gregory Stanton]], wamedadisi kwamba masharti na vitendo ambavyo mara nyingi hutokea kabla, wakati na baada ya mauaji ya kimbari - kama vile vikundi vya wahasiriwa kunyimwa [[utu]], [[upangaji]] kabambe katika makundi yanayofanya mauaji ya kimbari, na kukana kwa mauaji ya kimbari na wahusika wake - yanaweza kutambuliwa na hatua kuchukuliwa kukomesha mauaji ya kimbari kabla ya kutokea. Wakosoaji wa [[mbinu]] hii, kama vile [[Dirk Moses]], wamedai kwamba haya hayafafani na mambo jinsi yalivyo na kwamba, kwa mfano, ''"[[Michafuko ya Darfur]] itakamilika kwa wakati utakaozifaa nguvu kubwa ambazo zina mambo yatakayozifaidi katika kanda hiyo"''. ==Utunzi wa msamiati "Genocide"== Maneno "mauaji ya kimbari" yalianzishwa na Lemkin Raphael ([[mwanachuoni]] wa kisheria mwenye asili ya [[Myahudi|Kiyahudi]] aliyezaliwa [[Polandi]] [[1900]]-[[1959]]), mnamo mwaka wa [[1944]], kwanza kutoka [[Kilatini]] "gens, gentis," kumaanisha "kuzaliwa, kabila, ukoo, aina" au mzizi wa [[Kigiriki]] "génos" (γένος) (maana sawa); pili kutoka Kilatini -"cidium" (kukata, na kuua) kupitia [[Kifaransa]] -"cide".<ref>Oxford English Dictionary, second edition draft entry 2004. "genocide".</ref><ref>Raphael Lemkin ''Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation - Analysis of Government - Proposals for Redress'' [http://www.preventgenocide.org/lemkin/AxisRule1944-1.htm Chapter IX: ''Genocide a new term and new conception for destruction of nations''], (Washington, D.C.: [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]], 1944), pages 79 - 95</ref> Mwaka wa [[1933]], Lemkin aliitayarisha [[insha]] yenye kichwa: ''[[Uhalifu wa Kinyama]]'' ambapo mauaji ya kimbari yalionyeshwa kuwa uhalifu dhidi ya sheria za kimataifa. Dhana ya uhalifu, ambayo baadaye ilibadilika na kuwa wazo la mauaji ya kimbari, ilitokana na [[mang'amuz]]i ya [[Waashuri]] <ref name="Euro">[http://www.europaworld.org/issue40/raphaellemkin22601.htm Raphael Lemkin] - EuropeWorld, 22/6/2001</ref> waliouawa kinyama nchini [[Iraq]] tarehe [[11 Agosti]] 1933. [[Tukio]] la Iraq lilimpa Lemkin "kumbukumbu ya kuchinjwa kwa [[Armenia|Waarmenia]]" kwa mikono ya [[Waturuki]] miaka [[1915]]-[[1916]], wakati wa [[Vita Vikuu Vya Kwanza Vya Dunia]].<ref name="Euro" /> Aliliwakilisha [[pendekezo]] lake la kwanza la kuyafanya "matendo kama hayo ya kinyama" yawe hatia kwa Baraza la Sheria la [[Shirikisho la Mataifa]] mjini [[Madrid]] mwaka huohuo. Pendekezo lilishindikana, na kazi yake haikuifurahisha [[serikali]] ya Polandi, ambayo wakati huo ilikuwa ikiifuata [[sera]] ya [[upatanisho]] na [[Ujerumani]] wa [[Nazi (siasa)|Kinazi]].<ref name="Euro" /> Mwaka wa 1944, [[Taasisi ya Carnegie kwa Amani ya Kimataifa]] ilachapisha maandishi muhimu zaidi ya Lemkin, yaliyoitwa ''[[Utawala wa Kiaksisi Katika Ulaya Iliyokuwa si Huru]]'', nchini [[Marekani]]. [[Kitabu]] hicho kilikuwa na [[uchambuzi]] wa kina wa kisheria wa [[utawala]] katika nchi zilizosimamiwa na Ujerumani wa Kinazi wakati wa [[Vita Vikuu Vya Pili Vya Dunia]], pamoja na ufafanuzi wa maneno ''mauaji ya kimbari''.<ref>"By 'genocide', we mean the destruction of a nation or of an ethnic group." ''Axis Rule in Occupied Europe'', ix. 79. As quoted in the 3rd ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]''.</ref> Wazo la Lemkin la mauaji ya kimbari kama [[kosa]] dhidi ya sheria za kimataifa lilikubalika na [[jamii]] ya kimataifa na lilikuwa mojawapo kati ya [[sheria msingi]] za [[Mashitaka ya Nuremberg]] (mashitaka ya viongozi 24 wa Kinazi) iliyotilia mkazo katika sehemu ya 3 kuwa watuhumiwa "walifanya mauaji ya kimbari kwa makusudi na kwa utaratibu - yaani, kuviaangamiza vikundi vya rangi na vya kitaifa ..." <ref>''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' "Genocide" citing ''Sunday Times'' 21 Oktoba 1945.</ref>) Lemkin aliiwasilisha [[rasimu]] ya [[azimio]] la Mkataba wa mauaji ya kimbari kwa nchi kadhaa katika [[jitihada]] za kuzishawishi zilidhamini azimio hilo. Kupitia msaada wa Marekani, azimio liliwekwa mbele ya Mkuu wa Bunge lizingatiwe. Akiyafafanua mauaji ya kimbari mwaka wa [[1943]], Lemkin aliandika: {{quotation|Kiujumla, mauaji ya kimbari si lazima yamaanishe uangamizaji wa taifa mara moja, isipokuwa yanapofuatwa na mauaji ya halaiki ya watu wote wa taifa hilo. Inanuiwa kuashiria mpango wa hatua mbalimbali zenye nia ya kuangamiza misingi muhimu ya maisha ya vikundi vya kimataifa, zikiwa na nia ya kuviangamiza vikundi hivi vyenyewe. Lengo la mpango kama huo utakuwa kubomoa miundo-msingi ya kisiasi na kijamii, ya tamaduni, lugha, hisia za kitaifa, dini na kuwepo kwa vikundi vya kitaifa kiuchumi, na uharibifu wa usalama wa kibinafsi, uhuru, afya, heshima na hata maisha ya watu binafsi katika vikundi hivyo.<ref>Raphael Lemkin, [http://www.preventgenocide.org/lemkin/AxisRule1944-1.htm Axis Rule in Occupied Europe] (Wash., D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1944), p. 79.</ref>}} ==Mauaji ya kimbari kama uhalifu== === Chini ya sheria ya kimataifa === Kufuatia mauaji ya kimbari ya Wayahudi, Lemkin alifanikiwa katika kampeni za kukubalika ulimwenguni kote kwa [[sheria za kimataifa]] zilizoyafafanua mauaji ya kimbari na kuyapinga. Mnamo mwaka wa 1946, kikao cha kwanza cha Mkutano Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa]] kilipitisha azimio la Mkutano Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa Sheria 96 "lililosisitiza" kwamba mauaji ya kimbari yalikuwa hatia chini ya sheria ya kimataifa, lakini ambalo halikutoa ufafanuzi wa kisheria wa uhalifu huo. Mnamo mwaka 1948, Mkutano Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa uliukubali "Mkataba wa Kuzuia na Kuadhabu Uhalifu wa Mauaji ya Kimbari" ambao ulifafanua kisheria kwa mara ya kwanza mauaji ya kimbari. "CPPCG" ilipitishwa na Mkutano Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa mnamo tarehe 9 Desemba 1948 na ikawa rasmi mnamo 12 Januari 1951 (Sheria nambari 260 (III)). Inayo ufafanuzi unaotambulika kimataifa wa mauaji ya kimbari ambao uliingizwa kwenye sheria ya jinai ya kitaifa ya nchi nyingi, na ilikubalika na Katiba ya [[Roma]] ya Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai, mkataba ambao ulianzisha [[Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai]] (ICC kwa lugha ya Kiingereza). Mkataba (katika ibara ya 2) unafafanua mauaji ya kimbari: {{quotation|...tendo lolote kutoka ya yale yafuatayo linalofanyika na nia ya kuharibu, kikamilifu au katika sehemu, kikundi cha kitaifa, kikabila, kirangi au kundi la kidini, kama vile : (a) mauaji ya watu wa kikundi hicho; : (b) kusababisha athari kubwa ya kimwili au kiakili kwa watu wa kikundi hicho; : (c) kuzitwika kimakusudi juu ya kundi hali za maisha, zinazonuiwa kuleta uharibifu wa mwili mzima au sehemu ya mwili; : (d) kuchukua hatua zinazonuiwa kuzuia wanawake wasijifungue) katika kikundi hicho; : (e) kuhamisha watoto wa kikundi hicho hadi kundi lingine kwa lazima.|Mkataba wa Kuzuia na Kuadhibu Hualifu wa Mauaji ya Kimbari, Ibara ya II }} Rasimu ya kwanza ya Mkataba iliyajumuisha mauaji ya kisiasa, lakini [[Muungano wa Jamhuri za Kisosholisti za Kisovyeti]] <ref>{{Rejea kitabu |author=Robert Gellately & Ben Kiernan |title=The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=2003|isbn=0521527503 | pages= 267 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ay76mYBLU3sC&pg=PA267&dq=where+Stalin+was+presumably+anxious+to+avoid+his+purges+being+subjected+to+genocidal+scrutiny&ei=spQHR_3wH4PupwLX9JCgDQ&ie=ISO-8859-1&sig=suohkDH9HmLiBxpySx1tf8bEOn8}}</ref> pamoja na baadhi ya mataifa mengine yalikataa hatua dhidi ya makundi yaliyotambuliwa kuwa na maoni sawa ya kisiasa au hali ya kijamii yatambulike kama mauaji ya kimbari,<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |author=Staub, Ervin |title=The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |pages= 8|isbn=0-521-42214-0 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=29u-vt_KgGEC&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=genocide+political+economic+groups+soviet+union&source=web&ots=uDb44sHgNn&sig=p3cz359teRaU5hdnZD7bImddDP4#PPA8,M1}}</ref> kwa hivyo, masharti haya hatimaye yaliondolewa katika maelewano ya kisiasa na kidiplomasia. {{quotation| Mkataba ulionekana kukubalika kwa minajili ya kuwasaidia watu katika taabani na raia. Malengo yake ni kulinda kuwepo kuwa vikundi fulani vya watu na kutilia mkazo na kusisitiza zile kanuni za kimsingi za utu na maadili. Kulingana na haki zilizopo, majukumu ya kisheria ya kujiepusha na mauaji ya kimbari yanafahamika kama ''[[erga omnes]]'' </br></br> Wakati mkataba uliporasimiwa kwa mara ya kwanza, tayari ilitarajiwa kuwa haungetumika tu kwa kwa aina ya mauaji ya kimbari ya wakati huo, bali ungetumika "kwa mbinu yoyote ambao huenda ingeundwa siku za usoni kwa madhumuni ya kuangamiza kikundi fulani".<ref>From a statement made by Mr. Morozov, representative of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, on 19 Aprili 1948 during the debate in the Ad Hoc Committee on Genocide (E/AC.25/SR.12).</ref> Jinsi ilivyosisitizwa katika utangulizi wa Mkataba, mauaji ya kimbari yameadhiri enzi zote za kihistoria, na ni kwa kulifahamu swala hili la kusikitisha ambapo dhana hii inapewa hali yake ya kubadilika ya kihistoria. </br></br> Mkataba lazima utafsiriwe kwa nia nzuri, kulingana na maana ya kawaida ya maneno yake, katika muktadha wa maneno hayo, na kwa mujibu wa chombo na lengo lake. Isitoshe, nakala ya Mkataba inafaa itafsiriwe kwa namna itakayowezesha sababu na maana ipewe kwa kila neno. Hakuna neno au sehemu nyeti ambayo inafaa kupuuzwa au kufanywa kana kwamba imetumia maneno mengi bure, labda tu ikiwa kufanya hivi kunahitajika kutupea maana kwa maswala yatakaposomwa kikamilifu.<ref>See Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, opened for signature on 23 Mei 1969, United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 1155, No. I-18232.</ref> </br></br> Mauaji ya kimbari ni hatia chini ya sheria ya kimataifa bila kujali "ikiwa makosa yalitendwa katika kipindi cha amani au vita" (ratiba ya I). Kwa hivyo, muktadha ambapo jambo lilitokea haujalishi (kwa mfano, wakati wa amani, wakati wa migogoro ndani ya kitaifa, migoro ya kimataifa ya silaha au kiujumla yoyote yanayoendela) mauaji ya kimbari ni hatia ya kimataifa inayoadhibika. – |Kamati ya Wataalamu ya Umoja wa Mataifa iliyochunguza ukiukaji wa sheria ya kimataifa ya kibinadamu katika eneo la Yugoslavia ya zamani.<ref>[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/I-II.htm#I Mandate, structure and methods of work: Genocide I] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/I-II.htm#I |date=20070621223751 }} of the [http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/Intr.htm UN Commission of Experts] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/Intr.htm |date=20071113130411 }} to examine violations of international humanitarian law committed in the territory of the former Yugoslavia, created by [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 780|Security Council resolution 780]] (1992) of 6 Oktoba 1992.</ref>}} ==== Nia ya kuharibu ==== Mnamo mwaka wa 2007 Mahakama ya Ulaya ya [[Haki za Kibinadamu]] (ECHR kwa lugha ya Kiingereza), ilibainisha katika uamuzi wake wa kesi ya ''Jorgic dhidi ya Ujerumani'' kuwa mnamo mwaka wa 1992 wasomi wengi wa kisheria walikuwa na mtazamo finyu kwamba "nia ya kuharibu" katika CPPCG ilimaanisha uharibifu wa kimwili na kibaiolojia wa kundi lenye ulinzi na kwamba haya bado yalikuwa maoni ya wengi. Lakini ECHR pia ilibainisha kuwa wachache walikuwa na mtazamo mpana na hawakufikiri uharibifu wa kimwili na kibaiolojia ulikuwa muhimu kwani dhamira ya kuharibu kundi la kitaifa, kirangi, kidini au kikabila ilitosha kuhitimu kuwa mauaji ya kimbari.<ref>European Court of Human Rights [https://web.archive.org/web/20110526110447/http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/viewhbkm.asp?sessionId=1448788&skin=hudoc-en&action=html&table=F69A27FD8FB86142BF01C1166DEA398649&key=63590&highlight= Judgement in Jorgic v. Germany (Application no. 74613/01)] paragraphs 18, 36,74</ref> Katika hukumu iyo hiyo ECHR ilipitia uamuzi wa mahakama kadhaa ya kimataifa na ya kimanisipaa na Ilibainisha kuwa Mahakama ya Kimataifa la Jinai ya Yugoslavia ya Zamani na Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Haki yalikuwa yamekubali kupitia ufafanuzi finyu, kwamba uharibifu wa kibaiolojia na kimwili ulikuwa muhimu kwa tendo kuhitimu kuwa mauaji ya kimbari. ECHR pia ilibainisha kuwa wakati wa uamuzi wake, mbali na mahakama nchini Ujerumani ambayo yalikuwa na mtazamo mpana, kulikuwa na kesi chache za mauaji ya kimbari chini katika nchi zingine zilizokuwa miongoni mwa [[sheria]] manisipaa za nchi zilizokuwa zimetia sahini mkataba na kwamba "Hakuna kesi zilizoripotiwa ambapo mahakama ya nchi hizo yamefafanua aina ya uharibifu wa kikundi ambao lazima mhalifu awe amekusudia ili kupatikana na hatia ya mauaji ya kimbari".<ref>European Court of Human Rights [https://web.archive.org/web/20110526110447/http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/viewhbkm.asp?sessionId=1448788&skin=hudoc-en&action=html&table=F69A27FD8FB86142BF01C1166DEA398649&key=63590&highlight= Judgement in Jorgic v. Germany (Application no. 74613/01)] paragraphs 43-46</ref> ==== Katika sehemu ==== Maneno "kikamilifu au katika sehemu" yamejadaliwa kwa kina na wasomi wa sheria ya kibinadamu ya kimataifa.<ref>[http://efchr.mcgill.ca/WhatIsGenocide_en.php?menu=2 What is Genocide?] {{Wayback|url=http://efchr.mcgill.ca/WhatIsGenocide_en.php?menu=2 |date=20070505161753 }} McGill Faculty of Law (McGill University)</ref> Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai ya Yugoslavia ya Zamani yalibainisha katika kesi la "Mwendesha mashitaka dhidi ya Radislav Krstic - Chumba cha Kesi I - uamuzi- IT-98-33 (2001) ICTY8 (2 Agosti 2001)" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2001/8.html |title=Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic - Trial Chamber I - Judgment - IT-98-33 (2001) ICTY8 (2 August 2001) |accessdate=2009-12-26 |archive-date=2012-05-25 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120525111049/http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2001/8.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> kwamba mauaji ya kimbari yalikuwa yametendeka. Katika "Mwendesha dhidi ya Radislav Krstic - Chumba cha Rufaa - Uamuzi- IT-98-33 (2004) ICTY 7 (19 Aprili 2004) " <ref name=PvRKappel>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2004/7.html |title=Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic - Appeals Chamber - Judgment - IT-98-33 (2004) ICTY 7 (19 April 2004) |accessdate=2009-12-26 |archive-date=2014-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823231159/http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2004/7.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> aya za 8, 9, 10, na 11 zilifumbua suala la "katika sehemu" na zilipata kuwa "sehemu lazima iwe sehemu muhimu ya kundi. Lengo la Mkataba wa Mauaji ya Kimbari ni kuzuia uangamizaji wa kimakusudi wa makundi zima ya binadamu, na sehemu iliyolengwa lazima iwe muhimu kiasi cha kuadhirisha kundi zima." Mahakama ya Rufaa inapeana maelezo zaidi ya kesi zingine na maoni ya wachambuzi wa kuheshimika kuhusu Mkataba wa Mauaji ya kimbari kuelezea jinsi walivyolifikia hitimisho hili. Waamuzi wanaendelea katika aya ya 12, “Uamuzi wa ikiwa wakati sehemu inayolengwa inatosha kukidhi mahitaji haya unabidi maswala mengi yazingatiwe. Ukubwa wa kiidadi wa sehemu ya kikundi inayolengwa ndiyo sehemu muhimu na inayofaa kuanzia, ingawa sio mwisho wa uchunguzi katika matukio yote. Idadi ya watu binafsi wanaolengwa lazima inakiliwe si tu kwa ujumla, lakini pia kwa uhusiano na ukubwa wa kijumla wa kundi zima. Bali na ukubwa wa kiidadi wa sehemu inayolengwa, umuhimu wake katika kundi unaweza kuwa wazo muhimu. Ikiwa sehemu maalum ya kikundi inaweza kuliwakilisha kundi lote kiujumla, au ni muhimu kwa uhai wake, hilo linaweza kuunga mkono wazo kuwa sehemu hiyo inahitimu kama muhimu kulingana na maana ya Ibara ya 4 [ya Katiba ya Mahakama].” <ref>[http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2004/7.html Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic - Appeals Chamber - Judgment - IT-98-33 (2004) ICTY 7 (19 April 2004)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2004/7.html |date=20140823231159 }} See Paragraph 6: "Article 4 of the Tribunal's Statute, like the Genocide Convention, covers certain acts done with "intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such."</ref><ref>[http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/icty/statute.html Statute of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991], U.N. Doc. S/25704 at 36, annex (1993) and S/25704/Add.1 (1993), adopted by Security Council on 25 Mei 1993, U.N. Doc. S/RES/827 (1993).</ref> Katika aya ya 13 ya waamuzi wanaangazia suala la wahalifu kuweza kuwafikia waathirika: “mifano ya kihistoria ya mauaji ya kimbari pia inaonyesha kwamba eneo la wahalifu, wanalojishughulisha nalo na kulidhibiti, na pia kiwango wanachoweza kufikia, yanafaa kutiliwa maanani... Dhamira ya kuharibu inayoundwa na mhalifu wa mauaji ya kimbari daima itakomeshwa na upungufu wa nafasi inayopatikana kwake. Ingawa sababu hii pekee haitaonyesha kama kundi linalolengwa ni la kutosha, inaweza - ikihusishwa pamoja na mambo mengine - kusaidia katika uchambuzi.” <ref name=PvRKappel /> ==== CPPCG kufanywa kuwa na nguvu za kisheria ==== Baada ya nchi chache 20 zilizohitajika kuupitisha Mkataba kutia sahihi, ulifanywa kuwa sheria ya kimataifa mnamo tarehe 12 Januari 1951. Hata hivyo wakati huo, wanachama wawili pekee kati ya wanachama tano wa kudumu wa Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa (UNSC kwa Kiingereza) walikuwa wametia sahini mkataba: [[Ufaransa]] na [[Jamhuri ya Uchina]]. Hatimaye [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] ulitia sahini mnamo mwaka wa 1954, [[Uingereza]] mnamo mwaka wa 1970, [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa Uchina]] mnamo mwaka wa 1983 (Ikiwa imeingia badala ya Jamhuri ya Uchina yenye makao Taiwan katika UNSC mnamo mwaka wa 1971), na [[Marekani]] mnamo mwaka wa 1988. Kukawia huku kurefu kuunga mkono Mkataba wa mauaji ya Kimbari na mataifa yenye nguvu duniani kulisababisha Mkataba kutotumika kwa zaidi ya miongo minne. Ni tu katika miaka ya 1990 ndipo sheria ya kimataifa ya uhalifu wa mauaji ya kimbari ilipoanza kutekelezwa. ==== Wajibu wa Baraza la Usalama kulinda ==== [[Sheria ya Baraza la Usalama la [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] nambari 1674, iliyopitishwa na Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa mnamo tarehe 28 Aprili 2006, "inatilia mkazo masharti ya aya za 138 na 139 za Nyaraka ya Matokeo ya Mkutano wa Dunia wa mwaka 2005 kuhusu wajibu wa kuwalinda wakazi kutoka mauaji ya kimbari, uhalifu wa kivita, utakaso wa kikabila na uhalifu dhidi ya ubinadamu".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://domino.un.org/UNISPAl.NSF/361eea1cc08301c485256cf600606959/e529762befa456f8852571610045ebef!OpenDocument |title=Resolution 1674 (2006) |accessdate=2009-12-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223154915/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAl.NSF/361eea1cc08301c485256cf600606959/e529762befa456f8852571610045ebef%21OpenDocument |archivedate=2009-02-23 }}</ref> [[Azimio la Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa|azimio]] linapea Baraza jukumu la kuchukua hatua kuwalinda raia wakati wa vita. === Chini ya sheria ya nchi === Tangu Mkataba wa Kuzuia na Kuadhibu Uhalifu wa Mauaji ya Kimbari (CPPCG kwa Kiingereza) ulipofanywa kuwa sheria mnamo Januari mwaka wa 1951 zipatazo nchi 80 ambazo ni wanachama wa Umoja wa Mataifa zimepitisha sheria ambayo inajumuisha masharti ya CPPCG katika [[sheria]] zao za kimanispaa. ==Ukosoaji wa CPPCG na fafanuzi mbalimbali za mauaji ya kimbari== William Schabas amependekeza kuwa kuwepo kwa mwili wa kudumu kama ilivyopendekezwa katika Ripoti ya Whitaker kufuatilia utekelezaji wa Mkataba wa mauaji ya kimbari, na kuhitaji nchi kutoa ripoti kuhusu jinsi zinavyoufuata mkataba (kama zile zilizojumuishwa ndani ya Itifaki Isiyo ya Lazima ya Mkataba dhidi ya Mateso ya Umoja wa Mataifa) , kutaufanya mkataba uwe na ufanisi zaidi.<ref>William Schabas ''War crimes and human rights: essays on the death penalty, justice and accountability'', Cameron May, 2008 ISBN 1-905017-63-4, 9781905017638. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SPhGSg_5Go0C&pg=PA791&dq=Whitaker+Report+Sub+commision&lr=&as_brr=3#PPA791,M1 p. 791] </ref> Wakiandika mnamo mwaka wa 1998 Kurt Jonassohn na Karin Bjørnson walisema kuwa CPPCG ilikuwa chombo cha kisheria kilichotokana na maafikiano ya kidiplomasia. Kwa hivyo, maneno ya mkataba hayafai kuwa ufafanuzi ufaao kutumika kama zana ya utafiti, na ingawa inatumika kwa kusudi hili, kwani ina hadhi ya kisheria ya kimataifa ambayo nyingine hazina, ufanunuzi mbalimbali pia umedadisiwa. Jonassohn na Bjørnson wanazidi kusema kwamba hakuna fafanuzi mbadala kati ya hizi ambazo zilizopata msaada mwingi kwa sababu mbalimbali.<ref name=Jonassohn-133-135>Kurt Jonassohn & Karin Solveig Björnson, ''Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations in Comparative Perspective: In Comparative Perspective'', Transaction Publishers, 1998, ISBN 0-7658-0417-4, 9780765804174. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jIxCUXI38zcC&pg=PA133&lr=&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES pp. 133-135]</ref> Jonassohn na Bjørnson wanadadisi kuwa sababu kuu ya ukosefu wa ufafanuzi wa kiujumla wa mauaji ya kimbari kuibuka ni kuwa wasomi wameurekebisha mtazamo wao ili kuvisisitiza vipindi tofauti na wamepata kuwa ni afadhali kutumia fafanuzi zinazotofautiana kidogo ili kuwasaidia kuyatafsiri matukio. Kwa mfano Frank Chalk na Kurt Jonassohn waliichunguza historia yote ya binadamu, ilhali Leo Kuper na R.J. Rummel katika maandishi yao ya hivi karibuni waliupea uzito karne ya 20, na Helen Fein, Barbara Harff na Ted Gurr wameyaangalia matukio yaliyofuata Vita Vya Pili Vya Duniani. Jonassohn na Bjørnson wameyakosoa baadhi ya matokeo ya utafiti huu wakisema kuwa ni mapana sana na wanahitimisha kwamba nidhamu ya kielimu ya masomo ya mauaji ya kimbari ni changa mno kuwa na msingi ambapo dhana ya kitaaluma itaweza kujengwa.<ref name=Jonassohn-133-135/> Kuondolewa kwa makundi ya kijamii na kisiasa kama malengo ya mauaji ya kimbari katika ufafanuzi wa kisheria wa CPPCG umekosolewa na baadhi ya wanahistoria na wataalamu wa kijamii, kwa mfano M. Hassan Kakar katika kitabu chake "Uvamizi wa Kisovyeti na Jibu la Kiafghani, 1979-1982" <ref>M. Hassan Kakar ''[http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&brand=eschol Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979-1982] [[University of California]] press © 1995 The Regents of the University of California.</ref> anadokeza kuwa ufafanuzi wa kimataifa wa mauaji ya kimbari una vikwazo vingi sana,<ref>M. Hassan Kakar [http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&chunk.id=d0e5195&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e5195&brand=eschol 4. The Story of Genocide in Afghanistan: 13. Genocide Throughout the Country]</ref> na kwamba ni lazima ujumuishe makundi ya kisiasa au kikundi chochote kinachofafanuliwa hivyo na mhalifu na anawanukuu Chalk na Jonassohn: "Mauaji ya kimbari ni mauaji ya aina ya kihalaiki kwa upande mmoja ambapo nchi au wenye mamlaka wanakusudia kuangamiza kundi, kwani kundi na uanachama katika kundi hilo linafafanuliwa na mhalifu." <ref>Frank Chalk, Kurt Jonassohn ''The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies'', Yale University Press, 1990, ISBN 0-300-04446-1</ref> Ingawa kuna ufafanuzi mbalimbali wa hayo maneno, Adam Jones anasema kwamba wasomi wengi wa mauaji ya kimbari hufikiria kuwa "nia ya kuharibu" ni sharti iwe kwa kitendo chochote kuitwa mauaji ya kimbari, na kwamba kuna makubaliano yanayozidi kuongezeka kuhusu kujumuisha swala la uharibifu wa kimwili.<ref>Jones, Adam. ''[http://www.genocidetext.net/gaci_excerpts.htm Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction]'', Routledge/Taylor & Francis Publishers, 2006. ISBN 0-415-35385-8. [http://www.genocidetext.net/gaci_origins.pdf Chapter 1: The Origins of Genocide] {{Wayback|url=http://www.genocidetext.net/gaci_origins.pdf |date=20171010110108 }} pp.20-21</ref> Barbara Harff na Ted Gurr waliyafafanua mauaji ya kimbari kama "ukuzaji na utekelezaji wa sera na nchi au mawakala wake ambazo husababisha vifo vya sehemu muhimu ya kundi ... [wakati] makundi yanayoteswa yanafafanuliwa kimsingi kupitia sifa za jumuiya zao, yaani, kabila, dini au utaifa." <ref>[http://efchr.mcgill.ca/WhatIsGenocide_en.php?menu=2 What is Genocide?] {{Wayback|url=http://efchr.mcgill.ca/WhatIsGenocide_en.php?menu=2 |date=20070505161753 }} McGill Faculty of Law ([[McGill University]]) source cites Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr ''Toward empirical theory of genocides and politicides,'' International Studies Quarterly, 37:3, 1988</ref> Harff na Gurr pia wanatofautisha mauaji ya kimbari na mauaji ya kundi la kisiasa kupitia sifa ambazo wanachama wa kundi hilo wanajitambulisha kwa serikali. Katika mauaji ya kimbari, makundi yanayodhulumiwa yanafafanuliwa kimsingi kupitia sifa za jumuiya zao, yaani, kabila, dini au utaifa. Katika mauaji ya kisiasa makundi ya wahasiriwa yanafafanuliwa kimsingi kupitia nafasi ya kihierarkia au upinzani wa kisiasa dhidi ya utawala au vikundi muhimu.<ref name=HG-2>[http://science.jrank.org/pages/9496/Genocide-Origins-Evolution-Concept.html Origins and Evolution of the Concept] {{Wayback|url=http://science.jrank.org/pages/9496/Genocide-Origins-Evolution-Concept.html |date=20201201061126 }} in the Science Encyclopedia by Net Industries. states "Politicide, as [Barbara] Harff and [Ted R.] Gurr define it, refers to the killing of groups of people who are targeted not because of shared ethnic or communal traits, but because of 'their hierarchical position or political opposition to the regime and dominant groups' (p. 360)". But does not give the book title to go with the page number.</ref><ref>Staff. ''[http://www.apfn.org/apfn/genocide.htm There are NO Statutes of Limitations on the Crimes of Genocide!] {{Wayback|url=http://www.apfn.org/apfn/genocide.htm |date=20150728203923 }}'' On the website of the American Patriot Friends Network. Cites Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr "Toward empirical theory of genocides and politicides," International Studies Quarterly 37, 3 [1988].</ref> Daniel D. Polsby na Don B. Kates, Jr. wanasema ya kuwa "... sisi tunafuata mbinu ya Harff inayotofautisha kati ya mauaji ya kimbari na mauaji ya wapinzani wa kisiasa ambayo anaelezea kuwa 'hasira ya halaiki isiyokawia kwa muda mrefu, ambayo, ingawa mara nyingi inaruhusiwa na wenye mamlaka, ni nadra kuendelea. ' Kama ghasia itaendelea kwa muda fulani, basi, anasema Harff, tofauti kati ya kuruhusu na kushiriki itaisha. "<ref>Daniel D. Polsby and Don B. Kates, Jr. ''[http://law.wustl.edu/WULQ/75-3/753-4.html#fn1 of Holocaust and gun control] {{Wayback|url=http://law.wustl.edu/WULQ/75-3/753-4.html#fn1 |date=20080115232405 }}'', [[Washington University]] Law Quarterly 1997, (Cite as 75 Wash. U. L.Q. 1237). Article cites Citing Barbara Harff, ''Recognizing Genocides and Politicides'', in GENOCIDE WATCH 27 (Helen Fein ed., 1992) pp.37,38</ref> Kulingana na R.J. Rummel, mauaji ya kimbari yana maana tatu tofauti. Maana yake ya kawaida ni mauaji ya watu na serikali kutokana nao kuwa wanachama wa kundi fulani la kitaifa, kikabila, kirangi, au kidini. Maana ya kisheria ya mauaji ya kimbari inahusu mkataba wa kimataifa, ''Mkataba wa Kuzuia na Kuadhibu Uhalifu wa Mauaji ya Kimbari''. Hii pia ni pamoja na kutoua ambao mwishowe kunaangamiza, kama vile kuzuia kuzaliwa au kuhamisha watoto kwenda kundi lingine kwa lazima. Maana ya kiujumla ya mauaji ya kimbari ni sawa na maana ya kawaida lakini pia inajumuisha mauaji ya kiserikali ya wapinzani wa kisiasa au vinginevyo mauaji ya kimakusudi. Ni kwa minajili ya kuepuka utata kuhusu maana inayolengwa ndio Rummel akayatunga maneno mauaji ya idadi ya wakazi kwa ile maana ya tatu.<ref>[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/GENOCIDE.HTM Domocide versus genocide; which is what?]</ref> Ukosoaji mkuu wa jinsi jumuiya ya kimataifa ilivyokabiliana na Mauaji ya kimbari ya Rwanda ni kuwa ilikuwa tendaji, si makini. Jamii ya kimataifa imeanzisha mfumo kwa ajili ya kuendesha mashtaka dhidi ya wahalifu wa mauaji ya kimbari lakini bado haijaunda nia au mifumo ya kukomesha mauaji ya kimbari wakati yanapotokea. Wakosoaji wanaashiria [[mgogoro wa Darfur]] na kupendekeza kwamba ikiwa yeyote atapatikana na hatia ya mauaji ya kimbari baada ya mgogoro huo iwe kupitia mashtaka mbele ya Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai au Mahakama ya ''kidharura'' ya Jinai, hili litauthibitisha mtazamo huu. {{Marejeo yanahitajika|date=Februari 2007}} ==Mashitaka ya kimataifa ya mauaji ya kimbari== === Kupitia mahakama ya kidharura === Nchi zote zilizotia saini mkataba wa CPPCG zinafaa kuzuia na kuadhibu vitendo vya mauaji ya kimbari, katika wakati wa amani na vita, ingawa vizuizi kadhaa hufanya hili liwe jambo gumu kutekeleza. Hasa, baadhi ya watia sahini &mdash yaani, [[Bahrain]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Uhindi]], [[Malaysia]], [[Ufilipino]], [[Singapore]], [[Marekani]], [[Vietnam]], [[Yemen]], na [[Yugoslavia]] &mdash zilitia saini na maafikiano kwamba hakuna madai ya mauaji ya kimbari yangeoweza kuletwa dhidi yao katika [[Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Haki]] bila idhini yao.<ref>[http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/treaty1gen.htm United Nations Treaty Collection (As of 9 October 2001): Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide] on the web site of the [http://www.ohchr.org/english/ Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]</ref> Licha ya maandamano rasmi ya watia sahini wengine (hasa [[Kupro]] na [[Norway]]) kuhusu maadili na uaminifu wa kisheria wa kinga wanayojipa, kinga hiyo dhidi ya mashitaka imetumika mara kadhaa, kama wakati Marekani ilipokataa kuruhusu madai ya mauaji ya kimbari kufanywa dhidi yao na [[Yugoslavia]] kufuatia vita vya 1999 vya [[Kosovo]].<ref>[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/Kosovo/Kosovo-International_Law10.htm (See for example the submission by Agent of the United States, Mr. David Andrews to the ICJ Public Sitting, 11 May 1999] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/Kosovo/Kosovo-International_Law10.htm |date=20070817233454 }})</ref> Kawaida imekubalika kwamba, angalau tangu [[Vita Vikuu Vya Pili vya Dunia]], mauaji ya kimbari yamekuwa haramu chini ya [[sheria]] ya kimila ya kimataifa kama kinga na vilevile chini ya [[sheria]] ya kawaida ya kimataifa. Kwa ujumla, ni vigumu kuyaanzisha mashtaka dhidi ya matendo ya mauaji ya kimbari, kwa sababu mfululizo wa uwajibikaji lazima ufahamike. Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai hutumika haswa kwa sababu nchi husika haziwezi kuyashitaki au hazina nia ya kuushitaka uhalifu wenye ukubwa wa kiasi hiki zenyewe. ==== Kesi za Nuremberg ==== {{Main|Kesi za Nuremberg}} Kwa sababu kukubalika kwa [[sheria za kimataifa]] ulimwenguni kote, zinazoyafafanua na kuyapinga mauaji ya kimbari kulitimika mnamo mwaka wa 1948, pamoja na kupitishwa kwa ''Mkataba wa Kuzuia na Kuadhibu kwa Uhalifu wa Mauaji ya Kimbari'' (CPPCG), wale wahalifu ambao walishitakiwa baada ya vita katika mahakama ya kimataifa, kwa ajili ya kushiriki katika mauaji ya kimbari ya Wayahudi walipatikana na hatia ya uhalifu dhidi ya ubinadamu na hatia zingine maalum kama vile mauaji. Hata hivyo mauaji ya kimbari ya Wayahudi yanatambuliwa duniani kote kuwa mauaji ya kimbari, na maneno ambayo yalikuwa yameundwa mwaka wa awali na Raphael Lemkin,<ref>[[Oxford English Dictionary]]: 1944 R. Lemkin ''Axis Rule in Occupied Europe'' ix. 79 "By 'genocide' we mean the destruction of a nation or of an ethnic group."</ref> yalionekana katika mashitaka ya viongozi 24 wa Kinaksi, shitaka la 3, lilisema kuwa watuhumiwa wote walikuwa "wameua kimakusudi na kwa utaratibu - yaani, uangamizaji wa vikundi vya kirangi na vya kitaifa ... " <ref>[[Oxford English Dictionary]] "Genocide" citing Sunday Times 21 Oktoba 1945</ref> ==== Rwanda ==== {{Main|Mauaji ya kimbari ya Rwanda}} [[Picha:Rwandan Genocide.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Vifuvu vya waadhiriwa wa [[mauaji ya kimbari ya Rwanda]] katika makavazi ya makumbusho]] [[Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai ya Rwanda]] ('''ICTR''' kwa lugha ya Kiingereza) ni mahakama chini ya mwavuli wa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] kwa ajili ya kushitaki makosa yaliyotokea nchini [[Rwanda]] wakati wa mauaji ya kimbari yaliyotokea pale katika kipindi cha Aprili 1994, kilichoanza tarehe 6 Aprili. ICTR iliundwa tarehe 8 Novemba 1994 na Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa ili kuhukumu wale watu waliofanya vitendo vya mauaji ya kimbari na ukiukaji mwingine mbaya wa sheria za kimataifa nchini Rwanda, au kwa raia wa Rwanda katika majimbo jirani, kati ya tarehe 1 Januari na tarehe 31 Desemba 1994. Kufikia wakati wa sasa, ICTR imekamilisha kesi kumi na tisa na kuwahukumu washitakiwa ishirini na watano. Kesi za watu wengine ishirini na watano bado zinaendelea. Kumi na watisa wanasubiri kesi zao kizuizini. Kumi bado hawajakamatwa. Kesi ya kwanza, ya Jean-Paul Akayesu, ilianzishwa mnamo mwaka wa 1997. Jean Kambanda, Waziri Mkuu wa mpito, aliyakubali mashtaka.<ref>These figures need revising they are from the [[ICTR]] page which says see [http://www.ictr.org/ www.ictr.org]</ref> ==== Yugoslavia ya Zamani ==== {{Main|Mauaji ya kimbari ya Bosnia}} Maneno '''Mauaji ya kimbari ya Bosnia''' hutumika kurejelea mauaji ya kimbari yaliyofanywa na vikosi vya Kisabi pale Srebrenica mnamo mwaka wa 1995,<ref>Staff. ''[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1907122.stm Bosnian genocide suspect extradited]'', [[BBC]], 2 Aprili 2002</ref> au kwa utakaso wa kikabila ambao ulifanyika wakati wa [[Vita nchini Bosnia na Herzegovina|Vita vya Kibosnia]] vya mwaka 1992 hadi 1995 (mtazamo unaokataliwa na wasomi wengi).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061009182616/http://www.echr.coe.int/echr/ European Court of Human Rights] - [https://web.archive.org/web/20110526110447/http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/viewhbkm.asp?sessionId=1448788&skin=hudoc-en&action=html&table=F69A27FD8FB86142BF01C1166DEA398649&key=63590&highlight= Jorgic v. Germany Judgment], 12 Julai 2007. § 47</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2001 Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai ya Yugoslavia ya Zamani (ICTY kwa Kiingereza) yaliamua kuwa mauaji ya Srebrenica yaliyotendeka mwaka wa 1995 yalikuwa kitendo cha mauaji ya kimbari.<ref>The [[International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia]] found in [http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2001/8.html Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic - Trial Chamber I - Judgment - IT-98-33 (2001) ICTY8 (2 August 2001)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2001/8.html |date=20240731131748 }} that genocide had been committed. (see paragraph 560 for name of group in English on whom the genocide was committed). It was upheld in ''[http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2004/7.html Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic - Appeals Chamber - Judgment - IT-98-33 (2004) ICTY 7 (19 April 2004)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2004/7.html |date=20140823231159 }}''</ref> Mnamo tarehe 26 Februari mwaka wa 2007 [[Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Haki]] (ICJ), katika '' kesi ya Mauaji ya Kimbari ya Kibosnia'' yaliuunga mkono uamuzi wa awali wa ICTY kwamba mauaji ya Srebrenica yalikuwa mauaji ya kimbari, lakini yalipata kuwa serikali ya Kisabia haikuwa imeshiriki katika mauaji ya kimbari mapana zaidi katika eneo la Bosnia na Herzegovina wakati wa vita, jinsi serikali ya Kibosnia ilivyokuwa ikidai.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2007/02/26/international/i033600S38.DTL&type=politics|title=Courte: Serbia failed to prevent genocide, UN court rules|date=2007-02-26|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810091849/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2007%2F02%2F26%2Finternational%2Fi033600S38.DTL&type=politics|archivedate=2007-08-10|accessdate=2021-01-17}}</ref> Mnamo tarehe 12 Julai 2007, [[Mahakama ya Ulaya ya Haki za Kibinadamu]] (ECHR kwa lugha ya Kiingereza) ikiikataa rufaa ya Nikola Jorgic dhidi ya kushitakiwa kwake kwa mauaji ya kimbari na mahakama ya Kijerumani (Kesi ya Jorgic dhidi ya Ujerumani) ilibainisha kuwa tafsiri pana ya mahakama ya Kijerumani kuhusu mauaji ya kimbari imekataliwa na mahakama ya kimataifa yanapozingatia kesi sawa.<ref>ECHR Jorgic v. Germany. § 42 citing Prosecutor v. Krstic, IT-98-33-T, judgment of 2 Agosti 2001, §§ 580</ref><ref>ECHR ''Jorgic v. Germany Judgment'', 12 Julai 2007. § 44 citing Prosecutor v. Kupreskic and Others (IT-95-16-T, judgment of 14 Januari 2000), § 751. In 14 Januari 2000 the ICTY ruled in the [[Prosecutor v. Kupreskic and Others]] case that the killing of 116 Muslims in order to expel the Muslim population from a village, was persecution, not of genocide.</ref><ref>[http://www.icj-cij.org/presscom/index.php?pr=1897&pt=1&p1=6&p2=1 ICJ press release 2007/8] {{Wayback|url=http://www.icj-cij.org/presscom/index.php?pr=1897&pt=1&p1=6&p2=1 |date=20100213065153 }} 26 Februari 2007</ref> ECHR pia ilibainisha kuwa katika [[karne ya 21]] "Miongoni mwa wasomi, wengi wana maoni kwamba utakaso wa kikabila, haswa jinsi ulivyotendwa na vikosi vya Kisabi katika Bosnia na Herzegovina ili kuwafukuza Waislamu na Wakroati kutoka makazi yao, haukuwa mauaji ya kimbari. Hata hivyo, kuna idadi kubwa ya wasomi pia ambao wamependekeza kuwa matendo haya yalikuwa mauaji ya kimbari"<ref>ECHR ''Jorgic v. Germany Judgment'', 12 Julai 2007. § 47</ref> Watu wapatao 30 wameshitakiwa kwa mauaji ya kimbari au kushiriki katika mauaji ya kimbari wakati wa miaka ya mapema ya 1990 nchini [[Bosnia na Herzegovina|Bosnia]]. Hadi wa leo baada ya maombi mengi maalum mbele ya koti na hukumu chache ambazo zilifanikiwa kutupiliwa mbali baada ya rufaa Radislav Krstic tu ndiye aliyekuwa amepatikana na hatia ya kushiriki katika mauaji ya kimbari katika mahakama ya kimataifa. {{Marejeo yanahitajika|date=Desemba 2008}} Wengine watatu wamepatikana na hatia ya kushiriki katika mauaji ya kimbari nchini Bosnia na mahakama ya Kijerumani, mmoja wao akiwa Nikola Jorgic ambaye alishindwa katika rufaa dhidi ya hukumu yake katika Mahakama ya Ulaya ya Haki za Binadamu. Kesi za mashtaka zinaendelea nchini Bosnia na Herzegovina dhidi ya wanachama wengi wa zamani wa vikosi vya usalama vya Kibosnia na Kisabi kwa mashitaka mengi yakiwemo mauaji ya kimbari. [[Slobodan Milosevic]], alikuwa Rais wa zamani wa Serbia na [[Yugoslavia]] na alikuwa mtu mwenye ushawishi mkuu zaidi wa kisiasa kuwahi kufikishwa mbele ya ICTY. Alifariki tarehe 11 Machi 2006 wakati kesi yake ambapo alituhumiwa kwa mauaji ya kimbari au kushiriki katika mauaji ya kimbari katika maeneo ndani ya Bosnia na Herzegovina ilipokuwa ikiendelea, kwa hivyo hakuna uamuzi uliorudishwa. Mnamo mwaka wa 1995 ICTY ilitoa kibali kwa ajili ya kukamatwa kwa Wasabia wa Kibosnia Radovan Karadzic na Ratko Mladic kwa mashitaka kadhaa ikiwemo mauaji ya kimbari. Mnamo tarehe 21 Julai 2008 Karadzic alikamatwa Belgrade, na kwa sasa yuko katika gereza la Hague akisubiri kesi yake. Ratko Mladic bado hajakamatwa. === Kupitia Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai === Hadi wa leo mashitaka yote ya kimataifa ya mauaji ya kimbari yamefanywa katika mahakama maalum ya kimataifa. Tangu mwaka 2002, Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai yamepewa uwezo wa kushitaki kwa mujibu wa mamlaka yake ikiwa mahakama ya kitaifa hayana nia au hayawezi kuchunguza au kushitaka wahalifu wa mauaji ya kimbari, hivyo kufanywa kuwa "mahakama ya mwisho," na kuliachia mchi binafsi jukumu la kimsingi la kushtaki kwa mujibu wa mamlaka yake wanaodaiwa kuwa wahalifu. Kutokana na wasiwasi wa Marekani kuihusu ICC, Marekani inaonelea heri kuendelea kutumia mahakama ya kimataifa maalum kwa uchunguzi wa namna hiyo na mashitaka yatakayoibuka.<ref>{{PDFlink|[http://www.amicc.org/docs/U.S.%20statement%20on%20ICC%20draft%20resolution_23Nov051.pdf Statement by Carolyn Willson, Minister Counselor for International Legal Affairs, on the Report of the ICC, in the UN General Assembly]|123&nbsp;KB}} 23 Novemba 2005</ref> ==== Darfur, Sudan ==== {{Main|Vita katika eneo la Darfur}} Mgogoro unaoendelea katika eneo la [[Darfur]], [[Sudan]], ambao ulianza mwaka wa 2003, ulitangazwa kuwa "mauaji ya kimbari" na Katibu wa Nchi ya [[Marekani]] [[Colin Powell]] tarehe 9 Septemba, mnamo mwaka wa 2004 katika ushahidi mbele ya [[Kamati ya Seneti ya Marekani ya Uhusiano wa Nje|Kamati ya Seneti ya Uhusiano wa Nje]].<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/sudan_09-09-04.html POWELL DECLARES KILLING IN DARFUR 'GENOCIDE'] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/sudan_09-09-04.html |date=20040911045335 }}, [[The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer]], 9 Septemba 2004</ref> Hata hivyo tangu wakati huo, hakuna mwanachama mwingine wa kudumu wa Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa ambaye ameufuata mfano huo. Kwa kweli, mnamo Januari mwaka wa 2005, Tume ya Kimataifa ya Uchunguzi wa Darfur, iliyoidhinishwa na Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Kimataifa Sheria nambari 1564 ya 2004, ilitoa taarifa kwa Katibu Mkuu ikisema kwamba "Serikali ya Sudan haijafuata sera ya mauaji ya kimbari." <ref name=un-org-Januari-25-2005>{{PDFlink|[http://www.un.org/News/dh/sudan/com_inq_darfur.pdf Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the United Nations Secretary-General]|1.14&nbsp;MB}}, 25 Januari 2005, at 4</ref> Hata hivyo, tume hiyo ilionya kwamba "hitimisho kwamba hakuna sera za uangamizaji zilizofuatwa na kutekelezwa katika eneo la Darfur na wenye mamlaka serikalini, moja kwa moja au kupitia wanamgambo chini ya udhibiti wake, haipaswi kueleweka kwa njia yoyote ile kama kutoashiria ukubwa wa hatia zilizofanywa katika kanda hiyo. Hatia za kimataifa kama vile hatia dhidi ya ubinadamu na hatia za kivita zilizofanywa katika eneo la Darfur zinaweza kuwa na uzito sawa na mauaji ya kimbari." <ref name=un-org-Januari-25-2005/> Mnamo mwezi Machi mwaka wa 2005, Baraza la Usalama lilipeleka kirasmi swala la Darfur kwa mwendesha mashitaka wa Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai, huku likiizingatia ripoti ya Tume lakini bila kuutaja uhalifu wowote maalum.<ref>{{PDFlink|[http://www.icc-cpi.int/library/cases/N0529273.darfureferral.eng.pdf Security Council Resolution 1593 (2005)]|24.8&nbsp;KB}}</ref> Wanachama wawili wa kudumu wa Baraza la Usalama, [[Umoja wa Marekani]] na [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa Uchina|Uchina]], hawakupiga kura kuhusu azimio la sheria ya kushtaki.<ref>[http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2005/sc8351.doc.htm SECURITY COUNCIL REFERS SITUATION IN DARFUR, SUDAN, TO PROSECUTOR OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT], UN Press Release SC/8351, 31 Machi 2005</ref> Kwa mujibu wa ripoti yake ya nne kwa Baraza la Usalama, Mwendesha mashitaka amepata "uwezekano wa kuweko na misingi ya kuamini kwamba watu waliotambulishwa katika Sheria ya Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Kimataifa nambari 1593] wamefanya uhalifu dhidi ya ubinadamu na uhalifu wa kivita," lakini hakupata ushahidi wa kutosha kuwashitaki kwa mauaji ya kimbari.<ref>{{PDFlink|[http://www.icc-cpi.int/library/organs/otp/OTP_ReportUNSC4-Darfur_English.pdf Fourth Report of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, to the Security Council pursuant to UNSC 1593 (2005)]|597&nbsp;KB}}, Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, 14 Desemba 2006.</ref> Mnamo Aprili mwaka wa 2007, Waamuzi wa ICC walitoa vibali vya kukamatwa kwa ya aliyekuwa Waziri wa Nchi kwa ajili ya Mambo ya Ndani, Ahmad Harun, na kiongozi wa wanamigambo wa Janjaweed, Ali Kushayb, kwa uhalifu dhidi ya ubinadamu na uhalifu wa kivita.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080813022926/http://www.icc-cpi.int/library/organs/otp/ICC-OTP-ST20080605-ENG.pdf Statement by Mr. Luis Moreno Ocampo, Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, to the United Nations Security Council pursuant to UNSCR 1593 (2005)], [http://www.icc-cpi.int/ International Criminal Court], 5 Juni 2008</ref> Mnamo tarehe 14 Julai mwaka 2008, waendesha mashitaka katika [[Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai]] (ICC), waliyaandikisha mashtaka kumi ya uhalifu wa kivita dhidi ya Rais wa Sudan [[Omar al-Bashir]]: matatu ya makosa ya mauaji ya kimbari, matano ya uhalifu dhidi ya ubinadamu na mawili ya mauaji. Waendesha mashitaka wa ICC wamedai kwamba al-Bashir "aliongoza upangaji na utekelezaji wa mpango wa kuharibu sehemu kuu" ya makundi tatu ya kikabila katika eneo la Darfur kwa sababu ya makabila yao. Mnamo tarehe 4 Machi mwaka wa 2009 ICC ilitoa hati ya kukamatwa kwa Omar Al Bashir, Rais wa Sudan kadri Chumba cha utangulizi cha I cha ICC kilipohitimisha kuwa cheo chake kama mkuu wa nchi yake si kinga dhidi ya mashitaka mbele ya ICC. Hati ya kukamatwa ilikuwa kwa sababu ya uhalifu wa kivita na uhalifu dhidi ya ubinadamu. Haikujumuisha uhalifu wa mauaji ya kimbari kwa sababu idadi kubwa ya waliokuwa katika Chumba cha utangulizi cha ICC hawakuona kama waendesha mashitaka walikuwa wametoa ushahidi wa kutosha kulijumuisha kosa hilo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090306001121/http://www.icc-cpi.int/NR/exeres/0EF62173-05ED-403A-80C8-F15EE1D25BB3.htm ICC issues a warrant of arrest for Omar Al Bashir, President of Sudan] (ICC-CPI-20090304-PR394), ICC press release, 4 Machi 2009</ref> ==Mauaji ya kimbari katika historia== {{Main|Mauaji ya kimbari katika historia }} Utangulizi wa CPPCG hausemi tu kuwa "mauaji ya kimbari ni kosa chini ya sheria za kimataifa, kinyume na roho na malengo ya Umoja wa Mataifa na linalokashifiwa na dunia iliyostaarabika", bali kwamba "katika vipindi vyote vya kihistoria mauaji ya kimbari yameleta hasara kuu kwa ubinadamu ". Kuamua matukio ya kihistoria ambayo ni mauaji ya kimbari na ambayo ni tabia za kiuhalifu au unyama tu si jambo rahisi na wazi. Isitoshe, katika kesi zote ambapo shutuma za mauaji ya kimbari zimesambazwa, wanaotoka katika pande mbalimbali wanakana vikali tafsiri na maelezo ya tukio hilo, na hata mara nyingi huwa na maoni mbalimbali kuhusu ukweli. Mashitaka ya mauaji ya kimbari hayachukuliwi kimzaha na mara nyingi huzua utata. Majaribio ya wanaoangalia [[historia]] upya kuyakana mauaji ya kimbari (hasa mauaji ya kimbari ya Wayahudi) ni, katika nchi chache, kinyume na sheria. ==Hatua za mauaji ya kimbari na juhudi za kuyazuia== {{quotation|Ili mauaji ya kimbari yatokee, mambo fulani yanafaa kuwepo. Kwanza kabisa ni utamaduni wa kitaifa ambao hauheshimu maisha ya kibinadamu inavyotakiwa. Jamii yenye uongozi wa kiimla, na itikadi zake zinazodaiwa kuwa bora kuliko zingine, ni jambo lingine linalofaa kuwepo kwa matendo ya mauaji ya kimbari kufanyika.<ref>M. Hassan Kakar [[#Rererences|References]] Chapter [http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&chunk.id=d0e5195&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e5195&brand=eschol 4. The Story of Genocide in Afghanistan] Footnote 9. Citing Horowitz, quoted in Chalk and Jonassohn, Genocide, 14.</ref> Isitoshe, watu wa kundi linaloonekana kuwa na umuhimu mwingi lazima liwaangalie watu ambao huenda wakawa waathiriwa wa ukatili wao kama wao si binadamu kamili: kama “makafiri,” “watenda-unyama,” “watu ambayo hawajastaarabika,” “wasiomchamungu,” “waliokosa nidhamu,” “waliopingwa na miko,” “walio duni kirangi,” “watu wanaonuia kuharibu mpangilio wa kijamii,” “wanaopinga-mapinduzi,” na kadhalika.<ref>M. Hassan Kakar [[#Rererences|References]] Chapter [http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&chunk.id=d0e5195&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e5195&brand=eschol 4. The Story of Genocide in Afghanistan] Footnote 10. Citing For details, see Carlton, ''War and Ideology.''</ref> Hali hii pekee haitoshi kwa wahusika kufanya mauaji ya kimbari. Kufanya hivyo — yaani, kufanya mauaji ya kimbari — wahalifu wanahitaji wenye mamlaka wawe na nguvu na muungano na mpango wa ukiritimba na pia kuwe na watu wenye maradhi ya kiakili na wahalifu. Pia kampeni za wahusika za kuwawekea shutuma na kuwakosea utu waathiriwa zinahitajika, ambazo kwa kawaida huwa majimbo au serikali mpya zinazojaribu kulazimisha watu kuzifuata itikadi mpya na mipango yao ya kijamii.<ref>M. Hassan Kakar [[#Rererences|References]] Chapter [http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&chunk.id=d0e5195&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e5195&brand=eschol 4. The Story of Genocide in Afghanistan] Footnote 11. Citing Horowitz, quoted in Chalk and Jonassohn, Genocide, 13.</ref>|M. Hassan Kakar<ref>M. Hassan Kakar , ,''[http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&brand=eschol Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982]'', [[University of California]] Press, 1995.</ref> }} Mnamo mwaka wa 1996 Gregory Stanton rais wa shirika la kulinda dhidi ya mauaji ya kimbari aliwasilisha jarida kwa jina "Hatua 8 za mauaji ya kimbari" katika Idara ya Jimbo nchini [[Marekani]].<ref name=GSGW-1996>Gregory Stanton. [http://www.genocidewatch.org/aboutgenocide/8stagesofgenocide.html The 8 Stages of Genocide], [[Genocide Watch]], 1996</ref> Katika jarida hilo alipendekeza kuwa mauaji ya kimbari hufanyika katika hatua nane ambazo ni za "kutabiriwa lakini ambazo haziwezi kuepukika kikamilifu".<ref name=GSGW-1996/><ref>The [[FBI]] has found somewhat similar stages for [[Hate groups#Psychopathology of hate groups|hate groups]].</ref> Jarida la Stanton liliwasilishwa katika Idara ya Jimbo, muda mfupi baada ya mauaji ya kimbari ya Rwanda na uchambuzi mwingi umejikita katika sababu iliyoyafanya mauaji hayo ya kimbari kufanyika. Hatua ya kinga alizozipendekeza, kulingana na shabaha ya awali ya watu ambao utafiti huo ulilenga, zilikuwa zile ambazo Marekani ingeweza kutekeleza moja kwa moja au ingeweza, kwa kutumia ushawishi, wake kufanya serikali nyingine kutekeleza. {| class="wikitable" ! Hatua ! Sifa ! Hatua Zuilifu |- ! 1.<br /> Uainishaji | Watu hugawanywa katika makundi ya "sisi na wao". | "Hatua kuu zuilifu wakati huu wa mapema ni kuendeleza taasisi zitakazowafikia wote na ambazo zitapunguza ...utengano." |- ! 2.<br /> Kufanya Mifano | "Ikijumuishwa na chuki, mifano inaweza kusukumwa kwa lazimi kwa wanachama wa vikundi vilivyotengwa ..." | "Ili kukabiliana na kufanywa kwa mifano, mifano ya chuki inaweza kufanywa kuwa haramu kisheria hasa hotuba za chuki." |- ! 3.<br /> Kunyima watu Utu | "Kundi moja linakana ubinadamu wa kundi lingine. Wanachama wa kundi hilo wanafananishwa na wanyama, viumbe viharibifu, wadudu au magonjwa. " | "Viongozi wa nchi na wa kimataifa wanapaswa kushutumu matumizi ya hotuba za chuki na kufanya hotuba hizo zisikubalike kitamaduni. Viongozi wanaochochea mauaji ya kimbari wanafaa kupigwa marufuku wasisafiri kimataifa na wanafaa kunyimwa fedha walizohifadhi katika nchi geni." |- ! 4.<br /> Mipangilio | "Mauaji ya kimbari daima hupangwa ...Vikundi maalum vya kijeshi au wanamgambo mara nyingi hupewa mafunzo na silaha ..." | "Umoja wa Mataifa unapaswa kuanzisha vikwazo vya kisilaha dhidi ya serikali na raia wa nchi zinazoshiriki katika michafuko ya mauaji ya kimbari, na kuunda tume ili kuchunguza ukiukaji wa sheria" |- ! 5.<br /> Ubaguzi | "Vikundi vya kueneza chuki hueneza matangazo ya [[kipropaganda]] yenye ubaguzi..." | "Kuzuia kunaweza kumaanisha viongozi wa wastani kupewa ulinzi wa kisalama au msaada kwa vikundi vya [[haki za binadamu]] ...Upinduzi wa serikali na makundi haramu lazima yashutumiwe kupitia vikwazo vya kimataifa." |- ! 6.<br /> Maandalizi | "Wahasiriwa hutambuliwa na kutengwa nje kwa sababu ya kabila au dini wanayojitambulisha nao..." | "Katika hatua hii, ni lazima Hali ya Dharura dhidi ya Mauaji ya Kimbari itangazwe..." |- ! 7.<br /> Uangamizaji | "Ni "uangamizaji" katika fikira za wauaji kwani hawaamini waathirika kuwa binadamu kamili." | "Katika hatua hii, ni hatua ya dharura pekee yenye kutumia nguvu na silaha inayoweza kuyakomesha mauaji ya kimbari. Maeneo bayana ya salama au maeneo ya kuwawezesha wakimbizi kutorokea lazima yaundwe na yawe na ulinzi imara wa kimataifa wenye silaha." |- ! 8.<br />Kukana mauaji ya kimbari | "Wahalifu ... hukana kwamba walifanya uhalifu wowote ..." | "Jibu la kukana ni adhabu kupitia mahakama ya kimataifa" |} Katika jarida la Baraza la Utafiti wa [[Sayansi ya Jamii]] Dirk Moses anazikosoa mbinu za Stanton akihitimisha: {{quotation|Kutokana na mazoea haya yasiyoridhisha katika kuyakomesha mauaji ya kimbari, swali linalofaa kuulizwani mbona dhana ya "masomo ya mauaji ya kimbari" ishindwe kutazamia na kukomesha mauaji ya kimbari kwa ufasaha wa kutegemewa. Dhana ya "masomo ya mauaji ya kimbari," hasa jinsi yanavyoendeshwa katika eneo la Marekani ya Kaskazini, yana nguvu na udhaifu. Ingawa ujasiri wa kimadili na mikakati ya umma inafaa kupongezwa, dhana yenyewe inaonekana pofu kimaana katika miradi ya kiimpiriali ambayo ni sehemu ya shida na pia sehemu ya suluhisho. Serikali ya Marekani iliita Darfur mauaji ya kimbari ili kuyafurahisha mashirika ya kindani yanayotetea haki, na kwa sababu matamshi hao hayana umuhimu wowote. Machafuko ya Darfur yatakamilika kwa wakati utakaozifaa nguvu kubwa ambazo zina mambo yatakayozifaidi katika kanda hiyo. |Dirk Moses<ref>Dirk Moses [http://howgenocidesend.ssrc.org/Moses/ Why the Discipline of "Genocide Studies" Has Trouble Explaining How Genocides End?] {{Wayback|url=http://howgenocidesend.ssrc.org/Moses/ |date=20171018082403 }}, [[Social Science Research Council]], 22 Desemba 2006</ref>}} ==Tume ya Utenda Kazi ya Kuzuia Mauaji ya Kimbari== Mnamo Tarehe 8 Desemba mwaka wa 2008, tume ya utenda kazi ya kuzuia mauaji ya kimbari, iliyosimamiwa na [[Madeline Albright]], Katibu Mkuu wa zamani wa Marekani kama wenyekiti msimamizi, na William Cohen, Katibu Mkuu wa zamani wa Ulinzi wa [[Marekani]], ilitoa ripoti yake ya mwisho ambayo ilihitimisha kwamba serikali ya Marekani inaweza kuyazuia mauaji ya kimbari na ukatili mkubwa dhidi ya binadamu katika siku usoni.<ref>[http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/1209/p03s07-usgn.html Christian Science Monitor 9 December 2008]</ref> Katika mujibu wa maneno ya Bw. Kohen, “Ripoti hii inatoa mwongozo ambao unaweza kuiwezesha Marekani kuichukua hatua ya kuzuia, ikifanya kazi pamoja na washirika wa kimataifa, ili kuchelewesha mazingaombwe ya kesi za mauaji ya kimbari na visa vikubwa vya ukatili katika siku za usoni.”<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.usip.org/genocide_taskforce/release.html |title=PGTF press release |accessdate=2009-12-26 |archivedate=2009-05-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509044009/http://www.usip.org/genocide_taskforce/release.html }}</ref> Kati ya mapendekezo ni: * jukumu la utendaji kwake rais wa Marekani ambalo litaonyesha Marekani na Dunia yote kwamba kuzuia mauaji ya kimbari na visa vikubwa vya ukatili ni kipaumbele cha taifa kitaifa * kuujenga mwili ndani ya Baraza la Usalama wa Taifa la Marekani kuchambua vitisho na kuwaza juu ya hatua za kinga * kuanzisha mfuko wa dola milioni 250 wa kuizuia migogoro kuzuia na kukabiliana na machafuko * kusaidia kujenga mtandao wa kimataifa kwa ajili ya kubadilishana habari na uratibu wa hatua za kinga<ref>[http://www.usip.org/genocide_taskforce/pdf/FINAL%20REPORT.pdf Report of the Prevention of Genocide Task Force] {{Wayback|url=http://www.usip.org/genocide_taskforce/pdf/FINAL%20REPORT.pdf |date=20090509043828 }} pp. 111-114</ref> ==Angalia pia== {{Wiktionary}} * [[Mauaji ya kimbari ya Wayahudi]] * [[Mauaji ya kimbari ya Rwanda]] * [[Shirika la Kimataifa la Wasomi wa Mauaji ya Kimbari]] ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo|2}} ==Marejeo== * Kakar, M. Hassan. ''[http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&brand=eschol Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982]''. Berkeley: [[University of California]] Press, 1995. ISBN 0-520-08591-4. ==Marejeo zaidi== ;Books * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Andreopoulos |first=George J., ed. |title=Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1994 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location= |isbn=0812232496 |pages= }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Chalk |first=Frank |title=The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies |url=https://archive.org/details/historysociology00chal |authorlink= |coauthors=Kurt Jonassohn |year=1990 |publisher=Yale University Press |location= |isbn=0300044461 |pages= }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Charny |first=Israel W. |title=Encyclopedia of Genocide |authorlink=Israel Charny |coauthors= |date=1 Desemba 1999|publisher=ABC-Clio Inc |location= |isbn=0874369282 |pages= }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Conversi |first= Daniele |title=Handbook of Nations and Nationalism |chapter=Genocide, ethnic cleansing, and nationalism |authorlink= |editor=Gerard Delanty, Krishan Kumar (eds) |volume=vol. 1 |year=2005 |publisher=Sage Publications |location=London |isbn= 1412901014 |pages=319–333}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Goldhagen |first=Daniel |title=Worse Than War: Genocide, Eliminationism, and the Ongoing Assault on Humanity |url=https://archive.org/details/worsethanwargeno00gold |authorlink=Daniel Goldhagen |year=2009 |publisher=[[PublicAffairs]] |isbn=1586487698 |pages=672}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Harff |first=Barbara |title=Early Warning of Communal Conflict and Genocide: Linking Empirical Research to International Responses |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=Agosti 2003 |publisher=Westview Press |location= |isbn=0813398401 |pages= }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last= Hochschild |first=Adam |title=King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa |url= https://archive.org/details/kingleopoldsgho000hoch |authorlink=Adam Hochschild |coauthors= |year=1998 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |location= |isbn=0395759242 |pages= }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last= Horowitz |first=Irving |title=Taking Lives: Genocide and State Power |url= https://archive.org/details/takinglivesgenoc0000horo_r4z3 |authorlink=Irving Louis Horowitz |coauthors= |year=2001 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |location= |isbn=0765800942 |pages= |edition=5th}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Jonassohn |first=Kurt |title=Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations |url=https://archive.org/details/genocidegrosshum0000jona |authorlink= |coauthors=Karin Björnson |year=1998 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |location= |isbn=1560003146 |pages= }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Kelly |first=Michael J. |title=Nowhere to Hide: Defeat of the Sovereign Immunity Defense for Crimes of Genocide & the Trials of Slobodan Milosevic and Saddam Hussein |url=https://archive.org/details/nowheretohidedef0000kell |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2005 |publisher=Peter Lang |location= |isbn=0820478350 |pages= }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last= Kiernan |first=Ben |title=Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur |url= https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326 |authorlink=Ben Kiernan |coauthors= |year=2007 |publisher=Yale University Press |location= |isbn=0300100981 |pages= }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Laban |first=Alexander |title=Genocide: An Anthropological Reader |url=https://archive.org/details/genocideanthropo0000unse |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2002 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |location= |isbn=063122355X |pages= }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last= Lemarchand |first=René |title=Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide |authorlink=René Lemarchand |coauthors= |year=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location= |isbn=0521566231 |pages= }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=MacKinnon |first=Catharine A. |title=Are Women Human?: And Other International Dialogues |url=https://archive.org/details/arewomenhumanoth00mack |authorlink=Catharine MacKinnon |coauthors= |year=2006 |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |location= |isbn=0674025555 |pages= }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Power |first=Samantha |title=[[A Problem from Hell|"A Problem from Hell": America and the Age of Genocide]] |authorlink=Samantha Power |coauthors= |year=2003 |publisher=Harper Perennial |location= |isbn=0060541644 |pages= }} * {{Rejea jarida |last=Rosenfeld |first=Gavriel D. |authorlink=Gavriel David Rosenfeld |coauthors= |year=1999 |title=The Politics of Uniqueness: Reflections on the Recent Polemical Turn in Holocaust and Genocide Scholarship |journal=[[Holocaust and Genocide Studies]] |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=28–61 |id= |url= |accessdate= |quote= | doi= 10.1093/hgs/13.1.28 }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last= Rotberg |first=Robert I. |title=From Massacres to Genocide: The Media, Public Policy, and Humanitarian Crises |authorlink= |coauthors= Thomas G. Weiss |year=1996 |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |location= |isbn=0815775903 |pages= }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last= Rummel |first=R.J. |title=Death by Government |authorlink=R.J. Rummel |coauthors= |date=Machi 1997 |publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]] |location= |isbn=1560009276 |pages= |url=http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE1.HTM }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Shaw |first=Martin |title=What is Genocide? |url=https://archive.org/details/whatisgenocide0000shaw |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2007 |publisher=Polity Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0745631827 |pages= }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Sunga |first=Lyal S. |title=The Emerging System of International Criminal Law: Developments in Codification and Implementation |url=https://archive.org/details/emergingsystemof0000sung |authorlink=Lyal S. Sunga |coauthors= |year=1997 |publisher= Kluwer |location= |isbn=9041104720 |pages= }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Sunga |first=Lyal S. |title=Individual Responsibility in International Law for Serious Human Rights Violations |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1992 |publisher=Springer |location= |isbn=0792314530 |pages= }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Totten |first= Samuel |title=Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts |authorlink= |coauthors=William S. Parsons, and [[Israel W. Charny]] |year=2008 |publisher=Routledge |location= |isbn=0415990858 |pages= |edition=3rd}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Valentino |first=Benjamin A. |title=Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century |url=https://archive.org/details/finalsolutionsma00vale |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2004 |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |location= |isbn=0801439655 |pages= }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Weitz |first=Eric D. |title =A Century of Genocide: Utopias of Race and Nation |url=https://archive.org/details/centurygenocideu00weit |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |date=2003 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/centurygenocideu00weit/page/n368 360] |isbn=0691122717}} * {{PDFlink|{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.minorityrights.org/admin/Download/pdf/MRGGenocideReport.pdf |format=PDF |title=Preventing Genocide and Mass Killing: The Challenge for the United Nations |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703100816/http://www.minorityrights.org/admin/Download/pdf/MRGGenocideReport.pdf |archivedate=2007-07-03 |accessdate=2009-12-26 }}|366&nbsp;KB}}, report by Minority Rights Group International, 2006 <!-- *{{Rejea kitabu |last= |first= |title= |authorlink= |coauthors= |publisher= |location= |isbn= |pages= }} --> ;Muhtasari * {{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.aegistrust.org/ |title=Aegis Trust (genocide prevention trust) |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404004937/http://www.aegistrust.org/ |archivedate=2007-04-04 |accessdate=2009-12-26 }} An independent international organisation dedicated to eliminating genocide * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1701562.stm BBC on defining genocide] * [http://www.ushmm.org/conscience/ Committee on Conscience of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]; Responding to Threats of Genocide * [http://www.law-ref.org/GENOCIDE/index.html Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide at Law-Ref.org] {{Wayback|url=http://www.law-ref.org/GENOCIDE/index.html |date=20100106103304 }} - fully indexed and crosslinked with other documents * [http://www.warcrimes.info/ Documents and Resources on War, War Crimes and Genocide] {{Wayback|url=http://www.warcrimes.info/ |date=20091224150610 }} * [http://www.facinghistory.org/ Facing History and Ourselves] * [http://www.genocideintervention.net/ Genocide Intervention Network] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070618100356/http://www.genocidewatch.org/eightstages.htm Genocide Watch] stages of genocide * [http://www.inogs.com International Network of Genocide Scholars (INoGS)] * [http://www.isg-iags.org/ Institute for the Study of Genocide/International Association of Genocide Scholars] {{Wayback|url=http://www.isg-iags.org/ |date=20040923231859 }} * [http://www.neveragaininternational.org/ Never Again] International youth genocide prevention organization; organized the 2004 Rwanda Forum at the Imperial War Museum in London. * [http://www.neveragaininternational.org/wiki/ Never Again Wiki] {{Wayback|url=http://www.neveragaininternational.org/wiki/ |date=20090829094131 }} * [http://us.oneworld.net/section/us/perspectives/8/genocide OneWorld Perspectives Magazine: Preventing Genocide (April/May 2006)] {{Wayback|url=http://us.oneworld.net/section/us/perspectives/8/genocide |date=20081224180448 }}- global human rights and development network looks at genocide from a variety of perspectives * Staff, ''[http://www.preventgenocide.org/law/domestic/ The Crime of Genocide in Domestic Laws and Penal Codes]'', [http://www.preventgenocide.org/aboutus/ Prevent Genocide International] * [http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/voices/holocaust.html Voices of the Holocaust] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/voices/holocaust.html |date=20220315171005 }} - a learning resource at the British Library * [http://www.scaruffi.com/politics/dictat.html Worst Genocides of the 20th Century] - a list of the some of the worst genocides in the 20th century. Listing from the most amount of victims to the least amount. * [http://netnebraska.org/extras/humanrights/02gen/0200/0200_01.htm Genocide & Crimes Against Humanity] {{Wayback|url=http://netnebraska.org/extras/humanrights/02gen/0200/0200_01.htm |date=20090705205205 }} - a learning resource, highlighting the cases of Myanmar, Bosnia, the DRC, and Darfur * [http://www.preventgenocide.org/prevent/UNdocs/whitaker/ Whitaker Report] ;Rasilimali * [http://www.auschwitzinstitute.org/ Auschwitz Institute for Peace and Reconciliation] * [http://www.unrefugees.org/ USA for UNHCR Web site] * [http://warcrimes.tv/ War Crimes TV Videos and Communities against War Crimes and Genocide] {{Wayback|url=http://warcrimes.tv/ |date=20190331160507 }} ;Mipango ya Utafiti * [http://www.genocidecentre.dept.shef.ac.uk/ Centre for the Study of Genocide and Mass Violence, Sheffield, United Kingdom] {{Wayback|url=http://www.genocidecentre.dept.shef.ac.uk/ |date=20080929002017 }} * [http://www.chgs.nl/ Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Amsterdam, the Netherlands] {{Wayback|url=http://www.chgs.nl/ |date=20100202192215 }} * [http://www.chgs.umn.edu/ Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, University of Minnesota] * [http://www.yale.edu/gsp/ Genocide Studies Program, Yale University] * [http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/davenport/genodynamics/index.htm GenoDynamics: Understanding Genocide Through Time and Space] by Christian Davenport (University of Maryland) and Allan Stam (Dartmouth University) * [http://migs.concordia.ca/ Montreal Institute for Genocide Studies, Concordia University] {{Wayback|url=http://migs.concordia.ca/ |date=20201207143916 }} * [http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/ Minorities at Risk project at the University of Maryland] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/ |date=20081204090551 }} * [http://www.inforce.org.uk/ The Inforce Foundation (International Forensic Centre of Excellence), UK] {{Wayback|url=http://www.inforce.org.uk/ |date=20091227130604 }} [[Jamii:Historia]] [[Jamii:Sheria]] [[Jamii:Mauaji ya kimbari|*]] 21mytm1wghg9vd0j1s74ledy7v999jb 0 34062 1598957 1376466 2026-09-23T02:47:45Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | Jina Apple pears | Img =Westlifetour33.jpg | Img_capt =Westlife katika tamasha mwaka 2006 | Img_size =1500 | Landscape =yes | Background =group_or_band | Asili yake =[[Dublin]] na [[Sligo]], Ireland | Aina =[[muziki wa pop|Pop]], [[Dance music|dance]], [[ballad]], [[pop rock]] | Miaka ya kazi =1998–mpaka sasa | Studio =[[Sony BMG]], [[RCA Records|RCA]], [[Syco Music]], [[Arista Records|Arista]]i | Tovuti =[http://www.westlife.com/frontpage westlife.com/frontpage] | Wanachama wa zamani =[[Brian McFadden]] (1998–2004) | Wanachama wa sasa =[[Nicky Byrne]]<br/>[[Kian Egan]]<br/>[[Mark Feehily]]<br/>[[Shane Filan]]<br/> | }} '''''Westlife''''' ni kundi la muziki la nchini Ireland, lililoundwa tarehe 3 Machi 1998.Asili ya kundi hili linajumuisha wanamuziki kama vile [[Nicky Byrne]], [[Kian Egan]], [[Mark Feehily]], [[Shane Filan]] na [[Brian McFadden]] ambaye ameacha kuimba katika mwaka 2004. Kwa sasa Feehily na Filan ndio wanaotumika kama waimbaji wakuu katika bendi hii. Bendi hii ya Westlife ndiyobendi pekee katika historia ya muziki wa Uingereza kuwahi kuwa na nyimbo za kwanza saba moja kwa moja hadi namba moja, na pia wameweza kuuza hadi nakala zaidi ya milionim arobaini na tano dunia nzima <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/story/westlife-defend-cover-versions_1120909 | title=Westlife Defend Cover Versions | source=contactmusic | date=2009-10-02 | accessdate=2009-12-07 | archive-date=2009-11-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105024712/http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/story/westlife-defend-cover-versions_1120909 | url-status=dead }}</ref>. Ambayo inajumuisha nyimbo zilizorekodiwa studio,video, na albamu zenye kujumuisha nyimbo mbalimbali.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/whats-on-newcastle/music-gigs/2008/02/29/westlife-breaking-records-72703-20541413/ |title=Westlife breaking records |date=29 Februari 2008 |author=Gordon Barr |work=Evening Chronicle |accessdate=2009-12-27 |archivedate=2010-05-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524024817/http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/whats-on-newcastle/music-gigs/2008/02/29/westlife-breaking-records-72703-20541413/ }}</ref><ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDXkvxMh_e8</ref> Walikuwa wanasimamiwa na [[Simon Cowel]] na sasa wako chini ya meneja wao ambaye anaitwa [[Steve Mac]]. Mwaka 2008, walitangazwa kushika nafasi ya tisa wanamuziki matajiri zaidi walio chini ya umri wa miaka 30, na kushika nafasi ya 13, kwa ujumla. Kwa upande wa Uingereza wamekuwa na nyimbo za peke peke yaani singels hadi kumi na nne, na kushika nafasi ya tatu katika histoia ya Uingereza. Wamewahi kuwa na [[Cliff Richard]] na pia wamefanya kazi na [[Elvis Presley]] na pia wamewahi kufanya kazi na [[The Beatles]]. Kundi hili la muziki limewahi kuvunja rekodi mbalimbali kama vile, Wanamuziki waliowahi, kuwa na miziki mingi katika nafasi ya kwanza nchini Uingereza na pia kwa uuzaji mkubwa zaidi katika eneo la [[Wembley]] Katika miaka mingi ya kazi zao,kundi la Muziki la Westlife wamekuwa wakitengeneza nyimbo za vijana maarufu kama [[teen pop]] nyimbo za aina ya pop na kutilia mkazo katika nyimbo aina ya ballads. Wanamuziki wote wanaojumuisha kundi hili ni waandishi wa nyimbo. Lakini nyimbo zao nyingi zimeandikwa na waandishi kutoka nje ya kundi lao. Moja kati ya waandishi maarufu waliowahi kutengeneza nyimbo za kundi hili ni pamoja Steve Mac na Wayne Hector. Tarehe 1/6/2008, Westlife walifanya maadhimisho ya miaka 10, ambapo walifanya tamasha katika jiji la Dublin katika eneo la Croke Park na ambapo watu zaidi ya 83,000 walihudhuria hafla hiyo maalumu. Na kubainisha katika tovuti yao kuwa Westlife walitangazwa rasmi kuwa ndio waliofanya tamasha kubwa zaidi ndani ya miaka 2005 hadi 2008,na kuwa katika nafasi ya saba katika matamasha ya nje ya nchi kwa mwaka 2008. ==Historia== ===Kuundwa=== [[File:Simon Cowell mirrored.jpg|thumb|110px|right|Westlife ilisajiliwa na [[Simon Cowell]].]] Tangu kuanzishwa kwa kikundi cha Westlife, Kian,Mark na Shane na wenzao Derrick Lacey, Keighron na MichaelGarret walikuwa sehemu ya wanachama sita wa kikundi cha Muziki lililoitwa IOYOU,lilikuwa likiongozwa na Mary McDonagh pamoja na viongozi wengine wawili.Meneja aliyekuwa anahusika na aina za kuceza alikuwa anaitwa Mary McDonagh pamoja na mameneja wengine wasaidizi,waliweza kutoa nyimbo kama "Together Girl Forever. Louis Walsh, alikuwa meneja kunzia mwaka 1990, katika kundi la muziki la [[Boyzone]] walisaini mkataba na mama yake na Shane na kuja kujua kuhusu kundi lao la Muziki. Lakini kundi hili halikuweza kupata ruhusa ya Simon Cowell's kwa ajili ya kurekodi muziki, hususani mkataba wa na kampuni ya BMG na hivyokundi hilo likahitaji mabadiliko. Hivyo wanachama watatu kutoka katika kundi la IOYOU hawatakuwa wanachama katika kundi hilo, na hivyo Mjini Dublin ndipo Nicky Byrnena Brian McFadden waliongezwa katika kundi hilo. Kundi jipya lilianzishwa tarehe 3/7/1998 na kundi hilo likabailishwa jina kuwa Westside, lakini jina hilo lilikuwa tayari limeshachukuliwa na Kundi lingine, kwa hiyo likabadilishwa na kuwa Westlife, pia likabadilisha jina la Brian na kuwa Brayan. Mwanamuziki wa kundi la [[Boyzone]] [[RonanKeating]] aliletwa kwa ajili ya kusaidia katika kuongoza kundi kwa msaada wa Walsh. Westlife ndipo walipotoa kibao kilichokuwa na jina la [[swear It Again]] japokuwa kilikuwa katika bara la Asia pekee ===Ndoto kuwa Kweli,-World Of Our Own (1998-2002)=== Westlife walianza kutoa nyimbo zao za kwanza mwaka 1998,wakati waliposhiriki katika ufunguzi wa kundi la [[Boyzone]] na [[Backstreet Boys]] katika tamasha la Dublin.Baadae mwaka huo huo, walishinda tamasha zuri kuliko yote na kupata tuzo ya [[Smash Hits Poll Winners Party]] .Mwezi wa tatu mwaka 1999, kundi hili la muziki lilitoa muziki wake wa kwanza mmoja [[Swear It Again]] ambayo haikichukua muda kabla ya kushika katika namba moja katika chati ya muziki nchini [[Ireland]] na nchini Uingereza kwa kipindi cha wiki mbili. Wimbo wao wa pili uliitwa [[If I Let You Go]] ulitoka mwezi wa nane mwaka 1999, pamoja na wimbo uliopendwa zaidi wa [[Flying Without Wings]] ( Recodi yao kwanza ya mwaka) iliyotoka mwezi wa kumi mwaka huo huo, na baadae kufuatia na na wimbo wa Flying Without wings, pia ilijumuishwa katika filamu ya [[Warner Brothers]], [[Pokemon 2000]]. Albam yao ya kwanza iliyoitwa Westlife ilitoka mwezi wa kumi na moja mwaka 1999, na kushika nafasi ya pili katika chati ya muziki ya Uingereza. Lakini cha ajabu, albamu hiyo ya ilishuka chati kutoka namba tatu hadi namba 37, na oia ndio ndio wimbo pekee wa kundi hilo ambao haukuwahi kufika namba moja. [[File:Brianmcfadden.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Brian McFadden]] alijitoa Westlife kwa ajili ya familia. ]] Mwezi wa kumi na mbili, nyimbo mbili kwa mpigo zilitoka, ambazo ni [[I Have A Dream]], [[Seasons in the Sun]] nazo zilishika nafasi ya juu katika katika chati ya [[The Millennium Prayer]] na kuufanya wimbo huo, kuwa wimbo wa kwanza wa Christmas kwa mwaka 1999, [[Chrismas number-one single]] Wimbo wa tano na mwisho katika albamu hiyo, wimbo wa [[Fool Again]] ambao pia ulishika namba moja.Halafu kundi hilo la muziki likaendea katika matamasha madogo nchini Uingereza na katika bara la Asia katika kuunga mkono albamu yao ya kwanza kabla ya kutoa albamu ya pili Albamu ya [[Coast to Coast]] ilitoka mwaka mmoja baadae na ilishika namba moja katika Album za Uingereza na kuzishinda albumu ya [[Spice Girls Forever]]. Ikaongoza na kuwa albamu ya nne kwa mauzo kwa mwaka 2000, na ndio albumu ya iliyowahi kuongoza zaidi katika albamu za Westlife. Albumu hii,iliwashirikisha wanamuziki kama [[Mariah Carey]] katika moja ya nyimbo nzuri zaidi za [[Phill Collins]]. [[Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)]], wimbo halisi wa [[My Love]] (wimbo ambao ulijaribu kuvunja historia yao ya kwanza). Nyimbo zote mbili ziiweza kufika namba moja katika chati ya Uingereza Kutokana na hili, Westlife walivunja rekodi bila kutegemea ya kuwa na nyimbo zao saba za kwanza kushika namba moja, katika chati ya Uingereza, na kufuatiwa na [[The Beatles]]. Pamoja na hayo mwezi wa kumi na mbili mwaka 2000, walishindwa kufikia kushika chati yao ya hapo awali ya nchini Uingereza na Ireland na ni wimbo mmoja wa [[What Makes a Man]] na kuwa na vitu vya kuvutia kama viele[[Bob The Builder's]] [[Can We Fix It]], ilikuwa na nyimbo ya kwanza ya Chrismass ya mwaka. Nje ya Uingereza na Ireland ambazo zilitolewa. [[I Lay My Love on You]] na [[When You're Looking Like That]], na kupata mafanikio katika chati za Uingereza. Mwaka 2001, wavulana hawa walizindua matamasha yao duniani, [[Where Dreams Come True Tour]] jina lisilo rasmi. ''The No Stool Tour'' kutokana na tabia ya wanamuziki hawa kuimba wakiwa wamekaa katika stuli Walitoa, albamu yao ya tatu [[World Of Our Own]] mwezi 2001,[[Uptown Girl]],[[Queen of My Heart]] na [[World of Our Own]], zilitoka kama nyimbo moja moja, ambapo zote zishika namba moja katika chati ya Uingereza,. [[Bop Bop Baby]] ilitolewa pia kama nyimbo ya pekee lakini yenyewe ilishika namba ya tano mwisho katika chati ya Uingereza. Mwaka 2002, Westlife walifanya matamasha yao duniani katika albamu ya.[[The World Of Our Own]] ===Unbreakable -Kuondoka wa Bryan(2002-2004)=== Bendi hii ilitoa wimbo wa pekee wa kumi na moja, [[Unbreakable]] mwaka 2002. ndipo pakaibuka tetesi za kusambaratika kwa kundi hilo, Westlife walitoa albamu yao nyingine mwezi wa kumi na moja,mwaka huo huo,iliyoitwa [[Unbrekble- The Greatest Hits Vol. 1]] na kuanza katika namba moja nchini Uingereza, na kufuatiwa na nyimbo mbili za pekee zilizoitwa [[Tonight/Miss You Nights]] ambazo zilishika nafasi ya tatu,katika chati ya Uingereza Katika kipindi hiki,kufuatia kupenda kutengeneza filamu, walifanya makala katika Televisheni iliyoitwa "Wild Westlife" iliyoongozwa na Iain McDonald iliyofanywa na kundi la Westlife lenyewe. Ilikuwa inaonesha jinsiya maisha na muziki na haliilivyo katika matamasha yao ya muziki. Mwaka 2003,Westlife walifanya tena maonesho ya duniani na kuiita [[The Greatest Hits Tour]] na kuzidi kupateza uvumi wa kusambaratika kwao Mwezi Septemba mwaka 2003, walitoa wimbo ulioitwa [[Hey Whatever]] ambao ulishika nafasi ya nne, katika chati ya muziku ya Uingereza, .Albamu ya nne ya studio [[Turnaround]] iliachiwa mwezi wa kumi na moja na kushika nafasi ya kwanza kwanza katika chati za Uingereza.[[Mandy]] wimbo katika kufidia [[Barry Manilow]] uliachiwa mwezi wakumi na moja mwaka 2003.Toleo la sasa liliweza kuwafanya washinde rekodi ya tatu na tuzo ya mwaka ndani ya miaka mitano. Wimbo wao wa Mandy umeweza kufanya vizuri na kushika nafasi ya kwanza kuanzia nafasi ya mia mbili(Kutoka #200 hadi #1) katika historia ya chati ya muziki ya Uingereza. [[Obvious]] Ilitoka kama wimbo wa mwisho katika albamu hii. Ambao wenyewe ulishija hadi nafasi ya tatu. Tarehe 09/03/2004, zikiwa zimebaki siku tatu tu kabla ya kuanza kwa tamasha lingine la maonesho duniani, [[Bryan McFadden]] alicha kuwa mwanachama wa kundi la Westlife ili awezekuwa na muda mwingi zaidi wa kukaa na familia yake na kuweza kufanya kazi zake binafsi. Katika siku hiyo, Uliitishwa mkutano na waandishi wa habari, ambapo wanamuziki wote wanaotengeeza kundi la Westlife waaliweza kutoa hatuba yenye kusikitisha. Onesho la mwisho la kundi hilowakiwana Bryan lilifanyika katika viwanja vya Newcastle Upon Tynes Powerhouse tarehe27/02/2004. baadae aliendelea kutoa nyimbo zake binafsi kama vile,kumua kurudisha jina lakekama lilivyokuwa hapo awaliyaani Brian, na kuanza kutoa nyimbo kama vile [[Real To Me]] ambayo ilishika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati ya muziki Ya Uingereza, na uda mfupi baadae alitaalbamu yake ya kwanza kama mwanamuziki wa kujitegemea iliyoitwa [[Irish Son]] chini ya kampuni ya [[Sony Music]], na kuendeleakutoa nyimbo mbalimbali katika mafanikio ya kawaida ===Allow Us To Be Frank-10 years(2004–2009=== Ndani ya mwezi mmoja tangu,McFadden aondoke, Kundi lilianza maonesho ya matamasha ya albamu ya [[Turnaround Tour]] onesho la moja kwa moja la [[Flying Without Wings]] ilitolewa maalumu, na kuwasaidia kupata namba moja katika chati ya Uingereza, .Baada ya hapo, walaiamua kuweka [[Rat Park]] katika albamu.[[Allow Us To Be Frank]] ikishika namba tatu. Hakuna wimbo uliotolewa kama pekee katika albamu hii. Ain't That A Kick In The Head", ukiwa na video ya muziki ulitolewa kwa ajili ya mataifa mengine ya Uropa. [[Smile]] na [[Fly Me to the Moon]] na video ya muziki pia.ilitolewa, tangu kutolewa kwa albumu yao,Westlife wamekuwa wakitafuta washabiki wa hakika ili kuwasadia katika kuinua album yao,katika moja yamaonesho yao maalumu ya "She's The One"niliyofanywa na [[Kate Thornton]] Baada ya [[X-Factor]] walimpata Joanne Hindley ambaye waliweza kurekodi nae wimbo wa [[The Way You Look Tonight]].Kutengeneza huu ushirikiano maalumu, kipindi maalumu kiliandaliwa kikionesha nyimbo na maonesho ya moja kwa moja .Matamasha yaliyojuisha Joanne, Westlife waliendela kwenda hadi Uropa kama sehemu ya maonesho yao,. Ya [[The Number Ones Tour]] kabla ya kuchukualikizo ya miezi minane kutoka kazini. Tarehe 4/5/2005, Westlife walipoteza nembo yao ya biashara ya "West" kutoka kwa Kampuni ya Kijerumani.Mwaka2005, walirudi na na wimbo mmoja wa [[You Raise Me Up]] ambao pia ulichuliwa katika albamu yao ya [[Face To Face]] Tarehe 6/11/2005, nyimbo hiyo pamoja na albamu zilikua tayari zimeshafika katika namba moja katika chati ya muziki ya Uingereza naukafanya hivyo hivyo katika wiki ya pili. Ilikuwa ni mara ya kwanza kwa kundi la Westlife kuwahi kufikisha wimbo mmoja na albamu kwa mpigo katika namba moja ndani ya wiki moja.. Wimbo wa "You Raise Me Up" uliunikiwa kama rekodi yao ya nne katika mwaka 2005, katika chati ya Muziki ya Uingereza. Mwezi wa kumina mbili mwaka huo huo, kundi hilola muzokilikatoa wimbo ulioitwa "[[When You Tell Me That You Love Me]]" walishirikiana na [[Diana Rose]] wimbo wa pili wa pekee, ambao pia ulifika hadi namba mbili katika chati ya muziki ya Uingereza. Baada ya Hapo, Westlife wakatoa wimbo wa tatu wa pekee, ulioitwa "[[Amazing]] ambao ulifika hadi namba nne, na kuwa ndio wimbo wa kwanza uliofanya malipo madogo kuliko zote. Baada ya hapo, Westlife, wakaanza kuangalia kufanya matamasha yaliyoitwa "[[Face To Face Tour]] kwa kusafiri zaidi katika nchi za Uingereza, Ireland, Australia na bara la Asia. Ndio katika wakati huu, kuwa kundi la Westlife lilipoweza kufanya tamasha katika nchi ya [[China]] Mwishoni mwa mwaka 2006, Westlidfe waliandika mkataba mpya na kampuni ya Sonny albamu yaoya nane iliyoitwa [[The Love Album]] na tamasha la [[Love]], albamu ambayo ilikuwa na nyimbo nyingi zaidi zikiwa ni za mapenzi. Albamu hiyo, iliweza kuuza nyimbo za pamoja [[Compilation Albums]]hadi [[Oasis]]. Wiki ya kwanza tangu itolewe iliweza kushika mbili moja katika chati na kwenda hadi namba moja katika wiki iliyofuatia. Wimbo wa kwanza kutoka katika albamu ya The love Album,ulikuwani wimbo wa [[Bette Midler]], "[[The Rose]]" ambao pia ulikuwa ni wimbo wa kundi hilo wa kumi na nne, uwahi kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati ya muziki ya Uingereza. Kwa nyimbo moja moja.Hii ikawanya Westlife, kushika nafasi ya tatu kwa wanamuziki wenye nyimbo nyingi moja moja kuwahikufika katika nafasi ya kwanza, wakiwa na [[Cliff Richard]], waliokuwa wakimetngulia katika chati hiyo ya muziki yanchini Uingereza ni [[Elvis Presley]], aliyekuwa na nyimbo 21, na [[The Beatles]] walikuwa na nyimbo 17,.Bandi hii,ikaendela na matamasha katika baadhi ya miji nchini [[Australia]] kabla ya kwenda nchini [[Afrika Kusini]], [[Uingereza]] na [[Ireland]]. Bendi hii ilifanya matamasa yao makubwa ya mwisho mwaka2007, katika eneolaBitts Park jijini [[Carlisle]] nchini Uingereza Tarehe 5/11/2007, Westlife walitoa albamu yao ya tisa, iliyoitwa [[Back Home]] na kujumusha nyimbo tisa za kwao wenyewe na pia nyimbo tatu,ambazo tayari zilikuwa tayari zimekwisha kuimbwa hapo awali. Albamu ilishika namba moja katika chati ya muziki ya Uingereza na pia ilikuwa ndio iliongoza kwa mwaka 2007 kwa mauzo nchini Uingereza,.Wimbo wa kwanza kutolewa kutoka katika wimbo albamu hio,ulikuwa ni wimbo wa [[Michael Buble's]] ulioitwa '[[Home]]" ambao ulifika hadi namba tatu katika chati ya muziki ya Uingereza "[[I'm Already There]]" ambao haukutolewa kama wimbo mmoja ,ulifanya vizuri pia, katika chati ya muziki ya Uingereza, kufuatiwa na oneshola [[TheX-Factor]]. Tarehe 15/12/2007, Walifanya onesho la masaaa mawili mfululizo ambapo waliimba nyimbo kumi nyimbo ambazo zilikuwa zimepigiwa kura na mashabiki wao katika Tovuti kutoka katika albamu ya [[Bach Home]], katika tamasha lililoitwa "The Westlife Show" tamasha lililoandaliwa na [[Holly Willoughby]] Wakati huu, Westlife pamoja na [[Tesco]] walifanya zoezi lililoitwa " The Definite Quiz" ambalo lilikuwa linauliza historia nzima ya kundi hilo. Lilishikisha mashabiki wa Westlife dunia nzima .Mwezi mmoja baadae wimbo wa [[Us Against the World]] ulitoka na kuwa wimbo wao w pili wa pekee nchini Uingereza na Ireland, na kushika nafasi ya nane, na na ndio wimbo ambao umewahi kushika nafasi ya chini kabasa hadi leo Kabla ya kutoka kwa wimbo wao wa pekee, wa pili, walifanya tena onesho lililoitwa [[BackHome Tour]] mwaka 2008, tarehe 25, ya mwezi wa pili.Maonesho haya yakafanya mara ya kwanza kwa kundi hilikusafiri na kufanya maonesho katika nchi za New Zealand na kufanya maonesho manne katika maeno ya [[Auckland]], [[Wellington]], [[New Plymouth]] na [[Christchurch]]. Wakati huo huo, wimbo wa [[Something Right]] ulitolewa kama wimbo wa pili wa pekee. Wimbo wa "Us Agaist The World" ukawa wimbo wa tatu kutolewa kati nchi za Uropa, Asia na nchi za Bahari ya Pasifiki. Nyimbo zote mbili ilifanya vizuri ikiwa ni pamoja na kushika nafasi za juu katika chati mbalimbali za muziki Katika kuadhimisha mwaka wao wa kumi katika Muziki, Westlife walifanya onesho, lililoitwa 10 Years Of Westlife na kufanya tamasha hili kuwa kubwa kwa upande wa dunia lilikuwa tamasha la thelathini na tatu,na upande wa Uropa ilikuwa tamasha na nne, kwa ukubwa,na lilifanyika katika uwanja wa [[Croke Park]] tarehe 01/06/2008.Tamasha hilo lilikuwa na watu 82,000,na ndio tamasha lililowahi kuwa na watu wengi zaidi hadi leo katika historia ya Westlife [[Shayne Ward]] alijumuika katika kutoa ushirikiano katika kamasha hilo,na Kian alitambuliwa kwa kupenda zaidi muziki wa aina ya pop. Shane alihakikisha kuwa, DVD ya oensho katika tamasha hilo,ingetoka karibuni. Kundi hili la Muziki likatangaza kuwa, linaenda katika mapumziko kwa kuda wa mwaka mmoja baada ya onesho la "Back Home" na kutakuwa hakuna Albamu itakoyotolewa kwa mwaka 2008,kwani watakuwa wanatengeza albamu yaoya kumi. Tarehe 16/06/2008, [[Harper Collins UK]] atatoa historia ya maisha ya Westlife iliyoitwa [[Westife-Our Story]] kama sehemu ya sherehe yao ya mwaka. Kitabu kilisemakana kuandikwa na kila mwanakikundi kwa muda wamiezi mitatu.. na kilijumuisha histiria ya maisha yao katika biashara wa Muda wa miaka kumi Pia kilikuwa na seheme ya maisha binafsi na picha kutoka kwa vijana hao.Kama walivyoahidi katika Tovuti yao,tarehe 27/09/2008 kuhusu kuotka kwa Nakala za DVDtarehe 24/11/2008, iliyokuwa na jinala [[10 Years Of Westlife-Live at Croke Park Stadium]] ambayo ilienda moja kwa moja katika nafasi ya kwanza katika nchi za Uingereza,Ireland, Afrika ya Kusini,[[Hong Kong]] na New [[Zealand]] .katika chati ya muziki na DVD. Kama kikundi, walimaliza matamasha yao ya Back Home Tour kwa mafanikio, Louis Walsh akatangaza katika onesho la [[Xpose]], kuwa, tarehe 01/7/2008,ndio siku ya kwanza rasmi ya mapumziko ya kundi hilo la Westlife.na kusema kuwa,itakuwa ni mapumziko ya mwaka mzikma yaani kuanzia siku hiyo hadi tarehe 1/7/2009.Tarehe 13/12/2008, Westlife wakati wakiwa bado katika mapumiziko, walitokea katika onesho la [[X Factor]] usiku wa mwisho waliofanya onesho la wimbo wa "Flying Without Wings" na [[JLS]]. Baada ya kufanya onesho, Shane na Nicky, walifanyiwa mahojiano na [[Xtra Factor]] pamoja na [[Stephen Gately]] wa kundi la Boyzone.Kutokana na JLS nae kufanya oneshola wimbo "I'm Already There. Wimbo wa Westlife, ambao uliingizwa kwa mara ya pili, ulishika namba 63,wakati katika ingizo jipya la nchini Ireland katikanyimbo za pekee,ulishika nafasi ya 43, kutokana na watu wengi kutoa nyimbo hizo katika tarakilishi. Kabla ya Sikuu ya Christmas,waliandika katika tovuti yao kuwa,mwaka 2009,utakuwa ni mwaka wenye msisimko kwa Westlife. Kwa hali hiyo, mashabiki wa Kundi hilo,wakahisi kuwa, hii ni kwa sababu ya ushirikiano wanotaraji kufanya na wanamuziki kama vile [[Leona Lewis]] na[[Britney Spears]]. Wakiwa bado kwenye mapumziko,Westlife waliripotiwa kuwa na mpango kabambe kauhusiana na oneshola 70, lililotarajiwa kugharimu kiasi cha Euro miliono 10, kwakufikia mwisho wa mwaka 2009 Wiki ya kwanza ya mwezi wa kwanza mwaka 2009,DVD yenye jina [[The Karaoke Collection]] ilitoka.Ilikwa na baadhi ya nyimbo zao zenye oicha yaani video zilizowahi kupendwa zaidi. Tarehe 27/3/2009, katika suala la Herald Ireland,Louis alibainisha kuwa,Simon tayari alikuwa ameshachagua nyimbo tatu, ambazo aliamini kuwa zitakuwa zenye kupendwa zaidi. Nicky, alibainisha kuwa,Kundi hilo la Mziki litarudi katika chati ya muziki,mara litakaporejea na kuanza kurekodi mwaka 2009,alisema hayo wakati akipokea tuzo yake ya [[VIP Style Awards]] ya mwanaume mwenye aina tofauti tofauti za mwonekano katika X-pose, TV3. Tarehe 18/03/2009,walishinda tuzoya kundi lililoongoza kutoka Ireland katka tuzol za[[2009 Meteor Awards]] kwa mara ya nne mulilizo.. Tarehe 28/05/2009,walitoa Westlife-Our History historia ya maisha yao, na kungezea yaliyotokea katika Croke Park na mara ya kwanza katika kitabu kigumu. ===Mahali Tulipo(2009-Sasa)=== Walsh akasema baada ya kutoka katika likizo ya mwaka mzima ya Westlife,marafiki na familia zao, Westlife watarudi tena katika chati malimbali za muziki. Mwei wa sita wakati wakifanyia kazi albamu yao ya kumi. Walsh akasema pia, wakati alipokutana na Simon Cowel wlijadiliana juu ya kurudi kwa kundi laWestlife.Wakati huo,nymbo tatu tayari zilikuwa zimeshachaguliwa ambazowaliamini kuwa zitakuwa zamafanikio mara zitakapotolewa na kundi hili la Westlife. Westife watafanya onesho lao la mwaka 2010,katika maeneomawili lakini eneol la Croke Parklikiwa kichwani. Kwa sasa wameshapanga maonesho Kwa sasa,Westlife wamepanga kufanya onesho katika eneo la Croke Park tarehe 5 mwezi wa sita. Katika mipango ya hivi karibuni, wamepanga kufana matamasha 70, katika kuelekea mwisho wa mwaka, hii ikijumuisha matamasha nane katika jiji la Dublin, katika eneo la '02, na katika maeneo makubwa katika nchi ya Ireland, Uingereza na nchi nyingine.Shane analiambia Irish Mirror kuwa,wnataka kufanya albamu yao inayofuatia kuwa moja ya kati ya albamu zao nzuri zaidi Baadhi ya washindi wa X-Factor,JLS, watashiriki na kundi la Westife katika tamasha la Mwaka 2009, linalojukina kama " Where we are-Tour" Mpangilio a kurekodi albamu ya kumi, ulianza tarehe 1/7/2009, katika studioza Telefunken, katika jiji la [[London]]. Nicky alisema kuwa kutakuwa na waandishi na wazalishaji wa muziki wa hatua ya kwanza katika album inayafuatia.Pia alitakakushirikisha watu kama,[[Chris Martin]] wa kundi la [[Coldplay]] ambaye ametokea kuwa moja kati ya wanamuziki ambao kundi hili laWestlife wanalopenda zaidi..[[Ryan Tedder]] wa kundi la [[OneRepublic]] na mwandishi na mzalishaji wa muziki ambaye ameshafanya nyimbo kama vile Shadow (akisaidiwa na [[AJ McLean]] wa kundi la[[Backstreet Boys]]),na wimbo wa "Beautful" ambao unaweza ukatokea katka albamu yao inayokuja hivi karibuni. Wimbo mwingine unaoitwa "Leaving" Darren Hayes, Desmond Child, Guy Chambers, Leonard Cohen, Chris Braide, Andreas Carlsson, Wayne Hector, Walter Afanasieff, Ben Adams, JC Chasez na Shaznay Lewis waliwahi kusemekana kufanya kazi na kundi la Westlife, katika wimbo Ulioitwa " As Love Is My Witness" uliorekdiwa na kundi hilo na wimbo wa "Now Can't LetGo" wimbo wa Westlife ambao ulishawahi kufanywa na Hector nakutapakaa katika tovuti. Wimbo mwingine uliowahi kurekodiwa na kundihili, Uliitwa " No More Heroes" I Uliondikwa na Lindy Robbins pia uanegemea kutokea albamu yao ningine.Wimbo wa "Rach out" uliandikwa kwa msaada wa mwanakikundi [[Mark feehily]] na Chriss Braide na Shaznay Lewis. Albamu yao ya [[Where We Are]]ilitoka tarehe 30/11/2009,na kushika nafasi ya pili katika chati ya muziki ya Uingereza na Ireland. Kibao chao cha [[What About Now]] kilitoka wiki kadhaa kabla tarehe 23/10/2009,na kupatikana katika wavuti siku kadhaa baadae,na kibaohicho,kilishika nafasi ya pili katika chati ya muziki nchini Uingereza na nchini Ireland. [[Doughtry]] kilipata kufahamika baada ya onesho la X Factor tangu kutoka kwa nyimbo za Westliefe. Kundi hili la muziki limepanga kutengeneza nyimbo kwa kushirikiana na '[[Mariah Carey]],na ndio utakua wimbo wa pekee wa pili kuwahi kushikishwa kwa Mariah Carey, wimbo utaitwa "Call Me Now"na utakuawa maalumu kwa ajuli ya Uingereza peke yake Shane alesema katka onesho la ''Paul O' Grady" lililofanyika tarehe 4/12 kuwa kundi litafanya maonesho katika kipindi cha joto cha mwaka 2010,na tarehe za maonesho hayo zitatangazwa karibuni.Maonesho hayo yatakuwa na jina la "[[The Where We Are Tour]]" ===Soko la Marekani=== Westlife hadi sasa hawajaweza kuafanya vizuri sana katika soko la Marekani. Moja kati ya vibao vilivyoahi kufanya vizuri katika maeneo mengine kama vile ''Swear It Again'' kilichofika nchini Marekani mwaka 2000, kilikuwa kikip[igwa katika maeneo machache tu, na kundi hilo liliweza kufanya onesho moja katika MTV televisheni, [[Total Request Live]]. Wimbo huo ulishika nafasi ya 20 katika chati ya Billboard,nyimbo 100,bora, na ulikuwa namba 75, katika chati ya miziki 100 bora kwa mwishoni mwa mwaka. 2000. pia Ili kuwezesha albamu nyingine ya Westlife iliyoitwa ''[[World Of Our Own]]'' lakini hawakuweza kupata nafasi nzuri na hivyo kuamua kutilia mkazo katika masoko yake, katika masoko ya nje ambako ndiko wana mashabiki wengi zaidi. Lakini hili lilikuwa ni shauri gumu kuamua kwani,kundi la Westlife lingeweza kufanya vizuri kutokana na makundi maarufu kama [[Backstreet Boys]] na [[N'Sync]] yalikuwayameenda katika mapumziko kwa mwaka huo,na Kundi la Westlife lingeweza kutumia nafasi hii,katika kujipatia umaarufu. Wimbo wa Westlife,unaoitwa ''[[Flying Without Wings]]'' ulishika nafasi ya pili nchini Marekani,wakati mashindi wa Marekani katika mashindano ya [[American Idol]] na mshindi [[Ruben Staddard]] aliporekodi na kutoa wimbo wake wa kwanza.Kundi hili,lilikatishwa tamaa kwa nini,walikuwa na mpango wa kupeleka wimbo huo,nchini Marekani katika siku za hivi karibuni.Mwaka 2003, Westlife walikwenda katika eneo la Nashvielle kwa ajili ya kutengeneza filamu kwa ajili ya makala ya Televisheni ya BBC, iliyoitwa "Swapping Notes:Westlife go Country" .Wakati wakiwa pale, walifanya onesho la maja kwa moja la wimbo wa '''''[[Daytime Friends]]''''' wimbo ambaoni wa Mwanamuziki mkongwe wa Muziki wa kantri [[Kenny Rogers]] ambao uliwapatia umaarufu sana Hivi karibuni,Mahojiano yaliyofanywa na Lois Walsh na Simon Cowel yalitanabaisha kuwa, kundi hilo Muziki litajaribu kujipenyeza katika sokola Marekani katika Albmu yao ya mwaka 2002-2010, [[America's Got Talent]]ulitengenezwa na [[Simon Cowel]] anajaribu kutumia nyimbo za Westlife kama vile "Us Against the World", "Flying Without Wings na "What Makes a Man" kama nyimbo zitakazokuwa zinasindikiza tamasha hilo. Westlife wenyewe wamesemakuwa,kufanya kazi waandishi wa nyimbo katika albamu ya ''Where We Are'' ili[okea kama bahati mbaya na pia wameshasahau kamawalishindw kufanya vizuri katika soko la Marekani. Westlife wametengeza maukato yao wenyewe yanayoitwa Westlife X na yanapatikana kwa kupitia anwani ya [[www.jigsawesl.co.uk]]. Manukato yaliyozinduliwa rasmi katika jiji la Dublin.Mwezi wa kumina moja tarehe 09. ===Kushirikisha=== Kundi la Westlife,limesaini mkataba chini ya Uangalizi wa nembo ya kampuni ya [[Sonny Music]] Louis Walsh, Simon Cowel,Sonny Takhar, Tim Bryrne ni kati ya timu ya Uzaishaji wa kazi za Westlife.Mbali na [[Steve mac]] na Wayne Hctor kundi hili pia lina nafasi ya kufanya kazi na waandishi waandishi wa nyimbo nawatengezaji wa nyimbo.Hawa ni baadhi ya yaoambo tunaweza pia kuwaona katika makasha ya nyimbo zao,[[Savan Kotecha]],[[Rami Yacoub]], [[Peter Magnusson]], [[David Kreuger]], [[Max Martin]], [[Anders Johansson]], [[Josef Larossi]], [[Jorgen Elofsson]], [[Andreas Carlsson]] Arnthor Birgisson, Kristina Lundin,Jake Schule,Diane Warren,na wengine wa hivi karibuni ni pamoja na Ryan Tedder, na kwa nyimbo za kuchanganya Rokstone,Orphanz Boyz,Wideboys,Soul Seekers na JimSteinman,wameshafanya kazi na kundi hili na kumaliza nyimbo kadhaa. Kundi limeshafanya ushiikiano na wanamuziki maarufu kama Vile, [[Mariah Carey]] katika wimbo (Against All Odds,(Take A Look At Me Now) [[Lulu]], ([[Back at Me]]), Joanne Hindley,(''The Way You Look Tonight''), Diana Rose (''When You Tell Me That You Love Me''), [[Donna Summer]] ([[No More Tears (Enough Is Enough]]), [[Delta Goodrem]] ([[All Out of Love]]) na ''[[If I Had Words]]'' na The Vards ''[[I Have A Dream]]'' na Mwanamuziki mtoto kutoka Nchini Indonesia, [[Shrina]] na wimbo wa "[[My Love]]" [[Amir Diab]]. Nyimbo hizi pia zilirekodiwa na kujumuishwa katika albamu mbalimbali. Mwaka 2002, Westlife walirekodi wimbo wao bora zaidi ''Flying Without Wings na [[Cristian Castro]] na mwimbaji wa [[Korea]] [[BoA]] kama wimbo uliofanywa na watu tofauti tofauti Westlife wameshafanya maonesho yanayoshirikisha waimbaji tofauti zaidi ya mmoja,na kuwashirikisha wanamuziki kama vile, Sinéad O'Connor ("Silent Night"), Donny Osmond ("Crazy Horses"), Mariah Carey ("Never Too Far/Hero Medley"), Secret Garden ("You Raise Me Up"), Lionel Richie ("Easy"), Ronan Keating ("The Dance"), Dolores O'Riordan of The Cranberries ("Little Drummer Boy"), Roy Orbison ("Pretty Woman"), Delta Goodrem ("All Out Of Love"), Raymond Quinn ("That's Life"), Leehom Wang ("You Raise Me Up"), Mary Black ("Walking In The Air"), Kevin Spacey ("Fly Me to the Moon"), Do ("Heaven"), JLS ("Flying Without Wings"),na waimbaji wengine maarufu, "All-Stars, ("That's What Friends Are For"; "Merry Christmas Everybody"; "I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday") na hata baba zao ("That's Life"). Maa kati waongozaji wa video waliowai kufanya kazi na kundi la Westlife ni pamoja na, Cameron Casey, Wayne Isham, Nigel Dick, Stuart Gosling, Phil Griffin, Antti Jokinen, David Mould, Alex Hemming, Philip Andelman, Max Giwa and Dania Pasquini.Shayne Ward, No Way Out, K-otic, Natural, Six, Totally Spies, D-Side and Lauren Waterworth, Bellefire, The Conway Sisters, V, Twen2y4se7en, Zoo, Kwest, Pop, No Way Out, Sub Bass 5, Traphic, Mark Dakriet, 4th Ba5e, Reel, Peter Andre, Girls Aloud, Eton Road, Gareth Gates, Roxanne, Alsou, The MacDonald Brothers, Billiam, Cushh, The Unconventionals, Dyyce, Lady Nada, Code 5, Annabel Fay and Hope have supported the band on different tours. ===Kujitolea=== Wakati kila mmoja katika kundi hili, ana shughuli zake binafsi za kusaidia watu .Westlife wamekuwa wakitoa misaada mbalimbali kwa vikundi mbalimbali tangu hapo awali.Moja ilikuwa ni wakati kundi hilo liliporekodi kwa mara ya pili wimbo wa ''I Have A Dream'' walifanya na mwanamuziki wa Indonesia [[Sherina]] kwa ajli ya harambee ya kutafuta hela za shirika la [[UNICEF]] Tofauti na hilo, kundihili lilirudia muziki wa ''Uptown Girl kwa ajili ya maswala ya uchekeshaji, ambao hadi hii leo,ndicho kibao kinachongoza kwa mauzo.Tofauti na hapo,pia wamesaidia shirika la S.I.R.F,katika kutoa msaada kwa wahanga wa kimbunga cha [[Tsunami]] Tarehe 4/11/2005. walifanya onesho na [[Christina Aguilera]]na [[Diana Rose]] katika tamasha la[[Coca-Cola Dome]] katika jiji la [[Johannesburg]] nchini Afrika ya Kusini, katika kujumuisha wanamuziki maarufu katika chakula cha msaada kilichaondaliwa kwa ajii ya kutoa msaada wa ,Mfuko wa watoto wa [[Nelson Mandela]],Tuungane kupinga njaa, Hospitali ya Mtakatifu Maria na Topsy Foundation. Wamekuwa wakiwasaidia, taasisi ya viziwi ya, Royal National Institute for the Deaf (RNID), ChildLine na Children in Need, Cancer Research UK organizations. Hivi karibuni, walifanya onesho la wimbo wa ''Us Against the World'', moja kwa moja katika viwanja vya michezo vya [[Bluebell Wood]] na kushiriki katika tamasha la [[Galway]] katika kuhimiza matumizi ya maji masafi, kwa kufanya onesho la matangazo.Na pia wana ofisi rasmi ya kutoa msaada inayoitwa One World Beat. ==Diskografia== * ''[[Westlife (album)|Westlife]]'' (1999) * ''No. 1 Hits and Rare Tracks'' (2000) * ''[[Coast to Coast (album)|Coast to Coast]]'' (2000) * ''[[World of Our Own]]'' (2001) * ''[[Unbreakable - The Greatest Hits Vol. 1]]'' (2002) * ''[[Turnaround (Westlife album)|Turnaround]]'' (2003) * ''[[Allow Us to Be Frank]]'' (2004) * ''[[Face to Face (Westlife album)|Face to Face]]'' (2005) * ''[[Released (Westlife album)|Released]]'' (2005) * ''[[The Love Album (Westlife album)|The Love Album]]'' (2006) * ''[[Back Home (Westlife album)|Back Home]]'' (2007) * ''[[Where We Are]]'' (2009) ==Matembezi== * Westlife Meets East Asian Tour (2000) * [[Where The Dreams Come True Tour]] (Februari/Juni 2001) * [[World of Our Own Tour]] (Aprili/Juni 2002) * [[The Greatest Hits Tour]] (Aprili/Julai 2003) * [[Turnaround Tour]] (Machi/Agosti 2004) * [[The Number Ones Tour]] (Februari/Aprili 2005) * [[Face to Face Tour]] (Aprili/Septemba 2006) * [[The Love Tour (Westlife)|The Love Tour]] (Februari/Mei 2007) * [[Back Home Tour]] (Februari/Juni 2008) * [[Where We Are Tour]] (Mei 2010 - Juni 2010) ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.westlife.com Official Westlife Website] * [http://www.youtube.com/westlife Official Westlife YouTube] [[Jamii:Bendi za muziki wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Bendi za muziki]] e2nykdvo9bccv9sytyls8witike2d7t 0 34072 1598958 1201968 2026-09-23T02:47:52Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | Jina = Coast To Coast | Type = Album | Msanii = Westlife | Cover = Westlife - Coast to Coast.jpeg | Imetolewa = {{start date|2000|11|6}}<br /><small>(see [[#Release history|Release history]])</small> | Imerekodiwa = [[Desemba 1999]] - [[Aprili 2000]] | Studio = [[Sony BMG]], [[RCA]] | Aina = Pop | Urefu = 70:02 | Review = * [[Allmusic]] {{Rating|2.5|5}} [http://www.allmusicguide.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:kifqxq80ldfe link] * [[Entertainment.ie]] {{Rating|1|5}} [http://entertainment.ie/cd_reviews/Westlife+-+Coast+To+Coast/913.htm link] * [[Yahoo! Music]] {{Rating|5|10}} [http://uk.launch.yahoo.com/l_reviews_a/16201.html link] * [[Planet Sound]] {{Rating|1|10}} {{Citation needed|date=Desemba 2008}} | Albamu iliyopita = ''[[Westlife (album)|Westlife]]''<br />(1999) | Albamu ya sasa = '''''Coast to Coast'''''<br />(2000) | Albamu ijayo = ''[[World of Our Own]]''<br />(2001) | Misc = {{Singles | Jina = Westlife | Type = studio | single 1 = [[Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)]] <small>(with [[Mariah Carey]])</small> | single 1 tarehe = {{start date|2000|9|18}} | single 2 = [[My Love (Wimbo wa Westlife)|My Love]] | single 2 tarehe = {{start date|2000|10|31}} | single 3 = [[What Makes a Man]] | single 3 tarehe = {{start date|2000|12|18}} | single 4 = [[I Lay My Love on You]] | single 4 tarehe = {{start date|2001|3|3}}<small>(Asia & Europe only)</small> | single 5 = [[Uptown Girl]] | single 5 tarehe = {{start date|2001|2|26}} | single 6 = [[When You're Looking Like That]] | single 6 tarehe = {{start date|2001|8|27}}<small>(Asia & Europe only)</small> }}}} '''''Coast to Coast''''' ni albamu ya pili kutoka kwa vijana Kieire, [[Westlife]]. Albamu ilitoka tar. [[6 Novemba]] [[2000]], chini ya studio ya [[RCA]]. Lakini albamu hii ilitolewa tena ndani ya vijiboksi ndani ya Albamu yao ya ''[[World of Our Own]]'' mara ya mwisho tar. 25 Januari 2005. Albamu hii ilipata nafasi ya kuuza zaidi ya nakala milioni 8, dunia nzima. {{Citation needed|date=Desemba 2009}} == Mapokezi == Albamu ya ''Coast to Coast'' Ilipata mapokezi ambayo si mazuri kwa mashabiki wake. Andrew Lynch, kutoka katoka kipindi cha [[Entertainment.ie]] aliipa album hiyo nyota moja kutoka nyota tano, na kuuita albumu hiyo,"Kujiua kibishara" ("Commercial Suicide")lakini kulikwa na mapokezi mazuri kidogo kwa upande wa [[Allmusic]] kwani waliipa albamu hiyo nyota 2.5 kutoka nyota 5, na kulinganisha kundi hilo na makundi mengine kama vile [[Take That]] na [[Boyzone]]. Albamu hii, ilishika namba nne,kwa upande wa mauzo kwa mwaka 2000, nchini Uingereza. Nyimbo kama ''Close'', ''Soledad'' na ''Puzzle oa My Heart'' ilitoka kama nyimbo moja moja nchini Ufilipino wakati, nyimbo kama vile ''En Ti Deje Mi Amor'' ilitolewa kama nyimbo moja moja maarufu kama "singo' lakini hizi zilitoka katika nchi zinazozungumza lugha ya kihispania peke yake. ==Chati za albamu== Albamu ya ''Coast to Coast'' ilishika namba moja katika chati ya muziki ya Uingereza, [[UK Charts|UK Top 75 Albumsna]] kufanikiwa kuuza nakala 234,000 katika wiki ya kwanza peke yake, na albamu nzima iibaki katika nafasi ya kwanza kwa kipindi cha wiki moja nzima, na kufuatiwa na kundi la [[Beatles|The Beatles]] na albamu yao ya [[The Beatles 1]], albamu ambayo ilitambulika kama yenye ubora wahali ya juu, hususani baada ya kuuza nakala milioni 1.5, katika nchi ya Uingereza peke yake. {|class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Nchi !align="center"|Ilichukua<br />nafasi !align="center"|Mauzo !align="center"|hakikisho |- |align="left"|[[UK Albums Chart]] |align="center"|1<ref>[http://www.everyhit.com/ UK album chart]</ref> |align="center"|1,500,000+ |align="center"|5×Platinum |- |align="left"|[[Irish Albums Chart]] |align="center"|1 |align="center"|603,000 |align="center"| |- |align="left"|[[Ubelgiji]] |align="center"|17<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Westlife&titel=Coast+To+Coast&cat=a Belgium album chart]</ref> |align="center"| |align="center"| |- |align="left"|[[Ujerumani]] |align="center"|19 |align="center"| |align="center"| |- |align="left"|[[Netherlands]] |align="center"|13<ref>[http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Westlife&titel=Coast+To+Coast&cat=a Netherlands album chart]</ref> |align="center"| |align="center"| |- |align="left"|[[New Zealand]] |align="center"|2<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Westlife&titel=Coast+To+Coast&cat=a |title=New Zealand album chart |accessdate=2009-12-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204070107/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Westlife&titel=Coast+To+Coast&cat=a |archivedate=2008-12-04 |https://web.archive.org/web/20081204070107/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Westlife&titel=Coast+To+Coast&cat=a |=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204070107/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Westlife&titel=Coast+To+Coast&cat=a }}</ref> |align="center"| |align="center"| |- |align="left"|[[Norway]] |align="center"|6<ref>[http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Westlife&titel=Coast+To+Coast&cat=a Norwegian album chart]</ref> |align="center"| |align="center"| |- |align="left"|[[Sweden]] |align="center"|3<ref>[http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Westlife&titel=Coast+To+Coast&cat=a] Swedish album chart</ref> |align="center"| |align="center"| |- |align="left"|[[Switzerland]] |align="center"|38 |align="center"| |align="center"| |- |align="left"|[[Mexico]] |align="center"|6 |align="center"|115,000+ <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.westlife.org/news/mexico0801.shtml |title=Westlife quiere conquistar mercado de Estados Unidos |accessdate=2009-12-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106130517/http://www.westlife.org/news/mexico0801.shtml |archivedate=2010-01-06 }}</ref> |align="center"|Gold |- |} == Habari za Albamu == {| class="wikitable" ! Wimbo<br />Namba. ! Jina ! Washiriki ! Urefu |- | 1 | "[[My Love (Westlife song)|My Love]]" (Radio Edit) | Arranged By [Orchestra], Conductor [Orchestra] - Henrik Janson, Ulf Janson<br /> Orchestra - Stockholm Session Orchestra<br /> Percussion - Åke Sundqvist<br /> Producer, Programmed By, Arranged By - David Kreuger, Per Magnusson<br /> Recorded By [Orchestra] - Björn Norén<br /> Trumpet [Piccolo] - Joakim Agnas<br /> Written By - Jörgen Elofsson, Pelle Nylén, David Kreuger, Per Magnusson | 3:55 |- | 2 | "[[What Makes a Man]]" | Arranged By [Orchestra] - Richard Niles<br /> Producer, Mixed By, Arranged By, Keyboards, Piano - Steve Mac<br /> Written By - S. Mac , W. Hector | 3:54 |- | 3 | "[[I Lay My Love on You]]" (Single Remix) | Producer, Programmed By, Arranged By - David Kreuger, Per Magnusson<br /> Recorded By [Strings] - Björn Norén<br /> Written By - Jörgen Elofsson, Per Magnusson, David Kreuger<br /> | 3:33 |- | 4 | "[[I Have a Dream (song)|I Have A Dream (Remix)]]" | Backing Vocals - Andrew Frampton, Lance Ellington<br /> Bass - Daniel Frampton<br /> Choir - Bodywork Theatre School Choir<br /> Drums - Pete Waterman<br /> Engineer - Dan Frampton<br /> Guitar - Erwin Keiles<br /> Keyboards - Andrew Frampton<br /> Mastered By - Richard Dowling<br /> Percussion - Simon Hill<br /> Producer - Dan Frampton, Pete Waterman<br /> Producer [Additional] - John Holliday, Trevor Steel<br /> Remix - WIP<br /> Written By - B. Andersson, B. Ulvaeus | 4:18 |- | 5 | "[[Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)#Westlife and Mariah Carey version|Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)]]" | Backing Vocals [Additional] - Mary Ann Tatum, Wayne Hector<br /> Engineer - Chris Laws , Dana Jon Chappelle<br /> Engineer [Strings & Mix] - Matt Howe<br /> Guitar - Paul Gendler<br /> Mixed By, Keyboards, Piano - Steve Mac<br /> Producer - Mariah Carey , Steve Mac<br /> Programmed By [Protools] - Brian Garten, Chris Laws<br /> Vocals [Featuring], Arranged By [Vocals] - Mariah Carey<br /> Written By - Phil Collins | 3:25 |- | 6 | "When You're Looking Like That (Single Remix)" | Backing Vocals - Andreas Carlsson, Max Martin<br /> Engineer [Assistant], Mixed By [Assistant], Programmed By [Protools] - John Amatiello<br /> Producer, Engineer, Mixed By - Rami<br /> Written By - Rami, A. Carlsson, M. Martin | 3:56 |- | 7 | "Close" | Producer, Mixed By, Arranged By, Keyboards, Piano - Steve Mac<br /> Written By - S. Mac , W. Hector , C. Farren | 4:07 |- | 8 | "Somebody Needs You" | Backing Vocals - Anders von Hofsten, Andreas Carlsson<br /> Guitar - Andreas Carlsson<br /> Producer, Engineer, Mixed By - Jake<br /> Written By - J. Elofsson, A. Carlsson, Jake<br /> | 3:12 |- | 9 | "Angel's Wings" | Arranged By [Orchestra] - Richard Niles<br /> Choir - Tuff Session Singers, The<br /> Double Bass - Steve Pearce<br /> Guitar - Paul Gendler<br /> Producer, Mixed By, Arranged By, Keyboards, Piano - Steve Mac<br /> Written By - S. Mac, W. Hector, J. MacCarthy | 4:08 |- | 10 | "Soledad" | Acoustic Guitar, Guitar [Electric] - Henrik Jansson<br /> Backing Vocals [Additional] - Andreas Carlsson, Jörgen Elofsson<br /> Producer, Programmed By, Engineer - David Kreuger, Per Magnusson<br /> Written By - Rami, A. Carlsson, K.C. Porter | 4:03 |- | 11 | "Puzzle Of My Heart" | Harp - Åsa Lönnerholm<br /> Producer, Programmed By, Arranged By, Engineer - David Kreuger, Per Magnusson<br /> Recorded By [Strings & Harp] - Björn Norén<br /> Written By - Jörgen Elofsson, Andrew Fromm | 3:42 |- | 12 | "Dreams Come True" | Harp - Åsa Lönnerholm Producer, Programmed By, Arranged By - David Kreuger, Per Magnusson<br /> Recorded By [Harp] - Björn Norén<br /> Written By - Jörgen Elofsson, Per Magnusson, David Kreuger | 3:10 |- | 13 | "No Place That Far" | Producer, Mixed By, Arranged By, Keyboards, Piano - Steve Mac<br /> Written By - Sara Evans, Tom Shapiro, Tony Martin | 3:16 |- | 14 | "Close Your Eyes" | Producer, Mixed By, Arranged By, Piano, Keyboards - Steve Mac<br /> Written By - S. Mac, W. Hector | 4:36 |- | 15 | "You Make Me Feel" | Engineer [Strings & Mix] - Matt Howe<br /> Producer, Mixed By, Arranged By, Keyboards, Piano - Steve Mac<br /> Written By - Niklas Jarl, Patric Jonsson, Max Martin | 3:40 |- | 16 | "Loneliness Knows Me By Name" | Backing Vocals - Anders von Hofsten Engineer - Jake* Engineer [Assistant] - Christian Nilsson<br /> Producer, Mixed By - Andreas Romdhane, Jake, Josef Larossi<br /> Written By - Alexandra | 3:06 |- | 17.1 | "Fragile Heart" | Acoustic Guitar - Fridrick "Frizzy" Karlsson<br /> Producer, Mixed By, Arranged By, Keyboards, Piano - Steve Mac<br /> Written By - McFadden, Egan, Filan | 3:04 |- | 17.2 | "[[Uptown Girl]] (Radio Edit)" | Special Edition Bonus Track<br /> Produced, Mixed & Arranged By - Steve Mac<br /> Written By - Billy Joel | 3.06 |- | 18.1 | "Every Little Thing You Do" | Produced, Mixed & Arranged By, Keyboards, Piano - Steve Mac<br /> Written By - S. Mac , W. Hector | 4:13 |- | 18.2 | "Nothing Is Impossible" | Special Edition Bonus Track<br /> Produced and Arranged by Ray "Madman" Hedges, Mixed By Mark Emmitt Written By - Ray Hedges, Martin Brannigan, Byrne, Egan, Mcfadden | 3.15 |- |- | 19 | "[[My Girl (The Temptations song)|My Girl]]" | Special Edition Bonus Track<br /> Produced by Topham, Twigg and Waterman for Pete Waterman Productions<br /> Written By - William 'Smokey' Robinson, Ronald White | 2.46 |- | 30 | "Don't Get Me Wrong" | Hidden Track<br /> Backing Vocals - Anders von Hofsten<br /> Producer, Arranged By, Mixed By - Andreas Romdhane, Jake, Josef Larossi<br /> Written By - Jake , A. von Hofsten | 3:45 |- |} === Matokeo === * (P)+(C) 2000 BMG Entertainment International (UK and Ireland) Ltd., except track 5: (P) 2000 Sony Music Entertainment Inc. * Barcode# = 743218243028 * Tracks 19 to 29 do not contain any audio. * Track 30 is a hidden bonus track not credited on the back cover. * The CD-ROM part contains short previews of the music videos for "Against All Odds", "I Have A Dream" & "I Lay My Love On You". === Wafanya Kazi === * Joakim Agnas – Piccolo Trumpet * John Amatiello – Assistant * Dick Beetham – Mastering * Martin Brannigan – Arranger * Mariah Carey – Vocals (bckgr), Producer, Vocal Arrangement * Andreas Carlsson – Vocals (bckgr) * Dana Jon Chappelle – Engineer * Simon Cowell – Executive Producer * Andy Earl – Photography * Björn Engelmann – Mastering * Brian Garten – Digital Editing * Paul Gendler – Guitar, Guitar (Electric) * Wayne Hector – Vocals (bckgr), Vocal Arrangement * Matt Howe – Orchestral Arrangements, Mixing Engineer * Jimmy Jam – Producer * Henrik Janson – Arranger, Conductor * Fredrik Karlsson – Guitar (Electric) * David Krueger – Guitar (Acoustic), Arranger, Guitar (Electric), Producer * Josef Larossi – Mixing * Chris Laws – Programming, Engineer * Terry Lewis – Producer * Gustave Lund – Percussion * Tom Lundberg – Bass * Steve Mac – Piano, Arranger, Keyboards, Producer, Vocal Arrangement, Mixing * Per Magnusson – Arranger, Keyboards, Programming, Producer * Max Martin – Vocals (bckgr) * Richard Niles – Assistant Engineer * Esbjörn Öhrwall – Guitar * Steve Pearce – Bass * Daniel Pursey – Assistant Engineer * Rami – Producer, Engineer * Ake Sundqvist – Percussion * Mary Ann Tatum – Vocals (bckgr) * Ulf – Arranger, Conductor * Anders Von Hofsten – Vocals (bckgr) * Westlife – Vocals (bckgr) == Historia ya Kutoka == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Jimbo ! tarehe |- | United Kingdom | {{start date|2000|11|6}} |- | Australia | {{start date|2000|12|7}} |} == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viunga vya Nje == {{Westlife}} {{Westlife singles}} [[Jamii:Albamu za Westlife]] ehqndcunp66aixwxnvfh4khnl8qd30x 0 34081 1598830 1426773 2026-09-22T20:29:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Football biography 2 | jinalamchezaji = Adem Ljajić | picha = [[Picha:Adem Ljajić.JPG|250px]] | jinakamili = Adem Ljajić | tareheyakuzaliwa= {{birth date and age|1991|9|29|df=y}} | mjialiozaliwa = [[Novi Pazar]] | nchialiozaliwa = [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|SFR Yugoslavia]] | urefu = {{convert|1.81|m|ftin|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Rejea habari | title = Adem Ljajić|url=http://www.partizan.rs/igrac.php?Jezik=en&ID=22&sec=4&sec1=1 |publisher=partizan.rs |accessdate=14 Septemba 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907005613/http://www.partizan.rs/igrac.php?Jezik=en&ID=22&sec=4&sec1=1 |archivedate=2009-09-07 }}</ref> | nafasi = [[Midfielder#Attacking midfielder|Attacking midfielder]] | currentclub = [[FK Partizan|Partizan]] | clubnumber = 22 | youthyears1 = 2005–2008 |youthclubs1 = [[FK Partizan|Partizan]] | years1 = 2008– |clubs1 = [[FK Partizan|Partizan]] |caps1 = 38 |goals1 = 9 | nationalyears1 = 2007–2008 |nationalteam1 = [[Serbia national under-17 football team|Serbia U17]] |nationalcaps1 = 9 |nationalgoals1 = 1 | nationalyears2 = 2008–2009 |nationalteam2 = [[Serbia national under-19 football team|Serbia U19]] |nationalcaps2 = 10 |nationalgoals2 = 4 | nationalyears3 = 2008– |nationalteam3 = [[Serbia national under-21 football team|Serbia U21]] |nationalcaps3 = 10 |nationalgoals3 = 1 | pcupdate = 16:25, 17 Desemba 2009 (UTC) | ntupdate = 20:52, 15 Novemba 2009 (UTC) }} '''Adem Ljajić''' (kwa [[Kisirili]]: Адем Љајић; kwa [[IPA]]: [aːdɛm ʎajitɕ]; amezaliwa [[tarehe]] [[29 Septemba]] [[1991]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka nchi ya [[Serbia]] ambaye anacheza kama [[mshambuluzi]] au katikati katika [[klabu]] ya [[FK Partizan]] katika [[ligi kuu]] ya Serbia. Ljajić alikuwa tayari kujiunga na klabu ya Uingereza ya [[Manchester United]] mwezi Januari mwaka wa 2010,<ref name="ademq&a1">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.manutd.com/default.sps?pagegid={B4CEE8FA-9A47-47BC-B069-3F7A2F35DB70}&newsid=6628268 | title = Exclusive: Adem Ljajic Q&A|accessdate=12 Machi 2009 |work=ManUtd.com |publisher=Manchester United | date = 4 Machi 2009}}</ref> lakini, tarehe 2 Desemba 2009, Manchester United ilithibitisha kwamba iliamua kutochukua chaguo lao la saini yake.<ref>{{Rejea habari | title = Manchester United end interest in Serbian Adem Ljajic|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/8392789.stm |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation | date = 2 Desemba 2009|accessdate=2 Desemba 2009 }}</ref> == Wasifu wa Klabu == === Partizan === Ljajić alizaliwa [[Novi Pazar, Serbia]] kisha [[SFR Yugoslavia]]. Alijiunga na [[FK Partizan]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 14 mwaka wa 2005. Aliweza kuonekana Partizan katika mguu wa kwanza wa raundi ya pili ya kufuzu atika UEFA ligi ya mabingwa 2008-09, tarehe 29 Julai 2008, aliingia katika kipindi cha pili baada ya mabadiliko.<ref>[6] ^ [http://www.uefa.com/competitions/ucl/fixturesresults/round=15274/match=303498/report=ev.html Ligi kuu ya UEFA- Mechi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.uefa.com/competitions/ucl/fixturesresults/round=15274/match=303498/report=ev.html |date=20081221125332 }}</ref> Aliweza kuonekana mara ya pili baada ya mabadiliko katika mguu wa pili na baada ya mabadiliko tena katika mguu wa pili wa raundi ya tatu ya kufuzu. Alifungia Partizan bao la kwanza la ushindani tarehe 23 Novemba 2008, katika mechi ya ligi dhidi [[OFK Beograd]]. === Uhusiano na Manchester United === Mnamo Oktoba 2008, [[Manchester United]] ilimpa Ljajić jaribio, ingawa hakuna habari iliyotolewa kuhusu urefu wa jaribio hilo awali.<ref>[http://www.manutd.com/default.sps?pagegid = (B4CEE8FA-9A47-47BC-B069-3F7A2F35DB70) &amp; newsid = 6620488 Papers: reds jicho 'wadogo Kaka'?]</ref> Siku iliyofuatia,katibu mkuu wa Partizan Darko Grubor alithibitisha kwamba "Si kweli kwamba Ljajić alikwenda England bila ruhusa. "Tumekuwa tukiwasiliana na Manchester United kwa muda na Ljajić alikuwa pamoja na timu ya kimataifa katika Uingereza, kushiriki katika UEFA , shindano la wachezaji waliochini ya miaka 19 katika mechi za kufuzu, kwa hivyo wakati huu haiwezekani yeye kuenda majaribio. " <ref>[8] ^ [http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11667_4344447,00.html Majaribio ya Manchester United: Partizan kuthibitisha Ljajic hisabu]</ref> Mnamo 2 Januari 2009, Manchester United ilitangaza kutia saini na Ljajić na mchezaji mwenzake wa Partizan, [[Zoran Tošić]]. Tošić alikuwa ajiunge na klabu hiyo ya mara moja, wakati Ljajić alikuwa abaki katika Partizan kwa salio la mwaka wa 2009,na kujiunga na na Manchester mwezi wa Januari mwaka wa 2010.<ref>{{Rejea habari | title = Serbians to join United|url=http://www.manutd.com/default.sps?pagegid={B4CEE8FA-9A47-47BC-B069-3F7A2F35DB70}&newsid=6624542 |work=ManUtd.com |publisher=Manchester United | date = 2 Januari 2009|accessdate=2 Januari 2009 }}</ref> Licha ya kutojiunga rasmi na klabu hadi Januari 2010, Ljajić alisafiri Manchester katika mwaka wa 2009 ili kujifunza na timu ya kwanza ya United , na hivyo wakufunzi wa klabu hizi mbili wangeweza kufuatilia maendeleo yake.<ref>{{cite interview |last=Ljajić |first=Adem |interviewer=Thompson, Gemma |title=Exclusive: Adem Ljajic interview |url=http://www.manutd.com/default.sps?pagegid={B4CEE8FA-9A47-47BC-B069-3F7A2F35DB70}&newsid=6628268 |date=4 Machi 2009 |accessdate=4 Machi 2009 }}</ref> Hata hivyo, licha ya mkataba wa klabu hizi mbili , Manchester United iliamua kutochukua chaguo kumchukua Ljajić kwa sababu ya masuala yaliyokaba klabu hiyo katika maombi ya kibali cha Ljajić cha kazi .<ref>{{Rejea habari |first=Ben |last=Hibbs | title = Reds won't pursue Ljajic|url=http://www.manutd.com/default.sps?pagegid={F9E570E6-407E-44BC-800F-4A3110258114}&newsid=6643712 |work=ManUtd.com |publisher=Manchester United | date = 3 Desemba 2009|accessdate=3 Desemba 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |first=Matt |last=Nichols | title = Ljajic decision explained|url=http://www.manutd.com/default.sps?pagegid={F9E570E6-407E-44BC-800F-4A3110258114}&newsid=6643774 |work=ManUtd.com |publisher=Manchester United | date = 4 Desemba 2009|accessdate=4 Desemba 2009 }}</ref> Kufuatia kuzimia kwa uhamisho,Meneja wa Partizan [[Goran Stevanović]] alidai kuwa hali hiyo ilimfanya Ljajić kupata "mshtuko wa kisaikolojia ", lakini Ljajić "alitunza hali hiyo vizuri".<ref name="guardian">{{Rejea habari |first1=Daniel |last1=Taylor |first2=Jonathan |last2=Wilson | title = Manchester United accused of causing 'psychological shock' to Adem Ljajic|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2009/dec/04/manchester-united-adem-ljajic |work=guardian.co.uk |publisher=Guardian News and Media | date = 4 Desemba 2009|accessdate=6 Desemba 2009 }}</ref> Mkurugenzi wa Kandanda wa Partizan[[Ivan Tomić]] alisema "Nadhani watajuta uamuzi huu baadaye." <ref name="guardian"/> === Urusi === Tarehe 23 Desemba 2009 kalabu zote mbili za Kirusi zinazoongoza [[Rubin Kazan]] na [[CSKA Moscow PFC]] wamejitolea kutia saini na Msabia mchezaji wa kitaifa wa chini wa miaka 21 kutoka [[FK Partizan]]. == Wasifu wa Kimataifa == Ljajić alijitokeza mara ya kwanza katika mechi za kimataifa katika kikosi cha [[Serbia cha wachezaji walio na umri chini wa 21]]katika [[Michuano ya kufuzu katika Ulaya]] mechi dhidi ya [[Hungaria U21]] tarehe 7 Septemba 2008. == Takwimu ya Wasifu == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! rowspan="2"|Klabu ! rowspan="2"|Msimu ! colspan="2"|Ligi! ! colspan="2"|Kombe! ! colspan="2"|[[Ulaya]] ! colspan="2"|Zingine <ref>[18] ^ Yajumuisha mashindano mengine, zikiwemo FA Community Shield, UEFA Super Cup, Kombe la bara , Kombe la FIFA la Dunia</ref> ! colspan="2"|Jumla |- !Matokeo !Mabao !Matokeo !Mabao !Matokeo !Mabao !Matokeo !Mabao !Matokeo !Mabao |- | rowspan="3"|[[Partizan]] | [[2008-09]] | 24 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 33 | 6. |- | [[2009-10]] | 14 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 6. |- !Jumla !38 !9. !7 !1 !12 !2 !0 !0 !57 !12 |- ! colspan="2"|Jumla wa wasifu !38 !9. !7 !1 !12 !2 !0 !0 !57 !12 |} == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ljajic, Adem}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1991]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Serbia]] 11xgejuueeeg20n1fm39nr2ho7sfn4a 0 34175 1598959 1500417 2026-09-23T02:47:59Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598959 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wasuba''' (au '''Abasuba''', jinsi wanavyojiita katika [[lugha]] yao) ni [[kabila]] la [[watu]] nchini [[Kenya]] wanaoongea [[lugha]] ya [[Kisuba]] japo wengi wao huongea [[Kijaluo]]. Kwa hakika [[jina]] 'Suba' nchini Kenya hutumika kurejelea makundi matatu tofauti ya watu wanaoishi [[kusini]] [[magharibi]] mwa Kenya katika eneo la [[Nyanza Kusini]], nayo ni Suba ([[Abasuba]]), Irienyi ([[Abirienyi]]) na Kunta ([[Abakunta]]). ==[[Wasuba]] halisi== Kundi la [[Suba]] au [[Suna]] ndilo kabila la Wasuba na waliingia Kenya kutoka eneo la Mara, [[Tanzania]]. Ingawa Wasuba huchukuliwa kama kabila, wao ni kabila dogo tu lililokuwa chini ya kabila kubwa la [[Wagirango]] lililowajumuisha pamoja na makabila mengine madogo kama vile [[Wategi]] na [[Wagire]]. Kwa hiyo basi wao hujulikana pia kama Wasuba-Girango au Wasuna-Girango. Wasuba wanaishi viungani vya mji wa [[Migori]] na wamegawanyika katika koo tatu, nazo ni : [[Wasweta]] inayojumuisha koo ndogo za ''Wakadika'', ''Wakatiga'' na ''Wakakrao''; [[Wasimbete]] inayojumuisha koo ndogo za Wahiri Kiberi (''Bahiri Kiberi''), Wahiri Ng'ong'o (''Bahiri Ng'ong'o''), Wahiri Nkena (''Bahiri Nkena''), ''Wamiaro'' na ''Wanchogu''; na [[Wawiga]] inayojumuisha ''Wakwena'', ''Wanyasasi'', ''Wawanje'', ''Wanyathocho'' na ''Wakamsuru''. Lugha yao asilia ni [[Kisuba]] iliyokaribiana na lugha ya Kikuria. Kabila la Wasuba walihamia [[Afrika Mashariki]], wakitokea maeneo yanayojulikana kama [[Misri]] kaskazini mwa Afrika. Haya yaliyoandikwa ya kizazi cha Wasuba tangu walipohama [[Misri]]: Ragwe<--Siora<--Montheya<--Girango<--[[Musuba]] Girango ndiye mkale wa Wasuba halisi. Wasuba ni wajukuu au [[kizazi]] wa Musuba. Musuba ni mtoto wa Girango. Girango alikuwa na [[wavulana]] wengi kama vile Musuba, Tegi na Gire. Na kwa sababu wajukuu wa Musuba ndio [[jamii]] yenye [[idadi]] kubwa ya kabila ya Wagirango, wao mara nyingi hujitambulisha tu kama kabila la Wasuba. Mtegi ni mototo mwingine wa Girango, na walitoka Uganda sehemu ya [[Kitgum]] na wakatembea mpaka Karachuonyo. Na hapo walikaa kwa muda mrefu na wakahama mpaka nchi ya Wakipsigis. Na hapo walikaa sana, ndipo Tegi alipotengana na wenzake wakina '''Ongombe''' na '''Muruga'''. Na hapo ndipo Ongombe akahamia huko Kamagambo, ambapo hata hivi sasa bado wengi wao wanaishi huko na wanajulikana kama [[Wategi]], ''ukoo wa Kamagambo'' au [[Kanyingombe]]. Wategi walianza kutelemka hadi wakafikia Kanyamkago na pale wakakaa kwa muda mrefu. Na kutokana na vita vya makabila walifukuzwa wakaja hadi Kanyamwa. Wategi walizidi kuja wengi kutoka huko nyuma walipokuwa wanabaki baki na wakajaa Nyandiwa na kuenea Mataro hadi Rasira Nyatambe. Mke wa Girango alikuwa binti wa Kijaluo kutoka [[Acholi]] na alizaa Gire kwao huko Kitgum–Uganda Kaskazini, kabla hajaolewa. Mke wa Girango alikuwa akiitwa ''Miluha''. Kuna kabila la watu nchini Tanzania, [[Wilaya ya Rorya]], mkoani Mara wanaojiita Wasuba. Ingawa hakuna uhakika iwapo ni baadhi ya kabila moja au la, watu hawa haswa hujulikana kwa pamoja kama ''Wasuba-Simbiti'' na wao ni [[Wahacha]], [[Wakine]], [[Warieri]], [[Wasimbiti]], [[Wasurwa]] na [[Wasweta]]. Tukiangazia ''Wasweta'' katika kundi hili la Wasuba-Simbiti kama mfano, kwa sababu wao ndio hupatikana hata nchini Kenya, tunapata kuwa [[Wasweta]] ni [[Waluhya]] ([[Maragori]]). Walitoka sehemu ya [[Masaba]], huko [[Uganda]]. Safari yao hiyo iliwafikisha sehemu ya Umaragoli ([[Vihiga]]). [[Jina]] hili la ''Wasweta'' walilipata njiani wakati wakija na kupitia sehemu nyingi. Na jina hilo lilitokana na jina la matunda ya miti inayoitwa ''amasweto'', na matunda hayo walikuwa wakila wakiwa na njaa huko porini. Matunda hayo hupatikana kando kando ya mito na hupendwa sana na [[nyani]] na miti yake hukuwa sana kwenda juu ambavyo ni vigumu mtu kupanda. Watu hawa walikuwa wanangojea wakiona nyani wamepanda juu ya mti huo, nao wanakwenda pale chini ya miti na matunda huanguka chini kwa kuchumwa na nyani ndipo watu wanaokota na kula. Basi Wasweta waliishi kwa kula matunda hayo wakati wakisafiri, ndipo waliona kwamba nyani ni ndugu yao na wakaamua kwamba hawawezi kamwe kuuwa nyani wala kumtesa kwa njia yoyote. Baadhi ya Wasweta walibaki huko [[Vihiga]] hadi leo, na unaweza kuwatambua hata kwa mwiko wao wa kutokugusa nyani au kumwua. Wengine waliendelea hadi [[Kisii]] na kuishi baina ya [[Wajaluo]] na [[Wakisii]] ambapo wachache wao walibaki. Waliobaki katika eneo hili walimezwa kabisa na [[Wajaluo]] na kwa sasa wao ndio mlango wa [[Wajaluo]] unaojulikana kama ''Jowasweta'' au ''Jogamba'' katika wilaya ndogo ya [[Oyugis]]. Hata hivyo wengine walilinda lugha pamoja na desturi zao za [[Kiluhya]] na walirejelewa kama ''Maragol'' na Waluo huku Wakisii wakiwaita ''Abaragori''. Baadaye katika mwaka wa 1961 wakati mpaka wa ''Luo/Kisii'' ulipokuwa ukibuniwa baada ya [[Wilaya]] ya [[Nyanza]] [[Kusini]] kugawanywa," Maragol (Wasweta) wote waliokuwa upande wa Ujaluo walisukumwa na kuwekwa upande wa Wakisii. Leo wanapatikana kwenye maeneo ya [[Gesieka]], [[Mosocho]] na [[Kodera]], na wao huongea lugha ya [[Oluluhya]] na [[Ekegusii]]. Na Wasweta waliendelea na safari hadi [[Suna]] na [[Uriri]], sehemu ya [[Migori]]. Na pale [[Suna]], Wasweta wachache waliobaki walimezwa na [[Wajaluo]] wa [[Suba-Girango]]. Wao haswa ndio wamejenga ukoo wa ''Wasweta'' katika jamii ya [[Wasuba]]. Wale waliobaki sehemu ya [[Uriri]] walitunza lugha na tamaduni zao. Baada ya Kenya kupata uhuru, [[Wamaragoli]] wengine wachache walitoka [[Vihiga]] na kujiunga na [[Wasweta]] waliobaki sehemu za [[Uriri]] na [[Gesieka]]. Wasweta wengine waliendelea hadi sehemu ya Bwiregi (''Iregi''), nchi ya [[Wakuria]]. Pia wachache sana walibaki pale. Hatimaye walimezwa na [[Wakuria]] ambapo kwa sasa wanajulikana kama ukoo wa Wasweta/''Abasweta'' katika kabila la [[Wakuria]]. Na Wasweta wengine waliendelea hadi nchini Tanzania ambapo kwa sasa wametapakaa katika maeneo ya [[Mkoa Wa Mara|Mara]] na [[Mwanza]]. Hawa ndio [[Waluhya]] ([[Maragori]]) ambao husemekana kwamba wako nchini Tanzania. Hata hivyo, koo walizojenga kwenye makabila ya [[Wasuba-Girango]] na [[Wakuria]] hufanya wengine kudhani kwamba kabila la [[Wasweta]] huko eneo la Mara ni [[Wasuba]], hasa ''Wasuba-Simbiti''. Licha ya hayo, Wasuba walimezwa na majirani yao na lugha yao ya Kisuba pamoja na [[mila]] zao kutokomea kabisa. Kwa sasa Wasuba-Girango wote huongea [[Dholuo]]. Idadi yao nchini Kenya inakadiriwa kuwa 200,000 na wao ndio wakazi wa wilaya ndogo za [[Suba Mashariki]] na [[Suba Magharibi]] katika [[Halmashauri ya Wilaya]] [[Migori]]. Kumezwa kwa kabila la Wasuba na [[Wajaluo]] kulitokana na kuoana kwani tokea ujio wa Wajaluo, watu hawa ni majirani. Isitoshe, kabila la Wajaluo wa Kenya na Tanzania si Waniloti halisi, bali ni mchanganyiko wa Wabantu na Waniloti. Wao ni mkusanyiko wa Wajaluo waliotawanyika kutoka kwa makundi mbalimbali ya Waluo ndiyo maana hawana jina maalum la kujitabulisha kama vile makabila ya Wajaluo wa Uganda na Sudan. Mkusanyiko huu ulichanganya damu na Wabantu kutokana na uhamiaji na ufugaji. Walitangamana na Wabantu kuanzia [[Bunyoro]], Uganda Magharibi, hadi Magharibi mwa Kenya. Baadhi ya jamii ya Wajaluo wanaoaminika kwamba walikuwa Wabantu na walibadilika kuwa Wajaluo kwa namna sawa na ile ya Wasuba ni [[Wakasgunga]], [[Wakamagambo]], ''Wasaki'', ''Wagamba'' (Wasweta), ''Wanjare'', ''Wayimbo'', ''Wasidho'', ''Wamasamaro'', ''Wamatabori'', ''Wausonga'', ''Waholo'' n. k. Wajaluo wa Kasgunga na Kamagambo wanadhaniwa walikuwa [[ndugu]] ya [[Wagirango]] kabla ya wao kusambaratika katika maeneo tofauti ya [[Nyanza Kusini]]. Pia koo za Wajaluo waliochanganya damu sana na Wabantu hujumuisha ''Wamuksero'', [[Wakonyango Rabala]], ''Waalego'', ''Wagem'', ''Waugenya'', ''Wakano'' na nyinginezo. Inadhaniwa kuwa hii ndiyo sababu kuu iliyochangia hawa Wajaluo kuishi na Wabantu kama Wasuba kwa kuelewana. [[Wasuba]] wengi hujitambulisha kama Waluo kwani wameasili (wameathiriwa na kuridhia) mila na desturi za Kiluo. Katika jamii ya [[Wajaluo]], wao huwekwa kwenye kikundi kinachojulikana kama [[Joka]] [[Jok]] pamoja na ''Kamagambo'', ''Kasgunga'', ''Konyango Rabala'', ''Muksero'', ''Kanyamkago'', ''Nyakach'', ''Kisumo'', ''Kano'' n. k. ===Uchumi=== Uchumi wa Wasuba hutegemea [[kilimo]], [[ufugaji]] na wengine ni wafanyibiashara pia. [[Mazao]] wanayolima ni mahindi, mtama, [[mawimbi]], mihogo, viazi vitamu, [[mboga]] na [[matunda]] n.k. Pia wao walikuwa [[wafugaji]] hodari wa [[mifugo]] mbalimbali, kama vile ng'ombe, mbuzi na kondo, jambo ambalo waliliiga kutoka kwa majirani wao [[Waluo]]. Ijapokuwa Wajaluo kwa sasa hawathamini sana ufugaji, Wasuba bado wanaegemea biashara hii ya ufugaji, hasa katika wilaya ndogo ya [[Suba Magharibi]] ambapo wizi wa mifugo wa mara kwa mara hushuhudiwa baina ya Wasuba na majirani yao Wakuria. Wasuba wengi pia hufanya biashara mbalimbali katika mji wa [[Migori]] kadhalika miji mingine [[nchini Kenya]]. Mji huu ndio mji mkubwa katika enea la kusini mwa [[Nyanza]]. Mji wenyewe unapatikana katika wilaya ndogo ya [[Suba Mashariki]] na una wawekezaji wengi mno. Kituo cha kibiashara cha [[Masara]] kilichoko katika wilaya ndogo ya [[Suba Magharibi]] pia ni Kituo muhimu cha kibiashara. ===Itikadi=== Itikadi za Wasuba kadhaa zinafanana na za Wakuria. walikuwa na bado wanathamini mpaka sasa mila za [[tohara]], kutia [[watoto]] [[jando|jandoni]], hususan watoto wakiume. Kwa kiasi kikubwa taratibu zao za Itikadi ya tohara zilifanana na zile za majirani wao Wakuria. Namna ya [[pombe]] inayojulikana kama togwe au ''busa'' ilitumika katika kuandaa sherehe hizi. Kuwa na marika yanayozunguka vizazi hata vizazi na kujirudia. Na pia kuwa na [['kisero']] kama kundi la watu waliotahiriwa wakati mmoja, ambayo ilikuwa na msingi wa majina kama vile nginaro, misungu, gitang'osa, kirina n.k. Hata kama Wasuba waliathirika kimila, bado wanathamini majina yao. Wengi wao hutumia majina yao ya kijadi, na majina hayo kwa kiasi hufanana na majina ya Wakuria. Kwa mfano: chacha, marwa, matiku, mbusiro, matinde, mwabe n.k. ===Majimbo ya bunge=== Wakati wa uchaguzi mkuu wa [[Kenya]] mwaka wa 2013, jami ya Wasuba ilikuwa na majimbo ya uchaguzi yafuatayo : *[[Suna Mashariki]]: mbunge ni [[Junet Mohammed]] ([[ODM]]) *[[Suna Magharibi]]: mbunge ni [[Obiero Ndiege]] ([[ODM]]) Suna Mashariki husimamia wilaya ndogo ya Suba Mashariki ilhali Suna Magharibi husimamia ile ya magharibi. ===Wasuba mashuhuri=== *Eliakim Otieno Marwa - aliyekuwa mwenyekiti wa Suna Girango Welfare Association *Chacha Maucha - chifu wa ukoloni wa kata ya Suna *Nyironge - mzee Suna Girango *Mguru Mwene - aliyekuwa shujaa wa vita *[[Owino Likowa]] - aliyekuwa mbunge wa Migori. *Riogi Riogi - mzee wa jamii ya Suna Girango (Simbete) *zerubabbel Baraza Odenge - aliyekuwa chifu wa Suna *[[John Pesa]] - aliyekuwa mbunge wa Migori *Princes Jully - mwanamuziki wa Benga *Elijah Maucha Gaoria - daktari ==[[Wairienyi]]== Wairienyi ni kabila la [[bantu]] waliohamia Kenya kutoka kusini (leo Tanzania) na kufanya makazi kando ya [[Ziwa Viktoria]] kwenye [[kilima|vilima]] vya Gosi au [[Gwassi]], katika Halmashauri ya Wilaya [[Homa Bay]]. Katika kuhama kwao waliongozwa na shujaa aliyejulikana kama ''Murienyi'' wakiwemo viongozi wengine. Wairienyi wenyewe hujulikana kama [[Abirienyi]] ama [[Abhiirienyi]] jinsi inavyokuwa katika maneno sanifu ya lugha hiyo. Lugha yao ni [[Ekirienyi]], na wanafanana na kabila la [[Wakisii]] kwa lugha. Ekirienyi ina lahaja mbili ambazo zinaeleweka na kila kikundu, nazo ni [[Ekikune]] na [[Ekigassi]]. Licha ya kabila la Wairienyi kuhamia Kenya kutoka kusini kama Wasuba halisi, na pia kujiita Wasuba, hawana uhusiano wowote wa karibu na kabila la watu wa [[Wagirango]]. Maeneo wanamokaa Wairienyi hujulikana kama [[wilaya ndogo]] ya [[Gwassi]] au Suba. Vile vile kuna Wairienyi waliojiunga na kundi la watu kutoka kabila la [[Wakunta]] waliokuwa wakihama kuelekea upande wa kusini kutoka masiwa ya Mfangano na Rusinga. Kwa sasa wanaishi kando ya [[Ghuba ya Muhuru]] ya [[Ziwa Viktoria]] katika eneo la [[Nyatike]] karibu na mpaka wa Tanzania. Wengine walivuka mpaka na kuingia nchini Tanzania na kwa sasa wao huishi kama [[ndugu]] na Wasimbiti katika eneo la [[Suba I]], [[Wilaya ya Tarime]]. [[Wairienyi]] walioingia Tanzania walikaa sehemu inayoitwa [[Kahenge]] na wakasogea mpaka Surubu na kusukumwa na mambo ya vita, wakasogea hadi sehemu ya [[Suba I]]. Baada ya Wairienyi Kusukumwa na makabila mengine, walisogezwa hadi milima ya [[Nyaihara]]. Baadaye walienea katika sehemu nyingi kama vile sehemu ya ''Konene'', ''Nyamuhumba'' na sehemu ya ''Ruhu''. Watu wa Irienyi wao hawana ukoo na [[Wasimbiti]], ila ''Simbiti'' alioa binti wa ''Irienyi''. Huyo binti jina lake ni ''Nyaikunya''. Papo hapo ndipo undugu wao ukatokea. Na baada ya kuoa, ''Simbiti'' alihama kutoka kwao na akaacha ndugu yake Muhacha/[[Hacha]], akaja akaishi na wakwe zake wa Irienyi. Baada ya kukaa kwa siku nyingi wakawa amekuwa kama mtu na ndugu yake. Milango ya Wairienyi nchini Tanzania ni: ''Wabarimba'', ''Wakibarobi'', ''Wakihenge'', ''Wabamocha'' na ''Wabagumbwe''. Kwa sasa milango hii ya Wairienyi huchukuliwa kwa pamoja kama ukoo wa [[Irienyi]] chini ya kabila la [[Wasimbiti]], na wanashikilia kwamba wao walihamia eneo hilo kutoka vilima vya ''Gosi'' ([[Gwassi]]) na eneo la ''Mhoru'' ([[Muhuru]]). Kabila la Wairienyi wanakadiriwa kuwa watu 80,000 hivi, na wanajulikana katika eneo la ziwa kwa wasichana warembo. Kabila hili la Wairienyi wamegawanyika katika makabila madogo manne, nayo ni [[Wakaksingri]], [[Waregi]] (Uregi), Wangoe ([[Ungoe]]) na [[Wagassi]]. Watu wa [[Uregi]] wako kundi moja na [[Kaksingri]], na wao hujulikana kwa pamoja kama Wakune ([[Abakune]]). Wao ndio wazungumzaji wa lahaja ya ''Ekikune''. Lahaja ya Ekikune imeathiriwa sana na lugha ya [[Olukunta]] inayozidi hata kuiangamiza. Lahaja ya Ekikune inayo maneno kadhaa za mkopo kutoka lugha ya Olukunta. Kuna uwezekano wa Ekikune kumezwa na Olukunta miaka michache ijayo. Kwa upande mwingine, Wangoe ndio wakazi wa Ungoe au [[Ngeri]] na wao huzungumza lahaja ya Ekingoe, ilhali Wagassi ambao ndio watu wenye idadi kubwa katika tarafa ya [[Gwassi]] huzungumza [[Ekigassi]]. Lahaja hizi mbili hazijaathiriwa na lugha ya Olukunta na huchukuliwa tu kama lahaja moja ya Ekigase (''Ekigassi''), kwani tofauti ndogo zilizoko katika lahaja ya Ekingoe na Ekigassi ni za kijiographia tu. Lahaja ya Ekigassi inakaribiana na lugha ya [[Ekegusii]]. Idadi ya [[Wagassi]] ni kubwa ikilinganishwa na makabila mengine madogo ya Wairienyi. Pia wao wamegawanyika katika koo mbili, huku koo kubwa ikijulikana kama [[kubia]]. [[Fasihi simulizi]] hushikila kwamba Wagassi walimeza kundi moja la [[Wakunta]] waliohamia Tarafa ya Gwassi kutoka Siwa la Mfangano, yani wajukuu wa [[Kiboye]]. Vile vile ni kwa sababu hii ambapo [[wanahistoria]] wengine hudhania kwamba Wagassi ni [[Wakunta]]. Hata hivyo changamoto iliyoko ni kwamba, tofauti na Wakune ambao wengi wao huzungumza Ekirienyi, Wagassi wengi huzungumza [[Dholuo]]. Ni watu wa Wagassi wachache peke ndio huzungumza lugha ya Ekirienyi. ===Uchumi=== Wairienyi ni [[wakulima]] na wafugaji, huku wakiegemea sana kwa kilimo. Baadhi ya mazao yanayofanya vizuri katika [[vilima]] vya Gwassi ni [[mahindi]] inayojulikana katika lugha yao kama ''amasori''. Mengine ni mtama, mboga na matunda n. k. Pia wao hufuga ng'ombe, mbuzi, kondoo na kuku. Isitoshe, wao pia wanatambulika kama wavuvi. Wairienyi pia huthamini biashara. Baadhi ya vituo muhimu vya kibiashara vinavyopatikana katika maeneo yao ni [[Nyandiwa]], [[Sindo]], [[Magunga]], na hata mji wa [[Karungu]] unaopatikana katika wilaya ndogo ya [[Sori]] [[Bay]]. ===Itikadi=== Wairienyi huthamini mila na tamaduni zao, ingawa wengine wao huishi maisha ya [[Kiluo]] na [[Kikunta]]. Koo nyingine za Wairienyi walitahiri wanaume kwa wanawake, ingawa itikadi hiyo ilikuja ikapotea. Koo baina ya Wairienyi walikuwa na majukumu ya kutekeleza tohara, kuchinja kafara na kutatua mizozo. Matambiko yalitolewa katika sehemu maalum ambazo nyingine bado zipo hadi wa leo, mfano ikiwa ''Kaya Mungusa'' (Mungusa shrine) katika tarafa ya Kaksingri na ''Kaya Kiboye'' (Kiboye shrine) ilioko tarafa ya Gwassi. ===Jimbo la bunge=== Wilaya ndogo ya Gwassi imejulikana kisiasa kama [[Jimbo]] la Gwassi kwa muda wa [[miongo]] miwili sasa. Mbunge wa sasa ni [[John Mbadi]] wa chama cha [[ODM]]. ===Baadhi ya Wairienyi mashuhuri=== *Zadock Syongoh (kutoka tarafa ya Gwassi) - aliyekuwa Mbunge wa Gwassi *Peter Nyakiamo (kutoka [[Tarafa ya Kaksingri]] - aliyekuwa Mbunge wa [[Mbita]] na waziri *Stakus Seko - aliyekuwa chifu mashuhuri kutoka [[Magunga]] *Felix Nyauchi - aliyekuwa Mbunge wa Gwassi ==[[Wakunta]]== [[Wakunta]] ni kabila la [[bantu]] wanaoishi katika wilaya ndogo ya [[Mbita]], magharibi mwa [[Halmashauri ya Wilaya]] [[Homa Bay]]. ''Mbita'' hupakana na [[Gwassi]] upande wa kaskazini. Wakunta hujiita [[Abakunta]] na lugha yao ni [[Olukunta]]. [[Waganda]] ni kikundi walio karibu nao na kuelewana nao kilugha. Lugha yao pia kwa kiasi inakaribiana na [[Luluhya]]. Watu hawa wanaishi kwenye [[masiwa]] ya ''Elusinga'' ([[Rusinga]]); na ''Ebuang'ano'' ([[Mfangano]]) pamoja na [[visiwa]] vinavyo lizingira kama vile ''Etakawiri'' ([[Takawiri]]), ''Elemba'' ([[Remba]]) na ''Ekibuogi'' ([[Kibuogi]]). Wachache wao Wanaishi katika eneo lisilokuwa kisiwa, yaani pwani ya kusini mwa [[Hori ya Winam]] katika wilaya ndogo yiyo hiyo, kwenye eneo linalojulikana kama [[Gembe]]. Vile vile, kuna kundi la Wakunta waliohamia eneo la kusini na kufanya ulimwengu wao katika tarafa ya [[Muhuru]] kwenye Wilaya ndogo ya [[Nyatike]], [[Halmashauri ya Wilaya]] [[Migori]]. Utengano huo ulisababisha kuweko kwa lahaja mbili ya lugha ya [[Olukunta]], yaani lahaja ya kusini inayojulikana kama [[Olumuulu]], na lahaja ya kaskazini ya [[Olwebwang'ano]] ambayo ndiyo lahaja Kuu ya lugha hii. Bali na ''Siwa la Mfangano'', lahaja ya Olwebwang'ano pia huzungumzwa katika maeneo la ''Takawiri'', ''Kibwogi'', [[Ragwe]] na ''Kisegi''. Lugha ya [[Olukunta]] huzungumzwa sana kwenye maeneo ya ''Ghuba ya Muhuru'' na ''Siwa la Mfangano'' pamoja na visiwa vinavyolizingira, yakifuatwa na eneo la [[Gembe]]. Hata hivyo Wakunta wa ''Siwa la Rusinga'' huongea lugha ya [[Dholuo]] kutokana na athari ya majira yao [[Waluo]] wanaotangamana nao. Idadi ya Wakunta kwa sasa inakadiriwa kuwa 45,000. Watu hawa wamegawanyika katika koo kadhaa. Baadhi ya koo hizo ni: Wakula ([[Abakula]]), Wasoklo ([[Abasoklo]]), Wakinga ([[Abakinga]]), Wakakiimba ([[Abakakiimba]]), Waware ([[Abaware]]), Wakamasengre ([[Abakamasengre]]), Wakaswanga ([[Abakaswanga]]), Wanyama ([[Abanyama]]) na Wangose ([[Abangose]]). Jamii ya Wakunta wanaaminika kuwa kabila la mwisho lililohamia nchini Kenya. Wakunta waliingia Kenya kama [[wahamiaji]] waliokuwa wakitoroka vita vikubwa vilivyozuka katika [[Ufalme wa Buganda]]. [[Fasihi simulizi]] hueleza kwamba mnamo miaka ya 1760, [[Kabaka Junju]], [[mfalme]] wa 26 katika Ufalme wa Buganda aliuawa katika vita kuu. Mfalme huyu alifishwa na ndugu yake, ''Semaakookiro'', kwa usaidizi wa maakida wawili kutoka kabila la Wakunta, ''Witewe'' na ''Kiboye''. Hawa watu wawili walikuwa vigogo wa ukoo wa Wakula. Kulikuwa na ushindani mkali katika utawala wa Buganda, baina ya Mfalme Njunju na huyu ndugu yake, jambo lililomfanya Junju kumtuma nje ya utawala. Baada ya Semaakookiro kufanikiwa kunyakuwa kiti cha utawala wa Buganda, aliunda njama ya kisiri kunyamazisha Witewe na Kiboye ili ukweli usije ukadhihirika. Kwa bahati nzuri, Mkunta aliyekuwa afisa anayesimamia ngoma katika [[kasri]] la kabaka, ''Mwembe'', alipata fununu juu ya jambo hilo na kutahadharisha maakida hao wawili. Usiku huo huo, wote watatu walichukuwa mashua na kutoroka Buganda pamoja na watu wa jamaa yao. Tukio hili liliwafanya jamii zima ya Wakunta kuhofia maisha yao, kwani mfalme angewaangamiza viongozi hao wawili, sembuse wao. Hawakuwa na budi kutawanyika kupitia [[Ziwa Viktoria]]. Semaakookiro alipokuja kugundua kwamba Witewe na Kiboye walikuwa katika safari ya kutorokea sehemu za Busoga kupitia ziwa, alituma wanajeshi wake upande wa Busoga ili kuwazingira, jambo ambalo lilifanya Wakunta kugeuza safari yao kuelekea upande wa mashariki. Ni safari hii yao kuelekea mashariki ambayo mwishowe iliwafikisha katika ''Siwa la Mfangano''. ''Witewe'' na ''Kiboye'' walikuwa viongozi wa ukoo wa Wakula katika utawala wa Buganda. Hata hivyo tukio hili la uhamiaji liliwafanya kuwa viongozi wa kundi zima la kabila la Wakunta, kwani hao ndio waliongoza msafara wa Wakunta kutoka [[Uganda]]. Ndio maana watu wa kabila la Wakunta wakati mwingine hujiita kama ''Abachukulu ba Kiboye na Witewe'', yaani [[kizazi]] cha Kiboye na Witewe. Fasihi simulizi huendelea kueleza kwamba ''Kiboye'' alifika Siwa la Mfangano kama [[mseja]]. Hali hii ilichangia kuhama kwake kutoka Siwa la Mfangano kuelekea upande wa bara, na hatimaye kufika kwenye vilima vya Gwassi. Kiboye alijenga chengo chake katika pahali iliyojulikana kama ''Kisegi'' ambapo aliishi pamoja na [[Wairienyi]] wa kundi la Wagassi, waliokuwa wenye idadi ndogo nyakati hizo. Huko pia alifanikiwa kupata [[mke]]. Huyo mkewe alikuwa [[binti]] wa mtu aliyejulikana kwa jina kama ''Wiga''. Ingawa Mzee Wiga alizungumza lugha ya [[Kiluo]], inaaminika kuwa alikuwa wa kabila la Wairienyi, hasa Mgassi. Ukoo wa Mzee Wiga waliwarejelea kizazi cha Kiboye kama Wawiga. Baada ya miaka kadhaa, wajukuu wa Kiboye walimezwa na ukoo wa Mzee Wiga na wakawa Wagassi. Hii ndiyo sababu Wairienyi kutoka kundi la Wagassi pia hujulikana kama [[Wiga]], na pia kufanya [[Kiboye]] mwenyewe kuhusishwa na hata [[Wakisii]] ambao hukaribiana kilugha na Wagassi. Licha ya hayo, baadhi ya vikundi kutoka ukoo wa Wakula waliohamia eneo hili pamoja na Kiboye wote hawakumezwa na Wagassi. Wao bado wanapatikana katika tarafa ya Gwassi hadi wa leo. Kutokana na haya, baadhi ya watu husema kuwa Wagassi ni Wakunta, na tena ni ndugu ya ukoo wa Wakula, dai ambalo ni uongo mtupu. Isitoshe, [[wanahistoria]] wengine hudai kuwa Witewe na Kiboye ndio waanzilishi wa vikundi viwili vya Wakula na Wagassi kama vilivyofuatana, dai ambalo halina msingi wowote. Ukoo wa Wakula tayari ulitambulika katika utawala wa Buganda, na vigogo hawa wawili walikuwa baadhi ya watu chini ya ukoo huo. Kuna historia ya vita Kati ya [[Wakunta]] na majirani wao [[Wajaluo]], mahasimu wao wakuu wakiwa Wasaki. [[Wasaki]], kama ''Wagamba'' ([[Jogamba]]) wanaopatikana katika wilaya ndogo ya [[Oyugis]], ni [[Wajaluo]] wenye asili ya Kiluhya ([[Maragoli]]). Wakunta, hasa ukoo wa [[Waware]], walipigana na Wasaki. Inaaminika kuwa ukoo wa Waware umetapakaa kwa sababu ya [[uvamizi]] wa Wasaki. Waware hupatikana kwenye masiwa yote mawili ya Mfangano na Rusinga. Na wale walioelekea upande wa mashariki walimezwa na [[Wajaluo]], na kwa sasa wao huishi pamoja na Waluo, hasa ''Wasakwa'' ambao ni Waluo wenye asili ya Kiluhya ([[Wanga]]), katika wilaya ndogo ya [[Awendo]] inayopatikana kaskazini mwa [[mji]] wa [[Migori]]. ===Uchumi=== Uchumi wa Wakunta umekuwa ukitegemea [[uvuvi]] wa Samaki na utengenezaji wa vyombo vya kusafiria ziwani kama vile madau na mashua tangu jado. Vilevile, watu wa kabila hili walikuwa wawindaji hodari ya wanyama wanaojulikana kama [[viboko]]. Kwa sasa biashara ya kilimo hukuwa sana kwa haraka baina ya Wakunta. Wao hukuza mazao kama vile mahindi, mtama, maharagwe mboga na mengineyo. Pia wao hufuga mifugo kama ng'ombe wanaotumia, hususan kulipa mahari. ===Itikadi=== Mila za Wakunta kwa kiasi kikubwa hufanana na mila za [[Waganda]], ikiwemo kutokuwa na [[tohara]]. Waliamini kuwepo kwa [[Mungu]] mkuu aliyeumba [[mbingu]] na [[dunia]] wanayeita [[Katonda]]. Pia Wakunta walitoa kafara kwa miungu wao na pia kugonya koma. Mizimu ya ukoo ilijulikana kama ''emisambwa''. Waliamini kuhusu mizimu au pepo za ukoo, mfano ukiwa ''mzimu wa Gumba'' katika koo za Wakamasengre, Wakaswanga na Wanyama pamoja na ''mzimu wa Nundu'' wa Wakula na Waware. Maswala ya utawala na usalama yalikuwa majukumu ya koo. Wanaume wa kabila la Wakunta walithamini kuoa wake wengi, na kuoana baina yao na Waluo, ambao wau huwarejelea ''Abaswanya'' kwa Olukunta, kulikuwa jambo la kawaida. Hata hivyo, Wakunta wa Muhuru huchukuliwa na wanahistoria wengine kama uko wa kabila la Wakuria. Kwa sasa Wakunta wengi ni [[Wakristo]], wengi wao wakiwa waumini wa [[kanisa]] la [[Waadventisti wa Sabato]] (SDA). ===Wakunta mashuhuri=== *Lilian Ojwang' - mtangazaji wa [[KBC]] [[Kisumu]] *[[Tomb Mboya]] - mwanasiasa mashuhuri aliyeshiriki katika siasa za ukombozi wa Kenya kutoka kwa utawala wa [[ukoloni]]. Aliweza kuwakilisha jimbo la [[Nairobi]] katika bunge la wakoloni. *S. F. Onyango - mbunge wa kwanza wa Jimbo la Mbita. *[[Milly Odhiambo]] - mbunge wa [[Mbita]] ==Maelezo zaidi== [[Wakunta]] na [[Wairienyi]] ni makabila ya watu wanaoongea [[lugha za Kibantu]]. Wako chini ya kundi la Kibantu linalojulikana nchini Kenya kama [[Western Bantus]], pamoja na vikundi walio karibu nao kama vile [[Waluhya]], [[Wagusii]]/[[Wakisii]] na [[Wakuria]]. Kama makabila haya matatu, Wakunta na Wairienyi pia walihamia maeneo wanamokaa saa hii kutoka eneo la nchini Kongo. Kama ''Wagirango'', [[Wakunta]] na [[Wairienyi]] pia wameathiriwa na majirani wao [[Waluo]], hadi kwa kiwango cha lugha zao kubadilika. Kwa hiyo, lugha zao ni miongoni mwa lugha ambazo zimedhaniwa kuwa katika hatari ya kupotea. Licha ya kubadilika kwa lugha, Wakunta na Wairienyi wamedumisha lugha na mila zao, ingawa wengine wao hufuata mila za Waluo. Watu wa kabila la Wakunta hujivuni mila na itikadi zao. Mara nyingi wao hujitambulisha na maneno haya: ''Abakunta ne enkola ziabu'', yaani Wakunta na tamaduni zao. Nakala nyingi na vitabu kadhaa vimechapishwa katika lugha ya Olukunta. Hata Bibilia Takatifu hivi majuzi ilinakiliwa katika lugha ya Olukunta. Bibilia hii hujulikana kama [[Endagano Empia]] na imeweza kurahisisha njia za kumwabudia Mungu baina ya watu hawa. ==Katika siasa== Ijapokuwa [[Ekirienyi]] na [[Olukunta]] ni lugha mbili tofauti na wazungumzaji wa lugha hizo hawaelewani kwa urahisi, wakati wa mwamko wa [[demokrasia]] nchini Kenya [[mwaka]] wa [[1991]], [[serikali]] ya Kenya ilichukua makabila mawili ya Wairienyi na Wakunta na kuwaweka chini ya kabila moja la Wasuba. Kitendo ambacho kiliibua [[hisia]] kali ya [[Siasa|kisiasa]] hususan kwa [[upinzani]] uliokichukua kama [[njama]] ya kueneza [[ukabila]] nchini. Wairienyi na Wakunta hawakuwa Wasuba, hata hivyo ni majirani wao Waluo waliotumia neno 'Suba' kuwarejelea watu wa makabila hayo mawili na hatimaye likaenea kiasi kwamba hata [[wanahistoria]] wa kwanza waliwarejelea Wairienyi na Wakunta kwa pamoja kama ''Luo Abasuba'', maana yake makabila hayo walikuwa na [[historia]] finyu nyakati hizo. Miaka minne baadaye, serikali ilibuni [[wilaya]] katika eneo la Wairienyi na Wakunta na kuiita Suba. Hii pia ilileta pingamizi kali kwa wale ambao waliona kuwa serikali inatumia neno hili Suba kisiasa. Katika [[sensa]] ya mwaka 2009, Jumla ya [[watu]] 139,000 kotaka makabila ya ''Wairienyi'' na ''Wakunta'', pamoja na vikundi vingine vya [[Wajaluo]] kama vile ''Kasgunga'', walihesabiwa kama kabila la Suba. Tangu kubuniwa kwa kabila la Suba, Olukunta ndiyo hutumika kama lugha ya kabila hilo na kwa sasa hujulikana kama [[Olusuba]]. Isitoshe, [[redio]] ya KBC [[Kisumu]] inayomilikiwa na serikali hutangazia kabila hilo katika lugha ya Olusuba. Hayo huchangia pakubwa Olusuba kumeza lugha ya Ekirienyi ambayo kwa sasa huitwa [[Ekisuba]], na lahaja zake ''Ekisuva'' (Ekikune) na ''Ekisuba'' (Ekigassi). Huenda baada ya muda hakutakuwa na lugha ya Ekisuba, hasa Ekisuva, kwani itakuwa imemezwa na Olusuba na kupotea kabisa. Changamoto inayokumba kabila hilo la Suba ni kwamba mara nyingi hutumiwa kama kifaa cha siasa. Na pia kutokana na siasa ya ukabila nchini Kenya, wanasiasa kutoka kabila hilo, hasa Wakunta hufanya [[juhudi]] kuleta Wasuba/Wagirango na vikundi vingine wa Waluo chini ya hilo kabila lao la Suba. Wengi wao kwa sasa huvuruga hata historia ili kuhusisha Wairienyi na Wakunta na jamii ya [[Wasuba]] pamoja na vikundi wa [[Wajaluo]] kama [[Kasgunga]]. ==Marejeo== *Okoth-Okombo, Duncan (1999) 'Language and ethnic identity: the case of the Abasuba', ''Kenya Journal of Sciences'' (Series C, Humanities and Social Sciences) 5, 1, 21-38. *Kunta oral history *Kenya national archive *Suna oral history *Heine, Bernd & Brenzinger, Mathias (eds.) (2003) 'Africa', in ''UNESCO Red Book of Endangered Languages''. ([http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=10478&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html Suba entry]) {{Makabila ya Kenya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Suba}} [[Jamii:Makabila ya Kenya]] ceh1v4jm06ywt4sv4jxdmlw7r8yw9qs 0 34353 1598835 1592645 2026-09-22T20:52:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598835 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single | Jina = Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now) | Cover = 200px-Phil Collins Against All Odds single cover.jpg | Msanii = [[Phil Collins]] | Kutoka albamu = [[Against All Odds (soundtrack)|Against All Odds]] soundtrack | B-side = "The Search" | Kutoka = [[Februari]] [[1984]] <small>(USA)</small> <br> 31 Machi 1984 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.chartwatch.co.uk/TopTen/acts/act01616.htm | title = Nakala iliyohifadhiwa|accessdate=2010-01-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205012655/http://www.chartwatch.co.uk/TopTen/acts/act01616.htm |archivedate=2008-12-05 }}</ref> <small>(UK)</small> | Muundo = [[Gramophone record|7"]] | Imerekodiwa = 1983 | Aina = [[Soft rock]] | Urefu = 3:23 | Studio = [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]] | Mtayarishaji = [[Arif Mardin]] | Mtunzi = Phil Collins | Single iliyopita = "[[Like China]]"<br />(1983) | Single ya sasa = "'''Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)'''"<br/ >(1984) | Single ijayo = "[[Easy Lover]]"<br/ >(1984) }} "'''Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)'''" (pia huitwa kwa kifupi kama "'''Against All Odds'''") huu ni wimbo ambao awali uliimbwa na [[mwanamuziki]] wa Kiingereza [[Phil Collins]]. Wimbo huu pia umekuwa wimbo na maudhui ya filamu ya [[Against All Odds]], kwa mara ya kwanza wimbo huu ulitokea katika mfulilizo wa nyimbo zake wa "Agaist All Odds" ==Muziki wa video== [[Picha:180px-Phil Collins Against All Odds.jpg|thumb|left|Phil Collins katika Video ya wimbo.]] wimbo huu umeongozwa na [[Taylor Hackford]], na kutayarishwa na Jeffrey Abelson, Wazo la kutengeneza video ya wimbo huu lilitoka kwa [[Keith Williams]], mwandishi wa nyimbo ambaye tayari amekwisha fanya kazi na h Abelson katika video ya r "Dancin' With Myself" ([[Billy Idol]]) Wimbo huu umekuwa katika nafasi ya kwanza kwa wiki mbalimbali katika televisheni ya [[MTV]] na kuwa katika nafasi ya nne katika mwaka 1984 katika hesabu yake video bora za mwaka.<ref name="mtv">{{Rejea tovuti | author = | year = | url = http://www.platypuscomix.net/videos/toptwenty.html | title = Remember back when MTV used to be cool?| work = | publisher = Platypus Comix | accessdate = 18 Agosti 2006 | accessyear = }}</ref> ==Chati== {| class="wikitable" !Chati (1984) !Ulipata <br />nafasi |- |[[Canadian Singles Chart]] |align="center"|1 |- |Dutch Singles Chart |align="center"|12 |- |German Singles Chart |align="center"|9 |- |[[UK Singles Chart]] |align="center"|2 |- |U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] |align="center"|1 |- |U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks]] |align="center"|3 |- |U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks]] |align="center"|1 |- |} ==Toleo la Mariah Carey== {{Infobox single | Jina = Against All Odds | Cover = 200px-Mariah carey-against all odds.jpg | Msanii = [[Mariah Carey]] | Albamu = [[Rainbow (Mariah Carey album)|Rainbow]] | Imetolewa = 2000 | Aina = [[Pop music|Pop]] | Urefu = 3:25 | Studio = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] | Certification = | Single iliyopita = "[[Crybaby (song)|Crybaby]]"/"[[Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)]]" <br />(2000) | Single ya sasa = "'''Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)'''" (solo version)<br />(2000) | Single ijayo = }} [[Mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]]wa miondoko ya [[Pop music|pop]]/[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] [[Mariah Carey]] alitengeneza wimbo huu kwa mara ya pili katika toleo lake mwenyewe ambapo aliimba ba [[Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis]] katika albamu yake ya sita iliyoitwa ''[[Rainbow (Mariah Carey album)|Rainbow]]''. Carey alihariri wimbo huu na [[Steve Mac]]. ambapo wimbo huu ulitoka kama single katika albamu yake ya ''Rainbow''. Japokuwa wimbo huo ulitoka kama sehemu ya albamu yake ya ''Rainbow'' nchini Marekani, lakini hakutoka kwa ajili ya shughuli za biashara nchini humo, lakini ulikuja kutoka katika baadhi ya masoko mwanzoni mwaka 2000 Wimbo huu ulipata mafanikio ya kawaida, japokuwa ulifanikiwa kufika hadi nafasi ya 20, katika nchi mbalimbali, lakini nafasi ya juu zaidi kuwahi kufikiwa na wimbo huu, ni nafasi ya pili ambayo ilikuwa nchini [[Norway]] ===Orodha ya nyimbo=== '''Single CD ya Europe''' # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" # "[[Crybaby (song)|Crybaby]]" (featuring [[Snoop Dogg]]) '''European CD maxi-single''' # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" # "Crybaby" (featuring Snoop Dogg) # "[[Thank God I Found You]]" (Stargate Radio Edit featuring [[Joe (singer)|Joe]] & [[98 Degrees|98°]]) # "[[Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)]]" (Morales Club Mix Edit) '''Japanese CD single''' # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (featuring [[Westlife]]) # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (album version) # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Pound Boys Radio Edit) # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (instrumental) ===Muziki wa video=== Video kwa toleo la Maria uliongozwa na Paul Misbehoven, ikionesha baadhi ya vijisehemu vya Mariah akiimba wimbo huu katika matasha yake mbalimbali aliyoyafanya katika ziara yake ya ''[[Raibow World Tour]] ===Orodha=== {|class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chati (2000) !align="center"|Ilichukua<br>nafasi |- |align="left"|Belgian Flandres Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Against+All+Odds&cat=s Belgian Flanders Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|26 |- |align="left"|Belgian Wallonia Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/fr/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Against+All+Odds&cat=s Belgian Wallonia Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|15 |- |align="left"|Canadian Singles Chart<ref>[http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/SINGLES.html Canadian Singles Chart] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |align="center"|22 |- |align="left"|Dutch Singles Chart<ref>[http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Against+All+Odds&cat=s Dutch Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|20 |- |align="left"|French Singles Chart<ref>[http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Against+All+Odds&cat=s French Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|18 |- |align="left"|German Singles Chart<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm |title=German Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-03 |archive-date=2010-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821222725/http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|29 |- |align="left"|Italian Singles Chart<ref>[http://italiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Against+All+Odds&cat=s Italian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|17 |- |align="left"|Norwegian Singles Chart<ref>[http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Against+All+Odds&cat=s Norwegian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|Swiss Singles Chart<ref>[http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Against+All+Odds&cat=s Swiss Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|20 |} ==Toleo la Westlife na Mariah Carey== <!-- The cover says that it is "Mariah Carey featuring Westlife", so it should be like that way in the infobox. --> {{Infobox single | Jina = Against All Odds | Cover = 200px-Westlife carey.jpg | Msanii = [[Mariah Carey]] featuring [[Westlife]] | Albamu = [[Coast to Coast (album)|Coast to Coast]] | Imetolewa = 18 Septemba 2000 | Imerekodiwa = Julai 1999—2000 | Aina = [[Pop music|Pop]] | Urefu = 3:25 | Studio = [[Sony BMG]] | Certification = Silver <small>(UK)</small> | Chronology = [[Westlife]] singles | Single ilioypita = "[[Fool Again]]" <br />(2000) | Single ya sasa = "'''Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)'''" (with [[Mariah Carey]])<br />(2000) | Single ya baadae = "[[My Love (Westlife song)|My Love]]"<br />(2000) }} [[Mariah Carey]] baadae alirekodi wimbo wa "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" kwa kushirikiana na kundi la [[Westlife]]. Toleo hili lilikuwa katika albmu yao ya ''[[Coast to Coast (album)|Coast to Coast]]''. Wimbo ulitoka mwezi september mwaka 2000, miezi michache baada ya toleo la Carey Wimbo huu ulifanya vizuri zaidi kuliko ule wa mara ya kwanza nchini Uingereza na Ireland ambapo ilishika nafasi ya kwanza, na kuwapa Westlife wimbo wa sita mfululizo kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati ya Muziki ya Uingereza,na kulifanya kundi hilo kuongoza kwa kuweza kufikisha nyimbo nyingi zaidi katika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati hiyo ya Uingereza, lakini pia hii ilimfanya Mariah kuwa na nyimbo iliyofika katika nafasi ya kwanza nchini Uingereza. Hadi leo Maria ameweza kufikisha katika nafasi ya kwanza wimbo wake namba moja katika chati ya Uingereza wimbo wake wa, "[[Without You (Badfinger song)#Mariah Carey version|Without You]]". ===Orodha ya Nyimbo=== '''UK CD1''' # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Mariah Carey featuring Westlife) - 3:21 # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Pound Boys Main Mix) - 9:09 # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Mariah Only Version) - 3:21 # "Westlife Interview" (CD Extra) '''UK CD2''' # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Mariah Carey featuring Westlife) - 3:21 # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Westlife Only Version) - 3:21 # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Pound Boys Dub) - 6:48 # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Video) - 3:21 '''European CD''' # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Single Remix) - 3:21 # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Album Version) - 3:39 # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Pound Boys Radio Edit) - 3:48 '''Australian CD''' # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Single Remix) - 3:21 # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Album Version) - 3:39 # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Pound Boys Main Mix) - 9:09 '''Japanese CD''' # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Mariah Carey featuring Westlife) - 3:21 # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Album Version) - 3:39 # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Pound Boys Radio Edit) - 3:48 # "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Instrumental) - 3:21 ===Video ya Wimbo=== Video ya wimbo huu imeonekana kuwa maarufu kuliko vido nyingine zozote katika nyimbo za Mariah. Video inamuonesha Mariah akiwa na Westlife wakiwa katika boti wakitazama kisiwa cha Capri ===Chati=== {|class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chati (2000) !align="center"|Ilipata<br>nafasi |- |align="left"|Australian Singles Chart<ref>[http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?key=4141&cat=s Australian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|52 |- |align="left"|Belgian Flandres Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+feat%2E+Westlife&titel=Against+All+Odds&cat=s Belgian Flanders Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|50 |- |align="left"|Belgian Wallonia Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/fr/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+feat%2E+Westlife&titel=Against+All+Odds&cat=s Belgian Wallonia Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|31 |- |align="left"|Dutch Singles Chart<ref>[http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+feat%2E+Westlife&titel=Against+All+Odds&cat=s Dutch Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|29 |- |align="left"|Irish Singles Chart<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |title=Irish Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-03 |archive-date=2015-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107043329/http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Japanese Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/js/w/ Japanese Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|78 |- |align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>[http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+feat%2E+Westlife&titel=Against+All+Odds&cat=s Swedish Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|UK Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.everyhit.co.uk/ UK Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|UK Radio Airplay Chart |align="center"|10 |- |} ==Toleo la The Postal Service== {{Infobox single | Jina = Against All Odds | Cover = PostalService bw300dpi by Brian Tamborello.jpg | Msani = [[The Postal Service]] | Albamu = [[Wicker Park (soundtrack)|Wicker Park]] | Imetolewa = {{start date|2004|9|1}} | Muundo = [[Music download|Digital download]] | Imerekodiwa = | Aina = [[Alternative rock]], [[electronica]] | Urefu = 3:50 | Studio = [[Sub Pop]] | Mtunzi = | Mtayarishaji = The Postal Service | Certification = | Single iliyopita = "The District Sleeps Alone Tonight" | Single ya sasa = "'''Against All Odds'''" | Single ya ijayo = "[[We Will Become Silhouettes]]" }} Kundi la Kimarekani la [[The Postal Service]] lilirudia wimbo wa "Against All Odds" kama wimbo katika filamu yao ya mwaka 2004 ''[[Wicker Park (film)|Wicker Park]]''. Kurudiwa huko kwa wimbo huo,kulikuja kutambulika kuwa moja ya marudio mazuri zaidi kuwahi kutokea kwa kipindi hicho ''[[New York Post]]''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | url = http://www.nypost.com/seven/07182007/entertainment/music/they_ve_got_it_covered_music_mary_huhn_and_maxine_shen.htm | title = They've Got It Covered| accessdate = 27 Novemba 2006 | coauthors = Huhn, Mary; Shen, Maxine | date = 19 Septemba 2006| publisher = [[New York Post]] | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070820013435/http://www.nypost.com/seven/07182007/entertainment/music/they_ve_got_it_covered_music_mary_huhn_and_maxine_shen.htm | archivedate = 2007-08-20 }}</ref> ===Muziki wa Video=== Video ya Muziki huu, inaanza kwa kuonesha baadhi ya vijisehemu kutoka katika filamu na baadae kuishia katika chumba ===Karaoke=== Wimbo huu pia upo katika video ya ''[[Karaoke Revolution|Karaoke Revolution Volume 3]]''.Pia unapatikana katika mchezo wa ''Karaoke Revolution Presents: American Idol Encore''. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 1984]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 2000]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 2001]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 2005]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Phil Collins]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Mariah Carey]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Westlife]] rmoql5j36qjglex867dqjtdj20anx8s 0 34662 1598860 1464108 2026-09-22T22:33:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Jumba refu |jina = Almas Tower |picha = [[File:Almas Tower Under Construction on 9 January 2009 - SW view.jpg|200px]] |maandishi ya picha = The Almas Tower nearing completion, in Januari 2009 |year_highest = |year_end = |plural = |mahali = [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]] |coordinates = |status = Imemalizika |fanikio = 2005 |ilipotengenezwa = |itakapomalizika = 2009 |opening = |matumizi = Biashara |mlingoti = 363.07m |roof = |top_floor = |maghorofa = 74 (68 juu ya ardhi, 5 chini ya ardhi) |lifti = 33 |cost = |floor_area = |msanifu = [[Atkins (company)|Atkins Middle East]] |engineer = |mkandarasi = [[Taisei Corporation]] |mjenzi = [[Nakheel]] Properties |mmiliki = Dubai Multi Commodities Centre |management = |references = }} '''Almas Tower''' (Kiarabu:'''برج الماس''', ''Diamond Tower)'' ni [[ghorofa|jumba refu sana]] mjini [[Dubai]], [[Muungano wa Falme za Kiarabu]]. Ujenzi wa ofisi hizo ulianza mapema mwaka 2005 na kukamilika mwaka 2009. Jengo hili lilifika urefu wake kamili mwaka 2008, na kuwa jengo ja pili refu zaidi Dubai, baada ya [[Burj Khalifa]]. Jumba hili lina ghorofa 74, 70 ambazo ni za kutumika kwa biashara sambamba na ghorofa nne za huduma. Jumba hili liko kwenye [[kisiwa bandia]] chake mwenyewe katikati mwa mfuko wa [[Jumeirah Lake Towers]], jumba hili ndilo refu zaidi katika majumba yote yatakayojengwa katika mfuko huo baada ya ujenzi kukamilika. Ilibuniwa na kampuni ya Atkins Middle East, ambao walibuni asilimia kubwa ya jumba la JLT. Jumba hili linajengwa na [[Taisei Corporation]] ya [[Japan]] katika ubia na ACC (Arabian Construction Co) ambao walishinda mkataba wa [[Nakheel]] tarehe 16 Julai 2005. <ref>[3] ^ [http://www.gowealthy.com/realestate/news/164/detail.asp Nakheel yapeana mkataba wa ujenzi wa Almas Tower ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gowealthy.com/realestate/news/164/detail.asp |date=20120204161327 }} juu gowealthy.com</ref> Kampuni ya Dubai Multi Commodities Centre (DMCC), wamiliki wa jumba, walikuwa wa kwanza kuhamia. DMCC walihamisha ofisi zao pamoja na Dubai Diamond Exchange kabla jumba hili likamilike tarehe 15 Novemba 2008. <ref>[4] ^ [http://www.dmcc.ae/en/dmcc-news/dmcc-news/precious-commodities-news/dubai-diamond-exchange-opens-new-trading-floor-in-almas-tower.html Dubai Diamond Exchange yafungua duka mpya katika Almas Tower.] Tovuti ya DMCC</ref> Almas Tower sasa ina manyumba ya kutoa huduma za aina nyingi za almasi ya kanda ile, vito vya thamani na viwanda vwa lulu. Pamoja na Dubai Diamond Exchange, hizi ni pamoja na Dubai Diamond Exchange, Dubai Pearl Exchange, Dubai Gems Club, Kimberley Process, ofisi za kupate vyeti na upatikanaji wa huduma bora za usafirishaji kutoka makampuni kama Brinks na Transguard. Kukatwa kwa Almasi na kubadilishana hufanyiwa huko ndani. Kutokana na aina ya mashirikiano yanayofanyika kwenye jumba hili, kuna usalama wa hali ya juu. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == {{commons|Diamond Tower}} * [http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=210141 Emporis.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=210141 |date=20070929135859 }} * [http://www.skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=31745 Skyscraperpage.com] * [http://www.dmcc.ae/facilities_almas_tower.htm DMCC entry] * [http://realestate.theemiratesnetwork.com/developments/dubai/jumeirah_lake_towers/almas_tower.php Almas Tower] {{Wayback|url=http://realestate.theemiratesnetwork.com/developments/dubai/jumeirah_lake_towers/almas_tower.php |date=20111129084401 }} - Maelezo madogo kuhusu Maendeleo {{Majumba marefu ya Dubai}} [[Category:Majengo ya Dubai]] f3s5uyykh54oyfplyzu35txkpt3iuxj 0 34734 1599086 1298961 2026-09-23T06:48:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599086 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chris R. Hughes''' (aliyezaliwa 26 Novemba [[1983]]) ni mmoja wa waanzishi na alitumikia kama msemaji wa [[mtandao wa kijamii]], [[Facebook]], na wenzake wa [[Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard|Harvard]], [[Mark Zuckerberg]] na [[Dustin Moskovitz]]. Alikuwa mratibu wa tovuti rasmi ya kampeni ya [[Barack Obama]] ya rais ya mwaka 2008 ya My.BarackObama.com. Hughes kwa sasa ni mfanyabiashara katika kampuni ya [[General Catalyst Partners]], kampuni ya uwekezaji iliyoko [[Cambridge]], na mshauri wa mikakati katika kampuni ya GMMB, kampuni ya ushauri wa kisiasa ambayo ilifanya kazi katika kampeni ya Obama mwaka 2008. Hughes alizaliwa mjini Hickory, North Carolina. Yeye ni msomi wa [[Phillips Academy]] Andover na [[Harvard College]]. Alimaliza kutoka Harvard mwaka 2006 akiwa na shahada ya Sanaa katika historia na fasihi. Chris alikuwa kwenye makala kuu ya nakala ya ''[[Fast Company]]'' ya mwezi Aprili 2009, chini ya kichwa "Kijana aliyemfanya Obama Rais; Jinsi mmoja wa waanzishi wa Facebook Chris Hughes alizindua nguvu za Barak na kubadilisha Siasa Milele". Chris ni [[mpenda wavulana]] <ref> {{citeweb|url=http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/134/boy-wonder.html?page=0%2C1|title=How Chris Hughes Helped Launch Facebook and the Barack Obama Campaign}} na Ellen McGirt, Fastcompany.com. ''"Mimi walikwenda shule ya bweni ya Kusini, kidini, na sawa, na mimi kushoto shule za bweni si kuwa wakati wote wa kidini na kutokuwa sawa."'' </ref> na yuko katika uhusiano na Sean Eldridge. <ref> Advocate.com. [http://www.advocate.com/article.aspx?id=102977&amp;utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+AdvocatecomDailyNews+%28Advocate.com+Daily+News%29/ "Mahali kwenye State Dinner Jedwali".]</ref> Katika nakala ya ''[[The Advocate]]'' yeye anasema kuwa harakati za [[ushoga]] hazijanyonya nguvu za [[mtandao wa kijamii]], kama vile Facebook na kampeni Obama zilivyofanya, kwa kuhusisha umma pakubwa na "kuwaambia hadithi siyo tu ya siasa za gay, lakini ya watu wa kila siku ambao hudhulumiwa katika maisha yao ya kila siku. <ref> {{citeweb|url=http://www.advocate.com/issue_story_ektid102115.asp?page=5|title=Hope and History}} na Michael Joseph Pato la. The Advocate.</ref> Aliwahi kutumikia katika bodi ya Wakurugenzi ya [[Taasisi ya Roosevelt]] mwaka 2005 na 2006. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Marejeo zaidi == * [http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/134/boy-wonder.html Fast Company, "Jinsi Chris Hughes alisaidia uzinduzi wa Facebook na Kampeni ya Barack Obama"] * [http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB118011947223614895-iSeQ_DC8SbZxiNLhtHwJyIftJN0_20070625.html?mod=tff_main_tff_top Wall Street Journal, "BO, UR Basi Gr8: Jinsi kijana wa teknolojia alitafsiri Barack Obama katika idiom wa Facebook"] * [http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/chi-sun_obama_websep23,0,4824579.story Chicago Tribune, "Tovuti za kijamii zajiingiza katika siasa," 09/23/07] na [https://web.archive.org/web/20071030102604/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-090723obama-photogallery,0,3772716.photogallery hifadhi ya picha] * [http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/jul2004/sb20040721_8133.htm BusinessWeek, 7/21/04] {{Wayback|url=http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/jul2004/sb20040721_8133.htm |date=20040725063401 }} * [http://www.pehub.com/34567/campaign-capitalist-chris-hughes-joins-general-catalyst, peHUB " mwanzilishi msaidizi wa Facebook ajiunga na kampuni ya uwekezaji"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pehub.com/34567/campaign-capitalist-chris-hughes-joins-general-catalyst, |date=20100327225601 }} * [http://www.out.com/power50/covers.asp?category=32.%20Chris%20Hughes Nguvu ya 3 ya mwaka 50, # 32 Chris Hughes] == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.facebook.com/ChrisHughes Ujumbe mdogo kuhusu Facebook] * [http://www.facebook.com/press.php Ujumbe rasmi wa vyombo vya habari kuhusu facebook] * [http://www.generalcatalyst.com/team/chris_hughes Ujumbe mdogo kutoka General Catalyst Partners] {{Wayback|url=http://www.generalcatalyst.com/team/chris_hughes |date=20120414100843 }} {{Facebook}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hughes, Chris}} {{BD|1983|}} [[Jamii:mabingwa wa kompyuta wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard]] q1qbfbrqo46y109pm60kkbaxu9t1xhv 0 34763 1599025 1597941 2026-09-23T03:02:31Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599025 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Grace Ogot''' ni mwanasiasa kutoka nchi ya [[Kenya]].<ref>https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000093261/grace-ogot-took-the-african-story-to-the-world</ref> ==Wasifu== {{Infobox person|name=Grace Ogot|jina la kuzaliwa=Grace Emily Akinyi|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=15 May 1930|tarehe ya kufa=2015{{!}}3{{!}}18{{!}}|mahali alipofia=[Nairobi] Kenya}} '''Grace Ogot''' alipozaliwa alipewa jina la Grace Emily Akinyi katika sehemu wilayani [[Asembo]], katika mkoa wa [[Nyanza]]. Alifanya mafunzo kama muuguzi nchini [[Uganda]] na [[Uingereza]]. Alifanya kazi kama mkunga, kama mwalimu, kama mwandishi wa habari, kama mtangazaji wa huduma ya Ng'ambo ya [[BBC]], na katika cheo cha usimamizi katika kampuni ya Air India Corporation ya Afrika Mashariki. Mwaka wa 1984 akawa moja wa wanawake wachache kuhudumu kama Mbunge na mwanamke wa kipekee aliyehudumu kama Naibu Waziri katika Baraza la Mawaziri la Rais [[Daniel arap Moi]]. Tangu wakati huo Ogot ameshikilia nyadhifa mbalimbali za ubalozi kwani ameiwakilisha nchi yake katika Umoja wa Mataifa na [[UNESCO]]. Ogot alikuwa mwanachama mwanzilishi wa Shirika la Waandishi wa Kenya maarufu kwa Kiingereza kama Writers' Association of Kenya.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://wundef.com/grace-ogot-one-of-the-africas-finest-writers-and-the-first-woman-to-publish-novel-in-east-africa/#google_vignette |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2026-01-31 |archive-date=2022-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810115532/https://wundef.com/grace-ogot-one-of-the-africas-finest-writers-and-the-first-woman-to-publish-novel-in-east-africa/#google_vignette |url-status=dead }}</ref> Alifunga [[ndoa]] na mwanahistoria Profesa [[Bethwell Allan Ogot]], Mluo kutoka sehemu ya Gem, mnamo mwaka wa 1959, na ni [[mama]] wa watoto wanne. Kitabu cha kwanza cha Grace Ogot kilikuwa ''Land Without Thunder'', kitabu cha hadithi fupi. Riwaya yake ya kwanza ilikuwa ''The Promised Land''. Vitabu vyake vingine ni pamoja na: ''The Strange Bride'', ''The Graduate'', ''The Other Woman'' na ''The Island of Tears''. Grace Ogot anaweza kusemekana kuwa mmoja ya waandishi bora zaidi barani [[Afrika]]. Mtindo wake wa uandishi wake ni wa kuvutia sana hasa katika ubunifu wake wa wazi; yeye huweza kuonyesha Utabibu wa mila na tamaduni ya Kiafrika, yanayofuata njia mwafaka na ishara. Hadithi zake nyingi zimeandikwa kutokana na historia ya [[Ziwa Victoria]] na mila na tamaduni za watu Waluo. Nathari yake ni nathari ya ubunifu ya hadithi za mila na tamaduni za kale - kama katika ''The Strange Bride'', riwaya kuhusu mwanamke (ambaye ni mhusika mkuu) mwenye nguvu,kipawa na tabia ya kuwavutia wanaume katika nchi ya Waluo. Grace Ogot pia hukabiliana na masuala ya uhamiaji - kama ilivyo katika ''The Promised Land'', riwaya ambayo msingi wake ni miaka ya 1930, ambapo wahusika wake wakuu wanahama kutoka Mkoa wa Nyanza hadi kaskazini mwa [[Tanzania]], huku wakitafuta wa ardhi rutuba na mali. ''The Graduate'' pia ni riwaya kuhusu mambo magumu ya uhamiaji; katika riwaya hiyo, mhusika mkuu wa kiume anarudi kutoka Marekani hadi nchi ya Kenya, baada ya kumaliza masomo yake. Hadithi nyingi fupi katika ''Land Without Thunder'' misingi yao ni nchi ya Waluo ya kale; Maelezo ya Ogot, zana za fasihi na mtiririko wa hadithi hutoa thamani muhimu katika utamaduni na mila ya Waluo kabla ya ukoloni katika [[Afrika Mashariki]]. Ogot amechapisha kazi katika lugha za Kiingereza na Kiluo - baadhi za kazi zake zilichapishwa kwanza kwa lugha ya Dholuo.<ref>https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=65Sl6W4Z5YsC&pg=PA103&redir_esc=y</ref> Alihojiwa mwaka wa 1974 na Lee Nichols wa chombo cha habari cha Voice of America kwa ajili ya tangazo la redio ambalo liliwekwa hewani kati ya miaka ya 1975 na1979 (makala ya mazungumzo ya redio ya Voice of America na waandishi wa Afrika, no. . 23). Maktaba ya Bunge ina nakala ya kanda hiyo ya utangazaji na mahojiano asili ambayo hayajafanyiwa mabadilisho yoyote. Ukurasa wa utangazaji huo unaweza kupatikana katika kitabu Conversations with African Writers (Washington, DC: Voice of America, 1981), uk 207-216.<ref>https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2015/03/ex-assistant-minister-and-author-grace-ogot-dies/</ref> == Makala ya Mwandishi huyu == Kutoka mkusanyiko wa Maktaba ya Bunge, Washington, DC: *''Aloo TLD Apul-Apul'' (1981) katika Kiluo. *''Ber wat'' (1981) katika Kiluo. *''The graduate'' (1980) *''The Island of Tears'' (1980) *''Land without Thunder,hadithi fupi'' (1968) *''Miaha'' (1983) katika Kiluo; kilitafsiriwa kama ''The strange bride'' na Okoth Okombo (1989) ISBN 996646865X *''The other woman'' : selected short stories (1976) *''The Promised Land'' : riwaya (1966) *''The strange bride'' kilitafsiriwa kutoka Dholuo na Okoth Okombo. {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ogot, Grace}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1930]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Kenya]] caykzrcvwcdbd6lk23cdbw9z3f5j4lm 0 35024 1599056 1430211 2026-09-23T04:17:18Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599056 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:AngelinaJolieBradPittAAFeb09.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Pitt na Jolie kwenye sherehe ya [[81st Academy Awards]] mnamo Februari 2009]] '''Brangelina''' ni jina linalojumuisha muigizaji '''Brad Pitt''' wa kutoka Marekani aliyeigiza katika filamu zaidi ya 40 (kama ''Fight Club'', ''Se7en'', ''Mr. & Mrs. Smith'') na '''[[Angelina Jolie]]''' ambaye ni balozi wa shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa na vilevile muigizaji wa filamu kama ''Lara Croft: Tomb Raider'' na ''Changeling''. ==Historia== ===Brad Pitt=== Katika miaka ya nyuma, Pitt amewahi kuwa na uhusiano wa kimapenzi na waigizaji wengi kama Robin Givens, Jill Schoelen, na Juliette Lewis.<ref name="people brad">{{Rejea tovuti| title = Brad Pitt|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=12 Machi 2008|url=http://www.people.com/people/brad_pitt}}</ref> Pitt pia alikuwa mchumba wake Gwyneth Paltrow, aliyekuwa na uhusiano naye kuanzia mwaka wa 1995 hadi 1997.<ref>{{Rejea habari | title = Love Lost|last=Gliatto|first=Tom| date = 30 Juni 1997}}</ref> Pitt alionana na muigizaji wa kipindi cha ''Friends'' aitwaye Jennifer Aniston mnamo 1998 na wakaoana mjini [[Malibu, California|Malibu]] mnamo 29 Julai 2000.<ref name="People - Bio">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.people.com/people/brad_pitt/biography/0,,20004328_10,00.html| title = Brad Pitt Biography|accessdate=16 Mei 2008|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|page=2|archivedate=2016-04-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424020800/http://www.people.com/people/brad_pitt/biography/0,,20004328_10,00.html}}</ref> Mnamo Januari 2005, Pitt na Aniston walitangaza kuwa wameachana baada ya kuoana kwa muda ya miaka saba. ===Angelina Jolie=== {{Main|Angelina Jolie}} Mnamo 28 Machi 1996, Jolie aliolewa na muigizaji Muingereza Jonny Lee Miller.<ref>* Bandon, Alexandra. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07E7DF1230F936A1575BC0A960958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all Following, Ambivalently, in Mom or Dad's Footsteps]. ''The New York Times''. 25 Agosti 1996. Accessed 25 Februari 2009.</ref> Jolie na Miller waliachana mwaka uliofuata na talaka ikatolewa mnamo 3 Februari 1999. Mnamo 5 Mei 2000, aliolewa na muigizaji wa Marekani anayeitwa Billy Bob Thornton, na wakawachana mnamo 27 Mei 2003. ==Uhusiano wao== Jolie na Pitt walikutana walipokuwa wanaigiza katika filamu ya ''Mr. & Mrs. Smith'' na uhusiano wao ulijulikana sana kwenye Hollywood .<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,1019221,00.html| title = How Will Brad and Angelina's Movie Fare?|last=Silverman|first=Stephen M.| date = 21 Januari 2005|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=16 Machi 2009|archivedate=2009-06-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603095040/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,1019221,00.html}}</ref>. Inasemekana kuwa Pitt na Jolie walipendana pindi Pitt bado alikuwa na Jennifer Aniston, lakini wote wamekataa madai haya; wakisema kuwa walipendana walipukuwa wakiigiza filamu hii.<ref>Harris, Mark. [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/19/movies/19harr.html?_r=2&pagewanted=all The Mommy Track]. ''The New York Times''. 15 Oktoba 2008. Accessed 18 Oktoba 2008.</ref> Uhusiano wa Pitt na Jolie ulithibitishwa wakati picha zilitoka za kuonyesha Pitt akiwa na Jolie na mwanawe Maddox kwenye bahari nchini [[Kenya]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|authors=Jason Lynch and Susan Bell|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1057551,00.html| title = Brad & Angelina's Latest Getaway|accessdate=16 Mei 2008| date = 4 Mei 2005|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|archivedate=2009-08-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830071017/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1057551,00.html}}</ref> Wawili hawa walionekana wakiwa pamoja mara nyingi, na watangazaji wakawabandika wapenzi hawa jina la "Brangelina".<ref name="new fair">{{Rejea habari| title = Angelina Jolie, Brad Pitt|url=http://www.vanityfair.com/online/newestablishment/2008/09/angelina-jolie-brad-pitt.html|last=Newcomb|first=Peter| date = 2 Septemba 2008|work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|accessdate=3 Aprili 2009|archivedate=2009-11-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130055750/http://www.vanityfair.com/online/newestablishment/2008/09/angelina-jolie-brad-pitt.html}}</ref> Mnamo 11 Januari 2006, Jolie alitangaza kuwa alikuwa na mimba ya Brad Pitt.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1145171,00.html|title=Angelina Jolie Pregnant|accessdate=15 Mei 2008|date=11 Januari 2006|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|archive-date=2018-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915110428/https://people.com/people/article/0,,1145171,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Watoto== <div style=" margin: 0 0 1.5em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; float: centre; width: 250px; font-size: 95%;" class="NavFrame"><div class="NavHead" style="background: #B0C4DE; font-size: 90%"> Watoto wa Brangelina</div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:normal; text-align:left; display:notnone;"> * Maddox Chivan Jolie-Pitt (alizaliwa 5 Agosti 2001 nchini [[Cambodia]]; Jolie alimlea kuanzia 19 Januari 2006) * Pax Thien Jolie-Pitt (alizaliwa 29 Novemba 2003 nchini [[Vietnam]]; alilelewa kuaziwa 15 Machi 2007) * Zahara Marley Jolie-Pitt (alizaliwa 8 Januari 2005 mchini [[Ethiopia]]; alilelewa 19 Januari 2006) * Shiloh Nouvel Jolie-Pitt (alizaliwa 27 Mei 2006 nchini [[Swakopmund]], [[Namibia]]) * Knox Léon Jolie-Pitt (alizaliwa 12 Julai 2008 mjini [[Nice]], France) * Vivienne Marcheline Jolie-Pitt (alizaliwa 12 Julai 2008 mjini Nice, France) </div></div> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] o91yr0y4rgj4pxpw8ztqm3mla0andqa 0 35059 1598972 1598475 2026-09-23T02:50:46Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598972 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gauguin - Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? (1897-98).jpg|thumb|right|355px|''Tumetoka Wapi? Sisi ni Nani? Tunakwenda Wapi?''<br />Mmojawapo kati ya michoro maarufu ya msanii [[Paul Gauguin]] wa kipindi cha baada ya [[uimpreshonisti]].]] '''Maana ya maisha''' ni mojawapo kati ya ma[[suala]] makuu kuhusu [[thamani]], [[madhumuni]] na umuhimu wa [[binadamu]] kuwepo [[duniani]] na wa [[maisha]] kwa jumla. Suala hilo linaweza kujitokeza katika ma[[swali]] mengi tofauti yanayohusiana, kama vile ''Mbona tumekuwepo?'', ''Maisha yanahusu nini?'' na ''Ni nini maana ya haya yote?'' Binadamu anajiuliza maswali kama hayo hasa anapokabiliana na [[kifo]], kwa mfano [[msiba]] wa [[ndugu]] au [[rafiki]]. Limekuwa suala kuu la [[udadisi]] wa [[sayansi]], [[falsafa]] na [[teolojia]] tangu zamani. Kumekuwa na [[idadi]] kubwa ya majibu kwa maswali hayo kutoka asili mbalimbali ki[[itikadi]] na ki[[utamaduni]]. Maana ya maisha imechanganyikana kwa undani na [[dhana]] za falsafa na [[imani]] za [[dini]] na hugusia masuala mengine mengi, kama vile [[ontolojia]], [[tunu]], [[kusudi]], [[maadili]], [[hiari]], uwepo wa [[Mungu]], [[roho]], na kinachoendelea baada ya maisha haya kwisha. Michango ya sayansi kawaida ni ya moja kwa moja na inaeleza [[uhalisia]] kutokana na mambo yanayopimika kuhusu [[ulimwengu]]; sayansi inatoa [[muktadha]] na mipaka kwa mazungumzo kuhusu [[mada]] zinazohusika. Mbadala ni mtazamo wa kifalsafa unaokabili swali: "Ni nini maana ya maisha 'yangu'?" Thamani ya swali linalohusu kusudi la maisha huweza kuwiana na kuupata [[ukweli]] wa mwisho, au [[hisia]] za [[umoja]] na [[utakatifu]]. ==Maswali na marejeo yake== [[File:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 038-crop.jpg|thumb|150px|right|''Mwanafalsafa akitafakari'' alivyochorwa na [[msanii]] [[Rembrandt]].]] Maswali kuhusu maana ya maisha yameulizwa kwa njia mbalimbali zenye upana, yakiwemo yafuatayo: *Maana ya maisha ni nini? Nini maana ya haya yote? Sisi ni nani? <ref name="Westphal">{{cite book |author=Jonathan Westphal |title=Philosophical Propositions: An Introduction to Philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/philosophicalpro0000west |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |isbn=0415170532}}</ref><ref name="Nozick">{{cite book |author=[[Robert Nozick]] |title=[[Philosophical Explanations]] |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1981 |isbn=0674664795}}</ref><ref name="Jewell">{{cite book |author=Albert Jewell |title=Ageing, Spirituality and Well-Being |publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers |year=2003 |isbn=184310167X}}</ref><ref name="WITMOL">{{cite web |title=Question of the Month: What Is The Meaning Of Life? |work=[[Philosophy Now]] |publisher=Issue 59 |url=http://www.philosophynow.org/issue59/59question.htm |accessdate=2007-07-26}}</ref><ref name="Yeffeth">{{cite book |author=Glenn Yeffeth |title=The Anthology at the End of the Universe: Leading Science Fiction Authors on Douglas Adams' The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy |url=https://archive.org/details/anthologyatendof0000unse |publisher=BenBella Books, Inc |year=2005 |isbn=1932100563}}</ref><ref name="Seaman">{{cite book |author=David Seaman |title=The Real Meaning of Life |url=https://archive.org/details/realmeaningoflif0000unse |publisher=New World Library |year=2005 |isbn=1577315146}}</ref><ref name="Baggini">{{cite book |author=[[Julian Baggini]] |title=What's It All About? Philosophy and the Meaning of Life |url=https://archive.org/details/whatsitallaboutp0000bagg |publisher=Granta Books |month=Septemba | year=2004 |location=USA |isbn=1862076618}} </ref> *Kwa nini tumekuwepo? Sababu ya sisi kuwa hapa ni nini? <ref name="Baggini" /><ref name="Thiemann & Placher">{{cite book |author=[[Ronald F. Thiemann]]; William Carl Placher |title=Why Are We Here?: Everyday Questions and the Christian Life |url=https://archive.org/details/whyarewehereever0000unse |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |year=1998 |isbn=1563382369}}</ref><ref name="Marcellino">{{cite book |author=Dennis Marcellino |title=Why Are We Here?: The Scientific Answer to this Age-old Question (that you don't need to be a scientist to understand) |url=https://archive.org/details/whyareweherescie0000marc |publisher=Lighthouse Pub |year=1996 |isbn=0945272103}}</ref><ref name="Curtiss">{{cite book |author=F. Homer Curtiss |title=Why Are We Here |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=0766138992}}</ref><ref name="Badke">{{cite book |author= William B. Badke |title=The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Meaning of Everything |url= https://archive.org/details/hitchhikersguide00badk |publisher=Kregel Publications |year=2005 |isbn=0825420695}}</ref><ref name="Hua">{{cite book |author=Hsuan Hua |title=Words of Wisdom: Beginning Buddhism |publisher=Dharma Realm Buddhist Association |year=2003 |isbn=0881393029}}</ref> *Asili ya [[uhai]] ni nini? <ref name="Davies">{{cite book |author=[[Paul Davies]] |title=The Fifth Miracle: The Search for the Origin and Meaning of Life |publisher=Simon & Schuster |date=Machi 2000 |url=http://www.simonsays.com/content/book.cfm?tab=1&pid=410133 |accessdate=2007-07-26 |isbn=0-684-86309-X}}</ref><ref name="Fadul">{{cite book |author=[[Jose Fadul]] |title=Lessons in Chess, Lessons in Life: Application of the Psychology of the Game in Real Life |publisher=Lulu Press |date= 2008 |isbn=978-0-557-02158-1}}</ref> *Hali ya maisha ni nini? Ukweli ni nini? <ref name="Davies" /><ref name="Christiansen & Baum & Bass-Haugen">{{cite book |author=Charles Christiansen; Carolyn Manville Baum; Julie Bass-Haugen |title=Occupational Therapy: Performance, Participation, and Well-Being |url=https://archive.org/details/occupationalther0000unse_n5j8 |publisher=SLACK Incorporated |year=2005 |isbn=1556425309}}</ref><ref name="Walker">{{cite book |author=[[Evan Harris Walker]] |title=The Physics of Consciousness: The Quantum Mind and the Meaning of Life |url=https://archive.org/details/physicsofconscio0000walk |publisher=Perseus Books |year=2000 |isbn=0738204366}}</ref> * Madhumuni ya maisha ya mtu ni nini? <ref name="WITMOL" /><ref name="Baggini" /><ref name="Christiansen & Baum & Bass-Haugen" /><ref name="warren">{{cite book |author=[[Rick Warren]] |title=[[The Purpose Driven Life|The Purpose Driven Life: What on Earth Am I Here For?]] |publisher=Zondervan |year=2002 |isbn=0310255252}}</ref><ref name="Krishnamurti">{{cite book |author=[[Jiddu Krishnamurti]] |title=What Are You Doing With Your Life? |url=https://archive.org/details/whatareyoudoingw0000kris |publisher=Krishnamurti Foundation of America |year=2001 |isbn=188800424X}}</ref> *Maana ya maisha ni nini? <ref name="Krishnamurti" /> *Cha maana na cha thamani maishani ni nini? <ref name="Fadul" /><ref name="UIUC">{{cite web |last=Puolimatka |first=Tapio |coauthors=Airaksinen, Timo |title=Education and the Meaning of Life |work=Philosophy of Education |publisher=[[University of Helsinki]] |date=2002 |url=http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/EPS/PES-Yearbook/2001/tapio%2001.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-07-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926154148/http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/EPS/PES-Yearbook/2001/tapio%2001.pdf |archivedate=2007-09-26 }}</ref> *Thamani ya maisha ni nini? <ref name="Fadul" /><ref name="Van Hooft">{{cite book |author=Stan Van Hooft |title=Life, Death, and Subjectivity: Moral Sources in Bioethics |url=https://archive.org/details/lifedeathsubject0000hoof |publisher=Rodopi |year=2004 |isbn=9042019123}}</ref> *Sababu ya kuishi ni nini? Kwa nini tunaishi? <ref name="Hua" /><ref name="Fadul" /><ref name="Shafer-Landau & Cuneo">{{cite book |author=Russ Shafer-Landau; Terence Cuneo |title=Foundations of Ethics: An Anthology |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781405129510 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |year=2007 |isbn=1405129514}}</ref> ==Uchunguzi wa kisayansi== [[File:DNA Overview.png|thumb|left|140px|[[DNA]] ambayo ina maelekezo ya ki[[jenitikia]] kwa ajili ya [[maendeleo]] na [[utendaji]] wa [[uhai|viumbe hai vyote]].]] Kwamba [[sayansi]] inaweza kutusaidia kuelewa zaidi masuala ya msingi (kama vile maana ya maisha) inazua mabishano mengi katika jamii za sayansi na [[falsafa ya sayansi]]. Hata hivyo, sayansi inaweza kutupa muktadha fulani na huyaweka mipaka kadhaa mazungumzo kuhusu mada kama hizo. ===Umuhimu wa kisaikolojia na thamani katika maisha=== Sayansi huenda ikashindwa kutuambia nini ni cha thamani maishani, lakini baadhi ya [[fani]] zake hugusia maswali yanayohusiana: watafiti katika [[saikolojia chanya]] hutafuta sababu zinazoleta hali ya ndani ya 'kuridhika na maisha',<ref>E. Diener, J.J. Sapyta, E. Suh (1998). "Subjective Well-Being Is Essential to Well-Being." ''Psychological Inquiry'', Lawrence Earlbaum</ref> kujihusisha kikamilifu katika shughuli,<ref>Csíkszentmihályi, Mihály (1990). ''Flow: The Balls of Optimal Experience''. New York: Harper and Row. ISBN 0-06-092043-2.</ref> kutoa mchango mkubwa zaidi kwa kutumia [[vipawa]] vya binafsi,<ref>Peterson, Christopher; Seligman, Martin (2004). ''Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516701-5.</ref><ref>Seligman, M.E.P. (2002). ''Authentic Happiness: Using the New Positive Psychology to Realize Your Potential for Lasting Fulfillment.'' New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-2297-0 (Paperback edition, 2004, Free Press, ISBN 0-7432-2298-9)</ref>n.k. Aina moja ya mfumo wa thamani iliyopendekezwa na [[wataalamu]] wa [[elimunafsia ya jamii]], iitwayo kwa upana "Nadharia ya Kupambana na Mambo ya Kutisha", inasema kwamba maana yote ya binadamu inatokana na [[hofu]] ya msingi ya [[kifo]], ambapo maadili yanachaguliwa yanapotusaidia kuepukana na kumbukumbu ya kifo. [[Sayansi]] ya [[nyurolojia]] imetunga [[nadharia]] ya [[malipo]], [[raha]] na [[msukumo]] katika masuala ya ki[[mwili]] kama shughuli za kupitisha [[ujumbe za kinyuro]]. Ikiwa mtu anaamini kwamba maana ya maisha ni kufanya raha ziwe nyingi iwezekanavyo, basi nadharia zinatoa [[utabiri]] unaozidi kuongezeka, kuhusu jinsi ya kufanya ili kufanikisha hilo. [[Somo la kijamii]] linapima thamani katika ngazi ya kijamii kwa kubuni nadharia kama vile nadharia ya thamani kanuni n.k. ===Asili na hali ya maisha kibiolojia=== Nadharia ya [[mageuko ya spishi]] haijaribu kuelezea asili ya [[uhai]], bali [[mchakato]] ambao viumbe tofauti vimepitia katika kipindi chote cha [[historia]] ya [[dunia]] kupitia [[mabadiliko ya ghafla ya kijenetikia]] na [[uteuzi wa kiasili]]<ref>[[Charles Darwin]] (1859). ''[[On the Origin of Species]]''.</ref> Mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 20]], kwa kuzingatia ufahamu wa mabadiliko ya [[viumbehai]] unaotegemea [[jeni]] hasa, [[wanabiolojia]] [[George C. Williams]], [[Richard Dawkins]], [[David Haig]] na wengineo, walihitimisha kwamba ikiwa kuna kazi msingi ya maisha, ni kujinakilisha kwa [[DNA]] na kuendelea kuwa hai kwa jeni za mtu.<ref name="Dawkins selfish gene">{{cite book |author=[[Richard Dawkins]] |title=[[The Selfish Gene]] |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1976 |isbn=019857519X}}</ref><ref name="Dawkins river">{{cite book |author=[[Richard Dawkins]] |title=[[River out of Eden]] |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |year=1995 |isbn=0-465-06990-8}}</ref> Ingawa [[wanasayansi]] wameyachunguza maisha yalivyo [[duniani]], kuyafafanua bayana bado ni changamoto.<ref>[http://www.astrobio.net/news/article226 Astrobiology Magazine: Defining Life]</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.nbi.dk/~emmeche/cePubl/97e.defLife.v3f.html |title=Defining Life, Explaining Emergence<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2010-01-15 |archivedate=2012-03-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314095044/http://www.nbi.dk/~emmeche/cePubl/97e.defLife.v3f.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Schrödinger | first = Erwin | title = What is Life? | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1944 | isbn = 0-521-42708-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Margulis | first = Lynn | coauthors = Sagan, Dorion | title = What is Life? | url = https://archive.org/details/whatislife0000marg | publisher = University of California Press | year = 1995 | isbn = 0-520-22021-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Lovelock | first = James | title = Gaia – a New Look at Life on Earth | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0-19-286218-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Avery | first = John | title = Information Theory and Evolution | url = https://archive.org/details/informationtheor0000aver | publisher = World Scientific | year = 2003 | isbn = 9812383999}}</ref> [[Wanabiolojia]] kwa jumla wanakubaliana kwamba viumbe mbalimbali ni mifumo inayojipanga inayosimamia mazingira ya ndani ili kudumisha hali hii ya mpango, shughuli za kimetaboli hutumika kutoa nishati, na [[uzazi]] unaruhusu uhai kuendelea kwa vizazi vingi. Kwa kawaida, [[umbile]] huwa sikivu kwa [[uchochezi]] na habari za kijenetikia, hivyo huelekea kubadilika kutoka [[kizazi]] hadi kizazi ili kuruhusu marekebisho kupitia mabadiliko ya mwili. Sifa hizo huongeza nafasi ya kuishi ya kiumbe binafsi na wazao wake kwa mtiririko huo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.una.edu/pdavis/BI%20101/Overview%20Fall%202004.htm |title=How to Define Life |accessdate=2008-10-17 |last=Davison |first=Paul G. |publisher=The University of North Alabama |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101024755/http://www2.una.edu/pdavis/BI%20101/Overview%20Fall%202004.htm |archivedate=2008-11-01 }}</ref><ref>Witzany, G. (2007). The Logos of the Bios 2. Bio-Communication. Helsinki, Umweb.</ref> Viwakala visivyokuwa vya [[seli]] vinavyozaana, hasa [[virusi]], kwa jumla havitazamwi kama viumbehai kwa sababu haviwezi kuzaana kwa "kujitegemea" au kuendesha shughuli za kimetaboliki. [[Pambano]] hilo ni tatizo, ingawa baadhi ya [[vimelea]] na visimbayonti vya ndani ya mwili pia vinaweza kuishi kwa kujitegemea. [[Astrobiolojia]] inajihusisha na uwezekano wa kuwa na aina tofauti ya [[viumbe hai]] katika [[ulimwengu]] mwingine, kama vile miundo ya kujinakilisha kutoka vifaa vingine visivyo DNA. ===Asili na hatima ya ulimwengu=== [[File:CMB Timeline300 no WMAP.jpg|right|268px|thumb|[[Upanuzi wa kimetriki wa nafasi]]. Enzi ya kupanda ni kupanuka kwa kivuto cha kimetriki kilichoko upande wa kushoto.]] Ingawa dhana ya [[Mlipuko mkuu]] ilipotolewa mara ya kwanza ilipambana na [[shaka]] kwa wingi, pia kutokana na uhusiano na imani ya dini ya [[uumbaji]], baadaye imekuja kuungwa mkono na [[uchunguzi]] kadhaa wa kujitegemea.<ref>{{cite book | author = Helge Kragh | title = Cosmology and Controversy | url = https://archive.org/details/cosmologycontrov00helg | publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 1996 | isbn=069100546X}}</ref> Hata hivyo, [[fizikia]] ya sasa inaweza kuelezea tu ulimwengu ulivyokuwa mapema, [[sekunde]] 10 baada ya kutokea. [[Wanafizikia]] wengi wamedadisi nini inaweza kuwa imetangulia, na jinsi ulimwengu ulivyoanza.<ref name="Prantzos & Lyle">{{cite book |author=Nikos Prantzos; Stephen Lyle |title=Our Cosmic Future: Humanity's Fate in the Universe |url=https://archive.org/details/ourcosmicfutureh0000pran |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=052177098X}}</ref> Baadhi ya wanafizikia hudhani kuwa Mlipuko mkuu ulitokea kwa [[bahati]] tu, pamoja na uwepo wa ulimwengu maridhawa.<ref name="Edwards">{{cite book |author=Rem B. Edwards |title=What Caused the Big Bang? |url=https://archive.org/details/whatcausedbigban0000edwa |publisher=Rodopi |year=2001 |isbn=9042014075}}</ref> Hata hivyo, haijalishi jinsi ulimwengu ulivyokuja kuwepo, hatima ya binadamu katika ulimwengu huu ni [[maangamizi]] kwani - hata kama ubinadamu utaishi muda mrefu - uhai wa kibiolojia hatimaye yatashindwa kujiendeleza.<ref name="Prantzos & Lyle" /> ===Maswali ya sayansi kuhusu akili=== Hali ya kweli na asili ya [[fahamu]] na [[akili]] yenyewe pia vinajadiliwa sana katika sayansi. Suala la [[hiari]] pia linaonekana kuwa na umuhimu wa msingi. Masuala hayo hupatikana zaidi katika nyanja za [[sayansi koginitivu]], [[nyurolojia]] na [[falsafa ya akili]], ingawa baadhi ya wanabiolojia wa [[maendeleo ya uhai]] na [[wanafizikia wa kinadharia]] pia wameliashiria sana suala hilo.<ref name="Whitehouse">{{cite book |author=Harvey Whitehouse |title=The Debated Mind: Evolutionary Psychology Versus Ethnography |url=https://archive.org/details/debatedmindevolu0000unse |publisher=Berg Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=1859734278}}</ref><ref name="Gray">{{cite book |author=[[Jeffrey Alan Gray]] |title=Consciousness: Creeping Up on the Hard Problem |url=https://archive.org/details/conciousnesscree0000jeff |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |isbn=0198520905}}</ref><ref name="Barrow, Davies, Harper">{{cite book |author=[[John D. Barrow]]; [[Paul Davies|Paul C. W. Davies]]; Charles L. Harper |title=Science and Ultimate Reality: Quantum Theory, Cosmology and Complexity |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=052183113X}}</ref><ref name="Barrow, Davies, Harper" /> mara nyingi zikijumuisha idadi kubwa ya mitazamo ya ziada.<ref name="Millay, Heinze">{{cite book |author=Jean Millay; Ruth-Inge Heinze |title=Multidimensional Mind: Remote Viewing in Hyperspace |url=https://archive.org/details/multidimensional0000mill |publisher=North Atlantic Books |year=1999 |isbn=1556433069}}</ref> [[File:Ascent of the Blessed.jpg|125px|right|thumb|''Kuinuka kwa Watakatifu'' ni [[picha]] iliyochorwa na [[msanii]] [[Hieronymus Bosch]]. Inaonyesha sehemu inayofanana na [[pango]] lenye [[mwanga]] na watu wa kiroho, mara nyingi hutajwa katika ripoti za waliokikaribia kifo.]] Mbinu nyingine, kwa vile Mfano wa Rasimu Nyingi, hudai kwamba fahamu inaweza kuelezwa kikamilifu na nyurolojia, kupitia utendaji kazi wa [[ubongo]] na [[nyuroni]] zake.<ref name="Gray" /><ref name="Churchland">{{cite book |author=[[Paul Churchland|Paul M. Churchland]] |title=A Neurocomputational Perspective: The Nature of Mind and the Structure of Science |url=https://archive.org/details/neurocomputation0000paul |publisher= MIT Press |year=1989 |isbn=0262531062}}</ref><ref name="Dennett">{{cite book |author=[[Daniel Dennett|Daniel Clement Dennett]] |title=[[Consciousness Explained]] |publisher=Little, Brown and Co. |year=1991 |isbn=0316180661}}</ref> Nadharia za [[sumakuumeme]] za fahamu zinasema eneo la sumakuumeme linalotokana na [[ubongo]] ndilo hasa linalobeba [[fahamu zoefu]]. Hata hivyo kuna kutokubaliana kuhusu kutekelezwa kwa nadharia kama hiyo inayohusu utendaji kazi kwingine kwa akili.<ref>J. McFadden (2002) "[http://www.mindcontrolforums.com/news/electromagnetic-field-theory-of-consciousness.htm Synchronous Firing and Its Influence on the Brain's Electromagnetic Field: Evidence for an Electromagnetic Field Theory of Consciousness] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mindcontrolforums.com/news/electromagnetic-field-theory-of-consciousness.htm |date=20051218171922 }}". ''Journal of Consciousness Studies'' '''9''' (4) pp. 23-50.</ref><ref name="Buccheri & Di Gesù & Saniga">{{cite book |author=R. Buccheri; V. Di Gesù; Metod Saniga |title=Studies on the Structure of Time: From Physics to Psycho(patho)logy |publisher=Springer |year=2000 |isbn=030646439X}}</ref> Nadharia za akili za ki[[kwontamu]] hutumia [[nadharia ya kwontamu]] kuelezea baadhi ya sifa za akili. <ref name="Bohm & Hiley">{{cite book |author=[[David Bohm]]; Basil J. Hiley |title=The Undivided Universe: An Ontological Interpretation of Quantum Theory |publisher=Routledge |year=1993 |isbn=0415065887}}</ref><ref name="Bruce">{{cite book |author=Alexandra Bruce |title=Beyond the Bleep: The Definitive Unauthorized Guide to What the Bleep Do We Know!? |url=https://archive.org/details/beyondbleep00alex |publisher=The Disinformation Company |year=2005 |isbn=1932857222}}</ref><ref name="Bohm & Hiley" /><ref name="Libet, Freeman, Sutherland">{{cite book |author=Benjamin Libet; Anthony Freeman; Keith Sutherland |title=The Volitional Brain: Towards a Neuroscience of Free Will |url=https://archive.org/details/volitionalbraint0000unse |publisher=Imprint Academic |year=1999 |isbn=0907845118}}</ref> Ikitegemea hoja ya maelezo ya akili yasiyoweza kugusika, baadhi ya watu wamependekeza uwepo wa [[fahamu ya kikosmiki]], wakidai kwamba fahamu kwa kweli ndiyo "msingi wa yote kuwepo".<ref name="Walker"/><ref name="Bruce" /><ref name="Ho">{{cite book |author=[[Mae-Wan Ho]] |title=The Rainbow and the Worm: The Physics of Organisms |url=https://archive.org/details/rainbowwormphysi0000maew |publisher=World Scientific |year=1998 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/rainbowwormphysi0000maew/page/218 218]–231 |isbn=9810234279}}</ref> Wanaounga mkono mtazamo huo wanaelezea matukio yasiyo ya kawaida, hasa uwezo wa kuhisi usio wa kawaida na uwezo wa kuyasoma mawazo, kama [[ushahidi]] wa uwepo wa fahamu ya juu isiyoeleweka. Ili kuthibitisha uwepo wa mambo hayo yasiyo ya kawaida, wana[[elimunafsia]] wa mambo yasiyo ya kawaida wamefanya ma[[jaribio]] mbalimbali. Uchambuzi unaoangalia mambo yote yaliyopo unaonyesha kuwa [[asilimia]] ya wenye nguvu zisizo za kawaida (ingawa ndogo sana) imebaki thabiti.<ref name=Radnin97>{{cite book |last=Radin |first=Dean |authorlink = |title=The Conscious Universe: The Scientific Truth of Psychic Phenomena |url=https://archive.org/details/consciousunivers00radi_0 |publisher=HarperSanFrancisco |year=1997 |isbn=0062515020}}</ref> Ingawa baadhi ya [[wachambuzi wakosoaji]] wanahisi somo la [[elimunafsia isiyo ya kawaida]] kuwa sayansi, hawaridhishwi na matokeo ya majaribio yake.<ref name=Alcock03>{{cite journal |last=Alcock |first=James E. |authorlink= |coauthors=Jahn, Robert G. |title=Give the Null Hypothesis a Chance |journal=Journal of Consciousness Studies |volume=10 |issue=6-7 |pages=29–50 |year=2003 |url=http://www.imprint.co.uk/pdf/Alcock-editorial.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-07-30 |archive-date=2007-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810173433/http://www.imprint.co.uk/pdf/Alcock-editorial.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name=Hyman>{{cite journal |last=Hyman |first=Ray |title=Evaluation of the program on anomalous mental phenomena |journal=The Journal of Parapsychology |volume=59 |issue=1 |year=1995 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2320/is_n4_v59/ai_18445600 |accessdate=2007-07-30 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120709142606/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2320/is_n4_v59/ai_18445600/ |archivedate=2012-07-09 |=https://archive.today/20120709142606/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2320/is_n4_v59/ai_18445600/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Wanaochunguza mambo haya upya, wanabaki na [[wasiwasi]] kwamba matokeo yanayoonekana kuwa na mafanikio huenda yakawa yanatokana na [[utaratibu]] mbaya, na watafiti wasiokuwa na mafunzo ya kutosha, au mbinu hafifu.<ref name=Akers>{{cite paper |author=Akers, C. |title=Methodological Criticisms of Parapsychology, Advances in Parapsychological Research 4 |publisher=PesquisaPSI |year=1986 |url=http://www.pesquisapsi.com/books/advances4/7_Methodological_Criticisms.html |accessdate=2007-07-30 |journal= |archive-date=2007-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223348/http://www.pesquisapsi.com/books/advances4/7_Methodological_Criticisms.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite paper |author=Child, I.L. |title=Criticism in Experimental Parapsychology, Advances in Parapsychological Research 5 |publisher=PesquisaPSI |year=1987 |url=http://www.pesquisapsi.com/books/advances5/6_Criticism_in_Experimental.html |accessdate=2007-07-30 |journal= |archive-date=2007-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223410/http://www.pesquisapsi.com/books/advances5/6_Criticism_in_Experimental.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Wiseman |first=Richard |authorlink= |coauthors=Smith, Matthew, et al. |title=Exploring possible sender-to-experimenter acoustic leakage in the PRL autoganzfeld experiments - Psychophysical Research Laboratories |journal=The Journal of Parapsychology |year=1996 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2320/is_n2_v60/ai_18960809 |accessdate=2007-07-30 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120709230555/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2320/is_n2_v60/ai_18960809/ |archivedate=2012-07-09 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Lobach |first=E. |coauthors=Bierman, D. |title=The Invisible Gaze: Three Attempts to Replicate Sheldrake's Staring Effects |work=Proceedings of the 47th PA Convention |url=http://www.parapsych.org/papers/07.pdf |year=2004 |pages=77–90 |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-07-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810173433/https://www.parapsych.org/papers/07.pdf |archivedate=2007-08-10 }}</ref> ==Mitazamo ya kifalsafa== Mitazamo ya falsafa kuhusu maana ya maisha ni [[itikadi]] ambazo huelezea maisha kupitia suala la maadili au dhana zinazofafanuliwa na binadamu. ===Falsafa za Kale za Ugiriki=== [[File:Sanzio 01 Plato Aristotle.jpg|thumb|160px|right|Plato na Aristotle katika ''[[Shule ya Athene]]'', [[mchoro wa ukutani]] wa [[msanii]] [[Raffaello]].]] ====Uplato==== [[Plato]] alikuwa mmoja wa [[wanafalsafa]] wa mwanzo, na mwenye ushawishi mwingi hadi leo, hasa kwa uhalisia kuhusu uwepo wa malimwengu. Katika [[Nadharia ya Maumbo]], malimwengu hayapo kimwili, lakini yapo katika maumbo ya ki[[mbingu]]. Katika ''[[Jamhuri ya Plato|Jamhuri]]'' mazungumzo ya [[mhusika]] wa [[mwalimu]] wake [[Sokrates]] yanaelezea Umbo la Zuri, jambo la kimaadili, hali kamili ya [[uzuri]], hivyo basi kipimo cha ujumla cha [[haki]]. Katika falsafa ya Plato, maana ya maisha ni kufikia umbo la juu zaidi la [[elimu]], ambalo ni Umbo la Zuri, ambapo mambo yote mema na ya haki yanatoa umuhimu na thamani. Binadamu wana [[wajibu]] wa kuyatekeleza mazuri, lakini hakuna yeyote anayeweza kufanikiwa katika [[harakati]] hiyo bila fikira za kifalsafa, ambazo zinaruhusu elimu ya kweli. ====Uaristoteli==== [[Aristotle]], [[mwanafunzi]] wa [[Plato]], alikuwa mwanafalsafa mwingine wa mapema, mwenye ushawishi mkubwa, ambaye alisema kuwa maarifa ya maadili si ya ''hakika'' kama [[metafizikia]] na [[somo la maarifa]], lakini ni ''maarifa ya kijumla''. Kwa sababu si [[fani]] ya kinadharia, inambidi mtu asome na afanye mazoezi ili awe 'mzuri', kwa hiyo mtu angekuwa [[mwema]], hangeweza kusoma tu [[fadhila]] ni nini, ingembidi awe na fadhila, kupitia juhudi za kiadili. Kufanya hili, Aristotle alifafanua kitendo kilicho cha fadhila: "Kila tajriba na kila swali, na vilevile kila tendo na chaguo la tendo, linadhaniwa kuwa na uzuri fulani kama lengo lake. Ndiyo sababu lile zuri limefafanuliwa ifaavyo kama lengo la bidii yote [...]<br>Kila kitu hufanywa na lengo, na lengo hilo ni "zuri". ([[Maadili ya Kinikomakea]] 1.1). Hata hivyo, ikiwa kitendo A kinafanyika ili kufikia lengo B, kisha lengo B pia litakuwa na lengo (lengo C), na lengo C pia litakuwa na lengo, hivyo muundo huo utaendelea mpaka kitu kiusimamishe. [[Suluhisho]] la Aristotle ni ''[[Wema mkuu]]'', ambao ni wa kuwaniwa kwa ajili yake pekee, ni lengo lake lenyewe. Wema mkuu hauwaniwi kwa ajili ya kufikia mema mengine, na mema yote yanawaniwa kwa ajili yake. Hili linahusisha kufikia "[[eudemonia]]", ambayo kwa kawaida hutafsiriwa kama "furaha", "ustawi", "kutokosa chochote muhimu", na "ubora". ====Falsafa ya Shaka==== Katika [[Ugiriki ya Kale]] [[wanafalsafa wa shaka]] walisema kuwa lengo la maisha ni kuishi kwa fadhila yanayowiana na [[viumbe]] wengine. Furaha inatokana na kujitegemea na kuusimamia mtazamo wa kiakili; mateso yanatokana na maamuzi ya [[uongo]] kuhusu thamani, ambayo husababisha hisia mbaya na tabia ya [[uhasama]]. Maisha ya shaka yanakataa tamaa za kawaida za [[mali]], [[nguvu]], [[afya]], na [[umaarufu]], kwa kuwa huru kutoka vitu vinavyopatikana katika kuyatafuta ya kawaida.<ref>Kidd, I., "''Cynicism''," in ''The Concise Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy.'' (ed. [[J. O. Urmson]] and [[Jonathan Rée]]), Routledge. (2005)</ref><ref>Long, A. A., "''The Socratic Tradition: Diogenes, Crates, and Hellenistic Ethics,''" in ''The Cynics: The Cynic Movement in Antiquity and Its Legacy.'' (ed. Branham and Goulet-Cazé), University of California Press, (1996).</ref> Kama viumbe wenye [[uwezo wa kufikiria]], watu wanaweza kufanikisha furaha kupitia mafunzo kabambe, kwa kuishi katika njia iliyo ya kiasili kwao. [[Dunia]] ni ya kila mtu kwa kiwango sawa, hivyo [[mateso]] yanasababishwa na uamuzi wa uongo kuhusu kile ambacho ni cha thamani na kile ambacho hakina maana kulingana na [[tamaduni]] na itikadi za [[jamii]]. ====Ukurene==== Falsafa ya [[Ukurene]], iliyoanzishwa na [[Aristipo wa Kurene]], ilikuwa [[shule]] ya zamani ya [[sokrates|Kisokrate]] iliyotia maanani upande mmoja tu wa mafundisho ya Sokrates - kwamba furaha ni tokeo la mwisho la hatua za kimaadili na kwamba radhi ni zuri kuu; hivyo basi mtazamo wa dunia wa kuipenda raha pekee ambapo kutimiza tamaa za mwili ni za faida kuliko radhi ya akili. Wakurene walipendelea kutimiza tamaa haraka kuliko faida inayopatikana baada ya kusubiri kipindi kirefu; kunyimwa ni huzuni mbaya.<ref>"Cyrenaics." Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The University of Tennessee At Martin. 4 Nov. 2007 <http://www.iep.utm.edu/>.</ref><ref>"The Cyrenaics and the Origin of Hedonism." Hedonism.org. BLTC. 4 Nov. 2007 <http://www.hedonism.org {{Wayback|url=http://www.hedonism.org/ |date=20200522152806 }}>.</ref> ====Uepikuro==== [[File:Epicurus Louvre.jpg|left|thumb|132px|Mchongo wa [[Epikuro]] akimuegemea [[mwanafunzi]] wake Metrodorus katika [[makavazi]] ya [[Louvre]].]] Kwa [[Epikuro]], jambo zuri kuliko yote ni kutafuta raha za wastani, kupata [[utulivu]] na kuwa huru kutoka hofu (“ataraxia”) kupitia maarifa, [[urafiki]] na [[wema]], kuishi kwa kujichunga; maumivu ya kimwili (“aponia”) hayapo kupitia maarifa ya mtu kuhusu hali ya dunia na mipaka ya matamanio ya mtu. Vikiwa pamoja, uhuru kutoka maumivu na uhuru kutoka hofu ndiyo furaha kuu. Kukusifu kwake kufurahia [[anasa]] ambazo hazijapita kiasi kunakaribia dhana ya "kujiepusha" na raha zote kama vile [[ngono]] na anasa: <blockquote>Tunaposema... kuwa radhi ndio mwisho na lengo, hatumaanishi raha za upotevu au raha za kimwili, jinsi tunavyoeleweka na wachache kwa ujinga, ubaguzi au udanganyifu wa makusudi. Tukisema radhi tunamaanisha kutokuwepo kwa maumivu mwilini na taabu katika nafsi. Si kwa mfululizo wa [[ulevi]] na kuponda raha, si kwa tamaa ya ngono, wala kufurahia utamu wa [[samaki]], na vyakula vingine vitamu kutoka [[meza]] iliyojaa vinono, ambavyo huzalisha maisha mazuri; ni fikira za kimakini, kutafuta nje ya misingi ya kila uchaguzi na kuepuka, na kuikataa mitazamo ambayo hufanya shida kubwa kuichukua nafsi.<ref>Epicurus, "Letter to Menoeceus", contained in Diogenes Laertius, ''Lives of Eminent Philosophers'', Book X</ref></blockquote> Maana ya Kiepikuro ya maisha inakanusha kutokufa na dhana ya maisha mengine mbali na haya ya duniani; kuna nafsi, lakini inaweza kufa kama mwili. Hakuna maisha baada ya kifo, ingawa mtu hatakiwi kuogopa kifo, kwa sababu "Kifo si chochote kwetu, kwani yale ambao hunywea, ni bila hisia, na kile ambacho hakina hisia si chochote kwetu."<ref name="Russel">[[Bertrand Russell]] (1946). ''[[History of Western Philosophy (Russell)|A History of Western Philosophy]]'', New York: Simon and Schuster; London: George Allen and Unwin</ref> ====Falsafa ya uvumilivu==== [[Falsafa ya uvumilivu]] hufunza kwamba kuishi kulingana na fikira njema ni kuwa katika uwiano na mpango wa ulimwengu wa Kimungu, unaotokana na mtu kufahamu ''[[logos]]'', ''fikira'' ya ulimwengu wote, thamani muhimu inayopatikana kwa wote. Maana ya maisha ni ''uhuru kutoka mateso'' (kwa [[Kigiriki]]: απαθεια, ''apatheia ''). Mashauri ya moja kwa moja ya falsafa ya uvumilivu ni fadhila, fikira na [[sheria ya kimaumbile]], zinazojumuisha kuendeleza kujidhibiti kibinafsi na [[ujasiri]] wa kiakili kama njia za kuzishinda [[hisia haribifu]]. Mwenye kuifuata falsafa ya uvumilivu hanuii kuzizima hisia, bali kuepuka shida za kihisia, kwa kuendeleza uamuzi wazi na utulivu wa ndani kupitia uzoefu makini wa kimantiki, kutafakari, na kuziweka fikira pamoja. Msingi wa kimaadili wa falsafa ya uvumilivu ni kuwa "zuri liko katika hali ya nafsi", yenyewe inaonyeshwa katika [[hekima]] na kujidhibiti, hivyo kuboresha ustawi wa kiroho: "Fadhila" inatokana na "nia" ambayo inawiana na maumbile."<ref name="Russel" /> Kanuni inatumika katika uhusiano wa kibinafsi, yaani: "kuwa huru kutokana na hasira na wivu".<ref name="Russel" /> ===Falsafa ya Mwangaza=== [[Falsafa ya Mwangaza|Enzi ya Kutaalamika]] na ile ya [[ukoloni]] zote [[mbili]] zilibadilisha hali ya falsafa ya [[Ulaya]] na kuieneza [[dunia]]ni kote. [[Ibada]] na kumnyenyekea [[Mungu]] viligeuka kuwa dhana za [[haki za binadamu]] zisizoweza kunyimwa na dhana ya uwezo wake mkuu wa kifikira. Maadili ya ulimwengu mzima ya [[upendo]] na [[huruma]] yaligeuka dhana za kiraia za [[uhuru]], [[usawa]], na [[uraia]]. Maana ya maisha pia yalibadilika, ikiacha kidogo kuhimiza uhusiano na Mungu na kusisitiza uhusiano kati ya watu binafsi na jamii yao. Kipindi hicho kilijaa nadharia zinazolinganisha kuwepo kwa maana na utaratibu wa kijamii. ====Uhuru kutoka mipango ya kiuchumi ya jamii==== Uhuru kutoka mipango ya kiuchumi ya kijamii ni seti ya mawazo yaliyoibuka katika [[karne za 17]] na [[karne ya 18|18]], kwa sababu ya migogoro iliyochukua nafasi kubwa barani Ulaya kati ya waliozidi kuwa ma[[tajiri]], pamoja na utaratibu wa viongozi matajiri, na watu wa dini. Uhuru kutoka mipango ya kiuchumi ya kijamii ulionyesha binadamu kama viumbe wenye [[haki]] walizozaliwa nazo na wasizowezwa kunyimwa (pamoja na haki ya mtu kubaki na [[mali]] inayotokana na kazi yake binafsi), na ulitafuta mbinu za kupima haki kuwa sawa katika jamii yote. Kijumla, [[uhuru binafsi]] ulitazamwa kuwa lengo kuu,<ref>A: "'Liberalism' is defined as a social ethic that advocates liberty, and equality in general." – [[C. A. J. (Tony) Coady]] ''Distributive Justice'', A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy, editors Goodin, Robert E. and Pettit, Philip. Blackwell Publishing, 1995, p.440. B: "Liberty is not a means to a higher political end. It is itself the highest political end." – [[John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton|Lord Acton]]</ref> kwa sababu ya kudhani kwamba kupitia hakikisho la uhuru tu haki nyingine zilizojikita kwa ndani zitakapolindwa. Kuna aina nyingi za dhana ya uhuru kutoka mipango ya kiuchumi ya kijamii, lakini dhana zao kuu kuhusu maana ya maisha zinaambatana na dhana tatu za msingi. Wanafalsafa wa awali kama vile [[John Locke]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] na [[Adam Smith]] waliona binadamu akianza katika hali ya kimaumbile, kisha akitafuta maana kupitia [[ajira]] na mali, na kutumia [[mkataba wa kijamii|mikataba ya kijamii]] ili kujenga mazingira ambayo yanasaidia juhudi hizo. ====Ukanti==== [[File:Immanuel Kant (portrait).jpg|right|125px|thumb|[[Immanuel Kant]] anafahamika kama mmoja wa wanafalsafa wenye ushawishi mwingi zaidi katika kipindi cha mwisho cha [[Enzi ya Kutaalamika|Kutaalamika]].]] [[Ukanti]] ni falsafa iliyo na msingi katika [[maandishi]] ya kimaadili, ya [[somo la maarifa]] na ya ki[[metafizikia]] ya [[Immanuel Kant]]. Kant anajulikana kwa [[nadharia ya uwajibikaji]] ambayo msingi ni wajibu mmoja wa kimaadili, "dhana ya lazima bila kujalisha", inayotokana na dhana ya [[uwajibikaji]]. Wakanti wanaamini kuwa vitendo vyote vinafanywa kulingana na lengo au kanuni fulani isiyobainika wazi, na kuwa ili vitendo viwe adili, ni lazima viambatane na dhana ya lazima bila kujalisha. Kifupi, [[mtihani]] ni kwamba lazima mmoja afanye lengo litumike ulimwenguni kote, kisha angalia kama bado itawezekana kulitekeleza duniani. Katika [[kitabu]] chake, ''Kazi ya msingi'', Kant anatoa mfano wa mtu ambaye anataka kukopa [[pesa]] bila nia ya kuzirudisha. Huu ni utata kwa sababu kama ingalikuwa hatua ya wote ulimwenguni, hakuna mtu ambaye angemkopesha mwingine, tena kwani yeye angejua kwamba hangerudishiwa pesa hizo. Lengo la hatua hii, anasema Kant, linaleta matokeo ya mkanganyiko katika matazamio (na hivyo linapingana na wajibu kamili). Kant pia alikanusha kwamba matokeo ya tendo huchangia kwa njia yoyote thamani ya kimaadili ya tendo, hoja yake ikiwa kwamba ulimwengu wa kimwili upo nje ya udhibiti kamili wa mtu na hivyo mtu hawezi kuwajibika kwa matukio yanayofanyika hapo. ===Falsafa za [[karne ya 19]]=== ====Falsafa ya faida==== [[File:Jeremy Bentham by Henry William Pickersgill detail.jpg|right|thumb|120px|Jeremy Bentham]] Asili ya [[falsafa ya faida]] inaweza kurudi nyuma sana hadi [[Epikuro]], lakini, kama shule ya mawazo, inahusishwa na [[Jeremy Bentham]],<ref>Rosen, Frederick (2003). ''Classical Utilitarianism from Hume to Mill''. Routledge, pg. 28. ISBN 0415220947 "It was Hume and Bentham who then reasserted most strongly the Epicurean doctrine concerning utility as the basis of justice."</ref> ambaye aligundua kuwa ''asili imemweka mtu chini ya utawala wa mabwana wawili wa kujitegemea, maumivu na raha''. Basi, kutokana na busara hiyo ya kimaadili, na kuiunda ''Sheria ya Utumizi'', ''kwamba wema ni chochote ambacho huleta furaha nyingi zaidi kwa idadi kubwa zaidi ya watu''. Alifafanua maana ya maisha kama "kanuni ya furaha nyingi zaidi". [[Jeremy Bentham]] aliungwa mkono sana na [[James Mill]], mwanafalsafa muhimu katika siku zake, na baba yake [[John Stuart Mill]]. Mill mdogo alifunzwa kulingana na kanuni za Bentham, pamoja na kunakili na kufupisha maandishi mengi ya baba yake.<ref name="Mill">Mill, John Stuart. 'On Liberty', ed. Himmelfarb. Penguin Classics, 1974, Ed.'s introduction, p.11.</ref> ====Umaksi==== Kulingana na [[Umaksi]] na [[Ukomunisti]], maana ya maisha ni kutumikiana katika [[amani]] na kwa [[uadilifu]] kama wanadamu walio sawa na wenye haki. ====Ubatilivyote==== [[Ubatilivyote]] ni falsafa inayokataa madai kuwa yeyote ana [[maarifa]] na ukweli, na hivyo inapeleleza umuhimu wa kuishi bila ukweli unaoweza kujulikana. Badala ya kusisitiza kwamba maadili yanabadilika kulingana na mtu, na huenda yasipewe sababu, [[mbatilivyote]] anasema: "Hakuna kitu chenye thamani", maadili hayana thamani, hutumika tu kama maadili bandii ya jamii. [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] aliutambulisha ubatilivyote kama kuifanya dunia kuwa tupu, hasa kuhusu uwepo wa binadamu, wa maana, wa kusudi, wa ukweli wa kueleweka, na wa thamani muhimu; kwa ufupi, ubatili wa vyote ni mchakato wa "kuyafanya maadili makuu yasiwe na thamani".<ref name="Bindé">{{cite book|author=Jérôme Bindé|title=The Future Of Values: 21st-Century Talks|url=https://archive.org/details/futureofvalues210000unse|publisher=Berghahn Books|year=2004|isbn=1571814426}}</ref> Ubatilivyote ni kama matokeo ya wazo kwamba [[kifo cha Mungu|Mungu amekufa]], na kusisitiza kwamba hicho ni kitu kilichokuwa kinafaa kushindwa.<ref name="Reginster">{{cite book |author=Bernard Reginster |title=The Affirmation of Life: Nietzsche on Overcoming Nihilism |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2006 |isbn=0674021991}}</ref> Kwa [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], maisha ni ya thamani tu ikiwa kuna malengo yanayomshawishi mtu kuishi. Hivyo, aliona falsafa ya ubatilivyote ("yote ambayo hufanyika ni ubatili") kama bila malengo. Alikana kujiepusha na anasa, kwa sababu kufanya hivyo kunakanusha kuishi katika ulimwengu; alikanusha kuwa maadili ni malengo ya ukweli, ambayo kifikira ni ahadi za lazima zinazotumika ulimwenguni kote: tathmini zetu ni tafsiri, na si tafakari za dunia, kama ilivyo kwa kweli, na basi, dhana zote hufanyika kupitia mtazamo fulani.<ref name="Reginster" /> [[File:MARTIN John Great Day of His Wrath.jpg|thumb|left|''Mwisho wa Dunia'', picha iliyochorwa na msanii [[John Martin]].]] [[Martin Heidegger]], kama Nietzsche, aliona "kifo cha Mungu" kuwa chanzo cha ubatilivyote kuibuka: <blockquote>Kama Mungu, ambaye ndiye lengo na msingi unaozidi yale yanayoweza kuhisika, na wa ukweli wote, amekufa; kama ulimwengu unaozidi yanayoweza kuhisika wa mawazo umeumizwa kwa kupoteza nguvu zake za lazima za kujijenga juu, na juu ya hayo, za kuipa nguvu zaidi, basi hakuna chochote kinachobaki ambacho mtu anaweza kushikilia, na ambacho anaweza tumia kuitafuta njia.<ref>Heidegger, "The Word of Nietzsche," 61.</ref></blockquote><ref name="Bindé" /> Heidegger, ===Falsafa za [[karne ya 20]]=== Kipindi cha sasa kimeyaona mabadiliko makuu katika dhana ya hali ya binadamu. Sayansi ya kisasa imefanikiwa kuandika upya uhusiano kati ya wanadamu na ulimwengu halisia, [[maendeleo]] katika [[matibabu]] na [[teknolojia]] yametufanya tuwe huru kutoka [[maradhi]] ya vipindi vya awali, na falsafa - hasa kufuatia mgeuko wa kilugha - ilibadilisha jinsi uhusiano kati ya watu unavyotazamwa. Maswali kuhusu maana ya maisha pia yamekabiliwa na mabadiliko makuu, kutoka majaribio ya kutazama upya kuwepo kwa binadamu kupitia biolojia na sayansi kwa jumla (kama katika [[#upragmatiki|upragmatiki]] na [[#uchanya wa kimantiki|uchanya wa kimantiki]]), hadi jitihada za kinadharia kuhusu kufanya maana kama shughuli ([[#udhanaishi|udhanaishi]], utu wa kidunia). ====Upragmatiki==== [[Upragmatiki]], ulianzishwa mwishoni mwa karne ya 19 nchini [[Marekani]] ukidokeza kwamba ukweli ''ni katika kukabiliana na mazingira tu'' na kwamba ''matokeo'' pia ni sehemu za ukweli. Isitoshe, upragmatiki unadokeza kwamba ''chochote'' muhimu na chenye vitendo si kweli daima, akisema kwamba kile ambacho huchangia zaidi mema ya binadamu wengi katika kipindi cha muda mrefu ndicho kweli. Katika mazoezi, madai ya kinadharia lazima ''yathibitishwe kwa vitendo'', yaani lazima mtu aweze kutabiri na kupima madai, na kwamba, mwishowe, mahitaji ya watu yanapaswa kuongoza uchunguzi wa kisomi wa binadamu. Wanafalsafa wa Kipragmatiki wanadokeza kwamba kuyaelewa maisha kupitia vitu vinavyotendwa ni muhimu kuliko kutafuta dhana ya kiakili ambayo ni vigumu kuwekwa katika vitendo kuhusu maisha. [[William James]] alisema ukweli unaweza kufanywa, lakini hauwezi kutafutwa.<ref name="James">{{cite book|author=[[William James]]|title=The Meaning of Truth|publisher=Prometheus Books|year=1909|isbn=1-57392-138-6}}</ref><ref name="Corti">{{cite book|author=Walter Robert Corti|title=The Philosophy of William James|publisher=Meiner Verlag|year=1976|isbn=3787303529}}</ref> Kwa Wapragmatiki, maana ya maisha yanajulikana tu kupitia uzoefu. ====Udhanaishi==== Kila [[mwanamume]] na kila [[mwanamke]] anaumba maana ya maisha yake; maisha hayadhamiriwi na Mungu mwenye nguvu kuliko binadamu au [[mamlaka]] ya kidunia, bali kila mtu yuko huru. Kwa hiyo, mambo muhimu yanayomuendesha mtu kimaadili ni ''vitendo'', ''uhuru'' na ''uamuzi''. Hivyo, [[udhanaishi]] unapinga ufikiriaji na uchanya. Katika kutafuta maana ya maisha, mdhanaishi anatazama mahali ambapo watu hupata maana ya maisha, ambapo katika kutumia fikira tu kama chanzo cha maana ni pungufu. Upungufu huibua hisia za wasiwasi na hofu, zinazohisika katika kukabiliana na [[uhuru]] mkuu, na kuambatana na mwamko kuhusu kifo. Kwa mdhanaishi, kuwepo kunatangulia kiini; kiini cha maisha ya mtu huja tu baada ya mtu kuwa. [[Søren Kierkegaard]] aliunda neno "mruko wa kiimani", akidokeza kuwa maisha yamejaa mkanganyiko, na mtu lazima aunde maadili yake katika ulimwengu usiojali. Mtu anaweza kuishi maisha yenye maana (yasiyo na kukata tamaa wala wasiwasi) kwa kufanya ahadi kwa vyovyote kuhusu kitu kilicho na mwisho, na kujitolea kwa maisha hayo ya kufanya ahadi, licha ya mazingira magumu yaliyojikita katika kufanya hivyo.<ref name="Hall">{{cite book|author=Amy Laura Hall|title=Kierkegaard and the Treachery of Love|url=https://archive.org/details/kierkegaardtreac0000hall|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|isbn=0521893119}}</ref> [[Arthur Schopenhauer]] alijibu: "Ni nini maana ya maisha?" kwa kubainisha kuwa maisha ya mtu yanaonyesha nia yake, na kwamba nia (maisha) kiendeshaji kisichokuwa na lengo, kisichofuata fikira na kinachokuwa chungu. [[Wokovu]], [[ukombozi]], na kuepuka mateso yamo katika kutafakari mambo mazuri, kuhurumia wengine, na kujieupusha na anasa.<ref name="Jacquette">{{cite book|author=Dale Jacquette|title=Schopenhauer, Philosophy, and the Arts|url=https://archive.org/details/schopenhauerphil0000unse_f1d6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1996|isbn=0521473888}}</ref><ref name="Murray">{{cite book|author=Durno Murray|title=Nietzsche's Affirmative Morality|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1999|isbn=3110166011}}</ref> ====Ukanganyikaji==== [[Albert Camus]], mwanafalsafa wa [[Kifaransa]] toka [[Algeria]], ambaye mara nyingi anahusianishwa na [[udhanaishi]] lakini alilikataa neno hilo kabisa,<ref>{{cite book |last=Solomon |first=Robert C. |authorlink=Robert C. Solomon |title=From Rationalism to Existentialism: The Existentialists and Their Nineteenth Century Backgrounds |url=https://archive.org/details/fromrationalismt0000solo_j5e7 |publisher=[[Rowman and Littlefield]] |date=2001 |page=[https://archive.org/details/fromrationalismt0000solo_j5e7/page/245 245] |isbn=074251241X}}</ref> ni maarufu kwa kudokeza nadharia yake ya mkanganyiko. Mkanganyo wa hali ya binadamu ni kwamba watu wanatafuta maadili ya nje na maana katika dunia ambayo haina maana yoyote, na ambayo haiwajali. Camus anaandika kuhusu wabatilivyote wa thamani kama Meusrault,<ref>Camus (1946) ''L'Etranger''</ref> na pia kuhusu maadili katika ulimwengu wa kuyabatili yote, kwamba watu wanaweza badala yake kujitahidi kuwa "wabatilivyote wa kishujaa", wanaoishi na hadhi wanapopambana na mkanganyiko, kuishi kwa "utakatifu wa kidunia", [[mshikamano wa kindugu]], na kuuasi na kupambana dhidi ya kutojali kwa dunia.<ref>Camus (1955) ''The Myth of Sisyphus''</ref> Kulingana na [[ukanganyikaji]], kuna ukosefu wa umoja wa kimsingi unaotokana na kuwepo kwa ushirikiano wa binadamu na ulimwengu. Mtu ana hamu ya mpango, maana, na kusudi katika maisha, lakini ulimwengu haujali na hauna maana; mkanganyo unatokana na mgogoro huu. Kama viumbe vinavyotafuta matumaini katika dunia isiyokuwa na maana, Camus anasema kuwa binadamu wana njia tatu za kuutatua mtanziko. *[[Kujiua]]: ufumbuzi wa kwanza wa mtanziko ni mtu kuyakomesha maisha yake. Camus anakataa chaguo hili kama la woga. * [[Imani]] ya dini katika Ulimwengu Upitao Fikira: imani ya namna hiyo huenda ikadokeza kuwepo kwa ulimwengu ambao umezidi huu wa kukanganya, na, kwa hivyo, una maana. Camus anauita ufumbuzi huo "kujiua kifalsafa" na anaukataa kwa sababu ni sawa na kuangamizwa kwa fikira, ambayo kwa maoni yake ni [[janga]] sawa na kujiua kimwili. *Kukubali mkanganyo: kwa Camus, huu tu ndio ufumbuzi wa kweli. Ni kukubali na hata kukumbatia mkanganyo wa maisha na kuendelea kuishi. Mkanganyo ni tabia muhimu ya hali ya kibinadamu, na njia pekee ya kweli ya kukabiliana na hili ni kulikubali kwa ujasiri. Kulingana na Camus, tunaweza "kuishi maisha bora zaidi ikiwa hayana maana."<ref>[http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/camus.htm#SSH5a.i Albert Camus at the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] Accessed Mei 25th, 2009</ref> ====Utu wa Kidunia==== [[File:HumanismSymbol.PNG|120px|left|thumb| Picha ya "binadamu mwenye furaha" ishara ya Utu wa Kidunia.]] Kulingana na [[Utu wa Kidunia]], wanadamu walitokana na kuzaana katika maendeleo ya mabadiliko ambayo hayakuongozwa kama sehemu muhimu ya maumbile, ambayo huishi yenyewe.<ref name=humanifesto1>{{cite web |title=[[Humanist Manifesto I]]] [http://www.americanhumanist.org/about/manifesto1.html url=http://www.americanhumanist.org/about/manifesto1.html |work=American Humanist Association |year=1933 |accessdate=2007-07-26}}</ref><ref name=humanifesto2>{{cite web |title=[[Humanist Manifesto II]]] [http://www.americanhumanist.org/about/manifesto2.html work=American Humanist Association |year=1973 |url=http://www.americanhumanist.org/about/manifesto2.html |accessdate=2007-08-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809102124/http://www.americanhumanist.org/about/manifesto2.html |archivedate=2007-08-09 }}</ref> Maarifa hayatoki katika vyanzo vyenye nguvu visivyo vya kawaida, lakini kutoka uchunguzi wa binadamu, majaribio, na uchambuzi wa kimantiki ([[mbinu ya kisayansi]]): asili ya [[ulimwengu]] ni kile ambacho watu huitambua kuwa hivyo.<ref name=humanifesto1 /> Aidha, [[maadili]] na ukweli vinalengwa kwa njia ya uchunguzi wa kiakili<ref name=humanifesto1 /> na yanatokana na mahitaji ya binadamu na hamu kama ilivyopimwa na uzoefu, yaani kupitia akili yenye uchambuzi.<ref name=humanifesto3>{{cite web |title=[[Humanist Manifesto III]]] [http://www.americanhumanist.org/3/HumandItsAspirations.php work=American Humanist Association |year=2003 |url=http://www.americanhumanist.org/3/HumandItsAspirations.php |accessdate=2007-08-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809103515/http://www.americanhumanist.org/3/HumandItsAspirations.php |archivedate=2007-08-09 }}</ref><ref name=CDSH>{{cite web |title=[[A Secular Humanist Declaration]]] [http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=main&page=declaration work=Council for Democratic and Secular Humanism (now the Council for Secular Humanism) |year=1980 |url=http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=main&page=declaration |accessdate=2007-08-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080817084107/http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=main&page=declaration |archivedate=2008-08-17 }}</ref> "Kulingana na yale tunayojua, tabia za mtu kiujumla ni [chanzo] cha kiumbe cha kibiolojia kinachoendesha shughuli zake katika muktadha wa kijamii na wa kiutamaduni."<ref name=humanifesto2 /> Watu huamua kusudi la binadamu, bila ya ushawishi wa Kimungu; ni tabia ya binadamu, hisia ya kijumla, ambayo ni lengo la maisha ya binadamu. Utu wa Kidunia unataka kuendeleza na kutimiza ubinadamu:<ref name=humanifesto1 /> "Utu husisitiza [[uwezo]] wetu, na [[uwajibikaji]] wetu, kuishi maisha adili yenye [[utimilifu]] wa binafsi yanayolenga mema makuu ya ubinadamu".<ref name=humanifesto3 /> [[Wanautu]] huendeleza kufunguliwa kifikra ili kuyashughulikia [[maslahi]] ya binafsi na yenye manufaa kwa watu wote. Furaha ya mtu binafsi inahusishwa kwa njia isiyoweza kubadilishwa na ustawi wa binadamu wengine, kwa sababu sisi ni wanyama wanaolazimika kuishi katika jamii, ambayo hupata maana kutokana na uhusiano wa karibu, na kwa sababu maendeleo ya kiutamaduni humnufaisha kila mtu katika [[utamaduni]].<ref name=humanifesto2 /><ref name=humanifesto3 /> Falsafa ndogo za Utu wa Baadaye na Utu Unaopita Yote (ambazo wakati mwingine hutumiwa [[kimbadala]]) ni upanuzi wa [[maadili ya kiutu]]. Mtu anapaswa kutafuta maendeleo ya ubinadamu na ya maisha yote kwa kiasi kikubwa iwezekanavyo ili kupatanisha Utu wa Kirainasansi na utamaduni wa karne ya 20 wa sayasansi na teknolojia. Hivyo, kila kiumbe hai ana haki ya kuamua "maana ya maisha binafsi" kwa mtazamo wa kijamii na kibinafsi.<ref>{{cite web| author=[[Nick Bostrom]] |title=Transhumanist Values |work=[[Oxford University]] |year=2005 |url=http://www.nickbostrom.com/ethics/values.html |accessdate=2007-07-28}}</ref> Kutoka mtazamo wa kiutu na kielimunafsia ya kupunguza maumivu, suala la maana ya maisha pia linaweza kutafsiriwa tena kama "Ni nini maana ya maisha "yangu"?"<ref>Irvin Yalom, ''Existential Psychotherapy'', 1980</ref> Badala ya kujifunga na swali la kidini au la kikozmiki kuhusu madhumuni makuu, mbinu hii inapendekeza kwamba swali hili ni la binafsi sana. Kuna majibu mengi ya kimatibabu ya kupunguza maumivu kwa swali hili, kwa mfano [[Viktor Frankl]] anadokeza kuwa dhana ya "Kutowaza", ambayo kwa kiasi kikubwa hutafsiriwa kama kukoma kutafakari bila mwisho juu ya ubinafsi, badala ya kujishughulisha na maisha. Kwa ujumla, mwitikio wa matibabu ya kuyapunguza maumivu ni kwamba swali la maana ya maisha huvukiza ikiwa mtu anajishughulisha kikamilifu na maisha. Swali kisha linabadilika kuwa wasiwasi maalum zaidi kama vile "Ni upotovu upi unaonisumbua?", "Ni nini kinachozuia uwezo wangu kufurahia vitu?", "Mbona mimi huwasahau wapendwa wangu?". Angalia pia Matibabu ya Kupunguza Maumivu ya Kidhanaishi kadiri ya [[Irvin Yalom]]. ====Uchanya wa kimantiki==== Wachanya wa kimantiki huuliza: ''Ni nini maana ya maisha?'' na ''Ya nini kuuliza?''<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Richard Taylor (philosopher)|Richard Taylor]] |title=Good and Evil |url=https://archive.org/details/goodevilnewdirec0000tayl_m1p2 |pages="The Meaning of Life" (Chapter 5) |publisher=Macmillan Publishing Company |month=Januari | year=1970 |isbn=0026166909}}</ref><ref>Wohlgennant, Rudolph. (1981). "Has the Question about the Meaning of Life any Meaning?" (Chapter 4). In E. Morscher, ed., ''Philosophie als Wissenschaft''.</ref> ''Kama hakuna maadili yanayolengwa, basi, hiyo ni kusema maisha hayana maana?''<ref>{{cite book |last=McNaughton |first=David |month=Agosti | year=1988 |title=Moral Vision: An Introduction to Ethics |url=https://archive.org/details/moralvisionintro0000mcna |pages="Moral Freedom and the Meaning of Life" (Section 1.5) |publisher=Oxford: Blackwell Publishing |isbn=0631159452}}</ref> [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]] na wachanya wa kimantiki walisema: "Linapoulizwa kilugha, swali ni batili"; kwa sababu, maishani taarifa ya "maana ya x", kawaida inaashiria madhara ya x, au umuhimu wa x, au kile ambacho ni dhahiri kuhusu x na kadhalika, kwa hivyo, wakati dhana ya maana ni sawa na "x", katika taarifa ya "maana ya x", taarifa inakuwa ya kujirudia, na kwa hiyo ya kipuuzi, au inaweza kutaja kama ukweli kwamba maisha ya kibiolojia ni muhimu ili kuwa na maana maishani. Mambo (watu, matukio) katika maisha ya mtu yanaweza kuwa na maana kama sehemu ya uzima, lakini maana isiyobainika ya maisha hayo, yenyewe, mbali na mambo hayo, haiwezi kubainika. Maisha ya mtu yana maana (kwake mwenyewe na kwa wengine) kama matukio ya maisha yanayotokana na mafanikio yake, urithi, familia, na kadhalika, lakini, kusema kwamba maisha yenyewe yana maana ni matumizi mabaya ya lugha, kwani yoyote yaliyo muhimu, au ya mwisho, ni muhimu tu "katika" maisha (kwa walio hai), hivyo basi kuifanya taarifa iwe ya kimakosa. [[Bertrand Russell]] aliandika kwamba ingawa alipata kwamba chuki yake ya mateso haikuwa kama chuki yake ya [[mboga]] ya [[brokoli]], hakupata utaratibu wowote wa kuridhisha, na wa kupimika wa kuthibitisha hili:<ref name="Russel"/> <blockquote> Tunapojaribu kuwa na uhakika, kuhusu kile tunachomaanisha tunaposema kuwa hiki au kile ni "tunu", tunajikuta katika matatizo makubwa sana. Tamko la Bentham, kwamba radhi ndiyo Zuri, lilizua upinzani mkali, na ilisemekana kuwa falsafa ya [[nguruwe]]. Yeye na wapinzani wake walishindwa kuibua hoja zozote. Katika swali la kisayansi, ushahidi unaweza kupatikana kutoka pande zote mbili, na mwishowe, upande mmoja unabainika kuwa na hoja bora au, kama hili halitokei, swali linabaki kama halijajibiwa. Lakini katika swali, kuhusu ikiwa hili, au hilo, ndilo mwisho Mzuri, hakuna ushahidi, kwa vyovyote vile; kila mtetezi anaweza kupendekeza tu hoja kulingana na hisia zake, na kutumia vifaa vya ushawishi ambavyo vitaibua hisia sawa katika wengine... Maswali kuhusu "maadili" - yaani, kuhusu kile ambacho chenyewe ni kizuri au kibaya, bila kutilia maanani madhara yake - yanapatikana nje ya uwanja wa sayansi, jinsi watetezi wa dini wanavyodai kwa msisitizo. Nadhani kwamba, katika hili, wako sawa, lakini mimi napata hitimisho zaidi, ambalo hao hawapati, kwamba maswali kuhusu "maadili" yanapatikana kabisa nje ya uwanja wa maarifa. Hiyo ni kusema, tunaposema kwamba hili au lile lina "thamani", sisi tunaeleza tu hisia zetu wenyewe, si ukweli, ambao bado ungalikuwa kweli ikiwa hisia zetu za binafsi zingalikuwa tofauti.<ref>[[Bertrand Russell]] (1961). [http://www.solstice.us/russell/science-ethics.html ''Science and Ethics''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.solstice.us/russell/science-ethics.html |date=20071114144956 }}</ref></blockquote> ====Baada ya Usasa==== Falsafa ya [[Baada ya Usasa]] - tukizungumza kwa upana- inaona hali ya binadamu ikiwa kama iliyojengwa na lugha, au na miundo na taasisi za jamii ya kibinadamu. Ikitofautiana na aina nyingine za falsafa, ni nadra kwa falsafa ya Baada ya [[Usasa]] kutafuta maana zinazopatikana kabla ya tendo au zilizojikita kwa undani katika uwepo wa binadamu. Badala yake inalenga kuchunguza au kukosoa maana zilizopewa ili kuzitafakari au kuzirekebisha upya. Chochote kinachofana na 'maana ya maisha', katika maana ya falsafa hiyo, kinaweza kueleweka tu ndani ya muundo wa kijamii na wa kilugha, na lazima ufuatwe kama kimbilio kutoka miundo ya nguvu ambayo tayari imejikita katika aina zote za hotuba na mwingiliano. Kama kanuni, wanafalsafa wa Baada ya Usasa wanatazama mwamko wa vikwazo vya lugha kama muhimu kuvikwepa vikwazo vivyo, lakini wananadharia tofauti wana maoni mbalimbali kuhusu asili ya mchakato huu: kutoka ujenzi wa [[dharura]] wa maana na watu binafsi (kama katika falsafa ya Kuharibu Yaliyojengwa) hadi kwa nadharia ambamo watu ni upanuzi wa kimsingi wa lugha na jamii, bila uhuru halisi (kama katika falsafa ya Baada ya Muundo). Kiujumla, falsafa ya Baada ya Usasa inatafuta maana kwa kuangalia miundo ya msingi ambayo inaunda au kulazimisha maana, kuliko yale yanayoonekana kiepifenomenali duniani. ====Dhana ya Uhisia==== Kulingana na dhana ya kihisia, maana kuu ya maisha ni kupata kutosheleza hisia za kibinadamu. Wafuasi wa falsafa hiyo wanaamini kuwa vitendo vyote maishani ni matokeo ya hisia na hasa haja ya kuzaa. Uwepo wa mtu binafsi huwa chanzo cha kuzaa na unamfanya binadamu kutafuta lengo la kuzaa maishani kwa kuufuata mzunguko. Haraka inasisitiza kuwa watu wanapofikiria kwa kina, watapata kuwa lengo kuu la matendo yote wafanyayo ni kuvutia watu wa [[jinsia]] nyingine. Dhana kuu ya uhisia inaweza kufuatwa hivi: <blockquote> Kama inayokubalika kuwa watu hufunzwa kujifunza shuleni. Kwa nini tusome kwa bidii? Ili tufuzu mitihani. Kwa nini tufuzu mitihani? Ili tuweze kuenda chuo kikuu? Kwa nini tuweze kuenda chuo kikuu? Ili tuweze kupata kazi nzuri? Kwa nini tupate kazi nzuri? Ili tuwe na mali. Kwa nini tuwe na mali? Ili tununue magari mazuri; ili tununue nyumba nzuri; ili tununue bidhaa nzuri. Kwa nini vitu vyote vizuri kumfanya mtu aonekana mzuri? Mwishowe kuvutia watu wa jinsia nyingine, kutosheleza haja ya msingi ya kuzaa na kuendeleza familia ya kibinadamu. </blockquote> Wanahisia hutumia mawazo hayo kuendeleza dhana kuwa matukio yote ya kibinadamu yanaweza kuelezwa kwa kutumia lengo letu la kuzaa: Kwa nini watu wanapinga sana ndoa baina ya watu wa jinsia moja? Kwa sababu watu katika jozi la namna hiyo hawawezi kuzaa Kwa nini watu hupendana? Kwa sababu upendo husababisha ngono, ambayo huchangia ustawi wa [[spishi]] ya binadamu Kwa nini akina mama hupenda watoto hata kama hawajazaliwa bado? Kwa sababu inachangia kutunza na kuongeza idadi ya binadamu Kwa nini watu wengi hupinga [[utoaji mimba]]? Kwa sababu inazuia uzazi Kwa nini ma[[daktari]] wengi sana na matibabu mengi? Ili kutunza idadi ya watu Kwa nini [[uuaji]] ni hatia kubwa sana? Kwa sababu kuua kunapunguza idadi ya watu ====Upanthei wa kiasilia==== Kulingana na [[upanthei]] wa kiasilia, maana ya maisha ni kutunza viumbe na mazingira. ==Mitazamo ya kidini== ===Dini za Asia ya Kusini=== ====Falsafa za Kihindu==== [[File:Golden Aum.png|left|thumb|110px|[[Aum]] ya [[dhahabu]] iliyoandikwa katika [[Devanagari]]. Aum ni takatifu katika [[dini]] za [[Uhindu]], [[Ujaini]] na [[Ubuddha]].]] [[Uhindu]] ni jamii ya kidini inayojumuisha itikadi na desturi nyingi. Kwa sababu Uhindu ulikuwa njia ya kuonyesha maisha yenye maana tangu jadi, wakati ambapo hapakuwa na haja ya kutaja Uhindi kama dini tofauti, mafundisho ya Uhindu ni nyongeza na yanayowiana kiasili, kiujumla yasiyo ya kipekee, yenye kudokeza tu na yenye maudhui ya kuvumiliana.<ref name=weightman>{{Harvard reference | author= Simon Weightman | year=1998 | title=The new Penguin handbook of living religions |editor = Hinnells, John (Ed.) | publisher= [[Penguin books]] |chapter= Hinduism | isbn=0-140-51480-5}}</ref> Wengi wanaamini kwamba ātman (roho, nafsi), nafsi ya kweli ya mtu, ni ya [[milele]].<ref name="monierwilliams">{{Harvard reference | author= [[Monier Monier-Williams]] | year=1974 | title=Brahmanism and Hinduism: Or, Religious Thought and Life in India, as Based on the Veda and Other Sacred Books of the Hindus | publisher= Adamant Media Corporation |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=U5IBXA4UpT0C&dq=isbn:1421265311 |accessdate=2007-07-08 |series=Elibron Classics | isbn=1421265311}}</ref>. Kwa sehemu, hili linatokana na imani ya Kihindu kwamba maendeleo ya kiroho hufanyika katika maisha mengi, na malengo yanafaa kuwiana na hali ya maendeleo ya mtu binafsi. Kuna malengo manne ya maisha ya binadamu, yanayojulikana kama purusharthas (yamepangwa kuanzia lile dogo zaidi hadi lile kuu): Kama (kazi, upendo na radhi ya kingono), Artha (mali), Dharma (haki, maadili), na Moksha (ukombozi kutoka mzunguko wa kuzaliwa upya).<ref>For dharma, artha, and kama as "brahmanic householder values" see: Flood (1996), p. 17.</ref><ref>For the ''Dharma Śāstras'' as discussing the "four main goals of life" (dharma, artha, {{IAST|kāma}}, and moksha) see: Hopkins, p. 78.</ref><ref>For definition of the term पुरुष-अर्थ ({{IAST|puruṣa-artha}}) as "any of the four principal objects of human life, i.e. {{lang|sa|धर्म}}, {{lang|sa|अर्थ}}, {{lang|sa|काम}}, and {{lang|sa|मोक्ष}}" see: Apte, p. 626, middle column, compound #1.</ref> Katika shule zote za Uhindu, maana ya maisha imefungwa ndani ya dhana za karma (kitendo chenye matokeo), samsara (mzunguko wa kuzaliwa na kuzaliwa upya), na moksha (ukombozi). Kuwepo kunaaminika kuwa maendeleo ya atman kupitia vipindi vingi vya maisha, na maendeleo yake ya mwisho kuelekea ukombozi kutoka karma. Malengo hasa ya maisha kwa jumla husongeshwa chini ya (mazoea) pana ya yoga au dharma (kuishi kisahihi) ambayo yanakusudiwa kujenga kuzaliwa kupya kuzuri zaidi, ingawa hayo pia kwa ujumla ni matendo chanya katika maisha haya. Shule za jadi za Uhindu mara nyingi huabudu Madeva ambao ni dhihirisho ya Ishvara (Mungu wa kibinafsi au wa kuchaguliwa). =====Uhindu wa Advaita na Dvaita===== Shule za baadaye zilizitafsiri upya veda kuzingatia Brahman, "Yule Asiye na Wa Pili",<ref name=bhaskaranandaessential>{{Harvard reference | last=Bhaskarananda | first=Swami | year=1994 | title=The Essentials of Hinduism: a comprehensive overview of the world's oldest religion | place=Seattle, WA | publisher=Viveka Press | isbn=1-884852-02-5}}</ref> kama kielelezo muhimu kinachomfanana Mungu. Katika Advaita Vedanta ya kimoni, atman hatimaye haitofautishwi na brahman, na lengo la maisha ni kujua au kutambua kwamba (nafsi) ya mtu ya atman inafanana na Brahman.<ref>{{Harvard reference | last= Vivekananda | first=Swami | authorlink=Swami Vivekananda | year=1987 | title=Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda | place=Calcutta | publisher= Advaita Ashrama | isbn=81-85301-75-1}}</ref> Kwa Maupanishadi, yeyote anayefahamu kikamilifu atman, kama msingi wa ubinafsi, anajitambua na Brahman, na hivyo, anapata Mokasha (ukombozi, uhuru).<ref name="monierwilliams"/><ref name="werner">{{Harvard reference | last= Werner | first=Karel | year=1994 | title=A Popular Dictionary of Hinduism | place=Richmond, Surrey | editor = Hinnells, John (Ed.) | publisher= Curzon Press | chapter= Hinduism | isbn=0-7007-0279-2}}</ref><ref>See also the Vedic statement "ayam ātmā brahma" (This [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] is [[Brahman]])</ref> Dvaita Vedanta yenye pande mbili na shule zingine za bhakti zina tafsiri yenye pande mbili. Brahaman anaonekana kama kiumbe kikuu chenye tabia na sifa wazi. Atman inategemea Brahman kwa kuwepo kwake; maana ya maisha ni kupata Moksha kupitia upendo wa Mungu na neema yake.<ref name="werner" /> =====Uvaishnavi===== Tawi lingine la Uhindu ni Uvaishnavi, ambapo Vishnu ndiye Mungu mkuu. Si shule zote za Uvaishnavi hufunza maana ya maisha, lakini Gaudiya Vaishnavism, kwa mfano, hufunza Achintya Bheda Abheda inayomaanisha Kumuabudu Mungu tofauti na Mungu pekee wa kweli na wakati huo huo ikitambua umoja muhimu wa nafsi zote, huku viumbe vyote hai ni sehemu za milele za Mungu mkuu aitwaye Krsna. Mtazamo wa kikatiba wa kiumbe hai ni kumtumikia Mungu na upendo na kujali. Huduma bila malipo isiyositishwa na isiyosukumwa na chochote kwa Krsna na wafuasi wake ndiyo maana ya maisha katika hali uhuru. Sisi tupo katika Dunia ya kinafsi tukimtumikia Krsna kwa furaha huku tukifahamu vyema kuwa sisi ni roho za kinafsi na tunayo maisha ya milele. Kwa sababu ya kumchukia Krsna na kwa sababu ya mapenzi yetu ya kutaka kuwa na anasa m,bali na Krsnatupo katika Dunia hii ambapo tunapitia mzunguko unaojirudiarudia wa kuzaliwa, magonjwa, uzee na kifo katika miili tuliyopata ya spishi 8.4 za kimaisha, tukihama kutoka mwili mmoja hadi mwingine kulingana na karma yetu na mapenzi yetu. Lengo la maisha ya binadamu haswa ni kufikiria zaidi ya njia ya kinyama ya kula, kulala, kufanya mapenzi na kulinda na kufuata akili ya juu zaidi ili kuanzisha upya uhusiano na Krsna, Baba yetu wa milele, ambaye kutoka kwake vyote vilitoka, ambaye ndiye mwezeshaji na mwenye kuangamiza. Maandiko yaliyoonyehswa kwetu kama vile Bhagavad-Gita na Srimad Bhagavatam yanafunza kuwa Sambandha (Mimi ni nani? Mungu ni nani? Uhusiano kati ya Mungu na mimi ni upi?) na Abhideya (mchakato wa kuanzisha uhusiano ulipotea na Mungu kupitia michakato 9 ya Bhakti - Huduma ya Maombi) na Prayojana - matokeo - kupata upendo wa Mungu. Mchakato rahisi zaidi ni kuimba maha Bhakti "Hare Krsna Hare Krsna KRsna Krsna Hare Hare - Hare Rama Hare Rama Rama Rama Hare Hare" pamoja na wafuasi wa Mungu. Huku maana ya maisha yakiwa kuanzisha upya uhusiano ulioisha na Mungu anayewapenda watu wote, lengo la uumbaji ni kutumia rasilimali kurudi nyumbani kwa Mungu, Dunia ya milele ya kinafsi inayoitwa Goloka Vrindavana - milki ya Mungu. ====Ujaini==== [[Ujaini]] ni dini iliyoanza katika Uhindi ya kale, mfumo wake wa kimaadili unakuza nidhamu ya kibinafsi kushinda yote mengine. Kupitia kuyafuata mafundisho ya kujiepusha na anasa zote, ya ujaini, binadamu anapata kutaalamika (maarifa kamili). Ujaini unaugawanya ulimwengu katika viumbe vilivyohai na visivyohai. Wakati tu visivyohai vinavyoshikilia vyenye uhai ndipo mateso hutokea. Kwa hivyo, furaha ni matokeo ya utekaji-kibinafsi na uhuru kutoka kwa vitu vya nje. Maana ya maisha basi huweza kusemwa kuwa kutumia mwili unaoonekana kupata utambuzi wa kibinafsi na neema..<ref>Shah, Natubhai. ''Jainism: The World of Conquerors.'' Sussex Academic Press, 1998.</ref> Wajaini huamini kwamba kila binadamu anawajibika kwa matendo yake na viumbe wote hai wana roho ya milele, jīva. Wajaini wanaamini nafsi zote ni sawa kwa sababu zote zinamiliki uwezekano wa kufanywa ziwe huru na kufikia Moksha. Mtazamo wa Kijanini wa karma ni kwamba kila hatua, kila neno, kila wazo linazalisha, mbali na yanayoonekana, matokeo yasiyoonekana, na yanayopita fikira kwa nafsi. Ujaini unajumuisha kushikilia vikali ahimsa (au ''ahinsā''), mbinu ya aina ya Kusitisha Vurugu ambayo huzidi kwa mbali ulaji mboga. Wajaini wanakikataa chakula kilichopatikana kwa ukatili usiohitajika. Wengi wana mazoezi ya maisha sawa na ulaji mboga pekee kutokana na vurugu ya mashamba ya maziwa ya kisasa, na wengine huepukana na mboga za mizizi katika maakuli yao ili kulinda maisha ya mimea ambayo wao hula.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.retoday.org.uk/pdfs/dre/viren.pdf |title=Viren, Jain |accessdate=2007-06-14 |publisher=[http://www.retoday.org.uk/ RE Today] |format=PDF |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614110256/http://www.retoday.org.uk/pdfs/dre/viren.pdf |archivedate=2007-06-14 }}</ref> ====Ubudha==== =====Ubudha wa Mapema===== Ubudha ni mafundisho yasiyo na pande mbili, ambapo kichwa, chombo, na hatua yote ni huonekana yakiwa si ya kweli. Wabudha wanaamini kwamba maisha kwa undani yamejaa mateso au kuchanganyikiwa. Hilo si kumaanisha kwamba hakuna raha maishani, lakini kwamba raha hii haisababishi furaha ya milele. Mateso yanasababishwa na kuvishikilia vitu vinavyonekana na kuguzika au visivyoonekana na visivyokuguzika ambavyo mwishowe husababisha mtu kuzaliwa tena na tena katika mzunguko wa kuwepo. Sutra na tantra za Kibudha haziongei kuhusu "maana ya maisha" au "madhumuni ya maisha", bali huzungumzia kuhusu uwezo wa maisha ya binadamu wa kukomesha mateso kupitia kujiepusha na tamaa na kushikilia dhana fulani. Mateso yanaweza kushindwa kupitia shughuli za binadamu, tu kwa kuondoa sababu ya mateso. Kufikia na kutimiza kutopenda raha ni mchakato wa ngazi nyingi ambazo hatimaye matokeo yake ni hali ya Nirvana. Nirvana inamaanisha uhuru kutoka mateso na kuzaliwa upya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebigview.com/buddhism/fourtruths.html |title=The Four Noble Truths |publisher=Thebigview.com |date= |accessdate=2009-11-06}}</ref> [[File:Dharma Wheel.svg|thumb|120px|left|Gurudumu la dharmacakra lenye sehemu nane]] Ubudha wa Kitheravada kwa jumla unadhaniwa kuwa karibu na mazoezi ya mapema ya Wabudha. Unakuza dhana ya Vibhajjavada (Pali), maana ya moja kwa moja "Kufunzwa kwa Uchambuzi", ambao Unasema kwamba lazima ufahamu utokane na uzoefu wa anAyenuia kuupata, uchunguzi makini, na kufikiria badala ya kutumia imani ya kipofu. Hata hivyo, mapokeo ya Kitheravadin pia yanasisitiza kuutilia maanani ushauri wa wenye busara, hasa ikizingatiwa kuwa ushauri huo na tathmini ya uzoefu wa kibinafsi kuwa vipimo viwili ambavyo vinafaa kutumiwa kuyapima mazoea. Lengo la Kitheravadin ni ukombozi (au uhuru) kutoka mateso, kulingana na Kweli Nne Adimu. Hili linapatikana katika kuipata Nirvana,au kufunguliwa ambao pia husitisha 0}mzunguko unaorudiwa wa kuzaliwa, uzee, maradhi na kifo. =====Ubudha wa Kimahayana===== Shule za Ubudha wa Kimahayana zinasita kusisitiza mtazamo wa jadi (ambao bado unatekelezwa katika Kitheravada) wa kuachiliwa kutoka Mateso (Dukkha) ta kibinafsi na kufikia Mwamko (Nirvana). Katika Mahayana, Budha huonekana kama kiumbe wa milele, asiyebadilika, asiyeeleweka, na ambaye yupo kila mahali. Misingi mikuu ya mafundisho ya Kimahayana imejikita katika uwezekano wa ukombozi kutoka mateso wa viumbe vyote, na kuwepo kwa Budha-asili apitaye fikira, ambaye ni kiini cha Budha wa milele aliopo, lakini aliyejificha na asiyetambulika, katika viumbe wote. Shule za kifalsafa za Ubudha wa Kimahayana, kama vile Chan / Zen na shule za Utibeti wa vajrayana na Shingon, hufunza wazi kwamba boddhisattva lazima wajiepushe na ukombozi kamili, wajiruhusu wenyewe kuzaliwa tena ulimwenguni hadi viumbe wote wapate kutaalamika. Shule za kiibada kama vile Ubhuda wa Ardhi Takatifu hutafuta msaada wa mabudha wa mbinguni - watu binafsi ambao wametumia maisha yao wakikusanya karma chanya, na kuutumia mkusanyiko huo kuwasaidia wote. ====Kalasinga==== [[File:Khanda.svg|thumb|110px|left|Ishara ya kidini ya Khanda, ambayo ni ishara muhimu ya dini ya Kalasinga.]] Dini yenye Mungu mmoja ya [[Kalasinga]] ilianzishwa na [[Guru]] [[Nanak Dev]]. Neno "Kalasinga" linamaanisha mwanafunzi, kuashiria kwamba wafuasi wataishi maisha yao milele wakijifunza. Mfumo huu wa falsafa ya dini na kueleza imejulikana tangu jadi kama Gurmat (maana yake shauri la maguru) au Sikh Dharma. Wafuasi wa Kalasinga wametakaswa kuyafuata mafundisho ya maguru wa Sikh kumi, au viongozi wa kutaalamika, na pia maandiko matakatifu yaitwayo Gurū Granth Sāhib yanayojumuisha maandiko mbalimbali yaliyochaguliwa na wanafalsafa wengi kutoka mazingira mbalimbali ya kijamii, kiuchumi na kidini. Maguru wa Kikalasinga hutuambia kwamba wokovu unaweza kupatikana kwa kuzifuata njia mbalimbali za kiroho, kwa hivyo si Wakalasinga pekee wanaopata wokovu: "Bwana anakaa ndani ya kila moyo, na kila moyo una njia yake yenyewe ya kumfikia."<ref name="Singh">{{cite book |author=Daljeet Singh |title=Guru Tegh Bahadur |publisher=Language Dept., Punjab |year=1971}}</ref> Wakalasinga huamini kwamba watu wote ni muhimu mbele ya Mungu.<ref name="Mayled">{{cite book |author=Jon Mayled |title=Modern World Religions: Sikhism |publisher=Harcourt Heinemann |year=2002 |isbn=0435336266}}</ref> Wakalasinga hupima maadili yao ya kitabia na ya kiroho na kuyatafuta maarifa, na lengo la kukuza maisha ya amani na usawa, na pia yenye hatua chanya.<ref>[http://www.sikhcoalition.org The Sikh Coalition]</ref> Sifa muhimu na tofauti ya Kalasinga ni dhana ya Mungu isiyo ya kumtazama Mungu akiwa na umbo fulani, kiasi kwamba mtu anaweza kumtafsiri Mungu kama Ulimwengu wenyewe (upanthei). Kalasinga kwa hivyo inayaona maisha kama fursa ya kumuelewa huyu Mungu na pia kuugundua uungu ambao upo katika kila mmoja. Ingawa ufahamu kamili wa Mungu unazidi ubinadamu,<ref name="p252">{{cite book | last=Parrinder | first=Geoffrey | authorlink=Geoffrey Parrinder | year=1971 | title=World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present | publisher=Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited | location=United States | isbn = 0-87196-129-6}}</ref> Guru Nanak alielezea Mungu kama asiye eleweka kikamilifu, na kusisitiza kwamba Mungu lazima aonekana kutoka kwa "jicho la ndani", au "moyo", wa binadamu: wanaoamini lazima watafakari ili kuelekea kutaalamika. Nanak alihimiza ufunuo kupitia kutafakari, kwani kutumika kwake kila wakati kunaruhusu kuwepo kwa mawasiliano kati ya Mungu na binadamu.<ref name="p252"/> ===Dini za Mashariki ya mbali=== ====Ushinto==== [[File:Shinto_torii_vermillion.svg|thumb|right|100px|Shinto torii, mlango wa kitamaduni wa Kijapani]] [[Ushinto]] ni dini iliyoanzia [[Ujapani]]. Neno Shinto linamaananisha "njia ya kami", lakini kwa ufasaha zaidi, linaweza kumaanisha "sehemu yenye njia nyingi ambapo kami anachagua njia yake". Njia yenye sehemu nyingi ya 'kimungu' inaashiria kwamba ulimwengu wote ni roho ya kimungu. Msingi wa nia huru kuichagua njia ya mmoja, inamaanisha kwamba maisha ni mchakato wa ubunifu. Ushinto Unayataka maisha ya kuishi, siyo ya kufa. [[Ushinto]] unakitazama kifo kama uchafuzi na inatazama maisha kama eneo ambapo roho ya kimungu inanuia kujitakasa yenyewe kwa kujiendeleza inavyostahili. Ushinto unayataka maisha ya kibinafsi ya kibinadamu kuendelezwa milele duniani kama ushindi wa roho ya kimungu katika kuhifadhi tabia yake ya usawa kwa hali ya juu kabisa. Kuwepo kwa uovu duniani, kama inavyodokezwa na Ushinto, hakupingi hali ya kimungu kwa kuweka juu ya uungu jukumu la kuweza kuyapunguza mateso ya binadamu huku ikikataa kufanya hivyo. Mateso ya maisha ni mateso ya roho ya kimungu katika kuyatafuta mafanikio katika ulimwengu unaolenga usawa.<ref name="Mason">{{cite book |author=J. W. T. Mason |title=The Meaning of Shinto |publisher= Trafford Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=1412245516}}</ref> ====Utao==== [[File:Yin yang.svg|right|thumb|100px|''Taijitu'' ni ishara ya umoja wa vinyume vya yin na yang.]] Kosmojenia ya Watao inasisitiza haja ya viumbe wote wenye fahamu na watu wote kurudi kwa mwanzo au kuungana na Umoja wa Ulimwengu kupitia njia ya kujikuza na kujitambua. Wahumini wote wanapaswa kuelewa na kuwiana na mwisho wa kikweli. Wanaamini yote awali yalikuwa kutoka Taiji na Tao, na maana maishani kwa wahumini ni wao kugundua hali ya muda mfupi ya kuwepo. "Kujiangalia tu kindani ndio kunaoweza basi kutusaidia kupata sababu zetu za undani kabisa za kuishi...jibu rahisi limo humu ndani yetu."<ref name="Ming-Dao">{{cite book |author=Ming-Dao Deng |title=Scholar Warrior: An Introduction to the Tao in Everyday Life |url=https://archive.org/details/scholarwarriorin0000deng |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1990}}</ref> ====Ukonfusio==== [[Ukonfusio]] unatambua hali ya binadamu kulingana na mahitaji ya nidhamu na [[elimu]]. Kwa sababu binadamu anaendeshewa na ushawishi mzuri na mbaya, Wakonfiuso huona lengo katika kupata tabia nzuri kupitia uhusiano wa nguvu na kufikiria na pia kukanusha nishati hasi. Msisitizo huu wa maisha ya kawaida unaonekana katika msemo wa mwanachuoni wa Kikonfiuso Tu Wei-Ming, "tunaweza kutambua maana kuu ya maisha katika kuwepo kwa kawaida kwa binadamu."<ref>Tu, Wei-Ming. ''Confucian Thought: Selfhood as Creative Transformation.'' Albany: State University of New York Press, 1985.</ref> ====Dini mpya==== Kuna harakati nyingi mpya za kidini katika Asia ya Mashariki, baadhi yao zikiwa na mamilioni ya wafuasi: Chondogyo, Tenrikyo, Cao Đài, na Seicho-No-ie. Dini mpya kawaida zina maelezo ya kipekee kuhusu maana ya maisha. Kwa mfano, katika Tenrikyo, mtu anatarajiwa kuishi Maisha ya Furaha kwa kushiriki katika mazoea yanayokuza furaha yake binafsi na pia ya watu wengine. ===Dini za Magharibi na Mashariki ya Kati=== ====Uzoroastro==== [[Uzoroastro]] ni dini na falsafa inayopata jina lake kutoka kwa [[nabii]] wake [[Zoroaster]], ambayo labda iliathiri imani za [[Uyahudi]] na dini zilitokana na Uyahudi. Wazoroastro wanaamini ulimwengu na Mungu apitaye fikra, [[Ahura Mazda]], ambaye [[ibada]] yote inaelekezwa kwake. Kiumbe cha Azhura Mazda ni asha, ukweli na mpango ambao unazozana na kinyume chake, druj, uwongo na machafuko. Kwa sababu binadamu wana hiari, ni lazima wawe na uwajibikaji kwa maadili wanayoyachagua. Kwa kutumia hiari, watu lazima wawe na jukumu tendaji katika mgogoro wa dunia nzima, wawe na mawazo mema, maneno mema na matendo mema ili kuhakikisha furaha na kuepuka machafuko. ====Uyahudi==== Kipengele muhimu zaidi cha Uyahudi ni ibada ya [[Mungu]] mmoja anayejua yote, mwenye nguvu kuliko wote, ambaye ni [[mkarimu]] kila wakati, anayepita fikra zote, na ambaye [[uumbaji|aliumba]] ulimwengu na anautawala. Kulingana na Uyahudi wa awali, Mungu alifanya [[agano]] na [[Waisraeli]] katika [[mlima Sinai]], alipowapa sheria na amri zake zinazopatikana katika [[Torati]]. Katika Uyahudi wa Kirabi, Torati inajumuisha maandishi ya [[Torati]] na sheria ya [[mapokeo ya mdomo]] (iliyoandikwa baadaye kama maandiko matakatifu). Katika mtazamo wa ulimwengu wa Kiyahudi, maana ya maisha ni kumtumikia Mungu pekee wa kweli na kujiandaa kwa [[ulimwengu ujao]].<ref name="Cohn-Sherbok">{{cite book |author=Dan Cohn-Sherbok |title=Judaism: History, Belief, and Practice |url=https://archive.org/details/judaismhistorybe0000cohn |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |isbn=0415236614}}</ref><ref name="Heschel">{{cite book |author=Abraham Joshua Heschel |title=Heavenly Torah: As Refracted Through the Generations |url=https://archive.org/details/heavenlytorahasr0000hesc |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |year=2005 |isbn=0826408028}}</ref> Fikira za "Olam Haba"<ref name="Shuchat">{{cite book |author=Wilfred Shuchat |title=The Garden of Eden & the Struggle to Be Human: According to the Midrash Rabbah |url=https://archive.org/details/gardenofedenstru0000unse |publisher=Devora Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=1932687319}}</ref> Inahusu kujiinua kiroho, ni mtu kutumia "Olam Hazeh" (dunia hii) kwa kuunganika na Mungu na kujiandaa kwa "Olam Haba" (ulimwengu ujao). <ref name="Braham">{{cite book |author=Randolph L. Braham |title=Contemporary Views on the Holocaust |url=https://archive.org/details/contemporaryview0000unse_n9q0 |publisher=Springer |year=1983 |isbn=089838141X}}</ref> ====Ukristo==== [[File:Das Jüngste Gericht (Memling).jpg|thumb|right|240px|[[Picha]] ya [[Hans Memling]] inayoitwa ''[[Hukumu ya Mwisho]]'', inaonyesha [[Malaika mkuu]] [[Mikaeli]] akipima nafsi na kuwafukuza waliohukumiwa kuelekea [[jehanamu]].]] Ingawa [[Ukristo]] una mizizi yake katika Uyahudi, na unafanana sana na [[ontolojia]] ya Uyahudi, imani kuu ya Ukristo inatokana na mafundisho ya [[Yesu Kristo]] yaliyotolewa katika [[Agano Jipya]]. Kusudi la maisha kwa Mkristo ni kutafuta [[wokovu]] wa Kimungu kupitia [[neema]] ya Mungu iliyoletwa na [[Yesu]] ([[Yoh]] 11:26). Agano Jipya linaongea kuhusu Mungu kutaka uhusiano na binadamu wote katika maisha haya na yale yajao, jambo ambalo linaweza kufanyika tu kama [[dhambi]] za mtu zimesamehewa ([[Yoh]] 3:16-21), ([[2 Pet]] 3:9). Katika mtazamo wa Kikristo, watu waliumbwa katika hali njema kwa mfano wa Mungu, lakini kuanguka kwao ([[dhambi ya asili]]) kulisababisha wanaozaliwa kuirithi dhambi hiyo. [[Sadaka]] ya [[Yesu Kristo]] ya upendo, kifo na ufufuko hutoa njia ya kuishinda hali hiyo chafu ([[Rum]] 6:23). Njia ya kufanya hivyo inatofautiana kati ya [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali ya Wakristo, lakini yote yanategemea imani kwa Yesu, kazi yake [[msalaba]]ni na [[ufufuko wa Yesu|kufufuka kwake]] kama msingi wa uhusiano mpya na Mungu. Chini ya mtazamo wa Ukristo, watu wanafanywa waadilifu kupitia imani katika [[kafara]] ya Yesu kufa msalabani. [[Injili]] inafundisha kwamba, kupitia imani hiyo, kizuizi ambacho dhambi imeunda kati ya mtu na Mungu kinaondolewa, ili kumruhusu Mungu kuwageuza watu na kuweka ndani yao [[moyo mpya]] unaotii mapenzi yake, na uwezo wa kutii hivyo. Hii ndiyo maana inayoashiriwa na maneno 'kuzaliwa upya' au 'kuokolewa'. Jambo hili linatofautisha sana Ukristo na dini nyingine ambazo zinadai kwamba waumini ni waadilifu kwake Mungu kwa kushikamana na mwongozo au sheria waliyopewa na Mungu. Katika "[[Katekisimu]] Fupi ya [[Westminster]]", swali la kwanza ni: "Ni nini lengo kuu la binadamu?". Jibu ni: "Lengo kuu la binadamu ni kumtukuza Mungu na kufurahi naye milele. Mungu anataka mtu atii sheria ya maadili aliyomwonyesha akisema tumpende Bwana Mungu wetu kwa moyo wetu wote, kwa roho yetu yote, kwa nguvu zetu zote, na kwa akili zetu zote; na majirani wetu kama sisi wenyewe".<ref>{{cite web |title=The Westminster Shorter Catechism |url=http://www.creeds.net/reformed/Westminster/shorter_catechism.html |accessdate=2008-03-21 |archivedate=2008-03-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311000717/http://www.creeds.net/reformed/Westminster/shorter_catechism.html }}</ref> Katekisimu ya [[Baltimore]] inajibu swali, "Kwa nini Mungu amekuumba?" ikisema "Mungu ameniumba ili nimjue, nimpende na kumtumikia katika dunia hii, na kuwa na heri pamoja naye milele mbinguni."<ref>{{cite web |title=The Baltimore Catechism |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/balt/balt1.htm |accessdate=2008-06-12}}</ref> [[Mtume Paulo]] alijibu swali hilo katika hotuba yake kwenye [[Areopago]] mjini [[Athene]]: "Kutokana na mtu mmoja (Mungu) alifanya kila taifa la wanadamu, ili waishi duniani kote; akapima nyakati hasa zilizowekwa kwao na mahali ambapo wanapaswa kuishi. Mungu alifanya hivyo ili binadamu amtafute kama kwa kupapasa ili kumpata, ingawa hayupo mbali na kila mmojawetu. ([[Mdo]] 17:26-27)<ref>[[Bible]], [[Acts]] 17:26-27, [[NKJV]]</ref> ====Uislamu==== Katika [[Uislamu]], lengo kuu la maisha ya binadamu ni kumtumikia [[Allah]] (kwa Kiarabu sawa na "Mungu") na kukaa na miongozo ya Kimungu iliyofafanuliwa katika [[Qur'an]] na [[Mapokeo ya Mtume]]. Maisha ya duniani ni [[mtihani]] tu ambao huamua maisha ya mtu baada ya kifo, katika Jannat (Mbinguni) au katika Jahannum (Kuzimu). Kwa ajili ya radhi ya Mwenyezi Mungu, kupitia Qur'ani, lazima Waislamu wote waamini katika Mungu, ufunuo wake, malaika wake, wajumbe wake, na katika "Siku ya Kiyama".<ref>{{cite quran|2|4|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|2|285|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|4|136|style=ref}}</ref> Qur'an inaelezea madhumuni ya uumbaji kama ifuatavyo: "Heri yeye ambaye mkononi mwake ana ufalme, yeye ana nguvu juu ya kila kitu, ambaye aliumba mauti na uhai ili apate kuchunguza nani kati yenu ndiye bora katika matendo, na yeye ni mwenyezi, Mwenye kusamehe "(Qur'an67 :1-2) na" 'Mimi tu niliumba malaika na binadamu kuniabudu Mimi "(Qur'an 51:56). Ibada inashuhudia kuwepo kwa umoja wa Mungu katika uongozi wake, majina yake, na sifa yake. maisha ya Duniani ni mtihani; jinsi mtu anavyotenda huamua kama nafsi ya mtu inakwenda Jannat (Mbinguni) au Jahannam (Motoni). [[Nguzo Tano za Kiislamu]] ni [[wajibu]] wa kila Muislamu; yaani: [[Shahadah]] ([[ungamo la imani]]); [[Salah]] (Maombi); [[Zakah]] (ukarimu); [[Sawm]] (kufunga wakati wa Ramadhan) na [[Hajj]] ([[Hija]] kwenda [[Makka]]).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Pillars of Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=2007-05-02}}</ref> Zinatokana na maandiko ya [[Hadith]], hasa ya [[Sahih Al-Bukhari]] na [[Sahih Muslim]]. Imani ni tofauti kati ya Kalam. Dhana ya Kisunni ya mwisho wa safari iliyoamuliwa awali ni amri ya Kimungu;<ref>{{Muslim|1|1}}</ref> aidha, dhana ya Kishi'a ya nafsi kuwa na mahali pa kwenda kabla ya kifo ni haki ya Kimungu; katika mtazamo wa Kisufi unaoeleweka na wachache Ulimwengu upo tu kwa radhi ya Mungu; Uumbaji ni mchezo mkubwa, ambapo Mwenyezi Mungu ndiye tuzo kuu.<ref name="Yusuf Ali">{{cite book |author=[[Abdullah Yusuf Ali]] |title=[[Qur'an|The Holy Qur'an]] |publisher=Wordsworth Editions |year=2000 |isbn=1853267821}}</ref><ref name="Yusuf Ali" /> ====Imani ya Bahá'í==== [[Imani ya Bahai]] inasisitiza umoja wa ubinadamu.<ref>{{Citation | year = 2007 | title = "Bahaism." The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language | volume = Fourth Edition | publisher = Houghton Mifflin Company | url = http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bahaism}}</ref> Kwa Wabahá'í, madhumuni ya maisha ni kukua kiroho na kutoa huduma kwa ubinadamu. Binadamu wanatazamwa kama viumbe wa kiroho kwa undani. Maisha ya watu katika dunia hii tunayoishi hutoa fursa zilizopanuliwa za kukua, kukuza sifa na fadhila za Kimungu, na manabii walitumwa na Mungu kuwezesha hili.<ref>{{cite book |last = Smith |first = P. |year = 1999 |title = A Concise Encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith |url = https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit_v0u6 |publisher = Oneworld Publications |location = Oxford, UK |pages = [https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit_v0u6/page/325 325]–328|isbn = 1851681841 }}</ref><ref>For a more detailed Bahá'í perspective, see {{Citation | title = "The Purpose of Life" Bahá'í Topics An Information Resource of the Bahá'í International Community| url = http://info.bahai.org/article-1-4-0-6.html}}</ref> ==Katika sanaa== Siri ya maisha na maana yake ni jambo linalorudiwa mara nyingi katika utamaduni maarufu, unaoonyeshwa katika [[burudani]] ya [[vyombo vya habari]] na aina mbalimbali za [[sanaa]]. [[File:Charles Allan Gilbert - All is Vanity.jpg|thumb|120px|''Yote ni bure'', picha ya [[Charles Allan Gilbert]], ni mfano wa ''vanitas''. Inaonyesha mwanamke akitazama uso wake katika kioo, lakini vyote vimepangwa ili kuifanya picha ya kifuvu kuonekana.]] Katika mfululizo maarufu wa vitabu vya kuchekesha vya [[Douglas Adams]] kwa jina "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy", Jibu la Swali Kuu la Maisha, Ulimwengu, na Yote lina ufumbuzi wa kinambari wa 42, ambayo ilipatikana baada ya muda wa zaidi ya miaka milioni saba na nusu kupitia tarakilishi yenye nguvu kubwa kwa jina "Deep Thought". Baada ya kunganyika kwingi kutoka wazao wa waumbaji wake, "Deep Thought" anaelezea kuwa tatizo ni kuwa hawajui Swali Kuu, na ingewabidi kujenga [[kompyuta]] yenye nguvu zaidi ili kulibainisha. Kompyuta inaonyeshwa kuwa [[Dunia]], ambayo, baada ya kuhesabu kwa miaka milioni, inaharibiwa ili kuunda Barabara ya Kiulimwengu dakika tano kabla ya kukamilisha kufanya hesabu.<ref name="Yeffeth"/><ref name="Baggini" /><ref name="Badke"/><ref name="Adams H2G2 book1">{{cite book|title=[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (book)|The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]|author=[[Douglas Adams]]|published=1979|isbn=0-330-25864-8|year=1979|publisher=Pan Books|location=London}}</ref> Katika Maisha, Ulimwengu na Kila kitu, inathibitishwa kwa kweli kuwa 42 ndilo Jibu Kuu, na kwamba haiwezekani kwa Jibu Kuu na Swali Kuu kujulikana katika ulimwengu mmoja, kwani zitafutana na kuuchukua ulimwengu, na kubadilishwa na kitu cha maajabu zaidi,(mhusika mmoja, Prak, anapendekeza kwamba hili huenda likawa limetokea tayari).<ref name="Adams H2G2 book3">{{cite book|isbn=0-330-26738-8|title=[[Life, the Universe and Everything]]|author=[[Douglas Adams]]|published=1982|year=1982|publisher=Pan|location=London}}</ref> Hatimaye, katika matumaini kwamba fahamu yake ina swali, Arthur Dent anajaribu kuliwaza swali, na anapata "unapata nini ukizidisha sita mara tisa?", Pengine ni dhana isiyosahihi, kwani kuwasili kwa "Golgafrinchans" katika Dunia ya kabla ya historia ingeharibu mchakato wa kuhesabu.<ref name="Adams H2G2 book2">{{cite book|title=[[The Restaurant at the End of the Universe]]|author=[[Douglas Adams]]|date=1 Januari 1980|isbn=0-345-39181-0|publisher=Ballantine Books|location=New York}}</ref> Hata hivyo, Dent, Fenchurch, na Marvin anayekaribia kufa waliona ujumbe wa mwisho wa Mungu kwa uumbaji wake: "Sisi tunaomba msamaha kwa shida tuliyowaletea".<ref name="Adams H2G2 book4">{{cite book|isbn=0-330-28700-1|title=[[So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish]]|author=[[Douglas Adams]]|published=1984|year=1985|publisher=Pan|location=London}}</ref> [[File:HamletSkullHCSealous.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Hamlet na fuvu la kichwa la Yorick]] Katika maana ya maisha ya Monty Python,kuna kugusia kwingi kwa maana ya maisha. Katika "Sehemu ya VI B: Maana ya Maisha" mwanamke anayefanya kazi ya kusafisha anaelezea "Maisha ni mchezo, wakati mwingine unashinda au kushindwa" na baadaye mtu wa kupelekea watu vyakula hotelini anaelezea falsafa yake ya kibinafsi "Dunia ni pahali pazuri. Lazima uende ndani yake, na upende kila mtu, usiwachukie watu. Lazima hujaribu na kumfanya kila mtu awe na furaha, na upeleke amani na ridhaa kokote uendapo.<ref name="useless website">[http://www.intriguing.com/mp/_scripts/meanlife.asp Monty Python's Completely Useless Web Site: Monty Python's The Meaning Of Life: Complete Script]</ref> Katika mwisho wa filamu, tunaweza kumuona Michael Palin akipewa bahasha, anaifungua, na kupea watazamaji 'maana ya maisha': "Basi, si kitu maalumu sana. Uh, jaribu kuwa mzuri kwa watu, epuka kula mafuta, soma kitabu kizuri kila wakati, pata kutembea, na jaribu kuishi pamoja kwa amani na utulivu na watu wa Imani zote na mataifa yote.<ref name="useless website" /><ref name="Burnham">{{cite book |author=Terry Burnham |title=Mean Markets and Lizard Brains: How to Profit from the New Science of Irrationality |url=https://archive.org/details/meanmarketslizar0000burn |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=2005 |isbn=0471716952}}</ref><ref name="Fernandez">{{cite book |author=Yolanda Fernandez |title=In Their Shoes: Examining the Issue of Empathy and Its Place in the Treatment of Offenders |url=https://archive.org/details/intheirshoes0000unse |publisher=Wood 'N' Barnes Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=1885473486}}</ref> Katika kipindi kimoja cha "The Simpsons" kilichoitwa "Homer the Heretic", mfano wa Mungu unakubali kumwambia Homer maana ya maisha, lakini majina ya wahusika wa kipindi yanaanza kuonekana anapoanza kusema ni nini. Mapema katika kipindi hicho, Homer anaanzisha dini yake mwenyewe, ambapo anajaribu kumwabudu Mungu kwa njia yake mwenyewe, baadaye akimwwambia Moe kwamba dini hiyo haina kuzimu na haina kupiga magoti. Hata hivyo, Homer anaiacha kwa haraka dini yake ya anasa na ubinafsi baada baada ya nyumba yake kunusurika kuchomeka, akitafsiri moto kama ishara ya kulipiza kisasi kwa kimungu, na kuita "O Mwenye Nguvu za Kuumiza, nionyeshe nani wa kuumiza, naye ataumizwa." Ned anamfariji Homer kuwa moto haukuwa kisasi cha Mungu na Lovejoy anaelezea kwamba Mungu alikuwa "akifanya kazi katika mioyo ya marafiki na majirani wako walipokuja kukusaidia."<ref name="Pinsky">{{cite book|author=Mark I. Pinsky|title=The Gospel According To The Simpsons: The Spiritual Life Of The World's Most Animated Family|url=https://archive.org/details/gospelaccordingt00mark|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=2001|isbn=0664224199}}</ref> Mwishoni mwa "The Matrix Revolutions", Smith anahitimsha kwamba "madhumuni ya maisha ni kuisha" na anakusudia kuharakisha lengo hilo.<ref name="Lawrence">{{cite book|author=Matt Lawrence|title=Like a Splinter in Your Mind: The Philosophy Behind the Matrix Trilogy|url=https://archive.org/details/likesplinterinyo0000lawr|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|year=2004|isbn=1405125241}}</ref> [[The Matrix (series)|''The Matrix'' series]]. Mfululizo wa filamu wa "The Matrix" pia unatoa wazo la "wanaoishi katika ukweli uliobuniwa" na swali linalohusika na wazo hilo ikiwa kuwepo huko kunafaa kutazamwa kama kusiokuwa na maana, katika njia inayoweza kulinganishwa na Hadithi fupi yenye mafunzo ya pango ya Plato na jinsi baadhi ya mifumo ya imani hutazama ukweli, kama Ubuddha au Uaginostiki.<ref>Christopher Grau (2005). Philosophers Explore the Matrix. Oxford University Press.</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Maadili]] * [[Maisha]] * [[Ubora wa maisha]] * [[Uhai]] * [[Ulimwengu]] * [[Teleolojia]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist|2}} ==Viungo vya nje== ===Jumla=== * [http://meaningoflife.tv/ Meaningsoflife.tv] &ndash; Video discussions on the ultimate meaning of life with various religious and philosophical leaders. *[http://www.erinstoddard.com/meaningoflife.html Meaning of life”] {{Wayback|url=http://www.erinstoddard.com/meaningoflife.html |date=20100104110401 }} * [http://yudkowsky.net/tmol-faq/meaningoflife.html Frequently Asked Questions about the Meaning of Life] {{Wayback|url=http://yudkowsky.net/tmol-faq/meaningoflife.html |date=20070927211431 }} * [http://www.benbest.com/lifeext/whylife.html Why Life Extension &mdash; or Why Live at All?] ===Kisayansi=== * [http://www.meaningandhappiness.com/ Meaning and Happiness] &ndash; Research on meaning and happiness from the perspective of [[Positive psychology]]. ===Kifalsafa=== * [http://www.einstein-website.de/z_biography/credo.html Einstein's credo] {{Wayback|url=http://www.einstein-website.de/z_biography/credo.html |date=20220311035821 }} * [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/life-meaning/ "The Meaning of Life" in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy] * [http://rationalphilosophy.net/meaning-of-life/ An Objective Philosophy: Why We Exist?] {{Wayback|url=http://rationalphilosophy.net/meaning-of-life/ |date=20080514151238 }} &ndash; by Martin G. Walker. *[http://eneida.over-blog.net/ Hedonism & Meaning of life] {{Wayback|url=http://eneida.over-blog.net/ |date=20080626035211 }} *[http://journal.ilovephilosophy.com/Article/The-Logic-of-Existential-Meaning/217 The Logic of Existential Meaning] {{Wayback|url=http://journal.ilovephilosophy.com/Article/The-Logic-of-Existential-Meaning/217 |date=20070709004210 }} * [http://myweb.dal.ca/kernohan/godless A Guide for the Godless: The Secular Path to Meaning] {{Wayback|url=http://myweb.dal.ca/kernohan/godless |date=20110706174824 }} * [http://www.originofhumannature.ca The Origin of Human Nature, A Zen Buddhist Looks a Evolution] {{Wayback|url=http://www.originofhumannature.ca/ |date=20090113141910 }} by [[Albert Low]] ===Kiroho=== * [http://www.motherearthnews.com/Alternative-Energy/1978-07-01/A-Guide-for-Perplexed.aspx A Guide for the Perplexed (excerpt included)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.motherearthnews.com/Alternative-Energy/1978-07-01/A-Guide-for-Perplexed.aspx |date=20071210070232 }} &ndash; by [[E. F. Schumacher]] * [http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/MeaningofLife.htm The Meaning of Life (from a Jewish perspective)] &ndash; by Rabbi [[Noah Weinberg]] * [http://www.what-buddha-taught.net/Books2/Dhammananda_Human_Life.htm Human Life] {{Wayback|url=http://www.what-buddha-taught.net/Books2/Dhammananda_Human_Life.htm |date=20091205205727 }} &ndash; by [[K. Sri Dhammananda]] * [http://www.what-buddha-taught.net/Books/Bhikkhu_Buddhadasa_Handbook_for_Mankind.pdf Handbook for Mankind] {{Wayback|url=http://www.what-buddha-taught.net/Books/Bhikkhu_Buddhadasa_Handbook_for_Mankind.pdf |date=20081216225943 }} &ndash; by [[Buddhadasa Bhikkhu]] * [http://www.mormon.org Answers to Life's questions] &ndash; by [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] * [http://www.humanmindmap.net Human life on earth - A Spiritual Perspective] {{Wayback|url=http://www.humanmindmap.net/ |date=20170913154041 }} &ndash; by [[New age]] [[Jamii:Dini]] [[Jamii:Falsafa]] [[Jamii:Elimu jamii]] q7gjvhppltwclras0imk28hb7v3kd2v 0 35063 1598973 1577728 2026-09-23T02:50:54Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Madhara ya mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa''', likiwa pamoja na ongezeko la [[joto]] [[duniani]], ni mada muhimu sana, hasa kwa [[mazingira]] na [[maisha]] ya [[binadamu]]. Ushahidi unaoonyesha mabadiliko ya [[hali ya hewa]] ni pamoja na [[Kupanda kwa halijoto duniani|rekodi muhimu ya kipimo joto]], kupanda kwa [[maji]] ya [[bahari]], na kupungua kwa kiwango kilichofunikwa na [[theluji]] katika [[ulimwengu]].<ref name="WGI AR4 SPM" /> Kulingana na Ripoti ya Uchunguzi ya Nne ya IPCC, mengikati ya maongezeko ya vipimo vya joto vya wastani [[duniani]] tangu katikati ya [[karne ya 20]] ''huenda'' ni kwa sababu ya ongezeko la wingi wa [[Dioksidi kabonia|hewaukaa]] inayotokana na binadamu. Inatabiriwa kuwa mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa katika siku za usoni yatahusisha ongezeko kubwa zaidi la joto duniani, kupanda kwa kiwango cha [[maji]] baharini, na uwezekano wa kupanda kwa wingi wa matukio ya hali mbaya ya [[hewa]]. [[Mazingira]] huonekana kuwa na uwezekano mkubwa wa kuathiriwa na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa. Mifumo ya kibinadamu huonekana kama yenye kubadilika katika uwezo wa kukabiliana na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa ya siku za usoni.<ref name="WG2 AR4 SPM" /> Ili kupunguza hatari hizo, nchi nyingi zimebuni sera zinazolenga kupunguza [[uzalishaji]] wao wa gesi chafu. ==Muhtasari== Katika kipindi cha miaka mia hivi kilichopita, rekodi ya joto imeonyesha mwelekeo wa hali ya anga ambapo kipimo cha joto kimepanda, yaani, ongezeko la joto Duniani. Mabadiliko mengine ambayo yameonekana ni pamoja na [[kupunguka kwa eneo la Aktiki]], [[Kutolewa kwa gesi ya metheni katika eneo la Aktiki]], kutolewa kwa gesi ya Kaboni iliyo ardhini katika maeneo yenye mchanga uliofanywa kuwa kama barafu na [[Kutolewa kwa gesi ya metheni]] katika madongedonge ya [[pwani]], na kupanda kwa [[uwiano wa bahari]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://newscenter.lbl.gov/feature-stories/2008/09/17/impacts-on-the-threshold-of-abrupt-climate-changes/ |title= IMPACTS: On the Threshold of Abrupt Climate Changes |accessdate=2008-10-14 |work= IMPACTS: On the Threshold of Abrupt Climate Changes |publisher= [[U.S. Department of Energy]]’s Office of Biological and Environmental Research |month= Septemba |year= 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/hundreds-of-methane-plumes-discovered-941456.html |title= Hundreds of methane 'plumes' discovered |accessdate=2008-10-14 |work= Hundreds of methane 'plumes' discovered |publisher= [[The Independent]] |month= Septemba |year= 2008}}</ref> Kipimo cha joto cha wastani duniani kinatabiriwa kupanda, pamoja na uwezekano wa visa vya matukio mabaya ya hali ya hewa, na mabadiliko ya ruwaza za [[mvua]]. Tukisonga kutoka hali ya maeneo makubwa Duniani hadi hali ya maeneo madogo, kuna ongezeko la uhakika kuhusu jinsi hali ya hewa itakavyobadilika. Uwezekano wa ongezeko la joto kuwa na matokeo ambayo hayakuwa yametarajiwa awali, unaongezeka na kiwango, ukubwa na muda wa mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10136&page=1 |title= Executive Summary |accessdate=2007-05-07 |format= [[PHP]] |work= Abrupt Climate Change: Inevitable Surprises |publisher=[[United States National Academy of Sciences]] |month= Juni |year= 2002}}</ref> Some of the physical impacts of climate change are irreversible at continental and global scales.<ref name="noaanews.noaa.gov">{{Cite pressrelease |title=New Study Shows Climate Change Largely Irreversible |url=http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2009/20090126_climate.html |publisher=[[NOAA]] |year=2009 |day=26 |month=Jan |access-date=2010-01-15 |archivedate=2009-08-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825053534/http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2009/20090126_climate.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> Eneo la bahari lenye maji linatarajiwa kupanda hadi kati ya sentimita 18 na 59 (inchi 7.1 hadi 23.2) kufikia mwwisho wa karne ya 21. Kwa sababu ya ukosefu wa maarifa ya kutosha ya kisayansi, makisio haya ya kupanda huku kwa kiwango cha bahari chenye maji hayajumuishi mchango utakaofanywa na mabati ya barafu.<ref name="WGI AR4 SPM">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-spm.pdf |title=Summary for Policymakers |work=Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |accessdate=2007-02-02 |date=2007-02-05 |publisher=[[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]]}}</ref> Kupunguka kwa Slowing of the [[Mzunguko wa Joto na vyuma|Mzunguko wa Kimeridia wa Kupinduka]] una uwezekano mkubwa wa kufanyika katika karne hii, lakini vipimo vya joto katika eneo la Atlantiki na Ulaya huenda vikawa vikubwa zaidi kwa sababu ya ongezeko la joto duniani.<ref name="WG2 AR4 SPM" /> Kwa joto duniani kuongezeka kwa kiwango cha 1-4°C (ikilinganisha kipindi cha kati ya mwaka wa 1990 hadi mwaka wa 2000), kuna uwezekano wa wastani kwamba kuyeyuka kwa sehemu kwa [[Bati la barafu la Greenland]] kutatendeka kwa kipindi cha karne nyingi na milenia. Ikihusisha uwezekano wa mchango wa kuyeyushwa kwa sehemu ya [[Bati la barafu la eneo la Magharibi mwa Antaktiki]], eneo lenye maji baharini litapanda kwa kiwango cha kati ya mita 4 na 6 au zaidi.<ref name="WG2 AR4 SPM" /> Matokeo yatakaodhihirika katika mifumo ya kibinadamu ya mabadiliko ya hali ya anga pengine yatazambazwa kwa pamoja. Baadhi ya maeneo na sekta yanatarajiwa kufaidika ilhali mengine yataathirika na gharama. Huku kukiwa na idadi zaidi za ongezeko la joto (zaidi ya 2-3°C, ikilinganishwa na viwango vya mwaka wa 1990), kuna uwezekano kuwa faida zitapungua na gharama kuongezeka.<ref name="WG2 AR4 SPM">{{Rejea kitabu | url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg2/ar4-wg2-spm.pdf | format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] | title=Summary for Policymakers. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | accessdate=2007-11-30 | year=2007 | author=[[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] | editors=M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E.Hanson | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]], Cambridge, UK | pages=7–22 | archive-date=2018-01-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113141313/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg2/ar4-wg2-spm.pdf | dead-url=yes }}</ref> Maeneo ya [[urefu]] wa chini na maeneo ambayo hayajaendelea sana pengine yamo katika hatari kuu ya mabadiliko ya hali ya anga. Huku uwezo wa mifumo ya kibinadamu [[kukabiliana na kubadilika kwa hali ya anga|kukabiliana]] na athari za kubadilika kwa hali ya anga ni mkubwa, ingawa bei ya kufanya mabadiliko hayaeleweki kwa kina na yana uwezekano wa kuwa makubwa.<ref name=ipccwg2c19>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2007 |title=Assessing key vulnerabilities and the risk from climate change. ''Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'' |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |author=Schneider, S.H., S. Semenov, A. Patwardhan, I. Burton, C.H.D. Magadza, M. Oppenheimer, A.B. Pittock, A. Rahman, J.B. Smith, A. Suarez and F. Yamin. M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds. |url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg2/ar4-wg2-chapter19.pdf |accessdate=2009-05-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923002713/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg2/ar4-wg2-chapter19.pdf |archivedate=2014-09-23 }}</ref> Kuna uwezekano kuwa mabadiliko ya hali ya anga yatasababisha kupungua katika utofauti wa mifumo ya kiikolojia na kupotea kwa spishi nyingi. Uwezo wa kufanya mabadiliko wa mifumo ya [[kibaiolojia]] na mifumo ya [[Kijiofizikia]] inakadiriwa kuwa ya chini kuliko ya mifumo ya kibinadamu. ==Athari za kimwili== ===Athari katika hali ya hewa=== Kuongezeka kwa joto huenda kukaongeza kiasi cha usimbishaji <ref name="ar4wg1a">{{Rejea tovuti |publisher= [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] |author= Houghton, J.T.,Y. Ding, D.J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P.J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K.Maskell, and C.A. Johnson |title= Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Human influences will continue to change atmospheric composition throughout the 21st century. |url= http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/008.htm |accessdate= 2007-12-03 |year= 2001 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071231162245/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/008.htm |archivedate= 2007-12-31 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |publisher= [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] |editor= Houghton, J.T.,Y. Ding, D.J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P.J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K.Maskell, and C.A. Johnson |title= Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Precipitation and Convection. |author= U. Cubasch, G.A. Meehl, et al. |url= http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/365.htm |accessdate= 2007-12-03 |accessyear= |year= 2001 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071122014937/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/365.htm |archivedate= 2007-11-22 }}</ref> Lakini haijulikani kwa kweli jinsi ongezeko la joto litakavyoathiri dhoruba. Dhoruba zinazopatikana nje ya maeneo ya Kitropiki hutegemea [[gredienti ya kipimo cha joto]], ambacho kinatabiriwa kuwa dhaifu kuzidi katika Ulimwengu wa kaskazini huku kanda la ncha ya eneo la kaskazini mwa Ulimwengu likizidi kuwa na joto jingi kuliko maeneo mengine katika ulimwengu wa kasakazini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |publisher= [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] |editor= Houghton, J.T.,Y. Ding, D.J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P.J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K.Maskell, and C.A. Johnson |title= Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Extra-tropical storms. |author= U. Cubasch, G.A. Meehl, et al. |url= http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/366.htm |accessdate= 2007-12-03 |accessyear= |year= 2001 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071123190203/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/366.htm |archivedate= 2007-11-23 }}</ref> ====Hali kali za hewa ==== [[Image:Trends in natural disasters.jpg|thumb|right|Ongezeko la joto Duniani huenda limechangia mienendo ya majanda ya kimaumbile kama vile [[hali kali ya hewa]].]] Kulingana na makadirio ya siku zijazo ya mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa, ripoti ya IPCC imetabiri mengi.<ref name="WGI AR4 SPM" /> Imetabiriwa kuwa katika maeneo mengi ya nchi, idadi ya vipindi vya joto au [[mawimbi ya joto]] yana uwezekano mkubwa wa kupanda. Kuna uwezekano kuwa: * Maeneo mengi zaidi yataathirika na [[ukame]] * Pia kutakuwa na matukio ya [[saikloni za Kitrpiki]] mengi * Pia matukio ya kukithiri kwa kiwango cha kiwango chenye maji baharini (bila kuhesabu [[tsunami]]) Nguvu ya dhoruba itakayosababisha hali kali ya hewa inazidi kuongezeka, kama vile kipimo cha nguvu zinazotolewa na harikeni.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.realclimate.org/index.php?p=181 |title=Hurricanes and Global Warming - Is There a Connection?|publisher=Real Climate|accessdate=2007-12-03|author=Stefan Rahmstorf, Michael Mann, Rasmus Benestad, Gavin Schmidt, and William Connolley}}</ref> [[Kerry Emanuel]] anaandika kuwa nguvu zinazotokana na harikeni zinategemea sana kiwango cha joto, hivyo kuashiria ongezeko la joto Duniani.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |url=ftp://texmex.mit.edu/pub/emanuel/PAPERS/NATURE03906.pdf |title=Increasing destructiveness of tropical cyclones over the past 30 years |last=Emanuel |first=Kerry |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |year=2005 |volume=436 |pages=686–688 |doi=10.1038/nature03906 |format=PDF |archive-date=2013-05-02 |access-date=2010-01-15 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20130502230716/ftp://texmex.mit.edu/pub/emanuel/PAPERS/NATURE03906.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hata hivyo, masomo zaidi yaliyofanywa na Emanuel kwa kutumia mifano zaidi ya mapato yalihitimisha kuwa kuongezeka huku kwa nguvu zinazotokana na na dhoruba katika miongo ya hivi karibuni hakuwezi kuhusishwa kwa kipekee na ongezeko la joto Duniani.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |url=ftp://texmex.mit.edu/pub/emanuel/PAPERS/Emanuel_etal_2008.pdf |title=Hurricanes and global warming: Results from downscaling IPCC AR4 simulations|last=Emanuel|first=Kerry |journal=[[Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society]] |year=2008 |volume=89 |pages=347–367 |doi=10.1175/BAMS-89-3-347|format=PDF |first2=Ragoth |first3=John}}</ref> Kufanywa kwa mifano ya harikeni pia kumetoa matokeo yanayofanana, kupata kuwa harikeni, zikundwa katika maeneo yanayotoa viwango vingi zaidi vya Kaboni monoksaidi (CO<sub>2</sub>), vina nguvu zaidi, hata hivyo, idadi ya harikeni itapungua.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|doi=10.1038/ngeo202|title=Simulated reduction in Atlantic hurricane frequency under twenty-first-century warming conditions|year=2008|author=Knutson, Thomas R.|journal=Nature Geoscience|volume=3|pages=11|first2=Joseph J.|first3=Stephen T.|first4=Gabriel A.|first5=Isaac M.}}</ref> Ulimwenguni kote, uwiano wa [[harikeni]] zinazofikia [[Kipimo cha Saffir–Simpson cha Harikeni|kiwango cha 4 au 5]] – kikiambatana na kasi za upepo za zaidi ya mita 56 kila sekunde – umepnada kutoka 20% katika miaka ya 1970 hadi 35% katika miaka ya 1990.<ref>{{Rejea habari |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn8002 |title=Warming world blamed for more strong hurricanes |first=Fred |last=Pearce |publisher=[[New Scientist]] |date=2005-09-15 |accessdate=2007-12-03 |archivedate=2006-05-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509072619/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn8002 }}</ref> Usimbishaji nchini Marekani kutokana na harikeni umepanda kwa zaidi ya 7% katika karne ya ishirini.<ref>{{Rejea habari| url=http://www.newscientist.com/channel/earth/climate-change/mg18625054.800 |title=Global warming will bring fiercer hurricanes|publisher=New Scientist Environment |date= 2005-06-25 |accessdate=2007-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari| url=http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2006/s2622.htm |title=Area Where Hurricanes Develop is Warmer, Say NOAA Scientists |publisher=[[NOAA]] News Online |date=2006-05-01 |accessdate=2007-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1109337,00.html |title=Global Warming: The Culprit? |last=Kluger |first=Jeffrey |publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=2005-09-26 |accessdate=2007-12-03 |archivedate=2009-03-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311061211/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1109337,00.html }}</ref> Kiwango ambacho hili limesababishwa na ongezeko la joto Duniani kinyume na [[Kuyumbayumba kwa Miongo mingi wa Kiatlantiki]] hauleweki vizuri. Baadhi ya utafiti umepata kuwa ongezeko la [[joto la uso wa bahari]] unaweza kuanzishwa na ongezeko la [[upepo wa kukata]], hivyo basi kusababisha mabadiliko madogo au hata kutosababisha mabadiliko yoyote ya shughuli za harikeni.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.livescience.com/environment/070417_wind_shear.html |title=Study: Global Warming Could Hinder Hurricanes|author=Thompson, Andrea|publisher=LiveScience|date= 2007-04-17|accessdate=2007-12-06}}</ref> Hoyos ''pamoja na watafiti wengine.'' (2006) wamehusisha mwenendo wa ongezeko wa iadi ya harikeni za jamii ya 4 na 5 kwa kipindi kati ya 1970-2004 moja kwa moja na mwenendo wa vipimo vya joto vya uso wa bahari.<ref name="Hoyos2006">{{Rejea jarida |last=Hoyos |first=Carlos D. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2006 |month= |title=Deconvolution of the Factors Contributing to the Increase in Global Hurricane Intensity |journal=Science |volume=312 |issue=5770 |pages=94&ndash;97 |doi=10.1126/science.1123560 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2006-04-07_312_5770/page/94|accessdate= |quote=|pmid=16543416 |first2=PA |first3=PJ |first4=JA }}</ref> Ongezeko la majanga yanayotokana na hali kali ya hewa husababishwa hasa na ongezeko la idadi ya watu katika kila eneo mraba, na matarajio ya kuongezeka kwingi zaidi katika katika siku za usoni.<ref name="Pielke2008">{{Rejea jarida | last = Pielke | first = Roger A., Jr. | authorlink = | coauthors = ''et al.'' | year = 2008 | month = | title = Normalized Hurricane Damage in the United States: 1900–2005 | journal = Natural Hazards Review | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 29&ndash;42 | doi = 10.1061/(ASCE)1527-6988(2008)9:1(29) | url = http://forecast.mssl.ucl.ac.uk/shadow/docs/Pielkeetal2006a.pdf | accessdate = | quote = | format = PDF | archive-date = 2009-03-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090325193610/http://forecast.mssl.ucl.ac.uk/shadow/docs/Pielkeetal2006a.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref> [[Shirika la Dunia la Somo la Hali ya Hewa]] linaelezea kuwa “ingawa kuna ushahidi wa na dhidi ya kuwa na ishara inayoweza kupimika ya kianthropojeniki katika hali ya anga ya rekodi ya saikloni ya kitropiki hadi wa leo, hakuna hitimisho maalum linaloweza kufanywa kuhusu hoja hii.”<ref name="WMO-IWTC">{{Cite press release |title=Summary Statement on Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |date=2006-12-04 |url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/press_releases/2006/pdf/iwtc_summary.pdf |format=PDF |language= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref> Pia waliifanya kuwa wazi kuwa “hakuna saikloni moja ya kitropiki ambayo inayoweza kuhusishwa moja kwa moja na mabadiliko ya hali ya anga.”<ref name="WMO-IWTC" /> [[Thomas Knutson]] na Robert E. Tuleya wa [[NOAA]] walisema mnamo mwaka wa 2004 kuwa ongezeko la joto uliowezeshwa na [[gesi za nyumba za kijani kibichi]] huenda zikasababisha ongezeko la matukio ya dhoruba za jamii ya 5 ambazo husababisha uharibifu mwingi.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|author = Knutson, Thomas R. and Robert E. Tuleya|title= Impact of CO<sub>2</sub>-Induced Warming on Simulated Hurricane Intensity and Precipitation:Sensitivity to the Choice of Climate Model and Convective Parameterization|journal=Journal of Climate|volume=17|issue=18|year=2004|pages=3477–3494 |url=http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/reference/bibliography/2004/tk0401.pdf|doi=10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3477:IOCWOS>2.0.CO;2|format=PDF}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2008, Knutson ''pamoja na watafiti wengine.'' Alipata kuwa idadi ya harikeni za Kiatlantiki na dhoruba za Kitropiki zingepungua kufuatia ongezeko la joto litakalosababishwa na gesi za nyumba za kijani kibichi katika siku za usoni.<ref name="Knutson2008">{{Rejea jarida |last=Knutson |first=Thomas |authorlink= |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=2008 |month= |title=Simulated reduction in Atlantic hurricane frequency under twenty-first-century warming conditions |journal=[[Nature Geoscience]] |volume=1 |issue=6 |pages=359–364 |doi=10.1038/ngeo202 |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref> Vecchi na Soden wanapata kuwa makadirio ya [[upepo wa kukata]], ambayo yanapoongezeka yanapunguza [[saikloni za kitropiki]], pia kunabadilisha mifano iliyotabiriwa ya ongezeko la joto. Kuna makadirio ya ongezeko la idadi ya [[upepo wa kukata]] katika Atlantiki ya Kitropiki na Pasifiki ya Mashariki inayohusishwa na kupungua kwa kipimo cha [[Mzunguko wa Walker]], na pia kupungua kwa kukata kwa upepo katika eneo la magharibi na kati la Pasifiki.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/~gav/ipcc_shears.html |title=IPCC Projections and Hurricanes |publisher=Geophysical Fluids Dynamic Laboratory|accessdate=2007-12-06|author=Brian Soden and Gabriel Vecchi}}</ref> Utafiti huo haufanyi makadirio kuhusu madhara kwa harikeni za eneo la Atlantiki na Pasifiki ya mashariki kuhusu anga inayozidi kuwa na joto na unyevunyevu, na mfano uliotaboriwa unaongezeka katika upepo wa kukata wa eneo la Atlantiki.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last= Vecchi |first= Gabriel A. |coauthors= Brian J. Soden |date= 2007-04-18 |title= Increased tropical Atlantic wind shear in model projections of global warming |journal= [[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume= 34 |issue= L08702 |pages= 1–5 |doi= 10.1029/2006GL028905 |url= http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/reference/bibliography/2007/gav0701.pdf |format= PDF |accessdate= 2007-04-21}}</ref> Hatari kubwa zaidi ya hali kali ya hewa haimaanishi hatari kubwa iliyo wazi ya hali ya hewa ambayo haifanani na ile ya wastani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.climateprediction.net/science/pubs/ccs_allen.pdf |author=Myles Allen |authorlink=Myles Allen |publisher=climateprediction.net |accessdate=2007-11-30 |title=The Spectre of Liability |format=PDF |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128074237/http://www.climateprediction.net/science/pubs/ccs_allen.pdf |archivedate=2007-11-28 }}</ref> Hata hivyo, ushahidi ni wazi kuwa hali kali ya hewa na mvua ya wastani pia vinaongezeka. Kuongezeka kwa joto kunatarajiwa kuzalisha mawimbi makali zaidi juu ya ardhi na idadi kubwa zaidi ya dhoruba kali sana.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last = Del Genio | first = Tony | coauthors = ''et al.''|title=Will moist convection be stronger in a warmer climate?|journal = Geophysical Research Letters | volume = 34 | doi = 10.1029/2007GL030525|year=2007|pages=L16703}}</ref> ====Kuongezeka kwa uvukizi==== [[Image:BAMS climate assess boulder water vapor 2002 - 2.png|thumb|left|200px|Kuongezeka kwa maji yanayotokana na uvukizi katika eneo la Boulder, Colorado.]] Katika kipindi cha karne ya 20th, viwango vywa uvukizi vimepungua duniani kote <ref>{{Rejea jarida | url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v377/n6551/abs/377687b0.html| title=Evaporation losing its strength |first=T. C. |last=Peterson |coauthors= V. S. Golubev, P. Ya. Groisman |journal= [[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date= 26 Oktoba 2002|volume=377|pages=687–688| doi=10.1038/377687b0| format=abstract}}</ref>; hili linadhaniwa na wengi kuweza kuelezewa kupitia [[kufifia Duniani]]. Kadiri hali ya anga inavyozidi kuwa moto na sababu za kufifia Duniani kunapunguzwa, [[uvukizi]] utazidi kwa sababu ya bahari yenye joto zaidi. Kwa sababu Dunia ni mfumo uliofungwa hili litasababisha viwangi vingi zaidi vya [[mvua]], pamoja na [[mmomonyoko]]. Mmomonyoko huu, kwa upande mwingine, unaweza katika maeneo ya kitropiki ambao yamo hatarini (hasa Barani Afrika) kusababisha [[kuenea kwa majangwa]]. Kwa upande mwingine, katika maeneo mengine, ongezeko la mvua litasababisha kukuwa kwa misitu katika maeneo kavu yenye majangwa. Wanasayansi wamepata ushahidi kuwa ongezeko la uvukizi kunaweza kusababisha [[hali ya hewa]] kali zaidi kadiri ongezeko la joto Duniani linapoendelea. Ripoti ya kila mwaka ya tatu ya IPCC inasema: "...wingi wa wastani Duniani wa mvuke na usimbishaji unakadiriwa kuongezeka katika karne ya 21. Kufikia nusu ya pili ya karne ya 21, kuna uwezekano kuwa usimbishaji utakuwa umeongezeka katika maeneo ya kilatitudo ya kati na ya juu ya kaskazini na [[Antaktika]] katika majira ya baridi. Katika latitiudi za chini ikuna kupunguka na kuongezeka katika maeneo juu ya ardhi. Tofauti kubwa zaidi za mwaka mmoja hadi mwingine za usimbishaji ina uwezekano wa kufanyika katika maeneo mengi ambapo ongezeko la usimbishaji wa wastani umetabiriwa."<ref name="ar4wg1a" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |publisher= [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] |editor= Houghton, J.T.,Y. Ding, D.J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P.J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K.Maskell, and C.A. Johnson |title= Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Precipitation and Convection. |author= U. Cubasch, G.A. Meehl, et al. |url= http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/364.htm |accessdate= 2007-12-03 |accessyear= |year= 2001 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071209083441/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/364.htm |archivedate= 2007-12-09 }}</ref> ====Gharama itakayotokana na hali kali zaidi ya hewa==== Kwa mujibu wa maelezeo ya [[Shirika la Kimataifa la Somo la Hali ya Hewa]], “Ongezeko la hivi karibuni la athari ya kijamii kutokana na saikloni za kitropiki imesababishwa hasa na ongezeko la ukolezi wa idadi ya watu na miundombinu katika maeneo ya pwani.”<ref name="WMO-IWTC" /> Pielke ''pamoja na watafiti wengine.'' (2008) alilinganisha uharibifu wa harikeni za Marekani wa kati ya miaka 1900–2005 na viwango vywa mwaka wa 2005 na alipata kuwa hakukuwa na mwenendo uliobaki wa uharibifu uliobaki. Miaka ya 1970 na 1980 ilijulikana hasa kwa sababu idadi yao ndogo ya uharibifu ikilinganishwa na miongo ya awali. [[Muongo]] wa 1996–2005 una idadi ya pili ya uharibifu ikilinganishwa na miongo 11 ya awali, huku muongo wa miaka ya 1926–1935 pekee ukiipita kwa kigharama. Dhoruba iliyosababisha uharibifu mwingi zaidi ni [[harikeni ya Miami ya mnamo mwaka wa 1926]], ikiwa na uharibifu takriban dola bilioni 157 bilioni.<ref name="Pielke2008" /> ''Jarida la Bima'' la Marekani lilitabiri kuwa “hasara zinazotokna na majanga zinafaa kutarajiwa kuongezeka maradufu kila miaka 10 kwa sababu ya ongezeko la gharama ya ujenzi, ongezeko la idadi ya mijengo, na mabadiliko ya tabia zao.”<ref>Insurance Journal: [http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2006/04/18/67389.htm Sound Risk Management, Strong Investment Results Prove Positive for P/C Industry], 18 Aprili 2006.</ref> Chama cha Watoaji Bima cha Uingereza (ABI) limetaja kuwa kupunguza uzalisaji wa kabini kunaweza kupungua 80% ya gharama za nyongeza za kila mwaka zinazotokana na saikloni za kitropiki kufikia miaka ya 2080. Gharama pia inapanda kwa sababu ya kujenga katika maeneo wazi kama vile pwani na maeneo tambarare yaliyofurika. ABI inadai kuwa kupunguza kwa udhaifu dhidi ya baadhi ya madhara ya mabadiliko ya hali ya anga, kwa mfano kupitia mijengo dhabiti zaidi na ulinzi dhidi ya mafuriko ulioboreshwa zaidi, pia kunaweza sababisha kupunguza matumizi ya pesa baada ya muda mrefu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.abi.org.uk/Display/File/Child/552/Financial_Risks_of_Climate_Change.pdf |title=Financial risks of climate change |publisher=Association of British Insurers |month=Juni |year=2005 |format=PDF |accessdate=2010-01-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051028161015/http://www.abi.org.uk/Display/File/Child/552/Financial_Risks_of_Climate_Change.pdf |archivedate=2005-10-28 }}</ref> ====Mabadiliko ya hali ya anga katika maeneo madogo==== [[Image:Catarina 2004-03-27 1630Z (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Harikeni ya kwanza iliyorekodiwa katika eneo la Kusini la Kiatlanitiki, [[Saikiloni Catarina|"Catarina"]], iliyoathiri Brazil mnamo Machi mwaka wa 2004]] Katika Ulimwengu wa kaskazini, eneo la kaskazini la kana ya [[Aktiki]] ambayo ni nyumbani kwa watu 4,000,000 imekuwa na ongezeko la joto la kati ya 1°C na 3°C (1.8°F na 5.4°F) katika kipindi cha miaka 50 iliyopita. Kanada, [[Alaska]] na Urusi hivi sasa zinapitia hatua ya uyeyukaji wa [[mchanga ambao ni kama barafu]]. Hili linaweza kuharibu mifumo ya kiikolojia na kwa kuongeza shghuli za bacteria katika udongo zinaweza kusababisha maeneo haya kuwa vyanzo vya kaboni badala ya [[vitumiaji vya kaboni]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/essay_romanovsky.html |title=How rapidly is permafrost changing and what are the impacts of these changes? |author=Vladimir Romanovsky |publisher= NOAA|accessdate=2007-12-06}}</ref> Utafiti (ulichapishwa katika jarida la ''Sayansi'') kuhusu mabadiliko katika udongo uliofanywa kuwa kama barafu wa eneo la magharibi la [[Siberia]] unaonyesha kwamba inazidi kupungua katika maeneo ya kusini, hivyo kupelekea kwa hasara ya kupotea kwa kariibu 11% ya takriban mito 11,000 ya Siberia tangu mwaka wa 1971.<ref>{{Rejea habari |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,1503170,00.html |title=Shrinking lakes of Siberia blamed on global warming|author=Nick Paton Walsh |publisher=The Guardian |date=2005-06-10}}</ref> Wakati uo huo, Siberia ya magharibi ipo katika hatua ya kwanza ambapo udongo ulikuwa kama barafu unaunda maziwa mapya, ambayo mwishow yanaanza kupotea kama katika eneo la mashariki. Isitoshe, kuyeyuka kwa udongo ambao umekuwa kama barafu mwishowe kutasababisha kutolewa kwa gesi ya metheni kutoka kwa maeneo majimaji yaliyofanywa kuwa kama mawe na barafu. Kabla ya mwezi Machi mwaka wa 2004, hakuna [[saikloni ya kitropiki]] ambayo ilikuwa imewahi kuonekana katika bahari ya Kusini ya Atlantiki. [[Saikloni Catarina|Saikloni ya Atlantiki]] ya kwanza kutokea kusini mwa [[ikweta]] iliathiri [[Brazil]] mnamo tarehe 28 Machi, mwaka wa 2004 ikiwa na upepo wa kasi la 40&nbsp;m/s (Kilomita 144 kwa kila saa), ingawa baadhi ya wasomi wa Kibrazili wa hali ya anga wanakana kuwa ilikuwa harikeni.<ref>{{Rejea habari |url=http://www.usatoday.com/weather/news/2004-03-28-brazil-storm_x.htm |title=First South Atlantic hurricane hits Brazil |publisher= [[USA Today]] |date= 2004-03-28}}</ref> Mifumo ya ufuatiliaji ingeongezwa hadi kilomita 1,600(maili 1,000) zaidi kulekea upande wa kusini. Hakuna makubaliano kuhusu ikiwa harikeni hii inahusishwa na mabadiliko ya hali ya anga,<ref name="Henson2005">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ucar.edu/communications/quarterly/summer05/catarina.html |title=What was Catarina? |accessdate=2008-06-22 |last=Henson |first=Bob |coauthors= |year=2005 |work=UCAR Quarterly |publisher= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603153603/http://www.ucar.edu/communications/quarterly/summer05/catarina.html |archivedate=2016-06-03 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Pezza |first=Alexandre B. |coauthors=Simmonds, Ian |date=2006-04-28 |title=Catarina: The first South Atlantic hurricane and its association with vertical wind shear and high latitude blocking |journal=Proceedings of 8th International Conference on Southern Hemisphere Meteorology and Oceanography |pages=353–364 |isbn=85-17-00023-4 |accessdate= |ISBN-status=May be invalid - please double check}}</ref> lakini muundo mmoja wa hali ya anga unaonyesha kuongezeka kwa kuanza kwa saikloni za kitropiki katika eneo la Kusini la Atlantiki kwa sababu ya ongezeko la joto Duniani kufikia mwisho wa karne ya 21.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www2.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/tropicalcyclone/catarina.html|title=South Atlantic Hurricane breaks all the rules|publisher=U. K. [[Met Office]]|accessdate=2007-12-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929091040/http://www2.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/tropicalcyclone/catarina.html|archivedate=2007-09-29}}</ref> ===Kupungua na kukoma kwa theluji=== [[Image:Glacier Mass Balance Map.png|250px|left|thumb|Mapu ya mabadiliko ya upana wa theluji milimani tangu mwaka wa 1970. Kupungua kwa upana kumeonyeshwa katika rangi ya machungwa na rangi nyekundu, kuongezeka kumeonyeshwa kwa rangi ya bluu.]] Katika nyakati za kihistoria, theluji ilikuwa katika wakati wenye kipindi cha baridi kati ya mwaka wa 1550 na mwaka wa 1850, kipindi kinachojulikana kama [[Enzi ndogo ya Barafu]]. Baada ya hapo, hadi mwaka wa 1940, theluji Duniani kote ilizidi kurudi nyuma kadiri hali ya anga ilipozidi kuwa moto. [[Kurudi nyuma kwa theluji tangu mwaka wa 1850|Kurudi nyuma kwa theluji]] kulipungua na mara nyingi kufanya kinyume na kuanza kusonga mbele kati ya mwaka wa 1950 na mwaka wa 1980 Dunia ilipopoa kidogo. Tangu mwaka wa 1980, kurudi nyuma kwa theluji kumezidi na sasa kumeonekana katika kila pemebe Duniani, huku kukitishia kuwepu kwa theluji kokote Duniani. Utaratibu huu umefanyika kwa kasi zaidi tangu mwaka wa 1995.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | author=World Glacier Monitoring Service | title=Home page | work= | url=http://www.geo.unizh.ch/wgms/fog.html | accessdate=20 Desemba 2005 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051218105620/http://www.geo.unizh.ch/wgms/fog.html | archivedate=2005-12-18 }}</ref> Bila kuhesabu [[kofia za barafu]] na [[mabati ya barafu]] ya Aktiki na Antaktiki, eneo la jumla la [[theluji]] Duniani kote imepungua kutoka 50% tangu mwisho wa karne ya 19.<ref name="munichre">{{Rejea tovuti | url=http://www.munichre.com/en/ts/geo_risks/climate_change_and_insurance/retreat_of_the_glaciers/default.aspx | title=Retreat of the glaciers | publisher=Munich Re Group | accessdate=2007-12-12 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117092159/http://www.munichre.com/en/ts/geo_risks/climate_change_and_insurance/retreat_of_the_glaciers/default.aspx | archivedate=2008-01-17 }}</ref> Kwa sasa viwango vya kupungua kwa theluji na urari wa hasara ya kiwango umekuwa ukiongezeka katika maeneo ya [[Andes]], [[Alps]], [[Pyrenees]], [[Himalayas]], [[Milima ya Rocky]] na [[Cascades za Kasakazini]]. Kupotea kwa theluji hausababishi tu kuanguka kwa ardhi, mafuriki ya haraka na kufurika kwa [[maziwa ya theluji]],<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.rrcap.unep.org/issues/glof/ |title=Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Monitoring and Early Warning System |publisher=[[United Nations Environment Programme]] |accessdate=2007-12-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060717213108/http://www.rrcap.unep.org/issues/glof/ |archivedate=2006-07-17 }}</ref> lakini pia kunasababisha mabadiliko ya mitiririko ya maji katika mito. Maji kutokana na theluji yanapungua katika msimu wa jua wakati ambapo ukubwa wa theluji unapungua, upungufu huu tayari unaonekana katika maeneo mengi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.nichols.edu/departments/glacier/glacier.htm |title=Recent retreat of North Cascade Glaciers and changes in North Cascade Streamflow |publisher=North Cascade Glacier Climate Project |author=Mauri S. Pelto |accessdate=2007-12-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060307121854/http://www.nichols.edu/departments/glacier/glacier.htm |archivedate=2006-03-07 }}</ref> Theluji inabaki na maji milimani katika miaka yenye usimbishaji, kwa sababu barafu inayofunika theluji inafanya jiwe la barafu lisiyeyuke. Katika miaka kavu na yenye joto jingi, theluji inabadilisha idadi ndogo zaidi za usimbishaji kwa kutoa maji mengi zaidi yaliyoyeyushwa.<ref name="munichre" /> Kuyeyuka kwa theluji ya maeneo ya [[Hindu Kush]] na [[Himalaya]] ambayo ni chanzo cha maji cha mito mikuu ya [[Asia ya Kati|Kati]], [[Asia ya Kusini|Kusini]], [[Asia ya Mashariki|Mashariki]] na [[Asia ya Kusini Mashariki]] wakati wa ukame. Kuongezeka kwa uyeyushaji kungesababisha mitiririko mingi zaidi kwa kipindi cha miongo mingi zaidi, ambapo "baadhi ya maeneo yenye watu wengi zaidi Duniani yataishiwa na maji'" kadiri theluji ambayo ni vyanzo vya mito inayeyushwa.<ref>{{Rejea jarida | journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | last=Barnett | first=T. P. | coauthors=J. C. Adam, D. P. Lettenmaier | title= Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions | url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7066/full/nature04141.html | date=17 Novemba 2005 | volume=438 | pages=303–309 | accessdate=2008-02-18 | doi= 10.1038/nature04141 }}</ref> [[Muinuko wa Kitibeti]] una hifadhi ya ukubwa wa tatu zaidi Duniani. Vipimo vya joto pale vinaongezeka mara nne haraka kuliko katika eneo lingine nchini Uchina, na kurudi nyuma kwa theluji unafanyika kwa kasi ikilinganishwa na mahali pengine Duniani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g1eE4Xw3njaW1MKpJRYOch4hOdLQ |title=Global warming benefits to Tibet: Chinese official. Reported 18/Aug/2009. |accessdate=2010-01-15 |archivedate=2010-01-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123192540/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g1eE4Xw3njaW1MKpJRYOch4hOdLQ }}</ref> Kulingana na ripoti ya Reuters, theluji za [[Himalayas|Himalaya]] ambazo ndizo vyanzo vya mito mikubwa zaidi Barani Asia, mito [[Ganges]], [[Indus]], [[Brahmaputra]], [[Yangtze]], [[Mekong]], [[Salween]] na [[Manjano]] – inaweza kupungua kadiri vipimo vya joto vinavyoongezeka.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | author= | title=Vanishing Himalayan Glaciers Threaten a Billion | publisher=[[Reuters]] | url=http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/42387/story.htm | date=2007-06-05 | accessdate=21 Desemba 2007 }}</ref> Takriban watu bilioni 2.4 wanaishi katika [[bonde la mifereji]] wa mito ya Himalaya<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.peopleandplanet.net/pdoc.php?id=3024 |title=Big melt threatens millions, says UN |publisher=People and the Planet |date=2007-06-24 |accessdate=2007-12-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819200515/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/pdoc.php?id=3024 |archivedate=2007-08-19 }}</ref> Uhindi, Uchina, [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]] na [[Myanmar]] huenda zikawa na mafuriko yakifuatiwa na [[ukame]] katika miongo ijayo. Nchini Uhindi pekee, mto wa Ganges unatoa maji ya kunywa na kilimo kwa zaidi ya watu milioni 500 million.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | author= | title=Ganges, Indus may not survive: climatologists | publisher=Rediff India Abroad | url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/24indus.htm | date=2007-07-25 | accessdate=21 Desemba 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti | author=China Daily | title=Glaciers melting at alarming speed | publisher=People's Daily Online | url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90781/90879/6222327.html | date=2007-07-24 | accessdate=21 Desemba 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti | author=Navin Singh Khadka | title=Himalaya glaciers melt unnoticed | publisher=[[BBC]] | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3998967.stm | date=2004-11-10 | accessdate=21 Desemba 2007 }}</ref> Imekubalika, hata hivyo, kuwa ongezeko la maji kutoka theluji za Himalaya kila msimu ulisababisha ongezeko la uzalishaji wa kilimo katika eneo la Uhindi ya kasakazini katika kipindi chote cha karne ya 20.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Rühland |first=Kathleen |authorlink= |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=2006 |month= |title=Accelerated melting of Himalayan snow and ice triggers pronounced changes in a valley peatland from northern India |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=33 |issue= |pages=L15709 |doi=10.1029/2006GL026704 |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref> Kurudi nyuma kwa theluji ya milima, hasa katika eneo la magharibi kaskazini la Marekani, Ardhi ya Franz-Josef Land, Asia, the Alps, the Pyrenees, Indonesia na Afrika, na maeneo ya kitropiki na yanayokaribia kuwa ya kitropiki katika Bara la Marekani Kusini, imetumika kama ushahidi wa ongezeko la joto Duniani tangu mwisho wa karne ya 19. Theluji nyingi zinapotea kwa sababu ya kuyeyuka na hivyo kusababisha wasiwasi zaidi kuhsu rasilimali za maji katika maeneo haya yenye theluji katika siku zijazo. Katika eneo la Magharibi la Marekani ya Kaskazini theluji katika laini ya 47 zimeonekana kurudi nyuma.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.nichols.edu/departments/glacier/glacier.htm |title=North Cascade Glacier Climate Project |publisher=North Cascade Glacier Climate Project |author=Mauri S. Pelto |accessdate=2007-12-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060307121854/http://www.nichols.edu/departments/glacier/glacier.htm |archivedate=2006-03-07 }}</ref> [[Image:Retreat of the Helheim Glacier, Greenland.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Kurudi nyuma kwa theluji la Helheim, nchini Greenland]] Ijapokuwa ya kuwa karibu na umuhimu wao kwa [[idadi ya watu Duniani|Idadi ya watu]], theluji za milima na mabonde za latititudi zenye joto jingi zinchangia kiwango kidogo cha barafu ya theluji Duniani. Takriban 99% inapatikana katika mabati makuu ya barafu ya maeneo ya Kipola na chini ya kipola ya Antaktika na Greenland. Mabati haya yanayoendelea mfululizo huwa katika eneo la kilomita 3 (maili 1.9) au zaidi kwa upana, hufunika maeneo ya kipola na chini ya kipola ya ardhi. Kama mito inayotoka katika mito mikubwa, theluji nyingi za kutoka hubeba barafu kutoka sehemu za mwisho za bati la barafu hadi baharini. Kusonga nyuma kwa theluji kumeonekana katika theluji hizi za kutoka, hivyo kusababisha ongezeko la kiwango cha barafu inayotoka katika theluji. Katika [[Greenland]] wakati tangu mwaka wa 2000 umefanya kurudi nyuma kwa theluji nyingi kubwa amabazo hapo awali hazikuwa hazisongi. Theluji tatu zimefanyiwa utafiti: Helheim, [[Jakobshavn Isbræ]] na Kangerdlugssuaq, ambazo zinaondoa maji katika 16% ya [[Bati la Barafu la Greenland]]. Picha za setelaiti na picha zilizochukuliwa kutoka juu angani kutoka miaka ya 1950 na 1970 zinaonyesha kuwa sehemu ya mbele ya theluji ilikuwa imebaki katika eneo moja kwa miongo mingi.Katika miaka ya 2001 ilikuwa imeanza kurudi nyuma kwa haraka sana, kiwango cha kilomita 7.2 (maili 4.5) kati ya mwaka wa 2001 na mwaka wa 2005. Pia imeongeza kasi yake ya kurudi nyuma kutoka mita 20(futi 66) kwa siku hadi mita 32(futi 100) kwa siku.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://currents.ucsc.edu/05-06/11-14/glacier.asp |title=Rapidly accelerating glaciers may increase how fast the sea level rises|author=Emily Saarman|publisher=UC Santa Cruz Currents |date= 2005-11-14 |accessdate=2007-12-28}}</ref> Jakobshavn Isbræ katika eneo la Greenland magharibi ilikuwa ikisonga katika kasi ya zaidi ya mita 24(futi 79 kila siku) tangu mwaka wa 1950 bila kuvunjika. Ulimi wa theluji ulianza kuvunjika mnamo mwaka wa 2000, na kusababisha kuvunjika kabisa kwa mnamo mwaka wa 2003, ingawa kiwango cha kurudi nyuma kiliongezeka maradufu mnamo hadi mita 30 (futi 98) kila siku.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/lookingatearth/jakobshavn.html |title=Fastest Glacier in Greenland Doubles Speed |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=2004-12-01 |author=Krishna Ramanujan |accessdate=2007-12-28 |archivedate=2006-06-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619191601/http://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/lookingatearth/jakobshavn.html }}</ref> ===Bahari === Jukumu la bahari katika ongezeko la joto Duniani ni la utata. Bahari hutumika kama eneo ambapo kaboni monoksaidi huingia, na kuchukua nyingi ambayo ingebaki katika anga, lakini ongezeko la CO<sub>2</sub> limesababisha [[aside kuongezeka baharini]]. Aidha, kadiri kiwango cha joto cha bahari kinavyongezeka, zinashindwa kuchukua ndani CO<sub>2</sub> nyingi. Ongezeko la joto Duniani inatabiriwa kuwa na athari nyingi kwa bahari. Baadhi ya athari zinazoendelea ni ongezeko la eneo la bahari lenye maji kwa sababu ya upanuzi unaosababishwa na joto na kuyeyuka kwa theluji na mabati ya barafu, na kuongezeka kwa joto katika uso wa bahari, hivyo kusababisha ongezeko la tofauti za vipimo vya joto. Athari zingine zinazowezekana ni kubadilika kwa mzunguko wa bahari katika eneo kubwa. ====Kupanda kwa usawa wa bahari==== {{Main|Kupanda kwa usawa wa bahari}} Huku kipimo cha joto cha wastani kikipanda, kiasi cha [[maji]] katika bahari kinapanuka, na maji zaidi yanaingia ambapo hapo awali yalikuwa yamefungiwa katika thluji za ardhi, kwa mfano, [[Mabati ya barafu ya Greenland|Greenland]] na [[mabati ya barafu ya Antaktiki]]. Kwa theluji nyingi Ulimwenguni kote, kupoteza kiasi cha 60% hadi mwaka wa 2050 umetabiriwa.<ref name="Schneeberger2993">{{Rejea jarida |last=Schneeberger |first=Christian |authorlink= |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=2003 |month= |title=Modelling changes in the mass balance of glaciers of the northern hemisphere for a transient 2×CO<sub>2</sub> scenario |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=282 |issue=1&ndash;4 |pages=145&ndash;163 |doi=10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00260-9 |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref> Wakato uo huo, makadirio ya jumla kiwango cha kuyeyuka kwa barafu katika eneo la Greenland ni {{|239|+/-|23|Kilomita za kikiubi}} kila mwaka, hasa katika Greenland ya Mashariki.<ref name="Chen2006">{{Rejea jarida |last=Chen |first=J. L. |authorlink= |coauthors=Wilson, C. R.; Tapley, B. D. |year=2006 |month= |title=Satellite Gravity Measurements Confirm Accelerated Melting of Greenland Ice Sheet |journal=Science |volume=313 |issue=5795 |pages=1958&ndash;1960 |doi=10.1126/science.1129007 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2006-09-29_313_5795/page/1958|accessdate= |quote= |pmid=16902089 }}</ref> Bati la barafu la eneo la Antaktiki, hata hivyo, linatarajiwa kuwa kati karne ya 21 kwa sababu ya ongezeko la usimbishaji.<ref name="ar4wg1ch5" /> Chini ya Ripoti Maalum ya IPCC kuhusu Matukio ya Uzalishaji (SRES) A1B, kufikia miaka ya kati ya 2090 eneo lenye maji baharini kitafikia kati ya mita 0.22 na 0.44 (incha 8.7 hadi 17) juu ya viwango vya mwaka 1990, na hivi sasa vinaongezeka kwa kiwango cha milimita 4 (incha 0.16) kila mwaka.<ref name="ar4wg1ch5">{{Rejea tovuti |publisher= Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. |author= Bindoff, N.L., J. Willebrand, V. Artale, A, Cazenave, J. Gregory, S. Gulev, K. Hanawa, C. Le Quéré, S. Levitus, Y. Nojiri, C.K. Shum, L.D. Talley and A. Unnikrishnan |editor= Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller |title= Observations: Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |url= http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter5.pdf |format= PDF |accessdate= 2007-12-29 |accessyear= |year= 2007 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20170513164252/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter5.pdf |archivedate= 2017-05-13 }}</ref> Tangu mwaka wa 1900, ongezeko la kiwango cha maji baharini kimepanda kwa kiwango cha wastani cha milimita 1.7 (Incha 0.067) kila mwaka;<ref name="ar4wg1ch5" /> tangu mwaka wa 1993, picha za anga za [[setalaiti]] za [[TOPEX/Poseidon]] zinaonyesha kiwango cha karibu milimita 3(incha 0.03) kila mwaka.<ref name="ar4wg1ch5" /> Kiwango chenye maji baharini kimepanda zaidi ya mita 120 (futi 390) tangu [[kiwango cha juu zaidi cha mwisho cha Kitheluji]] takriban miaka 20,000 iliyopita. Kiasi kikubwa cha hayo kilifanuika kabla ya miaka 7000 iliyopita.<ref name="Fleming1998">{{Rejea jarida |last=Fleming |first=Kevin |authorlink= |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=1998 |month= |title=Refining the [[eustatic]] [[sea-level curve]] since the Last Glacial Maximum using far- and intermediate-field sites |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=163 |issue=1&ndash;4 |pages=327&ndash;342 |doi=10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00198-8 |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref> Kiwango cha joto cha Dunia kilipungua baada ya [[Kiwango cha Juu zaidi cha Hali ya Anga cha Holocene]], kusababisha kupunguka kwa kiwango cha maji baharini cha mita 0.7+/0.1 au Incha 28+/3.9 kati ya miaka 4000 na 2500 kabla ya wakati wa leo.<ref name="Goodwin1998">{{Rejea jarida |last=Goodwin |first=Ian D. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1998 |month= |title=Did changes in Antarctic ice volume influence late Holocene sea-level lowering? |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=17 |issue=4&ndash;5 |pages=319&ndash;332 |doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(97)00051-6 |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref> Kutoka kipindi cha miaka 3000 iliyopita hadi mwanzo wa karne ya 19, kiwango cha maji baharini hakikubadilika, kikiwa kinaymbayumba kwa sehemu ndogo tu. Hata hivyo, [[Kipindi cha Kati chenye Joto]] huenda kilisababishamay kupanda kidogo kwa kiwango cha maji baharini; ushahidi umepatikana katika Bahari ya Pasifiki wa ongezeko wa pengine mita 0.9 (Futi 2 incha 11) juu ya viwango vya sasa katika 700 BP.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Nunn |first=Patrick D. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1998 |month= |title=Sea-Level Changes over the Past 1,000 Years in the Pacific |journal=Journal of Coastal Research |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=23&ndash;30 |doi=10.2112/0749-0208(1998)014[0023:SLCOTP]2.3.CO;2 |url= |accessdate= |quote= |doi_brokendate=2009-01-29 }}</ref> Katika jarida lililochapishwa mnamo mwaka wa 2007, mtafiti wa hali ya anga [[James Hansen]] '' pamoja na watafiti wengineo.'' Alidai kuwa barafu katika fito haiyeyuki katika njia ya kufuata utaratibu au kwa kuelekea upande mmoja maalum, lakini kwa mujibu wa rekodi ya kijiolojia, [[mabati ya barafu]] huweza kuwacha kuwa dhaifu ghafla wakati ambapo kiwango fulani maalum kinapitwa.Katika jarida hili Hansen ''pamoja na watafiti wengine.'' wanasema: <blockquote>Hofu yetu kuwa visa vya BAU GHG vinaweza kusababisha ongezeko kubwa la kiwango cha maji baharini katika karne hii (Hansen 2005) linatofautiana na makadirio ya IPCC (2001,2007) yanayotabiri mchango mdogo au mchango usiokuwepo wa kupanda kwa kiwango cha maji baharini katika karne ya ishirini na mbili katika Greenland na Antaktika. Hata hivyo, uchambuzi na makadirio ya IPCC yanatofautiana na makadirio ya (2001, 2007), ambayo yanatazamia kuwa na mabadiliko kidogo au hata kutokuwa na mabadiliko yoyote ya ongezeko la kiwango cha maji baharini katika karne ya ishirini na mbili kutoka eneo la Greenland na Antaktika. Hata hivyo, IPCC uchambuzi na makadiro ya IPCC hayaelezei vizuri kwa fizikia isoyofuata njia moja ya barafu majimaji ya kuvunjika kwa bati la barafu, vijito vya barafu na kabati za barafu ambazo husababisha mmomoyoko, na pia haziambatani na ushahidi wa anga wa palaeo ambao tumewasilisha kuhusu ukosefu wa tofauti kati ya kulazimisha kwa mabati ya barafu na kupanda kwa kiwamgo cha maji baharini.<ref>{{Rejea jarida | last = Hansen | first = James | coauthors = ''et al.'' | year = 2007 | url = http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2007/2007_Hansen_etal_2.pdf | title = Climate change and trace gases | journal = Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A | volume = 365 | pages = 1925–1954 | format = [[Portable Document Format|PDF]] | doi = 10.1098/rsta.2007.2052 | access-date = 2010-01-15 | archive-date = 2011-10-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111022020035/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2007/2007_Hansen_etal_2.pdf | dead-url = yes | = https://web.archive.org/web/20111022020035/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2007/2007_Hansen_etal_2.pdf }}</ref></blockquote> Kupanda kwa kiwango cha maji baharini kwa sababu ya kuanguka kwa bati lingesambazwa katika njia isiyo sawa duniani kote. Kupoteza kiwango cha barafu katika eneo linalozunguka mabati ya barafu yatapungua kutokana na mvuto katika eneo hilo, hivyo kupunguza kiwango cha kupanda kwa maji baharini au hata kusababisha kiwango cha maji baharini kushuka. Kupungua kwa kiwango katika eneo fulani kutasababisha pia wakati wa kutosonga wa Dunia, kadiri kusonga kwa maeneo ndani ya Dunia yatahitaji miaka eelfu 10-15 ili kuweza kurudisha kiwango kilichopotea. Mabadiliko haya ya wakati wa kutosonga wa Dunia, kunasababisha kusonga kwa kweli kwa ncha za Dunia, ambapo laini ya kuzunguka ya Dunia inabaki bila kusonga ikilinganishwa na jua, lakini mpira usiobadilika umbo wa Dunia unazunguka kwa kuufuata. Hili linabadilisha eno la kufura kwa ikweta Duniani na inaathiri zaidi geoid, au eneo la nguvu Duniani. Utafiti wa mwaka wa 2009 kuhusu madhara ya kuharibika kwa bati la barafu la Antaktiki ya Magharibi unaonyesha matokeo ya matokeo haya mawili. Badala ya kupanda kwa mita 5 Duniani, Antaktika ya magharibi itakuwa na kupungua kwa kiwango cha maji baharini kwa takriban sentimita 25, huku Marekani, sehemu za Kanada, na Bahari ya Uhindi ikiwa a ongezeko la mita 6.5 la kiwango cha maji baharini.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|doi=10.1126/science.1166510|title=The Sea-Level Fingerprint of West Antarctic Collapse|year=2009|last1=Mitrovica|first1=J. X.|first2=N.|first3=P. U.|journal=Science|volume=323|pages=753}}</ref> Jarida lililochapishwa mnamo mwaka wa 2008 na kikundi cha watafiti katika Chuo Kikuu cha Wisconsin wakiongozwa na Anders Carlson walitumia mfano wa kuyeyeka kwa theluji katika miaka 9000 kabla ya wakati wa sasa kama njia ya swa ya kutabiri kupanda kwa kiwango cha maji baharini kwa urefu wa mita 1.3 katika karne ijayo<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14634-sea-level-rises-could-far-exceed-ipcc-estimates.html|title=Sea level rises could far exceed IPCC estimates|accessdate=2009-01-24|publisher=New Scientist}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida|doi=10.1038/ngeo285|title=Rapid early Holocene deglaciation of the Laurentide ice sheet|year=2008|author=Carlson, Anders E.|journal=Nature Geoscience|volume=1|pages=620|first2=Allegra N.|first3=Delia W.|first4=Rosemarie E.|first5=Gavin A.|first6=Faron S.|first7=Joseph M.|first8=Elizabeth A.}}</ref>, ambayo ni ya juu zaidi kuliko makadirio ya IPCC. Hata hivyo, mifano ya mtiririko wa theluji katika mabati ya barafu ya siku za leo unaonyesha kuwa idadi ya uwezekano ya juu zaidi ya kiwango cha maji baharini katika karne ijayo ni sentimita 80, kwa kutegemea vikwazo kuhusu jinsi barafu inavyoweza kutiririka chini ya laini ya usawa ya urefu na kuelekea baharini.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|doi=10.1126/science.1159099|year=2008|month=Septemba|author=Pfeffer, Wt; Harper, Jt; O'Neel, S|title=Kinematic constraints on glacier contributions to 21st-century sea-level rise.|volume=321|issue=5894|pages=1340–3|issn=0036-8075|pmid=18772435|journal=Science (New York, N.Y.)}}</ref> ====Ongezeko la joto==== Kuanzia mwaka wa 1961 hadi mwaka wa 2003, vipimo vya joto vya bahari Duniani kote vimeongezeka kwa kiwango cha 0.10 °C kutoka eneo la juu la bahari hadi urefu wa mita 700 ndani ya bahari. Kuna tofauti kuanzia mwaka mmoja hadi mwingine na hata vipindi virefu zaidi vya wakati, huku joto la Duniani kote la bahari likipanda kati ya mwaka wa 1991 hadi mwaka wa, lakini kupoa kukirekodiwa kati ya mwaka wa 2003 hadi mwaka wa 2007.<ref name="ar4wg1ch5" /> Kipimo cha joto cha eneo la Bahari ya Antaktiki ya Kusini kilipanda kwa 0.17 °C (0.31 °F) kati ya miaka ya 1950 na 1980, karibu mara mbili zaidi ya Bahari za Dunia kijumla<ref>{{Rejea jarida | url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/295/5558/1275?ijkey=nFvdOLNYlMNZU&keytype=ref&siteid=sci |title=Warming of the Southern Ocean Since the 1950s |first=Sarah T. |last=Gille |journal= [[Science (journal)|Science]] |date=15 Februari 2002|volume=295|number=5558pages=1275–1277 |doi=10.1126/science.1065863 |pages=1275 |pmid=11847337 | issue=5558}}</ref>. Ikijumuisha madhara ya mifumo ya kiikolojia (k.m. kwa kuyeyusha barafu ya baharini, kuathiri algae ambayo humea katika sehemu ya chini), kuongezeka kwa joto kunapunguza uwezo wa bahari wa kuchukua ndani CO<sub>2</sub>. {{Citation needed|date=Juni 2008}} ====Ongezeko la asidi==== {{Main|Asidi baharini}} Kuongezeka kwa asidi baharini ni chanzo cha ukolezi wa kiwango cha [[Kaboni daioksaidi|CO<sub>2</sub>]] katika anga, na si matokeo ya moja kwa moja ya [[ongezeko la joto Duniani]]. Bahari huchukua ndani kiasi kikubwa cha CO<sub>2</sub> kinachotolewa na viumbe hai, kama gesi mmunyufu au katika mifupa ya wanyama wadogo wa majini ambao huanguka chini na kuwa chokaa au simiti. Bahari kwa sasa huchukua karibu tani moja ya CO<sub>2</sub> kwa kila mtu kila mwaka. Inatabiriwa kuwa bahari imechukuwa ndani karibu nusu ya CO<sub>2</sub> inayozalishwa na shughuli za kibinadamu tangu mwaka wa 1800 (petagramu 118 ± 19 za kaboni tangu mwaka wa 1800 hadi mwaka wa 1994).<ref name="Sabine2004">{{Rejea jarida |last=Sabine |first=Christopher L. |authorlink= |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=2004 |month= |title=The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> |journal=Science |volume=385 |issue=5682 |pages=367&ndash;371 |doi=10.1126/science.1097403 |url= |accessdate= |quote=|pmid=15256665 }}</ref> Majini, CO<sub>2</sub> huwa asidi ya kikaboni dhaifi, na ongezeko la gesi ya nyumba ya kijani tangu [[Mapinduzi ya Viwandani]] tayari imepunguza pH ya wastani ya (kipimo cha mahabara cha kiwango cha asidi) cha maji ya bahari kutoka kiwango cha 0.1 hadi kiwango cha 8.2. Kutolewa kwa gesi kunaotabiriwa kunaweza kupunguza kiwango cha pH zaidi kwa kipimo cha 0.5 kufikia mwaka wa 2100, kwa kiwango ambacho hakijatazamwa kwa millenia nyingi, kwa kina, kwa kiwango cha mabadiliko mara kubwa mara 100 zaidi kuliko katika wakati wowote katika kipindi hiki.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4633681.stm |title=Emission cuts 'vital' for oceans|date=2005-06-30 |publisher=[[BBC]] |accessdate=2007-12-29}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://royalsociety.org/document.asp?tip=0&id=3249|title=Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide|publisher=[[Royal Society]]|date=2005-06-30|accessdate=2008-06-22}}</ref> Kuna wasiwasi kuwa ongezeko la asidi kunaweza kuwa na madhara mabaya hasa kwa marijani<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/globalization-climate_change_debate/2558.jsp |title=Global warming and coral reefs |auithor=Thomas J Goreau |publisher=Open Democracy |date=2005-05-30 |accessdate=2007-12-29 |archivedate=2006-02-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221053516/http://www.opendemocracy.net/globalization-climate_change_debate/2558.jsp }}</ref> (16% ya marijani ya Dunia wamekufa kutokana na kuchomwa na kemikali inayosababishwa na maji moto tangu mwaka wa,<ref name="Walther2002">{{Rejea jarida |last=Walther |first=Gian-Reto |authorlink= |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=2002 |month= |title=Ecological responses to recent climate change |journal=Nature |volume=416 |issue=6879 |pages=389&ndash;395 |doi=10.1038/416389a |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref> ambayo kibahati ulikuwa mwaka mwenye joto zaidi kuwahi kurekodiwa ) na viumbe wengine wa kimarina wenye mifupa ya kalsiamu kabonati.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2006/07/05/acidocean_pla.html |title=Rising Ocean Acidity Threatens Reefs | author=Larry O'Hanlon |publisher=Discovery News |date=2006-07-05 |accessdate=2007-12-29}}</ref> Mnamo tarehe Novemba mwaka wa 2009 katika makala katika jarida la ''Science'' yaliyoandikwa na wanasayansi katika Idara ya Uvuvi na Bahari katika eneo la Kanada yaliripoti kuwa yalikuwa yamepata viwango vidogo sana vya vitalu vya ujenzi vya kalsiamu kloraidi inayojenga mifupa ya planktoni katika Ziwa la Beaufort.<ref name=Canwest2009-11-20>{{Rejea habari | url=http://www.canada.com/technology/Climate+change+causing+corrosive+water+affect+Arctic+marine+life+study/2242554/story.html | title=Climate change causing 'corrosive' water to affect Arctic marine life: study | publisher=[[Canadawest]] | date=2009-11-19 | author=Margaret Munro | archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Ftechnology%2FClimate%2Bchange%2Bcausing%2Bcorrosive%2Bwater%2Baffect%2BArctic%2Bmarine%2Blife%2Bstudy%2F2242554%2Fstory.html&date=2009-11-21 | archivedate=2009-11-21 | accessdate=2010-01-15 }}</ref> Fiona McLaughlin, mmoja wa waandishi wa DFO, alidokeza kuwa ongezeko la asidi katika Bahari ya Aktiki lilikuwa karibu kufikia kiwango ambapo kingeanza kumumunyisha nyuta za planktoni zilizopo: ''"mfumo wa kiikolojia wa eneo la Aktiki upo hatarini. Kwa kweli, utamumunyisha mifupa ya wanyama hao."'' Kwa sababu baridi inachukua ndani CO<sub>2</sub> kwa urahisi zaidi kuliko maji yenye joto zaidi asidi ni nyingi zaidi katika maeneo ya ncha za ulimwengu. McLaughlin alitabiri ongezeko la asidi litasafiri hadi eneo la Atlantiki ya Kaskazini katika kipindi cha miaka kumi ijayo. ====Kukoma kwa mzunguko wa kijoto==== Kuna taarifa ambazo hazijahakikishwa kuwa ongezeko la joto huenda likasababisha kupoa katika eneo la Atlantiki ya magharibi na kusababisha kupoa ao ongezeko ndogo la joto, kupitia kuzima au kulegea kwa mzunguko wa thermohaline, katika eneo hilo,<ref name="Lenton2008"/> hasa [[Skandinavia]] na [[Britania]]. Uwezekano wa kuharibika karibu na mwisho wa mzunguko si wazi; kuna ushahidi mchache wa utulivu wa muda mfupi wa Hewa Kasi ya Ghuba na uwezekano wa kupungua kwa nguvu za upepo wa Atlantiki ya kaskazini.{{Citation needed|date=Januari 2009}} Hata hivyo, kiasi cha kupungua kwa nguvu, na ikiwa kitatosha kukomesha mzunguko, bado linajadiliwa. Kwa sasa, hakuna kupoa ambao kumepatikana katika eneo la Ulaya ya kaskazini au bahari jirani.{{Citation needed|date=Januari 2009}} Lenton et al. found that "simulations clearly pass a THC tipping point this century".<ref name="Lenton2008">{{Cite doi|10.1073/pnas.0705414105}}</ref> ====Kumalizika kwa oksijeni==== Kiasi cha oksijeni baharini huenda kikapungua na kusababisha madhara ya maisha ya wanyama majini.<ref>{{Cite doi|10.1126/science.240.4855.996}}</ref><ref>{{Cite doi|10.1038/ngeo420}}</ref> ==Matokeo chanya== Baadhi ya madhara bayana ya ongezeko la joto Duniani ni ya matokeo ya kichanya, ambayo yanachangia moja kwa moja kwa ongezeko zaidi la joto Duniani. Ripoti ya Kitathmini ya Nne ya IPCC inadokeza kuwa "ongezeko la joto la Kianthropojeniki linaweza kusababisha matokeo ambayo ni ya haraka na ambayo hayawezi kubadilika, ikitegemea na kiwango na ukubwa wa mabadiliko ya hali ya anga." Hili ni kwa sababu ya kuwepo kwa matokeo haya ya kichanya. ====Metheni kutolewa kutoka maeneo majimaji baada ya myeyusho wa barafu==== Siberia ya magharibi ndiyo eneo kubwa zaidi Duniani lenye kaboni majimaji, eneo la kilomita mraba milioni moja la ardhi iliyojumuishwa na barafu iliyoundwa miaka 11,000 iliyopita baada ya kuisha kwa kipindi cha mwisho cha [[zama ya barafu]]. Kuyeyuka kwa ardhi na barafu yake huenda kukasababisha kutolewa kwa, baada ya miongo mingi, viwango vingi vya metheni. Zaidi ya [[tani]] milioni 70,000 za metheni, gesi ya nyumba ya jkijani kibichi ambayo yenye nguvu nyingi sana, huenda ikatolewa katika miongo michache ijayo, hivyo kutengeneza chanzoo zaidi cha gesi ya nyumba ya kijani kibichi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18725124.500 |title=Climate warning as Siberia melts |author=Fred Pearce |publisher=New Scientist |date=2005-08-11 |accessdate=2007-12-30 |archivedate=2007-12-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213181045/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18725124.500 }}</ref> Kuyeyuka sawa kumeonekana katika eneo la mashariki la [[Siberia]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=56&ItemID=8482 |title=Warming Hits 'Tipping Point' |author=Ian Sample |publisher=Guardian |date=2005-08-11 |accessdate=2007-12-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051106124008/http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=56&ItemID=8482 |archivedate=2005-11-06 }}</ref>. Lawrence na wengineo. (2008) alipendekeza kuwa kuyeyuka kwa wingi kwa barafu ya Aktiki huenda kukaanzisha mchakato wa ujumbe unaojirudiarudia ambao utayeyusha udongo wa Aktiki, hivyo kusababisha kuongezeka kwa joto zaidi.<ref>{{Cite pressrelease | year=2008 | day=10 | month=Juni | title=Permafrost Threatened by Rapid Retreat of Arctic Sea Ice, NCAR Study Finds | url=http://www.ucar.edu/news/releases/2008/permafrost.jsp | publisher=[[University Corporation for Atmospheric Research|UCAR]] | accessdate=2009-05-25 | archivedate=2010-01-18 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118170723/http://www.ucar.edu/news/releases/2008/permafrost.jsp | deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite doi|10.1029/2008GL033985}}</ref> ====Metheni inayotolewa kutoka haidreti==== Metheni klathreti, ambayo pia inajulikana kama metheni haidreti, ni aina ya [[maji]] ya [[barafu]] ambayo yana kiwangi kikubwa cha [[metheni]] ndani ya muundo wake. Kiasi kikubwa sana cha metheni klathreti kimepatikana chini ya madonge katika sakafu ya mabahari Duniani. Kutolewa ghafla kwa viwango vikubwa vya gesi asilia kutoka metheni klathreti katika matokeo ya nyumba ya kijani, imedadisiwa kama chanzo cha mabadiliko ya kale na ya siku za usoni ya hali ya anga. Kutolewa kwa metheni hii ambayo imeshikiliwa ndani ni matokeo makubwa ya ongezeko la vipimo vya joto; inadhaniwa kuwa jambo hili pekee linaweza kuongeza kipimo cha joto Dunaini kwa kiasi cha 5° zaidi, kwani metheni ni gesi yenye nguvu nyingi zaidi ya nyumba ya kijani kuliko kaboni monoksaidi. Nadharia pia inatabiri kuwa hili litaathiri oksijeni inayopatikana kwa sasa angani. Nadharia hii imependekezwa kuelezea kuangamia kukubwa zaidi Duniani unaojulikana kama tukio la kuangamia kwa wanyama kwa Permian–Triassic. Mnamo mwaka wa 2008, safari ya kiutafiti ya Umoja wa Marekani wa Jiofizikia ulipata kuwa viwango vya metheni zaidi ya mara 100 ya kawaida katika eneo la Aktiki la Siberia, linalotolewa na klathereti za metheni zinazotoka katika mashimo katika 'kifuniko' cha mawe cha mchanga ambao ni barafu, katika eneo linalozunguka Mto Lena na eneo kati ya Bahari ya Leptev na Bahari ya Mashariki ya Siberia.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/exclusive-the-methane-time-bomb-938932.html|title=Exclusive: The methane time bomb|last=Connor|first=Steve|date=23 Septemba 2008|publisher=[[The Independent]]|accessdate=2008-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/hundreds-of-methane-plumes-discovered-941456.html|title=Hundreds of methane 'plumes' discovered|last=Connor|first=Steve|date=25 Septemba 2008|publisher=[[The Independent]]|accessdate=2008-10-03}}</ref><ref>N. Shakhova, I. Semiletov, A. Salyuk, D. Kosmach, and N. Bel’cheva (2007), [http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU2007/01071/EGU2007-J-01071.pdf?PHPSESSID=e Methane release on the Arctic East Siberian shelf] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU2007/01071/EGU2007-J-01071.pdf?PHPSESSID=e |date=20190807230632 }}, ''Geophysical Research Abstracts'', '''9''', 01071</ref> ====Matokeo ya mzunguko wa kaboni==== Kumekuwa na utabiri, na ushahidi mchache, kuwa ongezeko la joto Duniani linaweza kusababisha kupotwa kwa kaboni kutoka kwa mifumo ya kiikolojia ardhini, hivyo kusababisha ongezeko la viwango vya CO<sub>2</sub> angani. Mifumo mingi ya anga inaonyesha kuwa ongezeko la joto katika karne ya 21 linaweza kufanywa kuwa la kasi zaidi kupitia mwitiko wa mzunguko wa kaboni ardhini kwa ongezeko la joto la aina hiyo.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v408/n6809/abs/408184a0.html |journal =[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |title=Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model |first=Peter M. |last=Cox |coauthors=Richard A. Betts, Chris D. Jones, Steven A. Spall and Ian J. Totterdell |volume=408 |number=6809 |date=9 Novemba 2000 |accessdate=2008-01-02 |format=abstract |doi=10.1038/35041539 |pages=184}}</ref> Mifano yote 11 models katika utafiti wa C4MIP ulipata kuwa kiasi kikubwa zaidi cha CO<sub>2</sub> ya kianthropojeniki itabaki hewani ikiwa mabadiliko ya hali ya anga yatatazamwa. Kufikia mwisho wa karne ya ishirini na kwanza, idadi hii zaidi ya CO<sub>2</sub> ilibadilika kati ya sehemu 20 kwa kila milioni na sehemu 200 kwa kila milioni kwa mifano mbili, mifano mingi hupatikana kati ya sehemu 50 na sehemu 100 kwa kila milioni. Viwango vingi zaidi vya CO<sub>2</sub> vilisababisha ongezeko zaidi la mabadiliko ya hali ya anga ya kati 0.1° na 1.5 °C. Hata hivyo, bado kulikuwa na wasiwasi mkubwa kuhusu ukubwa wa utambuzi wa mifano hii. Mifano nane ilionyesha kuwa mabadiliko mengi yalitokana na ardhi, huku tatu ikisema kuwa mabadiliko hayo yalitokana na bahari. Mambo yenye kutoka habari nyingi katika mifamo hii ni kwa sababu ya ongezeko la la hewa ambayo ina kaboni kutoka ardhini katika misitu yote ya latitiudi za juu za Ulimwengu wa Magharibi. Mfano mmoja hasa unaoitwa HadCM3 unaonyesha kuwa ujmbe wa pili wa mzunguko wa kaboni kwa sababu ya kupotea kwa kiasi kingi cha msitu wa mvua wa Amazon ukijibu kupungua kukubwa kwa usibishaji katika eneo la kitropiki la Marekani ya Kusini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/research/story/0,,965721,00.html |title=5.5C temperature rise in next century| publisher=The Guardian |date=2003-05-29|accessdate=2008-01-02}}</ref> Ingawa mifano haikubaliani kuhusu nguvu ya ujumbe kutokana na mzunguko wa kaboni ardhini, kila moja inaonyesha kuwa ujumbe wowote wa aina hiyo kutaongeza kasi ya ongezeko la joto Duniani Uchunguzi unaonyesha kwamba mchanga nchini Uingereza umekuwa ukipoteza Kaboni kwa kiwango cha tani milioni 4 kkila mwaka kwa kipindi cha miaka 25 iliyopita<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/life/science/story/0,12996,1565050,00.html |title= Loss of soil carbon 'will speed global warming' |author=Tim Radford |publisher=The Guardian |date=2005-09-08 |accessdate=2008-01-02}}</ref> kulingana na jarida katika andiko liitwalo Maumbile lililoandikwa na Bellamy na wengineo. Mnamo Septemba mwaka wa 2005, wanadokeza kuwa matokeo haya huenda hayawezi kuelezewa kupitia mabadiliko katika utimizi wa ardhi. Mabadiliko kama haya yanategemea mtandao mkubwa wa utafiti na kwa hivyo hayawezi kupatikana katika eneo kubwa Duniani. Kutumia matokeo haya hadi eneo la Uingereza, wanakadiria kuwa hasara ya kila mwaka ni tani milioni 13 kila mwaka. Hiki ni kiasi sawa na kiasi cha gesi ya kaboni daioksaidi kilichopunguzwa na Uingereza chini ya Mkataba wa Kyoto(tani milioni 12.7 za kaboni kila mwaka).<ref>{{Rejea jarida |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |title= Environmental science: Carbon unlocked from soils |first=E. Detlef |last= Schulze |coauthors= Annette Freibauer |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v437/n7056/full/437205a.html |volume=437|number=7056 |pages=205–206 |date=8 Septemba 2005 |accessdate=2008-01-02 |doi= 10.1038/437205a}}</ref> Pia imependekezwa na mwanasayansi Chris Freeman kuwa kuondolewa kwa kaboni kutoka maeneo ya majimaji kuingia hadi maeneo ya kupitishia maji (ambapo yatapata kuingia angani) ni mojawapo ya ujumbe wa chanya wa ongezeko la joto Duniani. Kaboni ambayo kwa sasa imehifadhiwa katika maeneo majimaji ya Kaboni (gigatoni 390-455, theluthi moja ya hifadhi ya kaboni ardhini) ni zaidi ya nusu ya kiasi cha kaboni ambacho tayari kinapatikana angani.<ref name="Freeman2001">{{Rejea jarida |last=Freeman |first=Chris |authorlink= |coauthors=Ostle, Nick; Kang, Hojeong |year=2001 |month= |title=An enzymic 'latch' on a global carbon store |journal=Nature |volume=409 |issue=6817 |pages=149 |doi=10.1038/35051650 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2001-01-11_409_6817/page/148|accessdate= |quote= }}</ref> viwango vya kemikali ya DOC majini vinazidi kupanda; Freeman anapima kwamba, si idadi kubwa zaidi ya vipimo vya joto, bali idadi kubwa zaidi ya CO<sub>2</sub> ya angani ndivyo vinavyosababisha, kupitia kuwezesha uzalishaji wa kimsingi.<ref name="Freeman2004">{{Rejea jarida |last=Freeman |first=Chris |authorlink= |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=2004 |month= |title=Export of dissolved organic carbon from peatlands under elevated carbon dioxide levels |journal=Nature |volume=430 |issue=6996 |pages=195–198 |doi=10.1038/nature02707 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2004-07-08_430_6996/page/194|accessdate= |quote= |pmid=15241411 }}</ref><ref name="Connor2004">{{Rejea habari |first=Steve |last=Connor |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Peat bog gases 'accelerate global warming' |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/peat-bog-gases-accelerate-global-warming-552447.html |work=The Independent |publisher= |date=2004-07-08 |accessdate= |archivedate=2009-08-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829104707/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/peat-bog-gases-accelerate-global-warming-552447.html }}</ref> Vifo vya miti vinaaminika kuongezeka kama chanzo cha mabadiliko ya hali ya anga, jambo ambalo ni matokeo ya ujumbe wa kichanya.<ref>http://climateprogress.org/2009/01/23/science-global-warming-is-killing-us-trees-a-dangerous-carbon-cycle-feedback/</ref> Hili linahitilafiana na mtazamo wa wengi wa hapo awali kuwa ongezeko la mimea asili lingesababisha matokeo ya ujumbe hasi.{{Citation needed|date=Januari 2009}} ====Mioto ya misituni==== Ripoti ya Kitathmini ya Nne ya IPCC inatabiri ya kuwa maeneo mengi ya latitiudu za kati, kama vile Ulaya ya Kimeditereani, kitakuwa na upungufu wa mvua na ongezeko la ukavu, ambalo litaruhusu mioto mengi zaidi kutokea katika maeneo makubwa na kwa wingi. Kufanya hivi kunatoa kaboni zaidi kuingia katika anga kuliko kiwango ambacho mzunguko wa kaboni unaweza kuchukua ndani, na pia kupunguza eneo la jumla la msitu Duniani, hivyo kufanya mzunguko wa hasi. Sehemu ya mzunguko huo ni ni kukuwa zaidi kwa misitu na kuhama kuelekea eneo la kaskazini kwa misitu kadiri latitiudi za kasakazini zinavyokuwa na hali ya anga inayoweza kusaidia ukuaji wa misitu. Kuna swali kuhusu ikiwa uchomaji wa kuni mbadala kama vile misitu, kunafaa kuhesabiwa kama kuchangia ongezeko la joto Duniani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | url=http://www.davidsuzuki.org/Forests/Forests_101/FIRE/Climate_Change.asp | title=Climate Change and Fire | publisher=[[David Suzuki Foundation]] | accessdate=2007-12-02 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208060244/http://www.davidsuzuki.org/Forests/Forests_101/FIRE/Climate_Change.asp | archivedate=2007-12-08 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti | url=http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/ImpactsForests.html | title=Global warming : Impacts : Forests | accessdate=2007-12-02 | publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] | date=2000-01-07 | archivedate=2007-02-19 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219004645/http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/ImpactsForests.html }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti | url= http://www.whrc.org/southamerica/fire_savann/FeedbackCycles.htm | title= Feedback Cycles: linking forests, climate and landuse activities | publisher= [[Woods Hole Research Center]] | accessdate= 2007-12-02 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071025235611/http://www.whrc.org/southamerica/fire_savann/FeedbackCycles.htm | archivedate= 2007-10-25 }}</ref> Cook na Vizy pia walipata kuwa mioto ya misitu ilikuwa na uwezo wa kutokea katika eneo la msitu wa mvuawa Amazon, hatimaye kusababisha mpito kuelekea mimea ya Caatinga katika eneo la Mashariki la Amazon.{{Citation needed|date=Machi 2009}} ====Kurudi nyuma kwa barafu==== {{Main|Kupungua kwa eneo la Aktiki}} Bahari huingiza joto kutoka jua, huku barafu ikimulika mianga ya jua hadi nafasi ya angani. Kwa hivyo, barafu ya baharini inayorudi nyuma itaruhusu jua kuongeza joto katika maji ya bahari ambayo sasa yameachwa wazi, hivyo kuongeza kiwango cha ongezeko la joto Duniani. Mbinu ni sawa kama ya gari nyeusi inayokuwa moto haraka zaidi inapokaa katika jua kuliko gari nyeuzi. Badiliko hili la kumulika joto la jua pia ndiyo sababu kuu mbona Jopo la Kimataifa la Mabadiliko ya Hali ya Anga linatabiri kuwa vipimo vya joto katika pembe ya kasakazini mwa Dunia itaongezeka kwa kiasi mara mbili ikilinganishwa na maeneo mengine Duniani. Mnamo tarehe Septemba mwaka wa 2007, eneo la barafu katika bahari ya Aktiki lilifika nusu ya ukubwa wake ikilinganishwa na ukubwa wa wastani wa majira ya kiangazi mchache zaidi kati ya mwaka wa 1979 na 2000.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://arctic.atmos.uiuc.edu/cryosphere/ |title=The cryosphere today |publisher=University of Illinois at Urbana-Champagne Polar Research Group |accessdate=2008-01-02 |archivedate=2011-02-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223161943/http://arctic.atmos.uiuc.edu/cryosphere/ }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.nsidc.org/news/press/2007_seaiceminimum/20070810_index.html |title=Arctic Sea Ice News Fall 2007 |publisher=National Snow and Ice Data Center |accessdate=2008-01-02 |archivedate=2007-12-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223022124/http://nsidc.org/news/press/2007_seaiceminimum/20070810_index.html }}.</ref> Pia mnamo mwezi Septemba mwaka wa 2007, barafu ya eneo la Bahari ya Aktiki Arctic ilirudi nyuma kiasi kwamba iliruhusu barabara ya kaskazini magharibi kuweza kupitika na meli kwa mara ya kwanza katika historia iliyorekodiwa.<ref>{{Rejea habari | title=Arctic ice levels at record low opening Northwest Passage | newspaper=Wikinews |url=http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Arctic_ice_levels_at_record_low_opening_Northwest_Passage |date = 16 Septemba 2007}}</ref> The record losses of 2007 and 2008 may, however, be temporary.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2008 |title=Avoiding dangerous climate change |publisher=The Met Office |page=9 |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/publications/brochures/cop14.pdf |accessdate=29 Agosti 2008 |archivedate=2010-12-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229172709/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/publications/brochures/cop14.pdf }}</ref> Mark Serreze wa Kituo cha Marekani cha Theluji na Barafu kinatazama mwaka wa 2030 kama "mwaka ambapo kofia ya barafu ya eneo la Akitiki itakuwa bila barafu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2007/sep/05/climatechange.sciencenews |publisher=The Guardian |date=2007-09-05 |title=Ice-free Arctic could be here in 23 years |author=Adam, D. |accessdate=2008-01-02}}</ref> Ongezeko la joto Duniani katika maeneo ya ncha za Dunia halitarajiki kufanyika katika eneo la Ulmwengu wa Kusini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.realclimate.org/index.php?p=18 |title=Antarctic cooling, global warming? |author= Eric Steig and Gavin Schmidt |publisher=RealClimate |accessdate=2008-01-20}}</ref> Barafu ya bahari ya Antaktiki ilifikia kiwango chake cha juu zaidi kilichorekodiwa tangu mwanzo wa uchunguzi mnamo mwaka wa 1979,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://arctic.atmos.uiuc.edu/cryosphere/IMAGES/current.area.south.jpg |title=Southern hemisphere sea ice area |publisher=Cryosphere Today |accessdate=2008-01-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113065818/http://arctic.atmos.uiuc.edu/cryosphere/IMAGES/current.area.south.jpg |archivedate=2008-01-13 }}</ref> lakini faida kutokana na barafu katika eneo la kusini ni inazidiwa na hasara katika eneo la kaskazini. Mwenendo wa barafu ya bahari Duniani, huku ncha za Dunia za Ulimwengu wa kaskazini na kusini zikijumuishwa zinaonyesha upungufu wazi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://arctic.atmos.uiuc.edu/cryosphere/IMAGES/global.daily.ice.area.withtrend.jpg |title=Global sea ice area |publisher=Cryosphere Today |accessdate=2008-01-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110162748/http://arctic.atmos.uiuc.edu/cryosphere/IMAGES/global.daily.ice.area.withtrend.jpg |archivedate=2008-01-10 }}</ref> ====Athari ya erosoli za kiberiti==== {{Main|planktoni}} Erosoli za kiberiti, hasa aerosoli za kistratosfia za kiberiti zina athari kubwa kwa hali ya anga. Chanzo kimoja cha aerosoli za aina hiyo ni mzunguko wa kiberiti, ambapo planktoni hutoa gesi kama vile DMS ambayo mwishowe huchanganyika na gesi ya oksijeni kuwa sukfuri daioksaidi katika anga. Uharibifu wa bahari kwa sababu ya chanzo ongezeko la asidi katika bahari au uharibifu wa mzunguko wa kithamohalaini unaweza kusababisha uharibifu wa mzunguko wa kiberiti, hivyo kusababisha athari yake ya kupunguza joto katika sayari ya Dunia kupitia kutengeneza aerosoli za kistratosferi za kiberiti. ==Uchambuzi wa matokeo mabaya== Kufuatia kanuni ya kisayansi ya Le Chatelier's, msawazo wa kikemikali wa mzunguko wa kaboni wa Dunia utasonga kutokana na kutolewa kwa CO<sub>2</sub> ya kianthropojenikia. Chanzo msingi cha hiki ni bahari, amabyo inachukua ndani gesi hii kupitia pampu ya umumunyifu. Kwa sasa hili ni chanzo la theluthi moja pekee ya kutolewa kwa gesi hii, lakini mwishowe kiwango kingi cha (~75%) ya CO<sub>2</sub> kinachotolewa na shughuli za kibinadamu kitapotelea baharini kwa kipindi cha karne nyingi: "Makadirio bora zaidi ya urefu wa maisha ya kuni ya fosili ya CO<sub>2</sub> kwa majadiliano ya umma yanaweza kuwa miaka 300, ukiongezea 25% ambayo hudumu milele"<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Archer|first=David|year=2005|title= Fate of fossil fuel CO<sub>2</sub> in geologic time |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]]|volume=110|url = http://geosci.uchicago.edu/~archer/reprints/archer.2005.fate_co2.pdf |doi=10.1029/2004JC002625|pages= C09S05}}</ref>. Hata hivyo, kiwango ambacho bahari itachukuwa ndani gesi hiyo katika siku za usoni hakijulikani kwa hakika, na kitaathiriwa na kuongezeka mawimbi ya majini yanayosababishwa na ongezeko la joto na, uwezekano wa mabadiliko ya mzunguko wa kemikali za chuma na joto baharini. Pia, mionzi ya joto ya Dunia inaongezeka kwa uwiano na nguvu ya nne ya kipimo cha joto, hivyo kusababisha ongezeko la mionzi inyotolewa kadiri Dunia inapopata joto. Athari ya machakato huu zinajumuishwa katika mifumo ya hali ya anga ya Duniani iliyofanywa kuwa muhtasari na Jopo la Kimataifa la Mabadiliko ya Hali ya Anga. ==Matokeo mengine== ===Kiuchumi na kijamii=== Wakazi ambao ni wazawa wa maeneo wanamoishi katika maeneo ya latitiudi za juu tayari wanaathirika na matokeo mabaya ya mabadiliko ya hali ya anga.<ref name=ipccwg2c19 /> Athari ya mabadiliko ya hali ya anga kwa mifumo ya kibinadamu ina uwezekano wa kusambazwabila kufuatilia mpango maalum. Bara Afrika pengine ndilo eneo dhaifu zaidi dhidi ya mabadiliko ya hali ya anga ya siku za usoni. [[Nchi zinazoendelea]] pengine zimo hatarini dhaifu dhidi ya mabadiliko ya hali ya anga kuliko [[nchi zilizostawi]]. Huku joto kikiwa 1-2°C zaidi ya vipimo vya kati ya viwango vya mwaka wa 1990 na 2000, na kuna uwezekano kuwa athari mbaya zitafanyika katika maeneo mbalimbali, k.m., Mataifa ya Aktiki na visiwa vidogo. Katika maeneo mengine, vikundi fulani vya wakazi vitaathirika na kiwango hiki cha ongezeko la joto, k.m., jamii za maeneo ya juu na jamii za maeneo ya pwani yenye viwango vikubwa vya [[umaskini]]. Ongezeko la joto la zaidi ya 2-3°C, kuna uwezekano kuwa nchi nyingi zitakuwa na matokeo mabaya kwa jumla. Madhara ya jumla ya ki[[uchumi]] ya mabadiliko ya hali ya anga hayana uhakika.<ref name=ipccwg2c19 /> Makadirio ya kawaida ya athari za mabadiliko ya hali ya anga ni ya mabadiliko ya uzalishaji bidhaa Duniani kote ya zaidi au chini ya asilimia chache. Mabadiliko machache ya bidhaa jumla Duniani kote zinaweza kuhusishwa na mabadiliko makubwa katika uchumi wa kitaifa. ====Bima==== Sekta moja inayoathirika moja kwa moja na hatari za ongezeko la joto Duniani ni sekta ya [[bima]].<ref>[http://www.aaisonline.com/viewpoint/AAISviewpointSp05.pdf Viewpoint] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aaisonline.com/viewpoint/AAISviewpointSp05.pdf |date=20120301073456 }} American Association of Insurance Services</ref> Kulingana na ripoti ya mwaka 2005 kutoka Shirika la Watoa Bima la Uingereza, kupunguza kiasi cha uzalishaji wa kaboni kunaweza zuia 80% ya makadirio ya nyongeza zaidi ya kila mwaka ya saikloni za kitropiki kufikia miaka ya 2080.<ref>Association of British Insurers (2005) [http://www.abi.org.uk/Display/File/Child/552/Financial_Risks_of_Climate_Change.pdf "Financial Risks of Climate Change"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.abi.org.uk/Display/File/Child/552/Financial_Risks_of_Climate_Change.pdf |date=20051028161015 }} summary report</ref> Ripoti ya mnamo mwezi Juni mwaka wa 2004 iliyotolewa na Shirika la Watoa Bima la Uingereza lilidokeza "Mabadiliko ya hali ya anga zi swala la umbali kwa vizazi vijavyo kushughulikia. Ni, kwa aina mbalimbali, hapa tayari, ikiathiri biashar ya makapuni ya bima hivi sasa."<ref>Association of British Insurers (Juni 2005) [http://www.abi.org.uk/Display/File/364/SP_Climate_Change5.pdf "A Changing Climate for Insurance:] {{Wayback|url=http://www.abi.org.uk/Display/File/364/SP_Climate_Change5.pdf |date=20090320104126 }} A Summary Report for Chief Executives and Policymakers"</ref> Ni bayana kuwa hatari za hali ya hewa kwa kaya na mali zilikuwa zinaongezeka tayari kwa kiasi cha kati ya 2 na 4 % kila mwaka kwa sababu kubadilika kwa hali ya hewa, na kuwa madai ya uharibifu wa dhoruba na mafuriko nchini Uingereza yalikuwa yameongezeka maradufu hadi zaidi ya £6 bilioni katika kipindi cha kati ya 1998 na 2003, ikilinganishwa na miaka mitano ya awali. Matokeo ni kuongezeka kwa bei za bima, na hatari kwamba katika maeneo kadhaa bima dhidi ya mafuriko hayataweza kupatikana na baadhi ya watu. Taasisi za bima, ikiwemo kampuni kubwa zaidi Duniani za bima, Munich Re na Swiss Re, zilionya katika utafiti wa mnamo mwaka wa 2002 kuwa "ongezeko la matukio ya hali kali za hali ya anga, zinazoambatana na mienendo ya kijamii" zingegarimu karibu $ dola za bilioni 150 za Marekani kila mwaka katika muongo ujao.<ref>UNEP (2002) [http://www.unepfi.org/fileadmin/documents/CEO_briefing_climate_change_2002_en.pdf "Key findings of UNEP’s Finance Initiatives study"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.unepfi.org/fileadmin/documents/CEO_briefing_climate_change_2002_en.pdf |date=20090318033238 }} ''CEObriefing''</ref> Gharama hizi zitakuwa mzigo kwa wateja, walipa ushuru na sekata, zikiambatana na kuongezeka kwa bei zinazohusiana na bima na misaada ya majanga. Nchini Marekani, hasara za kibima pia zimeongezeka sana. Kulingana na Choi na Fisher (2003) kila ongezeko la 1% la usimbishaji kila mwaka kunaweza kuongeza hasara ya janga kwa zaidi kiasi cha 2.8%.<ref name="choifisher">{{Rejea jarida|last=Choi|first=O. |coauthors=A. Fisher |year=2003 | url= http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/klu/clim/2003/00000058/F0020001/05109227 |title=The Impacts of Socioeconomic Development and Climate Change on Severe Weather Catastrophe Losses: Mid-Atlantic Region (MAR) and the U.S.|journal=Climatic Change| volume=58|number=(1-2)|pages=149–170 |doi=10.1023/A:1023459216609}}</ref> Kuongezeka kwa jumla mara nyingi huchangiwa na ongezeko la idadi ya watu na bei ya mali katika maeneo ya pwani yalio hatarini, ingawa kulikuwa pia na ongezeko la idadi ya matukio yanayohusiana kama vile mvua nyingi tangu miaka ya 1950.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=284|pages=1943–1947| year=1999|number=5422|title=Mitigation Emerges as Major Strategy for Reducing Losses Caused by Natural Disasters|author=Board on Natural Disasters|doi=10.1126/science.284.5422.1943|pmid=10373106|issue = 5422}}</ref> ====Usafiri==== Barabara, viwanja vya ndege, barabara za reli na mifereji ya kupitishia bidhaa (ikiwemo mabomba ya mafuta, mifereji ya kupitishia maji machafu na mifereji ya kupitishia maji masafi n.k.) huenda yakahitaji ukarabati zaidi na kuundwa upya kadiri yanapoathiriwa na tofauti kubwa zaidi ya vipimo vya joto. Maeneo ambayo tayari yameathiriwa sana ni kama vile ameneo yenye ardhi iliyokuwa kama barafu, ambayo yana viwango vingi vya kuzama kwa ardhi, inayosababisha barabara kujipinda, misingi ya nyumba kuzama chini na viwanja vya ndege kuwa na nyufa kubwa.<ref>[http://www.airportbusiness.com/article/article.jsp?id=2258&siteSection=4 Studies Show Climate Change Melting Permafrost Under Runways in Western Arctic] {{Wayback|url=http://www.airportbusiness.com/article/article.jsp?id=2258&siteSection=4 |date=20110927221000 }} ''Weber, Bob Airportbusiness.com'' Oktoba 2007</ref> ====Athari kwa kilimo==== {{Main|Mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa na kilimo}} {{See also|Usalama wa chakula|Chakula dhidi ya kuni|Shida ya bei za vyakula Duniani 2007–2008}} =====Chakula===== Mabadiliko ya hali ya anga yanatarajiwa kuwa na mchanganyiko wa matokeo kwa [[kilimo]], huku baadhi ya maeneo yakifaidika kutokna na kupanda kiasi kwa vipimo vya joto na mengine yakithirika vibaya.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2007 |title=Food, fibre and forest products. ''Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'' |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=275 |author=Easterling, W.E., P.K. Aggarwal, P. Batima, K.M. Brander, L. Erda, S.M. Howden, A. Kirilenko, J. Morton, J.-F. Soussana, J. Schmidhuber and F.N. Tubiello. M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds. |url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg2/ar4-wg2-chapter5.pdf |accessdate=2009-05-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804124847/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg2/ar4-wg2-chapter5.pdf |archivedate=2009-08-04 }}</ref> Maeneo ya latititudi za chini yamo hatarini zaidi ya kuathiriwa na upungufu wa mazao ya chakula. Maeneo ya latitiudi za kati na za juu yanaweza kuwa na ongezeko la vipimo vya joto vya kati ya 1-3°C (ikilinganishwa na kipindi cha 1980-99). Kulingana na ripoiti ya IPCC, zaidi ya ongezeko la joto la 3°C kunaweza kusababisha mazao ya kilimo Duniani kupungua, lakini taarifa hii si ya uhakika. Utafiti mwingi wa kilimo uliopimwa katika Ripoti haujumuishi mabadiliko katika hali kali za hewa, mabadiliko katika kuenea kwa wadudu waharibifu na magonjwa, au maendeleo yanayowezekana yanayoweza kusaidia kukabiliana na mabadiliko ya hali ya anga. Makala katika jarida la ''[[New Scientist]]'' yanaelezea jinsi mimea ya [[mpunga]] inavyoweza kuathirika vikali na ongezeko la vipimo vya joto.<ref>{{Rejea habari |first=Jim |last=Giles |authorlink= |coauthors= |title= Major food source threatened by climate change |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13517-major-food-source-threatened-by-climate-change.html |work=NewScientist |publisher= |date=24 Machi 2008 |accessdate= }}</ref> Katika mkutano wa mwaka 2005 uliofanywa na Jamii ya Kimilki, faida za ongezeko la viwango vya kaboni monoksaidi vilisemekana kupitwa na madhara ya mabadiliko ya hali ya anga.<ref>''[[The Independent]]'', 27 Aprili 2005, "Climate change poses threat to food supply, scientists say" - report on [http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/event.asp?id=2844 this event] {{Wayback|url=http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/event.asp?id=2844 |date=20060613215718 }}</ref> =====Mgao wa athari===== Nchini [[Isilandi]], vipimo vya joto vinavyongezeka vimefanya upanzi wa [[shayiri]] katika maeneo mengi kuwezekana, jambo ambalo halingewezekana miaka ishirini iliyopita. Joto kiasi ni kwa sababu ya ya matokeo ya nchini tu (ambauo huenda hayatadumu) ya mawimbi ya kibahari kutoka eneo la Carribean, ambayo pia yameathiri idadi ya samaki.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/climatechange/story/0,12374,1517939,00.html |title=Frozen assets |author=Paul Brown |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |date=2005-06-30 |accessdate=2008-01-22}}</ref> Kufikia kipindi cha kati cha karne ya 21, katika eneo la [[Siberia]] na kwingineko nchini [[Urusi]], mabadiliko ya hali ya anga yanatarajiwa kupanua wigo la kilimo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2007 |title=Polar regions (Arctic and Antarctic). ''Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'' |publisher=Cambridge University Press |author=Anisimov, O.A., D.G. Vaughan, T.V. Callaghan, C. Furgal, H. Marchant, T.D. Prowse, H. Vilhjálmsson and J.E. Walsh. M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds. |page=668 |url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg2/ar4-wg2-chapter15.pdf |accessdate=2009-05-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920160747/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg2/ar4-wg2-chapter15.pdf |archivedate=2008-09-20 }}</ref> Katika [[Asia]] ya mashariki na kusini mashariki, mazao huenda yakaongezeka kwa asilimia 20%, huku katika eneo la kati na la kusini la Asia, mazao huenda yakapungua kwa kiasi cha 30%.<ref name="WG2 AR4 SPM" /> Katika sehemu kavu zaidi katika Marekani ya Kilatini, mavuno ya mimea kadhaa muhimu inatarajiwa kupungua, huku katika maeneo ya halijoto, mazao ya [[soya]] yanatarajiwa kupanda.<ref name="WG2 AR4 SPM" /> Katika eneo la Ulaya ya kasakazini, mabadiliko ya hali ya anga yanatarajiwa kufaidi mimea katika kipindi cha mwanzo.<ref name="WG2 AR4 SPM" /> Kilimo cha kujikimu na kilimo cha biashara vinatarajiwa kuathirika vibaya na mabadiliko ya hali ya anga katika visiwa vidogo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2007 |title=Small islands. ''Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'' |publisher=Cambridge University Press |author=Mimura, N., L. Nurse, R.F. McLean, J. Agard, L. Briguglio, P. Lefale, R. Payet and G. Sem. M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds. |page=689 |url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg2/ar4-wg2-chapter16.pdf |accessdate=2009-05-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804124958/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg2/ar4-wg2-chapter16.pdf |archivedate=2009-08-04 }}</ref> Bila mabadiliko mengine zaidi, ifikapo mwaka wa 2030, uzalishaji kutokana na kilimo unakadiriwa kuwa utakuwa umepungua katika maeneo mengi ya [[Australia]] ya kusini na magharibi, na maeneo ya [[mashariki]] ya New Zealand. Faida ya awali zinakadiriwa katika maeneo ya magharibi na kusini mwa New Zealand.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2007 |title=Australia and New Zealand. ''Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'' |publisher=Cambridge University Press |author=Hennessy, K., B. Fitzharris, B.C. Bates, N. Harvey, S.M. Howden, L. Hughes, J. Salinger and R. Warrick. M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds. |page=509 |url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg2/ar4-wg2-chapter11.pdf |accessdate=2009-05-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310150719/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg2/ar4-wg2-chapter11.pdf |archivedate=2009-03-10 }}</ref> Marekani ya kaskazini, katika miongo michache ya karne hii, mabadiliko wastani ya hali ya anga yanakadiriwa kuongeza mapato jumla ya kilimo kinachotegemea mvua kwa kiasi cha kati ya 5 na 20%, lakini na umuhimu tofauti katika kanda nyingi.<ref name="WG2 AR4 SPM" /> Kulingana na jarida la 2006 lililoandikwa na Deschenes na Greenstone, lilitabiri ongezeko la vipimo vya joto na usimbishaji hakutakuwa na matokeo yoyote kwa mimea muhimu zaidi nchini Marekani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://ideas.repec.org/p/fem/femwpa/2006.6.html |title=The Economic Impacts of Climate Change: Evidence from Agricultural Profits and Random Fluctuations in Weather |accessdate= |work= |publisher= |date= }}</ref> Barani [[Afrika]], mabadiliko ya hali ya anga yanatarajiwa kuathiri sana uzalishaji wa kilimo na upatikanaji wa chakula.<ref name="WG2 AR4 SPM" /> Jiografia ya Afrika inaifanya iwe hatarini zaidi, na asilimia sabini ya wakazi wa Afrika wanategema kilimo kinachtumia mvua kwa kujipatia riziki. Ripoti rasmi ya [[Tanzania]] kuhusu mabadiliko ya hali ya anga inadokeza kuwa maeneo ambayo kawaida hupokea mvua mara mbili kila mwaka huenda yakapata mvua zaidi, na yale ambao hupokea msimu mmoja pekee huenda yakapokea mvua kidogo zaidi. Matokeo ya jumla yanatarajia kupungua kwa asilimia 33% kwa mazao ya mahindi - chakula muhimu sana nchini Tanzania.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/climatechange/story/0,12374,1517935,00.html| title=In the land where life is on hold |author= John Vidal |publisher=[[The Guardian]]|date=2005-06-30 |accessdate=2008-01-22}}</ref> Pamoja na mambo mengine, mabadiliko ya hali ya anga katika eneo ya kanda - hasa, kupungua kwa usimbishaji - kunadhaniwa kuchangia kwa [[mgogoro wa Darfur]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=72985|title= Climate change - only one cause among many for Darfur conflict|publisher=IRIN|date=2007-06-28|accessdate=2008-01-22}}</ref> Mchanganyiko wa miongo ya [[ukame]], kuenea kwa jangwa, na idadi ya watu kupita kiasi, kwa sababu Waarabu wa Kibaggara wanaohama kila kukicha wakitafuta maji lazima wapeleke mifugo wao kusini zaidi, kwa ardhi ambao inadhibitiwa na watu wanaolima ardhi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.alertnet.org/db/blogs/1265/2007/06/30-100806-1.htm|title=Looking to water to find peace in Darfur|publisher=Reuters AlertNet|author=Nina Brenjo|date=2007-07-30|accessdate=2008-01-22|archivedate=2007-12-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213132239/http://www.alertnet.org/db/blogs/1265/2007/06/30-100806-1.htm}}</ref> ====Pwani na maeneo yaliyo chini==== Kwa sababu za kihistoria zinazohusiana na [[biashara]], miji mikubwa zaidi Duniani na yenye utajiri mwingi inapatikana katika pwani. Katika nchi zinazoendelea, watu masikini zaidi huishi katika maeneo tambarare yanayofurika, kwa sababu ndiyo nafasi pekee inayopatikana, au ardhi ya kilimo yenye rutuba.Mkazi haya mara nyingi hukosa miundombinu kama vile daiki na mifumo ya kuonya mapema. Jamii masikini zaidi pia hukosa bima, akiba au mkopo wa karibu unaohitajika kujiokoa kutokana na majanga. Huku hali ya anga ikibadilika katika siku za usoni, kuna uwezekano kuwa maeneo ya pwani yenye watu wengi katika kila eneo mraba yatakumbwa na ongezeko la hatari ya kupanda kwa kiwango cha maji baharini na uharibifu kwa sababu ya matuki ya hali mbaya zaidi ya hewa.<ref name=ipccwg2c19 /> Kutokana na tofauti katika uwezo wa kukabiliana na mabadiliko haya, maeneo ya pwani katika nchi zinazoendelea yatakumbwa na ugumu zaidi wa kuliko pwani za nchi zilizoendelea.<ref name="WG2 AR4 SPM" /> Utafiti wa mwaka wa 2006 uliofanywa na Nicholls na [[Richard Tol|Tol]] unatilia maanani madhara yanayotokana na kupanda kwa kiwango cha maji baharini:<ref>{{Rejea jarida |date=2006 |title=Impacts and responses to sea-level rise: a global analysis of the SRES scenarios over the twenty-first century |author=Nicholls, R.J. and R.S.J. Tol |journal=Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A |volume=364 |page=1073 |doi=10.1098/rsta.2006.1754 |url=http://www.fnu.zmaw.de/fileadmin/fnu-files/publication/tol/RM7168.pdf |accessdate=2009-05-20 |archive-date=2009-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902233748/http://www.fnu.zmaw.de/fileadmin/fnu-files/publication/tol/RM7168.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> <blockquote>[...] Dunia za siku zijazo zitakazokumbwa na hatari ya ongezeko la kiwango cha maji baharini zinaonekana kuwa za mifano ya IPCC za A2 na B2, amabalo kimsingi inaonyesha tofauti katika hali ya kijamii na kiuchumi (idadi ya watu katika pwani fulani, [[Pato la Taifa]] (GDP) na Pato la Taifa la Kila mtu kibinafsi), badala ya kiasi cha ongezeko la maji baharini. Visiwa vidogo na maeneo ya kidelta huwa hatarini zaidi kama inavyoonekana katika uchambuzi mwingi wa mapema. Pamoja, matokeo haya yanaonyesha kwamba jamii za kibinadamu zitakuwa na chaguo zaidi kuhusu jinsi zinavyojibu ongezeko la kiwango cha maji baharini zaidi kuliko inavyodhaniwa. Hata hivyo, hitimisho hili linahitaji kuambatana na utambuzi kuwa bado hatuelewi machaguzi haya na athari kubwa bado zinzwezekana.</blockquote> ====Uhamiaji==== Baadhi ya visiwa vya mataifa ya bahari la Pasifiki, kama vile [[Tuvalu]], yana wasiwasi kuhusu uwezekano wa kulazimishwa kuhama, kwani hawajimudu kiuchumi kujinga dhidi ya mafuriko. Tuvalu tayari ina mkataba wa kidharura na nchi ya New Zealand kuruhusu kuhamishwa wa kihatua.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/climatechange/story/0,12374,1063181,00.html Unnatural disasters] ''Andrew Simms'' The Guardian Oktoba 2003</ref> Katika miaka ya 1990 aina nyingi ya makadirio ilitaja idadi ya wakimbizi wa kimazingira kuwa karibu milioni 25. (Wakimbizi wa kimazingira hawajumuishwi katika ufafanuzi rasmi wa [[mkimbizi]] ambao hunajumuisha tu wahamiaji wanaotoroka mateso. Jopo la Kimataifa la Mabadiliko ya Hali ya Anga (IPCC kwa Kiingereza), ambalo linashauri serikali za Dunia chini ya mwamvuli wa Umoja wa Mataifa, lilikadiria kuwa wakimbizi milioni 150 wa kimazingira watakuwepo kufikia mwaka wa 2050, kutokana na madhara ya mafuriko katika pwani, mmonyoko wa udongo katika maeneo ya pwani na matatizo ya kilimo (milioni 150 inamaanisha kuwa million 1.5% ya wakazi wote bilioni 10 wa Duniani waliokadiriwa kufikia mwaka wa 2050).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.risingtide.nl/greenpepper/envracism/refugees.html |title=Hidden statistics: environmental refugees |accessdate=2010-01-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050223042051/http://www.risingtide.nl/greenpepper/envracism/refugees.html |archivedate=2005-02-23 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050223042051/http://www.risingtide.nl/greenpepper/envracism/refugees.html Hidden statistics: environmental refugees] Archived version</ref> ====Njia ya kaskazini magharibi==== [[Image:Arctic Ice Thickness.png|250px|right|thumb|Mabadiliko ya upana wa barafu ya eneo la Aktiki kutoka miaka ya 1950 hadi miaka ya 2050 ilivyofanywa kimfano katika mojawapo ya Mahabara ya Kijiofizikia yanayotafiti Mabadiliko ya Maji (GFDL) kutokana na majaribio ya R30 ya mzunguko wa anga juu ya bahari.]] Barafu ya eneo la Aktiki inayoyeyuka inaweza kufungua njia ya kasakazini magharibi katika majira ya kiangazi, jambo linaloweza kusababisha kupungua kwa njia za meli kwa kiwango cha maili za kinautiki 5,000 (kilomita 9,000) kati ya Bara Ulaya na Asia. Jambo hili litakuwa la kimanufaa sana hasa kwa mapipa makubwa ambayo hayawezi kutoshea kupita katika eneo la [[Mfereji wa Panama]] na kwa sasa yanalazimishwa kuzunguka ncha ya Marekani ya Kusini. Kwa mujibu wa Huduma ya Barafu ya Kanada, kiwango cha barafu katika eneo la magharibi la Kanada visiwa vya Aktiki lilipungua kwa kiwango cha 15% kati ya mwaka wa 1969 na mwaka wa 2004.<ref>[http://www.washingtontimes.com/specialreport/20050612-123835-3711r.htm ''www.washingtontimes.com'']</ref> Mnamo Septemba mwaka wa 2007, Kofia ya Barafu ya eneo la Aktiki ilirudi nyuma kiasi kwamba Njia ya Kaskazini Magharibi iliweza kupitika na meli kwa mara ya kwanza katika historia iliyorekodiwa.<ref>{{Rejea habari | title=Arctic ice levels at record low opening Northwest Passage | newspaper=Wikinews | url=http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Arctic_ice_levels_at_record_low_opening_Northwest_Passage}}</ref> Mnamo Agosti, mwaka wa 2008, barafu ya baharini iliyokuwa ikiyeyuka ilifungua kwa wakati mmoja Njia ya Kaskazini magharibi na njia ya bahari ya kasakazini, kuifanya iwezekane kusafiri kwa meli katika eneo la kofia ya barafu ya Aktiki.<ref name="dailymail.co.uk">[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1050990/The-North-Pole-island-time-history-ice-melts.html dailymail.co.uk, The North Pole becomes an 'island' for the first time in history as ice melts]</ref> Njia ya Kaskazini magharibi ilifunguliwa mnamo tarehe 25 Agosti, mwaka wa 2008, na eneo lililobaki la ulimi wa barafu lililokuwa linafuna njia ya Bahari ya Kasakazini lilimumunyika siku chache zilizofuata. Kwa sababu ya kupungua kwa eneo la Aktiki, kikundi cha Beluga cha Bremen, Ujerumani, kilitangaza mipango ya kutuma meli ya kwanza katika Njia ya Bahari ya Kaskazini mano mwaka wa 2009.<ref name="dailymail.co.uk" /> ====Maendeleo==== Madhara ya pamoja ya ongezeko la joto Duniani huenda yakawa na athari kali sana hasa kwa binadamu na nchi ambazo hazina rasilimali za kupunguza athari hizo. Hili linaweza kufanya maendeleo ya kiuchumi na upunguzaji wa umaskini uwe mgumu, na kiufanya iwe vigumu zaidi kuyafikia [[Malengo ya Maendeleo ya Milenia]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.odi.org.uk/iedg/publications/climate_change_web.pdf|title=Poverty Reduction, Equity and Climate Change: Global Governance Synergies or Contradictions?|author=Richards, Michael|publisher=Overseas Development Institute|accessdate=2007-12-01|format=PDF|archivedate=2003-04-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030406125549/http://www.odi.org.uk/iedg/publications/climate_change_web.pdf}}</ref> Mnamo Oktoba mwaka wa 2004 Kikundi Tendakazi kuhusu Mabadiliko ya Hali ya Anga na Maendeleo, muungano wa mashirika yasiyokuwa ya kiserikali ya maendeleo na mazingira, ilitoa ripoti [http://www.iied.org/pubs/display.php?o=9512IIED iliyoitwa Kuteketea] kuhusu jinsi mabadiliko ya hali ya anga yanavyoathiri maendeleo. Ripoti hii, na ripoti ya Julai 2005 [http://www.iied.org/pubs/display.php?o=9560IIED Afrika - Yateketea?] zilitabiri ongezeko la njaa na magonjwa kwa sababu ya upungufu wa mvua na hali mbaya ya hewa, hasa Barani Afrika. Haya huenda yakawa na madhara mabaya kwa maendeleo kwa wale walioathirika. ===Mifumo ya kiikolojia=== {{See also|Hatari ya kuangamia kutokana na ongezeko la joto duniani}} Ongezeko la joto Duniani ambalo halidhibitiwi linaweza kuathiri maeneo mengi ya kiikolojia ardhini. Ongezeko la kipimo cha joto Duniani kunamaanisha ya kuwa mifumo ya kiikolojia itabadilika; baadhi ya [[spishi]] wanalazimishwa kuhama makazi yao (huku viumbe hao wakikabiliana na uwezekano wa kuangamia) kwa sababu ya hali ya anga inayobadilika, huku wengine viumbe wakinawiri. Athari zaidi za ongezeko la joto Duniani, kama vile kupungua kwa theluji milimani, kupanda kwa eneo la bahari lenye maji, na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa, yanaweza kuathiri si tu shughuli za kibinadamu bali hata mfumo wa kiikolojia. Kusoma kuhusu uhusiano kati ya hali ya anga ya Dunia na kuangamia kwa viumbe katika kipindi kilichopita cha miaka milioni 520, wanasayansi kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha York wanaandika, "Vipimo vya joto Duniani vilivyotabiriwa kwa karne zinjazo vinaweza kusababisha ‘tukio jipya kubwa la maangamizi ya viumbe’, ambapo zaidi ya asilimia 50 ya spishi za wanyama na mimea itaangamizwa. Spishi wengi ambao wamo hatarini ni wanyama wa eneo la Aktiki na Antaktiki kama vile [[dubu]] wa kipola<ref>{{Rejea jarida | last = Amstrup | first=Steven C. | coauthors = [[Ian Stirling]], Tom S. Smith, Craig Perham, Gregory W. Thiemann | date = 2006-04-27 | title = Recent observations of intraspecific predation and cannibalism among polar bears in the southern Beaufort Sea | journal = Polar Biology | volume = 29 | issue = 11 | pages = 997–1002 | doi = 10.1007/s00300-006-0142-5}}</ref> na Penguini wa Kaisari<ref>{{Rejea jarida | last = Le Bohec | first = Céline | coauthors = Joël M. Durant, Michel Gauthier-Clerc, Nils C. Stenseth, Young-Hyang Park, Roger Pradel, David Grémillet, Jean-Paul Gendner, and Yvon Le Maho | title = King penguin population threatened by Southern Ocean warming | journal = [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] | volume = 105| issue = 7| pages = 2493| date = 2008-02-11 | url = http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/0712031105v1 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0712031105 | accessdate = 2008-02-13 | format = abstract | pmid = 18268328 | pmc = 2268164}}</ref>. Katika eneo la Aktiki, maji ya Bandari la Hudson hayana barafu kwa wiki tatu au zaidi kuliko miaka thelathini iliyopita, hivyo kuathiri dubu wa kipola wanaokaa pale, ambao hupendelea kuwinda katika barafu ya bahari.<ref>[http://www.lrb.co.uk/v27/n01/byer01_.html On Thinning Ice] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v27/n01/byer01_.html |date=20091001174901 }} by Michael Byers ''London Review of Books'' Januari 2005</ref> Spishi ambao wanategemea hali baridi za hewa kama vile gyrfalcon, na ndege wa theluji ambao huwinda Lemmings ambao hutumia maji baridi wakati wa majira ya baridi kwa faida yao huenda wakaathirika vikali.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/action_plans/docs/falco_rusticolis.pdf |title=International Species Action Plan for the Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolis |publisher=BirdLife International |year=1999 |author=Pertti Koskimies (compiler) |accessdate=2007-12-28|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://aknhp.uaa.alaska.edu/zoology/species_ADFG/ADFG_PDFs/Birds/Snowy%20Owl_ADFG_final_2006.pdf |title=Snowy Owl |publisher=University of Alaska |year=2006 |accessdate=2007-12-28 |format=PDF |archivedate=2008-09-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910214043/http://aknhp.uaa.alaska.edu/zoology/species_ADFG/ADFG_PDFs/Birds/Snowy%20Owl_ADFG_final_2006.pdf }}</ref> Wanyama wa majini bila uti wa mgongo hufurahia ukuaji wa kilele katika vipimo vywa joto ambavyo wamevizoea, bila kujali kiasi cha baridi, na wanyama wenye damu baridi wanaopatikana katika maeneo ya latitiudi za juu na urefu wa juu kwa jumla hukuwa kwa kasi kwa sababu ya msimu wa kipindi kifupi cha ukuaji.<ref>{{Rejea jarida | author=Arendt, J.D. | title=Adaptive intrinsic growth rates: an integration across taxa | year=1997 | journal=[[The Quarterly Review of Biology]] | volume=72 | issue=2 | pages=149–177 | url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0033-5770%28199706%2972%3A2%3C149%3AAIGRAI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X | doi=10.1086/419764}} </ref> Hali inayokuwa na joto jingi kuliko kawaida inasababisha viango vikubwa zaidi vywa kimetaboliki na baada ya hapo kupungua kwa ukubwa wa kimwili licha ya kuongezeka kwa utafutaji wa chakula, jambo amablo linaongeza hatari ya ya kuwindwa. Hakika, hata ongezeko ndogo la la kipimo cha joto wakati wa maendeleo ya ukuaji wa mnyama unasababisha hitilafu katika ufanisi wa ukuaji na viwango bvya kuishi katika samaki wa aina ya Rainbow trout.<ref>{{Rejea jarida | author=Biro, P.A., ''et al.'' | year=2007 | month=Juni | title=Mechanisms for climate-induced mortality of fish populations in whole-lake experiments | journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] | volume=104 | issue=23 | pages=9715–9719 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0701638104 | issn=1091-6490 | pmid=17535908 | pmc=1887605}} </ref> Ongezeko la joto limeanza kuwa na madhara wazi kwa wanyama<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4313726.stm |title=Animals 'hit by global warming'| author=Time Hirsch |publisher=[[BBC]] News |date=2005-10-05 |accessdate=2007-12-29}}</ref>, na [[vipepeo]] wamehama hadi maeneo ya kasakazini kwa kiasi cha kilomita 200 Barani Ulaya na Marekani Kaskazini. Mimea hubaki nyuma na kuhama kwa wanyama wakubwa unafanywa kuwa pole pole kwa sababu ya miji na barabara. Nchini Uingereza, vipepeo wa majira ya baada ya baridi wanatokea kwa wastani siku 6 mapema kuliko miongo miwili ilyopita<ref>{{Rejea jarida |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6879/pdf/416389a.pdf |title= Ecological responses to recent climate change |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |last=Walther |first=Gian-Reto |coauthors=Eric Post, Peter Convey, Annette Menzel, Camille Parmesan, Trevor J. C. Beebee, Jean-Marc Fromentin, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Franz Bairlein |volume=416 |number= |pages=389–395|date=28 Machi 2002 |doi= 10.1038/416389a|format=PDF}}</ref>. Makala ya mwaka 2002 katika jariida la ''Maumbile'' yalitafiti maandiko ya kisayansi ili kupata mabadiliko ya hivi karibuni ya misimu mbalimbali ya spishi za mimea na wanyama.Kutokana na spishi ambazo zimeonyesha mabadiliko ya hivi karibuni, 4 kati ya 5 zilihamisha maeneo yao ya kimakazi kuelekea maeneo ya kaskazini na kusini mwa Dunia au maeneo ya urefu mkubwa zidi, kuunda "spishi za kikimbizi". Vyura walikuwa wakizaana, maua yalikuwa yanamea na ndege walikuwa wakihama kwa wastani siku 2.3 mapema kila muongo; vipepeo, ndege na mimea kuelekea ncha za Dunia kwa kiwango cha kilomita 6.1 kila muongo. Utafti wa mwaka 2005 ulihitimisha ya kuwa shughuli za kibinadamu ndiyo sababu ya ongezeko la joto na mabadiliko ya tabia ya spishi yanayoonekana kwa sasa, na unahusisha matokeo haya na makadirio ya mifumo ya hali ya anga ili kutoa kuhakikisha makadirio hayo<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/20887/PNAS_5_16_05.pdf |title=''www.stanford.edu'' |accessdate=2010-01-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060917020212/http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/20887/PNAS_5_16_05.pdf |archivedate=2006-09-17 }}</ref>. Wanasayansi wameona lkuwa nyasi ya kinywelenywele ya eneo la Antaktiki inazidi kumea katika maeneo ya Antaktika ambapo hapo awali haikupatikana kwa wingi.<ref>[http://www.heatisonline.org/contentserver/objecthandlers/index.cfm?id=5014&method=full Grass flourishes in warmer Antarctic] originally from [[The Times]], Desemba 2004</ref> Utafiti wa kimekanika umefanya kumbukumbu ya kuangamia kwa wanyama kwa sababu ya mabadilikom ya hali ya anga ya hivi karibuni: McLaughlin ''na wengineo.'' alitengeneza kumbukumbu ya wakazi wawili wa kipepeo wa aina ya Bay checkerspot butterfly akihatarishwa na mabadiliko ya usimbishaji.<ref name="McLaughlin">{{Rejea jarida |last= McLaughlin |first= John F. |coauthors= ''et al.'' |date= 2002-04-30 |title= Climate change hastens population extinctions |journal= [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|PNAS]] |volume= 99 |issue= 9 |pages= 6070–6074 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.052131199 |url= http://www.nd.edu/~hellmann/pnas.pdf |format= [[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |accessdate= 2007-03-29 |pmid= 11972020 |pmc= 122903 |archive-date= 2005-04-05 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050405173535/http://www.nd.edu/~hellmann/pnas.pdf |dead-url= yes }}</ref> Parmesan anadokeza, "Utafiti mchache umefanywa kwa ukubwa ambao unajumuisha spishi nzima"<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last= Permesan |first= Camille |date= 2006-08-24 |title= Ecological and Evolutionary Responses to Recent Climate Change |journal= [[Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics]] |volume= 37 |pages= 637–669 |doi= 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110100 |url= http://cns.utexas.edu/communications/File/AnnRev_CCimpacts2006.pdf |format= [[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |accessdate= 2007-03-30 |archive-date= 2007-01-05 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070105021545/http://cns.utexas.edu/communications/File/AnnRev_CCimpacts2006.pdf |dead-url= yes }}</ref> na McLaughlin ''na wengineo.'' alikubali "utafiti mdogo wa kimekania umehusisha kuangamia kwa wanyama na mabadiliko ya hivi karibuni ya hali ya anga."<ref name="McLaughlin" /> Daniel Botkin na waandishi wengine katika utafiti mmoja wanaamini kuwa viwango vya kuangamia kwa wanyama vilivyokadiriwa ni vimekadiriwa kupita kiasi cha kweli. Spishi wengi wa maji yasiyokuwa na chumvi na mimea na wanyama wa maji yenye chumvi wanategemea maji yanayotiokana na theluji ili kuhakikisha makao baridi ambao wameyazoea. Baadhi ya spishi za samaki ambao si wa maji yasiyokuwa na chumvi wanahitaji maji baridi ili kuishi na kuzaana, na hili ni kweli hasa kwa Salmoni na aina ya samaki wa [Cutthroat trout. Kupungua kwa maji kutoka theluji kunasababisha maji kidogo katika vijito yanaoweza kuruhusu spishi hizi kustawi. Spishi mmoja muhimu aitwaye Krilli wa Baharini, anapendelea maji baridi na ndiye chanzo msingi cha chakula kwa viumbe [[mamalia]] kama vile nyangumi wa Bluu<ref>{{Rejea habari | last = Lovell | first = Jeremy | title = Warming Could End Antarctic Species | publisher = CBS News | date = 2002-09-09 | url = http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/09/09/tech/main521258.shtml | accessdate = 2008-01-02 | archivedate = 2008-01-17 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080117201441/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/09/09/tech/main521258.shtml }}</ref>. Mabadiliko kwa [[mawimbi ya bahari]], kwa sababu ya ongezeko la maji yasiyokuwa na chumvi kutoka theluji inayoyeyuka, na mabadiliko yanayowezekana kutokana na mzunguko wa thermohaline wa bahari za Dunia, huenda kukaathiri maeneo ya kushikia samaki ya sasa ambayo binadamu wanategemea pia. Kiumbe aitwaye ''lemuroid possum mweupe'', anayepatikana tu katika misitu ya milimani ya eneo la kasakzini la Queensland, ametakjwa kama spishi wa kwanza wa kimamalia kuangamizwa na ongezeko la joto Duniani linalosababishwa na binadamu. Possum mweupe hajaonekana kwa kipindi cha zaidi ya miaka mitatu. Possum hawa hawawezi kuishi katika vipimo vya joto vya zaidi ya 30 °C (86 °F) kwa kipindi kirefu, jambo lililofanyika mnamo mwaka wa 2005. Safari ya mwisho ya kiupelelezi ya kutafuta Possum wowote weupe ambao bado wako hai kilifaa kwanza mwaka wa 2009.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,24742053-952,00.html |title=White possum said to be first victim of global warming |accessdate=2008-12-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205100341/http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,24742053-952,00.html |archivedate=2008-12-05 }}</ref> ====Misitu==== [[Image:Northern Forest Trend in Photosynthetic Activity.gif|thumb|250px|right]] Misitu ya Paini katika eneo la Pine [[British Columbia]] imeharibiwa na uvamizi wa mdudu wa paini, uvamizi huu umeenea bila kukoma tangu mwaka wa 1998 angalau kwa sababu ya ukosefu wa majira ya bairi kali tangu wakati huo; siku chache za baridi kali zinaweza kuwauwa wengi wa wadudu hao waharibifu na hapo zamani siku kama hizo ziliweza kufanya uharibifu huo usienee. Uvamizi huo wa wadudu, ambao (kufikia Novemba mwaka wa 2008) ulikuwa umeuwa karibu nusu ya miti ya aina hiyo katika jombo (ekari milioni 33 au 135,000&nbsp;km²)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://mpb.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/index_e.html |title=Natural Resources Canada |accessdate=2010-01-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613003653/http://mpb.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/index_e.html |archivedate=2010-06-13 }}</ref><ref name="robbins">Jim Robbins, [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/18/science/18trees.html?em|Bark Beetles Kill Millions of Acres of Trees in West], New York Times, 17 Novemba 2008</ref> ni idadi ambayo haijawahi kubwa ambayo haijawahi kufikiwa tena<ref name="kurz">Werner Kurz et al. [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7190/abs/nature06777.html Mountain pine beetle and forest carbon feedback to climate change], ''Nature'' 452, 987-990 (24 Aprili 2008).</ref> na iliisha kupitia upepo mkali ambao haukuwa wa kawaida mnamo mwaka wa 2007 kati mgawanyo wa kibara kuelekea Alberta. Ugonjwa katika eneo kubwa, pia ulianza, lakini wa kiwango cha chini, mnamo mwaka w 1999 katika maeneo la Colorado, Wyoming na MOntana. Shirika la Huduma ya Misitu la Marekani linakadiria ya kuwa kati ya mwaka 2011 na 2013 karibu miti yote ya paini ya aina ya lodgepole iliyo zaidi ya inchi tano kwa upana (milimita 127) itapotea<ref name="robbins" />. Kwa sababu misitu ya kaskazini ni eneo ambapo gesi ya kaboni huingia, huku misitu iliyokauka ikiwa chanzo kikubwa cha kaboni, kupota kwa kiasi kikubwa kama hicho cha msitu kinazidisha uvamizi wa wadudu katika misitu ya Biritish Columbia pekee inakaribia ya mwaka wa kawaida wa mioto ya misituni katika eneo lote la [[Kanada]] au kutolewa kwa miaka tano kutoka vyanzo vya usafiri vya nchi hiyo<ref name="kurz" /><ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=89942771 Pine Forests Destroyed by Beetle Takeover], [[National Public Radio|NPR]]'s[[Talk of the Nation]], 25 Aprili 2008</ref>. Mbali na matokeo wazi ya kiikolojia na kiuchumi, misitu mikubwa iliyokufa huleta hatari ya moto. Hata misitu mingi inayoonekana kuwa yenye afya inaonekana kuwa katika hatari ya mioto ya misitu kwa sababu ya ongezeko la joto. Miaka kumi ya wastani ya misitu iliyochemeka katika eneo la Marekani kasakazini, baada ya miongo mingi ya karibu 10,000&nbsp;km² (ekari milioni 2.5), imeongezeka polepole tangu 1970 hadi zaidi ya 28,000&nbsp;km² (kari milioni 7) kila mwaka.<ref>[http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/nacc/education/alaska/ak-edu-5.htm US National Assessment of the Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change] {{Wayback|url=http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/nacc/education/alaska/ak-edu-5.htm |date=20140222044749 }} Regional Paper: Alaska</ref>. Ingawa mbadiliko katika mbinu za usimamizi wa misitu huenda ukawa umechangia mabadiliko haya, katika eneo la magharibi la Marekani, tangu mwaka wa 1986, majira marefu zaidi ya kiangazi yamesababisha mioto mikubwa ya misituni kuongezeka mara nne na maeneo yanayochomwa kuongezeka mara sita, ikilinganishwa na kipindi kati ya 1970 na 1986. Ongezeko sawa la mioto ya misituni imeripotiwa nchini Kanada kati ya mwaka wa 1920 na 1999.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/313/5789/927 |title=Science Magazine - August 2006 "Is Global Warming Causing More, Larger Wildfires?" - Steven W. Running |accessdate=2010-01-15 |archivedate=2009-02-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210134640/http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/313/5789/927 }}</ref> Mioto ya misitu nchini [[Indonesia]] imeongezeka pakubwa tangu mwaka wa 1997 pia. Mioto hii mara nyingi huanzishwa kimakusudi ili kuondoa msitu kwa ajili ya kilimo. Mioto hii inaweza kusababisha maeneo yenye kuni ya kaboni kushika moto katika kanda hiyo na gesi ya kaboni monoksaidi inayotolewa imekadiriwa, katika mwaka wa kawaida, kuwa 15% ya kiwango cha kaboni moksaidi kinachotolewa na uchomaji wa kuni za fosili.<ref>BBC News: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4208564.stm Asian peat fires add to warming]</ref> ====Milima==== [[Milima]] huchukua takriban asilimia 215 ya eneo la Dunia na huwa makao ya zaidi ya idadi moja kwa kumi ya idadi ya binadamu Duniani. Mabadiliko katika hali ya anga yanasababisha idadi nyingi ya hatari kwa wakazi wa milima<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VFV-4MY0TS1-1&_user=4225319&_coverDate=10%2F31%2F2007&_rdoc=12&_fmt=summary&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%236020%232007%23999829996%23668309%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=6020&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=17&_acct=C000048559&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4225319&md5=b28529ce89b28da5f49792dfebeef70b&errMsg=1 Exposure of global mountain systems to climate warming during the 21st Century] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VFV-4MY0TS1-1&_user=4225319&_coverDate=10%2F31%2F2007&_rdoc=12&_fmt=summary&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%236020%232007%23999829996%23668309%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=6020&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=17&_acct=C000048559&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4225319&md5=b28529ce89b28da5f49792dfebeef70b&errMsg=1 |date=20090105015350 }} Science Direct</ref>. Watafiti wanatarajia kuwa baada ya kipindi kirefu, hali ya anga litaathiri mifumo ya kiikoloji ya milima na maeneo tambarare, iadadi na nguvu ya mioto ya misitu, utofauti wa wanyamapori, na usambazaji wa maji. Utafiti unaonyesha ya uwa hali ya anga yenye joto zaidi nchini Marekani huenda ikasababisha wakazi wa maeneo ya chini kuhama kuelekea maeneo ya juu zaidi ya kialpaini.<ref>[http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/effects/downloads/potential_effects.pdf The Potential Effects Of Global Climate Change On The United States] Report to Congress Editors: Joel B. Smith and Dennis Tirpak US-EPA Desemba 1989</ref> Kuhama kwa aina hiyo kutashambulia miti nadra ya Kialpaini na makazi mengine katika maeneo yaliyoko juu. Mimea na wanyama wa maeneo ya kimo cha juu wana nafasi ndogo kwa makazi mapya kadiri wanavyohama milimani ili kukabiliana na mabadiliko ya muda mrefu ya hali ya anga ya kikanda Mabadiliko ya hali ya anga pia yataathiri kina cha theluji milimani. Mabadiliko yoyote katika kuyeyeka kwao wa kimsimu kunaweza kuwa na matokeo makali kwa maeneo yanayotegemea maji bila chumvi kutoka milima hiyo. Vipimo vya joto vimavyozidi kupanda vinaweza kusababisha theluji kuyeyuka mapema na haraka katika msimu unaotokea kabla ya kiangazi na kubadilisha wakati maji yanapotoka milimani na jinsi yatakavyotoka pale. Mabadiliko haya yanaweza kuathiri upatikanaji wa maji yasiyokuwa na chumvi kwa mifumo ya kimaumbile na matumizi ya binadamu.<ref>{{Cite press release | title = Freshwater Issues at ‘Heart of Humankind’S Hopes for Peace and Development’ | publisher = [[United Nations]] | date = 2002-12-12 | url = http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2002/ENVDEV713.doc.htm | accessdate = 2008-02-13}}</ref> ====Uzalishaji wa kiikolojia==== Kulingana na jarida la mwaka 2003 la Smith na Hitz, ni jambo la busara kudokeza kuwa uhusiano kati ya ongezeko la kipimo cha joto cha wastani cha joto Duniani na uzalishaji wa kiikolojia ni wa kiparaboli. Ukolezi mwingi zaidi wa gesi ya kaboni daioksaidi kutasaidia mimea kukuwa na kutosheleza mahitaji ya maji. Mwanzoni vipimo vya juu vya joto vinaweza kusaidia ukuaji wa mimea. Hatimaye, ongezeko la ukuaji litafikia kilelel halafu litaanza kushuka.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2003 |title=OECD Workshop on the Benefits of Climate Policy: Improving Information for Policy Makers. Background Paper: Estimating Global Impacts from Climate Change |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] |author=Smith, J. and Hitz, S. |page=Page 66 |url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/9/60/2482270.pdf |accessdate=2009-06-19}}</ref> Kulingana na ripoti ya IPCC, ongezeko la kimataifa la joto linalozidi 1.5-2.5°C (ikilinganishwa na kipindi cha 1980-99), litakuwa na matokeo mabaya kwa mfumo wa kiikolojia, bidhaa na huduma, k.m., ugavi wa maji na chakula.<ref name="WG2 AR4 SPM" /> Utafiti uliofanywa na [http://pages.unibas.ch/botschoen/scc/index.shtml Mradi wa Kiswidi kuchunga Miti] {{Wayback|url=http://pages.unibas.ch/botschoen/scc/index.shtml |date=20110927151444 }} ulipendekeza ya kuwa miti inayokuwa polepole hufanywa kuwa kwa kipindi kifupi chini ya viwango vya juu zaidi vya gesi ya CO<sub>2</sub>, huku miti inayokuwa kwa kasi kama vile liana, hufaidika baada ya kipindi kirefu. Kwa jumla, lakini hasa katika [[misitu ya mvua]], hili linamaanisha kuwa liana huwa ndiyo spishi inayopatikana kwa wigi; na kwa sababu liana huoza haraka kuliko miti kaboni anayopatikana ndani yao inarudishwa haraka zaidi angani, Miti inayokuwa polepole huweka kwa ndani kaboni ya annga kwa miongo mingi. ===Uhaba wa maji=== {{See also|Uhaba wa maji}} Kupanda kwa eneo lenye maji baharini kunakadiriwa kuongezeka kuingia kwa maji ya chumvi katika maji yaliyo chini ya ardhi katika maeneo mbalimbali, na kuathiri maji ya kunywa na kilimo katika maeneo ya pwani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/GlobalWarming.nsf/content/ResourceCenterPublicationsSeaLevelRiseIndex.html |title=EPA : Global Warming : Resource Center : Publications : Sea Level Rise : Sea Level Rise Reports<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2010-01-15 |archivedate=2007-10-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005061922/http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/ResourceCenterPublicationsSeaLevelRiseIndex.html }}</ref> Ongezeko la uvukizi kutapunguza ufanisi wa hifadhi za maji. Ongezeko la hali kali ya hewa kunaamanisha kuwa maji mengi zaidi yanaanguka katika ardhi ngumu na na kushindwa kuyachukua maji hayo ndani, hivyo kupelekea mafuriko ya muda kutokea badala ya kuyaongeza maji yale ardhini au katika maji yaliyo chini ya ardhi. Katika maeneo mengine, theluji zinazopungua kwa ukubwa zinatishia upatikanaji wa maji.<ref>[http://www.opendemocracy.net/globalization-climate_change_debate/kazakhstan_2551.jsp Kazakhstan: glaciers and geopolitics] {{Wayback|url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/globalization-climate_change_debate/kazakhstan_2551.jsp |date=20180106074049 }} ''Stephan Harrison'' Open Democracy Mei 2005</ref> Tishio linalozidi la glaciers ltakuwa na athari mbalimbali. Katika maeneo ambayo yanategemea sana maji kutoka theluji yanayoyeyuka wakati wenye joto wa wa miezi ya msimu wa kiangazi, kuendelea kwa kurudi nyuma kwa mwishowe kutasababisha theluji kupungua na kupunguza maji yanayotoka katika theluji au kukomesha kabisa maji yanayotoka pale. Kupungua kwa maji yanayotoka katika theluji kutaathii uwezo wa kuinyunyuzia mimmea na kupunguza mitiririko ya vijito katika msimu wa kiangazi unaohitajika kuongeza maji katika mabwawa na hifadhi za maji. Hali hii ni mbaya sana kwa unyunyiziaji wa mimmea Barani Marekani Kusini, ambapo maziwa mengi ya kujengwa hujazwa na muyeyusho wa theluji pekee.{{Ref harv|peru2|BBC|BBC}} CNchi za Asia ya kati pia kihistoria zimekuwa zikitegemea maji yanayoyeyuka kutoka theluji kila msimu kwa unyunyziaji mimmea na hifadhi za maji ya kunywa. Nchini Norway, milima ya Alps na katika eneo la Kaskazini magharibi kwa Pasifiki la Marekani ya Kaskazini mtiririko wa maji kutoka thluji ni muhimu kwa kuzalisha umeme kwa kutumia maji. Vipimo vya juu zaidi vya joto pia vitaongeza mahitaji ya maji kwa madhumuni ya kupoesha na kukata kiu. Katika eneo la [[Sahel]], kumekuwa na kipindi kisicho cha kawaida cha mvua kuanzia mwaka wa 1950 hadi mwaka wa 1970, kikifuatiwa na miaka yenye kiangazi kingi kuanzia mwaka wa 1970 hadi mwaka wa 1990. Kuanzia mwaka wa 1990 hadi mwaka wa 2004 mvua ulirejea vipimo vya wastani vya kipindi cha miaka 1898–1993, lakini mabadiliko kuanzia mwaka mmoja hadi mwingine yalikuwa mengi.<ref name="Mitchell">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://jisao.washington.edu/data_sets/sahel/ |title=Sahel rainfall index (20-10N, 20W-10E), 1900–2007 |accessdate=2010-01-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321073627/http://jisao.washington.edu/data_sets/sahel/ |archivedate=2009-03-21 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti | title=Temporary Drought or Permanent Desert? | url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Study/Desertification/desertification2.html | publisher=[[NASA]] Earth Observatory | accessdate=2008-06-23 | archivedate=2008-09-21 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921175448/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Study/Desertification/desertification2.html | =https://web.archive.org/web/20080921175448/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Study/Desertification/desertification2.html }}</ref> ===Afya=== Mbadiliko ya hali ya anga huchangia katika ongezeko la [[magonjwa]] na vifo vywa mapema. Maendeleo ya kiuchumi yataathiri jinsi ufanisi wa hatua za kukabiliana na mabadiliko ya hali ya anga utakua. Kwa mujibu wa ripoti ya IPCC, kuna uwezekano kuwa: *mabadiliko ya hali ya anga yataleta faida chache, kama vile kupunua kwa vifo kutokana na baridi *Urari wa matokeo chanya na hasi ya kiafya yatatofautiana toka eneo moja hadi lingine *Athari mbaya zitakuwa nyingi zaidi katika nchi zenye mapato ya chini. *Matokeo mabaya ya kiafya zinazotokana na mabadiliko ya hali ya anga yatazidi matokeo faida, hasa katika nchi zinazoendelea. Baadhi ya mifano ya matokeo mabaya ya kiafya ni ongezeko la [[utapiamlo]], ongezeko la vifo, magonjwa na majeraha kwa sababu ya mawimbi ya joto, mafuriko, dhoruba, moto, ukame na kuongezeka kwa visa vya magonjwa ya moyo na ya kupumua.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2007 |title=Human health. ''Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'' |publisher=Cambridge University Press |author=Confalonieri, U., B. Menne, R. Akhtar, K.L. Ebi, M. Hauengue, R.S. Kovats, B. Revich and A. Woodward. M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds. |page=Page 393 |url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_ipcc_fourth_assessment_report_wg2_report_impacts_adaptation_and_vulnerability.htm |accessdate=2009-05-20 |archivedate=2018-10-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005031903/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_ipcc_fourth_assessment_report_wg2_report_impacts_adaptation_and_vulnerability.htm }}</ref> According to a 2009 study by [[University College London|UCL]] academics, climate change and global warming pose the biggest threat to human health in the 21st century.<ref>{{Rejea habari |date=14 Mei 2009 |title=Professor Anthony Costello: climate change biggest threat to humans |work=[[The Times]] |author=Lister, S. |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/health/article6283681.ece |accessdate=2009-08-08 |archivedate=2009-07-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708103705/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/health/article6283681.ece }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |date=14 Mei 2009 |title=Climate change: The biggest global-health threat of the 21st century |work=[[University College London|UCL]] News |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/0905/09051501 |accessdate=2009-08-08}}</ref> ====Athari za moja kwa moja za ongezeko la kipimo cha joto==== Matokeo ya ongezeko la kipimo cha joto ambayo yanamathiri binadamu moja kwa moja zaidi ni athari ya vipimo vya juu zaidi vya joto. Vipimo vya joto vya juu zaidi vinaongeza idadi ya watu wanaokufa siku fulani kwa sababu nyingi: watu wenye matatizo ya moyo ni dhaifu zaidi kwa sababu lazima mfumo wa wa moyo ufanye kazi zaidi ili upoe wakati wa hali ya hewa yenye joto, kuchoka kutokana na joto na baadhi ya matatizo ya kupumua huongezeka. Ongezeko la joto Duniani huenda likamaanisha magonjwa zaidi ya moyo, madaktari wanaonya.<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/09/05/europe/EU-MED-Global-Warming-Hearts.php Global warming could mean more heart problems, doctors warn] {{Wayback|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/09/05/europe/EU-MED-Global-Warming-Hearts.php |date=20070907205539 }} Septemba 2007 Associated Press</ref> Kipimo cha joto cha hewa cha juu zaidi pia kinaongeza ukolezi wa ozoni katika ngazi ya chini. Katika anga ya chini, ozoni ni gesi hatari. Inaharibu tishu za mapafu, na kusababisha shida kwa watu wenye ugonjwa wa pumu na magonjwa mengine ya mapafu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=McMichael, A.J., Campbell-Lendrum, D.H., Corvalán, C.F., Ebi, K.L., Githeko, A., Scheraga, J.D. and Woodward, A. |year=2003|url=http://www.who.int/globalchange/climate/summary/en/index.html |title=Climate Change and Human Health – Risk and Responses |publisher=[[World Health Organization]], Geneva}}</ref> Ongezeko la joto lina matokeo mawili kwa idadi ya vifo ya moja kwa moja ambayo hutendeka kinyume: Idadi kubwa ya vipimo vya joto wakati wa majira ya baridi hupunguza vifo kutokana na baridi; vipimo vya joto vya juu zaidi wakati wa majira ya kiangazi huongeza vifo kutokana na joto. Athari ya jumla ya matokeo haya ya moja kwa moja inatagemea inategemea hali ya anga ya eneo fulani. Palutikof ''na wengineo.'' (1996) alifanya hesabu na kupata kuwa nchini Uingereza na Wales kwa kila ongezeko la 1 °C la kipimo cha joto kupungua kwa vifo kutokana na baridi kunazidi ongezeko la joto kutokana na joto, hivyo basi kusababisha kupungua kwa idadi ya wastani ya vifo ambayo ni 7000,<ref>{{Rejea jarida |author=J.P. Palutikof, S. Subak and M.D. Agnew |title=Impacts of the exceptionally hot weather in 1995 in the UK |journal=Climate Monitor|volume= 25|number=3 |year=1996}}</ref> huko Keatinge ''na wengineo.'' (2000) “akidokeza kuwa ongezeko lolote la vifo kutokana na ongezeko la vipimo vya joto huenda likapitwa ndogo likilinganishwa na idadi kupungwa kwa idadi kubwa ya vifo kutokana na baridi.”<ref name="Keatinge2000">{{Rejea jarida | last = Keatinge | first = W. R. | authorlink = | coauthors = ''et al.'' | year = 2000 | month = | title = Heat related mortality in warm and cold regions of Europe: observational study | journal = British Medical Journal | volume = 321 | issue = 7262 | pages = 670&ndash;673 | id = | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_british-medical-journal_2000-09-16_321_7262/page/670| accessdate = | quote =| doi = 10.1136/bmj.321.7262.670| pmid = 10987770 | pmc = 27480 }}</ref> Cold-related deaths are far more numerous than heat-related deaths in the United States, Europe, and almost all countries outside the tropics.<ref>[http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/494582_2 The Impact of Global Warming on Health and Mortality]</ref> Katika kipindi cha miaka ya 1979–1999, jumla ya vifo 3,829 nchini Marekani vilihusishwa na joto jingi kutokana na hali ya hewa,<ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5126a2.htm Heat-Related Deaths --- Four States, July--August 2001, and United States, 1979--1999]</ref> katika kipindi hicho pia jumla ya vifo 13,970 vilisababishwa miili ya waathirika kupigwa na baridi kali.<ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5104a2.htm Hypothermia-Related Deaths --- Utah, 2000, and United States, 1979--1998]</ref> Barani Ulaya, vifo vya wastani kutokana na joto ni 304 katika eneo la Kasakzini mwa Finland, 445 mjini Athens na 40 mjini London, huku vifo kutokana na baridi vikiwa 2457, 2533, na 3129 mtawalia.<ref name="Keatinge2000" /> Kulingana na Keatinge ''na wengineo.'' (2000), “wakazi Barani Ulaya wamezoea vipimo vya joto vya majira ya kiangazi vya kati ya 13.5°C hadi 24.1°C, na wanatarajiwa kuzoea ongezeko la joto lililotabriwa katika nusu karne ijayo wakiwa na ongezeko ndogo endelevu la vifo kutokana na joto.”<ref name="Keatinge2000" /> Ripoti ya serikali inaonyesha kupungua kwa vifo kutokana na ongezeko la joto la hivi karibuni na inatabiri ya kwamba kutakuwa na ongezeko la vifo kutokana na ongezeko la joto la hivi karibuni na inatabiri ongezeko la vifo katika siku za usoni kwa sababu ya ongezeko la joto nchini Uingereza.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | last = Department of Health and Health Protection Agency | title = Health effects of climate change in the UK 2008: an update of the Department of Health report 2001/2002 | date = 12 Februari 2008 | url = http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_080702}}</ref> The [[2003 European heat wave]] killed 22,000&ndash;35,000 people, based on normal mortality rates.<ref name="Schär2004">{{Rejea jarida | author = Schär, C. | coauthors = Jendritzky, G. | year = 2004 | title = Hot news from summer 2003 | journal = Nature | volume = 432 | issue = 7017 | pages = 559–60 | issn = | doi = 10.1038/432559a | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2004-12-02_432_7017/page/n53| accessdate = | format = | pmid = 15577890 }}</ref> Peter A. Stott from the [[Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research]] estimated with 90% confidence that past human influence on climate was responsible for at least half the risk of the 2003 European summer heat-wave.<ref name="Stott2004">{{Rejea jarida| author = Peter A. Stott | coauthors = D.A. Stone, M.R. Allen | year = 2004 | title = Human contribution to the European heatwave of 2003 | journal = Nature | volume = 432 | pages = 610–614 | issn = 0028-0836 | doi = 10.1038/nature03089 | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2004-12-02_432_7017/page/610| accessdate = | format =| pmid = 15577907| issue = 7017 }}</ref> ====Kuenea kwa magonjwa==== {{See also|Magonjwa ya kitropiki}} Ongezeko la joto Duniani linaweza kuendelea hadi katika maeneo ambayo hayana wadudu wengi <ref>{{Rejea tovuti | title= Climate change linked to spread of disease | publisher=[[IRIN]] | url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=77675}}</ref> kueneza [[maradhi ya kuambukiza]] kama vile [[homa ya dengue]],<ref>{{Rejea jarida |title = Potential effect of population and climate changes on global distribution of dengue fever: an empirical model |url = http://image.thelancet.com/extras/01art11175web.pdf |format = [[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |journal = The Lancet |last = Hales |first = Simon |coauthors = ''et al.'' |volume = 360 |issue = 9336 |pages = 830–834 |date= 2002-09-14 |accessdate=2007-05-02 |doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09964-6}}</ref> Virusi vywa Nile ya Magharibi, na [[malaria]].<ref>{{Rejea jarida | last = Rogers | first = D. | coauthors = S. Randolph | title = The global spread of malaria in a future warmer world | journal = Science | volume = 289 | issue = 5485 | pages = 1763–6 | date = 2000-09-08 | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/289/5485/1763 | accessdate = 2008-01-04 | pmid = 10976072 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari | last = Boseley | first = Sarah | title = Health hazard | publisher = The Guardian | date = Juni 2005 | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/climatechange/story/0,12374,1517940,00.html | accessdate = 2008-01-04 }}</ref> Katika nchi maskini, hili linaweza tu kusababisha ,matukio mengi zaidi ya magonjwa hayo. Katika nchi tajiri zaidi, ambapo magonjwa hayo tayari yameangamizwa au kupungzwa kwa [[chanjo]], kutoa maji kutoka mabwawa na utumizi wa madwa ya kuulia wadudu, madhara yataonekana kiuchumi kuliko kiafya. [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] (WHO) linasema kuwa ongezeko la joto Duniani unaweza kusababisha ongezeko kubwa la magonjwa yanayosababishwa na wadudu nchini Uingereza na Bara Ulaya, huku eneo la kasakazini la Ulaya likizidi kuwa na joto jingi, ticks - wanaobeba ugonjwa wa ensefailatisi na ugonjwa wa laimu - na nzi wa mchangani - ambayo hubeba ugonjwa wa visceral leishmaniasis - wana uwezekano wa kuongezeka.<ref>BBC News: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/372219.stm Global Warming disease warning]</ref> Hata hivyo, tangu jadi ugonjwa wa malaria umekuwa tishio la kawaida Barani Ulaya, huku janga la mwisho likifanyika nchini Uholanzi katika kipindi cha miaka ya 1950. Nchini Marekani, ugonjwa wa malaria umekuwa ukitokea katika maeneo machache katika majimbo 36 (ikiwemo Washington, North Dakota, Michigan na New York) hadi miaka ya 1940.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Reiter |first=Paul |authorlink= |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=2004 |month= |title=Global warming and malaria: a call for accuracy |journal=The Lancet Infectious Deseases |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=323&ndash;324 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01038-2 |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref> Kufikia mwaka wa 1949, nchi ya Marekani ilitangazwa kutokuwa na ugonjwa wa malaria kama tishio la afya ya umma, baada ya zaidi ya mnyunyuzio wa dawa ya [[DDT]] katika nyumba 4,650,000 nchini humo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/history/eradication_us.htm |title=Eradication of Malaria in the United States (1947-1951) |accessdate=2008-07-12 |work= |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |date=23 Aprili 2004 }}</ref> [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] linakadiria kuwepo kwa vifo 150,000 kila mwaka "kutokana na mabadiliko ya hali ya anga", ambapo nusu kati ya vifo hivyo ni katika kanda ya Asia ya Kipasifiki.<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/ra/news/stories/200804/s2211161.htm?tab=latest "Malaria found in PNG highlands"], ABC Radio Australia, 8 Aprili 2008</ref> Mnamo Aprili mwaka wa 2008, shirika hilo liliripoti kuwa, kutokana na ongezeko la vipimo vya joto, idadi ya watu wanaoambukizwa ugonjwa wa [[malaria]] inatarajiwa kuongezeka katika maeneo ya miinuko ya nchi ya [[Papua New Guinea]].<ref>[http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=77993 PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Climate change challenge to combat malaria] ''UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs''</ref> ====Watoto==== Mnamo mwaka wa 2007, Chuo cha Marekani cha Usomi kuhusu Magonjwa ya Watoto kilitoa taarifa ya sera iliyoutwa ''Mbadiliko ya Hali ya anga Duniani na Afya ya Watoto'': Madhara yanayotarajiwa moja kwa moja ya mabadiliko ya hali ya anga ni pamoja na majeraha na kifo kutokana na hali kali ya hewa na maafa asilia, ongezeko la maradhi ya kuambukiza yanasombaa zaidi pindi tu hali ya anga inapobadilika, ongezeko la [[uchafuzi wa hewa#Athari za kiafya|magonjwa yanayotokana na uchafuzi wa hewa]], na magonjwa mnegi zaidi yanayotokana na joto, na yenye kusababisha vifo. Kutokana na aina hizi zote za hatari, watoto wana ongezeko la udhaifu dhidi ya magonjwa haya wakilinganishwa na makundi mengine.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;120/5/1149 |title=AAP ''Global Climate Change and Children's Health'' |accessdate=2010-01-15 |archivedate=2009-07-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722104801/http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;120/5/1149 }}</ref> Mnamo tarehe 2008-04-29, Ripoti ya UNICEF na Uingereza ilipata kuwa ongezeko la jotio Duniani tayari inapunguza ubora wa hali ya maisha ya watoto wanaoishi katika mazingira magumu na kufanya iwe gumu zaidi kufikia malengo ya [[Umoja wa Mataifa ya Maendeleo ya Kimilenia]]. Ongezeko la joto Duniani kutapunguza upatikanaji wa maji safi na chakula hasa Barani Africa na Asia. Majanga, vurugu na magonjwa yanatarajiwa kuwa mengi zaidi na makali zaidi, hivyo kufanya siku za usoni za watoto maskini kabisa Duniani kuwa magumu zaidi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.unicef.org.uk/press/news_detail_full_story.asp?news_id=1120 |title=UNICEF UK News :: News item :: The tragic consequences of climate change for the world’s children :: April 29, 2008 00:00 |accessdate=2010-01-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122045816/http://www.unicef.org.uk/press/news_detail_full_story.asp?news_id=1120 |archivedate=2009-01-22 }}</ref> ===Usalama=== Bodi ya Ushauri ya Jeshi, jopo la majenerali wa Marekani waliostaafu ilitoa Ripoti iliyoitwa "Usalama wa Kitaifa na Tishio la Mabadiliko ya Hali ya Anga." Ripoti hiyo ilitabiri ya kuwa ongezeko la joto Duniani litakuwa na athari kwa usalama, haswa katika kufanya "madhara kuongezeka" katika maeneo ambayo tayari si salama.<ref>[http://securityandclimate.cna.org/report/ "National Security and the Threat of Climate Change] {{Wayback|url=http://securityandclimate.cna.org/report/ |date=20110811183032 }}". Military Advisory Board, 15 Aprili 2007.</ref> Katibu wa nje wa Uingereza Margaret Beckett anadokeza kuwa “Hali ya anga ambayo si dhabiti itaongeza zaidi baadhi ya visababishi vya migogoro, kama vile shinikizo la uhamiaji a ushndani wa rasilimali.”<ref>Reuters. [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/18/world/18nations.html?ex=1334548800en=599119af2640e7b1ei=5088partner=rssnytemc=rss U.N. Council Hits Impasse Over Debate on Warming]. The New York Times, 17 Aprili 2007. Retrieved on 29 Mei 2007.</ref> Na mapema wiki kadhaa, Wabunge wa Marekani Chuck Hagel (R-NB) na Richard Durbin (D-IL) walianzisha mswada katika Bunge la Marekani ambalo lingehitaji mashirika ya kijasusi ya mikoa kushirikiana katika Tathmini ya Kijasusi ya KItaifa kupima changamoto za kiusalama zinazosababishwa na mabadiliko ya hali ya anga.<ref>[http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2007/04/09/muckraker/ Will global warming threaten national security?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2007/04/09/muckraker/ |date=20090115205937 }}. ''Salon,'' 9 Aprili 2007. Retrieved on 29 Mei 2007.</ref> Mnamo Novemba mwaka wa 2007, mashirika mawili ya Washington, yalianzisha Kituo Cha Masomo ya Kimbinu na Masomo ya Kimataifa na shirika jipya zaidi la Kituo cha Usala Mpya wa Marekani, kilichapisha ripoti ulichambua matokeo ya kusalama Duniani kote yanayoweza kutokana na aina tatu za ongezeko la joto Duniani. Ripoti hiyo inatazama matukio matatu, mawili katika kipindi cha mtazamo wa takriban miaka 30 na kimoja kikiendelea hadi mwaka wa 2100. Matokeo yake ya jumla yanahitimisha ya kwamba mafuriko "...yana uwezo wa kuwa changamoto maeneo ya mikoa na hata mataifa. Migogoro ya kisilaha kati ya mataifa kuhusu rasilimali, kama vile Mto Nile na vijitti vyake, unawezekana..." na kuwa" Labda shida zinazotufanya tuwe na shaka zaidi zinahusika na ongezeko la vipimo vya joto na maeneo yenye maji baharini kupanda ni kutokana na uhamiaji mkubwa wa watu - ndani na nje ya mipaka ."<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Kurt M. Campbell, Jay Gulledge, J.R. McNeill, John Podesta, Peter Ogden, Leon Fuerth, R. James Woolsey, Alexander T.J. Lennon, Julianne Smith, Richard Weitz, Derek Mix|title=The Age of Consequences: The Foreign Policy and National Security Implications of Global Climate Change|url=http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/071105_ageofconsequences.pdf|format=PDF|date=Oktober 2007|accessdate=2009-07-14|archivedate=2009-07-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715011335/http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/071105_ageofconsequences.pdf}}</ref> Utafiti uliofanywa mwaka wa 2009 unaibua shaka kuhusu dhana ya kuwa ongezeko la joto na vurugu yanahusiana. Richard Tol na Sebastian Wagner walikusanya deta kuhusu hali ya anga na migogoro katika Bara Ulaya kati ya miaka ya 1000 na 2000. Walihitimisha ya kuwa hadi kipindi cha kati cha karne ya 18, kulikuwa na uhusiano muhimu kati ya idadi ya migogoro na kipimo cha wastani cha joto, lakini baada ya hapo hakuna uhusiano wowote wenye umuhimu wa kitakwimu unaonekana. Tol na Wagner wanadokeza kuwa uhusiano kati ya vita na hali ya hewa baridi zaidi unapungua wakati wa kipindi cha Mapinduzi ya Viwandani, wakati wa kuboreshwa kwa kilimo na usafiri vilivyo. Jarida la ''The Economist'' linapendekeza kuwa somo linalotokana na utafiti wao ni kuwa migogoro inayotokana na hali ya anga inaweza kupungzwa kwa kuendeleza mchakato wa kuboresha mazao.<ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Cool heads or heated conflicts?|date=10 Oktoba 2009|work=The Economist|pages=88|accessdate=2009-10-28}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Viungo vya nje== ;Matokeo ya nje * [http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20141208131059/https%3A//www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/main_climate_change.php "Climate Change", 2014-12-08] [[World Meteorological Organization]]. * [http://www.ipcc-wg1.unibe.ch/ The IPCC Working Group I (WG I)]. This body assesses the physical scientific aspects of the climate system and climate change. * [https://nex.nasa.gov/nex/ NASA Nex Climate Data and Prediction Models] {{Wayback|url=https://nex.nasa.gov/nex/ |date=20180420133146 }} *US Navy Climate Change Roadmap, 2010, [http://www.navy.mil/navydata/documents/CCR.pdf] ;Matokeo katika jamii, uchumi na ekolojia * [https://www.un.org/esa/dsd/dsd_aofw_cc/cc_index.shtml Climate change] on the United Nations Economic and Social Development (UNESD) Division for Sustainable Development website. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100225092739/http://www.ipcc-wg2.gov/ The IPCC Working Group II (WG II) website, 2010-02-25] – This body assesses the vulnerability of socio-economic and natural systems to climate change, negative and positive consequences of climate change, and options for adapting to it. ;Kwa jumla * [http://esa.un.org/subindex/pgViewSites.asp?termCode=QB.25 List of United Nations Functional Commissions and Expert Bodies related to climate change] {{Wayback|url=http://esa.un.org/subindex/pgViewSites.asp?termCode=QB.25 |date=20121028011205 }} * [[IRIN]], the humanitarian news and analysis service of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs: [http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=79563 "What climate change does"], [http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=79508 "How climate change works"], and [http://www.irinnews.org/IndepthMain.aspx?IndepthId=73&ReportId=78246 "Gathering Storm – the humanitarian impact of climate change"] * Picha: ** [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=4119472365452589212 "Educational Forum: Arctic Climate Impact"]. Panel discussion with James J. McCarthy, Professor at Harvard University, and Author; Paul R. Epstein, M.D., instructor in medicine at Harvard Medical School; and Ross Gelbspan, Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist and author. Massachusetts School of Law. ** [http://climateprogress.org/2010/02/05/videos-humans-are-changing-the-climate-global-warming-threat-chris-field/#more-18551 "How we know humans are changing the climate and Why climate change is a clear and present danger"]. Interviews with Christopher Field and Michael MacCracken. Christopher Field is the director of the Department of Global Ecology at the Carnegie Institution of Washington, professor of biology and environmental earth system science at Stanford University, and the Working Group II Co-Chair for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Michael MacCracken is the chief scientist for Climate Change Programs at the Climate Institute and a co-author and contributing author for various chapters in the IPCC assessment reports. Climate Progress website, February 5, 2010. *[http://www.businessinsider.com/terrible-effects-of-climate-change-2014-10 25 Devastating Effects Of Climate Change]—''[[Business Insider]]'' (October 11, 2014) {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Ekolojia]] [[Jamii:Madhara ya mazingira]] [[Jamii:Metorolojia]] hxuu092cibv9k9pqqwlin4gye7p0n5m 0 35369 1599044 1429854 2026-09-23T03:30:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599044 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha: Talibe Child Beggers in Niger West Africa.jpg|thumb|300px|Mahali pengi (kama hapa Niger) watoto wanalazimishwa kuomba-omba barabarani ili kuzalisha mapato kwa watu wengine]] {{Tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Biashara haramu ya watoto''' ni aina ya [[biashara haramu ya binadamu]] ambayo inafanyika kwa kuajiri, kusafirisha, kuhamisha, kuweka au kupokea [[watoto]] kwa lengo la kuwanyonya kiuchumi. [[Biashara]] ya unyonyaji wa watoto [[ngono|kingono]] inaweza kuchukua njia nyingi ikiwa ni pamoja na kulazimisha mtoto kuingia katika [[ukahaba]] <ref> [http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/jul/03/childprotection.internationalcrime Vijana wazaliwa wa Uingereza wanalanguliwa kimagendo kwa unyonyaji wa kijinsia ndani ya Uingereza, polisi wanasema]</ref> au aina nyingine za ngono au [[ponografia ya watoto]]. Unyonyaji wa watoto pia ni pamoja na [[ajira]] au huduma ya kulazimishwa, [[utumwa]] au mazoea sawa na utumwa, kuondolewa sehemu za [[mwili]], uchukuaji haramu wa watoto kimataifa, biashara kwa [[ndoa]] ya mapema, kuajiri [[watoto]] kama [[wanajeshi]], kwa ajili ya matumizi katika [[uombaji]] au kama [[Riadha|wanariadha]] (kama watoto waelekezi wa [[ngamia]] au [[Mchezaji|wachezaji]] wa [[Mpira wa miguu|mpira]]), au kwa ajili ya kuwasajili kwa [[Kundi|makundi]] ya [[dini|kidini]]. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uefa.com/uefa/keytopics/kind=2048/newsid=462974.html |title=uefa.com |accessdate=2010-01-19 |archive-date=2009-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430123308/http://www.uefa.com/uefa/keytopics/kind=2048/newsid=462974.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kulingana na [[sheria ya kimataifa]], katika [[kesi]] ya watoto matumizi ya njia haramu - kama vile matumizi ya nguvu au aina nyingine ya ushawishi, ya utekaji nyara, ya udanganyifu, ya matumizi mabaya ya madaraka au nafasi ya mazingira magumu - si muhimu katika kuamua kama tendo fulani ni la [[uhalifu]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://untreaty.un.org/English/TreatyEvent2003/Texts/treaty2E.pdf | title = Nakala iliyohifadhiwa|accessdate=2010-01-19 |archive-date=2006-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928150400/http://untreaty.un.org/English/TreatyEvent2003/Texts/treaty2E.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ni aina ya [[Unyanyasaji wa binadamu]] kama inavyofafanuliwa na [[Itifaki]] ya [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] ya Kuzuia, Kukandamiza na Kuadhibu Ulanguzi wa Watu, hasa [[Mwanamke|Wanawake]] na Watoto. [[Mkataba]] wa 182 wa [[Shirika la kimataifa la kazi]] (ILO) umefafanua kuwa ni aina ya ajira kwa watoto. Ulanguzi wa watoto ni kosa chini ya sheria ya kimataifa na chini ya sheria za mataifa mengi. ==Sheria ya kimataifa== [[Itifaki]] ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya Kuzuia, Kukandamiza na Kuadhibu Unyanyasaji wa Watu, hasa Wanawake na Watoto, ikisaidia [[Mkataba]] wa Umoja wa Mataifa dhidi ya Uhalifu wa Kupangwa Unaopita Mipaka (2000). Itifaki hii imeridhiwa na nchi 135. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XVIII-12-a&chapter=18&lang=en | title = UNODC - Waliotia Mkataba Itifaki ya CTOC|accessdate=2021-12-26 |archivedate=2017-11-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121051709/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XVIII-12-a&chapter=18&lang=en }}</ref> [[Mkataba wa Shirika la kimataifa la kazi kuhusu Upigaji Marufuku na Utekelezaji wa Haraka kwa Utokomezaji wa Njia Mbaya Zaidi za Ajira kwa Watoto]] (Mkataba wa 182 wa ILO) (1999) unaifafanua kuwa ni njia ya ajira kwa watoto. Chini ya mikataba yote miwili, mtoto ni mtu yeyote ambaye hajafikisha miaka [[kumi na nane]] ya [[umri]]. ==Changamoto katika ufafanuzi wa ulanguzi wa watoto== Kuna [[tabia]] kwa mjadala wa unyanyasaji, na ufahamu unaohusiana wa tukio hili, kuamuliwa katika mkabala wa uhalifu kwa upande mmoja, na wa [[haki za binadamu]] au mbinu za ulinzi kwa upande mwingine. Hii inajenga [[hisia]] ya [[uongo]] wa mitazamo inayopingana na wakati, katika hali halisi, pande zote mbili zinaohusishwa kindani na ni muhimu katika kuzuia na kupambana na biashara hiyo. <ref> [http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/insight9e.pdf Ripoti ya Innocenti ya UNICEF ya Ulanguzi wa watoto katika Afrika]</ref> Pamoja na umuhimu wake katika njia yoyote ya kupambana na tatizo la unyanyasaji, hakuna ufafanuzi mmoja wa unyonyaji na kuna ugumu katika kuamua mahali ambapo unyonyaji huanza. Ufafanuzi wa Palermo hauishii tu unyanyasaji wa kuvuka mipaka - kati ya nchi jirani - inaweza kutumika kwa ulanguzi wote wa ndani na kati ya [[Bara|mabara]]. Kuna uwezekano wa viungo kati ya unyanyasaji na [[Uhamiaji wa binadamu|uhamiaji]]. Wakati watu wanahama kutoka sehemu moja hadi sehemu nyingine - katika mtaa, kitaifa au kimataifa - kuna uwezekano wa wao kuwa katika hatari zaidi hasa katika nyakati za migogoro ya kisiasa au katika uso wa shinikizo za kijamii au za kiuchumi. Iwe hali inayotokana na tamaa, au motisha kutafuta fursa ya maisha bora, wanaweza kwa hiari kulanguliwa kuvuka mpaka. Baada ya kusafirishwa kuvuka mpaka wanaweza kujikuta wametekwa nyara katika mtandao wa unyanyasaji, hawawezi kutoroka na hawawezi kupata ushauri wa kisheria au ulinzi. <ref> [http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/insight9e.pdf Ripoti ya Innocenti ya UNICEF ya Ulanguzi wa Watoto katika Afrika]</ref> ==Marejeo== <references></references> == Viungo vya nje == {{commonscat}} *[http://www.childtrafficking.com/Content/Library/ ChildTrafficking.com: Maktaba inayotafutika ya rasilimali za kitaalamu] {{Wayback|url=http://www.childtrafficking.com/Content/Library/ |date=20091128185132 }} *[http://www.nspcc.org.uk/Inform/research/reading_lists/commercial_exploitation_of_children_wda54798.html Jamii ya Taifa kwa Ajili ya Kuzuia Ukatili kwa Watoto (Uingereza): Katika kina Orodha ya taaluma ya kusoma makala katika kichwa hiki] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nspcc.org.uk/Inform/research/reading_lists/commercial_exploitation_of_children_wda54798.html |date=20120222050801 }} *[http://ugpulse.com/articles/daily/news.asp?about=Minister%20calls%20for%20a%20law%20on%20child%20trafficking&amp;ID=7044 Waziri wa Uganda atoa wito kwa sheria kupambana na ulanguzi wa watoto, ''UGPulse.com'' ] [[Jamii:Haki za binadamu]] [[Jamii:Malezi]] [[Jamii:Jinsia]] [[Jamii:Biashara]] nhoo2spuf6u2r35bxmss40w4bb140to 0 35680 1598862 1592655 2026-09-22T22:40:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single | Jina = Always Be My Baby | Cover = ABMB2.jpg | Msanii = [[Mariah Carey]] | Album = [[Daydream (Mariah Carey album)|Daydream]] | Ilitolewa = {{Start date|1996|3|9}} | Muundo = [[CD single]], [[cassette single]] | Ilirekodiwa = Desemba 1994 | Aina = [[pop music|Pop]], [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] | Urefu = 4:18 | Studio = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] | Mtunzi = Mariah Carey, [[Jermaine Dupri]], [[Manuel Seal, Jr.]] | Mtayarishaji = Mariah Carey, Jermaine Dupri, Manuel Seal | Certification = 2x Platinum <small>(U.S.)</small><br />Gold <small>(Australia, New Zealand)</small> | Single iliyopita = "[[Open Arms (Journey song)#Mariah Carey version|Open Arms]]"<br />(1995)</small> | Single ya sasa = "'''Always Be My Baby'''" <br />(1996) | Single ijayo = "[[Forever (Mariah Carey song)|Forever]]" <br />(1996) }} "'''Always Be My Baby'''" ni wimbo uliondikwa na kutayarishwa na mwanamziki anayeimba miondoko ya pop [[Mariah Carey]] akishirikiana na [[Jermaine Dupri]] pamoja na Manuel Seal. Wimbo huu ulitoka ramsi mwaka 1996, kama single ya tatu katika toleo la [[Marekani]] kutoka katika albamu ya nne ya Carey. Wimbo wa ''[[Daydream]]'' wa mwaka (1995),ulifika katika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati ya Marekani ya [[Billboard Hot 100]] na kufika katika nafasi ya 2 nchini [[Canada]]. Mwaka 1996, wimbo huu ulimwezesha Carey kupata tuzo ya Mwanamuziki bora wa kike wa muziki wa R&B. == Chati == "Always Be My Baby" ulianza kupigwa katika vituo mbalimbali vya redio Amerika ya Kaskazini tarehe 26 Machi26, na wimbo huu ukawa wimbo wa kumi na moja kutoka kwa Carey kufika kuingia katika chati ya [[Billboard Hot 100]]. Lakini tofauti na nyimbo zilizotangulia kama vile, "[[Fantasy]]" na "[[One Sweet Day]]", wimbo huu haukufanikiwa kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza na badala yake uliishia katika nafasi ya pili lakini baadae ulikuja kufika katika nafasi hiyo na kukaa hapo kwa kipindi cha wiki mbili, na kurudia katika nafasi ya pili ambapo ilikaa hapo kwa kipindi cha wiki tisa lakini sio mfululizo. Hadi hii leo, huu ndio wimbo kutoka Carey uliowahi kukaa katika nafasi ya pili kwa kipindi kirefu zaidi "Always Be My Baby" ulipigwa zaidi katika nchini Marekani, na mwaka 1996, wimbo huu ulitajwa kuwa moja ya nyimbo katika chati ya [[Hot 100 Airplay]] lakini hata kutokana na mafanikio haya haukuweza kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza kwa kipindi kizima cha mwaka 1996. Alishirikiana na mwanamziki mwingine na wimbo huo ndio ulifanikiwa kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati ya [[Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks]]. Na kufika katika nafasi ya tano katika chati ya [[Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks]] na chati ya [[Top 40 Mainstream]] . Nje ya Marekani, wimbo huu pia ulikuwa na mafanikio, lakini haukuweza kupata mafanikio ya wimbo wa ''Fantasy'' katika masoko mbalimbali. Japokuwa ulifanya vibaya kulinganisha na nyimbo kama vile ;;One Sweet Day'' ulifanikiwa kufika katika nyimbo tano bora za nchini Canada na Uingereza, ambako huku ulifanya vizuri zaidi kulinganisha na nyimbo mbalimbali za Carey. Nchini [[Australia]] ulifanikiwa kuingia katika nyimbo ishirini bora. == Video ya muziki == [[Image:Mariah Carey4 Edwards Dec 1998 uncropped.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Carey on the set of the music video for "I Still Believe".]] Video ya muziki hii, iliongozwana yeye mwenyewe, ambapo alikuwa akielezea jinsi wapenzi wadogo wawili wakiwa katika katikati ya usiku. Video hii ilifanyika katika eneo la Carey analolifadhili la [[Fresh Air Fund]] katika jiji la [[New York]] {{-}} == Muundo la orodha ya nyimbo == {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} '''European CD single #1''' # "Always Be My Baby" (Album Version) # "Always Be My Baby" (Mr. Dupri Mix) (feat. Da Brat & Xscape) '''European CD single #2''' # "Always Be My Baby" (Album Version) # "Always Be My Baby" (Def Classic Radio Version) '''North American CD single''' # "Always Be My Baby" (Album Version) # "Always Be My Baby" (Mr. Dupri Mix) (feat. Da Brat & Xscape) # "Slipping Away" '''Australian/European/U.S. CD maxi-single #1''' # "Always Be My Baby" (Mr. Dupri No Rap Radio Mix) (feat. Xscape) # "Always Be My Baby" (Mr. Dupri mix featuring Da Brat and Xscape) # "Always Be My Baby" (Mr. Dupri extended mix featuring Da Brat and Xscape) # "Always Be My Baby" (Reggae soul mix featuring [[Li'l Vicious]]) # "Always Be My Baby" (album version) '''Australian/European CD maxi-single #2''' # "Always Be My Baby" (Def Classic Radio Version) # "Always Be My Baby" (Always Club Mix) # "Always Be My Baby" (Groove-A-Pella) # "Always Be My Baby" (ST Dub) {{col-2}} '''Japanese CD single''' # "Always Be My Baby" (Album Version) # "Always Be My Baby" (Mr. Dupri Mix) (feat. Da Brat & Xscape) # "Long Ago" '''UK maxi-single #1''' # "Always Be My Baby" (album version) # "Always Be My Baby" (Mr. Dupri extended mix featuring Da Brat and Xscape) # "Always Be My Baby" (Mr. Dupri no rap radio mix featuring Xscape) # "Always Be My Baby" (Reggae soul mix featuring Li'l Vicious) # "Always Be My Baby" (Reggae soul dub mix) '''UK CD maxi-single #2''' # "Always Be My Baby" (Def classic radio version) # "Always Be My Baby" (Always club mix) # "Always Be My Baby" (Dub-a-baby) # "Always Be My Baby" (Groove a pella) # "Always Be My Baby" (ST dub) {{col-end}} == Chati == {|class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chati (1996) !align="center"|Ilipata<br>nafasi |- |align="left"|Australian Singles Chart<ref>[http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?key=15542&cat=s Australian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|17 |- |align="left"|Canadian Singles Chart<ref>[http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/SINGLES.html Canadian Singles Chart] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|Dutch Singles Chart<ref>[http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Always+Be+My+Baby&cat=s Dutch Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|27 |- |align="left"|European Singles Chart<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=European+Hot+100+Singles |title=European Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-24 |archivedate=2009-05-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525060721/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=European+Hot+100+Singles }}</ref> |align="center"|19 |- |align="left"|German Singles Chart<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm |title=German Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-24 |archive-date=2010-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821222725/http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|76 |- |align="left"|Irish Singles Chart<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |title=Irish Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-24 |archive-date=2015-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107043329/http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|Japanese Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/js/w/ Japanese Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|79 |- |align="left"|New Zealand Singles Chart<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Always+Be+My+Baby&cat=s |title=New Zealand Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027000918/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Always+Be+My+Baby&cat=s |archivedate=2013-10-27 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027000918/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Always+Be+My+Baby&cat=s }}</ref> |align="center"|5 |- |align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>[http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Always+Be+My+Baby&cat=s Swedish Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|38 |- |align="left"|UK Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.everyhit.co.uk/ UK Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref name="Billboard">{{Cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=48340&model.vnuAlbumId=1110917 |title=Artist Chart History - Mariah Carey |accessdate=2008-04-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404032413/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=48340&model.vnuAlbumId=1110917 |archivedate=2008-04-04 }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks<ref name="Billboard"/> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Dance Club Play<ref name="Billboard"/> |align="center"|6 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs<ref name="Billboard"/> |align="center"|1 |} ===Mauzo=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- ! Msambazaji ! Mauzo ! Certification |- | [[Australia]] | 35,000+ | Gold |- | [[New Zealand]] | 7,500+ | Gold |- | [[United States]] | 2,000,000+ | 2x Platinum |- {{col-end}} ==Tazama pia== * [[List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1996 (U.S.)]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo|2}} {{Mariah Carey}} {{Mariah Carey singles}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 1996]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Mariah Carey]] qjctzg2wp4n5ep4oln08vc0v96wyv1h 0 35685 1599285 1511056 2026-09-23T11:42:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599285 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | Jina = Do You Know | Type = Studio album | Msanii = [[Jessica Simpson]] | Cover = Do_You_Know_Album_Cover.jpg | Imetolewa = 9 Septemba 2008 | Aina = [[Country music|Country]] | Urefu = 43:38 | Imerekodiwa = 2007-2008 | Studio = [[Epic Records|Epic]]/[[Columbia Nashville]] | Mtayarishi = [[Brett James]], [[John Shanks]] |Review = * ''[[Allmusic]]'' {{rating|2|5}} [http://www.allmusic.com/album/do-you-know-r1415617 link] * ''[[Boston Herald]]'' D [http://news.bostonherald.com/entertainment/music/reviews/view.bg?articleid=1118636 link] * ''[[Dallas Morning News]]'' C+ [http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/ent/stories/DN-jessicasimpson_0909gl.State.Edition1.76461a.html link] * ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' C+ [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20223436,00.html link] * ''[[LA Times]]'' {{rating|2.5|5}} [http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/music/la-et-recordrack9-2008sep09,0,394600.story link] * ''[[New York Post]]'' {{rating|3|4}} [http://www.nypost.com/seven/09092008/entertainment/music/simpson_country_128253.htm link] * ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' {{rating|3|5}} [http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/22723969/review/22787114/do_you_know link] * ''[[Worcester Telegram]]'' {{rating|2|4}}[http://www.telegram.com/article/20081005/COLUMN17/810050410/-1/eworcester&template=eworcester link], * ''[[Slant Magazine]]'' {{rating|1.5|5}} [http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/music_review.asp?ID=1500 link] * ''[[Sputnikmusic]]'' {{rating|3.5|5}} [http://www.sputnikmusic.com/album.php?reviewid=27199 link] | Albamu iliyopita = ''[[A Public Affair]]''<br />(2006) | Albamu ya sasa = '''''Do You Know'''''<br />(2008) | Albamu ijayo = '''''From The Heart: The Singles Collection'''''<br />(2010) |Misc = {{Singles | Jina = Do You Know | Type = Studio album | single 1 = [[Come on Over]] | single 1 tarehe = 27 Mei 2008 | single 2 = Remember That | single 2 tarehe = 30 Septemba 2008 | single 3 = Pray Out Loud | single 3 tarehe = 20 Januari 2009 }} }} '''''Do You Know''''' ni studio albamu ya tano ya mwimbaji wa [[Marekani]] na nyota wa [[Reality TV]] [[Jessica Simpson]]. Ilitolewa mnamo 9 Septemba 2008 <ref>[http://www.jessicasimpson.com/news/do-you-know-album-cover "Do You Know" out 9/9/2008] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jessicasimpson.com/news/do-you-know-album-cover |date=20080915003302 }} at Jessica Simpson's official site</ref> na ilikuwa jaribio lake la kwanza kuvuka kuingia katika mwenendoo wa [[Muziki wa Country|country]]. Mtunzi wa nyimbo [[Brett James]] alitayarisha albamu hiyo kwa ushirikiano wa [[John Shanks]]. Albamu hii iliingia katika chati za Billboard Country katika nafasi ya kwanza na nafasi ya nne katika chati za [[Billboard 200]] huku ikiwa na mauzo yanayoonekana ya 65000 katika Juma la kwanza.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003850675 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-01-24 |archivedate=2008-09-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918052559/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003850675 }}</ref>. == Utayarishi == Baada ya kutoa albamu ya 2006 ''[[A Public Affair]]'', Simpson alitaja kuwa angependa kurudi kwa mizizi yake ya [[Muziki wa Country]] kwa vile alikuwa amelelewa katika mazingira ya muziki huo.<ref>[http://www.cmt.com/news/news-in-brief/1578710/jessica-simpsons-country-record-due-in-2008.jhtml Jessica Simpson's Country Record Due in 2008] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cmt.com/news/news-in-brief/1578710/jessica-simpsons-country-record-due-in-2008.jhtml |date=20140107125304 }} at CMT.com</ref>. simpson awali likuwa ameshaimba vibao vya Country kama vile 'Push your tush' na '[[These Boots Are Made For Walkin']]'. Alianza harakati zake kwa country kwa kuonekana katika video ya muziki ya "You Don't Think I'm Funny Anymore", iliyotolewa na [[Willie Nelson]]. mHatimaye alielekea [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]] kuanza kurekodi albamu yake. Single yake ya mwanzo ya country "[[Come on Over]]" ilitumwa redioni mnamo 27 Mei 2008. Ilipokelewa na maoni ya kuunga mkono. Single hii ilikuwa debut ya kwanza ya Country ya solo kuingia katika chati za country katika historia{{Fact|date=Februari 2009}}, kianzia #41 na kufikia kilele #18. Wimbo huu ulitolewa kwa mtandao mnamo juni 24, 2008 pamoja na toleo la kuonekana mnamo Julai2008. miongoni mwa watu wanaomtia moyo ni [[Martina McBride]] na [[Shania Twain]]. Pia alishirikiana na [[dolly Parton]] katika albamu hiyo, huku pamoja wakitoa Wimbo "Do You Know". Pia iliandikisha historia katika chati za UK kwa kuwa albamu ya mwanzo kutoka nchi tofauti iliyoingia katika chati katika nafasi ya juu zaidi. Ilianzia #77 katika mauzo kutoka [[Marekani]] pekee.{{Fact|date=Februari 2009}} == Ukuzi == == Mpangilio wa Vibao == # "[[Come On Over]]" ([[Jessica Simpson]], [[Rachel Proctor]], [[Victoria Banks]]) - 2:54 # "Remember That" (Proctor, Banks) - 3:44 # "Pray Out Loud" (Simpson, [[Brett James]], [[John Shanks]]) - 3:45 # "You're My Sunday" (Simpson, Luke Laird, [[Hillary Lindsey]]) - 4:40 # "Sipping on History" (Simpson, Laird, H. Lindsey) - 4:14 # "Still Beautiful" (James, Shanks, Simpson) - 3:44 # "Still Don't Stop Me" (James, H. Lindsey, Simpson) - 3:27 # "When I Loved You Like That" (Simpson, [[Aimee Mayo]], H. Lindsey, Chris Lindsey) - 4:06 # "Might as Well Be Making Love" ([[Gordie Sampson]], Verges, H. Lindsey) - 3:51 # "Man Enough" (Simpson, James, Verges) - 4:19 # "Do You Know" ([[Dolly Parton]]) - 5:04 #* duet with Dolly Parton # "Never Not Beautiful" (Simpson, Laird) - 3:46 (Kibao cha ziada cha Itunes) == Upokeaji na Wachambuzi == == Single == Single ya kwanza ya albamu hii "Come On Over" (iliyotungwa kwa ushirikiano na [[Victoria Banks]] ndiyo ilikuwa toleo la kwanza la Simpson kwa country radio, ikifikia kilele katika nafasi ya 18 katika chati za country mnamo Agosti 2008. Single ya Pili "Remember That", ilitolewa mnamo Oktoba na ikafikia kilele #42 katika chati za [[Hot Country Songs]] na single ya tatu "Pray Out Loud" ikashindwa kuingia kwa chati.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090114040304/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=357&cfgn=Singles&cfn=Hot+Country+Songs&ci=3104720&cdi=10089973&cid=12%2F20%2F2008 Hot Country Songs] at CMT.com</ref> == Unawili Katika Chati == === Albamu === Licha ya kuuza nakala 65,000 katika juma la kwanza, ''Do You Know'' ilianzia #4 katika chati za [[Billboard Top 200]], lakini ikashuka haraka sana, ikitolewa kwa chati katika muda wa majuma tisa pekee.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?f=The+Billboard+200&pageNumber=Top+11-50&g=Albums |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-01-24 |archivedate=2006-02-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060217072908/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?f=The+Billboard+200&pageNumber=Top+11-50&g=Albums }}</ref>. Wakati huo huo, ilishuka na kutoka katika ishirini bora katika chati za Country Album ambapo ilikaa uongozini kwa juma moja tu. Kwa ujumla, albamu hii haijanawili ikilinganishwa na mauzo ya albamu ya [[Public Affair|awali]] ya Simpson ambayo ilitajwa kutokuwa na ufanisi wa kibiashara. Kufikia mapema 2009 ilikuwa imeuza nakala 173,000 nchini [[US]] .<ref>http://www.billboard.com/#/news/ask-billboard-1003947916.story</ref>. Mauzo nchini [[Australia]] na [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] pia hayakuwa mazuri. {| class="wikitable" !Chati (2008) !Kilele |- |U.S. Billboard [[Top Country Albums]] |align="center"|1 |- |U.S. [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] |align="center"|4 |- |U.S. [[Top Internet Albums]] |align="center"|4 |- |Canada Top 50 Country Albums |align="center"|1 |- |Canada Top 100 Albums |align="center"|13 |- |Australian [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] Album Chart |align="center"|95 |- |Australian [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] Country Chart<ref>http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display_country.asp?chart=1F20</ref> |align="center"|6 |- |UK Albums Chart |align="center"|42 |} === Single === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! rowspan="2"| Mwaka ! rowspan="2"| Single ! colspan="6"| Kilele katika<br />chati |- style="font-size:smaller;" ! width="40"| [[Hot Country Songs|US Country]] ! width="40"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]] ! width="40"| [[Pop 100|US<br />Pop]] ! width="40"| CAN Country ! width="40"| [[Canadian Hot 100|CAN]] ! width="40"| [[Ufalme wa Muungano Singles Chart|UK]] |- | rowspan="2"|2008 | align="left"| "[[Come On Over]]" | 18 | 65 | 60 | 16 | 60 | 81 |- | align="left"| "Remember That" | 42 | 101 | — | — | 88 | — |- | 2009 | align="left"| "Pray Out Loud" | — | — | — | — | — | — |- | align="center" colspan="10" style="font-size:8pt"| "—" inaashiria single ilishindwa kuingia kwa chati au haikutolewa |- |} == Historia ya Matoleo == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Eneo ! Tarehe |- | [[United States]] | rowspan=2|9 Septemba 2008 |- | [[Canada]] |- | [[Australia]] | 13 Septemba 2008 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 19 Septemba 2008 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 13 Oktoba 2008 |- | [[Japan]] | 10 Desemba 2008 |} == Virejeleo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya Nje == * {{Metacritic album|id=simpsonjessica/doyouknow|title=Do You Know}} {{start box}} {{s-bef | before= ''[[Love on the Inside]]'' ya [[Sugarland]]}} {{s-ttl | title= ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' [[Top Country Albums]] Albamu ya kwanza | years= 27 Septemba 2008}} {{s-aft | after= ''[[Learn to Live]]'' ya [[Darius Rucker]]}} {{end box}} {{Jessica Simpson}} {{Jessica Simpson singles}} [[Jamii:Albamu za 2008]] [[Jamii:Albamu za Jessica Simpson]] [[Jamii:Albamu za Columbia Records]] mx40hpm8jcbk178qpatpe1mezo76a7i 0 35818 1598996 1573233 2026-09-23T02:55:39Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Football club infobox | clubname = Gor Mahia| image = | fullname = Gor Mahia| nickname = The Mighty Gor| founded = [[1968]]| ground = [[Nairobi City Stadium]]<br>[[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]] | capacity = 15,000| chairman = Ambrose Otieno Rachier| manager = [[James Sianga]]| league = [[Kenyan Premier League]] | season = 2009| position = | pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=| leftarm1=008000|body1=008000|rightarm1=008000|shorts1=ffffff|socks1=008000| }} '''Gör Mahia''' ni klabu ya kandanda yenye makao yake katika mji mkuu wa [[Nairobi]] nchini [[Kenya]]. Ni kimojawapo kati ya vilabu viwili maarufu zaidi nchini katika kandanda ya vilabu nchini Kenya (klabu nyingine maarufu na mpinzani wake wa jadi ni [[AFC Leopards]]). Gör Mahia imeshinda Ligi ya Kenya mara 21 na Kombe la Kenya mara nane. Gör Mahia ndiyo klabu ya kipekee nchini Kenya kushinda Taji la bara Afrika, kwani klabu hii ilishinda Kombe la Afrika la mabingwa mwaka wa 1987. Klabu hii ilianzishwa mwaka wa 1968 wakati vilabu viwili vya kandanda,''Luo United'' na ''Luo Sports Club (pia ilikuwa inajulikana kama Luo Stars)'', viliungana. Mmoja wa mwanzilishi wake alikuwa mwanasiasa [[Tom Mboya]]. Uwanja wao wa kucheza mechi za nyumbani ni [[Nairobi City Stadium]]. Gör Mahia imeshinda shindano moja tu tangu mwaka wa 1995. Aidha, imeepuka kuteremshwa kwa ligi ya divisheni ya pili mara tatu. Licha ya matatizo yake ya kifedha, klabu hii ilikuwa inacheza vyema katika ligi msimu wa 2005-2006 lakini hatimaye mabishano mapya yaliharibu kila kitu. Gör Mahia kama klabu inamizizi ya hekaya, hadithi na simulizi za Kiluo. Gör Mahia alikuwa shujaa wa Kiluo ambaye alikuwa anajulikana kwa umiliki wake wa mamlaka ambayo yalimwezesha kufanya maajabu. Mahia ni neno la Kiluo ambalo linaelezea ajabu na siri na hivyo basi wakati Gör ilianzishwa ilitakiwa kumiliki sifa asili za Gor Mahia kutokana na jina lake. Hakika Gör iliweza kudhibiti jina hilo na hata kupitisha matumaini ambayo watu wengi walitarajia. Katika miaka yake ya mafanikio, hakuna timu iliyoweza kupambana za Gör na baadhi ya watu waliona klabu hii kuwa bora barani Afrika. Sambamba na uaminifu wa wafuasi wake, Gör bado ina uwezo wa kusimama kutoka kwenye majivu na kurejea utukufuni walioupoteza kama "Gör wenye nguvu". Klabu hii ilirejesha sifa yake ya kupata mataji mwaka wa 2008 wakati ilishinda Kombe la KFF. Hata hivyo, klabu zingine zote za KPL ziligoma kushiriki katika kombe hilo. == Historia == Klabu hiyo ilianzishwa rasmi mnamo tarehe 17 Februari 1968 kama muungano wa Luo Union na [[Gör Mahia|Luo Sports Club]] (pia inajulikana kama [[Gör Mahia|Luo Stars]] ) na ikashinda ligi ya kitaifa kwa mara ya kwanza ya jaribio la ligi. Baadhi ya viongozi wake wa awali walikuwa wanasiasa [[Tom Mboya]] na [[Jaramogi Oginga Odinga]]. Walakini, klabu ilianzishwa mapema zaidi, mnamo 1915, na ilishiriki bila mpangilio wa mara kwa mara katika mashindano ya kiundani [[Mkoa wa Magharibi (Kenya)|Magharibi mwa Kenya]]. Vikundi mbalimbali vilitumia jina hili kwa nyakati tofauti. Klabu hiyo inacheza mechi zake za nyumbani katika uwanja wa Nairobi City Stadium. Vinginevyo, wanacheza pia katika [[Uwanja wa kimataifa wa michezo wa Moi|uwanja wa Michezo wa Kimataifa wa Moi]] na [[Uwanja wa michezo Nyayo|Uwanja wa Kitaifa wa Nyayo]]. Awali imeandaa baadhi ya mechi katika [[Kisumu County Stadium|Uwanja wa Kaunti ya Kisumu]] na [[Uwanja wa michezo wa manispaa ya Mombasa|Uwanja wa Manispaa ya Mombasa]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=2000048854&cid=253&story=Kisumu%20stadium%20renovation|title=Kisumu stadium renovation|work=Standard Digital News|accessdate=10 September 2016|archivedate=29 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729163243/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/}}</ref> Klabu hiyo ilishinda Ligi ya Kitaifa ya Soka ya Kenya mnamo 1968, baada ya kuanzishwa rasmi mnamo Februari mwaka huo huo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.gorfc.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=92&Itemid=27|title=www.gorfc.com [13]|accessdate=10 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185657/http://gorfc.com/index.php?id=92&itemid=27&option=com_content&view=article|archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref> Mnamo 1976, Gor Mahia ilishinda ligi ya kitaifa bila ya kupoteza mechi yoyote ya ligi, <ref name="gormahia1">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.gormahia.net/unbeaten.html|title=When Gor Mahia won the league unbeaten|accessdate=10 September 2016|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043305/http://www.gormahia.net/unbeaten.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.supersport.com/football/blogs/carol-radull/Its_derby_time|title=It's derby time|accessdate=10 September 2016|archivedate=17 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817132049/http://www.supersport.com/football/blogs/carol-radull/Its_derby_time}}</ref> na kurudia rekodi yiyo hiyo miaka 39 baadaye chini ya usimamizi wa Frank Nuttall. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ke/news/4523/kenya-premier-league/2015/11/01/16886072/gor-mahia-2-0-muhoroni-youth-unbeaten-kogalo|title=Gor Mahia 2–0 Muhoroni Youth: Unbeaten K'Ogalo|date=1 November 2015|first=Seth|author=Willis|publisher=Goal.com|accessdate=1 November 2015|archivedate=4 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104060041/http://www.goal.com/en-ke/news/4523/kenya-premier-league/2015/11/01/16886072/gor-mahia-2-0-muhoroni-youth-unbeaten-kogalo}}</ref> Kuelekea mwishoni mwa miaka ya 2000, Gor ilianza kujizolea umaarufu kwa taratibu na kuwarudisha mashabiki wa soka wa Kenya uwanjani na kujaza mara kwa mara viwanja ambavyo tiketi zimekisha uzwa kwa ajili ya mechi hizo. Klabu ilirejea kwa medali ya fedha mwaka wa 2008 iliposhinda Kombe la KFF baada ya ukame wa miaka kumi na mitatu wa mataji yoyote makuu. Gor waliendelea kushinda [[Kenya]] DSTV Super Cup dhidi ya mabingwa watetezi wa mwaka huo, [[Mathare United]] kabla ya kuanza kwa msimu wa 2009 KPL. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/89/africa/2009/01/24/1076255/gor-mahia-outclass-mathare-united-in-kenya-super-Cup|title=Gor Mahia Outclass Mathare United in Kenya Super Cup - Goal.com|date=24 January 2009|accessdate=10 September 2016|archivedate=11 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011021035/http://www.goal.com/en/news/89/africa/2009/01/24/1076255/gor-mahia-outclass-mathare-united-in-kenya-super-Cup}}</ref> Mnamo tarehe 26 Oktoba 2011 Gor Mahia kwa mtindo wa kutawala kwa kawaida iliwacharaza [[Sofapaka]] ndiposa kushinda toleo la 2011 la Kombe la FKL baada ya kuwashinda mahasimu wao wa jadi [[AFC Leopards]] siku 6 mapema katika tamasha la kusisimua la Siku ya Mashujaa la Oktoba 20. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.supersport.com/football/kenya/news/111026/Gor_Mahia_clinch_FKL_Cup|title=Gor Mahia clinch FKL Cup|accessdate=10 September 2016|archivedate=3 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232302/http://www.supersport.com/football/kenya/news/111026/Gor_Mahia_clinch_FKL_Cup}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://kenyapage.net/gormahia/|title=Untitled 1|accessdate=10 September 2016|archivedate=30 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330075840/http://kenyapage.net/gormahia/}}</ref> ==Mataji== ; African Cup Winners 'Cup: 1 (1987) ; Kombe la klabu za CECAFA: 3 (1980,1981,1985) ; Ligi kuu ya Kenya: 22 (1968, 1974, 1976, 1979, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1995, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2023, 2024, 2026) ; Kombe la KFF Cup: 8 (1976, 1981, 1983, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1992, 2008) ; Kenya Super Cup: 1 (2009)<ref> tovuti ya Daily Nation tovuti, 24 Januari 2009 [http://www.nation.co.ke/sports/football/-/1102/519390/-/yvd34m/-/index.html Gor tear Mathare United apart]</ref> ==Utendaji katika mashindano ya CAF.== *'''Kombe la shirikisho la CAF :''' tokeo 1 : ::2008 - Raundi ya mchujo * Kombe la Mabingwa wa klabu la Afrika : Matokeo 8 {{col-begin}} {{col-3}} :1974: Robo fainali :1986 - Raundi ya Pili :1986 - Raundi ya Pili {{col-3}} :1984: mechi haikuchezwa katika raundi ya pili :1971: Raundi ya kwanza :1974: Robo fainali {{col-3}} :1971: Raundi ya kwanza :1971: Raundi ya kwanza {{col-end}} *Kombe la CAF : Matokeo 2 :1974: Robo fainali :1971: Raundi ya kwanza *Kombe la CAF la washindi:7 {{col-begin}} {{col-3}} :1979 - ''Walifika fainali'' :1974: Robo fainali :1972: walijitoa katika raundi ya kwanza {{col-3}} :2008 - Raundi ya mchujo :1987 - '''Mabingwa''' {{col-3}} :1974: Robo fainali :1985 - Nusu fainali {{col-end}} ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.gormahia.net Tovuti Rasmi] {{Kenyan Premier League}} [[Jamii:Vilabu Mpira vya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Michezo mjini Nairobi]] btpm4sxudkdv26xq159m7dzujgbm15i 0 35884 1599061 1430297 2026-09-23T04:30:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single |B-Side = Me And My Wine | Jina = Bringin' On the Heartbreak | Cover = 200px-Def Leppard Bringin.jpg | Msanii = [[Def Leppard]] | kutoka albamu = [[High 'n' Dry]] | Ilitolewa = 13 Novemba 1981 | Muundo = [[Gramophone record|Vinyl single]] | Ilirekodiwa = Battery Studios, North London; 1981 | Aina = [[Hard rock]]<br>[[Heavy metal music|Heavy metal]] | Urefu = 4:34 | Studip = [[Mercury Records|Mercury]] | Mtunzi = [[Joe Elliott]], [[Pete Willis]], [[Steve Clark]] | Mtayarishaji = [[Robert John "Mutt" Lange]] | Aina = singles | Single iliyopita = "[[Let It Go (Def Leppard song)|Let It Go]]" <br>(1981) | Single ya sasa = "'''Bringin' On the Heartbreak'''" <br>(1981) | Single ujayo e = [[Photograph (Def Leppard song)|Photograph]]<br>(1983) }} {{Infobox single | Jina = Bringin' On the Heartbreak (remix) | Cover = | Msanii = [[Def Leppard]] | kutoka Albamu = [[High 'n' Dry]] | Ilitolewa = Mei 1984 | Muundo = [[Gramophone record|Vinyl single]] | Ilirekodiwa = Battery Studios, North London; 1981 | Aina = [[Hard rock]]<br>[[Heavy metal music|Heavy metal]] | Urefu = 4:34 | Studio = [[Mercury Records|Mercury]] | Mtunzi = [[Joe Elliott]], [[Pete Willis]], [[Steve Clark]] | Mtayarishaji = [[Robert John "Mutt" Lange]] | Aina = singles | Single iliyopita = "[[Too Late for Love (song)|Too Late For Love]]" <br>(1983) | Single ya sasa = "'''Bringin' On the Heartbreak (remix)'''" <br>(1984) | Single ijayo = "[[Women (Def Leppard song)|Women]]"<br>(1987) }} "'''Bringin' On the Heartbreak'''" ni wimbo ambao awali ulirekodiwa na bendi ya muziki wa [[hard rock]] ya Kiingereza ya [[Def Leppard]]. Ilikuwa single ya pili kutoka katika albamu yao ya mwaka wa 1981, ''[[High 'n' Dry]]''. Wimbo ulitungwa na wanachama watatu wa bendi: [[Steve Clark]], [[Pete Willis]], na [[Joe Elliott]]. Mnamo mwaka wa 2002, wimbo ulirudiwa tena na mwimbaji [[Pop music|pop]]/[[R&B]] wa Kimarekai Bi. [[Mariah Carey]] kwa ajili ya albamu yake ya ''[[Charmbracelet]]''. Watathimini wengi wale waliopitia wimbo wa mwimbaji wa R&B - wanadai kwamba huu uliorudiwa ulikuwa mkali zaidi ya ule wa wakina Def Leppard. ==Toleo la Def Leppard== Kundi la Def Leppard liliurudia wimbo huu kwa ajili ya albamu yao ya pili ya ''High 'n' Dry''. Albamu hii ya ''High 'n' Dry'' ilitoka nchii [[Marekani]] tarehe 13 Novemba ikiwa na nyimbo kama vile "Me and My Wine" na "You Got Me Runnin'" . Albamu hii haikuwahi kuingia katika chati ya muziki ya Marekani. Lakini video ya albamu hii ilikuwa maarufu sana katika maeneo mengi, na hii ikasababiaha kuongezeka kwa mauzo na kufanikiwa kuuza hadi kiasi cha nakala milioni mbili. Nchini [[Mexico]] albamu hii ilitolewa na kuitwa "Llevarlo en la Desilusión" na "Yo y mi Vino" ("Me and My Wine"). Albamu ya ''High 'n' Dry'' uilitoka rasmi mwezi Mei mwaka 1984 ikiwa na nyimbo nyingine mpya mbili ambazo moja kati ya nyimbo hizo mpya ni wimbo wa "Bringin' On the Heartbreak". Akishirikiana na [[Phil Collen]] aliyekuwa anapiga jitaa. Wimbo huu baada ya kutoka kwa mara ya pili ulifanikiwa kushika nafasi 61 katika chati ya muziki ya Marekani ya [[Billboard Hot 100]]. Baadae Wimbo wa kwa wa aina hii ulikuja kujumishwa katika albamu yao ''[[Vault: Def Leppard Greatest Hits (1980–1995)]]'' (1995) ''[[Best of Def Leppard]]'' (2004) na ''[[Rock of Ages: The Definitive Collection]]'' iliyotoka mwaka (2005). ===Video ya muziki=== Video ya kwanza ya muziki huu, iliongozwa na Doug Smith na video hii ilirekodiwa wakti mwanamziki huyu alipokuwa akiimba moja kwa moja katika ukumbi wa maonesho ya sanaa wa Royal Court katika eneo la [[Livepool]] nchini [[Uingereza]] hii ikiwa ni tarehe 22 Julai 1981. Katika kurekodi video ya wimbo huu, kulikuwa na picha kutoka katika nyimbo za "Let It Go" na "High 'n' Dry") kutoka katika tamasha la [[Don Kirshner]]' lililofanyika nchini Marekani <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.deflepparduk.com/defvideo1.html| title = Def Video 1 - High 'N' Dirty 1981 Era|publisher=Def Leppard UK.com|accessdate=2007-09-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816055430/http://www.deflepparduk.com/defvideo1.html|archivedate=2007-08-16}}</ref> The second music video, directed by [[David Mallet (director)|David Mallet]], was shot on Februari 1984 in Jacob's Biscuit Factory in Lake, Dublin, Ireland.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.deflepparduk.com/defvideo2.html| title = Def Video 2 - Pyromania 1983/High 'N' Dirty 1984 Era|publisher=Def Leppard UK.com|accessdate=2007-09-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070720043311/http://www.deflepparduk.com/defvideo2.html|archivedate=2007-07-20}}</ref> ===Orodha ya nyimbo=== ;7" Mercury / 818 779-7 (U.S.) # "Bringin' On the Heartbreak" (remix) # "Me & My Wine" (remix) ===Chati=== {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Chati (1984) !align="left"|Ilipata <br>nafasi |- |align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] <sup>1</sup> |align="center"|61 |- |} <sup>1</sup> Remix. ==Toleo la Mariah Carey== {{Infobox single | Jina = Bringin' On the Heartbreak | Cover = 200px-Bringin on the heartbreak.jpg | Msanii = [[Mariah Carey]] | Kutoka Albamu = [[Charmbracelet]] | B-side = "Miss You" | Ilitolewa = 25 Novemba 2003 | Muundo = [[CD single]] | Ilirekodiwa = | Aina = [[Pop music|Pop]] | Urefu = 4:30 | Studio = [[Island Records|Island]] | Mtayarishaji = Mariah Carey, [[Randy Jackson]] | Single iliyopita = "[[I Know What You Want]]" <br>(2003) | Single ya sasa = "'''Bringin' On the Heartbreak'''" <br>(2003) | Single ijayo = "[[U Make Me Wanna]]" <br>(2004) }} [[Mariah Carey]] alirudia wimbo huu kwa kushirikiana an [[Randy Jackson]] kwa ajili ya albamu yake ya 12, iliyojulikana kama ''[[Charmbracelet]]'' . Carey anasema kuwa,alikuwa akiupenda wimbo huu tangu akiwa mdogo na hivyo na alikuwa akifikiria kuurudia tangu akiwa mdogo.<ref>LAUNCH Radio Networks. [http://music.yahoo.com/read/news/12026730 "Mariah Carey Says She Loves Def Leppard Cover"]. [[LAUNCHcast]]. 30 Juni 2003. Retrieved 26 Januari 2006.</ref>. Wimbo huu ulitengenezwa katika miondoko ya rock na Rocan akipiga jitaa. .<ref>Armstrong, Mark and Morden, Darryl. [http://music.yahoo.com/read/news/12054461 "Mariah Carey Covers Def Leppard On New Album"]. [[LAUNCHcast]]. 24 Oktoba 2002. Retrieved 26 Januari 2006.</ref> Kama ilivyokuiwa kwa wimbo wa "[[Boy (I Need You)]]," iliyokuwa single ya pili kutoka katika albamu hii, wimbo wa, "Bringin' On the Heartbreak" pia ulishindwa kuingia katika chati hiyo ya mziki ya [[Marekani]] maarufu kwa jina la [[Billboard Hot 100]], <ref name=Billboarddotcom-MariahCarey>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060317003856/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=48340&model.vnuAlbumId=668708 "Mariah Carey: Artist Chart History &mdash; Singles"]. ''[[Billboard magazine|Billboard]]''. Retrieved 26 Januari 2006.</ref> Na pia ukishindwa kuingia katika chati ya [[Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles]] Ulishika nafasi 40, nchini [[Switzeland]] lakini ukashindwa pia kuingia katika nyimbo 40 bora za nchini [[Austria]].Kwa pamoja [[Junior Vasquez]], [[Mike Rizzo]] na Ruanne walitengeneza wimbo huu kwa mara ya pili kama Rimiksi, na kutangazwa katika nchi mbalimbali na hatimaye ulifanikiwa kufika katika nafasi tano katika chati ya [[Marekani]] ya ''[[Billboard]]'' ya [[Hot Dance Club Play]].<ref name=Billboarddotcom-MariahCarey/><ref>[http://top40-charts.com/songs/full.php?sid=8317&sort=chartid "Mariah Carey &mdash; Bringin' On The Heartbreak"]. Top40-Charts.com. Retrieved 26 Januari 2006.</ref> Video ya single hii, inafanana na filamu ya mwaka 1979 ya ''[[The Rose]]'' alipokuiwa kijaribu kutafuta furaha katika masuala ya muziki. Video hii ilitengenezwa tarehe 8 Machi 2003 na kuongozwa na [[Sanaa Hamri]] .<ref>Johnson Jr., Billy and Holland, Margy. [http://launch.yahoo.com/read/news/12029773 "Mariah Carey Video Features 'Joe Millionaire,' Dave Navarro"] {{Wayback|url=http://launch.yahoo.com/read/news/12029773 |date=20050309195642 }}. [[LAUNCHcast]]. 18 Machi 2003. Retrieved 26 Januari 2006.</ref><ref name=MTV-Mar2003>Staff report. [http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1470500/20030312/story.jhtml "For The Record: Quick News On Mariah Carey, Russell Simmons And George W. Bush, Da Brat, Meshuggah, Eels & More"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1470500/20030312/story.jhtml |date=20090715195937 }}. [[MTV.com]]. 12 Machi 2003. Retrieved 26 Januari 2006.</ref> Alipoulizwa kuhusu toleo la Carey, Joe Elliott aliliambia gazeti la ''[[Las Vegas Sun]]'', kuwa, ''nadhani amefanya kazi nzuri, ameweza kupangilia vizuri lakini si kama toleo lile toleo la rok'' Akiongelea kuhusu sauti ya Carey mwishoni mwa wimbo huu amesema sauti ya Carey inaweza kufanana na ile ya [[Tom Waits]]. <ref>Patterson, Spencer. [http://cryoem.berkeley.edu/~nieder/leppard/interviews/lasvegassun.2002-12-06.txt "Leppard's spots"] {{Wayback|url=http://cryoem.berkeley.edu/~nieder/leppard/interviews/lasvegassun.2002-12-06.txt |date=20041127034835 }}. ''[[Las Vegas Sun]]''. 6 Desemba 2002 (weekend edition: 8 Desemba 2002). Retrieved 26 Januari 2006.</ref> A number of reviews were positive,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | last = Friedman | first = Roger | title = Mariah's Rich Leppard, Barbra's New Job | publisher = [[Fox News]] | date = 2004-03-15 | url = http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,114174,00.html#4 | accessdate = 2007-09-06 | archive-date = 2007-11-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071117090132/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0%2C2933%2C114174%2C00.html#4 | url-status = dead}}</ref> ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' akiuelezea wimbo huu, anaema unamvuto wa ajabu. "<ref>Walters, Barry. [http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/_/id/265313?rnd=1138309856790&has-player=true&version=6.0.12.1040 Mariah Carey &mdash; ''Charmbracelet''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/_/id/265313?rnd=1138309856790&has-player=true&version=6.0.12.1040 |date=20090715091334 }}. ''[[Rolling Stone]]''. 19 Novemba 2002 (date of publication: 12 Desemba 2002). RS 911. Retrieved 26 Januari 2006.</ref> Phil Collen praised Carey's cover as a "genuine version of our song"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | title = We don't Carey...she'll have to book | publisher = Mariah Daily | date = 2003-08-31 | url = http://www.mariahdaily.com/aug03.html | accessdate = 2007-09-06 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070715154728/http://www.mariahdaily.com/aug03.html | archivedate = 2007-07-15 }}</ref> and defended it from Def Leppard's more critical fans: "The fans really get it wrong sometimes. She's on our side and it's an honour she's done it. Really, that's the only way we're getting played."<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | title = Mariah’s A Knock Out In Russia | publisher = Mariah Daily | date = 2003-09-30 | url = http://www.mariahdaily.com/sept03.html | accessdate = 2007-09-06 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070824040932/http://www.mariahdaily.com/sept03.html | archivedate = 2007-08-24 }}</ref> Carey's version was number 24 on VH1's "Least Metal Moments"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | title = 40 Least Metal Moments (40-21) | work = The Greatest | publisher = [[VH1]] | url = http://www.vh1.com/shows/dyn/the_greatest/86676/episode_featured_copy.jhtml | accessdate = 2007-09-06 | archivedate = 2006-02-22 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060222015507/http://www.vh1.com/shows/dyn/the_greatest/86676/episode_featured_copy.jhtml }}</ref>&mdash;in a segment subtitled "Bringin' On the Headache"&mdash;because many metal fans and musicians didn't like the remake. Bill Lamb of [[About.com]] ranked it at number 2 on his list of "Top 5 R&B/Pop Crossover Cover Songs" and said Carey's version is "superior to the original."<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | last = Nero | first = Mark Edward | title = Best R&B Versions of Rock/Pop Songs | publisher = [[About.com]] | url = http://randb.about.com/od/toppoprockcoverversions/tp/Rock_Covers.htm | accessdate = 2007-09-06 | archivedate = 2007-03-15 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070315131224/http://randb.about.com/od/toppoprockcoverversions/tp/Rock_Covers.htm }}</ref> ===Orodha ya nyimbo na Muundo=== '''European CD single''' # "Bringin' On the Heartbreak" (Mainstream Edit) # "Miss You" (featuring [[Jadakiss]]) '''European CD maxi-single''' # "Bringin' On the Heartbreak" (Mainstream Edit) # "Miss You" (featuring Jadakiss) # "Bringin' On the Heartbreak" (Live) # "Bringin' On the Heartbreak" (Video) ===Chati=== {|class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chati (2003) !align="center"|Ilipata<br>nafasi |- |align="left"|Austrian Singles Chart<ref>[http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Bringin%27+On+The+Heartbreak&cat=s Austrian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|55 |- |align="left"|Belgian Wallonia Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/fr/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Bringin%27+On+The+Heartbreak&cat=s Belgian Wallonia Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|40 |- |align="left"|Swiss Singles Chart<ref>[http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Bringin%27+On+The+Heartbreak&cat=s Swiss Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|28 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Dance Club Play<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=48340&model.vnuAlbumId=1110917 | title = Artist Chart History - Mariah Carey|accessdate=2008-04-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404032413/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=48340&model.vnuAlbumId=1110917 |archivedate=2008-04-04 }}</ref> |align="center"|5 |} ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo|2}} {{Def Leppard}} {{Mariah Carey}} {{Mariah Carey singles}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 1981]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 1984]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 2003]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Def Leppard]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Mariah Carey]] 9bz69fo8kbtohr2onl426f37m8yhrpb 0 36281 1598960 1446799 2026-09-23T02:48:11Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Uainishaji | rangi = #D3D3A4 | jina = Chui | picha = Leopard_on_a_horizontal_tree_trunk.jpg | upana_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = Chui juu ya tawi | domeni = | himaya = [[Mnyama|Animalia]] (Wanyama) | faila = [[Chordata]] (Wanyama wenye [[ugwe wa neva]] mgongoni) | ngeli = [[Mamalia|Mammalia]] (Wanyama wenye [[kiwele|viwele]] wanaonyonyesha wadogo wao) | oda = [[Carnivora]] (Wanyama mbua) | nusuoda = [[Feliformia]] (Wanyama kama [[paka]]) | familia = [[Felidae]] (Wanyama walio na mnasaba na paka) | nusufamilia = [[Pantherinae]] (Wanyama wanaofanana na [[chui]]) | jenasi = ''[[Panthera]]'' | spishi = ''[[Panthera pardus|P. pardus]]'' | bingwa_wa_spishi = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758 | subdivision = '''Nususpishi 8:''' * ''[[Panthera pardus delacouri|P. p. delacouri]]'' <small>[[Reginald Innes Pocock|Pocock]], 1930</small> * ''[[Panthera pardus fusca|P. p. fusca]]'' <small>([[Friedrich Albrecht Anton Meyer|Meyer]], 1794)</small> * ''[[Panthera pardus kotiya|P. p. kotiya]]'' <small>[[Paulus Edward Pieris Deraniyagala|Deraniyagala]], 1956</small> * ''[[Panthera pardus melas|P. p. melas]]'' <small>([[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1809)</small> * ''[[Panthera pardus nimr|P. p. nimr]]'' <small>([[Wilhelm Friedrich Hemprich|Hemprich]] & [[Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg|Ehrenberg]], 1830)</small> * ''[[Panthera pardus orientalis|P. p. orientalis]]'' <small>([[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]], 1857)</small> * ''[[Panthera pardus pardus|P. p. pardus]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small> * ''[[Panthera pardus tulliana|P. p. tulliana]]'' <small>([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1856)</small> }} Jina la kibiolojia Panthera pardus Linnaeus, 1758 ==Nususpishi== * ''Panthera p. delacouri'', [[Chui wa Indochina]] ([[w:Indochinese leopard|Indochinese leopard]]) * ''Panthera p. fusca'', [[Chui Hindi]] ([[w:Indian leopard|Indian leopard]]) * ''Panthera p. kotiya'', [[Chui wa Sri Lanka]] ([[w:Sri Lankan leopard|Sri Lankan leopard]]) * ''Panthera p. melas'', [[Chui wa Java]] ([[w:javan leopard|Javan leopard]]) * ''Panthera p. nimr'', [[Chui Arabu]] ([[w:Arabian leopard|Arabian leopard]]) * ''Panthera p. orientalis'', [[Chui wa Amur]] ([[w:Amur leopard|Amur leopard]]) * ''Panthera p. pardus'', [[Chui wa Afrika]] ([[w:African leopard|African leopard]]) * ''Panthera p. tulliana'', [[Chui wa Kaukasia]] ([[w:Panthera pardu tulliana|Caucasian leopard]]) ==Tabia za umbo lake== [[Picha:Leopard_rear_view_soft.jpg|thumb|Jike la chui wa Afrika kutoka nyuma.]] [[File:Leopard.ogv|Chui|thumb]] Chui ni mnyama mwindaji anayewinda kimyakimya sana. Ingawa ni mdogo kuliko wanyama wote wa jenasi ya Panthera, chui bado anaweza kuwinda mnyama mkubwa kwasababu ya fuvu lake kubwa lenye taya zenye nguvu. Ukilinganisha na paka mwili wake ni mrefu zaidi na miguu yake ni mirefu. Urefu wa kichwa na mwili wake ni kati ya sm 125 na 165 na mkia wake unakaribia sm 60 mpaka 110. Urefu wa mabega ni sm 45 mpaka 80. Chui dume ni wakubwa 30% zaidi ukilinganisha na jike, kufikia uzito wa kg 37 mpaka 91 ukilinganisha na jike wenye kg 28 mpaka 60. Chui wenye miili mikubwa hupatikana kwenye maeneo yaliyojitenga na wanyama wengine wala nyama hasa toka kwa wale jamii ya paka wakubwa waliozoeleka kama vile simba na chui wakubwa wenye milia,"tigers". Chui mara nyingi huchanganywa na paka wengine wenye madoa, kama [[duma]] na [[jagwa]]. Hata hivyo wana mtindo tofauti wa madoa: duma wana madoa ya kawaida yaliyosambaa mwili wote; jaguar wana madoa madogo ndani ya vijimiraba; wakati chui ana madoa ndani ya miduara midogo kuliko ile ya jaguar. Chui ni mkubwa na mwenye misuli zaidi kuliko duma, lakini mdogo kidogo na mwenye misuli kidigo kuliko jaguar. Madoa ya chui ni ya mviringo kwa Afrika Mashiriki na huwa ya mraba kwa kusini mwa Afrika. Chui wameripotiwa kufikia mpaka umri wa miaka 21. Rangi mbalimbali. [[Picha:Blackleopard.JPG|thumb|Chui wa Afrika aina ya mweusi]] [[Picha:P.p.saxicolor-Wilhelma1.jpg|thumb|Dume la chui wa Persia mwenye rangi zisizo za kawaida]] ==Biolojia na tabia== [[Picha:Leopard_on_the_tree.jpg|thumb|Chui wa Afrika akipumzika mtini.]] [[Picha:Leopard_standing_in_tree_2.jpg|thumb|Chui wa Afrika akiketi juu ya mti kwenye Serengeti]] [[Picha:Leopard_kill_hanging_from_tree.jpg|thumb|Mawindo ya chui ya Afrika yakining’inia juu ya mti]] Chui anafahamika kwa uwezo wake wa kukwea miti, na huonekana akijipumzisha kwenye matawi ya miti wakati wa mchana, akiburuza mawindo yake mpaka juu ya miti na kuining’iniza huko; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard#cite_note-AWD-23] ingawa, yeye hana nguvu sana kama jamii nyingine ya paka. Chui naye pia ni mwenye nguvu sana, anaweza kukimbia mpaka km 58 kwa saa, kuruka mbele zaidi ya mita 6 na kuruka juu mpaka kufikia hata mita 3. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard#cite_note-animalbytes-24] Chui kiasili ni miongoni mwa wanyama wanaowinda usiku, japo wamerekodiwa mara kadhaa wakiwinda mchana, tena hasa wakati anga likiwa si angavu sana. Wao hutumia muda wao mwingi kulala, aidha juu ya miti, kwenye miamba au kwenye nyasi. ==Chakula na kuwinda.== Chui huwinda kwa utegemezi. Ingawa hupendelea wanyama wa umbo la kati, chui hula kitu chochote kuanzia kombamwiko alaye kinyesi mpaka wakubwa pofu dume mwenye kg 900. Milo yao hujumuisha sana wanyama wenye kwato na nyani, lakini rodent, reptilia, amfibia, ndege na samaki nao huliwa pia. Kwa Afrika, swala wa umbo la kati ndio chakula kikuu cha chui, hasa impa na swala wa Thomson. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard#cite_note-Schaller291-26] Huko Asia chui hula [[pongo|mbawala]], [[chitali]] na [[muntiako]] na pia aina ya [[paa (bovidae)|paa]] wa Asia na Ibex. Chui hunyatia windo lake kimyakimya na dakika ya mwisho kasha kumrukia, humnyonga koo lake kwa kumng’ata haraka. Chui kwa kawaida huficha mawindo yao kwenye vichaka vilivyoshona au huyachukua mpaka juu ya miti, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard#cite_note-Schaller291-26] na wana uwezo wa kubeba wanyama hata wenye uzito mara tatu ya uzito wao. Chui ndiyo mnyama pekee miongoni mwa jamii ya paka anayeweza kubeba mawindo yake juu ya miti. Uchaguzi wa mawindo kupitia tafiti umeonekana kuzingatia hali fulani ikiwemo ukubwa wa kundi analokuwemo mnyama awindwaye, ukubwa wa pori na mazingira yasiyoweza kuhatarisha maisha ya mwindaji, chui. ==Kuzaliana na Mzunguko wa maisha.== Chui jike huko Sabi Sands maeneo ya Afrika ya Kusini. Ona madoa meupe anayotumia kuwasiliana na watoto wake wakati wa kuwinda kwenye nyasi ndefu. Chui dume hufuata jike ambalo linamvutia, ingawa maranyingi kupigania haki za kuzaliana hutokea. Kutegemeana na eneo, chui hujamiiana mwaka mzima (Afrika na Asia) au kwa kipindi maalumu Januari mpaka Februari (Manchuria na Siberia). Chui jike kawaida huwa kwenye kipindi cha joto kwa siku 6 – 7. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard#cite_note-30] Hubeba mimba kwa siku 90 – 105. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard#cite_note-Animal-17] Watoto kwa kawaida huzaliwa kwa wingi wa 2 – 4, lakini kiwango cha kufa kwa watoto ni kikubwa kiasi cha kupona mtoto 1 – 2 tu kwa uzao mmoja. Chui jike mwenye mimba hutafuta pango, uwazi kwenye miamba, mti wenye uwazi mkubwa au kichaka kwaajili ya kuzalia na kuweka makazi ya mwanzo. Watoto hufungua macho yao baada ya siku 10. Manyoya ya watoto huwa marefu na mengi kuliko ya wakubwa. Ndani ya miezi mitatu watoto huanza kuwafuata mama zao nje kuwinda. Wakiwa na umri wa mwaka mmoja chui wana uwezo wa kujilisha wenyewe lakini hubaki na mama zao kwa miezi 18 mpaka 24. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard#cite_note-32] ==Kuchangamana na jamii na hifadhi== Tafiti juu ya chui zinaonesha kuwa asilimia karibu 13% ya chui wote wanapatikana katika maeneo yanayotunzwa. Katika tafiti yao ya IUCN, Nowell and Jackson walisema chui dume huwa nahimaya ya kilomita za mraba 30-38, lakini jike huwa na kilomita za mraba 15-16 tu. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard#cite_note-CAP-15] ==Ikolojia== ===Kutawanyika na malazi=== [[Picha:Leopard_distribution.gif|thumb|left|Msambao wa zamani (nyekundu) na sasa (kijani) wa chui.]] Data kutoka mwaka 1996 zinaonesha kuwa chui ndio waliosambaa zaidi kwa wanyama wote jamii ya paka, na hasa katika sehemu za kusini mwa Asia na katikati mwa Afrika,ingawa tangu hapo kiasi hicho kimeanza kupungua. Chui huishi zaidi sehemu zenye nyasi, miti kiasi na hasa pembezoni mwa vijito. Chui mara nyingi amefanyiwa tafiti akiwa katika misitu ya savanna, na ndio iliyotumika kutoa baadhi ya tabia zake. Kwa mfano kwa kawaida chui husemwa kuwa wao huwinda usiku lakini huko Afrika ya Magharibi wameonekana hasa kuwa wanawinda mchana. Pia chui wa misituni wanatabia ya kuchagua mawindo na huwa na tabia nyingi za msimu. [40] Huku akiwa katika misitu ya savanna, chui anaweza kuishi katika maeneo mengi: huko Urusi Mashariki ya Mbali, huweza hata kuishi kwenye jotoridi chini ya -25 digrii za Sentigredi. ===Kazi za Kiikolojia.=== Chui ni lazima apiganie chakula na malazi na wawindaji wingine kama simba, tigers, fisi madoa na mbwa mwitu wa Afrika hata na wale wa Asia. Wanyama hawa huweza kuiba mawindo ya chiu au hata kuwawinda kwa ajili ya kitoweo watoto wa chui. Chui ameweza kuishi na wanyama hawa pamoja kwa kuwa na muda tofauti wa kuwinda, na kutokuwa muda mwingi maeneo ambayo wanyama hawa wapo. Kwa usalama zaidi, chui hubeba aidha watoto wake au kitoweo chake alichowinda mpaka juu ya miti. Simba mara chache huweza kukwea juu ya miti kufikia chakula cha chui, na kama amevutiwa sana, tiger mkubwa anaweza pia kukwea mti kufikia chakula hicho. Nowell na Jackson waliona nyakati Fulani ambapo chui walishirikiana na simba au tiger: hapa chui anaonekana kuua mnyama mdogo huku wenzake wakiwepo. Katika misitu ya Kitropiki chui hawaogopi jamii nyingine zap aka na kuwinda muda tofauti. Licha ya wingi wao, chui na tigers walionekana wakiishi pamoja bila ya ushindani mkubwa ambao ni kawaida kuonekana katika ukanda wa savanna. ==Mahuluti== [[Picha:Pumapard-1904.jpg|thumb|Pumapardi, picha ilipigwa 1904]] Pumpard ni mnyama mahuluti aliyetokana na kuchanganywa chui na puma. Seti tatu za wanyama haw zilizalishwa kati ya mwaka 18900 na mapema 1900 na Carl Hagenbeck katika mbuga yake ya wanyama huko Hamburg, Ujerumani. ==Chui na binadamu.== [[Picha:Dionysos_on_a_cheetah,_Pella,_Greece.jpg|thumb|Mchoro wa [[mosaiki]] ukimwonesha mungu wa Kigiriki [[Dionysus]] akikalia kwenye chui, karne ya 4 K.K. Pella, Greece.]] Chui wamejulikana kwa binadamu tangu enzi za kale na wameonekana kwenye sanaa, imani kwa nchi nyingi ambako walitokea kihistoria, kama vile Ugiriki ya kale, Persia na Roma, na hata kule ambako hawakuwepo ila kuanzia milenia za hapa karibuni, kwa mfano Uingereza. Matumizi ya sasa ya chui ni kama ngao ya michezo, ngao ya taifa imezoeleka sana kwa afrika, japo bidhaa nyingi duniani zinatumia jina hili. ==Utalii== Chui jike huko Sabi Sands, Afrika ya Kusini ikionesha kwa namna gani mtalii anavyoweza kuwasogelea chui Licha ya umbo lake, mnyama huyu ni vigumu sana kuonekana mwituni. Sehemu nzuri za kuwaona chui katika afrika ni Sabi Sand Private Game Reserve huko Afrika ya Kusini, ambako chui wameyazoea magari ya safari na huonekana hata mchana kwa ukaribu kwelikweli. Huko Asia, huonekanakatika Mbuga ya Taifa ya Yala nchini Sri Lanka, ambako ni miongoni mwa seheme zenye chui wengi zaidi duniani, lakini hata hapa kuonekana hakujahakikishiwa kwasababu zaidi ya nusu ya mbuga imefungwa kwa jamii. Sehemu nyingine nzuri ya kuwona chui ni mbuga ya Taifa ya Wilpattu huko Sri Lanka, bila ya kusahau Madhya Pradesh na Uttarakhand huko India. ==Picha== <gallery> Indochinese leopard.jpg|Chui wa Indochina JAWAI BERA LEOPARD.4.jpg|Chui Hindi Panthera pardus kotiya - Sri-Lanka-Leopard 196786466.jpg|Chui wa Sri Lanka IG KusumoKintokoEko WA 082140100111 foto macan tutul jawa lokasi TN Baluran, Situbondo, Indonesia.jpg|Chui wa Java Arabian Leopard Panthera pardus nimr in Sharjah photo by Prof Dr Norman Ali Khalaf 2016.jpg|Chui Arabu Amur leopard. Frame from a camera trap.jpg|Chui wa Amur Persian Leopard sitting.jpg|Chui wa Kaukasia </gallery> [[Jamii:Paka na jamaa]] [[Jamii:Wanyama wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanyama wa Biblia]] la29bu1kk5kbc721slxk6udxfvf4f8z 0 36379 1598961 1303258 2026-09-23T02:48:18Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox chuo kikuu |name = University of Cape Town |image_name = University of Cape Town coat of arms.png |image_size = 150px |image_alt = Coat of arms of the University of Cape Town |motto = Spes Bona |mottoeng = Good Hope |established = 1 Oktoba 1829 |type = [[Public university|Public]] |endowment = R1.8974 billion<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uct.ac.za/usr/finance/afs/afs2007.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-02-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215175559/http://www.uct.ac.za/usr/finance/afs/afs2007.pdf |archivedate=2010-02-15 }}</ref> ([[United States dollar|US$]]240 million {{as of|2009|lc=on}}) |chancellor = [[Graça Machel]] |vice_chancellor = Dr [[Max Price]] |staff = 4,500 |students = 23,500 |undergrad = 15,800 |postgrad = 6,700 |city = [[Cape Town]] |province = [[Western Cape]] |country = South Africa |coor = {{coord|33|57|28|S|18|27|39|E|display=inline,title|region:ZA_type:edu}} |campus = 4 [[suburb]]an and 2 [[urban area|urban]] campuses |former_names = [[South African College]] |colours = Dark blue, light blue and white |nickname = Ikeys |mascot = Tiger |affiliations = [[Association of African Universities|AAU]], [[Association of Commonwealth Universities|ACU]], [[Cape Higher Education Consortium|CHEC]], [[Higher Education South Africa|HESA]], [[International Association of Universities|IAU]] |tovuti = [http://www.uct.ac.za/ www.uct.ac.za] }} [[Picha: UCT_Upper_Campus_landscape_view.jpg|thumb| Chuo Kikuu cha Cape Town]] '''Chuo Kikuu cha Cape Town (UCT)''' ni [[chuo kikuu cha umma]] kilicho mjini [[Cape Town]] katika jimbo la [[Rasi ya Magharibi]] la Afrika Kusini. UCT ilianzishwa mwaka wa 1829 kama [[South African College]], na ndio chuo kikuu kongwe zaidi nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. == Kampasi == [[Picha:UCT Upper Campus landscape view.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Picha ya UCT]] Kampasi kuu, inayojulikana kama Upper Campus, iko katika [[Rhodes Estate]] kwenye mteremko wa [[Devil's Peak]]. Kampasi hii ina, katika eneo lililopakiwa kiasi, na vitivo vya [[Sayansi, Uhandisi, Biashara]], na [[Masomo ya Kibinadamu]] (isipokuwa idara za sanaa), vilevile [[Smuts Hall]] na makazi ya [[Fuller Hall]]. Upper Campus imejengwa kuzunguka Jameson Hall, eneo la mahafali na sherehe nyingine, vilevile mitihani mingi. Majengo ya awali na mpangilio wa Upper Campus uliundwa na [[JM Solomon]] na kujengwa kati ya 1928 na 1930. Tangu wakati huo, majengo mengi yameongezwa jinsi chuo kimezidi kukua. Upper Campus pia ni nyumbani kwa maktaba kuu iitwayo Chancelor Oppenheimer Library ambayo ina makala mengi ya Chuo Kikuu, kusanyiko la kama milioni 1.3. Pamoja na Upper Campus, lakini kutengwa na nyanja za michezo na baraste ya [[M3]], ni kiampasi za Middle na Lower. Kampasi hizi, ambazo zimeenea katika eneo la [[Rondebosch, Rosebank]] na [[Mowbray]], zina Kitivo cha [[Sheria, Chuo cha Afrika Kusini cha Muziki]], makazi mengi ya wanafunzi, Ofisi nyingi za usimamizi wa chuo, na vifaa mbalimbali vya michezo. Nyasi bandia ya hali ya juu katika uwanja wa [[soka]] imepitishwa na FIFA kutumiwa kwa mafunzo kwa timu za [[Kombe la Dunia]]. <ref> http://www.uct.ac.za/dailynews/?id=7052</ref> Kampasi za Upper, Middle na Lower pamoja mara nyingi hujulikana kama "kampasi kuu" au "Rondebosch campus". Kitivo cha [[Sayansi ya Afya]] kiko katika kampasi ya [[Shule ya Udaktari]] karibu na [[Hospitali ya Groote Schuur]] katika [[Observatory]]. Idara za [[Sanaa bora]] na [[Kuigiza]] ziko kwenye kampasi ya Hiddingh katikati mwa [[Cape Town]]. Jengo la kwanza la Chuo hiki, sasa linalojulikana kama ''Egyptian Building'', katika kampasi ya Hiddingh, lilijengwa katika mtindo wa [[Ufufuo wa Misri]]. Kampasi nyingine iliyojengwa kwa mtindo huu ilikuwa [[Medical College of Virginia]] katika [[Richmond, Virginia]], Marekani. [http://www.gsb.uct.ac.za UCT Graduate School of Business] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gsb.uct.ac.za/ |date=20100311151339 }} iko katika kampasi ya Breakwater katika [[Victoria &amp; Alfred Waterfront]]. == Muundo == [[Picha:UCT Jammie Plaza.jpg|thumb|250px|Jameson Hall na Jammie Plaza, mahali spesheli katika kampasi ya juu]] Muundo wa Chuo hiki unapatikana katika Katiba ya Chuo Kikuu cha Cape Town, kwa mujibu wa ''[[Sheria ya Elimu ya Juu ya 1997]]''. Kabla ya mwaka wa 2002, ilitolew kwa mujibu wa [[Sheria ya kibinafsi ya Bunge]]. Mkuu wa kielimu wa Chuo Kikuu ni [[Chansela]]; hiki ni cheo cha heshima bila nguvu za utendaji. Jukumu la msingi la Chansela ni kutoa shahada kwa niaba ya Chuo, na kukiwakilisha Chuo katika ulimwengu. Chansela wa sasa ni Bi [[Graça Machel]], aliyechaguliwa kwa kipindi cha miaka 10 mnamo Septemba 1999. [[Afisa Mkuu Mtendaji]] wa Chuo Kikuu ni [[Makamu wa Chancela]] (au VC). VC ana wajibu kwa ujumla wa kuunda sera na kutawala Chuo Kikuu. VC wa sasa ni Dkt [[Max Price]], ambaye aliingia mahala pa Profesa [[Njabulo Ndebele]] tarehe 1 Julai 2008. VC husaidiwa katika kazi zake na manaibu kadhaa wa [[Makamu wa Chansela]] (au DVCs) ambao hushughulikia kazi maalum. [[Msajili]] anawajibika kwa taaluma ya utawala wa Chuo Kikuu, vilevile masuala ya kisheria, na ni katibu wa Baraza na Seneti ya Chuo Kikuu. [[Picha:UCT Kramer Law School.jpg|left|thumb|Jengo la Kramer, makao ya Kitivo cha Sheria]] Idara za masomo za UCT zimegawanywa katika vitivo sita: [[Biashara]], Uhandisi na Mazingira Yaliyojengwa, Sayansi ya Afya, Masomo ya Kibinadamu, [[Sheria]], na [[Sayansi]]; kila kitivo kinaongozwa na Dean. Kituo cha mchanganyiko wa Taaluma kwa Maendeleo ya Elimu ya juu kiko kwenye ngazi sawa na vitivo hivyo. Ingawa Shule ya Uzamili ya Biashara inahesabiwa kuwa sehemu ya Kitivo cha [[Biashara]], huendeshwa na kujitegemea yenyewe na ina Dean wake mwenyewe na Mkurugenzi. == Wanafunzi na wafanyakazi == [[Picha:UCT Tugwell and Marquard.jpg|250px|thumb|kumbi za makao za Marquard na Tugwell]] Mwaka 2009 23,500 walijiunga na shule, na kati yao 6,700 (asilimia 28.5) walikuwa [[Wanafunzi Wazamili]]. Uwiano kati ya wanafunzi wa kike na wa kiume ni karibu 50:50. Zaidi ya asilimia 50 ya mwanafunzi mwili ni wasio wazungu. Wanafunzi wa kimataifa ni takriban asilimia 19 ya jumla katika uandikishaji wa wanafunzi 4300, wakiziwakilisha nchi zaidi ya 100. UCT huajiri takriban wafanyakazi 4500 ambao asilimia 44 ni wa kitaaluma, wengine kiutawala na wafanyakazi wasaidizi. Mwaka wa 2007 UCT ilikuwa na wafanyakazi kitaaluma wa kudumu 866. Kati ya asilimia 85 na 90 ya wafanyakazi wa kitaaluma wana shahada za PhD au shahada za kwanza. Uwiano wa wafanyakazi wa kitaaluma wasio wazungu kwa sasa ni kama asilimia 23. == Michezo, vilabu, na mila == UCT ina vilabu 36 vya michezo mbalimbali, pamoja na [[michezo ya timu]], [[michezo ya kibinafsi]], [[michezo iliyokithiri]] na [[michezo ya karate]]. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sportsclubs.uct.ac.za/clubs.html |title=Current Sports Clubs at UCT |accessdate=2007-06-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030409074704/http://sportsclubs.uct.ac.za/clubs.html |archivedate=2003-04-09 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20030409074704/http://sportsclubs.uct.ac.za/clubs.html }}</ref>Timu za michezo za chuo, na hasa timu ya [[raga]], zinayojulikana kama "IKEY Tigers" au "Ikeys". Jina la msimbo la "IKEY" lina asili yake katika miaka ya 1910 kama kama tamko la kejeli ya [[kiyahudi]] lililotumiwa kwa wanafunzi wa UCT na wanafunzi wa [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stellenbosch]], kwa sababu ya idadi kubwa, ikidhaniwa, ya wanafunzi wa Kiyahudi wa UCT<ref>{{cite book |last=Swanson |first=Felicity |editor=Field, Sean, et al. |title=Imagining the City: Memories and Cultures in Cape Town |url=http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za/full_title_info.asp?id=2193 |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-06-08 |year=2007 |publisher=HSRC Press |location=Cape Town |isbn=0-7969-2179-2 |pages=210 |chapter=‘Die SACS kom terug’: intervarsity rugby, masculinity and white identity at the University of Cape Town, 1960s-1970s |chapterurl=http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za/download.asp?filename=013%20-%2011_Imagining_the_City~216200731940PM.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070426132201/http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za/full_title_info.asp?id=2193 |archivedate=2007-04-26 |https://web.archive.org/web/20070426132201/http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za/full_title_info.asp?id=2193 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20070426132201/http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za/full_title_info.asp?id=2193 }}</ref>. Stellenbosch ni wapinzani wa jadi wa UCT katika mchezo wa [[raga]]; mechi ya kila mwaka kati ya vyuo hivi wiwili huchezwa. Kuna zaidi ya Vilabu 80 vya mwanafunzi chuoni UCT; hizi zaweza kwa ujumla kuwa katika vitengo tano:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uct.ac.za/students/societies/societies/ |title=Student Affairs: Societies |accessdate=2007-06-08 |publisher=University of Cape Town |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070603191341/http://www.uct.ac.za/students/societies/societies/ |archivedate=2007-06-03 }}</ref> * jamii za Kisiasa, ikiwa ni pamoja na matawi ya taifa ya vijana ya vyama vya kisiasa. * Jamii za kimasomo kwa wale wanaopenda katika taaluma fulani ya kusoma au kusoma mada fulani. * Jamii za kidini, ambazo baadhi hujihusisha na madhehebu ya dini au maeneo ya karibu ya kuabudu. * Jamii za Kitaifa/kitamaduni kwa wanafunzi kutoka nchi fulani au kabila fulani. * Jamii za Maslahi maalum kwa wale wanaopenda shughuli mbalimbali au masuala mbalimbali. == Historia == Mizizi ya UCT iko katika uanzishwaji wa [[Chuo cha Afrika Kusini]], shule ya wavulana, mnamo 1829. Mwaka wa 1874 sehemu ya elimu ya juu ikajitenga na kuwa Chuo Kikuu na ile ya wanafunzi wachanga ikawa [[Shule za Kitaaluma za Afrika Kusini]]. UCT ilihamia kampasi ya [[Groote Schuur Estate]] mwaka wa 1928. Wakati wa mfumo wa [[kibaguzi]], miaka ya 1960-1990, UCT iliendelea kupinga ubaguzi wa rangi, na ilikuwa kiongozi katika ukombozi na uwiano wa kirangi. Mwaka wa 1987 hasa ulikuwa na mapigano ya mara kwa mara kati ya wanafunzi walioandamana na polisi, na taarifa za polisi kuwepo katika kampasi kudhibitiwa na serikali. Tarehe 24 Aprili 1987 polisi waliingia kampasi na hii ilikuwa mara ya kwanza tangu mwaka wa 1972 kwa huduma ya polisi ya [[Afrika Kusini]] kuwahi kusitisha maandamano katika chuo kikuu cha wazungu<ref name="Cape Times report">[10] ^ Cape Times, ripota mfanyikazi, ukurasa wa mbele, Jumamosi, 25 Aprili 1987. "Sehemu kubwa za Chuo Kikuu cha Cape Town zilikuwa hazikaliki wakati mwingine hapo jana alasiri na baadhi ya mihadhara kukatizwa kwa sababu ya vitendo kwa watu fulani ambayo hayawezi kuripotiwa kwa sababu ni chini ya hali ya dharura serikalini na udhibiti kwa waandishi wa habari. South African Breweries ilipata hasara ya R120,000 wakati moja ya magari yao lilipoteketezwa katika kampasi yake na wanafunzi waliokuwa wakifanya maandamano ya kupinga vifo vya wafanyakazi sita wa reli na kuachishwa kazi kwa 16,000 wengine. Kituo cha serikali cha kutoa habari kutoka idara tofauti, usiku wa jana kililikataza gazeti la Cape Times kuchapisha ukweli kamili wa matukio ya siku huko UCT. Pia walilikataza gazeti hili kuchapisha picha tatu zilizochukuliwa wakati wa mchana, ikiwa ni pamoja na moja ya kuteketezwa kwa gari hilo. Makabiliano ya masaa manne kati ya watu wasiotambulikana na karibu wanafunzi 150-200 yalifuatia mkutano wakati wa chakula cha mchana ulihudhuriwa na wanafunzi 700, ulioitwa kupinga vifo hivyo na kufutwa kazi kwa Wafanyakazi wa Wafanyakazi Reli ya SA na Wafanyakazi wa Umoja wa Bandari (SARHWU) siku ya Jumatano. "</ref>. Mara nyingi, waandishi wa habari na wahariri wa gazeti rasmi la wanafunzi, [[Varsity]], walijipata chini ya upekuzi kutoka kwa serikali ya kibaguzi ya chama tawala cha [[National Party]]. Nembo ya UCT iliundwa mwaka wa 1859 na [[Charles Davidson Bell]], Soroveya-Mkuu wa Cape Colony wakati huo. Bell alikuwa msanii shupavu ambaye pia aliunda medali na stempu ya pembe tatu ya Cape. == Daraja == Chuo Kikuu cha Cape Town kinaorodheshwa kama chuo kikuu bora zaidi Afrika yote na [[THES - QS World University Rankings]] na [[Academic Ranking of World Universities]] na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Shanghai Jiao Tong]]. Ndio chuo kikuu pekee Afrika kilichoingia ndani ya 200 bora kulinagana na orodha ya THES-QS ikiwa ya 146, mbele ya vyuo vikuu mbalimbali mashuhuri kama vile [[Chuo Kikuu cha Tufts]] na [[Chuo Kikuu cha London]], Malkia Mary. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university/98/university-of-cape-town |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-02-04 |archivedate=2010-02-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220022353/http://www.topuniversities.com/university/98/university-of-cape-town }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2009/results/101-200 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-02-04 |archivedate=2010-12-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201034140/http://topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2009/results/101-200 }}</ref> == Mahusiano == UCT ni mwanachama wa [[Worldwide Universities Network]], [[Association of African Universities]], [[Chama cha Vyuo Vikuu vya Jumuiya ya Madola]], [[Cape Higher Education Consortium]], [[Elimu ya Afrika Kusini]], na [[Shirikisho la Kimataifa la Vyuo Vikuu]]. == Wanafunzi wa Zamani Mashuhuri == Watano wa wahitimu wa Chuo hiki wametuzwa [[Tuzo ya Nobel]]: * [[Ralph Bunche]], mwanasayansi wa kisiasa wa Marekani na mwanadiplomasia wa [[Tuzo ya Amani ya Nobel]] mwaka wa 1950 kwa jukumu lake katika [[Mikataba Armistice ya 1949]]. * [[Max Theiler]], mtafiti virusi na aliyepokea [[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba]] mwaka wa 1951 kwa ajili ya kuendeleza chanjo dhidi ya [[homa ya manjano]]. * Profesa [[Allan McLeod Cormack]] (Udaktari, 1979) * Sir [[Aaron Klug]] (Kemia,1982) * Profesa [[JM Coetzee]] (Fasihi, 2003) == Wafanyakazi mashuhuri == * Mwanakosmolojia [[George Ellis]], anayefanya kazi na [[Stephen Hawking]] na mshindi wa 2004 wa [[Templeton Prize]], Profesa anayeheshimika wa Mitambo Migumu katika Idara ya Hisabati na Hesabu tenzi. * Mwandishi [[Andre Brink]] profesa katika lugha ya Kiingereza na Idara ya Fasihi. * Mwandishi [[Breyten Breytenbach]] profesa wa kutembelea katika Graduate School of Humanities kuanzia Januari 2000. * Profesa [[David HM Brooks]] (1950-1996), mwandishi wa 'On living in an Unjust Society', na 'The Unity of the Mind'. * [[Helen Zille]], meya wa zamani wa [[Cape Town]] na kwa sasa [[Waziri wa Western Cape]], aliyekuwa Mkurugenzi wa [[Uhusiano wa Umma]] wa chuo kikuu. * UCT ina wafanyakazi wanasayansi wa daraja la ''A'' 27 (lilipimwa na National Research Foundation), kumaanisha kuwa wao ni viongozi duniani katika taaluma zao za utafiti. == Utafiti wa kusifika == * Idara ya [[Hisabati]] na [[Applied Mathematics]] ni kituo cha kimataifa katika utafiti katika taaluma ya [[Kosmolojia]] na [[topolojia]]. * Idara ya [[Fizikia]] ni makao ya [[UCT-CERN]] kituo cha utafiti, ambacho kilihusika kiasi katika kubuni programu ya High Level Trigger katika majaribio ya [[ALICE]], sehemu ya [[Large Hadron Collider]], vilevile shughuli nyingine zinazohusiana na ALICE. * Idara ya [[Uhandisi wa Nguvu za Umeme]] inashiriki katika maendeleo ya teknolojia kwa darubini ya [[Karoo Array]] (KAT). KAT ni mtangulizi wa [[Square Kilometer Array]], mradi uliopendekezwa Kimataifa kujenga darubini ya redio kubwa zaidi duniani kufikia mwaka wa 2020. Makundi ya Utafiti katika [[RF]] na [[digital design]] kuchangia RF front end na na digital back-end katika mradi wa KAT. * Taasisi ya maradhi ya kuambukiza na Masi Madawa [(IIDMM)] http://www.uct.ac.za/depts/iidmm {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121225095700/http://www.uct.ac.za/depts/iidmm |date=2012-12-25 }} inashughulikia utafiti katika chanjo za kifua kikuu, na kuendeleza chanjo ya VVU kulingana na janga la Ukimwi la Afrika Kusini. * Afrika Earth Observatory Network [(AEON)] http://www.aeon.uct.ac.za {{Wayback|url=http://www.aeon.uct.ac.za/ |date=20120224143120 }}, mpango wa Earth Science wenye lengo la kukuza usimamizi mwema wa Dunia kupitia sayansi, pamoja na washirika kutoka Ujerumani na Ufaransa. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} * [http://www.info.gov.za/gazette/notices/2002/23837.pdf Katiba ya Chuo Kikuu cha Cape Town] {{Wayback|url=http://www.info.gov.za/gazette/notices/2002/23837.pdf |date=20060724011418 }}, Notisi ya Serikali Namba 1199, 20 Septemba 2002. == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.uct.ac.za/ Tovuti ya UCT] * [http://www.sarua.org/?q=uni_University+of+Cape+Town Chuo Kikuu cha Afrika Kusini] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sarua.org/?q=uni_University+of+Cape+Town |date=20110728000259 }} {{South African universities}} {{FNB Varsity Cup}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cape Town, University of}} [[Jamii:Vyuo vikuu vya Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Cape Town]] [[Jamii:Vyuo vikuu vya umma nchini Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Shirika la Vyuo Vikuu vya Jumuia ya Madola]] pn75qpnvy5r50kunnffwzj0guyx0903 0 37459 1599069 1495236 2026-09-23T04:48:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | Jina = Butterfly | Aina = studio | msanii = [[Mariah Carey]] | Cover = 200px-Mariahcareybutterfly.jpg | Ilitolewa = 11 Septemba 1997 <small>(UK)</small><br />16 Septemba 1997 <small>(U.S.)</small> | Ilirekodiwa = Februari—Agosti 1997<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1426980/19970219/carey_mariah.jhtml |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-04-07 |archive-date=2007-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510103244/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1426980/19970219/carey_mariah.jhtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Urefu = 57:10 | Aina = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[hip hop music|hip hop]] | Studio = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] | mtayarishaji = [[Mariah Carey]], [[Walter Afanasieff]], [[Puff Daddy]], [[Q-Tip (rapper)|Q-Tip]], [[Stevie J]], [[Trackmasters]], [[Cory Rooney]], [[David Morales (musician)|David Morales]] | Reviews = * [[Allmusic]] {{Rating|4|5}} [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:8c881va1zzpa~T1 link] * ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' (B-) [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,289461,00.html link] * ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' {{Rating|3|5}} [http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/mariahcarey/albums/album/95051/review/6067857/butterfly link] * [[Slant Magazine|Slant]] {{Rating|4.5|5}} [http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/music_review.asp?ID=339 link] | Albamu iliyopita = ''[[Daydream (Mariah Carey album)|Daydream]]''<br />(1995) | Albamu ya sasa = '''''Butterfly'''''<br />(1997) | Albamu ijayo = ''[[Rainbow (Mariah Carey album)|Rainbow]]''<br />(1999)<!-- according to [[Wikipedia:Albums#Chronology]] only studio albums should appear here --> }} '''''Butterfly''''' ni albamu ya sita ya studio, kutoka kwa Mwanamuzikin wa [[Marekeni]] anayeimba nyimbo zenye miondoko ya pop, [[Mariah Carey]], iliyotoka resmi tarehe 19 Septemba 1997, kupitia katika studio za [[Columbia Recoerds]]. Albamu hii iliweza kuuza nakazala zaidi ya 3,719,000 nchini Marekani peke yake.<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/#/column/chartbeat/ask-billboard-madonna-vs-whitney-vs-mariah-1004005695.story]</ref> . Mariah anaielezea albamu hii kama hatua muhimu sana katika maisha yake ya kimuziki. ==Mapokezi== ''Butterfly'' ilipanda hadi nafasi ya kwanza katika chati ya nyimbio bora mia mbili ya Marekani, [[Billboard 200]] huku ikiunza nakala zaidi ya 236,000 katika juma lake la kwanza tangu ilipooka, albamu hii ilikaa katika nafassi ya kwanza kwa jumla ya majuma ishirini na moja na kukaa ndani ya chati kwa jumla ya majuma hamsini na tano. Albamu hii, iliweza kuuza zaidi katika wiki yake ya kumi na nne na kumi na tano tangu itoke kuliko katika kiki yake ya kwanza, kwa kufanikiwa kuuza nakala 283,000 katika wiki yake kumi na nne wakati ikishika nafasi ya nane katika chati hiyo. Albamu hii ilichaguliwa kuwa moja kati ya albamu 1001 ambazo unatakiwa kuzisikiliza kabla haujafa. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/steveparker/1001albums.htm |title=001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die |publisher=Rocklistmusic.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2009-09-26 |archive-date=2012-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130151506/http://rocklistmusic.co.uk/steveparker//1001albums.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Orodha ya nyimbo== * {{Orodha ya nyimbo | collapsed = | headline = | extra_column = Producer(s) | total_length = | writing_credits = yes | lyrics_credits = | music_credits = | title1 = [[Honey (Mariah Carey song)|Honey]]<sup>1</sup> | note1 = | writer1 = [[Mariah Carey]], [[Sean Combs]], [[Q-Tip (rapper)|Kamaal Fareed]], [[Stevie J|Steven Jordan]], [[Stephen Hague]], [[Bobby Robinson (record producer)|Bobby Robinson]], Ronald Larkins, Larry Price, [[Malcolm McLaren]] | extra1 = Mariah Carey, Sean Combs, [[Stevie J]], [[The Ummah]] | length1 = 5:00 | title2 = [[Butterfly (Mariah Carey song)|Butterfly]] | note2 = | writer2 = Carey, [[Walter Afanasieff]] | extra2 = Walter Afanasieff, Mariah Carey | length2 = 4:35 | title3 = [[My All]] | note3 = | writer3 = Carey, Afanasieff | extra3 = Walter Afanasieff, Mariah Carey | length3 = 3:52 | title4 = [[The Roof (song)|The Roof (Back in Time)]]<sup>2</sup> | note4 = | writer4 = Carey, [[Trackmasters|Jean Claude Oliver, Samuel Barnes]], [[Prodigy (rapper)|Albert Johnson]], [[Havoc (Mobb Deep)|Kejuan Muchita]], [[Cory Rooney]] | extra4 = [[Trackmasters|Poke & Tone]], Mariah Carey | length4 = 5:14 | title5 = Fourth of July | note5 = | writer5 = Carey, Afanasieff | extra5 = Walter Afanasieff, Mariah Carey | length5 = 4:22 | title6 = [[Breakdown (Mariah Carey song)|Breakdown]] | note6 = featuring [[Bone Thugs-n-Harmony]] | writer6 = Carey, [[Krayzie Bone|Anthony Henderson]], [[Wish Bone|Charles Scruggs]], Stevie J. | extra6 = Mariah Carey, Sean Combs, Stevie J. | length6 = 4:44 | title7 = Babydoll | note7 = | writer7 = Carey, [[Missy Elliott]], Rooney, Stevie J. | extra7 = Mariah Carey, Cory Rooney | length7 = 5:07 | title8 = Close My Eyes | note8 = | writer8 = Carey, Afanasieff | extra8 = Walter Afanasieff, Mariah Carey | length8 = 4:21 | title9 = Whenever You Call | note9 = | writer9 = Carey, Afanasieff | extra9 = Walter Afanasieff, Mariah Carey | length9 = 4:21 | title10 = Fly Away (Butterfly Reprise) | note10 = | writer10 = Carey, [[Elton John]], [[Bernie Taupin]], [[David Morales]] | extra10 = | length10 = 3:49 | title11 = [[The Beautiful Ones]] | note11 = featuring [[Dru Hill]] | writer11 = [[Prince (musician)|Prince]] | extra11 = Mariah Carey, Cory Rooney | length11 = 6:59 | title12 = Outside | note12 = | writer12 = Carey, Afanasieff | extra12 = Walter Afanasieff, Mariah Carey | length12 = 4:47 |}} '''Toleo la kimataifa''' : 13. "Honey" (So So Def Radio Mix featuring [[Da Brat]] and [[Jermaine Dupri|JD]]) <small>(Carey, Robinson, Hague, Larkins, Price, McLaren, [[Freddie Perren]], [[Alphonzo Mizell]], [[Berry Gordy]], Dennis Lussier)</small> – 3:59 : 14. "Honey" (Def Club Mix) <small>(Carey, Robinson)</small> – 6:17 '''Latin American edition''' : 15. "Mi Todo" <small>(Carey, Afanasieff, Manny Benito)</small> – 3:52 <small> <sup>1</sup> Sampled from the [[Treacherous Three]]'s "The Body Rock" & the World Famous Supreme Team's "Hey DJ"<br /> <sup>2</sup> Sampled from [[Mobb Deep]]'s "[[Shook Ones part II|Shook Ones]]"</small> ==Chart performance== {|class="wikitable sortable" |- !Chati !Ilipata<br />nafasi ![[Music recording sales certification|Certification]]<br />(<small>[[List of music recording sales certifications|sales thresholds]]</small>) |- |align="left"|Australian Albums Chart<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display.asp?chart=1G50 |title=Australian Albums Chart |publisher=Ariacharts.com.au |date=2009-09-21 |accessdate=2009-09-26}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 | style="text-align:center;"|2x Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations.htm |title=ARIA |publisher=ARIA |date= |accessdate=2009-09-26}}</ref> |- |align="left"|Austrian Albums Chart<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oe3.orf.at/charts/ |title=Austrian Albums Chart |publisher=Oe3.orf.at |date= |accessdate=2009-09-26}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|5 | |- |align="left"|Belgian Flandres Albums Chart<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/weekchart.asp?cat=a |title=Flandres Albums Chart |publisher=Ultratop.be |date= |accessdate=2009-09-26}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|6 | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/certifications.asp?year=2009 |title=IFPI Belgium |publisher=Ultratop.be |date= |accessdate=2009-09-26}}</ref> |- |align="left"|Belgian Wallonia Albums Chart<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/fr/weekchart.asp?cat=a |title=Wallonia Albums Chart |publisher=Ultratop.be |date= |accessdate=2009-09-26}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|2 |- |align="left"|Canadian Albums Chart<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/ALBUMS.html |title=Canadian Albums Chart |publisher=Jam.canoe.ca |date=2009-09-20 |accessdate=2009-09-26}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 | style="text-align:center;"|2x Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cria.ca/goldplat.php/ |title=CRIA |publisher=Cria.ca |date= |accessdate=2009-09-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111063331/http://www.cria.ca/goldplat.php |archivedate=2016-01-11 }}</ref> |- |align="left"|Dutch Albums Chart<ref>{{cite web|author=Steffen Hung |url=http://dutchcharts.nl/weekchart.asp?cat=a |title=Dutch Albums Chart |publisher=Dutchcharts.nl |date=2009-03-06 |accessdate=2009-09-26}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 | style="text-align:center;"|Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nvpi.nl/nvpi/pagina.asp?pagkey=60461 |title=NVPI |publisher=Nvpi.nl |date= |accessdate=2009-09-26 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/666WInOuv?url=http://www.nvpi.nl/goud-platina |archivedate=2012-03-12 }}</ref> |- |align="left"|European Albums Chart<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ifpi.com/content/section_news/platinum_intro.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-04-07 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/66ACMF2Gw?url=http://www.ifpi.com/content/section_news/platinum_intro.html |archivedate=2012-03-14 }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|n/a | style="text-align:center;"|Platinum<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ifpi.com/content/section_news/platinum_intro.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-04-07 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/66ACMF2Gw?url=http://www.ifpi.com/content/section_news/platinum_intro.html |archivedate=2012-03-14 }}</ref> |- |align="left"|Finnish Albums Chart<ref>{{cite web|author=Julkaistu Ke, 22/10/2008 - 21:40 |url=http://www.yle.fi/lista/listat/albumit.php |title=Finnish Albums Chart |publisher=Yle.fi |date=2008-10-22 |accessdate=2009-09-26}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|12 | |- |align="left"|French Albums Chart<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chartsinfrance.net/charts/albums.php |title=French Albums Chart |publisher=Chartsinfrance.net |date= |accessdate=2009-09-26}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|6 | style="text-align:center;"|2x Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disqueenfrance.com |title=SNEP |publisher=Disqueenfrance.com |date= |accessdate=2009-09-26}}</ref> |- |align="left"|German Albums Chart<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.musicload.de/officialcharts |title=German Albums Chart |publisher=Musicload.de |date= |accessdate=2009-09-26 |archivedate=2012-03-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316041103/http://www.musicload.de/officialcharts }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|7 | |- |align="left"|Hungarian Albums Chart<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mahasz.hu/m/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=top_40_album_es_valogataslemez_lista |title=Hungarian Albums Chart |publisher=Mahasz.hu |date= |accessdate=2009-09-26 |archivedate=2008-12-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208031040/http://www.mahasz.hu/m/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=top_40_album_es_valogataslemez_lista }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|20 | |- |align="left"|Italian Albums Chart<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fimi.it/classifiche.asp?idtipo_classifica=1 |title=Italian Albums Chart |accessdate=2010-04-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070506200247/http://www.fimi.it/classifiche.asp?idtipo_classifica=1 |archivedate=2007-05-06 }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|2 | style="text-align:center;"|Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fimi.it/ |title=FIMI |publisher=Fimi.it |date= |accessdate=2009-09-26}}</ref> |- |align="left"|Japanese Albums Chart<ref>http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ea/w/</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 | style="text-align:center;"|Million<ref>http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ea/w/</ref> |- |align="left"|New Zealand Albums Chart<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |title=New Zealand Albums Chart |publisher=Rianz.org.nz |date= |accessdate=2009-09-26 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5PkfqxTDF?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |archivedate=2007-06-21 }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|4 | style="text-align:center;"|Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/rianz_homepage.asp |title=RIANZ |publisher=RIANZ |date= |accessdate=2009-09-26 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/66ACPUiNu?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/rianz_homepage.asp |archivedate=2012-03-14 }}</ref> |- |align="left"|Norwegian Albums Chart<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifpi.no/sok/index_charts.htm |title=Norwegian Albums Chart |publisher=Ifpi.no |date= |accessdate=2009-09-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722122648/http://www.ifpi.no/sok/index_charts.htm |archivedate=2011-07-22 }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|5 | |- |align="left"|Poland | style="text-align:center;"|n/a | style="text-align:center;"|Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zpav.pl/rankingi.asp?lang=en |title=ZPAV |publisher=Zpav.pl |date=2000-10-23 |accessdate=2009-09-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206082115/http://www.zpav.pl/rankingi.asp?lang=en |archivedate=2008-12-06 }}</ref> |- |align="left"|Spanish Albums Chart<ref>{{cite web |url=http://promusicae.es/english.html |title=Spanish Albums Chart |publisher=Promusicae.es |date=2007-03-05 |accessdate=2009-09-26 |archive-date=2012-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316035943/http://promusicae.es/english.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|5 | style="text-align:center;"|Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://promusicae.es/english.html |title=Promusicae |publisher=Promusicae.es |date=2007-03-05 |accessdate=2009-09-26 |archive-date=2012-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316035943/http://promusicae.es/english.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |align="left"|Swedish Albums Chart<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hitlistan.se/ |title=Swedish Albums Chart |publisher=Hitlistan.se |date= |accessdate=2009-09-26}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|4 | |- |align="left"|Swiss Albums Chart<ref>{{cite web|author=Steffen Hung |url=http://www.hitparade.ch/weekchart.asp?cat=a |title=Swiss Albums Chart |publisher=Hitparade.ch |date= |accessdate=2009-09-26}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|3 | style="text-align:center;"|Gold<ref>{{cite web|author=Steffen Hung |url=http://www.swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=2009 |title=IFPI Switzerland |publisher=Swisscharts.com |date= |accessdate=2009-09-26}}</ref> |- |align="left"|UK Albums Chart<ref>{{cite web|author=www.devstars.com |url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/top40_albums.php |title=UK Albums Chart |publisher=Theofficialcharts.com |date= |accessdate=2009-09-26}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|2 | style="text-align:center;"|Gold<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-04-07 |archivedate=2010-01-17 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5mr0Evm3j?url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx }}</ref> |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' 200<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Albums&f=The+Billboard+200 |title=U.S. Albums Chart |publisher=Billboard.com |date= |accessdate=2009-09-26 |archivedate=2010-05-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504062334/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=albums&f=the+billboard+200 }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 | style="text-align:center;"|5x Multi-Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH |title=Gold & Platinum - September 26, 2009 |publisher=RIAA |date= |accessdate=2009-09-26}}</ref> |} * Most certifications are from old criterion (Sales may be higher than the certification level says now). {{s-start}} {{succession box | before = ''Fuzaken ja ne'' by [[Tsuyoshi Nagabuchi]] | title = Japanese [[Oricon|Oricon weekly]] | years = 22 Septemba 1997 | after = ''[[Junior Sweet]]'' by [[Chara (singer)|Chara]] }} {{succession box | before = ''[[In Deep (album)|In Deep]]'' by [[Tina Arena]] | title = Australian [[ARIA Charts|ARIA Albums Chart]] [[Number-one albums of 1997 (Australia)|number-one album]] | years = 28 Septemba - 4 Oktoba 1997 | after = ''Anthology 1: Greatest Hits 1987-1997'' by [[John Farnham]] }} {{succession box | before = ''Niets Te Verliezen'' by De Kast | title = Dutch Albums Charts number-one album | years = 27 Septemba - 4 Oktoba 1997 | after = ''Weil Ich Dich Liebe'' by [[Frans Bauer]] }} {{sucession box | before = ''[[You Light Up My Life: Inspirational Songs|You Light Up My Life — Inspirational Songs]]''<br /> by [[LeAnn Rimes]] | title = [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] [[Number-one albums of 1997 (USA)|number-one album]] | years = 4-10 Oktoba 1997 | after = ''[[Evolution (Boyz II Men album)|Evolution]]'' by [[Boyz II Men]] }} {{end}} ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo|2}} {{Mariah Carey}} [[Jamii:albamu za Mariah Carey]] [[Jamii:Albamu za 1997]] f4w7pr8pfx53h5gccvtyyugl36h387d 0 42584 1598857 1432106 2026-09-22T22:15:09Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox actor | picha = Ali_Larter.jpg |ukubwa wa picha =230px | maelezo ya picha = Larter at the 64th Annual [[Golden Globe]] Awards. | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1976|2|28|df=yes}} | mahala pa kuzaliwa = [[Cherry Hill, New Jersey|Cherry Hill]], [[New Jersey]], U.S. | jina la kuzaliwa = Alison Elizabeth Larter | kazi yake = Mwigizaji | miaka ya kazi = 1997–hadi sasa | jina lingine = [[Allegra Coleman]]<ref name="IMDb">{{Rejea tovuti| title = Biography for Ali Larter| publisher= IMBd| url= http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0005123/bio | accessdate= 2010-06-27}}</ref> | ndoa = [[Hayes MacArthur]] (2009–hadi sasa) }} '''Alison Elizabeth "Ali" Larter''' (amezaliwa tar. [[28 Februari]] [[1976]]) ni mwigizaji wa fiamu na mwanamitindo wa zamani kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Ameanza kazi za uigizaji ni baada ya kuonekana kidogokidogo kwenye vipipindi kadhaa vya [[televisheni]] kunako miaka ya 1990. Kuanzia 2006 hadi 2010, Larter amecheza nyusika za [[Niki Sanders]] halafu ndugu wa kashinde wake-waliopoteana muda mrefu [[Tracy Strauss]] kwenye mfululizo wa TV wa ubunifu wa kisayansi wa kwenye [[NBC]], ''[[Heroes]]''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Heroes Cast Members, Tracy Strauss| publisher= NBC| url= http://www.nbc.com/heroes/cast/Tracy-Strauss/ | accessdate= 2010-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari| last= Feinburg| first= Daniel| title = NBC's 'Heroes' Fascinates Larter| publisher= Zap2it| date = 2006-07-03| url= http://www.zap2it.com/tv/news/zap-alilarterheroesstory,0,7909542.story?coll=zap-news-headlines&tag=news_list;12| accessdate= 2010-06-27| archivedate= 2012-09-26| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120926130512/http://www.zap2it.com/tv/news/zap-alilarterheroesstory,0,7909542.story?coll=zap-news-headlines&tag=news_list;12}}</ref> Larter ameanza kazi kama mwanamitindo lakini baada ya muda mfupi akajiingiza kwenye masuala ya uigizaji. Ameanza kujipatia umaarufu wa hali ya juu baada ya kushiriki kwenye filamu ya mwaka wa 1999, ''[[Varsity Blues]]''. Hii ilifuatiwa na filamu ya kutisha ya ''[[House on Haunted Hill]]'' (1999), ''[[Final Destination]]'' (2000), na ''[[Legally Blonde]]'' (2001). Tangu hapo, akaanza kucheza kwenye nyusika za juu tena ikiwa ni pamoja na kurudia uhusika wake kwenye ''[[Final Destination 2]]'' (2003), amecheza kama muhusika wa jina tu kwenye filamu ya [[Bollywood]] ya ''[[Marigold]]'' (2007) na kucheza kama muhusika wa mchezo wa video [[Claire Redfield]] kwenye [[Resident Evil: Extinction]]. Hivi karibuni, amecheza kwenye picha ya kusisimua ya mwaka wa [[2009]], ''[[Obsessed (2009)|Obsessed]]''. Larter amepewa jina kwenye orodha ya "Wanawake Wazuri Walio-Hai".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Ali Larter| publisher= Celebritywonder.com| url= http://www.celebritywonder.com/html/alilarter.html | accessdate= 2010-02-30}}</ref> Ameolewa na bwana wake aliyedumu naye kwa muda wa miaka mitatu, [[Hayes MacArthur]], kwa sherehe ndogo tu huko mjini [[Maine]] mnamo tar. 1 Agosti 2009.<ref>{{Rejea habari| last= Everett| first= Christina| title = 'Heroes' star Ali Larter marries actor Hayes MacArthur in Maine| publisher= [[Daily News (New York)|New York Daily]]| date = 2009-08-03| url= http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2009/08/03/2009-08-03_heroes_star_ali_larter_marries_actor_hayes_macarthur_in_an_outdoor_ceremony_in_m.html| accessdate= 2010-06-27| archivedate= 2009-09-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090907163614/http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2009/08/03/2009-08-03_heroes_star_ali_larter_marries_actor_hayes_macarthur_in_an_outdoor_ceremony_in_m.html}}</ref> == Maisha ya wali na Uanamitindo == Larter alizaliwa mjini [[Cherry Hill Township, New Jersey|Cherry Hill]], [[New Jersey]]. Ana ndugu yake wa kike mkubwa aitwaye Kirsten, ambaye ni mwalimu. Yeye ni binti wa Bi. Margaret, mama wa nyumbani, na Danforth Larter, mkurugenzi wa usafiri w magari makubwa.<ref name="TV Guide">{{Rejea tovuti| title= Ali Larter Biography| publisher= Tvguide.com| url= http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/ali-larter/bio/139014| accessdate= 2007-08-27| archive-date= 2012-08-16| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120816233952/http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/ali-larter/bio/139014| url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Cosmo">{{Rejea habari| last= Fahner| first= Molly| title = Fun Fearless Female of the Year: Ali Larter| publisher= [[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]| url= http://www.cosmopolitan.com/celebrity/exclusive/ali-larter-cover-interview | accessdate= 2010-06-27}}</ref> Alihitimu katika shule ya Carusi Middle School na [[Cherry Hill High School West]]. Larter ameanza kazi zake za uanamitindo akiwa na umri wa 14 wakati skauti wa uanamitindo amegundua kipaji chake mtaani kwao. Ameombwa kushiriki kwenye matangazo ya biashara ya ''[[Phillies]]'' na baadaye kutia saini mkataba wa kiuanamitindo na [[Ford Modeling Agency]] mjini [[New York]]. Larter baadaye karuka mwaka wake mkuu na kwenda kufanya uanamitindo nchini Japan na Australia. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 17, Larter akatulia kidogo nchini Japan.<ref name="Yahoo">{{Rejea tovuti| title = Ali Larter Biography| publisher= Yahoo.com| url= http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800019825/bio | accessdate= 2007-08-27}}</ref> Baadaye, mnamo 1995, kamsindikiza bwana'ke katika safari yake ya kuhamia mjini [[Los Angeles, California]]. == Filmografia == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" |- style="text-align:center;" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Mwaka ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Filamu ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Uhusika ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Maelezo |- | rowspan="4"| 1999 | ''[[House on Haunted Hill (1999)|House on Haunted Hill]]'' | Sara Wolfe | |- | ''[[Varsity Blues (filamu)|Varsity Blues]]'' | Darcy Sears | |- | ''[[Drive Me Crazy]]'' | Dulcie | |- | ''Giving It Up'' | Amber | aka ''Casanova Falling'' |- | 2000 | ''[[Final Destination]]'' | Clear Rivers | Young Hollywood Award for Breakthrough Performance Female<br />Nominated — [[Blockbuster Entertainment Award]] — Favorite Actress - Horror |- | rowspan="3"| 2001 | ''[[American Outlaws]]'' | [[Zerelda Mimms|Zerelda 'Zee' Mimms]] | |- | ''[[Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back]]'' | Chrissy | |- | ''[[Legally Blonde]]'' | Brooke Taylor Windham | |- | 2003 | ''[[Final Destination 2]]'' | Clear Rivers | |- | 2004 | ''[[Three Way (filamu)|Three Way]]'' | Isobel Delano | aka ''3-Way''<br />Pia Mtayarishaji Msaidizi |- | rowspan="2"| 2005 | ''Confess'' | Olivia Averill | |- | ''[[A Lot Like Love]]'' | Gina | |- | rowspan="3"| 2007 | ''[[Marigold (2007)|Marigold]]'' | Marigold Lexton |Bollywood |- | ''[[Resident Evil: Extinction]]'' | Claire Redfield | |- | ''Homo Erectus'' | Fardart | aka ''National Lampoon's The Stoned Age'' |- || 2008 | ''[[Crazy (2007)|Crazy]]'' | Evelyn Garland | |- | 2009 | ''[[Obsessed (2009)|Obsessed]]'' | Lisa Sheridan | [[MTV Movie Award]] — Best Fight <small>(amepeana na [[Beyoncé Knowles]])</small><br />Amechaguliwa — [[Teen Choice Award]] — Choice Movie Rumble <small>(amepeana na [[Beyoncé Knowles]])</small><br />Amechaguliw — [[Golden Raspberry Award]] — Worst Supporting Actress |- || 2010 | ''[[Resident Evil: Afterlife]]'' | [[Claire Redfield]] | (inasubiri kutolewa) |} === Televisheni === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" |- style="text-align:center;" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Mwaka ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Kipindi ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Uhusika ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Maelezo |- | rowspan="2"| 1997 | ''[[Suddenly Susan]]'' | Maddie | Sehemu: "The Ways and Means" |- | ''Chicago Sons'' | Angela | Sehemu: "Beauty and the Butt" |- | rowspan="3"| 1998 | ''[[Chicago Hope]]'' | Samantha | Sehemu: "Memento Mori" |- | ''[[Just Shoot Me!]]'' | Karey Burke | Sehemu: "College or Collagen" |- | ''[[Dawson's Creek]]'' | Kristy Livingstone |Sehemu: "The Dance" and "The Kiss" |- | 2004 | ''[[Entourage]]'' | Ali Larter | Sehemu: "Pilot" |- | 2006–2010 | ''[[Heroes]]'' | [[Niki Sanders|Niki / Jessica Sanders]] / [[Tracy Strauss]] | [[Gracie Allen#Gracie Allen Award|Gracie Allen Awards]] — Outstanding Supporting Actress — Drama Series<br />[[Teen Choice Award]] — Choice TV Actress: Action Adventure<br />Nominated — [[Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television]]<br />Nominated — [[Scream Award]] — Sexiest Superhero<br />Nominated — [[SyFy Genre Awards]] — Best Supporting Actress/Television<br />Nominated — Teen Choice Award — Choice TV Actress: Action Adventure |} == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} === Soma zaidi === * Wolf, Jeanne. [http://www.parade.com/celebrity/celebrity-parade/archive/ali-larter-obsessed.html Ali Larter, Always the Bad Girl]. ''Parade Magazine''. 24 Agosti 2009. Accessed 24 Julai 2010. * Das, Lina. [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-474352/Actress-Ali-hero-times.html Actress Ali is a hero for our time]. ''The Daily Mail''. 9 Agosti 2007. Accessed 24 Julai 2010. * Cavaco, Paul. [http://www.allure.com/magazine/2008/07/ali_larter#slide=1 Ali Larter: Her Allure Photo Shoot] {{Wayback|url=http://www.allure.com/magazine/2008/07/ali_larter#slide=1 |date=20100203204009 }}. ''Allure''. Accessed 24 Julai 2010. * [http://www.cosmopolitan.com/celebrity/exclusive/ali-larter-heroes-star Our Heroine]. ''Cosmopolitan''. Accessed 24 Julai 2010. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090427105355/http://www.philly.com/inquirer/gallery/Ali_Larter_From_Cherry_Hill_to_Hollywood.html From Cherry Hill to Hollywood]. ''The Philadelphia Inquirer''. 15 Januari 2009. Accessed 24 Julai 2010. * Hiltbrand, David. [http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2007-01-31/features/0701300487_1_ali-larter-heroes-niki Split personalities make solid role for Ali Larter] {{Wayback|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2007-01-31/features/0701300487_1_ali-larter-heroes-niki |date=20120509195344 }}. ''Chicago Tribune''. 31 Januari 2007. Accessed 24 Julai 2010. * Longsdorf, Amy.[http://articles.mcall.com/2009-04-26/features/4360817_1_ali-larter-obsessed-safe-haven 'Obsessed' star Ali Larter calls Allentown area a 'safe haven'] {{Wayback|url=http://articles.mcall.com/2009-04-26/features/4360817_1_ali-larter-obsessed-safe-haven |date=20120322013045 }}. ''The Morning Call''. 26 Aprili 2009. Accessed 26 Julai 2010. * [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/moslive/article-479043/Ali-Larter-Holding-hero.html Holding out for a hero]. ''The Daily Mail''. 1 Septemba,2007. Accessed 27 Julai 2010. == Viungo vya Nje == * {{imdb|0005123}} * {{ymovies name|1800019825}} * {{Amg name|266610}} * [http://www.people.com/people/ali_larter Ali Larter] at [[People.com]] * [http://uk.eonline.com/uberblog/celebs/c120600_ali_larter.html Ali Larter] {{Wayback|url=http://uk.eonline.com/uberblog/celebs/c120600_ali_larter.html |date=20100720104430 }} at [[E! Online]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Larter, Ali}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] rb9ep15wq4qn6l1a6qdwvhhqmouzmj0 0 44406 1599218 1578922 2026-09-23T10:17:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | Jina = Daydream | Type = studio | Msanii = [[Mariah Carey]] | Cover = Daydream.jpg | Imetolewa = 3 Oktoba 1995 | Imerekodiwa = Desemba 1994 &ndash; Agosti 1995 | Aina = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] | Urefu = 46:42 | Studio = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] | Mtayarishaji = [[Mariah Carey]], [[Walter Afanasieff]], [[Dave Hall (record producer)|Dave Hall]], [[Jermaine Dupri]], [[Manuel Seal, Jr.|Manuel Seal]], [[David Morales (musician)|David Morales]] | Albamu iliyopita = ''[[Merry Christmas (Mariah Carey album)|Merry Christmas]]''<br />(1994) | Albamu ya sasa = '''''Daydream'''''<br />(1995) | Albamu ijayo = ''[[Butterfly (Mariah Carey album)|Butterfly]]''<br />(1997) }} '''''Daydream''''' ni albamu ya tano kutoka kwa [[Mariah Carey]], ambaye pia ndiye mwandishi wa nyimbo, iliyotoka tarehe 3 Oktoba 1995 kupitia katika studio za [[Columbia Records]], ikifuatia albamu yake iliyokuwa na mafanikio ya mwaka 1993, ''[[Music Box]]'' na albamu ya mwaka 1994 iliyoitwa ''[[Merry Christmas]]'' Ukiachalia mbali, mabadiliko ya sauti katika albamu hii, suala ambalo hata studio alizorekodia hazikuridhishwa nazo, lakini kwa mabadiliko hayo yalipokewa vizuri na mashabiki wake, hususani kwa upande wa mauzo, ambapo albamu hii ilizidi matarajio ya mauzo na kuifanya kuwa albamu ya pili katika albamu yake zinazoongoza kwa mauzo, nyumba ya albamu ya ''[[Music Box]]''. Albamu hii ilifanikiwa kuuza nakala milioni kumi [[Marekani]] peke yake.<ref>http://www.ticketspecialists.com/concerts/mariah_carey_tickets.htm</ref>.<ref>{{cite web |title = Definitive 200 | publisher =The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum |url=http://www.rockhall.com/pressroom/definitive-200 | year = 2007 | accessdate = 2009-04-05}}</ref>. Huko [[Australia]] albamu hii iliishia nafasi ya tisa katika chati ya muziki ya nchini kwa mwaka 1996 <ref>http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-50albums-1995.htm</ref><ref>http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-50albums-1996.htm</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/yearend_chart_display.jsp?f=The+Billboard+200&g=Year-end+Albums&year=1996 |title=Billboard "Year-End Charts, 1996" |accessdate=2007-12-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222015024/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/yearend_chart_display.jsp?f=The+Billboard+200&g=Year-end+Albums&year=1996 |archivedate=2007-12-22 }}</ref> Albamu hii ya ''Daydream'' bado inabaki kuwa moja kati ya albamu zilizowahi kufaya vizuri zaidi katika chati mbalimbalin za mauzo duniani, kwa kufanikiwa kuuza zaidi ya nakala milioni 25 duniani kote .<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.bet.com/entertainment/News/mariahtwenty.htm?wbc_purpose=Basic&WBCMODE=PresentationUnpublished&Referrer=%7B1165D08F-7604-4004-92E0-04CCBC1FAAF0%7D |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-08-17 |archivedate=2012-09-12 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AcxJhKcL?url=http://www.bet.com/news/celebrities.html }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.thelondonpaper.com/thelondonpaper/celebrity/celeb-news/mariah-carey-hangs-up-on-the-bbc |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-08-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522004313/http://www.thelondonpaper.com/thelondonpaper/celebrity/celeb-news/mariah-carey-hangs-up-on-the-bbc |archivedate=2009-05-22 }}</ref> ==Historia== Albamu ya tatu kutoka kwa Mariah ya ''[[Music Box]]'' iliyotoka mwaka (1993) ndiyo inayoongoza katika albamu zake za studio. Lakini pia albamu yake ya ''[[Merry Christmas]]'' iliyotoka mwaka 1994 ilipata mapokeo mazuri. Kipindi cha kuanzia kutoka kwa albamu ya ''Merry Christmas'' na ''Daydream'' ndio kilikua kipindi cha Mariah kupata matatizo ya kimahusiano baina yake na aliyekuwa mume wake [[Mommy Mottola]]. Kuanzia mwanzo wa kazi zake kama Mwanamuziki, Mottola amekuwa akiongoza kazi zote za Mariah ikiwa ni pamoja na sauti yake kuendelea kuimba miondoko ya pop badala ya hip hop suala ambalo yeye mwenyewe Mariah alikuwa akilitamani. Hususani wakati wa kutoka kwa albamu ya ''daydream' ."<ref name="P. 90">Shapiro, p. 90</ref> Lakini hata hivyo, uongozi wa Mottola katika maisha ya Carey, uliziki kuongezeka pale wawili hawa walipooana na hivyo kusababisha kuongezeka kwa ugomvi baina ya wawili hawa. <ref name="P. 91">Shapiro, p. 91</ref> Lakini hata hivyo, muda mfupi baadae, ilikuwa wazi kuwa wawili hawa walikuwa katika hali ya utata na ndoa yao kuwa katika hati hati. Mwaka 1995, Mariah alitangaza rasmi kuwa, ameanza kuimba kwa staili nyingine, kufuatia kutoka kwa albamu ya ''Daydream'', jambo lilipata upinza sana kutoka kwa mume wake na wanyakazi wengine. Lakini Mariah aliendelea kushikilia msimamo wake na kuliambia gazeti la Times kuwa alikuwa akirudia na kurudia kurekodi kwa haraka zaidi, na kuwa amepata wakati wa kuweza kutilia maanani zaidi kwa kile anaachokifanya."<ref name="P. 92">Shapiro, P. 92</ref><ref name="Time">{{cite web |author=Christopher John Farley |title=Pop's princess grows up |publisher=''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,134725,00.html |date=2001-06-21 |accessdate=2009-04-05 |archivedate=2012-09-17 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120917123743/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,134725,00.html |=https://archive.today/20120917123743/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,134725,00.html }}</ref> ==Mapokezi== {{Album ratings | jina = | subtitle = | state = <!-- Aggregate scores --> | MC = <!-- Reviewers --> | rev1 =[[Allmusic]] | rev1Score ={{Rating|4.5|5}} | rev2 =''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' | rev2Score =(B) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,299059,00.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-08-17 |archivedate=2007-10-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026041308/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,299059,00.html }}</ref> }} ''Daydream'' ilitoka rasmi mwezi wa kumi tarehe 3, mwaka 1995, nchini [[Marekani]] na kufanikiwa kuuza zaidi ya nakala 224,000 katika wiki yake ya kwanza ya mauzo, na kuifanya albamu hii kuwa albamu ya kwanza ya Mariah kufanikiwa kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza na kukaa katika nafasi ya kwanza kwa takribani wiki sita zisikuwa za mfululizo, na kukaa katika nyimbo kumi bora kwa majuma ishirini na tisa Hata hivyo albamu ilifanikiwa kuuza zaidi ya nakala 760,000 wakati wa siku kuu ya Christmas ya mwaka 1995. Na kufanya mauzo hayo kuwa mauzo makubwa zaidi kuwahi kufikiwa kwa mwanamuziki wa kike ndani ya wiki moja .<ref>{{cite web |author=Neil Strauss |title = The Pop Life | publisher =''Time'' |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/30/arts/the-pop-life-073440.html | date = 1995-11-30 | accessdate = 2009-04-05}} </ref> Baada ya kufanikiwa kuuza nakala zaidi ya 7,556,000 nchini [[Marekani]].<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/#/column/chartbeat/ask-billboard-madonna-vs-whitney-vs-mariah-1004005695.story]</ref> na kuweza kusafirisha nakala milioni kumi, chama cha RIAA [[Recording Industry Association of America]] kilitangaza rasmi kuwa albamu hii kupata hadhi ya platinum, ambayo pia hujulikana kama hadhi ya almasi <ref name="RIAA">{{cite web |title = Search Results | work = [[Recording Industry Association of America]] |url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=Daydream&artist=&format=ALBUM&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=Columbia&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=on&before=on&startMonth=1&endMonth=4&startYear=1986&endYear=2009&sort=Artist&perPage=25 | accessdate = 2009-04-06}}</ref><ref name="MTV News">{{cite web |title = Metallica, Boyz II Men, Backstreet Boys, Green Day, No Doubt Among Top-Selling Artists Honored At Diamond Awards |publisher = ''[[MTV News]]'' |url = http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1425228/19990317/backstreet_boys.jhtml |date = 1999-03-17 |accessdate = 2009-04-06 |archive-date = 2013-02-08 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20130208123414/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1425228/metallica-boyz-ii-men-backstreet-boys-green-day-no-doubt-among-top-selling-artists-honored-at-diamond-awards.jhtml |url-status = dead }}</ref> ''Daydream'' is one of the first sixty-two albums to have achieved the diamond status.<ref name="MTV News"/> kwa mujibu wa ''[[Billboard]]'' albam ya ''daydream'' imefanikiwa kuingia katika orodha ya albamu bora za muda wote kutoka kwa mwanamuziki asiyekuwa na asili ya Asia kwa kufanikiwa kuuza nakala zaidi 2,100,000 .<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=7g4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA68&dq=mariah+carey+japanese&hl=en&ei=GvtbTIz9MsH-8Aazw4XYAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=5&ved=0CDUQ6wEwBA# Billboard Magazine 1996]</ref> ==Orodha ya nyimbo== {{tracklist | writing_credits = yes | jina1 = [[Fantasy (Mariah Carey song)|Fantasy]] | mwandishi1 = Mariah Carey, [[Chris Frantz]], [[Tina Weymouth]], [[Dave Hall (record producer)|Dave Hall]], [[Adrian Belew]], [[Steven Stanley]] | urefu1 = 4:03 | jina2 = [[Underneath the Stars (Mariah Carey song)|Underneath the Stars]] | mwandhishi2 = Carey, [[Walter Afanasieff]] | urefu2 = 3:33 | title3 = [[One Sweet Day]] | note3 = with [[Boyz II Men]] | writer3 = Carey, [[Michael McCary]], [[Nathan Morris]], [[Wanya Morris]], [[Shawn Stockman]], Afanasieff | length3 = 4:42 | title4 = [[Open Arms (Journey song)#Mariah Carey version|Open Arms]] | writer4 = [[Steve Perry (musician)|Steve Perry]], [[Jonathan Cain]] | length4 = 3:30 | title5 = [[Always Be My Baby]] | writer5 = Carey, [[Jermaine Dupri]], [[Manuel Seal, Jr.|Manuel Seal]] | length5 = 4:20 | title6 = I Am Free | writer6 = Carey, Afanasieff | length6 = 3:09 | title7 = When I Saw You | writer7 = Carey, Afanasieff | length7 = 4:24 | title8 = Long Ago | writer8 = Carey, Dupri | length8 = 4:33 | title9 = Melt Away | writer9 = Carey, [[Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds|Babyface]] | length9 = 3:42 | title10 = [[Forever (Mariah Carey song)|Forever]] | writer10 = Carey, Afanasieff | length10 = 4:00 | title11 = [[Fantasy (Mariah Carey song)#Remixes|Daydream Interlude]] | note11 = Fantasy Sweet Dub Mix | writer11 = Carey, Frantz, Weymouth, Hall, Belew, Stanley | length11 = 3:04 | title12 = Looking In | writer12 = Carey, Afanasieff | length12 = 3:35 | title13 = Fantasy (Def Club Mix) | note13 = Japanese edition bonus track | writer13 = Carey, Frantz, Weymouth, Hall, Belew, Stanley | length13 = 3:45 | title14 = [[El Amor Que Soñé]] | note14 = Latin American edition bonus track | writer14 = Perry, Cain, Manny Benito | length14 = 3:32 }} ==Chati na tuzo== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} ===Chati=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Chati !Ilipata<br />nafasi |- |align="left"|Australian Albums Chart<ref>[http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Daydream&cat=a Australian Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Austrian Albums Chart<ref>[http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Daydream&cat=a Austrian Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|5 |- |align="left"|Belgian Flanders Albums Chart<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Daydream&cat=a Flandres Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|6 |- |align="left"|Belgian Wallonia Albums Chart<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/fr/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Daydream&cat=a Wallonia Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|Canadian Albums Chart<ref>[http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/ALBUMS.html Canadian Albums Chart] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|Dutch Albums Chart<ref>[http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Daydream&cat=a Dutch Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|European Albums Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Albums&f=European+Top+100+Albums |title=European Albums Chart |accessdate=2010-08-17 |archivedate=2011-10-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013044442/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Albums&f=European%20Top%20100%20Albums }}</ref> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|Finnish Albums Chart<ref>[http://finnishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Daydream&cat=a Finnish Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|12 |- |align="left"|French Albums Chart<ref>[http://www.chartsinfrance.net/charts/albums.php French Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|German Albums Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://charts-surfer.de/musiksearch.php |title=German Albums Chart |accessdate=2010-08-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029144156/http://charts-surfer.de/musiksearch.php |archivedate=2007-10-29 }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Hungarian Albums Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.mahasz.hu/m/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=archivum |title=Hungarian Albums Chart |accessdate=2010-08-17 |archivedate=2009-04-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418181757/http://www.mahasz.hu/m/.?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=archivum }}</ref> |align="center"|13 |- |align="left"|Italian Albums Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.fimi.it/classifiche.asp?idtipo_classifica=1 |title=Italian Albums Chart |accessdate=2010-08-17 |archivedate=2007-05-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070506200247/http://www.fimi.it/classifiche.asp?idtipo_classifica=1 }}</ref> |align="center"|6 |- |align="left"|Japanese Albums Chart<ref>[http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ea/w/ Oricon Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|New Zealand Albums Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Daydream&cat=a |title=New Zealand Albums Chart |accessdate=2010-08-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907130134/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Daydream&cat=a |archivedate=2011-09-07 |https://web.archive.org/web/20110907130134/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Daydream&cat=a |=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907130134/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Daydream&cat=a }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Norwegian Albums Chart<ref>[http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Daydream&cat=a Norwegian Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|Spanish Albums Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://promusicae.es/english.html |title=Spanish Albums Chart |accessdate=2010-08-17 |archive-date=2012-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316035943/http://promusicae.es/english.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|5 |- |align="left"|Swedish Albums Chart<ref>[http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Daydream&cat=a Swedish Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|6 |- |align="left"|Swiss Albums Chart<ref>[http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Daydream&cat=a Swiss Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|UK Albums Chart<ref>[http://www.everyhit.co.uk/ UK Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' 200 |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' R&B/Hip hop Albums |align="center"|1 |} {{col-2}} ===Tuzo=== {| daraja="wikitable sortable" |- !Nchi <small>(Msambazaji)</small> ![[Music recording sales certifications|Certification]]<br><small>([[List of music recording sales certifications|sales thresholds]])</small> |- |align="left"|Australia <small>([[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]])</small> |align="center"|5x Platinum<ref name="Kent">{{cite book |last= Kent |first= David |coauthors= |title= Australian Chart Book 1970-1992 |publisher= |year= 2003 |month= |isbn= 0-646-11917-6}}</ref> |- |align="left"|Austria <small>([[IFPI]])</small> |align="center"|Gold<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ifpi.at/?section=goldplatin |title=IFPI Austria |accessdate=2010-08-17 |archive-date=2008-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216161149/http://www.ifpi.at/?section=goldplatin |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |align="left"|Canada <small>([[Canadian Recording Industry Association|CRIA]])</small> |align="center"|7x Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.cria.ca/cert_db_search.php |title=CRIA |accessdate=2010-08-17 |archivedate=2016-01-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111074458/http://www.cria.ca/cert_db_search.php }}</ref> |- |align="left"|Europe <small>([[IFPI]])</small> |align="center"|3x Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ifpi.com/content/section_news/plat1996.html |title=IFPI |accessdate=2010-08-17 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121205011105/http://www.ifpi.com/content/section_news/plat1996.html |archivedate=2012-12-05 }}</ref> |- |align="left"|France <small>([[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|SNEP]])</small> |align="center"|2x Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.infodisc.fr/CDCertif_P2.php |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-08-17 |archivedate=2015-06-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628234808/http://www.infodisc.fr/CDCertif_P2.php }}</ref> |- |align="left"|Germany <small>([[IFPI]])</small> |align="center"|Platinum<ref>[http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank/?action=1&strSuche=Daydream IFPI Germany]</ref> |- |align="left"|Japan <small>([[Recording Industry Association of Japan|RIAJ]])</small> |align="center"|Million<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/data/others/million_list/1995.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-08-17 |archive-date=2013-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103052144/http://www.riaj.or.jp/data/others/million_list/1995.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |align="left"|Netherlands <small>([[NVPI]])</small> |align="center"|Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.nvpi.nl/nvpi/pagina.asp?pagkey=60461 |title=NVPI |accessdate=2010-08-17 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5mlJ5UrTg?url=http://www.nvpi.nl/nvpi/pagina.asp?pagkey=60461 |archivedate=2010-01-13 }}</ref> |- |align="left"|New Zealand <small>([[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]])</small> |align="center"|9x Platinum<ref>{{cite book | author=Scapolo, Dean| title=The Complete New Zealand Music Charts 1966-2006 | publisher=RIANZ| year=2007 | isbn=978-1-877443-00-8}}</ref> |- |align="left"|Norway <small>([[IFPI]])</small> |align="center"|Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ifpi.no/sok/index_trofe.htm |title=IFPI Norway |accessdate=2010-08-17 |archivedate=2010-01-18 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5msTleSRi?url=http://www.ifpi.no/sok/index_trofe.htm }}</ref> |- |align="left"|Poland <small>([[Polish Music Charts|ZPAV]])</small> |align="center"|Gold<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.zpav.pl/plyty.asp?page=zlote&lang=en |title=ZPAV |accessdate=2010-08-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704072214/http://www.zpav.pl/plyty.asp?page=zlote&lang=en |archivedate=2007-07-04 }}</ref> |- |align="left"|Spain <small>([[Productores de Música de España|PROMUSICAE]])</small> |align="center"|3x Platinum<ref name="spain">{{cite book |last=Salaverri|first=Fernando|title=Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002|accessdate=accessdate=2010-07-13|edition=1st |year=2005|month=Septemba|publisher=Fundación Autor-SGAE|location=Spain|isbn=8480486392}}</ref> |- |align="left"|Switzerland <small>([[IFPI]])</small> |align="center"|Gold<ref>[http://hitparade.ch/awards.asp?year=1995 IFPI Switzerland]</ref> |- |align="left"|United Kingdom <small>([[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]])</small> |align="center"|2x Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-08-17 |archivedate=2010-01-17 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5mr0Evm3j?url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx |https://www.webcitation.org/5mr0Evm3j?url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx |=https://www.webcitation.org/5mr0Evm3j?url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx }}</ref> |- |align="left"|United States <small>([[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]])</small> |align="center"|Diamond<ref>http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH</ref> |- |} {{col-end}} ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo|2}} {{Mariah Carey}} [[Jamii:Albamu za Mariah Carey]] [[Jamii:Albamu za 1995]] 89aj0kdltar55el8ylei5dlg5knwtul 0 55357 1598871 1582417 2026-09-22T22:51:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598871 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amfetamini''' ni [[dawa]] ya kuchochea [[akili]] inayojulikana kusababisha ukosaji wa [[usingizi]] na kupunguza [[uchovu]] na [[hamu]] ya [[chakula]]. Amfetamini inahusiana kikemikali na metamfetamini na lisdeksamfetamini, kategoria ya dawa zenye nguvu zinazofanya kazi kwa kuongeza viwango vya dopamini na norepinephrine katika [[ubongo]], na kusababisha [[furaha]] nyingi. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Drevets, W et al |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2001 |month= |title=Amphetamine-Induced Dopamine Release in Human Ventral Striatum Correlates with Euphoria |journal=Psychiatry |volume=49 |issue= |pages=81–96 |id= |url=http://www-psych.stanford.edu/~knutson/rab/drevets01.pdf |accessdate=23 Mei 2009 |quote= |archive-date=2011-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430015235/http://www-psych.stanford.edu/~knutson/rab/drevets01.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> <ref> Rang na Dale, Pharmacology</ref> Kategoria hii inashirikisha dawa zinazotumiwa kwa maagizo ya daktari za CNS ambazo kwa kawaida hutumiwa kutibu [[ugonjwa]] wa kutomakinika na hamasa ya kupindukia (ADHD). Aidha, dawa hizi hutumiwa kutibu dalili za majeraha ya ubongo yanayotokana na mgongano (TBI) na dalili za kusinzia mchana zanarkolepsi, tatizo la mkao la orthostatiki takikadia (POTS) na dalili za uchovu sugu (CFS). Hapo awali, amfetamini ilitumiwa na watu wengi kupunguza hamu ya chakula na kudhibiti uzito wa mwili. Majina chapa ya dawa ambazo zina amfetamini, au zinazabadilika na kuwa amfetamini ni pamoja na Adderall, Vyvanse, na ''Dexedrine,'' pamoja na ''Benzedrine'' hapo mbeleni. Dawa hii pia hutumiwa kama kiburudisho na kiimarisha utendaji. Wale wanaoitumia dawa hii kujiburudisha wawameibunia majina mengi ya mitaani, kama vile ''speed'' na ''crank.'' Kituo cha Ufuatiliaji wa Dawa na Dawa za Kulevyacha Ulaya kinaripoti kuwa bei ya kawaida ya rejareja ya amfetamini katika [[Ulaya]] ni kati ya €3 na €15 (USD $4 hadi $21.55 ) kila gramu katika nusu ya nchi zinazoripoti. <ref>{{cite book |author=European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction |title=Annual report: the state of the drugs problem in Europe |year=2008 |publisher=Office for Official Publications of the European Communities |location=Luxembourg |isbn=978-92-9168-324-6 |pages=48 |url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_64227_EN_EMCDDA_AR08_en.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2010-10-18 |archive-date=2013-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425191815/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_64227_EN_EMCDDA_AR08_en.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Jina ''amfetamini'' lina asili yake katika jina la kemikali zilizo kwenye dawa hii: ''a-m'' ethyl lpha ''pH et'' en hyl ''amini.'' Maana yake ni aina ya [[madawa ya kulevya]] yenye kuchangamsha na kusisimua [[mwili]]. Licha ya hiyo, inashauriwa [[wanajamii]] wasitumie dawa za namna hiyo katika [[maisha]] yao kwa kuwa huweza kuathiri [[ubongo]] wa [[binadamu]] kwa [[kiasi]] kikubwa. ==Historia== Amfetamini ilisanisiwa kwa mara ya kwanza mnamo mwaka wa 1887 na mtaalamu wa kemia kutoka [[Romania]] Lazar Edeleanu huko [[Berlin|Berlin, Ujerumani.]] <ref> Edeleanu L. "Uber einige der Derivate Phenylmethacrylsaure und der Phenylisobuttersaure ". Deutsch Ber Chem GES. 1887, Vol 20:616.</ref> Aliuita mchanganyiko huo fenilisopropilamini. Ulikuwa ni mojawapo ya mfululizo wa michanganyiko iliyohusiana na efedrini iliyonyumbuliwa kwa mmea, na ambayo ilitolewa kwa Ma-Huang mwaka huo huo na Nagayoshi Nagai. <ref>{{cite book |last= Shulgin |first= Alexander |authorlink= Alexander Shulgin |coauthors= Shulgin, Ann |title= [[PiHKAL]] |year= 1992 |publisher= Transform Press |location= Berkeley, California |isbn= 0-9630096-0-5 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/pihkalchemicallo00shul_070/page/n9 39] |chapter= 6&nbsp;&ndash; MMDA }}</ref> Hapakuwa na matumizi yoyote ya utengenezaji dawa yaliyopatikana ya amfetamini hadi 1927, wakati mtaalamu mwanzilishi wa utengenezaji dawa za [[kichwa]] Gordon Alles aliiunganisha tena na kuijaribisha kwa kuitumia yeye mwenyewe, alipokuwa akitafuta dawa badalia ya efedrini. Kutoka 1933 au 1934 Smith, Kline na French walianza kuuza aina fukivu ya dawa hii kama dawa ya kuvuta ikiitwa kwa jina la kibiashara la Benzedrine, iliyotumiwa kugandamua lakini ingetumika kwa urahisi kwa malengo yasiyo ya kimatibabu. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Rasmussen N |title=Making the first anti-depressant: amphetamine in American medicine, 1929–1950 |journal=J Hist Med Allied Sci |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=288–323 |year=2006 |month=Julai |pmid=16492800 |doi=10.1093/jhmas/jrj039 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-history-of-medicine-and-allied-sciences_2006-07_61_3/page/288}}</ref> Mojawapo ya majaribio ya kwanza ya kuitumia amfetamini kama utafiti wa kisayansi yalifanywa na M.H. Nathanson, daktari kutoka Los Angeles, mnamo mwaka wa 1935. Daktari huyu alichunguza athari nafsi za amfetamini katika wafanyakazi 55 wa [[hospitali]] ambao walipewa miligramu 20 ya Benzedrini kila mmoja. Athari mbili zilizolipotiwa sana za dawa hii ni "hisia za wema na bashasha" na "kupunguka kwa uchovu katika utendaji kazi". <ref> Iverson, Leslie. Speed, Ecstacy, Ritalin: ya sayansi ya amfetamin. Oxford, New York. Oxford University Press, 2006.</ref> Wakati wa Vita Vikuu vya II amfetamini ilitumiwa sana kupambana na uchovu na kuongeza uwezo wa kuwa macho miongoni mwa wanajeshi. Baada ya miongo kadhaa ya ripoti za matumizi mabaya, Shirika la Madawa nchini Marekani, FDA, lilipiga marufuku aina zozote za Benzedrini za kuvutwa, kisha mnamo mwaka wa 1965, likapiga marufuku matumizi ya amfetamini bila maagizo ya daktari, lakini matumizi yasiyo ya kimatibabu yakaendelea. Amfetamini ikawekwa katika kiwango cha II chini ya Sheria ya Madawa Yaliyodhibitiwa ya mwaka wa 1971. Mchanganyiko uliohusiana wa methamfetamini ulisasiniwa kwa mara ya kwanza kutoka efedrini huko [[Japani|Japan]] katika mwaka wa 1918 na mtaalamu wa kemia Akira Ogata, kupitia kupunguza efedrini kwa kutumia fosforasi nyekundu na [[Iodini|iodini.]] Dawa ya Pervitini ilikuwa ni tembe ya {{nowrap|3 mg}} methamfetamini ambayo ilikuwa inapatikana katika Ujerumani kuanzia mwaka wa 1938 na kutumika sana katika ''Wehrmacht,'' lakini kufikia kati ya mwaka wa 1941 ikawa dawa iliyodhibitiwa, kwa sababu ya muda mwingi uliohitajika na mwanajeshi kupumzika na kupata nafuu baada ya kuitumia na pia kutokana na matumizi mabaya. Kwa wakati uliobaki wa vita, madaktari wa kijeshi waliendelea kupeana dawa hii, lakini kwa mara chache na katika kesi maalum pekee. <ref>{{cite book |last= Rasmussen |first= Nicolas |authorlink= |title= On Speed: The Many Lives of Amphetamine |url= https://archive.org/details/onspeedmanylives0000rasm |year= 2008 |publisher= New York University Press |location= New York, New York |isbn= 0-8147-7601-9 |chapter= Ch. 4 }}</ref> Mnamo miaka 1997 na 1998, <ref> Clement, Beverly A., Goff, Christina M. na Forbes, T. David A. (1998). Sumu amini na alkaloids kutoka rigidula Acacia. Phytochemistry 49 (5), pp 1377-1380</ref> <ref> Clement, Beverly A., Goff, Erik Allen Burt, Christina M. na Forbes, T. David A. (1997). Sumu amini na alkaloids kutoka berlandieri Acacia. Phytochemistry 46 (2), pp 249-254</ref> watafiti katika Chuo Kikuu cha Texas A &amp; M walidai kuwa wamepata amfetamini na methamfetamini katika majani ya aina mbili za mgunga zilizopatikana [[Texas]], ''A. berlandieri'' na ''A. rigidula.'' Hapo awali, michanganyiko hii miwili ilidhaniwa kuwa imebuniwa na binadamu. Matokeo haya hayajawahi kurudufishwa, na wanakemia wengi wanaamini kuwa uchambuzi huo ni matokeo ya makosa katika majaribisho, na kwa hivyo uthabiti wa ripoti hiyo umetiliwa shaka. Alexander Shulgin, mmoja wa wachunguzi wa biokemia mwenye uzoefu mwingi na aliyegundua dawa nyingi mpya za kutibu magonjwa ya kiakili, amejaribu kuwasiliana na watafiti hao wa Chuo Kikuu cha Texas A&amp;M ili kuhakikisha matokeo yao. Waandishi wa makala hayo hawajajibu; amfetamini asilia bado inaelekea kusalia kama uvumbuzi ambao haujathibitishwa. <ref> [http://www.cognitiveliberty.org/shulgin/adsarchive/acacia.htm Uliza Dr Shulgin Online: Acacias na Amphetamine Mtindo]</ref> ==Madhara ya matumizi== Amfetamini huongeza utendakazi wa moyo na hupandisha shinikizo la damu na kufanya matumizi yake kuwa hatari kwa wagonjwa walio na historia ya ugonjwa wa moyo au shinikizo la damu. Amfetamini inaweza kusababisha matatizo ya kutishia maisha kwa wagonjwa wanaokunywa dawa za tibamfadhaiko za MAOI. Matumizi ya amfetamini na dawa zinazofanana yamekatazwa katika wagonjwa walio na glakoma ya pembe nyembamba au pembe nyembamba kianatomia. Kama amaini zingine zenye athari karibu sawa na ile ya mfumo wa neva simpathetiki, amfetamini inaweza sababisha madriasisi ya muda. Katika wagonjwa walio na pembe nyembamba, mpanuko unaoathiri mboni unaweza kusababisha glakoma kali ya kufunga pembe. Dawa hizi zinafaa pia ziepukwe na wagonjwa walio na aina zingine za glakoma, kwani maidriasisi inaweza mara kwa mara kuongeza shinikizo la ndani ya macho. <ref> ''[http://www.drugs.com/disease-interactions/amphetamine.html Amphetamine Ugonjwa wa mwingiliano - Drugs.com]'' </ref> Imedhihirishwa kwamba amfetamini hupita na kuingia kwenye [[maziwa]] ya [[mama]]. Kwa sababu hiyo, akina mama wanaotumia amfetamini wanashauriwa kuepuka kunyonyesha wakati wanaendelea kupokea matibabu. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2004/021303s005lbl.pdf |title=ADDERALL XR capsule |accessdate=2009-07-24 |first=[[Food and Drug Administration (United States)|Food and Drug Administration]] |year=2005 |format=PDF }}</ref> ==Taratibu kuu za kinyurobiolojia== ===Maeneo ya msingi ya utendakazi=== Amfetamini huweka athari zake za kitabia kwa kubadilisha nyurotransmita kadhaa muhimu katika ubongo, ikiwa ni pamoja na dopamini serotonini, na norepinefrini. Hata hivyo, kazi ya amfetamini katika ubongo inaonekana kuwa mahususi; <ref name="JonesKornblum">{{cite journal |author=Jones S, Kornblum JL, Kauer JA |title=Amphetamine blocks long-term synaptic depression in the ventral tegmental area |journal=J. Neurosci. |volume=20 |issue=15 |pages=5575–80 |year=2000 |month=Agosti |pmid=10908593 |doi= |url=http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10908593}}</ref> vipokezi fulani vinavyoathiriwa na amfetamini katika baadhi ya sehemu za ubongo huelekea kutoathiriwa katika sehemu zingine. Kwa mfano, vipokezi vya dopamini D2 katika hipokampasi, sehemu ya ubongo inayohusika na kutengeneza kumbukumbu mpya, huonekana kutoathiriwa na kuwepo kwa amfetamini. <ref name="JonesKornblum"></ref> Mifumo mikuu ya kinyuro inayoathiriwa na amfetamini inahusishwa kwa kiasi kikubwa na utendaji wa saketi tuzi ya ubongo. Aidha, nyurotransmita zinazohusika kwa njia mbalimbali za tuzo za ubongo huonekana kuwa shabaha ya kimsingi ya amfetamini. <ref name="pmid17437">{{cite journal |author=Moore KE |title=The actions of amphetamine on neurotransmitters: a brief review |journal=Biol. Psychiatry |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=451–62 |year=1977 |month=Juni |pmid=17437 |doi= |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-psychiatry_1977-06_12_3/page/451}}</ref> Mojawapo ya nyurotransmita ni dopamini, kemikali inayotuma jumbe zinayofanya kazi katika njia tuzo za mesolimbiki na mesokotika. Si jambo la kushangaza kuwa vipengele vya kianatomia vya njia hizi - ikiwa ni pamoja na striatamu, akumbeni kiini, na striatamu ya tumbo - vimeonekana kuwa maeneo msingi ya utendakazi wa amfetamini. <ref name="DelArco">{{cite journal |author=Del Arco A, González-Mora JL, Armas VR, Mora F |title=Amphetamine increases the extracellular concentration of glutamate in striatum of the awake rat: involvement of high affinity transporter mechanisms |journal=Neuropharmacology |volume=38 |issue=7 |pages=943–54 |year=1999 |month=Julai |pmid=10428413 |doi=10.1016/S0028-3908(99)00043-X |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neuropharmacology_1999-07_38_7/page/943}}</ref> <ref name="Drevets">{{cite journal |author=Drevets WC, Gautier C, Price JC |title=Amphetamine-induced dopamine release in human ventral striatum correlates with euphoria |journal=Biol. Psychiatry |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=81–96 |year=2001 |month=Januari |pmid=11164755 |doi=10.1016/S0006-3223(00)01038-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-psychiatry_2001-01-15_49_2/page/n5}}</ref> Ukweli kwamba amfetamini huathiri shughuli za nyurotransmita hasa katika sehemu zinazohusishwa na utuzaji hutoa ufahamu katika athari za kitabia za dawa hii, kama vile mwanzo wa kawaida wa furaha kubwa. <ref name="Drevets"></ref> Uelewa bora wa mbinu maalum ambazo amfetamini hutumia kufanya kazi unaweza kuongeza uwezo wetu wa kutibu uraibu wa amfetamini kwani mfumo wa utuzaji wa ubongo umehusishwa pakubwa na aina nyingi za uraibu. <ref>[32] ^ Wise, RA. "Brain reward circuitry and addiction.” Mpango na ikisiri za jamii ya Marekani ya Madawa ya Kulevya2003 Hali ya Sanaa katika kulevya Madawa, 30 Oktoba - 1 Novemba 2003; Washington, DC. Kikao</ref> ===Amfetamini za ukoo mmoja=== Imegunduliwa kwamba amfetamini ina vifanani kadhaa vya ukoo, yaani, molekuli za muundo sawa zinazopatikana kwa kawaida katika ubongo. <ref name="Sulzer">{{cite journal |author=Sulzer D, Chen TK, Lau YY, Kristensen H, Rayport S, Ewing A |title=Amphetamine redistributes dopamine from synaptic vesicles to the cytosol and promotes reverse transport |journal=J. Neurosci. |volume=15 |issue=5 Pt 2 |pages=4102–8 |year=1995 |month=Mei |pmid=7751968 |doi= |url=http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7751968}}</ref> l-Fenilalanini, na β-fenethilamini ni mifano miwili, ambayo inatengenezwa katika mfumo wa neva wa pembeni na pia katika ubongo. Molekuli hizi hufikiriwa kuwa zinarekebisha viwango vya furaha na hadhari, miongoni mwa hali hisishi zinazohusiana. ===Dopamini=== Labda nyurotransmita ambayo imetafitiwa zaidi kuhusiana na amfetamini ni dopamini, "nyurotransmita ya utuzaji" ambayo hufanya kazi sana katika njia nyingi za utuzaji kwenye ubongo. Tafiti mbalimbali zimeonyesha kuwa katika sehemu maalum, amfetamini huongeza viwango vya dopamini katika ufa wa sinaptiki, na hivyo basi kuongeza mwitikio wa niuroni iliyo nyuma ya sinepsi. <ref name="Kuczenski">{{cite journal |author=Kuczenski R, Segal DS |title=Effects of methylphenidate on extracellular dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine: comparison with amphetamine |journal=J. Neurochem. |volume=68 |issue=5 |pages=2032–7 |year=1997 |month=Mei |pmid=9109529 |doi=10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.68052032.x |url= }}</ref> Kitendo hiki maalum hudokeza mwitikio wa kihedoniki kwa dawa hii na vilevile kwa sifa yake ya kiraibu. Taratibu mahsusi ambazo amfetamini hutumia kuathiri viwango vya dopamini zimetafitiwa kwa upana. Hivi sasa, nadharia-tete mbili kuu ambazo hazipingani zimependekezwa. Nadharia moja inatilia mkazo utenda kazi wa amfetamini katika kiwango cha kilengelenge, hivyo basi kuongeza ukolezi wa dopamini katika majiplazimu ya niuroni iliyo mbele ya sinepsi. <ref name="Sulzer"></ref> <ref name="pmid17105921">{{cite journal |author=Rothman RB, Baumann MH |title=Balance between dopamine and serotonin release modulates behavioral effects of amphetamine-type drugs |journal=Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume=1074 |issue= |pages=245–60 |year=2006 |month=Agosti |pmid=17105921 |doi=10.1196/annals.1369.064 |url=}}</ref> Nadharia hiyo nyingine inalenga dhima ya kisafirisha dopamini cha DAT, na inapendekeza kwamba amfetamini inaweza kuingiliana na DAT kusababisha usafiri kinyume wa dopamini kutoka niuroni iliyo mbele ya sinepsi hadi kwenye ufa wa sinepsi. <ref name="pmid17437"></ref> <ref name="Regulation">{{cite journal |author=Johnson LA, Guptaroy B, Lund D, Shamban S, Gnegy ME |title=Regulation of amphetamine-stimulated dopamine efflux by protein kinase C beta |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=280 |issue=12 |pages=10914–9 |year=2005 |month=Machi |pmid=15647254 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M413887200 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-biological-chemistry_2005-03-25_280_12/page/10914}}</ref> <ref name="Kahlig">{{cite journal |author=Kahlig KM, Binda F, Khoshbouei H |title=Amphetamine induces dopamine efflux through a dopamine transporter channel |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=102 |issue=9 |pages=3495–500 |year=2005 |month=Machi |pmid=15728379 |pmc=549289 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0407737102 |url=}}</ref> <ref name="Overload">[45] ^ Maktaba Umma ya Sayansi. “A mechanism for amphetamine-induced dopamine overload.” PLoS Biol. 3 (2004).</ref> Nadharia tete ya kwanza imeungwa mkono na data kuonyesha kwamba sindano za amfetamini husababisha kuongezeka kwa haraka kwa ukolezi wa dopamini iliyo kwenye majiplazimu. <ref name="Overload"></ref>N Amfetamini inaaminiwa kuingiliana na vilengelenge vya sinepsi wenye dopamini katika mkongo wa nchani. Amfetamini ni sabstreti kwa kisafirishaji maalum cha kuingiza kilengelenge cha sinepsi cha kiniuroni kiitwacho VMAT2. Wakati amfetamini imefyonzwa na VMAT2, kilengelenge hiki hutoa molekuli za dopamini katika majiplazimu. Kisha Dopamini inayosambazwa tena huaminika kuwa huingiliana na DAT kuendeleza usafirishaji wa kinyume. <ref name="Sulzer"></ref> Huenda ikawa kalisi ni molekuli muhimu inayohusika na maingiliano kati ya amfetamini na VMATs. <ref name="pmid17105921"></ref> Nadharia tete ya pili inasema kuwa kuna mahusiano ya moja kwa moja kati ya amfetamini na DAT. Shughuli za DAT zinaaminika kutegemea kinasisi maalum inayoongeza fosforai, kama vile protini kinasi C; hasa PKC-β. <ref name="Overload"></ref> Baada ya kuongeza fosforai, DAT hupitia mabadiliko thibitishi yanayosababisha usafirishaji wa dopamini iliyofungamanishwa na DAT kutoka mazingira ya nje ya seli hadi kwenye yale ya ndani ya seli. <ref name="Kahlig"></ref> Hata hivyo, amfetamini ikiwepo, DAT imeonekana kufanya kazi kinyume, kwa kutema dopamini kutoka kwa nyuroni iliyo mbele ya sinepsi hadi kwenye ufa wa sinepsi. <ref name="Regulation"></ref> Kwa hiyo, zaidi ya kuzuia kufyonzwa tena kwa dopamini, amfetamini pia huchochea kutolewa kwa molekuli za dopamini kwenye sinepsi. <ref name="pmid17437"></ref> Kwa kuunga mkono nadharia-tete iliyoko hapo juu, imepatikana kwamba vizuizi vya PKC-β huondoa madhara ya amfetamini kwenye viwango vya dopamine iliyo nje ya seli katika striatamu ya panya. <ref name="Overload"></ref> Data hii inapendekeza kuwa kinasi ya PKC-β inaweza kuwakilisha ncha muhimu ya mawasiliano kati ya amfetamini na kisafirishaji cha DAT. ===Serotonini=== Imepatikana kwamba amfetamini inasababisha athari sawa kwenye serotonini kama zile zinazosababishwa kwenye dopamini. <ref name="JonesKauer">{{cite journal |author=Jones S, Kauer JA |title=Amphetamine depresses excitatory synaptic transmission via serotonin receptors in the ventral tegmental area |journal=J. Neurosci. |volume=19 |issue=22 |pages=9780–7 |year=1999 |month=Novemba |pmid=10559387 |doi= |url=http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10559387}}</ref> Kama ilivyo na DAT, kisafirishaji serotonini cha SERT kinaweza kufanywa kifanye kazi kinyume kikisisimuliwa na amfetamini. <ref name="Hilber">{{cite journal |author=Hilber B, Scholze P, Dorostkar MM |title=Serotonin-transporter mediated efflux: a pharmacological analysis of amphetamines and non-amphetamines |journal=Neuropharmacology |volume=49 |issue=6 |pages=811–9 |year=2005 |month=Novemba |pmid=16185723 |doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2005.08.008 |url=}}</ref> Utaratibu huu hufikiriwa kuwa unategemea vitendo vya ioni za kalisi, na pia kukaribiana kwa visafirishaji fulani vya protini. <ref name="Hilber"></ref> Maingiliano kati ya amfetamini na serotonini ni dhahiri tu katika maeneo maalum ya ubongo, kama vile kiungo cha mesokotikolimbi. Uchunguzi wa hivi karibuni unadai kwamba amfetamini inaweza, kwa njia isiyo ya moja kwa moja, kubadilisha tabia ya njia za glutamati zitokazo kwenye sehemu za tumbo hadi kwenye gamba la mbele. <ref name="JonesKauer"></ref> Njia za Glutamati zinahusishwa sana na usisimkaji katika kiwango cha sinepsi. Kwa hivyo kuongezeka kwa ukolezi wa serotonini nje ya seli kunaweza kugeuza shughuli za usisimkaji za nyuroni za glutamati. <ref name="JonesKauer"></ref> Uwezo uliopendekezwa wa amfetamini wa kuongeza usisimkaji wa njia za glutamati unaweza kuwa muhimu wakati wa kuzingatia uraibu unaohusisha serotonini. <ref name="JonesKauer"></ref> Matokeo ya ziada ya kitabia yanaweza kuwa mchangamsho wa kawaida wa kwenda kutoka sehemu moja hadi nyingine ambao hutokea baada ya kuingiliana na amfetamini. <ref name="Kuczenski"></ref> ===Nyurotransmita zingine muhimu=== Nyurotransmita zingine kadhaa zimehusishwa na shughuli za amfetamini. Kwa mfano, viwango vya glutameti nje ya seli, ambavyo ni nyurotransmita msingi za uchangamshaji katika ubongo, vimeonyeshwa kuongeza baada ya kuingiliana na amfetamini. Sambamba na matokeo mengine, athari hii ilionekana katika maeneo ya ubongo yanayohusishwa na utuzaji, yaani, akumbeni za kiini, striatemu, na gamba la mbele. Zaidi ya hayo, tafiti mbalimbali zimeonyesha kuongezeka kwa viwango vya norepinefrini, aina ya nyurotransmita inayohusishwa na adrenalini, katika kukabiliana na amfetamini. Jambo hili linaaminika kutokea kupitia kuziba ufyonyaji upya pamoja na kupitia maingiliano na kienezaji cha kusafirisha norepinefrini katika nyuroni. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Florin SM, Kuczenski R, Segal DS |title=Regional extracellular norepinephrine responses to amphetamine and cocaine and effects of clonidine pretreatment |journal=Brain Res. |volume=654 |issue=1 |pages=53–62 |year=1994 |month=Agosti |pmid=7982098 |doi=10.1016/0006-8993(94)91570-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_brain-research_1994-08-15_654_1/page/n60}}</ref> ==Viungo, matumizi na athari za dawa hii== ===Sifa za kemikali=== [[File:Amphetamine-2D-skeletal.svg‎|Muundo wa molekuli ya amfetamini wa thampu | 200px200px |. ]] [[File:Amphetamine-2D-skeletal.svg‎|Methamfetamini ina muundo sawa na huo, lakini imeongezwa kikundi cha methili kilichoambatishwa kwa nitrojeni.]] [[File:Methamphetamines.PNG|thumb|Chati inayolinganisha mifumo ya kemikali tofauti zinazozalishwa kutoka amfetamini.]] Amfetamini ni mchanganyiko wa kichirali. Mchanganyiko huu wa kirasmiki unaweza kugawanywa katika aisoma zake za macho: levo-na dextro-amfetamini. Amfetamini ndio mchanganyiko asili katika kategoria ya michanganyiko iliyo na muundo sawa, na inajumwisha aina mbalimbali za vinyumbuliwa vinavyoathiri akili, kama vile empathojeni, MDA (3,4-Methilenedioksiyamfetamini) na MDMA (3,4-Methilenedioksi-N-methamfetamini) inayojulikana kama upeo wa furaha, na aina ya ''N-methilati'' , methamfetamini inayojulikana kama 'meth', na kwa vigandamuaji kama vile efedrine (Efe). Amfetamini ina umbo sawa na fenethilamine. Mwanzoni, dawa hii ilikuja ikiwa kama salfeti amfetamini ya chumvi ya kirasmiki (amfetamini ya kirasmiki ina aisoma mbili kwa viwango sawa). Matatizo ya kutomakinika mara nyingi hutibiwa kwa kutumia Aderali au aina zozote sawa za dawa mwigo. Aderali ni mchanganyiko wa amfetamini na chumvi za dekstroamfetamini ambao una<br> * 1 / 4 dekstro-amfetamini sakarati * 1 / 4 dekstro-amfetamini salfeti * 04/01 (amfetamini ya kirasmiki) aspateti monohaidrati * 04/01 (amfetamini ya kirasmiki) salfeti ===Utendakazi na athari za dawa mwilini=== Amfetamini imeonekana kuwa inaweza kuenea kupitia kwa utando wa seli na pia kusafiri kupitia kisafirishaji cha dopamini (DAT) ili kuongeza viwango vya dopamini katika nyuroni ya muda. Amfetamini, ikiwa kama d-amfetamini dekstroamfetamini na l-amfetamini (au mchanganyiko kirasmiki wa isoma mbili), inaaminika kutumia athari zake kwa kujifunga kwa visafirishaji vya monoamaini na kuongeza viwango vya dopamini ya amaini za biojeni, norepinefrini (noradrenalini ) na serotonini nje ya seli. Kuna nadharia tete zinazosema kwamba d-amfetamini huathiri kimsingi mifumo ya dopamini, wakati l-amfetamini ikilinganishwa huathiri norepinefrini. Hata hivyo, athari msingi za amfetamini za kuimarisha na kuchochea tabia, zinahusishwa na shughuli za dopamini, hasa katika mfumo wa dopamini wa mesolimbi. Amfetamini pamoja na vichangamsha vingine vya aina ya amfetamini kwa msingi huachilia dopamini katika ufa wa sinepsi. Amfetamini, tofauti na kokeni ambayo ni aina ya kichangamshi kama dopamini, haifanyi kazi kama ligandi lakini hufyonya upya pole pole kupitia utaratibu wa pili kwa kuongeza fosforasi kwenye visafirishaji vya dopamini. <ref> WikiAnswers google cached page: 'Does Namenda memantine work in preventing tolerance to adderall ADD amphetamine type drugs?'</ref> Kitendo msingi ni kupitia kuongezeka kwa viwango vya amfetamini ambako hutoa kutolewa kwa dipamini iliyowekwa mwilini kutoka kwenye visafirishaji vya lengelenge vya monoamini (VMATs), na hivyo kuongeza viwango vya transmita ndani ya nyuroni. Ongezeko hili la ukolezi hugeuza usafirishaji wa dopamini kupitia kisafirishaji dopamini (DAT) kwenye sinepsi. <ref name="review">{{cite journal |author=Sulzer D, Sonders MS, Poulsen NW, Galli A |title=Mechanisms of neurotransmitter release by amphetamines: a review |journal=Prog. Neurobiol. |volume=75 |issue=6 |pages=406–33 |year=2005 |month=Aprili |pmid=15955613 |doi=10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.04.003 |url=}}</ref> Aidha, amfetamini hujifunga, kwa kugeuza, kwa DATs na kuziba uwezo wa kisafirishaji hiki kuondoa DA kutoka kwenye nafasi iliyo kwenye sinepsi. Amfetamine pia hufanya hivi na norepinefrini (noradrenalini) na kwa kisai kidogo serotonini. Aidha, amfetamini hujiambatisha kwa kikundi cha vipokezi viitwavyo Vipokezi Vinavyohusishwa na Kufuatilia Amaini(TAAR). <ref>{{cite journal |author=Reese EA, Bunzow JR, Arttamangkul S, Sonders MS, Grandy DK |title=Trace amine-associated receptor 1 displays species-dependent stereoselectivity for isomers of methamphetamine, amphetamine, and para-hydroxyamphetamine |journal=J Pharmacol Exp Ther. |volume=321 |issue=1 |pages=178–86 |year=2007 |month=Aprili |pmid=17218486 |doi=10.1124/jpet.106.115402 |url=http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/321/1/178 |access-date=2010-10-18 |archive-date=2009-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419154011/http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/321/1/178 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> TAAR ni mfumo mpya wa vipokezi uliogunduliwa ambao unaonekana kuathiriwa na aina mbalimbali ya dutu zinazofanana na amfetamini ziitwazo amaini fuatiliaji. ==Athari== ===Athari za kimwili=== Athari za kimwili za amfetamini ni kama kupunguza hamu ya chakula, kuongezeka / kubadili hisia; ukosefu wa utulivu; mpanuko wa mboni; kuwa na wekundu; kutotulia; kinywa kikavu, shida ya kusimika; kuumwa na kichwa, takikadia; kuongeza kwa kasi ya kupumua; shinikizo la damu, [[Homa|homa]], kutokwa na jasho, kuhara, uyabisi wa tumbo; kutoweza kuona vizuri, uzungumzaji usioeleweka, kizunguzungu, msongo wa mwili usiozuilika au kutetereka, kukosa usingizi, kuganda, mpapatiko wa moyo, na arithimia. Wakati imetumika kwa viwango vya juu au kutumiwa muda mrefu, athari za ngozi kavu, au iliyo na mwasho, chunusi, usawijikaji yanaweza kutokea. <ref name="Erowid Amphetamines Vault: Effects"> Erowid Amphetamines Vault: Effects</ref> <ref name="strdbo">{{Cite web |url=http://www.xs4all.nl/~4david/amphetam.html |title=Amphetamine; Facts |accessdate=2010-10-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991112225253/http://www.xs4all.nl/~4david/amphetam.html |archivedate=1999-11-12 }}</ref> <ref> Amphetamines - Better Health Channel</ref> <ref> adderall xr, adderall medication, adderall side effects, adderall abuse</ref> Wakati mwingine matumizi ya amfetamini katika wanaume yanaweza kusababisha athari isiyo ya kawaida na wakati mwingine ya kushangaza ambapo uume wakati ni tepetevu unaonekana kuwa umekunjika kutokana na kubanwa kwa mishipa. Wakati unaposimika, uume huo hurudi ukubwa wa kawaida. <ref>Whenever I take speed my penis appears to shrink.[http://www.thesite.org/drinkanddrugs/askthesiteqandas/drinkanddrugsqandas/dicksonspeed Is there a link? ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.thesite.org/drinkanddrugs/askthesiteqandas/drinkanddrugsqandas/dicksonspeed |date=20081219232021 }}[http://www.thesite.org/drinkanddrugs/askthesiteqandas/drinkanddrugsqandas/dicksonspeed What's going on?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.thesite.org/drinkanddrugs/askthesiteqandas/drinkanddrugsqandas/dicksonspeed |date=20081219232021 }}</ref> Hata hivyo, jambo hili linaweza kuwa ni hadithi tu ya mijini. "Hakuna ripoti za kisayansi zilizochapishwa kutoa ushahidi wa kisayansi kuwa ukunjikaji wa uume hutokea kama athari za matumizi ya amfetamini". <ref> Bloor, RN ""Whizz-Dick: Side Effect, Urban Myth or Amfetamine-related Koro-like Syndrome?" International Journal of Clinical Practice 58.7 (2004): 717-19. Web. Web.</ref> Vijana wa umri wa makamo wanaotumia amfetamini wanaweza kuwa katika hatari kubwa ya kupatwa na mshtuko wa moyo. Katika utafiti uliochapishwa katika jarida la Utegemeaji Madawa na Pombe, <ref>{{cite journal |author=Westover AN, Nakonezny PA, Haley RW |title=Acute myocardial infarction in young adults who abuse amphetamines |journal=Drug Alcohol Dependence |volume=96 |issue=1-2 |pages=49–56 |year=2008 |month=Julai |pmid=18353567 |doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.01.027 |url= |pmc=2533107}}</ref> watafiti walichunguza data kutoka watu zaidi ya 3,000,000 wa umri kati ya miaka 18 na 44 waliokuwa katika hospitali kati ya mwaka wa 2000 na 2003 katika Texas. Baada ya kudhibiti matumizi mabaya ya [[kokeni]], pombe, tumbaku, shinikizo la damu, kisukari tamu, matatizo ya lipidi, unene wa kupindukia, kasoro za kuzaliwa, na kasoro za kuganda, walipata uhusiano kati ya utambuzi wa matumizi ya amfetamini na mshtuko wa moyo. <ref> Newswise: Study Finds Link Between Amphetamine Abuse and Heart Attacks in Young Adults Retrieved on 3 Juni 2008.</ref> ===Athari za kisaikolojia=== Athari za kisaikolojia ni kama kuwa na furaha, wasiwasi, ongezeko la ashiki, kuwa macho, umakinifu, [[nguvu]], kujiheshimu, kujiamini, uingilianaji na watu, kuwashwa, uchokozi, matatizo ya saikosomatiki, fadhaa ya saikolojia-viungo kujivuna, hisia nyingi kupindukia za kuwa na nguvu na tabia zisizoshindikana zinazorudiwarudiwa na za kulizoshikilia, wazimu, na, wakati amfetamini imetumika kwa muda mrefu na / au viwango vya juu, mtu anaweza kuwa [[kichaa]]. <ref name="Erowid Amphetamines Vault: Effects"></ref> Kulingana na utafiti wa panya, matumizi ya amfetamini wakati wa ujana yanaweza kulemaza kumbukumbu <ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.illinois.edu/news/09/1021amphetamine.html|title=Amphetamine use in adolescence may impair adult working memory|accessdate=2009-10-22|archive-date=2009-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091110082533/http://news.illinois.edu/news/09/1021amphetamine.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ya kufanya kazi katika utu uzima. ===Athari za kuacha kuitumia=== Kuacha kutumia amfetamini baada ya matumizi ya muda mrefu kunaweza kusababisha athari kama vile wasiwasi, huzuni, fadhaa, uchovu, kulala sana, kuongezeka kwa hamu ya chakula, hasirakali, kichaa na [[Jiua|mawazo ya kujiua.]] <ref> Symptoms of Amphetamine withdrawal - WrongDiagnosis.com</ref> ==Matumizi ya kupita kiasi== Matumizi kupita kiasi ya amfetamini si mabaya sana lakini yanaweza kusababisha dalili kadhaa tofauti; ikiwa ni pamoja na kichaa, maumivu ya kifua, na shinikizo la damu. ===Kichaa=== Matumizi mabaya ya amfetamini yanaweza kusababisha kichaa kinachosababishwa na kichangamsha ambacho kinaweza kudhihirika kupitia matatizo kadhaa ya kichaa (yaani, wazimu, ndoto, majinuni). Ukali na muda wa dalili hizi zinaweza kutofautiana, lakini tofauti na matatizo ya kweli ya kichaa (yaani dhiki), kichaa kinachosababishwa na vichangamsha hakichukuliwi kuwa cha kudumu na hatimaye kitatatuka baada ya kuwacha matumizi ya dawa. ==Utegemeaji madawa na uraibu== [[Uraibu]] hufanyika kwa haraka katika matumizi mabaya ya amfetamini, kwa hivyo, wakati wa matumizi ya muda mtu huhitajika kuongeza kiasi cha dawa hii ya kulevya ili kufikia athari sawa. <ref>{{cite web | title=Amphetamines: Drug Use and Abuse: Merck Manual Home Edition | publisher = Merck | url=http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec07/ch108/ch108g.html | accessdate=28 Februari 2007 }}</ref> ==Matumizi ya kuimarisha utendaji== Amfetamine hutumiwa na baadhi ya wanafunzi wa shule za upili na vyuo kuwasaidia kusoma na kufanya mitihani. <ref>{{Cite web | publisher = JS Online | last = Twohey | first = Megan | title = Pills become an addictive study aid | accessdate = 2007-12-02 | date = 2006-03-25 | url = http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=410902 | archivedate = 2007-08-15 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070815200239/http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=410902 | = https://web.archive.org/web/20070815200239/http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=410902 }}</ref> Amfetamine hufanya kazi kwa kuongeza viwango vya nguvu, umakinifu, na motisha, hivyo kuruhusu wanafunzi kusoma kwa muda mrefu. Amfetamine imekuwa ikitumiwa, na bado inaendelea kutumiwa na wanajeshi kote duniani. Wanajeshi ya Uingereza walitumia vidonge vya amfetamine milioni 72 katika vita vya pili vya dunia <ref> De Mondenard, Dr Jean-Pierre: Dopage, l'imposture des performances, Chiron, France, 2000</ref> na wanajeshi wa Jeshi la Wanahewa la Uingereza walitumia vidonge vingi kiasi kwamba, kwa mujibu wa taarifa moja, "Methedrini ilishinda vita vya Uingereza". <ref> Grant, DNW, Air Force, UK, 1944</ref> Marubani wa Marekani wanaofanya mashambulizi hutumia amfetamine ("dawa za kwenda") ili wasilale wakati wa mishioni ndefu. Katika tukio la Shamba la Tarnak , ambapo wa rubani wa Amerika wa F-16 aliwaua wanajeshi wengi kutoka Kanada, ambao hawakuwa maadui, rubani huyo alilaumu matumizi yake ya amfetamine. <ref>{{cite news |title=Air force rushes to defend amphetamine use |url= http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/01/17/1042520778665.html |work=The Age |date= 18 Januari 2003|accessdate=26 Januari 2009}}</ref> Kikao cha waamuzi wasio wa kisheria kilikataa dai la rubani huyo. Amfetamine pia hutumiwa na baadhi ya [[wanariadha]] wa kulipwa, <ref>{{Cite journal | volume = 25 | issue = 3 | pages = 434–451 | last = Yesalis | first = Charles E. | title = Anabolic Steroid and Stimulant Use in North American Sport between 1850 and 1980 | journal = Sport in History | accessdate = 2007-12-02 | date= 2005-12 | url = http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a727721070~db=all | doi = 10.1080/17460260500396251 | last2 = Bahrke | first2 = Michael}}</ref> wa kutoka vyuo <ref name="NCAA">{{Cite | publisher = National Collegiate Athletic Association | last = National Collegiate Athletic Association | title = NCAA Study of Substance Use Habits of College Student-Athletes | accessdate = 2007-12-02 | date = 2006-01 | url = http://www1.ncaa.org/membership/ed_outreach/health-safety/drug_ed_progs/2005/DrugStudy2005_ExecutiveSummary.pdf | format = PDF | pages = 2–4, 11–13 | archivedate = 2008-05-13 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080513125257/http://www1.ncaa.org/membership/ed_outreach/health-safety/drug_ed_progs/2005/DrugStudy2005_ExecutiveSummary.pdf }}</ref> na wa shule za upili <ref name="NCAA"></ref> kwa sababu ya uwezo wake mkuu wa kuchangamsha. Viwango vya nguvu huonekana kuongezeka kwa kasi iliongezeka na kuhimili, jambo ambalo huaminika kuruhusu uchezaji wa nguvu na wa muda mrefu zaidi. Hata hivyo, angalau utafiti mmoja umepata kwamba athari hii haiwezi kupimika. <ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/BF00697020 | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 281–287 | last = Margaria | first = R | title = The effect of some drugs on the maximal capacity of athletic performance in man | journal = European Journal of Applied Physiology | date= 1964-07-01 | last2 = Aghemo | first2 = P. | last3 = Rovelli | first3 = E. }}</ref> Matumizi ya amfetamine wakati wa shughuli za kimwili zinazohitaji nguvu nyingi yanaweza kuwa hatari sana, hasa wakati imetumiwa pamoja na pombe, na wanariadha wamekufa kutokana na matumizi ya aina hiyo, kwa mfano, mwendeshaji baiskeli kutoka Ulaya Tom Simpson. Matumizi ya amfetamini yametumiwa sana kihistoria miongoni mwa wachezaji wa Ligi Kuu za Besiboli na kwa kawaida hujulikana kwa neno la mtaani la "greenies". <ref>{{Cite web | last = Frias | first = Carlos | title = Baseball and amphetamines | work = Palm Beach Post | accessdate = 2007-12-02 | date = 2006-04-02 | url = http://www.palmbeachpost.com/sports/content/sports/epaper/2006/04/02/PBP_AMPHET_0402.html | archivedate = 2007-12-17 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071217010138/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/sports/content/sports/epaper/2006/04/02/PBP_AMPHET_0402.html }}</ref> Mwaka 2006, Ligi Kuu ya Besiboli Marekani ilipiga marufuku matumizi ya amfetamine. Kupiga marufuku huku kulitekelezwa kwa njia ya kufanya majiribio ya mara kwa mara ya matumizi ya madawa ya kulevya. Hata hivyo, MLB imepokea upinzani kwa sababu adhabu inayotokana na matumizi ya amfetamine si kali sana ikilinganishwa na ile ya matumizi ya vitunza protini, kwani kosa la kwanza huonya na kufanyiwa upimaji wa ziada tu. <ref>{{Cite web | last = Kreidler | first = Mark | title = Baseball finally brings amphetamines into light of day | work = ESPN.com | accessdate = 2007-12-02 | date= 2005-11-15 | url = http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/columns/story?columnist=kreidler_mark&id=2225013 }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web | last = Klobuchar | first = Jim | title = Can baseball make a clean sweep? | work = Christian Science Monitor | accessdate = 2007-12-02 | date= 2006-03-31 | url = http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0331/p12s02-alsp.html }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web | last = Associated Press | title = MLB owners won't crack down on 'greenies' | work = MSNBC.com | accessdate = 2007-12-02 | date = 2007-01-18 | url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16691245/ | archive-date = 2007-12-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071225103934/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16691245/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> Amfetamine ilitumiwa sana hapo awali na madereva wa lori upambana na dalili za kusinzia na kuongeza umakinifu wao wakati wa kuendesha gari, hasa katika miongo kadhaa kabla ya kusainiwa kwa Amri ya Utawala ya 12564 na rais wa zamani [[Ronald Reagan]], ambayo ilianzishwa upimaji wa lazima usio na utaratibu maalum wa matumizi ya madawa ya kulevya uliohusisha madereva wote wa lori na na wafanyakazi wa viwanda vinavyorekebishwa na Idara ya Usafiri. Ingawa utekelezaji wa amri hiyo katika sekta ya usafirishaji kwa lori ulifanywa kwa utaratibu wa pole pole kwa kuzingatia athari zilizotarajiwa kwa uchumi wa taifa, katika miongo iliyofuatia kutolewa kwa amri hiyo, matumizi mabaya ya amfetamine na aina zingine za madawa ya kulevya na madereva wa lori yameshuka sana. ===Utambuzi katika giligili za mwili=== Amfetamini sana sana hupimwa katika mkojo kama sehemu ya mpango wa upimaji wa matumizi ya madawa ya kulevya, katika plazma au maji ya damu ili kuthibitisha utambuzi wa sumu kwa waathirika hospitalini, au katika damu kusaidia katika uchunguzi wa mauaji yanayohusiana na ulanguzi au makosa mengine ya jinai au kesi ya kifo cha ghafla. Mbinu kama vile utambulisho wa kinga zinaweza kuathiriana na dawa kadhaa zilizo na athari karibu sawa na zile za mfumo wa neva simpathetiki, hivyo njia za kromatografi maalum kwa amfetamine zinafaa kutumiwa ili kuzuia matokeo chanya ya uongo. Mbinu za chirali zinaweza kutumiwa kusaidia kutofautisha asili ya madawa haya, kama yalipatikana kihalali (kupitia agizo la daktari) au kiharamu, au pengine kutoka kwa tiba-bashiri kama vile lisdeksamfetamini au selegilini. Utenganishaji wa chirali unahitajika ili kutathmini mchango wa l-methamfetamini (Kivutaji cha Viksi) katika matokeo yanayoonyesha kutumika kwa dawa hii. <ref> Verstraete AG, Heyden FV. Comparison of the sensitivity and specificity of six immunoassays for the detection of amphetamines in urine. J. Anal. Toxicol. 29: 359-364, 2005.</ref> <ref> Paul BD, Jemionek J, Lesser D, Jacobs A, Searles DA. Enantiomeric separation and quantitation of (+/-)-amphetamine, (+/-)-methamphetamine, (+/-)-MDA, (+/-)-MDMA, and (+/-)-MDEA in urine specimens by GC-EI-MS after derivatization with (R)-(-)- or (S)-(+)-alpha-methoxy-alpha-(trifluoromethy)phenylacetyl chloride (MTPA). J. Anal. Toxicol. 28: 449-455, 2004.</ref> <ref> R. Baselt, Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 83-86.</ref> ==Athari za kitamaduni za amfetamini == Tangu miaka ya 1960 kuendelea, amfetamini imekuwa maarufu miongoni mwa vikundi vya vijana huko Uingereza (na sehemu nyingine duniani) kama dawa ya burudani. Imekuwa ikitumiwa sana na 'mods', 'skinheads', 'punks', 'goths', 'gangstas', na marafiki katika ngoma za 'soul' na 'ska' za usiku, tamasha za 'Punk', maonyesho ya mitaani na mapigano ya marafiki. Utamaduni pinzani wa 'hippie' ulipinga sana amfetamine kutokana na tabia zilizosababisha, katika mahojiano na Los Angeles Free Press katika mwaka wa 1965, mwandishi wa 'beat' Allen Ginsberg alisema kuwa "'Speed'inamfanya mtu asipatane na wengine, inamfanya kuwa wazimu, inavuta mtu nyuma... wale wote watumiao madawa ya kulevya wanaharibiwa na wale wanotumia dubwana hili la dawa ya Frankenstein speed, ambao wanaiba na kuzungumza vibaya kuhusu kila mtu ovyo ovyo." <ref>{{cite web | last = Brecher | first = Edward M. | coauthors = the editors of Consumer Reports Magazine | title = How speed was popularized | work = The Consumers Union Report on Licit and Illicit Drugs | publisher = Schaffer Drug Library | pages = | language = | year = 1972 | url = http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/library/studies/cu/cu38.html | accessdate = 1 Juni 2010 | archive-date = 2010-09-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100922194706/http://druglibrary.org/schaffer/Library/studies/cu/CU38.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> ===Katika maandishi=== Waandishi wa Beat Generation walitumia amfetamine sana, hasa chini ya jina la kibiashara la Benzedrine. Jack Kerouac alikuwa mtumiaji mkuu hasa wa amfetamine, ambayo ilisemekana kumpatia nguvu alizohitaji kwa kazi ya kuandika riwaya yake kwa muda mrefu. <ref>{{Cite web | last = Gyenis | first = Attila | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = Forty Years of ''On the Road'' 1957–1997 | date = | year = 1997 | url = http://www.wordsareimportant.com/ontheroad.htm | accessdate = 18 Machi 2008 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080214171739/http://www.wordsareimportant.com/ontheroad.htm | archivedate = 2008-02-14 | = https://web.archive.org/web/20080214171739/http://www.wordsareimportant.com/ontheroad.htm }}</ref> Mwandishi kutoka ScotlandIrvine Welsh mara nyingi huashiria matumizi ya madawa katika riwaya yake, ingawa katika mojawapo ya kazi zake za uandishi anatoa maoni kuhusu jinsi madawa (ikiwa ni pamoja na amfetamini) yamekuwa sehemu ya utamaduni wa ulaji na jinsi riwaya zake Trainspotting na Porno zinaonyesha mabadiliko ya matumizi ya madawa na utamaduni katika wakati uliopita kati ya maandishi ya riwaya hizi mbili. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irvinewelsh.net/journalism.aspx?jid=25 |title=Drug Cultures in Trainspotting and Porno |last=Welsh |first=Irvine |date=2006-08-10 |publisher=irvinewelsh.net |accessdate=2008-10-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624060240/http://www.irvinewelsh.net/journalism.aspx?jid=25 |archivedate=2009-06-24 }}</ref> Amfetamini imetajwa mara nyingi katika kazi ya mwandishi wa habari wa Marekani Hunter S. Thompson. 'Speed' inaonekana si tu katika rekodi ya madawa ya kulevya ambayo Thompson alitumia kwa yale yanayoweza kufafanuliwa kama madhumuni ya burudani, lakini pia inatajwa mara kwa mara, na wazi kama sehemu muhimu ya chombo chake cha uandishi, <ref>{{cite news | last = Carr | first = David | coauthors = | title = Fear and Loathing on a Documentary Screen | work = | pages = AR7 | language = en-US | publisher = New York ''Times'' | date = 29 Juni 2008 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/29/movies/29carr.html | accessdate = 18 Machi 2009}}</ref> kama vile katika "Maandishi yake ya Ilani" ya kitabu cha '''Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail '72'.'' <ref>{{cite book | last = Thompson | first = Hunter S. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = [[Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail '72]] | publisher = Warner Books | year = 1973 | location = New York | pages = 15–16, 21 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-446-31364-5}}</ref> <blockquote>"Alasiri moja karibu siku tatu zilizopita [wachapishaji] walikuja kwangu bila kuniarifu, na kuniletea karibu pauni arobaini za vifaa: masanduku mawili pombe kutoka Meksiko, kwati nne za jini, dazeni ya matunda ya zabibu, na 'speed' ya kutosha na kubadilisha matokeo ya michezo sita ya Super Bowls. ... Wakati huo huo, [...] ikiwa sura ya mwisho bado haijaandikwa na mipango ya kukutana na wanahabari ikiwa inaanza katika masaa 24. . . . isipokuwa mtu aje na 'speed' iliyo na nguvu sana, kunawezakosa ''kuwa'' na sura ya mwisho. Karibu vidole vinne vya kranki ya mfalme kuzimu vinaweza kusaidia, lakini mimi sina matumaini. " </blockquote> ===Katika hisabati=== Mwanahisabati maarufu Paul Erdős alitumia amfetamini, na mara moja alishinda dau kutoka kwa rafiki yake Ron Graham, ambaye aliweka dau la $ 500 naye kuwa hangeweza kukaa kwa mwezi mmoja bila kutumia dawa hii. <ref name="hill"> Hill, J. Paul Erdos, Mathematical Genius, Human (In That Order)</ref> Erdős alishinda dau, lakini alilalamika kuwa wakati alikuwa amewacha kunywa dawa hiyo hisabati ilikuwa imerudi nyuma kwa mwezi mmoja: "Hapo awali, mimi nilipotazama kipande tupu cha karatasi akili yangu ilikuwa inajawa na mawazo. Sasa mimi naona kipande tupu cha karatasi. "Baada ya kushinda dau, yeye alirudia matumizi yake ya amfetamine mara moja. ===Katika muziki=== Nyimbo nyingi zimeandikwa kuhusu amfetamine, kwa mfano katika wimbo unaoitwa "St Ides Heaven" kutoka albamu ya mwimbaji / mtunzi, Elliott Smith yenye jina lake. Wimbo wa ''Semi Charmed Life'' wa ''Third Eye Blind'' pia unarejelea amfetamini. Mfano mwingine wa wazi ni wimbo unaoitwa "Amfetamini" wa kikundi kingine cha nyimbo za rock cha Everclear. Pia imeathiri ujumi wa bendi nyingi za rock'n'roll (hasa katika 'garage rock, mod R &amp; B, death rock, Punk / hardcore, gothic rock na aina zingine kama hizo). Hüsker Du, Jesus and Mary Chain's na The Who walikuwa watumiaji mashuhuri wa amfetamine wakati walipokuwa wakianza. Land Speed Record ni kivutio cha matumizi ya amfetamini na Hüsker Du. Bendi nyingi za rock'n'roll zimejiita jina la amfetamini na majina ya kimtaa yanayohusiana na dawa hii. Kwa mfano waamshaji 'Mod', The Hearts Purple walijiita jina la vidonge vya amfetamine vilivyotumiwa sana na 'mods' katika miaka ya 1960, kama ilivyofanya bendi kutoka Australia iliyokuwa na jina sawa katika miaka ya kati ya 1960. The Amphetameanies, bendi ya Ska-Punk bendi, pia imejipatia jina linalohusiana na amfetamine, na pia huiga athari zake. Kikundi cha Dexy's Midnight Runners, walioimba wimbo ulionyakua nafasi ya kwanza "Come On Eileen" wamejiita jina linalohusiana na Dexedrine. Motörhead walijiita jina la kimtaa linalohusiana na mlevi wa amfetamini. ===Katika filamu=== Mtayarishaji David O. Selznick alikuwa anatumia amfetamine, na mara nyingi alikuwa anawasomea wasimamizi wake taarifa ndefu na zilizokosa mpangilio akiwa amekunywa amfetamini. <ref> Memo From David O. Selznick, http://www.amazon.com/Memo-David-Selznick-Memorandums-Autobiographical/dp/0375755314</ref> Filamu ya ''Shadowing The Third Man'' inaelezea kwamba Selznick alimfanya msimamizi wa Third Man, Carol Reed aanze kutumia amfetamine, ambayo ilimwezesha Reed kukamilisha filamu chini ya bajeti na kwa wakati uliofaa kwa kuchukua filamu kwa karibu masaa 22 kwa wakati mmoja. <ref> Shadowing the Third Man, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0429086/</ref> Filamu ya Garrett Scott ya ''Cul-de-Sac, A Suburban War Story'' ina historia fupi ya utengenezaji na uenezaji wa amfetamini, na kuhusu athari zake. <ref> Cul-de-Sac, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0317273/</ref> Katika filamu ya ''Requiem for a Dream,'' Ellen Burstyn anamwonyesha Sara Goldfarb, mjane mzee ambaye anazoea kutumia dawa za kupunguza uzito za amfetamini. Baada ya kupatwa na kichaa kinachosababishwa na amfetamine, yeye hulazwa hospitalini bila yeye kutaka, anapewa tiba ya msukosuko wa kielektroniki, na baadaye anafungiwa katika hifadhi ya wazimu. <ref> Resurrection (1980) - IMDb</ref> Jina la filamu ya 2009 ''Amphetamine'' linabeba maana mbili za neno katika Kichina - kando ya jina la dawa hii, pia inamaanisha 'je, si hii ni hatma yake?, maana ambayo kitamathali inahusishwa na mtiririko wa filamu hii. Neno hili linanukuliwa kama [[wikt:安|[[wikt:命|[[wikt:他|[[wikt:非|安]]]]]]非他命]] - [[wikt:ān|"ya]] [[wikt:fēi|fēi]] [[wikt:tā|ta]] [[wikt:mìng|Ming"]] - na kama inavyotokea kwa kawaida katika unukuzi wa maneno yasiyo ya asili ya Kichina, kila herufi ina maana tofauti kama neno binafsi lisilohusiana. Katika filamu ya 1972 ya ''Ciao!'' ''Manhattan,'' Edie Sedgwick anamwonyesha Susan Superstar, mhusika wa kitamthilia ambaye ni toleo lake yeye mwenyewe, ambapo anajadili matumizi yake ya madawa ya kulevya, hasa amfetamini. Katika onyesho moja maalum, yeye anazungumza kuhusu ubashasha wa matumizi yake ya madawa ya kulevya katika filamu ya aibu ya "Speed Monologue". <ref> [http://www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Issue/story?oid=oid%3A182251]</ref> ==Hali ya kisheria== * Katika Uingereza, amfetamini imewekwa katika Kikundi B cha madawa ya kulevya. Adhabu ya kiwango cha juu ya kupatwa na dawa hii bila idhini ni kifungo cha miaka mitano kwenye jela na faini isiyo kikomo. Adhabu ya kiwango cha juu kwa usambazaji haramu ni miaka kumi katika jela na faini isiyo kikomo. Methamfetamine hivi karibuni imewekwa katika Kikundi A, ambapo adhabu za kupatwa nayo ni kali zaidi (miaka 7 kwa jela na faini isiyo na kikomo). <ref>{{cite web|title=Class A, B and C drugs|url=http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/drugs/drugs-law/Class-a-b-c/|accessdate=2007-07-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804233232/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/drugs/drugs-law/Class-a-b-c/|archivedate=2007-08-04|=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804233232/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/drugs/drugs-law/Class-a-b-c/}}</ref> * Katika Uholanzi, amfetamine na methamfetamine ni dawa za Orodha 1 ya sheria za Afyuni lakini isoma dextro ya amfetamine imeonyeshwa kwa ADD / ADHD na nakolepsi na inapatikana kwa agizo la daktari kama 5 na {{nowrap|10 mg}} vidonge vya mwigo, na 5 na {{nowrap|10 mg}}vidonge vya jeli. * Nchini Marekani, amfetamine na methamfetamine ni madawa ya kulevya ya Ratiba II, iliyopambanuliwa kama CNS (vichangamsha mfumo mkuu wa neva). <ref>{{cite web | title=Trends in Methamphetamine/Amphetamine Admissions to Treatment: 1993–2003 | publisher=Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration | url=http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/2k6/methTX/methTX.htm | accessdate=28 Februari 2007 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305100340/http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/2k6/methTx/methTX.htm | archivedate=2013-03-05 | =https://web.archive.org/web/20130305100340/http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/2k6/methTx/methTX.htm }}</ref> Dawa ya Ratiba II imepambanuliwa kama iliyo na nafasi ya kutumiwa vibaya, inakubali sasa katika matumizi ya kimatibabu na hutumiwa chini ya vikwazo kali, na ina uwezekano mkubwa wa utegemezi mkali wa kisaikolojia na kifiziolojia. Kimataifa, amfetamine ni dawa ya Ratiba II chini ya Mkataba wa Dawa Zinazotatiza akili. <ref>{{cite web | title=List of psychotropic substances under international control | publisher=International Narcotics Control Board | url=http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf | format=PDF | accessdate=19 Novemba 2005 | archivedate=2012-08-31 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831222336/http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf | =https://web.archive.org/web/20120831222336/http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf }}</ref> == Tiba-bashiri == Dawa kadhaa zimeonyeshwa kutoa amfetamine na / au methamfetamine kama za kimetaboli, ikiwa ni pamoja na amfetaminili, benzfetamini, clobenzoreksi, dimethilamfetamini, ethilamfetamini, famprofazoni, fenkamini, fenethilini, fenproporeksi, furfenoreksi, lisdeksamfetamini, mefenoreksi, mesokabi, prenilamini, propilamfetamini, na selegilini, miongoni mwa zingine. <ref name="pmid10711406">{{cite journal | author = Musshoff F | title = Illegal or legitimate use? Precursor compounds to amphetamine and methamphetamine | journal = Drug Metabolism Reviews | volume = 32 | issue = 1 | pages = 15–44 | year = 2000 | month = Februari | pmid = 10711406 | doi = 10.1081/DMR-100100562 | url = http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1081/DMR-100100562 }}</ref> <ref name="pmid12024689">{{cite journal | author = Cody JT | title = Precursor medications as a source of methamphetamine and/or amphetamine positive drug testing results | journal = Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine | volume = 44 | issue = 5 | pages = 435–50 | year = 2002 | month = Mei | pmid = 12024689 | doi = | url = http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=1076-2752&volume=44&issue=5&spage=435 | access-date = 2010-10-18 | archive-date = 2011-05-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110515203918/http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=1076-2752&volume=44&issue=5&spage=435 | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Michanganyiko hii inaweza kusababisha matokeo ya uongo ya kuwepo kwa amfetamini katika upimaji wa dawa hii. <ref name="pmid10711406"></ref> <ref name="pmid12024689"></ref> ==Pia tazama== * Kichocheaakili * Methamfetamini * Dextroamfetamini * Aderali * Lisdexamfetamini * Kichaa kinachosababishwa na amfetamini * Maradhi ya upungufu wa makini * Methylphenidate * Benzylpiperazine * Kemia haramu * Ethilamfetamini * Fenethilamini * Propilamfetamini * Kikolezo kitoacho ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo|2}} ==Viungo vya nje== * {{PubChemLink|5826}} (D-form-dextroamphetamine) * {{PubChemLink|3007}} (L-form and D, L-form) * {{PubChemLink|32893}} (L-form-Levamphetamine au L-amphetamine) * [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pccompound&amp;DbFrom=pccompound&amp;Cmd=Link&amp;LinkName=pccompound_pccompound&amp;LinkReadableName=Similar%20Compounds&amp;IdsFromResult=3007&amp;ordinalpos=1&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pccompound.Pccompound_ResultsPanel.Pccompound_RVDocSum List of 504 Compounds Similar to Amphetamine (PubChem)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pccompound&DbFrom=pccompound&Cmd=Link&LinkName=pccompound_pccompound&LinkReadableName=Similar%20Compounds&IdsFromResult=3007&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pccompound.Pccompound_ResultsPanel.Pccompound_RVDocSum |date=20181216075801 }} * [http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/?nnodeid=25479 EMCDDA drugs profile: Amphetamine (2007)] * [http://www.drugs.com/Amphetamine Drugs.com - Amphetamine] * [http://www.apaic.org Asia &amp; Pacific Amphetamine-Type Stimulants Information Centre] {{Wayback|url=http://www.apaic.org/ |date=20200723104030 }} * [http://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/dpdirect.jsp?name=Amphetamine U.S. National Library of Medicine: Drug Information Portal - Amphetamine] {{Wayback|url=http://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/dpdirect.jsp?name=Amphetamine |date=20100609053419 }} [[Category:Madawa]] [[Category:Madawa ya Kulevya]] jd725amrmmffgwfj37v8pibeqkhxaf8 1598974 1598871 2026-09-23T02:51:02Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598974 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amfetamini''' ni [[dawa]] ya kuchochea [[akili]] inayojulikana kusababisha ukosaji wa [[usingizi]] na kupunguza [[uchovu]] na [[hamu]] ya [[chakula]]. Amfetamini inahusiana kikemikali na metamfetamini na lisdeksamfetamini, kategoria ya dawa zenye nguvu zinazofanya kazi kwa kuongeza viwango vya dopamini na norepinephrine katika [[ubongo]], na kusababisha [[furaha]] nyingi. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Drevets, W et al |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2001 |month= |title=Amphetamine-Induced Dopamine Release in Human Ventral Striatum Correlates with Euphoria |journal=Psychiatry |volume=49 |issue= |pages=81–96 |id= |url=http://www-psych.stanford.edu/~knutson/rab/drevets01.pdf |accessdate=23 Mei 2009 |quote= |archive-date=2011-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430015235/http://www-psych.stanford.edu/~knutson/rab/drevets01.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> <ref> Rang na Dale, Pharmacology</ref> Kategoria hii inashirikisha dawa zinazotumiwa kwa maagizo ya daktari za CNS ambazo kwa kawaida hutumiwa kutibu [[ugonjwa]] wa kutomakinika na hamasa ya kupindukia (ADHD). Aidha, dawa hizi hutumiwa kutibu dalili za majeraha ya ubongo yanayotokana na mgongano (TBI) na dalili za kusinzia mchana zanarkolepsi, tatizo la mkao la orthostatiki takikadia (POTS) na dalili za uchovu sugu (CFS). Hapo awali, amfetamini ilitumiwa na watu wengi kupunguza hamu ya chakula na kudhibiti uzito wa mwili. Majina chapa ya dawa ambazo zina amfetamini, au zinazabadilika na kuwa amfetamini ni pamoja na Adderall, Vyvanse, na ''Dexedrine,'' pamoja na ''Benzedrine'' hapo mbeleni. Dawa hii pia hutumiwa kama kiburudisho na kiimarisha utendaji. Wale wanaoitumia dawa hii kujiburudisha wawameibunia majina mengi ya mitaani, kama vile ''speed'' na ''crank.'' Kituo cha Ufuatiliaji wa Dawa na Dawa za Kulevyacha Ulaya kinaripoti kuwa bei ya kawaida ya rejareja ya amfetamini katika [[Ulaya]] ni kati ya €3 na €15 (USD $4 hadi $21.55 ) kila gramu katika nusu ya nchi zinazoripoti. <ref>{{cite book |author=European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction |title=Annual report: the state of the drugs problem in Europe |year=2008 |publisher=Office for Official Publications of the European Communities |location=Luxembourg |isbn=978-92-9168-324-6 |pages=48 |url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_64227_EN_EMCDDA_AR08_en.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2010-10-18 |archive-date=2013-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425191815/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_64227_EN_EMCDDA_AR08_en.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Jina ''amfetamini'' lina asili yake katika jina la kemikali zilizo kwenye dawa hii: ''a-m'' ethyl lpha ''pH et'' en hyl ''amini.'' Maana yake ni aina ya [[madawa ya kulevya]] yenye kuchangamsha na kusisimua [[mwili]]. Licha ya hiyo, inashauriwa [[wanajamii]] wasitumie dawa za namna hiyo katika [[maisha]] yao kwa kuwa huweza kuathiri [[ubongo]] wa [[binadamu]] kwa [[kiasi]] kikubwa. ==Historia== Amfetamini ilisanisiwa kwa mara ya kwanza mnamo mwaka wa 1887 na mtaalamu wa kemia kutoka [[Romania]] Lazar Edeleanu huko [[Berlin|Berlin, Ujerumani.]] <ref> Edeleanu L. "Uber einige der Derivate Phenylmethacrylsaure und der Phenylisobuttersaure ". Deutsch Ber Chem GES. 1887, Vol 20:616.</ref> Aliuita mchanganyiko huo fenilisopropilamini. Ulikuwa ni mojawapo ya mfululizo wa michanganyiko iliyohusiana na efedrini iliyonyumbuliwa kwa mmea, na ambayo ilitolewa kwa Ma-Huang mwaka huo huo na Nagayoshi Nagai. <ref>{{cite book |last= Shulgin |first= Alexander |authorlink= Alexander Shulgin |coauthors= Shulgin, Ann |title= [[PiHKAL]] |year= 1992 |publisher= Transform Press |location= Berkeley, California |isbn= 0-9630096-0-5 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/pihkalchemicallo00shul_070/page/n9 39] |chapter= 6&nbsp;&ndash; MMDA }}</ref> Hapakuwa na matumizi yoyote ya utengenezaji dawa yaliyopatikana ya amfetamini hadi 1927, wakati mtaalamu mwanzilishi wa utengenezaji dawa za [[kichwa]] Gordon Alles aliiunganisha tena na kuijaribisha kwa kuitumia yeye mwenyewe, alipokuwa akitafuta dawa badalia ya efedrini. Kutoka 1933 au 1934 Smith, Kline na French walianza kuuza aina fukivu ya dawa hii kama dawa ya kuvuta ikiitwa kwa jina la kibiashara la Benzedrine, iliyotumiwa kugandamua lakini ingetumika kwa urahisi kwa malengo yasiyo ya kimatibabu. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Rasmussen N |title=Making the first anti-depressant: amphetamine in American medicine, 1929–1950 |journal=J Hist Med Allied Sci |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=288–323 |year=2006 |month=Julai |pmid=16492800 |doi=10.1093/jhmas/jrj039 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-history-of-medicine-and-allied-sciences_2006-07_61_3/page/288}}</ref> Mojawapo ya majaribio ya kwanza ya kuitumia amfetamini kama utafiti wa kisayansi yalifanywa na M.H. Nathanson, daktari kutoka Los Angeles, mnamo mwaka wa 1935. Daktari huyu alichunguza athari nafsi za amfetamini katika wafanyakazi 55 wa [[hospitali]] ambao walipewa miligramu 20 ya Benzedrini kila mmoja. Athari mbili zilizolipotiwa sana za dawa hii ni "hisia za wema na bashasha" na "kupunguka kwa uchovu katika utendaji kazi". <ref> Iverson, Leslie. Speed, Ecstacy, Ritalin: ya sayansi ya amfetamin. Oxford, New York. Oxford University Press, 2006.</ref> Wakati wa Vita Vikuu vya II amfetamini ilitumiwa sana kupambana na uchovu na kuongeza uwezo wa kuwa macho miongoni mwa wanajeshi. Baada ya miongo kadhaa ya ripoti za matumizi mabaya, Shirika la Madawa nchini Marekani, FDA, lilipiga marufuku aina zozote za Benzedrini za kuvutwa, kisha mnamo mwaka wa 1965, likapiga marufuku matumizi ya amfetamini bila maagizo ya daktari, lakini matumizi yasiyo ya kimatibabu yakaendelea. Amfetamini ikawekwa katika kiwango cha II chini ya Sheria ya Madawa Yaliyodhibitiwa ya mwaka wa 1971. Mchanganyiko uliohusiana wa methamfetamini ulisasiniwa kwa mara ya kwanza kutoka efedrini huko [[Japani|Japan]] katika mwaka wa 1918 na mtaalamu wa kemia Akira Ogata, kupitia kupunguza efedrini kwa kutumia fosforasi nyekundu na [[Iodini|iodini.]] Dawa ya Pervitini ilikuwa ni tembe ya {{nowrap|3 mg}} methamfetamini ambayo ilikuwa inapatikana katika Ujerumani kuanzia mwaka wa 1938 na kutumika sana katika ''Wehrmacht,'' lakini kufikia kati ya mwaka wa 1941 ikawa dawa iliyodhibitiwa, kwa sababu ya muda mwingi uliohitajika na mwanajeshi kupumzika na kupata nafuu baada ya kuitumia na pia kutokana na matumizi mabaya. Kwa wakati uliobaki wa vita, madaktari wa kijeshi waliendelea kupeana dawa hii, lakini kwa mara chache na katika kesi maalum pekee. <ref>{{cite book |last= Rasmussen |first= Nicolas |authorlink= |title= On Speed: The Many Lives of Amphetamine |url= https://archive.org/details/onspeedmanylives0000rasm |year= 2008 |publisher= New York University Press |location= New York, New York |isbn= 0-8147-7601-9 |chapter= Ch. 4 }}</ref> Mnamo miaka 1997 na 1998, <ref> Clement, Beverly A., Goff, Christina M. na Forbes, T. David A. (1998). Sumu amini na alkaloids kutoka rigidula Acacia. Phytochemistry 49 (5), pp 1377-1380</ref> <ref> Clement, Beverly A., Goff, Erik Allen Burt, Christina M. na Forbes, T. David A. (1997). Sumu amini na alkaloids kutoka berlandieri Acacia. Phytochemistry 46 (2), pp 249-254</ref> watafiti katika Chuo Kikuu cha Texas A &amp; M walidai kuwa wamepata amfetamini na methamfetamini katika majani ya aina mbili za mgunga zilizopatikana [[Texas]], ''A. berlandieri'' na ''A. rigidula.'' Hapo awali, michanganyiko hii miwili ilidhaniwa kuwa imebuniwa na binadamu. Matokeo haya hayajawahi kurudufishwa, na wanakemia wengi wanaamini kuwa uchambuzi huo ni matokeo ya makosa katika majaribisho, na kwa hivyo uthabiti wa ripoti hiyo umetiliwa shaka. Alexander Shulgin, mmoja wa wachunguzi wa biokemia mwenye uzoefu mwingi na aliyegundua dawa nyingi mpya za kutibu magonjwa ya kiakili, amejaribu kuwasiliana na watafiti hao wa Chuo Kikuu cha Texas A&amp;M ili kuhakikisha matokeo yao. Waandishi wa makala hayo hawajajibu; amfetamini asilia bado inaelekea kusalia kama uvumbuzi ambao haujathibitishwa. <ref> [http://www.cognitiveliberty.org/shulgin/adsarchive/acacia.htm Uliza Dr Shulgin Online: Acacias na Amphetamine Mtindo]</ref> ==Madhara ya matumizi== Amfetamini huongeza utendakazi wa moyo na hupandisha shinikizo la damu na kufanya matumizi yake kuwa hatari kwa wagonjwa walio na historia ya ugonjwa wa moyo au shinikizo la damu. Amfetamini inaweza kusababisha matatizo ya kutishia maisha kwa wagonjwa wanaokunywa dawa za tibamfadhaiko za MAOI. Matumizi ya amfetamini na dawa zinazofanana yamekatazwa katika wagonjwa walio na glakoma ya pembe nyembamba au pembe nyembamba kianatomia. Kama amaini zingine zenye athari karibu sawa na ile ya mfumo wa neva simpathetiki, amfetamini inaweza sababisha madriasisi ya muda. Katika wagonjwa walio na pembe nyembamba, mpanuko unaoathiri mboni unaweza kusababisha glakoma kali ya kufunga pembe. Dawa hizi zinafaa pia ziepukwe na wagonjwa walio na aina zingine za glakoma, kwani maidriasisi inaweza mara kwa mara kuongeza shinikizo la ndani ya macho. <ref> ''[http://www.drugs.com/disease-interactions/amphetamine.html Amphetamine Ugonjwa wa mwingiliano - Drugs.com]'' </ref> Imedhihirishwa kwamba amfetamini hupita na kuingia kwenye [[maziwa]] ya [[mama]]. Kwa sababu hiyo, akina mama wanaotumia amfetamini wanashauriwa kuepuka kunyonyesha wakati wanaendelea kupokea matibabu. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2004/021303s005lbl.pdf |title=ADDERALL XR capsule |accessdate=2009-07-24 |first=[[Food and Drug Administration (United States)|Food and Drug Administration]] |year=2005 |format=PDF }}</ref> ==Taratibu kuu za kinyurobiolojia== ===Maeneo ya msingi ya utendakazi=== Amfetamini huweka athari zake za kitabia kwa kubadilisha nyurotransmita kadhaa muhimu katika ubongo, ikiwa ni pamoja na dopamini serotonini, na norepinefrini. Hata hivyo, kazi ya amfetamini katika ubongo inaonekana kuwa mahususi; <ref name="JonesKornblum">{{cite journal |author=Jones S, Kornblum JL, Kauer JA |title=Amphetamine blocks long-term synaptic depression in the ventral tegmental area |journal=J. Neurosci. |volume=20 |issue=15 |pages=5575–80 |year=2000 |month=Agosti |pmid=10908593 |doi= |url=http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10908593}}</ref> vipokezi fulani vinavyoathiriwa na amfetamini katika baadhi ya sehemu za ubongo huelekea kutoathiriwa katika sehemu zingine. Kwa mfano, vipokezi vya dopamini D2 katika hipokampasi, sehemu ya ubongo inayohusika na kutengeneza kumbukumbu mpya, huonekana kutoathiriwa na kuwepo kwa amfetamini. <ref name="JonesKornblum"></ref> Mifumo mikuu ya kinyuro inayoathiriwa na amfetamini inahusishwa kwa kiasi kikubwa na utendaji wa saketi tuzi ya ubongo. Aidha, nyurotransmita zinazohusika kwa njia mbalimbali za tuzo za ubongo huonekana kuwa shabaha ya kimsingi ya amfetamini. <ref name="pmid17437">{{cite journal |author=Moore KE |title=The actions of amphetamine on neurotransmitters: a brief review |journal=Biol. Psychiatry |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=451–62 |year=1977 |month=Juni |pmid=17437 |doi= |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-psychiatry_1977-06_12_3/page/451}}</ref> Mojawapo ya nyurotransmita ni dopamini, kemikali inayotuma jumbe zinayofanya kazi katika njia tuzo za mesolimbiki na mesokotika. Si jambo la kushangaza kuwa vipengele vya kianatomia vya njia hizi - ikiwa ni pamoja na striatamu, akumbeni kiini, na striatamu ya tumbo - vimeonekana kuwa maeneo msingi ya utendakazi wa amfetamini. <ref name="DelArco">{{cite journal |author=Del Arco A, González-Mora JL, Armas VR, Mora F |title=Amphetamine increases the extracellular concentration of glutamate in striatum of the awake rat: involvement of high affinity transporter mechanisms |journal=Neuropharmacology |volume=38 |issue=7 |pages=943–54 |year=1999 |month=Julai |pmid=10428413 |doi=10.1016/S0028-3908(99)00043-X |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neuropharmacology_1999-07_38_7/page/943}}</ref> <ref name="Drevets">{{cite journal |author=Drevets WC, Gautier C, Price JC |title=Amphetamine-induced dopamine release in human ventral striatum correlates with euphoria |journal=Biol. Psychiatry |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=81–96 |year=2001 |month=Januari |pmid=11164755 |doi=10.1016/S0006-3223(00)01038-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-psychiatry_2001-01-15_49_2/page/n5}}</ref> Ukweli kwamba amfetamini huathiri shughuli za nyurotransmita hasa katika sehemu zinazohusishwa na utuzaji hutoa ufahamu katika athari za kitabia za dawa hii, kama vile mwanzo wa kawaida wa furaha kubwa. <ref name="Drevets"></ref> Uelewa bora wa mbinu maalum ambazo amfetamini hutumia kufanya kazi unaweza kuongeza uwezo wetu wa kutibu uraibu wa amfetamini kwani mfumo wa utuzaji wa ubongo umehusishwa pakubwa na aina nyingi za uraibu. <ref>[32] ^ Wise, RA. "Brain reward circuitry and addiction.” Mpango na ikisiri za jamii ya Marekani ya Madawa ya Kulevya2003 Hali ya Sanaa katika kulevya Madawa, 30 Oktoba - 1 Novemba 2003; Washington, DC. Kikao</ref> ===Amfetamini za ukoo mmoja=== Imegunduliwa kwamba amfetamini ina vifanani kadhaa vya ukoo, yaani, molekuli za muundo sawa zinazopatikana kwa kawaida katika ubongo. <ref name="Sulzer">{{cite journal |author=Sulzer D, Chen TK, Lau YY, Kristensen H, Rayport S, Ewing A |title=Amphetamine redistributes dopamine from synaptic vesicles to the cytosol and promotes reverse transport |journal=J. Neurosci. |volume=15 |issue=5 Pt 2 |pages=4102–8 |year=1995 |month=Mei |pmid=7751968 |doi= |url=http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7751968}}</ref> l-Fenilalanini, na β-fenethilamini ni mifano miwili, ambayo inatengenezwa katika mfumo wa neva wa pembeni na pia katika ubongo. Molekuli hizi hufikiriwa kuwa zinarekebisha viwango vya furaha na hadhari, miongoni mwa hali hisishi zinazohusiana. ===Dopamini=== Labda nyurotransmita ambayo imetafitiwa zaidi kuhusiana na amfetamini ni dopamini, "nyurotransmita ya utuzaji" ambayo hufanya kazi sana katika njia nyingi za utuzaji kwenye ubongo. Tafiti mbalimbali zimeonyesha kuwa katika sehemu maalum, amfetamini huongeza viwango vya dopamini katika ufa wa sinaptiki, na hivyo basi kuongeza mwitikio wa niuroni iliyo nyuma ya sinepsi. <ref name="Kuczenski">{{cite journal |author=Kuczenski R, Segal DS |title=Effects of methylphenidate on extracellular dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine: comparison with amphetamine |journal=J. Neurochem. |volume=68 |issue=5 |pages=2032–7 |year=1997 |month=Mei |pmid=9109529 |doi=10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.68052032.x |url= }}</ref> Kitendo hiki maalum hudokeza mwitikio wa kihedoniki kwa dawa hii na vilevile kwa sifa yake ya kiraibu. Taratibu mahsusi ambazo amfetamini hutumia kuathiri viwango vya dopamini zimetafitiwa kwa upana. Hivi sasa, nadharia-tete mbili kuu ambazo hazipingani zimependekezwa. Nadharia moja inatilia mkazo utenda kazi wa amfetamini katika kiwango cha kilengelenge, hivyo basi kuongeza ukolezi wa dopamini katika majiplazimu ya niuroni iliyo mbele ya sinepsi. <ref name="Sulzer"></ref> <ref name="pmid17105921">{{cite journal |author=Rothman RB, Baumann MH |title=Balance between dopamine and serotonin release modulates behavioral effects of amphetamine-type drugs |journal=Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume=1074 |issue= |pages=245–60 |year=2006 |month=Agosti |pmid=17105921 |doi=10.1196/annals.1369.064 |url=}}</ref> Nadharia hiyo nyingine inalenga dhima ya kisafirisha dopamini cha DAT, na inapendekeza kwamba amfetamini inaweza kuingiliana na DAT kusababisha usafiri kinyume wa dopamini kutoka niuroni iliyo mbele ya sinepsi hadi kwenye ufa wa sinepsi. <ref name="pmid17437"></ref> <ref name="Regulation">{{cite journal |author=Johnson LA, Guptaroy B, Lund D, Shamban S, Gnegy ME |title=Regulation of amphetamine-stimulated dopamine efflux by protein kinase C beta |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=280 |issue=12 |pages=10914–9 |year=2005 |month=Machi |pmid=15647254 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M413887200 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-biological-chemistry_2005-03-25_280_12/page/10914}}</ref> <ref name="Kahlig">{{cite journal |author=Kahlig KM, Binda F, Khoshbouei H |title=Amphetamine induces dopamine efflux through a dopamine transporter channel |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=102 |issue=9 |pages=3495–500 |year=2005 |month=Machi |pmid=15728379 |pmc=549289 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0407737102 |url=}}</ref> <ref name="Overload">[45] ^ Maktaba Umma ya Sayansi. “A mechanism for amphetamine-induced dopamine overload.” PLoS Biol. 3 (2004).</ref> Nadharia tete ya kwanza imeungwa mkono na data kuonyesha kwamba sindano za amfetamini husababisha kuongezeka kwa haraka kwa ukolezi wa dopamini iliyo kwenye majiplazimu. <ref name="Overload"></ref>N Amfetamini inaaminiwa kuingiliana na vilengelenge vya sinepsi wenye dopamini katika mkongo wa nchani. Amfetamini ni sabstreti kwa kisafirishaji maalum cha kuingiza kilengelenge cha sinepsi cha kiniuroni kiitwacho VMAT2. Wakati amfetamini imefyonzwa na VMAT2, kilengelenge hiki hutoa molekuli za dopamini katika majiplazimu. Kisha Dopamini inayosambazwa tena huaminika kuwa huingiliana na DAT kuendeleza usafirishaji wa kinyume. <ref name="Sulzer"></ref> Huenda ikawa kalisi ni molekuli muhimu inayohusika na maingiliano kati ya amfetamini na VMATs. <ref name="pmid17105921"></ref> Nadharia tete ya pili inasema kuwa kuna mahusiano ya moja kwa moja kati ya amfetamini na DAT. Shughuli za DAT zinaaminika kutegemea kinasisi maalum inayoongeza fosforai, kama vile protini kinasi C; hasa PKC-β. <ref name="Overload"></ref> Baada ya kuongeza fosforai, DAT hupitia mabadiliko thibitishi yanayosababisha usafirishaji wa dopamini iliyofungamanishwa na DAT kutoka mazingira ya nje ya seli hadi kwenye yale ya ndani ya seli. <ref name="Kahlig"></ref> Hata hivyo, amfetamini ikiwepo, DAT imeonekana kufanya kazi kinyume, kwa kutema dopamini kutoka kwa nyuroni iliyo mbele ya sinepsi hadi kwenye ufa wa sinepsi. <ref name="Regulation"></ref> Kwa hiyo, zaidi ya kuzuia kufyonzwa tena kwa dopamini, amfetamini pia huchochea kutolewa kwa molekuli za dopamini kwenye sinepsi. <ref name="pmid17437"></ref> Kwa kuunga mkono nadharia-tete iliyoko hapo juu, imepatikana kwamba vizuizi vya PKC-β huondoa madhara ya amfetamini kwenye viwango vya dopamine iliyo nje ya seli katika striatamu ya panya. <ref name="Overload"></ref> Data hii inapendekeza kuwa kinasi ya PKC-β inaweza kuwakilisha ncha muhimu ya mawasiliano kati ya amfetamini na kisafirishaji cha DAT. ===Serotonini=== Imepatikana kwamba amfetamini inasababisha athari sawa kwenye serotonini kama zile zinazosababishwa kwenye dopamini. <ref name="JonesKauer">{{cite journal |author=Jones S, Kauer JA |title=Amphetamine depresses excitatory synaptic transmission via serotonin receptors in the ventral tegmental area |journal=J. Neurosci. |volume=19 |issue=22 |pages=9780–7 |year=1999 |month=Novemba |pmid=10559387 |doi= |url=http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10559387}}</ref> Kama ilivyo na DAT, kisafirishaji serotonini cha SERT kinaweza kufanywa kifanye kazi kinyume kikisisimuliwa na amfetamini. <ref name="Hilber">{{cite journal |author=Hilber B, Scholze P, Dorostkar MM |title=Serotonin-transporter mediated efflux: a pharmacological analysis of amphetamines and non-amphetamines |journal=Neuropharmacology |volume=49 |issue=6 |pages=811–9 |year=2005 |month=Novemba |pmid=16185723 |doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2005.08.008 |url=}}</ref> Utaratibu huu hufikiriwa kuwa unategemea vitendo vya ioni za kalisi, na pia kukaribiana kwa visafirishaji fulani vya protini. <ref name="Hilber"></ref> Maingiliano kati ya amfetamini na serotonini ni dhahiri tu katika maeneo maalum ya ubongo, kama vile kiungo cha mesokotikolimbi. Uchunguzi wa hivi karibuni unadai kwamba amfetamini inaweza, kwa njia isiyo ya moja kwa moja, kubadilisha tabia ya njia za glutamati zitokazo kwenye sehemu za tumbo hadi kwenye gamba la mbele. <ref name="JonesKauer"></ref> Njia za Glutamati zinahusishwa sana na usisimkaji katika kiwango cha sinepsi. Kwa hivyo kuongezeka kwa ukolezi wa serotonini nje ya seli kunaweza kugeuza shughuli za usisimkaji za nyuroni za glutamati. <ref name="JonesKauer"></ref> Uwezo uliopendekezwa wa amfetamini wa kuongeza usisimkaji wa njia za glutamati unaweza kuwa muhimu wakati wa kuzingatia uraibu unaohusisha serotonini. <ref name="JonesKauer"></ref> Matokeo ya ziada ya kitabia yanaweza kuwa mchangamsho wa kawaida wa kwenda kutoka sehemu moja hadi nyingine ambao hutokea baada ya kuingiliana na amfetamini. <ref name="Kuczenski"></ref> ===Nyurotransmita zingine muhimu=== Nyurotransmita zingine kadhaa zimehusishwa na shughuli za amfetamini. Kwa mfano, viwango vya glutameti nje ya seli, ambavyo ni nyurotransmita msingi za uchangamshaji katika ubongo, vimeonyeshwa kuongeza baada ya kuingiliana na amfetamini. Sambamba na matokeo mengine, athari hii ilionekana katika maeneo ya ubongo yanayohusishwa na utuzaji, yaani, akumbeni za kiini, striatemu, na gamba la mbele. Zaidi ya hayo, tafiti mbalimbali zimeonyesha kuongezeka kwa viwango vya norepinefrini, aina ya nyurotransmita inayohusishwa na adrenalini, katika kukabiliana na amfetamini. Jambo hili linaaminika kutokea kupitia kuziba ufyonyaji upya pamoja na kupitia maingiliano na kienezaji cha kusafirisha norepinefrini katika nyuroni. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Florin SM, Kuczenski R, Segal DS |title=Regional extracellular norepinephrine responses to amphetamine and cocaine and effects of clonidine pretreatment |journal=Brain Res. |volume=654 |issue=1 |pages=53–62 |year=1994 |month=Agosti |pmid=7982098 |doi=10.1016/0006-8993(94)91570-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_brain-research_1994-08-15_654_1/page/n60}}</ref> ==Viungo, matumizi na athari za dawa hii== ===Sifa za kemikali=== [[File:Amphetamine-2D-skeletal.svg‎|Muundo wa molekuli ya amfetamini wa thampu | 200px200px |. ]] [[File:Amphetamine-2D-skeletal.svg‎|Methamfetamini ina muundo sawa na huo, lakini imeongezwa kikundi cha methili kilichoambatishwa kwa nitrojeni.]] [[File:Methamphetamines.PNG|thumb|Chati inayolinganisha mifumo ya kemikali tofauti zinazozalishwa kutoka amfetamini.]] Amfetamini ni mchanganyiko wa kichirali. Mchanganyiko huu wa kirasmiki unaweza kugawanywa katika aisoma zake za macho: levo-na dextro-amfetamini. Amfetamini ndio mchanganyiko asili katika kategoria ya michanganyiko iliyo na muundo sawa, na inajumwisha aina mbalimbali za vinyumbuliwa vinavyoathiri akili, kama vile empathojeni, MDA (3,4-Methilenedioksiyamfetamini) na MDMA (3,4-Methilenedioksi-N-methamfetamini) inayojulikana kama upeo wa furaha, na aina ya ''N-methilati'', methamfetamini inayojulikana kama 'meth', na kwa vigandamuaji kama vile efedrine (Efe). Amfetamini ina umbo sawa na fenethilamine. Mwanzoni, dawa hii ilikuja ikiwa kama salfeti amfetamini ya chumvi ya kirasmiki (amfetamini ya kirasmiki ina aisoma mbili kwa viwango sawa). Matatizo ya kutomakinika mara nyingi hutibiwa kwa kutumia Aderali au aina zozote sawa za dawa mwigo. Aderali ni mchanganyiko wa amfetamini na chumvi za dekstroamfetamini ambao una<br> * 1 / 4 dekstro-amfetamini sakarati * 1 / 4 dekstro-amfetamini salfeti * 04/01 (amfetamini ya kirasmiki) aspateti monohaidrati * 04/01 (amfetamini ya kirasmiki) salfeti ===Utendakazi na athari za dawa mwilini=== Amfetamini imeonekana kuwa inaweza kuenea kupitia kwa utando wa seli na pia kusafiri kupitia kisafirishaji cha dopamini (DAT) ili kuongeza viwango vya dopamini katika nyuroni ya muda. Amfetamini, ikiwa kama d-amfetamini dekstroamfetamini na l-amfetamini (au mchanganyiko kirasmiki wa isoma mbili), inaaminika kutumia athari zake kwa kujifunga kwa visafirishaji vya monoamaini na kuongeza viwango vya dopamini ya amaini za biojeni, norepinefrini (noradrenalini ) na serotonini nje ya seli. Kuna nadharia tete zinazosema kwamba d-amfetamini huathiri kimsingi mifumo ya dopamini, wakati l-amfetamini ikilinganishwa huathiri norepinefrini. Hata hivyo, athari msingi za amfetamini za kuimarisha na kuchochea tabia, zinahusishwa na shughuli za dopamini, hasa katika mfumo wa dopamini wa mesolimbi. Amfetamini pamoja na vichangamsha vingine vya aina ya amfetamini kwa msingi huachilia dopamini katika ufa wa sinepsi. Amfetamini, tofauti na kokeni ambayo ni aina ya kichangamshi kama dopamini, haifanyi kazi kama ligandi lakini hufyonya upya pole pole kupitia utaratibu wa pili kwa kuongeza fosforasi kwenye visafirishaji vya dopamini. <ref> WikiAnswers google cached page: 'Does Namenda memantine work in preventing tolerance to adderall ADD amphetamine type drugs?'</ref> Kitendo msingi ni kupitia kuongezeka kwa viwango vya amfetamini ambako hutoa kutolewa kwa dipamini iliyowekwa mwilini kutoka kwenye visafirishaji vya lengelenge vya monoamini (VMATs), na hivyo kuongeza viwango vya transmita ndani ya nyuroni. Ongezeko hili la ukolezi hugeuza usafirishaji wa dopamini kupitia kisafirishaji dopamini (DAT) kwenye sinepsi. <ref name="review">{{cite journal |author=Sulzer D, Sonders MS, Poulsen NW, Galli A |title=Mechanisms of neurotransmitter release by amphetamines: a review |journal=Prog. Neurobiol. |volume=75 |issue=6 |pages=406–33 |year=2005 |month=Aprili |pmid=15955613 |doi=10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.04.003 |url=}}</ref> Aidha, amfetamini hujifunga, kwa kugeuza, kwa DATs na kuziba uwezo wa kisafirishaji hiki kuondoa DA kutoka kwenye nafasi iliyo kwenye sinepsi. Amfetamine pia hufanya hivi na norepinefrini (noradrenalini) na kwa kisai kidogo serotonini. Aidha, amfetamini hujiambatisha kwa kikundi cha vipokezi viitwavyo Vipokezi Vinavyohusishwa na Kufuatilia Amaini(TAAR). <ref>{{cite journal |author=Reese EA, Bunzow JR, Arttamangkul S, Sonders MS, Grandy DK |title=Trace amine-associated receptor 1 displays species-dependent stereoselectivity for isomers of methamphetamine, amphetamine, and para-hydroxyamphetamine |journal=J Pharmacol Exp Ther. |volume=321 |issue=1 |pages=178–86 |year=2007 |month=Aprili |pmid=17218486 |doi=10.1124/jpet.106.115402 |url=http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/321/1/178 |access-date=2010-10-18 |archive-date=2009-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419154011/http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/321/1/178 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> TAAR ni mfumo mpya wa vipokezi uliogunduliwa ambao unaonekana kuathiriwa na aina mbalimbali ya dutu zinazofanana na amfetamini ziitwazo amaini fuatiliaji. ==Athari== ===Athari za kimwili=== Athari za kimwili za amfetamini ni kama kupunguza hamu ya chakula, kuongezeka / kubadili hisia; ukosefu wa utulivu; mpanuko wa mboni; kuwa na wekundu; kutotulia; kinywa kikavu, shida ya kusimika; kuumwa na kichwa, takikadia; kuongeza kwa kasi ya kupumua; shinikizo la damu, [[Homa|homa]], kutokwa na jasho, kuhara, uyabisi wa tumbo; kutoweza kuona vizuri, uzungumzaji usioeleweka, kizunguzungu, msongo wa mwili usiozuilika au kutetereka, kukosa usingizi, kuganda, mpapatiko wa moyo, na arithimia. Wakati imetumika kwa viwango vya juu au kutumiwa muda mrefu, athari za ngozi kavu, au iliyo na mwasho, chunusi, usawijikaji yanaweza kutokea. <ref name="Erowid Amphetamines Vault: Effects"> Erowid Amphetamines Vault: Effects</ref> <ref name="strdbo">{{Cite web |url=http://www.xs4all.nl/~4david/amphetam.html |title=Amphetamine; Facts |accessdate=2010-10-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991112225253/http://www.xs4all.nl/~4david/amphetam.html |archivedate=1999-11-12 }}</ref> <ref> Amphetamines - Better Health Channel</ref> <ref> adderall xr, adderall medication, adderall side effects, adderall abuse</ref> Wakati mwingine matumizi ya amfetamini katika wanaume yanaweza kusababisha athari isiyo ya kawaida na wakati mwingine ya kushangaza ambapo uume wakati ni tepetevu unaonekana kuwa umekunjika kutokana na kubanwa kwa mishipa. Wakati unaposimika, uume huo hurudi ukubwa wa kawaida. <ref>Whenever I take speed my penis appears to shrink.[http://www.thesite.org/drinkanddrugs/askthesiteqandas/drinkanddrugsqandas/dicksonspeed Is there a link? ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.thesite.org/drinkanddrugs/askthesiteqandas/drinkanddrugsqandas/dicksonspeed |date=20081219232021 }}[http://www.thesite.org/drinkanddrugs/askthesiteqandas/drinkanddrugsqandas/dicksonspeed What's going on?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.thesite.org/drinkanddrugs/askthesiteqandas/drinkanddrugsqandas/dicksonspeed |date=20081219232021 }}</ref> Hata hivyo, jambo hili linaweza kuwa ni hadithi tu ya mijini. "Hakuna ripoti za kisayansi zilizochapishwa kutoa ushahidi wa kisayansi kuwa ukunjikaji wa uume hutokea kama athari za matumizi ya amfetamini". <ref> Bloor, RN ""Whizz-Dick: Side Effect, Urban Myth or Amfetamine-related Koro-like Syndrome?" International Journal of Clinical Practice 58.7 (2004): 717-19. Web. Web.</ref> Vijana wa umri wa makamo wanaotumia amfetamini wanaweza kuwa katika hatari kubwa ya kupatwa na mshtuko wa moyo. Katika utafiti uliochapishwa katika jarida la Utegemeaji Madawa na Pombe, <ref>{{cite journal |author=Westover AN, Nakonezny PA, Haley RW |title=Acute myocardial infarction in young adults who abuse amphetamines |journal=Drug Alcohol Dependence |volume=96 |issue=1-2 |pages=49–56 |year=2008 |month=Julai |pmid=18353567 |doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.01.027 |url= |pmc=2533107}}</ref> watafiti walichunguza data kutoka watu zaidi ya 3,000,000 wa umri kati ya miaka 18 na 44 waliokuwa katika hospitali kati ya mwaka wa 2000 na 2003 katika Texas. Baada ya kudhibiti matumizi mabaya ya [[kokeni]], pombe, tumbaku, shinikizo la damu, kisukari tamu, matatizo ya lipidi, unene wa kupindukia, kasoro za kuzaliwa, na kasoro za kuganda, walipata uhusiano kati ya utambuzi wa matumizi ya amfetamini na mshtuko wa moyo. <ref> Newswise: Study Finds Link Between Amphetamine Abuse and Heart Attacks in Young Adults Retrieved on 3 Juni 2008.</ref> ===Athari za kisaikolojia=== Athari za kisaikolojia ni kama kuwa na furaha, wasiwasi, ongezeko la ashiki, kuwa macho, umakinifu, [[nguvu]], kujiheshimu, kujiamini, uingilianaji na watu, kuwashwa, uchokozi, matatizo ya saikosomatiki, fadhaa ya saikolojia-viungo kujivuna, hisia nyingi kupindukia za kuwa na nguvu na tabia zisizoshindikana zinazorudiwarudiwa na za kulizoshikilia, wazimu, na, wakati amfetamini imetumika kwa muda mrefu na / au viwango vya juu, mtu anaweza kuwa [[kichaa]]. <ref name="Erowid Amphetamines Vault: Effects"></ref> Kulingana na utafiti wa panya, matumizi ya amfetamini wakati wa ujana yanaweza kulemaza kumbukumbu <ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.illinois.edu/news/09/1021amphetamine.html|title=Amphetamine use in adolescence may impair adult working memory|accessdate=2009-10-22|archive-date=2009-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091110082533/http://news.illinois.edu/news/09/1021amphetamine.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ya kufanya kazi katika utu uzima. ===Athari za kuacha kuitumia=== Kuacha kutumia amfetamini baada ya matumizi ya muda mrefu kunaweza kusababisha athari kama vile wasiwasi, huzuni, fadhaa, uchovu, kulala sana, kuongezeka kwa hamu ya chakula, hasirakali, kichaa na [[Jiua|mawazo ya kujiua.]] <ref> Symptoms of Amphetamine withdrawal - WrongDiagnosis.com</ref> ==Matumizi ya kupita kiasi== Matumizi kupita kiasi ya amfetamini si mabaya sana lakini yanaweza kusababisha dalili kadhaa tofauti; ikiwa ni pamoja na kichaa, maumivu ya kifua, na shinikizo la damu. ===Kichaa=== Matumizi mabaya ya amfetamini yanaweza kusababisha kichaa kinachosababishwa na kichangamsha ambacho kinaweza kudhihirika kupitia matatizo kadhaa ya kichaa (yaani, wazimu, ndoto, majinuni). Ukali na muda wa dalili hizi zinaweza kutofautiana, lakini tofauti na matatizo ya kweli ya kichaa (yaani dhiki), kichaa kinachosababishwa na vichangamsha hakichukuliwi kuwa cha kudumu na hatimaye kitatatuka baada ya kuwacha matumizi ya dawa. ==Utegemeaji madawa na uraibu== [[Uraibu]] hufanyika kwa haraka katika matumizi mabaya ya amfetamini, kwa hivyo, wakati wa matumizi ya muda mtu huhitajika kuongeza kiasi cha dawa hii ya kulevya ili kufikia athari sawa. <ref>{{cite web | title=Amphetamines: Drug Use and Abuse: Merck Manual Home Edition | publisher = Merck | url=http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec07/ch108/ch108g.html | accessdate=28 Februari 2007 }}</ref> ==Matumizi ya kuimarisha utendaji== Amfetamine hutumiwa na baadhi ya wanafunzi wa shule za upili na vyuo kuwasaidia kusoma na kufanya mitihani. <ref>{{Cite web | publisher = JS Online | last = Twohey | first = Megan | title = Pills become an addictive study aid | accessdate = 2007-12-02 | date = 2006-03-25 | url = http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=410902 | archivedate = 2007-08-15 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070815200239/http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=410902 | = https://web.archive.org/web/20070815200239/http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=410902 }}</ref> Amfetamine hufanya kazi kwa kuongeza viwango vya nguvu, umakinifu, na motisha, hivyo kuruhusu wanafunzi kusoma kwa muda mrefu. Amfetamine imekuwa ikitumiwa, na bado inaendelea kutumiwa na wanajeshi kote duniani. Wanajeshi ya Uingereza walitumia vidonge vya amfetamine milioni 72 katika vita vya pili vya dunia <ref> De Mondenard, Dr Jean-Pierre: Dopage, l'imposture des performances, Chiron, France, 2000</ref> na wanajeshi wa Jeshi la Wanahewa la Uingereza walitumia vidonge vingi kiasi kwamba, kwa mujibu wa taarifa moja, "Methedrini ilishinda vita vya Uingereza". <ref> Grant, DNW, Air Force, UK, 1944</ref> Marubani wa Marekani wanaofanya mashambulizi hutumia amfetamine ("dawa za kwenda") ili wasilale wakati wa mishioni ndefu. Katika tukio la Shamba la Tarnak, ambapo wa rubani wa Amerika wa F-16 aliwaua wanajeshi wengi kutoka Kanada, ambao hawakuwa maadui, rubani huyo alilaumu matumizi yake ya amfetamine. <ref>{{cite news |title=Air force rushes to defend amphetamine use |url= http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/01/17/1042520778665.html |work=The Age |date= 18 Januari 2003|accessdate=26 Januari 2009}}</ref> Kikao cha waamuzi wasio wa kisheria kilikataa dai la rubani huyo. Amfetamine pia hutumiwa na baadhi ya [[wanariadha]] wa kulipwa, <ref>{{Cite journal | volume = 25 | issue = 3 | pages = 434–451 | last = Yesalis | first = Charles E. | title = Anabolic Steroid and Stimulant Use in North American Sport between 1850 and 1980 | journal = Sport in History | accessdate = 2007-12-02 | date= 2005-12 | url = http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a727721070~db=all | doi = 10.1080/17460260500396251 | last2 = Bahrke | first2 = Michael}}</ref> wa kutoka vyuo <ref name="NCAA">{{Cite | publisher = National Collegiate Athletic Association | last = National Collegiate Athletic Association | title = NCAA Study of Substance Use Habits of College Student-Athletes | accessdate = 2007-12-02 | date = 2006-01 | url = http://www1.ncaa.org/membership/ed_outreach/health-safety/drug_ed_progs/2005/DrugStudy2005_ExecutiveSummary.pdf | format = PDF | pages = 2–4, 11–13 | archivedate = 2008-05-13 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080513125257/http://www1.ncaa.org/membership/ed_outreach/health-safety/drug_ed_progs/2005/DrugStudy2005_ExecutiveSummary.pdf }}</ref> na wa shule za upili <ref name="NCAA"></ref> kwa sababu ya uwezo wake mkuu wa kuchangamsha. Viwango vya nguvu huonekana kuongezeka kwa kasi iliongezeka na kuhimili, jambo ambalo huaminika kuruhusu uchezaji wa nguvu na wa muda mrefu zaidi. Hata hivyo, angalau utafiti mmoja umepata kwamba athari hii haiwezi kupimika. <ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/BF00697020 | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 281–287 | last = Margaria | first = R | title = The effect of some drugs on the maximal capacity of athletic performance in man | journal = European Journal of Applied Physiology | date= 1964-07-01 | last2 = Aghemo | first2 = P. | last3 = Rovelli | first3 = E. }}</ref> Matumizi ya amfetamine wakati wa shughuli za kimwili zinazohitaji nguvu nyingi yanaweza kuwa hatari sana, hasa wakati imetumiwa pamoja na pombe, na wanariadha wamekufa kutokana na matumizi ya aina hiyo, kwa mfano, mwendeshaji baiskeli kutoka Ulaya Tom Simpson. Matumizi ya amfetamini yametumiwa sana kihistoria miongoni mwa wachezaji wa Ligi Kuu za Besiboli na kwa kawaida hujulikana kwa neno la mtaani la "greenies". <ref>{{Cite web | last = Frias | first = Carlos | title = Baseball and amphetamines | work = Palm Beach Post | accessdate = 2007-12-02 | date = 2006-04-02 | url = http://www.palmbeachpost.com/sports/content/sports/epaper/2006/04/02/PBP_AMPHET_0402.html | archivedate = 2007-12-17 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071217010138/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/sports/content/sports/epaper/2006/04/02/PBP_AMPHET_0402.html }}</ref> Mwaka 2006, Ligi Kuu ya Besiboli Marekani ilipiga marufuku matumizi ya amfetamine. Kupiga marufuku huku kulitekelezwa kwa njia ya kufanya majiribio ya mara kwa mara ya matumizi ya madawa ya kulevya. Hata hivyo, MLB imepokea upinzani kwa sababu adhabu inayotokana na matumizi ya amfetamine si kali sana ikilinganishwa na ile ya matumizi ya vitunza protini, kwani kosa la kwanza huonya na kufanyiwa upimaji wa ziada tu. <ref>{{Cite web | last = Kreidler | first = Mark | title = Baseball finally brings amphetamines into light of day | work = ESPN.com | accessdate = 2007-12-02 | date= 2005-11-15 | url = http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/columns/story?columnist=kreidler_mark&id=2225013 }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web | last = Klobuchar | first = Jim | title = Can baseball make a clean sweep? | work = Christian Science Monitor | accessdate = 2007-12-02 | date= 2006-03-31 | url = http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0331/p12s02-alsp.html }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web | last = Associated Press | title = MLB owners won't crack down on 'greenies' | work = MSNBC.com | accessdate = 2007-12-02 | date = 2007-01-18 | url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16691245/ | archive-date = 2007-12-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071225103934/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16691245/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> Amfetamine ilitumiwa sana hapo awali na madereva wa lori upambana na dalili za kusinzia na kuongeza umakinifu wao wakati wa kuendesha gari, hasa katika miongo kadhaa kabla ya kusainiwa kwa Amri ya Utawala ya 12564 na rais wa zamani [[Ronald Reagan]], ambayo ilianzishwa upimaji wa lazima usio na utaratibu maalum wa matumizi ya madawa ya kulevya uliohusisha madereva wote wa lori na na wafanyakazi wa viwanda vinavyorekebishwa na Idara ya Usafiri. Ingawa utekelezaji wa amri hiyo katika sekta ya usafirishaji kwa lori ulifanywa kwa utaratibu wa pole pole kwa kuzingatia athari zilizotarajiwa kwa uchumi wa taifa, katika miongo iliyofuatia kutolewa kwa amri hiyo, matumizi mabaya ya amfetamine na aina zingine za madawa ya kulevya na madereva wa lori yameshuka sana. ===Utambuzi katika giligili za mwili=== Amfetamini sana sana hupimwa katika mkojo kama sehemu ya mpango wa upimaji wa matumizi ya madawa ya kulevya, katika plazma au maji ya damu ili kuthibitisha utambuzi wa sumu kwa waathirika hospitalini, au katika damu kusaidia katika uchunguzi wa mauaji yanayohusiana na ulanguzi au makosa mengine ya jinai au kesi ya kifo cha ghafla. Mbinu kama vile utambulisho wa kinga zinaweza kuathiriana na dawa kadhaa zilizo na athari karibu sawa na zile za mfumo wa neva simpathetiki, hivyo njia za kromatografi maalum kwa amfetamine zinafaa kutumiwa ili kuzuia matokeo chanya ya uongo. Mbinu za chirali zinaweza kutumiwa kusaidia kutofautisha asili ya madawa haya, kama yalipatikana kihalali (kupitia agizo la daktari) au kiharamu, au pengine kutoka kwa tiba-bashiri kama vile lisdeksamfetamini au selegilini. Utenganishaji wa chirali unahitajika ili kutathmini mchango wa l-methamfetamini (Kivutaji cha Viksi) katika matokeo yanayoonyesha kutumika kwa dawa hii. <ref> Verstraete AG, Heyden FV. Comparison of the sensitivity and specificity of six immunoassays for the detection of amphetamines in urine. J. Anal. Toxicol. 29: 359-364, 2005.</ref> <ref> Paul BD, Jemionek J, Lesser D, Jacobs A, Searles DA. Enantiomeric separation and quantitation of (+/-)-amphetamine, (+/-)-methamphetamine, (+/-)-MDA, (+/-)-MDMA, and (+/-)-MDEA in urine specimens by GC-EI-MS after derivatization with (R)-(-)- or (S)-(+)-alpha-methoxy-alpha-(trifluoromethy)phenylacetyl chloride (MTPA). J. Anal. Toxicol. 28: 449-455, 2004.</ref> <ref> R. Baselt, Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 83-86.</ref> ==Athari za kitamaduni za amfetamini == Tangu miaka ya 1960 kuendelea, amfetamini imekuwa maarufu miongoni mwa vikundi vya vijana huko Uingereza (na sehemu nyingine duniani) kama dawa ya burudani. Imekuwa ikitumiwa sana na 'mods', 'skinheads', 'punks', 'goths', 'gangstas', na marafiki katika ngoma za 'soul' na 'ska' za usiku, tamasha za 'Punk', maonyesho ya mitaani na mapigano ya marafiki. Utamaduni pinzani wa 'hippie' ulipinga sana amfetamine kutokana na tabia zilizosababisha, katika mahojiano na Los Angeles Free Press katika mwaka wa 1965, mwandishi wa 'beat' Allen Ginsberg alisema kuwa "'Speed'inamfanya mtu asipatane na wengine, inamfanya kuwa wazimu, inavuta mtu nyuma... wale wote watumiao madawa ya kulevya wanaharibiwa na wale wanotumia dubwana hili la dawa ya Frankenstein speed, ambao wanaiba na kuzungumza vibaya kuhusu kila mtu ovyo ovyo." <ref>{{cite web | last = Brecher | first = Edward M. | coauthors = the editors of Consumer Reports Magazine | title = How speed was popularized | work = The Consumers Union Report on Licit and Illicit Drugs | publisher = Schaffer Drug Library | pages = | language = | year = 1972 | url = http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/library/studies/cu/cu38.html | accessdate = 1 Juni 2010 | archive-date = 2010-09-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100922194706/http://druglibrary.org/schaffer/Library/studies/cu/CU38.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> ===Katika maandishi=== Waandishi wa Beat Generation walitumia amfetamine sana, hasa chini ya jina la kibiashara la Benzedrine. Jack Kerouac alikuwa mtumiaji mkuu hasa wa amfetamine, ambayo ilisemekana kumpatia nguvu alizohitaji kwa kazi ya kuandika riwaya yake kwa muda mrefu. <ref>{{Cite web | last = Gyenis | first = Attila | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = Forty Years of ''On the Road'' 1957–1997 | date = | year = 1997 | url = http://www.wordsareimportant.com/ontheroad.htm | accessdate = 18 Machi 2008 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080214171739/http://www.wordsareimportant.com/ontheroad.htm | archivedate = 2008-02-14 | = https://web.archive.org/web/20080214171739/http://www.wordsareimportant.com/ontheroad.htm }}</ref> Mwandishi kutoka ScotlandIrvine Welsh mara nyingi huashiria matumizi ya madawa katika riwaya yake, ingawa katika mojawapo ya kazi zake za uandishi anatoa maoni kuhusu jinsi madawa (ikiwa ni pamoja na amfetamini) yamekuwa sehemu ya utamaduni wa ulaji na jinsi riwaya zake Trainspotting na Porno zinaonyesha mabadiliko ya matumizi ya madawa na utamaduni katika wakati uliopita kati ya maandishi ya riwaya hizi mbili. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irvinewelsh.net/journalism.aspx?jid=25 |title=Drug Cultures in Trainspotting and Porno |last=Welsh |first=Irvine |date=2006-08-10 |publisher=irvinewelsh.net |accessdate=2008-10-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624060240/http://www.irvinewelsh.net/journalism.aspx?jid=25 |archivedate=2009-06-24 }}</ref> Amfetamini imetajwa mara nyingi katika kazi ya mwandishi wa habari wa Marekani Hunter S. Thompson. 'Speed' inaonekana si tu katika rekodi ya madawa ya kulevya ambayo Thompson alitumia kwa yale yanayoweza kufafanuliwa kama madhumuni ya burudani, lakini pia inatajwa mara kwa mara, na wazi kama sehemu muhimu ya chombo chake cha uandishi, <ref>{{cite news | last = Carr | first = David | coauthors = | title = Fear and Loathing on a Documentary Screen | work = | pages = AR7 | language = en-US | publisher = New York ''Times'' | date = 29 Juni 2008 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/29/movies/29carr.html | accessdate = 18 Machi 2009}}</ref> kama vile katika "Maandishi yake ya Ilani" ya kitabu cha '''Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail '72'.'' <ref>{{cite book | last = Thompson | first = Hunter S. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = [[Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail '72]] | publisher = Warner Books | year = 1973 | location = New York | pages = 15–16, 21 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-446-31364-5}}</ref> <blockquote>"Alasiri moja karibu siku tatu zilizopita [wachapishaji] walikuja kwangu bila kuniarifu, na kuniletea karibu pauni arobaini za vifaa: masanduku mawili pombe kutoka Meksiko, kwati nne za jini, dazeni ya matunda ya zabibu, na 'speed' ya kutosha na kubadilisha matokeo ya michezo sita ya Super Bowls. ... Wakati huo huo, [...] ikiwa sura ya mwisho bado haijaandikwa na mipango ya kukutana na wanahabari ikiwa inaanza katika masaa 24. . . . isipokuwa mtu aje na 'speed' iliyo na nguvu sana, kunawezakosa ''kuwa'' na sura ya mwisho. Karibu vidole vinne vya kranki ya mfalme kuzimu vinaweza kusaidia, lakini mimi sina matumaini. " </blockquote> ===Katika hisabati=== Mwanahisabati maarufu Paul Erdős alitumia amfetamini, na mara moja alishinda dau kutoka kwa rafiki yake Ron Graham, ambaye aliweka dau la $ 500 naye kuwa hangeweza kukaa kwa mwezi mmoja bila kutumia dawa hii. <ref name="hill"> Hill, J. Paul Erdos, Mathematical Genius, Human (In That Order)</ref> Erdős alishinda dau, lakini alilalamika kuwa wakati alikuwa amewacha kunywa dawa hiyo hisabati ilikuwa imerudi nyuma kwa mwezi mmoja: "Hapo awali, mimi nilipotazama kipande tupu cha karatasi akili yangu ilikuwa inajawa na mawazo. Sasa mimi naona kipande tupu cha karatasi. "Baada ya kushinda dau, yeye alirudia matumizi yake ya amfetamine mara moja. ===Katika muziki=== Nyimbo nyingi zimeandikwa kuhusu amfetamine, kwa mfano katika wimbo unaoitwa "St Ides Heaven" kutoka albamu ya mwimbaji / mtunzi, Elliott Smith yenye jina lake. Wimbo wa ''Semi Charmed Life'' wa ''Third Eye Blind'' pia unarejelea amfetamini. Mfano mwingine wa wazi ni wimbo unaoitwa "Amfetamini" wa kikundi kingine cha nyimbo za rock cha Everclear. Pia imeathiri ujumi wa bendi nyingi za rock'n'roll (hasa katika 'garage rock, mod R &amp; B, death rock, Punk / hardcore, gothic rock na aina zingine kama hizo). Hüsker Du, Jesus and Mary Chain's na The Who walikuwa watumiaji mashuhuri wa amfetamine wakati walipokuwa wakianza. Land Speed Record ni kivutio cha matumizi ya amfetamini na Hüsker Du. Bendi nyingi za rock'n'roll zimejiita jina la amfetamini na majina ya kimtaa yanayohusiana na dawa hii. Kwa mfano waamshaji 'Mod', The Hearts Purple walijiita jina la vidonge vya amfetamine vilivyotumiwa sana na 'mods' katika miaka ya 1960, kama ilivyofanya bendi kutoka Australia iliyokuwa na jina sawa katika miaka ya kati ya 1960. The Amphetameanies, bendi ya Ska-Punk bendi, pia imejipatia jina linalohusiana na amfetamine, na pia huiga athari zake. Kikundi cha Dexy's Midnight Runners, walioimba wimbo ulionyakua nafasi ya kwanza "Come On Eileen" wamejiita jina linalohusiana na Dexedrine. Motörhead walijiita jina la kimtaa linalohusiana na mlevi wa amfetamini. ===Katika filamu=== Mtayarishaji David O. Selznick alikuwa anatumia amfetamine, na mara nyingi alikuwa anawasomea wasimamizi wake taarifa ndefu na zilizokosa mpangilio akiwa amekunywa amfetamini. <ref> Memo From David O. Selznick, http://www.amazon.com/Memo-David-Selznick-Memorandums-Autobiographical/dp/0375755314</ref> Filamu ya ''Shadowing The Third Man'' inaelezea kwamba Selznick alimfanya msimamizi wa Third Man, Carol Reed aanze kutumia amfetamine, ambayo ilimwezesha Reed kukamilisha filamu chini ya bajeti na kwa wakati uliofaa kwa kuchukua filamu kwa karibu masaa 22 kwa wakati mmoja. <ref> Shadowing the Third Man, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0429086/</ref> Filamu ya Garrett Scott ya ''Cul-de-Sac, A Suburban War Story'' ina historia fupi ya utengenezaji na uenezaji wa amfetamini, na kuhusu athari zake. <ref> Cul-de-Sac, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0317273/</ref> Katika filamu ya ''Requiem for a Dream,'' Ellen Burstyn anamwonyesha Sara Goldfarb, mjane mzee ambaye anazoea kutumia dawa za kupunguza uzito za amfetamini. Baada ya kupatwa na kichaa kinachosababishwa na amfetamine, yeye hulazwa hospitalini bila yeye kutaka, anapewa tiba ya msukosuko wa kielektroniki, na baadaye anafungiwa katika hifadhi ya wazimu. <ref> Resurrection (1980) - IMDb</ref> Jina la filamu ya 2009 ''Amphetamine'' linabeba maana mbili za neno katika Kichina - kando ya jina la dawa hii, pia inamaanisha 'je, si hii ni hatma yake?, maana ambayo kitamathali inahusishwa na mtiririko wa filamu hii. Neno hili linanukuliwa kama [[wikt:安|[[wikt:命|[[wikt:他|[[wikt:非|安]]]]]]非他命]] - [[wikt:ān|"ya]] [[wikt:fēi|fēi]] [[wikt:tā|ta]] [[wikt:mìng|Ming"]] - na kama inavyotokea kwa kawaida katika unukuzi wa maneno yasiyo ya asili ya Kichina, kila herufi ina maana tofauti kama neno binafsi lisilohusiana. Katika filamu ya 1972 ya ''Ciao!'' ''Manhattan,'' Edie Sedgwick anamwonyesha Susan Superstar, mhusika wa kitamthilia ambaye ni toleo lake yeye mwenyewe, ambapo anajadili matumizi yake ya madawa ya kulevya, hasa amfetamini. Katika onyesho moja maalum, yeye anazungumza kuhusu ubashasha wa matumizi yake ya madawa ya kulevya katika filamu ya aibu ya "Speed Monologue". <ref> [http://www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Issue/story?oid=oid%3A182251]</ref> ==Hali ya kisheria== * Katika Uingereza, amfetamini imewekwa katika Kikundi B cha madawa ya kulevya. Adhabu ya kiwango cha juu ya kupatwa na dawa hii bila idhini ni kifungo cha miaka mitano kwenye jela na faini isiyo kikomo. Adhabu ya kiwango cha juu kwa usambazaji haramu ni miaka kumi katika jela na faini isiyo kikomo. Methamfetamine hivi karibuni imewekwa katika Kikundi A, ambapo adhabu za kupatwa nayo ni kali zaidi (miaka 7 kwa jela na faini isiyo na kikomo). <ref>{{cite web|title=Class A, B and C drugs|url=http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/drugs/drugs-law/Class-a-b-c/|accessdate=2007-07-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804233232/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/drugs/drugs-law/Class-a-b-c/|archivedate=2007-08-04|=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804233232/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/drugs/drugs-law/Class-a-b-c/}}</ref> * Katika Uholanzi, amfetamine na methamfetamine ni dawa za Orodha 1 ya sheria za Afyuni lakini isoma dextro ya amfetamine imeonyeshwa kwa ADD / ADHD na nakolepsi na inapatikana kwa agizo la daktari kama 5 na {{nowrap|10 mg}} vidonge vya mwigo, na 5 na {{nowrap|10 mg}}vidonge vya jeli. * Nchini Marekani, amfetamine na methamfetamine ni madawa ya kulevya ya Ratiba II, iliyopambanuliwa kama CNS (vichangamsha mfumo mkuu wa neva). <ref>{{cite web | title=Trends in Methamphetamine/Amphetamine Admissions to Treatment: 1993–2003 | publisher=Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration | url=http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/2k6/methTX/methTX.htm | accessdate=28 Februari 2007 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305100340/http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/2k6/methTx/methTX.htm | archivedate=2013-03-05 | =https://web.archive.org/web/20130305100340/http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/2k6/methTx/methTX.htm }}</ref> Dawa ya Ratiba II imepambanuliwa kama iliyo na nafasi ya kutumiwa vibaya, inakubali sasa katika matumizi ya kimatibabu na hutumiwa chini ya vikwazo kali, na ina uwezekano mkubwa wa utegemezi mkali wa kisaikolojia na kifiziolojia. Kimataifa, amfetamine ni dawa ya Ratiba II chini ya Mkataba wa Dawa Zinazotatiza akili. <ref>{{cite web | title=List of psychotropic substances under international control | publisher=International Narcotics Control Board | url=http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf | format=PDF | accessdate=19 Novemba 2005 | archivedate=2012-08-31 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831222336/http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf | =https://web.archive.org/web/20120831222336/http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf }}</ref> == Tiba-bashiri == Dawa kadhaa zimeonyeshwa kutoa amfetamine na / au methamfetamine kama za kimetaboli, ikiwa ni pamoja na amfetaminili, benzfetamini, clobenzoreksi, dimethilamfetamini, ethilamfetamini, famprofazoni, fenkamini, fenethilini, fenproporeksi, furfenoreksi, lisdeksamfetamini, mefenoreksi, mesokabi, prenilamini, propilamfetamini, na selegilini, miongoni mwa zingine. <ref name="pmid10711406">{{cite journal | author = Musshoff F | title = Illegal or legitimate use? Precursor compounds to amphetamine and methamphetamine | journal = Drug Metabolism Reviews | volume = 32 | issue = 1 | pages = 15–44 | year = 2000 | month = Februari | pmid = 10711406 | doi = 10.1081/DMR-100100562 | url = http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1081/DMR-100100562 }}</ref> <ref name="pmid12024689">{{cite journal | author = Cody JT | title = Precursor medications as a source of methamphetamine and/or amphetamine positive drug testing results | journal = Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine | volume = 44 | issue = 5 | pages = 435–50 | year = 2002 | month = Mei | pmid = 12024689 | doi = | url = http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=1076-2752&volume=44&issue=5&spage=435 | access-date = 2010-10-18 | archive-date = 2011-05-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110515203918/http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=1076-2752&volume=44&issue=5&spage=435 | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Michanganyiko hii inaweza kusababisha matokeo ya uongo ya kuwepo kwa amfetamini katika upimaji wa dawa hii. <ref name="pmid10711406"></ref> <ref name="pmid12024689"></ref> ==Pia tazama== * Kichocheaakili * Methamfetamini * Dextroamfetamini * Aderali * Lisdexamfetamini * Kichaa kinachosababishwa na amfetamini * Maradhi ya upungufu wa makini * Methylphenidate * Benzylpiperazine * Kemia haramu * Ethilamfetamini * Fenethilamini * Propilamfetamini * Kikolezo kitoacho ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo|2}} ==Viungo vya nje== * {{PubChemLink|5826}} (D-form-dextroamphetamine) * {{PubChemLink|3007}} (L-form and D, L-form) * {{PubChemLink|32893}} (L-form-Levamphetamine au L-amphetamine) * [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pccompound&amp;DbFrom=pccompound&amp;Cmd=Link&amp;LinkName=pccompound_pccompound&amp;LinkReadableName=Similar%20Compounds&amp;IdsFromResult=3007&amp;ordinalpos=1&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pccompound.Pccompound_ResultsPanel.Pccompound_RVDocSum List of 504 Compounds Similar to Amphetamine (PubChem)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pccompound&DbFrom=pccompound&Cmd=Link&LinkName=pccompound_pccompound&LinkReadableName=Similar%20Compounds&IdsFromResult=3007&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pccompound.Pccompound_ResultsPanel.Pccompound_RVDocSum |date=20181216075801 }} * [http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/?nnodeid=25479 EMCDDA drugs profile: Amphetamine (2007)] * [http://www.drugs.com/Amphetamine Drugs.com - Amphetamine] * [http://www.apaic.org Asia &amp; Pacific Amphetamine-Type Stimulants Information Centre] {{Wayback|url=http://www.apaic.org/ |date=20200723104030 }} * [http://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/dpdirect.jsp?name=Amphetamine U.S. National Library of Medicine: Drug Information Portal - Amphetamine] {{Wayback|url=http://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/dpdirect.jsp?name=Amphetamine |date=20100609053419 }} [[Category:Madawa]] [[Category:Madawa ya Kulevya]] t8glv1nltdij7dl3i4w3cdjcrzpswde 0 55550 1599249 1580085 2026-09-23T10:44:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599249 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Medroxyprogesterone_acetate.svg|thumb|Depo-Provera]] [[Picha:Medroxyprogesterone_acetate_molecule_ball.png|thumb|Depo-Provera]] {{Infobox Birth control |name = Depo-Provera |image = |width = |caption = |bc_type = Hormonal |date_first_use = 1967 |rate_type = Failure |perfect_failure% = 0.3 |typical_failure% = 3 |duration_effect = 3 months<br>(12–14 weeks) |reversibility = 3–18 months |user_reminders = Maximum interval is just under 3 months |clinic_interval = 12 weeks |STD_protection_YesNo = no |periods_advantage = Usually no periods from 2nd injection |benefits = Especially good if poor pill compliance.<br>Reduced endometrial cancer risk. |periods_disadvantage = Especially in 1st injection may be frequent spotting |weight_gain_loss = +5-10 lbs average |risks = Reduced bone density, which may reverse after discontinuation |medical_notes = For those intending to start family, suggest switch 6 months prior to alternative method (eg [[Progestogen only pill|POP]]) allowing more reliable return fertility. }} '''Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA)''' ni njia ya [[homoni]] ya kuzuia [[mimba]] iliyo na [[projesteroni]] pekee inayodumu kwa muda mrefu na huweza kuondolewa mwilini, ambayo hudungwa kila baada ya miezi 3. Ni mchanganyiko mzito wa sindano ya depoti ya pregnane 17α-hydroxyprogesteroni- iliyotolewa kwa progestini ya ''medroksiprogesteroni acetate.'' ==Bidhaa za biashara== ''Depo-subQ Provera 104,'' ambayo pia hutengenezwa na PFIZER, ni jina la kibiashara la mg 104 ya mchanganyiko mzito wa medroxyprogesterone acetate. Inajumuisha asilimia 69 ya homoni inayopatikana katika sindano ya Depo Provera asili. Inatumiwa kwa kudunga sindano chini ya ngozi, ambayo huweza kusababisha maumivu kidogo. Dawa hiyo lazima idungwe ndani ya paja au kwenye tumbo mara nne kwa mwaka na hutoa kinga ya haraka dhidi ya kupata mimba kuanzia wakati inapodungwa mara ya kwanza. Iliidhinishwa nchini Marekani na FDA kwa ajili ya matumizi ya kuzuia mimba mnamo 17 Desemba mwaka wa 2004, na kwa ajili ya kudhibiti maumivu yanayohusiana na endometriosisi4} tarehe 25 Machi mwaka wa 2005. ==Utaratibu wa utendakazi== Utaratibu wa utekelezaji wa dawa za kupanga uzazi zilizo na progosteroni pekee hutegemea shughuli za progestogeni na kipimo. Dozi ya juu ya dawa kukinga mimba mimba zilizo na progesteroni pekee kama vile sindano ya DMPA, huzuia kukua kwa unyweleo na kuzuia kukua kwa yai /1} kama mfumo wao msingi wa utendajikazi.<ref name="glasier">{{cite book |last=Glasier |first=Anna |editor=DeGroot, Leslie J.; Jameson, J. Larry (eds.) |title=Endocrinology |edition=5th |year=2006 |publisher=Elsevier Saunders |location=Philadelphia |isbn=0-7216-0376-9 |pages=2993–3003 |chapter=Contraception}}</ref><ref name="loose">{{cite book |author=Loose, Davis S.; Stancel, George M. |editor=Brunton, Laurence L.; Lazo, John S.; Parker, Keith L. (eds.) |year=2006 |chapter=Estrogens and Progestins |title=Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics |url=https://archive.org/details/goodmangilmansph2006good |edition=11th |pages=[https://archive.org/details/goodmangilmansph2006good/page/1541 1541]–1571 |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=0-07-142280-3}}</ref> Progestogeni hupunguza kupigapiga moyo mara kwa mara ya homoni inayotoa gonadotropini -(GnRH) inayotolewa na hipothalamasi, ambayo hupunguza kutolewa kwa [[homoni ya kusisimua kinyweleo (FSH) na [[homoni ya kulutenaizi]]]] (LH)inayotolewa na pituitari ya nje. Viwango vilivyoshuka vya FSH huzuia maendeleo ya kinyweleo, kuzuia kuongezeka kwa viwango vya estradioli. Majibu hasi ya progesteroni na ukosefu wa matokeo chanya ya estrogeni juu ya kutolewa kwa LH huzuia kuongezeka kwa LH. Udhibiti dhidi ya ukuaji wa kinyweleo na ukosefu wa kuongezeka kwa LH huzuia utoaji na ukuaji wa mbegu ya mwanamke.<ref name="hatcher">{{cite book |author=Hatcher, Robert A. |year=2004 |chapter=Depo-Provera Injections, Implants, and Progestin-Only Pills (Minipills) |editor=Hatcher, Robert A.; Trussell, James; Stewart, Felicia H.; Nelson, Anita L.; Cates Jr., Willard; Guest, Felicia; Kowal, Deborah |title=Contraceptive Technology |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9790966490229 |edition=18th rev. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9790966490229/page/460 461]–494 |location=New York |publisher=Ardent Media |isbn=0-9664902-5-8}}</ref><ref name="speroff">{{cite book |author=Speroff, Leon; Darney, Philip D. |year=2005 |chapter=Injectable Contraception |title=A Clinical Guide for Contraception |url=https://archive.org/details/clinicalguidefor0000sper |edition=4th |pages=201–220 |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=0-7817-6488-2}}</ref> Kitendo cha sekondari cha utendakazi wa dawa za kukinga mimba zilizo na progestogeni ni kuzuia manii kupita kutokana na mabadiliko kwenye makamasi ya seviksi. Uzuiaji wa utendakazi wa yai la kike wakati wa matumizi ya DMPA husababisha endometriamu kuwa nyembamba na atropiki. Mabadiliko haya katika endometriamu yanaweza kinadharia, kuzuia uwezo wa kupata mimba. Hata hivyo, kwa vile DMPA ina ufanisi mkubwa katika kuzuia utoaji wa yai la kike na kupenya kwa manii, uwezekano wa kupata mimba ni mdogo zaidi. Hakuna data inayopatikana inayochangia kutopata kwa mimba kama mfumo wa utekelezaji wa DMPA. ==Ufanisi== Matokeo ya mwaka wa kwanza ya viwango vya kutofaulu kwa matumizi ya Depo- Provera kwa wanawake 8,183 katika majaribio saba mtawalia ya kliniki saba yalikuwa: 0%, 0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.2%, 0.3%, na 0.7%, na kiwango cha wastani cha 0.3%.<ref name="trussell 2004a">{{cite book |author=Trussell, James |year=2004 |chapter=Contraceptive Efficacy |editor=Hatcher, Robert A.; Trussell, James; Stewart, Felicia H.; Nelson, Anita L.; Cates Jr., Willard; Guest, Felicia; Kowal, Deborah |title=Contraceptive Technology |url=https://archive.org/details/contraceptivetec0018unse |edition=18th rev. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/contraceptivetec0018unse/page/773 773]–845 |location=New York |publisher=Ardent Media |isbn=0-9664902-5-8}}</ref> Matokeo ya viwango vya kutofaulu kwa mwaka wa kwanza ya kipimo cha Pearl ya wanawake 2,042 waliotumia depo- subQ 104 katika majaribioa matatu ya kiliniki yalikuwa ni: 0%,0%, na 0%, na kipimo cha wastani cha 0%. Kiwango cha kutofaulu cha mwaka wa kwanza kwa wanawake 209 waliotumia Depo-Provera katika uchunguzi mmoja uliofuata kilikuwa ni: 2.6%.<ref name="fu 1999">{{cite journal |author=Fu H, Darroch JE, Haas T, Ranjit N |year=1999 |title=Contraceptive failure rates: new estimates from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth |journal=Fam Plann Perspect |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=56–63 |pmid=10224543 |url=http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3105699.pdf |format=PDF|doi=10.2307/2991640 |jstor=2991640}}</ref><ref name="trussell 1999">{{cite journal |author=Trussell J, Vaughan B |year=1999 |title=Contraceptive failure, method-related discontinuation and resumption of use: results from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth |journal=Fam Plann Perspect |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=64–72,93 |pmid=10224544 |url=http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3106499.pdf |format=PDF|doi=10.2307/2991641 |jstor=2991641}}</ref> * Uchunguzi wa kitaifa wa ukuaji wa familia wa (NSFG) wa mwaka wa 1995 - utafiti uliofuta ulijikita katika uwezo wa mwanamke kukumbuka katika mahojiano ya 90, kuhusu matumizi yake ya dawa za kukinga mimba mwezi baada ya mwezi katika kipindi cha miaka 4 hadi 5 iliyotangulia. ===Matumizi sahihi=== Kiwango cha matokeo cha matumizi sahihi cha Trussell cha kutofaulu kwa mwaka wa kwanza kwa Depo-Provera ni kipimo cha wastani cha kutofaulu katika majaribio saba ya kliniki: 0.3%.<ref name="trussell 2004a"></ref><ref name="trussell 2004b">{{cite journal |author=Trussell J |year=2004 |title=Contraceptive failure in the United States |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_contraception_2004-08_70_2/page/89 |journal=Contraception |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=89–96 |pmid=15288211 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2004.03.009}}</ref> * imezingatiwa kama matumizi sahihi kwa sababu majaribio hayo yalipima usahihi wakati wa matumizi halisi ya Depo-Provera ** kufafanuliwa kama isiyo zaidi ya wiki 14 ama 15 baada ya sindano kudungwa (yaani, isipungue zaidi ya wiki 1 au 2 kabla haujadungwa sindano inayofuata) ===Matumizi ya kawaida=== Kabla ya mwaka wa 2004, kiwango cha Trusell cha kutofaulu cha matumizi ya kawaida cha Depo- Provera kilikuwa sawa na kile chake cha kutofaulu cha matumizi sahihi 0.3%.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Trussell J, Hatcher RA, Cates W Jr, Stewart FH, Kost K |year=1990 |title=A guide to interpreting contraceptive efficacy studies |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=76 |issue=3 Pt 2 |pages=558–67 |pmid=2199875}}</ref> * makadirio ya matumizi ya kawaida ya Depo- Provera kutofaulu mwaka wa kwanza ni 0.3% katika: ** '''' Teknolojia ya dawa kukinga mimba (Contraceptive Technology, 1994),toleo jipya la 16 (1994) ** '''' Teknolojia ya dawa za kukinga mimba (Contracepive Technology 1998)toleeo jipya la 17 (1998) *** yaliyozingatiwa na FDA mwaka wa 1998 kwa mathumuni ya usawazishaji wa sasa wa mwongozo wa kutaja dawa za kukinga mimba. Katika mwaka wa 2004, akitumia kiwango cha kutofaulu cha mwaka wa 1995 cha NSFG, Trussell aliongeza (kwa mara 10) kiwango chake cha kutofaulu cha matumizi ya kawaida ya Depo- Provera kutoka 0.3% hadi 3%.<ref name="trussell 2004a"></ref><ref name="trussell 2004b"></ref> * makadirio ya matumizi ya kawaida ya Depo-Provera kutofaulu mwaka wa kwanza ni 3% katika: ** ''Teknolojia ya dawa za kukinga mimba (Cotraceptive Technology),toleo jipya la 18 (2004)<ref name="trussell 2004a"></ref>'' ** ''Teknolojia ya dawa za kukinga mimba (Contraceptive Technology),toleo jipya la 19 (2007)<ref name="trussell 2007">{{cite book |author=Trussell, James |year=2007 |chapter=Contraceptive Efficacy |editor=Hatcher, Robert A.; Trussell, James; Nelson, Anita L.; Cates Jr., Willard; Stewart, Felicia H.; Kowal, Deborah |title=Contraceptive Technology |edition=19th rev. |location=New York |publisher=Ardent Media |url=http://www.contraceptivetechnology.com/table.html |accessdate=2007-06-21 |archive-date=2008-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531095926/http://www.contraceptivetechnology.com/table.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>'' Trussell hakutumia viwango vya kutofaulu vya NSFG vya mwaka wa 1995 kwa dawa zingine mbili mpya zilizopatikana za muda mrefu za kukinga mimba zilizokuwa zimevumbiliwa, kibandiko cha Norplant (2.3%) na shaba ya T ya ParaGard 380A IUD (3.7%), ambazo zilikuwa (kama Depo -Provera) zenye amri ya kiwango cha juu kuliko katika majaribio ya kliniki. kwa vile Norplant na ParaGard haikubali wigo kwa makosa ya mtumizi, viwango vyao vya juu zaidi vya kutofaulu vya mwaka wa 1995 vya NSFG vilichangiwa na Trussell kwa kutoa habari zaidi wakati wa kupata mimba hivyo kuelekea kuzaa.<ref name="trussell 2004a"></ref><ref name="trussell 1999"></ref><ref name="trussell 2004b"></ref> ==Faida== Depo-Provera ina faida kadhaa:<ref name="hatcher"></ref><ref name="speroff"></ref><ref name="westhoff">{{cite journal |author=Westhoff C |year=2003 |title=Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate injection (Depo-Provera): a highly effective contraceptive option with proven long-term safety |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_contraception_2003-08_68_2/page/n10 |journal=Contraception |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=75–87 |pmid=12954518 |doi=10.1016/S0010-7824(03)00136-7}}</ref><ref name="mishell">{{cite book |author= Mishell Jr., Daniel R. |year=2004 |editor= Strauss, Jerome F. III; Barbieri, Robert L. (eds.) |title=Yen and Jaffe's Reproductive Endocrinology |url= https://archive.org/details/yenjaffesreprodu0000unse |edition=5th |publisher=Elsevier Saunders |location=Philadelphia |isbn=0-7216-9546-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/yenjaffesreprodu0000unse/page/899 899]–938 |chapter=Contraception}}</ref> * Ina ufanisi mkubwa katika kuzuia mimba. * Hudungwa kila baada ya wiki 12. kitendo cha pekee ni kuendeleza kupanga kufuatilia sindano zingine kila baada ya wiki kumi na mbili, na kuchunguza madhara yake kuhakikisha kwamba hauhitaji ushauri wa daktari. * Hakuna estrogeni Hakuna kuongezeka kwa hatari ya ugonjwa wa thrombosisi ya veni za ndani (DVT), na embolizimu ya mapafu (PE), ugonjw wa pigo ya mwoyo au maambukizi ya miyokadiali. * Mwingiliano mdogo na madawa (ikilinganishwa na dawa nyingine za kikinga mimba zenye homoni). * Inapunguza hatari ya saratani ya endometriali. Depo-Provera hupunguza hatari ya kansa ya endometriali kwa 80%.<ref name="Kaunitz">{{cite journal |author=Kaunitz AM |title=Current options for injectable contraception in the United States |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_seminars-in-reproductive-medicine_2001-12_19_4/page/331 |journal=Semin Reprod Med |year=2001 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=331–7 |pmid=11727175 |doi=10.1055/s-2001-18641}}</ref><ref name="BrJFP_Bigrigg1999">{{cite journal |author=Bigrigg A, Evans M, Gbolade B, Newton J, Pollard L, Szarewski A, Thomas C, Walling M |title=Depo Provera. Position paper on clinical use, effectiveness and side effects | journal = Br J Fam Plann | volume = 25 | issue = 2 |pages=69–76 |year=1999 | pmid = 10454658}}</ref><ref name="WHO DMPA EC">{{cite journal |author=WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives |title=Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and risk of endometrial cancer |journal=Int J Cancer |year=1991 |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=186–90 |pmid=1831802}}</ref> kupunguzwa kwa hatari ya kansa ya endometriali katika watumiaji wa Depo-Provera imedhaniwa kuwa ni kutokana na sababu mbili ambazo ni athari ya uhusiano wa moja kwa moja usiokuwa mzuri wa progestogeni kwa endometriumu na uhusiano usio wa moja kwa moja wa kupunguza viwango vya estrogeni kwa kupunguza ukuaji wa kinyweleo katika ovari.<ref name="Santen">{{cite book |author= Santen, Richard J. |editor=Strauss, Jerome F. III; Barbieri, Robert L. (eds.) |title=Yen and Jaffe's Reproductive Endocrinology |url= https://archive.org/details/yenjaffesreprodu0000unse |edition=5th |year=2004 |publisher=Elsevier Saunders |location=Philadelphia |isbn=0-7216-9546-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/yenjaffesreprodu0000unse/page/787 787]–809 |chapter=Endocrinology of Breast and Endometrial Cancer}}</ref> * Hupunguza hatari ya ugonjwa wa pungufu wa damu mwilini unaosababishwa na ukosefu wa madini ya chuma,ugonjwa wa kuwasha kwa mfupa wa nyonga (PID), mimba wa kubandikwa kwa kuta za uterasi , na uvimbe wa uterasi. * Hupunguza dalili za ugonjwa wa endometriosisi. * Hupunguza matukio ya kutukwa na damu mingi maumivu wakati wa kutoa yai, na vifuko vyenye maji vinavyofanya kazi katika ovari. * Hupunguza matukio ya mishtuko ya moyo katika wanawake walio na ugonjwa wa kifaduro. Zaidi ya hayo, tofauti na dawa nyingine za kukinga mimba zilizo na homoni, ufanisi wa utendakazi wa Depo-Provera hauathiriki na madawa ya yasiyo ya kifaduro yanayoshurutisha matukio cha kienizime. * Hupunguza matukio ya mabaya ya kiini mundu katika 0} wanawake wenye chembechembe za ugonjwa wa kiini mundu.<ref name="westhoff"></ref> Idara ya Afya Uingereza imechangia kikamilifu kukuzwa kwa matumizi ya dawa za kukinga mimba zenye kugeuzwa za kudumu kwa muda mrefu tangu mwaka wa 2008,hasa kwa vijana, kutokana na mwongoza bora wa Oktoba mwaka wa taasisi ya National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence guidelines.<ref>{{cite web |title=CG30 Long-acting reversible contraception: quick reference guide |url=http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/cg030quickrefguide.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence |accessdate=2009-06-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920091647/http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/cg030quickrefguide.pdf |archivedate=2009-09-20 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920091647/http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/cg030quickrefguide.pdf }}</ref> Kutoa ushauri juu ya njia hizi za kuzuia mimba imewekwa kuwa katika {0 mfumo wa ubora na matokeo mwaka wa 2009 "matendo mema" kwa ajili ya afya ya kimsingi.{1/} ==Ujauzito na kunyonyesha== Depo Provera-inaweza kutumiwa na mama wanaonyonyesha. Kutokwa na damu nyingi inawezekana kama amepewa kipindi kinachofuata tu baada ya kuzaa na ni bora kuchelewa hadi wiki ya sita baada ya kuzaa. Inaweza kutumika katika siku tano kama hakuna kunyonyesha. utafiti ulionyesha "hakuna tofauti kubwa katika uzito wa kuzaliwa au matukio ya kasoro za kuzaliwa" na "hakuna ubadilishaji muhimu wa kinga mwili kwa magonjwa ya kuambukiza yanayosabibishwa na maziwa ya matiti yaliyo na DMPA", kikundi kidogo cha watoto ambao mama wao walianza kutumia Depo-Provera siku mbili baada ya kuzaa walikuwa na kiwango cha 75% juu cha kwenda kwa daktari kwa ajili ya magonjwa ya kuambukiza wakati wa mwaka wa kwanza wa maisha yao.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dahlberg K |title=Some effects of depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA): observations in the nursing infant and in the long-term user |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-gynecology-obstetrics_1982-02_20_1/page/43 | journal = Int J Gynaecol Obstet | volume = 20 | issue = 1 |pages=43–8 |year=1982 | pmid = 6126406 | doi = 10.1016/0020-7292(82)90044-3}}</ref> Utafiti mkubwa wa muda mrefu na kufuatilia ulihitimisha kuwa "matumizi ya DMPA wakati wa ujauzito au kunyonyesha hayana athari kubwa kwa ukuaji wa muda mrefu na maendeleo ya watoto." Utafiti huu pia ulibainisha kuwa "watoto wenye mfiduo wa DMPA wakati wa ujauzito na kunyonyeshwa walikuwa na hatari ya uwezekano wa kupata urefu mdogo usio wa kawaida," lakini hiyo "baada ya marekebisho kwa sababu za kijamii na kiuchumi zinazosababishwa na kupunguka kwa mitindo mbalimbali, hakukuwa na kuongeza kwa hatari ya ukuaji wa utendaji miongoni mwa watoto ambao wamepapishwa kwa DMPA-. " Utafiti huo pia ulibainisha kuwa madhara ya mfiduo kwa DMPA wakati wa kubalehe yanahitaji utafiti zaidi, kwa hivyo watoto wachache wa umri wa miaka zaidi ya 10 walichunguzwa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pardthaisong T, Yenchit C, Gray R |title=The long-term growth and development of children exposed to Depo-Provera during pregnancy or lactation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_contraception_1992-04_45_4/page/313 | journal = Contraception | volume = 45 | issue = 4 |pages=313–24 |year=1992 | pmid = 1387602 | doi = 10.1016/0010-7824(92)90053-V}}</ref> == Sababu za kutotumia == [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] (WHO) ''Vigezo vya matumizi ya dawa za kukinga mimba'' na RCOG Kitivo cha kupanga Uzazi na Afya ya Uzazi (FFPRHC) '' Uingereza udaktari kriteria na vigezo vya matumizi ya dawa za kukinga mimba inaorodhesha zifauatazo kama hali pale ambapo matumizi ya Depo-Provera hayapendekezwi au hayapaswi kutumiwa kwa sababu ya hatari za kiafya zisizokublika au kwa sababu hatari haijaonyeshwa.<ref name="who mec">{{cite book |author=[[World Health Organization|WHO]] |year=2004 |chapter=Progestogen-only contraceptives |title=Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use |edition=3rd |location=Geneva |publisher=Reproductive Health and Research, WHO |isbn=92-4-156266-8 |chapterurl=http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/publications/mec/pocs.html}}</ref><ref name="ffprhc mec">{{cite web |author=[[Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists|FFPRHC]] |year=2006 |title=The UK Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (2005/2006) |url=http://www.ffprhc.org.uk/admin/uploads/UKMEC200506.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-01-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325034855/http://www.ffprhc.org.uk/admin/uploads/UKMEC200506.pdf |archivedate=2009-03-25 }}</ref> Hali ambazo hatari za kinadharia au zilizoshuhudiwa kwa kawaida huwa na manufaa zaidi kuliko matumizi ya Depo-Provera: * Hatari nyingi za ugonjwa wa mishipa ya ateri za moyo. * Hali ya sasa ya thrombosisi ya vena za ndani(DVT) au embolosi ya mapafu (PE) * Kuumwa kwa kichwa kwa uchungu sana na [[aura]] wakati wa matumizi ya Depo-Provera * Kabla ya tathmini isiyoeleweka ya uke kuvuja damu ambayo hushukiwa kuwa hali yenye hatari. * Historia ya Zamani ya kansa ya matiti na hakuna ushahidi wa sasa wa ugonjwa kwa muda wa miaka * Ugonjwa wa ini (hepatitisi ya virusi, sirosisisi kali ya kuoza, [[benigni]] au {4uvimbe wa ini wa kudhuru. * Hali ya wasiwasi ya athari za estrogeni ya kiwango cha juu na kupunguzwa kwa viwango vya HDL kinadharia kuongeza hatari ya majonjwa ya mishipa ya moyo: ** Presha na ugonjwa wa vaskula ** historia ya sasa na ya zamani ya }ugonjwa wa moyo iwa iskemiki ** Historia ya [[Kiharusi|ugonjwa wa pigo]] ** Ugonjwa wa kisukari kwa miaka 20 au mwenye neforopathi / retinopathi / neuropathi au ugonjwa wa mishipa} Hali ambazo zinawasilisha madhara ya kiafya yasiyokubalika kama depo provera ina tumika: * Hali ya sasa au ya hivi karibuni ya saratani ya matiti (uvimbe nyeti unaosisimuliwa na homoni) Hali ambazo matumizi ya Depo-Provera hayajaonyeshwa na ni lazima yasianzishwe: * Ujauzito == Hasara na madhara == ===Maonyo na tahadhari=== * Inachukua wiki mbili kuleta athari kama itachukuliwa baada ya siku za kwanza tano za mzunguko wa kipindi. Ufanisi mara moja kama inachukuliwa wakati wa siku tano za kwanza za mzunguko wa kipindi. * Haitoi kinga dhidi ya magonjwa ya [[Maradhi ya zinaa]] (STD). * Depo-Provera unaweza kuathiri uhedhi wa damu. Baada ya mwaka wa matumizi, 55% ya wanawake hupata amenorrhoea, baada ya miaka 2, kiwango huongezeka kwa 68%. Katika miezi ya kwanza ya matumizi "kutoka damu au madoadoa ya ya damu ambayo si ya kawaida na yasiyotabirika, au mara chache, au kutokwa na damu nyingi huendelea" iliripotiwa.<ref name="depo us patient info">{{cite web |author=[[Pfizer]] |month=Oktoba |year=2004 |title=Depo-Provera Contraceptive Injection, US patient labeling |url=http://www.pfizer.com/pfizer/download/ppi_depo_provera_contraceptive.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-02-21 |archivedate=2007-02-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206044043/http://www.pfizer.com/pfizer/download/ppi_depo_provera_contraceptive.pdf |=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206044043/http://www.pfizer.com/pfizer/download/ppi_depo_provera_contraceptive.pdf }}</ref> * Kuchelewa kurudi kwa uzazi. kiwango wastani cha kurudi kwa uzazi ni miezi 9-10 baada ya kudungwa sindano mara ya mwisho. Kwa muda wa miezi 18 baada ya kudungwa sindano ya mwisho, uzazi ni sawa na ile ya watumiaji wa zamani wa njia nyingine za kukinga mimba.<ref name="hatcher"></ref><ref name="speroff"></ref> * Masomo ya muda mrefu ya watumiaji wa Depo-Provera yamegundua athari ndogo au hakuna hakuna kuongeza hatari ya saratani ya matiti kwa ujumla. Hata hivyo, idadi ya watu walioshiriki katika utafiti ilionyesha kuongezeka kwa hatari ya saratani ya matiti kidogo kwa watumiaji wa hivi karibuni (matumizi ya Depo katika miaka minne iliyopita) chini ya miaka 35, sawa na ile iliyoonekana kwa matumizi ya pamoja ya kunywa vidonge kama njia ya kukinga mimba.<ref name="depo us patient info"></ref> * Utafiti wa mimba isiyotarajiwa miongoni mwa wanawake ,askini wa Thailand ulipata kwamba watoto ambao walikuwa namfiduo ya Depo-Provera wakati wa ujauzito walikuwa na hatari kubwa ya uzito wa chini wa kuzaliwa na 80% nafasi ya zaidi-kuliko-kawaida kufa katika mwaka wa kwanza wa maisha.<ref>{{cite journal |author=|title=Exposure to DMPA in pregnancy may cause low birth weight | journal = Prog Hum Reprod Res | volume = | issue =23 |pages=2–3 | year=1992 | pmid = 12286194}}</ref> ==== Onyo muhimu ==== Ingawa kwa muda mrefu imekujulikana kuwa Depo-Provera husababisha upoteaji mifupa, hivi karibuni imegunduliwa kwamba athari za osteoporotiki ya sindano hukua zaidi kwa muda mrefu wakati Depo Provera inatumiwa kwa muda mrefu, inaweza kukaa kwa muda mrefu baada ya sindano kusimamishwa, au inaweza pia kutorudi katika hali ya awali. Kwa sababu hizi, tarehe 17 Novemba 2004 shirika la utawala la Marekani la Chakula na Dawa na PFIZER walikubaliana kuweka onyo muhimu juu ya label ya Provera.<ref name="FDA2004-Warning">{{cite web | author =FDA | authorlink =Food and Drug Administration | year =2004 | month =17 Novemba | url =http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/2004/ANS01325.html | title =Black Box Warning Added Concerning Long-Term Use of Depo-Provera Contraceptive Injection | accessdate =2006-05-12 | archive-date =2007-08-09 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070809090332/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/2004/ANS01325.html | url-status =dead}}</ref> Hata hivyo, [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|Shirika]] la [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|Afya Duniani]] (WHO)linashauri kwamba matumizi ya Depo-Provera hayapaswi kukatazwa.<ref name="WHO2005">{{cite web | author=World Health Organization | authorlink =World Health Organization |year=2005 | month =Septemba | url =http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/family_planning/bone_health.html | title =Hormonal contraception and bone health | work =Family Planning | accessdate =2006-05-12}}</ref><ref name="Contraception2006-Curtis">{{cite journal | author=Curtis KM, Martins SL | title=Progestogen-only contraception and bone mineral density: a systematic review | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_contraception_2006-05_73_5/page/470 | journal=Contraception | year=2006 | pages=470–87 | volume=73 | issue=5 | pmid=16627031 | doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2005.12.010}}</ref> Haijulikani wazi iwapo kupoteza kwa uzitolinganifu wa mfupa unahusishwa na matumizi ya Depo-Provera unaweza kurudishwa katika hali ya kawaida, na kama ndivyo, kiasi gani hasa. Uchunguzi tatu umependekeza kuwa hasara ya mfupa yaweza kurekebishwa baada ya kukomesha matumizi ya Depo-Provera.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cundy T, Cornish J, Evans M, Roberts H, Reid I |title=Recovery of bone density in women who stop using medroxyprogesterone acetate | journal = BMJ | volume = 308 | issue = 6923 |pages=247–8 |year=1994 | pmid = 8111260 |pmc=2539337}}</ref><ref name="Scholes2002">{{cite journal | author=Scholes D, LaCroix AZ, Ichikawa LE, Barlow WE, Ott SM | title=Injectable hormone contraception and bone density: results from a prospective study | journal=Epidemiology | year=2002 | pages=581–7 | volume=13 | issue=5 | pmid=12192229 | doi=10.1097/00001648-200209000-00015}}</ref><ref name="Scholes2005">{{cite journal | author=Scholes D, LaCroix AZ, Ichikawa LE, Barlow WE, Ott SM | title=Change in bone mineral density among adolescent women using and discontinuing depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception | journal=Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med | year=2005 | pages=139–44 | volume=159 | issue=2 | pmid=15699307 | doi=10.1001/archpedi.159.2.139}}</ref> Uchunguzi mwingine umependekeza kuwa athari za matumizi ya miaka ya mwakamke aliyeacha kuzaa hasa upoteaji wa uzitolinganifu wa mfupa ni ndogo,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Orr-Walker B, Evans M, Ames R, Clearwater J, Cundy T, Reid I |title=The effect of past use of the injectable contraceptive depot medroxyprogesterone acetate on bone mineral density in normal post-menopausal women |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-endocrinology_1998-11_49_5/page/615 | journal = Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) | volume = 49 | issue = 5 |pages=615–8 |year=1998 | pmid = 10197077 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2265.1998.00582.x}}</ref> labda kwa sababu watumiaji wa Depo hudhihirisha hasara ya chini ya mfupa katika miaka yao ikiwa wamemaliza kuzaa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cundy T, Cornish J, Roberts H, Reid I |title=Menopausal bone loss in long-term users of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-obstetrics-and-gynecology_2002-05_186_5/page/978 | journal = Am J Obstet Gynecol | volume = 186 | issue = 5 |pages=978–83 |year=2002 | pmid = 12015524 | doi = 10.1067/mob.2002.122420}}</ref> Matumizi baada ya kilele cha molekuli wa mifupa huhusishwa na kuongeza kwa matokeo ya mifupa lakini hakuna upungufu katika wiani wa madini ya mifupa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Walsh JS, Eastell R, Peel NF |title=Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate use after peak bone mass is associated with increased bone turnover but no decrease in bone mineral density |journal=Fertil. Steril. |volume= 93|issue= 3|pages= 697–701|year=2008 |month=Novemba |pmid=19013564 |doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.10.004 |url=}}</ref> Hata hivyo, kufikia mwaka wa 2006, hakuna utafiti ambao umechunguza hatari ya mifupa ya ndani moja kwa moja kwa wanawake ambao wamemaliza umri wa kuzaa ambao wametumia Depo-Provera, kwa hiyo, hatari haijulikani. PFIZER na FDA wamependekeza kwamba Depo-Provera isitumiwe kwa zaidi ya miaka miwili, isipokuwa kama hakuna njia mbadala ya kupanga uzazi, kutokana na wasiwasi juu ya kupoteza mifupa.<ref name="FDA2004-Warning"></ref> Hata hivyo, Kamati ya mwaka wa 2008 kuhusu pendekezo kutoka kwa Kamati ya Madaktari wa Ukunga na Magonjwa ya Wanawake ya Marekani (ACOG) walishauri watoa huduma ya afya kuhusu kupoteza kwa wiani wa madini madini wiani lazima au komesha kupewa au muendelezo wa depo Provera-zaidi ya miaka 2 ya kutumia.<ref name="pmid18757687">{{Cite pmid|18757687}}</ref> ===Madhara=== Katika majaribio makubwa ya kimatibabu ya Depo-Provera, madhara yenye athari sana yaliyoripotiwa mara nyingi (ambayo yanaweza au ikutoweza kuhusishwa na matumizi ya Depo-Provera) yalikuwa: kutokuwa na mpangilio mwafaka kuhusu hedhi (damu au kukosa hedhi kabisa- amenorrhea), maumivu au usumbufu wa tumbo , mabadiliko ya uzito, kuumwa na kichwa, asthenia (udhaifu au uchovu), na woga. Mengine, madahara yenye athari ndogo ambayo hayakuripotiwa mara kwa mara yameanishwa katika karatasi ya maelezo ya mtumizi na daktari habari kwa ajili ya Depo-Provera.<ref name="depo us patient info"></ref><ref name="depo us physician info">{{cite web |author=[[Pfizer]] |month=Novemba |year=2004 |title=Depo-Provera Contraceptive Injection, US physician information |url=http://www.pfizer.com/pfizer/download/uspi_depo_provera_contraceptive.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-02-21 |archivedate=2007-02-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208112513/http://www.pfizer.com/pfizer/download/uspi_depo_provera_contraceptive.pdf }}</ref> ===Tafiti zinazohusiana=== * Utafiti wa wanawake 819 katika mji mmoja uligundua uhusiano baina ya matumizi ya Depo-Provera na matukio ya juu ya [[Klamidia]] na [[Kisonono|ugonjwa wa kisonono.]]<ref name="SexTransmDis2004-Morrison">{{cite journal | author=Morrison CS, Bright P, Wong EL, Kwok C, Yacobson I, Gaydos CA, Tucker HT, Blumenthal PD | title=Hormonal contraceptive use, cervical ectopy, and the acquisition of cervical infections | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_sexually-transmitted-diseases_2004-09_31_9/page/561 | journal=Sex Transm Dis | year=2004 | pages=561–7 | volume=31 | issue=9 | pmid=15480119 | doi=10.1097/01.olq.0000137904.56037.70}}</ref> Uchunguzi wa pili ulotazamiwa katika wanawake 948 nchini Kenya ulitambua matumizi ya Depo-Provera yalihusishwa na viwango vikubwa vya maambukizi klamadia, lakini viwango vya chini vya ugonjwa wa kuwasha wa mfupa wa kifandugu, ikilinganishwa na wanawake ambao hawatumii njia za kupanga wa uzazi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Baeten J, Nyange P, Richardson B, Lavreys L, Chohan B, Martin H, Mandaliya K, Ndinya-Achola J, Bwayo J, Kreiss J |title=Hormonal contraception and risk of sexually transmitted disease acquisition: results from a prospective study |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-obstetrics-and-gynecology_2001-08_185_2/page/380 | journal = Am J Obstet Gynecol | volume = 185 | issue = 2 |pages=380–5 |year=2001 | pmid = 11518896 | doi = 10.1067/mob.2001.115862}}</ref> * Masomo ya wanyama wenye familia ya wanyama ya medroxyprogesterone yamapendekeza inaweza kuongeza hatari ya maambukizi ya virusi vya simian (SIV), mfano wa HIV YA wanyama<ref>{{cite journal |author=Preston A. Marx, ''et al.'' |title=Progesterone implants enhance SIV vaginal transmission and early virus load | journal = Nature Medicine | volume = 2| issue =10 |pages=1084–9 | year=1996 | pmid = 8837605 | doi = 10.1038/nm1096-1084}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Trunova N et al.|title=Progestin-based contraceptive suppresses cellular immune responses in SHIV-infected rhesus macaques|journal=Virology|year=2006|volume=352|issue=1|page=169–77|pmid=16730772|pages=169|doi=10.1016/j.virol.2006.04.004}}</ref> Angalau uchunguzi mmoja katika binadamu umependekeza kiwango cha juu cha ongezeko la virusi vya ukimwi katika watumiaji wa Depo-Provera,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Martin H, Nyange P, Richardson B, Lavreys L, Mandaliya K, Jackson D, Ndinya-Achola J, Kreiss J |title=Hormonal contraception, sexually transmitted diseases, and risk of heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_1998-10_178_4/page/1053 | journal = J Infect Dis | volume = 178 | issue = 4 |pages=1053–9 |year=1998 | pmid = 9806034 | doi = 10.1086/515654}}</ref> huku idadi nyingine ya masomo imetambua kwamba hakuna uhusiano kama huu.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bulterys M, Chao A, Habimana P, Dushimimana A, Nawrocki P, Saah A |title=Incident HIV-1 infection in a cohort of young women in Butare, Rwanda | journal = AIDS | volume = 8 | issue = 11 |pages=1585–91 |year=1994 | pmid = 7848595 | doi = 10.1097/00002030-199411000-00010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Kiddugavu M, Makumbi F, Wawer M, Serwadda D, Sewankambo N, Wabwire-Mangen F, Lutalo T, Meehan M, Gray R |title=Hormonal contraceptive use and HIV-1 infection in a population-based cohort in Rakai, Uganda | journal = AIDS | volume = 17 | issue = 2 |pages=233–40 |year=2003 | pmid = 12545084 | doi = 10.1097/00002030-200301240-00014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=|title=Prospective study of hormonal contraception and women's risk of HIV infection in South Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-epidemiology_2007-02_36_1/page/166| journal = Int J Epidemiol | volume = 36| issue = 1|pages=166–74|year=2007| pmid = 17175547 |last1=Myer |first1=L |last2=Denny |first2=L |last3=Wright |first3=TC |last4=Kuhn |first4=L |doi=10.1093/ije/dyl251}}</ref> Idadi kubwa ya majaribio ya klinki yaliyotarajiwa kushughulikia swala hili la Depo-Provera na uwezekana wa kupata HIV yanaendelea sasa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Morrison C, Richardson B, Celentano D, Chipato T, Mmiro F, Mugerwa R, [[Nancy Padian|Padian N]], Rugpao S, Salata R |title=Prospective clinical trials designed to assess the use of hormonal contraceptives and risk of HIV acquisition | journal = J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr | volume = 38 Suppl 1 | issue = |pages=S17–8 |year=2005| pmid = 15867602}}</ref> == Matumizi mengine == Depo Provera- pia hutumiwa na wahalifu wa kingono wa kiume kama aina ya kutoa mapumbu ya kemikali kwani ina athari ya kubwa kabisa kupunguza ari ya miongoni mwa wanaume.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://archive.salon.com/health/feature/2000/03/01/castration/ | title = The chemical knife | accessdate = 2009-01-22 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090107134347/http://archive.salon.com/health/feature/2000/03/01/castration/ | archivedate = 2009-01-07 | = https://web.archive.org/web/20090107134347/http://archive.salon.com/health/feature/2000/03/01/castration/ }}</ref> ==Utata juu ya idhini ya Depo-Provera nchini Marekani== Kulikuwa kwa muda mrefu, historia ya utata kuhusu idhini ya Depo-Provera na shirika tawala la Chakula na Dawa Marekani. Mtengenezaji asilia, Upjohn, aliandika mara kadhaa ili kupata idhini. Kamati ya ushauri ya FDA kwa umoja ilipendekeza kupitishwa katika 1973, 1975 na 1992, kama walivyofanya wafanyikazi wenye taaluma ya udaktari wa FDA, lakini FDA iliendelea kukataa kutoa kibali. Hatimaye, tarehe 29 Oktoba 1992,FDA ilipitisha Depo-Provera, ambayo ilikuwa kwisha tumiwa na wanawake zaidi ya milioni 30 tangu mwaka wa 1969 iliidhinishawa na ilikuwa natumiwa na karibu ya milioni 9 karibu katika nchi zaidi ya 90, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Ufalme wa Muungano]], [[Ufaransa]], [[Ujerumani]], [[Uswisi]], [[Uthai]], [[New Zealand]] na [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Leary, Warren E. |month=30 Oktoba, |year=1992 |title=U.S. Approves Injectable Drug As Birth Control |journal=[[The New York Times]] |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9E0CE1DD123BF933A05753C1A964958260 |pmid=11646958 | pages=A.1}}</ref> Sehemu za utata zilijumuisha: * wanyama waliopimwa kwa kasinogeni Depo-Provera ilisababisha uvimbe wa saratani ya matiti katika mbwa. Wakosoaji wa utafiti huo walidai kuwa mbwa huhisi zaidi kwa progestoroni ya kuumbwa au bandia, na kwamba vipimo vilikuwa juu sana kwa kupewa kwa binadamu. FDA ilisema kuwa kila dutu zenye kasinogeni kwa binadamu ni zenye kasinogeni kwa wanyama pia, na kama kitu si chenye kasinogeni haijiandikisha kama kasinojeni kwa viwango vya juu. Viwango vya Depo-Provera ambayo vilisababishwa uvimbe vya mbaya kwenye sehemu za kunyonyesha katika mbwa vilikuwa sawa kufikia mara 25kiwango cha kawaida cha awamu ya luteali kiwango cha progesteroni kwa ajili ya mbwa. (Ambayo ni kiwango cha chini zaidi kuliko kiwango cha chunu cha mimba cha projesteroni kwa ajili ya mbwa, na ni aina maalum.)[http://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/suppl7/progestins.html ]<br>Depo-Provera inasababishwa saratani ya endometriali katika nyani -2 ya tumbili 12 walifanyiwa majaribio,kisa cha kwanza cha kanza ya endometriali kilikuwa katika aina ya nyani inayojulkana kama nyani aina ya Rhesus<ref name="MM_Goodman1985">{{Rejea jarida | author=Amy Goodman | title=The Case Against Depo-Provera - Problems in the U.S | journal=Multinational Monitor | year=1985 | month=Februari/Machi | volume=Volume 6 | issue=Numbers 2 & 3 | url=http://www.multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/issues/1985/02/problems-us.html | archive-date=2006-10-03 | access-date=2010-11-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003000448/http://www.multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/issues/1985/02/problems-us.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Hata hivyo, utafiti uliofuata umeonyesha kwamba katika binadamu, Depo-Provera kweli ''hupunguza'' hatari ya kansa ya endometriali kwa karibu 80%.<ref name="Kaunitz"></ref><ref name="BrJFP_Bigrigg1999"></ref><ref name="WHO DMPA EC"></ref><br>Akizungumza katika kulinganisha suala kuhusu masomo ya wanyama ya kasinogeni kwa madawa, mwanachama wa Ofisi ya FDA idara ya alitoa ushahidi katika shirika la Depo, "...data ya wanyama kuhusu dawa hii inatia wasiwasi mno kuliko dawa nyingine yoyote tunajua kupewa kwa watu wenye afya nzuri. " * Saratani ya seviksi katika uchunguzi wa Upjohn /na NCI. Saratani ya seviksi ikana kuongezeka zaidi juu kama 9- katika utafiti wa binadamu wa kwanza ilirekodiwa na mtengenezaji na Taasisi ya Kitaifa ya Saratani <ref>{{cite journal |author=|title=Controversy over Depo-Provera | journal = Wash Drug Device Lett | volume = 9 | issue = 1 |pages=2 |year=1977 | pmid = 12335988}}</ref> Hata hivyo, tafiti mbalimbali kubwa iliyofuata umeonyesha kuwa matumizi ya Depo-Provera haingezi hatari ya kansa ya kizazi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Thomas D, Ye Z, Ray R |title=Cervical carcinoma in situ and use of depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_contraception_1995-01_51_1/page/25 | journal = Contraception | volume = 51 | issue = 1 |pages=25–31 |year=1995 | pmid = 7750280 | doi = 10.1016/0010-7824(94)00007-J}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=The Who Collaborative Study Of Neop,|title=Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and risk of invasive squamous cell cervical cancer. The WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_contraception_1992-04_45_4/page/299| journal = Contraception | volume = 45 | issue = 4 |pages=299–312 |year=1992 | pmid = 1387601 | doi = 10.1016/0010-7824(92)90052-U}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Thomas D, Ray R |title=Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and risk of invasive adenocarcinomas and adenosquamous carcinomas of the uterine cervix. WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_contraception_1995-11_52_5/page/307 | journal = Contraception | volume = 52 | issue = 5 |pages=307–12 |year=1995 | pmid = 8585888 | doi = 10.1016/0010-7824(95)00215-V}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Shapiro S, Rosenberg L, Hoffman M, Kelly J, Cooper D, Carrara H, Denny L, du Toit G, Allan B, Stander I, Williamson A |title=Risk of invasive cancer of the cervix in relation to the use of injectable progestogen contraceptives and combined estrogen/progestogen oral contraceptives (South Africa) | journal = Cancer Causes Control | volume = 14 | issue = 5 |pages=485–95 |year=2003 | pmid = 12946044 | doi = 10.1023/A:1024910808307}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Kaunitz A |title=Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception and the risk of breast and gynecologic cancer | journal = J Reprod Med | volume = 41 | issue = 5 Suppl |pages=419–27 |year=1996 | pmid = 8725705}}</ref> * Kutumia nguvu na ukosefu wa kibali cha kutoa habari. Kupima matumizi / ya Depo yalishughulikiwa kwa wanawake pekee katika nchi zinazoendelea na wanawake maskini nchini Marekani,<ref name="albion">{{cite web|author=Karen Hawkins, Jeff Elliott|title=Seeking Approval|publisher=Albion Monitor|date=1996-05-05|accessdate=2006-11-20|url=http://www.monitor.net/monitor/controlled/bc-depohearing.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121180041/http://www.monitor.net/monitor/controlled/bc-depohearing.html|archivedate=2015-11-21|=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121180041/http://www.monitor.net/monitor/controlled/bc-depohearing.html}}</ref> iliibua maswali makubwa juu ya kutumia nguvu na ukosefu wa kukubali habari, hasa kwa kwa wale ambao hawajui hawajui kusoma na kuandika<ref>{{cite journal |author=|title=Sterilization of minors leads to controversy | journal = JOICFP Rev | volume = 2 | issue = 4 |pages=77–8 |year=1973 | pmid = 12257656}}</ref> na kwa wale wenye changamoto za kiakili, ambao waliripoti kuwa walipewa Depo kwa muda mrefu kwa sababu ya "usafi wa hedhi"", licha ya ukweli kwamba hawakuwa washiriki tendi katika ngono.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Egan T, Siegert R, Fairley N |title=Use of hormonal contraceptives in an institutional setting: reasons for use, consent and safety in women with psychiatric and intellectual disabilities | journal = N Z Med J | volume = 106 | issue = 961 |pages=338–41 |year=1993 | pmid = 8341476}}</ref> * Uchunguzi wa Atlanta / Grady. Upjohn alichunguza athari ya Depo kwa miaka kumi na moja huko Atlanta, hasa kwa wanawake wenye asili ya Kiafrika waliokuwa wakipata msaada wa umma, lakini hakuweka rekodi zozote za ufuatilizi zilizohitajika na FDA. hatimaye Wachunguzi ambao walitembelea eneo hilo walibainisha kuwa tafiti zikosa mpangilio. "Waligundua kwamba ukusanyaji wa data ulikuwa na dosari, fomu za kukubali na itifaki hazikuwepo vilevile isitoshe kwa vale wanawake ambao walikubali kuchunguzwa hawakuelezwa athari zinazoweza kutokea. Wanawake ambao hali zao aya zilionyesha kwamba matumizi ya Depo yangehatarisha afya zao walidungwa sindano hii. wanawake kadhaa katika uchunguzi huo walifariki, wengine kutokana na saratani lakini wengine kutokana na sababu zingine kama vile kujinyonga kutoka na unyogovu. Zaidi ya nusu ya wanawake elfu 13 katika uchunguzi hawkuweza kufuatiliwa kutokana na uwekaji rekodi dhaifu." Hivyo, hakuna data katika uchunguzi huu iliyoweza kutumika. * Tahakiki ya Shirika la Afya Duniani WHO. Katika mwaka wa 1992, shirika la WHO liliwasilisha tahakiki za Depo katika nchi nne zinazoendelea kwa FDA. Shirika la Kitaifa la Afya ya Wanawake pamoja na mashirika mengine ya wanwake yalitoa ushahidi katika mkutano huo kwamba Shirika la WHO halikuwa na uyakini, Kwani tayari lilikuwa limesambaza Depo-Provera katika nchi zinazoendelea. Depo ilipitishwa kwa matumizi Marekani sababu ikiwa ni kutokana na tahakiki ya Shirika la WHO ambalo liliwasilisha ushahidi wa awali kutoka nchi kama vile Thailandi, ushahidi ambayo FDA ilidhamiria kwamba haukutosheleza na haukuwa umepangangwa kwa ajili ya tathmini ya hatari kansa ya saa katika mkutano huo wa awali.Taasisi ya Alan Guttmacher inadhania kwamba kuidhinisha kwa Marekani kwa Depo kunaweza kuongeza kupatikana na kukubalika kwake katika nchini zinazoendelea.[http://www.monitor.net/monitor/controlled/bc-depohearing.html ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.monitor.net/monitor/controlled/bc-depohearing.html |date=20151121180041 }}<ref>{{cite journal |author=Singh S |title=Adolescent knowledge and use of injectable contraceptives in developing countries |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-adolescent-health_1995-05_16_5/page/396 | journal = J Adolesc Health | volume = 16 | issue = 5 |pages=396–404 |year=1995 | pmid = 7662691 | doi = 10.1016/S1054-139X(94)00060-R}}</ref> ===Matokeo ya baadaye=== * Mnamo Mwaka wa 1995, makundi kadhaa ya afya ya wanawake yaliomba FDA kusimamisha kwa muda matumizi ya Depo-Provera, na kuanzisha fomu zilizosawazishwa za kuomba idhini ya uchunguzi. * Mmoja kwa vijana watano wenye asili ya Kiafrika wanaotumia njia za kupanga uzazi Marekani wanatumia Depo-Provera, kiwango cha juu cha matumizi kuliko vijana wenye asili ya kizungu. Mwanaharakati mmoja, Dorothy Roberts, anadai kuwa sababu ni kwamba vijana wenye asili ya Kiafrika wanalengwa kwa namna isiyo sawa kwa njia zisizo salama za kupanga uzazi. ==Mgogoro nje ya Marekani== * Katika mwaka wa 1994, wakati Depo iliidhinishwa huko India, Gazeti la India la Economic and Political Weekly liliripoti kwamba "FDA hatimaye iliidhinisha Depo Provera kutokana na wasiwasi wa idadi ya juu ya watu katika mataifa yanayoendelea na kutotaka kwa serikali za nchi zinazoendelea kutoa leseni kwa dawa ambayo haijakubalika katika nchi ilipotengenezewa." <ref>{{cite journal|title=Contraceptives. Case for public enquiry|url=https://archive.org/details/economic-political-weekly_1994-04-09_29_15/page/825|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|year=1994|volume=29|issue=15|id=Popline database document number 096527|pages=825–6}}</ref> Baadhi ya wanasayansi na wa makundi ya wanawake huko India yanaendelea kupinga matumizi ya Depo-Provera. Mnamo mwaka wa 2002, Depo iliondolewa katika itifaki ya dawa za kupanga uzazi kule India. * Muungano wa Kanada kuhusu Depo-Provera, yaani muungano wa wataalamu wa afya ya wanawake na makundi ya utetezi, yalipinga kuidhinishwa kwa matumizi ya Depo-Provera nchini humo. Tangu kuidhinishwa kwa Depo nchini Kanada mwaka wa 1997, kesi ya dola milioni$700 ilipelekwa kortini dhidi PFIZER na watumiaji wa Depo ambao walanza kuwa na ugonjwa wa mifupa kuwa nyepesi na kuvunjika kwa urahisi osteoporosisi. PFIZER ilijibu kwamba alikuwa imetimiza matakwa yake kwa kufichua na kueleza athari za matumizi ya Depo-Provera na Jamii ya Wauguzi wa Canada. ==Marejeo == * {{Marejeo|colwidth=30em}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.depoprovera.com Tovuti rasmi ya PFIZER ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.depoprovera.com/ |date=20120307131939 }} * [http://www.fhi.org/en/topics/injectables Utafiti juu ya njia za kupanga uzazi za kudungwa sindano] - Shirika la kimataifa la Afya ya Familia Family Health International kweli maelezo kuhusu kudungwa sindano ikiwemo Depo-Provera. [[Category:uzazi]] [[Category:Madawa]] 93t33u4ckwwlx5m70vf80h2jqoex2wq 0 55727 1598962 1580146 2026-09-23T02:48:25Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|bongo za kila aina ya wanyama, hata binadamu|maelezo kuhusu ubongo wa binadamu|Ubongo wa binadamu|}} [[Picha:Chimp Brain in a jar.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=A brain floating in a liquid-filled glass jar. Yellowing of the handwritten labels on the jar give the object an antique appearance.|Ubongo wa sokwe.]] [[Picha:Brain Anatomy.png|alt=|thumb|250x250px|Ubongo wa binadamu.]] [[Picha:Brain-anatomy.jpg|thumb|Mgawanyo wa ubongo.]] '''Ubongo''' ndio kiini cha [[mfumo wa neva]] katika [[wanyama]] wote wenye [[ugwemgongo]], na wengi wa wanyama wasio na ugwemgongo.<ref name="Shepard"> Shepherd, ''Neurobiology'' </ref> Baadhi ya wanyama wasiositawi, kama vile [[konyeza]] na kiti cha [[pweza]], wana mfumo wa [[neva]] uliogatuliwa bila ubongo, huku [[tipwatipwa]] wa [[bahari]] wakikosa mfumo wa neva kabisa. Katika wanyama wenye ugwemgongo, ubongo umo katika [[kichwa]] ukilindwa na [[mifupa]] ya [[fuvu]] na ukiwa karibu na viungo vya [[hisia]] za msingi yaani kuona, kusikia, kugusa, [[ladha]] na [[harufu]]. Ubongo unaweza kuwa changamani sana. [[Gamba la ubongo]] wa [[binadamu]] lina takribani [[neuroni]] [[bilioni]] 15-33, labda zaidi, kutegemea [[jinsia]] na [[umri]],<ref> Pelvig et al., 2008</ref> zilizounganishwa na takribani miunganiko ya [[sinapsi]] 10,000 kila mmoja. Kila milimita ya kizio cha ukubwa wa gamba la ubongo lina takribani sinapsi bilioni moja.<ref> AlonsoNanclares et al., 2008</ref> Neuroni hizi huwasiliana na nyingine kwa njia ya fumwele ndefu za protoplazimu ziitwazo akzoni, ambazo hubeba mifuatano ya mipigo ya vichocheo vitwavyo matendo tarajiwa kuelekea sehemu mbali za ubongo au mwili na kulenga seli maalumu itakazovipokea. Ubongo hudhibiti mifumo mingine ya viungo vingine vya mwili, iwe kwa kusisimua [[misuli]] au kwa kusababisha kutolewa kwa kemikali kama vile [[homoni]] ambayo ni homoni ya [[pituitari]]. Udhibiti huu kutoka mahali moja unaruhusu majibu ya haraka na yaliyoratibiwa kwa mabadiliko katika mazingira. Baadhi ya mwitikio wa kimsingi inawezekana bila ubongo: hata viumbe walio na chembe moja wanaweza kufasiri yaliyo katika mazingira na kutenda kulingana na mabadiliko hayo.<ref> Gehring, 2005</ref> Tipwatipwa wa bahari, wasio na mfumo mkuu wa neva, wanaweza kujikunyata na hata kusonga kwa namana iliyotibiwa.<ref> Nickel, 2002</ref> Katika wauti, uti wa mgongo wenyewe una viungo vya neva vinavyoweza kuanzisha tendohiaria pamoja na kuelekeza mifumo rahisi ya kusonga kama vile kuogelea au kutembea.<ref> Grillner &amp; Wallén, 2002</ref> Hata hivyo, udhibiti changamani wa tabia kwa msingi ya mchango wa hisia tete unahitaji uwezo-unganishaji wa ubongo wa kati. Licha ya maendeleo ya kasi ya sayansi, mengi kuhusu jinsi ubongo unavyofanya kazi bado ni siri. Majukumu ya neva na sinapsi zikiwa pekee sasa inaeleweka kwa undani makubwa, lakini jinsi yanavyoshirikiana katika majumuia ya maelfu au mamilioni imekuwa vigumu sana fumbua. Mbinu za uchunguzi kama vile unakili wa EEG na upigaji picha ubongo unaofanya kazi umetuambia kwamba utendaji wa ubongo unatendeka kwa utaratibu sana, huku kunakili kitengo kimoja kukiweza kufichua shughuli za neva moja, jinsi chembe moja inavyo inavyochangia michakato changamani haijulikani.<ref> Sejnowski, ''23 Problems in Systems Neuroscience'' </ref> == Muundo Hadubini == Ubongo ndio umbile la kibayolojia changamani zaidi inayojulikana,<ref> Shepherd, ''Neurobiology,'' uk. 3</ref> na kulinganisha bongo za spishi mbalimbali kwa msingi wa jinsi zinavyoonekana aghalabu ni vigumu. Hata hivyo, kuna kanuni za kawaida ya muundo wa ubongo zinazotumika kote katika spishi mbalimbali. Hizi huwekwa wazi hasa kwa njia tatu. Mbinu ya mageuko inamaanisha kulinganisha miundo ua bongo za spishi mbalimbali, na kwa kutumia kanuni kwamba mionekano inayopatikana katika matawi yote ambayo alipokelewa kutoka kwa muundo fulani wa kale na kwamba pengine ilikuwa katika watangulizi. Mbinu ya ukuaji ina maananisha kuchunguza jinsi umbo la ubongo unavyobadiliko ya wakati wa ukuaji kutoka kipindi cha kiinitete hadi utu uzima. Mbinu ya kijenetiki ina maanisha kuchunguza jeni zinazopatikana katika maeneo mbalimbali ya ubongo miongoni mwa spishi anuwai. Kila mbinu hukamilisha nyingine na huchangia hayo mengine mawili. === Wenzipacha === [[Picha:Bilaterian-plan.svg|thumb|right|alt=A rod-shaped body contains a digestive system running from the mouth at one end to the anus at the other. Alongside the digestive system is a nerve cord with a brain at the end, near to the mouth. |Mfumo wa neva wa mnyama mwenye uenzipacha, katika mfumo wa kamba ya neva na vivimbe vya vipingili, na "ubongo" ukiwa mbele]] Isipokuwa aina chache za tipwatipwa na konyeza wasiostawi, wanyama wote wenye uhai wana wenzipacha, kumaanisha wanyama walio na maumbo ya miili iliyo linganifu (yaani, pande za kushoto na kulia ni karibu taswira akisi ya kila moja).<ref name="Urbilateria"/> Wenzipacha wote wanadhaniwa kuwa walitokana na mhenga mmoja aliyeishi mapema katika kipindi cha Kambria, miaka milioni 550-600 iliyopita.<ref name="Urbilateria"> Balavoine &amp; Adoutte, 2003</ref> Mhenga huyo alikuwa na umbo neli la mnyoo sahili mwenye mwili uliokuwa na mikato, katika kiwango cha kidhahania, umbo hilo kama la mnyoo unaendelea kujitokeza katika mwili na mfumo wa neva wa wanyama wenzipacha wa kisasa, ikiwa ni pamoja na binadamu.<ref> Schmidt-Rhaesa, ''Evolution of Organ Systems,'' uk. 110</ref> Umbo la kimsingi la mwili enzipacha ni neli iliyo na kijishimo wazi cha utumbu kinachotoka mdomoni hadi kwenye mkundu, na ukano wa neva ulio na uvimbe (''ganglioni'') kwa kila sehemu ya mwili, huku kukiwa na ganglioni mahsusi kubwa mbele, iitwayo ''ubongo''. === wasouti === [[Picha:Drosophila melanogaster - side (aka).jpg|thumb|right|alt=A fly resting on a reflective surface. A large, red eye faces the camera. The body appears transparent, apart from black pigment at the end of its abdomen. |Drosofila]] Kwa wasouti (k.m, wadudu, konokono, minyoo, n.k) sehemu za ubongo hutofautiana sana na muundo wa wauti hivi kwamba ni vigumu kufanya ulinganishi wowote wa maana isipokuwa kwa misingi ya jenetiki. Makundi mawili ya wasouti hasa yana bongo changamani: [[Arithropodi|athropoda]] ([[Wadudu|wadudu]], krasteshia, [[Arakinida|araknida]], na wengine), na sefalopoda ( pweza, ngisi, na moluska )wengine kama hao.<ref name="butler"> Butler, 2000</ref> Ubongo wa athropoda na sefalopoda huchimbuka kutoka katika kano mbili sambamba za neva zinazosambaa kote katika mwili wa mnyama. Athropoda wana ubongo mmoja kuu ulio na tabaka tatu na ''ndewe za macho'' kubwa nyuma ya kila [[jicho]] kwa uchakataji maono.<ref name="butler"/> Sefalopoda wana bongo kubwa zaidi kati ya wasouti wote. Ubongo wa pweza hasa umesitawi sana, unalinganika kwa uchangamano na ubongo wa baadhi ya wauti. Kuna <span class="goog-gtc-fnr-highlight">wasouti</span> wachache sana ambao bongo zao zimetafitiwa kwa makini. Babaje mkubwa wa bahari wa ''Aplisia'' alichaguliwa na mshinda wa Tuzo Nobel mwanafiziolojia Eric Kandel, kwa sababu ya usahili na upatikanaji wa mfumo wake wa neva, kama mfano wa kutafiti chembe kama msingi wa kujifunza na kumbukumbu, na ukafanyiwa mamia ya majaribio.<ref> Kandel, ''In Search of Memory'' </ref> Bongo za wasouti zilizotafitiwa kwa undani zaidi, hata hivyo, ni za nzi-tunda ''Drosofila'' na minyoo wadogo sana ''Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans).'' Kwa sababu ya aina nyingi ya mbinu za kutafiti jenetiki zao, nzi-tunda wamekuwa watafitiwa asili katika majukumu ya kutafiti jeni na ukuaji wa ubongo.<ref> Flybrain web site</ref> Inashangaza kuwa, vipengele vingi vya nyurojenetiki ya ''Drosofila'' yametambuliwa kuwa muhimu kwa binadamu. Jeni za kwanza za majira ya kibayolojoa, kwa mfano, yalitambuliwa kwa kuchunguza ''Drosofila'' zilizobadilika zilioonyesha kuvurugwa kwa mpangilio wa shughuli za kila siku.<ref> Konopka &amp; Benzer, 1971</ref> Uchunguzi katika jinomu za wauti uligundua jozi linganifu za jeni, zilizopatikana kutekeleza majukumu sawa katika majira ya kibayolojia ya panya-na hiyo kwa uhakika wa kiwango kikubwa katika majira ya kibayolojia ya binadamu pia.<ref> Shin et al., 1985</ref> Sawa na ''Drosofila,'' mnyoo nematoda ''C. elegans'' umechunguzwa kwa kiasi kikubwa kwa sababu ya umuhimu wake katika jenetiki.<ref> WormBook mtandao</ref> Mapema miaka ya 1970, Sydney Brenner aliuchagua kama mfano elekezi kwa kuchunguzia jinsi jeni hudhibiti ukuaji. Moja ya faida za kufanya kazi na mnyoo huu ni kwamba mpangilio wa mwili wake ni wa kawaida: mfumo wa neva wenye umbo huntha una neuroni 302 kamili, neuroni kila mara huwa katika sehemu sawa, na hufanya miungano yakufanana ya sinapsi katika kila mnyoo.<ref> Hobert, ''WormBook'' </ref> Katika mradi wa kishujaa, kikosi cha Brenner kilimpasua mnyoo kuwa maelfu ya sehemu nyembamba zaidi na kupiga picha kila sehemu ya chini ya hadubini meme, kisha kwa kutazama akalinganisha fumwele kutoka sehemu moja na sehemu nyingi, ili kuonyesha kila neuroni na sinapsi katika mwili mzima.<ref> White et al,. 1986</ref> Hakuna kinachokaribia ngazi hii ya utondoti kuhusu viumbe wengine wowote, na ujumbe huo umetumika kuwezesha tafiti kadhaa ambayo haingewezekana bila utafiti huo. === wauti === [[Picha:Shark brain.png|thumb|right|alt=A T-shaped object is made up of the cord at the bottom which feeds into a lower central mass. This is topped by a larger central mass with an arm extending from either side. |Ubongo wa papa]] Bongo za wauti zimeundwa kwa tishu laini sana, ikiwa na na texture ambao imelinganishwa na Jell-O.<ref>[21] ^ ''Principles of neural science,'' Sur. 17</ref> Tishu ya ubongo hai ni ya rangi waridi kwa nje na nyeupe kwa wingi ndani, huku kukia na mabadiliko utofauti mdogo wa rangi. Bongo za wauti zimezungukwa kwa mfumo wa tandu za tishu unganishi ziitwazo meninji zinazo tofautisha fuvu na ubongo.<ref name="CarpenterCh1"> ''Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy,'' Sur. 1</ref> Kifuniko hiki chenye safu tatu kinajumuisha (kutoka nje) dura mama ("mama mgumu"), mama araknoida ("mama mwembamba"), na mama pia ("mama laini "). Araknoida na pia zimeshikana kimaumbo na hivyo huchukuliwa kuwa safu moja, ya pia-araknoida. Chini ya araknoida kuna nafasi ya araknoida ndogo ambayo ina ugiligili wa ubongo na uti wa mgongo (CSF), ambayo huzunguka katika nafasi nyembamba kati ya chembechembe na penyu ziitwazo ventrikali, jukumu lake ni kurutubisha, kukimu, na kulinda tishu za ubongo. Mishipa ya damu huingia mfumo mkuu wa neva kupitia nafasi isiyo na mishipa juu ya mama pia. Chembe katika kuta za mishipa ya damu zimeshikana kwa nguvu sana, na hivyo kuunda mpaka wa damu na ubongo ambayo huilinda ubongo dhidi ya sumu inayoweza kuingia kupitia damu. wauti wa kwanza walionekana zaidi ya miaka milioni 500 iliyopita (mmi ), katika kipindi cha Kambri, na huenda walifanana kwa kiasi fulani na umbo la kisasa la samaki balika (hagfish).<ref> Shu et al., 2003</ref> Papa walionekana takribani miaka milioni 450 iliyopita, amfibia yapata miaka milioni 400 iliyopita, reptilia yapata miaka milioni 350 iliyopita, na mamalia yapata miaka milioni 200 iliyopita. Hakuna spishi ya kisasa inayoweza kuelezewa kuwa "isiyositawi" zaidi ikilinganishwa na nyingine, kwa kuwa zote zina historia ndefu ya mageuko, lakini bongo za samaki balika wa kisasa, mikunga, papa, amfibia, reptilia na mamalia huonyesha tofauti katika ukubwa na uchangamani ambayo kwa kiasi fulani hufuata utaratibu wa mageuko.<ref> Striedter, ''Principles of Brain Evolution'' </ref> Bongo hizo zote zina mkusanyiko sawa wa vipengele muhimu vya kianatomia, lakini nyingi hazijakamilika katika balika, ambapo katika mamalia sehemu za kwanza kabisa zimesitawika na kupanuka sana. Bongo zote za wauti huwa na umbo moja la kimsingi, ambayo inaweza kuelewekwa kwa urahisi zaidi kwa kuchunguza jinsi zilivyokua.<ref> ''Principles of Neural Science,'' uk. 1019</ref> Dalili ya kwanza ya mfumo wa neva hujitokeza kama utepe mwembamba wa tishu unaoonekana katika mgongo wa kiinitete. Utepe huo hunenepa na kisha kujikunja kuunda neli tupu. Upande wa mbele wa neli hiyo hukua kuwa ubongo. Katika muumdo wake wa kwanza, ubongo huonekana kama vivimbe vitatu, ambayo hatimaye huwa ubongombele, ubongokati, na ubongonyuma. Katika aina nyingi za wauti sehemu hizi tatu hubakia sawa kwa ukubwa katika mnyama mzima, lakini katika mamalia ubongombele hukua kubwa zaidi kuliko sehemu nyingine, na ubongokati mdogo kabisa. Uhusiano kati ya ukubwa wa ubongo, ukubwa wa mwili na vipengee vingine vya kubadilika vimetafitiwa miongoni mwa aina mbalimbali za wauti. Ukubwa wa ubongo huongezeka na ongezeko la ukubwa wa mwili lakini si kwa uwiano. Ikifanyiwa wastani katika aina zote za mamalia, inafuata sheria ya kipeo, ikiwa na kipeo cha takribani 0.75.<ref> Armstrong, 1983</ref> Fomyula hii inatumika katika bongo wastani ya mamalia lakini kila jamii hujitofautisha kutokana nayo, kuonyesha tabia zao changamno.<ref> Jerison, ''Evolution ya Brain and Intelligence'' </ref> Kwa mfano, jamii ya nyani ina bongo zilizo mara 5-10 kubwa zaidi ya jinsi fomyula inavyotabiri. Wanyama wa kuwinda aghalabu huwa na bongo kubwa. Wakati ubongo wa mamalia unapoongezeka kwa ukubwa, si sehemu zote zinazoongezeka kwa kiwango sawa. Kadri ubongo wa spishi unavyokuwa mkubwa, ndivyo gamba la ubongo linavyokuwa na jukumu kubwa.<ref name="Finlay"> Finlay et al., 2001</ref> ==== Sehemu za ubongo wa wauti ==== Wana-anatomia wa neva kawaida huchukulia ubongo kuwa na sehemu sita kuu: gamba-nje la ubongo (vizio vya ubongo), gamba-ndani la ubongo (thelamasi na haipothelamasi), gamba-kati la ubongo (ubongokati), ubongonyuma, ponsi, na medula oblongata.<ref> Principles of Neural Science, Sur. 17</ref> Kila moja ya sehemu hizi vilevile zina muundo changamani ndani. Baadhi ya sehemu, kama vile gamba na ubongonyuma, huwa na safu, zilizokunjwa au zilizoviringishwa kutoshea katika nafasi iliyopo. Sehemu zingine huwa na mikusanyiko ya viini vingi vidogo. Ikiwa utofautishaji wa kina ungefanywa kwa msingi wa muundo wa neva, kemia, na miunganiko, maelfu ya maeneo tofauti yanaweza kutambuliwa ndani ya ubongo wa wauti. Baadhi ya matawi ya mageuzi ya wauti yameleta mabadiliko makubwa katika sura za ubongo, hasa katika ubongombele. Ubongo wa papa unaonyesha sehemu za kimsingi katika njia ya moja kwa moja, lakini katika samaki wenye mifupa (wengi wa kisana ni wa aina hii), ubongombele "umepiduliwa", kama soksi imepinduliwa ndani nje. Katika ndege, pia kuna mabadiliko makubwa katika umbo.<ref> Northcutt, 2008</ref> Moja ya miundo mikuu katika ubongombele wa nedege, kigongo cha ventrikali ya nyuma, kwa muda mrefu kilidhaniwa kulingana na ganglia ya msingi kwa wanyama, lakini sasa inadhaniwa kulingana na zaidi na gamba la nje.<ref> Reiner et al,. 2005</ref> [[Picha:Vertebrate-brain-regions.png|thumb|left|alt=Corresponding regions of human and shark brain are shown. The shark brain is splayed out, while the human brain is more compact. The shark brain starts with the medulla, which is surrounded by various structures, and ends with the telencephalon. The cross-section of the human brain shows the medulla at the bottom surrounded by the same structures, with the telencephalon thickly coating the top of the brain. |Sehemu kuu kianatomia za ubongo wa wauti]] Sehemu kadhaa za ubongo zimehifadhiwa maumbo zao katika aina zote za wauti, kutoka kwa balika hadi kwa binadamu.<ref name="Shepard"/> Hii ni orodha ya baadhi ya sehemu muhimu, pamoja na maelezo mafupi sana ya kazi zao jinsi inavyoeleweka sasa (lakini kumbuka kuwa kazi za nyingi yazo bado zina utata kwa kiasi fulani): * Medula, pamoja na uti wa mgongo, ina viini vingi vodogo vinavyohusika katika aina nyingi za hisia na usogevu wa misuli.<ref> ''Principles of Neural Science'' Sur. 44, 45</ref> * Haipothelamasi ni eneo dogo katika shina la ubongombele, ambao uchangamani na umuhimu wake haulingani na ukubwa wake. Inajumuisha viini vingi vidogo, kila mmoja ikiwa na viunganisha tofauti na nyurokemia tofauti. Haipothelamasi ndio kituo kuu cha kudhibiti mzunguko wa usingizi/kuamka, udhibiti wa kula na kunywa, udhibiti wa kutolewa kwa homoni, na majukumu mengine mengi muhimu ya kibayolojia.<ref> Swaab et al., ''The Hypothalamus Binadamu'' </ref> * Sawa na haipothelamasi, thelamasi ni mkusanyiko wa viini vilivyo na kazi mbalimbali. Baadhi yavyo vinahusika katika kupitisha habari kutoka na kuelekea vizio vya ubongo. Vingine vinashiriki katika kutia motisha. Eneo lilo chini ya thelamasi (zona insarta) inaonekana kuwa na mifumo ya kuzalisha utendaji wa aina mbalimbali za tabia "kamilishi", ikiwa ni pamoja na kula, kunywa, kunya, na kujamiiana.<ref> Jones, ''The Thalamus'' </ref> * Ubongonyuma unadhibiti utendaji wa mifumo mingine ya ubongo ili kuzifanya sahihi zaidi. Kuondolewa kwa ubongonyuma hakumzuii mnyama kufanya kitu chochote hasa, lakini hufanya matendo kuchelewa na isiyo elekevu. Usahihi huu si wa kuzaliwa, bali ni wa kujifunza kwa majaribio na makosa. Kujifunza jinsi ya kuendesha baiskeli ni mfano wa aina ya unyumbufu wa neva unaoweza kufanyika kwa kiasi kikubwa ndani ya ubongonyuma.<ref name="refprinciples"> ''Principles of Neural Science'' Sur. 42</ref> * Tektama, mara nyingi huitwa "ganda la uonaji", unaruhusu vitendo kuelekezwa katika meneo hewani. Katika mamalia inaitwa "kolikyulasi kuu", na kazi yake iliyotafitiwa sana ni kuelekeza mielekeo ya macho. Pia anaongoza mielekeo ya kufikia vitu pia. Hupoke vichangamshi vikuu vya kuonekana, pia hupokea vichangamshi kutoka katika hisi nyigine ambayo ni muhimu katika kuongoza vitendo, kama vile vichangamshi vya kusikia katika bundi, vichangamshi kutoka katika viungo vya kutambua joto katika nyoka, n.k katika baadhi ya samaki, kama vile mkunga, ndio sehemu kubwa ya ubongo.<ref> Saitoh et al., 2007</ref> * Paliamu ni safu ya dutu kijivu unao kaa juu ya ubongombele. Katika reptilia na mamalia inaitwa gamba. Paliamu hushiriki katika kazi mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na unusaji na kumbukumbu ya anga. Katika mamalia, inapo anza kutawala ubongo, hujumuisha majukumu kutoka katika maeneo yaliyo chini ya gamba la ubongo.<ref> Puelles, 2001</ref> * Hipokampasi, kwa hakika, inapatikana kwa mamalia tu. Hata hivyo, sehemu ambapo inatoka, paliamu ya kati, ipo katika wauti wote. Kuna ushahidi kwamba sehemu hii ya ubongo hushiriki katika kumbukumbu za masuala yasiyoshikika na uongozaji katika samaki, ndege, reptilia, na mamalia.<ref> Salas et al., 2003</ref> * Ganglia ya chini ni kundi la viungo vinayoshikana katika ubongombele, ambavyo uelewa wetu kuvihusu umeongezeka pakubwa sana zaidi katika miaka michache iliyopita. Jukumu la msingi ganglia ya chini inaonekana kuwa uteuzi wa vitendo. Ganglia ya chini hutuma onyo zuizi kwa sehemu zote za ubongo zinazoweza kuanzisha utendaji, na katika hali ya nzuri inaweza kuzuia tendo lenyewe, hivyi kwamba mifumo ya kuanzisha utendaji viweze kushughulikia majukumu mengine. Utuzaji na adhabu hutekeleza zaidi athari zao muhimu katika neva ndani ganglia ya chini.<ref> Grillner et al., 2005</ref> * Kivimbe cha unusaji ni kiungo maalum kinachochakata hisia kutoka katika hisi za unusaji, na kuelekeza matokeo yake katka sehemu ya paliamu inayohusika na hisi harufu. Ni sehemu kubwa ya ubongo katika wauti wengi, lakini imepunguzwa sana katika jamii ya nyani.<ref> Northcutt, 1981</ref> === Mamalia === Gamba la ubongondio ni sehemu ya ubongo inayotofautisha tofauti kati ya mamalia na wauti wengine, jamii ya nyani kutoka kwa wanyama wengine, na binadamu na wanyama wengine wa jamii ya nyani. Ubongonyuma na ubongokati wa mamalia kijumla huwa sawa na yale ya wauti wengine, lakini tofauti kubwa hutokea katika ubongombele, ambao haujakuwa kwa ukubwa tu, bali pia umebadilika katika umbo.<ref> Barton &amp; Harvey, 2000</ref> Miongoni mwa wauti wasio mamalia, sehemu ya juu ya ubongonyuma imefunikwa kwa safu zisizo tete kwa ulinganisho ziitwazo paliamu.<ref> Aboitiz et al., 2003</ref> Katika mamalia, paliamu hugeuka na kuwa katika muundo moja changamani wa safu 6 iitwaye gamba-jipya au ''gamba-sawa.'' Katika jamii ya nyani, gamba-jipya imekuwa kubwa sana, hasa sehemu iitwayo ndewe ya mbele. Kwa binadamu, upanukaji huu wa ndewe ya mbele hukithiri, na sehemu nyingine za gamba pia huwa kubwa kabisa na changamani. Haipokampasi ya mamalia pia ina muundo tofauti. Kwa bahati mbaya, historia ya mabadiliko ya sehemu hizi katika mamalia, hasa gamba lenye safu sita, ni vigumu kufuatilia.<ref> Aboitiz, 2004</ref> Hii kwa kiasi kikubwa ni kutokana na tatizo la kukosa kiungo. Wahenga wa mamalia, waitwao sinapsidi, waligawanyika kutoka kwa wahenga wa wanyama watambaao na ndege wa kisasa yapata miaka milioni 350 iliyopita. Hata hivyo, mgawanyiko wa hivi karibuni ulio na mabadiliko dhahiri miongoni mwa mamalia ulikuwa mgawanyiko kati ya monotrimata (kinyamadege na ekidna), wambeleko (panya opusu, kangaruu, n.k) na wanyamakondo (wengi mamalia wanaoishi), ambayo ilifanyika takribani miaka milioni 120 iliyopita. Bongo za monotrimata na wambeleko ni tofauti na zile za wanyamakondo kwa namna fulani, lakini zina gamba na haipokampasi zenye umbo la kimamali. Kwa hivyo, maumbo haya lazima yaligeuka kati ya miaka milioni 350 na 120 iliyopita, kipindi ambacho hakijaacha ushahidi wowote ila visukuku ambavyo havihifadi tishu laini kama ubongo. === Jamaa ya nyani === Bongo za binadamu na jamaa wengine wa nyani huwa na miundo sawa na bongo za mamalia wengine, lakini ni kubwa ikilinganishwa na ukubwa wa mwili.<ref name="Finlay"/> Wingi wa ukubwa huu hutokana na upaukaji mkubwa wa gamba, ukilenga hasa katika maeneo yanayohudumia kuona na mawazo ya awali.<ref> Calvin, ''How Brains Think'' </ref> Mtandao wa mchakato wa kuona katika jamaa ya nyani ni chanagamano sana, ikijumuisha angalau maeneo 30 yanayoweza kutofautika, ikiwa na miunganiko ya mitandao ya kuajabia. Haya yote yakichukuliwa pamoja, uchakataji wa hisi za kuona hutumia zaidi ya nusu ya gamba-jipya ya wanyama jamaa ya nyani.<ref name="Sereno1995"> "Zaidi ya nusu ya gamba-jipya katika wanyama wajamii ya nyani wasio wanadamu huchukuliwa na maeneo ya kuona. Angalau zaidi ya maeneo 25 ya kuona zaidi ya gamba la msingi la kuona (V1) zimetambuliwa kwa mchanganyiko wa uchoraji ramani kwa vijielekrodi, vitafutio sindano, rangi za kihistolojia, na utafiti akisi (1). "tazama: {{cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.7754376 | last1 = Sereno |first1 = MI | last2 = Dale | first2 = AM | last3 = Reppas | first3 = AM | last4 = Kwong | first4 = KK | last5 = Belliveau | first5 = JW | last6 = Brady | first6 = TJ | last7 = Rosen | first7 = BR | last8 = Tootell |first8 = RBH | year = 1995 | title = Borders of multiple visual areas in human revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging | journal = Science | publisher = AAAS | volume = 268 | issue = 5212 | pages = 889–893 | url = http://www.cogsci.ucsd.edu/~sereno/papers/HumanRetin95.pdf | pmid = 7754376}} na marejeo yaliyomo humo</ref> Sehemu nyingine ya ubongo ambayo imekuwa kubwa zaidi ni gamba-mbele ya ubongombele, ambayo kazi ni vigumu kueleza kwa maneno machache, lakini inayohusika na upangaji, kumbukumbu inayotumika, motisha, tahadhari, na udhibiti utendaji. == Muundo hadubini == [[Picha:Neuron with oligodendrocyte and myelin sheath.svg|thumb|right|250 px|alt=At the top, an irregular roundish blue object is labeled "Oligodendrocyte", with a darker blue center labeled "Nucleus". Below it is a long red tubular object terminating at the right in a group of branches. From the oligodendrocyte extend a series of blue wrappings around the red tube; these wrappings are labeled "Myelin Sheath" while the red spaces between each of them are labeled "Node of Ranvier". At the bottom, an insert shows one myelin sheath enlarged and partly cut open to show how the blue sheath consists of concentric layers. In the insert, the red tubular object is labeled "Axon", with thin yellow stripes running lengthwise inside the axon labeled "Microfilament" and a slightly thicker orange stripe labeled "Microtubule".|Olijodendrosaiti ni daraja la chembe za glia zinazounda miyelini inayozunguka akzoni ya neuroni.]] Ubongo unajumuisha aina mbili kuu za chembechembe: neuroni na glia.<ref> ''Principles of '' Neural Science uk. 20</ref> Aina hizi mbili kijumla ni nyingi katika ubongo, ingawa chembe glia zinazidi neuroni kwa uwiano wa 4 kwa 1 katika gamba la ubongo.<ref> Azevedo ''et al.,'' 2009</ref> Glia huwa katika aina mbalimbali, ambazo hufanya kazi kadhaa muhimu, ikiwa ni pamoja na kuhimili mwili, kudhibiti metaboli kudhibiti halijoto, na uongozaji wa kukua. Kipengee kinachofanya neuroni kuwa muhimu sana ni kwamba, tofauti na glia, zina uwezo wa kutuma vichocheo kwa nyingine zilizo hatua ya mbali.<ref> Principles of Neural Science, uk. 21</ref> Glia hutuma vichocheo hizi kwa njia ya akzoni, fumwele nyembamba ya protoplazimu inayotoka katika mwili wa chembe na kuelekea, kwa kawaida ikiwa na matawi kadhaa, maeneo mengine, wakati mwingine ya karibu na wakati mwingine katika sehemu mbali ya ubongo au mwili. Umbali ambao akzoni inaweza kwenda ni ya kustaajabisha: kwa mfano, ikiwa chembechembe yenye umbo haram za gamba-jipya zikikuzwa ili mwili wa chembe hiyo iwe sawa kwa ukubwa na binadamu, akzoni yake, ikikuzwa kwa kiwango sawa, inaweza kuwa kebo yenye sentimita kadhaa katika kipenyo wenye urefu wa zaidi ya kilomita. Akzoni hizi husambaza vichacheo katika umbo la mipigo ya kemikali-meme aitwaye vtendo tarajiwa, vinayodumu muda usiozidi kipande kimoja cha mmoja juu ya sehemu moja ya sekunde na kusafiri katika akzon katika kasi ya kati ya mita 1-100 kwa sekunde. Baadhi neuroni huzua vitendo tarajiwa kila wakati, katika viwango vya 10-100 kwa kiala sekunde, kwa kawaida katika mifumo isiyotabirika na isiyo ya kudumu; neuroni nyingine huwa tulivu wakati mwingi, lakini mara chache kwa ghafla huzua vitendo tarajiwa ya uwezo. [[Picha:Pyramidal hippocampal neuron 40x.jpg|thumb|left|250 px|alt=A triangular black cell is seen against a gray background, with long, highly branched, black processes extending out from it in multiple directions.|Aghalabu neuroni huwa na mitandao ya dendraiti, ambayo hupokea miunganiko ya sinapsi. Inavyoonekana hapa ni pichahadubini ya neuroni ya lenye umbo haram kutoka haipokampasi ya binadamu, iliyopakwa rangi kwa mtindo wa Golgi.]] Akzoni huelekeza vichocheo kwa neuroni nyingine, au kwa chembe nyingine zisizo za neuroni, kwa njia ya makutano maalumu yaitwayo sinapsi.<ref> Principles of Neural Science Sur. 10</ref> Akzoni moja inaweza kuwa na mikutano ya sinapsi elfu kadhaa. Wakati kitendo tarajiwa, kinachosafiri kupitia akzoni, kinapofika katika sinapsi, kinasababisha kutolewa kwa kemikali itwayo niurotransmita. Niurotransmita hujifungamanisha katika molekyuli pokezi iliyo katika utando wa chembe inayolengwa. Baadhi ya neuroni pokeza ni ''sisimuzi,'' kumaanisha kwamba zinaongeza kiwango cha vitendo tarajiwa katika chembe inayolengwa; vipokezi vingine ni ''zuizi,'' kumaanisha kwamba vinapunguza viwango vya vitendo tarajiwa, vingine vina athari changamano ya udhibiti. Kwa kweli akzoni huchukua nafasi kubwa katika ubongo.<ref> ''Principles of Neural Science'' Sur. 2</ref> Mara nyingi makundi makubwa hukusanyika pamoja katika kile ni kinachoitwaye ''viungo fumwele vya neva.'' Akzoni nyingi zimefunikwa katika vifuniko vyenye maki nene ya mafuta iitwayo miyelini, ambazo huchangia kuongeza kasi ya msukumo kwa vitendo tarajiwa. Miyelin ni nyeupe, hivyo sehemu za ubongo zilizojazwa kwa fumwele za neva huonekana kama ''dutu'' ''nyeupe,'' tofauti na ''dutu ya kijivu'' vinazoonyesha maeneo yaliyo na idadi kubwa ya miili ya chembe za neuroni. Urefu wa jumla wa akzoni iliyo na miyelini katika ubongo wa mwanadamu mzima wastani ni zaidi ya {{convert|100000|km}}.<ref name="Marner"> Marner ''et al.,'' 2003</ref> == Ukuaji == [[Picha:EmbryonicBrain.svg|thumb|right|alt=The nervous system is shown as a rod with protrusions along its length. The spinal cord at the bottom connects to the hindbrain which widens out before narrowing again. This is connected to the midbrain, which again bulges, and which finally connects to the forebrain which has two large protrusions. |Mchoro huu inaonyesha vijisehemu vikuu vya ubongo kiinitete cha mwauti. Sehemu hizi baadaye zinatajitofauti kuwa ubongombele, ubongokati na ubongonyuma.]] ubongo haukui tu, bali hustawi kwa njia changamani inayofuata mipangilio ya hatua.<ref name="PurvesLichtmanCh1">[58] ^ ''Principles of Neural Development,'' Sur. 1</ref> Neuroni nyingi hutengenezwa katika kanda maalum zilizo na chembe tete, na kisha kuhamia kupitia tishu ili kufikia yanapohitajika.<ref> ''Principles of Neural Development,'' Sur. 4</ref> Katika gamba, kwa mfano, hatua ya kwanza ya ustawi ni kuundwa kwa "dungu" na kundi maalum la chembe za glia, ziitwazo glia ya miali, ambazo huelekeza fumwele kiwima katika gamba. Neuroni mpya za gamba hutengenezwa chini ya gamba, na kisha "hupanda" kupitia fumwele-miali mpaka zifike katika safu ambamo zinafaa kukaa katika utu uzima. Katika wauti, hatua za kwanza za ustawi wa neuroni ni sawa kwa spishi zote.<ref name="PurvesLichtmanCh1"/> Kadri kiini tete kinavyobadilika kutoka kibonge mviringo cha chembechembe na kuwa na umbo kama la mnyoo, utepe mwembamba wa ngozi ya nje unaoenea katikati ya mgongo inasababishwa kuwa bamba la neuroni, mtangulizi wa mfumo wa neva. Bamba la neuroni hujikunja na kuunda mfuo wa neuroni, na kisha mikunjo inayofunika mfuo huungana na kufunika neli ya neuroni, mkanda wazi wa chembe ulio na ventrikali uliojaa umajimaji katikakati. Katika ncha ya mbele, ventrikali na mkanda hufura kuunda vilengelenge vitatu ambavyo ndivyo mwanzo wa ubongombele, ubongokati, na ubongonyuma.<ref name="PurvesLichtmanCh1"/> Katika hatua nyingine, ubongombele hugawanyika katika vilengelenge viwili viitwavyo ubongomwisho (ambayo ina gamba la ubongo, ganglia ya msingi, na viungo vinavyohusiana navyo) na diencephalon (ambayo ina thalamasi na haipothalamasi). Karibu wakati huo huo, ubongokando hugawanyika kuwa ubongometeni (ambayo ina ubongonyuma na ponsi) na ubongomyeleni (ambayo ina medula oblongata). Kila moja ya maeneo haya yana sehemu za usambaaji ambapo chembe za neuroni na glia huzalishwa; chembechembe zinazopatikana kisha huhama, wakati mwingine kuelekea mbali sana, kufikia sehemu zao ya mwisho. Mara tu neuroni inapofika mahali pake, inaanza kueneza dendraiti na akzoni kuelekea eneo linaloizingira.<ref>[62] ^ ''Principles of Neural Development,'' Sur. 5, 7</ref> Kwa sababu kawaida akzoni huenea mbali sana kutoka katika mwili wa chembe na huhitaji kuungana na viungo maalum, hua zinakua kwa njia changamani. Ncha ya akzoni inayokua huwa na kibonge cha protoplazimu iitwayo "sonobari ya ukuaji", iliyofungwa kwa vipokezi vya kemikali. Vipokezi hivi huhisi mazingira ya karibu, na kusababisha sonobari ya ukuaji kuvutiwa au kukataliwa na viungo mbalimbali vya chembe, na hivyo kuvutwa kuelekea upande mmoja maalum katika kila njia yake. Matokeo ya makakati huu wa utafutaji njia ni kwamba sonobari ya ukuaji hujipenyeza kupitia ubongo mpaka ifikie mahali pake pa mwisho, ambapo viashiria vingine vya kikemikali huifanya kuanza kukuza sinapsi. Kwa kuzingatia ubongo mzima, maelfu kadhaa ya jeni huzalisha protini zinazoathiri utafutaji wa njia kwa akzoni. Mtandao wa sinapsi ambayo hatimaye hujitokeza huathiriwa kwa kiwango tu na jeni. Katika maeneo mengi ya ubongo, akzoni huanza kwa "kukua kupita kiasi", na kisha "kupunguzwa" kwa utaratibu unaotegemea shughuli za kiniuro.<ref> ''Principles of Neural Development,'' Sur. 12</ref> Kwa mfano, katika kuelekeza kutoka machoni hadi ubongokati, , mfumo ulio miongoni mwa watu wazima una ramani sahihi sana, unaounganisha kila sehemu katika uso wa retina na sehemu husika katika safu ya ubongokati. Katika hatua za kwanza za ukuaji, kila akzoni kutoka retina huelekezwa katika eneo jirani la kijumla katika ubongokati na viashiria kemikali, lakini hupinduka sana na kugusana kwa awali na rundo pana la neuroni za ubongokati. Kabla ya kuzaliwa, retina huwa na taratibu maalum zinazoifanya kuzalisha mawimbi ya shughuli zinazotokea kwa wakati moja na kisha kujiendeleza polepole kote katika safu ya retina.<ref name="Wong"> Wong, 1999</ref> Mawimbi haya ni muhimu kwa sababu husababisha neuroni jirani kufanya kazi kwa wakati mmoja: yaani, zinazalisha mifumo ya shughuli za niuro zilizo na taarifa kuhusu mpangilio wa kieneo wa niuro. Taarifa hii hutumika katika ubongo kati kwa utaratibu ambao husababisha sinapsi kulegea, na hatimaye kutoweka, ikiwa shughuli katika akzoni haifuatiwa na shughuli katika chembe iliyo lengwa. Matokeo ya utaratibu huu changamani ni uonishaji kitaratibu na imarishaji wa ramani, ili hatimaye kuiacha katika hali yake halisi ya utu uzima. Vitu sawa na hivyo hufanyika katika maeneo mengine ya ubongo: matriki awali ya sinapsi huzalishwa kutokana na mwongozo wa kikemikali unaoamuliwa kijenetiki, lakini baadaye hatua kwa hatua huboreshwa kwa utaratibu unaotegemea utendaji, kwa kiwango inayotegemea mabadiliko ya kindani, kwa kiwango fulani michango ya nje ya kihisia. Katika hali zingine, kwa mfumo katika mifumo ya retina-ubongokati, mipangilio ya matukio hutegemea taratibu zinazotokea tu katika bongo zinazostawi, na yamkini huwepo kwa madhumuni ya kuongoza ustawi pekee.<ref name="Wong"/> Katika binadamu na mamali wengine wengi, neuroni mpya hutengenezwa mara nyingi kabla ya kuzaliwa, na ubongo wa mtoto mchanga kwa hakika huwa na neuroni zaidi kuliko ya ubongo wa watu wazima.<ref> ''Principles of Neural Development,'' Sur. 6</ref> Hata hivyo, kuna maeneo machache ambapo neuroni mpya huendelea mwezi kuzalishwa katika maisha yote. Maeneo mawili ambapo hili limejidhihirisha kikamilifu ni katika ya kilenge cha kunusa, ambacho kinahusika katika hisia za harufu, na jairasi yenye menomeno ya hipokampasi, ambapo kuna ushahidi kwamba neuroni mpya hutekeleza jukumu katika kuhifadhi kumbukumbu mpya zinazopatika. Kando na hali hizi tofauti, hata hivyo, idadi ya neuroni iliyopo mapema utotoni, ndio hiyo hiyo inayopatikana katika maisha yote. Chembe za glia ni tofauti, kama na aina nyingi za chembe mwilini, hizi huzalishwa katika kipindi chote cha maisha. Ingawa mkusanyiko wa neuroni huwa kwa kiwango kikubwa zipo za ktosha kufikia wakati wa kuzaliwa, miunganiko ya akzoni huendelea kukua kwa muda mrefu baadaye. Katika binadamu, ukuaji kamili wa neva hukamiliki wakati wa kubaleghe.<ref> Paus et al., 2001</ref> Kumekuwa na majadala wa muda mrefu kuhusu ikiwa ubora wa akili, hulka na uwerevu kwa kiwango kikubwa huhusishwa na urathi au malezi; mjadala wa maumbile dhidi ya malezi.<ref> Ridley, ''Nature vs Nurture'' </ref> Huu si suala falsafa tu: una umuhimu mkubwa wa kuvitendo kwa wazazi na waalimu. Ingawa maelezo mengi hayajakamilishwa, wanaelimu neva wanaonyesha waziwazi kwamba sababu zote mbili ni muhimu. Jeni huamua hali ya kijumla ya ubongo, na jeni huamua jinsi ubongo unavyoitikia uzoefu. Uzoefu, hata hivyo, unahitajika kuboresha matriksi ya miunganiko ya sinapsi. Wakati mwingine huwa kwa suala la kuwepo au kutokuwepo kwa uzoefu katika vipindi muhimu vya ukuaji.<ref> Wiesel, 1982</ref> Wakati mwingine, wingi na ubora wa uzoefu unaweza kuwa muhimu zaidi; kwa mfano, kuna ushahidi mkubwa kuwa wanyama waliokua katika mazingira mazuri huwa na magamba manene, kuonyesha idadi kubwa ya miungano ya sinapsi, kuliko wanyama ambao viwango vyao vya kusisimka ni mdogo.<ref> van Praag et al., 2000</ref> == Majukumu == Kwa mtazamo wa kiviumbe, kazi ya msingi ya ubongo ni kudhibiti utendaji wa mnyama.<ref> Carew, ''Behavioral Neurobiology,'' Sur. 1</ref> Ili kufanya hivyo, huwa inachuja taarifa muhimu za kutosha kutoka katika viungo vya hisi ili kuboresha vitendo. Vichocheo vya hisia vinaweza kuamsha majibu ya papo kwa papo kwa mfano wakati mfumo wa kunusa wa kulungu unaponusa harufu ya mbwa mwitu; pia zinaweza kudhibiti tendo linaloendelea kwa mfano katika athari ya mzunguko wa mwanga-giza kwa tabia ya kulala na kuamka kwa viumbe, au taarifa zao zinaweza kuhifadhiwa kwa madhumuni ya umuhimu baadaye. Ubongo husimamia kazi zake changamani kwa kuanzisha mifumo ya utendaji, ambazo zinaweza kuanishwa katika njia nne: kimaubile, kikemikali, na kiutendakazi. === Mifumo tendakazi === Njia rahisi zaidi ya kuainisha sehemu za ubongo ni kuzingatia maumbile, lakini pia kuna njia kadhaa kuianisha zaidi kutegemea utendakazi. Moja wa njia muhimu zaidi kati ya hizo ni kutegemea kemikali za nyurotransmita zinazotumiwa na neuroni kuwasiliana na kila moja. Nyingine ni katika namna eneo ubongo huchangia uchakataji ujume: maeneo ya hisia huleta taarifa ubongoni na kurekebisha umumbo lake; vichochezi vya matendo ya mwili hutuma ujumbe nje ya ubongo ili kudhibiti misuli na tezi, mifumo sisimuzi hudhibiti utendaji wa ubongo kulingana na muda wa siku na mambo mengine. ==== Mifumo ya nyurotramsita ==== Isipokuwa katika hali chache, kila neuroni katika ubongo huendelea kutoa kemikali za niurohamishi, isiyobadilika au mchanganyiko wa niurohamishi, katika miunganiko yoyote ya sinapsi inayofanya na neuroni nyingine, kanuni hii inajulikana kama kanuni ya Dale.<ref> ''Principles of Neural Science,'' Sur. 15</ref> Kwa hivyo, niuron anaweza kuainishwa kutegemea niurohamisho iinayotoa. Niurohamishi mbili zinazoomekana mara nyingi zaidi ni glutamati, ambayo aghalabu huwa sisimuzi, na sidi ya gama-aminobutri (GABA), ambayo aghalabu huwa pingamizi. Neuroni zinazotumia transmita hizi zinaweza kupatikana katika karibu kila sehemu ya ubongo, zikibuni asilimia kubwa ya mkusanyiko wa sinapsi za ubongo.<ref> McGeer and McGeer, ''Basic Neurochemistry,'' uk. 311-332.</ref> Hata hivyo, idadi kubwa ya madawa yanayoathiri ubongo huelekeza athari zao kwa kubadili mfumo wa niurohamishi zisizohusiana moja kwa moja na glutamati au uhamishaji wa GABA.<ref> Cooper et al., ''Biochemical Basis of Neuropharmacology'' </ref> Madawa kama vile kafeini, nikotini, heroini, kokeini, Prozac, Thorazine, ''n.k,'' huathiri neiurohamishi nyingine. Nyingi ya transmita hizi hutoka katika neuroni ambazo zinakaa katika sehemu fulani ya ubongo. Serotonini, kwa mfano- lengo la msingi la madawa ya kulevya ya kinza huzuni na viamsha hamu-huja kimahsusi kutoka eneo dogo la shina la ubongo iitwayo kiini Rafe. Norepainifrini, ambayo hushiriki katika usisimuzi, hutoka kimahsusi kutoka eneo dogo karibu liitwalo lokasi serulesi. Histamini, kama niurohamishi, hutoka katika sehemu ndogo ya hypothelamasi iitwayo kiini tubaromamilari (histamini pia ina kazi zisizo za mfumo kuu wa neva, lakini kjukumu la niurohamishi ndio sababu kwa kinzahisatami kuwa na athari za kutuliza). Niurohamishi nyingine kama vile asetilkolini na dopamini huwa na vyanzo mbalimbali katika ubongo, lakini hazijasambazwa kwa wingi kama glutamati na GABA. ==== Mifumo ya hisi ==== Moja ya majukumu ya kimsingi ya ubongo ni kudondoa ujumbe muhimu kutoka katika viungo vya hisia.<ref> ''Principles of Neural Science'' Sur. 21</ref> Hata katika ubongo wa binadamu, mifumo ya hisi huwa nyingi zaidi ya hisi tano za kawaida zinazojulikana za maono, sauti, ladha, mguso, na harufu: bongo zetu hupokea taarifa kuhusu joto, usawa, mkao wa miguu na mikono, na vijenzi kemikali vya mfumo wa damu, kati ya mambo mengine. Hali hizi zote hutambuliwa na viungo maalum vya hisi vinavyoelekeza vichoche ndani ya ubongo. Katika wanyama wengine, milango zaidi ya hisi vinaweza kuwepo, kama vile hisi ya miale ya joto isiyoonekana miongoni mwa wanyama wanaoishi shimoni kama nyoka, au "hisi za kawaida" zinaweza kutumika katika njia isiyo ya kawaida, kama jinsi usikiaji unavyotumiwa na katika popo ''sona''. Haya hapa kanuni chache zinazotumika katika mifumo nyingi ya hisi, ikitumia mfumo sikizi katika mifano maalum. Kila mfumo wa hisi huanza kwa chembechembe mahsusi za "vipokea hisia". Hizi ni neuroni, lakini tofauti na neuroni nyingi, hazijadhibitiwa na mchango wa sinapsi kutoka katika neuroni nyingine: badala yake zinaamilishwa na vipokezi vilivyofungamana na zinazohisi baadhi ya hisi za mguso, kama vile mwanga, joto, au mikazo ya kimwili. Akzoni za chembe pokezi-hisia husafiri katika utiwa mgomgo au ubongo. Kwa hisia ya kusikia, vipokezi viko katika sikio la ndani, katika konokono la sikio, na huamilishwa na mtikiso.<ref name="hearing">[78] ^ ''Principles of Neural Science,'' Sur. 21, 30</ref> Kwa hisi nyingi, kuna " kiini cha msingi" au seti ya viini, vilivyo katika shina la ubongo, zinazokusanya vichocheo kutoka katika chembe pokezi. Katika hisia sikizi, hizi ni viini vya konokono la sikio.<ref name="hearing"/> Mara nyingi, kuna maeneo ya mengine yaliyo chini ya ubongo ambayo hudondoa habari maalum ya aina fulani. Kwa hisi ya kusikia, eneo bora la unusaji na eneo hafifu ya kalikulusi hushiriki katika kulinganisha vichocheo kutoka katika masikio mawili kudondoa kuhusu ujumbe kuhusu mwelekeo wa chanzo cha sauti, miongoni mwa kazi nyingine.<ref name="hearing"/> Kila mfumo wa hisi pia ina sehemu maalum ya thelamasi iliyotengwa kwayo, ambayo huhudumu kama kiunganishi na gamba la ubongo. Katika hisi ya kusikiliza, hii ni kiini kati chenye umbo la goti.<ref name="hearing"/> Kwa kila mfumo wa hisi, kuna eneo "msingi" la gamba la ubongo linalopokea ujumbe moja kwa moja kutoka eneo la thelamasi linalopokea na kutuma ujumbe. Katika mfumo wa kusikia, huu ni gamba msingi la usikizi, ulio katika sehemu ya juu ya ndewe la ubongo.<ref name="hearing"/> Kawaida pia huwa kuna seti ya maeneo ya gemba yenye hisi za "ngazi ya juu", zinazochanganua ujumbe wa hisi zinazoingai kwa njia maalum. Kwa mfumo wa usikiaji, kuna maeneo ambayo huchambua ubora wa sauti, mahadhi, na mielekeo ya mabadiliko kwa muda, miongoni mwa sifa nyingine.<ref name="hearing"/> Mwisho, kuna maeneo ya ''hali nyingi'' yanayochanganya jumbe kutoka hisi mbalimbali, kwa mfano kusikia na kuona. Katika hatua hii, vichocheo huwa vimefikia sehemu za ubongo zinazoweza kuelezeka vizuri kuwa ''jumuishi'' wala si ''hisishi '' hasa.<ref name="hearing"/> Kanuni hizi zote zina ukiushi. Kwa mfano, hisi ya mguso (ambayo kwa kweli ni mkusanyiko wa angalau nusu dazeni ya hisi tendi mbalimbali), kichocheo cha hisi kinachoingia humalizika hasa katika uti wa mgongo, katika neuroni ambazo kisha huzielekeza katika shina la ubongo.<ref> ''Principles of Neural Science'' Sur. 23</ref> Kwa hisi ya harufu, hakuna mawasiliano katika thelamasi; badala yake kichocheo huenda moja kwa moja kutoka eneo msingi la ubongo-kibonge cha kunusa-hadi kwenye gamba.<ref> ''Principles of Neural Science'' Sur. 32</ref> ==== Mifumo ya mwendo ==== Mifumo ya mwendo ni maeneo ya ubongo ambayo kwa njia moja au nyingine yanahusika moja kwa moja katika kuanzisha mienendo ya mwili, yaani, katika amilisha misuli. Isipokuwa misuli inayodhibiti macho, misuli yote inayofanya kihiari<ref> Angalia misuli</ref>katika mwili imeunganishwa moja kwa moja na neva za mwendo katika uti wa mgongo, ambayo ndiyo njia ya mwisho ya pamoja kwa mfumo wa kuzalisha uendaji.<ref>[89] ^ ''Principles of Neural Science'' Sur. 34</ref> Neva za uti wa mgongo zinadhibitiwa na saketi za neva asili za uti wa mgongo, na kwa michango inayoteremka kutoka ubongoni. Sakati asili za uti wa mgongo hutekeleza majukumu mengi ya tendohiari na pia huwa na mifumo ya kuanzisha miendo kama vile kutembea au kuogelea.<ref>''Principles of Neural Science,'' Sur. 36, 37</ref> Miunganiko inayoshuka kutokana ubongoni hufanikisha udhibiti changamano zaidi. Ubongo una baadhi ya maeneo ambayo huwasiliana moja kwa moja na uti wamgongo.<ref> ''Principles of Neural Science'' Sur. 33</ref> Katika ngazi ya chini kabisa ni maeneo ya mienendo katika medula na ponsi. Katika ngazi za juu ni maeneo ya ubongokati, kama vile viini vyekundu, ambayo inawajibikia kuratibu usogezaji mikono na miguu. Katika ngazi ya juu zaidi ambayo ni gamba msingi la mwendo, utepe wa tishu ulioupande wa nyuma wa ndewe la mbele ya ubongo. Gamba msingi la mwendo hituma ujumbe katika ameneo chini ya gamba yanayohusika na mwendo, lakini pia hutuma jumbe kubwa moja kwa moja katika uti wa mgongo, kupitia kinachojulikana kama njia piramidi. Uelekezaji huu wa moja kwa moja kati ya gamba na uti wa mgongo huruhusu udhibiti sahihi wa hiari wa miendo. Maeneo mengine ya "upili" ya ubongo yanayohusiana na mwendo hayawasiliani moja kwa moja na uti wa mgongo, na badala yake hugusa maeneo ya mwendo katika gamba au maeneo ya msingi chini ya gamba. Miongoni mwa maeneo muhimu ya upili ni gamba linaloshughulikia mwendo, ganglia ya msingi, na ubongonyuma: * Gamba-awali ya mwendo (ambayo kwa kweli ni maeneo kubwa changamani) inakaribiana na gamba msingi la mwendo, na kuielekeza. Huku vitengo vya gamba msingi ya mwendo hulingana na sehemu maalum ya mwili, vitengo vya gamba-awali ya mwendo mara nyingi hushirikishwa katika usogezwaji wa sehemu nyingi za mwili kwa wakati moja.<ref> ''Principles of Neural Science'' Sur. 38</ref> * Ganglia ya msingi ni mkusanyiko wa viungo vya chini ya ubongembele zinazoelekeza katika maeneo mengine yanayohusiana na mwendo.<ref> ''Principles of Neural Science'' Sur. 43</ref> Kazi zao imekuwa vigumu kuelewa, lakini mmoja ya nadharia maarufu ya sasa ni kuwa yanatekeleza jukumu muhimu uteuzi wa utendaji.<ref> Gurney et al., 2004</ref> Mara nyingi, huwa zinazuia vitendo kwa kutumamara k wa mara vichochezi vizuizi kwa mifumo ya kuzalisha mwendo, lakini katika hali nzuri, huwa zinatoa vizuizi hivyo na kuruhusu maeneo yaliyolengwa kudhibiti tabia. * Ubongonyuma una muundo tofauti sana na upo katika sehemu ya nyuma ya ubongo.<ref name="refprinciples"/> Haidhibiti au kuanzisha tabia, bali huzalisha vichocheo rekebishi kufanya miendo iwe sahihi zaidi. Watu walio na bongonyuma zilizo haribika hawapoozi kwa njia yoyote, bali miili yao huwa na miendo isiyokuwa na uhakika na isiyo ratibika. Pamoja na hayo yote hapo juu, ubongo na uti wa mgongo zina mitandao pana ya kudhibiti mfumo wa neva wa kujiendesha, ambayo hufanya kazi kwa kunyunyiza homoni na kwa kurekebisha " misuli laini" ya tumbo.<ref> ''Principles of Neural Science'' Sur. 49</ref> Mfumo wa neva wa kujiendesha huathiri mipigo ya moyo, mmeng'enyo;, kiwango cha kupumua, kutoa mate, jasho; kukojoa, na hisia za ngono japo majukumu yake mengi hayako chini ya udhibiti wa hiari moja kwa moja. ==== Mifumo ya kusisimua ==== Labda kipengele cha wazi zaidi cha tabia ya mnyama yoyote yule ni mzunguko wa kila siku kati ya kulala na kuamka. Usisimuaji na utahadhari pia huongozwa kwa kiwango sahishi zaidi cha muda, ingawa, kwa mtandao mkubwa wa maeneo ya ubongo.<ref name="Principles45"> ''Principles of Neural Science'' Sur. 45</ref> Sehemu muhimu ya mifumo ya kusisimua ni kiini suprakiasmatiki (SCN), sehemu ndogo ya haipothelamasi iliyo juu ya sehemu ambapo neva ya kuona kutoka macho mawili inapopitia.<ref> Antle &amp; Silver, 2005</ref> SCN ina majira kuu ya kibayolojia ya mwili. Neuroni hapa huonyesha kupanda na kushuka kwa viwango vya shughuli katika kipindi cha saa 24, mipigo ya moyo: mabadiliko katika shughuli hizi yanaendeshwa na mabadiliko ya kiurari katika maelezo kwa mkusanyiko wa ''jeni za saa". SCN huendelea kupima saa hata ikikatwa kutoka ubongoni na kuwekwa katika bakuli lililo na myeyusho wa madini fuvutende, hata hivyo kwa kawaida huwa inapokea ujumbe kutoka katika neva ya kuona, kupitia njia ya retinohaipothelamiki (RHT), ambayo huruhusu mzunguko wa kila siku wa mwanga-giza kunakiliwa katika saa hiyo. SCN huwasiliana na seti ya maeneo katika haipothelamasi, na shina la ubongo, na ubongokati zinazohusika katika utekelezaji wa mzunguko usingizi- na kuamka. Kiungo muhimu katika mfumo huo ni kile kinachoitwa muundo menomeno, kundi la neva zilizosambazwa kwa usawa kote katika shina la ubongochini.<ref name="Principles45"/> Neva menomeno hutuma vichocheo kwa thelamasi, ambayo kwa upande wake hutuma vichocheo vya ngazi ya kudhibiti kwa kila sehemu ya gamba la ubongo. Kuharibika kwa muundo menomeno kunaweza kusababisha hali ya kudumu ya kukosa fahamu. Usingizi huhusisha mabadiliko makubwa katika utendakazi wa ubongo.<ref> ''Principles of Neural Science'' Sur. 47</ref> Hadi miaka 1950 iliaminika kijumla kwamba ubongo kimsingi huacha kufanya kazi wakati wa kulala<ref> Kleitman, 1938</ref>, lakini hii sasa inajulikana kuwa si kweli: shughuli huendelea lakini mwelekeo huwa tofauti sana. Kwa hakika, kuna aina mbili ya usingizi, ''usingizi REM'' (ulio na ndoto) na usingizi ''NREM'' (usio-REM, kwa kawaida bila ndoto), ambao hujirudia katika mifumo tofauti kidogo katika kipindi chote cha kulala. Aina tatu tofauti za mwelekeo mpana wa shughuli za ubongo zinaweza kupimika: REM, NREM nyepesi na NREM nzito. Wakati wa usingizi mzito wa NREM, ambao pia hujulikana kama usingizi wenye wimbi pole, shughuli katika gamba huchukua mfumo wa mawimbi makubwa yenye urari, ambapo katika hali ya kuamka huwa na kelele na bila urari. Viwango vya niurohamishi norepainefrini na serotonini hupungua wakati wa usingizi wenye wimbi pole, hupungua hadi kukaribia sufuri wakati wa usingizi wa REM; viwango vya asetilikolini huonyesha mfumo ulio kinyume na huu. === Utumiaji nishati kwa ubongo === [[Picha:PET-image.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A flat oval object is surrounded by blue. The object is largely green-yellow, but contains a dark red patch at one end and a number of blue patches. |Taswira ya PET ya ubongo wa binadamu ikionyesha matumizi ya nishati]] Ingawa ubongo wa binadamu unawakilisha 2% tu ya uzito wa mwili, unapokea 15% cha kinachozalishwa na moyo, 20% ya jumla ya matumizi ya oksijeni mwilini, na 25% ya jumla ya matumizi ya glukosi mwilini.<ref> Clark &amp; Sokoloff, 1999</ref> Haja ya kupunguza uzito wa mwili ili, kwa mfano, kuweza kuruka, imesababisha uamuzi wa kupunguza ukubwa wa ubongo katika spishi fulani, kama vile popo.<ref> Safi et al., 2005</ref> Ubongo sanasana hutumia glukosi kupata nguvu, na kuinyima glukosi, kama inavyoweza kutokea katika haipoglukemia, unaweza kusababisha kupoteza fahamu. Matumizi ya nishati katika ubongo haubadiliki sana katika muda, lakini maeneo ya gamba yanayofanya kazi hutumia nishati zaidi kuliko maeneo yasiyoshughulika: ukweli huu ndio msingi wa mbinu za upigaji picha akisi wa ubongo kama vile PET na fMRI.<ref> Raichle &amp; Gusnard, 2002</ref> Hizi ni mbinu za matibabu nyuklia ya upigaji picha zinazotoa picha zenye pande olwa tatu kwa shughuli za kimetaboli. {{Clear}} == Ubongo na akili == Kuelewa uhusiano kati ya ubongo na akili ni changamoto inayotatiza kifalsafa na kisayansi.<ref> Churchland, ''Neurophilosophy'' </ref> Ushahidi wa kisayansi wa moja kwa moja kwamba kuna uhusiano kati ya kiungo ubongo na akili ni kiwango cha athari kinachojidhihirisha baada ya ubongo kubadilishwa, kama vile maumivi ya ubongo yanayosababisha kiwewe na matumizi ya madawa yanayoathiri ubongo.<ref> Boake na Diller, 2005</ref> Tatizo la uhusiano wa akili-mwili ni moja kati masuala ya ndani ya historia ya [[falsafa]],<ref> ''Neurophilosophy,'' Sur. 7</ref> inayotuliza kufikiria ikiwa ubongo na akili ni kitu kimoja, kinachotofautiana kidogo, au kinachohusiana kwa njia fulani isiyojulikana. Kuna mitazamo mitatu mikubwa tatu kuhusu jibu hili: uwili, uyakinifu, na udhanifu. Uwili unashikilia kwamba akili inajisimami kivyake bila kutegemea ubongo,<ref> Hart, 1996</ref> uyakinifu unashikilia kwamba matukio ya akili yanafanana na matukio la neva<ref name="DicPhil"> Lacey, 1996</ref> na udhanifu unashikilia kwamba matukio ya akili tu ndio zipo.<ref name="DicPhil"/> Pamoja na maswali ya kifalsafa, uhusiano kati ya akili na ubongo unahusisha idadi kubwa ya maswali ya kisayansi, ikiwa ni pamoja na uelewa wa uhusiano kati ya shughuli za kiakili na shughuli ubongo, taratibu kamili ambazo kwazo dawa huathiri ufahamu, na mahusiano ya neva kwa dhamira. Katika kipindi kingi cha historia wanafalsafa waliliona jambo la kutofikirika kwamba ufahamu unaweza kutekelezwa na kitu dutu ye umbile kama vile tishu ya ubongo (yaani neuroni na sinapsi).<ref> ''Neurophilosophy,'' Sur. 6</ref> Wanafalsafa kama vile Patricia Churchland wanadai kuwa mwingiliano wa akili na dawa ni dalili ya uhusiano wa karibu sana kati ya ubongo na akili, si kwamba hivi viwili ni kitu kimoja.<ref> ''Neurophilosophy,'' Sur. 8</ref> Descartes, aliyewazia sana kuhusu uhusiano wa ubongo-akili, aliweza kuelezea matendohiari na tabia nyingine sahili katika mtazamo wa kimekaniki, ingawa hakuamini kuwa mawazo tata, na hasa lugha, inaweza kuelezwa kwa rejelea za umbo la ubongo pekee.<ref> Descartes, ''Description of the human body'' </ref> == Utafiti == Fani ya taaluma ya elimuneva inajumuisha mbinu zote zinazotafuta kuelewa ubongo na mifumo nyinginezo za neva. [[Elimunafsia]] hutaka kuelewa akili na tabia, na nyurorojia ni fani ya matibabu inayotibu magonjwa ya mfumo wa neva. Ubongo pia ni kiungo muhimu sana kinachotafitiwa na tiba-akili, tawi la matibabu inayofanya kazi ya kutafiti, kuzuia na kutibu magonjwa ya akili.<ref> Storrow, ''Outline of Clinical Psychiatry'' </ref> Sayansi ya ufahamu hutaka kuunganisha elimuneva na elimunafsia pamoja na fani nyingine zinazojuhusisha na ubongo, kama vile sayansi ya tarakilishi (akili ya kuundwa na mwanadamu na mashamba sawa) na [[falsafa]]. Mbinu kongwe kabisa ya kuutafiti ubongo ni kianatomial, na hadi katikati ya karne ya 20, sehemu kubwa ya maendeleo katika elimuneva ilitokana na kutengenezwa kwa rangi bora na hadibuni bora -mwana elimuveva Floyd Bloomni maarufu kwa kutania kuwa "ufanisi katika utafiti wa ubongo unategemea zaidi rangi."<ref> ''Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain,'' Sur. 2</ref> Wana-anatomia wa elimuneva hutafiti muundo wa ubongo kwa kiwango pamoja na muundo wake wa kimaikroskopu wa neuroni na vijenzi vyao, hasa sinapsi. Pamoja na zana nyingine, wao hutumia rangi nyingi sana zinazodhihirisha muundo wa neva, kemia, na miunganisho. Katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, ukuaji katika mbinu za elimu kingamaradhi inayotumia rangi imeruhusiwa kutiwa rangi kwa neuroni zinazoonyesha aina fulani maalum ya jeni. Pia, ''uchunguzi amilifu wa neva'' unatumia mbinu za upigaji picha wa kimatibabu kuhusisha tofauti katika muundo wa ubongo wa binadamu na tofauti katika ufahamu au tabia. Wanafiziolojia hutafiti vipengee vya kemikali, famakolojia, na mienendo ya meme ya ubongo: zana zao za msingi ni dawa na vifaa vya kunakili. Maelfu nyingi ya dawa za zilizoundwa kimajaribio huathiri mfumo wa neva, baadhi ya njia ya juu mahsusi sana. Kurekodi shughuli za ubongo unaweza kufanywa kwa kutumia elektrodi, ikiwa imeshikiliwa kwenye fuvu kama katika uchunguzi wa EEG, au uliodungwa ndani ya bongo za wanyama kwa ajili ya kurekodi nje ya chembe, ambayo inaweza kuchunguza uwezekano wa utendaji unaotokana na kila niurni kibifansi.<ref> Dowling, ''Neurons and Networks,'' kurasa za 15-24</ref> Kwa sababu ubongo hauna vipokezi vya maumivu, inawezekana kutumia mbinu hizi kunakili kutoka katika wanyama walio macho huku wanaendelea na tabia zao kama kawaida bila kuwasababishia kuwasumbua. Mbinu sawa na hiyo zimetumika mara nyingine kuchunguza utendakazi wa ubongo katika wagonjwa binadamu wanaougua na kifafa isoyokamili, katika matukio ambapo kulikuwa na haja ya kimatibabu kuiweka elektrodi ili kubaini eneo la ubongo ulioathirika na kifafa s.<ref> Wyllie et al., ''Treatment of Epilepsy,'' Sur. 77</ref> Pia inawezekana kuchunguza utendaji wa ubongo bila kutumia mbinu za kuingilia binadamu kwa mibu amilifu za kupiga picha kama vile MRI uwanda huu umepanuka sana katika kipindi cha miongo miwili iliyopita. Njia tofauti ya kubaini kazi ya ubongo ni kuchunguza madhara ya kuharibu maeneo maalum ya ubongo. Inagawa umelindwa kwa fuvu na utando ukizungukwa na ugiligili wa ubongo na uti wa mgongo, nakutengwa na mfumo wa damu kwa kizuizi cha kati ya ubongo na damu, ulaini wa ubongo unaufanya kuwa rahisi kuvamiwa na magonjwa mbalimbali na aina tofauti za maumivu. Kwa binadamu, athari za kupooza na aina nyingine ya uharibifu wa ubongo zimekuwa chanzo muhimu cha habari kuhusu majukumu ya ubongo.<ref> Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology, Sur. 1</ref> Kwa sababu hakuna uwezo wa kudhibiti hali ya uharibifu kimajaribio, hata hivyo, habari hii aghalabu huwa vigumu kufafanua. Katika tafiti zinazowahusisha wanyama, kwa kawaida panya, inawezekana kutumia elektrodi au kudunga kemikali katika mahali maalum ili kuleta uharibifu kwa mfumo unaohitajika na kisha kuchunguza matokeo ya tabia. Nyurosayansi ya kitarakilishi inajumuisha njia mbili: kwanza, matumizi ya tarakilishi kuuchunguza ubongo, pili, utafiti wa jinsi ubongo hutarakilisha.<ref name="Abbott"> Abbott &amp; Dayan, ''Theoretical Neuroscience'' </ref> Kwa upande mmoja, inawezekana kuandika programu ya tarakilishi kuigiza kazi ya kundi la neva kwa kutumia mifumo ya milinganyo yanayoeleza shunguli zao kielektrokemikali; miigizo kama hiyo hujulikana kama ''mitandao ya neuroni amilifu kibayalojia.'' Kwa upande mwingine, inawezekana kuchunguza algorithimi ili kukokotoa neva kwa uigizaji, au kuchanganua kihesisabati, utendakazi wa '' vitengo'' vilivyosahilishwa vilivyo na baadhi ya sifa za neuroni lakini vimetoa nyingi ya uchangamani wao wa kibayolojia. Majukumu ya ukokotooaji wa ubongo huchunguzwa na wanaelimuneva na wanasayansi wa tarakilishi. Miaka ya hivi karibuni imeshuhudia utumizi wa kwanza wa mbinu za uhandisi wa kijenetiki kutafitia ubongo.<ref> Tonegawa et al., 2003</ref> Utafiti mwingi kwa kawaida hufanywa kwa panya, kwa sababu zana za kiufundi zimeimarika zaidi kwa spishi hawa zaidi ya wengine wowote. Sasa inawezekana kwa urahisi wa kiwango cha haja "kuchambua" au kugeuza aina mbalimbali za jeni, na kisha kuchunguza athari katika utendakazi wa ubongo. Mbinu changamani zaidi pia zina anza kutumika: kwa mfano, kutumia mbinu ya uchanganyishaji upya wa Cre-Lox inawezekana kusisimua au kituliza jeni katika sehemu maalumu ya ubongo, kwa wakati maalumu. == Historia == Maoni ya awali yaligawanyika ikiwa makao makuu ya nafsi yako katika ubongo au moyo. Kwa upande mmoja, ilikuwa vigumu kutoona ukweli kwamba ufahamu unahisiwa kuwa katika kichwa, na kwamba kupigwa kwa kishindo kikubwa katika kichwa kunaweza kusababisha kupoteza fahamu kwa urahisi zaidi kuliko kupigwa kifuani, na kwamba kichwa kutikisa kichwa husababisha kizunguzungu. Kwa upande mwingine, uchunguzi wa juujuu wa ubongo unadhihirisha kiungo ajizi, ukilinganishwa na moyo ambao hupigapiga kila wakati. Kukoma kwa mpigo wa moyo unamaanisha kifo; hisia kali huleta mabadiliko katika mpigo wa moyo, na mara nyingi hisia za huzuni husababisha hisia ya maumivu katika sehemu za moyo ("maumivu ya moyo"). Aristotle alipendelea moyo, na kudhania kwamba kazi ya ubongo ilikuwa tu kupoesha damu. Democritus, mvumbuzi wa nadharia ya atomiki ya dutu, alipendelea nafsi yenye sehemu tatu, akili ikiwa katika kichwa, hisia katika moyo, na tamaa katika sehemu karibu na ini.<ref> Finger, ''Origins of Neuroscience,'' uk. 14</ref> Haipokrates, "baba wa matibabu" , alikuwa aliupendelea ubongo kabisa. Katika ''On the Sacred Disease,'' maelezo yake kuhusu kifafa, aliandika: <blockquote> <p>Wanadamu wanapaswa kujua kwamba furaha, nderemo, kicheko na michezo, masikitiko, utegemezi, na maombolezo hayatoki kwingine ila tu katika ubongo. ... Na kwa kiungo hicho hicho tunakuwa wendawazimu na kupagawa, na woga na hofu kubwa hutuandama, wakati mwingine mchana na wakati mwingine usiku, na ndoto na wasiwasi isiyotarajiwa, na majukumu yasiyo mazuri, na kutojua hali za kisasa, kutoaminika, na kutokuwa na ujuzi. Mambo haya yote tunayavumilia kutoka kwenye ubongo, wakati hauna afya ...</p></blockquote> <p>- [[Hippokrates|Hippocrates]], ''On the Sacred Disease'' <ref> Hippokrates, ''On the Sacred Disease'' </ref></p> Daktari maarufu wa Roma Galen pia alitetea umuhimu wa ubongo, na akatunga dhahania kwa kina kuhusu jinsi inavyo weza kufanya kazi. Hata baada ya madaktari na wanafalsafa kukubaliwa kuhusu ukuu wa ubongo, haidhuru, dhana ya moyo kuwa makao makuu ya ufahamu uliendelea kudumu katika nahau maarufu, kama vile "kujitolea kwa moyo".<ref> ''Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origins'' </ref> Galen alifanya kazi kubwa ya kueleza uhusiano wa kianotomi baina ya ubongo, neva na misuli, na kuonyesha kwamba misuli yote katika mwili imeshikana na ubongo kwa njia ya mtandao wa matawi ya neva. Alidai kwamba neva huamsha misuli moja kwa moja, kwa kubeba dutu ya ajabu aliyoita ''pneumata psychikon,'' ambayo kwa kawaida hutafsiriwa kuwa "mazimwi ya wanyama". Mawazo yake yalijulikana pakubwa wakati wa Zama ya Kati, lakini mafanikio mengi zaidi hayakuja hadi katika kipindi cha Mvuvumko, wakati utafiti wa kina wa kianatomia uliporejea, pamoja na makadirio ya kinadharia ya Descartes na wafuasi wake. Descartes, kama Galen, aliwazia mfumo wa neva katika msingi wa kihadroliki. Aliamini kwamba kazi kubwa za kiutambuzi- hasa lugha- hufanywa na viungo visiyoonekana ''res cogitans '' lakini kwamba nyingi ya tabia za binadamu na wanyama zinaweza kuelezeka kwa mambo yanayoshikika. Hatua ya kwanza kuelekea uelewa wa kisasawa kazi wa neva, hata hivyo, ulitokana na uchunguzi wa Luigi Galvani, aliyegundua kwamba wimbi la umeme tuli ukielekezwa katika neva iliyo wazi ya chura aliyekufa inaweza kusababisha mguu wake kujikunja. [[Picha:PurkinjeCell.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=A drawing on yellowing paper with an archiving stamp in the corner. A spidery tree branch structure connects to the top of a mass. A few narrow processes follow away from the bottom of the mass. |Mchora wa Santiago Ramon y Cajal wa aina mbili za neuroni kutoka katika ubongonyuma wa njiwa zilizopakwa kwa Golgi]] Kila uelewa mpana umefuatia moja kwa moja au kidogo kutoka kwa uundwaji wa mbinu mpya ya uchunguzi. Hadi miaka ya mapema ya karne ya 20, maendeleo muhimu zaidi yalitokana na rangi mipya.<ref> Bloom, 1972, uk. 211 </ref> Muhimu hasa ulikuwa uvumbuzi wa rangi Golgi, ambayo (ikitumika kiusahihi) hupaka sehemu ndogo tu, na kwa usahihi bila kubagua, baadhi ya neuroni, huzipaka kikamilifu, ikiwa ni pamoja na mwili wa chembe, dendraiti, na akzoni. Bila rangi kama hiyo, tishu ya ubongo chini ya hadubini huonekana kama mshikamano wa fumwele ya protoplazimu isiyopenyeka, ambayo ni vigumu kubaini muundo wowote. Katika mikono ya [[Camillo Golgi]], na hasa kwa mwana-antomia wa neva wa Kihispania Santiago Ramon y Cajal, rangi hiyo mpya ilifichua mamia ya aina tofauti za neuroni, kila mmoja ikiwa na muundo wa kipekee wa dendriti na mtindo wa mwunganisho. Katika karne ya 20, maendeleo katika uwanda wa elektroniki yaliwezesha uchunguzi wa sifa za kielektroniki za chembe za neva, kilele kilikuwa kazi za Alan Hodgkin, [[Andrew Huxley]], na wengi kuhusu bayofizikia ya tendo tarajiwa, na kazi ya [[Bernard Katz]] na wengine kuhusu uelektrokemia wa sinapsi.<ref> Piccolino, 2002</ref> Chunguzi za awali zilitumia maandalizi maalum, kama vile mfumo wa "mwitikio wa kutorika haraka" wa ngisi, ambayo inahusisha akzoni kubwa wewe unene kama kaa la penseli, na sinapsi kubwa inayoungana na akzoni hii. Maboresho thabiti katika elekrodi na vifaameme viliwezesha umadhubuti wa hali ya juu. Chunguzi hizi zilichangia picha ya kianatomia wa ubongo kukiwa na mtazamo kuwa ubongo ni kiungo kinachobadilika. Akiangazia uelewa mpya, mnamo 1942 [[Charles Sherrington]] alielezea kufanya kazi kwa ubongo katika hatua kwa maelezo ya kushangaza: <blockquote> <p>Sehemu kuu ya juu ya umbo, kwamba sehemu ambapo ni nadra mwanga imewahi kumulika au kugusa, sasa inakuwa sasa kitengo cha uangavu unaorindima kwa urari kukiwa idadi kubwa ya vimulimuli vinavyosafiri hapa na huko. ... Ni kana kwamba Kilimia ilianza kwa namna fulani ya kucheza kwanulimwengu. Kwa haraka kichwa kizima kinakuwa na maliwazo ambapo mamilioni ya vipisha uzi vinashona mtindo usioonekana, kila mara mtindo wenye maana ingawa si wa kudumu; na mwingiliano mtulivu wa vijimiundo.</p> <p>-Sherrington, 1942, ''Man on his Nature'' <ref>[131] ^ Sherrington, ''Man on his Nature'' </ref></p> </blockquote> Miaka ya 1990 ilijulikana katika Marekani kuwa "Muongo wa Ubongo" ili kuadhimisha maendeleo yaliyopigwa katika utafiti wa ubongo, na ili kuendeleza ufadhili kwa ajili ya tafiti kama hizo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loc.gov/loc/brain/proclaim.html|title= Project on the Decade of the Brain|accessdate=2009-09-30|last=Bush|first=George H.W.|year=1990|month= Julai}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/284/5415/739|first1=Edward G.|last1=Jones|authorlink1=Edward G. Jones|first2=Lorne M.|last2=Mendell|title=Assessing the Decade of the Brain|journal=Science|doi=10.1126/science.284.5415.739|date=30 Aprili 1999|volume=284|issue=5415|page=739|accessdate=2010-04-05|publisher=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]}}</ref> == Maelezo == {{Marejeo|colwidth=20em}} == Marejeo == {{Refbegin|2}} * <cite id="refAbbott">{{cite book | last = Abbott | first = LF | title = Theoretical Neuroscience: Computational and Mathematical Modeling of Neural Systems | publisher = MIT Press | year = 2001 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=hrZYAAAACAAJ | isbn = 9780262541855 | coauthors = Dayan P }}</cite> * <cite id="refAboitiz">{{cite journal | last = Aboitiz | first = F | title = The evolutionary origin of the mammalian isocortex: Towards an integrated developmental and functional approach | journal = Behav Brain Sci | year = 2003 | volume = 26 | pages = 535–52 | url = http://www.bbsonline.org/Preprints/Aboitiz/Referees/ | pmid = 15179935 | doi = 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Connors, Michael A. Paradiso | title = Neuroscience | publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | location = Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | year = 2006 | isbn = 9780781760034 | oclc = 62509134}} * {{cite book | last = Blackmore | first = Susan M. | title = Conversations on Consciousness | url = https://archive.org/details/conversationsonc0000blac | year = 2006 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 9780195179583 | oclc = 62555307}} * {{cite book | last = Buzsaki | first = Gyorgy | title = Rhythms of the Brain | url = https://archive.org/details/rhythmsofbrain0000buzs_h3e9 | year = 2006 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 9780195301069 | oclc = 63279497}} * {{cite book | last = Calvin | first = William H. | title = The River That Flows Uphill: A Journey from the Big Bang to the Big Brain | year = 2001 | publisher = Iuniverse.com | location = Lincoln, Nebraska | isbn = 9780595167005 | oclc = 48962546 }} * {{cite book | last = Della Sala | first = Sergio | title = Mind myths: Exploring popular assumptions about the mind and brain | url = https://archive.org/details/mindmythsexplori0000unse | publisher = J. Wiley & Sons | location = Chichester England; New York | year = 1999 | isbn = 0471983039 | oclc = 39700332}} * {{cite book | last = Restak | first = Richard | title = The Secret Life of the Brain | url = https://archive.org/details/secretlifeofbrai0000rest | publisher = Joseph Henry Press | location = Washington, DC | year = 2001 | isbn = 9780309074353 | oclc = 47863192}} * {{cite book | last = Shepherd | first = Gordon M. | title = The Synaptic Organization of the Brain | url = https://archive.org/details/synapticorganiza0000unse_d1q8_5thed | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York | year = 2004 | edition = Fifth | isbn = 9780195159561 | oclc = 51769076}} Yameandikwa kwa ajili ya watoto wa zaidi ya miaka 8: * {{cite book | last = Simon | first = Seymour | title = The Brain | url = https://archive.org/details/brainournervouss00simo_1 | publisher = Morrow Junior | location = New York | year = 2000 | isbn = 9780688170608 | oclc = 35686089 }} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category|Brain}} * [http://www.sfn.org The Society for Neuroscience] * [http://www.ibro.org IBRO (Brain Research International Organization)] * [http://www.stanford.edu/group/hopes/basics/braintut/ab0.html The HOPES Brain Tutorial] {{Wayback|url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/hopes/basics/braintut/ab0.html |date=20090325101705 }} at [http://hopes.stanford.edu/ hopes.stanford.edu] {{Wayback|url=http://hopes.stanford.edu/ |date=20200827144014 }} * [http://brainmuseum.org/ Comparative Mammalian Brain Collection] * [http://www.sciencedaily.com/news/mind_brain/ Brain Research News from ScienceDaily] * [http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu BrainInfo for Neuroanatomy] * [http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/neurok.html Neuroscience for kids] * [http://www.brainmaps.org/ BrainMaps.org] {{Wayback|url=http://www.brainmaps.org/ |date=20200402002218 }} , atlasi yenye mwingiliano na yenye umadhubuti wa juu wa kidititali wa ubongo ulioundwa kwa msururu wa picha zilochunguliwa za bongo za wanyama wa jamii ya nyani wa wasio wa jamii ya nyani * [http://thebrain.mcgill.ca The Brain from Top to Bottom] * [[v:Topic:Neuroscience|The Department of Neuroscience]] at [[v:|Wikiversity]] * [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/brain/history/index.html The Secret Life of the Brain :] History of the Brain from PBS * [http://www9.biostr.washington.edu/cgi-bin/DA/PageMaster?atlas:Neuroanatomy+ffpathIndex:Splash%5EPage+2 University of Washington ] {{Wayback|url=http://www9.biostr.washington.edu/cgi-bin/DA/PageMaster?atlas:Neuroanatomy+ffpathIndex:Splash%5EPage+2 |date=20180704152239 }} 3D animations of brain regions - click through from "Click for copyright" * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZZrhkGbhgw.com 7 circuits of the Brain] * [http://ccdb.ucsd.edu/sand/main?stype=lite&amp;keyword=brain&amp;event=display&amp;Submit=Go&amp;start=1 Cell Centered Database] [[Jamii:Ubongo]] [[Jamii:Neva]] [[Jamii:Anatomia]] [[Jamii:Kichwa]] cavkxdpjt3qqxf9wn6mhmwyzs52gue0 0 55731 1598975 1580016 2026-09-23T02:51:56Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = {{PAGENAME}} | Image = | Caption = | DiseasesDB = | ICD10 = {{ICD10|E|24||e|20}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|255.0}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 000410 | eMedicineSubj = article | eMedicineTopic = 117365 | MeshID = D003480 }} '''Ugonjwa wa Cushing''' (ambao pia unaitwa '''haipaadrenokotisism''' au '''haipakotisism)''' ni ugonjwa wa [[homoni]] (ya mfumo wa mwili) unaosababishwa na viwango vya juu vya kotisoli haipakotisoli katika damu. Hii inaweza kusababishwa na utumizi wa madawa ya glukokortikoidi, au uvimbe unaotoa kotisoli au homoni ya adrenokotikotropiki (ACTH). <ref> Kumar, Abbas, Fausto. ''Msingi wa Patholojia wa Magonjwa wa Robbins na Cotran, toleo la 7.'' Elsevier-Saunders, New York, 2005.</ref> ''Ugonjwa wa Cushing'' unahusu chanzo kimoja maalum, uvimbe (adenoma) katika tezi ya pituitari inayotoa viwango vikubwa vya ACTH, ambayo kwa upande wake huongeza kotisoli. Kwa kawaida unaweza kutibiwa kwa upasuaji. Ulielezwa na Harvey Cushing mwaka wa 1932. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Cushing HW. |title=The basophil adenomas of the pituitary body and their clinical manifestations (pituitary basophilism). |journal=[[Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital]] |volume=50 |issue= |pages=137–95 |year=1932}}</ref> <ref name="obit">{{cite news |author= |coauthors= |title=Dr. Cushing Dead; Brain Surgeon, 70. A Pioneer Who Won Fame as Founder of New School of Neuro-Surgery. Discovered Malady Affecting Pituitary Gland. Was Noted Teacher and Author |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30915F73C5A177A93CAA9178BD95F4D8385F9 |quote=Dr. Harvey Williams Cushing, international authority on brain surgery and neurology, who for his ... |work=[[New York Times]] |date=8 Oktoba 1939 |accessdate=2010-03-21 }}</ref> Dalili za ugonjwa wa Cushing hazipatikani kwa binadamu pekee na bali pia ni hali ya kawaida katika mbwa na farasi waliofugwa. == Ishara na Dalili == Dalili ni pamoja na [[Kunona|kuongeza uzito]] haraka, hasa wa kiwiliwili na uso na ukiacha viungo (unene wa katikati). Ishara ya kawaida ni ukuaji wa pedi za mafuta ubavuni mwa mtulinga na upande wa nyuma wa shingo (nundu ya nyati) na uso wa duara unaojulikana kama "dalili za wekunduuso". Dalili nyingine ni pamoja na haipahaidrosisi (kutoa jasho jingi kupita kiasi), telangiektasia (mpanuko wa mishipa midogo ya damu), kukonda kwa ngozi (ambako husababisha kuvilia kwa urahisi na kukauka, hasa kwa mikono) na tando zingine za ute, striaeza zambarau au nyekundu (kuongeza uzito katika ugonjwa wa Cushing hunyoosha ngozi, ambayo ni nyembamba na dhaifu, na kuisababisha itoke damu) kwenye kiwiliwili, matako, mikono, miguu au matiti, udhaifu wa misuli ya kupakana (nyonga, mabega), na kuwa na nywele kuruwili (ukuaji wa nywele usoni kwa mfano wa wanaume), na upara na/au kusababisha nywele kuwa kavu mno na nyepesi kukatika. Katika kesi nadra, Cushing inaweza kusababisha idadi ya juu ya kalisi katika damu, ambayo inaweza kusababisha nekrosisi ya ngozi. Kotisoli ya ziada inaweza pia kuathiri mifumo mingine ya endokrini na kusababisha, kwa mfano, kukosa usingizi, kibadilisha-androjeni kilichozuiwa, upungufu wa ashiki, uhanithi, kosa-hedhi / hedhi ya nadra na kutokutungisha kutokana na mwongezeko wa androjeni. Mara kwa mara, wagonjwa hupata mivurugiko mbalimbali ya kisaikolojia, kuanzia furaha hadi kichaa. Unyogovu na wasiwasi pia ni ya kawaida. <ref>{{cite book |title=The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences |url=https://archive.org/details/americanpsychiat0000unse_r0m9 |last=Yudofsky |first=Stuart C. |coauthors=Robert E. Hales |edition=5th |year=2007 |publisher=American Psychiatric Pub, Inc. |isbn=1585622397 }}</ref> Mabadiliko mengine ya kuvutia na ya kudhikisha ya ngozi yanayoweza kuonekana kwenye ugonjwa wa Cushing ni pamoja na chunusi ya uso, wepesi wa kuathirika na maambukizi ya kuvu ngozi na malasezia, ya juu juu, na sifa bainifu ya stria ya atrofi juu ya fumbatio. <ref name="Andrews"> James, William, Berger, Timotheo, Elston, Dirk (2005). ''Magonjwa ya Ngozi ya Andrews: Elimu ya ngozi ya kiafya.'' (10 ed).. Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.</ref> {{Rp|500}} Ishara nyingine ni pamoja na kupita mkojo kupita kiasi (na kiu kisicho cha kawaida kinachoandamana), shinikizo la damu linaloendelea (kutokana na uimarishaji wa athari za kubana mshipa zaepinefrini na kotisoli) upinzani wa insulini (kawaida hasa katika uzalishaji wa ACTH wa ektopia), na hivyo kusababisha haipaglaikemia ( kiwango cha juu cha sukari katika damu) ambayo inaweza kusababisha [[Kisukari|kisukari melitasi]]. Ugonjwa wa Cushing usipotibiwa unaweza kusababisha ugonjwa wa moyo na [[Mauti|kuongezekakwa]] vifo. Ugonjwa wa Cushing unaotokana na ACTH ya ziada huweza pia kusababisha kiwango cha juu cha pigmenti, kama vile akanthosi nigrikani katika kwapa. Hii ni kutokana na utengenezaji wa Homoni ya Kudhibiti Rangi ya ngozi kama matokeo ya usanisi wa ACTH kutoka kwa Pro-opiomelanokotini (POMC). Kotisoli pia inaweza kuonyesha shughuli za madinikotikoidi katika viwango vya juu, na kutibua shinikizo la damu na kusababisha kiwango cha chini cha ioni za potasi katika damu (kawaida katika utoaji wa ugiligili wa mwili wa ACTH wa ektopia ). Aidha, usumbufu wa utumbo, maambukizi na uponyaji wa jeraha uliodhoofika (kotisoli ni homoni ya dhiki, kwa hivyo inakandamiza majibu ya kinga na kuvimba). Ugonjwa wa mifupa kuwa midogo na myepesi pia ni hoja katika ugonjwa wa Cushing kwa sababu, kama ilivyotajwa mbeleni, kotisoli huleta jibu linalofanana na mfadhaiko. Kwa hiyo, kukimu kwa mwili ya mfupa (na tishu zingine) hufuata matengenezo ya majibu ya uongo ya dhiki. Zaidi ya hayo, Cushing unaweza kusababisha viunga kuuma na kuwa na mchonyoto, hasa katika nyonga, mabega, na mgongo wa chini. == Sababu == Kuna mambo kadhaa yanayoweza kusababisha ugonjwa wa Cushing. === Eksojenasi dhidi ya endojenasi === Homoni kutoka nje ya mwili huitwa eksojenasi, homoni ambazo hutoka ndani ya mwili huitwa endojenasi. Sababu kuu ya ugonjwa wa Cushing ni kutoa ''glukokotikoidi'', kupitia eksojenesi, zilizoagizwa na tabibu wa huduma ya afya kutibu magonjwa mengine (unaitwa ''ugonjwa wa Cushing wa iatrojeniki).'' Hii inaweza kuwa ni madhara ya matibabu ya steroidi ya maradhi mbalimbali kama vile pumu na ugonjwa wa baridi yabisi, au katika uzuiaji wa mwitikio wa kingamwili baada ya kuhamisha kiungo cha mwili. Kutoa ACTH ya kusanisi pia kunawezekana, lakini ACTH haiagizwi mara nyingi kwa sababu ya gharama na matumizi madogo. Ingawa ni nadra, ugonjwa wa Cushing pia unaweza kutokana na matumizi ya medroksiprojesteroni <ref> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2552887</ref> <ref> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2144198</ref> Ugonjwa wa Cushing wa ''ndani ya mwili'' hutokana na uharibifu fulani wa mfumo wa mwili wa kutoa kotisoli. Kwa kawaida, ACTH hutolewa kwenye tezi ya pituitari inapohitajika kuchochea kutolewa kwa kotisoli kutoka kwa tezi za adrena. * Katika ''Cushing ya pituitari,'' uvimbe hafifu wa pituitari hutoa ACTH. Hii pia hujulikana kama ''ugonjwa wa Cushing'' na unahusika katika 65% ya ugonjwa wa Cushing wa ndani ya mwili. * Katika ''Cushing ya adrena,'' kotisoli hutolewa na uvimbe wa tezi za ''adrena'', tezi za adrena zenye haipaplasia, au tezi za adrena zenye kivimbe cha haipaplasia cha adrena. * Hatimaye, uvimbe nje ya mfumo wa kawaida wa pituitari-adrenali unaweza kutoa ACTH inayoathiri tezi za adrena. Etiolijia hii ya mwisho inaitwa ''Ugonjwa wa Cushing wa ektopia'' au ''paraneoplastiki'' na huonekana katika magonjwa kama saratani ya mapafu ya seli ndogo. === Ugonjwa wa Cushing wa bandia === Viwango vya juu vya kotisoli jumla vinaweza kusababishwa na estrojini inayopatikana katika dawa za kupanga uzazi zilizo na mchanganyiko wa estrojini na projesteroni. Estrojini inaweza kusababisha ongezeko la kotisoli inayogandisha globulini na hivyo kusababisha jumla ya kiwango cha kotisoli kuongezeka. Hata hivyo, jumla ya kotisoli huria, ambayo ni homoni hai katika mwili, kama ilivyopimwa na mkusanyiko wa mkojo wa masaa 24 kwa kotisoli isio na mkojo, ni kawaida. <ref> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1436049/</ref> == Pathofisiolojia == Haipothalamasi iko katika ubongo na tezi ya pituitari iko chini yake. Kiini kilicho katika ventrikula (PVN) cha haipothalamasi hutoa homoni itoayo tropinigamba (CRH), inayochochea tezi ya pituitari kutoa adrenokotikotropini (ACTH). ACTH husafari kupitia kwenye damu hadi kwa tezi ya adrena, ambapo inachochea kutolewa kwa kotisoli. Kotisoli hutolewa na koteksi ya tezi ya adrena kutoka kwa eneo liitwalo ''zona fasikulata'' kama jibu kwa ACTH. Viwango vya juu vya kotisoli huweka majibu hasi kwenye pituitari, ambayo hupunguza kiasi cha ACTH kinachotolewa kutoka kwa tezi ya pituitari. Kwa kweli, '''dalili za Cushing''' zinahusu kotisoli ya ziada ya etiolojia yoyote. Sababu moja ya dalili za Cushing ni uvimbe unaotoa kotisoli katika koteksi ya tezi ya adrena. Uvimbe husababisha vinwango vya kotisoli katika damu kuwa vya juu sana, na majibu hasi kwenye pituitari kutoka kwa viwango vya juu vya kotisoli husababisha viwango vya ACTH kuwa vya chini sana. '''Ugonjwa wa Cushing''' unahusu tu haipakotisoli inayofuata sekondari katika utoaji wa ziada wa ACTH kutoka kwa uvimbe wa kotikotrofia wa pituitari. Hii husababisha viwango vya ACTH kwenye damu kuongezeka pamoja na kotisoli kutoka kwa tezi ya adrena. Viwango vya ACTH vinasalia vya juu kwa sababu uvimbe huifanya pituitari kutovutiwa na majibu hasi kutoka kwa viwango vya juu vya kotisoli. Ugonjwa wa Cushing pia ulikuwa ugonjwa wa kwanza wa kingamwilinafsi kutambuliwa kwa binadamu. <ref>[13] ^ Historia ya Ugonjwa wa Cushing: hadithi ya utata, JR Soc Med. 1991 Juni, 84 (6): 363-366</ref> == Uaguzi == Wakati dalili za ugonjwa wa Cushing zinatuhumiwa, ama uchunguzi wa ukandamizaji wa deksamethasoni (utoaji wa deksamethasoni na utambuzi wa mara kwa mara wa kotisoli na kiwango cha ACTH), au kipimo cha kotisoli kwenye mkojo kwa masaa 24 hutoa viwango sawa vya ugunduzi. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Raff H, Findling JW |title=A physiologic approach to diagnosis of the Cushing syndrome |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=138 |issue=12 |pages=980–91 |year=2003 |pmid=12809455 |doi= |url=http://www.annals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12809455}}</ref> Deksamethasoni ni glukokotikoidi na inaiga madhara ya kotisoli, ikiwa ni pamoja na majibu hasi kwenye tezi ya pituitari. Wakati deksamethasoni inapotolewa na sampuli ya damu inachunguzwa, kotisoli ya juu inaashiria dalili za Cushing kwa sababu kuna chanzo cha ektopia cha kotisoli au ACTH (mfano: uvimbe wa adrena)ambayo haizuiwi na deksamethasoni. Mtazamo mpya, uliokubaliwa hivi karibuni na FDA (Utawala wa Vyakula na Madawa ulio chini ya wizara ya Afya ya Marekani. Jukumu lake ni kulinda na kukuza afya ya umma kwa kuratibisha na kusimamia uslama wa vyakula na madawa) ya Marekani, ni uchunguzi wa kotisoli katika mate kwa masaa 24, ambayo pia inaweza kuwa nyeti, kwa vile viwango vya usiku vya kotisoli ya mate ya wagonjwa wenye Cushing ni vya juu. Viwango vingine vya homoni ya pituitari vitahakikishwa. Uchunguzi wa kimwili kutambua dosari yoyote ya eneo la kuona utahitajika ikiwa kidonda cha pituitari kinatuhumiwa. Kidonda hiki kinaweza kubana mahali ambapo neva za macho hukutana na kusababisha hemianopsia ya kawaida ya macho. Wakati wowote wa ambapo uchunguzi huu ni halisi, skani ya CT ya tezi ya adrena na MRI ya tezi ya pituitari hufanywa kuchunguza kuwepo na uvimbe au insidentaloma (ugunduzi wa dharura wa vidonda visivyo vya kudhuru) ya adreni au pituitari. Sintigrafia ya tezi ya adreni kwa skani ya ayodokolesteroli ni muhimu mara kwa mara. Mara chache sana, kuamua viwango vya kotisoli katika vena mbalimbali katika mwili kwa kupima vena kutumia katheta, ukielekea kwenye pituitari (uchunguzi wa uwazi katika mfupa mwambo)ni lazima. === Nemoniki === '''K''' - unene wa '''K''' katikati, pedi nene za '''K''' kizazi, udhaifu wa unyuzi wa '''K''' olajeni, '''K''' omedoni (chunusi)<br /> '''U''' - Kotisoli isio na mkojo na ongezeko la glukosi <br /> '''S''' - Stria, kinga iliyokandamizwa<br /> '''H''' - Haipakotisoli, Shinikizo la damu, Haipaglaikemia, Kuwepo kwa nywele nyingi kupita kiasi kwenye mwili na uso<br /> '''I''' - Iatrojeniki (Ongezeko la utoaji wa steroidi za bongo)<br /> '''N''' - Noniatrojeniki (Neoplasmi)<br /> '''G''' - Kutostahimili glukosi, Kudumaa kwa ukuaji<br /> == Matibabu == Visa vingi vya ugonjwa wa Cushing vinasababishwa na matibabu ya steroidi (iatrojeniki). Kwa hiyo, wagonjwa wengi hutibiwa kwa ufanisi kwa kupunguza taratibu (na hatimaye kuacha) madawa ambayo husababisha dalili. Kama uvimbe wa adrena utatambuliwa unaweza kuondolewa kwa upasuaji. Uvimbe wa kotikotrofia wa pitituari unaotoa ACTH unapaswa kuondolewa baada ya utambuzi. Bila kutia maanani eneo la uvimbe, wagonjwa wengi watahitaji ubadili wa steroidi baada ya uppasuaji angalau kwa muda kwa sababu ukandamizaji wa muda mrefu wa ACTH ya pituitari na tishu ya kawaida ya adrena hauponi mara moja. Hakika, ikiwa adrena zote mbili zitaondolewa, kuleta haidrokotisoni au prinisolonibadala yake ni muhimu. Kwa wale wagonjwa ambao hawafai au wasiotaka kufanyiwa upasuaji, madawa kadhaa yamepatikana kuzuia usanisi wa kotisoli (km ketokonazoli, metiraponi) lakini ni ya utendakazi mdogo. Kuondolewa kwa adrena pasipo na uvimbe unaojulikana hutekelezwa mara kwa mara ili kuondosha utoaji wa kotisoli ya ziada. Wakati mwingine, hii huondoa majibu hasi kutoka kwa uvimbe wa pituitari uliokuwa umejificha hapo mbeleni, unaoanza kukua kwa haraka na kutoa viwango vikubwa mno vya ACTH, na hivyo kusababisha kiwango cha juu cha pigmenti, hasa kwenye ngozi. Hali hii ya kiafya inajulikana kama ugonjwa wa Nelson. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Nelson DH, Meakin JW, Thorn GW |title=ACTH-producing pituitary tumors following adrenalectomy for Cushing syndrome |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=52 |issue= |pages=560–9 |year=1960 |pmid=14426442 |doi= |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_1960-03_52_3/page/560}}</ref> == Epidemiolojia == Ugonjwa wa Cushing wa iatrojeniki (unaosababishwa na matibabu kwa kutumia steroidi za bongo) ni aina ya kawaida kupita zote ya ugonjwa wa Cushing. Matukio ya uvimbe wa pituitari yanaweza kuwa mengi, kama vile kwa mtu mmoja kati ya watano, <ref name="pmid15274075">{{cite journal |author=Ezzat S, Asa SL, Couldwell WT, ''et al.'' |title=The prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a systematic review |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cancer_2004-08-01_101_3/page/n196 |journal=Cancer |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=613–9 |year=2004 |pmid=15274075 |doi=10.1002/cncr.20412}}</ref> lakini sehemu ndogo tu ndio tenda-kazi na huzalisha homoni nyingi zaidi. Watu wazima wenye ugonjwa huo pia wanaweza kuwa na dalili ya kuongeza uzito kuzidi kiasi, ukuaji wa nywele kupita kiasi kwa wanawake, shinikizo la damu, na matatizo ya ngozi. Aidha, wanaweza kuonyesha: * udhaifu wa misuli na mifupa * usununu, kuwashwa, au unyogovu * kutatizika kwa usingizi * kiwango cha juu cha sukari * maradhi ya hedhi kwa wanawake na upungufu wa uwezo wa kuzaa kwa wanaume * upara * kiwango cha juu cha kolesteroli katika damu == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.ercusyn.eu Rejista ya Ulaya ya Ugonjwa wa Cushing] * [http://www.pituitarysociety.org/public/specific/cushing/cushings.pdf Maelezo ya mgonjwa] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pituitarysociety.org/public/specific/cushing/cushings.pdf |date=20081120192605 }} (PDF) * [http://csrf.net/ Shirika la Ufadhili na Utafiti wa Cushing ] * [http://lohmann-birkner.de/ercusyn/wMedia/pdf/brochure/cushingsEN.pdf Brosha ya Madaktari wa huduma za Msingi, kuongeza ufahamu wa ugonjwa wa Cushing] {{Wayback|url=http://lohmann-birkner.de/ercusyn/wMedia/pdf/brochure/cushingsEN.pdf |date=20110719055439 }} [[Jamii:Magonjwa]] e8s236mz2s615rjuksn26d7jx28i4t6 0 55780 1598963 1274631 2026-09-23T02:48:33Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox character | jina = Claire Bennet | mfululizo = [[Heroes]] | picha = [[File:ClaireBennetpromo.jpg|220px]] | maelezo ya picha = [[Hayden Panettiere]] kama Claire Bennet. | mchezaji = [[Hayden Panettiere]] | kwanzi = "[[Genesis (Heroes)|Genesis]]" | mwisho = "[[Brave New World (Heroes)|Brave New World]]" | lbl21 = Uwezo |data21 = Kujiponya majeraha kwa haraka zaidi | jina lingine = Claire Butler }} '''Claire Bennet''' ni [[Wahusika|mhusika]] mkuu kwenye igizo la mfululizo wa [[bunilizi ya kisayansi]] ya TV ya [[NBC]], ''[[Heroes]]''. Uhusika umechezwa na [[Hayden Panettiere]] na ameanza kuonekana kwenye televisheni kwa mara ya kwanza katika sehemu kuu ya kwanza kabisa ya mfululizo, "[[Genesis (Heroes)|Genesis]]" mnamo 25 Septemba 2006. Huyu ni mkuu wa mashabiki wa shule-ambaye-amegeuka na kuwa kachero mwenye nguvu ya kujiponesha seli zake kwa haraka zaidi. ==Historia yake== Claire alizaliwa na [[Nathan Petrelli]] na [[Meredith Gordon]], watu wawili wenye vipawa. [[Noah Bennet]] na mwenzake, [[Claude (Heroes)|Claude]], ambao ni makachero wa [[The Company (Heroes)|Kina Company]], wanawasili nyumbani kwa Meredith na kumteka-nyara. Claude anaingia ndani na kutengeneza mazingira ya uhalifu ionekane kama ajali wakati Noah yupo nje anasubiri mpaka Meredith apambe moto na kulipua mlango ufunguke. Noah anakimbilia ndani na kumkuta Claude akiwa chini ya sakafu. Claude kisha anamweleza Noah amtafute Claire. Noah amempata Claire na kumtoa nje akiwa salama. Noah na mkewe, Sandra, baadaye wakamlea Claire. Kwenye riwaya ya picha, "Mkataba wa Kwanza wa ''Elle'', ambao unachukua nafasi kabla ya mfululizo kuanza, Bob anampa Elle kazi mkataba wa kwanza, ambao ni kumfuatilia Claire, huku akijifanya kama mwanafunzi katika shule ya Union Wells High School. Elle akasita, lakini Bob anamhabarisha kwamba Claire ni muhimu sana kwa kina Company na hivyo damu yake yaweza kuwa muhimu sana. Claire hakutambua kwamba Elle anamfuatilia. [[Six Months Ago|Miezi sita ya awali]] - mwanzoni kabisa mwa mfululizo, Claire amekuwa mkuu wa mashabiki huko shuleni kwake, kwa msaada wa rafiki yake aitwaye [[Jackie Wilcox]]. Wakati wa mgogoro wa kugombania mchezo na Jackie, Claire kajigonga kwenye mkoba wa kioo na kujikata mkono. Wakati wanawaoneshea wazazi wa Claire, Bi. Bennet anasema kwamba Claire huenda akahitaji kupigwa nyuzi. Baada ya Claire, Jackie, Bi. Bennet wanaenda hospitalini, simu ikaita na Mr. Bennet akaipokea. Kumbe ni [[Chandra Suresh]], mwanasayansi ambaye ana-somea mambo ambayo si ya kawaida, anamtaarifu kuhusu nguvu za Claire. Siku kadhaa baadaye, Mr. Bennet anamuuliza kama anaweza kuona zile nyuzi za mkononi mwa Claire. Pale walipotoa kitambaa alichozungushia mkononi mwake - wote wakashangazwa kuona kwamba hakuna hata alama ya mchubuko mdogo mkono mwake. Baada ya kutambua ile hali ya uwezo usio wa kawaida Claire anaamua kufanya vitu vya hatari huku akiwa na kijana mmoja ambaye ana rekodi matukio yote anayoyafanya. ==Viungo vya Nje== * [http://www.nbc.com/Heroes/bios/claire.shtml NBC cast page] {{Heroes characters}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bennet, Claire}} [[Jamii:Wahusika wa Heroes]] ow5ol559lcqwncq20199mi5vat0tfr0 0 55913 1598976 1578224 2026-09-23T02:52:04Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[File:Smoke-by-a-window-in-a-pub.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Moshi wa tumbaku katika pub ya Ireland kabla ya kupiga marufuku ya kuvuta sigara tarehe 29 Machi 2004.]] '''Kupatwa na moshi wa sigara za wengine''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''Second hand smoke'') ni hali ya kuvuta [[hewa]] yenye [[moshi]] unaotokana na [[mtu]] anayevuta [[sigara]] au [[mazingira]] ya moshi wa [[tumbaku]] (ETS), kutoka bidhaa za [[Mtumbaku]] zinazotumiwa na watu wengine. Hutokea wakati moshi wa tumbaku unapoenea katika mazingira yoyote na kusababisha athari ya kuvuta hewa kwa watu wanaoishi hapo. Ushahidi wa kisayansi unaonyesha kwamba kuvuta hewa ya moshi utokanao na mtu anayevuta tumbaku husababisha [[ugonjwa]], [[ulemavu]] na hata [[kifo]]. <ref name="sg-report">{{cite web |url = http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/secondhandsmoke |title = The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General |publisher = [[Surgeon General of the United States]] |date = 2006-06-27 |accessdate = 2009-01-12 |quote = Secondhand smoke exposure causes disease and premature death in children and adults who do not smoke}}</ref> <ref name="iarc-monograph">{{cite web |url = http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol83/index.php |title = Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking |publisher = [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] |year = 2004 |accessdate = 2009-01-12 |quote = There is sufficient evidence that involuntary smoking (exposure to secondhand or 'environmental' tobacco smoke) causes lung cancer in humans |format = PDF |archivedate = 2018-06-07 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20180607085206/http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol83/index.php }}</ref> Kuvuta moshi wa sigara inayotumiwa na mtu mwingine kumechangia pakubwa mjadala juu ya madhara na udhibiti wa bidhaa za tumbaku. Tangu mapema [[miaka ya 1970]], sekta ya tumbaku imekuwa na wasiwasi kuhusu kuvuta moshi wa sigara inayotumiwa na mtu mwingine kama tishio kubwa kwa maslahi ya [[biashara]] yake, madhara kwa walioko ambao hawavuti sigara. Ilionekana kama shinikizo kuu la kudhibiti bidhaa za tumbaku. Licha ya ufahamu wa mapema kuhusu uwezekano wa kuwepo madhara ya moshi wa sigara inayovutwa na mtu mwingine, sekta ya tumbaku iliratibu [[uhandisi]] wa pambano la kisayansi kwa lengo la kuzuia udhibiti wa bidhaa zao. <ref name="kessler"></ref> Hivi sasa, hatari za [[Afya|kiafya]] za moshi wa sigara ni suala la makubaliano ya kisayansi, na hizi hatari zimekuwa moja ya motisha kubwa kwa ajili ya kupiga [[marufuku]] kuvuta sigara katika maeneo ya [[kazi]] na ndani ya maeneo ya [[umma]], ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Mgahawa|mikahawa]], [[baa]] na [[klabu za usiku]]. == Madhara ya muda mrefu == Kuna ushahidi wa kutosha wa kisayansi kwamba moshi usiokuwa moja kwa moja husababisha magonjwa sawa kama sigara inayovutwa moja kwa moja, ikiwa ni pamoja na ugonjwa wa moyo na mishipa, mapafu, na ugonjwa wa upumuaji. Magonjwa haya ni kama: * Saratani: ** Jumla: hatari zilizoongezeka, <ref>{{harvnb|Surgeon General|2006|pp=30–46}}</ref> kupitia ushahidi uliokusanywa duniani kote, na Shirika la Kimataifa la Utafiti wa [[Saratani]] ilitamatishwa mwaka wa 2004 kuwadhibitika na utashi "Kushinikizwa kuvuta hewa ya sigara,au kuwekwa hatarini ya moshi wa tumbaku au 'mazingira' yenye moshi wa tumbaku) husababisha [[kansa]] kwa binadamu". <ref name="iarc-monograph"></ref> ** Kansa ya mapafu: mathari za sigara isiyo vutwa moja kwa moja juu ya kansa ya mapafu imefanyiwa uchunguzi sana. Mfululizo wa masomo kutoka Marekani kuanzia 1986-2003, Uingereza mwaka 1998, Australia mwaka 1997 na kimataifa katika 2004 umeonyesha mara kwa mara kuwa na ongezeko kubwa la hatari miongoni mwa wale kwenye hatari ya hewa ya moshi usiovutwa moja kwa moja. ** Kansa ya matiti: Shirika la Ulinzi wa mazingira la Kalifornia lilitamatisha mwaka 2005 kuwa uvutaji wa hewa ya moshi wa sigara huongeza hatari ya saratani ya matiti kwa wanawake wachanga ambao hawajakoma hedhi kwa asilimia. 70% Na mpasuaji mkuu wa Marekani amebainisha kwamba ushahidi "unakisia tu," lakini bado hautoshi kuleta uhusiano vile. Kwa kinyume, Wakala wa Kimataifa wa Taasisi ya Utafiti wa Saratani ulitamatisha mwaka 2004 kuwa kulikuwa "hakuna thibitisho kwa uhusiano baina ya hewa ya moshi wa tumbaku na kansa ya matiti katika wasiovutwa sigara kamwe ". ** Mafigo Saratani ya chembechembe za Figo (RCC): Utafiti wa hivi karibuni unaonyesha kuongezeka kwa hatari ya (RCC) miongoni mwa wasio vuta sigara kamwe ingawa nyubani/kazini walikumbana na hiya hewa nyumbani au kazini<ref>{{cite journal |author=Theis RP, Dolwick Grieb SM, Burr D, Siddiqui T, Asal NR |title=Smoking, environmental tobacco smoke, and risk of renal cell cancer: a population-based case-control study |journal=BMC Cancer |volume=8 |pages=387 |year=2008 |pmid=19108730 |pmc=2633310 |doi=10.1186/1471-2407-8-387 |ref=harv }}</ref> ** Hewa ya moshi wa sigara haionekani kuwa uhusiano na kansa ya uvimbe wa kongosho. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Hassan MM, Abbruzzese JL, Bondy ML, ''et al.'' |title=Passive smoking and the use of noncigarette tobacco products in association with risk for pancreatic cancer: a case-control study |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cancer_2007-06-15_109_12/page/2546 |journal=Cancer |volume=109 |issue=12 |pages=2547–56 |year=2007 |pmid=17492688 |pmc=2215306 |doi=10.1002/cncr.22724 |ref=harv}}</ref> ** Uvimbe wa ubongo: hatari huongezeka kwa watoto kwa kiasi kikubwa zaidi hata kama mama havuti lakini amehatarishwa na hiyo hewa ya moshi, hivyo si kuzuia hatari kwa mtoto wakati wa ujauzito. * Sikio, pua na koo: maambukizi hatari ya sikio. <ref>{{cite book |last=Bull |first=P.D. |title=Diseases of the Ear, Nose and Throat |url=https://archive.org/details/lecturenotesondi0000bull_a3x1 |publisher=Blackwell Science |year=1996 |isbn=0-86542-634-1 }}</ref> * Mfumo wa mzunguko wa damu: hatari ya ugonjwa wa moyo, <ref>{{harvnb|Surgeon General|2006|loc=Ch. 8}}</ref> kupunguza kiwango cha upigaji moyo, kiwango cha juu cha upigaji moyo. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Dietrich DF, Schwartz J, Schindler C, ''et al.'' |title=Effects of passive smoking on heart rate variability, heart rate and blood pressure: an observational study |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-epidemiology_2007-08_36_4/page/834 |journal=Int J Epidemiol |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=834–40 |year=2007 |pmid=17440032 |doi=10.1093/ije/dym031 |ref=harv}}</ref> **Masomo juu ya magonjwa inaonyesha kwamba kuvuta sigara kwenyewe na kuingiza hewa ya aliyevuta huongeza hatari ya atherosklerosi. * Matatizo ya mapafu: ** Hatari ya pumu. <ref>{{harvnb|Surgeon General|2006|pp=555–8}}</ref> * Kuharibika kwa uelewaji na shida ya akili: Mfiduo kwa hewa ya moshi huweza kuongeza hatari ya kuharibika kwa utambuzi na shida ya akili kwa watu wazima miaka 50 na zaidi. * Ujauzito ** Uzito wa kuzaliwa wa chini, sehemu B, ch.<sup>3.</sup> <ref>{{harvnb|Surgeon General|2006|pp=198–205}}</ref> ** Kuzaliwa kabla ya kupevuka, sehemu B, ch.3 (Kumbuka kwamba ushahidi wa uhusiano umeelezewa tu kama "kukisia" na Mpasuaji mkuu wa Marekani katika taarifa yake ya mwaka wa 2006.) * Kwa ujumla: ** Kuongezeka kwa pumu, mzio na hali nyingine. * Hatari kwa watoto: <ref>{{cite news |title=Parents warned not to smoke at home |url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,2110076,00.html |work = [[The Guardian]] |accessdate = 2007-06-24 |location=London |first=Denis |last=Campbell |date=24 Juni 2007}}</ref> ** Dalili za kifo cha ghafla cha watoto au (SIDS). <ref>{{cite journal |author=McMartin KI, Platt MS, Hackman R, Klein J, Smialek JE, Vigorito R, Koren G |title=Lung tissue concentrations of nicotine in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-pediatrics_2002-02_140_2/page/205 |journal=[[Journal of Pediatrics|J. Pediatr.]] |volume=140 |issue=2 |pages=205–9 |year=2002 |pmid=11865272 |doi=10.1067/mpd.2002.121937 |ref=harv }}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |author=Milerad J, Vege A, Opdal SH, Rognum TO |title=Objective measurements of nicotine exposure in victims of sudden infant death syndrome and in other unexpected child deaths |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-pediatrics_1999-07_135_1/page/132 |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=135 |issue=1 |pages=132–3 |year=1999 |pmid=9709711 |ref=harv }}</ref> Katika taarifa yake 2006, Mpasuaji Mkuu wa Marekani anasema:"Ushahidi huo ni wa kutosha kuleta uhusiano sababishi kati ya kuvuta hewa ya moshi wa sigara na dalili za kifo cha ghafla cha mtoto ". ** Pumu <ref>{{harvnb|Surgeon General|2006|pp=311–9}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |author=Vork KL, Broadwin RL, Blaisdell RJ |title=Developing asthma in childhood from exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke: insights from a meta-regression |journal=[[Environ. Health Perspect.]] |volume=115 |issue=10 |pages=1394–400 |year=2007 |pmid=17938726 |pmc=2022647 |doi=10.1289/ehp.10155 |ref=harv}}</ref> ** Maambukizi ya mapafu <ref>{{cite journal |author=Spencer N, Coe C |title=Parent reported longstanding health problems in early childhood: a cohort study |journal=[[Arch. Dis. Child.]] |volume=88 |issue=7 |pages=570–3 |year=2003 |pmid=12818898 |pmc=1763148 |doi=10.1136/adc.88.7.570 |ref=harv}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |author=de Jongste JC, Shields MD |title=Cough. 2: Chronic cough in children |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_thorax_2003-11_58_11/page/998 |journal=Thorax |volume=58 |issue=11 |pages=998–1003 |year=2003 |pmid=14586058 |pmc=1746521 |doi=10.1136/thorax.58.11.998 |ref=harv}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |author=Dybing E, Sanner T |title=Passive smoking, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and childhood infections |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_human-and-experimental-toxicology_1999-04_18_4/page/202 |journal=Hum Exp Toxicol |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=202–5 |year=1999 |pmid=10333302|doi=10.1191/096032799678839914 |ref=harv}}</ref> <ref name="Difranza 2004">{{cite journal |author=DiFranza JR, Aligne CA, Weitzman M |title=Prenatal and postnatal environmental tobacco smoke exposure and children's health |journal=[[Pediatrics (journal)|Pediatrics]] |volume=113 |issue=4 Suppl |pages=1007–15 |year=2004 |pmid=15060193 |doi=10.1542/peds.113.4.S1.1007 |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/113/4/S1/1007 |ref=harv |doi_brokendate=2010-06-20 |access-date=2010-12-14 |archive-date=2010-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203081032/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/113/4/S1/1007 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ** Magonjwa makali zaidi yakiwa na bronkioiolitis, na matokeo mabaya zaidi ** Kuongezeka kwa hatari ya kupatwa na kifua kikuu kama ikipata mwenezaji ** Mzio ** Ugonjwa wa Chrohn. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Mahid SS, Minor KS, Stromberg AJ, Galandiuk S |title=Active and passive smoking in childhood is related to the development of inflammatory bowel disease |journal=Inflamm. Bowel Dis. |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=431–8 |year=2007 |pmid=17206676 |doi=10.1002/ibd.20070 |ref=harv}}</ref> ** Ugumu wa kujifunza, ucheleweshaji wa kukua, na kuathiri mienendo ya kiakili. Mifano ya wanyama hupendekeza jukumu kwa Nikotini na monoksidi ya kaboni katika matatizo ya mishipa ya akili. <ref name="Difranza 2004"></ref> ** Ongezeko katika kuoza kwa meno (pamoja na kuhusiana biyoishara za mate umeshirikishwa na hewa ya moshi wa sigara kwa watoto. ** Kuongezeka kwa hatari ya maambukizi ya sikiokati. * Kuongezeka kwa ujumla hatari ya kifo katika watu wazima, ambapo inakadiriwa kuua wasiovuta sigara 53,000 kwa mwaka, na kuifanya nambari 3 baadhi ya sababu za 1} vifo vinavyoweza kuzuiliwa nchini Marekani na kwa watoto. == Utaratibu wa visababu == Utafiti wa 2004 na Shirika la Kimataifa la Utafiti wa Saratani ya Shirika la Afya Duniani lilitamatisha kuwa wasiovuta sigara wamehatarishwa na kasinojeni sawa za kusababisha kansa kama wale wanaovuta. Moshi wa kando una zaidi ya kemikali 4,000, ikiwa ni pamoja na kasinojeni 69 zinazojulikana. Wasiwasi maalum ni polinyukilia hidrokaboni zenye kunukia, N-naitrosamini maalum za tumbaku na amaini zenye kunukia, kama vile 4-Aminobiphenyl, ambayo imejulikana kuwa yenye kusababisha kansa. Moshi wa moja kwa moja, moshi wa kando, na moshi wa sigara unaopumuliwa bila hiari na mtu asiyevuta sigara una vipengele sawa, hata hivyo ukolezi wake unatofautiana kulingana na aina ya moshi. Kasinojeni kadhaa zenye nguvu zimeonyeshwa na 'makampuni ya tumbaku yenyewe kupitia utafiti kuwa sasa wa viwango vya juu katika moshi wa kando kuliko katika moshi tawala. Moshi wa tumbaku kwenye mazingira (ETS) umebainika kuwa unazalisha uchafuzi wa mazingira katika chembechembe ya mata zaidi (PM) kuliko injini ya dizeli iliyo na mchirizo wa chini Katika majaribio yaliofanywa na Taasisi ya Saratani ya Taifa la Italia, sigara tatu ziliachwa zikiwaka, moja baada ya nyingine, katika karakana 60m³ na hewa kidogo ikibadilishwa. Hizo sigara zilizalisha uchafuzi wa PM mno hadi mipaka ya nje, kama vile viwango vya mchana hadi mara 10 ile ya injini inayonguruma. Uvutaji kuwekwa kwenye hatari ya moshi wa tumbaku kuna madhara makubwa ya haraka juu ya damu na mishipa ya damu katika njia ambayo huongeza hatari ya mashambulizi ya moyo, hasa katika watu walio tayari kwenye hatari. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Barnoya J, Glantz SA |title=Cardiovascular effects of secondhand smoke: nearly as large as smoking |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_circulation_2005-05-24_111_20/page/n159 |journal=Circulation |volume=111 |issue=20 |pages=2684–98 |year=2005 |pmid=15911719 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.492215 |ref=harv}}</ref> Kuwekwa kwenye hatari ya moshi wa tumbaku kwa muda wa dakika 30 kwa kiasi kikubwa hupunguza hifadhi ya kasimwelekeo kwenye mtiririko wa moyo katika watu wasiovuta sigara na wenye afya. Ugonjwa wa mapafu ambao hukatiza kupumua unaweza sababishwa katika panya kutokana na moshi mkali wa kando wa tumbaku (sigara 30 kwa siku) kwa kipindi cha siku 45. Kuharibiwa kwa seli za masti} na kuchangia uharibifu wa mapafu pia umegunduliwa. Neno "moshi wa aina ya mkono wa tatu" umebuniwa hivi karibuni kutambua uchafuzi kutokana na mabaki ya moshi wa tumbaku unaosalia baada ya sigara kuzimwa na moshi uliotolewa inje na mvutaji kuondolewa kutoka kwa hewa. Utafiti wa awali unaonyesha kwamba matokeo ya moshi wa aina ya mkono wa tatu yanaweza kuhatarisha afya, ingawa ukubwa wa hatari, kama upo, bado haujulikani. == Masomo ya Epidemologia == Masomo ya Epidemologia yanaonyesha kuwa watu wasiovuta sigara wakipumua hewa ya moshi wa sigara huhatarishwa kiafya na matatizo yanayohusiana na uvutaji wa moja kwa moja. Mwaka wa 1992, ''gazeti la American Medical Association'' lilichapisha mapitio ya ushahidi wa kutosha kuhusu uhusiano kati ya moshi wa sigara inayopumuliwa bila hiari na mtu asiyevuta sigara na maradhi ya moyo, na inakadiriwa kuwa sigara tulivu iliwajibika kwa vifo 35,000 kufikia 40,000 kwa mwaka katika [[Marekani|nchi]] ya [[Marekani]] mapema miaka ya 1980. <ref name="steenland">{{cite journal |author=Steenland K |title=Passive smoking and the risk of heart disease |journal=JAMA |volume=267 |issue=1 |pages=94–9 |year=1992 |month=Januari |pmid=1727204 |doi= 10.1001/jama.267.1.94|url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/267/1/94 |ref=harv}}</ref> Hatari halisi ya ongezeko la maradhi ya moyo kutokana na ETS ilikuwa 2.2%, huku asilimia ya hatari husishi ikiwa asilimia 23%. Utafiti kwa kutumia hatua halisi zaidi ya mfiduo kwa moshi usiovutwa moja kwa moja unaonyesha kuwa hatari kwa wasiovuta sigara inaweza kuwa hata zaidi kuliko makisio haya. Utafiti wa Uingereza ulisema kwamba mfiduo kwa moshi usiovutwa moja kwa moja huongeza hatari ya ugonjwa wa moyo kati-ya wasio vuta kwa kiasi kama 60%, sawa na sigara mwanga. Ushahidi pia unaonyesha kwamba kuvuta pumzi ya moshi wa kando, ambayo ndio sehemu kubwa ya moshi usio kuwa moja kuwa moja kwa moja, una sumu mara nne zaidi kuliko moshi tawala, ukweli ambao umejulikana kwa sekta ya tumbaku tangu miaka ya 1980, matoke ambayo yaliwekwa siri. <ref name="glantz2005">{{cite journal |author=Schick S, Glantz S |title=Philip Morris toxicological experiments with fresh sidestream smoke: more toxic than mainstream smoke |journal=Tobacco control |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=396–404 |year=2005 |pmid=16319363 |doi=10.1136/tc.2005.011288 |pmc=1748121 |ref=harv}}</ref> <ref name="schick2006">{{cite journal |author=Schick S, Glantz SA |title=Sidestream cigarette smoke toxicity increases with aging and exposure duration |journal=Tobacco control |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=424–9 |year=2006 |pmid=17130369 |doi=10.1136/tc.2006.016162 |pmc=2563675 |ref=harv}}</ref> Baadhi ya wanasayansi wanaamini kwamba hatari ya uvutaji tulivu, hasa katika hatari ya kupatwa na magonjwa ya koronari ya moyo, inaweza kuwa ilikadiriwa chini sana. Wanaepidemiolojia wachache huona ugumu kuelewa jinsi mazingira ya moshi wa tumbaku, ambayo yame zimua zaidi kuliko pumzi ya moshi uliovutwa moja kwa moja, inaweza kuwa na athari ambayo ni sehemu kubwa kama hiyo inayoongeza hatari ya ugonjwa wa moyo kati ya uvutaji halisi. Mojawapo ya maelezo yaliyopendekezwa ni kwamba moshi usiokuwa wa moja kwa moja siyo tu 'ugeuzi uliyozimuliwa kutoka kwa moshi tawala', lakini ina muundo tofauti wenye dutu sumu zaidi kwa kila gramu ya chembechembe jumla. Sigara tulivu inaonekana kuwa na uwezo wa kutuama papo hapo maonyesho-ya magonjwa ya utomvu wa moyo(atherothrombosis) na pia kuwa na athari hasi juu ya matokeo ya wagonjwa wanaoteseka ugonjwa hatari wa moyo. Mwaka wa 2004, Shirika la Kimataifa la Utafiti wa Saratani (IARC) la [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|Shirika]] la [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|Afya Duniani]] (WHO) lilirejelea ushahidi wote muhimu uliochapishwa kuhusiana na uvutaji wa tumbaku na saratani. Ilihitimisha: {{quote|These meta-analyses show that there is a statistically significant and consistent association between lung cancer risk in spouses of smokers and exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke from the spouse who smokes. The excess risk is of the order of 20% for women and 30% for men and remains after controlling for some potential sources of bias and confounding.<ref name="iarc-monograph"/>}} Uchambuzi zaidi wa baadaye umethibitisha matokeo hayo, na masomo ya ziada yamebainisha kuwa mfiduo wa jumla wa juu kwa moshi tulivu hata kati ya watu wenye wapenzi ambao hawavuti sigara imehusishwa na hatari kubwa zaidi kuliko mpenzi mvutaji na imeenea katika wasio vuta. Baraza la kitaifa la pumu la Australia linataja tafiti zinazo onyesha kuwa mazingira ya moshi wa tumbaku (ETS) pengine ndio muhimu katika uchafuzi wa mazingira ya ndani, hasa karibu na watoto wadogo: * Kuvuta sigara na aidha mzazi, hasa mama, huongeza hatari ya pumu kwa watoto. * Matazamio ya pumu mapema utotoni hayatiliwi maanani katika boma zenye kuvuta sigara. * Watoto wenye pumu ambao wamewekwa wazi kwa sigara nyumbani kwa ujumla huwa na ugonjwa mkali zaidi. * Baadhi ya watu wazima wenye pumu hutambua ETS kama chanzo kwa dalili zao. * Pumu ilio tambuliwa na Daktari ya kawaida zaidi miongoni mwa watu wazima wasio vuta sigara na waliowekwa wazi kwa ETS kuliko wale ambao hawajawekwa wazi. Kati ya watu wenye pumu, mfiduo wa juu kwa ETS umehusishwa na hatari ya zaidi ya mashambulizi makali. Ufaransa, sigara tulivu imekuwa inakadiriwa kusababisha vifo vya mapema kati ya 3,000 na 5000 kwa mwaka, na takwimu kubwa ikitajwa na Waziri Mkuu Dominique de Villepin wakati wa matangazo yake ya kitaifa ya kupiga marufuku uvutaji: "Hiyo inafikisha zaidi ya vifo 13 kwa siku. Ni ukweli ambao haukubaliki kwenye nchi yetu katika suala la afya ya umma". Kuna ushahidi mzuri kuwa sheria ya kutovuta sigara hupunguza idadi ya wanaolazwa hospitalini kwa ajili ya maradhi ya moyo. Katika 2009 masomo mawili nchini Marekani yalithibitisha ufanisi wa kupiga marufuku uvutaji kwa umma katika kuzuia mashambulizi ya moyo. Utafiti wa kwanza kufanyika katika Chuo Kikuu cha Kalifornia, San Francisco ukifadhiliwa na Taasisi ya Saratani ya Taifa, ulikuta kushuka na asilimia 15 katika waliolazwa hospitali na mashambulizi ya moyo katika mwaka wa kwanza baada ya sheria ya kutovuta sigara kupitishwa, na asilimia 36 baada ya miaka mitatu. Utafiti wa pili uliofanyika katika Chuo Kikuu cha Kansas Shule ya Tiba, ulionyesha matokeo sawa. Kwa ujumla, wanawake wasiovuta, na watu chini ya umri wa miaka 60 walikuwa na hatari iliopunguka zaidi juu ya mashambulizi ya moyo. Wengi wa walionufaika walikuwa wafanyikazi wa sekta ya hoteli na burudani. ===Masomo katika wanyama=== ====Mfiduo wa moja kwa moja katika mazingira ya majaribio==== Kumbukumbu ya kwanza ya majaribio kusababisha uvimbe katika wanyama kwa njia ya kutia bidhaa za tumbaku ilitokea katika 1911. Mfululizo wa 2004 wa monographs uliyotolewa na Shirika la Kimataifa la Utafiti wa Saratani, sehemu ya Shirika la Afya Duniani, lilitoa muhtasari wa utafiti kutoka miaka ya 1960 na kuendelea juu ya kazi yakasinojeni ya tumbaku katika maabara ya wanyama mbalimbali. =====Mbinu===== Kwa mujibu wa mono-grafi za IARC,sumu ya kasinojeni ya moshi wa sigara huamuliwa kwa njia mbili. Ya kwanza ni kwa njia ya kuweka tonesha za moshi wa sigara kwa ngozi. Hizi tonesha za moshi wa sigara hukusanywa kwa kupitisha moshi kenye mitego ya baridi na kisha kuchukua hizo nyezo. Sigara kawaida huvutwa na mashine na nyenzo inaoshwa kutoka kwenye mitego kwa kutumia dutu fukivu kama vile asetoni, ambayo huondolewa baadaye. Taratibu mingi za kukusanya hizi tonesha za moshi wa sigara hazijasanifishwa katika maabara, ikiwa ni pamoja na jinsi ya kuhifadhi tonesha, kwa idadi gani na mtindo wa kuvuta sigara, na aina ya kiyeyusha kilichotumika. Mara tu tonesha inapokusanywa, inapakwa kwenye ngozi ya wanyama wa kujaribiwa, ambao baadaye huchunguzwa kwa ukuaji wa uvimbe katika vipindi vilivyowekwa. Njia ya pili, kama ilivyoelezwa na monografi ya IARC, ambayo hutumika kupima kasinojeni ya moshi wa sigara kwa wanyama ni kwa kuwasababishia wao kuingiza moshi wa sigara. Monografi ya IARC inaelezea moshi wa sigara tawala kama ule ambao unatolewa kwa kinywa cha mwisho wa sigara na kwa hivyo moshi ule binadamu wanaovuta huhatarishwa nao zaidi. Uwandikishanji wa IARC kueleza mbinu na vifaa vya kwamba wanasayansi kuwa na maendeleo na kufanya bora zaidi na vya ya ukombozi wa moshi tawala sigara. Hivi vifaa hutofautiana kati ya mwili mzima na mfiduo wa pua-tu, lakini kwa kawaida kuhusisha moshi uliovutwa na mashine na kupulizwa kwenye chumba kidogo ambacho kina wanyama walioko katika uchunguzi. Baadhi ya visababu hutofautisha uzoefu wa binadamu mvutaji kutokana na hawa wanyama walioko katika uchunguzi. Binadamu wanaovuta sigara huvuta ndani moshikwa hiari na hivyo kufanya hivyo kwa undani zaidi kuliko wanyama wanyama wanaochunguzwa ambao kwa kawaida hu hemahema iwapo kuna moshi. Wanyama walio kwenye uchunguzi, hasa panya na mbwa, pia kwa kiasi kikubwa wana mofolojia tofauti za mfumo wa kupumukutoka kwa binadamu. Pamoja na tofauti hizi, vipimo vya moshi unaopatiwa wanyama hao vinaweza kudhamiria kwa kuchunguza tishu na sampuli ya damu. Mbwa, ambao hawawezi kuwa wazi kwa moshi kupitia vyumba vya kuvuta sigara kwa urahisi kama panya wadogo, wanahitaji mbinu tofauti ya mfiduo kwa moshi wa sigara. Mbinu hizi ni pamoja na thrakeostomi, ambapo moshi hupulizwa kwa njia ya neli moja kwa moja kwenye shimo lililokatwa katika koo la mbwa au kupitia barakoa iliowekwa usoni mwa umbwa. =====Matokeo===== Monografia za IARC zilihitimisha kuwa kupaka tonesha za moshi wa sigara kwenye ngozi ya panya husababisha uvimbe hafifu na hata vidonda vyenye kudhuru. Ingawa kasinojeni za moshi wa tombako zilitambulika kwa mara ya kwanza katika binadamu, aina mbalimbali ya wanyama pia wamepata kuwekwa wazi kwa kuvuta moshi wa tumbaku katika majaribio ya mavuno zaidi ya ushahidi na udhibiti kwa ajili ya mambo mbalimbali ya majaribio, ikiwa ni pamoja na aina ya tumbaku na kiwango cha mfiduo, ambayo haingekuwa na utu katika masomo ya binadamu. Monografia za IARC, zikihusisha masomo yaliyotumia mbinu mbalimbali za kuvuta moshi, zilihitimisha kuwa kikubwa zaidi uvimbe wa mapafu ulitokea kati ya panya waliopata moshi kuliko wale wa makundi ya kudhibiti. Tangu miaka wa 1960, mnyama aliyetumika sana kwa majaribio ya kasinogeni ya moshi wa tumbaku amekuwa Golden Hamster wa Siria kutokana na upinzani wake kwa maambukizi ya mapafu na kiasi kidogo ambacho anapata uvimbe wa mapafu. <ref name="iarc-monograph"></ref> Kwa mujibu wa monografi za IARC, utafiti huo umebainisha na kurudia kuthibitisha ukasinojeni wa moshi wa tumbaku kwa wanyama wa hamsters. Masomo yanayotazamwa na monografi za IARC pia yalipata kuwa moja, lakini si wote kwenye makundi ya panya ikipata moshi tawala kuna uwezekano wa uvimbe wa mapafu kukua. Monografi za IARC pia zilitazama masomo yanayohusiana na sungura na mbwa ambazo yalikuwa kidogo bainifu. Waandishi, hata hivyo, walitoa mfano wa majaribio ya upungufu mbalimbali, kama vile idadi ndogo ya vikundi vya uchunguzi au kudhibiti na data iliokosekana, ambayo inaweza kuelezea sababu ya ukosefu wa matokeo ya kutamatisha. ====Mathara ya Moshi wa Tombako ulio kwenye Mazingira==== Baadhi ya utafiti pia umefanyika ili kubainisha ukasinojenecity wa moshi wa tumbaku kwa wanyama. Utafiti huu kawaida huwa chini ya makundi yaliyosawa na mazingira ya moshi wa tombako, upakaji wa tonesha za moshi wa kando kando au masomo ya utazamaji wa kansa miongoni mwa wanyama wapendwa. =====Uigaji wa mazingira ya moshi wa tumbaku===== Kuiga mazingira ya moshi wa tumbaku, wanasayansi huleta moshi wa kando kando kwenye wanyama,ambao huanza hutoka katika koni ya sigara inayochomeka na kwa karatasi yake, au mchanganyiko wa moshi tawala na moshi wa kando kando. Monografi ya IARC zinatimisha kwamba panya waliowekwa wazi kwa mazingira yaliyoigwa ya moshi wa tumbaku kwa muda mrefu, kama masaa 6 kwa siku, siku 5 kwa wiki, kwa muda wa miezi mitano kisha nafasi ya miezi 4 kabla ya kuchanguliwa, itakuwa na msururu wa uvimbe kuliko kwa vikundi dhibiti. =====Tonesha za Moshi wa kandokando===== Monografi za IARC zilihitimisha kuwa tonesha za moshi wa kandokando zilikuwa na athari za kansa ya kiasi kikubwa kenye panya kuliko tonesha za moshi tawala. =====Utambuzi wa Utafiti katika wanyama wapendwa===== Moshi wa sigara inayopumuliwa bila hiari na mtu asiyevuta sigara una umaarufu kwa hatari zake kwa ajili ya saratani katika wanyama wapendwa. Utafiti uliofanywa na Chuo Kikuu cha Tufts Shule ya Tiba ya Mifugo na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Massachusetts wanaohusishwa tukio la kansa ya mdomo feline na yatokanayo na tombako moshi wa mazingira kwa njia ya overexpression ya p53 gene. Utafiti mwingine uliofanywa katika moja ya vyuo vikuu alihitimisha kuwa paka wanaoishi na mvutaji ni walikuwa zaidi uwezekano wa kupata feline lymphoma, hatari ya kuongezeka kwa muda wa yatokanayo na moshi secondhand na idadi ya wavutaji katika kaya. <ref>{{cite journal |author= Bertone ER, Snyder LA, Moore AS. |title= Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Risk of Malignant Lymphoma in Pet Cats. |journal=American Journal of Epidemiology |volume=156 |issue=3 |pages=268–273 |year=2002 |pmid=12142262 |doi= 10.1093/aje/kwf044 |ref= harv}}</ref> Utafiti na watafiti wa Chuo Kikuu cha Kolorado Nchi, kuangalia matukio ya kansa ya mapafu canine, inconclusive kwa ujumla, ingawa waandishi taarifa ya uhusiano dhaifu kwa kansa ya uvimbe katika mbwa wazi kwa tumbaku moshi wa mazingira. Idadi ya smokers ndani ya nyumba, idadi ya Packs kuvuta katika nyumba kwa siku, na kiasi cha wakati huo mbwa alitumia ndani ya nyumba hawakuwa na athari mbwa hatari ya kansa ya mapafu. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Reif JS, Dunn K, Ogilvie GK, Harris CK. |title=Passive smoking and canine lung cancer risk. |journal=Am J Epidemiol. |volume=135 |issue=3 |pages=234–9 |year=1992 |pmid=1546698 |ref=harv}}</ref> Mwaka wa 1990, sekta ya-mtafiti wa tumbaku nchini [[Ujerumani]] mapendekezo ya utafiti wa madhara ya wanyama yatokanayo na maisha ya Secondhand moshi. Mapendekezo ya utafiti ilikuwa imefungwa na Philip Morris, <ref>{{cite journal |author=Drope J, Chapman S |title=Tobacco industry efforts at discrediting scientific knowledge of environmental tobacco smoke: a review of internal industry documents |journal=Journal of epidemiology and community health |volume=55 |issue=8 |pages=588–94 |year=2001 |pmid=11449018|doi=10.1136/jech.55.8.588 |pmc=1731959 |ref=harv}}</ref> kama ilivyoelezwa katika ripoti ya kampuni ya ndani: {{quote|PM [Philip Morris] recently succeeded in blocking Adlkofer's plan to conduct lifetime animal inhalation study of sidestream smoke. (. . .an INBIFO study has shown that in 90-day inhalation test, no non-reversible changes has [sic] been detected. In a lifetime study, the results were almost certain to be less favorable. Based on the analysis, the other members of the German industry agreed that the proposed study should not proceed).<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.pmdocs.com/PDF/2023036828_6838_0.PDF |title = Smoking and health research activities in Europe |publisher = [http://www.pmdocs.com/ Philip Morris document archive] |accessdate = 2007-08-10 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200414091927/http://www.pmdocs.com/PDF/2023036828_6838_0.PDF |archivedate = 2020-04-14 }}</ref>}} Utafiti wa 2008 uliofanywa na Henry Ford Mfumo wa Afya kupatikana kuwa taarifa kutolewa kuhusu madhara ya madhara ya sigara passiv juu ya wanyama wao, asilimia 28.4% ya wamiliki wa mnyama ambaye moshi itakuwa motisha kwa kujiondoa, asilimia 8.7% bila kuuliza wale ambao wanaishi pamoja nao kwa kujiondoa, asilimia 14.2% na bila kuacha sigara ndani ya nyumba. ====Maoni ya Wanaharakati wa Haki za wanyama==== Utata sana juu ya mnyama ipo kupima hasa kwa Nikotini na bidhaa za tumbaku. Wanyama harakati za makundi ni hasa mijadala kuhusu madai ya makampuni kama Phillip Morris utafiti wa fedha za wanyama tombako. Baadhi ya makundi ya kijamii mabadiliko kama change.org kutangaza kwamba makampuni ya tumbaku fedha kupima wanyama katika majaribio Nikotini, pamoja na baadhi ya masomo haya kuwa mtoto au mimba wanyama. change.org pia madai kwamba NIH ina unafadhiliwa milioni $ 16,500,000 katika Nikotini utafiti ya wanyama. Kuna mengi daima mvutano kati ya wanaharakati wa makundi ya wanyama, na watafiti na hii kuwa hasa yanayoonekana kwa shambulizi kubwa dhidi ya mtafiti wa. Edythe D. London, profesa UCLA mwaka kuongoza utafiti 3 alikuwa walengwa na wanaharakati na nyumba yake mafuriko na wanyama Liberation Front. Pia kulikuwa firebomb kushoto mbele ya nyumba yake na Amerika ya Kaskazini wanyama Ukombozi. <ref>{{cite web |last=Hermes |first=JJ |title=Animal Rights|url=http://chronicle.com/article/Animal-Rights-Militants/160 |date of access= 28 Aprili 2010}}</ref>. Baada ya tukio Edyth London, aliandika makala yenye kichwa "Kwa nini mimi kutumia wanyama katika utafiti wangu" <ref>{{cite news |last=London |first=Edythe |title=Why I Use Animals In My Research |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/nov/01/opinion/oe-london1/2 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=1 Novemba 2007 |accessdate=2010-05-21 |archivedate=2012-07-09 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120709171754/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/nov/01/opinion/oe-london1/2 }}</ref>. Katika makala, London inasisitiza upendo wake kwa ajili ya kutatua tatizo la madawa ya kulevya na kusaidia sadaka kwa wale wanaotaka na anahitaji msaada wa kuacha tumbaku yao kulevya. Yeye hakuwa na kukubali kwa kuwa unafadhiliwa na Philip Morris Marekani na anaona hakuna tatizo na hilo. Juu ya Philip Morris tovuti <ref>{{cite web |last=PhillipMorrisUSA |title=Philip Morris USA |url=http://www.philipmorrisusa.com/en/cms/Products/Cigarettes/Research_Development/Animal_Care_Use_Statement/default.aspx |accessdate=2010-12-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201052953/http://www.philipmorrisusa.com/en/cms/Products/Cigarettes/Research_Development/Animal_Care_Use_Statement/default.aspx |archivedate=2015-02-01 }}</ref> wanadai kwamba hawana sasa kufanya utafiti wa ndani na matumizi ya wanyama maabara. Wao kufanya utafiti wa mfuko wa nje, lakini madai ya kufanya hivyo katika awali na namna ya kuwajibika kama inavyoonekana kwa kupewa leseni zao na Chama kwa ajili ya Tathmini na kupewa leseni ya Maabara ya wanyama. Mwaka 2001, American Spirit ilidai kurejea kwa-free sigara ukatili katika kampuni ambayo haina mwenendo sigara kupima kwa kutumia wanyama. <ref>{{cite web |title=Smoking Animals |url=http://www.smokinganimals.com/aspirit.html |date of access=28 Aprili 2010 |accessdate=2010-12-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725025914/http://www.smokinganimals.com/aspirit.html |archivedate=2010-07-25 }}</ref>. Hatua hii ilikuwa kusifiwa na makundi ya wanyama wanaharakati na kutumika kuhamasisha makampuni ya tumbaku nyingine kufanya kufuata uongozi wa America Spirit. Hoja kuu ya wanaharakati wa wanyama, badala ya matibabu ya wanyama ni hakuna uhakika katika kuendelea kufanya majaribio hayo ya wanyama kuthibitisha madhara mabaya ya tumbaku, ambayo tayari yanajulikana. Uvumi wa uatagazaji kama madai kwamba "katika majaribio moja, kukata vivisectors mashimo katika 'kooni beagles na alimfanya kupumua moshi iliyokolea sigara kwa mwaka mzima wa" <ref>{{cite web |last=Moore |first=Healther |title=Dying For a Cigarette |url= http://www.impactpress.com/articles/febmar02/cigs2302.html }}</ref>. Kikundi pia madai kwamba katika Mkoa Oregon nyani Kituo cha Utafiti, ya nyani rhesus kuishi katika tight, mabwawa chuma na nyani mimba ni wazi nikotini. Pia kuna wanyama disapproval na wanaharakati wa Machi ya utafiti unafadhiliwa Dimes ambayo Nikotini ilitolewa kwa panya na mimba, na kisha watoto walikuwa kupimwa ili kuona namna ya kutumbuiza katika maze a " <ref>{{cite web |last= Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine |title= Concerns About the March of Dimes |url= http://www.pcrm.org/resch/charities/mod_common_qs.html |accessdate= 2010-12-14 |archivedate= 2010-07-16 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100716211005/http://www.pcrm.org/resch/charities/mod_common_qs.html }}</ref> .Makundi kama PETA ni kutumia misemo kama "Je, si kupata kuchomwa na Philip Morris. Wao ni kutumia pesa yako ya kuumiza wanyama. PETA pia madai kwamba bado kuna swali la kuaminika wa kupima matokeo ya wanyama kwa ajili ya masomo ya tumbaku lakini makala ya "nini Maabara Wanyama bado wanatumia" <ref>{{cite web |last=Wanjek |first= Christopher |title=Why Lab Animals Are Still Used |url=http://www.livescience.com/health/080212-bad-animal-testing.html }}</ref> asserts kuwa serikali kadhaa udhibiti na vyombo vya utafiti na kipimo kilichopo karibu kwamba njia 200 kuhakikisha ufanisi katika masomo ya wanyama. Kamati ya Uratibu ya Interagency juu ya Njia Mbadala ipo kwa ajili ya mapitio ya njia hizi. Kuna longitudomasomo wa sigara huathiri kwamba bado ni haja ya kuwa uliofanywa, na hivyo watafiti wenyewe kuona sasa wanyama masomo na si lazima kuwa chepesi, lakini muhimu. ====Nikotini wanyama sumu==== Wanyama kama mbwa, paka, kichakuro, na wanyama wengine wadogo walioathirika na si ya pili mkono moshi kuvuta pumzi tu, bali pia Nikotini sumu. Pets ya ndani, hasa mbwa, kwa kawaida kuanguka vibaya wakati wamiliki kuondoka Nikotini bidhaa kama liwato la sigara, ugolo, au fizi nikotini ndani ya kufikia ya mnyama. Imejaa liwato la sigara kutoka kwa wavutaji sigara ni tatizo kwa wanyama wadogo makosa yao kwa ajili ya chakula kama kupata yao sidewalks au trashcans. Liwato la sigara ni bado ya sigara baada ya sigara ambayo yana filter ambayo ni maana ya zina lami chembe,, na sumu kutoka kwenye sigara kama vile amonia, arseniki, benzini, tapentaini na sumu nyingine. Liwato la sigara inaweza kupatikana kwa wingi mkubwa kama uchafu. Inaweza kuchukua muda wa miezi 18 na miaka 10 kwa ajili ya chujio na kuharibu <ref>{{cite web|last= Martin|first= Terry|title= Cigarette Litter and How It Affects Us|url= http://quitsmoking.about.com/od/cigaretteingredients/a/ciglitter.htm|accessdate= 2010-12-14|archivedate= 2010-12-02|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101202124428/http://quitsmoking.about.com/od/cigaretteingredients/a/ciglitter.htm}}</ref>. Ingawa machela ya sigara ufahamu kampeni <ref>{{cite web |title=Butt out!|url=http://savannahnow.com/stories/061103/LOCcigbutts.shtml }}</ref>. moyo smokers kuepuka littering na hata kubeba ashtrays mfukoni, sigara cheo liwato la sigara namba moja katika orodha ya matatizo mbaya uchafu katika Marekani inafanya huu rahisi kwa wanyama wadogo kama puppies, squirrels, na raccoons kupata na unsuspectingly kutosheleza Nikotini. A taarifa 4500000000000 sigara butts upepo juu kama uchafu duniani kote kwa mwaka. Sigara butts zimeripotiwa akaunti ya asilimia 30% ya kupoteza vitu ya kupatikana shorelines Marekani <ref>{{cite web |last=Carlozo |first=Louis R. |title=Kicking butts |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-06-18/features/0806170174_1_cigarette-butts-secondhand-beach-house |accessdate=2010-12-14 |archive-date=2011-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813050558/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-06-18/features/0806170174_1_cigarette-butts-secondhand-beach-house |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Hii ni hatari kwa wanyama kama seagulls na turtles kwa sababu wakati kuwekwa katika miili kubwa ya maji kama bahari, na Sumu ya kitako sigara inaweza kuwa madhara kwa maisha ya viumbe wa majini. Watafiti katika Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo San Diego kudai kwamba filter-tipped butts sigara ni sumu hasa kwa ajili ya maji safi na samaki baharini <ref>{{cite web |last=Joyce |first=Ed |title=SDSU Study Says Cigarette Butts Kill Fish |url=http://www.kpbs.org/news/2009/may/01/sdsu-study-says-cigarette-butts-kill-fish}}</ref>. Hata moja tu sigara kitako peke yake soaking kwenye maji kwa siku ni madhara ya kutosha kwa kuua 50% ya samaki katika lita moja ya maji <ref>{{cite web |last=Ramos |first=Will |title=Cigarette Butts Toxic to Fish |url=http://www.oceanleadership.org/2009/cigarette-butts-toxic-to-fish/ |accessdate=2010-12-14 |archivedate=2013-01-13 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130113095222/http://www.oceanleadership.org/2009/cigarette-butts-toxic-to-fish/ }}</ref>. Pombo kuwa na blubber wengi katika majini maisha na sumu kujihusisha pale, hivyo pombo hasa ni wengi walioathirika na sumu ya <ref>{{cite web |title= Effect of cigarette butt pollution on marine life |url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/22910665/Effect-of-cigarette-butt-pollution-on-marine-life/ }}</ref> . Ya sumu ya kitako sigara unaweza kusababisha matatizo ya afya kwa wanyama kama kutapika kutetemeka, na hypersalivation. Dawa za mifugo iliyochapishwa kesi ya retriever 10 na umri wa miaka kike Labrador ingesting butts sigara. Ya Labrador vomited mara kadhaa na alikuwa na kuongezeka kwa damu urea nitrojeni, protini jumla, na viwango albumin na kupasuka kwa chembe na lipemia pia aliona. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Hackendahl NC, Sereda CW |title=The Dangers of Nicotine Ingestion In Dogs |journal=Veterinary Medicine |pages=218–224 |month=Machi |year=2004 |url=http://www.aspcapro.org/animal-poison-control/documents/zj-toxbrief_0304.pdf |format=PDF |ref=harv |access-date=2010-12-14 |archive-date=2011-10-07 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20111007155524/http://www.aspcapro.org/animal-poison-control/documents/zj-toxbrief_0304.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref>. Apomorphia HYDROCHLORIDE na mkaa ulioamilishwa alikuwa na unasimamiwa pamoja na vinywaji vingine. siku 5 baada ya tukio hilo, afya ya mbwa akarudi kawaida. Ngazi ya sumu ya nikotini katika mbwa au paka ni taarifa kama 2-10 mg ambayo ni kuhusu 04:59 sigara. A mpya Nikotini bidhaa katika soko ni Nikotini dissolvables ambayo ina kuhusu 1 mg ya nikotini kwa kidonge. Bidhaa nyingine kama bidragen Ngamia ambayo yana 0.6 mg ya Nikotini kwa kufinya ili kuondoa na vijiti <ref>{{cite web |publisher=Harvard School of Public Health|title=Tobacco company’s new, dissolvable nicotine products could lead to accidental poisoning |url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/04/100419090943.htm }}</ref>. Ingawa maudhui hii Nikotini ni ndogo kwa kulinganisha na sigara, vitu hivi inaweza kuwa zaidi ya kuvutia na wanyama unwary ndogo kama puppies. === Ngazi ya hatari === <span class="wikiEditor-tab"></span> Shirika la Kimataifa la Utafiti wa Saratani ya Shirika la Afya Duniani alihitimisha mwaka wa 2004 kwamba kuna ushahidi wa kutosha kwamba Secondhand moshi uliosababishwa na kansa kwa binadamu. <span class="wikiEditor-tab"></span> Wataalamu wengi kuamini kwamba wastani, wakavumilia yatokanayo na moshi Secondhand inatoa ndogo lakini kupimika kansa ya hatari kwa nonsmokers. Hatari ya jumla inategemea kipimo cha ufanisi walipata muda. Ngazi ya hatari ni kubwa kama non-smokers kutumia masaa mengi katika mazingira ambayo sigara moshi sana, kama vile biashara ambapo wafanyakazi au wateja wengi ni sigara kwa siku, au makazi kituo huduma ambapo wakazi wa moshi kwa uhuru. <ref name="environmental1440">{{cite journal |author=Boffetta P, Agudo A, Ahrens W, ''et al.'' |title=Multicenter case-control study of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer in Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-national-cancer-institute_1998-10-07_90_19/page/n33 |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. |volume=90 |issue=19 |pages=1440–50 |year=1998 |pmid=9776409|doi=10.1093/jnci/90.19.1440 |ref=harv}}</ref> <span class="wikiEditor-tab"></span> Marekani upasuaji Mkuu, katika ripoti yake ya 2006, inakadiriwa kuwa hai au kufanya kazi katika mahali ambapo sigara inaruhusiwa kuongeza yasiyo ya wavuta 'hatari ya ugonjwa wa moyo zinazoendelea na asilimia 25-30% na saratani ya mapafu na 20-30%. Hata hivyo, wakosoaji wa masomo vile kumbuka kuwa jamaa hatari (au tabia mbaya uwiano) chini ya 2.0, hasa wakati wa vipindi kujiamini ni kubwa, ni kiasi uhakika katika kuamua mahusiano causal. == Maoni ya mamlaka ya afya ya umma == Kuna mkubwa wa kisayansi makubaliano kuwa yatokanayo na Secondhand moshi ni ya hatari. <ref name="kessler">{{harvnb|Kessler|2006}}</ref> kiungo kati ya sigara passiv na hatari ya afya ni kukubaliwa na shirika karibu kila kuu ya kimatibabu na kisayansi, ikiwa ni pamoja na: * [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|Shirika]] la [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|Afya Duniani]] <ref name="iarc-monograph"></ref> * Marekani ya Taifa ya Mashirika ya Afya <ref>{{cite web |url = http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s176toba.pdf |title = Environmental Tobacco Smoke |work = 11th Report on Carcinogens |publisher = U.S. [[National Institutes of Health]] |accessdate = 2007-08-27}}</ref> * Kituo cha Udhibiti wa Magonjwa <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/secondhand_smoke/secondhandsmoke.htm |title = Secondhand Smoke Fact Sheet |publisher = U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |accessdate = 2007-08-27}}</ref> * Marekani ya Taifa ya Mashirika ya Afya * Marekani Shirika la Kulinda Mazingira <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.epa.gov/smokefree/healtheffects.html |title = Health Effects of Exposure to Secondhand Smoke |publisher = [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] |accessdate = 2007-09-24}}</ref> * Kalifornia Shirika la Kulinda Mazingira <ref name="calepa2005"></ref> * Ya Moyo American Association, American Lung Association, na Marekani Cancer Society * The Matokeo ya Utafutaji kwa Amerika <ref>{{cite press release |url = http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/16496.html |title = AMA: Surgeon General's secondhand smoke report a wake-up call to lawmakers |publisher = [[American Medical Association]] |accessdate = 2007-08-27 |archivedate = 2016-03-05 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305094448/http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/16496.html |deadurl = yes }}</ref> * American Academy of Pediatrics <ref>{{cite web |url = http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics%3b107/4/794 |title = Tobacco's Toll: Implications for the Pediatrician |publisher = [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] |accessdate = 2007-10-02 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120227154536/http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;107/4/794 |archivedate = 2012-02-27 }}</ref> * Ya Australia ya Taifa ya Afya na Medical Research Council <ref name="nphp">{{cite web |url = http://www.nphp.gov.au/publications/legislation/smoke_passive.pdf |title = National Response to Passive Smoking in Enclosed Public Places and Workplaces |publisher = Australian National Public Health Partnership |date = Novemba 2000 |accessdate = 2007-09-11 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140212191352/http://www.nphp.gov.au/publications/legislation/smoke_passive.pdf |archivedate = 2014-02-12 }}</ref> * [[Ufalme wa Muungano|Uingereza]] Kamati ya kisayansi juu ya Tumbaku na Afya <ref>ripoti mbili husika na kuchapishwa na Kamati ya kisayansi: * [http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/doh/tobacco/part-2.htm Ripoti ya mwaka wa 1998 ya SCOTH ya] alihitimisha kuwa sigara passiv ilikuwa ni sababu ya kansa ya mapafu, maradhi ya moyo, na afya matatizo mengine. * [http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4101474 ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4101474 |date=20120206182922 }}Sasisha 2,004 kwa SCOTH ya , kupitia ushahidi mpya iliyochapishwa tangu ripoti ya 1998, kukuta kwamba utafiti wa hivi karibuni alikuwa alithibitisha taarifa kuhusiana awali kati ya sigara passiv na hatari ya afya.</ref> * Serikali ya mataifa 168 saini na sasa 170 na kuridhiwa na [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] Mfumo wa Mkataba wa Kudhibiti Tumbaku, ambayo inasema kwamba "Vyama kutambua kwamba ushahidi wa kisayansi inaunga imara kwamba yatokanayo na moshi wa tumbaku husababisha mauti, magonjwa na ulemavu." == Maoni ya umma == Makubwa hivi karibuni tafiti uliofanywa na Taasisi ya Saratani ya Taifa ya Marekani na Kituo cha Udhibiti wa Magonjwa nimepata kuenea umma imani kwamba moshi Secondhand ni ya hatari. Katika tafiti zote mbili 1992 na 2000, zaidi ya 80% ya washiriki walikubaliana na kauli kwamba moshi Secondhand kilikuwa hatari. Utafiti 2001 iligundua kwamba 95% ya watu wazima walikubaliana kuwa moshi Secondhand kilikuwa hatari kwa watoto, na 96% kuchukuliwa-sekta madai kuwa moshi wa tumbaku Secondhand haikuwa na madhara kwa kuwa untruthful. <ref>{{harvnb|Surgeon General|2006|p=588 Ch. 10}}</ref> Mwaka wa 2007 Gallup uchaguzi kukuta kwamba asilimia 56% ya washiriki waliona kuwa moshi Secondhand ilikuwa "hatari sana", idadi ambayo ina uliofanyika kiasi thabiti tangu mwaka wa 1997. Mwingine asilimia 29% kuamini kwamba moshi Secondhand ni "madhara fulani "; 10% akajibu "si madhara", wakati asilimia 5% alisema "si wakati wote madhara." == Utata juu ya madhara == Kama sehemu ya jitihada zake za kuzuia au kuchelewesha stramare udhibiti wa sigara, sekta ya tumbaku unafadhiliwa na idadi ya masomo ya sayansi na, ambapo matokeo ya kutupwa shaka juu ya hatari zinazohusiana na sigara passiv, walitaka PR hela kwa ajili ya matokeo hayo. Sekta hiyo pia unafadhiliwa na kihafidhina libertarian kufikiri, mizinga kama vile Taasisi ya Cato katika Umoja wa Mataifa na Taasisi ya Masuala ya Umma nchini Australia ambayo kukosoa wote utafiti wa kisayansi katika uvutaji passiv na mapendekezo ya sera ya kuzuia uvutaji wa sigara. Sekta hizi hela uratibu wa shughuli za kuanzisha moja ya kwanza ya maneno ya kunyimwa haki ya ushirika. Leo, si upinzani wote huja kutoka sekta ya tumbaku au mbele vikundi: kujenga juu ya kuenea kwa tumbaku desinformation sekta, na ''tumbaku kunyimwa haki harakati imeibuka, kushirikiana sifa nyingi za aina nyingine ya kunyimwa haki, kama vile '' kunyimwa haki ya UKIMWI. ===Sekta unaofadhiliwa na masomo na ufafanuzi=== ====Enstrom na Kabat==== Utafiti wa 2003 na Enstrom na Kabat, iliyochapishwa katika ''British Medical Journal,'' alisema kuwa inaleta madhara ya kuvuta sigara passiv alikuwa overstated. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Enstrom JE, Kabat GC |title=Environmental tobacco smoke and tobacco related mortality in a prospective study of Californians, 1960-98 |journal=BMJ |volume=326 |issue=7398 |page=1057 |year=2003 |pmid=12750205 |doi=10.1136/bmj.326.7398.1057 |pmc=155687 |ref=harv}}</ref> uchambuzi wao hakuna taarifa muhimu uhusiano kati ya kitakwimu sigara passiv na saratani ya mapafu, ingawa wahariri kompletterande alibainisha kuwa "wanaweza overemphasise asili hasi ya matokeo yao." <ref>{{cite journal |author=Davey Smith G |title=Effect of passive smoking on health |journal=BMJ |volume=326 |issue=7398 |pages=1048–9 |year=2003 |pmid=12750182 |doi=10.1136/bmj.326.7398.1048 |pmc=1125974 |ref=harv}}</ref> Makaratasi huu umebadilisha sana kukuzwa na sekta ya tumbaku kama ushahidi kwamba skadar wa sigara passiv walikuwa unproven. <ref>{{harvnb|Kessler|2006|p=1383}}</ref> <ref name="tong2007">{{cite journal |author=Tong EK, Glantz SA |title=Tobacco industry efforts undermining evidence linking secondhand smoke with cardiovascular disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_circulation_2007-10-16_116_16/page/n120 |journal=Circulation |volume=116 |issue=16 |pages=1845–54 |year=2007 |pmid=17938301 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.715888 |ref=harv}}</ref> The American Cancer Society (ACS), ambaye database Enstrom na Kabat kutumika kukusanya data zao, kukosoa karatasi kama "wala kuaminika wala huru", na kusema kuwa wanasayansi katika ACS alikuwa kurudia alisema dosari kubwa katika na Kabat ya mbinu Enstrom kabla ya kuchapishwa. Hasa, utafiti walishindwa kubaini kundi kulinganisha unexposed "watu". <ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/reprint/327/7418/E237.pdf |author=Thun MJC |title=More misleading science from the tobacco industry |journal=BMJ |volume=327 |page=E237-E238 |year=2003 |doi=10.1136/bmjusa.03070002 |ref=harv |doi_brokendate=2010-06-20}}</ref> Enstrom ya uhusiano na sekta ya tumbaku pia akauchomoa uchunguzi, katika barua 1,997 na Philip Morris, Enstrom aliomba "kikubwa utafiti ili kujitoa ... kwa ajili yangu na kwa ufanisi mkubwa kushindana dhidi ya mlima wa data epidemiologic na maoni kwamba tayari zipo kuhusu afya madhara ya ETS na sigara hai. " Katika racketeering lawsuit Marekani dhidi ya makampuni ya tumbaku, Enstrom na Kabat karatasi alikuwa alitoa na Marekani na Mahakama ya Wilaya kama "mkuu mfano wa jinsi makampuni ya tumbaku tisa kushiriki katika racketeering jinai na udanganyifu na kuficha hatari ya moshi wa tumbaku." Mahakama iligundua kuwa utafiti alikuwa unafadhiliwa na kusimamiwa na Kituo Indoor Air Utafiti, sekta ya tumbaku mbele ya kikundi kazi ya "offsetting" masomo kuharibu katika uvutaji passiv, pamoja na Phillip Morris ambaye alisema kwamba kazi Ernstrom ilikuwa "wazi madai ya -oriented. " Enstrom limetetea usahihi wa utafiti wake dhidi ya kile suala yeye "upinzani haramu na wale ambao wana kujaribu kuzuia na jina baya hivyo." <ref>{{cite journal |author=Enstrom JE |title=Defending legitimate epidemiologic research: combating Lysenko pseudoscience |journal=Epidemiol Perspect Innov|volume=4 |issue=1 |page=11 |year=2007 |pmid=17927827 |doi=10.1186/1742-5573-4-11 |pmc=2164936 |ref=harv}}</ref> ====Gori==== Gio Batta Gori, sekta ya tumbaku msemaji na mshauri na mtaalam wa hatari ya matumizi na utafiti wa kisayansi, aliandika katika [[libertarian [[Taasisi ya Cato s 'journal '''' ]]]]Kanuni ya kuwa "... ya kuchapishwa masomo 75 ya ETS na saratani ya mapafu, baadhi ya asilimia 70 hawakuwa si ripoti ya takwimu tofauti kubwa ya hatari na ni moot. Takribani asilimia 17 kudai ongezeko la hatari na kuashiria asilimia 13 ya kupunguza hatari ". <ref>{{cite journal |author=Gori, Gio Batta |title=Stoking the Rigged Terror of Secondhand Smoke |journal=Regulation |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=14–7 |date=Spring 2007 |url=http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv30n1/v30n1-5.pdf |ref=harv |access-date=2010-12-14 |archive-date=2009-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116012647/http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv30n1/v30n1-5.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ====Milloy==== Steven Milloy ya " [[Junk sayansi "maoni kwa ajili ya Fox News na wa zamani Philip Morris mshauri, alidai kwamba "... ya 37 ya masomo [juu passiv sigara], tu 7 - chini ya asilimia 19 - taarifa muhimu ongezeko kitakwimu katika kansa ya mapafu matukio. " Sehemu nyingine ya upinzani kukuzwa na Milloy ililenga katika hatari ya jamaa na mazoea epidemiological katika masomo ya sigara passiv. Milloy alisema kuwa masomo ya kujitoa hatari jamaa wa chini ya 2 walikuwa na maana Junk sayansi. Mbinu hii ya uchambuzi epidemiological alikosolewa katika ''Journal Marekani ya Afya ya Umma:'' {{quote|A major component of the industry attack was the mounting of a campaign to establish a "bar" for "sound science" that could not be fully met by most individual investigations, leaving studies that did not meet the criteria to be dismissed as "junk science."<ref>{{cite journal |author=Samet JM, Burke TA |title=Turning science into junk: the tobacco industry and passive smoking |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-public-health_2001-11_91_11/page/1742 |journal=Am J Public Health |volume=91 |issue=11 |pages=1742–4 |year=2001 |pmid=11684591 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.91.11.1742 |pmc=1446866 |ref=harv}}</ref>}} Sekta ya tumbaku na wanasayansi kuviimarisha pia kuweka mbele seti ya "Good Epidemologia Desturi" ambayo itakuwa na athari ya vitendo ya kuingilia uhusiano kati ya moshi Secondhand na saratani ya mapafu, na lengo binafsi alisema ya viwango hivyo alikuwa na "kuzuia sheria mbaya." Hata hivyo, juhudi hii kwa kiasi kikubwa kutelekezwa wakati ikawa wazi kuwa hakuna uhuru shirika epidemiological ingekuwa kukubaliana na viwango vya uliopendekezwa na Morris et al Filipo. <ref name="pmid11684593">{{cite journal |author=Ong EK, Glantz SA |title=Constructing "sound science" and "good epidemiology": tobacco, lawyers, and public relations firms |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-public-health_2001-11_91_11/page/1749 |journal=Am J Public Health |volume=91 |issue=11 |pages=1749–57 |year=2001 |pmid=11684593 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.91.11.1749 |pmc=1446868 |ref=harv}}</ref> ==== Shirika la Afya Duniani utata ==== Ripoti ya mwaka 1998 na Shirika la Kimataifa la Utafiti wa Saratani (IARC) juu ya tumbaku moshi wa mazingira (ETS) found "ushahidi dhaifu wa a-jibu uhusiano kati ya kipimo cha hatari ya kansa ya mapafu na yatokanayo na mahali pa kazi ETS utashi wake." Machi 1998, kabla ya utafiti ilikuwa kutolewa, taarifa za kuonekana katika vyombo vya habari kwa madai kwamba IARC na [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|Shirika]] la [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|Afya Duniani]] (WHO) walikuwa kukandamiza habari. Ripoti, kuonekana katika Uingereza ''Jumapili Telegraph'' na '' The Economist, miongoni mwa vyanzo vingine, alidai kuwa WHO hukunizuilia kutoka machapisho ya ripoti yake mwenyewe kwamba allegiance alishindwa kuthibitisha chama kati ya sigara passiv na idadi ya magonjwa mengine (kansa ya mapafu hasa). Katika kujibu, WHO ilitoa vyombo vya habari na kusema kuwa matokeo ya utafiti alikuwa "kabisa misrepresented" katika vyombo vya habari maarufu na walikuwa kwa kweli sana kulingana na masomo sawa na visa inaleta madhara ya kuvuta sigara passiv. <ref>{{cite web |title=Passive Smoking Does Cause Lung Cancer, Do Not Let Them Fool You |url=http://www.who.int/inf-pr-1998/en/pr98-29.html}}</ref> Utafiti huo uliochapishwa katika ''jarida la Taasisi ya Saratani ya Taifa'' katika Oktoba ya mwaka huohuo. Tahariri kompletterande muhtasari: {{quote|When all the evidence, including the important new data reported in this issue of the Journal, is assessed, the inescapable scientific conclusion is that ETS is a low-level lung carcinogen.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Blot WJ, McLaughlin JK |title=Passive smoking and lung cancer risk: what is the story now? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-national-cancer-institute_1998-10-07_90_19/page/n9 |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. |volume=90 |issue=19 |pages=1416–7 |year=1998 |pmid=9776401|doi=10.1093/jnci/90.19.1416 |ref=harv}}</ref>}} Pamoja na kutolewa kwa zamani classified hati sekta ya tumbaku kwa njia ya Tumbaku Mwalimu Makazi Mkataba, ilibainika kuwa utata juu ya WHO madai ya ukandamizaji wa takwimu alikuwa engineered na [[Philip Morris]] British American Tobacco, na tumbaku makampuni mengine katika jitihada za discredit kisayansi matokeo ambayo madhara maslahi yao ya biashara. Tume ya uchunguzi wa WHO, uliofanywa baada ya kutolewa kwa hati ya tumbaku ya viwanda, iligundua kuwa utata huu yanayotokana na sekta ya tumbaku kama sehemu ya kampeni yake kubwa ya kupunguza bajeti ya WHO, kupotosha matokeo ya tafiti za kisayansi katika uvutaji passiv, na discredit WHO kama taasisi. Kampeni hii ilifanyika kwa kutumia mtandao wa mashirika ya kujitegemea mbele ostensibly na kisayansi na wataalamu wa kimataifa pamoja na mahusiano ya siri ya fedha kwa sekta ya. <ref>{{cite web |title=Tobacco Companies Strategies to Undermine Tobacco Control Activities at the World Health Organization |url=http://www.who.int/tobacco/media/en/who_inquiry.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2008-12-30}}</ref> ==== EPA lawsuit ==== Mwaka 1993, Marekani Shirika la Kulinda Mazingira (EPA) ilitoa taarifa kukadiria kwamba kansa 3,000 vifo kuhusiana katika Marekani walikuwa unasababishwa na sigara passiv kila mwaka. Philip Morris, RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company, na vikundi vya wakulima anayewakilisha wasambazaji na wauzaji wa tumbaku alichukua hatua za kisheria, kwa madai kuwa EPA alikuwa manipulated utafiti huu na kupuuzwa kukubaliwa na mazoea ya takwimu za kisayansi. Mahakama ya Wilaya ya Marekani kwa ajili ya Wilaya ya Kati ya North Carolina ilitawala katika neema ya tumbaku sekta ya mwaka 1998, kutafuta kuwa EPA walishindwa kufuata kisayansi na mazoea epidemiologic sahihi na alikuwa na "Cherry ilichukua" ushahidi kwa msaada slutsatser ambao walikuwa na nia ya mapema. Mahakama alisema katika sehemu, "EPA hadharani nia ya kuhitimisha kabla ya utafiti ilikuwa imeanza ... kurekebishwa kuanzisha utaratibu na kanuni za kisayansi kuhalalisha Shirika la umma hitimisho ... Katika kufanya ETS Hatari ya upimaji, disregarded habari na matokeo yaliyotolewa katika taarifa kuchagua, si kusambaza taarifa muhimu epidemiologic; deviated kutoka Hatari yake Miongozo Tathmini; alishindwa kuweka wazi matokeo muhimu na hoja ... " Mwaka 2002, EPA mafanikio rufaa uamuzi huu na Umoja wa Mataifa kwa Mahakama ya Rufaa ya Nne mzingo. EPA ya kukata rufaa mara fann juu ya awali kwa misingi ya kwamba ripoti yao hakuwa na uzito udhibiti, na mapema kutafuta alikuwa vacated. <ref>{{cite web|title=Flue-Cured Tobacco Cooperative vs. EPA|url=http://pacer.ca4.uscourts.gov/opinion.pdf/982407.P.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2008-12-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206204403/http://pacer.ca4.uscourts.gov/opinion.pdf/982407.P.pdf|archivedate=2012-02-06}}</ref> Mwaka 1998, Idara ya Marekani ya Afya na Huduma za Binadamu, kwa njia ya uchapishaji na Programu yake ya Taifa ya Toxicology ya Ripoti ya 9 Carcinogens, waliotajwa mazingira tumbaku moshi kati kusababisha kansa ya kujulikana, kwa kufuata wa tathmini ya EPA kuwa "masomo ya mtu binafsi walikuwa makini na muhtasari Nakala ". <ref>{{cite book|url=https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/newhomeroc/other_background/environmentalts_noapps_508.pdf|title=Meeting of the NTP Board of Scientific Counselors - Report on Carcinogens Subcommittee|last=|first=|date=2 Desemba–3, 1998|publisher=|year=|isbn=|editor=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Toxicology Program|location=Research Triangle Park, North Carolina|page=24|pages=|contribution=Final Report on Carcinogens - Background Document for Environmental Tobacco Smoke|format=PDF|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> ==== Tumbaku sekta ya fedha ya utafiti ==== Sekta ya tumbaku Jukumu la fedha katika utafiti wa kisayansi katika uvutaji passiv imekuwa na utata. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Thun MJ |title=Passive smoking: tobacco industry publishes disinformation |journal=BMJ |volume=327 |issue=7413 |pages=502–3; author reply 504–5 |year=2003 |pmid=12946979 |doi=10.1136/bmj.327.7413.502-c |pmc=188400 |ref=harv}}</ref> Mapitio ya masomo ya kuchapishwa found kwamba sekta ya tumbaku affilation alikuwa correlated sana na matokeo exonerating sigara passiv, watafiti kuviimarisha na sekta ya tumbaku ilikuwa mara 88 zaidi kuliko watafiti wa kujitegemea ili kuhitimisha kwamba sigara passiv alikuwa madhara. <ref name="pmid9605902">{{cite journal |author=Barnes DE, Bero LA |title=Why review articles on the health effects of passive smoking reach different conclusions |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_1998-05-20_279_19/page/n93 |journal=JAMA |volume=279 |issue=19 |pages=1566–70 |year=1998 |pmid=9605902|doi=10.1001/jama.279.19.1566 |ref=harv}}</ref> Katika maalum mfano ambayo alikuja mwanga pamoja na kutolewa kwa hati ya viwanda tumbaku, Philip Morris watendaji mafanikio moyo mwandishi kusahihisha sekta unaofadhiliwa na mapitio yake makala downplay jukumu la moshi Secondhand katika watoto wachanga kifo syndrome ghafla. Ripoti ya 2006 ya Marekani upasuaji Mkuu wa kukosoa jukumu sekta ya tumbaku katika mjadala wa kisayansi: {{quote|The industry has funded or carried out research that has been judged to be biased, supported scientists to generate letters to editors that criticized research publications, attempted to undermine the findings of key studies, assisted in establishing a scientific society with a journal, and attempted to sustain controversy even as the scientific community reached consensus.<ref>[http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/secondhandsmoke/report/executivesummary.pdf Executive Summary of the U.S. Surgeon General's 2006 report on passive smoking]; see p. 21.</ref>}} Mkakati huu alikuwa ilivyoainishwa katika mkutano wa kimataifa wa makampuni ya tumbaku mwaka 1988, ambapo Philip Morris mapendekezo ya kuanzisha timu ya wanasayansi, iliyoandaliwa na kampuni ya wanasheria, na "kufanya kazi ETS kushika utata hai." <ref name="whitecoat">{{cite web |url = http://tobaccodocuments.org/landman/2063791182-1187.html |title = Minutes of a meeting of Philip Morris with British tobacco companies to discuss tobacco-industry strategy on passive smoking |accessdate = 2007-08-27 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071013185238/http://tobaccodocuments.org/landman/2063791182-1187.html |archivedate = 2007-10-13 }}</ref> Yote ya utafiti wa kisayansi alikuwa chini ya uangalizi na "filtering" na wanasheria tumbaku ya viwanda; {{quote |Philip Morris then expect the group of scientists to operate within the confines of decisions taken by PM scientists to determine the general direction of research, which apparently would then be 'filtered' by lawyers to eliminate areas of sensitivity.<ref name="whitecoat"/> }} Philip Morris taarifa ya kuwa ni kuweka "... kiasi kikubwa cha fedha katika miradi hii ... katika kujaribu kuratibu na kulipa wanasayansi wengi hivyo kwenye msingi ya kimataifa ya kuhifadhi utata ETS hai." <ref name="whitecoat"></ref> === Tumbaku sekta ya kujibu=== Sigara unaleta suala tishio kubwa kiuchumi na sekta ya tumbaku. Vidgas ina maana ya sigara zaidi tabia ya mtu binafsi na kitu fulani na athari ya kijamii. Katika ripoti ya siri 1978, sekta ya tumbaku ilivyoelezwa kuongeza wasiwasi umma kuhusu sigara passiv kama "hatari zaidi maendeleo ya uwezekano wa sekta ya tumbaku kwamba bado ilitokea." <ref> [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/qra99d00 A Study ya mitazamo ya umma kwa Uvutaji sigara na Viwanda Tobacco katika 1978], zinazozalishwa kwa ajili ya Taasisi ya Tumbaku na ilitolewa chini ya sheria ya Makazi Mwalimu Tobacco Mkataba.</ref> Katika ''Marekani v. Philip Morris et al.,'' Mahakama ya Wilaya kwa ajili ya Wilaya ya Columbia kupatikana kwamba sekta ya tumbaku "... kutambuliwa kutoka katikati ya miaka ya 1970 mbele ya kuwa madhara ya afya ya sigara passiv tishio makubwa ya sekta ya uwezekano na sigara faida, "na kwamba sekta ya alijibu kwa" jitihada ya kudhoofisha na jina baya makubaliano ya kisayansi kwamba ETS husababisha ugonjwa. " Ipasavyo, sekta ya tumbaku na mikakati kadhaa ya kupunguza madhara yake katika biashara zao: * Sekta hiyo ina hamu ya msimamo wa passiv sigara mjadala kama kimsingi na wasiwasi na uhuru wa raia na wavuta ' haki badala ya afya, na makundi ya fedha kama vile [[Msitu]]. * Fedha za upendeleo katika utafiti, katika mapitio yote ya madhara ya sigara kwa afya ya kuchapishwa passiv kati ya 1980 na 1995, sababu tu inayohusika na kumaliza kwamba sigara passiv si madhara alikuwa kama mwandishi alikuwa uhusiano na sekta ya tumbaku. Hata hivyo, si wote masomo ambayo imeshindwa kupata ushahidi wa madhara walikuwa na waandishi viwanda-husika. * Kuchelewesha na discrediting utafiti halali (tazama <ref name="smoke-screen"></ref> kwa mfano wa jinsi sekta ya jaribio kwa jina baya la kihistoria Hirayama utafiti, na <ref>{{cite journal |author=Trotter L, Chapman S |title="Conclusions about exposure to ETS and health that will be unhelpful to us": how the tobacco industry attempted to delay and discredit the 1997 Australian National Health and Medical Research Council report on passive smoking. |journal=Tob Control |volume=12 |issue=Suppl 3:iii |pages=102–6 |year=2003 |pmid=14645955 |doi=10.1136/tc.12.suppl_3.iii102 |pmc=1766130 |ref=harv}}</ref> kwa mfano wa jinsi gani alijaribu kuchelewesha na jina baya kubwa ya Australia taarifa juu ya sigara passiv) * Kukuza "nzuri Epidemologia" na kushambulia kinachojulikana Junk sayansi (neno umaarufu na sekta lobbyist [[Steven Milloy ): kushambulia mbinu nyuma ya utafiti kuonyesha hatari ya afya kama kiujanja na kujaribu kukuza [[sayansi ya sauti [http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&amp;contentId=A13994-2004Feb27&amp;notFound=true]]]]] {{Wayback|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A13994-2004Feb27&notFound=true |date=20200114062756 }}[334]. Ong &amp; Glantz (2,001) wanaelezea ya ndani Phillip Morris memo kutoa ushahidi wa kama kampuni ya sera hii <ref name="pmid11684593"></ref> * Uumbaji wa maduka kwa ajili ya utafiti mazuri. Mwaka 1989, sekta ya tumbaku imara Society ya Kimataifa ya Built Mazingira, ambayo iliyochapishwa peer-reviewed journal ''Indoor na Built Mazingira.'' jarida hili hawakuwa zinahitaji migogoro ya maslahi matangazo yanayotolewa na waandishi wake. Na hati kupatikana kwa njia ya Makazi Mwalimu, ilibainika kuwa mtendaji wa bodi ya jamii na bodi ya wahariri wa jarida walikuwa inaongozwa na sekta ya tumbaku washauri kulipwa. journal ya kuchapishwa kiasi kikubwa cha nyenzo sigara passiv, mengi ambayo ilikuwa "viwanda-chanya". <ref>{{cite journal |author=Garne D, Watson M, Chapman S, Byrne F |title=Environmental tobacco smoke research published in the journal Indoor and Built Environment and associations with the tobacco industry |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_february-26-march-4-2005_365_9461/page/804 |journal=Lancet |volume=365 |issue=9461 |pages=804–9 |year=2005 |pmid=15733724 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17990-2 |ref=harv}}</ref> Akitoa mfano wa uzalishaji wa sekta ya tumbaku ya utafiti wa upendeleo na juhudi za kudhoofisha matokeo ya kisayansi, ripoti ya 2006 Marekani upasuaji Mkuu wa alihitimisha kuwa sekta ya alikuwa na "kujaribu kuendeleza utata hata kama jumuiya ya kisayansi kufikiwa makubaliano ... sekta ya nyaraka zinaonyesha kuwa sekta ya tumbaku ina wanaohusika katika shughuli za kuenea ... kwamba wamekwenda zaidi ya mipaka ya mazoezi ya kukubalika ya kisayansi. " Mahakama ya Wilaya ya Marekani, nchini ''Marekani v. Philip Morris et al.'' Kupatikana kwamba "... licha ya kukiri yao ndani ya hatari ya moshi Secondhand, watetezi na fraudulently alikana kwamba ETS husababisha ugonjwa." <ref>{{harvnb|Kessler|2006|p=1523}}</ref> ==== Nafasi ya makampuni makubwa ya tumbaku ==== Kwa ujumla, makampuni ya tumbaku imeendelea kuhoji njia ya tafiti kuonyesha kuwa sigara passiv ni ya hatari. Baadhi (kama vile British American Tobacco na Philip Morris) kukubali makubaliano ya matibabu kwamba sigara passiv hubeba hatari ya afya, wakati wengine wanaendelea kudai kuwa ushahidi ni inconclusive. Tobacco Imperial inaeleza secondhand moshi kama "annoying" na "unpleasant", lakini anakanusha yanayohusiana afya hatari yoyote. Tumbaku makampuni kadhaa wakili wa uumbaji maeneo moshi ndani ya majengo ya umma kama mbadala kwa wazi kupiga marufuku uvutaji. <ref>sasa nafasi zaidi ya tumbaku makampuni makubwa juu ya suala la sigara passiv inaweza kupatikana kwenye tovuti zao. 13 Januari 2009, ya Nje zifuatazo zina nafasi ya tumbaku sekta ya juu ya mada: * British American Tobacco: [http://www.bat.com/group/sites/uk__3mnfen.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/DO52AMJ4 ] * Imperial Tumbaku: [http://www.imperial-tobacco.com/index.asp?page=82 ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.imperial-tobacco.com/index.asp?page=82 |date=20090116015146 }} * Philip Morris : [http://www.philipmorrisusa.com/en/cms/Products/Cigarettes/Health_Issues/Secondhand_Smoke/default.aspx USA] {{Wayback|url=http://www.philipmorrisusa.com/en/cms/Products/Cigarettes/Health_Issues/Secondhand_Smoke/default.aspx |date=20101006025905 }} na [http://www.philipmorrisinternational.com/PMINTL/pages/eng/smoking/Secondhand_smoke.asp ]Kimataifa * RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company: [http://www.rjrt.com/smoking/summaryCover.asp ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rjrt.com/smoking/summaryCover.asp |date=20140222145559 }}</ref> === Marekani racketeering lawsuit dhidi ya makampuni ya tumbaku === 22 Septemba 1999, Idara ya Marekani ya Haki filed a lawsuit racketeering dhidi Philip Morris na mengine ya wazalishaji sigara kubwa. <ref>[http://www.usdoj.gov/civil/cases/tobacco2/index.htm rättstvister Dhidi ya Makampuni ya Tumbaku] Idara ya Haki za Marekani</ref> Karibu miaka 7 baadaye, tarehe 17 Agosti 2006 Marekani Mahakama ya Wilaya ya Jaji Gladys Kessler kupatikana kuwa Serikali ilikuwa kuthibitika kesi yake na kwamba kampuni ya tumbaku watuhumiwa alikuwa vunja ya Racketeer Kusukumwa Mashirika ya Sheria ya Rushwa (Rico). Hasa, Jaji Kessler iligundua kuwa mchana na mengine ya tumbaku makampuni na: * fitina na kupunguza, kupotosha na kuwavurugia ya umma kuhusu hatari za afya ya sigara; * alikana hadharani, wakati ndani ya kutambua, kuwa Secondhand moshi wa tumbaku ni hatari kwa nonsmokers, na * kuharibu nyaraka muhimu za madai. tawala ya kupatikana kwamba makampuni ya tumbaku ilifanya jitihada za pamoja na jina baya kudhoofisha makubaliano ya kisayansi kwamba sigara husababisha ugonjwa passiv, hasa kwa kudhibiti matokeo ya utafiti kupitia washauri kulipwa. tawala pia alihitimisha kuwa makampuni ya tumbaku kuendelea leo fraudulently kukataa afya na madhara yatokanayo na ETS. <ref name="kessler"></ref> 22 Mei 2009, jopo la majaji watatu-jaji wa Washington, DCUS Mahakama ya Rufaa bila kupingwa fann ya mahakama chini ya 2,006 tawala. == Sigara marufuku == Kama matokeo ya afya ya hatari ya kuhusishwa na uvutaji passiv, sigara marufuku katika maeneo ya umma ya ndani, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[migahawa]], na klabu ya usiku ya imeanzishwa katika idadi ya mamlaka, saa au ya ndani ya ngazi ya taifa. [[Eire|Jamhuri ya Ireland]] ilikuwa nchi ya kwanza duniani kwa taasisi ya kitaifa ya wazi kupiga marufuku kuvuta sigara katika maeneo ya kazi zote inomhus 29 Machi 2004. Tangu wakati huo, wengine wengi walifuata nyayo. Ya nchi ambazo zimeridhia WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) kuwa na wajibu wa kisheria na kutekeleza sheria ''ufanisi'' "kwa ajili ya ulinzi kutoka yatokanayo na moshi wa tumbaku katika maeneo ya kazi ya ndani, usafiri wa umma, inomhus maeneo ya umma, na kama inafaa sehemu nyingine za umma." (Ibara ya 8 ya FCTC) ya vyama na FCTC kuwa zaidi antog '''' Miongozo juu ya Ulinzi kutoka Mfiduo Secondhand Moshi ambayo hali ya kuwa "hatua madhubuti kutoa ulinzi yatokanayo na moshi wa tumbaku ... zinahitaji ya kuondoa jumla ya sigara na moshi wa tumbaku katika nafasi fulani au mazingira ili kujenga% moshi 100 bure mazingira." Maoni uchaguzi umeonyesha msaada makubwa kwa ajili ya kusitisha. Mwezi Juni 2007, na utafiti wa nchi 15 kupatikana idhini ya 80% ya kusitisha sigara. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.marketresearchworld.net/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=1619&Itemid= |title=Utafiti wa Soko la Dunia |accessdate=2024-07-11 |archive-date=2020-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414094658/http://www.marketresearchworld.net/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=1619&Itemid= |url-status=dead }}</ref> Utafiti nchini Ufaransa, reputedly taifa ya smokers, ilionyesha 70% kusaidia marufuku. <ref name="France to ban smoking"></ref> === Matokeo ya marufuku uvutaji === Mbalimbali athari chanya na hasi kuwa ulitokana na inapiga marufuku sigara, ambayo baadhi ni utata. ====Chanya madhara==== Katika miezi 18 ya kwanza baada ya mji wa [[Pueblo, Colorado|Pueblo]], [[Colorado]] enacted ya kupiga marufuku kuvuta sigara katika 2003, hospitali kwa ajili ya mashambulizi ya moyo admissions imeshuka asilimia 27%. Waliolazwa katika miji jirani bila marufuku uvutaji ilionyesha hakuna mabadiliko. Raymond Gibbons, MD, American Heart Association rais alisema, "Kushuka kwa idadi ya hospitalini mshtuko wa moyo ndani ya kwanza ya mwaka na nusu baada ya-sigara marufuku yasiyo kuwa mara aliona katika utafiti huu ni uwezekano mkubwa kutokana na kupungua kwa athari moshi Secondhand kama kuchochea sababu kwa ajili ya mashambulizi ya moyo. " Mwezi Aprili 2010 ya Canada Medical Association Journal kuchapishwa na utafiti wa kutathmini athari za a-hatua ya kupiga marufuku uvutaji tatu katika [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]] juu ya moyo na mishipa na ugonjwa wa kupumua. Utafiti kufunikwa muda wa miaka 10 1996-2006 wakati ambao Toronto marufuku kuvuta sigara katika hatua, kuanzia na maeneo ya umma na maeneo ya kazi katika 1999, na kufuatiwa na mahoteli na vituo vya Bowling katika 2001, na kumaliza na baa, kasinon, na racetracks mwaka 2004. Utafiti huo iligundua kuwa wakati wa utekelezaji wa kupiga marufuku kuvuta sigara katika mikahawa, Toronto hospitali admissions kwa hali ya moyo na mishipa ulipungua kwa asilimia 39%, na admissions kwa hali ya upumuaji ulipungua kwa asilimia 33%. Hakuna kupunguza muhimu katika hospitali admissions ilitokea katika miji mingine ambayo hawakuwa kusitisha sigara. Waandishi alihitimisha kwamba utafiti haki juhudi zaidi kupunguza mfiduo umma moshi wa tumbaku. Mei 2006, Ontario aliweka ya kueleweka jimbo hela kupiga marufuku kuvuta sigara ambayo hadi vikwazo kwa miji yote na manispaa katika Ontario. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Naiman A, Glazier RH, Moineddin R |title=Association of anti-smoking legislation with rates of hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory conditions |journal=CMAJ |year=2010 |month=Aprili |pmid=20385737 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.091130 |url=http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/abstract/cmaj.091130v1 |volume=182 |issue=8 |pages=761–7 |pmc=2871198 |ref=harv}}</ref> Hata hivyo, si wote watafiti kukubaliana kwamba hii ilikuwa ni uhusiano causal, na utafiti wa 2009 ya kusitisha sigara wengi katika Umoja wa Mataifa unapingana na matamshi hayo. <ref>{{cite paper |author=Shetty, Kanaka D.,'' et al.'' |title=Changes in U.S. Hospitalization and Mortality Rates Following Smoking Bans |journal=NBER |year=2009 |month=Aprili |url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1359506}}</ref> ====Athari Hasi==== Baadhi ya masomo kupatikana madhara ya marufuku kuvuta sigara katika maeneo ya umma, hasa baa. Utafiti mmoja ana kupatikana na athari mbaya ya uchumi wa kusitisha vile katika baa na migahawa, <ref>http://www.smokersclubinc.com/economic.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.smokersclubinc.com/economic.html |date=20170214054151 }}, kiuchumi hasara kutokana na sigara ya kusitisha I California na majimbo mengine, By David W. Kuneman na Michael J. McFadden, 2005</ref> ingawa hii inapingana na masomo mengine juu ya suala hilo. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Scollo M, Lal A, Hyland A, Glantz S. |title=Review of the quality of studies on the economic effects of smoke-free policies on the hospitality industry. |journal=Tobacco Control |year=2003 |month=Mar |pmid=12612356 |pmc=PMC1759095 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12612356|volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=108 |ref=harv}}</ref> Aidha, utafiti mwingine ameona kwamba marufuku kuvuta sigara katika baa mara yanayohusiana na kunywa kuendesha vifo kuongezeka, labda kutoka smokers kuendesha umbali mrefu na baa noncompliant, mamlaka ili kuruhusu sigara, na / au baa na Seating nje. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Adams S, Cotti C |title=Drunk driving after the passage of smoking bans in bars |journal=Journal of Public Economics |year=2008 |month=Juni |doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2008.01.001 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V76-4RHWP04-2&_user=10&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F2008&_rdoc=23&_fmt=summary&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%235834%232008%23999079994%23683681%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=5834&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=34&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=8216c409f343787f02fa9e4dea9ae231 |volume=92 |issue=5-6 |pages=1288–1305 |ref=harv |access-date=2010-12-14 |archive-date=2020-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414091917/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V76-4RHWP04-2&_user=10&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F2008&_rdoc=23&_fmt=summary&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%235834%232008%23999079994%23683681%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=5834&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=34&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=8216c409f343787f02fa9e4dea9ae231 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> === Mbadala aina ya kukabiliana na === Njia mbadala ya kusitisha sigara pia wamekuwa mapendekezo kama njia ya kupunguza madhara, hasa katika baa na migahawa. Kwa mfano, wakosoaji wa kusitisha masomo wanaelezea kupendekeza uingizaji hewa kama njia ya kupunguza uchafuzi moshi wa tumbaku na kuboresha hewa. <ref>{{cite web |work = Building Sustainable Design |url = http://www.bsjonline.co.uk/story.asp?storyType=85&sectioncode=95&storyCode=3047478 |title = No ifs or butts |date = Machi 2005 |accessdate = 2009-01-28 |first = Andrew |last = Geens |coauthors = Max Graham |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090106002930/http://www.bsjonline.co.uk/story.asp?storyType=85&sectioncode=95&storyCode=3047478 |archivedate = 2009-01-06 }}</ref> Uingizaji hewa pia imekuwa uzito kukuzwa na sekta ya tumbaku kama mbadala kwa kusitisha wazi, kupitia mtandao wa kujitegemea wataalamu ostensibly na undisclosed mahusiano ya mara kwa mara ili sekta hiyo. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Drope J, Bialous SA, Glantz SA |title=Tobacco industry efforts to present ventilation as an alternative to smoke-free environments in North America |journal=Tob Control |volume=13 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i41–7 |year=2004 |month=Machi |pmid=14985616 |pmc=1766145 |doi= 10.1136/tc.2003.004101|url=http://tc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=14985616 |quote = The industry developed a network of ventilation 'experts' to promote its position that smoke-free environments were not necessary, often without disclosing the financial relationship between these experts and the industry. |ref=harv}}</ref> Hata hivyo, si wote wakosoaji uhusiano na sekta hiyo. Society ya Marekani ya Kukanza, Refrigerating na viyoyozi Wahandisi (ASHRAE) alihitimisha rasmi mwaka 2005 kuwa wakati wametengwa kabisa sigara vyumba kufanya kuondokana na hatari kwa wasio-sigara maeneo ya jirani, sigara marufuku ni njia pekee ya kuondoa kabisa hatari ya afya zinazohusiana na ya ndani kuambukizwa. Wao zaidi alihitimisha kuwa hakuna mfumo wa dilution au kusafisha alikuwa bora katika kuondoa hatari. <ref name="ASHRAE">{{cite web |url = http://www.ashrae.org/content/ASHRAE/ASHRAE/ArticleAltFormat/20058211239_347.pdf |format = PDF |publisher = [[American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers]] |date = 30 Juni 2005 |accessdate = 2009-01-28 |title = Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Position Document |archivedate = 2009-03-27 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090327101819/http://www.ashrae.org/content/ASHRAE/ASHRAE/ArticleAltFormat/20058211239_347.pdf }}</ref> Marekani upasuaji Mkuu na Tume ya Ulaya Pamoja wa Kituo cha Utafiti na kufikiwa slutsatser sawa. <ref name="sg-exec-summary">{{cite web |title = The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke |publisher = [[Surgeon General of the United States]] |work = Executive Summary |year = 2006 |accessdate =2009-01-28 |url = http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/secondhandsmoke/report/executivesummary.pdf |format = PDF}}</ref> <ref name="ecjrc">{{cite web |publisher = [[European Commission]] [[Joint Research Centre]] |title = Institute for Health and Consumer Protection Activity Report 2003 |year = 2003 |url = http://ihcp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/docs/IHCP_annual_report/ihcp03.pdf |format = PDF |accessdate =2009-01-28}}</ref> miongozo ya utekelezaji wa Mkakati wa WHO Mkataba juu ya Udhibiti wa majimbo Tobacco kwamba uhandisi, mbinu kama vile uingizaji hewa, ni ineffektiv wala kulinda dhidi ya moshi mfiduo secondhand. <ref name="fctc-guidelines"></ref> Hata hivyo, hii ''haimaanishi'' kuwa hatua hiyo ni ya bure katika kupunguza madhara, ila ni kupungukiwa na lengo la kupunguza mfiduo kabisa na sifuri. Wengine wamependekeza mfumo wa tradable vibali uchafuzi sigara, sawa na wa-na-biashara uchafuzi cap vibali mifumo ya kutumiwa na Shirika la Kulinda Mazingira katika miongo ya hivi karibuni ili kuzuia aina nyingine ya uchafuzi wa mazingira. <ref>{{cite news |title = Let Bars Buy, Sell Smoking Permits |url = http://www.madison.com/archives/read.php?ref=/madison.com/html/archive_files/wsj/2005/09/25/0509240280.php |first = Robert |last = Haveman |coauthors = John Mullahy |work = [[Wisconsin State Journal]] |date = 25 Septemba 2005 |accessdate =2009-01-28 |page = B2}}</ref> Hii inaweza kuhakikisha kwamba sehemu ya baa / migahawa katika mamlaka a itakuwa moshi huru, wakati akitoka uamuzi wa soko. == Tazama pia == * [[Madhara ya kuvuta sigara]] == Marejeo == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Viungo vya nje == ;Kisayansi miili {{refbegin}} * [http://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/tcrb/monographs/10/index.html Madhara ya afya yatokanayo na mazingira ya Tumbaku Moshi] {{Wayback|url=http://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/tcrb/monographs/10/index.html |date=20070905172350 }} , kutoka Taasisi ya Saratani ya Taifa ya Marekani * {{PDFlink|[http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s176toba.pdf Environmental Tobacco Smoke]|219&nbsp;KB}}. Kutokana na Ripoti ya 11 ya kusababisha kansa ya Marekani ya Taifa ya Mashirika ya Afya *{{cite paper |author1=U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services |author2=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |author3=Coordinating Center for Health Promotion |author4=National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion |author5=Office on Smoking and Health |url=http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/secondhandsmoke |title=The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General |publisher=[[Surgeon General of the United States]] |date=2006-06-27 |location=Atlanta, Ga. |id=O2NLM: WA 754 H4325 2006<br/> |ref=CITEREFSurgeon_General2006 |quote=Secondhand smoke exposure causes disease and premature death in children and adults who do not smoke }} * [http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol83/volume83.pdf Tumbaku Moshi na Involuntary Uvutaji] , a monograph wa [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|Shirika]] la [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|Afya Duniani]] na Shirika la Kimataifa ya Utafiti wa Saratani * [http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/Factsheets/SecondhandSmoke.htm Karatasi ya Ukweli Moshi Secondhand] kutoka vituo vya Marekani Kudhibiti na Kuzuia Magonjwa * [http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/environmental_tobacco/2005etsfinal.html Madhara ya afya yatokanayo na mazingira ya Tumbaku Moshi] , kutoka Shirika la Kulinda Mazingira California {{refend}} ;Sekta ya tumbaku {{refbegin}} * {{PDFlink|[http://www.who.int/tobacco/media/en/who_inquiry.pdf Tobacco Company Strategies to Undermine Tobacco Control Activities]|1.55&nbsp;MB}} : Ripoti ya Kamati ya Wataalamu juu ya Tumbaku Documents Viwanda kutoka [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|Shirika]] la [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|Afya Duniani]] * [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/ Documents Tobacco ya urithi Library] na [http://bat.library.ucsf.edu British American Tobacco Documents Archive] {{Wayback|url=http://bat.library.ucsf.edu/ |date=20040604015252 }} kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha California, San Francisco * [http://www.pmdocs.com/ Philip Morris USA Hati Archive] , kwa umma kama matokeo ya Makazi Mwalimu Tobacco Mkataba {{refend}} ;Viungo vingine {{refbegin}} * [http://www.who.int/fctc/cop/art%208%20guidelines_english.pdf Miongozo ya Ulinzi kutoka Mfiduo Secondhand Moshi] , na WHO Mfumo wa Mkataba wa Kudhibiti Tumbaku * [http://www.who.int/tobacco/resources/publications/wntd/2007/pol_recommendations/en/index.html Sera WHO mapendekezo juu ya ulinzi yatokanayo na mkono wa pili moshi wa tumbaku] * [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/12/091208132536.htm Moshi panya screen: wadudu mfano inaonyesha tumbaku moshi mfiduo induces mabadiliko ubongo dalili ya utegemezi Nikotini] , katika Sayansi Daily *{{cite web |url=http://www.tobacco.neu.edu/litigation/cases/DOJ/20060817KESSLEROPINIONAMENDED.pdf |title=United States of America v. Philip Morris ''et al.'': Final Opinion of Judge Gladys Kessler |publisher=[[United States District Court for the District of Columbia]] |last=Kessler |first=Gladys |date=17 Agosti 2006 |format=PDF |ref=CITEREFKessler2006 |accessdate=2010-12-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310000811/http://www.tobacco.neu.edu/litigation/cases/DOJ/20060817KESSLEROPINIONAMENDED.pdf |archivedate=2016-03-10 }} * [http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,2012103,00.html "Jinsi Secondhand sigara Moshi Mabadiliko jeni yako"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,2012103,00.html |date=20130817124311 }} {{refend}} [[Category:Afya]] [[Category:Tumbaku]] 6ac8cvcoz1swajviy058upzck5w578l 0 57750 1598964 1519923 2026-09-23T02:48:40Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598964 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Watchtower Bible & Tract Society (world headquarters).jpg|thumb|200px|Makao makuu ya kimataifa huko [[Brooklyn]], [[New York]], Marekani.]] {{Ukristo}} '''Mashahidi wa Yehova''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]] '''Jehovah's Witnesses''') ni wafuasi wa [[dini]] jamii ya [[Ukristo]] ambayo ilianzia [[Marekani]] na kuenea [[ulimwengu|ulimwenguni]] kote. Tofauti na Wakristo karibu wote, hao hawamuamini [[Yesu]] kuwa [[Mungu]] sawa na [[Baba]], wala [[Roho Mtakatifu]] kuwa [[nafsi]], na kwa jumla hawakubali [[imani]] katika [[Utatu]] wa nafsi katika Mungu pekee. Kwa sababu hiyo [[madhehebu]] mengi hayawatambui kama Wakristo wala hayakubali [[ubatizo]] wao. [[Mwanzilishi]] alikuwa [[Charles Taze Russell]] pamoja na kikundi cha wanafunzi wa [[Biblia]] ([[miaka ya 1870]]). Jina la sasa lilianza kutumika [[mwaka]] [[1931]]. Kwa sasa wako [[milioni]] 8.7 katika [[jumuia]] 120,387.<ref>[https://www.jw.org/sw/maktaba/vitabu/ripoti-ya-mwaka-wa-utumishi-2020/2020-jumla-kuu/ 2020 Jumla Kuu]</ref> Kwa sababu hizo katika nchi mbalimbali dini hiyo iliwahi kukatazwa, kama nchini [[Tanzania]] wakati wa [[urais]] wa [[Julius Nyerere]] au bado ni marufuku. == Hoja dhidi yao == Wengi wamelaumu Mashahidi wa Yehova hasa kutokana na jinsi walivyotafsiri na wanavyofafanua Biblia, mafundisho yao, [[katazo]] la [[utoaji damu]], kutokubali [[matibabu]] yanayohusisha [[damu]], mara kadhaa za [[utabiri]] wao kutotimia hasa kuhusu mambo ya mwisho, pamoja na jinsi waumini wanavyofuatiliwa na kushinikizwa na viongozi wao. Kwa sababu hizo na kwa kutokubali kwa sababu ya [[dhamiri]] kujiunga na [[jeshi]], kusalimu [[bendera]] za [[taifa]] au kuimba [[nyimbo]] za Taifa, pamoja na msimamo wao wa kutounga mkono upande wowote katika siasa, katika nchi mbalimbali dini hiyo iliwahi kukatazwa, kama nchini [[Tanzania]] wakati wa [[urais]] wa [[Julius Nyerere]] au bado ni marufuku kama vile huko [[Kazakstan]], [[Eritrea]] na sasa [[Urusi]]. Wenyewe wamekataa daima lawama hizo, lakini kila mwaka wengi wanajitenga nao. ==Tanbihi== <references/> == Marejeo == * ''Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement'' by Andrew Holden. An academic study on the sociological aspects of Jehovah's Witnesses phenomenon. Publisher: Routledge; 1st edition 2002, ISBN 978-0-415-26610-9. * ''Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom'' (1993) by [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania]]. Official history of the development of the beliefs, practices, and organisational structure of Jehovah's Witnesses. * ''Counting the Days to Armageddon'' by Robert Crompton (1996). A detailed examination of the development of Jehovah's Witnesses' eschatology. James Clarke & Co, Cambridge, ISBN 0-227-67939-3. * ''Millions Now Living Will Never Die'' by Alan Rogerson. Detailed history of the Watch Tower movement, particularly its early years, a summary of Witness doctrines and the organizational and personal framework in which Witnesses conduct their lives. Constable & Co, London, 1969. SBN 094559406 * ''State and Salvation'' by William Kaplan (1989). Documents the Witnesses' fight for civil rights in Canada and the US amid political persecution during World War II. University of Toronto Press, ISBN 0-8020-5842-6. * {{Rejea kitabu |first=Gary |last=Botting |authorlink=Gary Botting |title=Fundamental Freedoms and Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=University of Calgary Press|year=1993 |isbn=1-895176-06-9}} * {{Rejea kitabu |first=Heather and Gary |last=Botting |authorlink=Gary Botting |title=The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses|url=https://archive.org/details/orwellianworldof0000bott |publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1984 |isbn=0-8020-6545-7}} * {{Rejea kitabu |first=George D. |last=Chryssides |authorlink=George Chryssides |title=Historical Dictionary of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2008 |isbn=0-8108-6074-0 |ref={{harvid|Chryssides|Historical Dictionary of Jehovah's Witnesses}}}} * Crompton, Robert. ''Counting the Days to Armageddon''. James Clarke & Co, Cambridge, 1996. ISBN 0-227-67939-3 **A detailed examination of the development of Jehovah's Witnesses' eschatology. *{{Rejea kitabu |last = Penton | first = M. James |authorlink=James Penton |title = Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses |url = https://archive.org/details/apocalypsedelaye0000pent |publisher = University of Toronto Press | year = 1997 |isbn = 0-8020-7973-3 |isbn13= 9780802079732 |ref=harv }} * Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. ''[http://www.jw.org/sw/machapisho/video/imani-yenye-matendo-sehemu-ya-1/ Mashahidi wa Yehova—Imani Yenye Matendo, Sehemu ya 1: Kutoka Gizani]'' (''[http://www.jw.org/swc/vichapo/video/Mashahidi-wa-Yehova-Watu-Wanaotenda-kwa-Imani-Sehemu-ya-1-Kutoka-Katika-Giza/ Mashahidi wa Yehova-Watu Wanaotenda kwa Imani, Sehemu ya 1: Kutoka Katika Giza]''), ''[http://www.jw.org/sw/machapisho/video/imani-yenye-matendo-sehemu-ya-2/ Mashahidi wa Yehova—Imani Yenye Matendo, Sehemu ya 2: Nuru na Iangaze]'' (2010-2011) Official history of Jehovah's Witnesses. == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category|Jehovah's Witnesses}} === Tovuti rasmi === * [http://www.jw.org/sw/ Mashahidi wa Yehova] * [http://www.jw.org/swc/ Mashahidi wa Yehova] === Tovuti nyingine === * [http://www.knocking.org/ 'Knocking'] – A documentary about Jehovah's Witnesses. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oj4cS4n9ZkA Sample Trailer] * [http://www.theocraticlibrary.com/downloads/Why_Jehovah's_Witnesses_Grow_So_Rapidly.pdf Why Do Jehovah's Witnesses Grow So Rapidly: A Theoretical Explanation] {{Wayback|url=http://www.theocraticlibrary.com/downloads/Why_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_Grow_So_Rapidly.pdf |date=20120306164139 }} – Theory documented by sociologists Rodney Stark & Laurence R. Iannaccone. * [http://jehovahs-witnesses-beliefs.info/ Who are Jehovah's Witnesses, What are their beliefs] {{Wayback|url=http://jehovahs-witnesses-beliefs.info/ |date=20110721214331 }} Chapter from book, Religious Denominations In The United States by Frank S. Mead, Samuel S. Hill and Craig D. Atwood, (2005). Abingdon Press. {{mbegu-dini}} [[Jamii:Dini]] [[Jamii:Mashahidi wa Yehova]] 0t57j3lt34a1gbsntiglxaow8bmfr55 0 57937 1598997 1500805 2026-09-23T02:55:46Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598997 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sarah Millin 1931.jpg|thumb|Sarah Millin, kabla ya 1931]] '''Sarah Gertrude Millin''', née '''Liebson''' ([[19 Machi]] [[1889]] - [[6 Julai]] [[1968]]) alikuwa mwandishi wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. Alizaliwa nchini [[Lithuania]] na kuhamia Afrika Kusini alipokuwa mado mtoto mdogo. Aliolewa na Philip Millin aliyeendelea kuwa hakimu mkuu wa Afrika Kusini. Hasa aliandika riwaya. Pia aliandika wasifu ya [[Cecil Rhodes]] na ya [[Jan Smuts]]. == Biografia == Millin alizaliwa Žagarė, Mkoa wa Kovno mwaka tarehe 19 Machi 1889. Alikuwa mtoto mkubwa na binti pekee wa Isaiah Liebson, mfanyabiashara [[Myahudi]], na mkewe, Olga Friedmann. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sarah Millin|url=https://kehilalinks.jewishgen.org/kimberley/Sarah_Millin.html|accessdate=2023-02-08|work=kehilalinks.jewishgen.org}}</ref> Miezi mitano baadaye wazazi wake, Isaiah na Olga, walihamia [[Koloni la Rasi|Koloni ya Cape]] na familia hiyo ikaishi Beaconsfield karibu na Kimberley. Mwaka huo wa1894, alipokuwa na umri wa miaka sita, walihamia kwenye uchimbaji wa almasi kwenye kingo za [[Mto Vaal]] katika eneo la Kimberley ambapo baba yake alifungua duka la biashara. Mazingira haya yalikuwa ya kutoa mazingira ya kazi yake nyingi ya baadaye ambayo ilichanganya upendo wa mandhari ya Afrika Kusini na chukizo la ufukarana uchafu ambao wachimbaji wengi waliishi. Baada ya kumaliza masomo katika Shule ya Upili ya Wasichana ya Kimberley mnamo 1904, alichagua kutochukua ufadhili uliotolewa kwake ili kuhudhuria chuo kikuu katika Chuo cha Afrika Kusini huko Cape Town lakini mbadala yake alisomea muziki huko Kimberley. Alipata cheti cha mwalimu wa [[piano]] lakini hakuendeleza mazoezi ya kazi hiyo. Kuanzia umri wa miaka sita alikuwa ameshawishika kwamba uandishi ndio hatima yake na alianza kuandika hadithi fupi akiwa na umri mdogo. Baadhi ya nyimbo zake za kwanza zilionekana kwenye magazeti katika miaka ya 1910 hadi 1912. Kwenye tarehe Desemba 1, 1912, aliolewa na Philip Millin na wakaishi [[Johannesburg]]. Philip, wakili ambaye baadaye akawa jaji wa Mahakama Kuu, alihimiza matamanio yake ya kifasihi. Philip Millin alifariki kutokana na moyo kushindwa kusukuma damu akiwa kwenye benchi alipokuwa ameanza tu kuandika wasifu wake, ''The Measure of My Days'', tukio lililomuathiri sana. Alifariki mjini Johannesburg. == Bibliografia == === Hadithi za kubuniwa === * ''Mto Dark'' <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.scribd.com/book/262694160/The-Dark-River-1920|title=The Dark River (1920) by Sarah Gertrude Millin - Ebook {{!}} Scribd|language=en}}</ref> ulichapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza nchini [[Uingereza]] (Uingereza) na William Collins (mchapishaji) Sons & Co., Ltd. mwaka1919, na nchini [[Marekani]] na Thomas Seltzer mwaka1920. Archibald Constable & Co. Ltd. ilichapisha tena Mto Dark mnamo 1928 chini ya mfululizo wake wa Miscellany wa Constable. * ''Daraja la Kati'' <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfKNtgAACAAJ|title=Middle Class|last=Millin|first=Sarah Gertrude|date=1928|publisher=Constable|language=en}}</ref> ilichapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza nchini Uingereza na W. Collins Sons & Co., Ltd. mnamo 1921. Haikuchapishwa nchini Marekani. Constable & Co. Ltd. ilichapisha tena ''Daraja la Kati'' mnamo 1928 chini ya mfululizo wake wa Miscellany wa Constable. * ''Kitabu cha Adam's Rest'' <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Uk4AAAAIAAJ|title=Adam's Rest|last=Millin|first=Sarah Gertrude Liebson|date=1930|publisher=[[H. Liveright]]|language=en}}</ref> kilichapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza kabisa nchini Uingereza na W. Collins Sons & Co., Ltd. mwaka 1922 na nchini Marekani na Horace Liveright mwaka1930. Constable & Co. Ltd. ilichapisha tena kitabu cha Adam's Rest mwaka 1928 chini ya mfululizo wake wa vitabu vya Constable's Miscellany. * ''Kitabu cha The Jordans'' kilichapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza nchini Uingereza na W. Collins Sons & Co., Ltd. mwaka * 1923 nchini Marekani na Horace Liveright katika mwaka uleule wa toleo la Collins. Constable & Co. Ltd. ilichapisha tena ''kitabu cha The Jordans'' mnamo 1928 chini ya mfululizo wake wa vitabu vya Constable Miscellany. * ''Kitabu cha God's Stepchildren'' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=God's Step-Children {{!}} work by Millin {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Gods-Step-Children|accessdate=2023-02-08|work=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=85lLAAAAIAAJ|title=God's Stepchildren|last=Millin|first=Sarah Gertrude|date=1924|publisher=Boni and Liveright|language=en}}</ref> kilichapishwa mnamo 1924 na Constable & Co. Ltd. nchini Uingereza na Boni &amp;amp; Liveright nchini Marekani. Kilithibitika kuwa mafanikio makubwa zaidi ya Millin. Hasa, toleo la Marekani lilichapishwa mara nyingi, na Grosset &amp;amp; Dunlap pia walichapisha tena kitabu cha Watoto wa Kambo wa Mung * ''Mary Glenn'' ilichapishwa mnamo 1925 na Constable & Co. Ltd. nchini Uingereza na Boni & Liveright nchini Marekani. Grosset & Dunlap waliichapisha tena, na ''Mary Glenn'' pia ilibadilishwa kama tamthilia, ikitayarishwa kwa mara ya kwanza kwa jina la ''"No Longer Mourn'' in London, Uingereza, at the Gate Theatre, mnamo1935." [[File:Coming_of_the_Lord_Grosset_dj_back2.jpg|thumb|''Kuja kwa Bwana'']] === Hadithi za kubuni === ''Waafrika Kusini'' <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tr3WswEACAAJ|title=The South Africans|last=Millin|first=Sarah Gertrude|date=1931|publisher=Constable|language=en}}</ref> ilikuwa ni ngazi wa kwanza wa Millin katika vitabu visivyo vya kubuni. Ilichapishwa Uingereza mnamo 1926 na Constable & Co. Ltd, na Marekani mwaka wa 1927 na Boni & Liveright. ''Kitabu cha Wanaume Kwenye Safari'' kinatofautiana na kitu kingine chochote ambacho Millin amewahi kutoa. Kina mawazo na insha kuhusu mada mbalimbali. ''Men on a Voyage'' kilitolewa Uingereza na [[Jumuiya ya Madola]] pekee, na kilichapishwa mwaka wa 1930 na Constable & Co. Ltd. Biografia ya [[Cecil Rhodes]] bado unaelweka kama chanzo chenye mamlaka cha taarifa kuhusu maisha ya gwiji huyo wa almasi. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZzDngEACAAJ|title=Cecil Rhodes|last=Millin|first=Sarah Gertrude|date=1933|publisher=Harper & brothers|isbn=978-1-931541-19-0|language=en}}</ref> Chatto & Windus walichapisha ''Rhodes'' mnamo 1933, na baada ya hapo toleo lililorekebishwa mnamo 1952. Harper & Brothers walitoa kazi hiyo nchini Marekani mnamo 1933 chini ya kichwa ''Cecil Rhodes''. Millin anasifiwa kama mmoja wa wachangiaji wa filamu ya ''Rhodes of Africa'', ambayo ilitolewa mwaka wa 1936 na kuigizwa na Walter Huston. Pamoja na kutolewa kwa ''Rhodes of Africa'', Grosset & Dunlap walichapisha tena wasifu huu nchini Marekani chini ya kichwa ''Cecil Rhodes, Empire Builder''. ''General Smuts'' <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Fletcher |first=Angus |date=1937 |title=Review of General Smuts |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1838881 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=549–551 |doi=10.2307/1838881 |issn=0002-8762 |jstor=1838881 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ni wasifu wa pili wa Millin. Mwaka wa 1936 ilichapishwa katika juzuu mbili. Faber & Faber walitumikia soko la Uingereza huku Little, Brown and Company wakihudumia soko la Marekani. Millin aliweka moko kwenye sura kuhusu Afrika Kusini iliyomo katika ''The British Commonwealth & Empire'' (isiyo ya kubuni, W. Collins Sons & Co. Ltd., 1943) ''Watu wa Afrika Kusini'' <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yfJBAAAAYAAJ|title=The People of South Africa|last=Millin|first=Sarah Gertrude Liebson|last2=Millin|first2=Sarah Gertrude|date=1954|publisher=Knopf|language=en}}</ref> ni utanuzi wa ''Waafrika Kusini'' wa 1926. Constable & Co. Ltd walichapisha mwaka 1951 nchini Uingereza na Alfred A Knopf walichapisha Amerika mwaka1954. Millin aliwahi kuchukukua nafasi ya mhariri wa kitabu cha ''White Africans pia'', <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=White Africans are also people|last=Millin|first=Sarah Gertrude|publisher=H. Timmins|year=1966|publication-place=Cape Town|page=|oclc=682362860}}</ref> kilichochapishwa mnamo 1966 nchini Afrika Kusini na [[Howard Timmons]], na nchini Uingereza na [[Bailey Swinfen]]. ''Afrika Kusini'' ilichapishwa na William Collins wa London mwaka 1941, Mhariri WJ Turner. sehemu ya mfululizo wa Uingereza katika Picha. Kurasa 48, zenye michoro, mabamba 12 ya rangi na vielelezo 28 vyeusi na nyeupe. Imetolewa na ADPRINT LONDON, Imechapishwa Uingereza na Harrison & Sons Ltd. London. Wachapishaji kwa Mfalme. === Wasifu wa maisha === * {{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9vNYuQAACAAJ|title=The Night is Long|last=<!--Sarah Gertrude Liebson Millin-->|publisher=Faber & Faber limited|year=1941}}, Millin's first [[autobiography]] * During [[Vita Vikuu vya Pili vya Dunia|World War II]] Millin wrote a six-volume diary published in the UK by Faber & Faber as ''World Blackout'' (1944); ''The Reeling Earth'' (1945); ''The Pit of the Abyss'' (1946); ''The Sound of the Trumpet'' (1947); ''Fire Out of Heaven'' (1947); and ''The Seven Thunders'' (1948). * {{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4HgYgEACAAJ|title=The Measure of My Days|last=<!--Sarah Gertrude Millin-->|publisher=Faber|year=1955}} is Millin's second autobiography, published in 1955 by Faber & Faber in the UK, Central News Agency in South Africa, and Kingston's in Rhodesia. ==Maandishi yake== * ''God's Step-Children'' (1924) * ''Mary Glenn'' (1925) * ''Cecil Rhodes'' (wasifu, 1933) * ''General Smuts'' (wasifu, 1936) * ''The Herr Witchdoctor'' (1941) * ''King of the Bastards'' (1949) * ''The Burning Man'' (1952) * ''The Measure of My Days'' (tawasifu, 1955) * ''The Wizard Bird'' (1962) == Angalia pia == * [[Orodha ya Waandishi wa Afrika Kusini]] == Tanbihi == {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo== * Chapman, Michael. 2003. ''Southern African Literatures'', University of Natal Press. ISBN 1-86914-028-1 == Viungo vya nje == * Works by Sarah Millin at Faded Page (Canada) {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Millin, Sarah}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1889]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1968]] [[Jamii:Wayahudi]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] nyl9rmy2fvwtj696918pzkfpbsol991 0 68341 1599026 1578090 2026-09-23T03:03:07Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599026 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Gastroenteritis viruses.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Gastroenteritisi]] {{Infobox medical condition | Name = Gastroenteritisi | Image = Gastroenteritis viruses.jpg | Caption = Virusi vya Gastroenteritisi: A = rotavirusi, B = adenovirusi, C = norovirusi na D = astrovirusi. <!-- The virus particles are shown at the same magnification to allow size comparison.--> | DiseasesDB = 30726 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|02|0|a|00}}, {{ICD10|A|08||a|00}}, {{ICD10|A|09||a|00}}, {{ICD10|J|10|8|j|09}}, {{ICD10|J|11|8|j|09}},{{ICD10|K|52||k|50}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|008.8}} {{ICD9|009.0}}, {{ICD9|009.1}}, {{ICD9|558}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = emerg | eMedicineTopic = 213 | MeshID = D005759 }} '''Gastroenteritisi''' ni hali mbaya ya [[afya]] yenye sifa ya kuvimba (''"-itis"'') kwa eneo la [[utumbo]] ambayo inahusu [[tumbo]] (''"gastro"''-) pamoja na [[chango]] (''"entero"''-), na kusababisha [[kuhara]], [[kutapika]], [[maumivu ya tumbo]] na kupata [[kiharusi]].<ref name=EBMED2010>{{citejournal|last=Singh|first=Amandeep|title=Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice Acute Gastroenteritis — An Update|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|year=2010|month=July|volume=7|issue=7|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=229}}</ref> Ingawa haihusiani na [[mafua]], imeitwa pia ''mafua ya tumbo'' na ''homa ya tumbo''. Kimataifa, kesi nyingi katika [[watoto]] husababiswa na [[rotavirusi]].<ref name="pmid22030330">{{cite journal |author=Tate JE, Burton AH, Boschi-Pinto C, Steele AD, Duque J, Parashar UD |title=2008 estimate of worldwide rotavirus-associated mortality in children younger than 5 years before the introduction of universal rotavirus vaccination programmes: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=136–41 |year=2012 |month=February |pmid=22030330 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70253-5 }}</ref> Kwa [[watu wazima]], [[norovirusi]]<ref name="pmid21695033">{{cite journal |author=Marshall JA, Bruggink LD |title=The dynamics of norovirus outbreak epidemics: recent insights |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=1141–9 |year=2011 |month=April|pmid=21695033 |pmc=3118882 |doi=10.3390/ijerph8041141}}</ref> na [[kampilobakteria]]<ref name="pmid22025030">{{cite journal |author=Man SM|title=The clinical importance of emerging Campylobacter species |journal=Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology |volume=8 |issue=12|pages=669–85 |year=2011 |month=December |pmid=22025030 |doi=10.1038/nrgastro.2011.191}}</ref> ni kawaida zaidi. Chini ya kawaida ni pamoja na sababu nyingine [[bakteria]] (au [[sumu]] yao) na [[vimelea]]. [[Maambukizi]] yanaweza kutokana na matumizi ya [[vyakula]] visivyo tayari au [[maji]] yenye vimelea au kupitia mahusiano ya karibu na [[watu]] ambao wameambukizwa. Gastroenteritisi kimsingi huathiri watoto na wale walio katika [[nchi zinazoendelea]]. Msaada muhimu zaidi ni kunywa [[maji]] yenye [[chumvi]] na [[sukari]]. Kwa kesi kali zaidi, [[maji]] katika [[mshipa|mishipa]] inaweza kuhitajika. == Dalili na Ishara == [[Image:Bristol stool chart.svg|thumb|300px|[[Bristol Stool Scale]] inoanyesha aina 7 za kuharisha.]] Gastroenteritisi kwa kawaida inahusisha [[kuharisha]] na [[kutapika]],<ref name=Eck2011/> au chini ya kawaida, inatoa moja au nyingine.<ref name=EBMED2010/> kupata kiharusi Msokoto inaweza pia kuwa sasa.<ref name=EBMED2010/> Ishara na dalili kwa kawaida huanza masaa 12–72 baada ya kuambulizwa.<ref name=Web09>{{citebook|last=Webber|first=Roger|title=Communicable disease epidemiology and control : a global perspective|year=2009|publisher=Cabi|location=Wallingford,Oxfordshire|isbn=978-1-84593-504-7|page=79|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=pZ9fpHtvOGYC&pg=PA79|edition=3rd}}</ref> Ikitokana na virusi, hali kawaida kusudi ndani ya wiki moja.<ref name=Eck2011/> Sababu baadhi ya virusi pia inaweza kuhusishwa na [[homa]], [[uchovu]], [[maumivu ya kichwa]] na [[maumivu ya misuli]].<ref name=Eck2011/> Kama ni [[ugonjwa wa kuhara damu]], sababu ni chini ya uwekano wa kuwa na virusi<ref name=Eck2011/> na uwezekano mkubwa wa kuwa bakteria.<ref name=Bact2007/> Maambukizi ya bakteria baadhi yake yanaweza kuhusishwa na maumivu makali ya tumbo na kudumu kwa wiki kadhaa.<ref name=Bact2007/> Watoto walioambukizwa na rotavirusi kwa kawaida hupona ndani ya siku tatu mpaka nane.<ref name=Rota2011>{{cite journal|last=Meloni|first=A|coauthors=Locci, D, Frau, G, Masia, G, Nurchi, AM, Coppola, RC|title=Epidemiology and prevention of rotavirus infection: an underestimated issue?|journal=The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians|date=2011 Oct|volume=24 Suppl 2|pages=48–51|pmid=21749188|doi=10.3109/14767058.2011.601920}}</ref> Hata hivyo, katika nchi maskini matibabu kwa maambukizi makali ni mara nyingi nje ya urahisi wa kufikiwa na kuendelea kuharisha ni ya kawaida.<ref>{{citeweb|title=Toolkit|url=http://www.defeatdd.org/understandingcrisis/advocacyoutreach/toolkits|work=DefeatDD|accessdate=3 May 2012}}</ref> [[Kuishiwa maji mwilini]] ni matatizo ya kawaida ya kuharisha,<ref name=NICE2009>{{cite web|title=Management of acute diarrhoea and vomiting due to gastoenteritis in children under 5|url=http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG84|work=National Institute of Clinical Excellence|month=April|year=2009}}</ref><ref name=Tint10>{{cite book |author=Tintinalli, Judith E. |title=Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli))|publisher=McGraw-Hill Companies |location=New York |year=2010 |pages=830–839 |isbn=0-07-1484809 }}</ref>Maambukizo ya kurudia ni kawaida kuonekana katika maeneo yenye usafi duni wa mazingira, na [[utapiamlo]],<ref name=Web09/> kudumaa ukuaji, na ya muda mrefu ucheleweshaji utambuzi inaweza kusababisha.<ref name=M93/> [[Tendaji arthritis]] hutokea katika 1% ya watu kufuatia maambukizi na aina ''kampylobakta'', na [[Dalili ya Guillain-Barre]] hutokea katika 0.1%.<ref name=Bact2007/> [[Dalili ya Hemolytic uremic]] (HUS) yanaweza kutokea kama matokeo ya maambukizi kwa [[Shiga sumu]]- ya kuzalisha ''Escherichia coli'' au ''Shigella'', kusababisha [[thrombocytopenia]], [[figo]] kushindwa kazi, na [[anemia]].<ref name=BMJ2007/> Watoto ni wepesi zaidi kupata HUS kuliko watu wazima.<ref name=M93/> Baadhi ya maambukizi ya virusi huweza kuzalisha [[kifafa cha watoto]].<ref name=EBMED2010/> ==Sababu== [[Virusi]] (hasa [[rotavirusi]]) na [[bakteria]] ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' na aina ''[[Kampilobakteria]]'' ni msingi wa sababu za uvimbe wa tumbo.<ref name=Sz2010/><ref name=Web09/> Hata hivyo kuna mawakala wengine wengi ambao wanaweza kusababisha hii dalili.<ref name=M93/>Sababu zisizo kuambukiza ni kuonekana juu ya tukio, lakini wao mdogo kuliko [[etiolojia]] ya virusi au bakteria.<ref name=EBMED2010/> Hatari ya maambukizi ni kubwa kwa watoto kutokana na ukosefu wao wa [[kingamwili]] na [[usafi]] duni.<ref name=EBMED2010/> === Virusi=== Virusi ambavyo vinajulikana kusababisha uvimbe wa tumbo ni pamoja na [[rotavirusi]], [[norovirusi]], [[adenovirusi]], na [[astrovirusi]].<ref name=Eck2011>{{cite journal |author=Eckardt AJ, Baumgart DC |title=Viral gastroenteritis in adults |journal=Recent Patents on Anti-infective Drug Discovery |volume=6|issue=1 |pages=54–63 |year=2011 |month=January |pmid=21210762}}</ref><ref name="pmid21173676">{{cite journal |author=Dennehy PH |title=Viral gastroenteritis in children |journal=The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=63–4 |year=2011 |month=January|pmid=21173676 |doi=10.1097/INF.0b013e3182059102}}</ref> Rotavirus ni sababu ya gastroenteritis katika watoto,<ref name=Sz2010/> na inazalisha viwango vya matukio yanayofanana katika[[developed ulimwengu zinazoendelea]] na [[ulimwengu zilizoendelea]] zote mbili.<ref name=Rota2011/> Virusi kusababisha kuhusu 70% ya matukio ya kuharisha kuambukiza katika kundi watoto umri.<ref name=Webb2005>{{cite journal|last=Webb|first=A|coauthors=Starr, M|title=Acute gastroenteritis in children.|journal=Australian family physician|date=2005 Apr|volume=34|issue=4|pages=227–31|pmid=15861741}}</ref> Rotavirus ni sababu chini ya kawaida kwa watu wazima kutokana na kinga yachuma.<ref name=ID2011>{{cite journal |author=Desselberger U, Huppertz HI |title=Immune responses to rotavirus infection and vaccination and associated correlates of protection |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=203 |issue=2|pages=188–95 |year=2011 |month=January |pmid=21288818 |pmc=3071058 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jiq031 |url=}}</ref> Norovirus ni sababu inayoongoza ya gastroenteritisi miongoni mwa watu wazima nchini Marekani, na kusababisha zaidi ya 90% ya kuzuka.<ref name=Eck2011/> Hizi kufanya ya mahali [[magonjwa ya milipuko]] kawaida kutokea wakati makundi ya watu kutumia muda katika ukaribu wa karibu wa kimwili kwa kila mmoja, kama vile kwenye [[cruise meli]],<ref name=Eck2011/> katika hospitali, au katika migahawa.<ref name=EBMED2010/> Watu wanaweza kubaki kuambukiza hata baada ya kuhara zao kumalizika.<ref name=Eck2011/> Norovirus ni sababu ya juu ya 10% ya kesi katika watoto.<refname=EBMED2010/> ===Bakteria=== [[File:Salmonella Typhimurium Gram.jpg|thumb|''Salmonella enterica'' serovar Typhimurium (ATCC 14028) as seen with a microscope at 1000 fold magnification and following Gram staining.]]Katika dunia ya maendeleo ''[[Kampylobakta jejuni]]'' ni sababu ya msingi ya gastroenteritis bakteria, na nusu ya kesi ya hizi zinazohusiana na yatokanayo ya[[kuku]].<ref name=Bact2007>{{citejournal|last=Galanis|first=E|title=Campylobacter and bacterial gastroenteritis. journal=CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association |date=2007Sep 11|volume=177|issue=6|pages=5701|pmid=17846438|doi=10.1503/cmaj.070660|pmc=1963361}}</ref> Kwa watoto, bakteria ni sababu katika kuhusu 15% ya kesi, na aina ya kawaida kuwa ''[[Escherichia coli]]'', ''[[Salmonella]]'',''[[Shigella]]'',na aina ''kampilobakta''.<ref name=Webb2005/> kama chakula inakuwa kuingiwa na bakteria na kuzidisha kuongeza hatari ya maambukizi katika wale ambao hutumia chakula.<ref name=M93/> Baadi ya vyakula kawaida yanayohusiana na ugonjwa ni pamoja na mbichi au nyama,kuku,daga, mayai na; sprouts ghafi; maziwa siomalisho na jibini laini; na matunda na juisi za mboga.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nyachuba|first=DG|title=Foodborne illness: is it on the rise?|journal=Nutrition Reviews|date=2010 May|volume=68|issue=5|pages=25769|pmid=20500787|doi=10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00286.x}}</ref> Katika nchi zinazoendelea, hasa Afrika kusini mwa Sahara na Asia, [[kipindupindu]] ni sababu ya kawaida ya gastroenteritis.<!-- <ref name=Cholera11/> -->Maambukizi hii ni kawaida ya zinaa na maji yenye vimelea au chakula.<ref name=Cholera11>{{citejournal|last=Charles|first=RC|coauthors=Ryan, ET|title=Cholera in the 21st century.|journal=Current opinion in infectious diseases|date=2011Oct|volume=24|issue=5|pages=4727|pmid=21799407|doi=10.1097/QCO.0b013e32834a88af}}</ref> ''[[Clostridium difficile]]'' ni sababu muhimu ya kuharisha kwamba hutokea mara nyingi zaidi katika wazee.<ref name=M93/> Watoto wachanga wanaweza kubeba bakteria hawa bila dalili zinazoendelea.<ref name=M93/> Ni sababu ya kawaida ya kuharisha katika wale hospitalini na ni mara nyingi zinazohusiana na matumizi na kiuvijasumu.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Moudgal|first=V|coauthors=Sobel,JD|title=Clostridium difficile colitis: a review.|journal=Hospital practice (1995)|date=2012 Feb|volume=40|issue=1|pages=139-48|pmid=22406889|doi=10.3810/hp.2012.02.954}}</ref>''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' kuharisha kuambukiza pia huweza kutokea katika wale ambao wamekuwa wakitumia kiuvijasumu.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lin|first=Z|coauthors=Kotler, DP; Schlievert, PM; Sordillo, EM|title=Staphylococcal enterocolitis: forgotten but not gone?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_digestive-diseases-and-sciences_2010-05_55_5/page/1200|journal=Digestive diseases and sciences|date=2010 May|volume=55|issue=5|pages=1200-7|pmid=19609675}}</ref> "[[Kuharisha traveler]]" ni kawaida ya aina ya gastroenteritis bakteria. Acid-kukandamiza dawa inaonekana kuongeza hatari ya maambukizi ya muhimu baada ya kukumbana na idadi ya viumbe, ikiwa ni pamoja''Clostridium difficile'', ''Salmonella'', na aina ''Kampylobakta''.<ref name=PPI2007>{{citejournal|last=Leonard|first=J|coauthors=Marshall, JK, Moayyedi, P|title=Systematic review of the risk of enteric infection in patients taking acid suppression.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-gastroenterology_2007-09_102_9/page/2047|journal=The American journal of gastroenterology|date=2007 Sep|volume=102|issue=9|pages=2047–56; quiz 2057|pmid=17509031|doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01275.x}}</ref> Hatari ni kubwa zaidi katika wale kuchuku[[proton pump inhibitors]] kuliko na [[H2 antagonist]]s pinzani.<ref name=PPI2007/> ===Vimelea=== Idadi ya [[Protozoa]] inaweza kusababisha uvimbe wa tumbo – kawaida ''[[Giardia lamblia]]'' – lakini ''[[histolytica Entamoeba]]'' na''[[Cryptosporidium]]'' pia wamekuwa wakihusishwa.<ref name=Webb2005/> Kama kikundi, hawa mawakala wanaunda kuhusu 10% ya kesi katika watoto.<ref name=BMJ2007/> ''Giardia'' hutokea zaidi ya kawaida katika nchi zinazoendelea, lakini hii wakala etiologic husababisha aina hii ya ugonjwa kwa kiasi fulani karibu kila mahali.<ref name=Giar2010>{{citejournal|last=Escobedo|first=AA|coauthors=Almirall, P, Robertson, LJ, Franco, RM, Hanevik, K, Mørch, K, Cimerman, S|title=Giardiasis: the ever-present threat of a neglected disease.|journal=Infectious disorders drug targets date=2010Oct|volume=10|issue=5|pages=32948|pmid=20701575}}</ref>Ni kawaida hutokea zaidi katika watu ambao alisafiri kwa maeneo yaliyo na kiwango cha maambukizi ya juu,watoto ambao kuhudhuria [[siku ya huduma]], wanaume wanafanya mapenzi na wanaume, na [[majanga]] kufuatia.<ref name=Giar2010/> ===Uenezi=== Maambukizi yanaweza kutokea kupitia matumizi ya maji machafu, au wakati watu kushiriki vitu binafsi.<ref name=Web09/> Katika maeneo na misimu ya mvua na ukame, ubora wa maji kwa kawaida ina ongezeka wakati wa [[mvua]], na hii ina uwiano na wakati wa milipuko.<ref name=Web09/> Na[[k=katika|maeneo ya dunia na misimu]], maambukizi ni zaidi ya kawaida katika majira ya baridi.<ref name=M93/> [[Chupa-kulisha]] watoto mchanga na chupa yenye ya udhibiti afya ni sababu muhimu kwa kiwango cha kimataifa.<ref name=Web09/> Maambukizi Viwango ni pia kuhusiana na hali duni ya usafi, hasa miongoni mwa watoto,<ref name=Eck2011/> ,Katika kaya inaishi,<ref>{{cite journal last=Grimwood|first=K|coauthors=Forbes, DA|title=Acute and persistent diarrhea. journal=Pediatric clinics of North America|date=2009 Dec|volume=56|issue=6|pages=1343–61|pmid=19962025|doi=10.1016/j.pcl.2009.09.004}}</ref> and in na katika wale walio na hali ya awali iliyopo maskini wa lishe.<ref name=M93/> Baada ya kuendeleza uvumilivu, watu wazima wanaweza kubeba viumbe fulani bila kuonyesha ishara au dalili, na hivyo kitendo kama hifadhi ya asili[[natural reservoirs]] ya uambukizaji.<ref name=M93/> Wakati Baadhi ya mawakala(kama vile ''Shigella'') tu kutokea katika [[jamii ya nyani]], wengine huwezi kutokea katika aina mbalimbali ya wanyama(kama vile ''Giardia'').<ref name=M93/> ===Pasho-Kuambukiza=== Kuna idadi ya sababu zisizokuambukiza ya kuvimba njia ya utumbo.<ref name=EBMED2010/> Baada ya zaidi ya kawaida ni pamoja na dawa (kama[[NSAIDs]]), baadi ya vyakula kama vile [[laktosi]] ( katika wale ambao ni siovumilivu), na [[gluten]] (katika wale wenye[[ugonjwa wa coeliac]]).[[Ugonjwa ya Crohn]] pia ni Chanzo zisizo maambukizi ya ( mara nyingi kali) gastroenteritis.<ref name=EBMED2010/> Mangonjwa ya sekondari kwa [[sumu]]inaweza pia kutokea. Baadi ya chakula kuhusiana hali ya kuhusiana na kichefuchefu, kuhara kutapika, na ni pamoja na: [[Ciguatera ciguatera sumu]] kutokana na matumizi ya samaki zilizosibikwa walao nyama, [[scombroid]] yanayohusiana na matumizi ya aina fulani ya samaki kuharibiwa, [[Tetrodotoxin#sumu|tetrodotoxin sumu]] kutoka matumizi ya [[samaki puffer]] miongoni mwa wengine, na [[botulism]] kawaida kutokana na chakula enye sio vizuri na salama.<ref>{{citejournal|last=Lawrence|first=DT|coauthors=Dobmeier, SG; Bechtel, LK; Holstege, CP|title=Food poisoning.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_emergency-medicine-clinics-of-north-america_2007-05_25_2/page/357|journal=Emergency medicine clinics of North America|date=2007 May|volume=25|issue=2|pages=357-73; abstract ix|pmid=17482025|doi=10.1016/j.emc.2007.02.014}}</ref> ==Pathofiziolojia== Gastroenteritisi hufafanuliwa kama kutapika au kuharisha kutokana na maambukizi ya [[bowel ndogo]] au [[bowel kubwa]].<ref name=M93>Mandell 2010 Chp. 93</ref> Mabadiliko katika tumbo ni kawaida enye aiko - uvimbe, wakati wale katika matumbo kubwa ni uchochezi.<ref name=M93/>Idadi ya vijidudu ina shurutishwa kusababisha maambukizi inatofautiana kutoka wachache kama moja (kwa ''Cryptosporidium'')kama wengi kama 10<sup>8</sup> (kwa''Vibrio cholerae'').<ref name=M93/> ==Uagizi== Gastroenteritis ni kawaida kukutwa hospitalini, kwa kuzingatia dalili ya mtu na dalili.<ref name=Eck2011/> Kuamua sababu Halisi ni kawaida si zinahitajika kama haina kubadilisha usimamizi wa hali hiyo.<ref name=Web09/> Hata hivyo, [[kinyesi utamaduni]]lazima kufanywa katika wale walio na damu katika kinyesi, wale ambao wanaweza kuwa wazi kwa[[sumu ya chakula]], na wale ambao hivi karibuni walisafiri kwa nchi zinazoendelea.<ref name=Webb2005/> Kupima uchunguzi pia inaweza kufanyika kwa uchunguzi.<ref name=Eck2011/> kama [[hypoglycemia]] hutokea katika 10% ya watoto wachanga na watoto wadogo ,kupima serum ya [[glucose]] katika idadi hii ni ilipendekeza.<ref name=Tint10/> [[Elektroliti]] na [[creatinini|shuguli ya figo]] lazima pia kuwa kagua wakati kuna wasiwasi kuhusu kupungua maji mwilini.<ref name=Webb2005/> ===Kuishiwa maji=== Uamuzi wa kama au mtu ana upungufu wa maji mwilini ni sehemu muhimu ya tathmini, pamoja na [[upungufu wa maji]] mwilini kawaida kugawanywa katika kali(3–5%), wastani (6–9%), na kali (≥10%)kesi.<ref name=EBMED2010/> Kwa watoto, sahihi zaidi ishara za kuishiwa maji wastani au kali ni wa muda mrefu [[kapilari refill]], maskini [[ngozi turgor]], na kinga isiyo ya kawaida.<ref name=Tint10/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Steiner|first=MJ|coauthors=DeWalt, DA, Byerley, JS|title=Is this child dehydrated?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2004-06-09_291_22/page/2746|journal=JAMA : the Journal of the American Medical Association|date=2004 Jun 9|volume=291|issue=22|pages=2746–54|pmid=15187057|doi=10.1001/jama.291.22.2746}}</ref> Nyingine muhimu matokeo(wakati kutumika katika macho ) ni pamoja na macho sunken,shughuli ilipungua, ukosefu wa machozi, na kinywa kavua.<ref name=EBMED2010/> Kawaida ya mkojo pato na ulaji simulizi maji ni ya kuridhisha.<ref name=Tint10/> Maabara ya kupima ni ya faida ndogo ya kliniki katika kuamua kiwango cha upungufu wa maji mwilini..<ref name=EBMED2010/> ===Tofauti ya utambuzi=== Sababu nyingine ya uwezo wa ishara na dalili kwamba mwigaji kuonekana katika gastroenteritis kwamba haja ya kuwa ilitawala nje ni pamoja na [[ugonjwa wa kidole tumbo]],[[volvulus]], [[Ugonjwa wa vuimbe wa tumbo]], [[maambukizi ya njia ya mkojo]],s, na [[kisukari mellitus]].<ref name=Webb2005/> Kutojitosheleza kongosho,[[short bowel syndrome]], [[ugonjwa ya whipple]], [[ugonjwa ya coeliac]], na unyanyasaji [[haluli]] lazima pia kuchukuliwa.<ref name="Oxford">{{cite book |editor=Warrell D.A., Cox T.M., Firth J.D., Benz E.J. |title=The Oxford Textbook of Medicine |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-19-262922-0 |edition=4th |url=http://otm.oxfordmedicine.com/ |access-date=2013-03-06 |archive-date=2012-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321002102/http://otm.oxfordmedicine.com/ |dead-url=yes |=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321002102/http://otm.oxfordmedicine.com/ }}</ref> utambuzi tofauti unaweza kuwa mgumu kiasi fulani kama mtu ku onyesha ''tu'' kutapika au kuharisha (kuliko wote).<ref name=EBMED2010/> Kidole tumbo yanaweza kuwasilisha na kutapika, maumivu ya tumbo, na kiasi kidogo cha kuhatisha katika hadi 33% ya kesi.<ref name=EBMED2010/> Hii ni tofauti na kiasi kikubwa cha kuharisha kwamba ni mfano wa gastroenteritis.<ref name=EBMED2010/> Maambukizi ya mapafu au njia ya mkojo kwa watoto huweza pia kusababisha kutapika au kuharahisha.<ref name=EBMED2010/> [[dkisukari ketoasidosisi]] ya zamani (DKA) kwa wakati huu na maumivu ya tumbo, kuchefuchefu, na kutapika, lakini bila kuharisha.<ref name=EBMED2010/> Utafiti mmoja kupatikana kwamba 17% ya watoto wenye DKA awali walikuwa wametambuliwa kama kuwa gastroenteritis.<ref name=EBMED2010/> ==Kinga== [[File:RotavirusV2009.gif|thumb|Percentage of rotavirus tests with positive results, by surveillance week, United States, July 2000 – June 2009.]] ===Mtindo wa maisha=== Usambazaji wa maji kwa urahisi siochafuka na mazoea mazuri ya usafi wa mazingira ni muhimu kwa ajili ya kupunguza Viwango vya maambukizi na gastroenteritis hospitalini muhimu.<ref name=M93/> Hatua ya binafsi ( kama vile [[kuosha mkono]]) wamekuwa kupatikana kupungua matukio na viwango vya maambukizi ya gastroenteritis katika ulimwengu zinazoendelea na maendeleo kwa % kama vile 30%.<ref name=Tint10/> Pombe makao mageli inaweza pia kuwa na ufanisi.<ref name=Tint10/> [[Kunyonyesha]] ni muhimu, hasa katika maeneo na hali duni ya usafi, kama ni uboreshaji wa usafi kwa ujumla.<ref name=Web09/> Maziwa ya Matiti inapunguza wote mzunguko wa maambukizo na muda wao.<ref name=EBMED2010/> Kuepuka zilizosibikwa chakula au kinywaji lazima pia kuwa na ufanisi.<ref>{{cite web title=Viral Gastroenteritis|url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/revb/gastro/faq.htm|work=Center for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=16 April 2012|month=February|year=2011}}</ref> ===Chanjo=== Kutokana na ufanisi wake wote na usalama, mwaka 2009 Shirika la Afya Duniani ilipendekeza kwamba [[Chanjo rotavirus]] itatolewa kwa watoto wote duniani.<ref name=WHORota2009>{{cite journal|last=World Health Organization|title=Rotavirus vaccines: an update|journal=Weekly epidemiological record|year=2009|month=December|volume=51–52|issue=84|pages=533–540|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2009/wer8451_52.pdf|accessdate=10 May 2012}}</ref><ref name=Sz2010>{{cite journal|last=Szajewska|first=H|coauthors=Dziechciarz,P|title=Gastrointestinal infections in the pediatric population.|journal=Currentopinion in gastroenterology|date=2010 Jan|volume=26|issue=1|pages=3644|pmid=19887936|doi=10.1097/MOG.0b013e328333d799}}</ref> Mbili ya kibiashara chanjo ya rotavirus zipo na zaidi kadhaa ni katika maendeleo.<ref name=WHORota2009/> Katika Afrika na Asia hizi chanjo kupunguzwa ugonjwa kali miongoni mwa watoto wachanga <ref name=WHORota2009/> na nchi ambazo kuweka katika mipango ya kitaifa ya chanjo mahali nimeona kushika kwa viwango na ukali wa ugonjwa huo. <ref>{{citejournal|last=Giaquinto|first=C|coauthors=Dominiak-Felden G, Van Damme P, Myint TT, Maldonado YA, Spoulou V, Mast TC, Staat MA|title=Summary of effectiveness and impact of rotavirus vaccination with the oral pentavalent rotavirus vaccine: a systematic review of the experience in industrialized countries|journal=Human Vaccines|year=July|month=2011|volume=7|series=7|pages=734–748|url=http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/vaccines/article/15511/?nocache=1111012137|accessdate=10 May 2012|doi=10.4161/hv.7.7.15511|pmid=21734466}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Jiang|first=V|coauthors=Jiang B, Tate J, Parashar UD, Patel MM|title=Performance of rotavirus vaccines in developed and developing countries|journal=Human Vaccines|year=2010|month=July|volume=6|issue=7|pages=532–542|url=http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/vaccines/article/11278/?nocache=531156378|accessdate=10 May 2012 | pmid = 20622508 }}</ref> Chanjo hii pia inaweza kuzuia ugonjwa katika watoto wasio chanjo kwa kupunguza idadi ya maambukizi zinazozunguka.<ref>{{citejournal|last=Patel|first=MM|coauthors=Steele, D, Gentsch, JR, Wecker, J, Glass, RI, Parashar, UD|title=Real-world impact of rotavirus vaccination.|journal=The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal|date=2011 Jan|volume=30|issue=1 Suppl|pages=S1-5|pmid=21183833|doi=10.1097/INF.0b013e3181fefa1f}}</ref> Tangu mwaka 2000, utekelezaji wa programu ya chanjo katika rotavirus Marekani imekuwa kikubwa kupungua idadi ya kesi ya kuhara kwa asilimia nyingi kama 80kwa kila mia.<ref name="CDC Rota">{{cite journal|last=US Center for Disease Control and Prevention|title=Delayed onset and diminished magnitude of rotavirus activity—United States, November 2007 – May 2008|journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|year=2008|volume=57|issue=25|pages=697–700|url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5725a6.htm|accessdate=3 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Reduction in rotavirus after vaccine introduction—United States, 2000–2009 |journal=MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. |volume=58 |issue=41 |pages=1146–9 |year=2009 |month=October |pmid=19847149|url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5841a2.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Tate|first=JE|coauthors=Cortese, MM, Payne, DC, Curns, AT, Yen, C, Esposito, DH, Cortes, JE, Lopman, BA, Patel, MM, Gentsch, JR, Parashar, UD|title=Uptake, impact, and effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination in the United States: review of the first 3 years of postlicensure data.|journal=The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal|date=2011 Jan|volume=30|issue=1Suppl|pages=S5660|pmid=21183842|doi=10.1097/INF.0b013e3181fefdc0}}</ref> dozi ya kwanza itolewe kwa watoto wachanga kati ya wiki 6 na 15 ya umri.<ref name=Sz2010/> The [[Cholera vaccine|oral cholera vaccine]] simuiizi chanjo ya kipindupindu imekuwa kupatikana kwa kuwa 50–60% ufanisi zaidi ya miaka 2 &nbsp;.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sinclair|first=D|coauthors=Abba, K, Zaman, K, Qadri, F, Graves, PM|title=Oral vaccines for preventing cholera.|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2011Mar16|issue=3|pages=CD008603|pmid=21412922|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008603.pub2}}</ref> ==Utaratibu wa Kimatibabu== Gastroenteritis ni kawaida ugonjwa papo hapo na kujitegemea kikwazo kwamba hauhitaji dawa.<ref name=NICE2009/> matibabu kupenda zaidi katika wale wenye mpole na [[maji mwilini wastani]] ni [[simulizi kuweka maji tiba]] (ORT).<ref name=BMJ2007>{{cite journal|last=Elliott|first=EJ|title=Acute gastroenteritis in children.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=2007 Jan 6|volume=334|issue=7583|pages=35–40|pmid=17204802|doi=10.1136/bmj.39036.406169.80|pmc=1764079}}</ref> [[Metoclopramide]] na/au [[ondansetron]], hata hivyo, inaweza kuwa msaada katika baadhi ya watoto,<ref name="Alhashimi2009">{{cite journal |author=Alhashimi D, Al-Hashimi H, Fedorowicz Z|editor1-last=Alhashimi |editor1-first=Dunia |title=Antiemetics for reducing vomiting related to acute gastroenteritis in children and adolescents|journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |issue=2 |pages=CD005506 |year=2009 |pmid=19370620|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005506.pub4 }}</ref> na[[butylscopolamine]] ni muhimu katika kutibu katika [[maumivu ya tumbo]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tytgat GN |title=Hyoscine butylbromide: a review of its use in the treatment of abdominal cramping and pain |journal=Drugs |volume=67 |issue=9 |pages=1343–57 |year=2007 |pmid=17547475 }}</ref> ===Kuongeza maji=== Matibabu ya msingi ya gastroenteritis katika bote watoto na watu ni [[kuweka maji]]. Hii ni ikiwezekana mafanikio kwa tiba ya mdomo ya kuweka maji, ingawa utoaji [[katika mishipa tiba |katika mishipa]] kutakiwa kama kuna[[ngazi ilipungua fahamu]] kama maji mwilini ni kali.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bestbets.org/bets/bet.php?id=1039 |title=BestBets: Fluid Treatment of Gastroenteritis in Adults |accessdate=2013-03-06 |archive-date=2009-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212164231/http://www.bestbets.org/bets/bet.php?id=1039 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Canavan A, Arant BS |title=Diagnosis and management of dehydration in children |journal=AmFam Physician|volume=80 |issue=7 |pages=692–6 |year=2009 |month=October |pmid=19817339 }}</ref> Mdomo badala tiba bidhaa kufanywa na wanga tata(i.e. yaani wale alifanya kutoka ngano au mchele)inaweza kuwa ni bora kuliko wale makao juu ya sukari.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gregorio GV, Gonzales ML, Dans LF, Martinez EG |editor1-last=Gregorio |editor1-first=Germana V |title=Polymer-based oral rehydration solution for treating acute watery diarrhoea |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |issue=2 |pages=CD006519 |year=2009 |pmid=19370638 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006519.pub2}}</ref> Vinywaji hasa yulu katika sukari, kama vile [[vinywaji baridi]] na juisi matunda, si ilipendekeza kwa watoto chini ya miaka umri 5 kama wanaweza ''kuongeza'' kuharisha.<ref name=NICE2009/> Maji wazi inaweza kutumika kama maalum zaidi na ufanisi ORT maandalizi ni hapayo au si mazuri.<ref name=NICE2009/> A [[tube nasogastric]] inaweza kutumika kwa watoto wadogo kusimamia maji maji kama ya kuhalalisha.<ref name=Webb2005/> ===Malazi=== Inapendekezwa kwamba kunyonyesha watoto wachanga kuendelea kuwa ku muuguzi katika mtindo wa kawaida, na kwamba watoto wachanga fomyula-kulishwa kuendelea fomyula yao mara baada ya kuweka maji na ORT.<ref name=MMWR2003/> Laktosi-free au laktosi- ya kushuka fomyula kawaida si muhimu.<ref name=MMWR2003/>Watoto wanapashwa kuendelea mlo wao wa kawaida wakati wa matukio ya kuharisha na ubaguzi vyakula yulu saana katika ni [[Rahisi sukari]]ziepukwe.<refname=MMWR2003/> [[mlo BRAT]] (ndizi, mchele, sosi ya tufaha, mkati ya kuchoma na chai) ni tena ilipendekeza, kama ina virutubisho haitoshi na haina faida juu ya kulisha kawaida.<ref name=MMWR2003>{{cite journal |author=King CK, Glass R, Bresee JS, Duggan C |title=Managing acute gastroenteritis among children: oral rehydration, maintenance, and nutritional therapy |journal=MMWR Recomm Rep |volume=52 |issue=RR-16|pages=1–16 |year=2003 |month=November |pmid=14627948 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5216a1.htm}}</ref> [[Probiotics]] Baadhi wamekuwa umeonyesha kuwa na manufaa katika kupunguza muda wote wa ugonjwa na marudio ya stuli<ref>{{cite journal |author=Allen SJ, Martinez EG, Gregorio GV, Dans LF |editor1-last=Allen |editor1-first=StephenJ |title=Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea |journal=Cochrane DatabaseSystRev |volume=11 |issue=11|pages=CD003048 |year=2010 |pmid=21069673 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003048.pub3 }}</ref>Wanaweza pia kuwa na manufaa katika kuzuia na kutibu [[kiuvijasumu kuhusishwa kuharisha]]. <ref>{{citejournal|last=Hempel|first=S|coauthors=Newberry, SJ; Maher, AR; Wang, Z; Miles, JN; Shanman, R; Johnsen, B; Shekelle, PG|title=Probiotics for the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=JAMA : the journal of the American MedicalAssociation|date=2012May9|volume=307|issue=18|pages=1959-69|pmid=22570464}}</ref> Maziwa bidhaa mchachuko (kama vile [[mtindi]]) ni vile vile manufaa.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mackway-Jones|first=Kevin|title=Does yogurt decrease acute diarrhoeal symptoms in children with acute gastroenteritis?|url=http://www.bestbets.org/bets/bet.php?id=1000|work=BestBets|month=June|year=2007|accessdate=2013-03-06|archivedate=2013-05-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517002703/http://www.bestbets.org/bets/bet.php?id=1000}}</ref> [[Zinki]]nyongeza inaonekana kuwa na ufanisi katika wawili kutibu na kuzuia kuharisha miongoni mwa watoto katika nchi zinazoendelea.<ref>{{citejournal|last=Telmesani|first=AM|title=Oral rehydration salts, zinc supplement and rota virus vaccine in the management of childhood acute diarrhea.|journal=Journal of family and community medicine|date=2010 May|volume=17|issue=2|pages=7982|pmid=21359029|doi=10.4103/1319-1683.71988|pmc=3045093}}</ref> ===Antiemetics=== Dawa [[Antiemetic]] inaweza kuwa na manufaa kwa ajili ya kutibu kutapika katika watoto.[[Ondansetron]] ina baadhi ya shirika, na dozi moja isihusishwe na haja kidogo kwa ajili ya maji katika mishipa, hospitalini wachache, na kutapika inapungua. <ref>{{cite journal |author=DeCamp LR, Byerley JS, Doshi N, Steiner MJ |title=Use of antiemetic agents in acute gastroenteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=ArchPediatrAdolescMed|volume=162 |issue=9 |pages=85865 |year=2008 |month=September |pmid=18762604|doi=10.1001/archpedi.162.9.858 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17279195">{{cite journal| author = Mehta S, Goldman RD| title = Ondansetron for acute gastroenteritis in children| journal = Can Fam Physician| volume = 52| issue = 11| pages = 1397–8| year = 2006| pmid17279195 | url=http://www.cfp.ca/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17279195 |pmc = 1783696 }}</ref><ref name=Cochrane2011/> [[Metoclopramide]]ili pia kuwa na manufaa.<ref name=Cochrane2011>{{citejournal|last=Fedorowicz|first=Z|coauthors=Jagannath, VA, Carter, B|title=Antiemetics for reducing vomiting related to acute gastroenteritis in children and adolescents.|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2011Sep7|volume=9|pages=CD005506|pmid=21901699|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005506.pub5|issue=9}}</ref> Hata hivyo, matumizi ya ondansetron pengine kuhusishwa na kiwango cha ongezeko la kurudi katika hospitali ya watoto.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sturm JJ, Hirsh DA, Schweickert A, Massey R, Simon HK|title=Ondansetron use in the pediatric emergency department and effects on hospitalization and return rates: are we masking alternative diagnoses?|journal=AnnEmerg Med |volume=55 |issue=5 |pages=41522 |year=2010 |month=May |pmid=20031265 |doi=10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009.11.011 }}</ref> Maandalizi katika mishipa ondansetron inaweza kutolewa kwa mdomo ikiwa vibali kliniki hukumu.<ref>{{citeweb|title=Ondansetron|url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/print/lexicomp/ondansetron.html|work=Lexi-Comp|month=May|year=2011}}</ref>[[Dimenhydrinate]],wakati kupunguza kutapika, haionekani kuwa muhimu kliniki faida.<ref name=EBMED2010/> ===Vijasumu=== [[Vijasumu]] si kawaida kutumika kwa ajili ya gastroenteritis, ingawa wakati mwingine ilipendekeza hasa kama dalili ni kali.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Traa BS, Walker CL, Munos M, Black RE |title=Antibiotics for the treatment of dysentery in children |journal=Int J Epidemiol|volume=39 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i704 |year=2010 |month=April |pmid=20348130 |pmc=2845863 |doi=10.1093/ije/dyq024 }}</ref> au kama wanahusika sababu bakteria pekee au watuhumiwa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Grimwood K, Forbes DA |title=Acute and persistent diarrhea |journal=Pediatr. Clin. North Am. |volume=56 |issue=6 |pages=134361 |year=2009 |month=December |pmid=19962025 |doi=10.1016/j.pcl.2009.09.004 }}</ref> Kama kiuvijasumu ni kwa kuajiriwa, [[macrolide]] ( kama vile [[azithromycin]]) ni ku penda zaidi ya [[fluoroquinolone]] kutokana na viwango vya juu vya upinzani na karibuni.<ref name=Bact2007/> [[Pseudomembranous colitis]], kawaida husababishwa na matumizi ya antibiotiki, inasimamiwa na kutoendelea na wakala visababishi na kutibu kwa aidha [[metronidazole]] au [[vancomycin]].<refname="Mandell"/>Bakteria na protozoans kwamba ni amenable kwa matibabu pamoja na ''[[shigellosis|Shigella]]''<ref>{{citejournal|last=Christopher|first=PR|coauthors=David, KV, John, SM, Sankarapandian, V|title=Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery.|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2010Aug4|issue=8|pages=CD006784|pmid=20687081|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006784.pub4}}</ref> ''[[Salmonellosis|Salmonellatyphi]]'',<ref>{{citejournal|last=Effa|first=EE|coauthors=Lassi, ZS, Critchley, JA, Garner, P, Sinclair, D, Olliaro, PL, Bhutta, ZA|title=Fluoroquinolones for treating typhoid and paratyphoid fever (enteric fever).|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2011 Oct 5|issue=10|pages=CD004530|pmid=21975746|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004530.pub4}}</ref> na‘Giardia'' spishi.<refname=Giar2010/> Katika wale wenye na ''Giardia'' spishi au ''Entamoeba histolytica'', matibabu [[tinidazole]] inapendekeza na kushinda metronidazole.<ref>{{citejournal|last=Gonzales|first=ML|coauthors=Dans, LF, Martinez, EG|title=Antiamoebic drugs for treating amoebic colitis.|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2009Apr15|issue=2|pages=CD006085|pmid=19370624|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006085.pub2}}</ref><refname=Giar2010/> [[Shirika la afya Duniani]] (WHO) inapendekeza matumizi ya antibiotics kwa watoto wadogo ambao wana wawili wa damu na kuharisha na homa. <ref name=EBMED2010/> ===Antimotility mawakala=== Antimotility dawa ina hatari ya kusababisha matatizo ya kinadharia, na ingawa uzoefu kliniki umeonyesha kuwa huu ni uwezekano, name="Oxford"/> dawa hizi ni tamaa katika watu na umwagaji damu kuhara au kuhara kwamba ni ngumu kwa homa. [[Loperamide]], [[opioidi]] mfano wa afyuni, ni kawaida hutumiwa kwa ajili ya matibabu ya dalili kuharisha.<ref name="SleisengerFordtran">{{citebook |first1=Mark |last1=Feldman |first2=LawrenceS. |last2=Friedman |first3=MarvinH.|last3=Sleisenger |title=Sleisenger & Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease |publisher=Saunders |year=2002 |isbn=0721689736 |edition=7th|url=http://www.elsevierinternational.com/catalogue/title.cfm?ISBN=0721689736}}</ref> Loperamide haifai kwa watoto, hata hivyo, kama inaweza kuvuka machanga damu-ubongo kizuizi na kusababisha kusumisha. [[Bismuth subsalicylate]], tata hakuna wa [[bismuth]] na salicylate, inaweza kutumika katika kesi kali kwa wastani,<ref name="Oxford"/> lakini[[salicylate sumu]] ni kinadharia iwezekanavyo.<ref name=EBMED2010/> ==Epidemiolojia== [[Image:Diarrhoeal diseases world map - DALY - WHO2004.svg|thumb|Uenezi wa kuharisha kati ya wakazi 100,000 mwaka 2004. {{Multicol}} {{legend|#b3b3b3|<small>no data</small>}} {{legend|#ffff65|<small>≤less 500</small>}} {{legend|#fff200|<small>500–1000</small>}} {{legend|#ffdc00|<small>1000–1500</small>}} {{legend|#ffc600|<small>1500–2000</small>}} {{legend|#ffb000|<small>2000–2500</small>}} {{legend|#ff9a00|<small>2500–3000</small>}} {{Multicol-break}} {{legend|#ff8400|<small>3000–3500</small>}} {{legend|#ff6e00|<small>3500–4000</small>}} {{legend|#ff5800|<small>4000–4500</small>}} {{legend|#ff4200|<small>4500–5000</small>}} {{legend|#ff2c00|<small>5000–6000</small>}} {{legend|#cb0000|<small>≥6000</small>}} {{Multicol-end}}]] Inakadiriwa kuwa kesi 3-5000000000 ya gastroenteritis kutokea duniani kila mwaka, <ref> {{citejournal|last=Elliott|first=EJ|title=Acutegastroenteritis in children.|journal=BMJ (Clinical researched.)|date=2007Jan6|volume=334|issue=7583|pages=3540|pmid=17204802|doi=10.1136/bmj.39036.406169.80|pmc=1764079}}</ref> kimsingi unaathiri watoto na[[yanayoendelea duniani]].<ref name=Web09/> ni ulisababisha vifo vya watu milioni 1.3 kwa watoto chini ya miaka mitano kama ya 2008,<ref>{{citejournal|last=Black|first=RE|coauthors=Cousens, S, Johnson, HL, Lawn, JE, Rudan, I, Bassani, DG, Jha, P, Campbell, H, Walker, CF, Cibulskis, R, Eisele, T, Liu, L, Mathers, C, Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group of WHO and, UNICEF|title=Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: a systematic analysis.|journal=Lancet|date=2010Jun5|volume=375|issue=9730|pages=196987|pmid=20466419|doi=10.1016/S01406736(10)605491}}</ref> na zaidi ya hayo yanayotokea katika mataifa maskini zaidi duniani.<ref name=M93/>Zaidi ya 450,000 ya vifo haya ni kutokana na rotavirus kwa watoto chini ya miaka umri 5.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tate|first=JE|coauthors=Burton, AH, Boschi-Pinto, C, Steele, AD, Duque, J, Parashar, UD, WHO-coordinated Global Rotavirus Surveillance, Network|title=2008 estimate of worldwide rotavirus-associated mortality in children younger than 5 years before the introduction of universal rotavirus vaccination programmes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=The Lancet infectious diseases|date=2012 Feb|volume=12|issue=2|pages=13641|pmid=22030330|doi=10.1016/S14733099(11)702535}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=World Health Organization|title=Global networks for surveillance of rotavirus gastroenteritis, 2001–2008|journal=Weekly Epidemiological Record|year=2008|month=November|volume=47|issue=83|pages=421–428|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2008/wer8347.pdf|accessdate=10 May 2012}}</ref>[[Cholera]] Kipindupindu husababisha kesi kuhusu 3-5,000,000 ya ugonjwa na unaua takriban watu 100,000 kila mwaka.<ref name=Cholera11/> Katika watoto kuendeleza dunia chini ya miaka miwili ya umri mara nyingi kupata maambukizi sita au zaidi mwaka kwamba matokeo katika gastroenteritis hospitalini muhimu.<ref name=M93/> Ni chini ya kawaida kwa watu wazima, kutokana na maendeleo ya [[kinga maradhi ( ya tiba)|kinga]].<ref name=Eck2011/> Mwaka 1980, kutokana na sababu zote gastroenteritis yaliyosababisha vifo milioni 4.6 kwa watoto, na wengi kutokea katika nchi zinazoendelea.<ref name="Mandell">{{cite book |first1=Gerald L. |last1=Mandell |first2=John E. |last2=Bennett |first3=Raphael |last3=Dolin |title=Mandell's Principles and Practices of Infection Diseases |publisher=Churchill Livingstone |year=2004 |isbn=0-443-06643-4 |edition=6th |url=http://www.ppidonline.com/ |access-date=2013-03-06 |archive-date=2013-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018175309/http://www.ppidonline.com/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Viwango vya kifo walikuwa kupunguzwa kwa kiasi kikubwa (kwa takriban milioni 1.5 vifo kila mwaka) kwa mwaka 2000, kwa kiasi kikubwa kutokana na kuanzishwa na kuenea kwa matumizi ya[[ tiba ya ndomo ya kuweka maji]].<ref name="Victora2000">{{cite journal |author=Victora CG, Bryce J, Fontaine O, Monasch R |title=Reducing deaths from diarrhoea through oral rehydration therapy |journal=Bull. World Health Organ.|volume=78|issue=10 |pages=124655 |year=2000 |pmid=11100619 |pmc=2560623}}</ref> Nchini Marekani, maambukizi kusababisha uvimbe wa tumbo ni maambukizi ya pili ya kawaida ( baada ya [[kawaida ya baridi]]), na wao kusababisha kesi kati ya 200 na 375 milioni ya kuharisha papo <ref name=Eck2011/><ref name=M93/> na takriban elfu kumi vifo kila mwaka,<ref name=M93/> na 150-300 ya vifo hivi kwa watoto chini ya miaka mitano.<ref name=EBMED2010/> ==Historia== matumizi ya kwanza ya "gastroenteritis" ilikuwa katika 1825.<ref>{{citeweb |url=http://www.oed.com/ |title=Gastroenteritis |format= |work=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] 2011 |accessdate=January 15, 2012}}</ref> Kabla ya wakati huu ni zaidi hasa inayojulikana kama[[homa ya matumbo]] au "kipindupindu morbus", miongoni mwa wengine, au chini hasa kama "kushisha ya matumbo", "wingi", "Flux", "mchango", "malalamiko ya tumbo", au moja ya idadi ya majina mengine ya kizamani kwa kuharisha papo hapo.<ref name="archaic">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.antiquusmorbus.com/English/English.htm |title=Rudy's List of Archaic Medical Terms |accessdate=2013-03-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709111154/http://www.antiquusmorbus.com/English/English.htm |archivedate=2007-07-09 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709111154/http://www.antiquusmorbus.com/English/English.htm }}</ref> ==Jamii na utamadumi== Gastroenteritis ni kuhusishwa na majina mengi ya simo, ikiwa ni pamoja na "[[Montezuma wa kisasi]]", "Delhi tumbo", "la turista", na "sprint nyuma mlango", miongoni mwengine.<ref name=M93/> Ni imekuwa na jukumu katika kampeni nyingi za kijeshi na ni kuamini kuwa asili ya neno "matumbo hakuna hakuna utukufu".<ref name=M93/>. Gastroenteritis ni sababu kuu ya ziara milioni 3.7 kwa madaktari mwaka nchini Marekani<ref name=EBMED2010/> na 3,000,000 ya ziara nchini Ufaransa.<ref>{{citejournal|last=Flahault|first=A|coauthors=Hanslik, T|title=[Epidemiology of viral gastroenteritis in France and Europe].|journal=Bulletin de l'Academie nationale de medecine|date=2010Nov|volume=194|issue=8|pages=141524;discussion 1424-5|pmid=22046706}}</ref> In the United States gastroenteritis as a whole is believed to result in costs of 23&nbsp;billion USD per year<ref>{{cite book|last=Albert|first=edited by Neil S. Skolnik ; associate editor, Ross H.|title=Essential infectious disease topics for primary care|year=2008|publisher=Humana Press|location=Totowa, NJ|isbn=9781588295200|pages=66|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=iGUKPeO9-ygC&pg=PA66}}</ref> Uvimbe wa tumbo na Marekani kwa ujumla inaaminika kusababisha gharama ya bilioni 23 mwaka USD kwa mwaka. Na kwamba kutokana na rotavirus peke kusababisha Makadirio ya gharama za dola bilioni 1 mwaka huu<ref name=EBMED2010/> ==Utafiti== Kuna idadi ya chanjo dhidi ya gastroenteritis katika maendeleo. Kwa mfano, chanjo dhidi ya Shigella na enterotoxigenic ''Escherichia coli'' (ETEC), mbili ya sababu ya kuongoza bakteria wa gastroenteritis duniani kote.<ref name="WHO ETEC">{{cite web|last=World Health Organization|title=Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)|url=http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/diseases/diarrhoeal/en/index4.html|work=Diarrhoeal Diseases|accessdate=3 May 2012|archivedate=2012-05-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515142857/http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/diseases/diarrhoeal/en/index4.html}}</ref><ref name="WHO Shig">{{cite web|last=World Health Organization|title=Shigellosis|url=http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/diseases/diarrhoeal/en/index6.html|work=Diarrhoeal Diseases|accessdate=3 May 2012}}</ref> ==Katika wanyama== Gastroenteritisi katika paka na mbwa inasababishwa na wengi wa mawakala sawa kwa binadamu: wa kawaida ni:''Kampilobakteria'', ''Clostridium difficile'', ''Clostridium perfringens'' na ''Salmonella''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Weese|first=JS|title=Bacterial enteritis in dogs and cats: diagnosis, therapy, and zoonotic potential.|journal=The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice|date=2011 Mar|volume=41|issue=2|pages=287-309|pmid=21486637|doi=10.1016/j.cvsm.2010.12.005}}</ref> idadi kubwa ya mimea sumu huweza pia kusababisha dalili. <ref>{{cite book|last=Rousseaux|first=Wanda Haschek, Matthew Wallig, Colin|title=Fundamentals of toxicologic pathology|year=2009|publisher=Academic|location=London|isbn=9780123704696|pages=182|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=vkox3JS83k8C&pg=PA182|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref> Baadhi ya mawakala ni maalumu zaidi ya aina fulani.[[Magonjwa gastroenteritis coronavirus]](TGEV) hutokea katika nguruwe kusababisha kutapika, kuishiwa maji kuhara.<ref>{{cite book|last=MacLachlan|first=edited na N. James|title=Fenner's veterinary virology|year=2009|publisher=Elsevier Academic Press|location=Amsterdam|page=399|isbn=9780123751584|edition=4th ed.|coauthors=Dubovi, Edward J.|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=TYFqlYO9eE4C&pg=PA399}}</ref> Inaaminika kuwa vishawishi kwa nguruwe na ndege wa pori na hakuna tiba maalumu inapatikana.<ref>{{cite book|last=al.]|first=edited by James G. Fox ... [et|title=Laboratoryanimal medicine|year=2002|publisher=Academic Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=9780122639517|pages=649|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=m2ftfPMJnMMC&pg=PA649|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref> Ni si uambukizaji kwa binadamu. <ref>{{cite book|last=al.]|first=edited by Jeffrey J. Zimmerman ... [et|title=Diseases of swine|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Chichester,WestSussex|isbn=9780813822679|pages=504|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=jVaemau17J4C&pg=PA504|edition=10thed.}}</ref>. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist|2}} ==Marejeo== *{{cite book|last=Dolin|first=[edited by] Gerald L. Mandell, John E. Bennett, Raphael|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=0-443-06839-9|edition=7th ed.}} [[jamii:maradhi ya kuambukiza]] k6hdo5bxfdu4k01zhbhf3dzbeulme8x 0 68532 1598863 1319596 2026-09-22T22:40:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mwigizaji 2 | picha = Alyson Hannigan May 2015.jpg | maelezo ya picha = Alyson Hannigan mnamo mwezi wa Mei 2015 | jina = Alyson Hannigan | jina la kuzaliwa = Alyson Lee Hannigan | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1974|3|24}} | mahala pa kuzaliwa = [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Marekani]] | jina lingine = Alyson Denisof | kazi yake = Mwigizaji | miaka ya kazi = 1986–hadi sasa | ndoa = [[Alexis Denisof]] (tangu 2003- hadi sasa) | watoto = 2 }} '''Alyson Lee Hannigan''' (amezaliwa tar. [[24 Machi]], [[1974]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[filamu]] na [[tamthilia]] kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Anafahamika zaidi kwa kucheza uhusika wa [[Willow Rosenberg]] kwenye mfululizo wa kipindi cha [[Televisheni]] cha ''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer (mfululizo wa TV)|Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]'' (1997–2003), [[Lily Aldrin]] kwenye ucheshi wa ''[[How I Met Your Mother]]'' kupitia TV ya [[CBS]] (2005–hadi sasa) na [[Michelle Flaherty]] katika mfululizo halisi wa [[American_Pie_(mfululizo)#Matoleo_halisi|filamu za ''American Pie'']] (1999; 2001; 2003; 2012).<ref name=CBS>{{cite web |title=How I Met Your Mother Cast: Alyson Hannigan |work=[[CBS]] |url=http://www.cbs.com/shows/how_i_met_your_mother/cast/61492 |accessdate=2012-06-12 |archivedate=2012-05-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531075100/http://www.cbs.com/shows/how_i_met_your_mother/cast/61492 }}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali== Hannigan alizaliwa mjini [[Washington, D.C.]] ni mtoto pekee wa Bi. Emilie (Posner) Haas, wakala wa masuala ya ardhi na viwanda, na Bwana Al Hannigan, dereva wa magari makubwa ya safari.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/58/Alyson-Hannigan.html |title=Film Reference Alyson Hannigan Bio |publisher=Filmreference.com |date= |accessdate=2010-03-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210084454/http://www.filmreference.com/film/58/Alyson-Hannigan.html |archivedate=2010-02-10 |deadurl=no }}</ref> Baba'ke ni Mwamerika mwenye asili ya [[Ireland]] na mama'ke ni [[Uyahudi|Myahudi]].<ref name="jnewsweekly">{{cite web |title=Celebrity Jews |work=the Jewish News Weekly of Northern California |url=http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/23122/celebrity-jews/ |date=2004-07-09 |author=Bloom, Nate |accessdate=2006-07-16}}</ref><ref name="Hannigansirish">{{cite news|last=Pearce|first=Garth|coauthors=|title=Alyson Hannigan Interview|pages=|publisher=The Sunday Times|date=2003-07-13|url=|accessdate=2007-07-12}}</ref> Wazazi walitalikiana wakati ana umri wa miaka miwili tu na muda mwingi alilelewa na mama'ke tu huko mjini [[Atlanta, Georgia]].<ref>{{IMDb name|4989|section=bio}}</ref> ==Kazi== ===1978 – 1996=== Akiwa na umri wa miaka minne, Hannigan akaanza kuonekana katika matangazo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scotsman.com/scotland-on-sunday/scotland/interview-alyson-hannigan-on-american-pie-1-2248522 |title=Interview: Alyson Hannigan on American Pie |publisher=[[Scotland on Sunday]] |date=April 22, 2012 |accessdate=2012-06-12 |archivedate=2012-06-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616143637/http://www.scotsman.com/scotland-on-sunday/scotland/interview-alyson-hannigan-on-american-pie-1-2248522 }}</ref> Alihamia mjini [[Hollywood]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 11.<ref name=atlanta>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.ajc.com/radio-tv-talk/2009/09/21/former-atlantan-alyson-hannigan-interview-for-how-i-met-your-mother/ |title=Former Atlantan Alyson Hannigan interview for ‘How I Met Your Mother’ |publisher=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]] |date=September 21, 2009 |accessdate=2012-06-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222132144/http://blogs.ajc.com/radio-tv-talk/2009/09/21/former-atlantan-alyson-hannigan-interview-for-how-i-met-your-mother/ |archivedate=2014-02-22 }}</ref> Akiwa anaishi na mama'ke na baadaye kuhitimu katika shule ya North Hollywood High School, baadaye akajiunga na Chuo Kikuu cha "[[California]] State", Northridge ambapo alipata shahada ya saikolojia. Uhusika mkubwa kabisa wa kwanza wa Hannigan wa kwenye filamu ya ''[[My Stepmother Is an Alien]]'',<ref name=CBS/> toleo la ubunifu wa kisayansi ambalo pia linavichekesho ndani yake mnamo 1988; mmoja kati ya washirika wenza katika filamu hiyo alikuwepo mwigizaji [[Seth Green]], ambaye baadaye aliungana nae kama muhusika wa kawaida katika tamthilia ya ''Buffy'' akiwa kama bwana wake. Kisha mwaka wa 1989, uhusika wake wa kawaida wa kwanza kwenye mfululizo wa TV ulikuja pale aliposhirikishwa kwenye ucheshi mfupi wa ''Free Spirit''. Akiwa msichana, Hannigan aliwatunza watoto wa [[Bob Saget]], ambaye baadaye alikuja kuhadithia katika mfululizo wake wa TV , ''[[How I Met Your Mother]]''.<ref name="VanityFair">"It's Evening in America". ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]''. May 2012. Page 158.</ref> ===1997 – hadi sasa=== Mwaka wa 1997, Hannigan alichaguliwa kucheza uhusika wa [[Willow Rosenberg]], rafiki wa karibu wa [[Buffy Summers|Buffy Summers]], katika mfululizo wa televisheni wa ''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer (mfululizo wa TV)|Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Where Are They Now? Buffy the Vampire Slayer|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20170817,00.html|date=December 3, 2007|accessdate=2012-06-12|archivedate=2014-02-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202164519/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20170817,00.html}}</ref> Kipindi hicho kilipata mafanikio makubwa mno, na Hannigan akapata kutambulika vya kutosha, hatimaye kuonenakana katika nyusika maarufu kadha wa kadha ambazo zililenga hasa watazamaji vijana, ikuwa ni pamoja na ''[[American Pie (filamu)|American Pie]]'', ''[[American Pie 2]]'', ''[[Boys and Girls (filamu ya 2000)|Boys and Girls]]'' na ''[[American Wedding]]''.<ref name=CBS/> Pia alipata kuonekana kiduchu kwenye mfululizo unaotokana na hadithi ya ''Buffy'', ''Angel'', akitumia tena uhusika wake uleule wa Willow katika vipengele kadhaa (ikiwa ni pamoja na "Orpheus," wakati wa msimu wa nne wa ''Angel'' na msimu wa saba wa ''Buffy''), lakini hakuna tena baada ya ''Buffy'' kumaliza kutayarishwa kwake. Mwaka wa 2012, Hannigan ameurudia tena uhusika wake wa Michelle kwenye ''[[American Reunion]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/story/2012-04-04/how-i-met-your-mother-alyson-hannigan-cobie-smulders/54301680/1 |title=Alyson Hannigan, Cobie Smulders and 'Mother'-hood|publisher=[[USA Today]] |date=April 15, 2012|accessdate=2012-06-12}}</ref> [[File:Alyson Hannigan and Alexis Denisof 2.jpg|thumb|right|upright|akiwa na mumewe [[Alexis Denisof]]]] ==Maisha binafsi== Hannigan ameolewa na mwigizaji mwenzake wa katika tamthilia ya ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer'' [[Alexis Denisof]] katika hoteli ya Two Bunch Palms Resort huko mjini [[Desert Hot Springs, California]], mnamo tar. 11 Oktoba, 2003. Wawili hao wana watoto wawili wa kike, Satyana Marie Denisof, amezaliwa mnamo tar. [[24 Machi]], [[2009]],<ref name=DOB>{{cite web |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20268972,00.html |title=Alyson Hannigan Welcomes a Daughter! |accessdate=2009-03-31 |first=Ulrica |last=Wihlborg |date=2009-03-31 |publisher=[[People (magazine)|People]] |archive-date=2016-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921203527/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20268972,00.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> na Keeva Jane Denisof, amezaliwa mnamo tar. [[23 Mei]], 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://celebritybabies.people.com/2012/06/12/alyson-hannigan-alexis-denisof-welcome-daughter-keeva-jane/ |title=Alyson Hannigan and Alexis Denisof Welcome Daughter Keeva Jane |publisher=[[People (magazine)|People]] |date=June 12, 2012 |accessdate=2012-06-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102153947/http://celebritybabies.people.com/2012/06/12/alyson-hannigan-alexis-denisof-welcome-daughter-keeva-jane/ |archivedate=2013-01-02 }}</ref> Hannigan ni [[mama]] mlezi wa mtoto wa kiume wa [[Joss Whedon|Joss Whedon]], Arden, na mume wake, Alexis Denisof, ni baba mlezi wake.<ref name="Godmother Hannigan">[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0004989/bio Hannigan is godmother of Joss Whedon's son], Alyson Hannigan.</ref> ==Filmografia== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Filamu |- ! Mwaka ! Jina ! Uhusika ! class="unsortable" | Maelezo |- | 1986 | ''Impure Thoughts'' | Patty Stubbs | Kama Alyson Hannigan |- | 1988 | ''[[My Stepmother Is an Alien]]'' | Jessie Mills | |- | 1991 | ''Switched at Birth'' | Gina Twigg, Umri 13–16 | Filamu ya TV |- | 1995 | ''The Stranger Beside Me'' | Dana | Filamu ya TV |- | 1996 | ''Case for Life'' | Iris | Filamu ya TV |- | 1996 | ''For My Daughter's Honor'' | Kelly | Filamu ya TV |- | 1998 | ''Dead Man on Campus'' | Lucy | |- | 1999 | ''Hayley Wagner, Star'' | Jenna Jakes | Filamu ya TV |- | 1999 | ''[[American Pie (filamu)|American Pie]]'' | [[Michelle Flaherty]] | |- | 2000 | ''Boys and Girls'' | Betty | |- | 2001 | ''[[American Pie 2]]'' | [[Michelle Flaherty]] | |- | 2001 | ''Beyond the City Limits'' | Lexi | |- | 2003 | ''[[American Wedding]]'' | [[Michelle Flaherty]] | |- | 2004 | ''Americana'' | Andrea | Filamu ya TV |- | 2005 | ''In the Game'' | Haijulikani | Mfululizo wa TV |- | 2006 | ''Date Movie'' | Julia Jones | |- | 2011 | ''Love, Wedding, Marriage'' | Courtney | Amecheza na mume wa maisha ya kweli [[Alexis Denisof]] |- | 2012 | ''[[American Reunion]]'' | [[Michelle Flaherty]]-Levenstein | |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Televisheni |- ! Mwaka ! Jina ! Uhusika ! class="unsortable" | Maelezo |- | 1989–1990 | ''Free Spirit'' | Jessie Harper | Muhusika mkuu; vipengele 14 |- | 1990 | ''Roseanne'' | Jan | Kipengele: "Like, a New Job" |- | 1993 | ''Almost Home'' | Samantha | Kipengele: "The Dance" <br />Episode: "Hot Ticket" |- | 1994 | ''Touched by an Angel'' | Cassie Peters | Kipengele: "Cassie's Choice" |- | 1996 | ''Picket Fences'' | Peggy Patterson | Kipengele: "To Forgive Is Devine" |- | 1996 | ''Friends for Life'' | Emma Daniels | Unaired TV Pilot |- | 1997–2003 | ''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer (mfululizo wa TV)|Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]'' | [[Willow Rosenberg]] | Muhusika Mkuu; vipengele 144 |- | 1999–2000 | ''100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd'' | Gigi | Kipengele: "Dogs Day Out"<br />Episode: "The Return of Gigi" |- | 2000 | ''Wild Thornberrys'' | Gerda | Kipengele: "Every Little Bit Alps" |- | 2001–2003 | ''Angel'' | [[Willow Rosenberg]] | Kipengele: "Disharmony"<br />Kipengele: "There's No Place Like Plrtz Glrb"<br />Episode: "Orpheus" |- | 2004 | ''That '70s Show'' | Suzy Simpson | Kipengele: "Sally Simpson"<br />Episode: "Won't Get Fooled Again" |- | 2004 | ''King of the Hill'' | Stacey Gibson | Kipengele: "Talking Shop" |- | 2005 | ''Veronica Mars'' | Trina Echolls | Kipengele: "Ruskie Business"<br />Kipengele: "Hot Dogs"<br />Kipengele: "My Mother, the Fiend" |- | 2005–hadi sasa | ''[[How I Met Your Mother]]'' | [[Lily Aldrin]] | Uhusika Mkuu |- | 2009 | ''Goode Family'' | Michelle | Kipengele: "Graffiti in Greenville" |- | 2011 | ''The Simpsons'' | Melody | Msimu wa 22: Kipengele 11: "Flaming Moe" |- | 2011 | ''American Dad'' | Chelsea | Msimu wa 7: Kipengele cha 5: "Virtual In-Stanity" |} ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya Nje== {{Portal|Wasifu}} {{Sister project links |wikt=no |commons=Alyson Hannigan |b=no |n=no |q=Alyson Hannigan |s=no |v=no |species=no |display=Alyson Hannigan}} * {{IMDb name|4989|Alyson Hannigan}} * {{twitter|alydenisof|Alyson Hannigan}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hannigan, Alyson}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1974]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] l6oozqtnw84qlbd6yv6yxmohkm7bwle 0 69228 1599280 1511022 2026-09-23T11:27:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2 |jina = Tupac Shakur |background = solo_singer |picha = |maelezo ya picha = |jina la kuzaliwa = |jina lingine = 2Pac, Pac, Makaveli, MC New York |asili yake = [[Marin City, California|Marin City]], [[California]], U.S. |tarehe ya kuzaliwa= {{birth date|1971|6|16}} |mahali pa kuzaliwa= [[East Harlem]], [[Manhattan]]<br>[[New York City]], [[New York]], U.S. |tarehe ya kufa = {{death date and age|1996|9|13|1971|6|16}} |mahali alipofia=[[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]], U.S. |aina = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] |kazi yake = Rapper, mwigizaji, mtayarishaji wa rekodi, mshairi, mwandishi-skrini, mwanaharakati, mtunzi |miaka ya kazi= 1988–1996 |studio = [[Death Row Records|Death Row]], [[Interscope Records|Interscope]] |ameshirikiana na = [[Outlawz]], [[Thug Life]], [[Danny Boy]], [[Digital Underground]], [[Dr. Dre]], [[Johnny "J"]],[[Ice Cube]], [[Nate Dogg]], [[The Notorious B.I.G.]], [[Snoop Dogg]] |tovuti = {{URL|http://www.2pac.com/|www.2Pac.com}} }} [[Picha:MUYAYO_15.jpg|thumb|Picha ya Tupac Shakur]] Hii ni '''diskografia ya [[Tupac Shakur]]''', [[Kurap|rapa]] kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Kumepata kutolewa albamu takriban kumi na moja; nne zilitolewa kabla ya kifo cha Shakur mnamo Septemba 13, 1996 na saba zilitolewa baada ya kifo chake, ya kwanza ikiwa ''The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory'' ilitolewa mnamo Novemba 5, 1996 (ijapokuwa albamu ilikamilika kabla hata Shakur hajafa). Tupac Shakur ameuza nakala za rekodi milioni 75 kwa hesabu ya dunia nzima,<ref>[http://www.forbes.com/2007/10/26/top-dead-celebrity-biz-media-deadcelebs07-cz_lg_1029celeb_slide_9.html Top-Earning Dead Celebrities]</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.2pac.com/legend/ |title=Legend |accessdate=2013-09-22 |archivedate=2012-03-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317084818/http://www.2pac.com/legend/ }}</ref><ref>[http://madamenoire.com/104559/tupacs-album-sales-and-his-persisting-legacy56988/ Remebering Tupac: His Musical Legacy and His Top Selling Albums]</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart-watch/week-ending-july-14-2013-albums-jay-z-030009697.html |title=Week Ending July 14, 2013. Albums: Jay-Z Back On The Throne |author=Paul Grein |work=Chart Watch |publisher=Yahoo |date=July 17, 2013 }}</ref> ==Albamu zake== ===Albamu za Studio=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Orodha ya albamu, ikiwa na baadhi ya nafasi za chati zilizochaguliwa na tunukio ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Jina ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:16em;"| Maelezo ya Albamu ! scope="col" colspan="10"| Nafasi ya chati ilizoshika ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Tunukio |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|[[Billboard 200|US]]<br><ref name=allmusicalbums>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p50051/charts-awards|title=2Pac > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums|publisher=[[Allmusic]] [[Macrovision]]|accessdate=2011-05-07}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|[[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|US R&B]]<br><ref name=allmusicalbums/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|[[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br><ref name=aus>{{cite web|url=http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=2+Pac|title=Australian Charts > 2Pac|publisher=australian-charts.com Hung Medien|accessdate=2011-05-07}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|[[RPM (magazine)|CAN]]<br><ref name=allmusicalbums/><ref name=rpm>{{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-110.01-e.php?PHPSESSID=sp19smnjn4io5g2nmhli5tdfo5&q1=2Pac&q2=Top+Albums%2FCDs&interval=20|title=RPM Magazine Archives > Top Albums/CDs > 2Pac|publisher=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|accessdate=2011-05-07}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|[[Media Control Charts|GER]]<br><ref name=geralb>{{cite web|url=http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/2Pac?sort=entry&type=longplay|title=Chartverfolgung / 2Pac / Longplay|language=German|publisher=musicline.de PhonoNet|accessdate=2011-05-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929211157/http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/2Pac?sort=entry&type=longplay|archivedate=2012-09-29}}</ref><ref name=geralb2>{{cite web|url=http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/2+PAC/?type=longplay|title=Chartverfolgung / 2 Pac / Longplay|language=German|publisher=musicline.de PhonoNet|accessdate=2011-05-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924034951/http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/2+PAC/?type=longplay|archivedate=2012-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/MAKAVELI/longplay|title=Chartverfolgung / Makaveli / Longplay|language=German|publisher=musicline.de PhonoNet|accessdate=2011-05-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929211206/http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/MAKAVELI/longplay|archivedate=2012-09-29}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|[[Irish Albums Chart|IRE]] ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|[[MegaCharts|NLD]]<br><ref name=nldalb>{{cite web|url=http://dutchcharts.nl/search.asp?search=2+pac&cat=a|title=Dutch Album Charts > 2Pac|language=Dutch|publisher=dutchcharts.nl Hung Medien|accessdate=2011-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dutchcharts.nl/search.asp?search=makaveli&cat=a|title=Dutch Album Charts > Makaveli|language=Dutch|publisher=dutchcharts.nl Hung Medien|accessdate=2011-05-07}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|NZ]]<br><ref name=nz>{{cite web|url=http://charts.org.nz/showinterpret.asp?interpret=2+Pac|title=New Zealand Charts > 2Pac|publisher=charts.org.nz Hung Medien|accessdate=2011-05-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102184309/http://charts.org.nz/showinterpret.asp?interpret=2+Pac|archivedate=2012-11-02|https://web.archive.org/web/20121102184309/http://charts.org.nz/showinterpret.asp?interpret=2+Pac}} {{Wayback|url=http://charts.org.nz/showinterpret.asp?interpret=2+Pac |date=20121102184309 }}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|[[Swiss Music Charts|SWI]]<br><ref name=swi>{{cite web|url=http://swisscharts.com/artist/2_Pac|title=Swiss Charts > 2Pac|publisher=swisscharts.com Hung Medien|accessdate=2011-05-07}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|[[UK Albums Chart|UK]]<br><ref name=uk>{{cite web|url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/2pac/|title=UK Charts > 2Pac|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|accessdate=2011-05-07}}</ref><ref name=zobbel>{{cite web|url=http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/CLUK_NUM.HTM|title=Chart Log UK > 2Pac|publisher=zobbel.de|accessdate=2011-05-07}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''[[2Pacalypse Now]]'' | * Imetolewa: November 12, 1991 * Studio: TNT, [[Interscope Records|Interscope]] * Muundo: [[Compact Disc|CD]], [[Compact Cassette|cassette]] | 64 || 13 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | * [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]: Gold<ref name="RIAA">http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?content_selector=gold-platinum-searchable-database</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z.]]'' | * Imetolewa: February 16, 1993 * Studio: TNT, Interscope * Muundo: CD, cassette | 24 || 4 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 84 | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Thug Life: Volume 1]]'' <span style="font-size:85%;">(with Thug Life)</span> | * Imetolewa: September 26, 1994 * Studio: Out Da Gutta, Interscope, Amaru * Muundo: CD, cassette | 42 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA"/> |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Me Against the World]]'' | * Imetolewa: March 14, 1995 * Studio: Out Da Gutta, Interscope * Muundo: CD, cassette | 1 || 1 || 40 || 20 || 23 || — || — || — || — || 30 | * RIAA: 2× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * BPI: Silver<ref name=bpi/> |- ! scope="row" | ''[[All Eyez on Me]]'' | * Imetolewa: February 13, 1996 * Studio: [[Death Row Records|Death Row]], Interscope * Muundo: CD, cassette | 1 || 1 || 19 || 11 || 16 || 61 || 11 || 15 || 15 || 32 | * RIAA: 9× Platinum <ref name="riaa">{{cite web|url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?content_selector=gold-platinum-searchable-database|title=RIAA Gold & Platinum|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]|accessdate=2011-05-07}}</ref> * [[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-albums-1997.htm|title=ARIA Charts > Accreditations > 1997 Albums|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|accessdate=2011-05-07}}</ref> * [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]]: Gold<ref name=bpi>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx|title=BPI Certified Awards|publisher=[[British Phonographic Industry]]|accessdate=2011-05-07|archivedate=2010-01-17|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5mr0Evm3j?url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx|https://www.webcitation.org/5mr0Evm3j?url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx|=https://www.webcitation.org/5mr0Evm3j?url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx}}</ref> * [[Music Canada|MC]]: Platinum<ref name=musiccanada>{{cite web|url=http://musiccanada.com/gpSearchResult.aspx|title=Music Canada search Gold & Platinum|publisher=[[Music Canada]]|accessdate=2013-05-07}}</ref> |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! style="text-align:center;" colspan="13"|Albamu zilitolewa baada ya kifo chake |- ! scope="row" | ''[[The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory]]'' <span style="font-size:85%;">(as Makaveli)</span> | * Imetolewa: November 5, 1996 * Studio: Death Row, Interscope * Muundo: CD, cassette | 1 || 1 || 37 || 25 || 76 || — || 61 || 17 || — || 53 | * RIAA: 4× Platinum<ref>[http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=Makaveli&format=ALBUM&go=Search RIAA database search] {{Wayback|url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=Makaveli&format=ALBUM&go=Search |date=20150924160038 }} (accessed August 2, 2011)</ref> * MC: Gold<ref name=musiccanada/> |- ! scope="row" | ''[[R U Still Down? (Remember Me)]]'' | * Imetolewa: November 25, 1997 * Studio: [[Amaru Entertainment|Amaru]], [[Jive Records|Jive]] * Muundo: CD, cassette | 2 || 1 || 50 || 12 || 25 || — || 29 || 20 || — || 44 | * RIAA: 4× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * BPI: Gold<ref name=bpi/> |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Still I Rise (album)|Still I Rise]]'' <span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Outlawz]])</span> | * Imetolewa: December 19, 1999 * Studio: Amaru, Death Row * Muundo: CD, cassette | 6 || 2 || 48 || 9 || 24 || 50 || 24 || 49 || 86 || 75 | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * BPI: Silver<ref name=bpi/> * MC: Gold<ref name=musiccanada/> |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Until the End of Time (Tupac Shakur album)|Until the End of Time]]'' | * Imetolewa: March 27, 2001 * Studio: Amaru, Death Row, Interscope * Muundo: CD, cassette | 1 || 1 || 37 || 2 || 23 || 25 || 10 || 24 || 34 || 31 | * RIAA: 3× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * BPI: Gold<ref name=bpi/> * MC: 2× Platinum<ref name=musiccanada/> |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Better Dayz]]'' | * Imetolewa: November 26, 2002 * Studio: Amaru, Death Row, Interscope * Muundo: CD, cassette | 5 || 1 || — || 7 || 45 || 40 || 36 || 20 || 60 || 68 | * RIAA: 2× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * BPI: Gold<ref name=bpi/> * MC: 3× Platinum<ref name=musiccanada/> |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Loyal to the Game]]'' | * Imetolewa: December 14, 2004 * Studio: Amaru, Interscope * Muundo: CD, [[Music download|digital download]] | 1 || 1 || 21 || 7 || 50 || 20 || 44 || 31 || 21 || 20 | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * BPI: Silver<ref name=bpi/> |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Pac's Life]]'' | * Imetolewa: November 21, 2006 * Studio: Amaru, Interscope * Muundo: CD, digital download | 9 || 3 || — || — || — || 71 || — || — || 62 || 90 | |} ===Albamu za katika maukumbi=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Jina ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:16em;"| Maelezo ya albamu ! scope="col" colspan="5"| Nafasi ilizoshika ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Tunukio |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|US<br><ref name=allmusicalbums/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|US R&B<br><ref name=allmusicalbums/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|GER<br><ref name=geralb/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|IRE ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|UK<br><ref name=uk/> |- ! scope="row" | ''[[2Pac Live]]'' | * Imetolewa: August 6, 2004 * Studio: Death Row * Muundo: CD, digital download | 54 || 16 || 86 || 52 || 67 | |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Live at the House of Blues (Tupac Shakur)|Live at the House of Blues]]'' | * Imetolewa: Oktoba 3, 2005 * Studio: Amaru, [[Koch Records|Koch]] * Muundo: CD, digital download | 159 || 48 || — || — || — | * BPI: Gold<ref name=bpi/> |- |colspan="20" style="font-size:9pt"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ===Albamu za kompilesheni=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Jina ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:16em;"| Maelezo ya Albam ! scope="col" colspan="10"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| Tunukio |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|US<br><ref name=allmusicalbums/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|US R&B<br><ref name=allmusicalbums/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|AUS<br><ref name=aus/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|CAN<br><ref name=allmusicalbums/><ref name=rpm/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|GER<br><ref name=geralb/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|IRE ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|NL<br><ref name=nldalb/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|NZ<br><ref name=nz/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|SWI<br><ref name=swi/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|UK<br><ref name=uk/><ref name=zobbel/> |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Greatest Hits (2Pac)|Greatest Hits]]'' | * Imetolewa: November 24, 1998 * Studio: Amaru, Death Row, Interscope * Muundo: CD, cassette | 3 || 1 || 11 || 18 || 9 || 59 || 1 || 19 || 13 || 17 | * RIAA: 10× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * ARIA: 2× Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupageshttpwww.aria.com.aupageshttpwww.aria.com.auALBUMaccreds2011.htm |title=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupageshttpwww.aria.com.auALBUMaccreds2011.htm |publisher=Aria.com.au |date=2011-11-30 |accessdate=2012-01-07}}</ref> * BPI: Platinum<ref name=bpi/> * MC: Platinum<ref name=musiccanada/> *[[Bundesverband Musikindustrie|GER]]: Gold<ref name="ifpiger">{{cite certification|region=Germany|artist=Tupac Shakur|accessdate=2011-05-08}}</ref> * [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI]]: Gold<ref name="swicert">{{cite web|url=http://swisscharts.com/search_certifications.asp?search=2+pac|title=Swiss Certifications-2Pac|publisher=swisscharts.com Hung Medien|accessdate=2011-05-08}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''[[The Prophet: The Best of the Works]]'' | * Imetolewa: Septemba 14, 2003 * Studio: Death Row * Muundo: CD, cassette | — || — || — || — || — || 41 || — || 40 || — || 146 | |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Beginnings: The Lost Tapes 1988–1991]]'' | * Imetolewa: Juni 12, 2007 * Studio: Koch * Muundo: CD, digital download | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Best of 2Pac Part 1: Thug]]'' | * Imetolewa: Desemba 4, 2007 * Studio: Amaru, Death Row * Muundo: CD, digital download | 65 || 13 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 76 | |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Best of 2Pac Part 2: Life]]'' | * Imetolewa: Desemba 4, 2007 * Studio: Amaru, Death Row * Muundo: CD, digital download | 77 || 15 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 105 | |- |colspan="20" style="font-size:9pt"| "—" inaashiria ya kwamba rekodi hiyo haijashika chati au kutolewa katika kanda hiyo. |} ===Albamu za Remix=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Jina ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:16em;"| Maelezo ya Albamu ! scope="col" colspan="3"| Nafasi ya chati ilizoshika |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"|US<br><ref name=allmusicalbums/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"|US R&B<br><ref name=allmusicalbums/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"|UK<br><ref name=zobbel/> |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Nu-Mixx Klazzics]]'' | * Imetolewa: Octoba 7, 2003 * Studio: Death Row * Muundo: CD, cassette | 15 || 5 || 114 |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Nu-Mixx Klazzics Vol. 2]]'' | * Imetolewa: August 14, 2007 * Studio: Amaru, Koch * Muundo: CD, digital download | 45 || 8 || — |- |colspan="20" style="font-size:9pt"| "—" denotes album that did not chart or was not released |} ===Albamu za vibwagizo=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:16em;"| Jina ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:16em;"| Maelezo ya Albamu ! scope="col" colspan="8"| Nafasi ya chati ilizoshika ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Tunukio |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"|US<br><ref name=allmusicalbums/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"|US R&B<br><ref name=allmusicalbums/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"|CAN<br><ref name=allmusicalbums/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"|GER<br><ref>{{cite web|url=http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/TUPAC/?type=longplay|title=Chartverfolgung / Tupac / Longplay|language=German|publisher=musicline.de PhonoNet|accessdate=2011-05-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929211429/http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/TUPAC/?type=longplay|archivedate=2012-09-29}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"|IRE<br> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"|NLD<br><ref name=nldalb/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"|SWI<br><ref name=swi/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"|UK<br><ref name=uk/> |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Tupac: Resurrection (kibwagizo)|Tupac: Resurrection]]'' | * Imetolewa: Novemba 11, 2003 * Studio: Amaru * Muundo: CD, cassette | 2 || 3 || 3 || 76 || 25 || 36 || 68 || 62 | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * BPI: Gold<ref name=bpi/> |} ===Albamu zingine=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:17em;"| Maelezo ya Albamu ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Mwaka ! scope="col" colspan="4"| Nafasi ya chati ilizoshika |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"|US<br><ref name=allmusicalbums/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"|US R&B<br><ref name=allmusicalbums/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"|NLD<br><ref name=nldalb/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"|UK<br><ref name=uk/><ref name=zobbel/> |- ! scope="row" | ''Stop the Gunfight'' |1997 | 123 || 45 || — || — |- ! scope="row" | ''In His Own Words'' |rowspan="2"|1998 | 112 || 43 || 52 || 65 |- ! scope="row" | ''Pac & Biggie You Never Heard'' | — || 81 || 93 || — |- ! scope="row" | ''The Lost Tapes'' |rowspan="2"|2000 | 178 || 49 || — || — |- ! scope="row" | ''[[The Rose That Grew from Concrete]]'' | 89 || 28 || — || — |- ! scope="row" | ''Thug Nature'' |2001 | — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row" | ''Still I Rise (Part 2) |2002 | — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row" | ''[[The Rose, Vol. 2]]'' |rowspan="5"|2005 | — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row" | ''Ready 2 Die'' | — || — || — || 70 |- ! scope="row" | ''Sunset BLVD'' | — || — || — || 184 |- ! scope="row" | ''[[The Prophet Returns]]'' | — || — || — || 163 |- |colspan="20" style="font-size:9pt"| "—" denotes album that did not chart or was not released |} == Single zake == === Akiwa kama msanii kiongozi === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Orodha ya single, ikiwa na chati iliyochaguliwa na tunukio zake, inaonesha mwaka wa kutolewa na jina la albamu ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em;" | Jina ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Mwaka ! scope="col" colspan="10" | Nafasi iliyoshika ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;" | Tunukio ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;" | Albamu |- !style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|[[Billboard Hot 100|US]]<br /><ref name="US100">{{cite web|title=2Pac Album & Song Chart History: Hot 100|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=2pac|chart=Hot 100}}|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]|accessdate=February 19, 2012}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|[[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US R&B]]<br /><ref name="USR&B">{{cite web|title=2Pac Album & Song Chart History: R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=2pac|chart=R&B/Hip-Hop Songs}}|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]|accessdate=February 19, 2012}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|[[Hot Rap Songs|US Rap]]<br /><ref name="USRap">{{cite web|title=2Pac Album & Song Chart History: Rap Songs|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=2pac|chart=Rap Airplay}}|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]|accessdate=February 19, 2012}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|[[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br><ref name=aus/> !style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|[[Canadian Singles Chart|CAN]]<br><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.9194&type=1&interval=20&PHPSESSID=c6btf3r8hs459qqt5ln3o3dcv5|title=Top Singles - Volume 63, No. 9, April 15, 1996|publisher=''[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]''|accessdate=2011-02-21 }}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|[[Media Control Charts|GER]]<br /><ref name="musicline1">{{cite web |author=musicline.de / PhonoNet GmbH |url=http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/2%20Pac/?type=single |title=Die ganze Musik im Internet: Charts, News, Neuerscheinungen, Tickets, Genres, Genresuche, Genrelexikon, Künstler-Suche, Musik-Suche, Track-Suche, Ticket-Suche |publisher=musicline.de |date= |accessdate=2011-07-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929210807/http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/2%20Pac/?type=single |archivedate=2012-09-29 }}</ref><ref name="musicline2">{{cite web |author=musicline.de / PhonoNet GmbH |url=http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/2Pac/?type=single |title=Die ganze Musik im Internet: Charts, News, Neuerscheinungen, Tickets, Genres, Genresuche, Genrelexikon, Künstler-Suche, Musik-Suche, Track-Suche, Ticket-Suche |publisher=musicline.de |date= |accessdate=2011-07-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115182036/http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/2Pac?type=single |archivedate=2012-01-15 }}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|[[Dutch Top 40|NL]]<br><ref>{{cite web|author=Steffen Hung |url=http://dutchcharts.nl/search.asp?search=2+pac&cat=s |title=Dutch charts portal |publisher=dutchcharts.nl |date= |accessdate=2011-07-15}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|NZ]]<br></small><ref name=nz/> !style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|[[Swiss Music Charts|SWI]]<br><ref name=swi/> !style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|[[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br><ref name=uk/><ref name=zobbel/> |- !scope="row"|"[[Brenda's Got a Baby]]" |rowspan="2"|1991 | — || 23 || rowspan="2"|3 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |rowspan="3"|''[[2Pacalypse Now]]'' |- !scope="row"|"[[If My Homie Calls]]" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- !scope="row"|"[[Trapped]]" | 1992 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- !scope="row"|"[[Holla If Ya Hear Me]]" |rowspan="3"|1993 | — || 110 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |rowspan="4"|''[[Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z.]]'' |- !scope="row"|"[[I Get Around]]"<br><span style="font-size:85%;">(akiwa na [[Shock G]] na [[Money-B]])</span> | 11 || 5 || 8 || — || — || — || — || — || — || 72 | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="UScerts">{{cite web|title=Gold & Platinum: 2 Pac|url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=2_Pac&format=&go=Search&perPage=50|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]|accessdate=February 19, 2012}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|"[[Keep Ya Head Up]]" | 12 || 7 || 2 || — || — || — || — || — || — || 63 | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="UScerts"/> |- !scope="row"|"[[Papa'z Song]]"<br><span style="font-size:85%;">(akiwa na [[Mopreme Shakur|Wycked]])</span> | 1994 | 87 || 82 || 24 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- !scope="row"|"[[Dear Mama]]" |rowspan="5"|1995 | 9 || 3 || 1 || 37 || — || 81 || 4 || 31 || 43 || 27 | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="UScerts"/> |rowspan="3"|''[[Me Against the World]]'' |- !scope="row"|"[[So Many Tears]]" | 44 || 21 || 6 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- !scope="row"|"[[Temptations]]" | 68 || 35 || 13 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- !scope="row"|"[[California Love]]"<br><span style="font-size:85%;">(akiwa na [[Dr. Dre]] na [[Roger Troutman]])</span>{{ref label|double|C}} | 1 || 1 || 1 || 4 || 51 || 7 || 1 || 7 || 7 || 6 | * RIAA: 2× Platinum<ref name="UScerts"/> |rowspan="5"|''[[All Eyez on Me]]'' |- !scope="row"|"[[How Do U Want It]]"<br><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[K-Ci & JoJo]])</span>{{ref label|double|C}} | 1 || 1 || 1 || 24 || 14 || 74 || — || — || 37 || 17 | * RIAA: 2× Platinum<ref name="UScerts"/> * ARIA: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-singles-1997.htm |title=ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 1997 Singles |publisher=Aria.com.au |date= |accessdate=2011-07-15}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|"[[2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted]]"<br><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Snoop Dogg|Snoop Doggy Dogg]])</span> |rowspan="4"|1996 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- !scope="row"|"[[All bout U|All About U]]"<br><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Nate Dogg]], Snoop Doggy Dogg, [[Hussein Fatal]], [[Yaki Kadafi]] na [[Dru Down]])</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- !scope="row"|"[[I Ain't Mad at Cha]]"<br><span style="font-size:85%;">(akiwa na [[Danny Boy]])</span> | 58 || — || — || 47 || — || 86 || 2 || 15 || — || 13 | |- !scope="row"|"[[Toss It Up]]"<br><span style="font-size:85%;">(akiwa na Danny Boy, K-Ci & JoJo na [[Aaron Hall]])</span> | — || — || — || 39 || — || — || 7 || — || — || 15 | |rowspan="3"|''[[The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory]]'' |- !scope="row"|"[[To Live & Die in L.A. (wimbo)|To Live & Die in L.A.]]"<br><span style="font-size:85%;">(akiwa na [[Val Young]])</span> |rowspan="4"|1997 | — || — || — || — || 10 || — || 9 || — || — || 10 | |- !scope="row"|"[[Hail Mary]]" | — || — || 8 || — || — || — || — || — || — || 43 | |- !scope="row"|"[[I Wonder If Heaven Got a Ghetto]]" | 67 || 14 || 18 || — || — || — || 11 || — || — || 21 | |rowspan="2"|''[[R U Still Down? (Remember Me)]]'' |- !scope="row"|"[[Do for Love]]" | 21 || 10 || 2 || — || — || — || 18 || 18 || — || 12 | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="UScerts"/> |- !scope="row"|"[[Changes]]" | 1998 | 32 || 12 || 1 || 7 || 14 || 2 || 3 || 1 || 2 || 3 | * BPI: Silver<ref name=bpi/> * [[Bundesverband Musikindustrie|BM]]: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank/?action=suche&strTitel=changes%20&strInterpret=2%20Pac&strTtArt= |title=Bundesverband Musikindustrie: Gold-/Platin-Datenbank - BETA |publisher=Musikindustrie.de |date= |accessdate=2011-07-15}}</ref> * IFPI: Gold<ref name="Steffen Hung">{{cite web|author=Steffen Hung |url=http://swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=1999 |title=The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community |publisher=Swisscharts.com |date= |accessdate=2011-07-15}}</ref> * [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]]: Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |title=RIANZ |publisher=RIANZ |date= |accessdate=2011-07-15 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5PkfqxTDF?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |archivedate=2007-06-21 |https://www.webcitation.org/5wChHAS9r?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |=https://www.webcitation.org/5wChHAS9r?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp }}</ref> |rowspan="2"|''[[Greatest Hits (Tupac Shakur album)|Greatest Hits]]'' |- !scope="row"|"[[Unconditional Love]]" | 1999 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- !scope="row"|"[[Until the End of Time]]"<br><span style="font-size:85%;">(akiwa na [[R. L. Huggar|R.L.]])</span> |rowspan="2"|2001 | 52 || 21 || — || 34 || — || 33 || — || 11 || 24 || 4 | |rowspan="2"|''[[Until the End of Time (Tupac Shakur)|Until the End of Time]]'' |- !scope="row"|"[[Letter 2 My Unborn]]" | — || 64 || — || — || — || 76 || — || 61 || — || 21 | |- !scope="row"|"[[Thugz Mansion]]"<br><span style="font-size:85%;">(akiwa na [[Nas]] na J Phoenix)</span> | 2002 | 19 || 10 || 4 || 26 || — || 74 || 10 || 73 || — || 24 | |rowspan="2"|''[[Better Dayz]]'' |- !scope="row"|"[[Still Ballin']]"<br><span style="font-size:85%;">(akiwa na [[Trick Daddy]])</span> |rowspan="3"|2003 | 69 || 31 || 15 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- !scope="row"|"[[Runnin' (Dying to Live)]]"<br><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[The Notorious B.I.G.]])</span> | 19 || 11 || 5 || — || — || — || 8 || 13 || 9 || 17 | * ARIA: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-singles-1998.htm |title=ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 1998 Singles |publisher=Aria.com.au |date= |accessdate=2011-07-15}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|''[[Tupac: Resurrection (soundtrack)|Tupac: Resurrection]]'' |- !scope="row"|"[[One Day at a Time (Em's Version)]]"<br><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Eminem]] and [[Outlawz]])</span> | 80 || 51 || 22 || — || — || — || — || — || — || 134 | |- !scope="row"|"[[Thugs Get Lonely Too]]"<br><span style="font-size:85%;">(akiwa na Nate Dogg)</span> | 2004 | 98 || 55 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |rowspan="2"|''[[Loyal to the Game]]'' |- !scope="row"|"[[Ghetto Gospel]]"<br><span style="font-size:85%;">(akiwa na [[Elton John]])</span> | 2005 | — || — || — || 1 || — || 3 || 3 || — || 7 || 1 | * BPI: Gold<ref name=bpi/> * ARIA: Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-singles-2005.htm |title=ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 2005 Singles |publisher=Aria.com.au |date= |accessdate=2011-07-15}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|"[[Untouchable (2Pac song)|Untouchable]]"<br><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Krayzie Bone]])</span> |rowspan="2"|2006 | — || 91 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |rowspan="2"|''[[Pac's Life]]'' |- !scope="row"|"[[Pac's Life (wimbo)|Pac's Life]]"<br><span style="font-size:85%;">(akiwa na [[T.I.]] na [[Ashanti]])</span> | 119 || 104 || — || 34 || — || — || 38 || — || — || 21 | |- |colspan="14" style="font-size:90%"| "—" inaashiria ya kwamba rekodi hiyo haijashika chati wala kutolewa katika kanda hiyo. |} * '''C.''' {{note|double}} Double-A-Side in the U.S. ===Single za kushirikishwa=== {|class="wikitable" |- !rowspan="2"|Mwaka !rowspan="2"|Wimbo !colspan="7"|Nafasi ya chati ilizoshika !rowspan="2"|Albamu |- !style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|US</small> !style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|US <br>R&B</small> !style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|US <br>Rap</small> !style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|AUS</small> !style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|UK</small> !style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|NLD</small> !style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|NZ</small> |- | 1990 |align=left|"Same Song" <small>(akiwa na [[Digital Underground]])</small> | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | style="text-align:left;"|''[[This Is an EP Release]]'' |- | 1993 |align=left|"Wussup wit the Luv?" <small>(na Digital Underground)</small> | — | 99 | — | — | — | — | — | style="text-align:left;"|''[[The Body-Hat Syndrome]]'' |- | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4"|1994 |align=left|"[[Pour Out a Little Liquor]]" <small>(na [[Thug Life]])</small> | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="4"|''[[Thug Life: Volume 1]]'' |- |align=left|"[[Cradle to the Grave]]" <small>(na Thug Life)</small> | — | 91 | 25 | — | — | — | — |- |align=left|"It Don't Stop" <small>(na Thug Life)</small> | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |- |align=left|"[[How Long Will They Mourn Me?]]" <small>(akiwa na Thug Life wakishirikiana na [[Nate Dogg]])</small> | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |- | 1997 |align=left|"[[Wanted Dead or Alive (2Pac)|Wanted Dead or Alive]]" <small>(na [[Snoop Dogg|Snoop Doggy Dogg]])</small> | — | — | — | 41 | 16<br><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chartstats.com/release.php?release=24890 |title=2Pac And Snoop Doggy Dogg - Wanted Dead or Alive |publisher=Chart Stats |date=1997-04-26 |accessdate=2011-07-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021200831/http://www.chartstats.com/release.php?release=24890 |archivedate=2012-10-21 }}</ref> | — | 3 |align=left|''[[Gridlock'd (soundtrack)]]'' |- | 2000 |align=left|"[[Baby Don't Cry (Keep Ya Head Up II)]]" <small>(akiwa na [[Outlawz]] kwa ushirikiano wa H.E.A.T.)</small> | 72 | 36 | — | — | — | 22 | 35 |align=left|''[[Still I Rise (albamu)|Still I Rise]]'' |} ===Nyimbo zingine zilizoshika chati=== {|class="wikitable" |- !rowspan="2"|Mwaka !rowspan="2"|Wimbo !colspan="6"|Nafasi ya chati ilizoshika !rowspan="2"|Albamu |- !style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|US</small> !style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|US R&B</small> !style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|US Rap</small> !style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|AUS</small> !style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|CAN</small> !style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|UK</small> |- | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|1995 |align=left|"Can U Get Away?" | — | 70<br>{{ref label|airplay|B}} | — | — | — | — | style="text-align:left;"|''[[Me Against the World]]'' |- |align=left|"[[Runnin' (From tha Police)]]" <small>(akiwa na [[The Notorious B.I.G.]], [[Stretch (rapper)|Stretch]], [[Dramacydal]] na [[Buju Banton]])</small> | 81 | 57 | 13 | — | 14 | 15<br><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chartstats.com/release.php?release=26285 |title=2Pac And The Notorious BIG - Runnin' |publisher=Chart Stats |date=1998-07-18 |accessdate=2011-07-15 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120724045616/http://www.chartstats.com/release.php?release=26285 |archivedate=2012-07-24 }}</ref> | style="text-align:left;"|''[[One Million Strong]]'' |- | 1998 |align=left|"Happy Home" | — | — | — | — | — | 17<br><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chartstats.com/release.php?release=26679 |title=2Pac - Happy Home |publisher=Chart Stats |date=1998-11-28 |accessdate=2011-07-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021200847/http://www.chartstats.com/release.php?release=26679 |archivedate=2012-10-21 }}</ref> |align=left|''Pac & Biggie You Never Heard'' |- | 1999 |align=left|"[[Who Do U Believe In?]]" <small>(akiwa na [[Yaki Kadafi]] na Big Pimpin' Delemond)</small> | — | 53 | — | — | — | — |align=left|''[[Suge Knight Represents: Chronic 2000]]'' and ''[[Better Dayz]]'' |- | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|2000 |align=left|"Thug Nature" | — | 56 | — | — | — | — |align=left|''[[Too Gangsta for Radio]]'' |- |align=left|"They Tryin' To Kill Me" <small>(akiwa na [[Keak Da Sneak]])</small> | — | — | — | 36<br><ref>{{cite web|author=Steffen Hung |url=http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Tupac+Shakur&titel=They%27re+Tryin%27+To+Kill+Me&cat=s |title=Tupac Shakur - They Tryin' To Kill Me |publisher=australian-charts.com |date= |accessdate=2011-07-15}}</ref> | — | — |align=left|''3 Beam Circus Vol. 2: Connect Game'' Compilation |- | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|2006 |align=left|"Comin' On Strong" <small>(akiwa na [[Andre 3000]], [[Snoop Dogg]] na [[Ron Isley]])</small> | --- | --- | — | — | — | — |align=left|''[[Tupac Duets: NY 2 Cali]]'' |} ===Akiwa kama msanii wa kushirikishwa=== {|class="wikitable" |- !rowspan="2"|Mwaka !rowspan="2"|Wimbo !colspan="4"|Nafasi ya chati ilizoshika !rowspan="2"|Albamu |- !style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|US</small> !style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|US R&B</small> !style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|US Rap</small> !style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|NL</small> |- | 1992 |align=left|"Call It What You Want" <small>([[Above the Law (kundi)|Above the Law]] wakiwa na 2Pac na [[Money-B]])</small> | — | — | — | — | style="text-align:left;"|''[[Black Mafia Life]]'' |- | 1993 |align=left|"Gotta Get Mine" <small>([[MC Breed]] akiwa na 2Pac)</small> | 96 | 61 | 6 | — | style="text-align:left;"|''[[The New Breed (albamu)|The New Breed]]'' |- | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"|1997 |align=left|"Thug Luv" <small>([[Bone Thugs-N-Harmony]] wakiwa 2Pac)</small> | — |align=center|60<br>{{ref label|airplay|A}} | — | — |align=left|''[[The Art of War (Bone Thugs-n-Harmony)|The Art of War]]'' |- |align=left|"[[Smile (Scarface)|Smile]]" <small>([[Scarface]] akiwa na 2Pac na Johnny P)</small> | 12 | 2 | 1 | — |align=left|''[[The Untouchable]]'' |- |align=left|"Stop the Gunfight" <small>(Trapp akiwa na 2Pac na [[The Notorious B.I.G.]])</small> | — | 35 | 9 | — |align=left|''Stop the Gunfight'' |- | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|1998 |align=left|"Homies & Thuggs" <small>(Scarface akiwa na [[Master P]] na 2Pac)</small> | — | — | — | — |align=left|''[[My Homies]]'' |- |align=left|"Are U Still Down?" <small>([[Jon B]] akiwa na 2Pac)</small> | 29 | 9 | — | — |align=left|''[[Cool Relax]]'' |- | 2001 |align=left|"World Wide" <small>([[Outlawz]] wakiwa na 2Pac, [[Bosko]] na [[Next (kundi)|T-Low]])</small> | — | — | — | 56<br><ref>{{cite web|author=Steffen Hung |url=http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Outlawz+feat.+2Pac&titel=Worldwide+%28Remix%29&cat=s |title=Outlawz feat. 2Pac - Worldwide (Remix) |publisher=dutchcharts.nl |date= |accessdate=2011-07-15}}</ref> |align=left|''[[Novakane]]'' |- | 2006 |align=left|"Can't Stop The Reign" <small>([[The Commission (hip hop)|The Commission]] wakiwa na [[Rakim]] na 2Pac)</small> | — | — | — | --- |align=left|''The Commission: The Album That Never Was'' |- | 2007 |align=left|"Livin' In the Projects" <small>([[Lil Scrappy]] wakiwa na 2Pac)</small> | — | 108 | — | — |align=left|''[[Bred 2 Die Born 2 Live]]'' |- | 2008 |align=left|"[[Playa Cardz Right]]" <small>([[Keyshia Cole]] featuring 2Pac)</small> | 63 | 9 | — | — |align=left|''[[A Different Me]]'' |} * '''A.''' {{note|airplay}} haijashika chati kwenye Hot 100 au Hot R&B/Hip-Hop (''Billboard'' sheria zao wakati huo zilikuwa zianakataza nyimbo ambazo hazijatolewa kama single kushika chati). Chati zilizoorodheshwa hapa ni zile zilizotamba kwenye [[Hot 100 Airplay]] na [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay]]. ===Alimouza sura=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Mwaka !Wimbo !Msanii (wa) !Albamu |- |1990 |"Same Song" |rowspan="2"|[[Digital Underground]] |rowspan="2"|''[[This is an EP Release]]'' |- |rowspan="5"|1991 |"The Way We Swing (Remix)" |- |"#1 With A Bullet" |[[Raw Fusion]] |''[[Live from the Styleetron]]'' |- |"DFLO Shuttle" |Digital Underground |rowspan="2"|''[[Sons of the P]]'' |- |"Family Of The Underground" |Digital Underground, Stretch |- |"Same Song (C.J.'s Extended Original Mix)" |Digital Underground |''EP Release Part 2'' |- |rowspan="3"|1992 |"Salsa Con Soulfood" |[[Funky Aztecs]], [[Money-B]] & T.M.D. |''Chicano Blues'' |- |"Call It What You Want" |[[Above the Law (group)|Above The Law]], Money-B |''[[Black Mafia Life]]'' |- |"Gaffled Like That" |The Governor, [[Richie Rich (rapper)|Richie Rich]] |''Governor's Taxin''' |- |rowspan="4"|1993 |"Comin' Real Again" |rowspan="2"|[[MC Breed]] |rowspan="2"|''[[The New Breed (album)|The New Breed]]'' |- |"Gotta' Get Mine" |- |"Wussup wit' the Luv?" |rowspan="2"|Digital Underground |rowspan="2"|''[[The Body-Hat Syndrome]]'' |- |"The Humpty Dance Awards" |- |rowspan="5"|1994 |"Let's Get It On" |[[Eddie F]], [[The Notorious B.I.G.]], [[Heavy D]], [[Grand Puba]] & Spunk Bigga |''Eddie F & The Untouchables Present: Let's Get It On - The Album'' |- |"Gangsta Team" |[[South Central Cartel]], [[MC Eiht]], [[Ice T]] & [[Spice 1]] |''[['N Gatz We Truss]]'' |- |"Jealous Got Me Strapped" |Spice 1 |''[[AmeriKKKa's Nightmare]]'' |- |"Skank Wit U" |Don Jagwarr |''[[Faded (Don Jagwarr album)|Faded]]'' |- |"Don't Fuck With A Killa" |Freddie Foxxx, Benzino |''[[Crazy Like A Foxxx]]'' |- |rowspan="7"|1995 |"Dusted n Disgusted" |[[E-40]], Spice 1 & [[Mac Mall]] |''[[In a Major Way]]'' |- |"Slippin' Into Darkness (Salsa Con Soulfood Mix)" |Funky Aztecs |''Dia De Los Muertos (Day Of The Dead)'' |- |"P.Y.T. (Playa Young Thugs)" |[[Smooth (singer)|Smooth]] |''[[Smooth (album)|Smooth]]'' |- |"Throw Your Hands Up" |rowspan="2"| |''Pump Ya Fist'' |- |"My Block" |''[[The Show (Original Soundtrack)|The Show]]'' |- |"We Do This" |[[Too $hort]], MC Breed & Father Dom |''[[Cocktails (album)|Cocktails]]'' |- |"Po Nigga Bluez" |The Governor, The House of Reps |''Floss Mode'' |- |rowspan="5"|1996 |"Gotta Survive" |[[Young Lay]], [[Ray Luv]] & Mac Mall |''Black 'N Dangerous'' |- |"Too Late Playa<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://hiphop-us.blogspot.fr/2012/06/mc-hammer-too-tight-unreleased-death.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2013-09-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022115214/http://hiphop-us.blogspot.fr/2012/06/mc-hammer-too-tight-unreleased-death.html |archivedate=2013-10-22 }}</ref>" |[[MC Hammer]], [[Big Daddy Kane]], [[Danny Boy]] & [[Nuttso]] |''Too Tight'' |- |"Million Dollar Spot" |E-40, [[B-Legit]] |''[[Tha Hall of Game]]'' |- |"Niggaz Done Changed" |Richie Rich |''[[Seasoned Veteran]]'' |- |"Outro" |[[Snoop Doggy Dogg]] |''[[Tha Doggfather]]'' |- |rowspan="11"|1997 |"Out the Moon (Boom, Boom, Boom)" |Snoop Doggy Dogg, [[Soopafly]], [[LBC Crew|Techniec]], [[Bad Azz (rapper)|Bad Azz]] & [[Tray Deee]] |''[[Gridlock'd (kibwagizo)|Gridlock'd]]'' |- |"Big Bad Lady" |[[The Lady of Rage]], Kevin Vernando |''[[Necessary Roughness (albamu)|Necessary Roughness]]'' |- |"Thug Luv" |[[Bone Thugs-N-Harmony]] |''[[The Art of War (Bone Thugs-n-Harmony album)|The Art of War]]'' |- |"[[Smile (Scarface song)|Smile]]" |[[Scarface (rapper)|Scarface]], Johnny P |''[[The Untouchable]]'' |- |"4 tha Hustlas" |[[Ant Banks]], Too $hort, MC Breed, [[Otis & Shug]] |''[[Big Thangs]]'' |- |"Are U Still Down?" |[[Jon B]] |''[[Cool Relax]]'' |- |"Playaz Dedication" |[[Rappin' 4-Tay]] |''[[4 tha Hard Way]]'' |- |"Mass Murderin (Remix)" |Assassin, Mischief, Rick G |''Hitworks,Volume One'' |- |"Murder, Murder" |[[Eminem]] |''[[The Slim Shady EP]]'' |- |"Tha Fatha Figga" |[[JT The Bigga Figga]], Snoop Doggy Dogg, Big Daddy Charles |''Game Tight'' |- |"Going Back To Cali" |Y.G.D. The Top Dawg, O.F.T.B. |- |- |rowspan="10"|1998 |"Homies & Thuggs (Remix)" |Scarface, [[Master P]], Doracell |rowspan="2"|[[My Homies]] |- |"Homies & Thuggs (The Original) |Scarface, Master P |- |"Initiated" |[[Tha Dogg Pound]], [[Outlawz]] |''[[Retaliation, Revenge and Get Back]]'' |- |"Me & My Homies" |[[Nate Dogg]], Nancy Fletcher |''[[G-Funk Classics, Vols. 1 & 2]]'' |- |"Real Bad Boys" |Assassin |''3 Beam Circus'' Compilation |- |"Words To My First Born" |Nutt-So |''The Betrayal'' |- |"I Can't Turn Back" |Young Akayser, Spice 1 |''Cellblock Vol. 2: Face/Off'' Compilation |- |"World Don't Take Me Personally" |Young Swoop G, 2 Scoops |''World Don't Take Me Personally'' |- |"Raise Up Off These Nuts" |Akil, [[Sylk E Fyne]], [[Dwayne Wiggins]] & Ashley |''Heat'' Compilation |- |"Dayz of a Criminal" | |''Playas Association Vol. 2 - Full Time Hustlin''' Compilation |- |rowspan="6"|1999 |"Verses from the Arsenal" |[[Shyheim]], Squig Trust |''[[Manchild (albamu)|Manchild]]'' |- |"Gaffled (Remix)" |[[3X Krazy]], Eklipze & B.N.T. |''[[Immortalized (3X Krazy album)|Immortalized]]'' |- |"Sunny Day" |[[A Lighter Shade of Brown]] |''[[If You Could See Inside Me]]'' |- |"Ghetto" |Mike Mosley, Tammi |''Platinum Plaques'' |- |"Live Freestyle" |[[Funkmaster Flex]], Big Kap & The Notorious B.I.G. |''[[The Tunnel (album)|The Tunnel]]'' |- |"U Don't Wanna' Battle ('99 Remix) |51.50 |''Illegally Insane'' |- |rowspan="4"|2000 |"Deadly Combination" |[[Big L]] |''[[The Big Picture (Big L album)|The Big Picture]]'' |- |"Friends" | |rowspan="2"|''[[Too Gangsta for Radio]]'' |- |"Thug Nature" |[[J.Valentine]] |- |"The Great Ones (Remix)" |[[Eminem]], [[The Notorious B.I.G.]], [[Snoop Dogg]], [[Mobb Deep]] |''Rap Attack'' |- |rowspan="4"|2001 |"So Much Pain" |[[Ja Rule]] |''[[Pain Is Love]]'' |- |"World Wide" |[[Outlawz]], [[Bosko]] & [[Next (kundi)|T-Low]] |''[[Novakane]]'' |- |"[[Untouchable (Tupac Shakur)|Untouchable]]" |[[Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes]] |''[[Supernova (Lisa Lopes)|Supernova]]'' |- |"Don't Stop" |[[Tha Dogg Pound]] |''[[2002 (Tha Dogg Pound album)|2002]]'' |- |rowspan="2"|2002 |"The Pledge (Remix)" |[[Ashanti (entertainer)|Ashanti]], [[Nas]] & Ja Rule |''[[Irv Gotti Presents: The Remixes]]'' |- |"[[Thugz Mansion]] (NY)" |[[Nas]], [[J Phoenix]] |''[[God's Son]]'' |- |rowspan="3"|2003 |"Game Tight" |[[Krayzie Bone]] |''[[LethaFace: The Legends Underground (Part 1)]]'' |- |"Street Soldiers" |[[The Game]], [[50 Cent]] |''Live From Compton'' |- |"California (LA Remix)" |[[Sly Boogy]], [[Crooked I]], [[Mack 10]], [[Jayo Felony]], [[Roscoe (rapper)|Roscoe]], [[Kurupt]], [[Truth Hurts]] & [[Butch Cassidy]] | |- |rowspan="21"|2004 |"U Gotta Take It (One Day At A Time)" |[[Spice 1]], [[LP (rapper)|LP]] & [[Headstrong (rapper)|Headstrong]] |''[[The Ridah]]'' |- |"Roll wit Me (Niggaz and Bitches)" |[[MC Breed]] |''[[The New Prescription]]'' |- |"Jawz Tight (OG Cypher)" |[[Yaki Kadafi]], [[Outlawz]] & [[Boot Camp Clik]] |rowspan="11"|''[[Son Rize Vol.1]]'' |- |"Run All Out" |[[Yaki Kadafi]] |- |"Killing Fields" |[[Yaki Kadafi]], [[E.D.I. Mean]] & [[Kastro (Outlawz)|Kastro]] |- |"They Don't Give A Fuck" |[[Yaki Kadafi]], [[Hussein Fatal]] |- |"First 2 Bomb (Remix)" |Yaki Kadafi, E.D.I. Mean & Hussein Fatal |- |"Get Worried" |[[Yaki Kadafi]] |- |"Secretz Rearranged" |Yaki Kadafi, Outlawz |- |"Where Will I Be?" |[[Yaki Kadafi]], [[E.D.I. Mean]] & [[Kastro (Outlawz)|Kastro]] |- |"Home Late" |[[Yaki Kadafi]] |- |"Who Believes?" |[[Yaki Kadafi]], [[Hussein Fatal]] |- |"Unborn Letters" |Yaki Kadafi, [[Rizz]] & [[The Kidz]] |- |"Only Move 4 tha Money" |[[Daz Dillinger]], [[Bad Azz (rapper)|Bad Azz]] |''[[I Got Love In These Streetz]]'' |- |"Part 2" |[[Jon B]], [[Johnny J]] |''[[Stronger Everyday]]'' |- |"CA To NY Runnin'" |[[The Notorious B.I.G.]] |rowspan="5"|Outlaw Warriorz |- |"Live In The Studio" |The Outlawz, DJ Warrior |- |"How Do U Want It 2004 |Hussein Fatal, Alicia Keys |- |"Makaveli (1971-1996) The Legacy Continues" |[[The Outlawz]], [[DJ Warrior]] |- |"Revolution" |[[Talib Kweli]] |- |"I C Dead People" |[[Redman]], [[Big L]], [[Big Pun]], [[The Notorious B.I.G.]] |''[[Ill At Will Mixtape Vol. 1]]'' |- |rowspan="21"|2005 |"Trying To Make It Through" |[[Benzino]], [[Freddie Foxxx]] |''[[Arch Nemesis (Benzino album)|Arch Nemesis]]'' |- |"Playa Cardz Right" |[[Mopreme Shakur]], [[Big Syke]] & Hurt-M-Badd |rowspan="3"|''Evolution Of A Thug Life N.I.G.G.A Vol. 1.1'' |- |"What Goes On" |rowspan="2"|[[Mopreme Shakur]], [[Mouse Man]] |- |"N.I.G.G.A" |- |"What's Next?" |[[Mopreme Shakur]], [[Big Syke]] |''[[Evolution Of A Thug Life N.I.G.G.A Vol. 1.2]]'' |- |"My Homeboys (Back to Back)" |[[Kurupt]], [[Eastwood (rapper)|Eastwood]] |''[[Against the Grain (Kurupt)|Against The Grain]]'' |- |"Bad Boy" |[[Eko Fresh]], [[Young Noble]] |''[[Elektro Eko: Fick Immer Noch Deine Story]]'' |- |"Change My Ways" |[[Young Buck]] |''[[Welcome To The Hood]]'' |- |"Living in Pain" |[[The Notorious B.I.G.]], [[Mary J Blige]] & [[Nas]] |''[[Duets: The Final Chapter]]'' |- |"Hip-Hop (Inspiration Remix) |[[Royce Da 5'9]], [[Big Pun]], Big L, The Notorious B.I.G. |''The King Is Back'' |- |"Us Against The World" |[[Lil' Eazy E]], The Notorious B.I.G. |rowspan="3"|''Compton For Life Vol. 1'' |- |"Had To Be A Hustler" |Lil' Eazy E, [[Eazy E]], [[Dresta]], [[Lil' ½ Dead]] |- |"Thug's Up In The Club" |Lil' Eazy E, The Notorious B.I.G. |- |"Rise" |[[Young Dre The Truth]], Lina |''Revolution In Progress, The Movement'' |- |"Ownerz (Remix)" |[[DJ Premier]], [[Guru]], The Notorious B.I.G. |''DJ Premier: Just Business (Unreleased Tracks & Remixes)'' |- |"Heaven" |Richard Raw, Na' Fear |''My City (A Place Where Somebody Can Be Nody)'' |- |"Real Talk (Remix)" |The Outlawz, [[Focus...]] |rowspan="5"|''New World Order'' |- |"Black Cotton" |The Outlawz, Eminem |- |"Uppercut (Remix)" |The Outlawz |- |N.I.G.G.A. (Remix) |[[Jadakiss]], E.D.I. Mean |- |"Thugs Get Lonely Too (Remix)" |[[Cam'Ron]], Cassidy |- |rowspan="13"|2006 |"Still Busting" |rowspan="2"|[[Muszamil]], [[H-Ryda]] |rowspan="2"|''Reparation Is Due'' |- |"Interlude/Political Soldiers" |- |"Backstabbers" |[[Shoshyn]], [[Shortyo]] |''Sincerely Yours'' |- |"Wartime is Now" |[[Bishop Lamont]], Mopreme Shakur & Taje |''Welcome 2 L.A.'' |- |"Intro (Retribution)" |The Outlawz |rowspan="6"|''Retribution (The Lost Album): 10 Years Later'' |- |"Soulja's Story Part 2" |The Outlawz |- |"Bless My Soul" |[[The Outlawz]], [[Bad Azz (rapper)|Bad Azz]], [[Prince Ital Joe]] |- |"Novakane" |The Outlawz, [[Jewell]] |- |"Pass The Heat" |[[The Outlawz]], [[Wack Deuce]] |- |"Retribution" |The Outlawz, [[Val Young]] |- |"Deadly Combination" |[[Big L]], [[The Notorious B.I.G.]] |''[[The Archives 1996-2000]]'' |- |"Livin' In the Projects" |[[Lil' Scrappy]] |''[[Bred 2 Die Born 2 Live]]'' |- |"Can't Stop The Reign" |[[The Commission (hip hop)|The Commission]], [[Rakim]] |''[[The Commission: The Album That Never Was]]'' |- |rowspan="12"|2007 |"Return of the Mac (AKA New York Shit)" |[[Prodigy (rapper)|Prodigy]] |''[[Return of the Mac]]'' |- |"Better Dayz" |[[O.F.T.B.]], [[Big Syke]] |rowspan="2"|''[[The Missing DR Files]]'' |- |"World Wide (Time After Time)" |[[O.F.T.B.]], [[Yaki Kadafi]] & [[Kurupt]] |- |"Against All Odds" |[[Trae Tha Truth]] |''[[Life Goes On (Trae album)|Life Goes On]]'' |- |"Stop The Music" |[[Layzie Bone]], Thin C |''[[Startin' from Scratch: How a Thug Was Born]]'' |- |"Have Heart...Have Money" |Mopreme Shakur, Macadoshis, Big Syke & Taje |rowspan="2"|''[[Black & Brown Pride]]'' |- |"Shock G'z Outro/Hidden Track" |[[Shock G]], Ray Luv & Assassin |- |"Ghetto Blues" |[[Grand Daddy I.U.]], [[Early B]] |''Stick To The Script'' |- |"We Can't Stop" |Kutt Calhoun |''[[Flamez Mixtape]]'' |- |"Money On My Mind" |[[Big Syke]], [[50 Cent]] |''Big Syke: Volume 1 |- |Ready 4 Whatever (Remix) |Big Syke |rowspan="2"|''[[Reincarnated Volume 1]]'' |- |I'm Losin' It (September 7 Remix) |Big Syke, Spice 1 |- |rowspan="9"|2008 |"Killa" |Freddie Foxxx, Benzino |''Crazy Like A Foxxx (Official Prelease) |- |"Greed" |[[8Ball]] & [[E.D.I. Mean]] |''[[Doin It Big]]'' |- |"Till I Colapse (Remix) (Exclusive)" |Eminem, 50 Cent & Nate Dogg |''Long Time No See'' |- |"Playa Cardz Right" |[[Keyshia Cole]] |''[[A Different Me]]'' |- |"All Eyez On Me (The Truth)" |[[Young Dre The Truth]], [[BJ The Chicago Kid]] |''Bigga Than Life EP'' |- |"Still Runnin'" |rowspan="2"|[[Akon]], The Notorious B.I.G. |rowspan="4"|''In My Ghetto Vol. 2'' |- |"Ghetto Blues" |- |"Ghetto Gospel (Remix)" |Akon |- |"Locked Up (Remix)" |Akon, [[Styles P]] |- |rowspan="6"|2009 |"Army All By Myself" |[[Nipsey Hussle]], [[Jay Rock]] & June Summers |''Bullets Ain't Got No Name, Vol. 3'' |- |"Did It All B4" |The Outlawz, Lloyd |''[[Outlaw Culture Vol. 2]]'' |- |"My Homeboyz (Back To Back) (Remix) |Kurupt, Eastwood & [[Petey Pablo]] |''[[Row Ryder]]'' |- |"Legendary" |Lisa Lopez |''[[Eye Legacy]]'' |- |"One Blood" |[[Down AKA Kilo]], Eric Tucker |''Cholo Skate'' |- |"In The Streets" |Roccett |''Corporate America'' |- |rowspan="3"|2010 |"Right Now" |[[Bun B]], [[Pimp C]] & [[Trey Songz]] |''[[Trill O.G.]]'' |- |"American Gangsta" |[[Nutt-So]], [[Hussein Fatal]] |''[[Outkasted Outlawz (albamu)|Outkasted Outlawz]]'' |- |"Rollin' & Smokin'" |Spice 1, Scarface & [[Devin The Dude]] |''[[Home Street Home]]'' |- |rowspan="5"|2011 |"So Much Pain" |[[Philthy Rich]], [[Rydah J. Klyde|Rydah J Klyde]], [[Stevie Joe]] & Matt Blaque |''[[Trip'n 4 Life]]'' |- |"Ya Hear Me" |Kanchi |''Valvet Chipset'' |- |"[[Tupac Back]] (G-Mix)" |Outlawz, [[Rick Ross]] |''[[Killuminati 2K11]]'' |- |"All In" |[[Knoc-Turn'al]] | |- |"We Ride (G-Mix) |[[Rihanna]] |''Rihanna: Unreleased'' |- |rowspan="3"|2012 |"All By Myself" |[[Jah Cure]] |''[[World Cry]]'' |- | "Don't Know My Style" |[[Lil' Boosie]] |''Trill Is As Trill Does Mixtape'' |- |"Unchained" |[[James Brown]] |''[[Django Unchained (kibwagizo)|Django Unchained]]'' |- |rowspan="3"|2013 |"From The Gutter" |Hussein Fatal, Young Noble & [[Suicide Ru]] |''[[The Interview: It's Not a Gimmik 2 Me]]'' |- |"Hit Em Up" |[[Tyga]], [[Jadakiss]] |''[[Hotel California (Tyga)|Hotel California]]'' |- |"Worldwide (OG Remix)" |[[E.D.I. Mean|EDIDON]], [[8Ball & MJG|8Ball]], [[Pimp C]] & [[Lloyd]] |''[[O.G. Est. 1992]]'' |- |} ==Matoleo ya DVD/video== {| class="wikitable" |- !Mwaka !Jina !Certification<ref name="TupacShakurVSearch">{{cite web |url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=2%20Pac&format=VIDEO&go=Search&perPage=50 |title=RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for videos by Tupac Shakur |publisher=Riaa.com |date= |accessdate=2011-07-15 |archivedate=2015-09-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924155033/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=2%20Pac&format=VIDEO&go=Search&perPage=50 }}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:center;"|2005 | style="text-align:center;"|''[[Live at the House of Blues (Tupac Shakur)|Live at the House of Blues]]'' | style="text-align:center;"|Platinum |} ==Muziki wa video== {| class="wikitable" |- !Mwaka !Jina !Mwongozaji (wa) |- |rowspan="3"|1992 |"If My Homie Calls" |Tupac Shakur |- |"Trapped" |Allen & Albert Hughes |- |"Brenda's Got a Baby" | The Hughes Brothers |- |rowspan="4"|1993 |"Wussup wit' the Luv?" |Jim Swaffield |- |"Holler If Ya Hear Me" |Stephen Ashley Blake |- |"I Get Around" |David Dobkin |- | "Keep Ya Head Up" |David Dobkin |- |rowspan="3"|1994 |"Papa'z Song |James Micheal Marshall |- |"Pour Out a Little Liquor" |Tupac Shakur |- |"Cradle to the Grave" |Ricky Harris |- |rowspan="5"|1995 |"How Long Will They Mourn Me?" |Kia B. Puriefoy |- |"It Don't Stop" |Kia B. Puriefoy |- |"Dear Mama" |Lionel C. Martin |- |"So Many Tears" |Lionel C. Martin |- |"Temptations" |David Nelson |- |rowspan="10"|1996 |"California Love" |Hype Williams |- |"California Love (Remix)" |Hype Williams |- |"2 of Amerika'z Most Wanted" |Tupac Shakur |- |"How Do U Want It?" |Tupac Shakur & Ron Hightower |- |"How Do U Want It? (Stage version)" |J. Kevin Swain |- |"Hit 'Em Up" |J. Kevin Swain |- |"I Ain't Mad at Cha" |Tupac Shakur & J. Kevin Swain |- |"Toss It Up" |Lionel C. Martin |- |"Toss It Up (Beach version)" |Lionel C. Martin |- |"All Bout You" |Marlene Rhein & Rob Johnson |- |rowspan="5"|1997 |"To Live and Die in L.A." |J. Kevin Swain |- |"Hail Mary" |Frank Sacramento" |- |"Made Niggaz" |Gobi Nejad |- |"I Wonder If Heaven's Got a Ghetto" |Lionel C. Martin |- |"Do for Love" |Bill Parker |- |rowspan="2"|1999 |"Changes" |Chris Hafner |- |"Unconditional Love" |Rob Johnson |- ||2000 |"Baby Don't Cry (Keep Ya Head Up II)" |J. Jesses Smith |- |rowspan="2"|2001 |"Until the End of Time" |Chris Hafner |- |"Letter 2 My Unborn Child" |Chris Hafner |- ||2002 |"Thugz Mansion" |David Nelson |- ||2003 |"Runnin' (Dying to Live)" |Philip G. Atwell |- ||2005 |"Ghetto Gospel" |Nzingha Stewart |- ||2006 |"Pac's Life" |Gobi Nejad |- ||2008 |"Playa Cardz Right" |Benny Boom |} ==Tazama pia== * [[Diskografia ya Outlawz]] ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Tupac Shakur}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Shakur, Tupac}} [[Jamii:Tupac Shakur]] [[Jamii:Diskografia]] okl7xbgc088lbarfgvkn5gd3e6seca2 0 69855 1599027 1580038 2026-09-23T03:03:15Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Pneumonia | Image = PneumonisWedge09.JPG |Alt = A black and white X-ray picture showing a triangle white area on the left side. A circle highlights the area. | Caption = A chest X-ray showing a very prominent wedge-shape [[bacterial pneumonia]] in the right lung. | Alt = An X-ray: showing a white wedge in the right lung field of a chest X-ray. | DiseasesDB = 10166 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|J|12||j|09}}, {{ICD10|J|13||j|09}}, {{ICD10|J|14||j|09}}, {{ICD10|J|15||j|09}}, {{ICD10|J|16||j|09}}, {{ICD10|J|17||j|09}}, {{ICD10|J|18||j|09}}, {{ICD10|P|23||p|20}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|480}}-{{ICD9|486}}, {{ICD9|770.0}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 000145 | eMedicineSubj = search | eMedicineTopic = pneumonia | MeshID = D011014 }} <!--Ufafanuzi na kisababishi--> '''Nimonia''' (kutoka [[Kiingereza]] "Pneumonia") ni hali ya [[Inflamesheni|kuvimba]] kwa [[pafu]] inayoathiri hasa vifuko vya hewa viitwavyo [[alveoli]].<ref name=RespText09>{{cite book|last=McLuckie|first=[editor] A.|title=Respiratory disease and its management|url=https://archive.org/details/respiratorydisea0000mclu|year=2009|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-1-84882-094-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/respiratorydisea0000mclu/page/51 51]}}</ref><ref name=AcuteCare09>{{cite book |author=Leach, Richard E. |title=Acute and Critical Care Medicine at a Glance |edition=2nd |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2009 |isbn=1-4051-6139-6 |url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7u_wu5VCsVQC&pg=PT168|accessdate=2011-04-21}}</ref> Husababishwa na [[maambukizi]] ya [[virusi]] au [[bakteria]] na kwa nadra kwa [[vimelea]], baadhi ya [[dawa]] na [[magonjwa]] mengine kama [[ugonjwa wa kinga nafsia]].<ref name=RespText09/> <!--Dalili, uzuiaji na matibabu--> [[Dalili]] hasa ni [[kikohozi]], [[maumivu ya kifua]], [[joto]] jingi [[Mwili|mwilini]] na [[upumuaji mgumu]]. Vifaa vya [[utambuzi wa kiafya|utambuzi]] ni [[eksirei]] na ukuzaji wa vimelea vya [[makohozi]]. [[Chanjo]] za kuzuia baadhi ya aina za nimonia zipo. [[Matibabu]] hutegemea kisababishi cha msingi. Nimonia inayotazamiwa ya bakteria hutibiwa kwa [[antibiotiki]]. Iwapo nimonia hiyo ni kali, mwathiriwa hulazwa [[Hospitali|hospitalini]]. <!--Prognosisi na epidemolojia--> Kila mwaka, nimonia huathiri takriban watu milioni 450&nbsp; ambao ni asilimia saba ya idadi kamili ya watu duniani na husababisha takriban vifo milioni 4&nbsp;. Ingawa nimonia ilichukuliwa na [[William Osler]] katika karne ya <sup>19</sup> kuwa "nahodha wa visababishi vya vifo",<ref>{{cite book|last=Osler|first=William|title=Principles and Practice of Medicine, 4th Edition|year=1901|publisher=D. Appleton and Company|location=New York|pages=108|url=http://mcgovern.library.tmc.edu/data/www/html/people/osler/PPM4th/OP400067.htm|access-date=2013-11-28|archive-date=2007-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708201758/http://mcgovern.library.tmc.edu/data/www/html/people/osler/PPM4th/OP400067.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> majilio ya tiba ya antibiotiki na chanjo katika karne ya<sup>20</sup> yameendeleza kuongoka.<ref name=Lancet11/>Hata hivyo katika nchi zinazostawi, na kwa wazee sana na wachanga sana na walio na [[ugonjwa sugu|wanaougua mara kwa mara]], nimonia bado ndicho kisababishi kikuu cha vifo.<ref name=Lancet11/><ref>{{cite book|last=George|first=Ronald B.|title=Chest medicine : essentials of pulmonary and critical care medicine|year=2005|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=9780781752732|pages=353|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=ZzlX2zJMbdgC&pg=PA353|edition=5th ed.}}</ref> == Ishara and dalili == {|class="wikitable" align="right" !colspan=2| Kiwango cha kutokea kwa dalili<ref name=Tint10/> |- ! Dalili !! Kiwango cha kutokea |- | Kikohozi ||<center>asilimia 79–91</center> |- | Uchovu || <center>asilimia 90</center> |- | Kiwango cha juu cha joto || <center>asilimia 71–75</center> |- | Upungu wa pumzi || <center>asilimia 67–75</center> |- | maKohozi || <center>asilimia 60–65</center> |- | Maumivu ya kifua || <center>asilimia 39–49</center> |- |} [[File:Symptoms of pneumonia.svg|thumb|left|alt=Mchoro wa mwili wa binadamu ukionyesha dalili kuu za nimonia|300px|Dalili kuu za nimonia ya kuambukiza]] Watu walio na nimonia ya kuambukiza mara nyingi huwa na [[kikohozi|kikohozi chenye kohozi]], [[joto jingi mwilini]] pamoja na[[kutetemeka|baridi inayotetemesha]],[[upungufu wa pumzi]], [[maumivu ya kifua]] makali wakati wa kuvuta pumzi, na ongezeko la [[kiwango cha kupumua]].<ref name=BMJ06/> Kwa wazee, ishara inayoonekana sana inaweza kuwa kuchanganyikiwa. Kwa watoto chini ya miaka mitano, ishara na dalili hasa ni joto jingi mwilini, kikohozi, upumuaji wa haraka au mgumu.<ref name=Develop11/> Joto jingi mwilini si mahususi kabisa kwa sababu hutokea katika maradhi mengine mengi, na hali hii inaweza kukosa kwa walio na ugonjwa mkali sana au[[utapiamlo]]. Zaidi ya hayo, kikohozi hukosa mara nyingi kwa watoto wenye umri wa chini ya miezi miwili<ref name=Develop11/> Ishara na dalili zaidi kali ni:[[sinosisi ya kati|ngozi yenye rangi ya bluu kidogo]], kiu kilichopungua, matukutiko, kutapika kunakoendelea, halijoto iliyopungua sana au iliyozidi sana, au [[kiwango kilichopungua cha fahamu]].<ref name=Develop11/><ref name=Clinic2011/> Visa vya nimonia ya bakteria na ya virusi hujitokeza kwa dalili sawa.<ref name=WHOPrevent2012/> Visababishi vingine huhusishwa na sifa bainifu za kiafya zinazotokea sana bali zisizo maalum. Nimonia inayosababishwa na ''[[Legionella]]'' inaweza kutokea pamoja na maumivu ya fumbatio, [[kuhara]], au kuchanganyikiwa,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Darby|kwanza=J|coauthors=Buising, K|title=Could it be Legionella?|journal=Australian family physician|date=Oktoba 2008 |volume=37|issue=10|pages=812–5|pmid=19002299}}</ref> ilhali nimonia inayosababishwa na ''[[Streptokokasi numoniae]]'' huhusishwa na makohozi yenye rangi ya kutu,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ortqvist|first=A|coauthors=Hedlund, J, Kalin, M|title=Streptococcus pneumoniae: epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical features|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_seminars-in-respiratory-and-critical-care-medicine_2005-12_26_6/page/563|journal=Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine|date=December 2005|volume=26|issue=6|pages=563–74|pmid=16388428|doi=10.1055/s-2005-925523}}</ref> na nimonia inayosababishwa na ''[[Klebsiella]]''inaweza kuwa na makohozi yenye damu ambayo mara nyingi huelezwa kama "jeli ya zambarau".<ref name=Tint10>{{cite book |author=Tintinalli, Judith E.|title=Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli))|publisher=McGraw-Hill Companies|location=New York|year=2010|pages=480 |isbn=0-07-148480-9 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> Makohozi yenye damu (yaitwayo[[hemoptisisi]]) pia yanaweza kutokea katika [[kifua kikuu]], nimonia isiyo na gram, usaha kwenye mapafu na aidha mara nyingi katika[[bronkitisi kali]].<ref name=Clinic2011/> Nimonia ya ''maikoplasma'' inaweza kutokea kwa kuhusiana na [[limfadenopathi ya seviksi |kuvimba kwa tezi za shingo]], [[arthralgia|maumivu ya jointi]], au [[otitisi ya kati|maambukizi kwenye sikio la kati]].<ref name=Clinic2011/> Nimonia ya virusi hujitokeza sana kwa [[kukoroma]] kuliko nimonia ya bakteria.<ref name=WHOPrevent2012/> == Visababishi == [[File:Streptococcus pneumoniae.jpg|thumb|alt=Vitu vitatu vya mviringo mmoja sehemu yake ya nyuma ikiwa nyeusi| bakteria ''[[sreptokokasi numoniae]]'', kisababishi kikuu cha nimonia, ikionyeshwa kwa picha ya [[hadubini ya elektroni]]]] Nimonia hutokana hasa na maambukizi yanayosababishwa na [[bakteria]] au [[virusi]] na kwa viwango vidogo na [[kuvu]] na[[parasiti]]. Ingawa kuna zaidi ya aina 100 za ajenti za maambukizi zilizogunduliwa, ni chache tu zinahusika kwa vingi vya visa. Maambukizi yanayohusisha mchanganyiko wa virusi na bakteria yanaweza kutokea kwa hadi asilimia 45 ya maambukizi kwa watoto na asilimia 15 ya maambukizi kwa watu wazima.<ref name=Lancet11/> Huenda ajenti inayosababisha isiweze kubainishwa katika takriban nusu ya visa licha ya kupima kwa makini.<ref name=EBMED05/> Wakati mwingine neno''nimonia'' hutumika sana kwa ugonjwa wowote unaotokana na [[inflamesheni]] ya mapafu (inayosababishwa kwa mfano na [[magonjwa ya kinga nafsia]], kuchomwa na kemikali au athari za dawa); hata hivyo kwa usahihi zaidi, inflamesheni hii huitwa[[nimonitisi]].<ref name="isbn0-7234-3200-7">{{cite book |author=Lowe, J. F.; Stevens, Alan |authorlink=|editor= |others= |title=Pathology |edition=2nd |publisher=Mosby |location=St. Louis |year=2000 |page=197 |isbn=0-7234-3200-7|oclc= |doi= |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AfVxLi4QTZQC&pg=PA197|accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Snydman|first=editors, Raleigh A. Bowden, Per Ljungman, David R.|title=Transplant infections|year=2010|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-58255-820-2|page=187|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NWa4FJv-eBYC&pg=PA447|edition=3rd}}</ref> Ajenti zinazoambukiza zilikuwa zimegawanya kihistoria katika "za kawaida" na "zisizo kawaida" kwa msingi wa zilivyodhaniwa kujitokeza lakini ushahidi haujaunga mkono tofauti hii, kwa hivyo haitiliwi mkazo tena.<ref name=M32/> Hali na visababishi vya hatari vinavyopelea nimonia ni: uvutaji, ukosefu wa kinga mwilini, ulevi [[ugonjwa sugu wa kufunga kwa mapafu]], [[ugonjwa sugu wa figo]], na [[ugonjwa wa ini]].<ref name=Clinic2011/> Utumizi wa tiba zinazokandamiza asidi – kama vile [[kinza pampu ya protoni]] au [[H2 blockers]]- unahusishwa na ongezeko la hatari<ref>{{cite journal|last=Eom|first=CS|coauthors=Jeon, CY; Lim, JW; Cho, EG; Park, SM; Lee, KS|title=Use of acid-suppressive drugs and risk of pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne|date=22 February 2011|volume=183|issue=3|pages=310–9|pmid=21173070|doi=10.1503/cmaj.092129|pmc=3042441}}</ref> ya nimonia. Uzee pia hupelekea nimonia.<ref name=Clinic2011/> === Bakteria === Bakteria ndizo kisababishi kikuu cha [[nimonia iambukizayo katika jamii]], ambapo ''[[Streptokokasi numoniae]]'' ilionekana kuhusika katika takriban asilimia 50 ya visa.<ref name=Rad07/><ref name=EOP10>{{cite journal |author=Anevlavis S | coauthors = Bouros D |title=Community acquired bacterial pneumonia|journal=Expert Opin Pharmacother |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=361–74 |year=2010|monthi=February|pmid=20085502|doi=10.1517/14656560903508770 }}</ref> Bakteria zingine zinazohusika sana ni: ''[[Himofilasi influenzae]]'' katika asilimia 20, ''[[klamidofila numoniae]]'' katika asilimia 13, na ''[[Maikoplasma numoniae]]'' katika asilimia 3 ya visa;<ref name=Rad07/> ''[[Stafilokokasi aureasi]]''; ''[[Moraksela kataralisi]]''; ''[[Lejionela numofila]]'' na [[Basili isiyo na gram]].<ref name=EBMED05/> Aina kadhaa za maambukizi [[yenye ukinzani kwa dawa|yanayokinza dawa]] yaliyo hapo juu yamezidi kutokea sana, yakiwemo ''Streptokokasi numoniae'' kinzani na [[stafilokokasi aureasi-kinzani kwa methicillin]].<ref name=Clinic2011/> Ueneaji wa vimelea huendelezwa visababishi vya hatari vinapokuwa.<ref name=EBMED05/> [[Ulevi]] unahusiana na''Streptokokasi numoniae'', [[vimelea vya anerobi]] na ''Kifuakikuu cha maikobakteria''; uvutaji huendeleza athari za''Streptokokasi numoniae'', ''Himofilasi influenzae'', ''Moraksela kataralisi'', na ''Legionella numofila''. Kutangamana na ndege kunahusiana na ''[[Klamidia sitasi]]''; wanyama wa shambani na ''[[Kosiela baneti]]''; aspiresheni ya vitu vya tumboni na [[vimelea vya anerobi]]; nayo [[faibrosi ya uvimbe]] na ''[[Seudomona erujinosa]]'' na ''Stafilokokasi aureasi''.<ref name=EBMED05/>''Streptokokasi numoniae'' hutokea sana katika majira ya baridi,<ref name=EBMED05/> na inapaswa kushukiwa kwa watu wanaopumua kiasi kikubwa cha [[vimelea vya anerobi]].<ref name=Clinic2011/> === Virusi === Kwa watu wazima, [[virusi]] huchangia takriban thuluthi moja<ref name =Lancet11/> na kwa watoto taktiban asilimia 15 ya visa vya nimonia.<ref name=M31/> Ajenti zinazoshukiwa sana ni: [[virusi vya raino]], [[virusi vya korona]], [[virusi vya influenza]],[[virusi vya kupumua vya sinsitia]], [[virusi vya adeno]], na [[virusi vya parainfluenza].<ref name=Lancet11/><ref name=Viral09/> [[Virusi vya hepesi simpleksi]] havisababishi nimonia sana, isipokuwa kwa vikundi kama vile: watoto wachanga, watu walio na saratani, waliopokea ogani za mwili, na watu walio na majeraha makubwa ya moto.<ref name=Text2010>{{cite book|last=Behera|first=D.|title=Textbook of pulmonary medicine|year=2010|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub.|location=New Delhi|isbn=8184487495|pages=391–394|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=0TbJjd9eTp0C&pg=PA391|edition=2nd }}</ref> Watu [[waliopokea ogani]] au wale ambao kwa njia nyingine [[miili yao imepoteza uwezo wa kujikinga na maradhi]] huwa na viwango vikubwa vya nimonia ya [[virusi vya kuvimba kwa seli]]`.<ref name=M31/><ref name=Text2010/> Walio na maambukizi ya virusi wanaweza kuambukizwa tena na bakteria''Streptokokasi numoniae'', ''Stafilokokasi aureasi'', au ''Himofilasi influenzae'', hasa panapokuwa na matatizo mengine ya kiafya.<ref name=Clinic2011/><ref name=M31/> Virusi tofauti huzidi katika vipindi tofauti vya mwaka, kwa mfano katika msimu wa influenza, influenza inaweza kuchangia zaidi ya nusu ya visa vyote vya virusi.<ref name=M31/> Milipuko ya virusi vingine pia hutokea mara chache, vikiwemo ''[[virusi vya hanta]]'' na ''[[virusi vya korona]]''.<ref name=M31/> === Kuvu === Nimonia ya kuvu haitokei sana, lakini hutokea sana kwa watu [[wasio na kinga mwilini|wenye mfumo dhaifu wa kingamwili]] kutokana na[[UKIMWI]], [dawa zinazozuia utendaji kazi wa kingamwili]], au matatizo mengine ya kiafya.<ref name=EBMED05/><ref name=Fungus2009>{{cite book|last=Maskell|first=Nick|title=Oxford desk reference.|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780199239122|pages=196|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=MfEUkzQQ1BEC&pg=PA196|coauthors=Millar, Ann}}</ref> Mara nyingi husababishwa na ''[[Histoplasmosisi|Histoplasma capsulatum]]'', blastomaisesi, ''[[Kryptokokasi niofomani]]'', ''[[Numosisitisi jirovesi]]'', na ''[[Koksidiodi imitisi]]''. [[Histoplasmosisi]] hutokea sana katika [[Ghuba ya Mississippi |Bonde la mto wa Mississippi]], na [[koksidioidomikosi]] hutokea sana katika [[Kusini magharibi mwa Marekani]].<ref name=EBMED05/> Idadi ya visa imekuwa ikiongezeka katika nusu ya mwisho ya karne ya 20 kutokana na ongezeko la usafiri na viwango vya ukandamizaji kinga kwa watu.<ref name=Fungus2009/> === Parasiti === Aina tofauti za [[parasiti]] zinaweza kuathiri mapafu, zikiwemo: ''[[Toxoplasma gondii]]'', ''[[Strongiloidi stakoralisi]]'',''[[Minyoo mviringo]]'', na ''[[Plasmodiamu malariae]]''.<ref name=M37>Murray and Nadel (2010). Chapter 37.</ref> Vimelea hivi huingia mwilini kupitia mgusano wa moja kwa moja wa ngozi, kumeza au kupitia mdudu ambaye ni vekta.<ref name=M37/>Isipokuwa ''[[Paragonimasi westamani]]'', parasiti nyingi haziathiri mapafu hasa, bali huhusisha mapafu baadaye baada ya sehemu zingine.<ref name=M37/> Parasiti zingine, hasa zile za jenera ya ''mnyoo wa Askaris'' na''Strongiloidi '' huchochea mwitiko mkali wa [[esinofili]], ambao unaweza kusababisha [[nimonia ya kiesinofili]].<ref name=M37/> Katika maambukizi mengine, kama vile malaria, kuhusika kwa mapafu hutokana hasa na inflamesheni inayochochewa na saitokini.<ref name=M37/> Katika [[ulimwengu uliostawi]], maambukizi haya hutokea sana kwa watu wanaorudi kutoka safarini au kwa wahamiaji. <ref name=M37/> Dunani kote, maambukizi haya hutokea sana kwa wasio na kingamwili.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Vijayan|first=VK|title=Parasitic lung infections.|journal=Current opinion in pulmonary medicine|date=2009 May|volume=15|issue=3|kurasa=274–82|pmid=19276810}}</ref> === Yenye asili isiyojulikana === Nimonia ya tishu za mapafu yenye asili isiyojulikana au nimonia isiyoambukiza<ref>{{cite book|first=ed. in chief Richard K. Root. Eds. Francis Waldvogel|title=Clinical infectious diseases : a practical approach|year=1999|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|location=New York, NY [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-19-508103-9|page=833|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=zvCOpighJggC&pg=PA833}}</ref> ni aina ya[[ugonjwa wa mapafu unaosambaa]]. Nao ni: [[uharibikaji unaosambaa wa alveolasi]], [[nimonia ya organizing]], [[nimonia ya tishu za mapafu isiyo dhahiri]], [[nimonia ya limfosaiti ya tishu za mapafu]], [[nimonia ya kupukutika kwa tabaka la juu la tishu ya epithelia ya mapafu]], [[ugonjwa wa kupumua wa bronkiolitisi wa tishu za mapafu]], na [[nimonia ya kufanyika kunakoendelea kwa kovu kwenye tishu za mapafu]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Volume editors, Ulrich Costabel|title=Diffuse parenchymal lung disease : ... 47 tables|url=https://archive.org/details/diffuseparenchym00cost|year=2007|publisher=Karger|location=Basel|isbn=978-3-8055-8153-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/diffuseparenchym00cost/page/n4 4]|edition=[Online-Ausg.]}}</ref> == Pathofisiolojia == [[File:New Pneumonia cartoon.jpg|thumb|alt=Mchoro wa mapafu ya binadamu ukiwa na mviringo mtupu upande wa kushoto ukiwakilisha alveola ya kawaida na mwingine kulia ukionyesha alveola iliyojaa kiowevu kama katika nimonia|Nimonia hujaza [[alveolasi|alveoli]] za mapafu kwa kiowevu na kuzuia oksijeni kuingia. Alveolasi iliyo upande wa kushoto ni kawaida, ilhali iliyo upande wa kulia imejaa kiowevu kutokana na nimonia.]] Mara nyingi nimonia huanza kama [[maambukizi ya sehemu ya juu ya mfumo wa upumuaji]] yanayoenea kwenye sehemu ya chini ya mfumo wa upumuaji.<ref name=PedNA09>{{cite journal|last=Ranganathan|first=SC|coauthors=Sonnappa, S|title=Pneumonia and other respiratory infections|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatric-clinics-of-north-america_2009-02_56_1/page/135|journal=Pediatric clinics of North America|date=February 2009 |volume=56|issue=1|pages=135–56, xi|pmid=19135585|doi=10.1016/j.pcl.2008.10.005}}</ref> === Ya virusi === Virusi vinaweza kulifikia pafu kwa njia nyingi tofauti. Virusi vya kupumua vya sinsitia huenezwa hasa watu wanapogusa vitu vilivyoambukizwa na kisha waguse macho au pua zao.<ref name=M31>Murray and Nadel (2010). Chapter 31.</ref>Maambukizi mengine ya virusi hutokea matone kwenye hewa yaliyoambukizwa yakivutwa ndani hadi mapafuni kupitia kinywani au puani.<ref name=Clinic2011/>Virusi vinapofika kwenye sehemu ya juu ya njia ya hewa, vinaweza kwenda hadi kwa mapafu ambapo huvamia seli kwenye kuta za njia za hewa, alveoli au [[parenkaima za mapafu]].<ref name=M31/> Virusi vingine kama vya ukambi na hepesi simpleksi vinaweza kufika kwa mapafu kupitia kwa damu.<ref name=Gary2010>{{cite book|last=al.]|first=editors, Gary R. Fleisher, Stephen Ludwig ; associate editors, Richard G. Bachur ... [et|title=Textbook of pediatric emergency medicine|year=2010|publisher=Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health|location=Philadelphia|isbn=1605471593|pages=914|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=a7CqcE1ZrFkC&pg=PA914|edition=6th ed.}}</ref> Uvamizi wa virusi hivi kwa mapafu unaweza kusababisha viwango tofauti vya vifo vya seli.<ref name=M31/> Mfumo wa kingamwili ukijaribu kuitika kwa maambukizi haya, uharibifu zaidi wa mapafu unaweza kutokea.<ref name=M31/> [[Seli nyeupe za damu]], hasa [[seli za mononuklea]], kwa kawaida husababisha inflamesheni hii.<ref name=Gary2010/> Pamoja na kuharibu mapafu, virusi vingi huathiri [[ogani (anatomia)|ogani]] zingine wakati huo huo na kukatiza shughuli zingine za mwilini. Virusi pia huufanya mwili kuwa mwepesi wa kuathiriwa na maambukizi ya bakteria; kwa njia hii nimonia ya bakteria inaweza kutokea kama ugonjwa [[ambatani]]<ref name=Viral09>{{cite journal|author=Figueiredo LT |title=Viral pneumonia: epidemiological, clinical, pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects |journal=J Bras Pneumol |volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=899–906 |year=2009 |month=September |pmid=19820817|doi=10.1590/S1806-37132009000900012}}</ref> === Ya bakteria === Bakteria nyingi huingia kwa mapafu kupitia [[Aspiresheni]] ndogo ndogo za vimelea vinavyoishi katika koo au pua.<ref name=Clinic2011/> Nusu ya watu wenye afya huwa na asipiresheni hizi wanapolala.<ref name=M32/> Ijapokuwa koo huwa na bakteria kila wakati, [[kali|zenye uwezo wa kuambukiza]] huishi hapo nyakati fulani tu na katika hali fulani.<ref name=M32/> Aina chache za bakteria kama ''[[maikobkteria ya kifua kikuu]]'' na ''[[Legionella numofila]]'' hufika kwenye mapafu kwa matone madogo ya hewani yaliyoambukizwa.<ref name=Clinic2011/> Bakteria zinaweza pia kuenea kupitia kwa damu.<ref name=WHOPrevent2012/> Zinapofika mapafuni, zinaweza kuvamia nafasi zilizo kati ya seli na kati ya alveoli, ambapo [[makrofeji]] na [[nutrofili]] ([[seli nyeupe za damu]] zinazolinda) hujaribu kuzilemaza.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hammer|first=edited by Stephen J. McPhee, Gary D.|title=Pathophysiology of disease : an introduction to clinical medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/pathophysiologyo0000unse_q2x0|year=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|location=New York|isbn=0071621679|pages=Chapter 4|edition=6th ed.}}</ref> Nutrofili pia hutoa [[sitokini]], na kusababisha uamsho wa kijumla wa mfumo wa kingamwili.<ref name=Fein2006>{{cite book|last=Fein|first=Alan|title=Diagnosis and management of pneumonia and other respiratory infections|year=2006|publisher=Professional Communications|location=Caddo, OK|isbn=1884735630|pages=28–29|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=hKdcHK719qgC&pg=PA28|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref> Hii ndiyo inayosababisha joto jingi mwilini, kutetemeka, na uchovu unaoshuhudiwa katika nimonia ya bakteria.<ref name=Fein2006/> Nutrofili, bakteria, na viowevu kutoka kwa mishipa ya damu iliyo karibu hujaa katika alveoli na kusababisha konsolidesheni ionekanayo kwa eksirei ya kifua.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kumar|first=Vinay|title=Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease.|year=2010|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=1416031219|pages=Chapter 15|edition=8th ed.}}</ref> == Utambuzi == {{listen | filename =Crackles pneumoniaO.ogg | title = Crackles | description = Crackles heard in the lungs of a person with pneumonia using a stethoscope. | format = [[Ogg]] }} Nimonia hutambuliwa hasa kwa msingi wa mchanganyiko wa ishara zinazoonekana na kwa [[eksirei ya kifua]].<ref name=Diag10>{{cite journal|last=Lynch|first=T|coauthors=Bialy, L, Kellner, JD, Osmond, MH, Klassen, TP, Durec, T, Leicht, R, Johnson, DW|title=A systematic review on the diagnosis of pediatric bacterial pneumonia: when gold is bronze|journal=PLoS ONE|date=2010-08-06|volume=5|issue=8|pages=e11989|pmid=20700510|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0011989|pmc=2917358|editor1-last=Huicho|editor1-first=Luis}}</ref>Hata hivyo, inaweza kuwa vigumu kudhibitisha kisababishi hasa, kwa sababu hakuna kipimo mahususi kinachoweza kutofautisha kati ya nimonia itokanayo na bakteria na isiyotokana na bakteria.<ref name=Lancet11/><ref name=Diag10/> [[Shirika La Afya Duniani]] limefafanua kiafya nimonia ya watoto kwa msingi wa [[kikohozi]] au upumuaji mgumu na kiwango cha haraka cha kupumua, kujivuta ndani kwa kifua, au kiwango kilichopungua cha fahamu.<ref name=WHOBook/> Kiwango cha haraka cha kupumua hufafanuliwa kama zaidi ya pumzi 60 kwa kila dakika kwa watoto chini ya umri wa miezi 2, pumzi 50 kwa dakika kwa watoto wa umri wa miezi 2 hadi mwaka 1, au zaidi ya pumzi 40 kwa dakika kwa watoto wa umri wa mwaka 1 hadi miaka 5.<ref name=WHOBook>{{cite book|last=Ezzati|first=edited by Majid|title=Comparative quantification of health risks|year=2004|publisher=Organisation mondiale de la santé|location=Genève|isbn=978-92-4-158031-1|page=70|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ACV1jEGx4AgC&pg=PA70|coauthors=Lopez, Alan D., Rodgers, Anthony, Murray, Christopher J.L.}}</ref> Kwa watoto, kiwango kilichoongezeka cha kupumua na kujivuta ndani kwa sehemu ya chini ya kifua ni [[kiwango cha hisi na umaalum|vyepesi kuhisi]] kuliko kusikiza [[milio]] ya kifua kwa [[stethoskopu]].<ref name=Develop11/> Kwa watu wazima, uchunguzi hauhitajiki katika visa visivyo vikali<ref name=BTS09/>: kuna hatari ndogo sana ya nimonia iwapo [[ishara muhimu]] zote na [[oskalitesheni ya kifua|oskalitesheni]] ni za kawaida.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Saldías|first=F|coauthors=Méndez, JI, Ramírez, D, Díaz, O|title=[Predictive value of history and physical examination for the diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia in adults: a literature review]|journal=Revista medica de Chile|date=April 2007|volume=135|issue=4|pages=517–28|pmid=17554463}}</ref> Kwa watu wanaohitaji kulazwa hospitalini, [[oksimetiri ya mpwito wa ateri]], [[radiografia ya kifua]] na [[vipimo vya damu]]—vikiwemo [[hesabu kamili ya damu]], [[elektroliti za seramu]], kiwango cha [[protini inayoathiri C]] na hata [[vipimo vya utendaji kazi wa ini]]—vimependekezwa.<ref name=BTS09/> Utambuzi wa [[maradhi mithili ya influenza]] unaweza kufanywa kwa msingi wa ishara na dalili; hata hivyo, udhibitishaji wa maambukizi ya influenza huhitaji kupima.<ref name=ILI05>{{cite journal|last=Call|first=SA|coauthors=Vollenweider, MA, Hornung, CA, Simel, DL, McKinney, WP|title=Does this patient have influenza?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2005-02-23_293_8/page/987|journal=JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association|date=2005-02-23|volume=293|issue=8|pages=987–97|pmid=15728170|doi=10.1001/jama.293.8.987}}</ref> Kwa hivyo, matibabu mara nyingi hutegemea kuwepo kwa influenza katika jamii au [[Kipimo cha haraka cha utambuzi wa influenza|kipimo cha haraka cha influenza]].<ref name=ILI05/> ===Uchunguzi wa mwili === [[Uchunguzi wa mwili]] wakati mwingine unaweza kuonyesha [[hipotensheni|shinikizo la chini la damu]], [[takikadia|udundaji wa kasi wa moyo kuliko kawaida]] au [[uingizaji wa oksijeni (wa kitiba)|kiwango cha juu sana cha oksijeni]] kidogo.<ref name=Clinic2011/> Kiwango cha kupumua kinaweza kuwa haraka kuliko kawaida na hii inaweza kutokea siku moja au mbili kabla ya ishara zingine.<ref name=Clinic2011/><ref name=M32/> Kipimo cha kifua kinaweza kuwa cha kawaida lakini kionyeshe upanukaji uliopungua wa kifua kwenye upande ulioathiriwa. Sauti kali za pumuzi kutoka kwa njia kubwa za hewa zinazopitishwa kwenye pafu lililovimba huitwa upumuaji wa [[bronkasi|bronkioli]], na husikika kwa [[oskalitesheni]] kwa [[stethoskopu]].<ref name=Clinic2011/> [[milio]] (miparuzo) inaweza kusikika kwenye sehemu iliyoathiriwa wakati wa [[kuvuta hewa ndani|uvutaji pumzi]].<ref name=Clinic2011/> [[Ugongaji (matibabu)|ugongaji]] unaweza kutoa sauti iliyofifia kwenye pafu lililoathiriwa, na [[rizonansi ya sauti|rizonansi ya sauti]] iliyoongezeka badala ya iliyopungua hutofautisha nimonia na [[efusheni ya plura]].<ref name=BMJ06/> === Upigaji picha === [[File:CT scan of the chest, demonstrating right-sided pneumonia.jpg|thumb|alt=Picha yenye rangi nyeusi na nyeupe ikionyesha ogani za ndani jinsi ilivyotolewa na skani ya CT. Mahali ambapo weusi ungetarajiwa kwenye upande wa kushoto, sehemu nyeupe yenye vijiti vyeusi huonekana.|Skani ya CT ya kifua ikionyesha nimonia ya upande wa kulia (upande wa kushoto wa picha).]] [[Radiografu ya kifua]] hutumiwa mara kwa mara kwa utambuzi.<ref name=Develop11/> Kwa watu walio na ugonjwa usio mkali, upigaji picha huhitajika kwa wale tu walio na uwezekano wa kupata matatizo, wale ambao hawajapata nafuu bada ya matibabu, au wale ambao kisababishi hakijulikani.<ref name=Develop11/><ref name=BTS09>{{cite journal|last=Lim|first=WS|coauthors=Baudouin, SV, George, RC, Hill, AT, Jamieson, C, Le Jeune, I, Macfarlane, JT, Read, RC, Roberts, HJ, Levy, ML, Wani, M, Woodhead, MA, Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care, Committee|title=BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009|journal=Thorax|date=October 2009 |volume=64 |issue=Suppl 3|pages=iii1–55|pmid=19783532|doi=10.1136/thx.2009.121434}}</ref> Iwapo mtu ni mgonjwa kiasi kwamba anahitaji kulazwa hospitalini, radiografu ya kifua imependekezwa.<ref name=BTS09/> Matokeo hayalingani na ukali wa ugonjwa kila wakati na hayatofautishi kikamilifu kati ya maambuki ya bakteria na ya virusi.<ref name=Develop11/> Nimonia inavyoonyeshwa kwa eksirei inaweza kuainishwa kama [[nimonia ya lobu]], [[nimonia ya bronko]], na [[nimonia ya tishu za mapafu]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Helms|first=editors, William E. Brant, Clyde A.|title=Fundamentals of diagnostic radiology|publisher=Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9781608319114|pages=435|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=o_4eoeOinNgC&pg=PA435|edition=4th ed.}}</ref> Nimonia isababishwayo na backeria, inayoambukiza kwa jamii huonyesha [[konsolidesheni ya pafu]] ya moja ya [[Sehemu za bronkasi na mapafu|lobu ya vipande vya pafu]] inayojulikana kama nimonia ya lobu.<ref name=Rad07/>Hata hivyo, matokeo yanaweza kuwa tofauti, na mitindo mingine hutokea sana katika aina zingine za nimonia.<ref name=Rad07/> Nimonia ya aspiresheni inaweza kujitokeza na hali ya kutopitisha mwanga kwenye pande zote mbili hasa kwenye sehemu ya chini ya mapafu na upande wa kulia.<ref name=Rad07/> Radiografu za nimonia ya virusi zinaweza kuonekana kuwa kawaida, zimepanuka zaidi, zina sehemu za madoa pande zote mbili, au zinajitokeza sawa na nimonia ya bakteria yenye konsolidesheni ya lobu. <ref name=Rad07/> Huenda matokeo ya radiolojia yasiwepo mwanzoni mwa ugonjwa huo hasa kukiwa na ukosefu wa maji mwilini; au huenda ikawa vigumu kufasiliwa kwa wale walio na [[unene wa kupindukia|unene sana]], au historia ya ugonjwa wa mapafu.<ref name=Clinic2011/> [[Picha za kuchanganua]] zinaweza kutoa habari zaidi katika visa visivyo dhahiri.<ref name=Rad07/> === Mikrobiolojia === Kwa wagonjwa wanaotibiwa katika jamii, kutambua ajenti inayosababisha hugharimu sana na hakubadilishi matibabu.<ref name=Develop11/> Kwa watu wasiopata nafuu baada ya matibabu, [[ukuzaji wa vimelea vya makohozi]] unafaa kuzingatiwa, na ukuzaji wa ''[[maikobakteria za Kifuakikuu]]'' unafaa kufanywa kwa watu walio na kikohozi sugu chenye makohozi.<ref name=BTS09/> Kupimwa kwa vimelea vingine mahususi kunaweza kupendekezwa wakati wa milipuko ya maradhi kwa mujibu wa afya ya umma.<ref name=BTS09/> Kwa wale waliolazwa hospitalini kutokana na ugonjwa mkali, ukuzaji wa vimelea vya makohozi na [[vya damu]] umependekezwa,<ref name=BTS09/> na vile vile kupima mkojo kwa [[antijeni]] za ''Legionella'' na ''Streptokokasi''.<ref name=IDSA2007/> Maambukizi ya virusi yanaweza kudhibitishwa kupitia ugunduzi wa virusi au antijeni zake kwa [[kukuza vimelea au tishu]] au kipimo cha [[msururu wa athari za polima]], miongoni mwa mbinu zingine.<ref name=Lancet11/> Ajenti inayosababisha hali hii hubainishwa katika asilimia 15 tu ya visa kwa vipimo vya mara kwa mara vya mikrobiolojia.<ref name=BMJ06/> === Uainishaji === [[Nimonitisi]] ni [[inflamesheni]] ya pafu; nimonia ni nimonitisi, huwa kutokana na maambukizi lakini wakati mwingine huwa isiyo ya kuambukiza iliyo na hali zaidi ya [[konsolidesheni ya mapafu]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Stedman's medical dictionary.|url=https://archive.org/details/stedmansmedicald00sted_3|year=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-6450-6|edition=28th}}</ref>Nimonia mara nyingi huainishwa kulingana na ilipopatikana au jinsi ilivyopatikana: [[nimonia inayoambukiza kwa jamii|inayopatikana kwa jamii]],[[nimonia ya aspiresheni |aspiresheni]], [[nimonia inayohusiana na huduma za afya|inayohusiana na huduma za afya]], [[nimonia inayoambukiza hospitalini|inayoambukiza hospitalini]], na [[nimonia inayohusiana na chombo cha kupitisha hewa]].<ref name=Rad07>{{cite journal|last=Sharma|first=S|coauthors=Maycher, B, Eschun, G|title=Radiological imaging in pneumonia: recent innovations|journal=Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine|date=May 2007|volume=13|issue=3|pages=159–69|pmid=17414122|doi=10.1097/MCP.0b013e3280f3bff4}}</ref> Pia inaweza kuainishwa kulingana na sehemu ya pafu iliyoathiriwa: [[nimonia ya lobu]], [[nimonia ya bronkasi]] na [[nimonia kali ya tishu za mapafu]];<ref name=Rad07/> au kulingana na kimelea kinachosababisha.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dunn|first=L|title=Pneumonia: classification, diagnosis and nursing management|journal=Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987)|date=2005 June 29-July 5|volume=19|issue=42|pages=50–4|pmid=16013205}}</ref> Nimonia kwa watoto inaweza pia kuainishwa kulingana na ishara na dalili kama isiyo kali, kali, au kali sana.<ref>{{cite book|last=organization|first=World health|title=Pocket book of hospital care for children : guidelines for the management of common illnesses with limited resources.|year=2005|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154670-6|page=72|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xbkbRG5XYxsC&pg=PA72}}</ref> === Utambuzi tofauti === Magonjwa kadhaa yanaweza kujitokeza kwa ishara na dalili sawa na za nimonia kama: [[ugonjwa sugu wa kufunga kwa mapafu]], [[pumu]], [[edema ya mapafu]], [[bronkektasisi]], [[saratani ya mapafu]], na [[emboli ya mapafu]].<ref name=BMJ06/> Tofauti na nimonia, pumu na ugonjwa sugu wa kufunga kwa mapafu hujitokeza hasa kwa [[mkoromo]], edema ya mapafu hujitokeza kwa [[elektrokadiogramu]] isiyo ya kawaida, saratani na bronkektasisi hujitokeza kwa kikohozi cha kipindi kirefu, na emboli ya mapafu hujitokeza kwa mauvimu makali ya mwanzo ya kifua na [[upungufu wa pumzi]].<ref name=BMJ06/> == Uzuiaji == Uzuiaji huhusisha [[uchanjaji]], hatua za kimazingira na matibabu yafaayo ya matatizo mengine ya kiafya.<ref name=Develop11/> Huaminika kuwa kama hatua zinazofaa za uzuiaji zingekuwa zimeanzishwa kote ulimwenguni, vifo vya watoto vinaweza kupunguzwa kwa 400,000 na kama matibabu yafaayo yangepatikana kwa wote, vifo vya utotoni vinaweza kupunguzwa kwa vifo 600,000 zaidi.<ref name=WHOPrevent2012/> === Uchanjaji === [[Uchanjaji]] huzuia dhidi ya nimonia fulani za bakteria na za virusi kwa watoto na watu wazima. [[Chanjo ya influenza]] ni bora dhidi ya influenza A na B.<ref name=Lancet11/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Jefferson|first=T|coauthors=Di Pietrantonj, C, Rivetti, A, Bawazeer, GA, Al-Ansary, LA, Ferroni, E|title=Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=2010-07-07|issue=7|pages=CD001269|pmid=20614424|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001269.pub4|editor1-last=Jefferson|editor1-first=Tom}}</ref> [[Taasisi ya Udhibiti na Uzuiaji wa Magonjwa]] imependekeza uchanjaji wa kila mwaka kwa kila mtu aliye na umri wa miezi 6&nbsp; na zaidi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Seasonal Influenza (Flu)|url=http://www.cdc.gov/flu/|work=Center for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=29 June 2011}}</ref> Kuwapa wahudumu wa afya kingamaradhi hupunguza hatari ya nimonia ya virusi miongoni mwa wagonjwa wao.<ref name=IDSA2007>{{cite journal|last=Mandell|first=LA|coauthors=Wunderink, RG; Anzueto, A; Bartlett, JG; Campbell, GD; Dean, NC; Dowell, SF; File TM, Jr; Musher, DM; Niederman, MS; Torres, A; Whitney, CG; Infectious Diseases Society of, America; American Thoracic, Society|title=Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults|journal=Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America|date=1 March 2007 |volume=44 |issue=Suppl 2|pages=S27–72|pmid=17278083|doi=10.1086/511159}}</ref> Milipuko ya influenza inapotokea, dawa kama vile [[amantadine]] au[[rimantadine]] zinaweza kusaidia kuzuia ugonjwa huo.<ref name=jefferson>{{cite journal |author=Jefferson T | coauthors = Deeks JJ, Demicheli V, Rivetti D, Rudin M |title=Amantadine and rimantadine for preventing and treating influenza A in adults|journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |issue=3 |pages=CD001169 |year=2004 |pmid=15266442|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001169.pub2|editor1-last=Jefferson |editor1-first=Tom}}</ref> Haijulikani kama [[zanamivir]] au [[oseltamivir]] ni bora kwa sababu kampuni inayotengeneza oseltamivir imedinda kutoa data ya majaribio kwa uchanganuzi wa kibinafsi.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jefferson|first=T|coauthors=Jones, MA; Doshi, P; Del Mar, CB; Heneghan, CJ; Hama, R; Thompson, MJ|title=Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in healthy adults and children|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews |date=18 January 2012|volume=1|pages=CD008965|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008965.pub3|pmid=22258996|editor1-last=Jefferson|editor1-first=Tom}}</ref> Chanjo dhidi ya ''[[Hemofilasi influenzae]]'' na ''[[Streptokokasi nimoniae]]'' zina ushahidi dhabiti wa kuunga mkono matumizi yake.<ref name=PedNA09/> Kuwapa watoto chanjo dhidi ya ''streptokokasi numoniae'' kumepelekea kupungua kwa visa vya maambukizi haya kwa watu wazima kwa sababu wengi wao hupata maambukizi kutoka kwa watoto. [[Chanjo ya polisakaraidi ya numokokasi|Chanjo ya '' Streptokokasi nimoniae'']] ya watu wazima ipo na imeweza kupunguza hatari ya [[ugonjwa vamizi wa numokokasi]]. <ref>{{citejournal|last=Moberley|first=SA|coauthors=Holden, J, Tatham, DP, Andrews, RM|title=Vaccines for preventing pneumococcal infection in adults|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=2008-01-23|issue=1|pages=CD000422|pmid=18253977|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000422.pub2|editor1-last=Andrews|editor1-first=Ross M}}</ref> Chanjo zingine zinazokinga dhidi ya nimonia ni: [[Chanjo ya kifaduro|kifaduro]], [[chanjo ya tetekuwanga|tetekuwanga]], na [[chanjo ya ukambi|ukambi]].<ref name=CDCPrev2012/> === Nyingine === [[Kusitisha uvutaji wa sigara]]<ref name=BTS09/> na kupunguza [[uchafuzi wa hewa]] vyumbani, kama vile kupika kwa kuni vyumbani au[[mavi|samadi]], yote yamependekezwa.<ref name=Develop11/><ref name=WHOPrevent2012/> Uvutaji wa sigara unaonekana kuwa ndicho kisababishi kikuu cha nimonia ya numokokasi kwa watu wazima wenye afya. <ref name=IDSA2007/> Usafi wa mikono na kukohoa kwenye mkono wa nguo kunaweza pia kuwa njia bora ya uzuiaji.<ref name=CDCPrev2012/> Uvaaji wa [[barakoa za upasuaji]] kwa walio wagonjwa pia unaweza kuzuia maradhi.<ref name=IDSA2007/> Kutibu maradhi fiche (kama vile [[VVU/UKIMWI]], [[kisukari melitasi]], na [[utapiamlo]]) ipasavyo kunaweza kupunguza hatari ya nimonia.<ref name=WHOPrevent2012>{{cite web|title=Pneumonia (Fact sheet N°331)|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs331/en/|work=World Health Organization|date=August 2012}}</ref><ref name=CDCPrev2012>{{cite web|title=Pneumonia Can Be Prevented — Vaccines Can Help|url=http://www.cdc.gov/features/Pneumonia/|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=22 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Gray|first=DM|coauthors=Zar, HJ|title=Community-acquired pneumonia in HIV-infected children: a global perspective|journal=Current opinion in pulmonary medicine|date=May 2010|volume=16|issue=3|pages=208–16|pmid=20375782|doi=10.1097/MCP.0b013e3283387984}}</ref>Kwa watoto wa umri wa chini ya miezi 6&nbsp;kunyonya bila kupewa chakula kingine chochote hupunguza hatari na ukali wa ugonjwa.<ref name=WHOPrevent2012/> Kwa walio na VVU/UKIMWI na idadi ya CD4 chini ya seli 200 kwa kila uL, antibiotiki iitwayo [[trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole]] hupunguza hatari ya ''[[Nimonia ya numosisitisi]]''<ref>{{cite journal|last=Huang|first=L|coauthors=Cattamanchi, A; Davis, JL; den Boon, S; Kovacs, J; Meshnick, S; Miller, RF; Walzer, PD; Worodria, W; Masur, H; International HIV-associated Opportunistic Pneumonias (IHOP), Study; Lung HIV, Study|title=HIV-associated Pneumocystis pneumonia|journal=Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society|date=June 2011 |volume=8|issue=3|pages=294–300|pmid=21653531|doi=10.1513/pats.201009-062WR|pmc=3132788}}</ref>huenda ikawa ni ya kufaa kwa walio na kingamwili dhaifu lakini wasio na VVU.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Green H, Paul M, Vidal L, Leibovici L |title=Prophylaxis for Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in non-HIV immunocompromised patients|journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume= |issue=3 |pages=CD005590 |year=2007 |pmid=17636808|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005590.pub2 |url= |editor1-last=Green |editor1-first=Hefziba}}</ref> Kuwachunguza wanawake wajawazito kwa [[Streptokokasi ya kundi B]] na ''[[Klamidia trakomatisi]]'', na kutoa matibabu kwa [[antibiotiki]], ikihitajika, hupunguza viwango vya nimonia kwa watoto wachanga;<ref>{{cite journal|last=Taminato|first=M|coauthors=Fram, D; Torloni, MR; Belasco, AG; Saconato, H; Barbosa, DA|title=Screening for group B Streptococcus in pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Revista latino-americana de enfermagem|date=November–December 2011|volume=19|issue=6|pages=1470–8|pmid=22249684}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Darville|first=T|title=Chlamydia trachomatis infections in neonates and young children|journal=Seminars in pediatric infectious diseases|date=October 2005|volume=16|issue=4|pages=235–44|pmid=16210104|doi=10.1053/j.spid.2005.06.004}}</ref> mbinu za kuzuia maambukizi ya VVU kutoka kwa mama hadi kwa mtoto huenda zikafaa pia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Global Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Pneumonia (GAPP)|year=2009|publisher=World Health Organization|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2009/WHO_FCH_CAH_NCH_09.04_eng.pdf|access-date=2013-11-28|archive-date=2013-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017001256/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2009/WHO_FCH_CAH_NCH_09.04_eng.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>Efusheni ya mdomo na koo la watoto wachanga waliochafuliwa kwa [[kiowevu cha amnioni]] chenye [[mekoniamu]] haijaweza kupunguza kiwango cha [[nimonia ya aspiresheni]] na huenda ikasababisha madhara,<ref name=Rog2009>{{cite journal|last=Roggensack|first=A|coauthors=Jefferies, AL; Farine, D; Basso, M; Delisle, MF; Hudon, L; Mundle, WR; Murphy-Kaulbeck, LC; Ouellet, A; Pressey, T|title=Management of meconium at birth|journal=Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC|date=April 2009 |volume=31|issue=4|pages=353–4, 355–7|pmid=19497156}}</ref> hivyo basi, tendo hili halipendekezwi katika hali nyingi.<ref name=Rog2009/> Kwa wazee wadhaifu, huduma nzuri ya afya ya mdomoni inaweza kupunguza hatari ya nimonia ya aspiresheni.<ref>{{cite journal|last=van der Maarel-Wierink|first=CD|coauthors=Vanobbergen, JN; Bronkhorst, EM; Schols, JM; de Baat, C|title=Oral health care and aspiration pneumonia in frail older people: a systematic literature review|journal=Gerodontology|date=6 March 2012|pmid=22390255|doi=10.1111/j.1741-2358.2012.00637.x|pages=no}}</ref> == Udhibiti == {|class="wikitable" align="right" |- !colspan=2| CURB-65 |- ! Symptom!! Points |- | '''C'''onfusion ||<center>1</center> |- | '''U'''rea>7&nbsp; mmol/l ||<center>1</center> |- | '''R'''espiratory rate>30 ||<center>1</center> |- | [[Shinikizo la damu|S'''B'''P]] <90mmHg, D'''B'''P<60mmHg||<center>1</center> |- | Age>='''65''' ||<center>1</center> |- |} Kwa kawaida, antibiotiki za mdomoni, kupumzika, dawa za [[analijesiki]], na viowevu ni bora kwa afueni kamili.<ref name=BTS09/> Hata hivyo, walio na matatizo mengine ya kiafya, wazee au walio na tatizo kubwa la kupumua wanaweza kuhitaji utunzaji wa hali ya juu. Ikiwa dalili zitaendelea kuzorota, nimonia hiyo haiwezi kuisha kwa matibabu ya nyumbani, au matatizo yatokee, huenda kulazwa hospitalini kukahitajika.<ref name=BTS09/> Kote ulimwengumi, takriban asilimia 7-13 ya visa kwa watoto hupelekea kulazwa hospitalini<ref name=Develop11/>ilhali katika nchi zilizostawi, kati ya asilimia 22 na 42 ya watu wazima walio na nimonia waliyopata katika jamii hulazwa.<ref name=BTS09/> Matokeo ya [[CURB-65]] ni muhimu kwa kuamua hitaji la kulazwa kwa watu wazima.<ref name=BTS09/> Ikiwa matokeo ni 0 au 1 watu wanaweza kudhibitiwa nyumbani kikamilifu, yakiwa 2, kulazwa hospitalini kwa muda mfupi au utunzaji zaidi wa kufuatilia wa karibu unahitajika. Yakiwa 3-5, kulazwa hospitalini kunapendekezwa.<ref name=BTS09/> Kwa watoto walio na [[Disnia|tatizo la kupumua]] au kiwango cha oksijeni chini ya asilimia 90 wanafaa kulazwa hospitalini.<ref name=PIDS11>{{cite journal|last=Bradley|first=JS|coauthors=Byington, CL, Shah, SS, Alverson, B, Carter, ER, Harrison, C, Kaplan, SL, Mace, SE, McCracken GH, Jr, Moore, MR, St Peter, SD, Stockwell, JA, Swanson, JT|title=The Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Infants and Children Older Than 3 Months of Age: Miongozo ya Mazoezi ya Kimatibabu yaliyotolewa na Chama cha Magonjwa ya Watoto Ambukizi na Chama cha Magonjwa Ambukizi cha Marekani|journal=Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America|date=2011-08-31|pmid =21880587|volume= 53|issue= 7|pages= e25–76|doi=10.1093/cid/cir531}}</ref> Manufaa ya [[fiziotherapi ya kifua]] kwa nimonia bado hayajabainishwa. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Yang|first=M|coauthors=Yuping, Y, Yin, X, Wang, BY, Wu, T, Liu, GJ, Dong, BR|title=Chest physiotherapy for pneumonia in adults|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews |date=2010-02-17|issue= 2|pages=CD006338|pmid=20166082|doi= 10.1002/14651858.CD006338.pub2 |editor1-last=Dong|editor1-first=Bi Rong}}</ref>[[Uingizaji hewa kwa mashine|Uingizaji hewa kwa barakoa]] huenda ukawanufaisha waliolazwa kwenye [[kitengo cha wagonjwa mahututi]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Zhang|first=Y|coauthors=Fang, C; Dong, BR; Wu, T; Deng, JL|title=Oxygen therapy for pneumonia in adults|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews |date=14 March 2012|volume=3|pages=CD006607|pmid=22419316|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006607.pub4|editor1-last=Dong|editor1-first=Bi Rong}}</ref>[[Dawa ya kikohozi]] ya kununuliwa madukani haijaweza kusaidiaref <ref name=Chang2012>{{cite journal |author=Chang CC, Cheng AC, Chang AB |title=Over-the-counter (OTC) medications to reduce cough as an adjunct to antibiotics for acute pneumonia in children and adults |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=2 |issue= |pages=CD006088 |year=2012 |pmid=22336815|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006088.pub3 |editor1-last=Chang |editor1-first=Christina C}}</ref> wala matumizi ya [[zinki]] kwa watoto.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Haider|first=BA|coauthors=Lassi, ZS; Ahmed, A; Bhutta, ZA|title=Zinc supplementation as an adjunct to antibiotics in the treatment of pneumonia in children 2 to 59 months of age|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews |date=5 October 2011|issue=10|pages=CD007368|pmid=21975768|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007368.pub2|editor1-last=Bhutta|editor1-first=Zulfiqar A}}</ref>Hakuna ushahidi wa kutosha wa [[mukolitiki]].<ref name=Chang2012/> === Ya bakteria === [[Antibiotiki]] huboresha matokeo kwa walio na nimonia ya bakteria.<ref name=CochraneTx10/> Aina ya antibiotiki mwanzoni hutegemea hali ya mtu aliyeathiriwa, kama vile umri, afya yake wakati huo, na eneo ambapo maambukizi yalipatikana. Nchini Uingereza [[Tiba ya jarabati|matibabu ya jarabati]] pamoja na [[amoxicillin]] yamependekezwa kama awamu ya kwanza ya [[nimonia inayoambukiza katika jamii]], pamoja na [[doxycycline]] au [[clarithromycin]] kama aina mbadala.<ref name=BTS09/> [[Kaskazini mwa Marekani]], ambapo aina mahususi za nimonia inayoambukiza katika jamii hutokea sana, [[macrolide]] (kama vile [[azithromycin]] au[[erythromycin]]), na doxycycline zimechukua mahali pa amoxicillin kama awamu ya kwanza ya matibabu kwa watu wazima wasiolazwa hospitalini.<ref name=EOP10/><ref name=Lutfiyya>{{cite journal |author=Lutfiyya MN | coauthors = Henley E, Chang LF, Reyburn SW |title=Diagnosis and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=442–50 |year=2006|month=February |pmid=16477891 |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/0201/p442.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref> Kwa watoto walio na dalili ndogo au kiasi, amoxicillin husalia katika awamu ya kwanza.<ref name=PIDS11/> Matumizi ya [[fluoroquinolones]] katika visa visivyo tata yamewekewa vikwazo kwa sababu ya madhara yake na kusababisha upinzani kwa mujibu wa kutokuwa kwao na faida kubwa ya kimatibabu.<ref name=EOP10/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Eliakim-Raz|first=N|coauthors=Robenshtok, E; Shefet, D; Gafter-Gvili, A; Vidal, L; Paul, M; Leibovici, L|title=Empiric antibiotic coverage of atypical pathogens for community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized adults|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews |date=12 September 2012|volume=9|pages=CD004418|pmid=22972070|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004418.pub4|editor1-last=Eliakim-Raz|editor1-first=Noa}}</ref>Muda wa matibabu kikawaida umekuwa siku saba hadi kumi, lakini ushaidi unaoongezeka unaonyesha kuwa yale ya muda mfupi (siku tatu hadi tano) vile vile ni bora.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Scalera NM | coauthors = File TM |title=How long should we treat community-acquired pneumonia? |journal=Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=177–81 |year=2007|month=April |pmid= 17496577|doi= 10.1097/QCO.0b013e3280555072}}</ref> Iliyopendekezwa kwa [[nimonia inayoambukiza hospitalini]] ni awamu ya tatu na ya nne ya [[cephalosporins]], [[carbapenem]], [[fluoroquinolones]], [[aminoglycosides]], na[[vancomycin]].<ref name=HAPGuideline>{{cite journal |author=[[American Thoracic Society]]; [[Infectious Diseases Society of America]] |title=Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-respiratory-critical-care-medicine_2005-02-15_171_4/page/388 |journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med |volume=171 |issue=4 |pages=388–416 |year=2005|month=February |pmid=15699079 |doi=10.1164/rccm.200405-644ST}}</ref>Mara kwa mara antibiotiki hizi hupewa [[kitiba ndani ya mshipa|ndani ya mshipa]] na kutumiwa kwa mchanganyiko.<ref name=HAPGuideline/>kwa wale wanaotibiwa hospitalini, zaidi ya asilimia 90 hupata nafuu baada ya antibiotiki za kwanza.<ref name=M32/> === ya virusi === [[Vizuia nuraminidesi]] vinaweza kutumiwa kutibu [[nimonia ya virusi]] inayosababishwa na virusi vya influenza ([[influenza A]] na[[influenza B]]).<ref name=Lancet11/> Hakuna tiba za [[dawa inayodhibiti virusi|kinzavirusi]] maalum zinazopendekezwa kwa aina zingine za nimonia za virusi zinazoambukiza katika jamii vikiwemo [[SARS|virusi vya korona vya SARs]], [[virusi vya adeno]], [[virusi vya hanta]], na [[virusi vya parainfluenza]].<ref name=Lancet11/> Influenza A inaweza kutibiwa kwa [[rimantadine]] au [[amantadine]], ilhali influenza A au B inaweza kutibiwa kwa [[oseltamivir]], [[zanamivir]] au [[peramivir]].<ref name=Lancet11/>Dawa hizi zina matokeo bora zikianzishwa katika saa 48 za kuanza kwa dalili.<ref name=Lancet11/> Aina nyingi za influenza A ya [[H5N1]], ambayo pia hujulikana kama [[homa ya ndege]] zimeonyesha ukinzani kwa rimantadine na amantadine.<ref name=Lancet11/> Matumizi ya antibiotiki kwa nimonia ya virusi yanapendekezwa na baadhi ya wataalam kwa kuwa ni vigumu kufutilia mbali maambukizi yanayotatiza ya bakteria<ref name=Lancet11/> [[Shirika la Kifua la Uingereza]] linapendekeza kuwa antibiotiki zisitumiwe kwa ugonjwa usio mkali.<ref name=Lancet11/> Matumizi ya [[kotikosteroidi]] yana utata.<ref name=Lancet11/> === Aspiresheni === Kwa ujumla, [[numonitisi ya kemikali|numonitisi ya aspiresheni]] hutibiwa kwa kiasi kwa antibiotiki za [[nimonia ya aspiresheni]] tu.<ref name=PA2011>{{cite journal|last=Marik|first=PE|title=Pulmonary aspiration syndromes|journal=Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine|date=May 2011|volume=17|issue=3|pages=148–54|pmid=21311332|doi=10.1097/MCP.0b013e32834397d6}}</ref> Aina ya antibiotiki itakayotumiwa itategemea mambo kadhaa, yakiwemo kimelea kinachodhaniwa kusababisha na iwapo nimonia iliambukiza kwenye jamii au katika mazingira ya hospitali. Aina zinazotumika sana ni [[clindamycin]], mchanganyiko wa [[beta-lactam]] na[[metronidazole]], au [[aminoglycoside]].<ref name=OConnor>{{cite journal |author=O'Connor S |title=Aspiration pneumonia and pneumonitis |journal=Australian Prescriber |volume=26 |issue=1 |year=2003 |pages=14–7 |url=http://www.australianprescriber.com/magazine/26/1/14/7 |access-date=2013-11-28 |archive-date=2009-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709074607/http://www.australianprescriber.com/magazine/26/1/14/7/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Kotikosteroidi]] hutumika wakati mwingine kwa nimonia ya aspiresheni, lakini kuna ushahidi mdogo wa kuthibitisha ubora wazo.<ref name=PA2011/> == Prognosi == Kwa matibabu, aina nyingi za nimonia ya bakteria zitadhibitiwa katika siku 3-6&nbsp;.<ref name=Behera2010>{{cite book|last=Behera|first=D.|title=Textbook of pulmonary medicine|year=2010|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub.|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788184487497|pages=296–297|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=0TbJjd9eTp0C&pg=PA296|edition=2nd}}</ref>Huchukua majuma machache kabla ya dalili nyingi kuisha. <ref name=Behera2010/> Matokeo ya eksirei huonyesha kuisha kabisa katika majuma manne na kiwango cha vifo kupungua (chini ya asilimia 1).<ref name=Clinic2011/><ref name=C6/> Kwa wazee au watu walio na matatizo mengine ya mapafu, kupona kunaweza kuchukua zaidi ya majuma 12&nbsp;.<!-- <ref name=Clinic2011/> --> Kwa watu wanaohitaji kulazwa hospitalini, kiwango cha vifo kinaweza kuwa juu hadi kama asilimia 10 na kwa wale wanaohitaji uangalizi makini, kinaweza kufika asilimia 30-50.<ref name=Clinic2011/> Nimonia ndiyo [[maambukizi ya hospitalini|maambukizi yanayopatikana hospitalini]] yanayotokea sana yanayosababisha kifo.<ref name=M32>Murray and Nadel (2010). Chapter 32.</ref> Kabla ya majilio ya antibiotiki, kiwango cha vifo kilikuwa asilimia 30 kwa waliolazwa hospitalini.<ref name=EBMED05/> Matatizo yanaweza kutokea hususan kwa wazee na walio na matatizo mengine ya kiafya.<ref name=C6/> Haya yanaweza kuwa haya miongoni mwa mengine: [[empiema]], [[usaha kwenye mapafu]], [[kuvimba na kuziba kwa bronkioli]], [[sindromu ya matatizo makali ya upumuaji]], [[sepsisi]], na kuzorota kwa matatizo mengine ya kiafya.<ref name=C6>Cunha (2010). Pages6-18.</ref> === Kanuni za utabiri wa kiafya === Kanuni za utabiri wa kiafya zimewekwa ili kutabiri kwa usahihi zaidi matokeo katika nimonia.<ref name=M32/> Kanuni hizi hutumika katika kuamua iwapo mtu huyo atalazwa hospitalini au la.<ref name=M32/>kutabiri * [[Kielelezo cha ukali wa nimonia]] (au ''alama ya PSI '')<ref name=M32/> * Alama ya [[CURB-65]], inayozingatia ukali wa dalili, magonjwa mengine yoyote <ref>{{cite journal|last=Rello|first=J|title=Demographics, guidelines, and clinical experience in severe community-acquired pneumonia.|journal=Critical care (London, England)|year=2008|volume=12 Suppl 6|pages=S2|pmid=19105795}}</ref> === Efusheni ya plura, empiema, na jipu=== [[File:Pleural effusion.jpg|thumb|alt=Eksirei inayoonyesha kifua kilicholazwa kwa mlalo. Eneo jeusi upande wa chini ambalo ndilo pafu la kulia ni dogo na eneo jeupe chini yake la efusheni ya mapafu. Kuna mishale miekundu inayoonyesha ukubwa wazo. [[efusheni ya plura]]: inavyoonekana kwenye eksirei ya kifua. Mshale A unaonyesha kiasi cha kiowevu katika upande wa kulia wa kifua. Mshale B unaonyesha upana wa pafu la kulia. Ukubwa wa pafu ni mdogo kwa sababu ya kujikusanya kwa kiowevu kwenye pafu.]] Katika nimonia [[efusheni ya plura|kujikusanya kwa kiowevu]] inaweza kutokea kwenye [[kaviti ya plura|nafasi inayozingira pafu]].<ref name=Yu2011>{{cite journal|last=Yu|first=H|title=Management of pleural effusion, empyema, and lung abscess.|journal=Seminars in interventional radiology|date=2011 Mar|volume=28|issue=1|pages=75–86|pmid=22379278}}</ref> Wakati mwingine, vimelea vitaambukiza kiowevu hiki na kusababisha [[empiema ya plura|empiema]].<ref name=Yu2011/> Ili kutofautisha empiema na [[efusheni ya paranimonia]], kiowevu hicho kinaweza kuchukuliwa kwa sindano ([[thorasentesisi]]), na kuchunguzwa.<ref name=Yu2011/> Ikithibitishwa kuwa kuna empiema, ufyonzaji kikamilifu wa kiowevu ni muhimu, mara nyingi kwa [[tyubu ya kifua|katheta ya ufyonzaji]].<ref name=Yu2011/> katika visa vikali vya empiema huenda [[uponoaji koteksi |upasuaji]] ukahitajika.<ref name=Yu2011/> Kiowevu chenye maabukizi kisipofyonzwa, maambukizi yanaweza kukithiri kwa sababu antibiotiki hazipenyi vizuri kwenye kaviti ya plura. Ikiwa kiowevu hakina maambukizi, kinahitaji kufyonzwa ikiwa kinasababisha dalili au kinabaki kilivyo tu.<ref name=Yu2011/> Kwa hali nadra sana, bakteria kwenye pafu zitatengeneza kibonge cha kiowevu chenye maambukizi kiitwacho [[jipu la pafu]].<ref name=Yu2011/> Jipu kwenye pafu huonekana kwa eksirei ya kifua lakini mara kwa mara huitaji uchunguzi wa kielektroniki wa CT ya kifua ili kuthibitisha utambuzi.<ref name=Yu2011/>Kwa kawaida jipu hutokea katika [[nimonia ya aspiresheni]], na mara kwa mara huwa na aina nyingi tofauti za bakteria. Antibiotiki za muda mrefu hufaa mara nyingi kwa kutibu jipu la pafuni, lakini wakati mwingine ni lazima jipu hilo lifyonzwe kwa [[upasuaji|mpasuaji]] au[[Utatuzi wa kiradiolojia|mrediolojia]].<ref name=Yu2011/> === Matatizo ya upumuaji na mzunguko wa damu === Nimonia inaweza kusababisha matatizo ya upumuaji kwa kuchochea [[sindromu ya matatizo makali ya upumuaji]], inayotokana na mchanganyiko wa maambukizi na inflamesheni<!-- <ref name=M31/> -->Mapafu hujaa kiowevu kwa haraka na kushupaa.<!-- <ref name=M31/> --> Kushupaa huku pamoja na ugumu mkubwa wa kuchukua oksijeni kutokana na kiowevu cha tundu la mapafu kunaweza kuhitaji vipindi virefu vya [[uingizaji hewa kwa mitambo]] ili kuongoka.<ref name=M31/> [[Sepsisi]] ni tatizo linaloweza kutokea katika nimonia lakini hutokea tu kwa watu walio na kingamwili dhaifu au[[kiwango cha chini cha splenizimu]].<!-- <ref name=C250/> --> Vimelea vinavyohusika sana ni ''Streptokokasi numoniae'', ''Haemofilasi influenzae'' na '' Klebsiela Numoniae''.<!-- <ref name=C250/> --> Visababishi vingine vya dalili vinavyopaswa kuzingatiwa ni kama [[infakti ya miokadia]] au [[kuziba kwa ateri za mapafu]].<ref name=C250>Cunha (2010). Pages 250-251.</ref> == Epidemiolojia == [[Image:Lower respiratory infections world map - DALY - WHO2004.svg|thumb|225px|alt=A map of the world with a far bit of dark-red in Africa, orange colors in parts of Asia and South America, and yellow in Europe and North America|[[Age adjustment|Age-standardized]] death rate: [[lower respiratory tract infection]]s per 100,000&nbsp;inhabitants in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_country/en/index.html |title=WHO Disease and injury country estimates |year=2004 |publisher = [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |accessdate=11 November 2009}}</ref> {{Multicol}} {{legend|#b3b3b3|no data}} {{legend|#ffff65|<100}} {{legend|#fff200|100–700}} {{legend|#ffdc00|700–1400}} {{legend|#ffc600|1400–2100}} {{legend|#ffb000|2100–2800}} {{legend|#ff9a00|2800–3500}} {{Multicol-break}} {{legend|#ff8400|3500–4200}} {{legend|#ff6e00|4200–4900}} {{legend|#ff5800|4900–5600}} {{legend|#ff4200|5600–6300}} {{legend|#ff2c00|6300–7000}} {{legend|#cb0000|>7000}} {{Multicol-end}}]] Nimonia ni maradhi yanayotokea sana yanayoathiri takriban milioni 450&nbsp; za watu kwa mwaka na yanayotokea katika kila sehemu ya dunia.<ref name=Lancet11>{{cite journal|last=Ruuskanen|first=O|coauthors=Lahti, E, Jennings, LC, Murdoch, DR|title=Viral pneumonia|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_april-9-15-2011_377_9773/page/1264|journal=Lancet|date=2011-04-09|volume=377|issue=9773|pages=1264–75|pmid=21435708|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61459-6}}</ref>Ni kisababishi kikubwa cha vifo katika kila rika ambapo husababisha milioni 4&nbsp; (asilimia saba ya vifo vyote duniani) kila mwaka.<ref name=Lancet11/><ref name=CochraneTx10/> Viwango ni vya juu zaidi kwa watoto chini ya miaka mitano na watu wazima walio na umri wa zaidi ya miaka 75&nbsp;.<ref name=Lancet11/> Hutokea takriban mara tano zaidi katika [[ulimwengu unaostawi]] kuliko katika[[ulimwengu uliostawi]].<ref name=Lancet11/> Nimonia ya virusi huchangia takriban visa milioni 200&nbsp;.<ref name=Lancet11/> Nchini Marekani, katika mwaka wa 2009, nimonia ilikuwa ^kisababishi cha 8 kati ya visababishi vinavyoongoza vya vifo.<ref name=Clinic2011>{{cite journal|last=Nair|first=GB|coauthors=Niederman, MS|title=Community-acquired pneumonia: an unfinished battle|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_medical-clinics-of-north-america_2011-11_95_6/page/1143|journal=The Medical clinics of North America|date=November 2011|volume=95|issue=6|pages=1143–61|pmid=22032432|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2011.08.007}}</ref> === Watoto === Katika mwaka wa 2008, nimonia ilitokea katika takriban watoto milioni 156&nbsp; (milioni 151&nbsp; katika ulimwengu unaostawi na milioni 5&nbsp; katika ulimwengu uliostawi).<ref name=Lancet11/> Ilisababisha vifo milioni 1.6 &nbsp; au asilimia 28-34 ya vifo vya waliokuwa chini ya miaka mitano, ambapo asilimia 95 vilitokea katika ulimwengu unaostawi.<ref name=Lancet11/><ref name=Develop11>{{cite journal|last=Singh|first=V|coauthors=Aneja, S|title=Pneumonia — management in the developing world|journal=Paediatric respiratory reviews|date=March 2011 |volume=12|issue=1|pages=52–9|pmid=21172676|doi=10.1016/j.prrv.2010.09.011}}</ref>Nchi zilizoathiriwa pakubwa na ugonjwa huu ni: India (milioni 43&nbsp;), Uchina (milioni 21&nbsp;) na Pakistan (milioni 10&nbsp;).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rudan|first=I|coauthors=Boschi-Pinto, C, Biloglav, Z, Mulholland, K, Campbell, H|title=Epidemiology and etiology of childhood pneumonia|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|date=May 2008|volume=86|issue=5|pages=408–16|pmid=18545744|doi=10.2471/BLT.07.048769|pmc=2647437}}</ref> Ndicho kisababishi kikuu cha vifo vya watoto katika [[nchi zenye mapato ya chini]].<ref name=Lancet11/><ref name=CochraneTx10>{{cite journal |author=Kabra SK |coauthors = Lodha R, Pandey RM |title=Antibiotics for community-acquired pneumonia in children |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=3 |issue= 3|pages=CD004874 |year=2010 |pmid=20238334 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004874.pub3 |editor1-last=Kabra|editor1-first=Sushil K }}</ref>Vingi vya vifo hivi hutokea katika kipindi cha [[mara tu baada ya kuzaliwa|uchanga]]. [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] linakadiria kuwa kimoja kati ya vifo vitatu vya watoto wachanga hutokana na nimonia.<ref name=garenne>{{cite journal|author=Garenne M | coauthors = Ronsmans C, Campbell H |title=The magnitude of mortality from acute respiratory infections in children under 5 years in developing countries |journal=World Health Stat Q |volume=45 |issue=2–3 |pages=180–91 |year=1992|pmid=1462653 }}</ref> Takriban nusu ya vifo hivi vinaweza kuzuiliwa kinadharia, kwa sababu husababishwa na bakteria ambayo chanjo yake thabiti ipo.<ref>{{cite journal |author=WHO |title=Pneumococcal vaccines. WHO position paper|journal=Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. |volume=74 |issue=23 |pages=177–83 |year=1999 |pmid=10437429 }}</ref> == Historia == [[Image:WPA Pneumonia Poster.jpg|thumb|alt=Bango lililo na papa katikati na lenye maandishi "Nimonia Hushambulia Kama Papa Mla Watu Akiongozwa na Samaki Rubani wake ambaye ni Mafua"|kushoto| bango la [[Utawala wa Maendeleo ya Kazi|UMK]], 1936/1937]] Nimonia imekuwa ungonjwa wa kawaida katika historia ya binadamu.<ref name=History03>{{cite book|last=al.]|first=Ralph D. Feigin ... [et|title=Textbook of pediatric infectious diseases|year=2003|publisher=W. B. Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7216-9329-3|page=299|edition=5th|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=G6k0tpPMRsIC&pg=PA299}}</ref> Dalili zilielezwa na [[Hippocrates]] (c. 460 BC – 370 BC):<ref name=History03/>"Kwa hivyo athari za perinimonia na kuvimba kwa plura zinapaswa kuchunguzwa: Ikiwa kiwango cha juu cha joto ni kikali, na ikiwa kuna maumivu kwa mojawapo ya pande au pande zote, na ikiwa kuna kikohozi akipumua nje, na sputa ya inayotolewa ni ya rangi ya kimanjano au samawati au vile vile iwe nyepesi, yenye povu na yenye rangi nyingi, au kuwa na sifa nyingine yoyote tofauti na za kawaida... Nimonia inapofikia upeo wake, hali hiyo huwa imezidi utatuzi asipotibiwa na ni mbaya akiwa na disnia na mkojo mwepesi na wenye harufu kali, na jasho likitoka shingoni na kichwani, kwani jasho kama hili ni baya, inavyotokana na ukosefu wa hewa, miparuzo na ukali wa ugonjwa unaokithiri".<ref name=hippo>Hippocrates ''On Acute Diseases'' [[s:On Regimen in Acute Diseases|wikisource link]]</ref> Hata hivyo, Hippocrates aliita nimonia ugonjwa "uliopewa jina na watu wa kale". Pia aliripoti matokeo ya efusheni ya ufyonzaji wa empiema. [[Maimonides]] (1135–1204 AD) alitoa wazo: "Dalili za kimsingi zinazotokea katika nimonia na zisizo na upungufu ni kama zifuatazo: kiwango cha juu cha joto kisicho kikali, maumivu ya mchomo [[ya plura]] kwenye upande, pumzi fupi za haraka, [[mpwito wa ateri]] usio wa kawaida na kikohozi".<ref name=maimo>Maimonides, ''Fusul Musa'' ("''Pirkei Moshe''").</ref> Maelezo haya ya kiafya yanafanana na yale yaliyo katika vitabu vya kiada vya kisasa na yaliangazia ukubwa wa maarifa ya kitabibu kupitia[[Enzi za kati]] hadi katika karne ^ya 19. [[Edwin Klebs]] ndiye aliyekuwa wa kwanza kuchunguza na kuona bakteria kwenye njia za hewa za watu waliofariki kutokana na nimonia katika mwaka wa 1875.<ref name=klebs>{{cite journal |author=Klebs E |title=Beiträge zur Kenntniss der pathogenen Schistomyceten. VII Die Monadinen|journal=Arch. Exptl. Pathol. Parmakol. |volume=4 |issue=5/6 |pages=40–488 |date=1875-12-10}}</ref> Utafiti wa kwanza uliotambua visababishi viwili vikuu vya nimonia ya bakteria''Streptokokasi numoniae'' na ''Klebsiela numoniae '' ulifanywa na [[Carl Friedländer]]<ref name=fried>{{cite journal |author=Friedländer C |title=Über die Schizomyceten bei der acuten fibrösen Pneumonie |journal=Virchow's Arch pathol. Anat. U. Physiol. |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=319–324 |date=1882-02-04|doi=10.1007/BF01880516}}</ref> na [[Albert Fränkel (1848-1916)|Albert Fränkel]]<ref name=fraenkel>{{cite journal|author=Fraenkel A |title=Über die genuine Pneumonie, Verhandlungen des Congress für innere Medicin |journal=Dritter Congress|volume=3 |pages=17–31 |date=1884-04-21}}</ref> katika mwaka wa 1882 na 1884 mtawalia. Utafiti wa kwanza wa Friedländer ulitanguliza [[upakaji wa gram|Doa la gram]], uchunguzi wa kimsingi wa maabarani ambao bado unatumiwa kutambua na kuainisha bakteria. Makala ya [[Christian Gram]] yaliyoeleza utaratibu huu katika mwaka wa 1884 yalisaidia kutofautisha hizo bakteria mbili na kudhibitisha kuwa nimonia inaweza kusababishwa na zaidi ya kimelea kimoja.<ref name=gram>{{cite journal |author=Gram C |title=Über die isolierte Färbung der Schizomyceten in Schnitt- und Trocken-präparaten |journal=Fortschr. Med |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=185–9|date=1884-03-15}}</ref>+/` 3 [[William Osler]], anayejulikana kama, "baba wa uganga wa kisasa", alitambua vifo na ulemavu unaosababishwa na nimonia huku akiieleza kama "nahodha wa visababishi vya vifo" katika mwaka wa 1918 kwa sababu ilikuwa imezidi [[kifua kikuu]] kama mojawapo ya visababishi vikuu vya vifo wakati huo. Msemo huu ulianzishwa na [[John Bunyan]] akirejelea "uharibifu" (kifua kikuu)<ref>{{cite book|last=al.]|first=edited by J.F. Tomashefski, Jr ... [et|title=Dail and Hammar's pulmonary pathology.|year=2008|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-0-387-98395-0|page=228|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=j-eYLc1BA3oC&pg=PA228|edition=3rd}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=William Osler, Thomas McCrae |title=The principles and practice of medicine: designed for the use of practitioners and students of medicine |publisher=D. Appleton |year=1920 |page=78|edition=9th |quote=[http://books.google.com/books?lr=&id=JLTgoEc9QOAC&q=Captain+of+the+Men+of+Death&pgis=1#search_anchor One of the most widespread and fatal of all acute diseases, pneumonia has become the "Captain of the Men of Death," to use the phrase applied by John Bunyan to consumption.]}}</ref> Osler pia alieleza nimonia kama "rafiki ya mzee" kwa sababu mara nyingi kifo kilikuwa cha haraka na kisicho na maumivu kulipokuwa na njia nyingi za kufa polepole zenye maumivu.<ref name=EBMED05>{{cite journal|last=Ebby|first=Orin|title=Community-Acquired Pneumonia: From Common Pathogens To Emerging Resistance|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|year=2005|month=Dec|volume=7|issue=12|url=https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=118}}</ref> Uvumbuzi zaidi katika miaka ya 1900 uliboresha matokeo kwa waliokuwa na nimonia. Kwa majilio ya [[penicillin]] na antibiotiki zingine, mbinu za kisasa za upasuaji, na uangalizi makini wa wagonjwa katika karne<sup>ya</sup> 20, vifo vitokanavyo na nimonia vilivyokuwa vimefika asilimia 30 vilipungua sana katika ulimwengu uliostawi. Uchanjaji wa watoto wachanga dhidi ya ''[[Haemofilasi influenzae]]'' B ulianza katika mwaka wa 1988 na kusababisha kupungua pakubwa kwa visa baadaye.<ref name=adams>{{cite journal |author=Adams WG| coauthors = Deaver KA, Cochi SL, ''et al.'' |title=Decline of childhood Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) disease in the Hib vaccine era |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_1993-01-13_269_2/page/6|journal=JAMA |volume=269 |issue=2 |pages=221–6 |year=1993 |month=January |pmid=8417239|doi=10.1001/jama.269.2.221}}</ref> Uchanjaji dhidi ya ''Streptokokasi numoniae'' kwa watu wazima ulianza katika mwaka wa 1977 na kwa watoto katika mwaka wa 2000, na kusababisha kupungua sawa.''<ref name=whit>{{cite journal |author=Whitney CG | coauthors = Farley MM, Hadler J,''et al.'' |title=Decline in invasive pneumococcal disease after the introduction of protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2003-05-01_348_18/page/n41 |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=348 |issue=18 |pages=1737–46 |year=2003 |month=May |pmid=12724479 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa022823}}</ref> == Jamii na Utamaduni == Kutokana na ongezeko la ugonjwa katika nchi zinazostawi na kiwango cha chini cha uhamasishaji mdogo kuhusu ugonjwa huo katika nchi zilizostawi, jamii ya afya ya kimataifa imetenga tarehe <sup>12</sup>Novemba kuwa [[Siku ya Nimonia Ulimwenguni]], siku ambapo wananchi wanaojali na watunga sera huchukua hatua dhidi ya ugonjwa huo.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Pneumonia Day Official Website|url=http://worldpneumoniaday.org/|work=World Pneumonia Day Official Website|publisher=Fiinex|accessdate=13 August 2011|archivedate=2011-09-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902154617/http://worldpneumoniaday.org/}}</ref> Gharama ya kiuchumi ulimwenguni ya nimonia inayoambukiza kutoka kwa jamii imekadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 17&nbsp;.<ref name=Clinic2011/> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist|2}} == Marejeo == * {{cite book|first=John F. Murray|title=Murray and Nadel's textbook of respiratory medicine.|url=https://archive.org/details/murraynadelstext0002unse|year=2010|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=1416047107|edition=5th}} *{{cite book|last=Cunha|first=edited by Burke A.|title=Pneumonia essentials|year=2010|publisher=Physicians' Press|location=Sudbury, MA|isbn=0763772208|edition=3rd ed.|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=VVgmFAbnrUgC&printsec=frontcover}} ==Viungo vya nje== * {{dmoz|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Respiratory_Disorders/Pneumonia/}} [[jamii:maradhi ya kuambukiza]] [[Jamii:magonjwa ya bakteria]] [[jamii:mapafu]] c8m5kjiern9gqkcnu82jpp1k5ye4qrl 0 70845 1598998 1577375 2026-09-23T02:55:53Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598998 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Usama Mukwaya 02.jpg|thumb|Usama Mukwaya]] '''Usama "Osam" Mukwaya Nyanzi''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[12 Desemba]], [[1989]]) ni mkurugenzi, mtayarishaji, mwigizaji wa [[filamu]] kutoka [[Uganda]]. Mafanikio yake katika kazi ya filamu yalikuja na filamu fupi Hello iliyoshinda [[tuzo]] bora kabisa ya filamu katika tuzo za Wanafunzi wa MNFPAC za mwaka 2010. Dokezo lake la mwongozo lilikuwa Upendo, iliyotolewa mnamo [[Januari]] [[2018]]. Filamu zake nyingine kuu ni pamoja na Bala Bala Sese, iliyoongozwa na Lukyamuzi Bashir; Mukwaya anadaiwa kuwa mwandishi na mtengenezaji wa filamu hiyo. Filamu hiyo iliteuliwa na tuzo za Africa Movie Academy za Filamu Bora kwa [[lugha]] ya Kiafrika. Kufikia [[Novemba]] 2018, kwa sasa anahudumu kama afisa mkuu wa yaliyomo ya Stream Afrique. <ref name="observer">{{cite web |last=Kamukama |first=Polly |url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18171:mukwaya-the-self-made-filmmaker&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 |title=The Observer - Mukwaya, the self made filmmaker |publisher=Observer.ug |date=2012-04-12 |accessdate=2012-10-31 |archivedate=2014-10-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013211820/http://www.observer.ug/index.php/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18171%3Amukwaya-the-self-made-filmmaker&catid=42%3Asizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26544:mukwaya-wins-film-contest&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2014-03-18 |archivedate=2013-10-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204433/http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26544:mukwaya-wins-film-contest&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 }}</ref><ref>http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/Nurturing+local+film+talent/-/691232/1453272/-/rbt9ge/-/index.html</ref><ref>http://www.stage32.com/profile/42754/julian-nabunya</ref> ==Maisha ya mapema na historia== Mzaliwa wa Hospitali ya Mulago, Kampala, Uganda, Mukwaya ana asili ya Ganda, Ankole na Rwanda. Yeye ni mtoto wa kiongozi wa dini Abdullah Mukwaya na Aziidah Mariam. Baada ya kifo cha mama yake alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 8, shangazi Muk Muk alimpeleka; wakati alikufa pia, Mukwaya alilazimika kuishi na baba yake na baadaye kuendelea na babu yake. Kufikia tarehe 24 Aprili, 2019, Abdullah anahudumu kama Qadhi wa Wilaya ya Mbarara. ===Elimu=== Usama ilianza masomo ya mapema kutoka shule ya Sayat Aisha Nursery na baadaye hadi Shule ya watoto wachanga ya Buraaq. Aliendelea kuhudhuria Shule ya Msingi ya Linnet wilayani Wakiso, kwa masomo yake ya shule ya msingi, Shule ya Sekondari ya Shuhada'e Islamic huko Mbarara kwa kiwango chake cha O na kupata udhibitisho wake wa kiwango cha A kutoka Shule ya Sekondari ya Nyamitanga. Alisoma Mtandao wa Udhibitishaji wa Udhibiti wa Cisco, na Usimamizi wa LAN / WAN chini ya kitivo cha teknolojia ya habari katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Makerere. Hivi sasa anafuatilia diploma katika Utawala wa Biashara katika Chuo Kikuu cha Cavendish. ==Filamu== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- style="background:#B0C4DE;" ! mwaka ! Anwani ! Dhima ! class = "unsortable" | Noti |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2010 || ''Iron Love'' || Actor || Official selection: Pearl International Film Festival |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2010 || ''Pain of Lies'' || Actor, Script Supervisor || Official selection: Pearl International Film Festival |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2010 || Hello (2011 film) || Writer, First Assistant Director|| Nominated for - MNFPAC Awards for Best screenplay |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2011 || ''She Likes Prada'' || Production Manager || Official selection: Zanzibar International Film Festival |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2012 || ''Smart Attempt'' || Director ||Movie Furnace 2012 finalist |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2013 || ''In Just Hours'' || Writer, Director || Best Director - Short Film: Movie Furnace 2013 Official selection: Nile Diaspora International Film Festival<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ndiffest.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/NDIFF-selection.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2014-03-18 |archivedate=2013-12-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203014814/http://www.ndiffest.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/NDIFF-selection.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=29017:diaspora-film-festival-is-back&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2014-03-18 |archivedate=2013-12-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213194215/http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=29017:diaspora-film-festival-is-back&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 }}</ref> Official selection: Manya Human Rights International Film Festival<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.manya.org.ug/files/Brief%20Film%20Program%202013.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2014-03-18 |archivedate=2014-01-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109102120/http://www.manya.org.ug/files/Brief%20Film%20Program%202013.pdf }}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || ''Bala Bala Sese'' || Writer || Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Film in an African Language |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2017 || ''Love Faces'' || Writer || In Production |- |} ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons}} * {{IMDb name|5417451}} * [https://www.twitter.com/callhimOsam Official Twitter]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mukwaya, Usama}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1989]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu wa Uganda]] 5pisfo16boccf0kxjzk6jv9cdcj35m2 0 71844 1599028 1580255 2026-09-23T03:03:23Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599028 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Image = Centrilobular emphysema 865 lores.jpg | Caption = [[Gross pathology]] of a lung showing centrilobular-type emphysema characteristic of smoking. This close-up of the [[Fixation (histology)|fixed]], cut lung surface shows multiple cavities lined by heavy [[black carbon]] deposits. | Diseased = 2672 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|J|40||j|40}}–{{ICD10|J|44||j|40}}, {{ICD10|J|47||j|40}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|490}}–{{ICD9|492}}, {{ICD9|494}}–{{ICD9|496}} | OMIM = 606963 | MedlinePlus = 000091 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 373 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|emerg|99}} | MeshName = COPD | MeshNumber = C08.381.495.389 }} '''Ugonjwa sugu wa njia za pumzi zilizofungana''' (unaojulikana pia kama '''Ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana''', '''ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana''', '''ugonjwa sugu wa njia za pumzi zilizofungana''' na '''ugonjwa sugu wa njia za pumzi zilizofunana''' pamoja na majina mengine), ni aina ya [[ugonjwa wa mapafu yaliyofungana]] unaodhihirika kwa hali duni na sugu ya [[upitaji wa pumzi]].<!-- <ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> --> Hali hii kwa kawaida huendelea kuwa mbaya zaidi baada ya muda.<!-- <ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> --> Dalili zake kuu ni [[kupungukiwa na pumzi]], [[kukohoa]], na kutoa [[makohozi]].<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Watu wengi walio na '''[[bronkitisi sugu]]''' wana ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana.<ref name=Harr2012/> [[Uvutaji tumbaku]] ndio kisababishi kikuu cha ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana, pamoja na vipengele vingine kama vile [[uchafuzi wa hewa]] huku [[jenetikia]] ikichangia kwa kiwango kidogo.<ref name=Lancet2012>{{cite journal |author=Decramer M, Janssens W, Miravitlles M |title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_april-7-13-2012_379_9823/page/1341 |journal=Lancet |volume=379 |issue=9823 |pages=1341–51 |year=2012 |month=April |pmid=22314182 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60968-9}}</ref> Katika nchi zinazoendelea, chanzo kikuu cha uchafuzi wa [[hewa]] ni kupikia au kuwasha [[moto]] mahali pasipo hewa ya kutosha. [[Mazingira]] ya muda mrefu wa miwasho hii husababisha [[inflamesheni|mwitikio wa inflamesheni]] kwenye mapafu, hivyo kupelekea njia za pumzi kuwa nyembamba na kuharibika kwa [[tishu]] za ma[[pafu]], hali iitwayo '''[[emfisema]]'''.<ref name=GOLD2007>{{cite journal | author = Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Buist SA, Calverley P, Fukuchi Y, Jenkins C, Rodriguez-Roisin R, van Weel C, Zielinski J | title = Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary | journal = Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. | volume = 176 | issue = 6 | pages = 532–55 | year = 2007 | month = September | pmid = 17507545 | doi = 10.1164/rccm.200703-456SO | url = http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/content/176/6/532.long | archive-date = 2013-01-02 | access-date = 2014-06-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130102150149/http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/content/176/6/532.long | url-status = dead }}</ref> Utambuzi huo ni kwa msingi wa hali duni ya kupita kwa pumzi kama ilivyopimwa kwa [[kipimo cha utendakazi wa njia za pumzi|kipimo cha utendakazi wa mapafu]].<ref name=Nathell>{{cite journal | author = Nathell L, Nathell M, Malmberg P, Larsson K | title = COPD diagnosis related to different guidelines and spirometry techniques | journal = Respir. Res. | volume = 8 | issue = 1| pages = 89 | year = 2007 | pmid = 18053200 | pmc = 2217523 | doi = 10.1186/1465-9921-8-89 }}</ref> Ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana unaweza kuzuiliwa kwa kupunguza uhatarisho wa visababishi vinavyojulikana. Hii hujumuisha juhudi za kupunguza viwango vya uvutaji na kuboresha hali ya hewa ya ndani na nje ya majengo. Mbinu za matibabu ya ugonjwa huu ni [[kuacha uvutaji]], [[chanjo]], [[urekebeshaji mapafu]], na mara nyingi [[vipanua bronkasi]] vya kupumuliwa na [[kotikosteroidi|steroidi]]. Kinyume na [[pumu]], hali ya upitaji wa pumzi haiboreshwi sana na [[matibabu]]. Baadhi ya watu wanaweza kunufaika na [[matibabu ya oksijeni]] ya muda mrefu au [[kupandikiza mapafu]].<ref name=GOLD2007/> Kwa watu walio na vipindi vya kuzidi kwa ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana, ongezeko la utumiaji [[dawa]] na kulazwa [[hospitali]]ni kunaweza kuhitajika. [[Dunia]]ni kote, ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana huathiri watu milioni 329&nbsp; au takriban asilimia 5 ya idadi yote ya watu. Mwaka [[2011]], ugonjwa huo ulikadiriwa kuwa kisababishi kikuu cha nne cha [[kifo|vifo]], ukiwaua zaidi ya watu milioni 3&nbsp;.<ref>{{cite web |title=The 10 leading causes of death in the world, 2000 and 2011 |month=July |year=2013 |publisher=World Health Organization |url=http://who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/ |accessdate=November 29, 2013}}</ref> Idadi ya vifo imetabiriwa kuongezeka kutokana na viwango vya juu vya uvutaji na idadi ya watu wanaozeeka katika nchi nyingi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mathers CD, Loncar D |title=Projections of Global Mortality and Burden of Disease from 2002 to 2030 |journal=PLoS Med. |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=e442 |year=2006 |month=November |pmid=17132052 |pmc=1664601 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442 |url=http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442}}</ref> Ugonjwa huu ulisababisha [[hasara]] ya kiuchumi iliyokadiriwa kuwa [[dola]] trilioni 2.1&nbsp;mwaka [[2010]].<ref name=Cost2013>{{cite book|last=Lomborg|first=Bjørn|title=Global problems, local solutions : costs and benefits|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Pres|isbn=978-1-107-03959-9|page=143|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=cRZaAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA143}}</ref> ==Ishara na dalili== {{listen | filename = Wheeze2O.ogg | title = Wheezing | description = The sound of wheezing as heard with a stethoscope. | format = [[Ogg]] }} Dalili kuu za ugonjwa huu ni makohozi, [[dispinia|ugumu wa kupumua]] na kutoa kikohozi.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2>{{cite book |last=Vestbo |first=Jørgen |title=Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |year=2013 |publisher=Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease |pages=9–17 |chapter=Diagnosis and Assessment |chapterurl=http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf#26 |access-date=2014-06-23 |archive-date=2013-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004234113/http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf#26 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Dalili hizi huwepo kwa muda mrefu<ref name=Harr2012>{{cite book |first1=John J. |last1=Reilly |first2=Edwin K. |last2=Silverman |first3=Steven D. |last3=Shapiro |chapter=Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |pages=2151–9 |editor1-first=Dan |editor1-last=Longo |editor2-first=Anthony |editor2-last=Fauci |editor3-first=Dennis |editor3-last=Kasper |editor4-first=Stephen |editor4-last=Hauser |editor5-first=J. |editor5-last=Jameson |editor6-first=Joseph |editor6-last=Loscalzo |year=2011 |title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine |edition=18th |publisher=McGraw Hill |isbn=978-0-07-174889-6}}</ref> na huzidi jinsi muda unavyopita.<ref name=GOLD2007/> Haijabainika iwapo kuna aina mbalimbali za ugonjwa huu.<ref name=Lancet2012/> Huku ugonjwa huu ukiainishwa katika emfisema na bronkitisi sugu, emfisema ni kielelezo tu cha mabadiliko ya mapafu wala si ugonjwa bayana, nayo bronkitisi sugu ni kielelezo cha dalili tu zinazoweza kutokea au kutotokea pamoja na ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1>{{cite book |last=Vestbo |first=Jørgen |title=Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |year=2013 |publisher=Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease |pages=1–7 |chapter=Definition and Overview |chapterurl=http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf#18 |access-date=2014-06-23 |archive-date=2013-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004234113/http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf#18 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ===Kikohozi=== Kwa kawaida, kikohozi sugu ndiyo dalili ya kwanza kutokea.<!-- <ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> --> Inapokuwepo kwa zaidi ya miezi mitatu kwa mwaka kwa zaidi ya miaka miwili ikiandamana na utoaji wa kikohozi na bila kisababishi kingine, basi hali hii itatambulika kama bronkitisi sugu.<!-- <ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> --> Hali hii inaweza kutokea kabla ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana kutokea kabisa.<!-- <ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> --> Kiasi cha makohozi yanayotolewa kinaweza kubadilika baada ya saa hadi siku kadhaa.<!-- <ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> --> Katika visa vingine, kikohozi kinaweza kutokuwepo au kitokee mara nadra, na kinaweza kutokuwa na makohozi.<!-- <ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> --> Watu wengine walio na ugonjwa huu hudhani dalili hizi ni "kikohozi cha mvutaji".<!-- <ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> --> Makohozi yanaweza kumezwa au kutemwa kulingana na jamii na tamaduni.<!-- <ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> --> Kukohoa sana kunaweza kusababisha [[kuvunjika mbavu]] au [[Kuzirai(matibabu)|kupoteza fahamu kwa muda mfupa]].<!-- <ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> --> Watu walio na ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana mara nyingi huwa na historia ya "[[mafua]]" yanayodumu kwa muda mrefu.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> ===Ugumu wa kupumua=== Ugumu wa kupumua mara nyingi ndiyo dalili inayowatatiza watu zaidi.<ref name=NICE2010P60>{{NICE|101|Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary |June 2010|60-70}}</ref> Kwa kawaida watu hueleza tatizo hili kwa kusema: "kupumua kwangu kunahitaji juhudi kuu," "Najihisi nimekosa pumzi," au " sipati pumzi za kutosha".<ref name=Mahler2006>{{cite journal |author=Mahler DA|title=Mechanisms and measurement of dyspnea in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |journal=Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society|volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=234–8 |year=2006 |pmid=16636091 |doi=10.1513/pats.200509-103SF}}</ref> Hata hivyo, maneno tofauti yanaweza kutumika katika mila tofauti.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> Kwa kawaida, ugumu wa kupumua huzidi mtu anapojaribu kupumua kwa nguvu, baada ya hali hii kudumu kwa muda mrefu, na huzidi baada ya muda.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> Katika awamu za baadaye, ugumu wa kupumua hutokea wakati wa kupumzika na unaweza kuwepo kila wakati.<ref>{{cite web |title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of COPD? |date=July 31, 2013 |publisher=[[National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute]] |url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/copd/signs.html |accessdate=November 29, 2013}}</ref><ref name=MedlinePlus>{{MedlinePlusEncyclopedia|000091|Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease}}</ref> Ugumu wa kupumua ni chanzo cha wasiwasi na hali duni ya maisha kwa watu walio na ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> Watu wengi walio na ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana ulioendelea [[kupumua kwa midomo iliyofunguka kidogo|hupumua kupitia midomo iliyofunguka kidogo]] na hatua hii inaweza kuboresha kupumua katika baadhi ya watu.<ref>{{cite book|last=Morrison|first=[edited by] Nathan E. Goldstein, R. Sean|title=Evidence-based practice of palliative medicine|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4377-3796-7|page=124|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=j0rCsKtCnq8C&pg=PA124|year=2013}}</ref><ref name=Holland2012>{{cite journal | author = Holland AE, Hill CJ, Jones AY, McDonald CF | title = Breathing exercises for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = 10 | issue = | pages = CD008250 | year = 2012 | pmid = 23076942 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008250.pub2 | editor1-last = Holland | editor1-first = Anne E }}</ref> ===Vipengele vingine=== Katika ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana, inaweza kuchukua muda mrefu zaidi kutoa pumzi kuliko kuivuta.<ref name=EB2008/> Kubanwa kifua kunaweza kutokea<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> ingawa hakutokei sana na kunaweza kusababishwa na tatizo lingine.<ref name=NICE2010P60/> Watu walio na njia za pumzi zilizofungana wanaweza kuwa na [[korota|kukorota]] au sauti ndogo pumzi inapoingia mapafuni, wanapochunguzwa kwa [[stethoskopu]].<ref name=EB2008/> [[Kifua cha duara]] ni dalili bayana ya ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana lakini huwa nadra.<ref name=EB2008/> [[Hali ya kiweko chenye miguu mitatu]]inaweza kutokea ugonjwa unapozidi.<ref name=Harr2012/> Ugonjwa huu ukizidi husababisha[[hipatenshani ya mapafu|shinikizo kwenye ateri za mapafu]], ambayo hushinikiza [[kushindwa kwa moyo#Kushindwa kwa moyo upande wa kulia|ventrikali ya kulia ya moyo]].<ref name=GOLD2007/><ref name=Weit2009>{{cite journal | author = Weitzenblum E, Chaouat A | title = Cor pulmonale | journal = Chron Respir Dis | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | pages = 177–85 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19643833 | doi = 10.1177/1479972309104664 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Professional guide to diseases |year=2009 |publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-7817-7899-2 |pages=120–2 |chapter=Cor pulmonale |chapterurl=http://books.google.ca/books?id=1h6vu60L6FcC&pg=PA120 |edition=9th}}</ref> Hali hii huitwa [[ugonjwa wa moyo na mapafu]], na husababisha dalili za [[edema ya pembeni|kufura miguu]]<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> na [[kupanuka kwa mishipa ya shingo|kufura kwa mishipa ya shingo]].<ref name=GOLD2007/> Ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana hutokea zaidi kuliko ugonjwa mwingine wowote wa mapafu kama kisababishi cha ugonjwa wa moyo na mapafu.<ref name=Weit2009/> Ugonjwa wa moyo na mapafu umekuwa nadra tangu kuvumbuliwa kwa oksijeni ya mtungi. <ref name=Harr2012/> Mara nyingi ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana hutokea pamoja na magonjwa mengine kufuatia vipengele vinavyosababisha magonjwa haya yote.<ref name=Lancet2012/> Magonjwa haya ni pamoja na: [[ugonjwa wa moyo wenye iskemia]], [[hipetensheni|shinikizo la juu la damu]], [[kisukari melitasi]], kuharibika kwa misuli, [[osteoporosisi]], [[saratani ya mapafu]], [[hali ya wasiwasi]] na [[mfadhaiko mkuu|mfadhaiko]].<ref name=Lancet2012/> Hisia ya kuwa na [[Uchovu (kimatibabu)|kuchoka]] kila wakati hutokea sana kwa watu walio na ugonjwa mkali.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> [[Kucharungu|Kucha za vidole kurungungika]] ni hali isiyotokea katika ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana pekee, hivyo inapaswa kuchunguzwa mara moja ili kubaini hali fiche ya saratani ya mapafu.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mandell|first=editors, James K. Stoller, Franklin A. Michota, Jr., Brian F.|title=The Cleveland Clinic Foundation intensive review of internal medicine|year=2009|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-9079-6|page=419|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=O9F7wtiPWxgC&pg=PA419|edition=5th}}</ref> ===Maumivu zaidi=== Maumivu makali zaidi [[Maumivu zaidi ya ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana|maumivu makali zaidi ya ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana]] hufasiliwa kama ongezeko la ugumu wa kupumua, ongezeko la utoaji makohozi, kubalidika kwa rangi ya makohozi kutoka meupe hadi ya kijani kibichi au manjano, au ongezeko la kikohozi kwa mtu aliye na ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana<ref name=EB2008/> Hali hii inaweza kujidhihirisha pamoja na[[dalili ya kimatibabu|dalili]] za ongezeko la juhudi za kupumua kama vile [[takipnia|kupumua kwa haraka]], [[takikadia|kima cha kasi cha mdundo wa moyo]], [[diaforesi|kutokwa na jasho]], kutumia [[misuli ya kupumua|misuli ya shingo]] sana, [[sianosisi|alama ya buluu ngozini]], na [[Kuchanganyikiwa akili|kuchanganyikiwa]] au tabia ya ukaidi katika maumivu zaidi.<ref name=EB2008>{{cite journal|last=Gruber|first=Phillip|title=The Acute Presentation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease In the Emergency Department: A Challenging Oxymoron|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|year=2008|month=November|volume=10|issue=11|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=63}}</ref><ref name=Burl2012>{{cite journal | author = Brulotte CA, Lang ES | title = Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the emergency department | journal = Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. | volume = 30 | issue = 2 | pages = 223–47, vii | year = 2012 | month = May | pmid = 22487106 | doi = 10.1016/j.emc.2011.10.005 }}</ref> [[Sauti]] pia zinaweza kusikika kwenye mapafu yanapochunguzwa kwa stethoskopu.<ref>{{cite book|last=Spiro|first=Stephen|title=Clinical respiratory medicine expert consult|publisher=Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-1-4557-2329-4|page=Chapter 43|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=2sOJk-yKPpUC&pg=PT2420|edition=4th |year=2012}}</ref> ==Kisababishi== Kisababishi kikuu cha ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana ni moshi wa tumbaku; huku uhatarisho katika mazingira ya kazini na uchafuaji kutokana na mioto ya dani ya nyumba ukiwa kisababishi kikuu katika baadhi ya nchi. <ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Kwa kawaida, uhatarisho huu lazima utokee miongo mingi kabla ya dalili kutokea.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Maumbile ya kijenetiki pia huathiri uhatarisho wa mtu.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> ===Uvutaji=== {{Multiple image|direction=vertical|align=right|image1=Female Smoking by Country.png|image2=Male Smoking by Country.png|width=250|caption1=Percentage of females smoking tobacco as of the late 1990s early 2000s|caption2=Percentage of males smoking tobacco as of the late 1990s early 2000s. Note the scales used for females and males differ.<ref name="isbn92-4-159628-7">{{cite book | author = World Health Organization | title = WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2008: The MPOWER Package | edition = | language = | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | year = 2008 | isbn = 92-4-159628-7 | url = http://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/mpower_report_full_2008.pdf |pages=268–309}}</ref>}} Kisababishi hatari kikuu cha ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana duniani kote ni uvutaji wa tumbaku.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Takriban aslilimia 20 ya wavutaji hupata ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana,<ref name=Ward2012>{{cite book|last=Ward|first=Helen|title=Oxford Handbook of Epidemiology for Clinicians|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-165478-7|pages=289–290|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=dHLjLwru-l8C&pg=RA1-PT194#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> na kwa watu wanaovuta maisha yao yote, takriban nusu yao hupata ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana<ref name=La2009>{{cite journal|last=Laniado-Laborín|first=R|title=Smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Parallel epidemics of the 21st century|journal=International journal of environmental research and public health|date=January 2009|volume=6|issue=1|pages=209–24|pmid=19440278|doi=10.3390/ijerph6010209|pmc=2672326}}</ref> Nchini Marekani na Uingereza, katika watu walio na ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana, asilimia 80-95 ni wavutaji wakati huo au walivuta awali.<ref name=Ward2012/><ref name=Ren2013>{{cite book|last=Rennard|first=Stephen|title=Clinical management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|year=2013|publisher=Informa Healthcare|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8493-7588-0|page=23|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=DiTThQJkc0UC&pg=PA23|edition=2nd}}</ref><ref name=Rich2010>{{cite book|author=Anita Sharma ; with a contribution by David Pitchforth ; forewords by Gail Richards|title=COPD in primary care|year=2010|publisher=Radcliffe Pub.|location=Oxford|isbn=978-1-84619-316-3|page=9|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CrXFqhezbeMC&pg=PA9|coauthors=Barclay, Joyce}}</ref> Uwezekano wa kupata ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana huongezeka na [[idadi ya miaka|uhatarisho kamili wa moshi]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Goldman|first=Lee|title=Goldman's Cecil medicine|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4377-1604-7|page=537|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=Qd-vvNh0ee0C&pg=PA537|edition=24th|year=2012}}</ref> Isitoshe, wanawake wana uwezekano zaidi wa kuathiriwa na moshi kuliko wanaume.<ref name=Rich2010/> Kwa watu wasio wavutaji, [[moshi unaotokana na watu wengine]] ni kisababishi cha takriban asilimia 20 ya visa.<ref name=Ren2013/> Aina zingine za moshi kama vile bangi, sigara na shisha pia zina athari.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Wanawake wanaovuta wakati wa[[ujauzito]] wanaweza kuongeza hatari ya ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana kwa watoto wao.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> ===Uchafuzi wa hewa === Mioto ya kupikia katika vyuma visivyo na hewa safi ya kutosha, na ambayo mara nyingi hutokana na makaa au [[nishati hai]] kama vile kuni na kinyesi cha wanyama, hupelekea [[ubora wa hewa ndani ya nyumba|uchafuzi wa hewa wa ndani ya nyumba]] na ni visababishi vikuu vya ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana katika [[nchi inayostawi|nchi zinazostawi]].<ref name=Ken2007>{{cite journal |author=Kennedy SM, Chambers R, Du W, Dimich-Ward H|title=Environmental and occupational exposures: do they affect chronic obstructive pulmonary disease differently in women and men?|journal=Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society|volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=692–4 |year=2007 |month=December|pmid=18073405 |url=http://pats.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/4/8/692 |doi=10.1513/pats.200707-094SD}}</ref> Mioto hii ni mbinu ya kupikia na kupasha moto kwa takriban watu bilioni 3&nbsp;athari zake za kiafya zikiwa juu katika wanawake kutokana na uhatarisho zaidi.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/><ref name=Ken2007/> Mioto hii hutumika kama chanzo kikuu cha nishati katika asilimia 80 za jamii nchini India, China na [[mataifa ya kusini mwa Sahara]].<ref name=Piro2012/> Watu wanaoishi katika miji mikubwa wana kiwango kikubwa zaidi cha ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana ikilinganishwa na watu wanaoishi vijijini <ref>{{cite journal|author=Halbert RJ, Natoli JL, Gano A, Badamgarav E, Buist AS, Mannino DM |title=Global burden of COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://archive.org/details/european-respiratory-journal_2006-09_28_3/page/523 |journal=Eur. Respir. J. |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=523–32 |year=2006 |month=September|pmid=16611654|doi=10.1183/09031936.06.00124605 }}</ref> Huku [[uchafuzi wa hewa]] mijini ni kipengele kisababishi cha maumivu zaidi, jukumu lake la kijumla kama kisababishi cha ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana si bayana.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Sehemu zilizo na hali duni za pumzi nje ya nyumba zikijumuisha [[gesi ya mitambo]], kwa kawaida zina viwango vya juu vya ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana.<ref name=Piro2012/> Hata hivyo, athari ya kijumla ya uchafuzi huu ikilinganishwa na uvutaji inaaminika kuwa ndogo.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> ===Hatari kazini=== Uhatarisho mkali na wa muda mrefu kwa vumbi, kemikali na moshi kazini huongeza hatari ya ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana kwa wavutaji na wasiovuta.<ref name=Dev2006/> Uhatarisho kazini unaaminika kuwa kisababishi katika asilimia 10-20 ya visa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Laine|first=Christine|title=In the Clinic: Practical Information about Common Health Problems|year=2009|publisher=ACP Press|isbn=978-1-934465-64-6|page=226|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=bvg9he4FOB0C&pg=PA226}}</ref> Nchini Marekani, uhatarisho huu unaaminika kuhusiana na zaidi ya asilimia 30 ya visa katika watu wasiowahi kuvuta, na inawezekana huwakilisha hatari kubwa zaidi katika nchi zisizo na sheria za kutosha.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Viwanda na vyanzo kadhaa vimelaumiwa, ikiwa ni pamoja na <ref name=Piro2012/> viwango vya juu vya vumbi katika [[uchimbaji makaa ya mawe]], [[uchimbaji dhahabu]], na viwanda vya nguo za pamba, kazi zinazohusisha [[kadimiamu]] na [[isosianati]], na moshi wa [[kulehemu]].<ref name=Dev2006>{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/bmj.332.7550.1142 |title=Definition, epidemiology and risk factors |year=2006 |last1=Devereux |first1=Graham |journal=BMJ |volume=332 |issue=7550 |pages=1142–4 |pmid=16690673 |pmc=1459603}}</ref> Kufanya kazi ya kilimo pia ni hatari.<ref name=Piro2012/> Katika kazi zingine, hatari imekadiriwa kuwa sawa na pakiti nusu hadi mbili za sigara kila siku.<ref name=Barn2009/> Uhatarisho wa vumbi ya[[silika]] pia unaweza kusababisha ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana, na hatari isiyohusiana na ile ya [[silikosisi]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1515/REVEH.2007.22.4.255 |title=Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Occupational Exposure to Silica |year=2007 |last1=Rushton |first1=Lesley |journal=Reviews on Environmental Health |volume=22 |issue=4 |pmid=18351226 |pages=255–72}}</ref> Athari za uhatarisho wa vumbi na moshi wa sigara huonekana kuwa ya kikemikali au hata zaidi.<ref name=Barn2009>{{cite book |editor1-first=Peter J. |editor1-last=Barnes |editor2-first=Jeffrey M. |editor2-last=Drazen |editor3-first=Stephen I. |editor3-last=Rennard |editor4-first=Neil C. |editor4-last=Thomson |year=2009 |chapter=Relationship between cigarette smoking and occupational exposures |chapterurl=http://books.google.ca/books?id=HY9PiQL3kQMC&pg=PA464 |title=Asthma and COPD: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Management |publisher=Academic |location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-0-12-374001-4 |page=464}}</ref> ===Jenetiki=== Jenetiki huchangia pakubwa katika kutokea kwa ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Ugonjwa huu hutokea zaidi katika jamaa ya watu walio na ugonjwa huu wanaovuta kuliko watu wasiohusiana na wavutaji.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Kwa sasa, athari hatari bayana inayorithiwa ni [[ukosefu wa kinza tripsini ya alfa ya 1]].<ref name=Foreman2012>{{cite journal | author = Foreman MG, Campos M, Celedón JC | title = Genes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_medical-clinics-of-north-america_2012-07_96_4/page/699 | journal = Med. Clin. North Am. | volume = 96 | issue = 4 | pages = 699–711 | year = 2012 | month = July | pmid = 22793939 | pmc = 3399759 | doi = 10.1016/j.mcna.2012.02.006 }}</ref> Hatari hii iko juu zaidi hasa iwapo mtu aliye na upungufu wa [[kinza tripsini ya alfa ya 1]] pia ni mvutaji.<ref name=Foreman2012/> Hatari hii huchangia takriban asilimia 1-5 ya visa<ref name=Foreman2012/><ref name=Brode2012>{{cite journal | author = Brode SK, Ling SC, Chapman KR | title = Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: a commonly overlooked cause of lung disease | journal = CMAJ | volume = 184 | issue = 12 | pages = 1365–71 | year = 2012 | month = September | pmid = 22761482 | pmc = 3447047 | doi = 10.1503/cmaj.111749 }}</ref> na ugonjwa huwepo katika takriban watu 3-4 kwa kila 10,000.<ref name=Harr2012/> Hatari zingine za jenetekia zingali zinachunguzwa,<ref name=Foreman2012/>, ambapo kuna uwezekano wa kutambua nyingi.<ref name=Piro2012>{{cite journal | author = Pirozzi C, Scholand MB | title = Smoking cessation and environmental hygiene | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_medical-clinics-of-north-america_2012-07_96_4/page/849 | journal = Med. Clin. North Am. | volume = 96 | issue = 4 | pages = 849–67 | year = 2012 | month = July | pmid = 22793948 | doi = 10.1016/j.mcna.2012.04.014 }}</ref> ===Vipengele vingine=== Hatari zingine kadhaa huhusiana kwa kiwango kidogo na ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana. Hatari huwa kubwa zaidi katika watu masikini, ingawa si bayana iwapo hii ni kutokana na [[umasikini]] wenyewe au athari zingine hatari zinazohusiana na umasikini, kama vile uchafuzi wa hewa na utapia mlo.i<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Kuna ushahidi mdogo kuwa watu wenye ugonjwa wa pumu na matatizo ya njia za pumzi wako katika hatari ya juu zaidi ya kuathiriwa na ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Vipengele vya kuzaliwa kama kuzaliwa na uzani wa chini vinaweza kuchangua ugonjwa huu kama vile magonjwa kadhaa ya kuambukiza, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[VVU/UKIMWI]] na [[kifua kikuu]] yanavyofanya.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> [[Maambukizi ya njia za pumzi]] kama vile [[nimonia]] hayaonekani kuongeza hatari ya ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana, angalau katika watu wazima.<ref name=Harr2012/> ===Maumivu zaidi=== Maumivu makali (kuzidiwa ghafla na dalili)<ref name=GOLD2013Chp5>{{cite book |last=Vestbo |first=Jørgen |title=Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |year=2013 |publisher=Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease |chapter=Management of Exacerbations |pages=39–45 |chapterurl=http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf#56 |access-date=2014-06-23 |archive-date=2013-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004234113/http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf#56 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> mara nyingi huchochewa na maambukizi au vichafuzi vya kimazingira au wakati mwingine na visababishi vingine kama vile kutumia matibabu vibaya.<ref name=Dhar2012>{{cite book|last=Dhar|first=Raja|title=Textbook of pulmonary and critical care medicine|year=2011|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|page=1056|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=rAT1bdnDakAC&pg=PA1056}}</ref> Maambukizi huonekana kuwa kisababishi cha asilimia 50 hadi 70 ya visa,<ref name=Dhar2012/><ref>{{cite book|last=Palange|first=Paolo|title=ERS Handbook of Respiratory Medicine|year=2013|publisher=European Respiratory Society|isbn=978-1-84984-041-5|page=194|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=48gaALnXhcQC&pg=PA194}}</ref> huku bakteria ikichangia asilimia 25, virusi asilimia 25 na zote mbili asilimia 25.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lötvall|first=Jan|title=Advances in combination therapy for asthma and COPD|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=Chichester, West Sussex|isbn=978-1-119-97846-6|page=251|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=oPDU4xQLVWEC&pg=PT265}}</ref> Vichafuzi vya kimazingira hujumuisha hewa chafu ya ndani na nje ya nyumba. <ref name=Dhar2012/> Uhatarisho wa moshi wa kibinafsi na moshi kutokana na watu wengine huongeza hatari hiyo.<ref name=Piro2012/> Hali ya baridi ya hewa pia inaweza kuchangia, huku maumivu zaidi yakitokea zaidi majira ya baridi. <ref name=Barnes2009>{{cite book|last=Barnes|first=Peter|title=Asthma and COPD : basic mechanisms and clinical management|year=2009|publisher=Academic|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-0-12-374001-4|page=837|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=HY9PiQL3kQMC&pg=PA837|edition=2nd}}</ref> Watu walio na magonjwa mengine makali fiche huwa na maumivu zaidi mara nyingi: katika ugonjwa wa kiwango cha chini, 1.8 kwa kila mwak; kiwango cha wastani, 2 hadi 3 kwa mwaka; na kiwango kikali 3.4 kwa mwaka. <ref>{{cite book|last=Hanania|first=Nicola|title=COPD a Guide to Diagnosis and Clinical Management|publisher=Springer Science+Business Media, LLC|location=Totowa, NJ|isbn=978-1-59745-357-8|page=197|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=wMzWnIdRD1MC&pg=PA197|edition=1st|date=2010-12-09}}</ref> Watu walio na maumivu makali mengi wana kiwango cha juu cha kupunguza utendakazi wa mapafu yao. <ref name=Beasley2012>{{cite journal|last=Beasley|first=V|coauthors=Joshi, PV; Singanayagam, A; Molyneaux, PL; Johnston, SL; Mallia, P|title=Lung microbiology and exacerbations in COPD|journal=International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|year=2012|volume=7|pages=555–69|pmid=22969296|doi=10.2147/COPD.S28286|pmc=3437812}}</ref> [[Uemboli wa mapafu|Uemboli wa mapafu]] (ganda la damu kwenye mapafu) unaweza kuzidisha dalili kwa watu walio na ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana tayari.<ref name=Lancet2012/> ==Pathofiziolojia== [[File:Copd 2010Side.JPG|thumb|center|600px|Upande wa kushoto ni mchoro wa mapafu na njia za hewa ukiwa na picha ndogo inayoonyesha sehemu ya ndani ya [[bronkioli]] na [[alveoli]] za kawaida. Upande wa kulia ni mapafu yaliyoharibiwa na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa mapafu pamoja na picha ndogo inayoonyesha sehemu ya ndani ya bronkioli na alveoli zilizoharibika]] Ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa mapafu ni aina ya [[ugonjwa wa kufungana kwa mapafu]] ambapo upitaji duni sugu wa hewa usioweza kubadilishwa (upungufu wa kupita kwa hewa) na kutoweza kabisa kupumua nje huwepo.<ref name=Lancet2012/> Kupita duni kwa hewa ni matokeo ya kuharibika kwa tishu ya pafu (iitwayo emfisema) na ugonjwa wa njia ndogo za hewa uitwao bronkiolitisi ya kufungana.<!-- <ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> --> Vinavyochangia visababishi hivi viwili hutofautiana kati ya watu.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Pia wengine wana kiwango fulani cha [[mwitiko wa kupita kiasi wa bronkasi|mwitiko wa kupita kiasi wa njia za hewa]] kwa miwasho sawa na inayopatikana katika ugonjwa wa pumu.<ref name=Harr2012/> Ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa mapafu hutokea kama mwitiko mkubwa sugu wa kiinflamesheni kwa vitu vyenye miwasho vilivyovutwa ndani kwa hewa.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Maambukizi sugu ya bakteria pia yanaweza kuongeza inflamesheni hii.<ref name=Beasley2012/> Seli za kuvimba zinazohusika ni [[granulositi za nutrofili]] na [[makrofeji]], aina mbili za seli nyeupe za damu.<!-- <ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> --> Wanaovuta pia wana kuhusika kwa[[Seli T ya sitotosiki |Tc1]] [[limfositi]] na watu wengine walio na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa mapafu wana kuhusika kwa [[granulositi ya esinofili|esinofili]] sawa na inayopatikana katika ugonjwa wa pumu.<!-- <ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> --> Kiwango Fulani cha mwitiko huu wa seli husababishwa na viendelezi vya kuvimba kama [[kemotaksisi|visababishi vya kemotaksisi]].<!-- <ref jina=GOLD2013Chp1/> --> Michakato mingine inayohusiana na uharibifu wa mapafu ni [[msongo wa kioksaidi]]unaotolewa na [[radikali (kemia)|radikali huru]] kwenye moshi wa tumbaku na kuachiliwa na seli za kuvimba, na kuharibika kwa [[tishu unganishi]] za mapafu kwa [[protisi]] ambazo hukinzwa kwa kiasi na [[kikinza protisi (biolojia)|vikinza protisi]].<!-- <ref jina=GOLD2013Chp1/> --> Kuharibiwa kwa tishu unganishi za mapafu ndio unaopelekea emfisema, ambayo kisha huchangia upitaji duni wa hewa, na hatimaye, ufyonzaji na uachiliaji duni wa gesi za kupumua.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Upotezaji wa kijumla wa misuli unaotokea katika ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa mapafu unaweza kutokana kwa kiasi na viendelezi vya inflamesheni vinavyotolewa na mapafu hadi kwenye damu.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Kupungua kwa nafasi za njia za hewa hutokea kwa sababu ya inflamesheni na kupata kovu ndani mwazo.<!-- <ref jina=GOLD2013Chp1/> --> Hii huchangia kushindwa kupumua nje kikamilifu.<!-- <ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> --> Upunguaji mkubwa wa kupita kwa hewa hutokea wakati wa kupumua nje kwa sababu shinikizo ndani mwa kifua linabana njia za hewa wakati huu.<ref name=Cal2005>{{cite journal |author=Calverley PM, Koulouris NG |title=Flow limitation and dynamic hyperinflation: key concepts in modern respiratory physiology|url=https://archive.org/details/european-respiratory-journal_2005-01_25_1/page/186 |journal=Eur Respir J |volume=25 |pages=186–199|year=2005|pmid=15640341 |doi=10.1183/09031936.04.00113204 |issue=1}}</ref> Hii inaweza kupelekea hewa zaidi kutoka kwa pumzi ya awali kusalia mapafuni wakati pumzi inayofuata imeanzishwa na kusababisha ongezeko katika kiwango kamili cha hewa mapafuni wakati wowote ule, mchakato uitwao [[Uvutaji hewa ndani# Kuingiza hewa kupita kiasi|uvutaji hewa ndani kupita kiasi]] au kutega hewa.<ref name=Cal2005/><ref>{{cite book|last=Currie|first=Graeme P.|title=ABC of COPD|year=2010|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell, BMJ Books|location=Chichester, West Sussex, UK|isbn=978-1-4443-2948-3|page=32|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=eEoYQA4QD_wC&pg=PA32|edition=2nd }}</ref> Uvutaji hewa ndani kupita kiasi kutokana na mazoezi huhusishwa na upungufu wa pumzi katika ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa mapafu kwa sababu si bora kupumua ndani wakati mapafu yamejaa.<ref name=Odon2006>{{cite journal |author=O'Donnell DE|title=Hyperinflation, Dyspnea, and Exercise Intolerance in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease|journal=The Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society|volume=3 |pages=180–4 |year=2006 |pmid=16565429 |doi=10.1513/pats.200508-093DO |issue=2}}</ref> [[hiposemia|viwango vya chini vya oksijeni]] na hatimaye, [[hipakania|viwango juu vya dioksidi ya kaboni kwenye damu]] vinaweza kutokana na [[mbadilishano wa gesi]] ulio duni kutokana na upitishaji duni wa hewa kutokana na kufungana kwa njia za hewa, uingizaji wa hewa kupita kiasi na tamaa ya chini ya kupumua..<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Wakati wa maumivu zaidi, inflamesheni ya njia ya hewa pia huongezeka na kusababisha ongezeko kupita kiasi la hewa inayoingia,upungufu wa kupita kwa hewa na kuzorota kwa uhamisho wa gesi. Hii pia inaweza kusababisha upitishaji duni wa hewa na hatimaye viwango vya chini vya oksijeni katika damu.<ref name=GOLD2007/>Viwango vya chini vya oksijeni vikiwepo kwa muda mrefu vinaweza kusababisha [[msongo wa mishipa|ateri kuwa nyembamba]] mapafuni ilhali emfisema husababisha kuharibika kwa kapilari kwenye mapafu.<!-- <ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> --> Mabadiliko haya yote husababisha ongezeko kwenye shinikizo la damu katika [[ateri ya mapafu|arteri za mapafu]], hali inayoweza kusababisha ugonjwa wa kuvimba na kutofanya kazi kwa ventrikali ya kulia ya moyo.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> ==Utambuzi== Utambuzi wa ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa mapafu unapaswa kuzingatiwa kwa yeyote mwenye umri wa zaidi ya miaka 35 hadi 40 na aliye na [[disnia|upungufu wa pumzi]], kikohozi sugu, kutoa makohozi, au homa za mara kwa mara katika majira ya baridi na historia ya kutangamana na visababishi vya hatari vya ugonjwa huo.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/><ref name=NICE2010P60/> Kisha [[Kupima pumzi]] hutumiwa kuthibitisha utambuzi huo.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/><ref name=Qas2011/> ===Upimaji wa pumzi=== Upimaji wa pumzi hupima kiwango cha kuzuiwa kwa upitaji wa hewa uliopo na kawaida hufanywa baada ya utumizi wa [[kitanua bronkasi]], tiba ya kufungua njia za hewa.<ref name=Qas2011/> Vipengele viwili muhimu hupimwa ili kufanya utambuzi huo: kiasi cha hewa inayopumuliwa nje kwa lazima kwa sekunde moja (FEV<sub>1</sub>), ambacho ndicho kiasi kikubwa zaidi cha hewa inayoweza kupumuliwa nje katika sekunde ya kwanza ya pumzi, na [[kiasi muhimu|kiasi muhimu cha kulazimishwa]], ambacho ndicho kiasi kikubwa zaidi cha hewa inayoweza kupumuliwa nje katika pumzi moja kubwa.<ref name=Young2010>{{cite book|last=Young|first=Vincent B.|title=Blueprints medicine|year=2010|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott William & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-8870-0|page=69|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=_DHtahEUgXcC&pg=PA69|edition=5th}}</ref> Kawaida, asilimia 75-80 ya kiasi muhimu cha kulazimishwa hutoka nje katika sekunde ya kwanza<ref name=Young2010/> na [[uwiano 1 wa kiasi cha hewa inayopumuliwa nje kwa lazima/uwiano wa kiasi muhimu cha kulazimishwa|uwiano wa kiasi cha hewa inayopumuliwa nje kwa lazima<sub>1</sub>/uwiano uwiano wa kiasi muhimu cha kulazimishwa]] chini ya asilimia 70 kwa mtu aliye na dalili za ugonjwa sugu kufungana kwa mapafu huonyesha kuwa mtu huyo ana ugonjwa huo.<ref name=Qas2011/> Kwa msingi wa vipimo hivi, upimaji wa pumzi unaweza kusababisha utambuzi zaidi wa ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa mapafu kwa wazee.<ref name=Qas2011/> Vigezo vya [[Taasisi ya Kitaifa ya Ubora wa Matibabu]] pia huhitaji kiasi cha hewa inayopumuliwa nje kwa lazima<sub>1</sub> cha chini ya asilimia 80 ya kilichobashiriwa.<ref name=NICE2010P60/> Ushahidi wa kutumia upimaji wa pumzi kwa wasio na dalili katika [[kuchunguza (kimatibabu)|kutambua ugonjwa mapema]] ni wa matokeo yasiyobayana na kwa hivyo kwa sasa haupendekezwi.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/><ref name=Qas2011>{{cite journal | author = Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, Weinberger SE, Hanania NA, Criner G, van der Molen T, Marciniuk DD, Denberg T, Schünemann H, Wedzicha W, MacDonald R, Shekelle P | title = Diagnosis and management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a clinical practice guideline update from the American College of Physicians, American College of Chest Physicians, American Thoracic Society, and European Respiratory Society | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_2011-08-02_155_3/page/178 | journal = Ann. Intern. Med. | volume = 155 | issue = 3 | pages = 179–91 | year = 2011 | month = August | pmid = 21810710 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-155-3-201108020-00008}}</ref> [[kilele cha kupita kwa hewa iliyopumuliwa nje]] (kasi ya juu zaidi ya kupumua nje), inayotumika sana katika ugonjwa wa pumu, hakitoshi kwa utambuzi wa ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa mapafu.<ref name=NICE2010P60/> ===Ukali=== {| class="wikitable" style = "float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center" |+MRC kipimo cha upungufu wa pumzi<ref name=NICE2010P60/> |- ! Kimo!! Shughuli inayoathiriwa |- | 1 || Shughuli za kuchosha tu |- | 2 || Kutembea kwa nguvu |- | 3 || Kwa kutembea kwa kawaida |- | 4 || Baada ya dakika chache za kutembea |- | 5 || Kwa kubadilisha nguo |} {| class="wikitable" style = "float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center" |+GOLD grade<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> |- ! Ukali!! Kiasi cha hewa inayopumuliwa nje kwa lazima<sub>1</sub> % kilichotabiriwa |- | Isiyo kidogo (GOLD 1) || ≥80 |- | Kali kiasi (GOLD 2)|| 50–79 |- | Kali (GOLD 3)|| 30–49 |- | Kali zaidi (GOLD 4)|| <30 or [[kushindwa sugu kwa kupimua]] |} Kuna mbinu kadhaa za kutambua ni kwa kiasi kipi ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa mapafu unaathiri mtu fulani.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> Hojaji iliyofanyiwa mabadiliko ya [[Shirika la Utafiti wa Afya (Ulaya)|Shirika la Utafiti wa Afya la Ulaya]] au jaribio la ukadiriaji wa ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa mapafu ni hojaji rahisi ambazo zinaweza kuamua ukali wa dalili.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> Hoja za kipimo cha ukadriaji wa ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa mapafu ni kutoka 0-40 ikiwa vile hoja ni nyingi ndivyo ugonjwa ni kali.<ref name=ATS>{{cite web |title=COPD Assessment Test (CAT) |url=http://www.thoracic.org/assemblies/srn/questionaires/copd.php |publisher=[[American Thoracic Society]] |accessdate=November 29, 2013}}</ref> Kupima pumzi kunaweza saidia kuamua ukali kikomo cha kutiririka hewa.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> Hii ni kwa msingi wa kupumulia kulicho lazimishwa<sub>1</sub> ikielezwa kama asilimia ya............kwa umri, jinsia, urefu na uzito wa mtu. <ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> Miongozo yote ya Amerika na Europa ilipendekeza kwa kiasi kwa msingi wa mapendekezo ya kupumulia kulicho lazimishwa. <sub>1</sub>.<ref name=Qas2011/> Miongozo ya GOLD hupendekeza kugawanya watu katika vikundi vinne kwa msingi ukadriaji na kikomo cha kutiririka hewa.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> Kupunguza uzito na udhaifu wa misuli pamoja na kuwepo kwa magonjwa mengine kunapaswa kuzingatiwa.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> ===Vipimo vingine=== [[Eksirei ya kifua]] na [[kipimo kamili cha damu]] vinaweza kuwa muhimu katika kutenga magonjwa mengine wakati wa utambuzi.<ref name=NICE2010P70/> Ishara bainifu kwenye eksirei ni mapafu yaliopanuka zaidi, [[Daframu ya kifua|daframu]]iliyonyooka, nafasi ya hewa Zaidi ya nyuma ya mfupa wa kidari, na bula ilhali inaweza kuondoa magonjwa mengine kama vile [[nimonia]], [[edema ya mapafu]] au [[numothoraksi]].<ref name=Old2007>{{cite journal |author=Torres M, Moayedi S |title=Evaluation of the acutely dyspneic elderly patient |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinics-in-geriatric-medicine_2007-05_23_2/page/307 |journal=Clin. Geriatr. Med. |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=307–25,vi |year=2007|month=May |pmid=17462519 |doi=10.1016/j.cger.2007.01.007}}</ref> Ukaguzi wa [[tomografia inayokokotolewa kwa eksirei |tomografia inayokokotolewa]] yenye mchanganuo mkubwa wa kifua unaweza kuonyesha jinsi emfisema ilivyoenea mapafuni na pia unaweza kusaidia kutenga magonjwa mengine ya mapafu.<ref name=Harr2012/> Hata hivyo, isipokuwa upasuaji umepangwa, hii haiathiri udhibiti.<ref name=Harr2012/> [[Gesi ya damu ya ateri|uchanganuzi wa damu ya ateri]] hutumiwa kutambua hitaji la oksijen; hii inapendekezwa kwa walio na upumuji wa nje wa kulazimishwa<sub>1</sub> chini ya asilimia 35 iliyobashiriwa, wale walio na kiwango cha oksijeni ya pembezoni chini ya asilimia 92 na walio na dalili za kusongamana na moyo kukosa kufanya kazi kwa moyo.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> Katika sehemu za dunia ambapo ukosefu wa alfa 1-kinza tripsini hupatikana sana, watu walio na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa mapafu (hasa walio chini ya umri wa miaka 45 na emfisema inayoathiri sehemu za chini za mapafu) wanapaswa kuzingatiwa kupimwa.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> <gallery> File:Ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa mapafu.JPG|alt=Picha yenye weusi na weupe, iliyo na moyo mdogo mweupe katikati na mapafu makubwa meusi kuizunguka|Eksirei ya Kifua inayoonyesha ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa mapafu mkali. Makinikia ukubwa mdogo wa moyo ukilinganisha na mapafu. File:Kifuakiduta.JPG|Eksirei ya mbavuni ya kifua cha mtu aliye na emfisema. Makinikia kifua cha mviringo na daframu iliyonyooka. File:Ekisirei ya bula ya kifua.PNG|Bula ya pafu jinsi inavyoonekana katika eksirei ya kifua kwa mtu aliye na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa mapafu mkali File:Upigaji picha ya dutu ya Ekisirei ya kimatibabu WFH07 nevit.jpg|Kisa kikali cha emfisema yenye bula. File:Emfisema yenye bulaCT.png|Picha ya kompyuta ya tomografia ya pafu la mtu aliye na emfisema yenye bula iliyo katika hatua ya mwisho. </gallery> ===Utambuzi tofautishi=== Ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa unaweza kuhitaji kutofautishwa na visababishi vingine vya upungufu wa pumzi kama vile [[moyo kusongamana na kushindwa kufanya kazi]], [[uemboli wa mapafu]], [[nimonia]] au [[numothoraksi]]. Watu wengi walio na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa mapafu kimakosa hufikiria kuwa wana [[pumu]].<ref name=EB2008/> Hata hivyo utofautishaji wa pumu na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa mapafu hauwezi kufanywa kwa [[kupima pumzi]].<ref name=NICE2010P60/> Kifua kikuu pia kinaweza kujitokeza kwa kikohozi sugu na kinafaa kuzingatiwa katika sehemu ambapo hutokea sana.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2/> Magonjwa yasiyotokea sana bali yanayoweza kujitokeza sawa ni [[displasia ya mapafu na bronkasi]] na [[bronkiolitisi ya kufungana kwa bronkasi]].<ref name=NICE2010P70>{{NICE|101|Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease|June 2010|70-80}}</ref> Bronkiolitisi sugu inaweza kutokea hata kwa upitaji wa kawaida wa hewa na katika hali hii haiainishwi kama ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa.<ref name=Harr2012/> ==Kuzuia== Visa vingi vya ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa vinaweza kuzuiwa kwa kupunguza kutangamana na moshi na kuendeleza ubora wa hewa.<ref name=Piro2012/> [[Chanjo za influenza]] za mwaka kwa walio na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa hupunguza maumivu zaidi, kulazwa hospitalini na kifo.<ref name=Mackay2012>{{cite journal | author = Mackay AJ, Hurst JR | title = COPD exacerbations: causes, prevention, and treatment | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_medical-clinics-of-north-america_2012-07_96_4/page/789 | journal = Med. Clin. North Am. | volume = 96 | issue = 4 | pages = 789–809 | year = 2012 | month = July | pmid = 22793945 | doi = 10.1016/j.mcna.2012.02.008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Poole PJ, Chacko E, Wood-Baker RW, Cates CJ |title=Influenza vaccine for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume= |issue=1 |pages=CD002733 |year=2006 |pmid=16437444|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002733.pub2 |editor1-last=Poole |editor1-first=Phillippa}}</ref> [[Chanjo ya numokokasi|Uchanjaji dhidi ya numokokasi]] pia unaweza kuwa ya usaidizi.<ref name=Mackay2012/> ===Kusitisha uvutaji wa sigara=== Kuwakinga watu dhidi ya kuanza uvutaji wa sigara kipengele kikuu cha kuzuia ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa.<ref name=GOLD2013ChpX/> [[Uvutaji wa tumbaku#Masuala ya kisheria na taratibu|kanuni]] za serikali, taasisi za afya ya umma na mashirika yanayopinga uvutaji zinaweza kupunguza viwango vya uvutaji kwa kuwakataza watu kuanza na kuwahimize waache uvutaji.<ref name=WHO2003/> [[Marufuku dhidi ya uvutaji]] katika sehemu za umma na pahali pa kazi ni njia muhimu za kupunguza kutangamana na moshi kutoka kwa watu wengine na ilhali sehemu nyingi zina marufuku ya kisheria, marufuku Zaidi yanahimizwa.<ref name=Piro2012/> Kwa wanaovuta, [[kusitisha uvutaji|kukoma uvutaji]] ndiyo njia pekee iliyothibitishwa kupunguza kukithiri kwa ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa.<ref name=Jim2013>{{cite journal | author = Jiménez-Ruiz CA, Fagerström KO | title = Smoking cessation treatment for COPD smokers: the role of counselling | journal = Monaldi Arch Chest Dis | volume = 79 | issue = 1 | pages = 33–7 | year = 2013 | month = March | pmid = 23741944 | doi = }}</ref> Hata katika kipindi cha mwisho cha ugonjwa, kunaweza kupunguza kiwango cha kudhoofika kwa utendakazi wa mapafu na kudhibiti mwanzo wa ulemavu na kifo.<ref name=kc>{{cite book |author=Kumar P, Clark M |title=Clinical Medicine |url=https://archive.org/details/kumarclarkclinic0000unse_a8s5 |publisher=Elsevier Saunders |year=2005 |isbn=0-7020-2763-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/kumarclarkclinic0000unse_a8s5/page/900 900]–1 |edition=6th }}</ref> Kusitisha uvutaji huanza na uamuzi wa kukoma kuvuta, unaopelekea jaribio la kukoma. Mara nyingi majaribio kadhaa huhitajika kabla ya kukoma kabisa kutimika..<ref name = WHO2003>{{cite book |url=http://www.who.int/tobacco/resources/publications/tobacco_dependence/en/ |publisher=World Health Organization |title=Policy Recommendations for Smoking Cessation and Treatment of Tobacco Dependence |isbn=978-92-4-156240-9 |pages=15–40 |access-date=2014-06-23 |archive-date=2008-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915105015/http://www.who.int/tobacco/resources/publications/tobacco_dependence/en/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Majaribu ya zaidi ya miaka 5 husababisha mafanikio katika takiban asilimia 40 ya watu.<ref name=Ton2013/> Wavutaji wengine wanaweza kutimiza kukoma uvutaji kabisa kwa hiari yao pekee. Hata hivyo uvutaji ni wa mazoea sana,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/2278.aspx?CategoryID=53&SubCategoryID=536 |title=Why is smoking addictive? |work=NHS Choices |date=December 29, 2011 |accessdate=November 29, 2013 |archive-date=2013-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013041250/http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/2278.aspx?CategoryID=53&SubCategoryID=536 |url-status=dead }}</ref> na wavutaji wengi wanahitaji usaidizi zaidi. Uwezekano wa kukoma huendelezwa kwa usaidizi wa kijamii, kuhusika katika mpango wa kukomesha uvutaji na kutumia tiba kama vile [[tiba ya kubadili nikotini]], [[bupropion]] au [[varenicline]].<ref name=WHO2003/><ref name=Ton2013>{{cite journal | author = Tønnesen P | title = Smoking cessation and COPD | journal = Eur Respir Rev | volume = 22 | issue = 127 | pages = 37–43 | year = 2013 | month = March | pmid = 23457163 | doi = 10.1183/09059180.00007212 }}</ref> ===Afya Kazini=== Hatua kadhaa zimechukuliwa kupunguza uwezekano kuwa wafanyi kazi katika viwanda vyenye hatari—kama vile kuchimba makaa ya mawe,ujenzi na kuchonga mawe—watapata ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa.<ref name=Piro2012/> Mifano ya hatua hizi ni: kutengeneza sera za umma,<ref name=Piro2012/> mafunzo kwa wafanyi kazi kuhusu hatari hizi, kuendeleza kusitisha uvutaji, [[uchunguzi wa ugonjwa|kuchunguza]] wafanyi kazi kwa ishara za mapema za ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa, kutumia [[kipumulio]], na kuzuia vumbi.<ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Barbara K. Timby, Nancy E.|title=Essentials of nursing : care of adults and children|year=2005|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-5098-1|page=338|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=LJWDJMoStnMC&pg=PA338}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor2-last=Markowitz |editor1-first=William N. |editor1-last=Rom |editor2-first=Steven B.|title=Environmental and occupational medicine|year=2007|publisher=Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-6299-1|pages=521–2|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=H4Sv9XY296oC&pg=PA521|edition=4th }}</ref> Uzuiaji bora wa vumbi unaweza kutimizwa kwa kuboresha upitaji wa hewa, kutumia vinyunyizio vya maji na kutumia mbinu za uchimbaji migodi zinazothibiti utengenezaji wa vumbi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hse.gov.uk/copd/casestudies/wetcut.htm |title=Wet cutting |publisher=[[Health and Safety Executive]] |accessdate=November 29, 2013 |archive-date=2013-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004449/http://www.hse.gov.uk/copd/casestudies/wetcut.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mfanyi kazi akipata ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa, uharibikaji zaidi wa mapafu unaweza kupunguzwa kwa kuepuka kutangamana na vumbi, kwa mfano kwa kubadilisha majukumu ya kikazi.<ref>{{cite book|last=George|first=Ronald B.|title=Chest medicine : essentials of pulmonary and critical care medicine|year=2005|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-7817-5273-2|page=172|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=ZzlX2zJMbdgC&pg=PA172|edition=5th }}</ref> ===Uchafuzi wa hewa=== Ubora wa hewa nje na ndani mwa nyumba unaweza kuendelezwa, hii inaweza kuzuia ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa au kupunguza kiwango cha kukithiri kwa kwa ugonjwa uliopo.<ref name=Piro2012/> Hii inaweza kutimizwa kwa juhudi za sera za umma, mabadiliko ya kitamaduni, na kuhusika kwa watu binafsi.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp4>{{cite book |last=Vestbo |first=Jørgen |title=Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |year=2013 |publisher=Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease |pages=31–8 |chapter=Management of Stable COPD |url=http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf#48 |access-date=2014-06-23 |archive-date=2013-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004234113/http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf#48 |dead-url=yes |=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328053032/http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf#48 }}</ref> Baadhi ya nchi zilizostawi zimefanikiwa katika kudumisha ubora wa nje kupitia kanuni.<!-- <ref name=Piro2012/> --> Hii imepelekea kuboresha utendakazi wa mapafu wa watu wao.<ref name=Piro2012/> Walio na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa wanaweza kupata dalili chache iwapo watakaa ndani ya nyumba katika siku ambazo ubora wa hewa nje ya nyumba ni duni.<ref name=.GOLD2007/> Juhudi moja kuu ni kupunguza kutangamana na moshi wa kupika na kuchoma fueli kwa kuhakikisha upitaji bora wa hewa mabomani na stovu na dohani bora.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp4/> Stovu bora zinaweza kuboresha hewa ya ndani mwa nyumba kwa asilimia 85.<!-- <ref name=Piro2012/> --> Kutumia vyanzo mbadala vya nishati kama vile [[kupika kwa jua]] na kutumia stima ni bora,<!-- <ref name=Piro2012/> --> kama tu kutumia fueli kama vile mafuta ya taa au makaa ya mawe badala ya biomasi.<ref name=Piro2012/> == Kudhibiti == Hakuna tiba inayojulikana ya ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa lakini dalili zinaweza kutibiwa na kukithiri kwake kudhibitiwa.<ref name=GOLD2013ChpX/> Malengo makuu ya udhibiti ni kupunguza visababishi vya hatari, kudhibiti ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa uliojijenga, kuzuia na kutibu maumivu zaidi makali na kudhibiti maradhi husika.<ref name=GOLD2007/> Hatua pekee zilizodhibitishwa kuweza kupunguza vifo ni kusitisha uvutaji na oksijeni ya kuongeza.<ref name=Drummond08>{{cite journal |author=Drummond MB, Dasenbrook EC, Pitz MW, Murphy DJ, Fan E|title=Inhaled corticosteroids in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2008-11-26_300_20/page/n78|journal=JAMA |volume=300 |issue=20 |pages=2407–16 |year=2008|month=November |pmid=19033591|doi=10.1001/jama.2008.717 }}</ref> Kukoma uvutaji hupunguza hatari ya kifo kwa asilimia 18.<ref name=Lancet2012/> Mapendekezo mengine ni: chanjo ya influenza mara moja kwa mwaka, chanjo ya numokokasi mara moja kila baada ya miaka 5, na kupunguza kutangamana na uchafuzi wa hewa wa kimazingira.<ref name=Lancet2012/> kwa walio na ugonjwa uliokithiri, [[utunzajia wa kutuliza]] unaweza kupunguza dalili, na morphine kukabiliana na hisia za upungufu wa pumzi.<ref name=Carl2012>{{cite journal |author=Carlucci A, Guerrieri A, Nava S |title=Palliative care in COPD patients: is it only an end-of-life issue? |journal=Eur Respir Rev |volume=21 |issue=126 |pages=347–54 |year=2012 |month=December|pmid=23204123|doi=10.1183/09059180.00001512 |url=}}</ref> [[Upitishaji wa hewa bila kutumia njia za hewa bandia]] unaweza kutumika kusaidia upumuaji.<ref name=Carl2012/> ===Mazoezi=== [[Kurudisha mapafu katika hali ya kawaida]] ni programu ya mazoezi, udhibiti wa ugonjwa na ushauri, vilivyopangwa kumfaidi mtu binafsi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Copd/Copd_Treatments.html |title=COPD — Treatment |publisher=U.S. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute |accessdate=2013-07-23}}</ref> kwa wale ambao wamekuwa na maumivu zaidi hivi karibuni,kurudisha mapafu katika hali ya kawaida huonekana kuendeleza ubora wa maisha kwa jumla na uwezo wa kufanya mazoezi, na kupunguza vifo.<ref name=Puhan2011>{{cite journal |author=Puhan MA, Gimeno-Santos E, Scharplatz M, Troosters T, Walters EH, Steurer J |editor1-last=Puhan |editor1-first=Milo A |title=Pulmonary rehabilitation following exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |issue=10 |pages=CD005305 |year=2011|pmid=21975749 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005305.pub3 }}</ref> Pia imeonyeshwa uwezo alio nao mtu katika kuthibiti ugonjwa wake, na vile vile hisia zake.<ref name=Lac2006>{{cite journal | author = Lacasse Y, Goldstein R, Lasserson TJ, Martin S | title = Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = | issue = 4 | pages = CD003793 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17054186 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003793.pub2 | editor1-last = Lacasse | editor1-first = Yves }}</ref> Mazoezi ya kupumua pekee yameonekana kuwa na jukumu dogo sana.<ref name=Holland2012/> Kuwa na uzani wa chini au wa juu zaidi kunaweza kuathiri dalili, kiwango cha ulemavu na prognosi ya ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa. Watu walio na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa walio na uzani wa chini wanaweza kuboresha nguvu za misuli ya kupumua kwa kuongeza kiwango cha kalori.<ref name=GOLD2007/> Pamoja na mazoezi ya mara kwa mara au mpango wa kurudisha mapafu katika hali ya kawaida inaweza kuleta mabadiliko katika dalili za ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa. Lishe Zaidi inaweza kuwa muhimu kwa walio na[[utapiamlo|wenye utapiamlo]].<ref name=Ferr2012>{{cite journal|author=Ferreira IM, Brooks D, White J, Goldstein R |editor1-last=Ferreira|editor1-first=Ivone M |title=Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=12 |pages=CD000998 |year=2012 |pmid=23235577 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000998.pub3 }}</ref> ===Kitanua bronkasi=== [[Vitanua bronkasi]] vilivyopumuliwa ndani ndivyo tiba za kimsingi zinazotumika<ref name=Lancet2012/> na husababisha manufaa machache kwa jumla.<ref name=VanD2013>{{cite journal | author = van Dijk WD, van den Bemt L, van Weel C | title = Megatrials for bronchodilators in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) treatment: time to reflect | journal = J Am Board Fam Med | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 221–4 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23471939 | doi = 10.3122/jabfm.2013.02.110342}}</ref> Kuna aina mbili kuu, [[Beta2-adrenergic agonist|β<sub>2</sub> agonists]] na [[kinza kikolini]]; ambazo huwa katika aina ya muda mrefu na ile ya muda mfupi. Hupunguza upungufu wa pumzi, mkoroto na udhibiti wa mazoezi na kupelekea [[ubora wa maisha]].<ref name=Lies2002>{{cite journal |author=Liesker JJ, Wijkstra PJ, Ten Hacken NH, Koëter GH, Postma DS, Kerstjens HA |title=A systematic review of the effects of bronchodilators on exercise capacity in patients with COPD |journal=Chest |volume=121 |issue=2 |pages=597–608 |year=2002 |month=February |pmid=11834677 |doi=10.1378/chest.121.2.597 |url=http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1080303 |access-date=2014-06-23 |archive-date=2015-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928003929/http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1080303 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Haijabainika iwapo zinabadilisha kukithiri kwa ugonjwa uliopo<ref name=Lancet2012/> Kwa walio na ugonjwa kidogo, ajenti za muda mfupi hupendekezwa kwa [[Pro re nata |jinsi inavyohitajika]] <ref name=Lancet2012/> Kwa walio na ugonjwa mkali sana ajenti za muda mrefu hupendekezwa.<ref name=Lancet2012/> Iwapo vitanua bronkasi vya muda mrefu havitoshelezi, kwa kawaida kotikosteroidi huongezwa<ref name=Lancet2012/> Kwa kurejelea ajenti za muda mrefu, haijabainika iwapo [[tiotropium]] (kinza kikolini ya muda mrefu)au [[gnisti za beta za muda mrefu]] ni nzuri, na zinaweza kujaribiwa kwa zamu na kuendelea na iliyo bora zaidi.<ref name=Chong2012>{{cite journal | author = Chong J, Karner C, Poole P | title = Tiotropium versus long-acting beta-agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = 9 | issue = | pages = CD009157 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22972134 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD009157.pub2 | editor1-last = Chong | editor1-first = Jimmy }}</ref> Aina zote mbili za ajenti huonekana kupunguza hatari za maumivu makali zaidi kwa asilimia 15-25.<ref name=Lancet2012/> Zinapotumiwa kwa wakati mmoja zinaweza kufaidi,hata hivyo, hata faida hii ikiwepo, umuhimu wake si bayana.<ref name=Karner2012>{{cite journal | author = Karner C, Cates CJ | title = Long-acting beta(2)-agonist in addition to tiotropium versus either tiotropium or long-acting beta(2)-agonist alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = 4 | issue = | pages = CD008989 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22513969 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD008989.pub2 | editor1-last = Karner | editor1-first = Charlotta }}</ref> Kuna aina kadhaa za muda mfupi za β<sub>2</sub> zinazopatikana ikiwa ni pamoja na[[salbutamol]] (Ventolin) na [[terbutaline]].<ref name=GOLD2013Chp3/> Hizi hupunguza ukali wa dalili kwa saa nne hadi sita.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp3/> Agonisti za muda mrefu za β <sub>2</sub> kama vile [[salmeterol]] na [[formoterol]] mara nyingi hutumiwa kwa matibabu ya kurekebisha. Wengine huhisi kuwa ushahidi wa manufaa ni mdogo<ref name=Cave2011>{{Rejea jarida | last1 = Cave | first1 = AC. | last2 = Hurst | first2 = MM. | title = The use of long acting β₂-agonists, alone or in combination with inhaled corticosteroids, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a risk-benefit analysis | journal = Pharmacol Ther | volume = 130 | issue = 2 | pages = 114–43 | month = May | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.12.008 | pmid = 21276815 }}</ref> ilhali wengine huona ushahidi wa manufaa kuwa uliopo.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Spencer|first=S|coauthors=Karner, C; Cates, CJ; Evans, DJ|title=Inhaled corticosteroids versus long-acting beta(2)-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=2011 Dec 7|issue=12|pages=CD007033|pmid=22161409|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007033.pub3|editor1-last=Spencer|editor1-first=Sally}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Wang|first=J|coauthors=Nie, B; Xiong, W; Xu, Y|title=Effect of long-acting beta-agonists on the frequency of COPD exacerbations: a meta-analysis|journal=Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics|date=2012 Apr|volume=37|issue=2|pages=204–11|pmid=21740451|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2710.2011.01285.x}}</ref> Matumizi ya muda mrefu huonekana kuwa salama kwa ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa<ref name=Decr2013>{{cite journal | author = Decramer ML, Hanania NA, Lötvall JO, Yawn BP | title = The safety of long-acting β2-agonists in the treatment of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | journal = Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis | volume = 8 | issue = | pages = 53–64 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23378756 | pmc = 3558319 | doi = 10.2147/COPD.S39018 }}</ref> huku madhara yakiwa [[tetemeko|kutetemeka]] na [[mpapatiko|mipapatiko ya moyo]].<ref name=Lancet2012/> Zikitumiwa pamoja na steroidi za kupumuliwa ndani, huongeza hatari ya nimonia.<ref name=Lancet2012/> Ingawa steroidi na LABAs zinaweza kufanya kazi vyema pamoja,<ref name=Cave2011/> si bayana ikiwa manufaa haya madogo yanazidi hatari zilizoongezeka. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Nannini|first=LJ|coauthors=Lasserson, TJ; Poole, P|title=Combined corticosteroid and long-acting beta(2)-agonist in one inhaler versus long-acting beta(2)-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=2012 Sep 12|volume=9|pages=CD006829|pmid=22972099|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006829.pub2|editor1-last=Nannini|editor1-first=Luis Javier}}</ref> Kuna aina mbili kuu za kinza kikolini zinazotumika katika ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa mapafu, [[ipratropium]] na [[tiotropium]] Ipratropium ni ajenti inayofanya kazi kwa muda mfupi ilhali tiotropium hufanya kazi kwa muda mrefu. Tiotropium inahusiana na kupungua kwa maumivu zaidi na kuboresha hali ya maisha,<ref name=Karner2012/> na tiotropium hutoa manufaa haya zaidi ya ipratropium. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Cheyne L, Irvin-Sellers MJ, White J |editor1-last=Cheyne |editor1-first=Leanne |title=Tiotropium versus ipratropium bromide for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |date=2013 Sep 16 |issue=9 |pages=CD009552 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009552.pub2 |pmid=24043433 |volume=9}}</ref> Haionekani kuathiri kiwango cha vifo au kiwango cha jumla cha kulazwa hospitalini.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Karner|first=C|coauthors=Chong, J; Poole, P|title=Tiotropium versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=2012 Jul 11|volume=7|pages=CD009285|pmid=22786525|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009285.pub2|editor1-last=Karner|editor1-first=Charlotta}}</ref> Anticholinergics zinaweza kusababisha dalili za kinywa kukauka na dalili za maambukizi ya bofu la mkojo.<ref name=Lancet2012/> Pia zinahusiana na ongezeko la hatari ya ugonjwa wa moyo na kiharusi<ref name=Singh2008>{{cite journal | author = Singh S, Loke YK, Furberg CD | title = Inhaled anticholinergics and risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2008-09-24_300_12/page/n66 | journal = JAMA | volume = 300 | issue = 12 | pages = 1439–50 | year = 2008 | month = September | pmid = 18812535 | doi = 10.1001/jama.300.12.1439 }}</ref><ref name=Singh2013>{{cite journal | author = Singh S, Loke YK, Enright P, Furberg CD | title = Pro-arrhythmic and pro-ischaemic effects of inhaled anticholinergic medications | journal = Thorax | volume = 68 | issue = 1 | pages = 114–6 | year = 2013 | month = January | pmid = 22764216 | doi = 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-201275 }}</ref> ===Kotikosteroidi=== [[Kotikosteroidi]] kwa kawaida hutumika kama aina ya kupumua ndani lakini pia zinaweza kutumika kama tembe kutibu na kuzuia maumivu makali zaidi. Ingawa kotikosteroidi za kupumuliwa ndani hazijaonyesha manufaa kwa watu walio na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa mdogo <ref>{{cite journal |author=Gartlehner G, Hansen RA, Carson SS, Lohr KN |title=Efficacy and Safety of Inhaled Corticosteroids in Patients With COPD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Health Outcomes |journal=Ann Fam Med |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=253–62 |year=2006 |pmid=16735528 |pmc=1479432|doi=10.1370/afm.517 }}</ref>Zinapotumiwa kwa pamoja na LABA hupunguza kiwango cha vifo Zaidi ya kotikosteroidi za kupumuliwa ndani au LABA pekee.<ref name=Shaf2013>{{cite journal | author = Shafazand S | title = ACP Journal Club. Review: inhaled medications vary substantively in their effects on mortality in COPD | journal = Ann. Intern. Med. | volume = 158 | issue = 12 | pages = JC2 | year = 2013 | month = June | pmid = 23778926 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-158-12-201306180-02002 }}</ref> Kivyake hazina athari kwa kiwango cha jumla cha vifo vya mwaka mmoja na huhusiana na viwango zaidi vya nimonia.<ref name="Drummond08"/> Si bayana iwapo zinaathiri kuendelea kwa ugonjwa huo.<ref name=Lancet2012/> Matibabu ya muda mrefu na tembe za steroidi huhusiana na madhara makubwa.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp3/> ===Matibabu mengine=== [[Antibiotiki]] za muda mrefu, hasa za kundi la [[macrolide]] kama vile[[azithromycin]], hupunguza kiwango cha kutokea kwa maumivu Zaidi kwa wale wanaokuwa nayo mara mbili au Zaidi kwa mwaka.<ref name=Mammen2012>{{cite journal | author = Mammen MJ, Sethi S | title = Macrolide therapy for the prevention of acute exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | journal = Pol. Arch. Med. Wewn. | volume = 122 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 54–9 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22353707}}</ref> Hii inaweza kuwa ya bei nafuu katika maeneo fulani ulimwenguni.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Simoens|first=S|coauthors=Laekeman, G; Decramer, M|title=Preventing COPD exacerbations with macrolides: a review and budget impact analysis|journal=Respiratory medicine|date=2013 May|volume=107|issue=5|pages=637–48|pmid=23352223|doi=10.1016/j.rmed.2012.12.019}}</ref> [[Xanthine|Methylxanthines]] kama vile [[theophylline]] husababisha madhara zaidi ya manufaa na kwa hivyo kwa kawaida hazipendekezwi,<ref name=Bar2003>{{cite journal |author=Barr RG, Rowe BH, Camargo CA |editor1-last=Barr |editor1-first=R Graham |title=Methylxanthines for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |issue=2 |pages=CD002168 |year=2003 |pmid=12804425 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002168 }}</ref> lakini zinaweza kutumika kama ajenti za kundi la pili kwa magonjwa yasiyothibitiwa na hatua zingine.<ref name=GOLD2007/> [[Mucolytic]] zinaweza kuwa bora kwa watu wengine walio na kamasi nzito lakini hazihitajiki.<ref name=Mackay2012/> [[Dawa za kikohozi]] hazipendekezwi.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp3/> ===Oksijeni=== [[Tiba ya oksijeni|oksijeni zaidi]] hupendekezwa kwa walio na viwango vya chini vya oksijeni wakiwa wametulia ([[shinikizo dogo la oksijeni]] la chini ya &nbsp;mmHg 50-55 au ujazo wa chini wa oksijeni kwa asilimia 88).<ref name=GOLD2013Chp3>{{cite book |last=Vestbo |first=Jørgen |title=Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |year=2013 |publisher=Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease |pages=19–30 |chapter=Therapeutic Options |chapterurl=http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf#36 |access-date=2014-06-23 |archive-date=2013-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004234113/http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf#36 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name=Kundi2012/> Katika kundi hili la watu, hupunguza hatari ya [[moyo kushindwa kufanya kazi]] na kifo iwapo ikitumia saa 15&nbsp;kwa siku<ref name=GOLD2013Chp3/><ref name=Kundi2012>{{cite journal|last=COPD Working|first=Group|title=Long-term oxygen therapy for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): an evidence-based analysis|journal=Ontario health technology assessment series|year=2012|volume=12|issue=7|pages=1–64|pmid=23074435|pmc=3384376}}</ref> na inaweza kuongeza uwezo wa watu kufanya mazoezi.<ref name=Brad2005>{{cite journal | author = Bradley JM, O'Neill B | title = Short-term ambulatory oxygen for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = | issue = 4 | pages = CD004356 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16235359 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004356.pub3 | editor1-last = Bradley | editor1-first = Judy M }}</ref> Kwa wale walio na viwango vya kawaida au vidogo vya oksijeni, kupewa oksijeni zaidi kunaweza kuboresha upungufu wa pumzi. <ref name=Uron2011>{{cite journal | author = Uronis H, McCrory DC, Samsa G, Currow D, Abernethy A | title = Symptomatic oxygen for non-hypoxaemic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = | issue = 6 | pages = CD006429 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21678356 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006429.pub2 | editor1-last = Abernethy | editor1-first = Amy }}</ref> Kuna hatari ya moto na manufaa machache kwa wanaopewa oksijeni wakiendelea na uvutaji. <ref>{{cite book|last=Chapman|first=Stephen|title=Oxford handbook of respiratory medicine|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-954516-2|page=707|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=945lM1g_uQoC&pg=PA707|edition=2nd}}</ref> Katika hali hii wengine huipinga.<ref>{{cite book|last=Blackler|first=Laura|title=Managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|year=2007|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=Chichester, England|isbn=978-0-470-51798-7|page=49|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=D5n6lqqxkNUC&pg=PA49}}</ref> Wakati wa maumivu Zaidi makali, wengi huhitaji tiba ya oksijeni; utumizi wa viwango vikubwa vya oksijeni bila kuzingatia viwango vya mtu vya oksijeni unaweza kusababisha ongezeko la dioksidi ya kaboni na matokeo mabaya.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jindal|first=Surinder K|title=Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.|year=2013|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub|isbn=978-93-5090-353-7|page=139|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=PTgIAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA139}}</ref><ref name=BTS2008>{{cite journal|last=O'Driscoll|first=BR|coauthors=Howard, LS; Davison, AG; British Thoracic, Society|title=BTS guideline for emergency oxygen use in adult patients|journal=Thorax|date=2008 Oct|volume=63 Suppl 6|pages=vi1–68|pmid=18838559|doi=10.1136/thx.2008.102947}}</ref> Kwa wale walio katika hatari zaidi ya viwango vya juu vya dioksidi ya kaboni, viwango vya oksijeni vya asilimia 88-92 hupendekezwa, ilhali kwa wale wasio katika hatari hii viwango vinavyopendekezwa ni asilimia 94-98.<ref name=BTS2008/> ===Upasuaji=== Kwa walio na ugonjwa mkali sana, wakati mwingine upasuaji huwa bora na unaweza kuwa [[ubadilishaji wa pafu]] au [[upasuaji wa kupunguza ukubwa wa pafu]].<ref name=Lancet2012/> Upasuaji wa kupunguza ukubwa wa pafu hujumuisha kuondoa sehemu za pafu zilizohariwa sana na emfisema na kuwezesha inayobaki, ambayo ni ndilo pafu zuri kupanuka na kufanya kazi vizuri. <ref name=GOLD2013Chp3/> [[Ubadilishaji wa pafu]] wakati mwingine hufanywa kwa walio na ugonjwa sugu mkali sana wa kufungana kwa njia za pumzi, hasa kwa watu walio na umri mdogo.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp3/> ===Maumivu zaidi=== Kwa kawaida maumivu Zaidi makali hutibiwa kwa kuongeza utumizi wa vitanua bronkasi vya muda mfupi.<ref name=Lancet2012/> Hii mara nyingi hujumuisha mchanganyiko agonisti ya beta ya muda mfupi iliyopumuliwa ndani na kinza kikolini. <ref name=GOLD2013Chp5/> Dawa hizi zinaweza kutumika kupitia [[kifaa cha kutoa kiasi fulani cha tiba kwa mapafu]] na [[Spacer ya asthma|Spacer]] au kupitia [[kinebulishi]] na zote huonekana kufanya kazi vizuri.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp5/> Kinebulishi kinaweza kuwa rahisi kwa walio wagonjwa zaidi. <ref name=GOLD2013Chp5/> Kotikosteroidi za kinywani huboresha nafasi ya kupata nafuu na kupunguza muda wa dalili kwa jumla.<ref name=Lancet2012/><ref name=GOLD2013Chp5/> Kwa wale walio na maumivu zaidi makali, antibiotiki huboresha matokeo. <ref name=Vollen2012>{{cite journal |author=Vollenweider DJ, Jarrett H, Steurer-Stey CA, Garcia-Aymerich J, Puhan MA |editor1-last=Vollenweider |editor1-first=Daniela J|title=Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev|volume=12 |pages=CD010257 |year=2012 |pmid=23235687 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010257 }}</ref> Antibiotiki tofauti zinaweza kutumiwa zikiwemo: [[amoxicillin]], [[doxycycline]] au [[azithromycin]] si bayana iwapo moja ni bora kuliko zingine.<ref name=Mackay2012/> Hakuna ushahidi bayana kwa walio na visa visivyo vikali.<ref name=Vollen2012/> [[Upitishaji wa shinikizo chanya la sehemu maalum]] kwa wale walio na viwango vya juu Zaidi vya dioksdi ya kaboni <sub>2</sub> ([[kushindwa kupumua|aina ya 2 ya kushindwa kupumua]]) hupunguza uwezekano wa kifo kutokana na au kuhitaji kulazwa kwa uangilizi makini [[upitishaji hewa wa kimashine]].<ref name=Lancet2012/> Pia, theophylline inaweza kutumiwa kwa wasiopata nafuu kutokana na mbinu zingine.<ref name=Lancet2012/> Chini ya asilimia 20 ya maumivu zaidi huhitaji kulazwa hospitalini. <ref name=GOLD2013Chp5/>Kwa wasio na asidosisi inayotokana na matatizo ya kupumua, [[utunzaji wa nyumbani]] ("hospitali ya nyumbani") unaweza kusaidia kuepuka kulazwa.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp5/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Jeppesen|first=E|coauthors=Brurberg, KG; Vist, GE; Wedzicha, JA; Wright, JJ; Greenstone, M; Walters, JA|title=Hospital at home for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=2012 May 16|volume=5|pages=CD003573|pmid=22592692 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003573.pub2}}</ref> ==Prognosi== [[File:Ramani ya dunia ya ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa - DALY – Shirika la Afya Duniani2004.svg|250px|kidole gumba|[[Ulemavu-…mwaka wa maisha yaliyorekebishwa]] kwa ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa kwa kila wakazi 100,000&nbsp;katika mwaka wa 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_country/en/index.html |title=WHO Disease and injury country estimates |year=2009 |work=World Health Organization |accessdate=Nov. 11, 2009}}</ref> {{Multicol}} {{legend|#b3b3b3|no data}} {{legend|#ffff65|≤110}} {{legend|#fff200|110–220}} {{legend|#ffdc00|220–330}} {{legend|#ffc600|330–440}} {{legend|#ffb000|440–550}} {{legend|#ff9a00|550–660}} {{Multicol-break}} {{legend|#ff8400|660–770}} {{legend|#ff6e00|770–880}} {{legend|#ff5800|880–990}} {{legend|#ff4200|990–1100}} {{legend|#ff2c00|1100–1350}} {{legend|#cb0000|≥1350}} {{Multicol-end}}]] Ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa huzidi polepole na hatimaye unaweza kusababisha kifo. Inakadiriwa kuwa asilimia 3 ya [[miaka ya maisha yaliyorekebishwa kwa ulemavu|ulemavu wote]] inahusiana na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa. <ref name=DALY2012/> Sehemu ya ulemavu unaotokana na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa ulimwenguni imepungua tangu mwaka wa 1990 hadi 2010 kutokana na kuboreshwa kwa hali ya hewa ndani ya nyumba hasa Asia.<ref name=DALY2012>{{cite journal | author = Murray CJ, Vos T, Lozano R, Naghavi M, Flaxman AD, Michaud C, Ezzati M, Shibuya K, Salomon JA, ''et al.'' | title = Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2197 | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9859 | pages = 2197–223 | year = 2012 | month = December | pmid = 23245608 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4 | displayauthors = 30 }}</ref> Idadi ya miaka ya kuishi na ulemavu unaotokana na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa mapafu, hata hivyo, imeongezeka. <ref name=YLD2012>{{cite journal | author = Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, Shibuya K, Salomon JA, Abdalla S, Aboyans V, ''et al''. | title = Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9859 | pages = 2163–96 | year = 2012 | month = December | pmid = 23245607 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2 | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2163| displayauthors = 30 }}</ref> Kiwango ambacho ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa huzidi hutofautiana kulingana na kuwepo kwa mambo yanayoashiria matokeo mabaya kama vile: kufungana sana kwa kupita kwa hewa, uwezo duni wa kufanya mazoezi, upungufu wa pumzi, uzani wa chini au wa juu Zaidi, [[matatizo ya moyo yanayotokana na msongamano]], uvutaji unaoendelea, na maumivu zaidi ya mara kwa mara.<ref name=GOLD2007/> Matokeo ya muda mrefu ya ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa yanaweza kukadiriwa kwa kutumia [[kielezo cha KUASHIRIA]] ambayo hutoa alama ya sufuri hadi kumi kulingana na Kiasi cha hewa inayopumuliwa nje kwa lazima<sub>1</sub>, [[kielezo cha uzito wa mwili]], umbali aliotembea kwa dakika 6, na [[kipimo cha disnia kilichobadilishwa cha Halmashauri ya Utafiti wa Tiba]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Medicine|first=prepared by the Department of Medicine, Washington University School of|title=The Washington manual general internal medicine subspecialty consult.|year=2009|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-9155-7|page=96|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=ZptEP_hDrlwC&pg=PA96|edition=2nd }}</ref> Kupoteza uzani sana ni ishara mbaya. <ref name=Harr2012/> Matokeo ya upimaji wa pumzi pia ni kibashiri kizuri cha hali ya baadaye ya ugonjwa lakini si bora kama kielezo cha KUASHIRIA.<ref name=Harr2012/><ref name=NICE2010P60/> ==Epidemolojia== Kote ulimwenguni kufikia mwaka wa 2010, ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa uliathiri takriban watu milioni 329&nbsp; (asilimi 4.8 ya ya watu wote) na hutokea sana kwa wanaume kuliko wanawake. <ref name=YLD2012/> Hii ni kulinganishwa na milioni 64&nbsp; walioathiriwa mwaka wa 2004.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Fact sheet N°315|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs315/en/|publisher=WHO|date=November 2012}}</ref> Ongezeko katika nchi zinazostawi kati ya mwaka wa 1970 na miaka ya 2000 inaaminika kuhusiana na viwango vinavyoongezeka vya uvutaji katika eneo hili, ongezeko la idadi ya watu na watu wanaozeeka kutokana na kupungua kwa vifo kutoka kwa visababishi vingine kama vile magonjwa ya kuambukiza. <ref name=Lancet2012/> Nchi zingine zilizostawi zimeshuhudia viwango vya juu, zingine zimebaki imara na zingine zimeshuhudia kupungua katika kuenea kwa ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa.<ref name=Lancet2012/> Idadi za kimataifa zinatarajiwa kuendelea kuongezeka visababishi vya hatari vinapoendelea kutokea sana na watu wakiendelea kuzeeka. <ref name=GOLD2013ChpX>{{cite book |last=Vestbo |first=Jørgen |title=Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |year=2013 |publisher=Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease |pages=xiii-xv |nopp=yes |chapter=Introduction |url=http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf#14 |access-date=2014-06-23 |archive-date=2013-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004234113/http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf#14 |dead-url=yes |=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328053032/http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf#14 }}</ref> Kati ya mwaka wa 1990 na 2010 idadi ya vifo kutokana na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa imepungua kidogo kutoka milioni 3.1&nbsp; hadi milioni 2.9&nbsp; ref name=Lozano2012>{{cite journal | author = Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Adair T, Aggarwal R, ''et al''.| title = Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9859 | pages = 2095–128 | year = 2012 | month = December | pmid = 23245604 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095| displayauthors = 30 }}</ref> Kwa jumla, ugonjwa huu ndicho kisababishi cha nne cha vifo. <ref name=Lancet2012/> Katika nchi zingine, vifo zimepungua kwa wanaume na kuongezeka kwa wananwake. ref name=Ryc2012>{{cite journal | author = Rycroft CE, Heyes A, Lanza L, Becker K | title = Epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a literature review | journal = Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis | volume = 7 | issue = | pages = 457–94 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22927753 | pmc = 3422122 | doi = 10.2147/COPD.S32330 }}</ref> Hii inaweza kuwa kutokana na viwango vya uvutaji kwa wananwake na wanaume kuendelea kuwa sawa. <ref name=Harr2012/> Ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa hutokea sana kwa wazee;<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> huathiri watu 34-200 kwa kila watu 1000 wenye umri wa Zaidi ya miaka 65&nbsp; kulingana na watu waliozingatiwa. <ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/><ref name="Old2007"/> Uingereza, karibu watu milioni 0.84 (kati ya milioni 50) wamepatikana kuwa na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa; hii ni takriban mtu mmoja kwa kila watu 59 wanaofanyiwa utambuzi wa ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa wakati fulani maishani mwao. Katika sehemu nyingi maskini za nchi hiyo, mtu mmoja kati ya watu 32 walipatikana kuwa na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa, wakilinganishwa na mmoja kati ya watu 98 katika sehemu tajiri.<ref name="BJGPref">{{cite journal |author=Simpson CR, Hippisley-Cox J, Sheikh A| title= Trends in the epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in England: a national study of 51 804 patients | journal=Brit J Gen Pract |volume=60 |issue=576 |pages=483–8 |year=2010 |pmid=20594429 |pmc=2894402 |doi= 10.3399/bjgp10X514729}}</ref> Marekani, takriban asilimia 6.3 ya watu wazima, ambayo ni takriban watu milioni 15&nbsp; wamepatikana kuwa na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |title=Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Among Adults — United States, 2011 |journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |date=2012 Nov 23 |volume=61 |issue=46 |pages=938–43 |pmid=23169314 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6146a2.htm}}</ref> Watu milioni 25&nbsp;wanaweza kuwa na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa visa visivyotambuliwa vikiongezwa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Morbidity & Mortality: 2009 Chart Book on Cardiovascular, Lung, and Blood Diseases |publisher=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute |url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/resources/docs/2009_ChartBook.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref> Katika mwaka wa 2011, takriban watu 730,000 walilazwa hospitalini kutokana na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa.<ref name=Tor2013>{{cite journal | author = Torio CM, Andrews RM | title = National Inpatient Hospital Costs: The Most Expensive Conditions by Payer, 2011: Statistical Brief #160 | journal = Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Statistical Briefs | year = 2006 | pmid = 24199255 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb160.jsp | publisher = Agency for Health Care Policy and Research | access-date = 2014-06-23 | archive-date = 2017-03-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170314171958/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb160.jsp | dead-url = yes | = https://web.archive.org/web/20170314171958/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb160.jsp }}</ref> ==Historia== [[File:Giambattista morgagni.gif|thumb|right|600px|Giambattista Morgagni aliyetengeneza mojawapo ya vielelezo vilivyoandikwa kitambo vya emfisema mnamo mwaka wa 1769]]Neno "emfisema" linatoka katika [[Lugha ya kigiriki|Kigiriki]] {{lang|el|ἐμφυσᾶν}} ''emphysan'' kumaanisha "''kujaa hewa''" -yenyewe ikiwa na ἐν ''en'', ikimaanisha "''ndani''", na φυσᾶν ''physan'', ikimaanisha "''pumzi, blast''".<ref>{{cite web|title=Emphysema|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/emphysema|work=Dictionary.com|accessdate=21 November 2013}}</ref> Jina bronkitisi sugu lilianza kutumika mwaka wa 1808<ref name=Historia1991>{{cite journal |doi=10.1159/000195969 |title=History of the Treatment of Chronic Bronchitis |year=1991 |last1=Ziment |first1=Irwin |journal=Respiration |volume=58 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=37–42 |pmid=1925077}}</ref> ilhali jina ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa huaminika kutumika kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka wa 1965. <ref name=Historia2006/> Hapo awali umejulikana kwa majina kadhaa tofauti yakiwemo: ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa bronkasi na njia za hewa, ugonjwa sugu wa kupumua wa kufungana, ugonjwa sugu wa kufunga kwa kupita kwa hewa, kupungua sugu kwa kupita kwa hewa, ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa, ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa usiojulikana, na sindromu liyoenea ya kufungana kwa njia za hewa.<!-- <ref name=History2006/> --> Majina bronkitisi sugu na emfisema yalifasiliwa mwaka wa 1959 katika kongamano la [[Novartis|CIBA]] na katika mwaka wa 1962 katika mkutano wa kamati ya [[Shirika la Kifua la Marekani]] kuhusu viwango vya utambuzi.<ref name=History2006/> Maelezo ya kitambo ya uwezekano wa emfisema ni: Katika mwaka wa 1679 na T. Bonet kuhusu ugonjwa wa "mapafu makubwa” na katika mwaka wa 1769 na [[Giovanni Morgagni]] kuhusu mapafu yaliyokuwa yamevimba hasa kutokana na hewa".<ref name=Historia2006>{{cite journal |author=Petty TL |title=The history of COPD |journal=Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=3–14 |year=2006 |pmid=18046898 |pmc=2706597 |doi=10.2147/copd.2006.1.1.3}}</ref><ref name=Fish2008/> Katika mwaka wa 1721 michoro ya kwanza ya emfisema ilifanywa na Ruysh.<ref name=Fish2008>{{cite book |first1=Joanne L. |last1=Wright |first2=Andrew |last2=Churg |chapter=Pathologic Features of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Diagnostic Criteria and Differential Diagnosis |chapterurl=http://www.mhprofessional.com/downloads/products/0071457399/0071457399_chap40.pdf |pages=693–705 |editor1-first=Alfred |editor1-last=Fishman |editor2-first=Jack |editor2-last=Elias |editor3-first=Jay |editor3-last=Fishman |editor4-first=Michael |editor4-last=Grippi |editor5-first=Robert |editor5-last=Senior |editor6-first=Allan |editor6-last=Pack |year=2008 |title=Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders |edition=4th |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |isbn=978-0-07-164109-8 |access-date=2014-06-23 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202744/http://www.mhprofessional.com/downloads/products/0071457399/0071457399_chap40.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Michoro hii ilifuatwa na picha za [[Matthew Baillie]] katika mwaka wa 1789 na maelezo ya hali ya uharibifu wa ugonjwa huo.<!-- <ref jina=Historia2006/> --> Katika mwaka wa 1814 [[Charles Badham (fizishiani)|Charles Badham]] alitumia "katara" kueleza kikohozi na kamasi Zaidi katika bronkitisi sugu.<!-- <ref jina=Historia2006/> --> [[René Laennec]], fizishiani aliyevumbua [[stethoskopu]], alitumia neno "emfisema" katika kitabu chake ''A Treatise on the Diseases of the Chest and of Mediate Auscultation'' (1837) kueleza mapafu yasiyosinyaa alipofungua kifua wakati wa otopsi.<!-- <ref jina=Historia2006/> --> Aligundua kuwa hayakusinyaa kikawaida kwa sababu yalikuwa yamejaa hewa na njia za hewa zilikuwa zimejaa kamasi..<!-- <ref name=History2006/> --> Katika mwaka wa 1842, [[John Hutchinson (daktari mpasuaji)|John Hutchinson]] aligundua [[kipima pumzi]], kilichoruhusu kupimwa kwa [[ujazo pumzi]] wa mapafu.<!-- <ref name=History2006/> --> Hata hivyo kipima pumzi chake kingeweza kupima ujazo tu, si kupita kwa hewa. <!-- <ref name=History2006/> --> Tiffeneau and Pinelli katika mwaka wa 1947 walieleza kanuni za kupima kupita kwa hewa. <ref name=History2006/> Matibabu ya kitambo yalikuwa kitunguu saumu, mdalasini na [[ipecac]], miongoni mwa mengine.<ref name=History1991/> Matibabu ya kisasa yalianzishwa katika nusu ya pili ya karne ya 21. <!-- <ref name=History2005> --> Ushahidi wa kuunga mkono utumizi wa steroidi katika ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa ulichapishwa mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1950.<!-- <ref name=History2005> --> Vitanua bronkasi vilianza kutumika katika miaka ya 1960 baada ya majaribio yenye matumaini ya [[isoprenaline]].<!-- <ref name=History2005> --> Vitanua bronkasi zaidi, kama vile salbutamol, vilitengenezwa katika miaka ya 1970, na matumizi ya LABAs yakaanza katikati mwa miaka ya 1990.<ref name=History2005>{{cite journal |author=Fishman AP |title=One hundred years of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-respiratory-critical-care-medicine_2005-05-01_171_9/page/941 |journal=Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. |volume=171 |issue=9 |pages=941–8|year=2005|month=May |pmid=15849329 |doi=10.1164/rccm.200412-1685OE}}</ref> ==Jamii na Utamaduni== Ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa mapafu umeitwa "pafu la mvutaji".<ref>{{cite book|last=Yuh-Chin|first=T. Huang|title=A clinical guide to occupational and environmental lung diseases|publisher=Humana Press|location=[New York]|isbn=978-1-62703-149-3|page=266|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=9bYbE87FbtMC&pg=PA266|date=2012-10-28}}</ref> Walio na emfisema wamejulikana kama "wapumua waridi" au "aina A" kutokana na rangi yao ya waridi ya uso, kiwango cha haraka cha kupumua na midomo iliyofungwa,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Pink+Puffer |title=Pink Puffer - definition of Pink Puffer in the Medical dictionary - by the Free Online Medical Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia|publisher=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |accessdate=2013-07-23}}</ref><ref name=Wein2013>{{cite book|last=Weinberger|first=Steven E.|title=Principles of pulmonary medicine|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-62703-149-3|page=165|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=2F-DPG0c5IMC&pg=PT165|edition=6th|date=2013-05-08}}</ref> na watu walio na bronkitisi sugu wameitwa “blota za bluu" au "aina B" kutokana na [[sinosisi|rangi ya bluu kwenye ngozi na midomo]] mara kwa mara kutokana na viwango vya chini vya oksijeni na kuvimba kwa tindi za miguu.<ref name=Wein2013/><ref>{{cite book|last=Des Jardins|first=Terry|title=Clinical Manifestations & Assessment of Respiratory Disease|year=2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-27749-5|page=176|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=LVtPAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA170|edition=6th}}</ref> Istilahi hii haikubaliki tena kuwa muhimu kwa sababu watu wengi walio na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa nia za hewa wana mchanganyiko wa hali zote mbili.<ref name=Harr2012/><ref name=Wein2013/> Mifumo mingi ya afya ina ugumu kuhakikisha utambuzi unaofaa, uchunguzi na utunzaji wa watu walio na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa; [[Idara ya Afya (Uingereza)|Idara ya Afya]] ya Uingereza imetambua hili kuwa suala kuu kwa [[Huduma ya Kitaifa ya Afya (Uingereza)|Huduma ya kitaifa ya Afya]] na imeanzisha mkakati mahususi wa kukabiliana na matatizo haya. <ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/216139/dh_128428.pdf |title=An outcomes strategy for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma in England |date=18 July 2011 |publisher=[[Department of Health (United Kingdom)|Department of Health]]|page=5|accessdate=27 November 2013}}</ref> ===Uchumi=== Ulimwenguni kote, Kufikia mwaka wa 2010, ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za pumzi umekadiriwa kusababisha gharama ya kiuchumi ya dola trilioni 2.1&nbsp; ambayo nusu yake hutokea katika nchi zinazostawi. <ref name=Cost2013/> Kwa idadi hii, takriban dola trilioni 1.9&nbsp; ni gharama za moja kwa moja kama vile matibabu, ilhali dola trilioni 0.2&nbsp; ni gharama zisizo za moja kwa moja kama vile kazi ambayo haikufanywa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bloom|first=D|title=The Global Economic Burden of Noncommunicable Diseases|year=2011|publisher=World Economic Forum|page=24|url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Harvard_HE_GlobalEconomicBurdenNonCommunicableDiseases_2011.pdf}}</ref> Hii inatarajiwa kuwa zaidi ya mara mbili katika miaka 20&nbsp;ijayo.<ref name=Cost2013/> Kule Ulaya, Ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa unawakilisha asilimia 3 ya gharama za afya.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Marekani, gharama za ugonjwa huu zinakadriwa kuwa dola bilioni 50&nbsp;, ambazo nyingi ni kutokana na maumivu zaidi.<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/> Ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa mapafu ulikuwa mmoja wa ugonjwa wenye gharama ya juu sana katika hospitali za Marekani mwaka wa 2011, na jumla ya gharama ya takriban dola bilioni 5.7 ref name=Tor2013/> ==Utafiti== [[Infliximab]] imejaribiwa katika ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa lakini hakukuwa na ushahidi wa mafanikio bali uwezekano wa madhara.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nici|first=Linda|title=Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Co-Morbidities and Systemic Consequences|year=2011|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-60761-673-3|page=78|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=0CXcUnr-0eoC&pg=PA78}}</ref> [[Roflumilast]] huonyesha ahadi katika kupunguza kiwango cha maumivu zaidi lakini haionekani kubadilisha ubora wa maisha.<ref name=Lancet2012/> Ajenti kadhaa za muda mrefu zinaendelea kutengenezwa. <ref name=Lancet2012/> ==Wanyama wengine== Ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa unaweza kutokea kwa wanyama wengine kadhaa na unaweza kutokana na kutangamana na moshi wa sigara.<ref>{{cite book|last=Akers|first=R. Michael|title=Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals|year=2008|publisher=Wiley|location=Arnes, AI|isbn=978-1-118-70115-7|page=852|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=Ze6J2znDg38C&pg=PT852|coauthors=Denbow, D. Michael}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Wright|first=JL|coauthors=Churg, A|title=Animal models of cigarette smoke-induced COPD|journal=Chest|date=December 2002|volume=122|issue=6 Suppl|pages=301S–6S|pmid=12475805|doi=10.1378/chest.122.6_suppl.301S}}</ref> Hata hivyo wingi wa ugonjwa huu ni mdogo. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Churg|first=A|coauthors=Wright, JL|title=Animal models of cigarette smoke-induced chronic obstructive lung disease|journal=Contributions to microbiology|year=2007|volume=14|pages=113–25|pmid=17684336|doi=10.1159/000107058|series=Contributions to Microbiology|isbn=3-8055-8332-X}}</ref> Katika [[farasi]] ugonjwa huu pia hujulikana kama [[kufungana kwa mara kwa mara kwa njia za hewa]] na hutokana na mwitiko wa aleji kwa majani makavu yaliyo na [[kuvu]].<ref name=Marin2007>{{cite journal | author = Marinkovic D, Aleksic-Kovacevic S, Plamenac P | title = Cellular basis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in horses | journal = Int. Rev. Cytol. | volume = 257 | issue = | pages = 213–47 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17280899 | doi = 10.1016/S0074-7696(07)57006-3 | series = International Review of Cytology | isbn=978-0-12-373701-4 }}</ref> Ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa mapafu hupatina sana kwa mbwa wazee.<ref name=Miller1989>{{cite journal | author = Miller MS, Tilley LP, Smith FW | title = Cardiopulmonary disease in the geriatric dog and cat | journal = Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract. | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 87–102 | year = 1989 | month = January | pmid = 2646821 | doi = }}</ref> ==Kumbukumbu== <references/> ==Kusoma zaidi== *{{cite web |url=http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf |title=Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Updated 2013 |publisher=Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease |accessdate=November 29, 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004234113/http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf |archivedate=2013-10-04 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328053032/http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf }} *{{NICE|101|Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease|June 2010|1-673}} *{{cite journal |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-155-3-201108020-00008 |title=Diagnosis and Management of Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Clinical Practice Guideline Update from the American College of Physicians, American College of Chest Physicians, American Thoracic Society, and European Respiratory Society |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_2011-08-02_155_3/page/178 |year=2011 |last1=Qaseem |first1=Amir |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=155 |issue=3 |pages=179–91 |pmid=21810710 |last2=Wilt |first2=TJ |last3=Weinberger |first3=SE |last4=Hanania |first4=NA |last5=Criner |first5=G |last6=Van Der Molen |first6=T |last7=Marciniuk |first7=DD |last8=Denberg |first8=T |last9=Schünemann |first9=H |last10=Wedzicha |first10=W |last11=MacDonald |first11=R |last12=Shekelle |first12=P |last13=American College Of |first13=Physicians |author14=American College of Chest Physicians |last15=American Thoracic |first15=Society |last16=European Respiratory |first16=Society}} ==Marejeleo zaidi== {{commons category|Ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za pumzi}} [[Jamii:Magonjwa]] brj9983rl59w2uwddtayp87kybsi6dw 0 74953 1598965 1126057 2026-09-23T02:49:06Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598965 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Confederate 100 Dollars.jpg|thumb|right|Dola 100 ('''Mia'''), fedha ya kimarekani iliyotolewa 1862]] '''Mia''' (kutoka [[neno]] la [[Kiarabu]]) ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''100''' ([[moja]] [[sifuri]] sifuri) kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida, ila kwa [[namba za Kirumi]] '''Ⅽ''' tu (kutokana na [[neno]] la [[Kilatini]] ''centum'', yaani ''mia moja''). Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Tisini na tisa|99]] na kutangulia [[Mia moja na moja|101]]. Vigawo vyake vya [[namba tasa]] ni: 2 x 2 x 5 x 5. Ni [[mraba]] wa [[kumi|10]], hivyo inaweza kuandikwa 10<sup>2</sup>. Namba 100 ni [[msingi]] wa [[asilimia]], 100[[%]] ikiwa kiwango kilichokamilika. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[100 KK]] na [[100]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} <!--- See [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]] on how to create references using <ref></ref> tags which will then appear here automatically --> {{Reflist}} * Wells, D. ''[[The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers]]'' London: Penguin Group. (1987): 133 == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category|100 (number)}} * [http://www.wisdomportal.com/Numbers/100.html On the Number 100] {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Hisabati]] [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] 6w7r4nvd99ptu4u3dccil914jkeuzfp 0 75417 1599081 1210528 2026-09-23T06:24:41Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599081 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Eukaryote DNA-en.svg|thumb|280px|Muundo wa chembeuzi ya seli ya [[eukaryota]].]] '''Chembeuzi''' (au '''kromosomu''' kutoka [[neno]] la [[Kiingereza]] "chromosome" linatokana na [[Kigiriki]] χρῶμα, chroma, "rangi" na σῶμα, soma, "mwili") ni [[uzi|nyuzi]] zinaobeba [[ADN]] ambazo zinapatikana katika [[seli]] zote za [[viumbe hai]] na kuongoza utengenezaji wake. == External links == {{commons category|Chromosomes}} * [http://hopes.stanford.edu/basics/dna/b0.html An Introduction to DNA and Chromosomes] {{Wayback|url=http://hopes.stanford.edu/basics/dna/b0.html |date=20090531182950 }} from [[HOPES]]: Huntington's Outreach Project for Education at Stanford * [http://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/Educ/PolyMecaEng.html Chromosome Abnormalities at AtlasGeneticsOncology] * [http://www.chromosomewalk.ch/en On-line exhibition on chromosomes and genome (SIB)] * [http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/traits/predictdisorder/ What Can Our Chromosomes Tell Us?] {{Wayback|url=http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/traits/predictdisorder/ |date=20081120000502 }}, from the University of Utah's Genetic Science Learning Center * [http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/traits/karyotype/index.html Try making a karyotype yourself] {{Wayback|url=http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/traits/karyotype/index.html |date=20150318110503 }}, from the University of Utah's Genetic Science Learning Center * [http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/Chromosomes.html Kimballs Chromosome pages] * [http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/categories/index/genome/chromosomes.php Chromosome News from Genome News Network] * [http://www.chromosomehelpstation.com/eurochromnet.htm Eurochromnet] {{Wayback|url=http://www.chromosomehelpstation.com/eurochromnet.htm |date=20041210120428 }}, European network for Rare Chromosome Disorders on the Internet * [http://www.ensembl.org Ensembl.org], [[Ensembl]] project, presenting chromosomes, their [[gene]]s and [[synteny|syntenic]] loci graphically via the web * [https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/index.html Genographic Project] {{Wayback|url=https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/index.html |date=20070712035011 }} * [http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/ghr/chromosomes Home reference on Chromosomes] {{Wayback|url=http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/ghr/chromosomes |date=20141015222524 }} from the U.S. National Library of Medicine * [http://www.dna-rainbow.org Visualisation of human chromosomes] and comparison to other species * [http://www.rarechromo.org Unique - The Rare Chromosome Disorder Support Group] Support for people with rare chromosome disorders {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Jenetikia]] [[Jamii:Biolojia]] 14acpsll7p925hzmehj7ue0bdrt44z6 0 75935 1599132 1570301 2026-09-23T09:28:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599132 wikitext text/x-wiki <sup>Kuhusu mungu wa kike wa Misri ya Kale, angalia [[Isis]]</sup> [[File:Mugshot of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi.jpg|thumb|Picha ya [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]] alipokuwa amefungwa [[Camp Bucca]], 2004. Hatimaye alijilipua.]] '''Daish''' (pia '''Daesh''', ''tamka: da-ish au da-esh'', kwa [[Kiarabu]] داعش, [[kifupisho]] cha ''ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah fīl-ʿIrāq wash-Shām'' yaani '''Dola la Kiislamu''' ''katika [[Iraq]] na [[Shamu]]''); maarufu pia kama '''IS''', na awali '''ISIL''' au '''ISIS''' (kutokana na [[tafsiri]] ya [[Kiingereza]] ''Islamic State'') ni [[kundi]] la [[Waislamu]] wenye [[itikadi kali]] lililoteka na kutawala kwa muda maeneo mbalimbali ya [[Iraq]], [[Syria]], [[Yemen]], [[Libya]], [[Nigeria]] na kufanya kazi katika nchi nyingine 14, zikiwemo [[Afghanistan]] na [[Pakistan]]. Hadi Desemba 2017 ilitawala sehemu kubwa za Iraq, hadi Machi 2019 sehemu za Syria mpaka kuondolewa kijeshi na kulazimishwa kuendelea kwa [[siri]]. [[Tarehe]] [[29 Juni]] [[2014]] kundi hilo lilijitangaza kuwa u[[khalifa]] (khilāfah) wa kimataifa chini ya [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]] na kwa sababu hiyo kupunguza maneno ''fīl-ʿIrāq wash-Shām'' (ya Iraq na Syria) katika [[jina]] lake kuwa الدولة الإسلامية, ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah tu. Kwa msingi huo linadai [[mamlaka]] ya ki[[dini]], ya ki[[siasa]] na ya ki[[jeshi]] juu ya Waislamu wote [[duniani]], likitangua [[uhalali]] wa mwingine yeyote. Bila shaka, Waislamu walio wengi, hasa wenye mamlaka za namna hizo, hawalikubali. [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] unalaumu Daish kwa makosa ya [[jinai]] dhidi ya [[utu]], kama vile [[mauaji ya kimbari]] na [[dhuluma]] za kidini, hasa dhidi ya [[Wakristo]] na [[Wayazidi]], lakini pia dhidi ya Waislamu wenye msimamo tofauti, kwa namna ya pekee [[Washia]]. Kwa sababu hiyo UN unaliona kundi la ma[[gaidi]] tu, na nchi zaidi ya 60 ziko [[vita]]ni dhidi yake kwa namna moja au nyingine. Daish inajulikana kwa matumizi yake makubwa ya [[vyombo vya habari]] na [[mawasiliano]] hata katika kutangaza mambo inayofanya kinyume cha taratibu za kimataifa, kama vile kuua kikatili [[raia]] na kubomoa sehemu za [[Urithi wa Dunia]]. [[Makao makuu]] yalikuwa [[Ar-Raqqah]], Syria. ==Historia== Kundi hilo lilianza kama Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad mwaka [[1999]], likawa na jina Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn — maarufu kama al-Qaeda nchini Iraq (AQI) — lilipojiunga na [[al-Qaeda]] mwaka [[2004]]. Kuanzia Agosti [[2003]] lilianza mapigano nchini Iraq, na mnamo Januari [[2006]] liliungana na makundi mbalimbali ya [[Suni|Wasuni]] wengine kuunda Mujahideen Shura Council, ambayo mnamo Oktoba [[2006]] ilitangaza ''Islamic State of Iraq'' (ISI). Chini ya al-Baghdadi, ISI ilituma watu nchini Syria mnamo Agosti [[2011]] ili kushiriki katika [[vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] vilivyoanza mnamo Machi 2011. Al-Qaeda ilivunja uhusiano na ISIL mnamo Februari [[2014]] kutokana na msimamo wake mkali mno. Hivyo tarehe 29 Juni 2014 kundi lilijiita upya ‘Islamic State’ tu. Eneo lake lilifikia [[kilele]] chake karibu na mwisho wa mwaka [[2015]], baadaye lilianza kupungua. Kufikia tarehe [[10 Desemba]] [[2017]] Daish ilikosa maeneo yote nchini Iraq na hatimaye [[23 Machi]] [[2019]] haikuwa tena na eneo lolote nchini Syria baada ya mapigano makali dhidi ya [[Wakurdi]] wenye kusaidiwa na [[Marekani]]. Mnamo Oktoba 2019 Daish ilitangaza kwamba al-Baghdadi amekufa; kufuatana na [[taarifa]] mbalimbali alijiua kwa kulipua [[bomu]] mahali alipojificha nchini Syria paliposhambuliwa na [[jeshi]] la Marekani <ref>{{cite news|title=Al-Baghdadi Killed in Idlib, a Hotbed of Terror Groups, Foreign Fighters|url=https://www.voanews.com/extremism-watch/al-baghdadi-killed-idlib-hotbed-terror-groups-foreign-fighters|work=Extremism Watch|publisher=Voice of America|date=27 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="Al Jazeera 2019-10-27">{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/targetted-isil-leader-abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-191027050027973.html|title=US targeted ISIL leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi: US officials|date=27 October 2019|publisher=Al Jazeera English}}</ref><ref name="Browne">{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/10/26/politics/white-house-trump-announcement-sunday/index.html|title=ISIS leader al-Baghdadi believed to have been killed in a US military raid, sources say|first1=Ryan|last1=Browne|first2=Phil|last2=Mattingly|date=27 October 2019|publisher=[[CNN]]|editor-first=Jeff|editor-last=Zeleny|editor-link=Jeff Zeleny|editor2-first=Kevin|editor2-last=Liptak|editor3-first=Jeremy|editor3-last=Diamond|editor3-link=Jeremy Diamond}}{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/islamic-state-leader-targeted-in-u-s-military-raid-11572155580|title=Islamic State Leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Is Dead, Trump Says|first1=Gordon|last1=Lubold|first2=Raja|last2=Abdulrahim|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=27 October 2019}}{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2019/oct/27/abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-islamic-state-leader-trump-syria|title=Isis leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi killed in US raid, says Donald Trump – latest updates|work=The Guardian|date=27 October 2019}}</ref>. [[Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi]] alimfuata kama [[kiongozi]] mpya wa Daish.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/31/islamic-state-new-leader-abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-abu-ibrahim-al-hashimi-al-qurayshi|title=Islamic State names new leader after death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi|last=Chulov|first=Martin|date=31 October 2019|work=The Guardian}}</ref> Vikundi wa [[wanamgambo]] ambao walitangaza kushirikiana na Daish viko katika nchi mbalimbali ya [[Afrika]], kama vile [[kaskazini]] mwa [[Msumbiji]]<ref>Hapo walijiita mwanzoni "Al-Shabab", lakini hawana uhusiano na Al-Shabab wa [[Somalia]].</ref>, vikundi vya [[Boko Haram]] katika [[Nigeria]] na nchi jirani [[Chad|Chadi]], [[Kamerun]] na [[Niger]]<ref> Katika sehemu hizo wanajiita "Jimbo la Afrika ya Magharibi ya Daish"</ref>. Wengine wako katika maeneo ambako nchi za [[Niger]], [[Burkina Faso]] na [[Mali]] zinapakana<ref>[https://www.cfr.org/blog/where-exactly-islamic-state-west-africa<nowiki> Where Exactly is the Islamic State in West Africa?], blogu ya Council on Foreign Relations, May 24, 2019, iliangaliwa Februari 2021</nowiki></ref>. Tangu mwaka [[2015]] kuna [[tawi]] pia katika Afghanistan na Pakistan linalojiita Dola la Kiislamu katika [[Khorasan]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Starr|first1=Barbara|last2=Browne|first2=Ryan|title=US officials warn ISIS' Afghanistan branch poses a major threat|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/02/19/politics/isis-afghanistan-threat/index.html|publisher=CNN|date=19 February 2019|access-date=6 August 2021|archive-date=6 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806091156/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/02/19/politics/isis-afghanistan-threat/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bbc25june15">{{cite news|title=Islamic State moves in on al-Qaeda turf|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-31064300|work=[[BBC News]]|date=25 June 2015|access-date=3 October 2015|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330230914/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-31064300|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nytimes27sep15">{{cite news|title=IS Loyalists Kill 3 Police in First Attack on Afghan Forces|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/09/27/world/asia/ap-as-afghanistan.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=27 September 2015|access-date=2 October 2015|archive-date=7 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407193156/https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/09/27/world/asia/ap-as-afghanistan.html|url-status=live}}</ref>; wapiganaji wake ni Waarabu kadhaa waliohama Afghanistan pamoja na Taliban wenye mwelekeo mkali zaidi. Daish Khorasan imepigania vita dhidi ya Taliban<ref name="turfwar">{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-islamic-state-idUSKCN0P91EN20150629|title=Exclusive: In turf war with Afghan Taliban, Islamic State loyalists gain ground|work=Reuters|access-date=3 October 2015|archive-date=2 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002110043/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/29/us-afghanistan-islamic-state-idUSKCN0P91EN20150629|url-status=live}}</ref>. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == {{commons|Category:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant}} * [http://www.cfr.org/iraq/islamic-state/p14811 The Islamic State] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cfr.org/iraq/islamic-state/p14811 |date=20150701014856 }}. The [[Council on Foreign Relations]] * [http://www.counterextremism.com/threat/isis ISIS], [[Counter Extremism Project]] profile * [http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35695648 Islamic State group: The full story]. [[BBC News]] * ''[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]]'': [http://video.pbs.org/video/2365297690/ {{Wayback|url=http://video.pbs.org/video/2365297690/ |date=20151210155457 }} ''Losing Iraq''] {{Wayback|url=http://video.pbs.org/video/2365297690/ |date=20151210155457 }} (July 2014), [http://video.pbs.org/video/2365356572/ ''The Rise of ISIS''] {{Wayback|url=http://video.pbs.org/video/2365356572/ |date=20150906175013 }} (October 2014), [http://video.pbs.org/video/2365496883/ {{Wayback|url=http://video.pbs.org/video/2365496883/ |date=20151205045135 }} ''Obama at War'']{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (May 2015), [http://video.pbs.org/video/2365527957/ {{Wayback|url=http://video.pbs.org/video/2365527957/ |date=20151120042659 }} ''Escaping ISIS''] {{Wayback|url=http://video.pbs.org/video/2365527957/ |date=20151120042659 }} (July 2015), documentaries by [[PBS]] * [http://www.vice.com/video/islamic-state-full-length ''The Islamic State – Full Length''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.vice.com/video/islamic-state-full-length |date=20161207135927 }}, documentary by [[Vice News]] (August 2014) * [http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/Data/articles/Art_20733/101_14_Ef_1329270214.pdf "ISIS: Portrait of a Jihadi Terrorist Organization"] – Report by the [[Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center]]. * [http://www.chechensinsyria.com/ {{Wayback|url=http://www.chechensinsyria.com/ |date=20210118054826 }} From Chechnya To Syria] {{Wayback|url=http://www.chechensinsyria.com/ |date=20210118054826 }} & Analysis of Russian-speaking Foreign Fighters in Syria * [http://www.defense.gov/News/Special-Reports/0814_Inherent-Resolve Operation Inherent Resolve updates] {{Wayback|url=http://www.defense.gov/News/Special-Reports/0814_Inherent-Resolve |date=20160930183012 }} * [http://www.agathocledesyracuse.com/ ISIL frontline maps (Iraq and Syria)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.agathocledesyracuse.com/ |date=20161119012418 }} * [http://jihadology.net/category/the-islamic-state/ The Islamic State – Jihadology] Research project by Aaron Zelin * [[Gabi Siboni]], [http://www.inss.org.il/uploadImages/systemFiles/The%20Military%20Power%20of%20the%20Islamic%20State%20%20Gabi%20Siboni260750900.pdf {{Wayback|url=http://www.inss.org.il/uploadImages/systemFiles/The%20Military%20Power%20of%20the%20Islamic%20State%20%20Gabi%20Siboni260750900.pdf |date=20161022142223 }} The Military Power of the Islamic State] {{Wayback|url=http://www.inss.org.il/uploadImages/systemFiles/The%20Military%20Power%20of%20the%20Islamic%20State%20%20Gabi%20Siboni260750900.pdf |date=20161022142223 }}, a chapter inside "'''The Lessons of Operation Protective Edge'''", eds. Yoram Schweitzer and Omer Einav, [[Institute for National Security Studies (Israel)|INSS]], 2016. * Tal Koren and [[Gabi Siboni]], [http://www.inss.org.il/uploadImages/systemFiles/No.%20601%20-%20Tal%20and%20Gabi%20for%20web.pdf {{Wayback|url=http://www.inss.org.il/uploadImages/systemFiles/No.%20601%20-%20Tal%20and%20Gabi%20for%20web.pdf |date=20161022142000 }} Cyberspace in the Service of ISIS] {{Wayback|url=http://www.inss.org.il/uploadImages/systemFiles/No.%20601%20-%20Tal%20and%20Gabi%20for%20web.pdf |date=20161022142000 }}, [[Institute for National Security Studies (Israel)|INSS]] Insight No. 601, 4 September 2014. * [https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-group-that-calls-itself-a-state-understanding-the-evolution-and-challenges-of-the-islamic-state {{Wayback|url=https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-group-that-calls-itself-a-state-understanding-the-evolution-and-challenges-of-the-islamic-state |date=20170519170150 }} "The Group That Calls Itself a State"] – Publication by the [[Combating Terrorism Center]] of West Point, [[The United States Military Academy]]. * [http://www.islamicsupremecouncil.com/historic-islamic-edict-fatwa-on-joining-isis-isil/ "Historic Islamic Edict (Fatwa) on Joining ISIS/ISIL"] – from [[Islamic Supreme Council of Canada]] {{mbegu-siasa}} [[Jamii:Historia ya Iraq]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Syria]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Yemen]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Libya]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Uislamu]] [[Jamii:Ugaidi]] [[Jamii:Utumwa]] jx87u4ou2zb25a2a7h6v5a9unriw51m 0 76096 1599216 1577559 2026-09-23T10:15:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599216 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dawa ya kibiolojia''' ni [[dawa]] ya kudhibiti [[kiumbehai|viumbehai]] wasumbufu au waharibifu ambayo ina viambato viasilia, k.m. [[kidubini|vidubini]] au misindiko ya [[mimea]]. Dawa hizi huunda sehemu ya [[udhibiti wa kibiolojia]] pamoja na kuachia kwa [[wadudu]] wa [[kidusia]] au vidusia vyingine. Fasiri zinatofautiana kati ya nchi, k.m.: * katika [[Ulaya]] dawa za kibiolojia hufasiriwa kama “aina za viuawadudu vilivyo na vidubini au vifundiro viasilia ndani yao”<ref>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/134na5.pdf {{Wayback|url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/134na5.pdf |date=20120515143828 }} European Commission (2008) Encouraging innovation in biopesticide development. Accessed on 20 April 2012</ref>. * katika [[Marekani]] dawa hizi ni “maada asilia zinazodhibiti viharibifu (dawa za kibiokemikali), vidubini vinavyodhibiti viharibifu (dawa za vidubini) na maada viuawadudu zinazotolewa na mimea ambayo imepewa [[jeni]] za kigeni (vilinda vilivyoingizwa katika mimea)”<ref>http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/biopesticides/ {{Wayback|url=http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/biopesticides/ |date=20150312213309 }} Environmental Protection Agency of the USA (2012) Regulating Biopesticides. Accessed on 20 April 2012</ref>. Kwa kawaida zinategenezwa kwa kukuza na kukusanya vidubini vinavyotokea [[uasilia]]ni, labda pamoja na vifundiro vya metaboli vyao, k.m. [[bakteria]], [[virusi]], [[kuvu]] na [[protozoa]]. [[Nematodi]] hushirikishwa katika orodha hii ijapokuwa si vidubini kwa kweli. Dawa hizi zinachukuliwa mara nyingi kama visehemu shiriki vya miradi ya [[mchanganyiko wa udhibiti wa viharibifu]] ([[Kiing.]]: [[w:Integrated pest management|integrated pest management]]) na zinatumika zaidi na zaidi badala ya [[dawa za kikemikali]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Copping L.G. (ed.)|year=2009| title=''The Manual of Biocontrol Agents'' 4th Ed.|publisher=British Crop Production Council (BCPC), Farnham, Surrey, UK; 851 pp.}}</ref>. ==Maelezo== Kuna madaraja makubwa matatu ya dawa za kibiolojia: * Dawa za vidubini ambazo zina [[Virusi Kiuawadudu|virusi viuawadudu]], bakteria, [[Kuvu Kiuawadudu|kuvu viuawadudu]], protozoa au [[Nematodi Kiuawadudu|nematodi viuawadudu]] ndani yao<ref name="Coombs">{{cite web|last=Coombs|first=Amy|title=Fighting Microbes with Microbes|url=http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/33703/title/Fighting-Microbes-with-Microbes/|work=The Scientist|accessdate=18 April 2013}}</ref><ref>Francis Borgio J, Sahayaraj K and Alper Susurluk I (eds) . Microbial Insecticides: Principles and Applications, Nova Publishers, USA. 492pp. ISBN 978-1-61209-223-2</ref>. Kwa mfano, utumizi wa nematodi kama viuawadudu kukabiliana na mchwa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://pestsguide.com/termites/get-rid-of-termites-forever|title=How to Get Rid of Termites: A Comprehensive Guide (2019)|author=Ambru says|date=2018-11-24|language=en-US|work=PestsGuide|accessdate=2019-06-25}}</ref> * Dawa za kibiokemikali au za mitishamba ambazo zina misindiko ya mimea ndani yao<ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida|title = Antifungal activity of some common weed extracts against wilt causing fungi, ''Fusarium oxysporum''|date = 2013|url = http://www.ijcdi.com/FILEPath/82.pdf|last = Pal|first = GK|last2 = Kumar|first2 = B|journal = Current Discovery|publisher = [[International Young Scientist Association for Applied Research and Development]]|issn = 2320-4400|oclc = <!-- not available -->|accessdate = February 8, 2014|issue = 1|volume = 2|pages = 62–67|archive-date = 2013-12-16|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131216235945/http://www.ijcdi.com/FILEPath/82.pdf|dead-url = yes}}{{Open access}}</ref>. * Maada zinazolinda dhidi ya viharibifu na zinazotengenezwa na mimea ambayo imepewa jeni za kigeni ([[Kiing.]]: [[w:Genetically modified crops|GM crops]]). Mimea kama hii inakatazwa katika nchi nyingi, katika [[Ulaya]] hasa. ==Mifano ya vidubini vitumikavyo katika dawa za kibiolojia== ''[[Bacillus thuringiensis]]'' (''Bt'') anasababisha magonjwa katika [[kipepeo|vipepeo]], [[mbu]] na [[mende-vibyongo]]. Dawa zenye ''Bt'' zinaitwa dawa za vidukini kwa kawaida lakini hii siyo sahihi kabisa kwa sababu wingi wa dawa hizi hazina bakteria hai ndani yao lakini [[fuwele]] za [[sumu]] zao tu. Jeni zilizo na kodi ya kutengeneza sumu hizi zimeingizwa katika mimea ipandwayo, k.m. [[mpamba]], [[muhindi]], [[kiazi cha kizungu]] na [[soya]]. Kwa hivyo mimea hii inaweza kuua [[kiwavi|viwavi]] na [[lava]] wa mende-vibyongo bila haja ya kupulizia dawa. Ingawa dawa zenye ''Bt'' na mimea yenye jeni za sumu za ''Bt'' hazina hatari kwa viumbehai vingine kuliko dawa za kikemikali, mgusano uliorudia au wa muda mrefu na sumu za ''Bt'' unaweza kusababisha mabadiliko ya kihistopatolojia katika [[ini]] na [[figo|mafigo]] ya [[mamalia]]<ref>Kiliç, A; Akay, M. T. (2008). "A three generation study with genetically modified Bt corn in rats: Biochemical and histopathological investigation". Food and Chemical Toxicology 46 (3): 1164–70.</ref>. Dawa nyingi za vidubini zina kuvu viuawadudu ndani yao, kama [[spishi]] za ''[[Metarhizium]]'', ''[[Beauveria]]'', ''[[Isaria]]'' na ''[[Lecanicillium]]''. Dawa hizi hazina haja ya kumezwa kwa sababu kuvu hizi zinapenya [[kiunzi nje]] cha [[wadudu]]. Kuna spishi nyingi za virusi zinazotumika katika dawa za vidubini, lakini ni lazima dawa hizi zimezwe. Kinyume na virusi na kuvu nematodi viuawadudu, kama spishi za ''[[Steinernema]]'' na ''[[Heterorhabditis]]'', huingia wenyewe kupitia tundu yoyote ya kiwiliwili ([[kinywa]], [[mkundu]], [[spirakulo]] n.k.) lakini spishi kadhaa zinaweza kupenya kiunzi nje. Dawa za kudhibiti magonjwa ya mimea zina kuvu kama spishi za ''[[Trichoderma]]'' au bakteria kama spishi za ''[[Bacillus]]'' (''[[Bacillus subtilis|B. subtilis]]'' hasa). Mwishowe kuna dawa za kiuamagugu zilizo na kuvu kama spishi za [[kuvu-kutu]]. Dawa za kibiokemikali zinaweza kuwa na misindiko ya mimea iliyo na [[alkaloidi]], [[terpenoidi]] na [[fenoli]] ndani yao. Mfano unaojulikana sana ni [[mafuta]] ya [[mwarobaini]] ([[Kiing.]]: [[w:Neem oil|neem oil]]). Dawa nyingine zina vifundiro vya kuchachuka kama [[Spinosad]]. Hata wadudu wanatengeneza [[molekuli]] ambayo zinaweza kutumika kama dawa, mahususi [[feromoni]]. Molekuli hizi haziui lakini zinatafiri kupandana kwa wadudu. ==Utumiaji== Kwa kawaida dawa za kibiolojia hutumika kwa njia sawa kama dawa za kikemikali lakini namna za matendo ni tofauti na bila hatari kwa mazingira. Ili kufanya kazi vizuri ni lazima dawa hizi zichanganywe na viambato na vizimuo sadifu<ref>Burges, H.D. (ed.) 1998 ''Formulation of Microbial Biopesticides, beneficial microorganisms, nematodes and seed treatments'' Publ. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 412 pp.</ref> na njia sadifu za kupulizia zitumike<ref>Matthews GA, Bateman RP, Miller PCH (2014) Pesticide Application Methods (4th Edition), Chapter 16. Wiley, UK.</ref><ref>L Lacey & H Kaya (eds.) (2007) ''Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology'' 2nd edition. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, NL.</ref>. Hata hivyo, mara nyingi hali ya hewa ni ya maana, k.m. unyevuanga mkubwa. ==Faida== * Hakuna shida na mabaki juu ya mazao * Bei inaweza kuwa rahisi kuliko ile ya dawa za kikemikali, hususa zikizalishwa kieneo * Zinaweza kufanya kazi vyema kuliko dawa za kikemikali baada ya muda (Mradi wa [[LUBILOSA]] umeonyesha hii k.m.) * Zinayeyushwa na vidubini ==Madhara== * Zinaua spishi chache tu kuliko dawa za kikemikali, kwa hivyo masoko ni madogo kiasi (faidi ni kwamba dawa hizi haziui viumbehai wa manufaa kwa kawaida) * Namna ya tendo ni nzito, kwa hivyo haziwezi kutumika ambapo shamba limeshajaa na viharibifu * Zinategemea sana hali ya hewa (halijoto na unyevuanga) ==Angalia pia== * [[LUBILOSA]] ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.ibma.ch/ International Biocontrol Manufacturers' Association] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ibma.ch/ |date=20210411161058 }} (IBMA) * [http://www.realipm.com/ Kampuni ya Uzalishaji wa Dawa za Kibiolojia RealIPM] {{Wayback|url=http://www.realipm.com/ |date=20150419155855 }} * [http://www.kenyabiologics.com/ Kampuni ya Uzalishaji wa Dawa za Kibiolojia Kenya Biologics] * [http://en.elephant-vert.com/ Kampuni ya Uzalishaji wa Dawa za Kibiolojia Eléphant Vert (Ndovu Kijani)] {{Wayback|url=http://en.elephant-vert.com/ |date=20170706061747 }} ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Bioteknolojia]] [[Jamii:Dawa za kibiolojia]] n1wt90kck5ry192wa86tkzi5h0gprtc 0 76994 1599029 1484845 2026-09-23T03:03:31Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599029 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:X-ray video of a female American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) while breathing - pone.0004497.s009.ogv|thumb|Video ya [[mnyama]] wa kike [[jamii]] ya [[mamba]] akipumua.]] '''Upumuo''' ni kitendo cha kuvuta [[hewa]] ndani ya [[mapafu]] au [[oksijeni]] kupitia viungo vingine kama vile [[matamvua]] ya samaki, halafu kutoa gesi ya [[CO2]] pamoja na hewa iliyotumiwa. Kuna pia upumuo wa ndani ambayo ni kazi ya seli za mwili kupokea oksijeni na kuitumia kwa mchakato wa [[oksidisho]] ndani yao. [[Picha:Diafragma ademhaling.gif|thumbnail|'''Kazi ya mapafu katika upumuo''' <br /><small>(Njia ya hewa inaanza mdomoni na puani; musuli za kiwambo tumboni (njano-nyekundu) zinajikaza au kulegeza na hivyo kupanua au kupunguza ukubwa wa mapafu (bluluu nyeupe/zambarau)</small>]] ==Hewa ya kuvutwa ndani na ya kutoka nje== Binadamu hupumua takriban mara 23,000 kila siku akihamisha mita za mjazo 12.5 kwa jumla. *Hewa tunayovuta ndani ya mapafu ni hewa ya kawaida yenye asilimia 78 % za [[nitrojeni]], 21 % za [[oksijeni]], mvuke wa maji, [[gesi adimu]] kwa viwango vidogo na 0,04 % [[dioksidi kabonia]] (CO<sub>2</sub>). *Hewa tunayotoa nje bado ina asilimia 78 % za [[nitrojeni]], lakini ni 16 % za oksijeni pekee zilizobaki na dioksidi kabonia imekuwa 4 %. *Asilimia kubwa ya oksijeni iliyopungua imeoksidisha na [[glukosi]] ndani ya seli za mwili kwa kutengeneza nishati. ==Njia za upumuo== Jumla ya sehemu za mwili zinazohusika na upumuo huitwa [[mfumo wa upumuaji]]. Kwa wanyama wenye mapafu hewa inavutwa ndani kupitia mdomo au pua. Hewa hii huitwa pumzi. Kazi hii inatekelezwa kwa njia ya kukaza au kulegea kwa [[musuli]] za kiwambo cha tumboni kinachotenganisha tumbo na nafasi ya mapafu. Mabadiliko haya yanabadilisha nafasi ya mapafu na shindikzo ndano yao na kusababisha kuvutwa au kusukumwa kwa hewa. Kwa [[samaki]] na wanyama wengine wanaoishi chini ya maji wenye matamvua maji yenye hewa ndani yake inapitishwa kwenye majani ya ngozi zinazofanya matamwua na hewa inapokelewa na vyombo vya damu kupitia ngozi ya matamvua ambayo ni nyembamba sana. Kuna pia wadudu kadhaa kwenye nchi kavu wenye matamvua. [[Wadudu]] huwa na mabomba membamba ''([[ing.]] trachea)'' yanayoelekea ndani ya miili yao na hewa inaingia hapa; ngozi nyembamba ndani ya mwili inaruhusu kuingia kwa oksijeni mwilini. Wanyama wadogo sana wanatosheleka kupokea oksijeni kupitia [[ngozi]] pekee kwa hiyo hawana mapafu wala trachea. Wote wanaotumia njia hii wana umbo bapa sana au umbo la minyoo pia wanaishi katika mazingira penye unyevu. Mfano ni [[nyungunyungu]]. ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} * {{cite journal | author=Parkes M | title=Breath-holding and its breakpoint | journal=Exp Physiol | volume=91 | issue=1 | pages=1–15 | year=2006 | pmid=16272264 | doi=10.1113/expphysiol.2005.031625}} ''[http://ep.physoc.org/cgi/content/full/91/1/1 Full text]'' {{mbegu-biolojia}} [[Jamii:Mwili]] i7q2eyjxt2y87d6o9p4jtifof20biq2 0 80447 1599045 1429858 2026-09-23T03:31:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599045 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Grandma's Favorite.jpg|thumb|''Utamu wa bibi'', [[mchoro]] wa [[Georgii Iakovidis]] ([[1853]]–[[1932]]).]] [[File:Child pushing grandmother on plastic tricycle.jpg|thumb|Bibi akicheza na mjukuu wake.]] '''Bibi''' kwa [[mjukuu]] wake ni hasa [[mama]] wa [[mzazi]] wake mmojawapo. Katika [[DNA]] anachangia 25%. Inakadiriwa kwamba miaka 30,000 iliyopita [[idadi]] ya watu waliofikia [[umri]] wa kuona wajukuu wao iliongezeka sana na kuwezesha ushirikishaji wa [[ujuzi]] na [[mang'amuzi]] mbalimbali kuliko awali.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Wong |first=Kate |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-mysterious-downfall&page=4 | title = The Mysterious Downfall of the Neandertals|publisher=Scientific American | date = |accessdate=2013-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida | last1 = Caspari | first1 = R. | doi = 10.1038/scientificamericanhuman1112-38 | title = The Evolution of Grandparents| journal = Scientific American | volume = 22 | pages = 38 | year = 2012 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref> Pia bibi anaweza kushika nafasi ya mama ikiwa huyo hayupo (k.mf. amekufa) na kumfaidisha [[mtoto]] ki[[malezi]]. Hata kama mama yupo, bibi anaweza kutoa mchango mzuri katika makuzi ya mtoto. [[Mwanamke]] aliyewahi kuliko wote kupata mjukuu ni Rifca Stănescu, a [[gypsy]] wa [[Romania]], aliyejifungua mara ya kwanza akiwa na miaka 12, halafu binti yake Maria alizaa akiwa na miaka 11 tu, akimfanya hivyo Rifca kuwa bibi akiwa na miaka 23.<ref>[http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/3449681/Worlds-youngest-granny-is-just-23.html World's youngest granny is just 23 | The Sun]</ref><ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1363699/Rifca-Stanescu-Gypsy-wife-worlds-youngest-grandmother-23.html Gypsy wife becomes world's youngest grandmother... at 23]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/health/2011/03/07/woman-23-worlds-youngest-grandmother/ |title=Woman, 23, Becomes World's Youngest Grandmother {{!}} Fox News |accessdate=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2015-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024064247/http://www.foxnews.com/health/2011/03/07/woman-23-worlds-youngest-grandmother/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-diaspora-8368540-romanaca-23-ani-cea-mai-tanara-bunica-din-lume.htm O romanca de 23 de ani, cea mai tanara bunica din lume ]</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Grandparents}} {{mbegu}} [[Category:Familia]] [[Jamii:Jinsia]] qmnjrud0cciodedy5c4zwpll84furvj 0 80909 1598926 1429184 2026-09-23T01:52:08Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598926 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Tanbihi== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Marejeo== {{refbegin}} * Belk, Russell. 1989. "[http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/asr/v001/1.1belk.html Materialism with the modern U.S. Christmas]”. In Interpretive Consumer Research, ed. by Elizabeth C. Hirschman, Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, 75–104. * Bowler, Gerry, Editor (2004). ''[http://www.mcclelland.com/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780771015359 The World Encyclopedia of Christmas]'', Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Limited. ISBN 978-0-7710-1535-9 (0-7710-1535-6) * Bowler, Gerry, (2007). ''[http://www.mcclelland.com/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780771016684 Santa Claus: A Biography]'', Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Limited. ISBN 978-0-7710-1668-4 (0-7710-1668-9) * Crump, William D. Editor (2006). [http://www.mcfarlandpub.com/book-2.php?id=978-0-7864-2293-7 ''The Christmas Encyclopedia'', 2nd edition], Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, ISBN 978-0-7864-2293-7 * Nissenbaum, Stephen (1997). ''[http://www.randomhouse.com/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780679740384 The Battle for Christmas]'', New York: Alfred A. Knopf, ISBN 978-0-679-74038-4 (0-679-74038-4) {{refend}} ==Marejeo mengine== * {{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.npr.org/blogs/money/2012/12/19/167570321/without-magic-santa-would-need-12-million-employees | title = Without Magic, Santa Would Need 12 Million Employees|last1=Joffe-Walt |first1=Chana | date = 19 Desemba 2012|work=[[All Things Considered]] |publisher=[[NPR]] |accessdate=20 December 2012}}<!-- Integrate into article if possible. --> ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons|v=no|s=no|b=no}} * [http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/who-is-st-nicholas/ An article on the History of Santa Claus from the St. Nicholas Center] * [http://www.arthuriana.co.uk/xmas/ The History of Santa Claus and Father Christmas] * [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16122221/ North Pole Flooded With Letters] {{Wayback|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16122221/ |date=20101229210725 }}—[[MSNBC]] * [http://jfpl.org/NJHistoryPathfinders.cfm?doc_Id=31 Research guides for Thomas Nast and Santa Claus at The Morristown & Morris Township Public Library, NJ] * [https://archive.org/details/TheKnickerbockersRescueSantaClausJamesKirkePaulding "THE KNICKERBOCKERS RESCUE SANTA CLAUS: 'CLAAS SCHLASCHENSCHLINGER' from James Kirke Paulding's 'The Book of Saint Nicholas'" (1836)] {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Category:krismasi]] n87z02mn1uqrbi592vpx6kaqdcu8b2m 0 82502 1599268 1580166 2026-09-23T11:08:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599268 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:An old man diagnosed as suffering from senile dementia. Colo Wellcome L0026689.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Mzee mwenye Dimenshia]] {{Infobox disease |Name=Dimenshia |Image=Alzheimer's_disease_brain_comparison.jpg |Caption=Comparison of a normal aged brain (left) and the brain of a person with [[Alzheimer's]] (right). Differential characteristics are pointed out. | Name = Dementia | ICD10 = {{ICD10|F|00||f|00}}-{{ICD10|F|07||f|00}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|290}}-{{ICD9|294}} | MedlinePlus = 000739 | DiseasesDB = 29283 | MeshID = D003704 }} <!--Ufasili na dalili --> '''Dimenshia''' ni kategoria pana ya [[magonjwa ya ubongo]] yanayosababisha upunguaji wa muda mrefu na mara kwa mara wa polepole katika uwezo wa [[kufikiria]] na kukumbuka kiasi kwamba utendakazi wa kawaida wa mtu unaathiriwa.<ref name=WHO2014/> Dalili zingine zinazotokea sana ni matatizo ya kihisia, matatizo ya [[lugha]], na upungufu katika [[motisha]].<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=BMJ2009>{{cite journal|last1=Burns|first1=A|last2=Iliffe|first2=S|title=Dementia.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=5 February 2009|volume=338|pages=b75|pmid=19196746|doi=10.1136/bmj.b75}}</ref> [[Ufahamu]] wa mtu hauathiriwi.<ref name=WHO2014/> Ili utambuzi uweze kufaulu, ni lazima kuwe na mabadiliko kutoka kwa utendakazi wa kawaida wa akili ya mtu na upungufu mkubwa kuliko utokanao na kuzeeka.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name="Memory Loss">{{cite book|last=Solomon|first=Andrew E. Budson, Paul R.|title=Memory loss : a practical guide for clinicians|url=https://archive.org/details/memorylosspracti0000buds|year=2011|publisher=Elsevier Saunders|location=[Edinburgh?]|isbn=9781416035978}}</ref> Magonjwa haya pia yana athari kubwa kwa watunzaji wa mtu.<ref name=WHO2014/> == Kisababishi, utambuzi, uzuiaji == Aina inayopatikana sana ya dimenshia ni [[ugonjwa wa Alzheimer]] unaochangia asilimia 50 hadi 70 ya visa.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=BMJ2009/> --> Aina zingine zinazopatikana sana ni [[dimenshia ya mishipa]] (asilimia 25), [[dimenshia ya Lewy body]] (asilimia 15), na [[dimenshia ya muda ya upande wa mbele]].<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=BMJ2009/> Visababishi visivyopatikana sana ni [[hidrosefalasi ya shinikizo la kawaida]], [[ugonjwa wa Parkinson]], [[kaswende]], na [[ugonjwa wa Creutzfeldt–Jakob]] miongoni mwa vingine.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gauthier|first1=Serge|title=Clinical diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease|date=2006|publisher=InformaHealthcare|location=Abingdon, Oxon|isbn=9780203931714|pages=53–54|edition=3rd ed.|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=a221hX4WuwUC&pg=PA54}}</ref> Zaidi ya aina moja ya dimenshia zinaweza kuwa kwa mtu mmoja.<ref name=WHO2014/> Kiasi kidogo cha visa huathiri familia.<ref name=Genetic2014/> Katika [[DSM-5]], dimenshia iliainishwa upya kama [[DSM-5#matatizo ya neva tambuzi|tatizo la neva tambuzi]], na viwango tofauti vya ukali.<ref name=DSM5>{{cite book|last1=Association|first1=American Psychiatric|title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5.|url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse|date=2013|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=9780890425541|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/591 591]–603|edition=5th ed.}}</ref> Utambuzi hutegemea historia ya maradhi hayo na [[uchunguzi wa utambuzi]] kwa [[picha za mwanga wa kitabibu]] na vipimo vya damu kuondoa visababishi vingine vinavyoweza kuwepo.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dementia diagnosis and assessment|url=http://pathways.nice.org.uk/pathways/dementia/dementia-diagnosis-and-assessment.pdf|website=pathways.nice.org.uk|accessdate=30 November 2014|archivedate=2014-12-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205184403/http://pathways.nice.org.uk/pathways/dementia/dementia-diagnosis-and-assessment.pdf}}</ref> [[Uchunguzi mdogo wa hali ya akili]] ni kipimo cha ufahamu kinachotumika sana.<ref name=BMJ2009/> Juhudi za kuzuia dimenshia ni kujaribu kupunguza visababishi vya hatari kama vile [[hipatensheni|shinikizo la juu la damu]], kuvuta, [[kisukari melitasi|kisukari]] na [[unene]].<ref name=WHO2014/> Uchujaji umma kwa jumla kwa ugonjwa huu haupendekezwi.<ref name=NICE2014>{{cite web|title=Dementia overview|url=http://pathways.nice.org.uk/pathways/dementia/dementia-overview.pdf|website=http://pathways.nice.org.uk/|accessdate=30 November 2014|archivedate=2014-12-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205184234/http://pathways.nice.org.uk/pathways/dementia/dementia-overview.pdf}}</ref> == Kudhibiti == Hakuna tiba ya dimenshia.<ref name=WHO2014/> [[Kizuio cha asetikolinisteresi|vizuio vya Kolinisteresi]] kama vile [[donepezil]] hutumiwa mara kwa mara na vinaweza kusaidia katika ugonjwa mdogo ili kupunguza.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Birks|first1=J|title=Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=25 January 2006|issue=1|pages=CD005593|pmid=16437532|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005593}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rolinski|first1=M|last2=Fox|first2=C|last3=Maidment|first3=I|last4=McShane|first4=R|title=Cholinesterase inhibitors for dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease dementia and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=14 March 2012|volume=3|pages=CD006504|pmid=22419314|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006504.pub2}}</ref><ref name=Kav2007>{{cite journal|last1=Kavirajan|first1=H|last2=Schneider|first2=LS|title=Efficacy and adverse effects of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine in vascular dementia: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.|journal=The Lancet. Neurology|date=September 2007|volume=6|issue=9|pages=782–92|pmid=17689146|doi=10.1016/s1474-4422(07)70195-3}}</ref> Faida ya jumla, hata hivyo, inaweza kuwa ndogo.<ref name=Kav2007/><ref name=Comm2012>{{cite journal |author=Commission de la transparence |title=Médicaments de la maladied'Alzheimer : à éviter|trans_title=Drugs for Alzheimer's disease: best avoided. No therapeutic advantage |journal=PrescrireInt |volume=21 |issue=128|pages=150 |date=June 2012 |pmid=22822592 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Kwa watu walio na dimenshia na wale wanaowatunza, hatua nyingi zinaweza kuboresha maisha yao.<ref name=WHO2014/> [[Tiba za kiufahamu za kitabia |Tatuzi za kiufahamu za kitabia]] zinaweza kuwa bora.<ref name=WHO2014/> Kuelimisha na kutoa msaada wa kihisia kwa [[mtunzaji]] ni muhimu.<ref name=WHO2014/> Programu za mazoezi ni muhimu kulingana na [[shughuli za maisha ya kawaida]] na huboresha matokeo.<ref name=Forb2013>{{cite journal|last1=Forbes|first1=D.|last2=Thiessen|first2=E.J.|last3=Blake|first3=C.M.|last4=Forbes|first4=S.C.|last5=Forbes|first5=S.|title=Exercise programs for people with dementia.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=4 December 2013|volume=12|pages=CD006489|pmid=24302466|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006489.pub3}}</ref> Matibabu ya matatizo ya kitabia au [[saikosisi]] kutokana na dimenshia kwa [[vizuia saikosisi]] hutumika sana lakini hayapendekezwi kutokana na suala kuwa huwa na faida ndogo na hatari zaidi ya kifo.<ref>{{cite web|author1=National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence|title=Low-dose antipsychotics in people with dementia|url=https://www.nice.org.uk/advice/ktt7/resources/non-guidance-lowdose-antipsychotics-in-people-with-dementia-pdf|website=nice.org.uk|accessdate=29 November 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205183329/https://www.nice.org.uk/advice/ktt7/resources/non-guidance-lowdose-antipsychotics-in-people-with-dementia-pdf|archivedate=2014-12-05|=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205183329/https://www.nice.org.uk/advice/ktt7/resources/non-guidance-lowdose-antipsychotics-in-people-with-dementia-pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Information for Healthcare Professionals: Conventional Antipsychotics|url=http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm124830.htm|website=fda.gov|accessdate=29 November 2014|date=June 16 2008|archive-date=2014-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129015823/http://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety/postmarketdrugsafetyinformationforpatientsandproviders/ucm124830.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Epidemiolojia, prognosisi, na jamii == Ulimwenguni, dimenshia huathiri watu milioni 36.<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Dementia Fact sheet N°362|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs362/en/|website=who.int|accessdate=28 November 2014|date=April 2012}}</ref> Takribani asilimia 10 ya watu hupata ugonjwa huu wakati fulani maishani mwao.<ref name=Genetic2014>{{cite journal|last1=Loy|first1=CT|last2=Schofield|first2=PR|last3=Turner|first3=AM|last4=Kwok|first4=JB|title=Genetics of dementia.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_march-1-7-2014_383_9919/page/828|journal=Lancet|date=1 March 2014|volume=383|issue=9919|pages=828–40|pmid=23927914|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60630-3}}</ref> Hupatikana sana umri unapoongezeka.<ref name=Larson2013>{{cite journal|last1=Larson|first1=EB|last2=Yaffe|first2=K|last3=Langa|first3=KM|title=New insights into the dementia epidemic.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2013-12-12_369_24/page/2275|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=12 December 2013|volume=369|issue=24|pages=2275–7|pmid=24283198|doi=10.1056/nejmp1311405}}</ref> Takribani asilimia 3 ya watu wa umri wa kati ya miaka 65–74 wana dimenshia, asilimia 19 kati ya umri wa miaka 75 na 84 na karibu nusu ya walio na umri wa miaka 85.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Umphred|first1=Darcy|title=Neurological rehabilitation|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Mosby|location=St. Louis, Mo.|isbn=9780323075862|page=838|edition=6th ed.|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=I9ltC-ZrNOMC&pg=PA838}}</ref> Katika mwaka wa 2013 dimenshia ilisababisha takribani vifo milioni 1.7, juu kutoka milioni 0.8 katika mwaka wa 1990.<ref name=GDB2013>{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first1=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71}}</ref> Watu wengi wanapoishi zaidi, dimenshia inaendelea kupatikana sana kwa watu wote.<ref name=Larson2013/> Kwa watu wa umri mahususi; hata hivyo, huenda ikawa kuwa unapungua, angalau katika nchi zilizostawi, kutokana na kupungua kwa visababishi vya hatari.<ref name=Larson2013/> Ni mojawapo ya visababishi vikuu vya [[ulemavu]] miongoni mwa wazee.<ref name=BMJ2009/> Inaaminika kusababisha gharama za kiuchumi za dola bilioni 604 kila mwaka.<ref name=WHO2014/> watu walio na dimenshia mara nyingi huwa na vizuizi vya kimwili au [[kikemikali]] kwa kiwango kikubwa kupita kiasi, na kuibua masuala ya [[haki za kibinadamu]].<ref name=WHO2014/> [[Shutuma za kijamii]] dhidi ya waathiriwa hutokea sana.ref name=BMJ2009/> ==Marejeo== <references /> [[Jamii:Ubongo]] [[Jamii:Magonjwa]] [[Jamii:Tiba]] [[Jamii:Saikolojia]] 6whquk6bo62fg65iy38lhevdmfstbz0 0 84493 1599113 1386511 2026-09-23T08:51:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2 |jina = Cormega |background = solo_singer<!--includes rappers, emcees--> |picha = Cormega_2008.jpg |jina la kuzaliwa = Cory McKay |pia anajulikana kama = Mega, Mega Montana |birth_date = |chimbuko = [[New York City]], [[Marekani]] |aina = [[East Coast hip hop]], [[rap]], [[hardcore hip hop]], [[ushairi]] |kazi yake= [[Rapping|Rapper]], [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]], [[mshairi]] |ala = [[Sauti]] |miaka ya kazi = 1989&ndash;hadi sasa |studio = Aura/Legal Hustle |ameshikiana na = [[Nas]], [[Mobb Deep]], [[Capone-N-Noreaga]], [[M.O.P.]], [[Large Professor]], [[Roc Marciano]], [[The Firm]], [[Tragedy Khadafi]], [[The Jacka]], [[Wu-Tang Clan]] |wavuti = http://instagram.com/iamcormega }} '''Cory McKay''' (anajulikana kwa [[jina la kisanii]] kama '''Cormega''' au '''Mega''') ni [[rapa]] na [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] kutoka mjini [[New York City]] huko nchini [[Marekani]]. ==Maisha ya awali== Cormega alizaliwa mjini [[Brooklyn|Brooklyn, NY]] na kukulia katika maeneo mbalimbali ya mjini humo New York City, alijenga urafiki wa utotoni na marapa wa baadaye kama vile [[Nas]], [[Nature]], na [[Capone]] .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sing365.com/music/lyric.nsf/Cormega-Biography/770D6FFEA449908148256DA4001FA81E|title=CORMEGA BIOGRAPHY|publisher=|accessdate=9 March 2015|archivedate=2015-02-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224093851/http://www.sing365.com/music/lyric.nsf/Cormega-Biography/770D6FFEA449908148256DA4001FA81E}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldwideconnected.com/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=211 |title=Cormega - Article |accessdate=2016-07-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928065038/http://www.worldwideconnected.com/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=211 |archivedate=2007-09-28 }}</ref> Maudhui mengi katika muziki wake yanahusu hasa marafiki na nduguze waliouawa kwa kufuatia machafuko au ukorofi katika maisha yao. ==Diskografia== [[Image:Cormega Live 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Orono, Maine]]]] ===Albamu=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ List of studio albums, with selected chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:11em;" | Jina ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:16em;" | Maelezo ya albamu ! scope="col" colspan="3" | Nafasi iliyoshika |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Billboard 200|US]]<br /><ref name="US200">{{cite web | url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=Cormega|chart=Billboard 200}} | title=Cormega – Chart History: Billboard 200 | publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] | work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | accessdate=January 2, 2015}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|US<br />R&B]]<br /><ref name="USR&B">{{cite web | url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=Cormega|chart=R&B/Hip-Hop Albums B}} | title=Cormega – Chart History: Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Albums | publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] | work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | accessdate=January 2, 2015}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Independent Albums|US<br />Ind.]]<br /><ref name="USInd">{{cite web | url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=Cormega|chart=Independent Albums}} | title=Cormega – Chart History: Billboard Independent Albums | publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] | work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | accessdate=January 2, 2015}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/cormega-mn0000120489/awards | title=Cormega > Awards | publisher=[[Rovi Corporation]] | work={{noitalic|[[AllMusic]]}} | accessdate=January 2, 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''[[The Realness]]'' | * Imetolewa: July 24, 2001 * Studio: Legal Hustle Records, Landspeed Records * Muundo: [[Compact Disc|CD]], [[LP record|LP]], [[Compact Cassette|cassette]], [[music download|digital download]] | 111 || 24 || 4 |- ! scope="row" | ''[[The True Meaning]]'' | * Imetolewa: June 11, 2002 * Studio: Legal Hustle Records * Muundo: CD, LP, cassette, digital download | 95 || 25 || 5 |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Born and Raised (Cormega album)|Born and Raised]]'' | * Imetolwa: October 20, 2009 * Studio: Aura Records * Muundo: CD, digital download | — || 56 || — |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Mega Philosophy]]'' | * Imetolewa: July 22, 2014 * Label: Slimstyle Records * Muundo: CD, LP, cassette, digital download | — || 30 || — |- |colspan="14" style="font-size:90%"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ===Albamu za kompilesheni=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ List of compilation albums, with selected chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:11em;" | Jina ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:16em;" | Maelezo ya albamu ! scope="col" colspan="3" | Nafasi iliyoshika |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Billboard 200|US]]<br /><ref name="US200" /> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|US<br />R&B]]<br /><ref name="USR&B" /> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Independent Albums|US<br />Ind.]]<br /><ref name="USInd" /> |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Legal Hustle]]'' | * Imetolewa: May 25, 2004 * Studio: [[Koch Records]] * Muundo: [[Compact Disc|CD]], [[LP record|LP]], [[music download|digital download]] | 174 || 22 || 8 |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Raw Forever]]'' | * Imetolewa: September 27, 2011 * Studio: Aura Records * Muundo: CD, digital download | — || — || — |- |colspan="14" style="font-size:90%"| "—" ina-maanisha rekodi hiyo haijashika chati au kutolewa katika ukanda huo. |} ===Vibao vyake=== {|class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2"|Mwaka ! rowspan="2"|Wimbo ! colspan="1"|Chati !rowspan="2"|Albamu |- !width="40"|<small>[[Hot Rap Tracks|U.S. Rap]]</small><br><ref>{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=cormega-p278660/charts-awards/billboard-singles|pure_url=yes}}</ref> |- |align="center" rowspan=1|2000 | "You Don't Want It" |align="center"|41 |rowspan=2|''The Realness'' |- |align="center" rowspan=1|2001 | "Get Out My Way" |align="center"|&mdash; |- |align="center" rowspan=2|2002 | "Built for This" |align="center"|&mdash; |rowspan=2|''The True Meaning'' |- | "The Come Up" <small>(featuring [[Large Professor]])</small> |align="center"|&mdash; |- |align="center" rowspan=2|2004 | "Let It Go" <small>(featuring [[M.O.P.]])</small> |align="center"|&mdash; |rowspan=2|''Legal Hustle'' |- | "Dangerous" <small>(featuring Unda P. and [[Vybz Kartel]])</small> |align="center"|&mdash; |- |align="center" rowspan=1|2005 | "One Love" |align="center"|&mdash; |rowspan=1|''The Testament'' |- |align="center" rowspan=1|2007 | "The Saga (The Remix)" <small>(produced by Stanley O)</small> |align="center"|&mdash; |rowspan=1|''Single Release'' |- |align="center" rowspan=1|2009 | "Dirty Game" |align="center"|&mdash; |rowspan=1|''Born and Raised'' |- |align="center" rowspan=1|2016 | "Guns And Butter" <small>(feat. [[Gunplay (rapper)|Gunplay]])</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://2dopeboyz.com/2016/02/29/cormega-guns-butter-gunplay-harry-fraud/ |title=Cormega and Gunplay release new single|last= |first= |date=February 29, 2016|website=2dopeboys.com|access-date=February 29, 2016}}</ref> |align="center"|&mdash; |rowspan=1| |- |} ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://smokingsection.rawkus.com/TSS/?p=1899 TSS Presents Smoking Sessions with Cormega, Part I] {{Wayback|url=http://smokingsection.rawkus.com/TSS/?p=1899 |date=20071015095036 }} *[http://smokingsection.rawkus.com/TSS/?p=1967 TSS Presents Smoking Sessions with Cormega, Part II] {{Wayback|url=http://smokingsection.rawkus.com/TSS/?p=1967 |date=20071015095043 }} {{Def Jam Recordings}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1970]] [[Category:Watu walio hai]] [[Category:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Category:Marapa wa Marekani]] f2dxtsataxyyauvajkf4ty6bqyavvnr 0 85652 1598934 1581294 2026-09-23T02:23:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598934 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Roma San Paolo fuori le mura BW 2021-09-29 14-02-11 v2.jpg| landscape = yes|thumb|250px|Upande wa mbele wa Basilika-]] [[File:Rom, Sankt Paul vor den Mauern (San Paolo fuori le mura), Heilige Pforte.jpg|thumb|[[Mlango]] mtakatifu.]] [[File:Apse mosaic Basilica of St Paul Outside the Walls.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mosaiki]] ya mwaka [[1220]] ikimuonyesha Kristo kati ya mitume [[Mtume Petro|Petro]] na Paulo, [[Mtume Andrea]] na [[Mwinjili Luka]].]] [[File:Rom, Sankt Paul vor den Mauern (San Paolo fuori le mura), Innenansicht 1.jpg|thumb|Undani wa kanisa.]] [[File:Dehio 17 San Paolo fuori le mura.jpg|thumb|left|Ramani ya basilika]] [[File:Ciborio S. Paolo fuori le mura.jpg|thumb|[[Sibori]] ya [[Arnolfo di Cambio]].]] [[File:St pauls outside the walls.jpg|thumbnail|Mt. Paulo Nje ya Kuta.]] [[File:Colonnade and sky of Saint Paul (Rome).JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|Nguzo za nje.]] '''Basilika la Kipapa la Mt. Paulo Nje ya Kuta''' ni mojawapo kati ya [[basilika|mabasilika]] ya zamani na muhimu zaidi ya [[Roma]]<ref>[[Benedict XVI]]’s theological act of renouncing the title of "[[Patriarch of the West]]" had as consequence that [[Roman Catholic]] patriarchal basilicas are today officially known as [[Major basilica#Papal Basilicas|Papal basilicas]].</ref> pamoja na yale ya [[Kanisa Kuu la Roma|Mt. Yohane huko Laterano]], [[Basilika la Mt. Petro|Mt. Petro huko Vatikano]] na [[Basilika kuu la Bikira Maria|Mt. Maria huko Eskwilino]]. Basilika liko katika eneo la [[Italia]]<ref>Lateran Treaty of 1929, Article 15 ([http://www.aloha.net/~mikesch/treaty.htm ''The Treaty of the Lateran'' by Benedict Williamson (London: Burns, Oates, and Washbourne Limited, 1929), pages 42-66] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aloha.net/~mikesch/treaty.htm |date=20180523023017 }})</ref>, lakini [[Ukulu Mtakatifu]] unalimiliki kabisa<ref>Lateran Treaty of 1929, Article 13 ([http://www.aloha.net/~mikesch/treaty.htm Ibidem] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aloha.net/~mikesch/treaty.htm |date=20180523023017 }})</ref>kama ilivyo kwa maeneo ya [[balozi]] za nchi ya kigeni.<ref>Lateran Treaty of 1929, Article 15 ([http://www.aloha.net/~mikesch/treaty.htm Ibidem] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aloha.net/~mikesch/treaty.htm |date=20180523023017 }})</ref> ==Historia== Basilika lilianzishwa na [[kaisari]] [[Konstantino Mkuu]] juu ya mahali (''cella memoriae'') alipozikwa [[Mtume Paulo]] baada ya kukatwa [[kichwa]] nje ya [[ngome]] ya [[jiji]] la Roma.<ref>the earliest account of a visit to the memorials of the apostles is attributed to Gaius, the Presbyter, "who lived when [[Zephyrinus]] was bishop of Rome [AD 199–217]", as quoted by [[Eusebius]] reporting that "I can point out the tropaia of the Apostles [Peter and Paul]; for if you go to the Vatican or the Ostian Way, you will find the tropaia of those who founded this Church".</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/12/061211-saint-paul.html |title=St. Paul's Tomb Unearthed in Rome |publisher=National Geographic News |date=11 Desemba 2006 |accessdate=21 July 2013 |archive-date=2006-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061213080313/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/12/061211-saint-paul.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/new.php?n=8221 | title = St Paul burial place confirmed|publisher=Catholic News Agency | date = 2006-12-06|accessdate=2013-03-04 |archivedate=2009-02-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220044044/http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/new.php?n=8221 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://212.77.1.245/news_services/bulletin/news/19405.php?index=19405&po_date=11.12.2006&lang=en | title = Communiqué about the press conference|accessdate=2016-10-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930030119/http://212.77.1.245/news_services/bulletin/news/19405.php?index=19405&po_date=11.12.2006&lang=en |archivedate=2007-09-30 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16083789/ |title=Associated Press: '&#39;Have St. Paul’s remains been unearthed?'&#39; |publisher=MSNBC |date=2006-12-07 |accessdate=2013-03-04 |archive-date=2012-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125013249/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16083789/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Fraser |first=Christian |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6219656.stm | title = Christian Fraser, St Paul's tomb unearthed in Rome, BBC News, 7 December 2006|publisher=BBC News | date = 2006-12-07|accessdate=2013-03-04}}</ref> Baada ya mabadiliko mengi, lilijengwa upya katika [[karne ya 19]] kwa sababu lilikuwa limeteketezwa na [[moto]]. [[Kipimo|Vipimo]] vyake ni [[mita]] 131.66 kwa 65 kwa 29.70, hivyo ni [[kanisa]] la pili kwa ukubwa mjini Roma. [[Kumbukumbu]] ya [[Kutabaruku|kutabarukiwa]] kwake inafanyika kila [[mwaka]] [[tarehe]] [[18 Novemba]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref> pamoja na ya kutabarukiwa [[Basilika la Mt. Petro]] ili kudokeza [[ndugu|udugu]] wa [[Mitume Petro na Paulo|Mitume hao wawili]] na [[umoja]] wa [[Kanisa]] lote <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/30100</ref>. Tangu mwaka [[1980]] Basilika hilo liko katika orodha ya [[UNESCO]] ya [[Urithi wa Dunia]]. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 409-410 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 359-360 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== *[[Kurt Weitzmann|Weitzmann, Kurt]], ed., ''[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/156533 Age of spirituality: late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century]'', no. 439-440, 1979, [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York, ISBN 9780870991790 *{{Rejea kitabu|first=Brigitte|last=Hinze-Bohlen| title = Kunst & Architektur-ROM|publisher=Könemann|location=Cologne}} {{Year missing}} *{{Rejea kitabu|first=Claudio|last=Rendina| title = Enciclopedia di Roma|publisher=Newton & Compton|year=2000|pages=867–868}} * Marina Docci, ''San Paolo fuori le mura: Dalle origini alla basilica delle origini'' (Roma: Gangemi Editore 2006). ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons|Basilica di San Paolo Fuori le Mura|Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls}} *[http://www.vatican.va/various/basiliche/san_paolo/index_en.html The Papal Basilica St Paul Outside-the-Walls], official site. *{{CathEncy|wstitle=St. Paul-without-the-Walls}} *[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/12/061211-saint-paul.html St. Paul's Tomb Unearthed in Rome on National Geographic News] {{Wayback|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/12/061211-saint-paul.html |date=20061213080313 }}, including a photograph of a side of the sarcophagus. *[http://www.30giorni.it/us/articolo.asp?id=19640 The tombs of the apostles: Saint Paul] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130108093230/http://www.30giorni.it/us/articolo.asp?id=19640 |date=2013-01-08 }} *[http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/details?mid=e5ed8af6d6f90fbe564a710bcd18ae5f&result=12 3D Model of the church] {{Wayback|url=http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/details?mid=e5ed8af6d6f90fbe564a710bcd18ae5f&result=12 |date=20121021131337 }} *[http://vita-nostra-in-ecclesia.blogspot.com/2010/07/feast-of-joachim-and-anne.html Reliquary] of St. Anne's forearm venerated in a side chapel {{mbegu-katoliki}} [[Category:Mtume Paulo]] [[Jamii:Makanisa nchini Italia]] [[Category:Roma]] [[Category:Urithi wa Dunia]] erugkxi5zgtqkry8b1tz421nhi64my2 0 85943 1598966 1317770 2026-09-23T02:49:13Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox music genre |jina = Muziki wa Tanzania |bgcolor = deepskyblue |rangi = white |asili ya mtindo = |asili ya utamaduni = [[Tanzania]] |ala = |umaarufu = |inatokana na = |fusiongenres= |orodhayaviana = |viana = |inapotendeka=[[Dar es Salaam]] |madanyingine = }} {{History of Tanzania}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[muziki]] wenye [[asili]] yake katika eneo la [[Tanzania]] ya leo. Kama ilivyokuwa kwa [[binadamu]] wengine, wakazi wa eneo hilo, walikuwa na [[utamaduni]] wao. Utamaduni huo ulikuwa ukitofautiana kati ya [[kabila]] na kabila. Moja ya vipengele ilikuwa muziki. Kiasili, hakukuwa na ‘muziki’ katika makabila hayo kabla ya ujio wa wageni, hivyo hakuna kabila lenye [[tafsiri]] ya neno muziki. Lakini watu waliimba, walicheza [[ngoma]], walipiga vyombo mbalimbali, ila walikuwa na utamaduni mwingine kuhusu kitu hiki tunachokiita siku hizi muziki. Watafiti wanatuambia tulikuwa na ngoma, ambayo tafsiri yake ni kubwa kuliko muziki. Ngoma ilikuwa chombo kile kilichotoa muziki, ngoma ilikuwa shughuli yenyewe, kwa mfano ngoma ya mavuno, ngoma ya mashetani na kadhalika, na pia watu walicheza ngoma. Pamoja na kukosekana kwa maandiko yenye kina kuhusu hali ya ngoma katika kipindi hicho lakini tunajua watu waliimba na kucheza ngoma kwa matukio mbalimbali, hali ambayo inaendelea mpaka leo. ==Historia== ===Zama za ukoloni wa Kijerumani=== [[File:Ton S.b, tape unit.jpg|thumb| Magnetoph kutoka katika kituo cha redio cha Kijerumani katika [[Vita ya Pili ya Dunia]].]] [[Ujerumani|Wajerumani]] ndio walioleta neno muziki, na wakati wao ndipo kuliingia muziki wa bendi za askari na kuingizwa katika shule ya kwanza ya serikali wakati huo, Tanga School. Katika kipindi hicho pia mchango wa madhehebu mbalimbali kuingiza muziki na vyombo vya muziki vipya uliongeza kasi ya huo muziki mpya. Pengine kipindi hicho kwaya nazo zilianza kushika kasi, nalo neno kwaya pia ni jipya likitokana na [[Kiingereza]] ''choir''. Historia inatueleza kuwa Mjerumani hakufanya jitihada za kuzuia muziki wa kiasili, hivyo basi muziki mpya na wa kiasili ulienda sambamba. ===Zama za ukoloni wa Kiingereza=== [[File:EdisonPhonograph.jpg|thumb| Silinda ya Edison kwenye miaka ya 1899.]] Utawala wa Mwingereza ulileta mabadiliko mengi katika muziki nchini. Askari waliotoka vitani [[KAR]] maarufu kama [[askari kea]] walirudi na hadithi kuhusu muziki, vyombo vya muziki, na hata muziki walioukuta katika safari zao vitani, vyombo kama akodian na gitaa kavu (isiyotumia umeme) viliingia wakati huo. Kutokana na watu wa makabila mbalimbali kuchanganyika na miji kuzaliwa kukaanza kuweko na utamaduni mpya. Muziki uliyokuwa unakubalika kwa makabila yote ulianza, aina ya muziki maarufu kama Beni ilienea katika ukanda mzima wa [[Afrika Mashariki]]. Waafrika waliokuwa wamesoma nao wakaanza kuwaiga [[Wazungu]] hata kuanza kutengeneza Club zao ambazo zilikuwa maarufu kama Dancing Clubs. Katika club hizo kulipigwa nyimbo mbalimbali kwa kutumia santuri na wapenzi kucheza muziki katika staili mbalimbali kama vile Cha cha, Tango, Foxtrot, Swing, Waltz na kadhalika. Inasemekana club ya kwanza [[Tanganyika]] ilianzishwa [[Tanga]], ikiitwa Young Noverty Dancing Club, na baadaye [[Dar es Salaam]] ikawa na Young Generation Dancing Club. Club hizo zilikuwa ndio chanzo cha bendi za kwanza Dar es Salaam, Social Orchestra, ambayo baadaye ilikuja kuwa maarufu kama [[Dar es Salaam Jazz Band]], na pia kulikuweko na YMCA Social Orchestra, wakati huo ilikuwa katika kipindi cha kati ya miaka 1920 na 1935. Baada ya vita ya pili ya dunia 1945, [[Marekani|Wamarekani]] waliweka radio yenye nguvu katika mji unaoitwa sasa [[Kinshasa]]: redio hiyo iliweza kusikika sehemu nyingi, Afrika Mashariki, ya Kati na Magharibi, na kuanza kwa lebo maarufu ya Loningisa nchini Kongo mwaka 1947 ilianzisha kusikika na kuigwa kwa muziki wa Kikongo kuanzia wakati huo. Lebo ya Galotone ya [[Afrika Kusini]] pia ilisambaza santuri ambazo ziliingiza staili za Jive katika nchi hii, kwa miaka mingi vijana walikuwa na vikundi wakicheza jive, na bendi kadhaa ziliiga upigaji wa jive ukiambatana na upigaji wa filimbi kumuiga mwanamuziki [[Spokes Mashiyane]]. Magitaa ya umeme kwa bendi za muziki wa dansi yalianza kutumiwa kati ya mwaka 1957 na 1959, Dar Jazz tena hutajwa kama bendi ya kwanza ya muziki wa dansi kuanza kutumia gitaa hilo, ikifuatiwa na [[Western Jazz]] na bendi nyinginezo. Kwenye mwaka 1954 [[Kenya]] ikaanza kuwa kituo kikubwa cha kurekodi muziki, na kwa miaka mingi iliyofuata bendi za Afrika Mashariki zililazimika kwenda Kenya ili kutoa santuri. Kuna wanamuziki wengine mpaka leo hufikiriwa ni Wakenya au nyimbo zao kudhaniwa kuwa zilitoka Kenya, kwa mfano Frank Humplink na dada zake ambao walitoa vibao ambavyo bado vinasikika katika anga za muziki hadi leo, Embe Dodo, Tufurahi Harusi na kadhalika. ===Baada ya Uhuru katika miaka ya 1960/1970=== [[File:45 rpm disk "War" by Wailing Souls & Rankin Trevor 1978.jpg|thumb|Santuri za miaka ya 1970]] Pamoja na mapungufu yanayotajwa ya utawala wa chama kimoja, kulikuweko mambo yaliyowezekana kutokana na hali ya chama kimoja kuwa na dira inayoeleweka na hivyo kuelekeza kila kitu kadri ya matakwa ya chama. [[Sanaa ya Tanzania]] haikukwepa mwongozo wa [[TANU]], sehemu za kazi, vijiji, miji, viliagizwa kuwa na vikundi vya ‘utamaduni’ ambavyo vingekuwa ndio vikundi vya burudani baada ya kazi na pia jukwaa la kuelezea mipango na malengo ya chama na serikali. Zikatengenezwa bendi za majeshi, polisi, [[JWTZ]], Magereza, Uhamiaji; mashirika ya umma nayo hayakuwa nyuma, [[BIMA]], [[TANCUT]], [[DDC Mlimani]], [[UDA]] na miji nayo ikawa na bendi Kurugenzi Arusha Kurugenzi Dodoma. Na ni ukweli usiopingika nyimbo nyingi maarufu kama zilipendwa zilipatikana katika kipindi hicho. Bendi zilitunga nyimbo, ambazo zilipitiwa na kamati kabla ya kuruhusiwa kurekodiwa na kurushwa hewani. Kwa upande wake serikali nayo ikatengeza idhaa tatu katika redi ya taifa, External Service, iliyokuwa ikitangaza kwa lugha ya Kiingereza na lugha ya nchi za kusini zilizokuwa zikipigania uhuru wakati huo, kukaweko na Idhaa ya Biashara ambayo ilikuwa na vipindi vikitangaza biashara mbalimbali vilivyodhaminiwa na wafanyabiashara, katika idhaa hii, uliweza kusikia muziki kutoka popote duniani, lakini kwa makusudi kabisa kukaweko na idhaa ya Taifa ambako huku ungesikia kila aina ya muziki wa nchi hii, pamoja na kuwa kwa sasa kuna vituo vya radio zaidi ya 80 vimeshindwa kufanya kazi hii iliyoweza kufanywa na kituo kimoja cha Taifa, bahati mbaya kituo hicho cha Taifa kimeshapoteza muelekeo wake huu uliokuweko awali. Katika miaka ya mwanzoni ya 1960, bendi ziliingia katika utamaduni wa kunakili nyimbo kutoka Kongo, kilichofanyika ni kuimba [[Kiswahili]] tu, kuna nyimbo kama Napenda nipate lau nafasi, Mtoto wacha kupiga mayowe na nyingi sana ambazo zilikuwa ni za kunakili moja kwa moja nyimbo za Kongo. Hali ilifikia kuwa mbaya mpaka bendi nyingine ziliingilia kati na kutunga nyimbo za kuwaasa wenzao watunge nyimbo zao... Koma koma koma kaka wewe tunga zako... ilikuwa baadhi ya maneno ya kuwafanya wanamuziki waliokuwa wakiiga waache kuiga. Lakini pamoja na haya kulikuweko wanamuziki waliokuwa wakiangalia na kuiga nyimbo kutoka nchi za magharibi na baadaye wakichanganya vyombo na melody za asili na kuanza muziki uliojulikana kama Afro Rock, na kuwa sambamba na nchi nyingine katika Afrika. Katika kipindi hiki mwanasiasa mmoja aliwahi kupiga marufuku muziki wa bugi, ambao ulikuwa ni maonyesho ya muziki ya mchana yaliyokuwa yakisha saa kumi na mbili. Kupiga marufuku muziki huo kulikuwa ni sawa leo upige marufuku wanamuziki wa kizazi kipya: pengo aliloliweka halijaweza kujazwa tena. ===Katika miaka ya 1980/1990=== Katika kipindi hiki kulikuweko na mfumo wa utawala wa shughuli za Utamaduni ambao pamoja na kuweko Maafisa Utamaduni wa Wilaya, Maafisa Utamaduni wa Mkoa, pia kulikuweko na [[Baraza la Muziki la Taifa]] (BAMUTA), ambapo kulizaliwa vyama ambavyo vilifanya kazi kubwa katika kuunganisha wanamuziki kama vile [[CHAMUDATA]] na [[Tanzania Taarab Association]]. Na itakuwa ni makosa kutotaja show iliyokuwa kubwa sana na iliyounganisha wanamuziki wa nchi nzima [[TOP TEN Show]]. Show hii iliyowezekana kwa ushirikiano wa [[BASATA]], [[Umoja wa Vijana]], [[Radio Tanzania]], halijawahi kutokea tena onyesho lenye ukubwa wa aina hiyo mpaka leo. Kuvurugika kwa mfumo wa uongozi wa utamaduni kwa kuwaondoa Maafisa Utamaduni walioko chini ya Wizara ya Utamaduni umeacha shughuli za Utamaduni mkononi mwa wafanyabiashara pekee, ambao kwao lengo ni kupata faida za kiuchumi, matatizo na mtokeo ya kufa kwa utamaduni si lolote kwao. Serikali inatakiwa ichukue mzigo huu wa kufadhili ukuaji na uendelezaji wa Utamaduni, na kuacha shughuli za biashara ya kazi za sanaa kwa wafanya biashara. Zama hizi ndizo zilizozaa muziki wa kizazi kipya maarufu kama [[Bongo Flava]]. Zama hizi kuna mapinduzi makubwa sana katika muziki nchini Tanzania, mabendi mengi ya muziki wa dansi yalianzishwa, hasa kwa wale wakongwe na kuunda bendi zao binafsi. Kukua kwa teknolojia na kuanza matumizi ya kompyuta katika utayarishaji wa muziki. Hapa hasa vijana ndipo waliposhika hatamu na muziki wa kizazi kipya. [[Ottu Jazz Band]] miaka hii walitumia mtindo wa "Discipline" na walitingisha hasa katika miaka hii. Miaka hii ndipo palipoanza kuwa na taasisi au kampuni kubwa-kubwa za uburudishaji wa muziki kama vile Radio One, Clouds FM, Radio Uhuru, Times FM na nyingine nyingi tu. Sehemu kubwa ya vijana waliozaliwa miaka ya 1980 na 1990 mwanzoni walianza hamasa ya kutaka kuwa wanamuziki na kujishughulisha na kazi muziki kwa kiasi kikubwa sana. Kipindi hiki ndiko kulikotokea makundi mbalimbali ya muziki wa hip hop ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Gangwe Mobb]], [[Dewplomatz]], [[S.O.S B.]], [[Kwanza Unit]], [[Underground Soulz]], [[Hard Blasterz]], na wengine wengi tu. Kipindi hiki ndicho alipoibuka [[Saleh Jabri]] anayesemekana kuanzisha muziki wa hip hop kwa Kiswahili nchini Tanzania. Moja ya kazi za Saleh ni ile aliyorudia wimbo wa [[Vanilla Ice]] "Ice Ice Baby" kwa kutia maneno ya Kiswahili. ===Katika miaka ya 2000/2010=== Katika kipindi hiki, muziki uliokuja juu sana ulikuwa "[[Bongo Flava]] na [[muziki wa dansi]] ambao hasa vijana wapya au wa muda kiasi walirudi kwa kasi katika kipindi hiki. Hapa bendi ambazo zilijaribu katika kipindi cha miaka ya 1990 katikakati na mwishoni zilirudi ama zilivuma kupita kiasi. Bendi kama African Revolution iliyokuwa inatumia jina au mtindo wa Chumvi-Chumvi Tutalamba ilirudi na jina la "Tam-Tam" chini ya uongozi wake Kocha wa Dunia Mwinjuma Muumini. Vilevile T.O.T Plus Band, The African Stars, akina Bob Rudala, Jungle Survivors Band na nyimbo yao ya Maprosoo, Malaika Band, Extra Bongo, Double M Sound ya Mwinjuma Muumin, Mchinga Sound, Diamond Sound, Akudo Impact, Inafrica Band na bendi nyinginezo nyingi zilitingisha katika zama hizi. Chuchu Sound Band ni miongoni mwa bendi zilizotamba sana mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 2000. Waliimba mtindo wa chakacha au mduara kwa lugha maarufu. Bendi hii ilikuwa tishio katika mtindo huo. Bila kuisahau Kilimanjaro Connection Band. Kiufupi, wakati huu ushindani uilkuwa mkubwa sana na wanamuziki au waimbaji wengi walihama kutoka bendi moja kwenda nyingine hasa kwa kufuatia utitiri wa mabendi ya muziki wa dansi nchini. Kipindi hiki ndicho alichokuja mkali wa sauti nchini Tanzania "King of Melody" Christian Bella akitokea nchini [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Kipindi hiki ndicho kilichounda bendi ya "Wajelajela Original" (Stono Musical), baadaye FM Academia chini ya ungozi wake Nyoshi El Sadat. Hii FM Academy ilikuwa moja na Stono Musica kabla ya kutengana na Nyoshi kabaki na jina halisi lakini kaongeza neno kama "The Dream Team". Zama hizi wanamuziki vijana wa Kikongo walifurika hasa kuja nchini Tanzania. Kwa upande wa muziki wa kizazi kipya, ukiacha wale walioanza kabla ya 2000, hapa anakuja [[Dully Sykes]], [[Manzese Crew]], [[Wandava Creek]], Wehu Kumi Ngangari (W TEN N), [[TID]], [[Jay Moe]], [[Ngwair]], [[Daz Nundaz]], [[Madee]], [[Mandojo na Domo Kaya]], [[Mr. Blue]], [[Complex]], [[Dudu Baya]], [[Juma Nature]] na [[FSG]], [[A.Y.]], [[G.K.]], [[Q Chillah]], [[Mwana FA]], [[Lady Jay Dee]] na [[Ray C.]]. Jay Dee ndiye msanii wa kwanza kurekodi albamu yenye gharama kubwa mno kuliko zote tangu kuanza kwa muziki wa kizazi kipya kwa kipindi kile cha mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 2000. Ndiye aliyeanza kupiga video na Benchmark Production kwa kipindi haikuwa rahisi sana kufanya kazi na kampuni hiyo. Jay Dee na A.Y. ni wasanii wa mwanzo kabisa kuthubutu kutoka nje ya mipaka ya Tanzania katika kufanya muziki na wasanii wa nchi za nje. Hili halijawahi kufanywa hapo awali na wasaniii wowote wa kizazi kipya isipokuwa wawili hawa. Ray C. ni moja kati ya wasanii wa Bongo Flava walioweza kufanya vizuri, lakini nae hanasa za maisha zilimfanya kufuta urithi wake wote katika muziki. Haonekani tena thamani yake hasa kwa kujihusisha na matumizi ya dawa za kulevya. Kulikuwa na makundi yaliyoingia na kutoka. Aidha kwa kukosa udhamini au kujitangaza vya kutosha. Kundi kama "Boyz from the Army", Born Crew, Hot Grils, Big Dog Pose (BDP), Hot Port Family, Wateule, Mambo Poa, Uswahilini Matola, na wengine wengi waliingia na muda mchache hawajafua dafu wakapotea jumla. Sehemu ya kikosi cha wanamuziki waliokuwa wanajiita New Jack Family, watoto wa Kariakoo. Nao walizingua sana katika tasnia ya muziki wa kizazi kipya. Hasa kwa msanii wao Dully Sykes. Kundi kama [[G.W.M.]] baadaye likaja kuwa sehemu ya [[Wachuja Nafaka]] - huku kukiwa na ongezeko la Juma Nature na Doro. Wachuja Nafaka lilikuwa kundi la mradi tu (super group) lililodumu muda mchache tu. Wasanii wengine waliotamba katika 2001/2002/2003/2004 ni pamoja Zahrani a.k.a Big Punisher wa Bongo, Spulla, [[Bushoke]], Mr. Nice ambaye kiukweli alitamba kupita maelezo na nyimbo za kuchukua ala za kitoto na kuzirudia katika mtindo wa Bongo Flava aliotamba nao kwa jina la [[TAKEU]]. Aliupeleka muziki wa Kitanzania mbali sana, hasa katika nchi za [[Burundi]], [[Rwanda]], Kongo na nchi zingine za [[Afrika]]. Bahati mbaya, hakudumu sana, hasa kwa kuendekeza hanasa za maisha nakuepelekea kuanguka mazima katika fani ya muziki. Buibui, Mpaki, Nurueli, Bab Lee, Snoop Lee, Man X na wengine wengi. [[Professor Jay]] katika upande wa wasanii wa kiume, alionekana kuunyanyasa sana muziki wa kizazi katika miaka ya 2001/2005. Zama hizi Professor Jay alionekana kutokuwa na mpinzani, inasemekana yeye ndiye aliyesababisha wazee wasikilize muziki wa kizazi kipya. Ilikuwa mwaka 2000 na kibao chao cha Chemsha Bongo ambamo maneno mazito aliyoongea humo yalipelekea wazee wengi kusikiliza muziki huu. Kabla ya 2000, wazee wengi waliona muziki wa kizazi kipya ni kama uhuni tu. Huenda Professor Jay ndiye aliyevutia vijana wengi kuingia katika muziki kama jinsi ilivyo kwa siasa [[Zitto Kabwe]] kuvutia vijana wengi kujiunga na siasa. Huwezi kutaja muziki wa kizazi kipya bila Prof. Jay. [[Mb Doggy]] ndiye mwanzilishi wa muziki wa mapenzi mazito, hata kama awali waliimba, lakini si kwa kiwango cha Mb Doggy. Mwaka 2005/2006 ilikuwa ni kipindi chake cha kuunyanyasa muziki wa kizazi kipya. Mb Doggy kutoka [[Tip Top Connection]] alionyesha uwezo wake mkubwa sana katika tasnia hii. Miaka hii ya 2005/2006 Ferouz nae alikuja juu sana. Lakini hakwenda mbali, dawa za kulevya zikamwangusha mazima. Ni miaka hii, alipokuja Matonya, Abby Skills, Enika, Ali Kiba, Queen Darleen (ijapokuwa alikuwepo tangu enzi za Historia ya Kweli ya Dully Sykes), lakini hakuwa msanii kama msanii mpaka kipindi hiki. Kipindi hiki muziki wa Taarab ulipamba moto. Mwaka wa 2006, Jahazi Modern Taarab ilianzishwa chini ya uongozi wake [[Mzee Yusuph]]. Mzee Yusuph aliufikisha mbali sana muziki huo, alisababisha kila mtu asikilize taarab hasa kwa tungo zake. Baadaye zikazuka bendi nyingine nyingi tu za taarab. ===Katika miaka ya 2010 - === Katika kipindi hiki, muziki wa kizazi kipya na muziki wa dansi ulibadilka sana. Vijana wengi walikuja katika muziki wa dansi. Lakini Bongo Flava imepiga hatua maradufu. Msanii kama [[Diamond Platnumz]] ameupeleka mbali muziki wa Tanzania nje ya nchi kwa kiasi kikubwa kupita msanii yeyote yule tangu muziki huu ulipoanza. Katika kipindi hiki, rundo la wasaniii wa muziki wa Bongo Flava (walibatizwa kama wabana pua), waliongezeka na kuigana kupita kiasi. Watayarishaji wa muziki huu waliongeza maradufu. Bongo Flava, ilianza kuchukua miundo mbalimbali ya miziki mingine kama vile Kwaito, Zouk Rhumba, Singeli, Raggae, muziki wa [[Nigeria]] hasa waliiga na kadhalika. Na ndicho kipindi kilichoanza na ushamba katika muziki, hasa kwa kuanzisha makundi-makundi kati ya msanii na msanii. Mambo hayo yaliitwa "TeamFulani" mara fulani. Lakini timu zilizokuwa na ushandani mkubwa ni za [[Ali Kiba]] na Diamond. Kipindi hiki ndicho walichovuma akina [[Ben Pol]], Top C., Bob Junior, [[Darassa]], [[One Incredible]], [[Nikki Mbishi]], [[Nikki wa Pili]], [[Geez Mabovu]], [[Baraka da Prince]], [[Galatone Tena]], [[Samir]], [[Belle 9]], [[Kassim Mganga]], [[Nuh Mziwanda]], [[Z. Anthony]], [[Dullayo]], [[Sam wa Kweli]], [[Barnaba]], [[Marlaw]], [[Izzo Business]], [[Mabeste]], [[Linah]], [[Gosby]], [[Godzilla]] na wengine wengi tu. [[WCB]] lebo ya muziki iliyozalisha wasanii wapya kama [[Harmonize]] na [[Rayvanny]]. Vile imechukua wasanii wengine maarufu kama [[Richie Mavoko]]. Kwa pamoja wameweza kuutingisha muziki wa kizazi kipya kwa mwaka wa 2015/2016. Vilevile kuanzia Agosti 2015, Darassa ameonekana kuutawala muziki wa kizazi kipya kwa kiasi kikubwa sana. Hasa kwa kufuatia yeye anafanya hip-hop. Huenda Darassa ni msanii pekee wa hip-hop aliyeweza kufikisha watazamaji wengi kwa muda mfupi katika [[Youtube]] kuliko msanii yeyote yule wa hip-hop ya Kitanzania hasa kwa kufuatia kibao chake cha [[Muziki (wimbo)|Muziki]] na [[Too Much]] kilichotoka Julai 15 na Muziki Novemba 23, 2016.<ref>[http://millardayo.com/daras1512/ Darassa amekuwa msanii wa pili kuweka rekodi hii kwenye HipHop ya Bongo.] MillardAyo.com</ref> Vilevile kipindi hiki ndicho kulipozaliwa muziki wa [[Singeli]]. Wanamuziki maarufu wa Singeli ni pamoja na [[Man Fongo]], [[Msaga Sumu]], [[Sholo Mwamba]] na wengine wengi. ==Tazama pia== *[[Bongo Flava]] *[[Muziki wa taarabu]] ==Marejeo== <references/> ==Viungo vya Nje== *[https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/wanabidii/3jhjrGslYRI {{PAGENAME}}] katika baadhi ya makundi ya Google] {{Hoja Kuhusu Tanzania}} [[Jamii:Muziki wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Tanzania]] s1uar16ec313tnttqt3dpgjm4lyv7f3 0 94281 1598977 1475733 2026-09-23T02:52:11Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598977 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image: Hawaa Ophiuchus.png |thumb|right|400px|Nyota za kundinyota Hawaa (Ophiuchus) katika sehemu yao ya angani]] [[Picha:Ophiuchus constellation map.png|400px|thumb|Ramani ya Hawaa - Ophiuchus jinsi inavyoonekana kwa mtazamaji kwenye nusutufe ya kaskazini]] '''Hawaa''' (kwa [[Kilatini]] na [[Kiingereza]] ''[[:en:Ophiuchus|Ophiuchus]]'') <ref>[[Uhusika milikishi]] ''([[:en:genitive]])'' ya "Ophiuchus" katika lugha ya [[Kilatini]] ni "Ophiuchi" na hili ni umbo la jina linaloonekana katika majina ya nyota za kundi hili kama vile Alfa Ophiuchi, nk.</ref> ni [[jina]] la [[kundinyota]] kwenye [[angakaskazi]] ya [[Dunia]] yetu. ==Mahali pake== Hawaa - Ophiuchus lipo kwenye ikweta ya anga likionekana karibu na kanda ya [[Njia Nyeupe]]. Linapakana na makundinyota jirani ya [[Hayya (kundinyota)|Hayya (mkia)]] ''([[:en:Serpens (constellation)|Serpens]])'', [[Ukabu (kundinyota)|Ukabu]] ''([[:en:Aquila (constellation)|Aquila]])'', [[Rakisi (kundinyota)|Rakisi]] ''([[:en:Hercules (constellation)|Hercules]])'', tena [[Hayya (kundinyota)|Hayya (kichwa)]], [[Mizani (kundinyota)|Mizani]] ''([[:en:Libra|Libra]])'', [[Akarabu (kundinyota)|Akarabu]] ''([[:en:Scorpius (constellation)|Scorpius]])'' na [[Kausi (kundinyota)|Kausi (Mshale)]] ''([[:en:Sagittarius (constellation)|Sagittarius]])''. Kundinyota la Hayya linakatwa na Hawaa. Hii inalingana na mitholojia ya Kigiriki ambako Hawaa ni mhusika anayebeba au kushindana na nyota inayoonekana kwa pande zake zote mbili. ==Jina== Hawaa (Ophiuchus) lilijulikana kwa mabaharia Waswahili tangu miaka mingi wakifuata njia yao baharini wakati wa usiku kwa msaada wa nyota. Walipokea jina hili kutoka kwa Waarabu wanaosema <big>حواء</big> ''ḥawwaaʾ'' wakimtaja mtu anayechezea [[nyoka]] <ref>ling. Knappert 1993</ref>. Waarabu walifuata hapa mapokeo ya Wagiriki wa Kale waliosema Ὀφιοῦχος ''ofiukhos'' yaani “mwenye nyoka”; [[Klaudio Ptolemaio|Ptolemaio]] aliingiza kundinyota kwa jina hili katika orodha yake ya Almagesti<ref>[http://ptolemaeus.badw.de/glossary PAL - Glossary "Oph"], tovuti ya mradi wa "Ptolemaeus Arabus et Latinus (PAL)" wa Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, iliangaliwa Oktoba 2017</ref>. Wagiriki wa Kale waliona Ophiuchus - Hawaa kama nusu mungu [[Askulapius]] aliyeabudiwa kama mganga mkuu<ref>Allen uk 298: "the Serpent-holder generally was identified with "asklepios, Asclepios, or Aesculapius, .. with whose worship serpents were always associated as symbols of prudence, renovation, wisdom, and the power of discovering healing-herbs.”</ref>. Askulapius aliwahi kufundishwa matumizi ya madawa ya majani na nyoka na hivyo ishara yake ni fimbo linaloviringishwa na nyoka, ambalo hadi leo ni ishara inayotumiwa na maduka na makampuni ya madawa. Ophiuchus - Hawaa ni kati ya makundinyota 48 yaliyotajwa tayari na [[Klaudio Ptolemaio]] katika karne ya 2 BK. Iko pia katika orodha ya [[makundinyota]] 88 ya [[Umoja wa kimataifa wa astronomia]] <ref>[https://www.iau.org/public/themes/constellations/ The Constellations] {{Wayback|url=https://www.iau.org/public/themes/constellations/ |date=20130604014156 }}, tovuti ya International Astronomical Union , iliangaliwa Julai 2017</ref> kwa jina la Ophiuchus. Kifupi chake rasmi kufuatana na [[Ukia|UKIA]] ni 'Oph'.<ref name="pa30_469">{{cite journal | last=Russell | first=Henry Norris | title=The New International Symbols for the Constellations | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_popular-astronomy_1922-10_30_8/page/469 | journal=[[Popular Astronomy (US magazine)|Popular Astronomy]] | volume=30 | pages=469–71 | bibcode=1922PA.....30..469R | year=1922}}</ref> ==Nyota== Nyota angavu zaidi ni Alpha Ophiuchi au Rasalhague ("kichwa cha mwenye nyoka")<ref>Tahajia "Rasalhague" inatokana na makosa wakati wa kunakili jina la "ras al-hawaa" kutoka mwandiko wa Kiarabu kwenda Kilatini. </ref>. Ina [[mwangaza unaoonekana]] wa [[mag]] 2.07 ikiwa umbali wa [[mwakanuru]] 47 na Dunia<ref>[http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/rasalhague.html RASALHAGUE (Alpha Ophiuchi)], tovuti ya Prof. Jim Kaler</ref>. {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" style="margin-left:0.5em; background:#CDC9C9;" ! <small>Jina la</small><br/><small>([[Johann Bayer|Bayer]])</small> ! <small>Namba ya</small><br/><small>[[Namba za Flamsteed|Flamsteed]]</small> ! <small>Jina <br/>([[Ukia]])</small> ! <small>Mwangaza<br/> unaoonekana</small> ! <small>Umbali</small> <br/><small>([[miaka ya nuru|miaka nuru]])</small> ! <small>[[Aina ya spektra]]</small> |- style="background:#FFFAFA" | α | 55 | Rasalhague | 2.08<sup>m</sup> | 47 | A5 III |- style="background:#FFFAFA" | η | 35 | Sabik | 2.43<sup>m</sup> | 84 | A2.5 Va |- style="background:#FFFAFA" | ζ | 13 | Han (Stern)|Han | 2.54<sup>m</sup> | 458 | O9.5 V |- style="background:#FFFAFA" | δ | 1 | Delta Ophiuchi|Yed Prior | 2.73<sup>m</sup> | 170 | M1 III |- style="background:#FFFAFA" | β | 60 | Cebalrai | 2.76<sup>m</sup> | 82 | K2 III |- style="background:#FFFAFA" | κ | 27 | | 3.19 <sup>m</sup> | 86 | K2 IIIvar |- style="background:#FFFAFA" | ε | 2 | Epsilon Ophiuchi|Yed Posterior | 3.23<sup>m</sup> | 106 | G8 III |- style="background:#FFFAFA" | θ | 42 | | 3.27<sup>m</sup> | 563 | B2 IV |- style="background:#FFFAFA" | ν | 64 | | 3.32<sup>m</sup> | 153 | K0 III |- style="background:#FFFAFA" | | 72 | HR 6771 | 3.71<sup>m</sup> | 83 | A4 IVs |- style="background:#FFFAFA" | γ | 62 | | 3.75<sup>m</sup> | 95 | A0 V |- style="background:#FFFAFA" | λ | 10 | Marfik | 3.8<sup>m</sup> | 166 | A2 V |} ==Tanbihi== <references/> ==Marejeo== * Richard Hinckley Allen: Star-Names and their Meanings; kwa G. E. Stechert New York, Leipzig, London, Paris 1899, “Argo Navis” ukurasa 374 ff ([https://ia801402.us.archive.org/14/items/starnamesandthe00allegoog/starnamesandthe00allegoog.pdf online hapa kwenye archive.org]) * Jan Knappert, 1993: The Swahili Names of Stars, Planets and Constellations; The Indian Ocean Review September 1993 Volume 6 No. 3 September 1993, kurasa 6-7, ISSN 1031-2331 ==Viungo vya Nje== * [http://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/Ophiuchus-constellation Constellation Guide: Ophiuchus constellation] *[http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/ophser-p.html Ophiuchus and Serpens, "Stars"], kwenye tovuti ya Prof Jim Kaler, University of Illinois, iliangaliwa Oktoba 2017 * [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/Ophiuchus.htm Star Tales – Ophiuchus], tovuti ya Ian Ridpath, iliangaliwa Oktoba 2017 * [http://www.allthesky.com/constellations/Ophiuchus/constell.html The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Ophiuchus] {{makundinyota}} p3iil4z85odky9pkzmww185y9r5scix 0 94365 1598967 1423039 2026-09-23T02:49:20Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598967 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Almagesto_de_Claudio_Ptolomeo.png|400px|thumb|Toleo la Almagesti kwa Kigiriki (Mathematike Sintaksis) la mwaka 1900]] [[Picha:Mfumo wa Ptolemaio.png|400px|thumb|Mfumo wa Ulimwengu kufuatana na Ptolemaio]] [[Picha:Ptolemaicsystem-small.png|thumb|400px|Mfumo wa Ptolemao jinsi ilivyofundishwa mnamo mwaka 1524 pale Uholanzi; <br/>Dunia: iko katikati<br/>zinafuata mizingo ya Lunae (Mwezi), Mercurii (Utaridi), Veneris (Zuhura), Solis (Jua), <br/> halafu ya Martis (Mirihi), Iovis (Mshtarii) na Saturni (Zohali) <br/> halafu Octavum Firmamentum (mbingu wa nane), halafu Nonum Coelum Cristalinum (mbingu wa tisa, wa kioo), <br/>Coelum Empireum Habitaculum Dei et Omnium Electorum (Mbingu wa moto, mahali pa Mungu na wa wote waliochaguliwa naye]] '''Almagesti''' ni jina la kitabu cha [[Klaudio Ptolemaio]] (100 - 170 BK) kinachoshika hitimisho ya elimu ya [[Wagiriki wa Kale]] kuhusu [[astronomia]]. Kilitungwa kwa [[Kigiriki]] na kuhifadhiwa kwa njia ya tafsiri kwa [[Kiarabu]] na baadaye kwa [[Kilatini]] ikawa msingi wa elimu yote kuhusu nyota kwa miaka 1,500 hadi karne ya 17 na wataalamu wote kati ya Wakristo wa [[Ulaya]] na Waislamu wa [[Mashariki ya Kati]] walifuata maelezo yake. ==Jina== Ptolemaio alitumia jina la Kigiriki μαθηματικὴ σύνταξις ''mathematike sintaksis'' (hitimisho ya elimu, kutoka σύνταξις ''sintaksis'' (hitimisho) na μαθηματικός ''mathematikos'' (kuhusu elimu)). Nakala za baadaye ziliitwa "megiste sintaksis" kwa maana ya "hitimisho kuu" na nakala hizi zilikuwa msingi wa tafsiri kwa Kiarabu ambako neno la Kigiriki "megiste" lilandikwa kwa herufi za kiarabu kama <big>المجستى</big> ''al-majisti'' iliyokuwa "Al-magest" katika tafsiri za baadaye kwa [[Kilatini]]. ==Yaliyomo== Almagesti ina sehemu au "vitabu" 13 ndani yake: *Kitabu 1: Maelezo kuhusu mfumo wa ulimwengu, ambako DUnia iko kwenye kitovu cha yote na sayari pamoja na Jua na nyota zinaizunguka *Kitabu 2: Misingi ya hisabati inayotumiwa na Ptolemaio kwa kukadiria mwendo wa magimba ya angani *Kitabu 3: Kuhusu mwendo wa Jua angani, muda wa mwaka na badiliko la [[ekwinoksi]] *Vitabu 4 + 5: Kuhusu mwendo wa Mwezi, paralaksi yake, ukubwa na umbali kati ya Dunia, Jua na Mwezi *Kitabu 6: Kuhusu [[kupatwa kwa Jua]] na [[kupatwa kwa Mwezi]] *Vitabu 7 + 8: Mienendo ya nyota, orodha ya makundinyota na nyota; humo alianzisha utaratibu wa kupanga nyota kufuatana na [[mwangaza unaoonekana]], akitofautisha ngazi 6 za mwangaza *Vitabu 9–13: vinajadili mienendo ya sayari alizojua yaani zile zinazoonekana kwa macho matupu yaani [[Utaridi]] (Mercury), [[Zuhura]] (Venus), [[Mirihi]] (Mars), [[Mshtarii]] (Jupiter) na [[Zohali]] (Saturn) Katika Almagesti Ptolemaio alitaja [[makundinyota]] 48 ambazo ni msingi wa makundinyota 88 za kisasa. Pamoja na makundinyota aliorodhesha nyota 1020 na kwa kila nyota aliongeza vipimo vilivyowezesha wasomaji wake kukuta kila nyota kwenye anga.<ref>[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/almagest.htm Ptolemy’s Almagest], tovuti ya Ian Ridpath "Star Tales", iliangaliwa Disemba 2017</ref> Leo hii watafiti huamini ya kwamba Ptolemaio mwenyewe alitumia orodha iliyowahi kutungwa miaka 300 kabla yake na [[Hipparchos wa Nikaia|Hipparchos]] pamoja na vipimo vyake. <ref>[http://dioi.org/vols/wc0.pdf Pickering, The Southern Limits of the Ancient Star Catalog and the Commentary of Hipparchos] {{Wayback|url=http://dioi.org/vols/wc0.pdf |date=20180128051847 }}, The International Journal of Scientific History, Vol. 12 2002 Sept ISSN 1041›5440,</ref> ==Mapokeo== Katika nyakati za Kale kitabu cha Ptolemaio kilikuwa hitimisho kuu ya elimu ya siku zile. Jinsi ilivyo na maandiko mengi ya kale kilinakiliwa kwa mkono maana hii ilikuwa njia ya pekee kabla ya ugunduzi wa [[uchapaji wa vitabu]]. Baada ya kuporomoka kwa [[Dola la Roma]] nakala zake zilipotea katika Ulaya. Lakini katika milki ya Uislamu vitabu vingi vya Wagiriki vilitafsiriwa kwa Kiarabu kuanzia karne ya 9. Upatikanaji kwa Almagesti kwa Kiarabu ulikuwa msingi kwa maendeleo ya astronomia katika himaya ya Uislamu wakati wa [[Karne za Kati]]. Katika karne ya 12 Almagesti ilitafsiriwa kutoka Kiarabu kwa Kilatini na hivyo kupatikana kwa vyuo vikuu vya kwanza katika Ulaya. Hapo kuna msingi kwa majina mengi ya Kiarabu kwa nyota yanayotumiwa kimataifa maana wataalamu wa Ulaya walipokea wakati ule elimu ya kale pamoja na utafiti mpya kutoka kwa Waislamu kwa lugha ya Kiarabu. Katika karne ya 15 Waturuki walivamia mabaki ya [[ufalme wa Byzanti]] na hapo wataalamu wengi wa huko walikimbilia Ulaya ya magharibi wakibeba pia vitabu vya zamani. Hapo nakala za kitabu asilia cha Ptolemaio ilifika Italia ikatafsiriwa kutoka Kigiriki kwa Kilatini na kuboresha matoleo yaliyopatikana katika Ulaya. Umuhimu wa Ptolemaio ulipungua haraka tangu ugunduzi wa darubini ulioleta mlipuko wa elimu ya astronomia. Mfumo wake wa ulimwengu ulitambuliwa kuwa na kosa la kimsingi katika kitabu "De Revolutionibus“ cha [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] aliyetambua ya kwamba Dunia si kitovu cha ulimwengu bali Dunia pamoja na sayari zinazunguka Jua. Hii ilithibitishwa baadaye na [[Galileo Galilei]] na [[Johannes Kepler]]. Hata hivyo orodha ya makundinyota 48 ya Ptolemaio katika Almagesti imepokelewa katika orodha rasmi ya makundinyota 88 iliyotolewa na [[Umoja wa Kimataifa wa Astronomia]] na kuwa msingi wake. ==Marejeo== <references/> ==Viungo vya Nje== {{commons category|Almagest}} *[http://ptolemaeus.badw.de/start Ptolemaeus Arabus et Latinus], tovuti ya mradi wa "Ptolemaeus Arabus et Latinus (PAL)" wa Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, iliangaliwa Oktoba 2017 (inaonyesha matoleo yote ya Kiarabu na Kilatini ya Almagesti yaliyohifadhiwa) *[http://ptolemaeus.badw.de/glossary PAL - Glossary "PsA"], orodha ya istilahi za Kigiriki, Kiarabu na Kilatini katika nakala za Almagesti, tovuti ya PAL *https://www.iau.org/public/themes/constellations/ {{Wayback|url=https://www.iau.org/public/themes/constellations/ |date=20130604014156 }} The constellations], orodha rasmi kwenye tovuti ya [[Umoja wa Kimataifa wa Astronomia]] iliangaliwa Oktoba 2017 *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071115020105/http://astro.isi.edu/reference/almagest.html Star catalogogue of Ptolemy], nakala iliyohifadhiwa ya tovuti ya University of South California, iliangaliwa Oktoba 2017 * [https://search.slv.vic.gov.au/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?vid=MAIN&reset_config=true&docId=SLV_VOYAGER485154 Ptolemy. ''Almagest''.] {{Wayback|url=https://search.slv.vic.gov.au/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?vid=MAIN&reset_config=true&docId=SLV_VOYAGER485154 |date=20171025170900 }} Latin translation from the Arabic by [[Gerard of Cremona]]. Digitized version of manuscript made in Northern Italy c. 1200–1225 held by the [[State Library of Victoria]]. * [http://www.univie.ac.at/hwastro/rare/1515_ptolemae.htm University of Vienna: ''Almagestum'' (1515)] PDFs of different resolutions (Latin) * [http://www.csit.fsu.edu/~dduke/models ''Almagest'' Planetary Model Animations] {{Wayback|url=http://www.csit.fsu.edu/~dduke/models |date=20070210055252 }} * [http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/astro/ancientephemerides.htm Online luni-solar and planetary ephemeris calculator based on the ''Almagest''] * [http://www.wilbourhall.org Ptolemy's ''Almagest''. PDF scans of Heiberg's Greek edition, now in the public domain] (Koine Greek) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100618052417/http://astrotalkuk.org/2010/01/29/episode-33-january-27th-2010-ptolemy%E2%80%99s-almagest/ A podcast discussion by Prof. M Heath and Dr A. Chapman of a recent re-discovery of a 14th-century manuscript in the university of Leeds Library] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071115020105/http://astro.isi.edu/reference/almagest.html Star catalog] in [[ASCII]] (Latin) [[jamii:historia ya elimuanga]] 0yjvb6cksjlxikb1gfs63ifqdtebkh2 0 95339 1599030 1413814 2026-09-23T03:03:38Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nyota | jina = Dhanabu ya Dajaja ''(A Cygni, Deneb)''</br><small><small>(vipimo vyote huwa na kiwango cha mashaka)</small></small><ref>Viwango vinavyotajwa chini hufuata F. Schiller / N. Przybilla (2008)</ref> | picha = Deneb Sun comparison small.png | maelezo_ya_picha = Ulinganifu wa ukubwa wa Dhanabu ya Dajaja na Jua letu | kundinyota = Dajaja ''(Cygnus)'' | Mwangaza unaonekana= 1.25 | kundi la spektra = A2 I | paralaksi = 2.29 ± 0.32 | umbali = 2600 ± 200<ref>F. Schiller / N. Przybilla (2008) wanataja 802 ± 66 [[parsek]]</ref> | mwangaza halisi = -8.38 | masi = 19 | nusukipenyo = 203 | mng’aro = 196,000 ± 32,000 | jotoridi usoni = 8525 | muda wa mzunguko = siku 80 | majina mbadala = α Cygni, Alpha Cyg, 50 Cyg, Arided, Aridif, Gallina, Arrioph, HR 7924, BD +44°3541, HD 197345, SAO 49941, FK5 777, HIP 102098. }} [[Picha: Dajaja_Cygnus.png|400px|thumb|Dhanabu ya Dajaja (Deneb) katika kundinyota yake ya Dajaja – Cygnus jinsi inavyoonekana kwa mtazamaji wa Afrika ya Mashariki]] '''Dhanabu ya Dajaja''' ([[ing.]] na [[lat.]] '''Deneb''' pia '''<big>α</big> Alfa&nbsp;Cygni''', kifupi '''Alfa Cyg''', '''α&nbsp;Cyg''') ni nyota angavu ya tatu katika kundinyota ya [[Dajaja (kundinyota)|Dajaja]] (''[[:en:Cygnus (constellation)|Cygnus]]''). Pia ni nyota angavu ya 25 kwenye anga ya usiku. Dhanabu ya Dajaja ni sehemu ya [[Pembetatu ya Kiangazi]] kwenye [[nusutufe ya kaskazini|nusutufe ya kaskazini ya Dunia]]. ==Jina== Dhanabu ya Dajaja ilijulikana kwa mabaharia Waswahili tangu miaka mingi wakifuata njia yao baharini wakati wa usiku kwa msaada wa nyota. <ref>ling. Knappert 1993; Knappert aliorodhesha hapa jina la "Dhanabu ya Ukabu"; hii inaonekana ni kosa maana Ukabu na Dajaja si jirani, hakuna taarifa ya "Dhanabu =mkia" katika Ukabu - Aquila. Lakini Dajaja ilikuwa na jina mbadala kwa Kiarabu hili ni "Altair" na jina lilelile lilitumiwa pia kwa nyota angavu zaidi katika Ukabu-Aquila (Altair - Tairi). </ref>. Walipokea jina hili kutoka kwa Waarabu wanaosema <big> ذنب الدجاجة</big> ''dhanab al-dajaja'' linalomaanisha „mkia wa kuku" <ref> Lane, Arabic - English Lexicon (1872), part 3, uk. 993 . </ref>. Waarabu walimfuata hapa [[Klaudio Ptolemaio]] aliyeandika Ὄρνις ''ornis'' (ndege, hasa kuku) katika orodha yake ya [[Almagesti]]; wengine walisema pia Κύκνος kyknos (bata maji, Cygnus au "swan" kwa Kiingereza) na huu ndiyo ulikuwa msingi kwa jina la kimataifa ya kundinyota. Jina la Waarabu kwa nyota lilipokelewa na wataalamu wa Ulaya kwa umbo la “Deneb” <ref> Allen Star-Names (1899), uk. 192f</ref> Kwa matumizi ya kimataifa Umoja wa Kimataifa wa Astronomia ulikubali sehemu ya kwanza ya jina la Kiarabu na kuorodhesha nyota hii kwa jina la "Deneb" <ref>[https://www.iau.org/public/themes/naming_stars/ Naming Stars] {{Wayback|url=https://www.iau.org/public/themes/naming_stars/ |date=20200411104839 }}, tovuti ya [[Umoja wa Kimataifa wa Astronomia]] (Ukia), iliangaliwa Novemba 2017</ref> . Alfa Cygnis ni [[jina la Bayer]] maana ina nafasi ya kwanza kufuatana na mwangaza katika kundinyota yake. ==Tabia== Dhanabu ya Dajaja - Deneb ni nyota iliyo mbali kiasi ya kwamba ni vigumu kupata vipimo kamili vya [[paralaksi]] yake. Kwa hiyo hakuna uhakika kuhusu umbali wake na tabia nyingine; umbali hukadiriwa hadi sasa kwa matokeo yanayotofautiana baina miakanuru 1500 hadi 2600. Tofauti hizi ni muhimu pia katika vipimo vingine. Inafahamika ya kwamba Dhanabu ya Dajaja - Deneb ni nyota kubwa sana; iko kati ya nyota za mwangaza halisi mkubwa zinazojulikana. Inatoa nuru zaidi katika dakika moja kuliko Jua letu katika mwezi. Vipimo vyote vinavyoonyeshwa katika makala hii huwa na kiwango cha mashaka. Kuna tumaini kwamba [[chomboanga Gaia]] kinaweza kuleta vipimo vyenye uhakika zaidi. ==Tanbihi== <references/> ==Viungo vya Nje== * [http://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/Cygnus-constellation/ Constellation Guide:Cygnus] *[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/Cygnus.htm Cygnus the Swan, "Stars"], tovuti ya Ian Ridpath, Star Tales, iliangaliwa Oktoba 2017 *[http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/deneb.html DENEB (Alpha Cygni)], kwenye tovuti ya Prof Jim Kaler, University of Illinois, iliangaliwa Oktoba 2017 ==Marejeo== * Allen, Richard Hinckley: Star-Names and their Meanings; kwa G. E. Stechert New York, Leipzig, London, Paris 1899, ukurasa 59 ([https://ia801402.us.archive.org/14/items/starnamesandthe00allegoog/starnamesandthe00allegoog.pdf online kwenye archive.org]) *Knappert, Jan: The Swahili Names of Stars, Planets and Constellations; The Indian Ocean Review September 1993 Volume 6 No. 3 September 1993, kurasa 6-7, ISSN 1031-2331 * Lane, Edward William : An Arabic - English Lexicon by in eight parts – 1872 (Perseus Collection Arabic Materials Digitized Text Version v1.1 of reprint Beirut – Lebanon 1968) [https://archive.org/details/LANESARABICENGLISHLEXICONDIGITIZEDTEXTVERSION online hapa] *Schiller, F.; Przybilla, N. (2008). "Quantitative spectroscopy of Deneb". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 479 (3): 849–858 [https://arxiv.org/abs/0712.0040 online hapa] [[Jamii:Nyota]] 27skrqeq4rmtyt4frhzyvj3co7entan 0 97353 1598819 1478004 2026-09-22T19:38:18Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | Jina = A Boy From Tandale | Type = studio | Msanii = [[Diamond Platnumz]] | Cover = A-Boy-From-Tandale2.jpg | Imetolewa = [[14 Machi]], [[2018]]<ref>[https://www.potentash.com/2018/03/16/diamond-platinumz-boy-from-tandale/ A Boy From Tandale: How The Diamond Platinumz Album Launch & Songa Bash Went Down] wavuti ya Potentashi, [[Kenya]]. Ingizo la Machi 16, 2018</ref> | Imerekodiwa = 2013, 2015, 2016-2017 | Aina = [[Bongo Flava]], [[Afro-pop]] | Urefu = | Studio = [[Wasafi Records]]<br>Universal Music (Pty) Ltd (ZA) | Mtayarishaji = [[Laizer Classic]] (<small>Mtayarisha Mkuu</small>)<br> [[Nahreel]]<br />[[Sheddy Clever]] | Review = | Albamu iliyopita = | Albamu ya sasa = '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''<br />(2018) | Albamu ijayo = | Misc = {{Singles | Jina = {{PAGENAME}} | Type = studio | Single 1 = [[Number One Remix]] | Single 1 tarehe = [[6 Januari]], [[2014]] | Single 2 = [[Nana]] | Single 2 tarehe = [[29 Mei]], [[2015]] | Single 3 = [[Kidogo]] | Single 3 tarehe = [[12 Julai]], [[2016]] | Single 4 = [[Marry You]] | Single 4 tarehe = [[2 Februari]], [[2017]] | Single 5 = [[Fire]] | Single 5 tarehe = [[21 Juni]] [[2017]] | Single 6 = [[Eneka]] | Single 6 tarehe = [[10 Julai]] [[2017]] | Single 7 = [[Hallelujah]] | Single 7 tarehe = [[28 Septemba]], [[2017]] | Single 8 = [[Waka]] | Single 8 tarehe = [[7 Desemba]], [[2017]] | Single 9 = [[African Beauty]] | Single 9 tarehe = [[15 Machi]], [[2018]] | Single 10 = [[Iyena]] | Single 10 tarehe = [[31 Mei]], [[2018]] | Single 11 = [[Baila]] | Single 11 tarehe = [[12 Julai]], [[2018]] }} }} '''"A Boy From Tandale"''' ni jina la albamu ya tatu kutoka kwa msanii wa muziki wa kizazi kipya kutoka nchini [[Tanzania]], [[Diamond Platnumz]]. Albamu imetoka rasmi mnamo tarehe [[14 Machi]], [[2018]], japo utangazaji wake ulianza tangu kwenye mwezi [[Oktoba]]-[[2017]] na kutangazwa kutolewa tarehe [[12 Januari]], [[2018]] kabla ya kuruka-ruka tarehe chungumzima za kutolewa.<ref>[http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/thebeat/Diamond-s--A-Boy-From-Tandale--to-hit-stores-today/1843792-4210664-8xe78j/index.html Diamond’s ‘A Boy From Tandale’ to hit stores today] The Citizen, Tanzania, Disemba 1, 2017.</ref><ref>[https://mullastar.blogspot.com/2017/12/nyimbo-zinazopatikana-katika-album-ya.html Nyimbo Zinazopatikana Katika Album Ya Diamond Platnumz Na Tarehe Kamili Ya Kutoka Mwakani] {{Wayback|url=https://mullastar.blogspot.com/2017/12/nyimbo-zinazopatikana-katika-album-ya.html |date=20190413083750 }} [[blogu]] ya Mullastar - [[Desemba 12]], 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.azaniapost.com/entertainment/diamond-platnumz-announces-debut-album-a-boy-from-tandale-h7885.html Diamond Platnumz announces debut album: ‘A Boy from Tandale’] {{Wayback|url=http://www.azaniapost.com/entertainment/diamond-platnumz-announces-debut-album-a-boy-from-tandale-h7885.html |date=20180322133639 }} Azani Post - 12 Oktoba 2017.</ref> Sehemu kubwa ya albamu imetayarishwa na [[Laizer Classic]] (ambaye pia amesimama kama mtayarishaji mkuu), vilevile kuna nyimbo za awali ambazo baadhi zilitayarishwa na watayarishaji wengine. Nyimbo hizo ni pamoja na [[Number One]], Nikuone na [[Marry You]] ambazo zilitayarishwa na [[Sheddy Clever]] - Burn Records, [[Nana]] iliyotayarishwa na [[Nahreel]] wa [[The Industry]], Far Away iliyotayarishwa na [[S2kizzy]] na mwisho [[Iyena]] iliyotayarishwa na [[Abby Daddy]]. Albamu imeshirikisha wasanii wengi wa ndani na nje ya nchi. Wasanii hao ni pamoja na [[Young Killer]] (wimbo wa Pamela), [[Morgan Heritage]] (wimbo wa [[Hallelujah]], [[Rick Ross]] (wimbo wa [[Waka]]), [[Rayvanny]] (wimbo wa [[Iyena]]), [[Miri Ben Air]] (wimbo wa Baila), [[Omarion]] ([[African Beauty]]), [[Tiwa Savage]] (wimbo wa [[Fire]]), [[Ne-Yo]] (wimbo [[Marry You]], [[Davido]] (Number One Remix), [[Mr. Flavour]] (wimbo [[Nana]]), [[P Square]] (wimbo [[Kidogo]]), [[Jah Prayzah]] (wimbo Amanda), pamoja na [[Vanessa Mdee]] kwenye wimbo wa Far Away ambao ndio wa mwisho kutoka katika albamu hii. Albamu ilianza kutolewa kwa oda kwanza kwenye majukwaa mengi tu ya muziki mtandaoni, hasa [[iTunes]], Songa Music na kwengineko.<ref>[https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/a-boy-from-tandale/1321124942 Apple Music Preview] {{Wayback|url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/a-boy-from-tandale/1321124942 |date=20190521074047 }} A Boy From Tandale - kwenye iTune, imeingizwa 28 Februari, 2018</ref>Albamu ilizinduliwa rasmi mnamo tarehe 14 Machi nchini [[Kenya]] chini ya udhamini kamili wa [[Songa Music]] (tawi la Safaricom ya Kenya linalojihusisha na masuala mazima ya muziki). Jinsi Songa inavyofanya kazi sawa na Mkito au Mzikii ya Tanzania. Sababu hasa zilizoplekea kuizindulia Kenya ikiwa ni pamoja na kukosekana vifaa ambavyo vingeweza kuonesha mandahari mbalimbali yaliyokuwa yanaonekana nyuma ya fanani aliyekuwa anatoa burudani katika uzinduzi huo. Halkadhalika kuonesha umoja wa kweli wa [[Afrika Mashariki]] na sio unafiki. Uzinduzi ulifanyika katika ukumbi wa "Kenya National Theatre". Diamond anaamini yeye ni mtu wa Afrika Mashariki na popote anaweza kufanya kazi zake bila pingamizi maadamu anafuata utaratibu. Hii sio mara ya kwanza kwa Diamond kufanya kazi Kenya. Mwaka 2012 alienda kufanya video yake ya kwanza ya nje ya nchini, [[Kesho (wimbo)|Kesho]], na Ogopa Videos na hatimaye kujenga mahusiano mazuri na kufanya video ya pili Afrika Kusini, Number One, tena chini ya Ogopa Videos. Halkadhalika alikuwa katika nia ya kuitangaza [[Bongo Flava]] nje ya Tanzania kwa kumaanisha kabisa. Hii ndio albamu ya kwanza ya Bongo Flava kuzinduliwa nje ya nchi. Nyimbo mbili kutoka katika albamu zimefungiwa na Baraza la Sanaa la Taifa Tanzania. Nyimbo hizo ni pamoja na Waka na Hallelujah.<ref name=":0" /> ==Historia== [[Picha:A-Boy-From-Tandale1.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Kava la kwanza la {{PAGENAMEBASE}} ambalo lilipendekezwa. Lakini baada ya [[Universal Music]] ya [[Afrika Kusini]] kuona kama halito-mtambulisha vyema kwa mara ya kwanza picha ya mtoto itavuruga watu. Ndipo palipo-pendekezwa picha badala itumike kama kava.]] Harakati za kutoa albamu zilianza muda mrefu. Lakini kwa sababu mbalimbali, Diamond aliona bora isuburi. Kwenye mahojiano yake aliyofanya tarehe 19 Machi, 2018 na [[Lil Ommy]] kupitia kipindi cha "The Playlist" cha [[Times FM]], Diamond alifunguka mengi mno kuhusu albamu. Alieleza kwanini albamu ilianza kutolewa katika majukwaa ya kidijitali kabla ya kuuzwa mikononi. Kwanini Wasafi.com haijapata fursa ya kuuza albamu kidijitali kabla ya Songa Music au iTunes.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uGf_ESDCAwA DIAMOND: SIOGOPI Kwenda Jela Labda UNIUWE, Mtafute ALIKIBA / ZARI Hakuwepo] [[Youtube]] channel, Lil Ommy. 19-03-18.</ref> Chibu alifafanua ya kwamba maelewano kati ya wana hisa (Universal Music) hawajafikia sehemu ambayo Wasafi.com wangeweza kusambaza. Badala yake, Songa na iTunes zikashika hatamu. Katika mahojiano hayo na Lil Ommy, Chibu alifunguka kuhusu kusambazwa kwa nakala za CD punde. Vilevile alieleza vidokezo alivyokuwa anatoa kuhusu albamu akiwa nchini Marekani, 2017 akiwa na Rick Ross. Na ilitoka na kava la Diamond akiwa na Rommy Jones wakati yungali mtoto mdogo kabisa - Rommy katolewa (tazama juu). Azimio la albamu lilikuja katika hamasa zao, baada ya kutoa kibao cha Marry You na kusimamiwa vyema na Universal Music, ndipo walipoona kuna umihumu wa kutoa kitu kamili. Vilevile nyuma ya kava kumeonesha haki zote na usimamizi mzima ni chini ya UMG. Katika mahojiano hayo-hayo na Lil Ommy, Chibu alitoa la moyoni kuhusu kufingiwa nyimbo zake kwa hasira mno. Alitoa fafanuzi kali na kuonesha hisia zake dhidi ya Naibu Waziri wa Habari, Utamaduni, Sanaa na Michezo Bi. Juliana Daniel Shonza kwa kitendo cha kufikisha taarifa za kufingia nyimbo zake kupitia mitandao na vyombo vya habari bila kumpelekea taarifa zozote zile rasmi katika ofisi yake. Hata hivyo, Shonza alisema hana sababu za kujibu tuhuma na lawama za Chibu kwa vile maamuzi yale hajafanya yeye binafsi bali serikali ndio hasa iliyopendekeza. Baada ya tukio, BASATA walisikitishwa na kauli za Diamond na kumfahamisha ya kwamba, hawalazimiki kupeleka barua ofisini kwake, kama ana malalamiko, alitakiwa atumie njia sahihi kufikisha malalamiko yake badala ya kutoa maneno ya kejeli na kadhalika. Tukio hilo la kihistoria kwa Diamond kujilipua kwa niaba ya wasanii wenzake, lilipokewa kimasikitiko makubwa sana na kusema Diamond sawasawa ameitukana serikali.<ref>[http://www.mwananchi.co.tz/habari/Basata--Diamond-amekosea-kumjibu-waziri/1597578-4350760-3u7pq9z/index.html VIDEO-Basata: Diamond amekosea kumjibu waziri] Mwananchi - Wednesday, Machi 21, 2018.</ref><ref name=":0">[http://www.magazetini.com/news/basata-wasema-diamond-amefanya-makosa-makubwa-kumjibu-waziri-shonza Basata wasema Diamond Amefanya Makosa Makubwa kumjibu Waziri Shonza] {{Wayback|url=http://www.magazetini.com/news/basata-wasema-diamond-amefanya-makosa-makubwa-kumjibu-waziri-shonza |date=20180323190400 }} Magazetini - 21-3-18</ref> Kwa wasanii walio-wengi, tukio hili waliona ni la kishujaa na hakika Chibu alikuwa anawalilia wasanii wenzake. Licha ya kutosema hadharani. Maswali waliokuwa wanaulizwa na majibu yao dhahiri walifurahia msimamo wa Chibu. ==Orodha ya nyimbo== Hii ni orodha ya nyimbo zinazopatikana katika albamu ya "A Boy From Tandale". {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Na. !! Jina la wimbo !! Mtayarishaji !! Maelezo |- | 1 || [[Hallelujah]] || Laizer Classic || Kawashirikisha [[Morgan Heritage]] |- | 2 || [[Waka]] || Laizer Classic || Akiwa na [[Rick Ross]] |- | 3 || Baikoko || Laizer Classic || |- | 4 || Pamela || Laizer Classic || Akiwa na [[Young Killer]] |- | 5 || [[Iyena]] || [[Abby Daddy]] || Akiwa na [[Rayvanny]]. Huu huenda ukawa wimbo uliosababisha Abby Dad na [[Ali Kiba]] kuacha kufanya kazi pamoja baada ya Diamond kwenda kwa Abby na kuanza kufanya kazi pamoja. |- | 6 || Kosa Langu || Laizer Classic || |- | 7 || Nikuone || Sheddy Clever || Awali ilifanywa na [[Marco Chali]], halafu [[Tudd Thomas]], ikatokea majanga, kisha kajakumalizia na Sheddy ndio ikawa mpango mzima. |- | 8 || Baila || || Kamshirikisha [[Miri Ben-Ari]] - ambaye amepiga [[violin]] kwa hisia kali. |- | 9 || Sijaona || Laizer Classic || Katunga na Richie Mavoko |- | 10 || [[African Beauty]] || Krizbeatz biti, Laizer || Akiwa na [[Omarion]]. Laizer kaingiza sauti tu, biti imetengenezwa na Krizbeatz. |- | 11 || [[Eneka]] || Laizer Classic || Wimbo ambao mwenyewe aliutaja kama una ladha ya kimataifa baada ya kutoa ngoma nyingi za kinyumbani. |- | 12 || [[Fire]] || Laizer Classic || [[Tiwa Savage]] |- | 13 || [[Marry You]] || [[Sheddy Clever]] || Akiwa na [[Ne-Yo]] |- | 14 || [[Number One]] [Remix] || [[Sheddy Clever]] || Akiwa na [[Davido]] |- | 15 || [[Nana]] || [[Nahreel]] || Akiwa na [[Flavour]] |- | 16 || [[Kidogo]] || Laizer Classic || Akiwa na [[P-Square]] |- | 17 || Amanda || || Akiwa na [[Jah Prayzah]] |- | 18 || Far Away || Laizer Classic na [[S2kizzy]] || Akiwa na [[Vanessa Mdee]] |} ==Tazama pia== *[[Money Mondays]] ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Diamond Platnumz}} [[Jamii:Albamu za 2018]] [[Jamii:Albamu za Diamond Platnumz]] afb5fcs62quantwbrer24zihru6zl7k 0 98200 1598978 1589112 2026-09-23T02:52:18Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book 2 | name = Tawasifu ya Malcolm&nbsp;X | title_orig = | translator = | image = AutobiographyOfMalcolmX.JPG | caption = Toleo la Kwanza | author = [[Malcolm&nbsp;X]] with [[Alex Haley]] | cover_artist = | country = Marekani | genre = Tawasifu | published = 1965 ([[Grove Press]]) | language = [[Kiingereza]] | isbn = | dewey = | congress = | oclc = 219493184 | preceded_by = | followed_by = }} '''''Tawasifu ya Malcolm X''''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: '''''The Autobiography of Malcolm X''''') kilichapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza mnamo 1965, likiwa tokeo la ushirikiano kati ya mwanaharakati wa haki za binadamu [[Malcolm&nbsp;X]] na mwandishi wa habari na mtunzi wa vitabu [[Alex Haley]]. Haley alisaidiana kuandika tawasifu hii kwa kulingana na matukio yaliyotokana na mahojiano mazito yaliyofanywa kati ya 1963 hadi 1965 mwaka ambao Malcolm&nbsp;X aliuawa kwa kupigwa risasi mfululizo. Tawasifu inahusu mazungumzo ya kiimani ambayo yanaelezea falsafa ya Malcolm&nbsp;X juu ya [[fahari ya mtu mweusi]], [[uzalendo wa mtu mweusi]], na [[Umajumui wa Afrika]]. Baada ya kiongozi kuawa, Haley aliandika hitimisho la kitabu. Ambalo jambo hili walikubaliana kabla umauti haujamfika. Katika hitimisho alielezea namna walivyokuwa wanachakata habari za matukio mbalimbali hadi mwisho wa maisha ya Malcolm&nbsp;X. Wakati Malcolm&nbsp;X na wasomi ambao wa rika moja na kipindi ambacho kitabu kinachapishwa wanamuona Haley kama mwandishi nyuma ya pazia, wasomi wa siku hizi humuona Haley kama moja kati ya washirika bora kabisa katika uandishi. Wanasema kwa makusudi amezima mamlaka yake kama mwandishi ilimradi tu kutengeneza mahusiano bora kabisa na Malcolm&nbsp;X wakati wa uchakataji, jambo hili limefanya kitabu kionekane kama kinaongea moja kwa moja na wasomi wa kitabu. Vilevile Haley alitia baadhi ya matakwa ya Malcolm&nbsp;X ya kifasihi. Kwa mfano, Malcolm&nbsp;X aliondoka katika jumuia ya [[Nation of Islam]] wakati wa kipindi hiki kigumu alikuwa anaandaa kitabu na Haley. Badala ya kuandika mabaya juu ya kitendo walichofanya jumuia ya NOI, Malcolm X kakataa kabisa kuanika habari za NOI, Haley kakubaliana na hilio. Kwa mujibu wa "Manning Marable", "Haley alikuwa na wasiwasi kuhusu mtazamo wa Malcolm&nbsp;X juu ya [[chuki dhidi ya Wayahudi]] na kuamua kuandika upya baadhi ya matini yake na kuondoa yale yenye ukakasi wa kibaguzi wa Wayahudi.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ccbh/pdfs/Souls.Rediscovering_Malcolms_Life.pdf |first=Manning |last=Marable |title=Rediscovering Malcolm's Life: A Historian's Adventures in Living History |journal=Souls |volume=7 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/10999940590910023 |page=33 |year=2005 |accessdate=February 25, 2015 }}</ref> Kipindi ambacho ''Tawasifu'' hii imechapishwa, mchambuzi wa ''[[The New York Times]]'' alielezea kitabu kama kitabu kizuri na muhimu kilichoambatana na maumivu makali. Mwaka wa 1967, mwahistoria na profesa John William Ward aliandika ya kwamba kitabu kitakuja kuwa tawasifu bora kabisa ya Kimarekani. Mwaka wa 1998, jarida la ''[[Time]]'' walikitaja kitabu cha ''Tawasifu ya Malcolm&nbsp;X'' kama moja kati ya vitabu 10 vya kweli. [[James Baldwin]] na [[Arnold Perl]] walichukua kitabu hiki na kukitengenezea filamu; andiko lao la filamu lilimsaidia vilivyo mwongozaji [[Spike Lee]] kwa ajili ya kutengeneza filamu yake ya 1992 ya ''[[Malcolm X (1992)|Malcolm&nbsp;X]]''. ==Muhtasari wa kitabu== Kimechapishwa baada ya mwenyewe kufa, kwa jina la ''The Autobiography of Malcolm&nbsp;X'' kimetaja maisha ya [[Malcolm&nbsp;X]], aliyezaliwa kwa jina la Malcolm Little (1925–1965), ambaye akaja kuwa mwanaharakati wa haki za binadamu. Kwa kuanza na ujauzito wa mama yake, kitabu kinaelezea maisha ya utotoni ya Malcolm akiwa mjini [[Michigan]], kifo cha baba yake kilichotokea katika mazingira ya kutatanisha, na hali iliyopelekea mama yake kuwehuka na kuishia hospitali ya vichaa bila kutaka na kutiwa katika kitengo cha uchunguzi wa kisaikolojia.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dyson|1996|pp=4–5}}.</ref> Maisha ya ujana wa Little yameelezewa pia akiwa huko Boston na New York City, halkadhalika kujihusisha kwake na jamii za kihalifu. Uhalifu huo ambao ulipelekea kutumikia kifungo cha miaka nane-hadi-kumi jela, kifungo ambacho alitumikia miaka sita na nusu (1946–1952) baada ya kupata msamaha.<ref>{{Harvnb|Carson|1995|p=99}}.</ref> Kitabu kinaelezea ukasisi wake na mkuu wa jumuia [[Nation of Islam]] ndugu [[Elijah Muhammad]] (1952–1963) na kuibuka kwake kuwa kama msemaji mkuu taifa wa jumuia hiyo. Kinaelezea kuachia kwake ngazi kwenye jumuia hiyo ya Nation of Islam mnamo Machi 1964, na safari yake ya kwenda [[hija]] [[Makka]], ambayo ilipelekea kubadili dhehebu na kuwa [[Sunni]], na safari zake za Afrika.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dyson|1996|pp=6–13}}.</ref> Malcolm&nbsp;X aliuawa mjini New York katika jengo la [[Audubon Ballroom]] mnamo mwezi wa Februari 1965, kabla kitabu hakijaisha. Mwandishi mwenzake, mwanahabari [[Alex Haley]], alimuhtasarisha siku za mwisho za maisha ya Malcolm&nbsp;X, na kuelezea kwa kina makubaliano yao, ikiwa pamoja na maoni binafsi ya Haley kuhusu muhusika, kwenye hitimisho la "tawasifu".<ref>Als, Hilton, "Philosopher or Dog?", in {{Harvnb|Wood|1992|p=91}}; [[John Edgar Wideman|Wideman, John Edgar]], "Malcolm&nbsp;X: The Art of Autobiography", in {{Harvnb|Wood|1992|pp=104–5}}.</ref> ==Aina== ==Utunzi wa kitabu== [[File:Malcolm-x.jpg|right|thumb|upright= .85 |Malcolm&nbsp;X akisubiria kuanza kwa mkutano na waandishi wa habari mnamo Machi 26, 1964]] Haley aliandika kitabu hiki kwa ushirkiano mkubwa kabisa na Malcolm&nbsp;X',<ref>{{Harvnb|Stone|1982|pp= 24, 233, 247, 262–264}}.</ref> ameandika, kapanga, na kukihariri.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gallen|1995|pp=243–244}}.</ref> Tawasifu inatoka na mahojiano mazito zaidi ya 50 yaliyofanywa kati ya Malcolm&nbsp;X baina ya 1963 hadi kifo chake mwaka 1965.<ref>Wideman, "Malcolm&nbsp;X", in {{Harvnb|Wood|1992|pp=103–110}}; Rampersad, "The Color of His Eyes", in {{Harvnb|Wood|1992|pp=119, 127–128}}.</ref> Wawili hawa walikutana kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka 1959, wakati huo Haley aliandika makal kuhusu Nation of Islam kwa ajili ya jarida la ''[[Reader's Digest]]'', na vilevile mara ya pili pale Haley alipomuhoji Malcolm&nbsp;X kwa ajili ya jarida la ''[[Playboy]]'' mnamo mwaka wa 1962.<ref>{{Harvnb|X|Haley|1965|p=391}}.</ref> Mwaka wa 1963 kampuni ya uchapishaji ya Doubleday inamwomba Haley kuandika kitabu kuhusu maisha ya Malcolm&nbsp;X. Mwandishi na mtaalamu wa masuala ya fasihi wa Kimarekani bwana [[Harold Bloom]] anaandika, "Wakati Haley anamfuata Malcolm na wazo la kumwandikia kitabu kuhusu maisha yake, Malcolm alimpa sura ya mshangao ..."<ref name="Bloom page 12"/> Haley anarejea kwa kusema, "Ilikuwa moja kati ya mara chache sana kumuona akiwa hana jibu la uhakika."<ref name="Bloom page 12">{{Harvnb|Bloom|2008|p=12}}</ref> Baada ya Malcolm&nbsp;X kuomba ruhusa kutoka kwa Elijah Muhammad, yeye na Haley wakaanza kazi ya kuandika ''Tawasifu'', mchakato ambao umeanza kwa mahojiano ya msaa-mawili-matatu katika studio ya Haley huko mjini Greenwich Village.<ref name="Bloom page 12"/> Bloom anaandika ya kwamba, "Malcolm alimtilia shaka sana Haley hasa kwa kufuatia uwezo wake wa kati na imani yake ya Kikristo na uhudumu wake katika jeshi la Marekani kwa zaidi ya miaka ishirini."<ref name="Bloom page 12"/> Wakati wanaanza kuandika Tawasifu hii mwanzoni mwa miaka wa 1963, Haley anavurugwa na tabia ya Malcolm&nbsp;X kuongelea kuhusu Elijah Muhammad na Nation of Islam tu. Haley anamkumbusha kitabu kinatakiwa kiwe kinamhusu Malcolm&nbsp;X, na si Muhammad au the Nation of Islam, oni ambalo lilimkwaza Malcolm&nbsp;X. Haley hatimaye anahamisha lengo na kuanza kumhoji kuhusu mama yake mzazi Malcolm&nbsp;X:<ref>{{Harvnb|X|Haley|1965|p=392}}.</ref> <blockquote> Nikasema, 'Bwana Malcolm, je, waweza niambia jambo lolote kuhusu mama yako?' Na kamwe sintokuja sahau jinsi alivyosimama na kuganda kama vile kikaragosi. Halafu akasema, 'Nakumbuka zile aina ya nguo alizokuwa anavaa. Zilikuwa chakavu na rangi ya kijivu iliyopauka.' Halafu akasonga kidogo. Halafu akasema, 'Nakumbuka namna ambavyo alivyokuwa akiinamia jiko, akaijaribu kutupikia kiasi kidogo tulichokuwanacho.' Na huo ndio ulikuwa mwanzo, usiku huo, wa safari yake. Alizunguka katika sakafu hadi kumekucha.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/about/pt_201.html |title=The Time Has Come (1964–1966) |work=[[Eyes on the Prize|Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Movement 1954–1985]], [[American Experience]] |publisher=[[PBS]] |accessdate=March 7, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423154235/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/about/pt_201.html |archivedate=April 23, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> </blockquote> Japokuwa Haley alikaa nyuma ya pazia katika uandishi wa kitabu hiki, wasomi wa kisasa humtazamia kama mshiriki kiini muhimu ambaye amecheza kama umbo lisiloonekana katika kazi za tungo.<ref>Leak, Jeffery B., "Malcolm&nbsp;X and black masculinity in process", in {{Harvnb|Terrill|2010|pp=52–55}}; Wideman, "Malcolm&nbsp;X", in {{Harvnb|Wood|1992|pp=104–110, 119}}.</ref> Amepunguza sauti yake mwenyewe, na kusaini mkataba ambao utakinza mamlka yake ya kiandishi na kutoa nakala za kitabu kama kilivyoandikwa vilevile bila kubadili maneno.<ref>Wideman, "Malcolm&nbsp;X", in {{Harvnb|Wood|1992|pp=103–116}}.</ref> Mchango wa Haley katika kazi hii unajulikana, na wasomi kadhaa wanajadili namna inavyotakiwa kuelezea.<ref>Terrill, Robert E., "Introduction" in, {{Harvnb|Terrill|2010|pp=3–4}}, Gillespie, "Autobiography and Identity", in {{Harvnb|Terrill|2010|pp= 26–36}}; Norman, Brian, "Bringing Malcolm&nbsp;X to Hollywood", in {{Harvnb|Terrill|2010| pp=43}}; Leak, "Malcolm X and black masculinity in process", in {{Harvnb|Terrill|2010|pp=52–55 }}</ref> Mara kadhaa Malcolm alimtilia shaka Haley. Usiku mmoja wa manane, Malcolm anampigia simu Haley, nakumini asilimia 75. Awali wakati wanaanza alimwambia anamwaini asilimia 25 tu. Hasa ukizingatia Haley alidumu jeshi la maji, miaka 20, msomi wa Mwafrika-Amerika ambao wengi aliwaona kama mamluki tu. Siku ambayo Haley anaambiwa ya kwamba anamwamini asilimia 75, asubuhi yake hakutaka tena kukumbushia jambo la jana usiku. Tangu hapa, Malcolm alikuwa huru sana kwa Haley. Aliongea mengi hadi yale binafsi ya ndani kabisa. Tena kuna kipindi Malcolm alithubutu hata kumpa Haley shajara binafsi aisome. Haley alijua namna ya kucheza na akili ya Malcolm, kwanza alikuwa hendi nae pupa. Mara kadhaa kaonekana akija ofisini kwa Haley na hasira, anachochora maneno mengi kwenye vikaratasi. Baadaye Haley anatazama, anaona maneno yaliyoweka kwa msimbo, kwa akuwa anamjua Malcolm staili yake, anayasimbua kwa urahisi. Hili lilikuwa la kawaida sana kwa Malcolm kufanya kuchorachora kwenye karatasi. Ikawa sasa akiingia tu ofisini, anamwekea peni na karatasi aanze kuchorachora huku wakijadiliana mambo mengine. Haley anasema, Malcolm alikuwa na uwezo wa kuongelea jambo jengine tofauti kabisa, huku akichora na kuelezea jambo jengine jengine mbali na lile analongelea. Hii michoro imempa mwanga mwingi sana Haley. Mazungumzo ya wawili hawa, yalikuwa ya kipekee. Haley kavumilia mengi. Mara nyingi humjia nyakati za jioni akiwa katika mizunguko yake akiwa hoi. Upole na hekima ya Haley, ulifanikisha kitabu kuundwa. Kitabu kinaanzia maisha ya utoto, ukubwa, kujihusisha na uhuni, hasira zake juu ya Wazungu na safari yake ya Makka iliyokuja kubadili maoni yake dhidi ya Wazungu na watu weupe kwa ujumla. Baada ya kwenda Makka alikuta Waarabu wasivyo-waba-guzi na kukutana baadhi ya watu rangi nyengine waliomthamini na kumpa mchango wa kifikra na kiroho kwa kiasi kikubwa. Tangu hapa, alibadili kabisa mawazo yake dhidi ya watu wa weupe na Waafrika wenzie ambao walikuwa Wakristo - hasa wale ambao walikuwa wanajipendekeza kwa Wazungu ili kudhulumu haki ya Waafrika Wamarekani wengine. Safari yake kwenda Afrika, huko [[Misri]], [[Ghana]], [[Tanzania]], [[Lebanon]], [[Kuwait]], [[Sudan]], Kenya, Ethiopia, Nigeria, [[Liberia]], [[Algers]], [[Guine]], kutaja chache. Huku alipata mawazo na mitazamo mipya kabisa.<ref>[https://www.africaresource.com/essays-a-reviews/essays-a-discussions/268-malcolm-x-travels-to-africa-and-gain-new-insights Malcolm X Travels to Africa and Gain New Insights] {{Wayback|url=https://www.africaresource.com/essays-a-reviews/essays-a-discussions/268-malcolm-x-travels-to-africa-and-gain-new-insights |date=20161215032907 }} AfricaResources, 05 May 2007.</ref> ===Kuchapishwa na mauzo=== [[File:The Autobiography of Malcolm X in the White House library.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|right|''Tawasifu ya Malcolm&nbsp;X'' kwenye shelfu ya vitabu ya Ikulu ya Marekani wakati wa urais wa [[George W. Bush]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/jacketcopy/2010/02/white-house-library-socialist-books.html |title=White House Library's 'Socialist' Books Were Jackie Kennedy's |last=Kellogg |first=Carolyn |date=February 19, 2010 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |accessdate=July 11, 2010 }}</ref>]] Kampuni ya uchapishaji ya nchini Marekani, Doubleday, iliingia mkataba wa kuchapisha kitabu cha ''The Autobiography of Malcolm&nbsp;X'' na kulipa malipo ya awali kiasi cha dola $30,000 kwa Malcolm&nbsp;X na Haley mnamo mwaka wa 1963.<ref name="MARABLE312"/> Mwezi wa Machi 1965, wiki tatu tangu kuuawa kwa Malcolm&nbsp;X, [[Nelson Doubleday, Jr.]], akafuta mkataba wake aliongia nao kwa kuhofia usalama wa wafanyakazi wake. Mwaka mmoja baadayae, [[Grove Press]], wakachapisha kitabu.<ref name="MARABLE312"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2011/04/25/110425crbo_books_remnick |last=Remnick |first=David |authorlink=David Remnick |title=This American Life: The Making and Remaking of Malcolm X |work=[[The New Yorker]] |date=April 25, 2011 |accessdate=April 27, 2011 }}</ref> Kwa vile ''The Autobiography of Malcolm&nbsp;X'' imeuza zaidi nakala zaidi ya mamilioni,<ref name="NYTAHOB">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/11/books/alex-haley-70-author-of-roots-dies.html |title=Alex Haley, 70, Author of 'Roots,' Dies |last=Pace |first=Eric |date=February 2, 1992 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=June 2, 2010 }}</ref> Marable anaelezea uamuazi wa Doubleday kama janga kubwa lililowahi kufanywa katika historia nzima ya tasnia ya uchapishaji".<ref name="MMAG"/> ''The Autobiography of Malcolm&nbsp;X'' iliuza vyema tangu kuanza kuchapishwa mwaka 1965.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/77587304.html?dids=77587304:77587304&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |title=What Took So Long? |last=Seymour |first=Gene |date=November 15, 1992 |work=[[Newsday]] |accessdate=June 2, 2010 |archivedate=2012-01-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111230720/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/77587304.html?dids=77587304:77587304&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT }} {{subscription}}</ref> Kwa mujibu wa ''[[The New York Times]]'', toleo la vitini limeuza nakala zaidi ya 400,000 mwaka wa 1967 na 800,000 zikauzwa mwaka uliofuatia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F2091EFC385D137A93C4A81789D85F4D8685F9 |title=Black Is Marketable |last=Watkins |first=Mel |authorlink=Mel Watkins (author) |date=February 16, 1969 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=June 1, 2010 }} {{subscription}}</ref> Hadi kufikia 1970, tawasifu ilikuwa ishachapishwa mara 18.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rickford |first=Russell J. |authorlink=Russell J. Rickford |title=Betty Shabazz: A Remarkable Story of Survival and Faith Before and After Malcolm&nbsp;X |url=https://archive.org/details/bettyshabazzrema00rick |year=2003 |publisher=Sourcebooks |location=Naperville, Ill. |isbn=978-1-4022-0171-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bettyshabazzrema00rick/page/335 335] }}</ref> Mwaka wa 1977, ''The New York Times'' imeripoti ya kwamba nakala milioni sita za kitabu zimeuzwa.<ref name="NYTAHOB"/> Kitabu kimepitia ongezeko kubwa la wasomaji na kurudia tena kuwa kitabu kilichouza sana kwa miaka ya 1990, kimesaidia sana hasa kwa [[Spike Lee]] baada ya kutoa filamu yake 1992 ''[[Malcolm X (1992)|Malcolm&nbsp;X]]''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dyson|1996|p=144}}</ref> Between 1989 and 1992, sales of the book increased by 300%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/921123/archive_018698.htm |title=The Legacy of Malcolm&nbsp;X |last1=Lord |first1=Lewis |last2=Thornton |first2=Jeannye |last3=Bodipo-Memba |first3=Alejandro |date=November 15, 1992 |work=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |accessdate=June 2, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114124627/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/921123/archive_018698.htm |archivedate=January 14, 2012 |df= }}</ref> ===Maigizo=== Mwaka wa 1968, mtayarishaji wa filamu [[Marvin Worth]] anamkodisha mtunzi wa riwaya [[James Baldwin]] kaundika igizo linalotokana na ''The Autobiography of Malcolm&nbsp;X''; Baldwin aliungana na mwandishi muswaada andishi bwana [[Arnold Perl]], ambaye amefariki mwaka wa 1971 kabla hata hilo andiko halijaisha.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/15/movies/film-malcolm-x-the-facts-the-fictions-the-film.html |title=Malcolm&nbsp;X: The Facts, the Fictions, the Film |last=Rule |first=Sheila |date=November 15, 1992 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=May 31, 2010 }}</ref><ref name=Weintraub>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/23/movies/a-movie-producer-remembers-the-human-side-of-malcolm-x.html |title=A Movie Producer Remembers the Human Side of Malcolm&nbsp;X |last=Weintraub |first=Bernard |date=November 23, 1992 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=May 31, 2010 }}</ref> Baldwin ametengeneza kazi yake ya Tawasifu hii kwa kufuata mfano wa kitabu cha ''One Day, When I Was Lost: A Scenario Based kwa Alex Haley, kimechapishwa 1972.<ref>{{cite book |last=Field |first=Douglas |title=A Historical Guide to James Baldwin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egvIN39twu8C&pg=PA52 |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-536653-2 |pages=52, 242|accessdate= October 16, 2010 }}</ref> Waandishi wengine waliojaribu kuandika rasimu ya muswaada huo ni pamoja na mwandishi wa tamthilia [[David Mamet]], mwandishi wa riwaya [[David Bradley (mwandishi wa riwaya)|David Bradley]], mwandishi [[Charles Fuller]], na mwandishi-muswaada [[Calder Willingham]].<ref name=Weintraub/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsweek.com/1991/08/25/the-battle-for-malcolm-x.html |title=The Battle for Malcolm&nbsp;X |last=Ansen |first=David |date=August 26, 1991 |work=[[Newsweek]] |accessdate=May 31, 2010 }}</ref> Kwa kuongeza filamu, mwongozaji Spike Lee alipitia upya muswaada wa Baldwin-Perl kwa ajili ya filamu yake ya mwaka wa 1992 ''[[Malcolm X (1992)|Malcolm&nbsp;X]]''.<ref name=Weintraub/> ===Sura zilizotolewa=== Mwaka wa 1992, mwanasheria Gregory Reed alinunua muswada halisi wa ''Tawasifu ya Malcolm&nbsp;X'' kwa kiasi cha dola za Kimarekani zipatazo $100,000 katika mauzo ya Haley Estate.<ref name="MARABLE312"/> Muswada una sura tatu ambazo hazikuingizwa kwenye kitabu, zinaitwa "The Negro", "The End of Christianity", na "Twenty Million Black Muslims", sura hizo zote ziliondolewa kutoka katika matini halisi ya kitabu.<ref>{{Harvnb|Marable|Aidi|2009|p=315}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://thegrio.com/2010/05/20/lost-malcolm-x-memoir-chapters-reveal-leaders-soft-side/ |title=Lost chapters from Malcolm&nbsp;X memoirs revealed |first=Jennifer H. |last=Cunningham |date=May 20, 2010 |publisher=[[The Grio]] |accessdate=March 28, 2016 }}</ref> Mwaka wa 1964, barua kwenda kwa mchapishaji wake, Haley ameelezea ya kwamba sura hizo kuwa zenye mgongano au hisia kali sana kutoka katika kitabu, baadhi yake zipo kama lava vile moto unawaka".<ref name="MARABLE312"/> Tofauti kabisa na mawazo ya mwanatawasifu Manning Marable, anaandika ya kwamba, kurasa zilizotolewa zilifanyiwa udikteta kutolewa kwake lakini zilitimia kwa kila hali hasa ukifuatia ziliandikwa kipindi cha miezi ya mwisho-mwisho kabisa ambayo Malcolm&nbsp;X anaondoka katika jumuia ya Nation of Islam.<ref name="MARABLE312"/>Kwa wao, Marable anasema, Malcolm&nbsp;X alipendekeza kuanzishwa kwa umoja na mshikamano wa Wamarekani Weusi na asasi za kisiasa. Marable anashangazwa na mpango huu huenda ikawa ndio sababu iliyopelekea Nation of Islam na [[FBI|Federal Bureau of Investigation]] kumnyamazisha Malcolm&nbsp;X.<ref>{{Harvnb|Marable|Aidi|2009|p=313}}.</ref> Mwezi wa Aprili 2010, gazeti la ''[[New York Post]]'' liliripoti ya kwamba kurasa zilizokosekana kwenye kitabu zitachapishwa mbele kabisa na binti wa Malcolm&nbsp;X, [[Ilyasah Shabazz]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nypost.com/p/pagesix/restoring_lost_malcolm_5Z5l1GHO3m4BMrucBPMG2N |title=Malcolm&nbsp;X's Daughter to Add to Father's Autobiography |date=April 12, 2010 |work=[[New York Post]] |accessdate=May 31, 2010 |archivedate=2013-02-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204204604/http://www.nypost.com/p/pagesix/restoring_lost_malcolm_5Z5l1GHO3m4BMrucBPMG2N }}</ref> ===Matoleo=== Kitabu hiki kimechapishwa zaidi ya mara 45 tena katika matoleo ya lugha mbalimbali ikiwa ni pamojaKiabu, [[Kijerumani]], [[Kifaransa]], [[Kiindonesia]]. Important editions include:<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.goodreads.com/work/editions/47400?per_page=100|title= The Autobiography of Malcolm X: As Told to Alex Haley>editions|publisher= Goodreads|accessdate= March 7, 2010}}</ref> {{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{cite book| last1 = X| first1 = Malcolm| last2 = Haley| first2 = Alex| title = The Autobiography of Malcolm&nbsp;X| url = https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofm00xmal| year= 1965| publisher=Grove Press| location = New York| edition = 1st hardcover| oclc= 219493184 | ref= }} * {{cite book| last1 = X| first1 = Malcolm| last2 = Haley| first2 = Alex| title = The Autobiography of Malcolm&nbsp;X| year= 1965| publisher=Random House| edition = 1st paperback| isbn= 978-0-394-17122-7| ref= }} * {{cite book| last1 = X| first1 = Malcolm| last2 = Haley| first2 = Alex| title = The Autobiography of Malcolm&nbsp;X| year= 1973| publisher=Penguin Books| edition = paperback| isbn= 978-0-14-002824-9| ref= }} * {{cite book| last1 = X| first1 = Malcolm| last2 = Haley| first2 = Alex| title = The Autobiography of Malcolm&nbsp;X| year= 1977| publisher=Ballantine Books| edition = mass market paperback| isbn= 978-0-345-27139-6| ref= }} * {{cite book| last1 = X| first1 = Malcolm| last2 = Haley| first2 = Alex| title = The Autobiography of Malcolm&nbsp;X| year= 1992| publisher=Simon & Schuster | edition = audio cassettes| isbn= 978-0-671-79366-1| ref= }} {{refend}} ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} ==Vyanzo== {{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{cite book| editor-last = Andrews| editor-first = William | title = African-American Autobiography: A Collection of Critical Essays| url = https://archive.org/details/africanamericana0000unse_c6z7| year= 1992| publisher=Prentice Hall| location = Englewood Cliffs, N.J.| edition = Paperback| isbn= 978-0-13-019845-7| ref= harv}} * {{cite book| last = Bloom| first = Harold| title = Bloom's Guides: Alex Haley's The Autobiography of Malcolm X| url = https://archive.org/details/alexhaleysautobi0000unse| year= 2008| publisher= Chelsea House Pub| location = New York| edition = Hardcover| isbn= 978-0-7910-9832-5| ref= harv}} * {{cite journal|last=Bradley|first=David|authorlink=David Bradley (novelist)|year=1992|title=Malcolm's Mythmaking|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_transition_1992_56/page/20|journal=Transition|issue=56|pages=20–46|jstor=2935038 |ref= harv}} * {{cite book| last = Carson| first = Clayborne| authorlink = Clayborne Carson| title = Malcolm X: The FBI File| url = https://archive.org/details/malcolmxfbifile0000cars_e6d3| year= 1995| publisher= Ballantine Books| location = New York| edition = Mass Market Paperback| isbn= 978-0-345-40009-3| ref= harv}} * {{cite book|last=Cone|first=James H.|authorlink=James Hal Cone|title=Martin & Malcolm & America: A Dream or a Nightmare|url=https://archive.org/details/martinmalcolmame00jame|year=1991|publisher=Orbis Books|location=Maryknoll, N.Y.|isbn=978-0-88344-721-5|ref=harv}} * {{cite book| title=Book Review Digest| year=1966| publisher=H.W. Wilson| location=New York| edition=61st| editor=Davidson, D. |editor2=Samudio, J.| ref= {{harvid|Book Review Digest|1996}}}} * {{cite book| last = Dyson| first = Michael Eric| authorlink=Michael Eric Dyson| title = Making Malcolm: The Myth and Meaning of Malcolm X| url = https://archive.org/details/makingmalcolmmyt0000mich| year= 1996| publisher=Oxford University Press USA| location = New York| edition = Paperback| isbn=978-0-19-510285-7| ref= harv}} * {{cite book| editor-last = Gallen| editor-first = David | title = Malcolm X: As They Knew Him| url = https://archive.org/details/malcolmxastheykn0000davi| year= 1995| publisher=Ballantine Books| location = New York| edition = Mass Market Paperback| isbn= 978-0-345-40052-9| ref= harv}} * {{cite book| editor-last = Greetham| editor-first = David | title = The Margins of the Text (Editorial Theory and Literary Criticism)| year= 1997| publisher= University of Michigan Press| location = Ann Arbor, Mich.| edition = Hardcover| isbn= 978-0-472-10667-7| ref= harv}} * {{cite book| editor-last1 = Marable| editor-first1 = Manning | authorlink1 = Manning Marable| editor-last2 = Aidi| editor-first2 = Hishaam (| title = Black Routes to Islam| year= 2009| publisher= Palgrave Macmillan| location = New York| edition = Hardcover| isbn= 978-1-4039-8400-5| ref= harv}} * {{cite book| last = Stone| first = Albert| title = Autobiographical Occasions and Original Acts: Versions of American Identity from Henry Adams to Nate Shaw| url = https://archive.org/details/autobiographical0000ston| year= 1982| publisher= University of Pennsylvania Press| location = Philadelphia| edition = Paperback| isbn= 978-0-8122-1127-6| ref= harv}} * {{cite book| editor-last = Terrill| editor-first = Robert E. | title = The Cambridge Companion to Malcolm X| year= 2010| publisher= Cambridge University Press| location = Cambridge| edition = 1st Paperback| isbn= 978-0-521-51590-0| url= http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521515900| ref= harv}} * {{cite book| last = Wolfenstein| first = Eugene Victor| authorlink = Eugene Victor Wolfenstein| title = The Victims of Democracy: Malcolm X and the Black Revolution| url = https://archive.org/details/victimsofdemocra0000wolf| origyear= 1981| year= 1993| publisher= The Guilford Press| location = London| edition = Paperback| isbn= 978-0-89862-133-4| ref= harv}} * {{cite book| editor-last = Wood| editor-first = Joe | title = Malcolm X: In Our Own Image| url = https://archive.org/details/malcolmxinourown00wood| year= 1992| publisher=St Martins Press| location = New York| edition = 1st| isbn= 978-0-312-06609-3| ref= harv}} * {{cite book| last1 = X| first1 = Malcolm| last2 = Haley| first2 = Alex| title = The Autobiography of Malcolm X| year= 1965| publisher=Grove Press| location = New York| edition = 1st| oclc= 219493184| ref= harv}} ==Jisomee zaidi== <!-- This section is intended for books specifically about The Autobiography of Malcolm X and not about Malcolm X in general. Exceptions are made for books referred to in the text of the article. --> {{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{cite book |last=Baldwin |first=James |authorlink=James Baldwin |title=One Day, When I Was Lost: A Scenario Based on Alex Haley's "The Autobiography of Malcolm&nbsp;X" |year=1992 |publisher=Dell |location=New York |isbn=978-0-307-27594-3 }} * {{cite book |last1=Cleage |first1=Albert B. |authorlink1=Albert Cleage |last2=Breitman |first2=George |title=Myths About Malcolm&nbsp;X: Two Views |url=https://archive.org/details/mythsaboutmalcol0000unse |year=1968 |publisher=Merit |oclc=615819 }} * {{cite book |last=Goldman |first=Peter |title=The Death and Life of Malcolm X |url=https://archive.org/details/deathlifeofmalco0000gold |year=1979 |origyear=1973 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |location=Urbana, Ill. |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-252-00774-3 }} * {{cite book |last=Holte |first=James |title=The Conversion Experience in America: A Sourcebook on Religious Conversion Autobiography |url=https://archive.org/details/conversionexperi0000holt |year=1992 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, Conn. | isbn= 978-0-313-26680-5 }} * {{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Spike |authorlink1=Spike Lee |last2=Wiley |first2=Ralph |title=By Any Means Necessary: The Trials and Tribulations of the Making of Malcolm&nbsp;X |url=https://archive.org/details/byanymeansnecess00lees |year=1992 |publisher=Hyperion |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8027-8494-0 }} * {{cite book |last=Lomax |first=Louis E. |authorlink=Louis Lomax |title=To Kill a Black Man: The Shocking Parallel in the Lives of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr |url=https://archive.org/details/tokillblackman0000loma |year=1987 |origyear=1968 |publisher=Holloway House |location=Los Angeles |isbn=978-0-87067-982-7 }} * {{cite book |last=Perry |first=Bruce |title=Malcolm: The Life of a Man Who Changed Black America |url=https://archive.org/details/malcolmlifeofman00perr |year=1991 |publisher=Station Hill |location=Barrytown, N.Y. |isbn=978-0-88268-103-0 }} * {{cite book |last=T'Shaka |first=Oba |title=The Political Legacy of Malcolm&nbsp;X |year=1983 |publisher=Pan African Publications |location=Richmond, Calif. |isbn=978-1-878557-01-8}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{sisterlinks|1=Malcolm X|wikt=no|b=no|q=Malcolm X|s=Author:Malcolm X|commons=Category:Malcolm X|n=no|v=no|voy=no}} * [http://www.malcolmx.com/ Official website of the Estate of Malcolm{{nbsp}}X] * [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ccbh/mxp/ The Malcolm{{nbsp}}X Project at Columbia University] * [http://www.brothermalcolm.net/ Malcolm], website on the life and legacy of Malcolm{{nbsp}}X * [https://vault.fbi.gov/malcolm-little-malcolm-x Malcolm Little (Malcolm X) file] at [[FBI|Federal Bureau of Investigation]] * http://playboysfw.kinja.com/malcolm-x-a-candid-conversation-with-the-civil-rights-1523266222 {{Wayback|url=http://playboysfw.kinja.com/malcolm-x-a-candid-conversation-with-the-civil-rights-1523266222 |date=20171228214649 }} *{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/aug/20/malcolm-x-book-that-changed-me-autobiography |title=Malcolm X's autobiography didn't change me, it saved me |first=Lemn |last=Sissay |authorlink=Lemn Sissay |date=August 20, 2015 |work=[[The Guardian]] }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Autobiography Of Malcolm X}} [[Category:Vitabu vya 1965]] [[Category:Fasihi ya Kiingereza]] nl19mlo87nt2ndzyfkrapn6ah2spfj2 0 101107 1598999 1490165 2026-09-23T02:56:00Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Zakia Mrisho Mohamed |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 19 Februari 1984 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Singida |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake = Mkimbiaji riadha |nchi = Tanzania }} '''Zakia Mrisho Mohamed''' (alizaliwa [[Februari 19]], [[1984]]) ni [[Mwanariadha|mkimbiaji]] wa mbio ndefu kutoka [[Tanzania]] ambaye amebobea katika mbio za [[riadha]] na barabara. Aliwakilisha nchi yake katika mbio za mita 5000 kwenye Michezo ya Olimpiki ya [[2008]] na Michezo ya Olimpiki ya [[2012]]. Mzaliwa wa [[Mkoa wa Singida|Singida]], <ref>[http://www.demadonna.com/atlete/mrisho%20zakia.htm Athlete Profile] {{Wayback|url=http://www.demadonna.com/atlete/mrisho%20zakia.htm |date=20080828171906 }}. Demadonna. Retrieved on 2010-09-12.</ref> Alishiriki mashindano yake ya kwanza ya kimataifa ya [[riadha]] mwaka [[2003]], akishiriki katika mbio za mita 3000 ambapo alimaliza wa sita. Alishinda mkutano wa kimataifa wa Cinque Mulini mwaka wa [[2004]], na kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza Mtanzania kufanya hivyo. Alichaguliwa kwa [[Mashindano]] ya Dunia ya Msalaba ya Dunia ya IAAF ya 2005 na akafanikiwa kumaliza katika nafasi ya ishirini katika mbio ndefu. Alichukua nafasi ya sita katika 5000&nbsp;m katika Mashindano ya Dunia ya [[2005]] katika Riadha na ya tatu kwenye Fainali ya Riadha ya Dunia (m 3000) mwezi mmoja baadaye. Aliiwakilisha Tanzania katika Michezo ya Jumuiya ya Madola ya mwaka 2006, na kushika nafasi ya nane mwaka 5000&nbsp;m mwisho. mwaka 2007 alishika nafasi ya 23 katika mashindano ya Dunia IAAF Kiujumla, lakini hakufanikiwa kwenye mbio hizo, na kushindwa kutoka nje ya m5000.&nbsp;joto la [[Mashindano]] ya Dunia ya Riadha ya [[2007]]. Hatima kama hiyo ilimngoja katika Michezo yake ya kwanza [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] huko [[Beijing]] mwaka uliofuata, ingawa alifanikiwa kumaliza katika nafasi ya nne mnamo mwaka [[2008]] kwenye Fainali ya Riadha ya Dunia IAAF ya m3000 na vile vile alishindana katika ya fainali ya kwanza ya kimataifa ya m5000&nbsp;. katika msimu uliofuata katika Mashindano ya Dunia ya Riadha ya [[2009]], alichukua nafasi ya 15 katika mbio za m5000. Mrisho alichaguliwa kuwa mmoja kati ya wawakilishi watatu wa Afrika katika mashindano ya riadha ya m5000 ya wanawake&nbsp; katika Kombe la Bara la IAAF la 2010 (pamoja na Vivian Cheruiyot na Sentayehu Ejigu na alimaliza katika nafasi ya tano. Alishinda 5K ya adidas ya Wanawake mjini [[Praha|Prague]] Septemba 2010, akimshinda mshindi wa pili na bingwa mtetezi Gladys Otero kwa tofauti ya sekunde kumi na saba. <ref>[http://www.iaaf.org/LRR10/news/newsid=58321.html Marofit take Prague 10Km]. IAAF (2010-09-12). Retrieved on 2010-09-12.</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Arusha Women in Wiki]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] dcv5596i3u3lwwgcu6rfhevbi33vgop 0 102877 1598927 1429196 2026-09-23T01:56:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2 | jina = Babyface | picha = KennethBabyfaceEdmondsHWOFMay2013.jpg | maelezo = Edmonds mnamo Mei 2013 | background = solo_singer | jina la kuzaliwa = Kenneth Brian Edmonds | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1959|4|10|df=yes}} | mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Indianapolis]], [[Indiana]], U.S. | death_date = | death_place = | ala = {{hlist|Sauti|gitaa|kinanda}} | aina = [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[new jack swing]], [[Pop music|pop]] | kazi yake = Mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo, mtayarishaji wa rekodi | miaka ya kazi= 1977–hadi sasa | studio = [[Chi Sound Records|Chi Sound]], [[SOLAR Records|SOLAR]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Arista Records|Arista]], [[Mercury Records|Mercury]], [[Motown Records|Motown]], [[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]] | ameshirikiana na = [[Toni Braxton]], [[Whitney Houston]], [[The Deele]], [[Az Yet]], Manchild, [[TLC]], [[After 7]] | wavuti = {{URL|babyfacemusic.com}} }} '''Kenneth Brian Edmonds'''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Babyface - Biography|url=http://www.biography.com/people/babyface-21461541|website=biography.com|publisher=A&E Television Networks, LLC|accessdate=2015-04-15}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds - Topics|url=http://www.bet.com/topics/k/kenneth-babyface-edmonds.html|website=bet.com|publisher=Black Entertainment Television, LLC|accessdate=2015-04-15|archive-date=2015-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415153903/http://www.bet.com/topics/k/kenneth-babyface-edmonds.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> (amezaliwa 10 Aprili, 1959), anajulikana sana kwa jina lake la kisanii kama '''Babyface''', ni mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo na myatarishaji wa rekodi kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Ametunga na kutayarisha zaidi ya vibao 26 vilivyoshika nafasi ya kwanza tangu kuanza kazi yake ya muziki wa [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]], na ameshinda tuzo 11 za [[Grammy Award]]s. ==Maisha ya awali== Edmonds alizaliwa mnamo tarehe 10 Aprili, 1959, mjini [[Indianapolis|Indianapolis, Indiana]],<ref name="musicguide">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.musicianguide.com/biographies/1608004625/Babyface.html| title = Babyface Biography|author=Simon Glickman and Kelly Winters|publisher=musicianguide|accessdate=May 10, 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110612235827/http://www.musicianguide.com/biographies/1608004625/Babyface.html| archivedate= June 12, 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/babyface-p3602| title = Babyface Biography|author=Steve Huey|publisher=allmusic|accessdate=May 10, 2011}}</ref><ref>Sing to Me: My Story of Making Music, Finding Magic, and Searching for Who's Next - L.A. Reid In page 54, he said "Kenny was twenty-four years old (in 1983) - three years younger than me" 9 780062 274755</ref> na Marvin na Barbara Edmonds. Barbara alikuwa msimamizi wa uzalishaji katika kiwanda cha dawa. Edmonds, ambaye ni wa sita kati ya familia ya watoto sita wa kiume (ikiwa ni pamoja na wanachama wa baadaye wa kundi la [[After 7]] bwana Melvin na [[Kevon Edmonds]], ambaye baadaye akaja kuwa msanii wa kujitegemea mwenye mafanikio makubwa sana). Edmonds alihitimu [[North Central High School (Indianapolis, Indiana)|North Central High School]] huko mjini Indianapolis. Akiwa kijana mwenye aibu, alitunga wimbo wa kuelezea hisia zake.<ref name="AskMen">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.askmen.com/celebs/men/entertainment/29_babyface.html| title = Babyface Biography|author=|publisher=AskMen|accessdate=May 10, 2011}}</ref> Akiwa darasa la nane, baba mzazi wa Edmonds alifariki kwa kansa ya mapafu. Akamwacha mama yake akilea watoto peke yake.<ref name="AskMen"/> Katika umri huu, Edmonds ankatazamia sasa kubaki na kazi ya muziki pekee.<ref name="musicguide"/> ==Kazi ya muziki== Edmonds baadaye alicharaza na waimbaji wa funk kina [[Bootsy Collins]], ambao walimpa jina la "Babyface" kutokana na mwonekanano wake wa kitoto. Vilevile aliwahi kufanya kazi na kundi la [[Manchild (band)|Manchild]] (ambalo lilitoa wimbo wake maarufu mnamo 1977 uliokwenda kwa jina la "Especially for You" akiwa na mwanachama [[Daryl Simmons]]) kama mpiga gitaa. Halkadhalika amewahi kucharaza kinanda na kundi la funk na R&B nyepesi na kundi la [[the Deele]] (ambalo pia lina mwanachama mwengine mpiga drama [[L.A. Reid|Antonio "L.A." Reid]], ambaye baadaye akaja kuungana nae kwa kazi ya utunzi na utayarishaji wa kazi za muziki). Kazi yake ya kwanza kusifika ya kutungia wasanii wa nje mbali na wale wa kundi moja ilikuwa ya tuni ya "Slow Jam" kwa ajili ya bendi ya R&B ya [[Midnight Star]] mnamo mwaka wa 1983. Tuni hiyo imo kwenye albamu ya mwaka wa 1983 ya kundi la Midnight Star iliyogonga platinamu dabali ''[[No Parking on the Dance Floor]]'', ajabu iliyoje haikuwa kama singo na lakini ilipokelewa vyema kabisa katika maredio mbalimbali. Babyface alibaki katika kundi la Deele hadi 1988, ambapo wote wawili yeye na Reid alivyoliacha kundi. Albamu yake ya ''[[Playlist (Babyface album)|Playlist]]'' ina nyimbo nane za kurudia kutoka kwa wasanii wengine na mbili nyimbo zake. Ilitolewa mnamo tarere 18 Septemba, 2007. Hii ndio albamu ya kwanza kutolewa upya na lebo ya [[Mercury Records]] label.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www6.islandrecords.com/site/artist_home.php?artist_id=637| title = Babyface official website on Island Records| date = Januari 20, 2007|publisher=Island Records|accessdate=February 3, 2014|archivedate=2019-05-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525151332/http://www.islandrecords.com/site/artist_home.php?artist_id=637}}</ref> [[File:Kenny 'Babyface' Edmonds Live In Amsterdam.jpg|thumb|Edmonds akitumbuiza mnamo mwaka wa 2009|alt=]] Mnamo tarehe 4 Februari, 2014, alitoa albamu iliyoshinda tuzo za [[Grammy Award]] akiwa na [[Toni Braxton]] iliyokwenda kwa jina la ''[[Love, Marriage & Divorce]]'' kupitia [[Motown Records]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/love-marriage-divorce-mw0002587875 | title = Love, Marriage & Divorce – Babyface, Toni Braxton &#124; Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards|publisher=AllMusic | date = |accessdate=Februari 3, 2014}}</ref> ==Kazi nyengine== {{BLP sources section|date=September 2016}} ===Kutunga na kutayarisha=== Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1980, alichangia kiasi kikubwa katika uanzishwaji wa [[new jack swing]], alitunga na kutayarisha muziki kwa ajili ya wasanii kama kina [[Bobby Brown]], [[Karyn White]], [[Perri "Pebbles" Reid|Pebbles]], [[Paula Abdul]], [[Michael Jackson]] na [[Sheena Easton]]. Mwaka wa 1989, Edmonds alikuwa mmoja wa waanzilishi wa studio ya [[LaFace Records]] akiwa na Reid. Wasanii watatu wa kwanza katika lebo hii ni pamoja na [[TLC (band)|TLC]], [[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]], na [[Toni Braxton]] ambao walipata mafanikio makubwa sana. Albamu ya pili ya TLC [[CrazySexyCool]], alitunga na kutayarisha baadhi ya vibao vikali kutoka katika albamu hiyo. Baadaye ikaja kuwa moja kati ya albamu iliyouza sana kwa upande wa makundi ya muziki ya wasichana nchini Marekani. Chini ya uongozi wake, TLC waliweza kuuza nakala zaidi ya milioni 60 duniani kote, na kujumuisha jumla ya rekodi milioni 75 kwa kazi zote walizofanya nae. Albamu ya kwanza ya Toni Braxton, ''[[Toni Braxton (albamu)|Toni Braxton]]'' (1993) na ''[[Secrets (Toni Braxton album)|Secrets]]'' (1996), ambayo ametunga sehemu kubwa ya nyimbo, ilikwenda kuuza jumla ya nakala milioni kwa Marekani pekee. Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1990, Babyface alisadia kundwa kwa kundi la muziki wa R&B—[[Az Yet]]. Halkadhali Edmonds alisaidia kumjenga na kufanya kazi na wasanii wa mkewe wa zamani Bi. [[Tracey Edmonds]], kama vile [[Jon B.|Jon B]] mtayarishaji [[Jon-John Robinson]]. Edmonds amefanya kazi na wasanii wengi sana wenye mafanikio katika muziki wa R&B. “[[I'm Your Baby Tonight (song)|I’m Your Baby Tonight]]” (1990), aliutayarisha kwa ajili ya [[Whitney Houston]], kilikuwa kibao chake cha kwanza kushika Na. 1 kwenye Top 40 nchini Marekani. Vilevile alitunga na kutayarisha wimbo wa [[Boyz II Men]] wa mwaka wa 1992 "[[End of the Road]]" na 1994 "[[I'll Make Love to You]]", zote mbili ziliweza kudumu sana kwenye nafasi ya 1 kwenye chati za [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]. Alishiriki kutunga, kutayarisha, na kusaidia kuitikia katika albamu ya [[Madonna (mwanamuziki)|Madonna]] ya mwaka 1994 ''[[Bedtime Stories (Madonna)|Bedtime Stories]]'', ambayo ina kibao kilichoshika majuma saba kwenye chati cha "[[Take a Bow (Madonna song)|Take a Bow]]". Vilevile ametunga na kutayarisha kibao kilichoshika nafasi ya kwanza "[[Exhale (Shoop Shoop)]]" kwa ajili ya [[Whitney Houston]] halkadhalika vibao vingine vyote vilivyokuja kuuza nakala milioni 10 kwa ajili ya kibwagizo cha filamu ya ''[[Waiting to Exhale (kibwagizo)|Waiting to Exhale]]'' mnamo mwaka wa 1995, ambayo ilitamba zaidi kwa vibao vya [[Whitney Houston|Houston]], [[Brandy Norwood|Brandy]] na [[Mary J. Blige]]. Vilevile, Edmonds ametayarisha na kutunga vibao chungumzima kwa ajili ya wasanii kama vile [[Carole King]], [[Patti LaBelle]], [[Chaka Khan]], [[Aretha Franklin]], [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], [[Janet Jackson]], [[Faith Evans]], [[Al Green]], [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]], [[Diana Ross]], [[Sheena Easton]], Toni Braxton, [[Michael Jackson]], [[Michael Bolton]], [[Paula Abdul]], [[Eric Clapton]], [[Pebbles (singer)|Pebbles]], [[Tevin Campbell]], Bobby Brown, [[Whitney Houston]], [[Brandy Norwood|Brandy]], [[Mary J. Blige]], [[Tamia]], [[Shola Ama]], [[3T]], [[Sisqó]], [[Dru Hill]], [[Fall Out Boy]], [[Celine Dion|Céline Dion]], [[Samantha Jade]], [[Backstreet Boys]], [[Honeyz]], [[Katharine McPhee]], [[Mariah Carey]], [[Vanessa L. Williams]], [[Bruno Mars]], [[Kelly Clarkson]], [[Chanté Moore]], [[En Vogue]], [[Zendaya]], [[Kenny G]], [[Kristinia DeBarge]], [[Lil Wayne]], Japanese singer [[Ken Hirai]], [[Pink (singer)|P!nk]], [[Colbie Caillat]], [[Marc Nelson]], [[TLC (band)|TLC]], [[Ariana Grande]], [[Ella Henderson]], [[Jessica Mauboy]], [[Xscape (group)|Xscape]], [[K-Ci & JoJo]], [[NSYNC]], [[Jordin Sparks]] na [[Phil Collins]] na wengine kibao. Amepata Tuzo za Grammy ya Mtayarishaji wa Mwaka mara tatu mfululizo tangu 1995 1997. ==Maisha binafsi== Babyface alimwoa mke wake wa kwanza, Denise akiwa katika umri wake wa ujana kabisa. Mwaka wa 1990, Babyface anakutana na [[Tracey Edmonds]] wakati wa kusailiwa kwa ajili ya video ya muziki wake yeye mwenyewe maarufu wa "[[Whip Appeal]]". Walikuja kuoana mnamo tarehe 5 Septemba, 1992, na walijaaliwa watoto wawili, Brandon na Dylan. Mnamo tarehe 7 Januari, 2005, Tracey alifungua jalada la talaka katika mahakama kuu huko mjini Los Angeles, kielezea tofauti zisizosuluhusisha. Mwezi wa Oktoba 2005, Babyface na Tracey walitengana—wanamaliza ndoa yao iliyodumu kwa muda wa miaka kumi na tatu. Mwaka wa 2007, Babyface alianza kujihusisha mahusiano na mnenguaji wake msaidizi Bi. Nicole "Nikki" Pantenburg (alikuwa mnenguaji msaidizi na rafiki wa karibu sana na [[Janet Jackson]]). Mwaka wa 2008, Babyface alijipatia mtoto wa kike.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Wihlborg |first=Ulrica |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20229213,00.html |title=Kenneth 'Babyface' Edmonds Is a New Dad! – Babies, Kenneth \Babyface\ Edmonds |publisher=People.com |date=Septemba 26, 2008 |accessdate=February 3, 2014 |archive-date=2016-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160904075236/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20229213,00.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Wawili hawa walikuja kuoana mnamo tarehe 17 Mei, 2014. Mwaka wa 2015, Babyface alichangia fedha za kampeni kwa ajili ya mgombea urais kupitia chama cha [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] Seneta [[Marco Rubio]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/onpolitics/| title = OnPolitics - USA TODAY's politics blog}}</ref> ==Urithi== Mwaka wa 1999, njia yenye km 40 huko Indianapolis ilibadilishwa jina na kuitwa "Babyface" Edmonds Highway.<ref name=per>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.perfectpeople.net/biography/2734/babyface.htm | title = Babyface Biography|publisher=Perfect People | date = |accessdate=Februari 3, 2014|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221164958/http://www.perfectpeople.net/biography/2734/babyface.htm |archivedate=February 21, 2014 |df=mdy }}</ref> ==Discografia== {{main article|Discografia ya Babyface }} ;Albamu akiwa msanii wa kujitegemea * ''[[Lovers (Babyface album)|Lovers]]'' (1986) * ''[[Tender Lover]]'' (1989) * ''[[For the Cool in You]]'' (1993) * ''[[The Day (Babyface album)|The Day]]'' (1996) * ''[[Face2Face (Babyface album)|Face2Face]]'' (2001) * ''[[Grown & Sexy]]'' (2005) * ''[[Playlist (Babyface album)|Playlist]]'' (2007) * ''[[Return of the Tender Lover]]'' (2015) ;Albamu za ushirika * ''[[Power and Love]]'' <small>(with [[Manchild (band)|Manchild]])</small> (1977) * ''[[Feel the Phuff]]'' <small>(with [[Manchild (band)|Manchild]])</small> (1978) * ''[[Street Beat (album)|Street Beat]]'' <small>(with [[the Deele]])</small> (1983) * ''[[Material Thangz]]'' <small>(with [[the Deele]])</small> (1985) * ''[[Eyes of a Stranger (album)|Eyes of a Stranger]]'' <small>(with [[the Deele]])</small> (1987) * ''[[Love, Marriage & Divorce]]'' <small>(with [[Toni Braxton]])</small> (2014) ==Tazama pia== *[[Orodha ya nyimbo zilizotungwa na Babyface]] ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya Nje== *{{Official website|http://www.babyfacemusic.com/}} *[http://www.bmi.com/affiliate/C120/ Babyface at Bmi.com] *{{IMDb name|0004892}} {{Babyface}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Babyface}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watayarishaji muziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] gp33kva5zeqt4qgb6f721xrej9t3870 0 102883 1599274 1442907 2026-09-23T11:16:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599274 wikitext text/x-wiki Ifuatayo ni diskografia ya mtunzi, mtayarishaji na mwanamuziki kutoka nchini Marekani, [[Babyface]]. ==Albamu== <ref> Wilson, Angela. (2015). Exclusive: Kenny ‘Babyface’ Edmonds Gets Candid About New Album, Regrets and Craziest Thing He’s Done for Love. thesource.com. Retrieved from http://thesource.com/2016/02/13/exclusive-kenny-babyface-edmonds-gets-candid-about-new-album-regrets-and-craziest-thing-hes-done-for-love/</ref> ===Albamu za studio=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" |+Orodha ya albamu, ikiwa na baadhi ya nafasi za chati iliyoshika na tunukio ! rowspan="2"| Mwaka ! rowspan="2"| Maelezo ya albamu ! scope="col" colspan="9"| Nafasi ya chati iliyoshika ! rowspan="2"| [[:en:Music recording sales certification|Nukio]] |- ! scope="col" style="width:2em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard 200|US]]<br><ref name="billboard">{{cite web|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=babyface|chart=all}}|title=Babyface US chart history|publisher=billboard.com|accessdate=2011-04-12}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2em;font-size:90%;"| [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|US R&B]]<br><ref name="billboard"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em;font-size:90%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AU]]<br><ref name="auchart">{{cite web|title=australian-charts.com - Discography - Babyface |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] |url=http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Babyface |format=ASP |accessdate=2014-02-12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331102032/http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Babyface |archivedate=2014-03-31 |df= }}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2em;font-size:90%;"| [[RPM (magazine)|CA]]<br><ref name="Cachart">Peak chart positions for albums in Canada: *''The Day'': {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.9863&type=1&interval=50&PHPSESSID=c6btf3r8hs459qqt5ln3o3dcv5|title=Top Albums/CDs - Volume 64, No. 13 |publisher=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|format=PHP|date=1996-11-11|accessdate=2014-03-01}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2em;font-size:90%;"| [[Oricon|JP]]<br><ref name="Jachart">Peak chart positions for albums in Japan: *All releases except as noted below: {{cite web| url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/149903/ranking/cd_album/ |title=ベイビーフェイスのCDアルバムランキング|trans-title=Babyface: Highest position and charting weeks on the albums chart| language=Japanese| work=oricon.co.jp| publisher=''[[Oricon|Oricon Style]]''| accessdate=2014-02-18}} *''Love, Marriage & Divorce'': {{cite web| url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/601747/ranking/cd_album/ |title=トニ・ブラクストン＆ベイビーフェイスのCDアルバムランキング|trans-title=Toni Braxton & Babyface: Highest position and charting weeks on the albums chart| language=Japanese| work=oricon.co.jp| publisher=''[[Oricon|Oricon Style]]''| accessdate=2014-03-01}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2em;font-size:90%;"| [[MegaCharts|NL]]<br><ref name="Nlchart">{{cite web|title=dutchcharts.nl: Discographie: Babyface |work=Hung Medien |publisher=[[MegaCharts]] |url=http://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Babyface |language=Dutch |format=ASP |accessdate=2014-03-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314040711/http://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Babyface |archivedate=2014-03-14 |df= }}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2em;font-size:90%;"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ]]<br><ref name="Nzchart">{{cite web |title=charts.org.nz Discography > Babyface |work=Hung Medien |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand]] |url=http://charts.org.nz/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Babyface |format=ASP |accessdate=2014-03-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621001457/http://charts.org.nz/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Babyface |archivedate=2015-06-21 |df= |https://web.archive.org/web/20150621001457/http://charts.org.nz/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Babyface }}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2em;font-size:90%;"| [[UK Albums Chart|UK]]<br><ref name="chartstats">{{cite web|url=http://www.chartstats.com/release.php?release=46619|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823092805/http://www.chartstats.com/release.php?release=46619|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2011-08-23|title=Chart Stats Babyface – ''The Day''|publisher=chartstats.com|accessdate=2011-08-23}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2em;font-size:90%;"| [[UK R&B Chart|UK R&B]] |- | 1986 | align="left"| '''''[[Lovers (Babyface album)|Lovers]]''''' * Imetolewa: October 7, 1986 * Lebo: [[SOLAR Records|SOLAR]] | — | 28 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 1989 | align="left"| '''''[[Tender Lover]]''''' * Imetolewa: July 7, 1989 * Lebo: SOLAR/[[Epic Records|Epic]] | 14 | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | align="left"| * [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]: 3× Platinum<ref name="riaa">{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=Babyface&format=Album&go=Search&perPage=25 |title=Babyface US certification history |publisher=riaa.com |accessdate=2011-04-12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225031458/http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS |archivedate=2013-02-25 |df= }}</ref> |- | 1993 | align="left"| '''''[[For the Cool in You]]''''' * Imetolewa: August 24, 1993 * Lebo: Epic | 16 | 2 | 46 | — | — | — | 49 | — | — | align="left"| * RIAA: 3× Platinum<ref name="riaa"/> * [[Music Canada|MC]]: Gold<ref name="mc">{{cite web|url=http://www.musiccanada.com/GPSearchResult.aspx?st=&ica=False&sa=Babyface&sl=&smt=0&sat=-1&ssb=Artist |title=Canadian album certifications – Babyface |publisher=Music Canada |accessdate=2013-03-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225041920/http://www.musiccanada.com/GPSearchResult.aspx?st= |archivedate=2012-02-25 |df= }}</ref> |- | 1996 | align="left"| '''''[[The Day (Babyface album)|The Day]]''''' * Imetolewa: October 29, 1996 * Lebo: Epic | 6 | 4 | 14 | 24 | 17 | 10 | 12 | 34 | — | align="left"| * RIAA: 2× Platinum<ref name="riaa"/> * [[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]: Gold{{certification Cite Ref|type=album|region=Australia|certyear=1997|artist=Babyface|title=The Day|accessdate=2014-02-17}} * MC: Platinum<ref name="mc"/> * [[Recording Industry Association of Japan|RIAJ]]: Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/issue/record/1997/199703.pdf |title=RIAJ > The Record > March 1997 > Certified Awards (January 1997) |work=[[Recording Industry Association of Japan]] |language=Japanese |accessdate=2014-02-17 |archive-date=2014-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306111501/http://www.riaj.or.jp/issue/record/1997/199703.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]]: Silver{{certification Cite Ref|type=album|region=United Kingdom|certyear=1997|artist=Babyface|title=The Day|accessdate=2014-02-17}} |- | 1998 | align="left"| '''''[[Christmas with Babyface]]''''' * Imetolewa: October 27, 1998 * Lebo: Epic | 101 | 34 | — | — | 41 | — | — | — | — | align="left"| * RIAJ: Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/issue/record/1999/199902.pdf |title=RIAJ > The Record > February 1999 > Certified Awards (December 1998) |work=[[Recording Industry Association of Japan]] |language=Japanese |accessdate=2014-02-17 |archive-date=2013-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228153329/http://www.riaj.or.jp/issue/record/1999/199902.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | 2001 | align="left"| '''''[[Face 2 Face (Babyface album)|Face 2 Face]]''''' * Imetolewa: [[September 11, 2001]] * Lebo: [[Arista Records|Arista]] | 25 | 8 | — | — | 13 | — | — | — | — | align="left"| * RIAJ: Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/issue/record/2001/2001_11.pdf |title=RIAJ > The Record > November 2001 > Certified Awards (September 2001) |work=[[Recording Industry Association of Japan]] |language=Japanese |accessdate=2014-02-17 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308175417/http://www.riaj.or.jp/issue/record/2001/2001_11.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | 2005 | align="left"| '''''[[Grown & Sexy]]''''' * Imetolewa: July 26, 2005 * Lebo: Arista | 10 | 3 | — | — | 18 | — | — | — | — | |- | 2007 | align="left"| '''''[[Playlist (Babyface album)|Playlist]]''''' * Imetolewa: September 18, 2007 * Lebo: [[Island Records|Island]]/[[Mercury Records|Mercury]] | 48 | 7 | — | — | 49 | — | — | — | — | |- | 2014 | align="left"| '''''[[Love, Marriage & Divorce]]''''' <small>(with [[Toni Braxton]])</small> * Imetolewa: February 4, 2014 * Lebo: [[Motown Records|Motown]] | 4 | 1 | — | — | 73 | 45 | — | 75 | 7 | |- | 2015 | align="left"| '''''[[Return of the Tender Lover]]''''' * Imetolewa: December 4, 2015 * Lebo: [[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]] | 39 | 5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | align="center" colspan="12"| <small>"&mdash;" denotes the album failed to chart.</small> |} ===Albamu mubashara=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! rowspan="2"| Mwaka ! rowspan="2"| Maelezo ya albamu ! colspan="4"| Nafasi ya chati ! rowspan="2"| Matunukio |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| US<br><ref name="billboard"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| US R&B<br><ref name="billboard"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| CA<br><ref name="Cachart"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| JP<br><ref name="Jachart"/> |- | 1997 | align="left"| '''''[[MTV Unplugged NYC 1997]]''''' * Imetolewa: November 25, 1997 * Lebo: [[Epic Records|Epic]] | 106 | 33 | — | 24 | align="left"| * RIAA: Gold<ref name="riaa"/> * MC: Gold<ref name="mc"/> * RIAJ: Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/issue/record/1998/199803.pdf |title=RIAJ > The Record > March 1998 > Certified Awards (January 1998) |work=[[Recording Industry Association of Japan]] |language=Japanese |accessdate=2014-02-17 |archive-date=2014-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129042630/http://www.riaj.or.jp/issue/record/1998/199803.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |} ===Albamu remix=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! Year ! Album details |- | 1991 | align="left"| '''''[[A Closer Look (Babyface album)|A Closer Look]]''''' * Imetolewa: November 19, 1991 * Lebo: SOLAR/Epic |- | 2005 | align="left"| '''''[[The Other Side of Cool]]''''' * Imetolewa: October 25, 2005 * Lebo: [[Sony BMG]] |- |} ===Albamu mchanganyiko=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! rowspan="2"| Mwaka ! rowspan="2"| Maelezo ya albamu ! colspan="3"| Nafasi ya chati ! rowspan="2"| Matunukio |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| US<br><ref name="billboard"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| US R&B<br><ref name="billboard"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| JP<br><ref name="Jachart"/> |- | 2000 | align="left"| '''''[[A Collection of His Greatest Hits]]''''' * Imetolewa: November 14, 2000 * Lebo: [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony Music]] | — | — | 12 | align="left"| * RIAJ: Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/issue/record/2001/2001_01.pdf |title=RIAJ > The Record > January 2001 > Certified Awards (November 2000) |work=[[Recording Industry Association of Japan]] |language=Japanese |accessdate=2014-02-28 |archive-date=2014-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117023958/http://www.riaj.or.jp/issue/record/2001/2001_01.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | 2001 | align="left"| '''''[[Love Songs (Babyface album)|Love Songs]]''''' * Imetolewa: August 7, 2001 * Lebo: [[Epic Records|Epic]] | — | — | 93 | |- | 2003 | align="left"| '''''[[The Essential Babyface]]''''' * Imetolewa: June 10, 2003 * Lebo: Sony Music | — | — | — | |- |} ==Singo== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! rowspan="2"| Mwaka ! rowspan="2"| Singo ! colspan="10"| Nafasi ya chati ! rowspan="2"| Matunukio ! rowspan="2"| Albamu |- style="font-size:smaller;" ! width="25"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]<br><ref name="billboard"/> ! width="25"| [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US<br>R&B]]<br><ref name="billboard"/> ! width="25"| [[Adult Contemporary (chart)|US<br>A/C]]<br><ref name="billboard"/> ! width="25"| [[Dance Club Songs|US<br>Dance]]<br><ref name="billboard"/> ! width="25"| [[ARIA Charts|AU]]<br><ref name="auchart"/> ! width="25"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ]]<br><ref name="Nzchart"/> ! width="25"| [[GfK Entertainment Charts|GE]]<br><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.de/suche.asp?search=babyface&x=0&y=0&country=de |title=German chart - Babyface|date=22 August 2014|publisher=officialcharts.de}}</ref> ! width="25"| [[MegaCharts|NL]]<br><ref name="Nlchart"/> ! width="25"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SE]]<br><ref>{{cite web|url=http://swedishcharts.com/search.asp?search=babyface&cat=s |title=Swedish chart - Babyface |date=22 August 2014 |publisher=swedishcharts.com |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113458/http://swedishcharts.com/search.asp?search=babyface&cat=s |archivedate=2014-08-26 |df= }}</ref> ! width="25"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br><ref name="UKchart">{{cite web| url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/Babyface/| title= Babyface > Artists > Official Charts| publisher=''[[UK Albums Chart]]''|accessdate=2014-03-03}}</ref> |- | 1986 | align="left"| "[[I Love You Babe]]" | — | 8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | align="left" rowspan="4"| ''Lovers'' |- | rowspan="2"| 1987 | align="left"| "Lovers" | — | 42 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | align="left"| "Mary Mack" | — | 29 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 1988 | align="left"| "If We Try" | — | 65 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | rowspan="3"| 1989 | align="left"| "[[Love Saw It]]" <small>(with [[Karyn White]])</small> | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | align="left"| ''[[Karyn White (album)|Karyn White]]'' |- | align="left"| "[[It's No Crime]]" | 7 | 1 | — | 5 | — | 24 | — | — | — | — | | align="left" rowspan="4"| ''Tender Lover'' |- | align="left"| "[[Tender Lover (song)|Tender Lover]]" | 14 | 1 | — | — | — | 32 | — | — | — | 86 | |- | rowspan="3"| 1990 | align="left"| "[[Whip Appeal]]" | 6 | 2 | 36 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | align="left"| "[[My Kinda Girl (Babyface song)|My Kinda Girl]]" | 30 | 3 | — | — | — | 41 | — | — | — | — | |- | align="left"| "[[Love Makes Things Happen]]" <small>(with [[Perri "Pebbles" Reid|Pebbles]])</small> | 13 | 1 | 24 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | align="left"| ''[[Always (Pebbles album)|Always]]'' |- | 1992 | align="left"| "[[Give U My Heart]]" <small>(with [[Toni Braxton]])</small> | 29 | 2 | — | — | — | 41 | — | — | — | — | | align="left"| ''[[Boomerang (soundtrack)|Boomerang]]'' |- | rowspan="2"| 1993 | align="left"| "[[For the Cool in You (song)|For the Cool in You]]" | 81 | 10 | — | — | — | 23 | — | — | — | — | | align="left" rowspan="5"| ''For the Cool in You'' |- | align="left"| "[[Never Keeping Secrets]]" | 15 | 3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | rowspan="5"| 1994 | align="left"| "[[And Our Feelings]]" | 21 | 8 | 38 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | align="left"| "[[Rock Bottom (Babyface song)|Rock Bottom]]" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 50 | |- | align="left"| "[[When Can I See You]]" | 4 | 6 | 10 | — | 31 | 9 | — | — | — | 35 | align="left"|<small> *RIAA: Gold<ref name="riaa"/></small> |- | align="left"| "Where Is My Love?" <small>(with [[El DeBarge]])</small> | 106 | 19 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | align="left"| ''[[Heart, Mind and Soul (El DeBarge album)|Heart, Mind and Soul]]'' |- | align="left"| "[[Dream Away (Babyface and Lisa Stansfield song)|Dream Away]]" <small>(with [[Lisa Stansfield]])</small> | 109 | 80 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | align="left"| ''[[The Pagemaster]]'' |- | 1995 | align="left"| "[[Someone to Love (Jon B. song)|Someone to Love]]" <small>(with [[Jon B.]])</small> | 10 | 7 | 32 | — | 50 | 17 | — | — | — | — | | align="left"| ''[[Bonafide (Jon B album)|Bonafide]]'' |- | rowspan="2"| 1996 | align="left"| "Slow Jams" <small>(with [[Quincy Jones]] featuring [[Tamia]], [[Portrait (group)|Portrait]] and [[Barry White]])</small> | 68 | 19 | — | — | — | 2 | — | — | — | — | | align="left"| ''[[Q's Jook Joint]]'' |- | align="left"| "[[This Is for the Lover in You]]" <small>(featuring [[LL Cool J]], [[Howard Hewett]], [[Jody Watley]] & [[Jeffrey Daniel]])</small> | 6 | 2 | — | — | 50 | 12 | — | 19 | 34 | 12 | align="left"|<small> *RIAA: Platinum<ref name="riaa"/></small> | align="left" rowspan="4"| ''The Day'' |- | rowspan="4"| 1997 | align="left"| "[[Every Time I Close My Eyes]]" | 6 | 5 | 17 | — | 40 | 8 | 87 | 93 | — | 13 | align="left"|<small> *RIAA: Gold<ref name="riaa"/></small> |- | align="left"| "[[How Come, How Long]]" <small>(featuring [[Stevie Wonder]])</small> | — | — | — | — | 5 | 9 | 17 | 2 | 9 | 10 | align="left"|<small> *ARIA: Platinum{{certification Cite Ref|type=single|region=Australia|certyear=1997|artist=Babyface|title=How Come, How Long|accessdate=2014-02-17}}</small> |- | align="left"| "Talk to Me" | — | — | — | — | — | 50 | — | 75 | — | — |- | align="left"| "[[(Always Be My) Sunshine]]" <small>(with [[Jay-Z]] featuring [[Foxy Brown (rapper)|Foxy Brown]])</small> | 95 | 37 | — | — | — | 22 | 18 | 66 | 42 | 25 | | align="left"| ''[[In My Lifetime, Vol. 1]]'' |- | rowspan="3"| 1998 | align="left"| "[[Gone Too Soon]]" <small>(featuring [[Stevie Wonder]])</small> | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 98 | — | — | | align="left"| ''[[MTV Unplugged NYC 1997]]'' |- | align="left"| "[[Fire (Bruce Springsteen song)|Fire]]" <small>(with [[Des'ree]])</small> | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | align="left"| ''[[Hav Plenty (soundtrack)|Hav Plenty]]'' |- | align="left"| "You Were There" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | align="left"| ''[[Simon Birch]]'' |- | 2000 | align="left"| "Reason for Breathing" | — | 59 | — | — | — | — | — | 99 | — | — | | align="left"| ''A Collection of His Greatest Hits'' |- | rowspan="2"| 2001 | align="left"| "[[There She Goes (Babyface song)|There She Goes]]" | 31 | 10 | — | — | — | — | 93 | — | — | — | | align="left" rowspan="2"| ''Face2Face'' |- | align="left"| "[[What If (Babyface song)|What If]]" | 80 | 28 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 2004 | align="left"| "The Loneliness" | — | 49 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | align="left" rowspan="3"| ''Grown & Sexy'' |- | rowspan="2"| 2005 | align="left"| "Sorry for the Stupid Things" | — | 65 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | align="left"| "Grown & Sexy" | — | 51 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 2007 | align="left"| "[[Fire and Rain (song)|Fire and Rain]]" | — | — | 10 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | align="left"| ''Playlist'' |- | rowspan="2"| 2008 | align="left"| "Comfortable" <small>(with [[Lil Wayne]])</small> | &mdash; | 72 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | align="left"| ''Tha Carter III'' |- | align="left"| "I Need a Love Song" | — | 81 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | align="left"| Non-album single |- | 2013 | align="left"| "Hurt You" <small>(with [[Toni Braxton]])</small> | 113 | 33 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | align="left" rowspan="2" | ''Love, Marriage, Divorce'' |- | 2013 | align="left"| "Where Did We Go Wrong"<br/><small>(with [[Toni Braxton]])</small> | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | rowspan="2" | 2015 | align="left" | "We've Got Love" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | align="left" rowspan="2" | ''Return of the Tender Lover'' |- | align="left" | "Exceptional" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | align="center" colspan="14"| <small>"&mdash;" denotes the single failed to chart or not Imetolewa in that country</small> |} ==Baadhi ya kazi alizotunga na kutayarisha == {{columns-list|colwidth=30em| * "[[A Song for Mama]]" – [[Boyz II Men]] (#1 R&B, #7 US) * "[[Adore (Cashmere Cat song)|Adore]]" – [[Cashmere Cat]] ft. [[Ariana Grande]]* * "Ain't Got No Remedy" – [[Shanice]]* * "Always" – [[Pebbles (singer)|Pebbles]] <small>(feat. [[Cherrelle]] and [[Johnny Gill]])</small> (#13 R&B) * "[[Always in My Heart (Tevin Campbell song)|Always In My Heart]]" – [[Tevin Campbell]] (#6 R&B) * "[[Another Sad Love Song]]" – [[Toni Braxton]] (#2 R&B, #7 US) * "[[As (song)#George Michael and Mary J. Blige version|As]]" – [[George Michael]] and [[Mary J. Blige]] (#4 UK) (Produced only) * "[[At Seventeen]]" – [[Celine Dion]] * "[[Baby-Baby-Baby]]" – [[TLC (music)|TLC]] (#1 R&B, #2 US) * "[[Baby I]]" – [[Ariana Grande]] (#6 Japan, Gold) * "Baby I" – Tenderoni * "Backyard" – [[Pebbles (singer)|Pebbles]] <small>(feat. [[Salt-N-Pepa]])</small> (#4 R&B) * "[[Best Thing I Never Had]]" – [[Beyoncé]] (#4 R&B, #3 UK, #16 US) * "Boys & Girls" – [[Tony! Toni! Tone!]] * "[[Breathe Again]]" – [[Toni Braxton]] (#4 R&B, #3 US, #2 UK) * "Can I Stay with You" – [[Karyn White]] (#10 R&B) * "[[Can We Talk]]" – [[Tevin Campbell]] (#1 R&B, #9 US) * "[[Can I Get a Moment?]]" – [[Jessica Mauboy]] (#5 Australia, Platinum) * "Can't Help Myself" – [[Destiny's Child]] * "[[Can't Stop (After 7 song)|Can't Stop]]" – [[After 7]] (#1 R&B, #7 US) * "[[Change the World]]" – [[Eric Clapton]] (#5 US, #1 AC) * "[[The Color of Love]]" – [[Boyz II Men]] * "[[Count On Me (Whitney Houston and CeCe Winans song)|Count on Me]]" – [[Whitney Houston]] and [[CeCe Winans]] (#7 R&B, #8 US) * "Dial My Heart" – [[The Boys (American band)|The Boys]] (#1 R&B) * "[[Diggin' on You]]" – [[TLC (music)|TLC]] (#7 R&B, #5 US) * "[[Don't Be Cruel (Bobby Brown song)|Don't Be Cruel]]" – [[Bobby Brown]] (#1 R&B, #8 US) * "Don't Wanna Love You" – [[Shanice]] * "Dry Your Eyes" – [[The Deele]] (#1 R&B Airplay circa Winter '87) * "[[End of the Road]]" – [[Boyz II Men]] (#1 R&B, #1 US, #1 UK) * "[[Every Little Step]]" – [[Bobby Brown]] (#1 R&B, #3 US, #6 UK) * "[[Exclusivity (Damian Dane song)|Exclusivity]]" – [[Damian Dame]] (#1 R&B) * "[[Exhale (Shoop Shoop)]]" – [[Whitney Houston]] (#1 R&B, #1 US) * "Fairweather Friend" – [[Johnny Gill]] (#2 R&B) * "[[Fire (Bruce Springsteen song)|Fire]]" – [[Babyface (musician)|Babyface]] and [[Des'ree]] * "[[Giving You the Benefit]]" – [[Pebbles (singer)|Pebbles]] (#1 R&B, #4 US) * "[[Girlfriend (Pebbles song)|Girlfriend]]" – [[Pebbles (singer)|Pebbles]] (#1 R&B, #5 US, #8 UK) * "Good Enough" – [[Bobby Brown]] (#5 R&B, #7 US) * "[[Give U My Heart]]" – [[Babyface (musician)|Babyface]] and [[Toni Braxton]] * "[[Hard to Say I'm Sorry]]" – [[Az Yet]] (#8 US, #7 UK) (Produced only) * "Have I Never" – [[A Few Good Men]] * "[[Heat of the Moment (After 7 song)|Heat of the Moment]]" – [[After 7]] (#5 R&B) * "Honeymoon Avenue" – [[Ariana Grande]] * "[[Humpin' Around]]" – [[Bobby Brown]] (#1 R&B, #3 US) * "I Care 'Bout You" – Milestone (#10 R&B) * "I Shoulda Lied" – [[Boyz II Men]] * "[[I'd Still Say Yes]]" – [[Klymaxx]] (#7 R&B) (Written only) * "[[I'll Make Love to You]]" – [[Boyz II Men]] (#1 R&B, #1 US, #1 AC, #5 UK) * "[[I'm Like a Lawyer with the Way I'm Always Trying to Get You Off (Me & You)]]" – [[Fall Out Boy]] * "[[I'm Ready (Tevin Campbell song)|I'm Ready]]" – [[Tevin Campbell]] (#2 R&B, #9 US) * "[[I'm Your Baby Tonight]]" – [[Whitney Houston]] (#1 R&B, #1 US, #5 UK) * "[[Light It Up (soundtrack)|If Only in Heaven's Eyes]]" – [[*NSYNC]] * "[[Just Stand Up]]" – Various Artists (#11 US, #10 Canadian Hot 100, #3 FIMI) * "[[Knocked Out]]" – [[Paula Abdul]] (#8 R&B) * "[[Last Night (Az Yet song)|Last Night]]" – [[Az Yet]] (#1 R&B, #9 US) * "[[Let It Flow (song)|Let It Flow]]" – [[Toni Braxton]] (#1 R&B, #1 US) * "[[Love Shoulda Brought You Home]]" – [[Toni Braxton]] (#4 R&B) * "Love Will Be Waiting" – [[Kevon Edmonds]] * "Love Will Be Waiting at Home" – [[For Real]] * "Lovin' It" – [[Ariana Grande]] * "Lucky Charm" – [[The Boys (American band)|The Boys]] (#1 R&B) * "[[Miracle (Whitney Houston song)|Miracle]]" – [[Whitney Houston]] (#2 R&B, #9 US) * "[[Most Girls (Pink song)|Most Girls]]" – [[Pink (singer)|Pink]] (#4 US, #5 UK) * "[[My, My, My]]" – [[Johnny Gill]] (#1 R&B, # 10 US) * "[[My Name Is Not Susan]]" – [[Whitney Houston]] (#8 R&B) (Produced only) * "[[Never Forget You (Mariah Carey song)|Never Forget You]]" – [[Mariah Carey]] (#7 R&B, #3 US) * "[[Never Gonna Let You Go (Faith Evans song)|Never Gonna Let You Go]]" – [[Faith Evans]] (#1 R&B) * "[[Not Gon' Cry]]" – [[Mary J. Blige]] (#1 R&B, #2 US) * "[[On Our Own (Bobby Brown song)|On Our Own]]" – [[Bobby Brown]] (#1 R&B, #2 US, #4 UK) * "One More Dance" – [[Boyz II Men]] * "One Up for Love" – [[Boyz II Men]] * "Pink Champagne – [[Ariana Grande]] (Produced only) * "Ready or Not" – [[After 7]] (#1 R&B, #7 US, #7 AC) * "[[Red Light Special]]" – [[TLC (music)|TLC]] (#3 R&B, #2 US) * "Reversal of a Dog" – [[Damian Dame]], Highland Place Mobsters, [[TLC (group)|TLC]], [[Toni Braxton]] * "Right Down to It" – [[Damian Dame]] (#2 R&B) * "[[Rock Steady (The Whispers song)|Rock Steady]]" – [[The Whispers]] (#1 R&B, #7 US) * "[[Rock Wit'cha]]" – [[Bobby Brown]] (#3 R&B, #7 US) * "[[Roni (song)|Roni]]" – [[Bobby Brown]] (#2 R&B, #3 US) * "Roses Are Red" – [[The Mac Band]] <small>(feat. the McCampbell Brothers)</small> (#1 R&B, #8 UK) * "Secret Rendezvous" – [[Karyn White]] (#4 R&B, #6 US) * "Secrets" – [[Kat Graham]] featuring [[Babyface (musician)|Babyface]] * "Seven Whole Days" – [[Toni Braxton]] (#1 R&B Airplay) * "Shoot 'Em Up Movies" – [[The Deele]] (#10 R&B) * "[[Sittin' Up in My Room]]" – [[Brandy Norwood|Brandy]] (#2 R&B, #2 US) * "Slow Jam" – [[Monica (singer)|Monica]], [[Usher (singer)|Usher]] * "[[Something in Your Eyes (Bell Biv DeVoe song)|Something in Your Eyes]]" – [[Bell Biv Devoe]] (#38 US, #6 R&B) * "[[Something New (Zendaya song)|Something New]]" – [[Zendaya]] featuring [[Chris Brown]] * "Sometimes Love" – [[Patti Lebole]] * "[[Superwoman (Karyn White song)|Superwoman]]" – [[Karyn White]] (#1 R&B, #8 US #5 UK) * "Sweet November" – [[Troop (band)|Troop]] (#1 R&B) (Written only) * "[[Take a Bow (Madonna song)|Take a Bow]]" – [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] (#1 US, #1 AC) * "Tattooed Heart" – [[Ariana Grande]] * "The Lover in Me" – [[Sheena Easton]] (#5 R&B, #2 US, #15 UK) * "The Way You Love Me" – [[Karyn White]] (#1 R&B, #7 US) * "There U Go" – [[Johnny Gill]] * "[[Thnks fr th Mmrs]]" – [[Fall Out Boy]] (#11 US, #12 UK) * "[['Til You Do Me Right]]" – [[After 7]] (#5 R&B, #31 US) * "Too Good to Say Goodbye" – [[Bruno Mars]] (Songwriting only) * "Tonight Is Right" – [[Keith Washington]] * "Truly Something Special" – [[After 7]] * "[[Two Occasions]]" – [[The Deele]] (#4 R&B, # 10 US) * "[[Try]]" – [[Colbie Caillat]] * "[[Water Runs Dry]]" – [[Boyz II Men]] (#4 R&B, #2 US) * "We're Not Making Love No More" – [[Dru Hill]] (#2 R&B) * "[[Whatever (En Vogue song)|Whatever]]" – [[En Vogue]] (#8 R&B) * "[[When You Believe]]" – [[Whitney Houston]] and [[Mariah Carey]] (#4 UK) (Produced only) * "Where Is My Love?" – [[El DeBarge]] * "[[Why (3T song)|Why]]" – [[3T]] feat. [[Michael Jackson]] (#2 UK) (Written only) * "Why Does It Hurt So Bad" – [[Whitney Houston]] * "Willing to Forgive" – [[Aretha Franklin]] (#5 R&B) * "You Are the Man" – [[En Vogue]] * "You Mean the World to Me" – [[Toni Braxton]] (#3 R&B, #7 US) * "You Were There" – [[Babyface (musician)|Babyface]] * "You'll Never Know" – [[Ariana Grande]] * "[[You're Makin' Me High]]" – [[Toni Braxton]] (#1 R&B, #1 US, #7 UK) }} ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Babyface}} [[Jamii:Diskografia ya wasanii wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Diskografia|Babyface]] hqmrns9rr0fclg8hta4ie0cjorbfm3v 0 105954 1599073 1431211 2026-09-23T05:14:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599073 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Cannabidiol (CBD) molecule 3D.JPG|thumb|Cannabidiol]] '''Cannabidiol''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]] pia: '''CBD oil''') ni kiungo cha [[kemia]] kinachopatikana kiasilia katika [[bangi]] (Cannabis). Kuna aina mbili za [[bangi]]: bangi na hemp. Hemp ndiyo chanzo kinachopendekezwa cha CBD. Cannabidiol ilivumbuliwa [[mwaka]] [[1940]] na kusemekana kuwa ya maana kama [[dawa]]. CBD ni kati ya cannabidiods 113 zilizoko katika [[mmea]] wa [[mbangi]] na huwa [[asilimia]] [[arobaini]] katika ule mmea. Shirika la [[Marekani]] la Food and Drug Administration (FDA) limepitisha Cannabidiol Epidiolex kwa matumizi katika kutibu [[ugonjwa]] wa [[kifafa]] kwa [[watoto]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = FDA Regulation About CBD And Cannabis Products: Epidiolex|url=https://cbdsold.org/fda-regulation-about-cbd-and-cannabis-products-epidiolex/|work=CBDSold {{!}} CBD Products News {{!}} CBD Oil News|date=2020-04-13|accessdate=2020-07-02|language=en-US|author=James Rivers|archivedate=2020-07-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703074950/https://cbdsold.org/fda-regulation-about-cbd-and-cannabis-products-epidiolex/}}</ref> Cannabidiol yaweza kutumiwa [[Mwili|mwilini]] kwa kuvuta [[moshi]] wa cannabis au kama kupulizwa kwa [[mdomo]] kwa presha. Yaweza pia kuchukuliwa moja kwa moja kutokana na mafuta ya CBD ambayo haina [[THC]]. THC ndiyo kiungo ambacho kinalewesha katika bangi. CBD haileweshi kama THC ingawa kuna wanaouza CBD ikiwa na THC bila kuwaambia wanaonunua. Madhara ya Cannabidiol ni kama vile: [[uchovu]] na kulala sana, [[kukosa hamu ya chakula]], [[kuhara]] pamoja na kujisikia mwili umenyongonyea<ref>In many communities, cannabis is perceived as a low-risk drug, leading to political lobbying to decriminalise its use. Acute and chronic cannabis use has been shown to be harmful to several aspects of psychological and physical health, such as mood states, psychiatric outcomes, neurocognition, driving and general health. Furthermore, cannabis is highly addictive, and the adverse effects of withdrawal can lead to regular use. These in turn have adverse implications for public safety and health expenditure. Although the cannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) has been shown to have positive health outcomes with its antioxidant, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, high-potency cannabis is particularly damaging due to its high tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), low CDB concentration. It is this high-potency substance that is readily available recreationally. While pharmaceutical initiatives continue to investigate the medical benefits of CDB, “medicinal cannabis” still contains damaging levels of THC. Altogether, we argue there is insufficient evidence to support the safety of cannabis and its subsequent legalisation for recreational use. Furthermore, its use for medicinal purposes should be done with care. We argue that the public conversation for the legalisation of cannabis must include scientific evidence for its adverse effects. . http://www.eurekaselect.com/154161/article</ref>. == Historia ya Cannabidiol == Cannabidiol kwanza iliweza kudondolewa mwaka [[1940]] na [[wanasayansi]] wawili, Adams na Todd. Kwa wakati ule walidhania kwamba kiungo hiki kuwa hakina nguvu zozote za kibaolojia. Lakini mwaka [[1963]], wanasayansi wawili tena, Mecholaum na Shvo waliweza kuchunguza kwa [[kina]] kuhusu muundo wa kikemia wa cannabidiol. == Matumizi ya Cannabidiol == Cannabidiol inatumika kwa kupunguza [[maumivu]] mwilini japo matumizi yake hayajakubaliwa na nchi nyingi. Katika nchi ambazo matumizi yake yamekubaliwa, hutumika kwa njia hizi. CBD hutolewa katika mmea wa hemp haswa kutokana na nguvu yake kubwa ambayo ni muhimu kwa matumizi ya matibabu. Wapo wanaotaja faida kadhaa za CBD: * Uondoaji wa maumivu sugu * Inayo mali kadhaa ya neuroprotective * Utoaji wa maumivu sugu Inayo mali kadhaa ya neuroprotective Inaweza kupunguza athari za chunusi * Inayo mali ya kukandamiza * Inaweza kusaidia katika matibabu ya ugonjwa wa kisukari cha aina 1 * Inatumika katika matibabu ya magonjwa ya moyo === Kifafa === Maandishi ya kimatibabu yaliyochapishwa mwaka [[2017]] na [[2018]] yanaonyesha [[utafiti]] umefanywa kuonyesha kwamba CBD oil inaweza kutibu kifafa kwa watoto. FDA ilipitisha Epidiolex kwa kutibu Lennox-Gastaut na Dravet Syndromes za kifafa. === Multiple sclerosis pain === Nchini [[Kanada]] na [[Sweden]], dawa ya Nabiximols inayotokana na cannabidiol imepitishwa kwa kupunguza maumivu ya multiple sclerosis. Kwa hii dawa, CBD na THC huchanganyishwa kwa uwiano wa moja kwa moja. === Ugonjwa wa Parkinson === Cannabidiol hutumika katika kupunguza wasiwasi (anxiety) kwa watu walio na [[ugonjwa wa Parkinson]] == Maamkizi ya CBD na serikali za nchi == Chakula na vinywaji vyenye mafuta ya CBD vilianza kuingia nchini Marekani mwaka wa 2017. Hata hivyo kuna wale wanaouza mafuta hayo bila ya wanunuzi kujua kuwa chakula walichokinunua kina cannabidiol na wamepata barua za onyo kutoka shirika la Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Pia kuna wanaodondoa mafuta ya CBD kutoka kwa [[mbangi]] kwa njia isiyokubalika. FDA imesema kuwa unapotafuta mafuta ya CBD, uangazie mambo haya: === Njia ya kukuza mmea === Kuna wale wanaotumia kemia kukuza mimea ya mbangi ambayo hutoa mafuta ya CBD. Hili halifai kwa sababu huenda ukadhuru afya yako ukitumia cannabidiol iliyokuzwa kwa njia hii. === Njia ya kudondoa cannabidiol kutoka mmea === Muundo wa kudondoa cannabidiol kutokana na mmea una maana sana. Kampuni nyingi zatumia njia hafifu kwa kutumia kemia zenye madhara kama vile propane, pentane na butane ambazo zinaweza kuwaka, tena kuacha kemikali mwilini. === Viungo vya mafuta ya CBD === Huenda mafuta ya CBD unayotumia ikawekwa viungo vingine visivyo sawa na mwili wako. Yafaa basi uangalie viungo hivyo kwa makini usije ukadhurika. Loyal THC inasema kuwa yafaa pia cannabidiol ipitishwe katika maabara ili unapotumia, uwe unajua fika ni nini kilichomo katika mafuta ya CBD oil unayotumia. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == *[[:en:Cannabidiol|Cannabidiol]] *[https://www.fda.gov/newsevents/newsroom/pressannouncements/ucm611047.htm Tamko la FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D., kuhusu haja ya utafiti wa kina kuhusu matumizi ya kitiba ya CDB] {{Wayback|url=https://www.fda.gov/newsevents/newsroom/pressannouncements/ucm611047.htm |date=20180912202743 }} *[https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/210365lbl.pdf EPIDIOLEX (cannabidiol) suluhisho la mdomo - FDA] 6/2018 {{mbegu-tiba}} [[Jamii:Tiba]] [[Jamii:Madawa ya Kulevya]] [[Jamii:Mbangi]] 8ucynrdc38x98egmo80dg7k5rcd5nqz 0 112381 1599131 1597315 2026-09-23T09:27:29Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Wengineo */ 1599131 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Bakhita Szent Jozefina.jpeg|thumb|[[Yosefina Bakhita]] kutoka [[Darfur]], [[Sudan]] ya leo.]] '''Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika''' hii inataja [[watu]] wanaoheshimiwa na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] au [[madhehebu]] mengine yoyote ya [[Ukristo]] kama [[watakatifu]] ambao walizaliwa, waliishi au walifariki [[Bara|barani]] humo (katika mabano mara nyingi inatajwa nchi ya leo). ==Kabla ya Uislamu== Katika [[karne]] [[sita]] za kwanza za [[Kanisa]], [[Afrika]] ililizalia [[watakatifu]] na [[viongozi]] wake wengi, bila kushindwa na [[dhuluma]] za [[Dola la Roma]] zilizoenea kote, [[Farakano la Donato]] na dhuluma ya [[Wavandali]] upande wa [[Ukristo wa Magharibi]], [[farakano]] la [[Wakopti]] upande wa [[Ukristo wa Mashariki]] (lililofuata [[Mtaguso wa Kalsedonia]], [[451]]). ===Watu wa Biblia=== * [[Simoni wa Kurene]], [[Libya]] * [[Marko Mwinjili]], [[Misri]] * [[Apolo (Biblia)|Apolo]], Misri * [[Lukio wa Kurene]], Libya ===Mapapa wa Roma=== Kati ya [[Mapapa]] wa [[Roma]] wa karne za kwanza watatu walizaliwa Afrika au Roma na wazazi kutoka Afrika. Wote hao wanaheshimiwa kama watakatifu: * [[Papa Viktor I]] ([[189]]-[[199]]), Libya * [[Papa Miltiades]] (311-314), [[Algeria]] * [[Papa Gelasius I]] (492-496), Algeria ===Walimu wa Kanisa=== Kati ya [[walimu wa Kanisa]], watatu walitokea Afrika: * [[Atanasi wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Augustino wa Hippo]], Algeria * [[Sirili wa Aleksandria]], Misri Wengine waliosomea Afrika ni: * [[Bazili Mkuu]], Misri * [[Gregori wa Nazienzi]], Misri ===Waandishi na wanateolojia=== Waandishi na wanateolojia wengi walitokea Afrika au waliishi huko, kama vile watakatifu: <!-- please keep entries in alphabetical order --> {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[Achilas wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Aleksanda I wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Aleksanda wa Yerusalemu]], Misri * [[Amonasi]], Misri * [[Amoni Abati]], Misri * [[Anastasi wa Sinai]], Misri * [[Anatolius wa Laodikea]], Misri * [[Athenagora wa Athene]], Misri * [[Aurelius wa Karthago]], [[Tunisia]] * [[Damiani wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Danieli wa Skete]], Misri * [[Didimo Kipofu]], Misri * [[Epifani wa Salamina]], Misri * [[Eugenius wa Karthago]], Tunisia * [[Eulogi wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Eusebi wa Vercelli]], Misri * [[Filastri]], Misri * [[Fulgensyo wa Ruspe]], Tunisia * [[Horsiesi]], Misri * [[Isidori wa Pelusium]], Misri * [[Klemens wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Lusiferi wa Cagliari]], Misri * [[Maksimo Muungamadini]], Tunisia * [[Nilo wa Sinai]], Misri * [[Optatus wa Milevi]], Algeria * [[Orsisius]] wa Tabenna, Misri * [[Panfilo na wenzake|Panfilo wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Pantenus]], Misri * [[Paulo wa Tammah]], Misri * [[Petroni wa Bologna]], Misri * [[Pierio]], Misri * [[Ponsyo wa Karthago]], Tunisia * [[Posidi]], Tunisia * [[Saba abati]], Misri * [[Serapioni wa Thmuis]], Misri * [[Shenute]], Misri * [[Sipriani mfiadini]], Tunisia * [[Sofroni wa Yerusalemu]], Misri * [[Quodvultdeus]], Tunisia * [[Theofilo wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Zeno wa Verona]], Algeria {{div col end}} ===Wengineo=== <!-- please keep entries in alphabetical order --> {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[Abadir, Iraya na wenzao|Abadir na wenzake]], Misri * [[Abadiu wa Antinoe]], Misri * [[Abadiu wa Bilgai]], Misri * [[Abaidus]], [[Ethiopia]] * [[Abaku]], Misri * [[Abamun wa Tarnut]], Misri * [[Abamun wa Tukh]], Misri * [[Abanubi]], Misri * [[Abasad]], Misri * [[Abashade]], Misri * [[Abaskhiron]], Misri * [[Abeluzius]], Ethiopia * [[Abibi na Apoloni]], Misri * [[Abidiani na wenzake|Abidiani, Demetria, Donati, Gagus, Januaria, Juliana, Nepori, Paposiniki, Kwirini, Kwirus]] na wenzao 146, Afrika Kaskazini * [[Abili wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Ablak]], Ethiopia * [[Abnodi]], Ethiopia * [[Abrahamu, Ethnus, Akrates, Yakobo na Yohane]], Ethiopia * [[Abrahamu Fukara]], Misri * [[Abrahamu wa Ethiopia]] * [[Abrahamu wa Farshut]], Misri * [[Abrahamu wa Minuf]], Misri * [[Abrahamu wa Skete]], Misri * [[Abundanti na wenzake|Abundanti, Adrasti, Agapius, Karisi, Donatila, Donati, Fortuni, Leo, Nisefori, Polokroni]] na wenzao 3, Afrika Kaskazini * [[Achilas wa Skete]], Misri * [[Acutus, Anastasia, Candidus, Coelifloria, Felix, Honorius, Januaria, Jucundus, Lucianus, Marcus, Petrus, Secundus, Severus na Telesphorus]], [[Afrika Kaskazini]] * [[Ada wa Ethiopia]] * [[Adiuto wa Cava]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Adriani, Vikta na Sekundili]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Adriani wa Canterbury]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Adrioni]], Misri * [[Afesi na wenzake|Afesi, Aleksanda, Amfamoni, Apoloni, Arioni, Dionusi, Dioskoro, Elafa, Eunuko, Fabiani, Felisi, Fisosi, Gurdino, Hinus, Kapitolini, Kapitulini, Kresenti, Melei, Nika, Nisia, Panus, Panubri, Plebri, Pleosi, Theoma, Tuboni na Venusti]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Aflahos na wenzake]], Misri * [[Afrodisi wa Aleksandria]] na wenzake, Misri * [[Afrodisi wa Beziers]], Misri * [[Abba Aftse|Aftse]], Ethiopia * [[Agapio, Sekondino na wenzao|Agapio, Sekondino, Emiliani, Tertula, Antonia]] na wenzao 3, Algeria * [[Agatho na wenzake|Agatho, Ammonius, Aratus, Bastammonius, Bastamus, Bessammonius, Collutus, Cyriacus, Didymus, Dionysius, Dioscorus, Hero, Hippeas, Horpresius, Horus, Oecomeus, Orion, Pantherus, Papas, Papias, Paulo, Pethecus, Pinutus, Plesius, Potamon, Protea, Recombus, Recumbus, Romanus, Sarmata, Saturninus, Serapion, Theonas, Thionius na Zoticus]], Misri * [[Agatho wa Aleksandria (mfiadini)|Agatho wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Agatoni, Lusia na Diogene]], Misri * [[Agatoni mkaapweke]], Misri * [[Agileus]], Tunisia * [[Agrari]], Tunisia * [[Agripino wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Akuli wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Akuta na wenzake|Akuta, Kandidi, Konstansi, Eugenia, Firmus, Hilarini, Lusida, Marsiali, Penika, Posesa, Rogasiani na Statuniani]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Akwila wa Misri]] * [[Akwilinus, Geminus, Augenius, Marcianus, Kwintus, Teodotus na Trifoni]], [[Moroko]] * [[Abba Alef|Alef]], Ethiopia * [[Aleksandra wa Misri]] * [[Alipius wa Thagaste]], Algeria * [[Alonio]], Misri * [[Alveri]], Misri * [[Ambrosi wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Amfiani na Vikta]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Amoes wa Skete]], Misri * [[Amoni, Zeno na wenzao|Amoni, Zeno, Tolomayo, Ingene na Theofilo]], Misri * [[Amoni wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Amoni wa Pentapoli]], Libya * [[Ampeli wa Afrika]], Tunisia * [[Ampelio mkaapweke]], Misri * [[Anastasi wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Anastazia wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Anatoli wa Konstantinopoli]], Misri * [[Abba Anbes|Anbes]], Ethiopia * [[Androniko na Athanasia]], Misri * [[Androniko wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Aniano wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Anthusa wa Afrika Kaskazini]] * [[Antioko, Mario na wenzao|Antioko, Mario, Dagioni, Menesidei, Mamori, Mamari, Petro na Gumus]], Misri * [[Antioko wa Lyon]], Misri * [[Antioko wa Sulcis]], Algeria au Moroko * [[Antoni Abati]], Misri * [[Anubu mmonaki]], Misri * [[Anububisoyo, Joji na wenzao|Anububisoyo, Joji, Basjela, Arnobi, Petro, Askirioni, Argenida na Belfijus]], Misri * [[Apolinaria]], Misri * [[Apolo mchungaji]], Misri * [[Apolo, Protei, Orioni na Plausi]], Misri * [[Apolo wa Bawit]], Misri * [[Apoloni na Filemoni]], Misri * [[Apoloni wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Apolonia wa Aleksandria]] na wenzake, Misri * [[Apriko, Sirioni na wenzao|Apriko, Sirioni, Sirioni mwingine, Eulogi, Hemerioni, Juliani, Julius, Yusto, Menelao, Oreste, Porfiri, Trifoni na Trifoni mwingine]], Misri * [[Aprili na wenzake|Aprili, Autus, Katula, Koliondola, Yosefu, Rogati, Salito, Saturnini na Viktorini]], Misri * [[Ares, Promo na Elia]], Misri * [[Aresi na Rogati]], Misri * [[Aretha mfiadini]], [[Ruma]] na wenzao 340, 4,000 au 20,000, Ethiopia * [[Ariani mfiadini]], Misri * [[Aristo]], Misri * [[Arkadi, Paskasi na wenzao|Arkadi, Paskasi, Probo, Eutikiani na Paulilo]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Arkadius wa Mauretania]], Algeria * [[Armini wa Misri]] * [[Armogaste]], [[Maskula]], [[Arkimino]] na [[Saturus wa Afrika|Saturus]], Tunisia * [[Arponi]], Misri * [[Arseni na wenzake|Arseni, Dioskoro, Heroni na Isidori]], Misri * [[Artakse na wenzake|Artakse, Epictetus, Felicitas, Felix, Fortunatus, Jucundus, Pictus, Quietus, Quinctus, Rusticus, Secundus, Sillus, Vincent, Vitalis]] na wenzao 7, Afrika Kaskazini * [[Artemi wa Antiokia]], Misri * [[Artilai na wenzake|Artilai, Antoni, Asklipi, Asteksi, Basili, Bosimi, Donata, Emeriti, Emeteri, Eutiko, Felisi, Fortunati, Fosyo, Frunumi, Gajola, Georgi, Gorgoni, Hemeteri, Isiko, Janula, Julius, Karisimi, Kasti, Klaudiani, Lusiola, Marcha, Marinus, Meteri, Nisefori, Papias, Risini, Sabiani, Saviniani, Seledoni, Siriko na Soli]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Askla]], Misri * [[Asteri wa Petra]], Libya * [[Atanasi II wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Atanasia, Teodosia, Teotista na Eudosia]], Misri * [[Atro]], Misri * [[Augusta na Faustina]], Misri * [[Augusto wa Caserta]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Aurelia wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Auriga, Klaudia na Rutile]], Ethiopia * [[Awgin wa Klusma]], Misri * [[Avitus mfiadini]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Barsanufi wa Gaza]], Misri * [[Barsen]], Misri * [[Basa, Paula na Agatonika]], Tunisia * [[Basiani, Primitivi na wenzao|Basiani, Suksesi, Basiani, Primitivi, Tuno, Puplikano]] na wengine 18, Afrika Kaskazini * [[Basiano na wenzake|Basiano, Sirioni, Agatoni, Mose, Dionisi, Amoni, Tonioni, Proto, Lusio, Armata, Arbasi, Orus, Paulo, Plesius, Pasamona, Hipus]] na wenzao 10 au 14, Misri * [[Basilide wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Batazoni, Palemoni na Garuma]], Ethiopia * [[Bauli]], Misri * [[Bazalota na Eufemia]], Ethiopia * [[Benyamini na Bejoki]], Misri * [[Benyamini I wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Beresi na wenzake|Beresi, Lusius, Vikta, Dasi, Leusi, Viktoriki, Viktorisi, Faustini na Marsiali]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Besa wa Misri]] * [[Besarioni wa Misri]] * [[Besas]], Misri * [[Bessus]], Misri * [[Bona]], Misri * [[Bonifasi, Tekla na wanao]] 12, Algeria * [[Damiani wa Afrika]], Misri * [[Dasi, Juliani, Reatri, Vinsenti na wenzao]] 26, Afrika Kaskazini * [[Dasya wa Tanda]], Misri * [[Defendente]], Misri * [[Demetrius I wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Demetri mfiadini]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Demiana]] na wenzake 40, Misri * [[Deogratias wa Karthago]], Tunisia * [[Didara, Bisoe na Nor]], Misri * [[Dionisi mfiadini]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Dionisi wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Dionisya wa Vita na wenzake]] ([[Majoriko]], [[Dativa]], [[Leonsya wa Vita]], [[Tersyo wa Byzacena]], [[Emiliani wa Vita]] na [[Bonifasi wa Sicilibba]]), Algeria * [[Dioskoro I wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Dioskoro II wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Dioskoro mfiadini (20 Agosti)]], Misri * [[Dioskoro wa Qais]], Misri * [[Dominiko, Vikta na wenzao|Dominiko, Vikta, Primiani, Saturnini, Kresensi, Sekundi na Honorati]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Domnini wa Digne]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Donasyani, Presidi na wenzao|Donasyani, Presidi, Mansueti, Jermano na Foskolo]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Donati, Justus na Herenas]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Donati, Makari na Theodori]], Misri * [[Donati wa Afrika]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Donati wa Karthago]], Tunisia * [[Dorotea wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Doroteo wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Dositeo wa Gaza]], Misri * [[Edesi mfiadini]], Misri * [[Elesbaan]] (Kalebu wa Aksum), Ethiopia * [[Elia na Simeoni Afamarie]], Ethiopia * [[Elia, Yeremia, Isaya, Samweli na Danieli]], Misri * [[Elia wa Misri]] * [[Emiliani, Tertula na Antonia]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Emiliani, Lasi, Didimo, Poemi, Amoni na Prima]] na wenzao 38, Tunisia * [[Epenetus wa Karthago]], Tunisia * [[Epifani, Donati na Rufini]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Epikteto, Yukundo na wenzao|Epikteto, Yukundo, Felisi, Sekundo, Vitalis, Epikari na wenzao 15]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Epimako, Aleksanda na wenzao|Epimako, Aleksanda, Merkuria, Dionisya na Amonaria]], Misri * [[Epimako wa Pelusi]], Misri * [[Erakla wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Eroni, Atne, Isidori na Dioskoro]], Misri * [[Esiki, Pakomi na Theodori]], Misri * [[Esuperansi wa Cingoli]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Esuperi wa Thebe|Esuperi]], [[Kandidi wa Thebe|Kandidi]] na [[Vikta wa Thebe|Vikta]], Misri * [[Eufrasi na Klarus]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Eufrasia wa Thebe]], Misri * [[Eufrosina wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Eugeni, Euganda na Abilandi]], Misri * [[Eujeni, Salutari na Muriti]], Tunisia * [[Eujeni wa Karthago]], Tunisia * [[Eukari wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Eulogi wa Edessa]], Misri * [[Eumeni wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Euprepi wa Misri]] * [[Eusebi, Erakli, Dionisi na Septimi]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Eustrasi wa Sufres]], Tunisia * [[Eutiko, Fortunati, Saturnini, Marsia, Vikta, Stefano na Januari]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Eutikyo]], Misri * [[Eutimio wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Eutropia wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Evasi na Privati]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Ezana]], Ethiopia * [[Fabius]], Algeria * [[Fana wa Misri]] * [[Faustini, Lusius, Kandidi, Seliani, Marko, Januari na Fortunati]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Fausto, Abibi na wenzao|Fausto, Abibi, Andrea, Androniko, Andropelagia, Kaldote, Makari, Sarpando, Siriaki, Siriaki mwingine, Thekla na Theosisti]], Misri * [[Fausto, Dio na Amoni]], Misri * [[Fausto, Kayo na wenzao|Fausto, Kayo, Petro, Paulo, Eusebi, Keremone, Lucho]] na wenzao 2, Misri * [[Fausto shemasi]], Misri * [[Fausto wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Feliche Mwafrika]], Algeria * [[Felichisimi]], Tunisia * [[Teoduli, Anesi na Kornelia|Felisi, Ponto, Abda na Valeria]], Tunisia * [[Felisi, Adaukti, Januari, Fortunati na Septimi]], Algeria * [[Felisi, Lusioli, Fortunati na Marsia]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Felisi mfiadini (3 Februari)]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Felisi na Genadi]], Tunisia * [[Felisi na Regula]], Misri * [[Felisi, Niseta, Postiniana na Filipo]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Felisi wa Abbir]], [[Sipriani wa Unizibira]] na wenzao 5,000 hivi, Tunisia * [[Felisi wa Afrika Kaskazini]] * [[Felisi wa Gerona]], Tunisia * [[Felisi wa Hadrumetum]], Tunisia * [[Felisi wa Thibiuca]], [[Audactus wa Karthago|Audactus]], [[Fortunatus wa Karthago|Fortunatus]], [[Januari wa Karthago|Januarius]] na [[Septimus wa Karthago|Septimus]], Tunisia * [[Felisi wa Toniza]], Tunisia * [[Felisiani na wenzake]] 125, Afrika Kaskazini * [[Felisiani wa Karthago]], Tunisia * [[Fermo wa Karthago]], Tunisia * [[Fidelis, Felisi na wenzao|Fidelis, Felisi, Kresenti, Liberati]] na wenzao 3, Afrika Kaskazini * [[Fidensyani, Valeriana, Viktorya na wenzao]] 17, Algeria * [[Fileas]], [[Filoromus]], Pakomi, Theodori, Petro, Fausto, Didius, Amoni, Hesiki na Viktorina na wenzao 642, Misri * [[Filipo mfiadini (13 Septemba)]], Misri * [[Filipo, Narseo, Zeno na watoto kumi]], Misri * [[Filothei wa Pemdje]], Misri * [[Fiorenzo wa Nebbio]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Firmus wa Tagaste]], Algeria * [[Florensi wa Semina]], Tunisia * [[Florensiani wa Midila]], Algeria * [[Fortunati, Felisi, Silvi, Vitalis, Apolo, Isaki na Krotate]], Misri * [[Fortunati na Donati]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Fortunati na Lusiani]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Fortunati na Marsiani]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Fronti wa Perigueux]], Misri * [[Fronto na wenzake]] 70, Misri * [[Frumensyo]], Ethiopia * [[Galikani mfiadini]], Misri * [[Abba Garima|Garima]], Ethiopia * [[Gaudensi, Felisi, Agapiti na Emeriti]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Gaudioso wa Napoli]], Tunisia * [[Gayo, Joviani na Filipo]], Moroko * [[Gelasi wa Nilopoli]], Misri * [[Geranus]], Misri * [[Gerasimo wa Yordani]], Misri * [[Gereoni na wenzake|Gereoni, Kasius, Gregori Maurus, Florenti, Inosenti, Konstantino, Viktori]] na wenzao, Misri * [[Grani na wenzake|Grani, Hilari, Donati, Konsesi na Saturnini]], Misri * [[Gregori, Arkelao na Felisisima]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Abba Guba|Guba]], Ethiopia * [[Gudene]], Tunisia * [[Habetdeus wa Teudali]], Tunisia * [[Helaniki na Begei]], Misri * [[Heliodori na Venusti]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Heraklemon]], Ethiopia * [[Herakli na Zosimo]], Tunisia * [[Herme wa Numidia]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Hesiki wa Gaza]], Misri * [[Hilarioni wa Gaza]], Misri * [[Hipoliti wa Afrika]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Hor, Susia na wanao]] Hor na Agatho, Misri * [[Hor wa Nitria]], Misri * [[Hortulani wa Afrika Kaskazini]] * [[Hugal na wenzake|Hugal, Emiliani, Motani, Safo, Sterkori na Vikta]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Ifigenia]], Ethiopia * [[Inosenti askofu]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Irene wa Misri]] * [[Irenei wa Pentapoli]], Libya * [[Ireus na Atanasi]], Ethiopia * [[Isaka Mdalmatia]], Misri * [[Isaka wa Kellia]], Misri * [[Isaka wa Tiphre]], Misri * [[Isidora mkaapweke]], Misri * [[Isidora Mpumbavu]], Misri * [[Isidori wa Aleksandria (padri)]], Misri * [[Isidori wa Kio]], Misri * [[Isidori wa Misri]] * [[Isidori wa Skete]], Misri * [[Iskirioni na wenzake|Iskirioni, Foibamoni, Orsenufi, Belfius, Origen na Petro]], Misri * [[Iskirioni wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Italo, Zotiko, Kamaro, Filipo na Atalo]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Januari, Masima na wenzao|Januari, Masima, Makaria, Konsesa, Timori na Koneksi]], Tunisia * [[Januari na Marino]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Jermani, Selestini na Santina]], Misri * [[Jokondiani]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Jovenale wa Narni]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Julia wa Corsica]], Tunisia * [[Juliani mfiadini]], Misri * [[Juliani na Basilisa]], Misri * [[Juliani na Eunus]], Misri * [[Juliani wa Afrika]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Juliani wa Aleksandria (mfiadini)]], Misri * [[Juliani wa Aleksandria (patriarki)]], Misri * [[Juliani na Sesari|Juliani wa Terracina]], Tunisia * [[Julius mfiadini]], Misri * [[Julius, Potamia, Krispini, Felisi na Grati]], Algeria * [[Kaisi na wenzake|Kaisi, Kwintasi, Septimini, Venusti, Beatus, Sekundi, Donati, Sereni, Kresensi, Niseti, Vitalis, Firmini, Herakli na Eusebi]], Tunisia * [[Kalistrato wa Karthago]] na wenzake 49, Tunisia * [[Kalojero wa Sisilia]], Tunisia * [[Kandida]], Tunisia * [[Kandidi na Piperioni]], Misri * [[Kandidi na wenzake]] 21, Afrika Kaskazini * [[Kanio wa Atella]], Tunisia * [[Karagoni]], Misri * [[Karas mkaapweke]], Misri * [[Karioni wa Misri]] * [[Karpoforo, Esanto na wenzao]] Kasio, Severino, Sekundo na Lisini, Misri * [[Kasiani wa Autun]], Misri * [[Kasiani wa Tanja]], [[Moroko]] * [[Kasio na Fiorenso]], Misri * [[Kasto na Emilio]], Tunisia * [[Kastori, Vikta na Rogasiani]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Kastrese]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Kastuli, Modesti na wenzao|Kastuli, Modesti, Rogato, Zotiko]] na wenzao 40 au 50, Misri * [[Katerina wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Kato, Jermana na wenzao|Kato, Jermana, Geronsi, Januari, Julius, Paulo, Pia, Saturnini, Suksesi]] na wenzao, Algeria * [[Katulino na wenzake|Katulino, Adauti, Felisi, Florenti, Fortunansiani, Januari, Julia, Setimini na Yusta]], Tunisia * [[Katulus, Tuskus, Valentini na Magarus]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Kedroni wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Keladioni wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Keremoni na wenzake]], Misri * [[Keremoni wa Nitria]], Misri * [[Kikosi cha Thebe]], Misri * [[Klaudi, Krispini, Magina, Yohane na Stefano]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Klaudi na wenzake]] 194, Misri * [[Klaudiani, Sipriani na wenzao]] Donati, Felisi, Januari, Juliani, Lusiani, Marsiani, Marsiali, Petro, Kwiriani, Vikta na Vitalis, Afrika Kaskazini * [[Kluthi]], Misri * [[Kointa]], Misri * [[Kolegus na Kolotus]], Misri * [[Koluthi]], Misri * [[Kononi wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Konstantino wa Karthago]], Tunisia * [[Kopriko, Vikta na Donati]], Libya * [[Korus na wenzake|Korus, Katulini, Faustini, Felisi, Felisi, Nabori, Pleni, Salunus, Saturnini, Silvi, Soluti, Theodora, Theodori, Theoni, Ursus, Valeri, Venusti, Viktorini, Vikturus na Vitalis]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Kresenti wa Afrika Kaskazini]] * [[Kresenti wa Bizasi]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Kresentiani wa Afrika Kaskazini]] * [[Kresentiani, Vikta, Rusula na Generali]], Tunisia * [[Kreskoni wa Tripoli]], Libya * [[Kreskoni, Zeno, Menandri, Karini, Arioni, Ipoliti, Diodoro, Menelanti, Atora, Petro, Lambese, Lusiani na Felisi]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Krisanto na Daria|Krisanto]], Misri * [[Krispina wa Tagora]], Algeria * [[Krispini mfiadini]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Kroni wa Nitria]], Misri * [[Kronide, Leonsi na Serapioni|Kronide, Leonsi, Serapioni, Seleusi, Stratoni na Valeriani]], Misri * [[Kukufas]], Tunisia * [[Kwadrato mfiadini]], Algeria * [[Kwadrato wa Utica]], Tunisia * [[Kwartilosa na wenzake]] 2, Tunisia * [[Kwintiani, Denisi na wenzao|Kwintiani, Denisi, Juliani, Lucho, Paulo]] na wenzao 15, Afrika Kaskazini * [[Kwintiani, Eleuteri na wenzao|Kwintiani, Eleuteri, Gayo, Aleksanda na Saturnini]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Kwintiani, Teodoli, Tekla na Festina]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Kwinto na wenzake|Kwinto, Simplisi, Pompini, Paulo, Aritife, Kresto, Digno, Datulo, Felisiani, Musa, Rogasyani, Martiri, Orati, Evasi, Viktoria, Privati, Tino, Salvatori, Sito, Teturo, Vitoriko, Seliano, Setimino, Rustiko, Basa, Lucania, Onorati, Saturnini, Sesiliana, Namfamoni, Felisi, Vinsenti, Aresto, Museo, Sidino na Adiuto]], Moroko * [[Laurenti na Ignasi]], Tunisia * [[Leonidas wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Leonides wa Thebe]] na wenzake, Misri * [[Leto wa Nefta]], Tunisia * [[Leucho wa Brindisi]], Misri * [[Liberati, Bonifasi na wenzao|Liberati, Bonifasi, Servyo, Rustiko, Rogati, Setimo na Masimo]], Tunisia * [[Liboso wa Beja]], Tunisia * [[Abba Likano|Likano]], Ethiopia * [[Likarioni na Potamiona]], Misri * [[Lonjino wa Pamaria]], Algeria * [[Lucho, Montano na wenzao|Lucho, Montano, Juliano, Vitoriko, Vikta na Donasiani]], Tunisia * [[Lukio wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Lusiani, Metrobi na wenzao|Lusiani, Metrobi, Paulo, Zenobi, Theotimo na Drusi]], Libya * [[Mabikira Wafiadini (16 Desemba)]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Makari Mkuu]], Misri * [[Makari wa Aleksandria]] (Makari Kijana), Misri * [[Makari wa Aleksandria (mfiadini)]], Misri * [[Makari wa Fayum]], Misri * [[Makari wa Libya]], Misri * [[Makroni wa Thoni]], Misri * [[Maksimiliani wa Tebessa]], Algeria * [[Mamari, Felisi, Vikta, Albino na Domati]], Algeria * [[Mamas wa Awlatos]], Misri * [[Mames na Diskus]], Misri * [[Manilo, Donati, Maurila, Lusiani, Viktorini na Nise]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Mansueti, Severi, Apiani, Donati na Honori]], Misri * [[Mansueti wa Urusi]], Tunisia * [[Mapaliko na wenzake|Mapaliko, Baso, Fortunio, Paulo, Fortunata, Viktorino, Viktori, Eremio, Kredula, Ereda, Donato, Firmo, Venusto, Frukto, Julia, Marziale na Aristone]], Tunisia * [[Marcellus wa Tanja]], Morocco * [[Maria wa Misri]], Misri * [[Mariano na Januari]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Mariano, Yakobo na wenzao|Mariano, Yakobo, Sekondiani, Konkordi, Marinus, Heliodori, Saturnini, Silvani]] na wenzao, Algeria * [[Marina, Marsia, Emili na Felisi]], Misri * [[Markiano II wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Marko, Marsiano na wenzao]], Misri * [[Marko mkaapweke (Libya)]] * [[Marko mkaapweke (Misri)]] * [[Marko mtawa]], Misri * [[Markulo wa Numidia]], Algeria * [[Marseli wa Afrika]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Marselino, Satuli na wenzao|Marselino, Satuli, Prokula, Kwiriako, Rejina na Saturnini]] na wenzao 4, Afrika Kaskazini * [[Marselino wa Embrun]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Marselino wa Karthago]], Tunisia * [[Marselino, Vinsenti na Domninus]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Marsiali, Laurenti na wenzao]] 20, Algeria * [[Marsiana wa Mauretania]], Algeria * [[Marsiano, Jukundi na wenzao|Marsiano, Jukundi, Tolomea, Filipo, Yohane na Akra]], Misri * [[Marsiano, Nikandro na wenzao|Marsiano, Nikandro, Apolonio, Leonida, Areyo, Gorjo, Iperkio, Selenio, Irene na Pamboni]], Misri * [[Martha mfiadini]], Misri * [[Martiniani, Saturiani na wenzao]] 2, Algeria * [[Marusi, Restiti na Julius]], Tunisia * [[Masima bikira]], Algeria * [[Masima, Donatila na Sekunda]], Tunisia * [[Masimiani wa Bagai]], Algeria * [[Masimino wa Aix]], Algeria * [[Masimo na Domasi]], Misri * [[Masimo padri mfiadini]], Misri * [[Masimo wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Masimo wa Vuchim]], Misri * [[Mauro mfiadini]], Moroko * [[Mauro wa Parenzo]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Mavilus]], Tunisia * [[Medilama]], Misri * [[Melania Kijana]], Algeria * [[Melas]], Misri * [[Melesi, Suzana, Marsiana na Paladia]], Misri * [[Melki wa Klusma]], Misri * [[Memno wa Misri]] * [[Mena, Hermogene na Eugrafo]], Misri * [[Mena wa Konstantinopoli]], Misri * [[Mena wa Misri|Menas]], Misri * [[Metras, Saturnini, Tirso, Vikta, Tarsisi, Zotiko na Siriako]], Misri * [[Meuris wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Abuna Aregawi|Mikaeli wa Aragave]], Ethiopia * [[Misaeli mkaapweke]], Misri * [[Modesti, Eutiko, Mauro na Disei]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Modesti, Juliani na Posina]], Tunisia * [[Modesti na Amoni]], Misri * [[Modesti wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Modesti wa Karthago]], Tunisia * [[Modesti wa Yerusalemu]], Misri * [[Mohrael]], Misri * [[Monika]], Algeria * [[Mora wa Benhor]], Ethiopia * [[Morisi Mtakatifu|Morisi]] na wenzake, Misri * [[Moses wa Psammaniu]], Misri * [[Murita wa Karthago]], Tunisia * [[Musa Mwafrika]], Ethiopia * [[Musa Mwarabu]], Misri * [[Nabore]], Algeria * [[Namfamo]], [[Mijin]], [[Sanami]], [[Luchita]], [[Namfamo|Adyuto, Aresto, Artifa, Besa, Datulo, Degno, Evasi, Felisi, Felisiani, Kresto, Kwarti, Kwinti, Lukania, Martiri, Mose, Museo, Onorato, Orato, Paulo, Pompini, Privati, Reduktula, Rogasiani, Rustiko, Salvatori, Saturnini, Setimini, Sesiliana, Seliani, Sidini, Simplisi, Sito, Teturo, Tino, Vikta, Viktorino, Vikturi, Vinsenti]] na wenzao, Algeria * [[Nemesi wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Nemesiani na wenzake|Nemesiani, Feliche, Lucho, Feliche, Liteo, Poliano, Vikta, Iader na Dativus]], Algeria * [[Neopuli]], Misri * [[Nikanda mfiadini]], Misri * [[Nilamoni]], Misri * [[Nimfidi, Saturnini, Taurini, Nemorati na Arapolini]], Misri * [[Nino na wenzake|Nino, Vikta, Nobilitani, Mariani, Lusius, Tinus, Kresensi, Rufiniani, Donati, Defensa, Rustisi, Serviliani, Sokrate, Veneri, Januari, Mustoli, Kwintini, Memi, Isitani, Magnili, Prima, Donata, Severa, Viktoria na Basilia]], Moroko * [[Numidiko]], Tunisia * [[Oktavi, Solutori na Aventori]], Misri * [[Oktaviani wa Karthago]], Tunisia * [[Oliva wa Palermo]], Tunisia * [[Orikuli]], Tunisia * [[Orioni, Emili na Agnati]], Misri * [[Orisi mmonaki]], Misri * [[Ospisi wa Nizza]], Misri * [[Otimus]], Misri * [[Pafnusi Mkaapweke]], Misri * [[Pafnusi wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Pafnusi wa Tebe]], Misri * [[Pafnusi wa Tentyra]], Misri * [[Pakomi]], Misri * [[Paladi, Kotili, Adrami, Musa, Esas na Palikoni]], Misri * [[Palemoni]], Misri * [[Pambo wa jangwani]], Misri * [[Pansofi]], Misri * [[Abba Panteleoni|Pantelewon]], Ethiopia * [[Papias na Donati]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Papiniani wa Vita]], Tunisia * [[Parmeni na wenzake|Parmeni, Herakli, Eliasi, Apoloni, Eudomi, Anovi na Publi]], Misri * [[Patapi wa Thebe]], Misri * [[Patermuti na wenzake|Patermuti, Kopra na Aleksanda]], Misri * [[Paterni wa Roma]], Misri * [[Timolai na wenzake|Pauside na Aleksanda]], Misri * [[Paulo Mnyofu]], Misri * [[Paulo wa Afrika]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Paulo wa Tebe]], Misri * [[Paulo, Suksesi, Viktorini, Saturus, Misor, Geronsi, Lukresya, Januari, Agapiti, Krusesus, Eufra, Floridus na Teokosi]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Peleo, Nilo na wenzao|Peleo, Nilo, Elio na Patermusi]], Misri * [[Pelusi wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Perpetua Mtakatifu|Perpetua]], [[Felista Mtakatifu|Felista]], [[Revocatus]] [[Saturninus]], [[Saturus]] na [[Sekondinus]] na wenzao, Tunisia * [[Petro na Afrodisi]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Petro I wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Petro II wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Petro III wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Petro IV wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Petro, Severus na Leucho]], Misri * [[Petro, Suksesi na wenzao|Petro, Suksesi, Basiani, Primitivi, Tuno, Puplikano]] na wenzao 18, Afrika Kaskazini * [[Petro wa Ethiopia]] * [[Petroni wa Misri]] * [[Piamun]], Misri * [[Pijimi]], Misri * [[Piniani]], Algeria * [[Pior]], Misri * [[Pishoi]], Misri * [[Pitirim wa Misri]] * [[Plutarko, Potamiena na wenzao|Plutarko, Potamiena, Sereno, Eraklide, Erone, Sereno, Eraide na Marsela]], Misri * [[Poemen]], Misri * [[Polieni, Serapioni na Justili]], Misri * [[Polikarpo wa Misri]] * [[Timoteo wa Mauretania|Polius na Eutiki]], Algeria * [[Ponsyo wa Pradleves]], Misri * [[Panfilo na wenzake|Porfiri wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Porfiri wa Gaza]], Misri * [[Potamoni na wenzake|Potamoni, Ortasi na Serapioni]], Misri * [[Potamoni wa Heraklea]], Misri * [[Primo, Aksidi na Pasimoni]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Primo na Donato]], Algeria * [[Primo wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Prisko, Kastrensi na wenzao|Prisko, Kastrensi, Tamaro, Rosyo, Herakli, Sekundini, Auditori, Marko, Augusti,Elipidi, Kanioni na Vindomi]], Algeria * [[Pristi na wenzake|Pristi, Sevi, Kwadrati, Sundofagi, Astusi, Diomede, Zotiko, Zatamgeli na Moisei]], Misri * [[Proteri]], Misri * [[Proto na Yasinto]], Misri * [[Publi wa Afrika]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Publio, Juliani, Marseli, Marubi, Juliani, Barasea, Tulius, Lampasi, Majoli, Julius, Paulo, Maksimila, Publio na Juliani]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Publio, Saturnini, Mauriani, Libosi na Vinsensia]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Publio, Vikta, Herme na Papias]], Moroko * [[Quintiani wa Rodez]], Tunisia * [[Rais bikira]], Misri * [[Rebeka wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Restituta wa Teniza]], Tunisia * [[Restitutus wa Karthago]], Tunisia * [[Revokati, Saturi, Felisi, Saturnini na Gelasi]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Revokati, Saturnini, Saturi na Sekunduli]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Ripsime na wenzake]], Misri * [[Rogasyani wa Karthago]], Tunisia * [[Rogati mfiadini]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Rogati na Suchesi]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Rogati, Saturnini, Faustini na Marsiali]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Rufino, Marko na Valeri]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Rufino na Rufo]], Misri * [[Rufo, Prisko na wenzao|Rufo, Prisko, Optioni, Amoni, Yusto, Abdas, Asenei, Silvani, Magnili, Paternika, Septimia, Julia, Potamia na Hospia]], Moroko * [[Rufo wa Misri]] * [[Rustiko wa Lambesa]], Algeria * [[Rutilio]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Sabino, Lusiani na wenzao|Sabino, Lusiani, Petro, Amabili, Nonina, Salvus, Agripiani, Medaduli na Respektati]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Sabino wa Minya]], Misri * [[Saizana]], Ethiopia * [[Saloni na wenzake|Saloni, Masimo, Hilari na Konsesi]], Moroko * [[Salusi]], Ethiopia * [[Salutari wa Karthago]], Tunisia * [[Salvius]], Tunisia * [[Samueli wa Kalamun]], Misri * [[Sara na wanae]], Misri * [[Sara wa jangwani]], Misri * [[Sarmata]], Misri * [[Satiro wa Milano]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Saturnini, Faustini na Nafiani]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Saturnini, Klaudi na wenzao|Saturnini, Klaudi, Primo, Flaviani, Zotiko, Asteri, Karo na Saturi]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Martiniani, Saturiani na wenzao|Saturnini, Nerei na Serea]], Algeria * [[Saturnini wa Karthago (askofu)]], Tunisia * [[Saturnini wa Karthago (padri)]], Tunisia * [[Saturninus wa Abitina|Saturninus]], [[Dativus]], [[Viktoria wa Abitina|Viktoria]] na [[Wafiadini wa Abitina|wenzao]], Tunisia * [[Sebastiani wa Thebe]], Misri * [[Abba Sehma|Sehma]], Ethiopia * [[Sekondino wa Apulia]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Sekundi wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Sekundo wa Thebe]], Misri * [[Sekundulo na Romulo]], Algeria * [[Selerina wa Karthago]], Tunisi * [[Selerino wa Karthago]], Tunisia * [[Panfilo na wenzake|Seleuko wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Semproni wa Afrika]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Senuthi wa Buasti]], Misri * [[Serapioni, Trofimo na wenzao|Serapioni, Trofimo, Melei, Evangeli, Proposi, Atali, Zeno, Makrobi, Menei na Trofima]], Misri * [[Serapioni wa Aleksandria (mfiadini)]] (wako watatu), Misri * [[Serapioni wa Pentapoli]], Libya * [[Serboni]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Serdo askofu]], Misri * [[Sereali, Populi, Kayo, Serapioni na Proteri]], Misri * [[Servus wa Tuburbium]], Tunisia * [[Sesari wa Nazienzi]], Misri * [[Sesari wa Terracina]], Tunisia * [[Sesili wa Karthago]], Tunisia * [[Severi mfiadini]], Algeria * [[Severi, Sekundi, Januari na Viktorini]], Algeria * [[Severianus na Akwila]], Algeria * [[Shamul wa Taraphia]], Misri * [[Silvani, Rutuli, Klasiki, Sekundi, Fruktuli, Masimo, Damasi, Paulo na Marsiali]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Silvano wa Terracina]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Simeoni na Yohane]], Misri * [[Simeoni wa Thou]], Misri * [[Simfroni na Ipoliti]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Simoni wa Tapcho]], Misri * [[Sinkletika]], Misri * [[Siprila wa Kurene]], Libya * [[Siriaki na Paula]], Tunisia * [[Siriaki, Apolinari, Saturnini, Beliko, Persei, Krisini, Primo na Januari]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Siriaki, Ekomini, Peleoniki, Zotiki na mwenzao]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Siriaki, Valeria, Marsia, Diogene na Mika]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Sirili, Rogati na wenzao|Sirili, Rogati, Felisi, Beati, Herenia, Felisita, Urbani, Silvani, Mamili, Dasiani na Jokundi]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Sirius askofu]], Tunisia * [[Sirius na Serapioni]], Misri * [[Siro na Yohane]], Misri * [[Siro wa Karthago]], Tunisia * [[Sisini wa Tantatho]], Misri * [[Sisoi Mkuu]], Misri * [[Sofia, Dilbamonia, Bistamonia na Warsenofa]], Misri * [[Sofia wa Misri]] * [[Sofroni, Amaranti, Kwinti na Lusius]], Tunisia * [[Wafiadini wa Scilla|Speratus na wenzake]], Tunisia * [[Suksesi, Paulo na Lusio]], Tunisia * [[Amma Talida|Talida]], Misri * [[Tamaro wa Benevento]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Taski, Dubitati, Valensi na Donati]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Tekle Hawarjat na Gebre Yohane]], Ethiopia * [[Temeda, Armeni na wenzao]], Misri * [[Teodoli]], Misri * [[Teoduli, Anesi na Kornelia]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Terensi na wenzake|Terensi, Afrikano, Masimo, Pompeo, Zeno, Aleksanda, Theodoro]] na wenzao 33 au 43, Tunisia * [[Thadei mfiadini]], Ethiopia * [[Thais]], Misri * [[Thea wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Theodora, Didimo, Afrodisi na Viktorini]], Misri * [[Theodora wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Theodori wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Theodori wa Misri]] * [[Theodori wa Shotep]], Misri * [[Theodori wa Tabennese]], Misri * [[Theodoro wa Enaton]], Misri * [[Theodoro wa Kurene]], Libya * [[Theodoro wa Pentapoli]], Libya * [[Theodoro wa Pherme]], Misri * [[Theodosi I wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Theodoto wa Libya]] * [[Theofili na Heladi]], Libya * [[Theofredi wa Thebe]], Misri * [[Theogene]] na wenzake 36, Algeria * [[Theonas wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Theonas wa Misri]] * [[Theotiko wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Thoma wa Shenshif]], Misri * [[Thoma wa Tanphot]], Misri * [[Tigre]], Misri * [[Timoteo wa Mauretania]], Algeria * [[Timotheo I wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Timotheo II wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Timotheo IV wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Timotheo Msomaji]] na mkewe [[Maura]], Misri * [[Timotheo, Zotiko, Italiki, Zoilus na Jelati]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Tipasi]], Algeria * [[Titoes]], Misri * [[Tolemayo bin Eparki]], Misri * [[Tomais wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Trifoni wa Misri]] * [[Trofimo na Tiberi]], Misri * [[Tuliani, Antia, Siriaki na Amoni]], Misri * [[Urbani wa Jerba]], Tunisia * [[Urso wa Thebe]], Misri * [[Valeriano wa Avensano]], Tunisia * [[Varo na wenzake]], Misri * [[Vendemiale]], Tunisia * [[Verena wa Zurzach]], Misri * [[Veruli, Sekundini, Sirisi, Felisi, Servuli, Saturnini na Fortunati]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Viatori wa Lyon]], Misri * [[Viche wa Sabrata]], Libya * [[Vikta askofu]], Tunisia * [[Vikta Mwafrika]], Algeria * [[Vikta na Maloso]], Misri * [[Vikta na Stefano]], Misri * [[Vikta, Urbani na Sapargi]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Vikta wa Afrika]], Algeria * [[Vikta wa Asyut]], Misri * [[Vikta wa Kaisarea]], Algeria * [[Vikta mfiadini (20 Julai)|Vikta mfiadini]], Misri * [[Vikta wa Marseille]], Misri * [[Vikta wa Solothurn]], Misri * [[Viktori, Felisi, Narsisi na Argirus]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Viktori, Marinus, Perpetua, Julia, Honori, Urbani na Privatula]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Viktori wa Vita]], Algeria * [[Viktoria wa Culusi]], Tunisia * [[Viktoria wa Karthago]], Tunisia * [[Viktoriani, Frumenti na wenzao]], Tunisia * [[Viktorini, Eusiri, Paulo, Donati na Fortunati]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Viktorini, Vikta, Nisefori, Klaudiani, Dioskoro, Serapioni na Papias]], Misri * [[Vikturus na wenzake|Vikturus, Evasi, Privati, Januaria, Donata, Spisina, Kwirili na Makari]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Vinsenti wa Digne]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Vitalis wa Gaza]], Misri * [[Wadamun]], Misri * [[Wafiadini wa Afrika (6 Januari)]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Wafiadini wa Afrika Kaskazini (16 Oktoba)]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Wafiadini wa Afrika Kaskazini (30 Oktoba)]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Wafiadini wa Aleksandria (17 Machi)]], Misri * [[Wafiadini wa Aleksandria (10 Agosti)]], Misri * [[Wafiadini wa Aquae Regiae]], Algeria * [[Wafiadini wa gonjwa la Sipriani]], Misri * [[Wafiadini wa Ijumaa Kuu wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Wafiadini wa imani sahihi wa Afrika (12 Oktoba)]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Wafiadini wa imani sahihi wa Aleksandria (9 Februari)]], Misri * [[Wafiadini wa imani sahihi wa Aleksandria (13 Mei)]], Misri * [[Wafiadini wa imani sahihi wa Aleksandria (356)]], Misri * [[Wafiadini wa imani sahihi wa Misri (21 Mei)]], Misri * [[Wafiadini wa Lycopolis]], Misri * [[Wafiadini wa Masula]], Tunisia * [[Wafiadini wa Misri ya Juu]], Misri * [[Wafiadini wa Nitria]], Misri * [[Wafiadini wa Numidia]], Algeria * [[Wafiadini wa Pentekoste wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Wafiadini wa Raithu]], Misri * [[Wafiadini wa Sais]], Misri * [[Wafiadini wa Shiheet]], Misri * [[Wafiadini wa Sufetula]], Tunisia * [[Wafiadini wa Thebe]], Misri * [[Wafiadini wa Voli]], Tunisia * [[Massa Candida|Wafiadini wa Utica]], Tunisia * [[Wafiadini Wamersedari wa Damieta]], Misri * [[Wanas]], Misri * [[Yakobo, Abrahamu na Yohane]], Misri * [[Yared wa Ethiopia]] * [[Abba Yemata|Yemata]], Ethiopia * [[Yeremia mfiadini]], Misri * [[Yohane I wa Aleksandria]], Misri * [[Yohane Mbilikimo]], Misri * [[Yohane Mwenyehuruma]], Misri * [[Yohane wa Bizane]], Ethiopia * [[Yohane wa Misri]], Misri * [[Yohane wa Senhout]], Misri * [[Yosefu, Priori na Besarioni]], Misri * [[Yosefu wa Panefo]], Misri * [[Yusta na Eredina]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Yusto na Theoklia]], Misri * [[Yusto na wenzake]], Afrika Kaskazini * [[Yusto wa Aleksandria (askofu)]], Misri * [[Yusto wa Aleksandria (mfiadini)]], Misri * [[Yusto wa Lyon]], Misri * [[Zosimo wa Karthago]], Tunisia * [[Zota mfiadini]], Libya {{div col end}} ==Karne za Kati== Baada ya [[Waarabu]] kuteka [[Afrika Kaskazini]] yote ([[karne ya 7]]), Kanisa Katoliki karibu lilitoweka barani humo. Walibaki zaidi Wakristo wa Kikopti kuanzia Misri hadi Ethiopia, wakiwa na [[wamonaki]] wengi sana. Kati ya watakatifu waliowahi kuishi au kufika Afrika katika [[karne za kati]] maarufu zaidi ni: * [[Meiraksi]], mfiadini (hadi 640, Misri) * [[Eumeni wa Gortina]], askofu kutoka [[Krete]], [[Ugiriki]] (karne ya 7 hivi, Misri) * [[Agatho wa Aleksandria (patriarki)|Agatho wa Aleksandria]], [[patriarki]] wa [[Kanisa la Kikopti]] (hadi 680, Misri) * [[Simeoni I wa Aleksandria]], patriarki wa Kanisa la Kikopti (hadi 699, Misri) * [[Esiki wa Sinai]], mmonaki wa [[Waorthodoksi|Kiorthodoksi]] (karne ya 7 - [[karne ya 8]], Misri) * [[Aleksanda I wa Aleksandria]], patriarki wa Kanisa la Kikopti (hadi 729, Misri) * [[Kosma I wa Aleksandria]], patriarki wa Kanisa la Kikopti (hadi 730, Misri) * [[Theodoro I wa Aleksandria]], patriarki wa Kanisa la Kikopti (hadi 742, Misri) * [[Febronia wa Akhmim]], bikira mfiadini kutoka [[Syria]] (hadi 749, Misri) * [[Mikaeli I wa Aleksandria]], patriarki wa Kanisa la Kikopti (hadi 767, Misri) * [[Yohane IV wa Aleksandria]], patriarki wa Kanisa la Kikopti (hadi 799, Misri) * [[Marko II wa Aleksandria]], patriarki wa Kanisa la Kikopti (hadi 819, Misri) * [[Yakobo wa Aleksandria]], patriarki wa Kanisa la Kikopti (hadi 830, Misri) * [[Simeoni II wa Aleksandria]], patriarki wa Kanisa la Kikopti (hadi 830, Misri) * [[Yosefu I wa Aleksandria]], patriarki wa Kanisa la Kikopti (hadi 849, Misri) * [[Mikaeli II wa Aleksandria]], patriarki wa Kanisa la Kikopti (hadi 851, Misri) * [[Joji, Aureli na wenzao|Joji wa Cordoba]], mmonaki shemasi (kabla ya 852, Afrika Kaskazini) * [[Eutimi wa Sardi]], askofu mkuu wa [[Sardi]] (804 hivi, [[Pantelleria]]) * [[Kosma II wa Aleksandria]], patriarki wa Kanisa la Kikopti (hadi 858, Misri) * [[Elia wa Enna]], mmonaki [[Basil wa Caesarea|Mbazili]] kutoka [[Sicilia]] (859-878, Misri na nchi nyingine) * [[Shenuda I wa Aleksandria]], patriarki wa Kanisa la Kikopti (hadi 880, Misri) * [[Andrea, Yohane, Petro na Antoni]], wafiadini kutoka [[Italia]] (890, Tunisia) * [[Mikaeli III wa Aleksandria]], patriarki wa Kanisa la Kikopti (hadi 907, Misri) * [[Gabrieli I wa Aleksandria]], patriarki wa Kanisa la Kikopti (hadi 920, Misri) * [[Kosma III wa Aleksandria]], patriarki wa Kanisa la Kikopti (hadi 932, Misri) * [[Makari I wa Aleksandria]], patriarki wa Kanisa la Kikopti (hadi 953, Misri) * [[George El Mozahem]], mfiadini wa Kikopti (940-969, Misri) * [[Abrahamu wa Aleksandria]], patriarki wa Kanisa la Kikopti (hadi 978, Misri) * [[Simoni Mshonangozi]], [[mlei]] wa Kikopti (karne ya 10, Misri) * [[Pafnusi wa Nitria]], askofu wa Kikopti (karne ya 10, Misri) * [[Simoni wa Mercurio]], mmonaki wa [[Basil wa Caesarea|Kibazili]] kutoka Italia (karne ya 10, Afrika Kaskazini) * [[Bononi]], [[mmonaki]] [[Mbenedikto]] kutoka Italia (975-995, Misri) * [[Zakaria wa Aleksandria]], patriarki wa Kanisa la Kikopti (hadi 1032, Misri) * [[Simeoni wa Siracusa]], mmonaki shemasi kutoka Italia na Ugiriki (miaka kadhaa hadi 1026) * [[Sirili II wa Aleksandria]], patriarki wa Kanisa la Kikopti (hadi 1092, Misri) * [[Mikaeli IV wa Aleksandria]], patriarki wa Kanisa la Kikopti (hadi 1102, Misri) * [[Makari II wa Aleksandria]], patriarki wa Kanisa la Kikopti (hadi 1128, Misri) * [[Gabrieli II wa Aleksandria]], patriarki wa Kanisa la Kikopti (hadi 1145, Misri) * [[Mikaeli V wa Aleksandria]], patriarki wa Kanisa la Kikopti (hadi 1146, Misri) * [[Bashinuna]], mmonaki mfiadini wa Kikopti (hadi 1164, Misri) * [[Girgis wa Asiut na wenzake]] 5,000, wafiadini (hadi 1169, Misri) * [[Yohane wa Matha]], [[mwanzilishi]] wa [[Watrinitari]] aliyefanya utume Afrika Kaskazini mwanzoni mwa [[karne ya 13]] * [[Iyasus Mo'a]], mmonaki wa Ethiopia (1214-1294) * [[Fransisko wa Assisi]], [[mwanzilishi]] wa [[Ndugu Wadogo]] aliyetangaza [[Injili]] Misri (1219) * [[Berardo mfiadini|Berardo, Petro, Oto, Akursius na Adiutus]], Ndugu Wadogo wafiadini nchini Moroko (1220) * [[Danieli mfiadini|Danieli, Anyelo, Samweli, Domino, Leo, Ugolino na Nikola]] Ndugu Wadogo wafiadini huko [[Ceuta]], mpakani mwa Moroko (1227) * [[Ramon Nonat]], padri wa [[Wamersedari]] (kati ya 1225 na 1239, Algeria) * [[Serapioni wa Algiers|Serapioni Scott]], padri mfiadini wa [[Wamersedari]] (1240, Algeria) * [[Petro Nolasco]], mwanzilishi wa Wamersedari (1245, Algeria) * [[Wafiadini Wamersedari wa Damieta]] (1250 hivi, Misri) * [[Parsoma]], mmonaki wa Kikopti (1257-1317, Misri) * [[Louis IX]], [[mfalme]] wa [[Ufaransa]] aliyefariki Tunisia (1270) * [[Wiliamu Saggiano]], mtawa mfiadini wa [[Wamersedari]] (1270, Algeria) * [[Ewostatewos]], mmonaki wa Ethiopia (1273-1352) * [[Petro Kamino]], mtawa mfiadini wa [[Wamersedari]] (1284, Tunisia) * [[Matia Marko]], mtawa mfiadini wa [[Wamersedari]] (1293, Tunisia) * [[Antonio Vallesio]], mtawa mfiadini wa [[Wamersedari]] (1293, Tunisia) * [[Pere Ermengol]], mtawa mfiadini wa [[Wamersedari]] (1304, Algeria) * [[Tekle Haymanot]], [[mmonaki]] wa Ethiopia (1215-1313) * [[Aleksanda wa Sisili]], mtawa mfiadini wa [[Wamersedari]] (1317, Tunisia) * [[Gulielmo wa Firenze]], mtawa mfiadini wa [[Wamersedari]] (1330, Algeria) * [[Benyamini II wa Aleksandria]], patriarki wa Kanisa la Kikopti (hadi 1339, Misri) * [[Filotheo wa Durunka]], mfiadini (hadi 1380, Misri) * [[Samweli wa Dabra Wagag]], [[mmonaki]] wa Ethiopia (1350 hadi mwanzo wa [[karne ya 15]]) * [[Absadi]], [[mmonaki]] mfiadini wa [[Eritrea]] (hadi 1381) * [[Petro wa Mt. Maria]], mtawa mfiadini wa [[Wamersedari]] (1361, Afrika Kaskazini) * [[Simoni wa Lara]], mtawa mfiadini wa [[Wamersedari]] (1361, Afrika Kaskazini) * [[Petro wa Bearn]], mtawa mfiadini wa [[Wamersedari]] (1364, Tunisia) * [[Mathayo I wa Aleksandria]], patriarki wa Kanisa la Kikopti (hadi 1408, Misri) * [[Severino Gallo]], mtawa mfiadini wa [[Wamersedari]] (1419, Algeria) * [[Giyorgis wa Segla]], [[mmonaki]] wa Ethiopia (1365-1425) * [[Mathayo II wa Aleksandria]], patriarki wa Kanisa la Kikopti (hadi 1465, Misri) * [[Yohane wa Grenada]], mtawa mfiadini wa [[Wamersedari]] (1428, Algeria) * [[Petro Malasanch]], mtawa mfiadini wa [[Wamersedari]] (1428, Algeria) * [[Jeromu wa Pratis]], mtawa mfiadini wa [[Wamersedari]] (1431, Tunisia) * [[Fransisko, Yakobo na wenzao]], watawa wafiadini wa [[Wamersedari]] (1437, Moroko) * [[Egidi, Luis, Yohane na Paulo]], watawa wafiadini wa [[Wamersedari]] (Moroko) * [[Diego wa Alkala]], [[bruda]] wa [[Ndugu Wadogo]] (1441-1450, [[Visiwa vya Kanari]]) * [[Laurenti Company]], mkuu wa [[Wamersedari]] (1452-1467, Tunisia) * [[Kristos Samra]], mwanamke mmonaki wa Ethiopia (karne ya 15) * [[Samweli wa Waldebba]], mmonaki wa Ethiopia (karne ya 15) * [[Gebre Menfes Kidus]], mmonaki wa Misri nchini Ethiopia ==Nyakati zetu== Kati ya walioishi baadaye kuna (miaka na nchi ya Afrika alipoishi): * [[Salib]], mfiadini (hadi 1512, Misri) * [[Gabrieli VII wa Aleksandria]], patriarki wa Kanisa la Kikopti (hadi 1570, Misri) * [[Embakomu]], mmonaki (1489-1565, Ethiopia) * [[Lebna Dengel]], mfalme wa Ethiopia (1500-1540) * [[Benedikto Mwafrika]], mtawa wa Ndugu Wadogo (mtoto wa watumwa, [[Sicilia]], [[Italia]]) * [[Yosefu wa Anchieta]], padri wa [[Wajesuiti]] (1534-1548, Visiwa vya Kanari) * [[Fransisko Saveri]], padri wa Wajesuiti (1541-1542, [[Msumbiji]]) * [[Yohane XIV wa Aleksandria]], patriarki wa Kanisa la Kikopti (hadi 1586, Misri) * [[Walatta Petros]], (1592-1642, Ethiopia) * [[Fasilides]], mfalme wa Ethiopia (1603-1667) * [[Vinsenti wa Paulo]], padri mwanzilishi wa mashirika mawili (1605-1606, Tunisia) * [[Petro wa Betancur]], mtawa mwanzilishi (1626-1649, Visiwa vya Kanari) * [[Yasay]], mmonaki ([[karne ya 17]], Ethiopia) * [[Gerasimo Palladas]], patriarki wa Kiorthodoksi kutoka Ugiriki (1688-1710, Misri) * [[Ibrahim El-Gohary]], [[waziri mkuu]] wa Misri (hadi 1795, Misri) * [[Moallem Malati]], mfiadini (hadi 1803, Misri) * [[Yosefu El Abah]], askofu (hadi 1826, Misri) * [[Sidhom Bishay]], mfiadini (hadi 1844, Misri) * [[Petro VII wa Aleksandria]], patriarki wa Kanisa la Kikopti (hadi 1852, Misri) * [[Sirili IV wa Aleksandria]], patriarki wa Kanisa la Kikopti (1816-1861, Misri) * [[Abrahamu wa Faiyum]], askofu wa Wakopti (1829-1914, Misri) * [[Sirili V wa Aleksandria]], patriarki wa Kanisa la Kikopti (1831-1927, Misri) * [[Emilia wa Vialar]], bikira mwanzilishi (1832-1852, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Misri) * [[Justino de Jacobis]], askofu wa [[Wavinsenti]] (1838-1860, Ethiopia na [[Eritrea]]) * [[Antoni Maria Claret]], askofu mwanzilishi wa shirika (1848-1849, Visiwa vya Kanari) * [[Wafiadini wa Uganda]] (1851-1887, [[Uganda]] na [[Tanzania]]): ** [[Karolo Lwanga]] ** [[Matias Mulumba Kalemba]] ** [[Andrea Kaggwa]] ** [[Atanasi Bazzekuketta]] ** [[Gonzaga Gonza]] ** [[Noe Mawaggali]] ** [[Luka Banabakintu]] ** [[Yakobo Buzabaliawo]] ** [[Gyavira Musoke]] ** [[Ambrosio Kibuuka]] ** [[Anatoli Kiriggwajjo]] ** [[Achile Kiwanuka]] ** [[Kizito]] ** [[Mbaga Tuzinde]] ** [[Mugagga Lubowa]] ** [[Yosefu Mukasa Balikuddembe]] ** [[Adolfo Mukasa Ludigo]] ** [[Bruno Sserunkuma]] ** [[Yohane Maria Muzei]], [[Tanzania]] ** [[Dionisi Ssebuggwawo]] ** [[Ponsyano Ngondwe]] ** [[Mukasa Kiriwawanvu]] * [[Mariam Baouardy]], bikira wa [[Wakarmeli Peku]], [[Kanisa Katoliki la Kimelkiti]] (1854-1859, Misri) * [[Onesimo Nesib]], mmisionari [[Mlutheri]] wa [[Waoromo]] (1856-1931, Ethiopia) * [[Daniel Comboni]], askofu Mkatoliki na mwanzilishi (1857-1881, Misri, [[Sudan]] na [[Sudan Kusini]]) * [[Josefina Bakhita]], bikira wa shirika la [[Wakanosa]] (1869-1885, Sudan na Misri) * [[Yakobo Berthieu]], padri na mfiadini wa [[Wajesuiti]] (1875-1896, [[Madagaska]]) * [[Charles de Foucauld]], padri mkaapweke na mfiadini (1858-1916, Algeria) * [[Makari III wa Aleksandria]], patriarki wa Kanisa la Kikopti (1872-1945, Misri) * [[Habib Girgis]], shemasi wa Kikopti (1876-1951, Misri) * [[Abdel Messih El-Makari]], mmonaki padri wa Kikopti (1892-1963, Misri) * [[Sirili VI wa Aleksandria]], patriarki wa Kanisa la Kikopti (1902-1971, Misri) * [[Yusto El-Antony]], mmonaki wa Kikopti (1910-1976, Misri) * [[Gabriel Abdel El-Metgaly]], padri mfiadini wa Kikopti (1918-1978, Misri) * [[Wafiadini wa Kosheh]], (karne ya 20-2000, Misri) * [[Wafiadini Wakopti wa Libya]] (karne ya 20-2015, Misri, Libya) * [[Matthew Ayariga]], mfiadini (karne ya 20-2015, [[Ghana]], Libya) ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] == Tanbihi == {{Reflist}} == Marejeo == {{refbegin}} * [http://newsaints.faithweb.com/ "Hagiography Circle"] * {{cite book | last = O'Malley | first = Vincent J. | title = Saints wa Africa | url = https://archive.org/details/saintsofafrica0000omal | publisher = Our Sunday Visitor | year = 2001 | ISBN = 0-87973-373-X }} {{refend}} [[Category:Orodha za watu]] [[Category:Watakatifu Wakristo]] [[Category:Watu wa Afrika]] j2k6wj86owg23m258y1du1xogxbt909 0 117160 1599121 1534970 2026-09-23T09:11:13Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1599121 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Byzantine - Pilgrim Stamp of Saint Isidore - Walters 54230.jpg|thumb|Mt. Isidori (kazi ya [[karne ya 6]]).]] '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (alifariki [[251]]) alikuwa [[Mkristo]] kutoka [[Aleksandria]], [[Misri]]<ref>https://catholicsaints.info/book-of-saints-isidore-5-february/</ref>, aliyeuawa [[Maji|majini]] katika [[kisiwa]] cha [[Kio]] (leo nchini [[Ugiriki]]) wakati wa [[dhuluma]] ya [[kaisari]] [[Decius]] wa [[Dola la Roma]]<ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/93008</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake na ya wenzake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[14 Mei]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref> lakini pia [[5 Februari]]<ref>https://catholicsaints.info/saint-isidore-of-alexandria-5-february</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 251]] [[Jamii:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Ugiriki]] qy8z6m1jaqd4d4rapfd718wolal1wzh 0 117562 1599134 1534969 2026-09-23T09:29:44Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1599134 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isidori wa Aleksandria''' ni jina la: *[[Isidori wa Kio|Isidori wa Aleksandria (mfiadini)]] *[[Isidori wa Aleksandria (mwanafalsafa)]] *[[Isidori wa Aleksandria (padri)]] {{maana}} 9bgvqbkg7vumagty9zucr7m0i8392qo 0 118417 1599000 1484587 2026-09-23T02:58:24Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599000 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Ann Zingha.jpg|thumb|Mtawala Njinga.]] [[File:KingdomNdongo1711.png|thumb|Eneo la [[Ufalme wa Ndongo]].]] '''Njinga''' (pia: '''Rainha Ginga, Njinga Mbande, Njinga Mbandi, Jinga, Singa, Zhinga, Ginga, Njingha, Ana Njinga, Ngola Njinga, Zinga, Zingua, Mbande Ana Njinga, Ana Njinga, Njinga wa Ndongo na Matamba'''; [[1583]] - [[1663]]) alikuwa [[mtawala]] wa [[Dola la Ndongo na Matamba]] katika [[Afrika ya Kati]] ([[Angola]] ya leo). Aliongoza [[dola]] hilo miaka 37. Alikuwa [[mwanamke]] mkuu wa [[bara]] la [[Afrika]] katika [[karne ya 17]]. == Maisha yake == Alipambana na [[Ureno]] kwa msaada wa [[Uholanzi]] miaka 30 na hatimaye akatia [[saini]] [[mkataba]] nao. [[Ubatizo|Alibatizwa]] [[mwaka]] [[1622]], lakini baada ya kumrithi [[kaka]] yake ([[1627]]) aliasi kabisa na kuongoza muda mrefu. Aliongokea tena [[Kanisa Katoliki]] mwaka [[1656]], jambo lililoshangaza sana waliofahamu [[maisha]] yake ya awali. Hapo alijitahidi kugeuza [[ufalme]] wake kuwa wa [[Kikristo]], akiagiza watu wahubiriwe na akisimamisha [[Msalaba|misalaba]] kila mahali. == Maisha ya awali == Njinga alizaliwa katika familia ya kifalme ya Ndongo, ufalme wa [[Wambundu|Mbundu]] Afrika Magharibi na kati karibu miaka ya1583. Alikuwa binti wa ''Ngola'' (jina la heshima linalotafsiriwa kwa ''Mfalme'' ) Kilombo wa Ndongo. Mama yake, Kengela ka Nkombe, <ref name=":6">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Queens of Infamy: Njinga|url=https://longreads.com/2019/10/03/queens-of-infamy-njinga/|date=3 October 2019|work=Longreads|language=en|accessdate=30 May 2020}}</ref> alikuwa mmoja wa wake watumwa wa baba yake na suria wake kipenzi. <ref name=":6" /> Kulingana na hadithi, mchakato wa kujifungua ulikuwa mgumu sana kwa Kengela, mama yake; <ref name=":6" /> Njinga alipata jina lake kwa sababu kitovu kilikuwa kimezungushwa shingoni mwake (kitenzi cha [[Kimbundu]] ''kujinga'' kinamaanisha kupotosha au kugeuka). Watoto wa familia ya kifalme walionusurika kuzaliwa kwa shida au kusiko kwa kawaida waliaminika kuwa na vipawa vya kiroho, na wengine waliona kuzaliwa kwao kama kiashiria kwamba mtu huyo angekua na kuwa mtu mwenye nguvu na mwenye kiburi. <ref name=":3">{{Rejea jarida |last=Burness |first=Donald |date=1977 |title=Nzinga Mbandi' and Angolan Independence. |journal=Luso-Brazilian Review |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=225–229 |jstor=3513061}}</ref> Njinga alikuwa na dada wawili, [[Barbara wa Matamba|Kambu, au Lady Barbara]] na Funji, au Lady Grace. <ref name=":2">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Women Who Ruled: A Biographical Encyclopedia|last=Jackson|first=Guida M.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=1990|isbn=0874365600|location=Santa Barbara, California|pages=130}}</ref> Pia alikuwa na kaka, Mbandi, ambaye alikuwa mrithi dhahiri wa kiti cha enzi. <ref name=":6" /> Alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 10, baba yake akawa mfalme wa Ndongo. <ref name=":6">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Queens of Infamy: Njinga|url=https://longreads.com/2019/10/03/queens-of-infamy-njinga/|date=3 October 2019|work=Longreads|language=en|accessdate=30 May 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://longreads.com/2019/10/03/queens-of-infamy-njinga/ "Queens of Infamy: Njinga"]. ''Longreads''. 3 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Akiwa mtoto, Njinga alipendelewa sana na baba yake. Kwa kuwa hakuchukuliwa kuwa [[Urithi|mrithi]] wa kiti cha enzi, hakuonekana kama mshindani wa moja kwa moja kwa wanafamilia wa kiume, na hivyo mfalme angeweza kumvutia bila kuwaudhi warithi wake ambao wangeweza kuwa warithi. Alipata mafunzo ya kijeshi na akafunzwa kama shujaa wa kupigana pamoja na baba yake, akionyesha ustadi mkubwa wa kutumia shoka la vita, silaha ya kitamaduni ya wapiganaji wa Ndonga. Alishiriki katika majukumu mengi rasmi na ya utawala pamoja na baba yake, ikiwa ni pamoja na mabaraza ya kisheria, mabaraza ya vita na mila muhimu.<ref name=":6" /> Zaidi ya hayo, Njinga alifundishwa kusoma na kuandika kwa [[Kireno]] na [[Mmisionari|wamisionari]] wa Kireno waliokuwa wakimtembelea. === Tofauti za majina === Akiitwa "malkia" na Wareno, Njinga Mbande anajulikana kwa majina mengi tofauti ikiwa ni pamoja na majina ya Kimbundu na Kireno, tahajia mbadala na majina mbalimbali ya heshima. Tahajia za kawaida zinazopatikana katika vyanzo vya Kireno na Kiingereza ni pamoja na ''Nzinga'', ''Nzingha'', ''Njinga'', na ''Njingha.''<ref name="JW">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9b6cAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA65|title=Africa to America: From the Middle Passage Through the 1930s|last=Wallenfeldt|first=Jeff|date=2010|publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing|isbn=978-1-61530-175-1|page=65|language=en}}</ref> Katika nyaraka za kikoloni, ikiwa ni pamoja na miswada yake mwenyewe, jina lake pia liliandikwa kama ''Jinga'', ''Ginga'', ''Zinga'', ''Zingua'', ''Zhinga'', na ''Singa.''<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smBVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA48|title=Nzinga Mbandi, reine du Ndongo et du Matamba|date=2014|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=978-92-3-200026-2|page=48|language=en}}</ref> Pia alijulikana kwa jina lake la Kikristo, Ana de Sousa.<ref name="JW" /> Jina hili—Anna de Souza Nzingha—alipewa alipobatizwa. Aliitwa Anna kutokana na mwanamke Mreno aliyeigiza kama Mama yake wa kiroho kwenye sherehe hiyo. Alisaidia kushawishi Nzingha alikuwa nani katika siku zijazo. Jina lake la ukoo la Kikristo, de Souza, lilitoka kwa kaimu gavana wa Angola, João Correia de Souza. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5rZCDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA58|title=Encyclopedia of African Colonial Conflicts [2 volumes]|last=Stapleton|first=Timothy J.|date=2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-837-3|page=58|language=en}}</ref> Akiwa mfalme wa Ndongo na Matamba, jina lake la asili lilikuwa Ngola Njinga. ''[[Orodha ya Ngolas wa Ndongo|Ngola]]'' lilikuwa jina la Ndongo la mtawala na mzizi wa asili wa " [[Angola]] ". Kwa Kireno, alijulikana kama Rainha Nzinga/Zinga/Ginga (Malkia Nzinga). Kulingana na uandishi wa sasa [[Kimbundu|wa Kimbundu]], jina lake linaandikwa ''Njinga Mbandi'' ("j" ni msuguano wa postaveolar unaotamkwa au "laini j" kama ilivyo kwa [[Kireno]] na [[Kifaransa]], huku "n" iliyo karibu ikiwa kimya). Sanamu ya Njinga iliyosimama sasa katika uwanja wa Kinaxixi huko Luanda inamwita "Mwene Njinga Mbande". ==Usuli wa kisiasa== Katika kipindi hiki, ufalme wa Ndongo ulikuwa ukisimamia migogoro mingi, hasa kutokana na migogoro na Milki ya Ureno. Wareno walikuja Ndongo kwa mara ya kwanza mnamo 1575 walipoanzisha kituo cha biashara huko [[Luanda]] kwa msaada wa [[Ufalme wa Kongo]], mpinzani wa kaskazini wa Ndongo. Licha ya miaka kadhaa ya amani ya awali kati ya Ndongo na Ureno, uhusiano kati ya falme hizo mbili uliharibika na kugeuka kuwa miongo kadhaa ya vita kati yao. Ndongo ilikabiliwa na shinikizo kubwa la kijeshi kutoka Ureno na Kongo, ambazo zote ziliteka eneo la Ndongan. Kufikia miaka ya 1580, sehemu kubwa za Ndongo zilikuwa zimetawaliwa na Wareno. Wareno walipigana vita kwa mtindo wa kikatili, wakichoma vijiji na kuchukua mateka. Mbali na ushindi wa maeneo, Wareno waliteka idadi kubwa ya watumwa wakati wa mzozo (50,000 kulingana na chanzo kimoja ) na kujenga ngome ndani ya eneo la Ndongan ili kudhibiti biashara ya watumwa. <ref name=":7">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Pantoja|first=Selma|title=Njinga a Mbande: Power and War in 17th-Century Angola|url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-326|accessdate=30 March 2021|work=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History|year=2020|language=en|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.326}}</ref> Ndongo aliungana dhidi ya Wareno, na kuwashinda Ureno katika Vita vya Lucala mnamo mwaka 1590, lakini si kabla ya ufalme kupoteza sehemu kubwa ya eneo lake. Mgogoro huo uliharibu mamlaka ya mfalme, huku wakuu wengi wa Ndonga, ''sobas'', wakikataa kutoa heshima kwa taji na baadhi wakiunga mkono Wareno. Kufikia wakati baba yake Nzinga alipotawazwa kuwa mfalme mwaka wa 1593, eneo hilo lilikuwa limeharibiwa na vita na nguvu ya mfalme ilipungua sana. Mfalme alijaribu mbinu mbalimbali za kushughulikia mgogoro huo, ikiwa ni pamoja na diplomasia, mazungumzo, na vita vya wazi, lakini hakuweza kuboresha hali hiyo. <ref name=":6">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Queens of Infamy: Njinga|url=https://longreads.com/2019/10/03/queens-of-infamy-njinga/|date=3 October 2019|work=Longreads|language=en|accessdate=30 May 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://longreads.com/2019/10/03/queens-of-infamy-njinga/ "Queens of Infamy: Njinga"]. ''Longreads''. 3 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Hali ilizidi kuwa mbaya kwa Ndongo wakati mwaka wa 1607 ufalme ulipovamiwa na Imbangala, vikundi vya wapiganaji wa kikabila vilivyojulikana kwa ukatili wao vitani na ari ya kidini. Waimbangala walijigawanya katika vikosi vya vita, wakichukua eneo la Ndongan na kuwateka watumwa. Wareno waliwaajiri baadhi ya Waimbangala kama mamluki na tishio jipya lilimlazimisha mfalme wa Ndonga kuacha majaribio yoyote ya kuliteka tena eneo lake lililopotea. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} == Marejeo == * Brásio,António. ''Monumenta Missionaria Africana'' (1st series, 15 volumes, Lisbon: Agencia Geral do Ultramar, 1952–88) * Cadornega, António de Oliveira de. ''História geral das guerras angolanas (1680-81)''. mod. ed. José Matias Delgado and Manuel Alves da Cunha. 3 vols. (Lisbon, 1940–42) (reprinted 1972). * Cavazzi, Giovanni Antonio da Montecuccolo. ''Istorica descrizione de tre regni Congo, Matamba ed Angola''. (Bologna, 1687). French translation, Jean Baptiste Labat, ''Relation historique de l'Éthiopie''. 5 vols. (Paris, 1732) [a free translation with additional materials added]. Modern Portuguese translation, Graziano Maria Saccardo da Leguzzano, ed. Francisco Leite de Faria, ''Descrição histórica dos tres reinos Congo, Matamba e Angola''. 2 vols. (Lisbon, 1965). * Gaeta da Napoli, Antonio. ''La Meravigliosa Conversione alla santa Fede di Christo delle Regina Singa...''(Naples, 1668). * Heintze, Beatrix. ''Fontes para a história de Angola no século XVII.'' (2 vols, Wiesbaden, 1985–88) Contains the correspondence of Fernão de Souza. * Baur, John. ''2000 Years of Christianity in Africa - An African Church History'' (Nairobi, 2009), ISBN 9966-21-110-1 {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1583|1663}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Angola]] hciaw7j4o8p4q4d9tkpkucfv80gx0m5 0 119857 1598826 1426671 2026-09-22T20:10:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = Barclays Bank of Tanzania Limited | logo = | type = [[Subsidiary]] | foundation = {{start date and years ago|1925}} | location = Barclay's House, Ohio Street, Kivukoni, [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Tanzania]] | key_people = Abdi Mohamed ([[Managing Director]])<ref name="New">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Barclays-Tanzania-picks-new-chief-executive/-/2560/3180008/-/btbiibz/-/index.html |accessdate=28 April 2016 | title = Barclays Tanzania picks new chief executive|last=Guguyu |first=Otiato |newspaper=[[The EastAfrican]] |location=Nairobi | date = 28 Aprili 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229185508/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Barclays-Tanzania-picks-new-chief-executive/-/2560/3180008/-/btbiibz/-/index.html |archivedate=2017-12-29 }}</ref>, Sabiha Gulam ([[Chief Operating Officer]])<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | title=Company Overview of Barclays Bank Tanzania Limited | accessdate=9 November 2014 | publisher=[[Bloomberg BusinessWeek]] | url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=36198439 | last=BusinessWeek}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | num_employees = 490 | num_employees_year = 2017 | assets = US$ 382 million (TZS:634.34 billion) (March 2013) | revenue = {{profit}}Aftertax:US $650,000 (TZS:1.075 billion) (Q1:2013) | industry = [[Banking]] | products = [[Loans]], [[Transaction account]]s, [[Savings]], [[Investments]], [[Debit Card]]s | parent = [[Absa Group]] | website = {{url |http://www.barclays.co.tz/|Company website}} }} '''Absa Bank Tanzania''' (zamani ilikuwa ikijulikana kama Benki ya Barclays ya Tanzania) ni [[benki]] ya [[biashara]] nchini [[Tanzania]] na [[kampuni]] ya [[Afrika Kusini]] inayotegemea [[kundi]] la Barclays Africa. Imepatiwa [[leseni]] na [[Benki Kuu ya Tanzania]], [[benki kuu]] ya nchi na mdhibiti wa benki ya kitaifa. <ref name="Three">{{Rejea tovuti | title = The Directory of Banks and Financial Institutions Operating in Tanzania as at 30th June 2017|format=PDF |accessdate=8 May 2018 |url=http://www.bot.go.tz/BankingSupervision/Directory%20of%20Banks%20and%20Financial%20institutions%20operating%20in%20Tanzania%20_June%202017.pdf | date = 30 Juni 2017|publisher=[[Bank of Tanzania]] |author=Bank of Tanzania |location=Dar es Salaam |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127145134/http://www.bot.go.tz/BankingSupervision/Directory%20of%20Banks%20and%20Financial%20institutions%20operating%20in%20Tanzania%20_June%202017.pdf |archivedate=2018-01-27 }}</ref> ==Eneo== Makao makuu na tawi kuu la Barclays Bank of Tanzania Limited yako Barclays House, kando na Mtaa wa Ohio, katika jiji la [[Dar es Salaam]].<ref name="Four">{{Rejea tovuti | date = 8 Mei 2018|url=https://www.barclays.co.tz/contact-us/ | title = Barclays Bank of Tanzania Limited: Head Office|accessdate=8 May 2018 |publisher=Barclays Bank of Tanzania |author=Barclays Bank of Tanzania |location=Dar es Salaam |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214110517/https://www.barclays.co.tz/contact-us/ |archivedate=2019-12-14 }}</ref> Kijiografia makao makuu ya Benki ya Backlays ni: 06°48'40.0"S, 39°17'12.0"E (Latitude:-6.811111; Longitude:39.286667).<ref name="Five">https://www.google.com/maps/place/6%C2%B048'40.0%22S+39%C2%B017'12.0%22E/@-6.8112298,39.2859093,117m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d-6.8111111!4d39.2866667</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-uchumi}} [[Jamii:Benki za Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Kampuni za Tanzania]] c0yjx3aa6rfk9ti2m9t18c13z1zan03 0 127588 1598968 1579440 2026-09-23T02:49:27Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598968 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Nandala.jpg|150px|thumb|Chemchemi]] '''Chemchemi''' ni mahali pa asili ambapo maji ya chini ya ardhi<ref>https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/springs-and-water-cycle?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects</ref> hutoka kwenye miamba inayohifadhi maji (akuifa) na kutiririka juu ya uso wa nchi kama maji ya juu ya ardhi. Ni sehemu ya hidrosfia (mifumo ya maji duniani), pamoja na kuwa sehemu ya mzunguko wa maji. Kwa muda mrefu, chemchemi zimekuwa muhimu kwa wanadamu kama chanzo cha maji baridi, hasa katika maeneo yenye ukame ambayo hupata mvua kidogo ya kila mwaka. [[Faili:Big Spring Missouri 1-02Aug08.jpg|thumb|Kwa wastani, karibu galoni milioni 303 za [[Marekani]] (mita za ujazo 1,150,000) za maji hutiririka kutoka Big Spring huko [[Missouri]] kwa kiwango cha futi za ujazo 469 kwa sekunde (mita za ujazo 13.3/s).]] Chemchemi hupandishwa juu ya uso wa nchi na nguvu mbalimbali za asili, kama vile kani ya mvutano (graving) na shinikizo la hidrostatiki. Chemchemi inayotokana na kububujika kwa maji ya chini ya ardhi yaliyopata joto la kijotofasili (joto la ndani ya dunia) hujulikana kama chemchemi ya maji moto. Kiasi cha maji ya chemchemi hutofautiana sana, kuanzia kiwango cha mtiririko wa ujazo kinachokaribia sufuri hadi zaidi ya lita 14,000 kwa sekunde (futi za ujazo 490/sekunde) kwa chemchemi kubwa zaidi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Te Waikoropupū Springs|url=https://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/nelson-tasman/places/takaka-area/te-waikoropupu-springs/|work=www.doc.govt.nz|accessdate=2026-07-01|language=en-nz}}</ref> == Uundaji == [[Faili:Grand Prismatic Spring.jpg|thumb|Chemchemi ya Grand Prismatic, Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Yellowstone, Wyoming]] Chemchemi hutengenezwa pale maji ya chini ya ardhi yanapotiririka juu ya uso wa nchi. Hii kawaida hutokea wakati kiwango cha chini cha maji kinapofika juu ya usawa wa uso wa nchi, au ikiwa ardhi imeshuka kwa kasi. Pia, chemchemi zinaweza kutengenezwa kutokana na topografia ya karst (miamba ya chokaa), akuifa (miamba inayohifadhi maji), au shughuli za volkano. Chemchemi zimeonekana pia kwenye sakafu ya bahari zikitoa maji yenye joto zaidi na chumvi kidogo moja kwa moja baharini.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Springs and the Water Cycle {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey|url=https://www.usgs.gov/water-science-school/science/springs-and-water-cycle|work=www.usgs.gov|date=2019-09-08|accessdate=2026-07-01|language=en}}</ref> Chemchemi zinazoundwa kutokana na topografia ya karst hutengeneza chemchemi za karst, ambapo maji ya chini ya ardhi hupita kwenye mtandao wa nyufa na mivuko—nafasi zilizo wazi kuanzia zile zilizo kati ya chembechembe ndogo za miamba hadi mapango makubwa, na baadaye kububujika kama chemchemi. [[Faili:Nacentemackinac.jpg|thumb|Chemchemi ya asili kwenye Kisiwa cha Mackinac huko [[Michigan]]]] Kusukumwa kwa chemchemi juu ya uso wa nchi kunaweza kusababishwa na chemichemi iliyofungiwa, ambapo eneo la ulishaji wa maji lipo kwenye mwinuko wa juu zaidi kuliko ule wa njia ya kutokea maji. Maji ya chemchemi yanayosukumwa juu na vyanzo hivi vya miinuko ya juu hutengeneza visima vya artesian. Hili linawezekana hata kama njia hiyo ya kutokea ipo ndani ya pango lenye kina cha futi 300 (mita 91). Katika muktadha huu, pango hilo hufanya kazi kama bomba la mpira linalotumiwa na eneo la ulishaji wa maji ya chini ya ardhi ili kuruhusu maji yatokee kwenye tundu lililopo mwinuko wa chini. Chemchemi zisizo za artesian zinaweza kutiririka tu kutoka mwinuko wa juu kupitia ardhini hadi mwinuko wa chini na kutokea kama chemchemi, zikitumia ardhi kama bomba la majitaka. Bado chemchemi nyingine hutokana na shinikizo la chanzo kilicho chini ya ardhi, kwa njia ya shughuli za volkano au magma. Matokeo yake yanaweza kuwa maji yenye joto na shinikizo la juu, yaani, chemchemi za maji moto na chemchemi za maji yanayoruka. Kitendo cha maji ya chini ya ardhi huyeyusha mfululizo miamba ya msingi inayopitisha maji kama vile chokaa na dolomiti, na hivyo kutengeneza mifumo mikubwa ya mapango.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Water Cycle: Springs, from USGS Water Science for Schools|url=http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclesprings.html|work=ga.water.usgs.gov|accessdate=2026-07-01|language=en}}</ref> === Aina === * [[Faili:MiddleSpring.JPG|thumb|Macheo ya jua kwenye Chemchemi ya Kati, Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Wanyamapori ya Fish Springs, [[Utah]]]]Chemchemi za mshuko hutokea kando ya mshuko wa ardhi, kama vile chini ya mabonde ya aluvio (mabonde ya udongo wa bapa), mabonde ya kawaida, au mabonde yaliyoundwa kwa nyenzo zinazopitisha maji kwa urahisi sana. * Chemchemi za mgusano, ambazo hutokea kando ya mlima au kilima, hutengenezwa pale ambapo maji ya chini ya ardhi yanakuwa yameegamia tabaka lisilopitisha maji la mwamba au udongo linalojulikana kama akikwidi au akifuji. * Chemchemi za nyufa au viungo hutokea pale maji ya chini ya ardhi yanayotiririka kando ya tabaka lisilopitisha maji la mwamba yanapokutana na ufa au muunganisho (kiungo) katika mwamba huo. * Chemchemi za mrija hutokea pale maji ya chini ya ardhi yanapotiririka kutoka kwenye mivuko ya mviringo kama ile inayopatikana kwenye mapango (chemchemi za mrija za mfuruko) au chemchemi za mrija za lava zinazopatikana kwenye mapango ya mirija ya lava.[[Faili:Red-coloured spring below Cascada de los Colores, La Palma.jpg|thumb|Chemchemi ya chalybeate chini ya Cascada de los Colores, La Palma]]Chemchemi za artesian kawaida hutokea katika eneo la chini kabisa la ardhi husika. Chemchemi ya artesian hutengenezwa pale ambapo shinikizo la maji ya chini ya ardhi linakuwa kubwa zaidi kuliko shinikizo la angahewa. Katika muktadha huu, maji husukumwa moja kwa moja juu kutoka ardhini.<ref>{{Cite web|title=n2:2334-2463 - Search Results|url=https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:2334-2463|work=search.worldcat.org|accessdate=2026-07-01}}</ref> * Mashimo ya wonky ni sehemu za asili za kutokea maji baridi chini ya bahari ambazo zimefunikwa na matumbawe pamoja na masandarusi, zikiwa zinasababishwa na mikondo ya zamani ya mito iliyojaa mchanga na matope. * Chemchemi za karst hutokea kama mtiririko wa nje wa maji ya chini ya ardhi ambayo ni sehemu ya mfumo wa hidrolojia wa karst. * Chemchemi za joto hupata joto kutokana na shughuli za jotoardhi; zina halijoto ya maji ambayo ni ya juu zaidi kwa kiasi kikubwa kuliko wastani wa halijoto ya hewa ya eneo linalozunguka.<ref>{{Citation|title=Spring {{!}} water|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/spring-water|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2026-07-01}}</ref> Chemchemi za maji yanayoruka ni aina ya chemchemi ya maji moto ambapo mvuke hutengenezwa chini ya ardhi na maji ya chini ya ardhi yaliyopata joto kali kupita kiasi na kunaswa, na hivyo kusababisha milipuko ya mara kwa mara ya maji ya moto na mvuke. * Chemchemi za kaboni, kama vile ''Soda Springs Geyser'', ni chemchemi zinazobubujisha maji yenye kaboni yanayotokea kiasili, kutokana na gesi ya ukaa iliyoyeyuka kwenye maji hayo. Wakati mwingine huitwa chemchemi zinazochemka au chemchemi zinazofuka povu. * "Chemchemi za Gushette zinamwagika kutoka kwenye nyuso za miamba". * Chemchemi za helocrene ni chemchemi zinazosambaa ambazo hutunza maeneo ya mabwawa kwa kutumia maji ya chini ya ardhi. == Mtiririko == Mtiririko wa chemchemi, au ububujikaji upya, hutegemea bonde la ukusanyaji maji la chemchemi hiyo. Mambo yanayoathiri ukusanyaji huo wa maji ni pamoja na ukubwa wa eneo ambalo maji ya chini ya ardhi yananaswa, kiasi cha mvua, ukubwa wa maeneo ya kunasia maji, na ukubwa wa njia ya kutokea ya chemchemi. Maji yanaweza kuvuja na kuingia kwenye mfumo wa chini ya ardhi kutoka vyanzo vingi ikiwa ni pamoja na udongo unaopitisha maji, mashimo ya mnyunyuko, na mito inayopoteza maji. Katika baadhi ya matukio, mito mizima midogo inaonekana kutoweka kabisa pale maji yanapozama ardhini kupitia sakafu ya mto. Hifadhi ya Jimbo la Grand Gulf huko Missouri ni mfano wa mto mzima mdogo unaotoweka kwenye mfumo wa maji ya chini ya ardhi. Maji hayo hujitokeza maili 9 (kilomita 14) mbali, yakitengeneza sehemu ya mtiririko wa Chemchemi ya Mammoth huko Arkansas. Shughuli za kibinadamu pia zinaweza kuathiri mtiririko wa chemchemi—utumiaji wa maji ya chini ya ardhi hupunguza shinikizo la maji katika tabaka la miamba inayohifadhi maji, na hivyo kupunguza kiasi cha mtiririko. === Uainishaji === [[Faili:La Sorgue, Fontaine-de-Vaucluse.JPG|thumb|Fontaine de Vaucluse au Chemchemi ya Vaucluse nchini [[Ufaransa]] inatoa takriban galo milioni 470 za Marekani (mita za ujazo 1,800,000) za maji kwa siku kwa kasi ya futi za ujazo 727 (mita za ujazo 20.6) kwa sekunde.]] Chemchemi huangukia katika makundi makuu matatu ya jumla: za kudumu (chemchemi zinazotiririka mfululizo katika mwaka mzima); za vipindi (chemchemi za muda ambazo huwa hai baada ya mvua, au wakati wa mabadiliko fulani ya msimu); na za mzunguko (kama ilivyo kwenye chemchemi za maji zinazotoa mvuke na kulipuka katika vipindi maalumu au visivyoeleweka). Chemchemi mara nyingi huainishwa kwa kiasi cha maji yanayotiririka kutoka kwazo. Chemchemi kubwa zaidi huitwa 'chemchemi za daraja la kwanza', zinazofafanuliwa kama chemchemi zinazotoa maji kwa kasi ya angalau lita 2,800 au futi za ujazo 100 (mita za ujazo 2.8) za maji kwa sekunde. Baadhi ya maeneo yana chemchemi nyingi za daraja la kwanza, kama vile [[Florida]] ambapo kuna angalau chemchemi 27 zinazojulikana kuwa na ukubwa huo; maeneo ya Ozarks huko Missouri na Arkansas, ambayo yana chemchemi 10 zinazojulikana kuwa za daraja la kwanza; na nyingine 11 katika eneo la Thousand Springs kando ya Mto Snake huko Idaho. Kiwango cha mtiririko wa chemchemi kiko hivi: {| class="wikitable" |+ !Ukubwa !Mtiririko (futi 3/s, gal/dakika, painti/dakika) !Mtiririko (L/s) |- |Ukubwa wa 1 |> futi 100 futi 3/sekunde |Lita 2800 kwa sekunde |- |Ukubwa wa 2 |futi 10 hadi 100 futi 3/sekunde |Lita 280 hadi 2800 kwa sekunde |- |Ukubwa wa 3 |1 hadi 10 futi 3/sekunde |Lita 28 hadi 280 kwa sekunde |- |Ukubwa wa 4 |Galoni 100 za Marekani kwa dakika hadi futi 1 ya ujazo kwa sekunde |Lita 6.3 hadi 28 kwa sekunde |- |Ukubwa wa 5 |Galoni 10 hadi 100/dakika |Lita 0.63 hadi 6.3 kwa sekunde |- |Ukubwa wa 6 |Galoni 1 hadi 10/dakika |63 hadi 630 mL/s |- |Ukubwa wa 7 |Painti 1 kwa galoni 1/dakika |63 hadi 630 mL/s |- |Ukubwa wa 8 |Chini ya painti 1/dakika |8 mL/s |- |Ukubwa wa 0 |hakuna mtiririko (maeneo ya mtiririko wa zamani/wa kihistoria) | |} == Kiasi cha maji == [[Faili:PruessLake.JPG|thumb|Ziwa Pruess linalishwa na chemchemi katika Bonde la Snake lililo kavu huko [[Utah]].]] Madini huyeyuka kwenye maji yanapopita kwenye miamba ya chini ya ardhi. Kiwango hiki cha madini hupimwa kama jumla ya madini yaliyoyeyuka (TDS). Hali hii inaweza kuyapa maji ladha na hata mapovu ya gesi ya ukaa, ikitegemea asili ya jiolojia ya eneo ambalo maji hayo yanapita. Hii ndiyo sababu maji ya chemchemi mara nyingi huwekwa kwenye chupa na kuuzwa kama maji ya madini, ingawa neno hilo mara nyingi limekuwa likitumiwa kwenye matangazo ya udanganyifu. Maji ya madini yana mchanganyiko usiopungua sehemu 250 kwa milioni (ppm) za TDS. Chemchemi zenye kiasi kikubwa cha madini wakati mwingine huitwa 'chemchemi za madini'. (Wakati huo huo, chemchemi zisizo na kiwango hicho cha madini wakati mwingine hutofautishwa kama 'chemchemi tamu'.) Chemchemi zenye kiasi kikubwa cha chumvi za sodiamu zilizoyeyuka, hasa sodiamu kabonati, huitwa 'chemchemi za soda'. Maeneo mengi ya mapumziko yamejengwa karibu na chemchemi za madini na yanajulikana kama miji ya spa. Chemchemi za madini zinasemekana kuwa na sifa za kutibu. Kuoga au kushinda ndani yake kunasemekana kusaidia ufyonzaji wa madini kutoka kwenye maji hayo. Baadhi ya chemchemi zina viwango vya arseniki vinavyozidi kiwango cha kawaida cha sehemu 10 kwa bilioni (ppb) kilichowekwa na Shirika la Afya Duniani (WHO) kwa ajili ya maji ya kunywa. Pale ambapo chemchemi hizo zinamwaga maji yake kwenye mito, zinaweza pia kupandisha viwango vya arseniki kwenye mito hiyo kupita kiwango kilichowekwa na WHO. Maji kutoka kwenye chemchemi kwa kawaida huwa safi na ya uwazi. Hata hivyo, baadhi ya chemchemi zinaweza kuwa na rangi kutokana na madini yaliyoyeyuka kwenye maji hayo. Kwa mfano, maji yaliyojaa madini ya chuma au tanini yatakuwa na rangi ya machungwa. Katika baadhi ya maeneo ya Marekani, kijito kinachobeba maji yanayotoka kwenye chemchemi kwenda kwenye kijito kikuu cha karibu kinaweza kuitwa '<nowiki/>''spring branch''<nowiki/>', '<nowiki/>''spring creek'<nowiki/>'', au '''run''<nowiki/>'. Maji ya chini ya ardhi huwa na tabia ya kudumisha wastani wa joto la muda mrefu la tabaka lake la miamba inayohifadhi maji; hivyo basi, mtiririko kutoka kwenye chemchemi unaweza kuwa wa baridi zaidi kuliko vyanzo vingine katika siku ya kiangazi, lakini ukabaki bila kugandana wakati wa baridi. Maji baridi ya chemchemi na kijito chake yanaweza kuhifadhi viumbe kama vile aina fulani za samaki wa trauti ambao kwa namna nyingine wasingeweza kuishi katika hali ya hewa ya eneo hilo iliyo ya joto zaidi. === Aina za chemchemi za madini === * [[Faili:Natural iron hot spring.jpg|thumb|Chemchemi ya maji moto ya asili ya madini ya chuma huko Beppu, [[Japani]]]]Chemchemi za salfa zina kiwango kikubwa cha salfa kilichoyeyuka au hidrojeni salfaidi katika maji. Kihistoria zimekuwa zikitumiwa kupunguza dalili za ugonjwa wa baridi yabisi na magonjwa mengine ya kuvimba.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=5F9OAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y|title=Geothermal Resource Assessment of Hot Sulphur Springs, Colorado|last=Pearl|first=Richard Howard|last2=Ringrose|first2=Charles D.|last3=Zacharakis|first3=Ted G.|date=1982|publisher=Colorado Geological Survey|language=en}}</ref><ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/sulfur-springs</ref> * Chemchemi za Borax<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=wrmYPgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y|title=Identifying Systematic Behaviors in Borax Lake Geothermal Springs, Southeast Oregon|last=Zakrajsek|first=John R.|date=2006|publisher=University of Idaho|language=en}}</ref> * Chemchemi za jasi * Chemchemi za chumvi<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=I2tMDwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y|title=Touring California and Nevada Hot Springs|last=Bischoff|first=Matt C.|date=2018-04-01|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4930-2912-9|language=en}}</ref> * Chemchemi za chuma (chemchemi ya chalybeate) * Chemchemi za radiamu (au chemchemi zenye mionzi) zina kiwango kinachoweza kutambulika cha mionzi inayozalishwa na mfumo wa asili wa usambaratisho wa kinyuklia.<ref>https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue4/report.pdf</ref> == Matumizi == [[Faili:Maramec Spring fishing ls.jpg|thumb|Uvuvi wa samaki wa trauti kwenye Chemchemi ya Maramec huko Missouri]] Chemchemi zimekuwa zikitumiwa kwa mahitaji mbalimbali ya mwanadamu — ikiwa ni pamoja na maji ya kunywa, usambazaji wa maji ya nyumbani, umwagiliaji, kinu, usafiri wa majini, na uzalishaji wa umeme. Matumizi ya sasa ni pamoja na shughuli za burudani kama vile uvuvi, kuogelea, na kuelea; tiba; maji kwa ajili ya mifugo; vituo vya kuzalishia samaki; na usambazaji kwa ajili ya maji ya madini ya chupa au maji ya chemchemi ya chupa. Chemchemi zimechukua aina fulani ya dhana ya ngano kwa kuwa baadhi ya watu wanaamini kimakosa kwamba chemchemi daima ni vyanzo vyenye afya vya maji ya kunywa. Zinaweza kuwa hivyo au zisiwe hivyo. Ni lazima mtu afanye kipimo cha kina cha ubora wa maji ili kujua jinsi ya kutumia chemchemi ipasavyo, iwe kwa ajili ya bafu la madini au maji ya kunywa. Chemchemi zinazosimamiwa kama spa tayari zitakuwa na kipimo kama hicho. === Maji ya kunywa === Chemchemi mara nyingi hutumiwa kama vyanzo vya maji ya chupa.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=yIz0BsS5l80C&redir_esc=y|title=Bottlemania: Big Business, Local Springs, and the Battle over America's Drinking Water|last=Royte|first=Elizabeth|date=2011-01-15|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA|isbn=978-1-60819-663-0|language=en}}</ref> Wakati wa kununua maji ya chupa yaliyowekwa nembo ya maji ya chemchemi, mara nyingi mtu anaweza kupata matokeo ya vipimo vya maji ya chemchemi hiyo kwenye tovuti ya kampuni inayoyauza. === Umwagiliaji === Chemchemi zimekuwa zikitumiwa kama vyanzo vya maji kwa ajili ya umwagiliaji wa mazao unaotumia nguvu ya mvutano wa dunia. Watu wa asili wa Kusini-Magharibi mwa Amerika walijenga mifereji inayolishwa na chemchemi ambayo ilielekeza maji mashambani kupitia mifereji ya maji. Baadaye, wamisionari wa Uhispania walitumia njia hii.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Acequias|url=https://www.worldheritagesa.com/Missions/The-Acequias|work=www.worldheritagesa.com|accessdate=2026-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Romero|first=Simon|title=Drought Hits the Southwest, and New Mexico’s Canals Run Dry|date=2021-07-13|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/13/us/acequias-drought-new-mexico-southwest.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2026-07-01}}</ref> === Chemchemi takatifu === [[Faili:La Reana2.jpg|thumb|Fontes Tamarici, nchini Uhispania]] Chemchemi takatifu, au kisima kitakatifu, ni kijito kidogo cha maji kinachochomoza kutoka chini ya ardhi na kuheshimiwa katika baadhi ya muktadha wa kidini: Kikristo na/au wa kipagani na/au mwingineo. Mapokezi na ngano za Ugiriki ya kale zilijaa chemchemi takatifu na zenye hadithi — hasa chemchemi za Corycian, Pierian, na Castalian. Katika Ulaya ya zama za kati, maeneo matakatifu ya kipagani mara nyingi yaligeuzwa kuwa ya Kikristo kama visima vitakatifu. Istilahi 'kisima kitakatifu' kwa kawaida hutumiwa kurejelea chanzo chochote cha maji chenye ukubwa mdogo (yaani, sio ziwa au mto, lakini ikijumuisha madimbwi, chemchemi za asili, na maeneo ya maji yanayovuja/kuchuruzika chini ya ardhi), ambacho kina umuhimu fulani katika hadithi za kale za eneo hilo. Hii inaweza kuchukua sura ya jina maalum, hadithi inayohusiana nayo, sifa za uponyaji zinazonasibishwa na maji hayo kupitia uwepo wa kiroho wa malaika/mizimu mlinzi au wa mtakatifu wa Kikristo, au sherehe au tambiko linalofanyika kwenye eneo la kisima hicho. Ngano za Kikristo mara nyingi husimulia jinsi matendo ya mtakatifu yalivyosababisha maji ya chemchemi kutiririka — mada inayojulikana sana, hasa katika wasifu wa watakatifu wa Kiselti. === Chemchemi za maji joto === [[Faili:The Mother Spring - Pagosa Hot Springs, Colorado.jpg|thumb|Chemchemi ya ''Mother Spring,'' Chemchemi za Maji Moto za Pagosa, Colorado]] Maji ya chini ya ardhi yaliyopashwa joto kijiolojia yanayotiririka kutoka kwenye chemchemi za joto yana joto kubwa kuliko joto la mwili wa mwanadamu, kwa kawaida katika kiwango cha 45–50 °C (113–122 °F), lakini yanaweza kuwa na joto kali zaidi. Chemchemi hizo zilizo na maji yenye joto la chini kuliko joto la mwili lakini yenye joto kubwa kuliko joto la hewa wakati mwingine hujulikana kama chemchemi vuguvugu. ==== Kuoga na Tiba ya Maji ==== Chemchemi za maji moto au chemchemi za jotoardhi zimekuwa zikitumiwa kwa ajili ya tiba ya maji, kuoga, na kupumzika kwa maelfu ya miaka. Kutokana na hadithi za kale zinazozunguka chemchemi za maji moto na sifa zake zinazodaiwa kuwa na thamani ya kitiba, baadhi zimekuwa maeneo ya vivutio vya utalii na maeneo ya vituo vya ukarabati wa kimwili. === Nishati ya Jotoardhi === [[Faili:Spring flowing through grass.jpg|thumb|Chemchemi ya asili huko Pennsylvania ambapo maji yanayotoka juu ya uso wa ardhi yanachomoza, kisha yanatiririka kuelekea chini na kupita kwenye nyasi na miamba ya juu ya ardhi.]] Chemchemi za maji moto zimekuwa zikitumiwa kama chanzo cha joto kwa maelfu ya miaka. Katika karne ya 20, zilikuwa rasilimali jadidifu ya nishati ya jotoardhi kwa ajili ya kupasha joto nyumba na majengo. Jiji la Beppu, Japani lina visima vya chemchemi za maji moto 2,217 vinavyolipa jiji hilo maji ya moto.<ref>{{Citation|title=Japan builds a head of steam for an alternative to nuclear|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2018/0309/Japan-builds-a-head-of-steam-for-an-alternative-to-nuclear|work=Christian Science Monitor|issn=0882-7729|access-date=2026-07-01}}</ref> Chemchemi za maji moto pia zimekuwa zikitumiwa kama chanzo cha nishati endelevu kwa ajili ya kilimo cha kwenye nyumba za kioo na ukuzaji wa mazao na maua.<ref>https://www.pref.oita.jp/uploaded/attachment/2049215.pdf</ref> == Istilahi == * Mchemko wa chemchemi<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Springs characteristics|url=https://www.sjrwmd.com/waterways/springs/characteristics/|work=SJRWMD|accessdate=2026-07-01|language=en}}</ref> * Dimbwi la chemchemi<ref name=":0" /> * Mito ya chemchemi, <ref name=":0" />ambayo pia hujulikana kama chemchemi za mtiririko. * Tundu la chemchemi (au Mdomo wa chemchemi)<ref name=":0" /> == Taswira za kitamaduni == [[Faili:Lucas Cranach - Der Jungbrunnen (Gemäldegalerie Berlin).jpg|thumb|Lucas Cranach, Der Jungbrunnen (Chemchemi ya Ujana), 1546]] Chemchemi zimekuwa zikiwakilishwa katika utamaduni kupitia sanaa, mitandao ya hadithi za miungu, na ngano za kale katika historia yote. Chemchemi ya Ujana ni chemchemi ya ngano ambayo ilisemekana kurudisha ujana kwa mtu yeyote aliyekunywa maji yake.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water from St. Pete's famed Fountain of Youth contained high levels of lithium|url=https://www.fox13news.com/news/water-from-st-petes-famed-fountain-of-youth-contained-high-levels-of-lithium|work=FOX 13 News|date=2021-10-25|accessdate=2026-07-01|language=en-US|author=Lloyd Sowers}}</ref> Imekuwa ikidaiwa kuwa chemchemi hiyo inapatikana kule St. Augustine, [[Florida]], na iligunduliwa na Juan Ponce de León mnamo mwaka 1513. Hata hivyo, haijaonyesha nguvu yoyote ya kurudisha ujana, na wanahistoria wengi wanapinga ukweli wa ugunduzi huo wa Ponce de León.<ref>{{Cite web|title=St. Augustine Fountain of Youth may be Florida’s oldest attraction|url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2020/11/05/st-augustine-fountain-of-youth-may-be-floridas-oldest-attraction/|work=Orlando Sentinel|date=2020-11-05|accessdate=2026-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ponce De Leon Never Searched for the Fountain of Youth|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/ponce-de-leon-never-searched-for-the-fountain-of-youth-72629888/|work=Smithsonian Magazine|accessdate=2026-07-01|language=en}}</ref> [[Faili:Oracle of Delphi, red-figure kylix, 440-430 BC, Kodros Painter, Berlin F 2538, 141668.jpg|thumb|Kasisi wa Delphi, akikabiliwa kwenye kailiksi ya picha nyekundu, iliyochorwa na Mchoraji Kodros, ikimwonyesha Pythia akiwa na kikombe kinachodhaniwa kuwa na maji kutoka kwenye chemchemi, miaka ya 440–430 KK]] Pythia, anayejulikana pia kama Mtabiri wa Delphi, alikuwa kuhani mkuu wa kike katika Hekalu la Apollo. Alikuwa akitoa unabii akiwa katika hali ya msisimko mkali wa kupagawa na miungu uliosababishwa na 'mvuke uliokuwa ukipanda kutoka kwenye ufa wa mwamba'. Inasemekana kuwa mvuke huo ulikuwa ukitoka kwenye chemchemi ya Kerna huko Delphi.<ref>{{Citation|last=Broad|first=William J.|title=For Delphic Oracle, Fumes and Visions|date=2002-03-19|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/19/science/for-delphic-oracle-fumes-and-visions.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2026-07-01}}</ref> Hadithi ya ngano ya Kigiriki kuhusu Narcissus inaeleza juu ya kijana mmoja aliyepagawa na mapenzi kwa ajili ya kivuli chake mwenyewe kwenye dimbwi tulivu la chemchemi. Narcissus alitazama kwa dhati kwenye 'chemchemi isiyo na matope, yenye rangi ya fedha kutokana na maji yake yanayometa, ambayo haikuguswa na wachungaji wala mbuzi-mwitu wanaolisha milimani wala ng'ombe wengine wowote, ambayo haikuvurugwa na ndege, mnyama, wala tawi lililoanguka kutoka kwenye mti.' (Ovid).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nelson |first=Max |date=2000 |title=Narcissus: Myth and Magic |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3298150 |journal=The Classical Journal |volume=95 |issue=4 |pages=363–389 |issn=0009-8353}}</ref> [[Faili:John William Waterhouse Echo And Narcissus.jpg|thumb|John William Waterhouse Echo na Narcissus, 1903]] Mpiga picha wa Kimarekani wa mapema karne ya 20, James Reuel Smith alitengeneza mfululizo wa picha za kina zinazofanya mapitio ya chemchemi za kihistoria za Jiji la [[Jiji la New York|New York]] kabla hazijafunikwa na jiji hilo baada ya ujio wa mfumo wa maji wa manispaa. Baadaye,<ref>https://digitalcollections.nyhistory.org/items/860-james-reuel-smith-springs-and-wells-photograph-collection-1893-1902{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Smith alipiga picha chemchemi za Ulaya zilizopelekea kitabu chake kilichoitwa, ''Springs and Wells in Greek and Roman Literature, Their Legends and Locations'' (1922).<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/cu31924075437420|title=Springs and wells in Greek and Roman literature, their legends and locations|last=Smith|first=James Reuel|date=1922|publisher=New York, G. P. Putnam's sons|others=Cornell University Library}}</ref> [[Faili:Sokokura by Hiroshige2.jpg|thumb|Sokokura kutoka kwenye mfululizo wa 'Wasanii Wawili Watembelea Chemchemi Saba za Maji Moto' (Sōhitsu shichitō meguri) wa Utagawa Toyokuni III na Utagawa Hiroshige, 1854]] Wasanii wa Kijapani wa karne ya 19, Utagawa Hiroshige na Utagawa Toyokuni III, walitengeneza mfululizo wa michoro ya chapa za mbao, 'Wasanii Wawili Watembelea Chemchemi Saba za Maji Moto' mnamo mwaka 1854. Jiji la China la Jinan linajulikana kama 'Mji wa Chemchemi' (Kichina: 泉城), kwa sababu ya vivutio vyake vya chemchemi 72 na matundu madogo mengi sana ya chemchemi (micro spring holes) yaliyoenea katikati ya jiji hilo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.jinan.gov.cn/col/col29554/index.html|work=english.jinan.gov.cn|accessdate=2026-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jinan: a City of Springs|url=https://www.theworldofchinese.com/2020/04/jinan-a-city-of-springs/|work=The World of Chinese|accessdate=2026-07-01|language=en|author=Song Yu}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Jiografia]] [[Jamii:Mito]] <references /> [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] l89ly11x0e69qm0j7s7bv4r6ka2vrde 0 127989 1598979 1474888 2026-09-23T02:52:25Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598979 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Carl Theodor Dreyer (1965) by Erling Mandelmann.jpg|250px|thumb]] '''Carl Theodor Dreyer''' ([[3 Februari]] [[1889]] - [[20 Machi]] [[1968]]) alikuwa [[mkurugenzi]] wa [[filamu]] kutoka [[Denmark]]. [[Sinema]] zake zinajulikana kwa wingi wake wa kihemko na mwendo wa polepole. Mada zake mara nyingi ziligusa jitihada za [[wanawake]] na wasio na hatia dhidi ya ukandamizaji na ubaguzi wa kijamii, pamoja na nguvu ya uovu katika maisha. Dreyer anatazamwa na wengi kama mmoja wa wakurugenzi wakubwa katika sinema. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://w.theyshootpictures.com/gf1000_top250directors.htm| title = The 1,000 Greatest Films (Top 250 Directors)|publisher=They Shoot Pictures, Don't They|accessdate=December 1, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202170655/http://w.theyshootpictures.com/gf1000_top250directors.htm|archivedate=2 December 2016}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.brightlightsfilm.com/29/carldreyer.html][[Bright Lights Film Journal]]<span> review of Day of Wrath, Order and Gertrud</span></ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.kamera.co.uk/article.php/173| title = kamera.co.uk - feature item - Carl Dreyer - Antonio Pasolini|work=www.kamera.co.uk|accessdate=2017-02-22}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.allmovie.com/artist/carl-theodor-dreyer-p88264| title = Carl Theodor Dreyer {{!}} Biography, Movie Highlights and Photos {{!}} AllMovie|work=AllMovie|accessdate=2017-02-22}}</ref> <ref>[http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19970216/REVIEWS08/401010350/1023 The Passion of Joan of Arc review by] {{Wayback|url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F19970216%2FREVIEWS08%2F401010350%2F1023 |date=20130206131022 }} [[Roger Ebert]]</ref> Filamu yake ya [[mwaka]] [[1928]] ''Jeanne d'Arcs lidelse'' ([[Jeanne d'Arc|Mateso ya Jeanne d'Arc]]) inachukuliwa kuwa moja kati ya filamu muhimu zaidi katika [[historia]]. Filamu zake nyingine zinazojulikana zaidi ni pamoja na ''Michael'' (1924) ''Vampyr'' (1932), ''Siku ya Hasira'' (1943), ''Ordet'' (1955), na ''Gertrud'' (1964). ==Maisha ya awali== Dreyer alizaliwa nje ya [[ndoa]] huko [[Kopenhagen|Kopenhagen, Denmark]]. [[Mama]] yake Josefine Bernhardine Nilsson, [[binti]] kutoka [[Uswidi]] aliyefanya [[kazi]] ya mtumishi wa nyumbani Kopenhagen, alizaliana na [[mwajiri]] wake Jens Christian Torp, aliyekuwa [[mkulima]] aliyeoa tayari. Baba aliamua kumtolea kwa kuasiliwa. Alikaa miaka miwili ya kwanza ya [[maisha]] yake katika makao ya watoto yatima hadi kupokewa na [[wazazi]] wapya Carl Theodor Dreyer, na [[Mke|mkewe]], Inger Marie (née Olsen). Alipewa [[jina]] la baba yake wa kumlea. Hakuwa na [[utoto]] wa raha maana baba yake mpya alimkumbusha mara kwa mara alikuwa mtoto wa kuasiliwa anayepaswa kumshukuru kwa ulezi wote. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://english.carlthdreyer.dk/AboutDreyer/Biography/Biography---extended.aspx| title = Archived copy|accessdate=18 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204004614/http://english.carlthdreyer.dk/AboutDreyer/Biography/Biography---extended.aspx|archivedate=4 February 2017}}</ref> Lakini alikuwa [[mwanafunzi]] mwenye [[akili]] nzuri, ambaye aliondoka nyumbani na [[elimu]] rasmi akiwa na [[umri]] wa miaka kumi na sita. Alijitenga na [[familia]] yake ya ulezi, lakini mafundisho yao yalikuwa ya kushawishi mada za filamu zake nyingi. Dreyer alikuwa kihafidhina kiitikadi. Kulingana na David Bordwell, "Kama ujana alikuwa wa chama cha Liberal Social, kundi la wahafidhina lilikuwa kali tu katika kupinga kwao matumizi ya kijeshi... Hata nilipokuwa na ''Ekstrabladet'', 'Dreyer alikumbuka,' nilikuwa na tabia... Siamini katika mapinduzi. Zinayo, kama sheria, ubora wa kutisha wa kuvuta maendeleo nyuma. Naamini zaidi katika mageuzi, katika maendeleo ndogo.'" <ref>{{Rejea kitabu| title = The Films of Carl Theodor Dreyer|last=Bordwell|first=David|publisher=University of California Press|year=1983|page=191}}</ref> == Kazi == Akiwa [[kijana]], Dreyer alifanya kazi kama [[mwandishi wa habari]], lakini mwishowe alijiunga na tasnia ya filamu kama mwandishi wa kadi za kichwa kwa [[filamu za kimya]] na baadaye picha za skrini. Hapo awali aliajiriwa na Nordisk Filamu mnamo [[1913]]. Majaribio yake ya kwanza katika mwelekeo wa filamu hayakufanikiwa kidogo, akaondoka Denmark kufanya kazi katika tasnia ya filamu ya [[Ufaransa]]. Wakati akiishi Ufaransa alikutana na [[Jean Cocteau]], [[Jean Hugo]], na washiriki wengine wa eneo la [[sanaa]] ya Ufaransa. Mnamo 1928 alitengeneza filamu yake ya kwanza ya [[video]], ''Mateso ya Jeanne d|Arc''. Kufanya kazi kutoka kwa maandishi ya kesi ya Joan, aliunda kito cha hisia ambacho kilichora sawa juu ya ukweli na usemi. Dreyer alitumia [[fedha]] za binafsi kutoka kwa Baron Nicolas de Gunzburg kutengeneza filamu yake ijayo kwani tasnia ya filamu ya Kideni ilikuwa katika uharibifu wa kifedha. ''Vampyr'' (1932) ni tafakari ya juu ya hofu. Mantiki ilitoa mhemko na mazingira katika hadithi hii ya mtu anayelinda dada wawili kutoka kwa vampire. Sinema hiyo ina picha nyingi ambazo hazifai, kama vile shujaa, aliyechezwa na de Gunzburg (chini ya jina la skrini Julian West), akiota mazishi yake mwenyewe na tamaa ya damu ya wanyama kwenye uso wa mmoja wa dada huyo wakati anaugua chini ya mwonekano wa vampire. Filamu hiyo ilipigwa risasi kimya kabisa lakini kwa mazungumzo kidogo, mazungumzo ya wazi katika matoleo matatu tofauti - Kiingereza, Kifaransa, na Kijerumani. Filamu zote mbili hazikufaulu kuvuta watu kwenye sinema, na Dreyer hakufanya filamu nyingine hadi 1943. Denmark ilikuwa sasa chini ya utawala ya Wajerumani, na ''Siku ya Hasira'' ilikuwa kuhusu hofu iliyoambatana na uwindaji wa wachawi katika karne ya kumi na saba katika utamaduni wa kidini. Pamoja na kazi hii, Dreyer alianzisha mtindo ambao ungeashiria filamu zake za sauti: mpangilio kiangalifu, bila rangi, na vipindi virefu bila badiliko la kamera. Filamu ya mwisho ya Dreyer ilikuwa ''Gertrud'' ya 1964. Inasimulia maisha ya mwanamke ambaye kupitia dhiki ya maisha yake, huwa haonyeshi majuto kwa chaguo lake. Mradi mkubwa, ambao hajamaliza, ulikuwa filamu kuhusu Yesu. Ingawa hati ya maandishi iliandikwa (iliyochapishwa mnamo 1968) hali ngumu ya kiuchumi haikuruhusu kuitekeleza. == Filamu == {| class="wikitable" |- !width="5%"|Year !width="20%"|English title !width="25%"|Original title !width="10%"|Production country ! Notes |- | 1919 | ''The President'' | ''[[Præsidenten]]'' | Denmark | Based on the novel by [[Karl Emil Franzos]]. |-style=background:#efefef; | 1920 | ''[[The Parson's Widow]]'' | ''Prästänkan'' | Sweden | Based on the story "Prestekonen" by [[Kristofer Janson]]. |- | 1921 | ''[[Leaves from Satan's Book]]'' | ''Blade af Satans bog'' | Denmark | Loosely based on ''[[The Sorrows of Satan]]''. |-style=background:#efefef; | 1922 | ''[[Die Gezeichneten (1922 film)|Love One Another]]'' | ''Die Gezeichneten'' | Germany | Based on the novel by [[Aage Madelung]], this film is extremely rare (only 4 prints survive in archives). |- | 1922 | ''Once Upon a Time'' | ''Der var engang'' | Denmark | Based on the play by [[Holger Drachmann]]. |-style=background:#efefef; | 1924 | ''[[Michael (1924 film)|Michael]]'' | ''Mikaël'' | Germany | Based on the novel ''Mikaël'' (1904) by [[Herman Bang]]. |- | 1925 | ''[[Master of the House]]'' (aka ''Thou Shalt Honor Thy Wife'') | ''Du skal ære din hustru'' | Denmark | Based on the play by [[Svend Rindom]]. |-style=background:#efefef; | 1926 | ''[[The Bride of Glomdal]]'' | ''Glomdalsbruden'' | Norway | Based on the novel by [[Jacob Breda Bull]]. |- | 1928 | ''[[The Passion of Joan of Arc]]'' | ''La Passion de Jeanne d'Arc (Jeanne d'Arc lidelse og død) '' | France | Co-written with [[Joseph Delteil]], author of the novel ''Jeanne d'Arc'' (1925, [[Prix Femina]]). Named the most influential film of all time by the curators of the 2010 [[Toronto International Film Festival]].<ref name="Copenhagen Post">{{Rejea habari| title = Dreyer film voted most influential|url=http://www.cphpost.dk/culture/culture/122-culture/50054-danish-directors-film-voted-most-influential.html|accessdate=26 September 2010|newspaper=[[Copenhagen Post]]| date = 22 Septemba 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926210656/http://www.cphpost.dk/culture/culture/122-culture/50054-danish-directors-film-voted-most-influential.html|archive-date=26 September 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926210656/http://www.cphpost.dk/culture/culture/122-culture/50054-danish-directors-film-voted-most-influential.html|archivedate=2010-09-26}}</ref> |-style=background:#efefef; | 1932 | ''[[Vampyr]]'' | ''Vampyr – Der Traum des Allan Grey'' | France/Germany | Based on the novella ''[[Carmilla]]'' (1872) by [[Sheridan Le Fanu|J. Sheridan Le Fanu]]. |- | 1943 | ''[[Day of Wrath]]'' | ''Vredens Dag'' | Denmark | Based on the play ''[[Anne Pedersdotter (play)|Anne Pedersdotter]]'' by [[Hans Wiers-Jenssen]]; hymns by Paul La Cour. |-style=background:#efefef; | 1945 | ''Two People'' | ''Två människor'' | Sweden | Based on the play "Attentat" by W.O. Somin. Made in Nazi-related exile in Sweden, the film was disowned by Dreyer and withdrawn from distribution. |- | 1955 | ''[[Ordet|The Word]]'' | ''Ordet'' | Denmark | Based on the play by [[Kaj Munk]]. |-style=background:#efefef; | 1964 | ''[[Gertrud (film)|Gertrud]]'' | ''Gertrud'' | Denmark | Based on the [[Gertrud (play)|play]] by [[Hjalmar Söderberg]]. |} === Filamu fupi === * ''Mama Wema'' ( ''Mødrehjælpen'', 12 min, 1942) * ''Maji kutoka kwa Ardhi'' ( ''Vandet på landet'', 1946) * ''Mapambano dhidi ya Saratani'' ( ''Kampen mod kræften'', 15 min, 1947) * ''Kanisa la Kijiji cha Danish'' ( ''Landsbykirken'', dakika 14, 1947) * ''Waliendesha Kivuko'' ( ''De nåede færgen'', 11 min, 1948) * ''Thorvaldsen'' (dakika 10, 1949) * ''Daraja la Storstrom'' ( ''Storstrømsbroen'', dakika 7, 1950) * ''Ngome Ndani ya Ngome'' ( ''Et Slot i et slot'', 1955) == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Kusoma zaidi == * {{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X5kn5cdCAT0C| title = The Films of Carl Theodor Dreyer|last=Bordwell|first=David| date = Januari 1981|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04450-0}} * {{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4nCGAAAAIAAJ| title = Dreyer in double reflection|last=Dreyer|first=Carl Theodor|last2=Skoller|first2=Donald|publisher=Da Capo Press|year=1973|isbn=978-0-306-80458-8}} * {{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WMFZAAAAMAAJ| title = The cinema of Carl Dreyer|last=Milne|first=Tom|publisher=A. S. Barnes|year=1971}} * {{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTNEC3oPhm4C| title = Carl Theodor Dreyer's Gertrud: The Moving Word|last=Schamus|first=James| date = 1 Januari 2008|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-98854-2}} * {{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3FqJx142Y0oC| title = Carl Theodor Dreyer and Ordet: My Summer with the Danish Filmmaker|last=Wahl|first=Jan|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|year=2012|isbn=0-8131-3618-0}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://english.carlthdreyer.dk Tovuti rasmi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070202184213/http://www.carldreyer.com/ CarlDreyer.com] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070202184213/http://www.carldreyer.com/ iliyowekwa] kumbukumbu) * [http://www.carldreyer.com/resources/dreyerbypaulmoor51.htm Nakala ya kina kutoka 1951 juu ya 'Njia ya Dhuluma'] * [http://film.virtual-history.com/person.php?personid=1460 Bibilia] {{Wayback|url=http://film.virtual-history.com/person.php?personid=1460 |date=20061026022115 }} * [http://www.criterion.com/current/posts/131-thoughts-on-my-metier Mawazo juu ya Métier yangu na Carl Theodor Dreyer] * [http://www.criterion.com/current/posts/226-carl-th-dreyer Carl Th. Dreyer na Armond White] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1968]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1889]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Denmark]] 6x6j3vawgyc95i9gv2sjq2b4jmlqqbp 0 129300 1599041 1429772 2026-09-23T03:14:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599041 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:PacificNW_volcanics.png|thumb|Beseni la Columbia linashika sehemu kubwa ya Mto wa Basalt ya Columbia, iliyoonyeshwa kwa kijani kwenye [[ramani]] hii. Miji ya jimbo la Washington ya Spokane, Yakima na Pasco, na jiji la jimbo la Oregon la Pendleton, viko kwenye Beseni la Columbia.]] '''Beseni la Columbia''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''Columbia Plateau'' au ''Columbia Basin'') ni eneo maalum la [[Jiolojia|kijiolojia]] na [[Jiografia|kijiografia]] [[kaskazini]]-[[magharibi]] mwa [[Marekani]], likiwa katika [[Orodha ya majimbo ya Marekani|majimbo ya Marekani]] ya [[Washington]], [[Oregon]], na [[Idaho]]. Ni eneo kubwa lililotokana na mkondo wa [[mwamba]] wa [[Gumawesi|gumawesi (basalt)]] ulioenea kati ya [[milima]] ya [[Cascades]] na [[Rocky Mountains|Milima ya Rocky Mountains]] katika kipindi cha [[Mlipuko wa volkeno|milipuko]] ya [[volkeno]] iliyopandisha [[magma]] kutoka [[koti la Dunia]] ambayo iliganda kwenye uso wa [[ardhi]]. [[Mto Columbia]] unatiririka katika eneo hilo. == Jiolojia == Takriban miaka [[milioni]] 16 hadi 5 iliyopita volkeno zilimwaga kutoka chini kiasi kikubwa cha [[lava]] kilichoenea katika [[kilomita za mraba]] 160,000 na kuganda kwa [[unene]] wa [[kilomita]] 1.8.<ref name="CVO">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/ColumbiaPlateau/description_columbia_plateau.html| title = Description: Columbia Plateau Columbia River Basalt|publisher=United States Geological Survey|accessdate=2007-10-09|archivedate=2008-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211203543/http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/ColumbiaPlateau/description_columbia_plateau.html}}</ref> Wakati mwamba [[kiowevu]] ulipanda juu, uso wa ardhi ulishuka polepole katika nafasi iliyotokea chini yake. Kwa njia hiyo lilitokea [[beseni]] la mto Columbia lenye miinuko kati ya [[mita]] 60 hadi 1,500 [[juu ya u.b.]]<ref name="CVO"/> == Tabianchi na uoto == [[Tabianchi]] ni [[nusu yabisi]] na [[uoto asilia]] ni hasa [[vichaka]] na [[nyasi]] <ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Columbia-Plateau</ref>. == Jiografia == Miji ya jimbo la Washington katika Beseni la Colombia ni pamoja na: {{Div col}} * [[Davenport, Washington|Davenport]] * [[Reardan, Washington|Reardan]] * [[Kennewick, Washington|Kennewick]] * [[Moses Lake, Washington|Moses Lake]] * [[Pasco, Washington|Pasco]] * [[Pullman, Washington|Pullman]] * [[Richland, Washington|Richland]] * [[Spokane, Washington|Spokane]] * [[Walla Walla, Washington|Walla Walla]] * [[Yakima, Washington|Yakima]] * [[Goldendale, Washington|Goldendale]] * [[Deer Park, Washington|Deer Park]] {{Div col end}} Miji ya Jimbo la Oregon katika Beseni la Columbia ni pamoja na: {{Div col}} * [[Hermiston, Oregon|Hermiston]] * [[Hood River, Oregon|Hood River]] * [[Pendleton, Oregon|Pendleton]] * [[The Dalles, Oregon|The Dalles]] * [[Milton-Freewater, Oregon|Milton-Freewater]] {{Div col end}} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/ColumbiaPlateau/framework.html Ukurasa wa USGS kwenye Columbia Plateau] {{Wayback|url=http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/ColumbiaPlateau/framework.html |date=20131204065354 }} * [http://www.nps.gov/laro/webdirectory/geology.htm Jiografia ya eneo la Burudani la Ziwa la Roosevelt (chanzo cha ukurasa mwingi)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nps.gov/laro/webdirectory/geology.htm |date=20041207034827 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080907133026/http://harvester.lib.utah.edu/wwdl/index.php/browse/guide/columbia Mwongozo wa hati na picha za dijiti kuhusu eneo la Mto wa Columbia.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100606025908/http://www.vancouver.wsu.edu/crbeha/ Jalada la Historia ya Kikabila cha River River] {{mbegu-jio-USA}} [[Jamii:Mto Columbia]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Marekani]] kl4coqxrq5v43jfox7rgs1dc03u1zzt 0 131358 1598925 1458558 2026-09-23T01:51:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598925 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar.jpg|thumb|right|B. R. Ambedkar]] '''Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar''' (anajulikana pia kama '''Dk. Babasaheb Ambedkar'''; [[14 Aprili]] [[1891]] - [[6 Desemba]] [[1956]]) alikuwa [[mwanafalsafa]], [[mwanasheria]], [[mwanauchumi]], [[mwanasiasa]] na mrekebishaji wa kijamii wa [[India]]. Aliongoza [[harakati]] ya Dalit Buddhist na alifanya [[kampeni]] dhidi ya [[ubaguzi]] wa kijamii kwa wale wasiogusika (Dalits). Aliunga mkono pia haki za wanawake na kazi. Alikuwa Waziri wa kwanza wa Sheria wa India huru, mbuni wa [[Katiba]] ya India, na baba [[mwanzilishi]] wa [[Jamhuri]] ya India.<ref>[https://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/bhimrao_ambedkar.html Bhimrao Ambedkar]</ref><ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/parenting/learning/ambedkar-jayanti-2019-facts-babasaheb-for-kids-5672744/ Ambedkar Jayanti 2019: Facts on Babasaheb to share with kids | Parenting News,The Indian Express]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/opinion/in-india-dalits-show-power-of-building-statues |title=How India’s Most Downtrodden Embraced the Power of Statues |accessdate=2020-11-12 |archive-date=2020-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026043029/https://www.bloombergquint.com/opinion/in-india-dalits-show-power-of-building-statues |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bhimrao-Ramji-Ambedkar Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar | Biography, Books, & Facts | Britannica]</ref><ref>[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/all-you-need-to-know-about-br-ambedkar-on-his-129th-birth-anniversary-2211747 All You Need To Know About BR Ambedkar On His 129th Birth Anniversary]</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu | title = Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism| date = 2013|publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691157863 |editor-last=Buswell |editor-first=Robert Jr |editor=Robert Buswell Jr. |location=Princeton, NJ |page=34 |ref=harv |editor-last2=Lopez |editor-first2=Donald S. Jr. |editor=Donald S. Lopez, Jr.}}</ref> Mnamo 1956, alianzisha ubadilishaji mkubwa wa Daliti, akaongokea [[Ubudha]] na wafuasi 600,000. Alifufua Ubudha nchini India. Ambedkar anachukuliwa kama bodhisattva, na Maitreya, kati ya Wabudhi wa Navayana.<ref>https://theprint.in/opinion/why-ambedkar-chose-buddhism-over-hinduism-islam-christianity/237599/</ref><ref>https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/buddha-purnima-special-why-ambedkar-coverted-to-buddhism-6397742/</ref><ref>https://www.thequint.com/news/india/br-ambedkar-conversion-to-buddhism</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|author=Christopher Queen|editor=Steven M. Emmanuel| title = A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-119-14466-3|pages=529–531}}</ref> Mnamo 1990, Bharat Ratna, tuzo ya juu kabisa ya raia nchini India, alipewa Ambedkar baada ya kufa. Urithi wa Ambedkar unajumuisha ukumbusho na picha kadhaa katika tamaduni maarufu. Urithi wa Ambedkar kama mrekebishaji wa kijamii na kisiasa, ulikuwa na athari kubwa kwa Uhindi ya kisasa.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |last=Joshi |first=Barbara R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y9CUItMT1zQC&pg=PA13 | title = Untouchable!: Voices of the Dalit Liberation Movement|publisher=Zed Books |year=1986 |isbn=9780862324605 |pages=11–14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729072018/https://books.google.com/books?id=y9CUItMT1zQC&pg=PA13 |archive-date=29 July 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu |last=Keer |first=D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-2d6jzRmBQC&pg=PA61 | title = Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission|publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1990 |isbn=9788171542376 |page=61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730015400/https://books.google.com/books?id=B-2d6jzRmBQC&pg=PA61 |archive-date=30 July 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ambedkar alipigwa kura ya kuwa "Mhindi Mkubwa zaidi" (The greatest Indian) mnamo 2012 na kura iliyoandaliwa na Historia TV18 na CNN IBN.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-measure-of-the-man/281949 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2020-11-12 |archive-date=2016-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314100039/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-measure-of-the-man/281949 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ambedkar Jayanti (siku ya kuzaliwa ya Ambedkar) ni sikukuu ya kila mwaka inayoadhimishwa mnamo Aprili 14, ambayo huadhimishwa sio tu nchini India bali ulimwenguni kote. Ambedkar Jayanti anaadhimishwa kama likizo rasmi ya umma kote India.<ref>http://ccis.nic.in/WriteReadData/CircularPortal/D2/D02est/12_6_2015_JCA-2-19032015.pdf {{Wayback|url=http://ccis.nic.in/WriteReadData/CircularPortal/D2/D02est/12_6_2015_JCA-2-19032015.pdf |date=20150405042913 }} Ambedkar Jayanti from ccis.nic.in on 19 March 2015</ref><ref>http://persmin.gov.in/ Webpage of Ministry of Personnel and Public Grievance & Pension</ref><ref>[http://mea.gov.in/ambedkar-final/mcelebration.htm 125th Dr. Ambedkar Birthday Celebrations Around the World.] mea.gov.in</ref> Umoja wa Mataifa uliadhimisha Ambedkar Jayanti mnamo 2016, 2017 na 2018.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/ambedkar-jayanti-celebrated-for-the-first-time-outside-india-as-un-organises-special-event-2730772.html| title = Ambedkar Jayanti celebrated for the first time outside India as UN organises special event - Firstpost|website=firstpost.com|access-date=2018-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2018/apr/14/un-celebrates-ambedkars-legacy-fighting-inequality-inspiring-inclusion-1801468.html| title = UN celebrates Ambedkar's legacy 'fighting inequality, inspiring inclusion'|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.newsstate.com/world-news/babasaheb-ambedkar-jayanti-celebrated-in-united-nations-article-52584.html| title = संयुक्त राष्ट्र में मनाई गई डॉ. बाबासाहेब भीमराव आंबेडकर जयंती - News State|work=newsstate.com|access-date=2018-11-09|language=en|accessdate=2020-11-12|archivedate=2019-04-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419065326/https://www.newsstate.com/world-news/babasaheb-ambedkar-jayanti-celebrated-in-united-nations-article-52584.html}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ambedkar, Bhimrao}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1891]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1956]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Uhindi]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Uhindi]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Uhindi]] qrba5ci143m6ivvs07fjoz30htbjnfo 0 131700 1599001 1275341 2026-09-23T02:58:32Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599001 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Mtoro_Bakari_Unterschrift.jpg|thumb| Saini ya Mtoro Bakari, 1906]] '''Mtoro bin Mwinyi Bakari''' ([[Dunda]] karibu na [[Wilaya ya Bagamoyo|Bagamoyo]], leo nchini [[Tanzania]], [[3 Oktoba]] [[1869]] <ref>Tazama Ludger Wimmelbücker: ''Mtoro bin Mwinyi Bakari (c. 1869-1927).'' Dar es Salaam 2009, uk. 5f., anaandika pia kuhusu tarehe tofauti zilizotajwa na Bakari kuhusu tarehe yake ya kuzaliwa; inaonekana tarehe hiyo alichagua mwenyewe ilhali wakati wake tarehe halisi hazikuandikwa kwa watoto wote, alipaswa kuchagua tarehe.</ref> - [[Berlin]], [[Ujerumani]], [[14 Julai]] [[1927]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa [[Afrika ya Mashariki|Afrika Mashariki]] na [[mhadhiri]] wa [[Kiswahili]]. Alikusanya habari za [[utamaduni]] wa watu wa [[pwani]] akaendelea kufundisha Kiswahili katika [[chuo kikuu]] Ujerumani. [[Ndoa]] yake na Mjerumani mnamo [[1904]] ilisababisha mtafaruku wa [[umma]] na kuchangia mazungumzo ya kisiasa katika [[Dola la Ujerumani]], ambayo mwishowe yalisababisha kupigwa marufuku kwa ndoa za mchanganyiko wa kimbari katika [[Ukoloni wa Ujerumani|makoloni]] ya [[Ukoloni wa Ujerumani|Ujerumani]]. <ref>Harald Sippel: ''»Im Interesse des Deutschtums und der weißen Rasse«. Behandlung und Rechtswirkungen von ‚Rassenmischehen‘ in den deutschen Kolonien Deutsch-Ostafrika und Deutsch-Südwestafrika.'' In: ''Jahrbuch für afrikanisches Recht'' 9 (1995), S. 123–159; noch 1912 wurden die Bakaris als negatives Beispiel in einer [[Reichstag (Deutsches Kaiserreich)|Reichstagsdebatte]] angeführt: s. ''Verhandlungen des Reichstags. Stenographischer Bericht.'' Bd. 285, S. 1729 (Sitzung v. 7. Mai 1912).</ref> == Maisha == [[Picha:Bakari Khabari za Wazaramu.jpg|250px|thumb|Bakari kuhusu Wazaramo (1901)]] [[Picha:Mitteilungen_1901.jpg|thumb|250x250px| Bakari kuhusu Wazaramo (Kijerumani), 1901]] Mtoro Bakari alizaliwa katika kijiji cha [[Dunda]] katika familia ya [[Wazaramo]]<ref>[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;idno=heb99036.0001.001 Glassman, Jonathon.. Feasts and riot: revelry, rebellion, and popular consciousness on the Swahili Coast, 1856-1888], §323</ref>. Alipokuwa kijana alihamia mji wa karibu wa pwani wa [[Bagamoyo (mji)|Bagamoyo]]. <ref>Mtoro bin Mwinyi Bakari: ''Mitteilungen über das Land Uzaramu nebst Sitten und Gebräuchen der Wazaramu.'' In: Carl Velten (Hg.): ''Schilderungen der Suaheli von den Expeditionen Dr. Bumillers, Graf von Götzens, und Anderer.'' Göttingen 1901, S. 225–276.</ref> [[Jina]] lake Mtoro bin Mwinyi Bakari linaonyesha alikuwa [[mtoto]] wa [[mmiliki]] wa ardhi aliyeitwa Bakari. Huko Ujerumani alitumia sana jina la baba yake kama jina la [[familia]] akijiita ''Mtoro Bakari'' kwa kifupi. Alizaliwa katika familia ya [[Mwislamu|Waislamu]] akasoma [[madrasa]] alipojifunza [[Madrasa|Kurani]] na [[elimu ya Kiislamu]], pamoja na [[Kiarabu]]. Mnamo [[1888]], alipokuwa bado [[kijana]], Bagamoyo ilikuwa [[makao makuu]] ya [[Shirika kwa Ukoloni wa Kijerumani]] iliyoweka msingi kwa [[koloni]] la [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]]. Bagamoyo ikawa [[mji mkuu]] wa kwanza wa koloni hilo hadi mwaka [[1891]]. Katikati ya [[miaka ya 1890]], alioa Mamboni binti Amiri Majiru, ambaye alikuwa na [[binti]] naye. <ref name="Wimmelbücker 2009 5ff">Ludger Wimmelbücker: ''Mtoro bin Mwinyi Bakari (c. 1869-1927). Swahili Lecturer and Author in Germany. '' Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) 2009, S. 5–26.</ref> Bakari alijaribu kujiunga na [[biashara ya misafara]] akashindwa. Akiwa msomi, alipata [[ajira]] ya [[mtoza ushuru]] kwa [[mamlaka]] ya kikoloni ya Ujerumani mnamo [[1898]]. == Bakari na Velten == Hata kabla ya ajira yake, Mtoro Bakari alikuwa mmojawapo wa [[Uswahilini|Waswahili]] walioombwa na [[mkalimani]] mkuu wa [[serikali]] ya kikoloni [[Carl Velten]] kuandika habari za utamaduni wa watu wa pwani. Velten alirudi Ujerumani mwaka [[1896]] kuwa [[profesa]] kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Berlin]] alipofundisha [[lugha za Kiafrika]], [[elimu]] iliyotafutwa sana Ujerumani hasa kwa kuandaa [[Afisa|maafisa]] Wajerumani walioelekea makoloni mapya ya nchi hiyo. == Chuo Kikuu cha Berlin == Mwaka [[1900]] Velten alimwalika Bakari kwenda Berlin akawa mhadhiri wa Kiswahili katika [[taasisi]] ya Velten kwenye Chuo Kikuu. <ref name="Wildenthal">Lora Wildenthal: ''German Women for Empire, 1884-1945.'' Durham NC 2001, S. 111–120.</ref> <ref name="Wimmelbücker 2009 27ff">Ludger Wimmelbücker: ''Mtoro bin Mwinyi Bakari (c. 1869-1927). Swahili Lecturer and Author in Germany. '' Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) 2009, S. 27–40.</ref> Bakari, ambaye "alikuwa akihesabiwa kati ya Waswahili waliosoma sana na wenye ujuzi" <ref>Richard Niese: ''Das Personen- und Familienrecht der Suaheli. (Ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Rechtswissenschaft).'' Jur. Diss. Universität Marburg, 1902, S. 9 (Vorwort).</ref>, sio tu kwamba alitoa masomo ya [[lugha]] na mazungumzo huko katika miaka michache ijayo, lakini pia aliandika [[maandishi]] yake ya kitamaduni na kihistoria, ambayo Carl Velten alichapisha. <ref>Mtoro bin Mwinyi Bakari: ''Meine Reise nach Udoe bis Uzigua sowie Geschichtliches über die Wadoe und Sitten und Gebräuche derselben.'' In: Carl Velten (Hg.): ''Schilderungen der Suaheli von den Expeditionen Dr. Bumillers, Graf von Götzens, und Anderer.'' Göttingen 1901, S. 138–197; ''Mitteilungen über das Land Uzaramu nebst Sitten und Gebräuchen der Wazaramu.'' In: Ob. Cit., S. 225–276; engl. als Mtoro bin Mwinyi Bakari: ''The Customs of the Swahili People. The ‘Desturi za Waswahil’ of Mtoro bin Mwinyi Bakari and Other Swahili.'' Berkeley CA: University of California Press, 1981.</ref> == Talaka na ndoa na Bertha == Bakari alipanga [[nyumba]] na familia ya Kijerumani alipoanzisha uhusiano na binti wa familia, Bertha Hilske. Mnamo Desemba [[1903]] Mtoro Bakari alimwandikia mkwewe Bagamoyo akamtaliki mkewe kulingana na sheria ya Kiislamu kwa sababu alitaka kumuoa Bertha. Carl Velten na mkurugenzi wa semina hiyo Eduard Sachau walizungumza kwa nguvu dhidi ya ndoa hiyo. Waliona haiwezekani [[Mwafrika]] kutoka koloni amwoe Mjerumani, pia waliona anataka kumwoa mke wa pili ambayo ni marufuku Ujerumani. Afisa mmoja katika Wizara ya Mambo ya Nje alimsaida kwa kuuliza serikali ya kikoloni ya [[Dar es Salaam]] kama kulikuwa na vizuizi kwa [[ndoa]] jibu lilikuwa kufuatana na utaratibu wa Kiislamu uliokubaliwa katika koloni [[talaka]] ilikuwa halali, hivyo hapakuwa na vizuizi vya ndoa. Hivyo Bakari na Bertha walifunga ndoa pale Berlin-Charlottenburg katika Oktoba 1904. == Kuacha kazi chuoni na kurudi Afrika == Uhusiano kati ya Bakari na wakubwa wake ulikuwa mgumu tangu wakati huo. Bakari alikosolewa mara kwa mara kibaguzi na wanafunzi wake aliomba wakuu wake wamsaidie lakini hawakumlinda tena. Kwa hivyo Bakari alisitisha ajira yake mapema Mei 1905. Jina lake halijatajwa tena kwenye machapisho ya semina tangu wakati huo, ingawa muswada alizowahi kutunga bado zilitumika. <ref name="Wildenthal">Lora Wildenthal: ''German Women for Empire, 1884-1945.'' Durham NC 2001, S. 111–120.</ref> <ref name="Wimmelbücker 2009 41ff">Ludger Wimmelbücker: ''Mtoro bin Mwinyi Bakari (c. 1869-1927). Swahili Lecturer and Author in Germany. '' Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) 2009, S. 41–63.</ref> Mnamo Agosti 1905 Mtoro Bakari ambaye hakuwa na kazi tena alipewa tiketi ya meli na wizara aweze kurudi akasafiri kwenda Afrika Mashariki pamoja na mkewe. Walipofika Tanga kwenye mwezi Septemba 1905 wakati wa [[Vita ya Majimaji]], mkuu Mjerumani wa wilaya aliingia katika meli akamwambia haruhusiwi kutoka. Baada ya kuwasili Dar es Salaam tukio lilirudiwa. Mkuu wa Wilaya alifika kwenye meli akamwambia mke haruhusiwi kutoka. Bakari alitishiwa akionekana na mke wake atadhibiwa kwa kupigwa viboko 25 <ref name="Wildenthal">Lora Wildenthal: ''German Women for Empire, 1884-1945.'' Durham NC 2001, S. 111–120.</ref> . Hata hivyo walitembea mjini ambako umati kubwa ya wakazi Waafrika iliwafuata wakishangaa kumwona Mwafrika na mwanamke Mzungu. Polisi iliwarudisha kwenye meli. Siku iliyofuata, Bertha alikwenda peke yake akapeleka malalamiko kwa ofisi ya koloni. Hapo alipewa hati ya kufukuzwa katika koloni na serikali iliwapa tiketi. Akina Bakari walipaswa kurudi Ujerumani. Taarifa ya [[Gazeti la Kijerumani la Afrika ya Mashariki]] ''(Deutsch-Ostafrikanische Zeitung)'' ilibeba taarifa juu ya tukio hilo na kusifu serikali, ikieleza hofu kwamba mke Mzungu wa Mwafrika angeharibu sifa za Wazungu wote machoni pa wenyeji, hali iliyotazamiwa kuwa hatari hasa katika hali ya vita iliyoendelea wakati ule. Baadaye Gavana [[Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] alitangaza amri ya kupiga marufuku ndoa zote kati ya wenyeji na Wajerumani, ambazo zilikuwa halali ndani ya Ujerumani lakini aliweza kutumia mamlaka yake ya pekee ya kutoa sheria kwa koloni lake. == Kurudi Ujerumani == Oktoba 1905, wenza hao walirudi Berlin, ambapo Bakari alidai fidia kutoka kwa serikali kwa dhuluma waliyokuwa wakipata. Mnamo Januari 1906 alimwandikia [[Kaisari Wilhelm II|Kaisari Wilhelm II.]] barua alimoelezea uharamu wa hatua zilizochukuliwa dhidi yake, alielezea hali yake ya kiuchumi akaomba nafasi mpya katika utumishi wa umma - iwe Ujerumani au Afrika Mashariki. Mnamo Februari 1906, hata hivyo, alipokea uamuzi kutoka kwa idara ya kikoloni katika Ofisi ya Mambo ya nje iliyokataa. <ref name="Wimmelbücker 2009 41ff">Ludger Wimmelbücker: ''Mtoro bin Mwinyi Bakari (c. 1869-1927). Swahili Lecturer and Author in Germany. '' Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) 2009, S. 41–63.</ref> Bakari alizingira mlango wa ofisi hiyo kwa wiki kadhaa akijaribu kuzungumza na afisa aliyehusika. <ref name="Hintrager 74">Oscar Hintrager: ''Südwestafrika in der deutschen Zeit.'' München 1955, S. 74.</ref> Mnamo Desemba 1906 mwishowe alimwandikia mkurugenzi wa idara ya kikoloni [[Bernhard Dernburg]]: : “Kutokana na kufunga ndoa halali chini ya sheria ya Ujerumani, nilifukuzwa kutoka nyumbani kwangu huko Afrika Mashariki ya Ujerumani na vyombo vya serikali ya Ujerumani nikakosa ajira hapa Ujerumani. Kwa hivyo ninaomba kwamba Mheshimiwa atakuwa mwema wa kutosha kunisafirisha kurudi nyumbani pamoja na mke wangu na kuniacha niishi huko, au kupata kazi hapa Berlin ambapo naweza kupata riziki yangu kwa njia halali. ” Ili kuzuia majadiliano ya umma, Ofisi ya Kikoloni iliamua mwaka 1907 kutafuta kazi mpya kwa Bakari. Bakari alikataa nafasi ya mfanyakazi msaidizi katika duka la vitabu la kikoloni kama haitoshi. <ref name="Wildenthal">Lora Wildenthal: ''German Women for Empire, 1884-1945.'' Durham NC 2001, S. 111–120.</ref> <ref name="Wimmelbücker 2009 41ff">Ludger Wimmelbücker: ''Mtoro bin Mwinyi Bakari (c. 1869-1927). Swahili Lecturer and Author in Germany. '' Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) 2009, S. 41–63.</ref> ==Mhadhiri wa Kiswahili Hamburg== Hapo alipata usaidizi na mchungaji aliyewahi kuwa misionari Carl Meinhof, aliyefundisha pia lugha za Kiafrika kwenye Chuo Kikuu aliyemsaidia kupata wanafunzi wa Kiswahili kutoka shirika za misioni alioweza kufundisha kibinafsi. Hadi muhula wa pili wa 1908/09 aliendesha pia semina kuhusu mada ya [[Uislamu]]. Katika kitabu cha anwani cha Berlin aliorodheshwa mnamo 1908 kama mhadhiri na mnamo 1909 kama [[mmisionari]]. Mwishowe wanaisimu Bernhard Struck na Carl Meinhof walimsaidia Bakari kupata ajira kwenye taasisi mpya ya elimu ya koloni pale Hamburg. Katika barua yake ya kumpendekeza Becker, Meinhof alisifu maarifa ya Bakari, ustadi wake kama mwalimu, busara na ucheshi. <ref name="Wimmelbücker 2009 41ff">Ludger Wimmelbücker: ''Mtoro bin Mwinyi Bakari (c. 1869-1927). Swahili Lecturer and Author in Germany. '' Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) 2009, S. 41–63.</ref> Baada ya kupata kazi kutoka Hamburg, Mtoro Bakari na mkewe waliondoka Berlin mnamo Machi 1909 akaanza kufanya kazi kama "mwalimu msaidizi wa lugha" katika "Semina ya Lugha za Kikoloni" kwenye Taasisi ya Elimu ya Koloni ya Hamburg kuanzia muhula wa pili wa 1909/10. <ref>''Jahrbuch der hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten'' XXVIII (1910), S. 44.</ref> Baada ya miaka kadhaa alipata mzozo na mhadhiri Mjerumani, ambako alihisi anabaguliwa, akalazimika kuondoka katika taasisi ya Hamburg mwaka 1913. Kisha wenza hao wakarudi Berlin. <ref name="Wimmelbücker 2009 64ff">Ludger Wimmelbücker: ''Mtoro bin Mwinyi Bakari (c. 1869-1927). Swahili Lecturer and Author in Germany. '' Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) 2009, S. 64ff.</ref> ==Baada ya Vita Kuu== Hadi miaka ya 1920, Mtoro Bakari alitoa mihadhara juu ya Afrika Mashariki kwenye taasisi mbalimbali katika miji mingi ya Ujerumani kufadhili maisha yake. <ref name="Wildenthal">Lora Wildenthal: ''German Women for Empire, 1884-1945.'' Durham NC 2001, S. 111–120.</ref> <ref name="Wimmelbücker 2009 64ff">Ludger Wimmelbücker: ''Mtoro bin Mwinyi Bakari (c. 1869-1927). Swahili Lecturer and Author in Germany. '' Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) 2009, S. 64ff.</ref> Baada ya [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]], Bakari aliona mara kwa mara changamoto ya ubaguzi wa rangi kwa sababu watu walimwona kama mmoja wa askari wa Kifaransa kutoka kolonia za Kiafrika waliowahi kuvamia maeneo ya magharibi ya Ujerumani kwenye Mto Rhine tangu 1919. Kwa hiyo Bakari aliandika barua kwa serikali ya Ujerumani mnamo 1922 ombi la kupewa barua ya ulinzi inayoweza kuonyeshwa kwenye mamlaka ya miji mbalimbali ili aweza kupata malalo bila kusumbuliwa kwenye safari zake za kufundisha. <ref>zit. n. Marianne Bechhaus-Gerst: ''Kiswahili-speaking Africans in Germany before 1945.'' In: ''Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere'' (AAP) 55 (1998), S. 155–172, hier: S. 161.</ref> Kuanzia 1914 kuendelea, akina Bakari waliishi kwenye nyumba Lichtenrader Strasse 40 pale Berlin-Neukölln. Alipoaga dunia kwenye umri wa miaka 58, alizikwa kwenye makaburi ya Waturuki pale Berlin.<ref>Wimmelbücker, uk. 32</ref> Bertha Bakari mara ya mwisho aliorodheshwa huko kama mjane wa Mtoro katika kitabu cha anwani cha Berlin cha 1929. <ref>''Berliner Adreßbücher'' 1915–1929.</ref> == Kujisomea == *Mtoro bin Mwinyi Bakari: "Khabari ya inchi ya Wazaramu", <ref>[https://archive.org/details/safarizawasuahe00veltgoog online hapa uk. 126]</ref> *Mtoro bin Mwinyi Bakari: "Safari yangu ya Udoe hatta Uzigua na khabari za Wadoe na mila zao" [https://archive.org/details/safarizawasuahe00veltgoog online hapa uk. 205] ::''(vyote viwili katika "Safari za Wasuaheli", ed. Carl Velten, Berlin 1901)'' * Ludger Wimmelbücker: ''Mtoro bin Mwinyi Bakari (c. 1869-1927).'' ''Mtoro bin Mwinyi Bakari (c. 1869-1927). Swahili Lecturer and Author in Germany.'' Dar es Salaam, (Tanzania): Mkuki na Nyota, 2009, ISBN 978-9987-08-008-3 * ''Dictionary of African Biography.'' Vol. 1, Oxford u. a.: Oxford University Press, 2012 ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5 == Marejeo == <references /> {{mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1927]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1869]] [[jamii:Waandishi wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Kiswahili]] l9azpiqjlhqhbc5kndm0it97owt3qiu 0 132962 1599002 1511833 2026-09-23T02:58:39Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name='''Erich Honecker'''|image=Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R0518-182, Erich Honecker.jpg|nationality=[[Germany|German]]|order=Katibu Mkuu wa Chama cha Maungano cha Kisoshalisti cha Ujerumani|predecessor=[[Walter Ulbricht]]|successor=[[Egon Krenz]]|birth_date={{birth date|1912|8|25|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Neunkirchen, Saarland|Neunkirchen]], [[Germany]]|death_date={{death date and age|1994|5|29|1912|8|25|df=y}}|death_place=[[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]], [[Chile]]|spouse=Edith Baumann<br />[[Margot Honecker|Margot Feist]] (1953-1994)|party=[[Chama cha Muungano Kisoshalisti Ujerumani]]|profession=Mwanasiasa|order2=Mwenyekiti wa Baraza la Dola |predecessor2=[[Willi Stoph]]|successor2=[[Egon Krenz]]}} '''Erich Honecker''' ([[25 Agosti]] [[1912]] - [[29 Mei]] [[1994]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Ukomunisti|Kikomunisti wa]] [[Ujerumani|Ujerumani Mashariki]] ambaye aliongoza [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kijerumani]] kutoka [[mwaka]] [[1971]] hadi [[1989]]. Baada ya maungano ya Ujerumani ya 1990, alihamia [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] lakini alirudishwa Ujerumani na [[serikali]] mpya ya Urusi, ambapo alifungwa na kuhukumiwa kwa [[uhaini]] na uhalifu uliotekelezwa wakati wa [[vita baridi]]. Walakini, wakati alikuwa [[mgonjwa]] wa [[Kansa ya ini|saratani]] ya [[Kansa ya ini|ini]], aliachiliwa kutoka [[Gereza|gerezani]]. Alikwenda uhamishoni nchini [[Chile]] alipofariki mwaka 1994. == Asili na vyanzo vya kazi ya kisiasa == Honecker alizaliwa huko [[Neunkirchen (Saar)|Neunkirchen]], leo kwenye [[Majimbo ya Ujerumani|jimbo]] la [[Saar|Saarland]], Ujerumani. Alikuwa na kaka wawili na dada watatu. Alijiunga mnamo 1926 na Umoja wa Vijana wa Kikomunisti wa Ujerumani (KJVD) uliokuwa tawi la Chama cha Kikomunisti cha Ujerumani (KPD), na kuwa mwanachama kamili mwaka 1929. Kati ya 1928 na 1930 alifanya kazi kama fundi wa kuezeka paa. Baadaye alipelekwa [[Moscow]] kusoma katika Shule ya Kimataifa ya Lenin na kwa maisha yake yote aliendelea kama mwanasiasa wa kikazi. Alirudi Ujerumani mnamo 1931. Baada ya [[NSDAP|Chama cha NSDAP]] cha [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] kuchukua serikali, Wakomunisti walipigwa marufuku katiia Ujerumani, lakini eneo la Saar likikuwa na hali ya pekee kwa miaka miwili. Hadi 1935 Honecker alipinga jitihada za kuunganisha Saar na Ujerumani; hatimaye alikamatwa mnamo 1935 baada ya [[NSDAP|Wanazi]] kuingia madarakani pia Saar. Mnamo 1937, alihukumiwa miaka kumi kwa kazi yake ya kisiasa alikaa kifungoni hadi mwisho wa [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]]. Baada ya gereza la Honecker kuvamiwa na kifaru cha Kirusi, alipata uhuru wake. Alibaki katika sehemu ya Ujerumani iliyokuwa chini ya mamlaka ya [[Jeshi Jekundu]] akajiunga tena na Wakomunisti wenzake akafaulu kupokelewa na kundi la Walter Ulbricht, Wakomunisti Wajerumani waliorudi pamoja na washindi Warusi. Mwaka 1946 Honecker aliteuliwa kuwa mjumbe wa kamati kuu ya chama na pia kuwa kiongozi wa [[Vijana Huru wa Kijerumani|Vijana Huru wa Kijerumani (FDJ)]], umoja wa vijana wote katika ukanda wa mamalaka ya Kirusi wa Ujerumani. Wakati mamlaka ya kijeshi ya Kirusi ililazimisha maungano ya vyama vya Kikomunisti na Kijamii-kidemokrasia (social democrat), Honecker alikuwa mwanahama wa [[Chama cha Muungano Kisoshalisti Ujerumani]] (SED). Honceker alikuwa mbunge wa bunge katika eneo chini ya mamlaka ya Kisovyeti tangu uchaguzi wa Oktoba 1946. Baada ya kuundwa kwa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kijerumani]] kwenye Oktoba 1949, Honecker aliteuliwa kuingia katika Kamati Kuu ya chama mnamo 1950, alipokuwa mjumbe kamili mnamo 1958. Akiwa mwenyekiti wa umoja wa Vijana FDJ, alijitahidi hasa kupunguza athira ya vikundi vya vijana vya makanisa alivyotazama kama wapinzani wake wa kiitikadi. 1955 hadi 1957 Hoecker alikaa Moscow kwa masomo ya kiitikadi, na hapo alishiriki kwenye Mkutano wa XX wa Chama cha Kikomunisti ambako [[Nikita Krushchov]] alibomoa kumbukumbu ya [[Josef Stalin|Joseph Stalin]]. Baada ya kurudi Berlin, alikuwa mjumbe kamili wa kamatu kuu akawajibika katika mambo ya usalama na kijeshi. Akiwa Katibu wa Usalama wa SED alisimamia ujenzi wa [[Ukuta wa Berlin]] kwenye mwaka 1961. == Kiongozi wa Ujerumani Mashariki == Mnamo 1971, Honecker alianza mapambano ya nguvu ya kisiasa dhidi ya mkuuwa Chama cha kikomunisti [[Walter Ulbricht]]. Kwa msaada wa serikali ya [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti|Kisovyeti]] alimlazimisha Ulbricht kujiuzulu akawa kiongozi mpya, au ''Katibu Mkuu'', wa Chama cha SED. Tangu 1976 alikuwa pia Mwenyekiti wa Baraza la Dola na hivyo mkuu wa dola. Honecker alijitahidi kuboresha maisha ya wananchi wake na Ujerumani ya Mashariki ilipata hali ya juu ya maisha katika nchi zote za Umoja wa nchi za kikomunisti. Hata hivyo, uwezo wa uchumi wa kisoshalisti uliendelea kubaki nyuma ya maendeleo katika magharibi ya Ujerumani kwenye [[Shirikisho la Jamhuri ya Ujerumani]]. Honecker alikazia utawala wa kisiasa katika himaya yake, alikandamiza upinzani wowote na kuimarisha mpaka ndani ya Ujeruamni ambako mamia waliuawa walipojaribu kutoroka kutoka mashariki kwenda magharibi. Kwa msaada wa mikopo kutoka magharibi Honecker aliweza kudumisha serikali yake. 1987 Honecker alitembelea Shirikisho la Jamhuri ya Ujerumani kama mgeni rasmi wa chanselaa Kohl. Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1980 kiongozi wa Umoja wa Kisovyeti, [[Mikhail Gorbachov]] alibadilisha siasa ya ukomunisti kwa mitindo ya glasnost na perestroika, kama mageuzi ya kukomboa ukomunisti. Honecker, hata hivyo, alikataa kutekeleza mageuzi kama hayo katika GDR. Wakati harakati ya mageuzi ikienea kote Ulaya ya Kati na Mashariki kulikuwa na maandamano dhidi ya serikali ya Ujerumani Mashariki. Kubwa zaidi yalikuwa maandamano ya Jumatatu mnamo 1989 katika jiji la Leipzig. Viongozi wengine wa DDR waliamua kumwondoa Honecker, na kumlazimisha ajiuzulu mnamo 18 Oktoba 1989. [[Egon Krenz]] alichukua nafasi yake. Baada ya kupinduliwa, Honecker alibaki bila nyumba wala makazi. Kwa muda wa miezi miwili alipata kimbilio katika nyumba ya mchungaji mmoja wa Kilutheri, baadaye alipelekwa katika hospitali ya kijeshi ya Kirusi pale Berlin. Madaktari walitambua kansa ya ini kwake. Kutoka hodspitali alipelekwa Moscow pamoja na mkewe, ili kuepuka mashtaka juu ya uhalifu wa Vita Baridi, hasa maagizo yake ya kzuia watu walioelekea magharibi hata kwa kutumia silaha. Baada ya Umoja wa Kisovyeti kuvunjika ma ,wisho wa ukomunisti pale, mnamo Desemba 1991, Honecker alikwenda kwa ubalozi wa Chile huko Moscow, lakini alirudishwa na serikali ya Boris Yeltsin mnamo 1992. Honecher alikamatwa na kushtakiwa; lakini aliachiliwa kwa sababu ya afya mbaya na mnamo 13 Januari mwaka huo alihamia Chile kuishi na binti yake Sonja aliyeolewa na Mchile. Alikufa kwa saratani ya ini huko Santiago, Chile mnamo 29 Mei 1994. ==Marejeo== *{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/erich1.htm|title=Erich Honecker Speech on Peace (1984)|first=Erich|author=Honeker|work=calvin.edu|year=1984|accessdate=17 December 2011|archive-date=2014-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816151817/http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/erich1.htm|url-status=dead}} ==Viungo vya Nje== {{Commons category|Erich Honecker}} {{wikiquote}} * {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/honecker/ |date=* |title=CNN Cold War – Profile: Erich Honecker }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051124065508/http://www.honecker-im-internet.de/ Honecker im Internet] (in German) * [http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=2158 www.warheroes.ru – Erich Honecker] (in Russian) * [https://archive.org/details/WelcomingAddressto1979SessionoftheWorldPeaceCouncil ''Welcoming Address to 1979 Session of the World Peace Council'' Erich Honecker's speech to the WPC] * [https://archive.org/details/ASuccessfulPolicySearedtotheNeedsofthePeople ''A Successful Policy Seared to the Needs of the People'' Volkskammer pamphlet including material by Honecker] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1994]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1912]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Ujerumani]] i6rv0kvxcva5kc121enc23wyp1s3gxc 0 133040 1598847 1499900 2026-09-22T21:19:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598847 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Orville Wilbur Wright.jpg|thumb|Orville na Wilbur Wright]] '''Akina Wright (Wright brothers)''' ni namna ya kutaja ndugu '''Orville Wright''' ([[19 Agosti]] [[1871]] - [[30 Januari]] [[1948]]) na '''Wilbur Wright''' ([[16 Aprili]] [[1867]] - [[30 Mei]] [[1912]]) wanaoaminiwa na wengi kuwa walibuni na kurusha [[eropleni]] ya kwanza yenye [[injini]] iliyoweza kuongozwa mnamo [[17 Desemba]] [[1903]]. <ref>The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale is the standard setting and record-keeping body for aeronautics and astronautics worldwide. They officially said the Wright brothers flight was [http://www.wright-house.com/wright-brothers/wrights/1903.html "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight"].</ref> Hata hivyo, madai hayo yamepingwa kwa kurejelea [[wavumbuzi]] wengine waliofanya majaribio na eropleni katika miaka iliyotangulia<ref>http://wright-brothers.wikidot.com/</ref>. == Maisha ya awali == Ndugu Wrights walikulia nchini [[Marekani]] huko [[Dayton, Ohio]]. Walikuwa wana wa [[mchungaji]] <ref name="WDL">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11372/|title=Telegram from Orville Wright in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, to His Father Announcing Four Successful Flights, 1903 December 17|work=[[World Digital Library]]|date=1903-12-17|accessdate=2013-07-22|archive-date=2019-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107070246/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11372/|url-status=dead}}</ref> aliyewahamasisha kusoma na kuuliza maswali. Baada ya [[shule]] ya [[sekondari]] hawakusoma [[Chuo|chuoni]] bali walianzisha [[gazeti]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/daav/chap4.htm |title=What Dreams We Have |accessdate=2021-02-20 |archive-date=2007-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070815192635/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/daav/chap4.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Baada ya hapo, walianzisha [[duka]] la kujenga na kutengeneza [[baisikeli]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Wright_Bros/wright_family/WR1G5.htm| title = The Van Cleve Bicycle that the Wrights Built and Sold|publisher=U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission|accessdate=2009-05-22|archivedate=2012-10-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008031801/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Wright_Bros/wright_family/WR1G5.htm}}</ref> == Kujifunza jinsi ya kuruka == Kufikia [[miaka ya 1890]], akina Wrights walipendezwa na kuruka, hasa baada ya kusikia kuhusu jitihada za [[Otto Lilienthal]] huko [[Ujerumani]]. Walianza majaribio ya kutengeneza [[Ndege (uanahewa)|ndege]] katika duka lao la baiskeli. <ref name="WDL3">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11373/|title=Wilbur Wright Working in the Bicycle Shop|work=[[World Digital Library]]|date=1897|accessdate=2013-07-22|archive-date=2013-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930192807/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11373/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Walielewa changamoto kubwa ilikuwa kudhibiti ndege ikiwa [[Hewa|hewani]], maana Lilienthal na wengine walikuwa wamekufa wakati hawakuweza kudhibiti [[Chomboanga|ndege]] zao. Kuanzia mwaka [[1900]] hadi [[1902]], waliunda nyiririko huko [[Dayton]] na kuzijaribisha pale Kitty Hawk penye [[upepo]] wenye nguvu na wa kudumu. == Kuruka == [[Picha:Wrightflyer.jpg|left|thumb|300x300px| Picha ya ndege ya kwanza na Orville Wright kwenye vidhibiti na Wilbur Wright akikimbia kando yake.]] Tangu 1903 waliweka injini ndogo na [[parapela]] kwenye eropleni zao. Jaribio lililofaulu hutajwa kutokea 14 Desemba 1903, ambako Wilbur alikaa hewani kwa [[sekunde]] tatu. Karika siku zilizofuata, waliruka tena na hadi mwaka [[1904]] waliweza kukaa hewani tayari [[dakika]] moja na nusu na kumaliza mviringo hewani. <ref name="WDL"/> Mwaka 1905 walitegeneza ndege yao ya tatu iliyoweza kukaa hewani kwa [[kilomita]] 39.4 katika muda wa dakika 38. Akina Wright hawakutangaza [[kazi]] yao kwa sababu walitaka kuanza [[biashara]] wakiogopa watu wengine watatumia mbinu zao na kuzitumia kwa ndege za wenyewe. Hatimaye waliridhika walifika mahali walifanya maonyesho kwa ajili ya [[jeshi]] la Marekani na [[serikali]] ya [[Ufaransa]] kwenye mwaka [[1908]]. <ref>"L'Aerophile," August 11, 1908, quoted in Crouch, p. 368. Demonstration flights were made Aug. 8-15, 1908. (Crouch, p. 366-7.).</ref> Baada ya hapo, walianzisha [[kampuni]] ya kujenga ndege. Wakati wa [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]] Wilbur alifariki. Orville aliendelea kufanya kazi ili kuweka sifa yake kama mtu wa kwanza kuruka. Baadaye aliuza kampuni yake akipumzika. Alifariki mnamo 1948. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya Nje== {{Commons category|Wright brothers}} * {{Gutenberg author | id=Wright,+Orville | name=Orville and Wilbur Wright}} * {{Internet Archive author |search=("Orville Wright" OR "Wright, Orville" OR "Wilbur Wright" OR "Wright, Wilbur" OR "Wright brothers" OR "Orville and Wilbur Wright")|dname=Orville and Wilbur Wright}} * [http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?169819 Original Letters From The Wright Brothers: The First Flight] {{Wayback|url=http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?169819 |date=20140420031317 }} Shapell Manuscript Foundation * [http://invention.psychology.msstate.edu To Fly Is Everything Articles, photos, historical texts] * [http://www.wrightexperience.com The Wright Experience Articles and photos about construction of replica gliders and airplanes] {{Wayback|url=http://www.wrightexperience.com/ |date=20210210225341 }} * [http://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/daav/index.htm ''What Dreams We Have'' E-book by National Park Service historian] * [http://firstflight.open.ac.uk FirstFlight: flight simulation, videos and experiments] * [http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&articleID=000E2A9A-2E05-1FA8-AE0583414B7F0000 ''Scientific American'' magazine (December 2003 Issue) The Equivocal Success of the Wright Brothers] * [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/wright/ PBS ''Nova'': The Wright Brothers' Flying Machines] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170249/https://www.asme.org/getmedia/3764d124-ce32-4335-bbac-24836c780066/224-Wright-Flyer-III.aspx "Wright Flyer III (1905)" at ASME.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070912065254/http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp FAI NEWS: "100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality"] * [http://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/daav/index.htm Wright Brothers], ''[[National Park Service]]'' * [http://www.shapell.org/manuscript/wright-brothers-first-flight Orville Wright Personal Manuscripts] *[https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.CRMS185 Guide to Postcards on Wright's Airplane Ascension at Le Mans 1908] at the [https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/scrc/ University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center] ===Maisha yao=== * [http://www.wright-brothers.org Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company virtual museum] *[http://www.awesomestories.com/history/history-flight/the-first-flight pictures, letters and other sources from National Archives] * [http://www.libraries.wright.edu/special/wright_brothers/ Wright Brothers Collection (MS-1) at Wright State University] * [http://ead.ohiolink.edu/xtf-ead/view?docId=ead/ODa0001.xml Wright Brothers Collection (MS-001) at Dayton Metro Library] * [https://www.c-span.org/video/?325996-1/qa-david-mccullough C-SPAN ''Q&A'' interview with David McCullough on The Wright Brothers, May 31, 2015] ===Leseni=== * {{US patent|821393}}{{nbsp}}– ''Flying machine''{{nbsp}}– O. & W. Wright * [http://invention.psychology.msstate.edu/i/Wrights/WrightUSPatent/WrightPatent.html patent in HTML] ===Makumbusho=== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080803223827/http://www.nasm.si.edu/wrightbrothers/index_full.cfm The Wright Brothers&nbsp;– The Invention of the Aerial Age] Smithsonian Institution * [http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/wright/index.html Smithsonian Stories of the Wright flights] * [http://www.wwbirthplace.com Wilbur Wright Birthplace Museum] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060715011739/http://fi.edu/wright/ Wright Aeronautical Engineering Collection The Franklin Institute] * [http://www.aviationheritagearea.org/wrightDunbar.htm Wright-Dunbar Interpretive Center and the Wright Cycle Company] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aviationheritagearea.org/wrightDunbar.htm |date=20120806172552 }} ===Picha=== * [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pp/wrihtml/wriabt.html Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Online Catalog&nbsp;– Wright Brothers Negatives] * [http://www.outerbanks.com/wrightbrothers/photographs Outer Banks of NC Wright Photographs: 1900–1911(Sourced from Library of Congress)] * [http://invention.psychology.msstate.edu/moviesandphotos/index.html Video clips about the invention of the fixed-wing aircraft] * [http://www.flyingmachines.org/ The Pioneer Aviation Group Many pictures of early flying machines and a comprehensive chronology of flight attempts] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121127110513/http://www.corbisimages.com/Search#p=1&s=50&sort=0&q=wilbur%20wright Wilbur Wright photo gallery at Corbis (page one)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121127110513/http://www.corbisimages.com/Search#p=1&s=50&sort=0&q=orville%20wright Orville Wright photo gallery at Corbis (page one)] * [http://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/special_ms1/ Wright Brothers Collection digital images at Wright State University] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050419171920/http://www.immediart.com/catalog/product_info.php?cPath=46_52&products_id=178 ''New Scientist'' magazine, Scientific Firsts: Print of Wright Flyer in France 1907] * [http://farm1.static.flickr.com/213/494113359_3adffb087d.jpg Wilbur's world famous Model A Flyer "France" sits in a hall of honor on display in a Paris museum after Wilbur donated it to the French. Its whereabouts afterwards are unknown. Sharing space with the Wright A is a Bleriot VI or VII, an Antoinette and a Voisin] * [http://content.daytonmetrolibrary.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/wbnews Wright Brothers' Newspapers] at [[Dayton Metro Library]] [[Jamii:Wavumbuzi wa Marekani]] p24jmlv7le0sfteowyifsltbq0apjcd 0 133488 1599003 1514407 2026-09-23T02:58:46Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599003 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hōko''' (這 子, anayengaa. "[[Mtoto]] anayetambaa") ni aina ya [[mwanasesere]] mwenye [[mwili]] laini wanayopewa [[wanawake]] wenye [[umri]] mdogo na haswa [[Ujauzito|wajawazito]] huko [[Japani]] ili kulinda [[mama]] na [[mtoto]] ambaye hajazaliwa.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EzzRAgAAQBAJ&q=h%C5%8Dko+doll&pg=PT184|title=Ningyo: The Art of the Japanese Doll|last=Pate|first=Alan Scott|date=2013-02-12|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-1-4629-0720-5|language=en}}</ref> [[jadi|Kijadi]], wanasesere wa hoko walitengenezwa kwa [[hariri]] na [[nywele]] za [[binadamu]],<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/605352139|title=Collecting Japanese antiques|last=Seton|first=Alistair|date=2004|publisher=Tuttle|isbn=9781462905881|location=Boston, Mass.|oclc=605352139}}</ref> na kujazwa [[pamba]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Glossary|url=http://netsukeonline.org/htm/glossary.html|work=netsukeonline.org|accessdate=2021-04-02}}</ref> Wanasesere wangeweza kutengenezwa kwa [[Mvulana|wavulana]] na [[Msichana|wasichana]]. Wanasesere wa wavulana wangepewa wakati wavulana walipokuwa na umri wa miaka 15,<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Antique Japanese Dolls - Ningyo|url=https://www.antiquejapanesedolls.com/|work=www.antiquejapanesedolls.com|accessdate=2021-04-02}}</ref> wakati wasichana wangeachana na wanasesere wao kwenye ndoa.<ref name=":1" /> Wanasesere walipewa watoto ama wakati wa kuzaliwa, au kwa siku maalum muda mfupi baada ya kuzaliwa.<ref name=":1" /> Mwanamke mjamzito angepewa mpya, ili kumlinda yeye na mtoto wake aliyezaliwa pamoja, kwa kipindi chote cha [[ujauzito]]. Wanasesere wa siku za hivi karibuni wameundwa na [[teknolojia]] ya kufuatilia watoto.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.hoko.ca/en#discover |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-03-11 |archivedate=2016-06-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604160722/http://www.hoko.ca/en#discover }}</ref> == Historia == Hōko anaweza akaakisiwa katika kipindi cha nyuma kwenye "takwimu za talismanic" kutoka [[historia]] ya mapema ya [[Japani]],<ref name=":0" /> na inawezekana inahusiana na dhana ya kutumia midoli wa karatasi (hina), kama "kusimama kwaajili ya watu."<ref name=":1" /> Matumizi ya Katashiro ( Subst 代, lit. "Mbadala") katika mazoezi ya kiroho kama kusimama kuchukua mzigo wa dhambi za mtu au bahati mbaya pia ilichukua jukumu katika kuunda popo za hoko<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/873141983|title=Images of Familial Intimacy in Eastern and Western Art.|last=Nakamura|first=Toshiharu|date=2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-26194-5|location=Leiden|oclc=873141983}}</ref> na pia kwa wanafamilia ambao hawako kazini (yaani mama dolls kwa [[Yatima|watoto yatima]]). === Amagatsu === Amagatsu (天 児; upataji haijulikani wazi), pia inajulikana kama "mlezi wa wanasesere" au "hoko-hina" ("watoto wa hali ya chini"), ni aina nyingine ya doll inayofanana kama hirizi au hirizi kwa mdoli wa hoko, iliyoandikwa nyuma hadi karne ya 11 na kutajwa katika The Tale of Genji. Amagatsu yalikuwa ya ujenzi rahisi: jozi za vijiti (kuni au mianzi) zilifungwa pamoja - na mwili na mikono kwa jadi kutengeneza umbo la "T" - kichwa cha kitambaa cha hariri kilichojazwa kiliambatanishwa juu na mavazi yakiwa yamefunikwa juu yake. Vyanzo vinavyotaja neno maalum hkoko huanza kuonekana katika kipindi cha Heian, lakini zinaonekana zaidi katika kipindi cha Muromachi cha historia ya Japani; katika zama za Muromachi (1333-1568), takwimu hizi zilitunzwa na kitanda cha mtoto ili kuepusha uovu. Inafikiriwa pia kwamba nguo za mtoto zinapaswa kutundikwa kwenye fomu ya T ya wagatsu, kama stendi ya kimono, kuchukua vitu vyovyote mbali na nguo. Hoko ilikuwa na hariri nyeupe iliyofunikwa na pamba na ilipewa mtoto wakati wa kuzaliwa kwake, mara nyingi kama ubuyashinai (zawadi kwa mtoto siku ya 3, 5, na 9). Kutumika kwa wavulana na wasichana, wanasesere hawa walikuwa wa kawaida katika maisha yao ya mapema. Wavulana wangewaweka hadi umri wa miaka 15, wakati "walezi" wao wangewekwa wakfu kwenye kaburi la karibu. Katika miaka ya baadaye, magatsu na wanasesere wa hoko wakawa kitu sawa, na wanasesere waliotengenezwa kwa kitambaa na vifaa vingine laini.<ref>'''1988''', (Kijapani), Tōkyō: Shogakukan</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Utamaduni wa Japani]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Japani]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2021 in Tanzania]] lyqj501ei7pzm96sjfbjkeg8lmspsdx 0 134000 1598980 1485251 2026-09-23T02:52:36Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mtu |rangi = |jina = Amy Nimr |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |jina la kuzaliwa = |alizaliwa = 9 Agosti 1898 |alikufa = 24 januari 1974 |nchi = Misri |kazi yake = Msanii, mchoraji, mwandishi, mlezi |ndoa = |wazazi = |watoto = |tovuti rasmi = }} '''Amy Nimr''' (anajulikana pia kama '''Amy Smart'''; [[1898]] - [[1974]]) alikuwa [[msanii]], [[mwandishi]] na mlezi wa [[sanaa]] mzaliwa wa [[Misri]]<ref>Although she is Egyptian in nationality, Nimr's mother, Ellen Eynaud, was British, French and Austrian and her father, Faris Nimr, was of Lebanese-Syrian origin.</ref>. Anajulikana kwa kushirikiana na kikundi cha [[Cairo]] Art et Liberté.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Amy Nimr|url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/amy-nimr/|website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes|access-date=2020-04-30}}</ref> Baba yake alikua mtu maarufu katika masaala ya [[vyombo vya habari]].<ref>{{Cite journal|year=1952|title=Obituary|journal=Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society|language=en|volume=39|issue=2|pages=167–170|doi=10.1080/03068375208731440|issn=0035-8789}}</ref> == Maisha yake ya mwanzoni ikiwemo na elimu yake == Amy Nimr alizaliwa [[Cairo]] katika familia ya kiwango cha juu. Rekodi yake rasmi ya kuzaliwa inasema kwamba alizaliwa mnamo 1907 lakini wengi wanaamini kuna uwezekano mkubwa kwamba alizaliwa mnamo [[9 Agosti]] 1898. Ingawa yeye ni Misri katika utaifa, mama ya Nimr, Ellen Eynaud, alikuwa Mwingereza, Mfaransa na Mkaustria na baba yake, Faris Nimr, alikuwa na asili ya Lebanoni-Syria. Baba yake pia alikuwa maarufu "media mogul" ambaye, mnamo 1879 na mwenzake, alianzisha jarida la kisayansi na fasihi '' al-Muqataf. '' Baadaye mnamo [[1889]], baada ya kuhamia Misri kutoka Beirut, walianzisha [[gazeti]] la jioni '' al-Muqattam. Kukua, Nimr alipata elimu ya Magharibi. Alitumia muda wake kati ya Misri, Ufaransa na Uingereza. Alihudhuria Chuo cha Wanawake cha Cheltenham na baadaye alihudhuria Shule ya Slade ya Sanaa Nzuri huko London kutoka [[1916]] hadi [[1920]], pia alikuwa ni mwanafunzi wa semina ya uchoraji wa post-impressionist Walter Sickert. == Sanaa yake na kazi == Kazi ya Nimiri uko uropa ilipotea. Alionesha kwa mara ya kwanza huko Paris kwenye Salon d'Automne ya [[1925]] na alikuwa na maonyesho yake ya kwanza ya solo katika Jumba la sanaa la Bernheim-Jeune mwaka mmoja baadaye mnamo [[1926]]. Umaarufu wake huko Misri uliwezeshwa na maonyesho kadhaa ya umma kwenye Salon du Caire ya kila mwaka kuanzia mwanzoni mwa miaka ya [[1930]]. Inasemekana kuwa kazi yake ilivutia mchoraji Mahmoud Sa'id, mmoja wa watu mashuhuri wa sanaa ya kisasa ya Misri, na Jean Moscatelli, mmoja wa washiriki waanzilishi wa Kikundi cha Sanaa na Uhuru. Vile vile, mwandishi Ahmed Rassim (pia binamu wa Mahmoud Sa'id) aliandika kitabu kifupi juu yake. Kati ya mwaka [[1930]] na [[1935]] alionekana katika Warren Gallery uko Landon, Vignon Gallery uko Paris na Kasr al-Doubarah Gallery uko Cairo. Ilikuwa uropa amba[po alipata ufahamu wa uhakika na ufahamu na kuonyresha orodha mfano Barbara Hepworth na Robert Medley.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last1=Bardaouil|first1=Sam|title=Art et Liberté: Rupture, War and Surrealism in Egypt (1938-1948)|last2=Fellrath|first2=Till|publisher=Éditions Skira Paris|year=2016|isbn=978-2370740311|pages=29, 218}}</ref> mume wake alichukua nafasi kubwa katika kumsaidia juu ya Sanaa yake. Walizindua nyumba yao uko Zamalek inayo husu sana pamoja na wanauhuru wenzake, aliwatambulisha kwenye "pia alienda kuwashirikisha kifikra pamoja na Henry Miller mzunguko katika Villa Seurat"ambayo alipata alipo fika paris pindi alipo jichanganya na wengine.<ref name=":1" /> pia alizindua saluni nyumbani kwake ili iwarahisishie wasani kazi nakuwasaidia kujikimu kimaisha.<ref name=":1" /> Michoro yake ya kwanza (pre-Art and Liberty) ilikuwa ina elezea zaidi kuhusiana na jamii yake ya Egpt alitumia mitindo ya asili yakiingereza kama chiaroscuro. Michoro yake ya rangi mwanzoni ilikuwa ina husu sanamu zaki Nubians Bedouin kwanzia alipotembelea katika jami ya wa Egypt na michoro ya wanawake wa kinudia, sudani, na sahara ya Africa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Radwan|first=Nadia|title=Art, Awakening, and Modernity in the Middle East: The Arab Nude|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|editor-last=Esanu|editor-first=Octavian|chapter=Chapter 4: Ideal Nudes and Iconic Bodies in the Works of the Egyptian Pioneers}}</ref> Mtindo wake ulibadilika mnamo mwaka- 1940s-1943, alikutana na matatizo ya ghafla yalio husisha afya yake. Wakati akiwa na mshtuko katika jangwa la Saqqara wakati mumewe na mwanawe Micky walipo uwawa na wanamigodi. Aliamua kurudi na kuchora michoro ya rangi inayohusiana Zaidi na fuvu zenyekuelezea mauwaji ya wakoloni wakiingereza katika vita vya pili vya dunia.<ref name=":0" /> kati ya 1940s, alipata kuona matokeo ya kazi yake<ref name=":1" /> kwenye mwaka [[1945]], aliandika kazi ya sana yenye kumkosoa Alexandria- shairi lenye asili ya ugiriki, liitwalo Constantine P. Cavafy|Constantine Cavafy kwa uhakika wa vita wa wakibinafsi alianza kwa kuandika Lawrence Durrell na Robin Feddenakiwa pamoja na profesa wa Cairo University''.alikuwa ni mu Egypt wapeke alieongoza nakala. Baada ya mapinduzi ya Egypt [[1952]] pia alikuwa kama mwanamapinduzi kwenye suzi canal Egypty mwaka [[1956]] nakukuwa kwa mapinduzi mnamo miaka ya [[1950]] Ramses Younan, kazi ya Nimiri ili anza kutoweka<ref name=":0" /> "Uzoefu wake kwa mara ya mwishomulionekana uko Galerie de Marignan Paris in [[1961]]. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1898]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1974]] [[Jamii:Arts and Feminism 2023]] dux6rqkkef0sxr3h00c1d1asx80fpl3 0 134002 1599004 1408873 2026-09-23T02:58:53Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599004 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Angèle Etoundi Essamba''' ni [[mpiga picha]] wa [[Kamerun]] anayeishi na kufanya kazi mjini [[Amsterdam]]. Binti maarufu zaidi kwa [[kazi]] yake ya upigaji picha nyeusi na nyeupe za binadamu, ambayo mara nyingi alilenga mada kwa wanawake wa kiafrika. Essamba ni mmoja wa wapiga wanawake Afrika waliotukuzwa na kutunzwakatika kizazi chake, ambaye amepata maonyesho Zaidi ya 200 ulimwenguni, na zaidi ya 50 kwa uchapichaji wa wa majarida na magazeti.<ref>{{cite web | first1=Femi | last1=Akomolafe | url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA341129421&v=2.1&u=usfca_gleeson&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&asid=37f077c4ab44c2d35582c0d5ecbfa959 | title=Introducing Angele Etoundi Essamba: the photography of Angele Etoundi has garnered international acclaim. In this wide-ranging interview for New African, she explains to Femi Akomolafe something of her childhood in Cameroon before moving to live in France, and what currently motivates her amazing work | year=2013 | accessdate=4 March 2016 |work=New African | page=84}}</ref> == Wasifu == Angèle Etoundi Essaamba alizaliwa [[Douala]], nchini Cameroon, mnamo mwaka 1962, na alikulia [[Yaounde]].<ref name="Mojo">{{cite web|title='As It Is !' : Contemporary African Art Exhibition Series|url=http://www.themojogallery.com/asitis/artist-angele-etoundi-essamba.php|website=www.themojogallery.com|accessdate=18 February 2017|archive-date=2023-03-27|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230327010953/http://www.themojogallery.com/asitis/artist-angele-etoundi-essamba.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> At 9-10 years old, she moved to Paris, where she lived up through receiving her highschool education.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Angèle Etoundi Essamba|url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/angele-etoundi-essamba/|access-date=2020-12-01|website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes|language=en-US}}</ref> Basi na mnamo 1982,aliolewana kuelekea [[Amsterdam|Amsterdam (Netherlands)]] ambapo alianza kujifunza upiga picha katika Nederlandse Fotovak school (Dutch School for Professional Photography).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = http://www.artantide.com/artisti_BiografiaArtista?lang=2&idArtista=454|title = Angèle Etoundi Essamba|date = |accessdate = March 7, 2015|website = ArtAnTide.com|publisher = |last = |first = |archivedate = 2015-09-23|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150923174032/http://www.artantide.com/artisti_BiografiaArtista?lang=2&idArtista=454}}</ref> Essamba alisoma katika mji wa Paris,akisomea Falsafa,uchezaji muziki na upigaji wa picha..<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hassan|first1=Salah|title=Gendered Visions|date=1997|publisher=Africa World Press|location=Trenton, New Jersey|page=102}}</ref> ==Kazi ya upigaji picha== Essamba ni mpiga picha aliyelenga wanawake wa kiafrika na kusitisha ubaguzi wa kijinsia. Anafanya kazi ya kuhamasisha majadiliano kati ya watu na tamaduni, na aliwapa sauti na uthamanini. Sanaa yake haikua tu na msukumo wa kisasa,lakini kwa asili ya kiafrika na mazingira anuwai ya kiutamaduni ya nchi zake.<ref name=":0" /> Uchoraji ni uzoefu wake binafsi, historia, tamaduni, Mtazamo na ushawishi wa mazingira, Mpiga picha Essamba anaunganisha mbinu na hisia kali za mihemko.<ref name=":0" /> kwa kuongezea, anafafanua mipaka kati ya hali halisi ya upigaji picha, maoni ya kijamii na kisiasa, upigaji picha wa kumbukumbu na [[maandishi]],wakati wa maonyesho na maono ya kupendezwa na watu weusi, na mwili wa mwanamke.<ref name=":1" /> Maonyesho yake ya kwanza ilikua ni mnamo mwaka 1984 katika Gallerie Art Collective ya Amsterdam. Mwendelezo wake 1995 wa upigaji picha nyeusi na nyeupe, ''White Line'', Alitunukiwa Prix Spécial Afrique katika maonyesho ya des Trois Continents, Nantes ya mwaka 1996. Alionyesha kazi zake za maonyesho mafupi ya Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, [[Falme za Kiarabu]] na Marekani ikiwa pamoja na: [[Bienal de La Habana]] (1994), [[Venice Biennale]] (1994), [[Johannesburg]] Biennale (1995), Tamasha la bara tatu (1996).<ref name=":0" /> Tangu wakati wa mwanzo ya maonyesho yake nchini Amsterdam mnamo mwaka 1985, chombo cha Essamba kimeonyeshwa kwa kiwango cha juu Zaidi katika taasisi izo, biennales, na fairs. Sehemu hii ilijulikana kama Venice, Havana, Dakar, Johannesburg, and Bamako,pamoja na hafla pote Afrika, Europe, the United States, Cuba, Mexico, and China. Hivi karibuni ameshikilia monografia maonyesho ya kazi yake ''Binti wa maisha'' wa Munich, kwa [[Museum Fünf Kontinente]] mnamo mwaka 2018.<ref name=":1" /> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150203225202/http://essamba.com/ Angele Etoundi Essamba's Artist Website] *{{es}} [http://www.elpais.com/articulo/revista/agosto/Fogonazos/cliche/elpepucul/20080716elpepirdv_7/Tes Artículo de El País] *{{es}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20080912024642/http://www.combonianos.com/MNDigital/revista/julio/ventana.htm Entrevista e información] {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1962|}} [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Kamerun]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kamerun]] 44uo9qvg7oiu2ik4ky4bjy5s4ei7dt6 0 134003 1599286 1359146 2026-09-23T11:42:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Doa Aly |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 1976 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Cairo |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake = Msanii |nchi =Misri }} '''Doa Aly''' (alizaliwa [[Cairo]], [[1976]]) ni [[msanii]] wa nchini [[Misri]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Gypsum Gallery|url=http://gypsumgallery.com/bio-da/|accessdate=7 March 2015|archive-date=2018-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018213922/http://gypsumgallery.com/bio-da/|url-status=dead}}</ref> . ==Elimu== Alisoma Sanaa ya ubunifu kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Helwan]] - [[Cairo]] na kupata shahada ya ubunifu mnamo mwaka [[2001]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.temporaryartplatform.com/#!commissioned-artists/c230m|website=Temporary Art Platform|title = Commissioned Artists}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Enrico|title=Doa Aly Studio Visit, Cairo (Egypt)|url=http://vernissage.tv/2014/05/26/doa-aly-studio-visit-cairo-egypt/|website=Vernissage.tv|publisher=Vernissage|accessdate=7 March 2015}}</ref> ==Kazi== [[Kazi]] ya Aly inahusisha vielelezo, upakaji rangi, media-anuai na vinyago.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fayed|first1=Ismail|title=Dissecting Ovid: A review of Doa Aly’s 'The House of Sleep'|url=http://www.madamasr.com/sections/culture/dissecting-ovid-review-doa-aly%E2%80%99s-house-sleep|accessdate=7 March 2015|publisher=Mada Masr|date=12 February 2014|archivedate=2016-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326183229/http://www.madamasr.com/sections/culture/dissecting-ovid-review-doa-aly%E2%80%99s-house-sleep}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cairoscene.com/EventDetails.aspx?Eid=5131|title=The House of Sleep by Doa Aly|website=CairoScene.com|accessdate=7 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105529/http://www.cairoscene.com/EventDetails.aspx?Eid=5131|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105529/http://www.cairoscene.com/EventDetails.aspx?Eid=5131}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Desire, Deceit & Difficult Deliveries' by Doa Aly at Townhouse Gallery|url=http://www.cairo360.com/article/artsandculture/5609/townhouse-gallery-desire-and-deceit-and-difficult-deliveries-by-doa-aly|website=Cairo360.com|accessdate=7 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Anna|first1=Seaman|title=Giant drill bit among public art unveiled in Dubai's heritage area|url=http://www.thenational.ae/arts-lifestyle/artists/giant-drill-bit-among-public-art-unveiled-in-dubais-heritage-area|website=TheNational.ae|publisher=The National|accessdate=7 March 2015|archive-date=2015-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402191732/http://www.thenational.ae/arts-lifestyle/artists/giant-drill-bit-among-public-art-unveiled-in-dubais-heritage-area|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kazi zake zilionekana katika nyumba za maonyesho huko [[Afrika]], nchi za mashariki ya kati na [[ulaya]]. Onyesho lake la kwanza la upakaji rangi lilitambulika kama [[Pixel Series]] iliyofanyika katika jumba la maonyesho la Mashrabia iliyo [[Cairo]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mashrabia Gallery|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/egypt/cairo/sights/museums-galleries/mashrabia-gallery|website=LonelyPlanet.com|publisher=Lonely Planet|accessdate=7 March 2015}}</ref> Tamasha lake la kwanza barani ulaya ilifanyika Paris, [[Ufaransa]] mwaka [[2007]] katika jumba la maonyesho la Kamel [[Mennour]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artnews.org/kamelmennour/?exi=7641&Kamel_Mennour&Doa_Aly|title=Doa Aly|website=Artnews.org|accessdate=2021-03-27|archivedate=2016-06-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617153121/http://artnews.org/kamelmennour/?exi=7641&Kamel_Mennour&Doa_Aly}}</ref> Kazi yake ilionekana katika maonyesho na matamasha Dakar Biennale nchini [[Senegal]], Jumba la makumbusho Tate iliyopo [[London]] na [[Uturuki]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Art Alert: Exhibition at Cairo's Townhouse tackles desire and body image|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/70951.aspx|accessdate=7 March 2015|publisher=AhramOnline (Al-Ahram)|date=8 May 2013}}</ref> Alikuwa msanii katika makazi ya Makan inayopatikana [[Amman]], Jordan.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mejcher-Atassi|first1=Sonja|last2=Schwartz|first2=John Pedro|title=Archives, Museums and Collecting Practices in the Modern Arab World|date=August 2012|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=9781409446163|page=163|url=http://www.ashgate.com/default.aspx?page=637&calcTitle=1&isbn=9781409446163&lang=cy-GB|accessdate=7 March 2015}}</ref> Aly alishirikishwa katika filamu iitwayo ''Some Movements for Web Camera'' kupitia shule ya taifa ya filamu ya [[Denmark]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hjort|first1=Mette|title=The Education of the Filmmaker in Africa, the Middle East, and the Americas|date=August 2013|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9781137032683|page=134|url=http://www.palgrave.com/page/detail/the-education-of-the-filmmaker-in-africa-the-middle-east-and-the-americas-mette-hjort/?K=9781137032683|accessdate=7 March 2015|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924081115/http://www.palgrave.com/page/detail/the-education-of-the-filmmaker-in-africa-the-middle-east-and-the-americas-mette-hjort/?K=9781137032683|dead-url=yes}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Arts and Feminism 2023]] gb55qprbpveo9337hx70hrf3loa22je 0 134291 1599005 1522669 2026-09-23T02:59:23Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mtu Mashuhuri |jina = Ole Rømer |picha = Rømer, Ole (ur Berømte danske maend).jpg |caption = Ole Rømer |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = [[25 Septemba]] [[1644]] |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufa = [[19 Septemba]] [[1710]] |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anajulikana_kwa_ajili_ya = |kazi_yake = [[mtaalamu]] wa [[astronomia]] kutoka [[Denmark]] |utaifa = [[Denmark]] }} '''Ole Christensen Rømer''' ([[matamshi]] ya [[Kidenmark]]: [ˈOːlə ˈʁœˀmɐ] ; [[25 Septemba]] [[1644]] - [[19 Septemba]] [[1710]]) alikuwa [[mtaalamu]] wa [[astronomia]] kutoka [[Denmark]] ambaye mnamo [[1676]] alifanya [[Upimaji|vipimo]] vya kwanza vya [[Kasi ya nuru]]. Rømer pia alibuni [[kipimajoto]] cha kisasa kinachoonyesha [[halijoto]] kati ya [[nukta]] mbili ambazo ni sehemu ambapo [[maji]] huchemka na kuganda. Katika [[vitabu]] vya [[sayansi]], [[tahajia]] mbadala kama "Roemer", "Römer", au "Romer" ni kawaida. == Maisha == Rømer alizaliwa mnamo 25 Septemba 1644 mjini [[Aarhus]]. Wazazi wake walikuwa mfanyabiashara na nahodha Christen Pedersen (aliyefariki 1663), na Anna Olufsdatter Storm (1610 hivi - 1690), binti wa mjumbe wa halmashauri ya mji. <ref name="Dalgaard1996">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wunQTxJQAA8C&pg=PA169|title=Dage med Madsen, eller, Livet i Århus: om sammenhænge i Svend Åge Madsens forfatterskab|last=Niels Dalgaard|date=1996|publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press|isbn=978-87-7289-409-6|pages=169–|language=da|quote=... skipper og handelsmand i Århus, gift med Anne Olufsdatter Storm (død 1690) og far til astronomen Ole Rømer (1644–1710).}}</ref> Tangu mwaka 1642, Christen Pedersen alikuwa akitumia jina la Rømer, ambalo linamaanisha kwamba alitokea kisiwa cha Denmark cha Rømø, ili kujitofautisha na watu wengine kadhaa walioitwa pia Christen Pedersen. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Ole Rømer&nbsp;– Korrespondance og afhandlinger samt et udvalg af dokumenter|last=Friedrichsen|first=Per|last2=Tortzen, Chr. Gorm|date=2001|publisher=C. A. Reitzels Forlag|isbn=87-7876-258-8|location=Copenhagen|pages=16|language=da}}</ref> Kuna habari chache kuhusu Ole Rømer kabla ya 1662, alipohitimu kutoka kwa shule ya kanisa kuu la Aarhus.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ply5AAAAIAAJ|title=Bogvennen|date=1971|publisher=Fischers forlag|volume=1-9|pages=66–|language=da|quote=Denne antagelse tiltrænger en nærmere redegørelse: Ole Rømer udgik som student fra Aarhus Katedralskole i 1662. Ole Rømer Skolens rektor på den tid var Niels Nielsen Krog, om hvem samtidige kilder oplyser, at "hans studium ...}}</ref> Kutoka hapo alihamia Kopenhagen akasoma hisabati na astronomia kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Kopenhagen. Mlezi wake kwenye Chuo Kikuu alikuwa profesa Rasmus Bartholin alieyechapisha ugunduzi wake wa upindaji maradufu ya mwanga katika [[fuwele]] mnamo 1668, wakati Rømer alikuwa akiishi nyumbani kwake. Rømer alipewa fursa ya kujifunza hisabati na astronomia akitumia maandiko ya [[Tycho Brahe]], kwani Bartholin alikuwa amepewa jukumu la kuyaandaa kwa uchapishaji. <ref>Friedrichsen; Tortzen (2001), pp. 19–20.</ref> Baada ya kuhitimu chuo Rømer aliajiriwa na serikali ya Ufaransa: mfalme [[Louis XIV wa Ufaransa|Louis XIV]] alimfanya mwalimu wa mwanawe alishiriki pia katika ujenzi wa chemchemi za mapambo nzuri kwenye jumba la Versailles. Mnamo 1681 Rømer alirudi Denmark akateuliwa kuwa profesa wa [[astronomia]] katika Chuo Kikuu cha Kopenhagen. Rømer alipewa pia nafasi ya mwanahisabati mkuu wa kifalme na hapo alianzisha mfumo wa kwanza wa kitaifa wa vipimo sanifu katika Denmark mnamo 1 Mei 1683. <ref name="SchultzDahlberg2013">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=paqvAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT53|title=Det vidste du ikke om Danmark|last=Mai-Britt Schultz|last2=Rasmus Dahlberg|date=31 October 2013|publisher=Gyldendal|isbn=978-87-02-14713-1|pages=53–|language=da|quote=I 1683 udarbejdede Ole Rømer en forordning, der fastsatte den danske mil samt en række andre mål, hvilket var hårdt tiltrængt, for indtil da havde der hersket et sandt enhedskaos i Danmark/Norge. Eksempelvis var en sjællandsk alen 63 centimeter, ...}}</ref> <ref name="ChristiansenRiis1982">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=teoYAAAAIAAJ|title=Festskrift udgivet i anledning af Universitetsbibliotekets 500 års jubilæum 28. juni 1982|last=Poul Aagaard Christiansen|last2=Povl Riis|last3=Eskil Hohwy|date=1982|publisher=Lægeforeningen|pages=87–|language=da|quote=En studie i Ole Rømers efterladte optegnelser, Adversaria, som hans enke Else Magdalene ... at give Christian V's kongelige mathematicus Ole Rømer (1644–1710) æren for udformningen af forordningen af 1.V.1683 ...}}</ref> Pamoja na vipimo vingine alifafanua mailimpya ya Kidenmark kuwa na [[futi]] 24,000 (karibu mita 7,532&nbsp;). <ref name="Nørlund1944">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DGvnAAAAMAAJ|title=De gamle danske længdeenheder|last=Niels Erik Nørlund|date=1944|publisher=E. Munksgaard|pages=74–|language=da|quote=... Maj 1683 gennemførte Reform af Maal og Vægt fastsatte Ole Rømer den danske Mils Længde til 12 000 danske Alen.}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 1700 Rømer alimshawishi mfalme kukubali [[kalenda ya Gregori]] kwa matumizi katika ufalme wa Denmark-Norwei. Hili ni jambo ambalo [[Tycho Brahe]] alishindwa kuanzisha miaka mia moja kabla yake. <ref name="Tjørnhøj-Thomsen2011">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HIA_ZrqlPSkC&pg=PA219|title=Kulturanalyse&nbsp;– kort fortalt|last=K. Hastrup|last2=C. Rubow|last3=T. Tjørnhøj-Thomsen|date=2011|publisher=Samfundslitteratur|isbn=978-87-593-1496-8|pages=219–|language=da|quote=I Danmark blev den gregorianske kalender indført den 1. marts 1700 efter forarbejde af Ole Rømer. Man stoppede med brug af den julianske kalender den 18. februar, og sprang simpelthen de næste 11 dage over, så man landede direkte på ...}}</ref> Rømer alibuni moja ya skeli za kupima [[halijoto]] za kwanza.<ref name="Shachtman2000">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IJ91od-UYygC|title=Absolute Zero and the Conquest of Cold|last=Tom Shachtman|date=12 December 2000|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=0-547-52595-8|pages=48–|quote=... down to an almost mythical point, an absolute zero, the end of the end. Around 1702, while Amontons was doing his best work in Paris, in Copenhagen the astronomer Ole Romer, who had calculated the finite speed of light, broke his leg. Confined to his home for some time, he took the opportunity of forced idleness to produce a thermometer having two fixed points ...}}</ref> [[Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit]] alimtembelea mnamo 1708 na kuendeleza skeli ya Rømer, na matokeo yake yalikuwa [[Fahrenheit|skeli ya joto ya Fahrenheit]] inayotumika hadi leo katika nchi kadhaa ingawa mahali pengi skeli ya selsiasi imechukua kipaumbele. <ref name="Rittner2009">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nU_jIyhvKOUC&pg=PA54|title=A to Z of Scientists in Weather and Climate|last=Don Rittner|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0924-4|pages=54–|quote=Fahrenheit's first thermometers, from about 1709 to 1715, contained a column of alcohol that directly expanded and contracted, based on a design made by Danish astronomer Ole Romer in 1708, which Fahrenheit personally reviewed. Romer ...}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpb1GaDPoq0C&pg=PA431|title=Popularization and People (1911–1962)|date=22 October 2013|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-046687-3|pages=431–|quote=... letter from Fahrenheit to his Dutch colleague Hermann Boerhaave (1668–1738) dated 17 April 1729 in which Fahrenheit describes his experience at Rømer's laboratory in 1708.}}</ref> <ref name="SchlagerLauer2001">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6I1FAAAAYAAJ|title=Science and Its Times: 1700–1799|last=Neil Schlager|last2=Josh Lauer|date=2001|publisher=Gale Group|isbn=978-0-7876-3936-5|pages=341–|quote=In 1708 Fahrenheit visited Ole Romer (1644–1710). Since at least 1702 Romer had been making alcohol thermometers with two fixed points and a scale divided into equal increments. He impressed upon Fahrenheit the scientific importance of ...}}</ref> Rømer pia alianzisha vyuo kwa mabaharia katika miji kadhaa ya Denmark. <ref name="PetersenAndersen1929-715">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9MUSAAAAMAAJ|title=Illustreret dansk litteraturhistorie: bd. Den danske littterature fra folkevandringstiden indtil Holberg, af C.S. Petersen under medvirkning af R. Paulli|last=Carl Sophus Petersen|last2=Vilhelm Andersen|last3=Richard Jakob Paulli|date=1929|publisher=Gyldendai|pages=716–|language=da|quote=... Det var paa hans Tilskyndelse, at de første Navigationsskoler (i København og Stege) oprettedes, og Bestyrerpladserne besatte han med de bedste ...}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 1705, Rømer alipewa pia kazi ya kusimamia [[polisi]] ya Kopenhagen, nafasi ambayo aliishikilia hadi kifo chake mnamo 1710. <ref name="SarlemijnSparnaay2013">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B_FGBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA48|title=Physics in the Making: Essays on Developments in 20th Century Physics|last=A. Sarlemijn|last2=M.J. Sparnaay|date=22 October 2013|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-1-4832-9385-1|pages=48–|quote=The other, Ole Rømer, was Bartholin's amanuensis, later his son-in-law. ... man, became the Danish king's mathematician (mathematicus regius), professor of astronomy at the University of Copenhagen, and eventually chief of police of that city.}}</ref> Kama moja ya maazimio yake ya kwanza, alifukuza watumishi wote wote, akiamini kuwa ari yao ilikuwa duni mno. Alibuni taa za kwanza za barabarani (taa za mafuta) mjini Kopenhagen. Alijitahidi kudhibiti waombaomba, watu wasio na kazi, na makahaba wa Kopenhagen. <ref name="informationsafdelingen1970">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FuoiAQAAIAAJ|title=Denmark. An official handbook|last=Denmark. Udenrigsministeriet. Presse- og informationsafdelingen|date=1970|publisher=Krak|isbn=978-87-7225-011-3|pages=403–|quote=It was perhaps fortunate that Ole Romer (1644–1710) was called home to Denmark after he had achieved world fame by ... of Copenhagen and oblige him to devote time and energy to thinking out measures against prostitution and begging.}}</ref> <ref name="OlsenAskgaard1985">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XAsWAQAAMAAJ|title=Den unge enevaelde: 1660–1721|last=Gunnar Olsen|last2=Finn Askgaard|date=1985|publisher=Politikens Forlag|isbn=978-87-567-3866-8|pages=368–|language=da|quote=Det var et held, at Ole Rømer først blev kaldt tilbage til den danske hovedstad, efter at han i Paris havde opnået ... Men at denne geniale forsker som Københavns politimester skulle beskæftige sig med forholdsregler mod prostitution og betleri, ..}}</ref> Rømer alitunga sheria za ujenzi wa nyumba mpya, akatengeneza mfumo wa maji na maji taka ya mji, akapatia walinzi moto vifaa vipya akashawishi serikali ya mji kupanga mitaa imara iliyofunikwa kwa mawe ya vibbamba. <ref name="Samfund1914">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vldVAAAAMAAJ|title=Ingeniørvidenskabelige skrifter|last=Danmarks Naturvidenskabelige Samfund|date=1914|publisher=Danmarks naturvidenskabelige samfund, i kommission hos G.E.C. Gad|pages=108–|language=da|quote=I de følgende Aar udstedtes der en Række Forordninger om Gaderne; de skyldes uden Tvivl Ole Rømer. Snart er det Brolægningen, det gælder, snart et omhyggeligt Reglement for Færdslen i Gaderne. Brolægningen havde medført store ...}}</ref> <ref name="Bech1967">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8F4QAQAAIAAJ|title=Københavns historie gennem 800 år|last=Svend Cedergreen Bech|date=1967|publisher=Haase|pages=246–|language=da|quote=1705-10 beklædtes politimesterembedet af fysikeren Ole Rømer, i hvis embedstid mange reformer forsøgtes. Brolægning og belysning forbedredes, vandforsyning og vandafledning blev taget op til revision, men heller ikke en så ...}}</ref> <ref name="Kjerulf1964">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTDTAAAAMAAJ|title=Latinerkvarteret; blade af en gemmel bydels historie|last=Axel Kjerulf|date=1964|publisher=Hassings forlag|pages=44–|language=da|quote=Ole Rømer vendte i 1681 tilbage til København, hvor han blev professor i astronomi ved universitetet og giftede sig med Rasmus ... justering af mål og vægt, blev ham betroet foruden ordning af byggeforhold, gaders brolægning og belysning.}}</ref> Rømer alifaRIKI akiwa na umri wa miaka 65 mnamo 1710. Alizikwa katika [[Kanisa Kuu]] la Kopenhagen.<ref name="TrimbleWilliams2007">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-BF1CHkc50C&pg=PA983|title=Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers|last=Virginia Trimble|last2=Thomas R. Williams|last3=Katherine Bracher|last4=Richard Jarrell|last5=Jordan D. Marché|last6=F. Jamil Ragep|date=18 September 2007|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-30400-7|pages=983–}}</ref> == Rømer na kasi ya nuru == Hadi siku za Romer wataalamu wengi waliona nuru haina kasi, wakiamini inafika mara moja kwa mtazamaji. Lakini wengine walihisi inaweza kuwa na mwendo. Mnamo 1671 Rømer akajiunga na Jean Picard kutazama kupatwa kwa [[Io]], mwezi wa [[Mshtarii]], kwa kipindi cha miezi kadhaa, wakati [[Giovanni Domenico Cassini]] alitazama matukio ya kupatwa yaleyale huko Paris, Ufaransa. Io inazunguka Mshtarii kila baada masaa 42½ kwa hiyo kwa mtazamaji wa duniani inafunikwa na sayari hiyo kwa sehemu ya obiti yake, yaani inapatwa na Mshtarii. 1668 Cassini aliwahi kutoa jedwali inayotabiri ufuatano na wakati wa kuona kupatwa kwa Io. Lakini wakati wa kutazama Io na Mshtarii kuna tofauti ya dakika kadhaa kati ya jedwali yake na kupatwa jinsi kunavyotazamwa. Rømer alitambua kwamba mabadiliko haya yako tofauti kulingana na majira ya mwaka. Romer aliamini kwamba kasi ya obiti ya Io haibadiliki; ilhali alijua umbali kati ya Mshtarii na Dunia inayobadilika kidogo kulingana na mwendo wao zikizunguka Jua, alitambua kwamba wakati Dunia na Mshtarii zinaongeza umbali kati yake, muda wa kupatwa ulikuwa mkubwa kidogo. Kinyuma chake wakati Dunia na Mshtarii zinasogea karibu zaidi, muda wa kupatwa wa Io ulipungua kidogo. Rømer aliwaza kwamba vipimo hivi vinaweza kuelezwa kama nuru ina kasi maalumu aliyoendelea kukadiria. Aliona nuru ilitembea kati ya dakika 10 hadi 11 kutoka Io hadi duniani, kutegemeana na umbali. Wakati wa maisha yake, wataalamu bado walivutana kati yao kama nuru kweli ina kasi. Lakini hasa pale Uingereza wanaastronomia kama [[Christiaan Huygens]] na [[Isaac Newton]] walivutwa na makadirio ya Romer na kwa kutumia hesabu zake waliweza tayari kupiga hesabu kuwa nuru ya Jua inahitaju takriban dakika nane kufika duniani, na kipimo hiki kilifanana tayari na elimu yetu ya leo. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}}  == Vyanzo == * {{Rejea jarida|last=MacKay|first=R. Jock|last2=Oldford|first2=R. Wayne|date=2000|title=Scientific Method, Statistical Method and the Speed of Light|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/38326843|journal=Statistical Science|volume=15|issue=3|pages=254–278|doi=10.1214/ss/1009212817|doi-access=free}} (Mostly about A.A. Michelson, but considers forerunners including Rømer.) * {{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uvA0AQAAIAAJ|title=Ole Romer, en Skildring af hans Liv og Gerning|last=Axel V. Nielsen|date=1944|publisher=Nordisk Forlag|language=da}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category-inline|Ole Rømer}}</img> * [http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/roemer.html Roemer, Ole Christensen] ''(katika [http://galileo.rice.edu/ Galileo Project])'' * [https://cral-perso.univ-lyon1.fr/labo/fc/ama09/pages_jdsc/pages/jdsc_1676_lumiere.pdf ''Démonstration touchant le mouvement de la lumière''] ''(Makala ya 1676 juu ya kasi ya nuru, kwa Kifaransa cha zamani, kama maandishi ya kawaida)'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040603113143/http://www.rundetaarn.dk/engelsk/observatorium/light.htm Rømer na Kanuni ya Doppler.] ''(maelezo zaidi juu ya matokeo ya Rømer)'' * (Kidenmark) [https://web.archive.org/web/20030416231847/http://www.rundetaarn.dk/dansk/observatorium/indledning.htm ''Fysikeren Ole Rømer''] ''(kwa Kidenmaki)'' * [http://www.kroppedal.dk/ ''Jumba la kumbukumbu la Kroppedal''] * [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money4.htm Ole Rømer kwenye noti 50 ya pesa ya Kroner] {{Wayback|url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money4.htm |date=20180803223823 }} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1710]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1644]] [[Jamii:Wanaastronomia wa Denmark]] svvtimkbdshnwygnca4d41ctwyzldcm 0 134328 1598981 1529208 2026-09-23T02:52:43Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[Picha:Huacho_sin_Pescado_(1980),_chicha_preparation.jpg|thumb|Wanawake wakifanya chicha, katika kijiji cha Andesan cha Huacho sin Pescado (1980)]] [[Wanawake]] wamekuwa wakifanya [[kazi]] ya utengenezaji wa [[pombe]] tangu zamani. Ingawa [[jamii]] za [[Magharibi]] zimeona utengenezaji wa [[pombe]] kama uwanja unaotawaliwa na [[wanaume]] kwa miaka 150 iliyopita, kwa kawaida, ilikuwa inashughulikiwa na [[wanawake]]. Uchunguzi wa [[ethnografia]] na [[akiolojia]] umeonyesha kuwa [[pombe]] ilikuwa mseto wa kukusanya au [[mila]] ya kuoka, ambayo ilikuwa majukumu ya [[wanawake]] ulimwenguni kote. Kuanzia ushahidi wa mwanzo wa utengenezaji wa [[pombe]] mnamo 7000 KWK, hadi [[biashara]] ya utengenezaji wa pombe wakati wa [[viwanda]], wanawake walikuwa waendeshaji wa pombe kuu katika mabara yote yanayokaliwa. Katika tamaduni nyingi, miungu, miungu wa [[kike]] na walindaji wa bia walikuwa vyombo vya kike ambavyo vilihusishwa na [[uzazi]]. Kuanzia katikati ya karne ya 18, wanawake wengi walizuiliwa kushiriki katika utengenezaji wa pombe na wakapewa majukumu kama wauza baa, waendeshaji baa, wauzaji wa chupa, au makatibu wa bia. Katika maeneo yasiyo na [[viwanda]] vingi, waliendelea kutoa pombe za nyumbani na vileo vya jadi. Kuanzia katikati ya karne ya 20, wanawake walianza kufanya kazi kama duka la dawa kwa vituo vya kutengeneza pombe. Kuanzia miaka ya [[1960]] na [[1970]], walianza kuingia tena kwenye uwanja kama watengenezaji pombe. == Historia == [[Picha:Armand Rassenfosse-Grande Brasserie.jpg|thumb|Tangazo la Armand Rassenfosse-Grande Brasserie.]] Katika [[jamii]] nyingi za [[Magharibi]], utengenezaji wa [[pombe]] umeonekana kama "uwanja wa [[wanaume]]";<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Brewing beer for art - News - The Free Press - Kinston, NC|url=http://www.kinston.com/article/20160210/NEWS/160208966|work=web.archive.org|date=2016-02-22|accessdate=2021-04-06|archivedate=2016-02-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222130445/http://www.kinston.com/article/20160210/NEWS/160208966}}</ref> hata hivyo, tafiti za kikabila na rekodi za akiolojia zinaonyesha kuwa pombe ilikuwa kimsingi shughuli inayofanywa na wanawake,<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/womenalcoholinhi0009eber|title=Women & alcohol in a highland Maya town : water of hope, water of sorrow|last=Eber|first=Christine Engla|date=2000|publisher=Austin : University of Texas Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-292-72104-3}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Dietler|first=Michael|date=2006-09-19|title=Alcohol: Anthropological/Archaeological Perspectives|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123120|journal=Annual Review of Anthropology|volume=35|issue=1|pages=229–249|doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123120|issn=0084-6570|access-date=2021-04-06|archive-date=2020-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908170002/https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123120|dead-url=yes}}</ref> hadi utengenezaji wa pombe ilianza.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Brewery History: 121, pp. 5-24|url=http://www.breweryhistory.com/journal/archive/121/bh-121-005.htm|work=web.archive.org|date=2016-11-16|accessdate=2021-04-06|archivedate=2016-11-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116171741/http://www.breweryhistory.com/journal/archive/121/bh-121-005.htm}}</ref> Katika maeneo mengine, mila hiyo iliibuka kwa sababu utengenezaji wa [[pombe]] ulikuwa matokeo ya mkusanyiko,<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-zmLa205d0QC&pg=PA273|title=The Art of Fermentation: New York Times Bestseller|last=Katz|first=Sandor Ellix|date=2012-05-14|publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing|isbn=978-1-60358-364-0|language=en}}</ref> wakati katika maeneo mengine, ulianguka katika uwanja wa kuoka.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Beer in the Ancient World (Article) - Ancient History Encyclopedia|url=http://www.ancient.eu/article/223/|work=web.archive.org|date=2016-09-12|accessdate=2021-04-06|archivedate=2016-09-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912043741/http://www.ancient.eu/article/223/}}</ref> Kuanzia karne ya 18 na kuendelea, wanawake walizidi kuzuiliwa kutika biashara ya kutengeneza pombe, isipokuwa kama wafanyabiashara wa pombe au "watoza ushuru", wenye leseni zinazoendesha baa.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BuzNzm-x0l8C&pg=PA88|title=Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: An International Encyclopedia|last=Blocker|first=Jack S.|last2=Fahey|first2=David M.|last3=Tyrrell|first3=Ian R.|date=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-833-4|language=en}}</ref> Kufikia karne ya 19, wanawake wachache walikuwa wameajiriwa katika kutengeneza pombe isipokuwa kazi za msaidizi, kama vile kuweka chupa na nafasi za ukatibu. Katika karne ya 20, wanawake walianza kufanya kazi kwa kiwango kidogo katika maabara, lakini kando na wachache isipokuwa Susannah Oland nchini Canada,<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Upwardly Mobile - Canadian Packaging, April 2014 - Canadian Packaging|url=http://www.canadianpackaging.com/features/upwardly-mobile-canadian-packaging-april-2014/|work=web.archive.org|date=2014-11-11|accessdate=2021-04-06|archivedate=2014-11-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111211639/http://www.canadianpackaging.com/features/upwardly-mobile-canadian-packaging-april-2014/}}</ref> wanawake walitengwa kuongoza shughuli za utengenezaji pombe.<ref name=":0" /> Wataalamu wa bia wa kike katika jamii ya Magharibi kabla ya biashara hiyo kuwa "ya kiume", walikuwa wakitajwa kama "wanyweshaji".<ref name=":6">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Support - National Women's History Museum - NWHM|url=http://www.nwhm.org/blog/women-beer-a-forgotten-pairing/|work=web.archive.org|date=2016-07-29|accessdate=2021-04-06|archivedate=2016-07-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729095034/http://www.nwhm.org/blog/women-beer-a-forgotten-pairing/}}</ref> Wanaakiolojia wamethibitisha kuwa kinywaji cha tarehe 7000-600 KK. na iliyotengenezwa katika makazi ya Neolithiki ya Jiahu, ni grog ya zamani kabisa inayojulikana. Uchambuzi juu ya ufinyanzi unaonyesha muundo wa kemikali wa kinywaji hicho ulitokana na mchanganyiko wa chakula cha asali, kilichochanganywa na mchanganyiko wa [[mchele]], [[zabibu]], na [[matunda]] ya hawthorn-kutengeneza bia mchanganyiko na kinywaji cha divai. Ingawa mchakato uliotumiwa kuvunja nafaka ya mpunga, iwe ni kutafuna au kuyeyuka, haujulikani, wanawake katika Japani na Taiwan katika enzi ya kisasa bado wanafanya kazi ya kutafuna mchele ili kuanza mchakato wa uchakachuaji wa kutengeneza pombe.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prehistoric China|url=http://www.penn.museum/sites/biomoleculararchaeology/?page_id=247|work=web.archive.org|date=2016-10-21|accessdate=2021-04-06|archivedate=2016-10-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021135358/http://www.penn.museum/sites/biomoleculararchaeology/?page_id=247}}</ref> Katika hadithi ya Wachina, Yi Di, mke wa Yu the Great, anasifiwa kwa kutengeneza pombe ya kwanza kutoka kwa nafaka za mchele.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Chinese Alcohol, Chinese Spirits|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/life/2010-10/27/content_11692216.htm|work=web.archive.org|date=2016-05-04|accessdate=2021-04-06|archivedate=2016-05-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504113526/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/life/2010-10/27/content_11692216.htm}}</ref> Kiumbe wa kike wa kiungu katika hadithi za Ainu anayejulikana kama Kamui Fuchi alikuwa mlinzi wa watengeneza pombe na wanywaji wa pombe waliomwomba na kutoa sadaka ili kuhakikisha kinga ya pepo wachafu ambao wangeweza kuharibu kundi.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/889813288|title=Ainu creed and cult|last=Munro|first=Neil Gordon|date=1996|others=B. Z. Seligman|isbn=978-1-136-16528-3|location=London|oclc=889813288}}</ref> [[Picha:Egyptian-woman-painting Beer.jpg|left|thumb|Picha ya Misri inayoonyesha wanawake wakimimina bia]] Katika Sumeria ya zamani, pombe ilikuwa taaluma pekee ambayo "ilisimamiwa na mungu wa kike", ambayo ni Ninkasi.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QqnvNsgas20C&pg=PA87|title=A History of Beer and Brewing|last=Hornsey|first=Ian Spencer|date=2003|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|isbn=978-0-85404-630-0|language=en}}</ref> Kompyuta kibao iliyopatikana tangu 1800 KK ina Wimbo wa Ninkasi ambao pia ni kichocheo cha bia ya Mesopotamia.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/228302691|title=A history of beer and brewing|last=Hornsey|first=Ian S.|date=2003|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|isbn=978-1-84755-002-6|location=Cambridge|oclc=228302691}}</ref> Bia ya Sumeri ilitengenezwa kutoka kwa bippar, mkate uliotengenezwa kwa shayiri iliyooka mara mbili, ambayo wakati huo ilichachawa.<ref name=":1" /> Katika Babeli ya zamani, wanawake walifanya kazi kama waokaji mkate na mara nyingi walikuwa wakishiriki katika usambazaji wa bia kibiashara. Wanaakiolojia wanaamini kuwa Wasumeri na Wababeli walikuwa na jukumu la kueneza michakato ya utengenezaji pombe Afrika.<ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=How Women Brewsters Saved the World {{!}} Craft Beer & Brewing Magazine|url=http://beerandbrewing.com/VNN4oCYAAGdLRZ-I/article/how-women-brewsters-saved-the-world|work=web.archive.org|date=2015-09-10|accessdate=2021-04-06|archivedate=2015-09-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910224150/http://beerandbrewing.com/VNN4oCYAAGdLRZ-I/article/how-women-brewsters-saved-the-world}}</ref> Kuleta pombe huko Misri ya zamani kulifuata njia inayofanana na bia ya Sumeri, mara nyingi ikitumia unga huo kama msingi wa bia na mkate.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/706025045|title=The Oxford companion to beer|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Garrett Oliver|isbn=978-0-19-536713-3|location=New York|oclc=706025045}}</ref> Kuza pombe kulizingatiwa mkoa wa wanawake wa Misri, "haswa hatua za kusaga nafaka na kutia rangi mash". Mungu wa kike Hathor alidhaniwa alibuni pombe na hekalu la Hathor huko Dendera lilijulikana kama "mahali pa ulevi".<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QqnvNsgas20C&pg=PA87|title=A History of Beer and Brewing|last=Hornsey|first=Ian Spencer|date=2003|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|isbn=978-0-85404-630-0|language=en}}</ref> Mungu mwingine wa kike wa Misri, Tenenet, aliabudiwa kama mungu wa bia na hieroglyphics kwenye makaburi inayoonyesha picha za wanawake wote wanaotengeneza na kunywa kinywaji hicho.<ref name=":2" /> Jamii zingine za Kiafrika pia ziliwasifu wanawake kwa kutengeneza bia. Kwa mfano, mungu wa uzazi wa Kizulu, Mbaba Mwana Waresa, anaheshimiwa kwa uvumbuzi wake,<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Io7i9VhQ6wEC&pg=PT73|title=The Goddess Guide: Exploring the Attributes and Correspondences of the Divine Feminine|last=Auset|first=Priestess Brandi|date=2009|publisher=Llewellyn Worldwide|isbn=978-0-7387-1551-3|language=en}}</ref> kama vile mungu wa Dogon, Yasigi, ambaye mara nyingi huonyeshwa akicheza na ladle ya bia kuashiria jukumu lake la kusambaza bia iliyotengenezwa na wanawake katika mikutano ya sherehe.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZocAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT23|title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Beer Tasting: A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding and Enjoying Beer|last=Kohn|first=Rita|date=2013-08-06|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1-61564-352-3|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yCJ71rRnzhgC&pg=PA38|title=Art and Religion in Africa|last=Hackett|first=Rosalind|date=1998-10-01|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-8264-3655-9|language=en}}</ref> Wanawake nchini Burkina Faso wamekuwa wakitengeneza pumba la mtama uliochachawa kuwa bia kwa miaka 5,500.<ref name=":2" /> Nchini Tanzania, wanawake na wanaume husaidia kuvuna na kutengeneza aina tofauti za pombe, pamoja na ulanzi na pombe. Wanawake nchini Tanzania kwa kawaida wamekuwa "wauzaji pekee" wa vinywaji, na wengi hutumia pesa wanazotengeneza kwa kuuza pombe ili kujiongezea kipato.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXNFAAAAQBAJ&q=women&pg=PA159|title=Liquid Bread: Beer and Brewing in Cross-Cultural Perspective|last=Schiefenhovel|first=Wulf|last2=Macbeth|first2=Helen|date=2013-09-15|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-78238-034-4|language=en}}</ref> [[Picha:Native South African women brewing beer by their huts. Colou Wellcome V0019242.jpg|thumb|Wanawake wa asili ya Afrika Kusini wakipika pombe katika vibanda vyao]] Mapema mnamo 1600 KWK, ustaarabu wa Wamaya walikuwa wakitumia maharagwe ya kakao kutengeneza bia, muda mrefu kabla ya kutumika kutengeneza kakao isiyo ya kileo.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gbNmDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT342|title=Strung Out on Archaeology: An Introduction to Archaeological Research|last=Wilkie|first=Laurie A.|date=2016-06-16|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-41951-0|language=en}}</ref> Ingawa njia halisi za uzalishaji hazijulikani, Friar Landa alielezea mchakato wa kuandaa vinywaji kuwa ni pamoja na kusaga mahindi na kakao kwenye siagi kabla ya kuongeza vinywaji na viungo.<ref name=":3">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHdoCDr_JaEC&pg=PA246|title=Cerámica Y Cultura: The Story of Spanish and Mexican Mayólica|last=Art (N.M.)|first=Museum of International Folk|date=2003|publisher=UNM Press|isbn=978-0-8263-3102-1|language=en}}</ref> Kilimo kilikuwa ndani ya eneo la mwanadamu katika ulimwengu wa Mayan, lakini maandalizi ya chakula yalikuwa ya wanawake.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=heCGAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA26|title=Here, Our Culture Is Hard: Stories of Domestic Violence from a Mayan Community in Belize|last=McClusky|first=Laura|date=2010-07-05|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-78819-0|language=en}}</ref> Kwenye vase ya zamani ya kauri, utayarishaji wa chokoleti unaonyesha mwanamke akimimina dutu hii kati ya vyombo viwili kuunda povu inayotamaniwa sana na Wamaya.<ref name=":3" /> Wanawake wa Andean wa kabla ya Columbian walitafuna mahindi (mara kwa mara wakitumia mihogo au quinoa) kuvunja wanga na kisha kuitema ili kuanza kuchacha. Chicha, kinywaji kinachosababishwa, bado inapatikana katika Amerika ya Kusini.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O-t9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA352|title=Encyclopedia of Food and Health|date=2015-08-26|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-384953-3|language=en}}</ref> Katika Dola ya Wari, ushahidi wa akiolojia umeonyesha kuwa wanywaji wa kike wasomi wa Wari waliendesha bia na kwamba mila hiyo iliendelea katika jamii ya Incan.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Elite Women Made Beer in Pre-Incan Culture|url=http://www.livescience.com/485-elite-women-beer-pre-incan-culture.html|work=web.archive.org|date=2016-04-13|accessdate=2021-04-06|archivedate=2016-04-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413151245/http://www.livescience.com/485-elite-women-beer-pre-incan-culture.html}}</ref> Kanda yote ya Andes na Mesoamerica, wanawake walikuwa wazalishaji wakuu wa vileo. Wakati wa karne ya 15 huko Peru, maisha ya wanawake kati ya watu wa Xauxa wa Bonde la Juu la Mantaro yalibadilishwa na mchakato wa kutengeneza chicha.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XCfrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PR3|title=Alcohol in Latin America: A Social and Cultural History|last=Pierce|first=Gretchen|last2=Toxqui|first2=çurea|date=2014-03-27|publisher=University of Arizona Press|isbn=978-0-8165-3076-2|language=en}}</ref> Baada ya Xauxa kutekwa na Inca, wanawake walilazimika kufanya kazi kwa bidii ili kuzalisha pombe zaidi.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XCfrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PR3|title=Alcohol in Latin America: A Social and Cultural History|last=Pierce|first=Gretchen|last2=Toxqui|first2=çurea|date=2014-03-27|publisher=University of Arizona Press|isbn=978-0-8165-3076-2|language=en}}</ref> Huko Mexico, mungu wa kike, "Mayahuel" aliheshimiwa kati ya Waazteki kwa kugundua jinsi ya kuchimba kijiko cha agave kwa utengenezaji wa pulque.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1226294171|title=Latin American history|date=2014|others=William H. Beezley|isbn=978-0-19-936643-9|location=[New York]|oclc=1226294171}}</ref> Baada ya uvamizi wa Uhispania, wanawake nchini Brazil na Mexico, na pia katika maeneo yote ya Andes, hawakuwa wazalishaji wa vileo tu, bali pia wauzaji wake wakuu wa soko.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1226294171|title=Latin American history|date=2014|others=William H. Beezley|isbn=978-0-19-936643-9|location=[New York]|oclc=1226294171}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqJRVTV3hB4C&pg=PA185|title=Baroque Sovereignty: Carlos de Siguenza y Gongora and the Creole Archive of Colonial Mexico|last=More|first=Anna|date=2012-11-29|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-0655-5|language=en}}</ref> Jamii za jadi za Wajerumani ziliripotiwa na [[Warumi]] kunywa ale, iliyotengenezwa zaidi ya asali iliyochachuka, iliyotengenezwa na wanawake.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HF0m3spOebcC&pg=PA134|title=Encyclopedia of Women in the Ancient World|last=Salisbury|first=Joyce E.|date=2001|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-092-5|language=en}}</ref> Hadi nyumba za watawa zilipochukua utengenezaji wa vileo katika karne ya 11, na kuifanya kuwa taaluma kwa watawa na watawa, pombe ilikuwa uwanja wa wanawake wa kabila la Wajerumani.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20161114151000/http://www.germanbeerinstitute.com/history.html</ref> Wanawake wa kabila la Wajerumani wanaohama kawaida walipika nyanda zao na miti yao msituni, ili kuepuka uporaji na wavamizi. Vinywaji vyao havikuwa na hops, ambazo zilipendekezwa kwanza kama nyongeza na Mtakatifu Hildegard wa Bingen. Kwa sababu hops zilitumika kama kihifadhi, kufaa kwa bia kwa matumizi kuliongezeka, ingawa kuongezewa kwa hops pia kuliongeza gharama ya utengenezaji wa pombe.<ref name=":2" /> Katika miongo kadhaa kabla ya Kifo Nyeusi huko Uropa, kaya nyingi zilihitaji kiasi kikubwa cha ale, kwa sababu ya ukosefu wa maji ya kunywa na gharama ya vinywaji vingine.<ref name=":4">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QqnvNsgas20C&pg=PA87|title=A History of Beer and Brewing|last=Hornsey|first=Ian Spencer|date=2003|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|isbn=978-0-85404-630-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rMNf-p1mu6AC&pg=PP4|title=Beer in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance|last=Unger|first=Richard W.|date=2004|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-3795-5|language=en}}</ref> Wanawake walitumia fursa ya kutengeneza pombe kupata pesa zaidi nyumbani.<ref name=":4" /> Huko Brigstock, wanawake wengine walipata leseni za kunywa kwa miezi kadhaa.<ref name=":4" /> Wanawake kaskazini mwa England ndio walikuwa bia kuu kwa jamii.<ref name=":4" /> Kama ilivyo mahali pengine Ulaya, kuanzishwa kwa vikundi mara nyingi kulilazimisha wanawake kutoka kwenye tasnia ya pombe; Walakini, huko Haarlem huko Uholanzi, kwa sababu wanawake waliruhusiwa kurithi uanachama wa kikundi kutoka kwa wenzi, wengi waliendelea katika taaluma hiyo. Takwimu zilizokusanywa katika kipindi cha kati ya 1518 na 1663, zilionyesha kwamba wanyweshaji 97, robo tatu yao walikuwa wajane, walikuwa wakifanya kazi kati ya jumla ya watengenezaji wa bia 536 jijini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=IISG {{!}} International Institute of Social History|url=http://iisg.amsterdam/en|work=iisg.amsterdam|accessdate=2021-04-06|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410170800/https://iisg.amsterdam/en|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kwa karibu miaka elfu moja huko [[Finland]], wanawake wa pombe waliunda bia inayoitwa sahti katika vijiji kote nchini. Kichocheo kawaida kilikuwa na humle, matawi ya mreteni, na shayiri na nafaka za rye ambazo zilikuwa zimeharibiwa na kisha zikavuta katika sauna.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sahti: One of the World's Oldest Beer Styles - American Homebrewers Association|url=http://www.homebrewersassociation.org/how-to-brew/sahti-one-of-the-worlds-oldest-beer-styles|work=web.archive.org|date=2016-03-14|accessdate=2021-04-06|archivedate=2016-03-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314042757/http://www.homebrewersassociation.org/how-to-brew/sahti-one-of-the-worlds-oldest-beer-styles}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Brewing a Viking Era Ale {{!}} The Distant Mirror|url=https://distantmirror.wordpress.com/2010/03/09/brewing-a-viking-era-ale/|work=web.archive.org|date=2015-09-27|accessdate=2021-04-06|archivedate=2015-09-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927064131/https://distantmirror.wordpress.com/2010/03/09/brewing-a-viking-era-ale/}}</ref> Hadithi za Kifini ni pamoja na hadithi ya Louhi katika [[Kalevala]], mwanamke ambaye alitengeneza bia kwa kuchanganya mate ya kubeba na asali. Raugutiene, alikuwa mungu wa kike wa Baltic na Slavic, ambaye alikuwa mlinzi wa bia. Alan D. Eames, mtaalam wa jamii ya bia, aliandika nakala mnamo 1993 akisema kwamba Waviking wa Norse, waliruhusu wanawake tu kunywa pombe yao.<ref name=":2" /> Wanaakiolojia wamefunua makaburi ya watu wa kabla ya Viking Nordic ambayo yanaonyesha kuwa wanawake ndio walitengeneza na kutumikia pombe. Kwenye kaburi la "Msichana Mtoto", ndoo ya grog iliyozikwa miguuni mwake ilionyesha kuwa kinywaji hicho kilitengenezwa kwa mchanganyiko wa ngano, rye, na shayiri kama msingi na ni pamoja na cranberries, asali, na lingonberries, pamoja na mimea, pamoja na resin ya birch, manemane ya manzi, mkuunjo na yarrow, ili kunukia kinywaji hicho.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ancient Nordic Grog Intoxicated the Elite|url=http://www.livescience.com/42559-nordic-grog-ancient-alcoholic-beverage.html|work=web.archive.org|date=2016-01-26|accessdate=2021-04-06|archivedate=2016-01-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126012911/http://www.livescience.com/42559-nordic-grog-ancient-alcoholic-beverage.html}}</ref> Wanawake wa Kidenmaki walikuwa bia ya msingi hadi kuanzishwa kwa vikundi katika Zama za Kati. Wakati vikundi vilidhibiti uzalishaji wa taji na jeshi, na vile vile kwa wale walio katika miji, wanawake waliendelea kuwa wauzaji wa pombe kuu vijijini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Danish Microbreweries -The official website of Denmark|url=http://denmark.dk/en/lifestyle/food-drink/danish-microbreweries|work=web.archive.org|date=2016-06-30|accessdate=2021-04-06|archivedate=2016-06-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630121102/http://denmark.dk/en/lifestyle/food-drink/danish-microbreweries}}</ref> Hata ndani ya vikundi, wakati nafasi za juu zilichukuliwa na wanaume, wake zao wengi walikuwa na nafasi za chini; kwa kuongezea, kuna ushahidi unaonyesha kwamba pombe nyingi zilizofanywa na familia hizi zilifanywa na wake.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKodFWuV6PwC&q=beer%20brewing%20alewife%20witches&pg=PA123|title=Ale, Beer, and Brewsters in England: Women's Work in a Changing World, 1300-1600|last=Bennett|first=Judith M.|date=1996-11-07|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-536079-0|language=en}}</ref> Bia ilitolewa kwa Temple Newsam, Yorkshire, na mwanamke wa huko Elizabeth Pease kwa zaidi ya miaka thelathini, wakati wa karne ya kumi na nane (1728-1758).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Beer, glorious beer: Leeds celebrates Yorkshire brewing heritage with one-off exhibitions|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/leeds-celebrates-yorkshire-brewing-heritage|work=Lonely Planet|accessdate=2021-04-06|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Rejea tovuti|title=How beer and brewing kept the country house running at Temple Newsam|url=https://museumcrush.org/how-beer-and-brewing-kept-the-country-house-running-at-temple-newsam/|work=Museum Crush|accessdate=2021-04-06|language=en-GB|author=Ellen Barlow, 1-03-18 Post}}</ref> Pease iliyotengenezwa pombe, bia kali, bia ya mezani, na bia ndogo; Walakini, kwa sababu alikuwa akivunja msimu, mapato yake hayakuwa sawa na alikuwa maskini kabisa.<ref name=":5" /> [[Picha:Brewhouse from the Smithfield Decretals.jpg|left|thumb|Mfano wa mjukuu kutoka kwa Smithfield Decretals, c. 1300]] Kwa kipindi kirefu cha muda, katika karne zote za 16 na 17, pombe barani Ulaya ilibadilika kutoka kuwa taaluma ya wanawake na kuwa ile inayoongozwa na wanaume, ingawa wanawake walikuwa bado wanahusika katika uuzaji wa bia.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldJMtRTV9ZgC&pg=PR10|title=Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe: Studies in Culture and Belief|last=Barry|first=Jonathan|last2=Hester|first2=Marianne|last3=Roberts|first3=Gareth|date=1998-03-12|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63875-3|language=en}}</ref> Wakati wanawake walilazimishwa kuacha pombe, uundaji wa itikadi mpya juu ya wanawake wanaotengeneza pombe ilifanyika ambayo ilijumuisha "ujenzi wa wanawake kama wasio na uwezo wa kutengeneza pombe; kiunga cha ujenzi huu na mchawi; na nafasi ya wajane kama bia na ale wauzaji ".<ref name=":7">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldJMtRTV9ZgC&pg=PR10|title=Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe: Studies in Culture and Belief|last=Barry|first=Jonathan|last2=Hester|first2=Marianne|last3=Roberts|first3=Gareth|date=1998-03-12|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63875-3|language=en}}</ref> Maonyesho maarufu ya wazaliwa waliwaelezea kama wachawi, wasioaminika, mafisadi na wa kutisha.<ref name=":7" /> Katika Ballad juu ya Ale-Seller, John Lydgate anaelezea mjukuu "anayetumia hirizi zake kushawishi wanaume kunywa".<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mV_Yc6eCtS0C&q=beer%20brewing%20alewife%20witches&pg=PR4|title=The Pub in Literature: England's Altered State|last=Earnshaw|first=Steven|date=2000|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-5305-4|language=en}}</ref> Mke wa alewife katika shairi maarufu la The Tunning of Elynour Rummyng la John Skelton, ni "mkali sana na mbaya".<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKodFWuV6PwC&q=beer%20brewing%20alewife%20witches&pg=PA123|title=Ale, Beer, and Brewsters in England: Women's Work in a Changing World, 1300-1600|last=Bennett|first=Judith M.|date=1996-11-07|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-536079-0|language=en}}</ref> Picha zingine za wazaliwa wa kiingereza nchini Uingereza ziliwaonyesha "wamehukumiwa adhabu ya milele kuzimu".<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKodFWuV6PwC&q=beer%20brewing%20alewife%20witches&pg=PA123|title=Ale, Beer, and Brewsters in England: Women's Work in a Changing World, 1300-1600|last=Bennett|first=Judith M.|date=1996-11-07|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-536079-0|language=en}}</ref> Walakini, "ni ngumu kusema ikiwa wazungu au wanawake waliotengeneza bia walishutumiwa kwa uchawi moja kwa moja." <ref name=":7" /> [[Picha:Woman brewing beer.jpg|thumb|Mwanamke akichakata pombe pombe]] Wanawake wa jamii za Wamarekani wa Amerika Kaskazini ikiwa ni pamoja na Apache, Maricopa, Pima, na Tohono O'odham walitengeneza bia au divai ya Saguaro cactus, inayoitwa tiswin kwa ibada.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Centers for American Indian & Alaska Native Health {{!}} Colorado School of Public Health|url=https://coloradosph.cuanschutz.edu/research-and-practice/centers-programs/caianh|work=coloradosph.cuanschutz.edu|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJkjdStpZSMC&pg=PA21|title=Drinking and Sobriety Among the Lakota Sioux|last=Medicine|first=Beatrice|date=2007|publisher=Rowman Altamira|isbn=978-0-7591-0571-3|language=en}}</ref> Wanawake wa Apache pia walizalisha bidhaa iliyotengenezwa na mahindi, ambayo ilikuwa sawa na bia za Mexico, zinazojulikana kama tulpi au tulapa ambazo zilitumika katika ibada za kubalehe za wasichana.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Centers for American Indian & Alaska Native Health {{!}} Colorado School of Public Health|url=https://coloradosph.cuanschutz.edu/research-and-practice/centers-programs/caianh|work=coloradosph.cuanschutz.edu|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en}}</ref> Sherehe ya kubalehe inajumuisha siku nne za sala, kufunga, ulaji wa chakula na vinywaji vya kiibada, na inaendeshwa kwa kujitolea kwa Bibi Mzungu aliyepakwa rangi, mungu wa Apache.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Apache Puberty Rites: 6 Girls Attain Womanhood - IndianCountryToday.com|url=https://newsmaven.io/indiancountrytoday/archive/apache-puberty-rites-6-girls-attain-womanhood-biVqyflyDUinZQ3Vt0P54Q/|work=web.archive.org|date=2018-09-22|accessdate=2021-04-07|archivedate=2018-09-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922152726/https://newsmaven.io/indiancountrytoday/archive/apache-puberty-rites-6-girls-attain-womanhood-biVqyflyDUinZQ3Vt0P54Q/}}</ref> Coahuiltecan na makabila mengine kutoka eneo lao la Texas walifanya kilevi kutoka kwa yucca na maharagwe nyekundu ya mlima wa mlima.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> Katika makoloni ya Amerika Kaskazini wanawake waliendelea na unywaji pombe wa nyumbani ambao, kwa angalau [[karne]], ndiyo njia kuu ya utengenezaji wa bia. Wakati Thomas Jefferson anaweza kuwa maarufu kwa pombe yake, Martha Jefferson alikuwa pia mashuhuri kwa bia yake ya ngano.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":2" /> Muuza pombe wa kwanza wa kibiashara katika Makoloni kumi na tatu alikuwa Mary Lisle, ambaye alirithi kiwanda cha bia cha baba yake mnamo [[1734]] na akaiendesha hadi [[1751]].<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=779mDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT173|title=Material Culture of Breweries|last=Ronnenberg|first=Herman Wiley|date=2016-06-16|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-42479-8|language=en}}</ref> Mnamo 1713, Elizabeth na John Haddon walijenga nyumba ya matofali yenye ghorofa tatu iitwayo New Haddonfield Plantation, ambapo Elizabeth Haddon alisimamia mali ya familia na mumewe alielekea kwenye safari zake za kimishonari; Nyumba ya Bia aliyoijenga mnamo [[1713]] bado iko nyuma ya nyumba.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Elizabeth Haddon|url=https://www.womenhistoryblog.com/2008/08/elizabeth-haddon-estaugh.html|work=History of American Women|date=2008-08-04|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en-US}}</ref> Ingawa mwanamke wa kwanza wa bia wa kike aliyerekodiwa katika Makoloni alikuwa Mary Lisle, ambaye alirithi kiwanda cha pombe cha baba yake cha Philadelphia mnamo 1734, kuna sababu ya kuamini kuwa katika mto Kusini mwa Jersey, Haddon ilikuwa ikiendesha operesheni ya kunywa pombe ya nyumbani zaidi ya wastani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Was Elizabeth Haddon New Jersey’s First Female Brewer?|url=https://njmonthly.com/articles/eat-drink/table-hopping/elizabeth-haddon-nj-first-female-brewer-haddonfield-founder/|work=New Jersey Monthly|date=2019-03-25|accessdate=2021-04-07}}</ref> Huko Canada, Susannah Oland, mwanamke Mwingereza aliyehamia Canada mnamo 1865, na mumewe walianzisha kiwanda maarufu cha bia kinachoitwa Navy na Army Brewery. Baada ya mumewe kufariki, Oland alianzisha kiwanda cha pombe mwenyewe, ingawa alificha jinsia yake kwa kutaja biashara hiyo "S. Oland Sons and Company," akitumia herufi za mwanzo kuficha ukweli kwamba alikuwa mwanamke.<ref>https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/kitchener-waterloo/ale-wives-to-craft-brewers-the-history-of-women-and-beer-1.3283913</ref> Alikuwa muundaji wa mapishi ya bia ambayo ikawa msingi wa kuanzisha kiwanda cha zamani zaidi cha pombe cha Canada, Moosehead Brewery. Katika Australia ushahidi unaonyesha mgawanyiko wa wafanyikazi wenye tabia mbaya na wanaume wanaohusika na uwindaji na wanawake wanaokusanya kukusanya na kuandaa chakula. Wanawake wa asili waliandaa vinywaji kutoka kwa maua. Maua yalikuwa yametumbukizwa ndani ya maji, au kupondwa ili kutoa nekta na kuchanganywa na mchwa wa asali ili kuchacha.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Australian Aborigines: Living Off the Fat of the Land - Weston A Price|url=http://www.westonaprice.org/health-topics/australian-aborigines-living-off-the-fat-of-the-land/|work=web.archive.org|date=2016-10-22|accessdate=2021-04-07|archivedate=2016-10-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022084724/http://www.westonaprice.org/health-topics/australian-aborigines-living-off-the-fat-of-the-land/}}</ref> == Katika siku za kisasa == [[Picha:Podcast women in beer.jpg|left|thumb|Wanawake wa Oregonia ambao hufanya kazi katika tasnia hii ni pamoja na (kushoto kwenda kulia) Sarah Pederson, mmiliki wa Saraveza, Lucy Burningham, mwandishi, Natalie Baldwin, bia, Emily Engdahl, mkurugenzi wa Pink Boots Society, na Lee Hedgmon, homebrewer na mtaalamu wa distiller.]] Kuanzia mwanzo wa uwanda wa viwanda hadi miaka ya 1960 na mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1970, wanawake wengi waliondolewa kwenye tasnia ya pombe, ingawa ulimwenguni kote, waliendelea kunywa pombe kufuatia njia za mababu.<ref name=":2" /> "Vizuizi vikuu ambavyo wanawake wanaendelea kukabili katika [tasnia] ni pamoja na maoni ya ladha, ushawishi wa media, na maoni yaliyodhaniwa juu ya ustadi na uwezo wao", kulingana na mwandishi wa habari Krystal Baugher.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Women and Beer: A 4,500-Year History Is Coming Full Circle - The Atlantic|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/11/women-and-beer-a-4-500-year-history-is-coming-full-circle/281338/|work=web.archive.org|date=2016-04-13|accessdate=2021-04-07|archivedate=2016-04-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413050541/http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/11/women-and-beer-a-4-500-year-history-is-coming-full-circle/281338/}}</ref> Wanawake wa Amerika kama vile Jill Vaughn na Rebecca Bennett wamefanikiwa kuwa watengenezaji wakubwa wa pombe huko Anheuser-Busch, ambapo walitengeneza bidhaa kama Bud Light Platinum, Shock Top na Straw-Ber-Rita.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=How These Women Became Top Brewmasters At One Of The World’s Biggest Beer Companies|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/women-top-brewmasters-big-beer-company-2014-5|work=Business Insider|accessdate=2021-04-07|author=Jacquelyn Smith}}</ref> Patricia Henry ni mwanamke wa kwanza Mwafrika Mmarekani kusimamia Kampuni kubwa ya bia ya Amerika ya Miller Brewing Company, sasa MillerCoors, huko Eden, NC. Suzanne Stern Denison na Jane Zimmerman walifanya kazi na kuwekeza huko Sonoma, New Albion Brewing iliyofungwa kwa muda mrefu huko California, iliyoanzishwa mnamo 1976 na kiwanda kipya cha kwanza cha bia huko Amerika tangu Marufuku; Jack McAuliffe mara nyingi ndiye mtu pekee anayetajwa kama mwanzilishi.<ref name=":10">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Female Brewing Pioneers and Innovators Talk Gender Equality in Craft Brewing|url=https://www.craftbeer.com/editors-picks/female-brewing-pioneers-and-innovators-talk-gender-equality-in-craft-brewing|work=CraftBeer.com|date=2020-03-10|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en-US|author=Tara Nurin}}</ref> Hart Brewing ilianzishwa kwa ushirikiano na Beth Hartwell na Tom Baune mnamo 1984 huko Kalama, Washington; walikuwa waanzilishi wa mapema wa kutengeneza pombe katika Pasifiki Kaskazini Magharibi na Hart alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kujulikana kumiliki kiwanda cha kuuza pombe katika zama za baada ya Marufuku.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hart Brewing Company – McMenamins Blog|url=https://blog.mcmenamins.com/hart-brewing-company/|work=blog.mcmenamins.com|accessdate=2021-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Brewing A National Image Kalama's Mom-And-Pop Brewery Schemes To Hit The Big Time {{!}} The Spokesman-Review|url=https://www.spokesman.com/stories/1996/feb/20/brewing-a-national-image-kalamas-mom-and-pop/|work=www.spokesman.com|accessdate=2021-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Pyramid at Thirty|url=https://www.beervanablog.com/beervana/2014/03/pyramid-at-thirty.html|work=Beervana|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Pyramid Breweries Inc. {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/pyramid-breweries-inc|work=www.encyclopedia.com|accessdate=2021-04-07}}</ref> Mari Kemper na mumewe walifungua Thomas Kemper Brewing kwenye Kisiwa cha Bainbridge (karibu na Seattle) mnamo 1985 na sasa wanamiliki Chuckanut Brewery & Jikoni huko Bellingham.<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Women in Craft Beer: Mari Kemper|url=https://www.taptrail.com/women-in-craft-beer-mari-kemper/|work=Tap Trail|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en-US|author=Tap Trail|archive-date=2021-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117172710/https://www.taptrail.com/women-in-craft-beer-mari-kemper/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Chuckanut: Seems Like More Than 4 Years Because It has Been|url=http://washingtonbeerblog.com/chuckanut-seems-like-more-than-4-years-because-has-been/|work=Washington Beer Blog|date=2012-07-18|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en-US|author=Kendall Jones}}</ref> Mellie Pullman ni profesa katika Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la Portland; ambapo alikuja kuwa mama wa kwanza wa pombe aliyejulikana huko Merika wakati alipochukua kazi huko Schirf Brewing huko Park City, Utah mnamo 1986.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Nation’s First Woman Brewmaster – McMenamins Blog|url=https://blog.mcmenamins.com/the-nations-first-woman-brewmaster/|work=blog.mcmenamins.com|accessdate=2021-04-07}}</ref> Carol Stoudt alianzisha Kampuni ya Bia ya Stoudts huko Adamstown, Pennsylvania mnamo 1987; alikuwa mmoja wa wakubwa wa pombe wa kike tangu Kukatazwa nchini na mmiliki wa kike wa kwanza kujulikana nchini. Teri Fahrendorf alikuwa mama wa tatu wa pombe ya ufundi nchini; alifanya kazi kama bia katika Kiwanda cha Bia cha Golden Gate na Triple Rock Brewery huko Berkeley, California, Steelhead Brewery huko Eugene, Oregon.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=These 10 women are changing the craft beer industry in the United States|url=http://matadornetwork.com/change/10-women-changing-craft-beer-industry-united-states/|work=Matador Network|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://allaboutbeer.com/article/with-teri-fahrendorf/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-04-07 |archivedate=2020-10-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001132805/http://allaboutbeer.com/article/with-teri-fahrendorf/ }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Great Western’s Teri Fahrendorf recalls 30 years in the beer industry|url=https://www.columbian.com/news/2017/feb/26/teri-fahrendorf-of-great-western-malting-co-recalls-30-years-in-the-beer-industry/|work=The Columbian|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Eugene's Steelhead Brewing|url=https://brewpublic.com/brewpubs/eugenes-steelhead-brewing/|work=brewpublic.com|accessdate=2021-04-07}}</ref> Fahrendorf baadaye alianzisha Jamii ya Buti za Pink. Kim Jordan alishirikiana ilianzisha Kampuni mpya ya Bia ya Ubelgiji na mume Jeff Lebesch mnamo 1991 huko Fort Collins, Colorado.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=New Belgium's Kim Jordan Talks About What It Takes To Be America's Richest Female Brewer|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chloesorvino/2016/07/16/new-belgiums-kim-jordan-talks-what-it-takes-to-be-americas-richest-female-brewer/|work=Forbes|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en|author=Chloe Sorvino}}</ref> Leah Wong Ashburn alichukua nafasi ya baba yake Oscar Wong, ambaye alifungua Highland Brewing Co mnamo 1994; ni moja wapo ya bia kongwe zaidi ya North Carolina.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://allaboutbeer.com/article/leah-wong-ashburn-highland-brewing/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-04-07 |archivedate=2020-09-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929080143/http://allaboutbeer.com/article/leah-wong-ashburn-highland-brewing/ }}</ref> Mariah na Sam Calagione walianzisha kampuni ya kutengeneza pombe ya Dogfish Head mnamo 1995.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mariah Calagione: Brewing at the Beach|url=https://womensdailypost.com/2019/07/27/mariah-calagione-brewing-at-the-beach/|work=Women's Daily Post|date=2019-07-27|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en-US}}</ref> Natalie na Vinnie Cilurzo, mtayarishaji wa kiwanda cha bia cha mto Kirusi, alipata haki za chapa hiyo na akafungua kiwanda cha pombe huko Santa Rosa, California mnamo 2004.<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Russian River's Natalie Cilurzo on the Rise of Women in Beer|url=https://oct.co/essays/russian-river-natalie-cilurzo-women2020|work=Russian River's Natalie Cilurzo on the Rise of Women in Beer|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en-us|archivedate=2021-11-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117172659/https://oct.co/essays/russian-river-natalie-cilurzo-women2020}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Natalie Cilurzo|url=https://www.ssualumni.org/s/937/match18/interior.aspx?sid=937&gid=1&pgid=1201|work=www.ssualumni.org|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en}}</ref> Wanawake wengine walifungua bia za mapema za ufundi huko Amerika na wamefanya kazi nyingi tofauti na kama bia. Hawa ni pamoja na Marcy Larson, ambaye alianzisha Kampuni ya Bia ya Alaskan na mumewe Geoff mnamo 1986 huko Juneau, Alaska; Irene Firmat, ambaye alianzisha Kampuni kamili ya Bia ya Sail mnamo 1987 huko Hood River, Oregon; Rose Ann Finkel alianzisha Kampuni ya Pike Brewing na mumewe Charles Finkel huko Seattle, Washington mnamo 1989 (na Merchant du Vin mnamo 1978); na Deborah Carey, ambaye alianzisha Kampuni ya New Glarus Brewing Company na mumewe Daniel mnamo 1993 huko New Glarus, Wisconsin.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Evolving Role of Female Brewers and Their Contributions to Beer|url=https://www.craftbeer.com/craft-beer-muses/evolving-womens-contributions-brewing|work=CraftBeer.com|date=2017-06-29|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Seattle Beer World Mourns the Loss of Beloved Pike Brewing Co-founder Rose Ann Finkel|url=https://seattle.eater.com/2020/6/22/21299210/pike-brewing-co-founder-rose-ann-finkel-dies|work=Eater Seattle|date=2020-06-22|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en|author=Gabe Guarente}}</ref> Hivi karibuni, wanawake huko Amerika wamefungua bia nchini kote. Ting Su, mumewe Jeremy Raub, na mkwewe, Steven Raub, walifungua kampuni ya bia ya Eagle Rock huko Los Angeles mnamo 2009; wanachukuliwa kuwa waanzilishi wa eneo la kutengeneza pombe huko.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ting Su's Feminist Revolution Is Still Shaking Up LA's Beer Scene|url=https://oct.co/essays/ting-su-eagle-rock-brewery-feminist-revolution|work=Ting Su's Feminist Revolution Is Still Shaking Up LA's Beer Scene|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en-us|archivedate=2021-03-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320164333/https://oct.co/essays/ting-su-eagle-rock-brewery-feminist-revolution}}</ref> Mkurugenzi Mtendaji na mkuu wa bia Eilise Lane alijifunza kutengeneza bia Kaskazini Magharibi na sasa anaendesha Kampuni ya Scarlet Lane Brewing mnamo 2014 huko Indiana.<ref name=":11">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Meet the women who are changing the US brewing industry|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/top-female-led-breweries|work=Lonely Planet|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en}}</ref> Kate Power, Betsy Lay, na Jen Cuesta walianzisha Lady Justice Brewing mnamo 2016 huko Aurora, Colorado; kampuni yao ya bia inachangia mashirika ya haki za binadamu na haki za kijamii, haswa kusaidia mashirika ambayo yanawanufaisha wanawake na wasichana.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Brewery Where Your Beer Money Supports Female Causes|url=https://www.craftbeer.com/featured-brewery/lady-justice-brewing-dreams-big-supports-women-based-causes|work=CraftBeer.com|date=2019-08-19|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en-US}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2018, bia Celeste Beatty na Briana Brake walianzisha Rocky Mount Brewing, ambayo ni nafasi ya "biaji ya bia" kwa watengeneza pombe mpya huko Rocky Mount, North Carolina.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Female Brewers Launch Black-Owned Brewery at Rocky Mount Mills|url=https://www.capitolbroadcasting.com/2018/09/05/female-brewers-launch-black-owned-brewery-at-rocky-mount-mills/|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Briana Brake and Celeste Beatty on Ghosts and Beauty in Rocky Mount|url=https://www.craftbeer.com/featured-brewery/briana-brake-and-celeste-beatty-on-ghosts-and-beauty-in-rocky-mount-nc|work=CraftBeer.com|date=2020-02-28|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en-US}}</ref> Brake anamiliki na pombe kwa kampuni yake, Spaceway Brewing, ambayo alianza mnamo 2018. Beatty, ambaye alifungua Kampuni ya Bia ya Harlem huko New York mnamo 2000, ndiye mwanamke wa kwanza Weusi anayejulikana kumiliki kiwanda cha kuuza pombe nchini Merika baada ya Marufuku enzi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Briana Brake and Celeste Beatty on Ghosts and Beauty in Rocky Mount|url=https://www.craftbeer.com/featured-brewery/briana-brake-and-celeste-beatty-on-ghosts-and-beauty-in-rocky-mount-nc|work=CraftBeer.com|date=2020-02-28|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Meet the first black woman to own a brewery in the US|url=https://www.insider.com/celeste-beatty-first-black-woman-harlem-brewing-company-2019-9|work=Insider|accessdate=2021-04-07|author=Justin Gmoser}}</ref> Carol Pak ndiye mwanzilishi wa Makku, kampuni ya kwanza ya makenolli ya makopo ya Amerika (anaiita "bia ya mchele wa Kikorea"); biashara hiyo ilianzishwa huko New York City mnamo 2018 na imetengenezwa kwa mikono huko Maine.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Carol Pak on building America&#039;s first craft makgeolli company {{!}} Heritage Radio Network|url=https://heritageradionetwork.org/podcast/75-is-makgeolli-the-new-trend-beverage|work=heritageradionetwork.org|accessdate=2021-04-07|archive-date=2021-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117172705/https://heritageradionetwork.org/podcast/75-is-makgeolli-the-new-trend-beverage|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=This Brewer Wants America to Fall in Love With Makgeolli|url=https://oct.co/essays/carol-pak-makku-makgeolli|work=This Brewer Wants America to Fall in Love With Makgeolli|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en-us|archivedate=2021-11-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117172657/https://oct.co/essays/carol-pak-makku-makgeolli}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Carol Pak {{!}} Bringing History & Tradition to Millennials Through Makgeolli|url=https://www.gorocktheboat.com/post/carol-pak-bringing-history-tradition-to-millennials-through-makgeolli|work=Rock The Boat|date=2019-11-08|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en|author=Team Rock The Boat}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Rejea tovuti|title=5 female brewers who are shaking up the craft beer industry|url=https://www.silverkris.com/female-brewers-beer/|work=SilverKris|date=2020-02-02|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en-GB}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2019, Tamil Maldonado Vega ilianzisha Raices Brewing huko Denver, Colorado; ni kampuni ya bia inayomilikiwa na kuendeshwa na Latino ambayo pia hufanya kama kituo cha kumbukumbu kwa wale wanaopenda kujifunza juu ya tamaduni ya Kilatino.<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=How Raíces Is Making Latin American Beer and Culture More Accessible|url=https://www.5280.com/2020/01/how-raices-is-making-latin-american-beer-and-culture-more-accessible/|work=5280|date=2020-01-31|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en|author=Patricia Kaowthumrong}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2016, Shyla Sheppard na Missy Begay walianzisha Bow na Arrow Brewing Co huko Albuquerque, New Mexico, ambayo inajulikana kwa kuchora viungo vya asili kwa bia zao; ni kiwanda pekee cha kienyeji kinachojulikana kinachomilikiwa na wanawake huko Merika.<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Citation|title=Women in brewing|date=2021-03-25|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women_in_brewing&oldid=1014109393|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-04-07}}</ref> Miongoni mwa bia wanawake wa Canada ni Emily Tipton, mmiliki mwenza na mpikaji pombe wa Boxing Rock Brewing, na Kellye Robertson, ambaye alianza kazi yake huko Garrison Brewing<ref name=":13">{{Rejea tovuti|title=More women are taking up brewing craft, including an African-American award-winner {{!}} The Chronicle Herald|url=http://thechronicleherald.ca/thenovascotian/1270643-more-women-are-taking-up-brewing-craft-including-an-african-american-award-wi|work=web.archive.org|date=2016-04-28|accessdate=2021-04-07|archivedate=2016-04-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428101115/http://thechronicleherald.ca/thenovascotian/1270643-more-women-are-taking-up-brewing-craft-including-an-african-american-award-wi}}</ref> kabla ya kuongoza timu ya kutengeneza pombe huko Spindrift Brewing.<ref>{{Citation|title=The Chronicle Herald|date=2020-12-19|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Chronicle_Herald&oldid=995083496|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-04-07}}</ref> Kuna wanawake kadhaa wanaohusika katika biashara ya kutengeneza pombe huko Mexico City, Mexico. Elizabeth Rosas ndiye mwanzilishi mwenza wa Cervecería Calavera na mkuu wa chapa na uuzaji; yeye na mume Gilbert Nielsen walianzisha kiwanda cha pombe mwaka 2008.<ref name=":14">{{Rejea tovuti|title=In Mexico City, Women Are Taking Over Craft Beer|url=https://oct.co/essays/women-craft-beer-brewers-mexico-city|work=In Mexico City, Women Are Taking Over Craft Beer|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en-us|archivedate=2021-11-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117172657/https://oct.co/essays/women-craft-beer-brewers-mexico-city}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Rejea tovuti|title=These Five Women Are Revolutionizing the Craft Beer Game in Mexico|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/gvkdeq/these-five-women-are-revolutionizing-the-craft-beer-game-in-mexico|work=www.vice.com|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en}}</ref> Lucía Carrillo ndiye mwanzilishi mwenza na mtengenezaji wa bia ya Cervecería Itañeñe, iliyofunguliwa mnamo 2011. Cervecería Dos Mundos ("Ulimwengu Mbili wa Bia") ilianzishwa mnamo 2014 na wenzi wa Briteni na Mexico Caroline King na David Meza katika kitongoji cha Iztapalapa huko Mexico. Jiji.<ref name=":14" /> Antonieta Carrión alianzisha Casa Cervecera Madrina mnamo 2014 na labda ndiye mmiliki wa kwanza wa kike na mnyweshaji wa cervecería huko Mexico City; yeye pia ni mmoja wa waanzilishi wa kikundi cha bia cha Adelitas.<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":15" /> Jessica Martínez alifungua Cervecería Malteza mnamo 2014.<ref name=":14" /> Sandra Navarro ni mwanzilishi mwanzilishi na mnyweshaji pombe katika Kampuni ya Bia ya Turulata, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Women brewers in Arizona and Mexico release bi-national beer in Tucson|url=https://kvoa.com/news/2020/01/17/women-brewers-in-arizona-and-mexico-release-bi-national-beer-in-tucson/|work=KVOA|date=2020-01-17|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en-US|author=Amanda Gomez}}</ref> Paz Austin ni Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa Chama cha Watengenezaji Bia wa Mexico (ACERMEX).<ref name=":15" /> Katika Amerika ya Kusini, chicha bado inazalishwa sana na wanawake na huliwa kila siku na watu wazima na watoto, kwani kawaida ina kiwango kidogo cha pombe. Huko Ecuador wanawake huvuna yucca, chemsha mizizi, ponda ndani ya kuweka na kisha utafute poda, kwa njia sawa na ile ya mababu zao, kuvunja wanga na kuanza mchakato wa kuchachusha. Wanawake wa Peru hutengeneza toleo lao la chicha kwa kutumia njia ile ile, lakini kwa mahindi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coming Full Circle: Women in Beer|url=http://www.growlermag.com/women-in-beer/|work=Growler Magazine|date=2013-04-24|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en-US|author=Ryan Tuenge|archivedate=2021-03-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330192242/https://www.growlermag.com/women-in-beer/}}</ref> Nchini Brazil, Argentina na Paragwai, kati ya Wahindi wa Amazonia, chicha, iliyotengenezwa kwa mahindi, au bia ya algarroba iliyotengenezwa kutoka kwa mbegu ya carob, na vile vile bia iliyotengenezwa kwa kuchanganya mahindi au manioc na maapulo, tikiti, papai, peari, malenge, mirungi, jordgubbar na viazi vitamu vinatengenezwa na wanawake.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-2fpTjl08PMC&pg=PA232|title=Travelers' Tales Brazil: True Stories|last=Haddad|first=Annette|last2=Doggett|first2=Scott|date=2004|publisher=Travelers' Tales|isbn=978-1-932361-05-6|language=en}}</ref> Wanawake wa Bolivia hutengeneza bia kutoka kwa shayiri iliyochomwa, ambayo inatafunwa kuanza mchakato wa kuchachusha na hupewa kila siku kama nyongeza ya lishe.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-2fpTjl08PMC&pg=PA232|title=Travelers' Tales Brazil: True Stories|last=Haddad|first=Annette|last2=Doggett|first2=Scott|date=2004|publisher=Travelers' Tales|isbn=978-1-932361-05-6|language=en}}</ref> Mnamo 2013, Sara Barton, mmiliki na mkurugenzi wa Kiwanda cha Bia cha Brewster, alishinda tuzo ya Brewer of the Year, na kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kupokea heshima inayotolewa kila mwaka na Chama cha Waandishi wa Bia cha Uingereza. Emma Gilleland, ambaye anaongoza ugavi katika Kiwanda cha pombe cha Marston, kiwanda kinachoongoza cha pombe huru nchini Uingereza, aliitwa bia mwenye ushawishi mkubwa nchini Uingereza na BBC.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Beer: The women taking over the world of brewing - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-25656701|work=web.archive.org|date=2015-11-20|accessdate=2021-04-07|archivedate=2015-11-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120083342/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-25656701}}</ref> [[Picha:Women Brewing 2015 Common Thread Beer for Madison Craft Beer Week.webm|thumb|Wanawakewakitengeneza Bia 2015 kwaajili ya Wiki ya Bia ya Madison Craft.]] Mtaalam wa pombe aliyejulikana wa Ujerumani, ambaye pia ni mtawa wa mwisho wa Bavaria, Dada Doris Engelhard, amekuwa akitengeneza bia huko Mallersdorf Abbey kwa zaidi ya miaka 40.<ref name=":16">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sister Doris: Europe's last beer-making nun - CNN.com|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/08/22/travel/german-beer-nun|work=web.archive.org|date=2015-11-08|accessdate=2021-04-07|archivedate=2015-11-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108030240/http://edition.cnn.com/2014/08/22/travel/german-beer-nun}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Meditations of Europe's Last Brewmaster Nun - The Atlantic|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/10/the-meditations-of-europes-last-brewmaster-nun/380967/|work=web.archive.org|date=2016-04-13|accessdate=2021-04-07|archivedate=2016-04-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413031323/http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/10/the-meditations-of-europes-last-brewmaster-nun/380967/}}</ref> Wanywaji wengine wa kike wa Bavaria ni Sigi Friedmann wa Kiwanda cha pombe cha Friedmann (Kijerumani: Brauerei Friedmann) huko Gräfenberg na Gisela na Monika Meinel wa Kiwanda cha Meinel-Bräu huko Hof.<ref name=":16" /> De Ryck ni mmoja wa wanawake wachache wanaotengeneza pombe nchini Ubelgiji. Ameendesha bia ya De Ryck (Kiholanzi: Brouwerij De Ryck) tangu miaka ya 1970, akishinda tuzo kadhaa kwa bia alizotengeneza.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/worldbeer0000hamp|title=World beer|last=Hampson|first=Tim|date=2013|publisher=London : DK|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-1-4654-1438-0}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=A woman’s place is in the brewery {{!}} Flanders Today|url=http://www.flanderstoday.eu/living/woman%E2%80%99s-place-brewery|work=web.archive.org|date=2016-11-18|accessdate=2021-04-07|archivedate=2016-11-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118230930/http://www.flanderstoday.eu/living/woman%E2%80%99s-place-brewery}}</ref> Rosa Merckx alikua msimamizi mkuu wa pombe wa kike na mkurugenzi wa shughuli nchini Ubelgiji alipochukua kiwanda cha pombe cha Liefmans Oudenaarde mnamo 1972, ambapo alikuwa akifanya kazi tangu 1946.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Women in Brewing Part 3: (R)Evolution|url=https://shortfingerbrewing.com/blogs/news/89874753-women-in-brewing-part-3-revolution|work=Short Finger Brewing Co.|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en|author=Short Finger Brewing Co|archivedate=2021-11-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117172701/https://shortfingerbrewing.com/blogs/news/89874753-women-in-brewing-part-3-revolution}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2015, mradi wa "Wanawake 100" wa BBC, alimheshimu Leimin Duong, mwanamke wa Kivietinamu na Australia, ambaye hutengeneza bia ya strawberry, kama mmoja wa wanawake wenye ushawishi mkubwa wa mwaka.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Leimin Duong được BBC vinh danh là 1 trong 100 phụ nữ có ảnh hưởng nhất 2015|url=http://www.vietuctimes.com/article/leimin-duong-duoc-bbc-vinh-danh-trong-100-phu-nu-co-anh-huong-nhat-2015|work=web.archive.org|date=2015-12-29|accessdate=2021-04-07|archivedate=2015-12-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229081732/http://www.vietuctimes.com/article/leimin-duong-duoc-bbc-vinh-danh-trong-100-phu-nu-co-anh-huong-nhat-2015}}</ref> Nchini Australia, kiwanda cha kwanza cha bia cha kike nchini, Ndege Mbili Brewing, imeshinda tuzo nyingi kwa bia zao, lakini mnamo 2016, wamiliki Jayne Lewis na Danielle Allen walipewa tuzo ya Bingwa wa Kiwanda cha Kiwanda cha wastani cha Australia na Bia ya Kimataifa ya Australia. Tuzo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Two Birds celebrates five years {{!}} Australian Brews News|url=http://www.brewsnews.com.au/2016/06/two-birds-celebrates-five-years/|work=web.archive.org|date=2016-06-09|accessdate=2021-04-07|archivedate=2016-06-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609214120/http://www.brewsnews.com.au/2016/06/two-birds-celebrates-five-years/}}</ref> Katika tamaduni nyingi za jadi za Kiafrika, bia bado hutengenezwa tu na wanawake<ref name=":17">{{Rejea tovuti|title=South African women making it big in the world of brewing - CNBC Africa|url=https://www.cnbcafrica.com/news/special-report/2016/07/15/south-african-women-making-it-big-in-the-world-of-brewing/|work=web.archive.org|date=2016-08-23|accessdate=2021-04-07|archivedate=2016-08-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823042513/https://www.cnbcafrica.com/news/special-report/2016/07/15/south-african-women-making-it-big-in-the-world-of-brewing/}}</ref> na mara nyingi chanzo chao pekee cha kupata uhuru wa kiuchumi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wayback Machine|url=https://munin.uit.no/bitstream/handle/10037/1627/thesis.pdf?sequence=1|work=web.archive.org|date=2018-09-21|accessdate=2021-04-07|archivedate=2018-09-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921171754/https://munin.uit.no/bitstream/handle/10037/1627/thesis.pdf?sequence=1}}</ref> Kwa mfano, nchini Kamerun wanawake wa watu wa Gbaya hutengeneza bia ya jadi kutoka kwa mahindi na mtama iitwayo amgba, ambayo ni chakula kikuu<ref name=":18">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wayback Machine|url=http://www.pressesagro.be/base/text/v16n4/509.pdf|work=web.archive.org|date=2017-08-08|accessdate=2021-04-07|archivedate=2017-08-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808114834/http://www.pressesagro.be/base/text/v16n4/509.pdf}}</ref> na wanawake wa watu wa Mafa hutengeneza bilbil - inayoitwa dong-long katika lugha ya Tupuri, uzum katika Lugha ya Giziga, na zom katika lugha ya Mafa - kutoka mtama.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wayback Machine|url=https://munin.uit.no/bitstream/handle/10037/1627/thesis.pdf?sequence=1|work=web.archive.org|date=2018-09-21|accessdate=2021-04-07|archivedate=2018-09-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921171754/https://munin.uit.no/bitstream/handle/10037/1627/thesis.pdf?sequence=1}}</ref> Zote mbili zilianzia kama vinywaji vya kitamaduni kwa sherehe, lakini sasa zinatumika kama njia ya kuishi kiuchumi kwa wanawake wengi.<ref name=":18" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wayback Machine|url=https://munin.uit.no/bitstream/handle/10037/1627/thesis.pdf?sequence=1|work=web.archive.org|date=2018-09-21|accessdate=2021-04-07|archivedate=2018-09-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921171754/https://munin.uit.no/bitstream/handle/10037/1627/thesis.pdf?sequence=1}}</ref> Bia za mtama zinazozalishwa na wanawake katika mataifa mengine ya Kiafrika ni pamoja na bili bili nchini Chad, burkutu au pito nchini Ghana na Nigeria, chibuku au doro nchini Zimbabwe, dolo nchini Burkina Faso, ikigage nchini Rwanda, kaffir nchini Afrika Kusini, merissa nchini Sudan, mtama nchini Tanzania. , na tchoukoutou huko Benin na Togo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wayback Machine|url=http://www.pressesagro.be/base/text/v16n4/509.pdf|work=web.archive.org|date=2017-08-08|accessdate=2021-04-07|archivedate=2017-08-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808114834/http://www.pressesagro.be/base/text/v16n4/509.pdf}}</ref> Katika makabila ya Kixhosa na Kizulu ya Afrika Kusini, wanawake kwa jadi walikuwa wakisimamia utengenezaji wa umqombothi, bia iliyotengenezwa kienyeji iliyotengenezwa kwa kimea cha mahindi, mtama wa mtama, chachu na maji. Umqombothi huandaliwa juu ya moto wazi na hutiwa ndani ya ngoma kubwa iitwayo gogogo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Black Female Brewers Are Reclaiming Craft Beer in South Africa|url=https://oct.co/essays/black-female-craft-beer-brewers-south-africa|work=Black Female Brewers Are Reclaiming Craft Beer in South Africa|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en-us|archivedate=2021-11-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117172658/https://oct.co/essays/black-female-craft-beer-brewers-south-africa}}</ref> Katika bia za kibiashara za Kiafrika, ingawa mara nyingi wanawake ni washirika na wenzi wao wa ndoa, ni sita tu zinazoendeshwa na bia wanawake. Mmoja wa hawa, Apiwe Nxusani-Mawela, ni mmiliki wa bia, mmiliki wa bia na mtu wa kwanza mweusi wa Afrika Kusini aliyeidhinishwa kama mkufunzi wa Taasisi ya Utengenezaji pombe na Kutengenezea na kama jaji wa bia aliyethibitishwa kwa Programu ya Udhibitisho wa Bia ya Afrika Kusini. Mwingine ni Thea Blom, ambaye alianza kama mpishi na kisha akaongeza bia ya ufundi kwenye biashara yake, Oakes Brew House, na akamwajiri bia Happy Sekanka kuunda bia za kampuni hiyo.<ref name=":17" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=South Africa's 'All-girl' Brewery Wins Fans|url=http://www.voanews.com/a/south-africa-all-girl-brewery/2545917.html|work=web.archive.org|date=2016-11-19|accessdate=2021-04-07|archivedate=2016-11-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119235602/http://www.voanews.com/a/south-africa-all-girl-brewery/2545917.html}}</ref> Josephine "Fina" Uwineza, mtaalam wa mikahawa nchini Rwanda alianza kutathmini ikiwa kufungua kiwanda cha bia cha kwanza nchini kunaweza kutumika kama jukwaa la kuwawezesha wanawake na kuwapa ajira. Mnamo mwaka wa 2016, alishirikiana na Chama cha Wafanyabiashara wa Ufundi wa Ontario ili kuchunguza kuunda mradi huo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Brewing Change In Rwanda With A Woman-Owned Craft Beer Facility|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/lesliewu/2016/10/27/brewing-change-in-rwanda-with-a-woman-owned-craft-beer-facility/|work=Forbes|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en|author=Leslie Wu}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=In Rwanda, Craft Beer Opens the Door to Female Empowerment {{!}} TakePart|url=http://www.takepart.com/article/2016/09/25/rwanda-brewery|work=web.archive.org|date=2016-10-29|accessdate=2021-04-07|archivedate=2016-10-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029103743/http://www.takepart.com/article/2016/09/25/rwanda-brewery}}</ref> [[Picha:Woman brewing raksi (Nepali whisky) (4515010811).jpg|left|thumb|Mwanamke akichakata pombe aina ya raksi (kwaajili ya Nepali) mnamo 2010]] Nchini Nepal, kama walivyokuwa nayo kwa karne nyingi, wanawake hutengeneza raksi, kinywaji chenye pombe kali kilichotengenezwa na mchele. Hapo awali ilitumika kwa madhumuni ya sherehe katika ibada za Wahindu na Wabudhi, lakini ni sehemu muhimu sana ya maisha ya kitamaduni katika bonde la Kathmandu, kwamba mamlaka mara kwa mara hupuuza marufuku ya kisheria dhidi ya uzalishaji na matumizi. Wanawake kijadi hujiingiza katika mchakato wa utengenezaji wa pombe wa mwezi mzima na kuuza raksi zao nyingi kwenye mikahawa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Nepal housewives break laws to cook up potent brew|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/nepal-housewives-break-laws-to-cook-up-potent-brew/story-uOz5J1Gw7STfKYfYo8QWEN.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=2014-08-17|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en}}</ref> Vinywaji vingine muhimu vya Nepali vilivyotengenezwa ni Chhyang, Jaandh, Thon, na Tongba, (inayojulikana kwa majina na tahajia anuwai), ambazo kawaida hutengenezwa na wanawake. Vinywaji hivyo vimetengenezwa Nepal na Tibet, vinywaji vimetengenezwa kwa shayiri, mchele au mtama. Baada ya kuloweka nafaka ndani ya maji, hutiwa mvuke<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Jaandh : An Integral Part of Nepali Culture {{!}} Food {{!}} ECSNEPAL - The Nepali Way|url=http://ecs.com.np/food/jaandh-an-integral-part-of-nepali-culture|work=web.archive.org|date=2018-09-07|accessdate=2021-04-07|archivedate=2018-09-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907011914/http://ecs.com.np/food/jaandh-an-integral-part-of-nepali-culture}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=To Drink or Not To Drink: Local Beverages of Nepal {{!}} Features {{!}} ECSNEPAL - The Nepali Way|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/to-drink-or-not-to-drink-local-beverages-of-nepal|work=web.archive.org|date=2018-02-10|accessdate=2021-04-07|archivedate=2018-02-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210172056/http://ecs.com.np/features/to-drink-or-not-to-drink-local-beverages-of-nepal}}</ref> na kisha kuchanganywa na wakala wa kuanzia anayejulikana kama marcha, ambayo huandaliwa kutoka kwa mikondo ya ngano (iitwayo mana) au mchele au unga wa mtama (unaojulikana kama manapu). Kichocheo cha kutengeneza marcha wakati mwingine ni siri inayolindwa sana na hupitishwa kwa mabibi-mkwe tu.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6NPMDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA102|title=Ethnic Fermented Foods and Alcoholic Beverages of Asia|last=Tamang|first=Jyoti Prakash|date=2016-08-05|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-81-322-2800-4|language=en}}</ref> Japani, baada ya biashara ya kutengeneza pombe, kwa sababu ya bia, inayojulikana kama tōji (Kijapani: 杜氏) walikuwa kwa vizazi, wahamiaji ambao walisafiri kati ya bia na kufanya kazi wakati wa msimu wa baridi. Kama mauzo yalipungua pamoja na idadi ya tōji iliyofunzwa, wamiliki walianza kujinyonya. Ingawa bado ni uwanja unaotawaliwa na wanaume, kufikia 2015, kuna takriban pombe 20 za kike huko Japan na Kikundi cha Sekta ya Wanawake kimeundwa ili kuongeza idadi yao. Emi Machida (Kijapani: 町 田 恵 美 さ ん) ameendesha kiwanda cha bia cha familia yake chenye miaka 130 kwa miaka kumi kama kinasa na ameshinda medali saba za dhahabu kwa ajili yake kutoka Tuzo za Mwaka za Japani za Japani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Brewing sake in Japan is becoming a woman's game — again {{!}} Public Radio International|url=http://www.pri.org/stories/2015-09-11/brewing-sake-japan-becoming-womans-game-again|work=web.archive.org|date=2015-12-11|accessdate=2021-04-07|archivedate=2015-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211050148/http://www.pri.org/stories/2015-09-11/brewing-sake-japan-becoming-womans-game-again}}</ref> Miho Imada (Kijapani: み ほ い ま だ) anafahamika kwa njia yake ya Hiroshima-junmai ginjo ambayo hutumia maji laini sana, joto la chini na mchakato wa uchakachuaji polepole kuleta ladha na tunda la matunda.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Meet the 3 Female Sake Brewers Running Japan {{!}} SAVEUR|url=http://www.saveur.com/women-sake-brewers-japan|work=web.archive.org|date=2016-05-05|accessdate=2021-04-07|archivedate=2016-05-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505034218/http://www.saveur.com/women-sake-brewers-japan}}</ref> Minoh Brewing, iliyofunguliwa mnamo 1997 karibu na Osaka, inaendeshwa na Kaori Oshita. <ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Minoh Beer: A father's dream, a daughter's reality|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2018/11/03/food/minoh-beer-fathers-dream-daughters-reality/|work=The Japan Times|date=2018-11-03|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en-US|author=Jeremy Wilgus}}</ref> Huko Korea Kusini, Seolhee Lee ni Kampuni ya bia ya upainia ya kike ya Kampuni ya Magpie Brewing; kampuni hiyo inamilikiwa na Tiffany Needham.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Is this the coolest brewery in Asia?|url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/south-korea-craft-beer-magpie-brewing/index.html|work=CNN|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en|author=By Lilit Marcus CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Why Women Are Leading Korea's Craft Beer Movement|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/mgx3wn/why-women-are-leading-koreas-craft-beer-movement|work=www.vice.com|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en}}</ref> Pink Boots Society ni shirika linalosaidia wanawake wanaofanya kazi katika tasnia ya bia.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Women in the beer industry find community with Pink Boots Society|url=https://mynorthwest.com/461980/women-in-the-beer-industry-find-community-with-pink-boots-society/?|work=MyNorthwest.com|date=2016-11-16|accessdate=2021-04-07}}</ref> Ilianzishwa na Teri Farhrendorf, ambaye pia aliongozwa na bwana wa pombe wa mapema, Carol Stoudt, ambaye alizindua kampuni yake ya bia mnamo 1987.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=How Women Are Breaking Into the Beer Industry|url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2011/10/craft-beer-making-women-brewmasters-are-busting-stereotypes.html|work=Slate Magazine|date=2011-10-27|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en|author=Mark Garrison}}</ref> Kuna sura za Jamii ya Buti za Pink huko Canada, Australia na Merika.<ref>{{Citation|title=Society of Beer Drinking Ladies aims for inclusive imbibing|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/food-and-wine/food-trends/society-of-beer-drinking-ladies-aims-for-inclusiveimbibing/article32622929/|access-date=2021-04-07}}</ref> Wataalam wa Bia Kike huko Mexico ni NGO iliyoundwa mnamo 2012 kukuza utamaduni na elimu ya bia; mnamo 2020, ilikuwa na zaidi ya wanachama 2,000 na wawakilishi na waratibu katika miji 15 huko Mexico na San Diego, California.<ref name=":19">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Impetuosa, the craft beer brewed by Mexican women|url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/english/impetuosa-craft-beer-brewed-mexican-women|work=El Universal|date=2020-02-20|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=es}}</ref> Adelitas Cerveceras, kikundi cha wanawake 130 wa Mexico ambacho kilianzishwa mnamo 2019, kinakuza ushiriki wa wanawake katika tasnia ya bia kupitia mtandao wa msaada na kazi.<ref name=":19" /> Bière de Femme, huko North Carolina, ilianzishwa mnamo 2017 kama hafla ya kuwaleta wanawake katika tasnia ya bia pamoja, lakini pia kukutana na watumiaji na wapenzi wa bia wa jinsia zote.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Biere de Femme|url=https://www.pinkbootssociety.org/2019/02/11/biere-de-femme/|work=Pink Boots Society|date=2019-02-12|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-11-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117172753/https://www.pinkbootssociety.org/2019/02/11/biere-de-femme/}}</ref> FemAle Brew Fest, sherehe ya bia ya Florida, ilianzishwa mnamo 2016 kusaidia ukuaji wa wanawake katika utengenezaji wa pombe.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=FemAle Brew Fest 2020 Announces a Growing List of Participants|url=https://www.craftbeer.com/news/festival/female-brew-festtm-2020-announces-a-growing-list-of-participants|work=CraftBeer.com|date=2020-02-06|accessdate=2021-04-07|language=en-US}}</ref> Nchini Sweden, walitengeneza bia iitwayo "Tunaweza Kuifanya", iliyoonyeshwa kwenye bango la Rosie the Riveter na Westinghouse mnamo 2015. Lengo lilikuwa kuunda bia iliyotengenezwa na wanawake, ambayo haikuwa tunda au laini, lakini kwa msingi wa mapitio ya kisayansi ya kile wanawake walitaka kunywa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Revolution brewing as Sweden’s first beer made by women goes on sale {{!}} World news {{!}} The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/08/revolution-brewing-sweden-beer-women|work=web.archive.org|date=2016-08-06|accessdate=2021-04-07|archivedate=2016-08-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806195026/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/08/revolution-brewing-sweden-beer-women}}</ref> Wanawake pia wametambuliwa katika utengenezaji wa pombe nyumbani. 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Perspective|last=Kutalek|first=Ruth|publisher=Berghahn|year=2011|isbn=9781782380344|editor-last1=Schiefenhovel|editor-first1=Wulf|location=New York|chapter=Ritual Use of Beer in South-West Tanzania|editor-last2=Macbeth|editor-first2=Helen|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXNFAAAAQBAJ&q=women&pg=PA159}} *{{cite news|last=Lewis|first=Carly|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/food-and-wine/food-trends/society-of-beer-drinking-ladies-aims-for-inclusiveimbibing/article32622929/|title=Thinking Outside the Keg|date=1 November 2016|work=The Globe and Mail|access-date=17 November 2016}} *{{cite journal|last1=Lyumugabe|first1=François|last2=Gros|first2=Jacques|last3=Nzungize|first3=John|last4=Bajyana|first4=Emmanuel|last5=Thonart|first5=Philippe|date=2012|title=Characteristics of African traditional beers brewed with sorghum malt: a review|url=http://www.pressesagro.be/base/text/v16n4/509.pdf|journal=Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement|volume=16|issue=4|pages=509–530|issn=1370-6233|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808114834/http://www.pressesagro.be/base/text/v16n4/509.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2017|access-date=21 September 2018|ref={{harvid|Lyumugabe et al.|2012}}}} *{{cite news|last1=Madeson|first1=Frances|title=Apache Puberty Rites: 6 Girls Attain Womanhood|url=https://newsmaven.io/indiancountrytoday/archive/apache-puberty-rites-6-girls-attain-womanhood-biVqyflyDUinZQ3Vt0P54Q/|access-date=22 September 2018|work=[[Indian Country Today]]|date=2 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922152726/https://newsmaven.io/indiancountrytoday/archive/apache-puberty-rites-6-girls-attain-womanhood-biVqyflyDUinZQ3Vt0P54Q/|archive-date=22 September 2018|location=Washington D.C.}} *{{cite magazine|last1=Malla|first1=Yesha|title=Jaandh: An Integral Part of Nepali Culture|magazine=ECS Nepal|date=September 2010|issue=107|url=http://ecs.com.np/food/jaandh-an-integral-part-of-nepali-culture|access-date=20 September 2018|publisher=ECS Media|location=Kupondole, Lalitpur District, Nepal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907011914/http://ecs.com.np/food/jaandh-an-integral-part-of-nepali-culture|archive-date=7 September 2018|issn=1729-2751}} *{{cite web|last1=Mark|first1=Joshua J.|title=Beer in the Ancient World|url=http://www.ancient.eu/article/223/|website=Ancient EU|publisher=Ancient History Encyclopedia Limited|access-date=16 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912043741/http://www.ancient.eu/article/223/|archive-date=12 September 2016|location=Horsham, England|date=2 March 2011}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJkjdStpZSMC&pg=PA21|title=Drinking and Sobriety Among the Lakota Sioux|last=Medicine|first=Beatrice|publisher=Rowman Altamira Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7591-0571-3|location=Lanham, Maryland}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=heCGAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA26|title=Here, Our Culture Is Hard: Stories of Domestic Violence from a Mayan Community in Belize|last=McClusky|first=Laura|date=5 July 2010|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-78819-0|location=Austin, Texas}} *{{cite web|last1=McGovern|first1=Patrick|title=Prehistoric China: The Wonders That Were Jiahu The World's Earliest Fermented Beverage|url=http://www.penn.museum/sites/biomoleculararchaeology/?page_id=247|website=Penn Museums|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Museum|access-date=16 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021135358/http://www.penn.museum/sites/biomoleculararchaeology/?page_id=247|archive-date=21 October 2016|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|date=8 March 2010}} *{{cite news|last1=Meek|first1=Shawn|last2=McDonald|first2=Chris|title=Craft Community: Spindrift Brewing|url=http://thechronicleherald.ca/craftbeerconnections/1370805-craft-community-spindrift-brewing|work=[[The Chronicle Herald]]|access-date=18 November 2016|location=Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118220658/http://thechronicleherald.ca/craftbeerconnections/1370805-craft-community-spindrift-brewing|archive-date=18 November 2016|date=8 June 2016|accessdate=2021-04-07|archivedate=2016-11-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118220658/http://thechronicleherald.ca/craftbeerconnections/1370805-craft-community-spindrift-brewing}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqJRVTV3hB4C&pg=PA185|title=Baroque Sovereignty: Carlos de Siguenza Y Gongora and the Creole Archive of Colonial Mexico|last=More|first=Anna|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-8122-0655-5|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s0vFBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT94|title=Ainu Creed & Cult|last=Munro|first=Neil Gordon|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2013|isbn=978-1-136-16535-1|volume=IV|location=New York, New York}} *{{cite journal|last1=Nurin|first1=Tara|date=18 February 2015|title=How Women Brewsters Saved the World|url=https://beerandbrewing.com/VNN4oCYAAGdLRZ-I/article/how-women-brewsters-saved-the-world|journal=Craft Beer & Brewing Magazine|issn=2334-119X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910224150/http://beerandbrewing.com/VNN4oCYAAGdLRZ-I/article/how-women-brewsters-saved-the-world|archive-date=10 September 2015|access-date=17 November 2016}} *{{cite news|last1=Pappas|first1=Stephanie|title=Ancient Nordic Grog Intoxicated the Elite|url=http://www.livescience.com/42559-nordic-grog-ancient-alcoholic-beverage.html|access-date=18 November 2016|work=[[Live Science]]|date=14 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126012911/http://www.livescience.com/42559-nordic-grog-ancient-alcoholic-beverage.html|archive-date=26 January 2016|location=New York City, New York}} *{{cite news|last1=Phạm|first1=Jennifer|title=Leimin Duong được BBC vinh danh là 1 trong 100 phụ nữ có ảnh hưởng nhất 2015|url=http://vietuctimes.com/article/leimin-duong-duoc-bbc-vinh-danh-trong-100-phu-nu-co-anh-huong-nhat-2015|access-date=17 November 2016|work=Việt ÚC Times (Vietnam Australia Times)|date=20 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229081732/http://www.vietuctimes.com/article/leimin-duong-duoc-bbc-vinh-danh-trong-100-phu-nu-co-anh-huong-nhat-2015|archive-date=29 December 2015|location=Sydney, Australia|language=vi|trans-title=Leimin Duong was honored as one of the BBC's 100 Most Influential Women in 2015|accessdate=2022-07-30|archivedate=2015-12-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229081732/http://www.vietuctimes.com/article/leimin-duong-duoc-bbc-vinh-danh-trong-100-phu-nu-co-anh-huong-nhat-2015}} *{{cite book|title=Travelers' Tales Brazil: True Stories|last1=Pietschmann|first1=Richard J.|publisher=Travelers' Tales|year=2004|isbn=978-1-932361-05-6|editor-last1=Haddad|editor-first1=Annette|location=San Francisco, California|pages=230–236|chapter=He'll Have Another|editor-last2=Doggett|editor-first2=Scott|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-2fpTjl08PMC&pg=PA232}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=779mDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT173|title=Material Culture of Breweries|last=Ronnenberg|first=Herman Wiley|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2016|isbn=978-1-315-42479-8|location=New York, New York}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HF0m3spOebcC&pg=PA134|title=Encyclopedia of Women in the Ancient World|last=Salisbury|first=Joyce E.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2001|isbn=978-1-57607-092-5|location=Santa Barbara, California|author-link=Joyce E. Salisbury}} *{{cite web|last1=Schell|first1=Allison|title=Women + Beer: A Forgotten Pairing|url=https://www.nwhm.org/blog/women-beer-a-forgotten-pairing/|date=26 April 2013|publisher=National Women's History Museum|access-date=17 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729095034/http://www.nwhm.org/blog/women-beer-a-forgotten-pairing/|archive-date=29 July 2016|location=Alexandria, Virginia|accessdate=2021-04-07|archivedate=2016-07-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729095034/http://www.nwhm.org/blog/women-beer-a-forgotten-pairing/}} *{{cite magazine|last1=Shrestha|first1=Arpan|title=To Drink or Not To Drink: Local Beverages of Nepal|magazine=ECS Nepal|date=August 2010|issue=37|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/to-drink-or-not-to-drink-local-beverages-of-nepal|access-date=20 September 2018|publisher=ECS Media|location=Kupondole, Lalitpur District, Nepal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210172056/http://ecs.com.np/features/to-drink-or-not-to-drink-local-beverages-of-nepal|archive-date=10 February 2018|issn=1729-2751}} *{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Jacqueline|date=30 May 2014|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/women-top-brewmasters-big-beer-company-2014-5|title=How These Women Became Top Brewmasters at One of the World's Biggest Beer Companies|work=[[Business Insider]]}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6NPMDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA102|title=Ethnic Fermented Foods and Alcoholic Beverages of Asia|last=Tamang|first=Jyoti Prakash|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer India]]|year=2016|isbn=978-81-322-2800-4|location=New Delhi, India}} *{{cite news|last1=Taylor|first1=Darren|title=South Africa's 'All-girl' Brewery Wins Fans|url=http://www.voanews.com/a/south-africa-all-girl-brewery/2545917.html|access-date=18 November 2016|work=[[Voice of America]]|date=4 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119235602/http://www.voanews.com/a/south-africa-all-girl-brewery/2545917.html|archive-date=19 November 2016|location=Washington, D.C.}} *{{cite journal|last1=Tuenge|first1=Ryan|date=23 April 2013|title=Coming Full Circle: Women in Beer|url=http://growlermag.com/women-in-beer/|journal=The Growler|access-date=18 November 2016|archive-date=2017-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327015438/http://growlermag.com/women-in-beer/|dead-url=yes}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rMNf-p1mu6AC&pg=PP4|title=Beer in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance|last=Unger|first=Richard W.|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]]|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8122-3795-5|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania}} *{{cite conference|last=van Dekken|first=Marjolein|title=Female brewers in Holland and England|url=http://socialhistory.org/sites/default/files/docs/projects/dekken.doc|date=27 March 2004|conference=Fifth European Social Science History Conference|publisher=[[International Institute of Social History]]|location=Amsterdam, The Netherlands|access-date=2021-04-07|archivedate=2014-03-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323045507/http://socialhistory.org/sites/default/files/docs/projects/dekken.doc}} *{{cite news|last1=White|first1=Evelyn C.|title=More women are taking up brewing craft, including an African-American award-winner|url=http://thechronicleherald.ca/thenovascotian/1270643-more-women-are-taking-up-brewing-craft-including-an-african-american-award-wi|access-date=18 November 2016|work=[[The Chronicle Herald]]|date=22 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428101115/http://thechronicleherald.ca/thenovascotian/1270643-more-women-are-taking-up-brewing-craft-including-an-african-american-award-wi|archive-date=28 April 2016|location=Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada|accessdate=2021-04-07|archivedate=2016-04-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428101115/http://thechronicleherald.ca/thenovascotian/1270643-more-women-are-taking-up-brewing-craft-including-an-african-american-award-wi}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gbNmDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT342|title=Strung Out on Archaeology: An Introduction to Archaeological Research|last=Wilkie|first=Laurie A|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2016|isbn=978-1-315-41951-0|location=New York City, New York}} *{{cite news|last1=Winterman|first1=Denise|title=Beer: The women taking over the world of brewing|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-25656701|access-date=17 November 2016|work=[[BBC News Online|BBC News Magazine]]|date=23 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120083342/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-25656701|archive-date=20 November 2015|location=London, England}} *{{cite news|last=Wolfe|first=Wes|title=Brewing Beer for Art|url=http://www.kinston.com/article/20160210/NEWS/160208966|date=10 February 2016|work=The Free Press|location=Kinston, North Carolina|access-date=15 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222130445/http://www.kinston.com/article/20160210/NEWS/160208966|archive-date=22 February 2016|accessdate=2021-04-06|archivedate=2016-02-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222130445/http://www.kinston.com/article/20160210/NEWS/160208966}} *{{cite news|last1=Wu|first1=Leslie|title=Brewing Change in Rwanda with a Woman-Owned Craft Beer Facility|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/lesliewu/2016/10/27/brewing-change-in-rwanda-with-a-woman-owned-craft-beer-facility/#a0d8a7d182a3|access-date=18 November 2016|work=[[Forbes]]|date=27 October 2016|location=Jersey City, New Jersey}} *{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark|2012}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Beer and Danish Microbreweries|url=http://denmark.dk/en/lifestyle/food-drink/danish-microbreweries|website=Denmark|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark|access-date=18 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630121102/http://denmark.dk/en/lifestyle/food-drink/danish-microbreweries|archive-date=30 June 2016|location=Copenhagen, Denmark|date=2012|accessdate=2021-04-06|archivedate=2016-06-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630121102/http://denmark.dk/en/lifestyle/food-drink/danish-microbreweries}} *{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''China Daily''|2010}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Chinese Alcohol, Chinese Spirits|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/life/2010-10/27/content_11692216.htm|access-date=16 November 2016|work=[[China Daily]]|date=27 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504113526/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/life/2010-10/27/content_11692216.htm|archive-date=4 May 2016|location=Beijing, China}} *{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''The Hindustan Times''|2014}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Nepal housewives break laws to cook up potent brew|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world/nepal-housewives-break-laws-to-cook-up-potent-brew/story-uOz5J1Gw7STfKYfYo8QWEN.html|access-date=18 November 2016|agency=AFP|work=[[Hindustan Times|The Hindustan Times]]|date=17 August 2014|location=New Dehli, India}} *{{cite web|ref={{harvid|German Beer Institute|2005}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Three Millennia of German Brewing|url=http://www.germanbeerinstitute.com/history.html|publisher=German Beer Institute|access-date=16 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114151000/http://www.germanbeerinstitute.com/history.html|archive-date=14 November 2016|location=Newbury, Massachusetts|date=2005|accessdate=2021-04-06|archivedate=2015-09-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924021914/http://www.germanbeerinstitute.com/history.html}} *{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''Australian Brews News''|2016}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Two Birds celebrates five years|url=http://www.brewsnews.com.au/2016/06/two-birds-celebrates-five-years/|access-date=17 November 2016|work=Australian Brews News|date=9 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609214120/http://www.brewsnews.com.au/2016/06/two-birds-celebrates-five-years/|archive-date=9 June 2016|location=Australia}} *{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''Flanders Today''|2010}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=A woman's place is in the brewery|url=http://www.flanderstoday.eu/living/woman%E2%80%99s-place-brewery|work=Flanders Today|access-date=18 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118230930/http://www.flanderstoday.eu/living/woman%E2%80%99s-place-brewery|archive-date=18 November 2016|location=Groot-Bijgaarden, Belgium|date=19 May 2010}} {{refend}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v5PxC02PxjY Female Brewers Take L.A.'s Guy-Built Craft Industry by Storm] (2015 video) [[Jamii:Vileo]] [[Jamii:Wanawake]] [[Jamii:Uchumi]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2021 in Tanzania]] mfd3eqiag5c8sdjkdaxxwj025eejgnk 0 134421 1599006 1536769 2026-09-23T02:59:31Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599006 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1987-074-16, Dietrich Bonhoeffer.jpg|250px|thumb|Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] '''Dietrich Bonhoeffer''' ([[4 Februari]] [[1906]] - [[9 Aprili]] [[1945]]) alikuwa [[mchungaji]] wa [[Walutheri|Kilutheri]], [[mwanatheolojia]] na mpinzani wa [[ufashisti]], na [[mwanzilishi]] mmojawapo wa "[[Kanisa la Ungamo]]" nchini [[Ujerumani]]. [[Maandishi]] yake juu ya [[jukumu]] la [[Ukristo]] katika [[ulimwengu]] wa kisasa yamekuwa na ushawishi mkubwa, hasa [[kitabu]] chake ''Gharama ya Uanafunzi''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://christianity.com/Christian%20Foundations/The%20Essentials/11536759/|title=Dietrich Bonhoeffer Biography|accessdate=3 May 2008|archivedate=2012-08-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819012549/http://www.christianity.com/christian}}</ref> Mbali na maandiko yake ya kitheolojia, Bonhoeffer alijulikana kwa upinzani wake mkali dhidi ya [[Dola la Tatu|udikteta wa Nazi]], pamoja na kupinga mradi wa [[serikali]] wa kuua [[wagonjwa]] na [[siasa]] ya [[Hitler]] ya kutesa [[Wayahudi]]. <ref name="Rasmussen">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Dietrich Bonhoeffer: Reality And Resistance|last=Rasmussen|first=Larry L.|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-664-23011-1|page=130}}</ref> Bonhoeffer alikamatwa mnamo Aprili [[1943]] na kufungwa katika [[gereza]] la Tegel kwa mwaka mmoja na nusu. Baadaye, alihamishiwa kwenye [[kambi ya wafungwa]] ya Flossenbürg. Baada ya jaribio la kumwua [[Adolf Hitler]] kwenye [[tarehe]] [[20 Julai]] [[1944]] alishtakiwa kushiriki katika maandalizi. Alihukumiwa haraka pamoja na washtakiwa wengine, wakiwemo maafisa wa kitengo cha [[ujasusi]] wa [[jeshi]], kisha akanyongwa tarehe [[9 Aprili]] [[1945]] siku chache kabla ya [[utawala]] wa Wanazi kuanguka. == Maisha ya awali == === Utoto na masomo === Bonhoeffer alizaliwa mnamo 4 Februari 1906 huko [[Breslau]] (wakati ule Ujerumani, sasa [[Polandi]]), katika [[familia]] kubwa. Mbali na [[ndugu]] zake wengine, Dietrich alikuwa na [[dada]] [[pacha]] Sabine; yeye na Sabine walikuwa watoto wa sita na wa saba kati ya wanane. [[Baba]] yake alikuwa [[tabibu]], [[mtaalamu]] wa [[magonjwa ya akili]] na [[daktari]] wa [[neva]] Karl Bonhoeffer, na mama yake Paula alikuwa [[mwalimu]] na [[mjukuu]] wa mwanatheolojia wa Kiprotestanti [[Karl von Hase]] na wa [[mchoraji]] [[Stanislaus von Kalckreuth]]. Katika familia yake [[elimu]] ilikuwa muhimu. Kaka yake mkubwa Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer aliendelea kuwa [[mwanakemia]]. Walter Bonhoeffer, mtoto wa pili, aliuawa wakati wa [[Vita ya Kwanza ya Dunia|Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]]. Mtoto wa tatu Klaus, alikuwa [[wakili]] hadi alipouawa kwa kuhusika kwake katika njama ya [[20 Julai]]. Dada wakubwa wa Bonhoeffer, Ursula na Christel waliolewa na [[wanaume]] walionyongwa baadaye na Wanazi. Christel alifungwa na Wanazi lakini alinusurika. Sabine na dada mdogo Susanne waliolewa na wanaume ambao walinusurika utawala wa Hitler. Dietrich aliamua kusoma theolojia wakati bado alikuwa mwanafunzi wa [[sekondari]]. Kifo cha kaka yake wakati wa [[vita]] kilimshawishi kutafakari mambo ya [[imani]] kwa undani zaidi. Kuanzia mwaka [[1923]] alisoma theolojia kwenye [[vyuo vikuu]] vya [[Tübingen]] na [[Berlin]], alipoathiriwa na theolojia pembuzi ya [[Karl Barth]]. Wakati alikuwa bado mwanafunzi, alihitimu mnamo 1927 [[Uzamivu|digrii ya uzamivu]] (PhD); [[tasnifu]] yake likuwa kuhusu "Sanctorum Communio" ([[Ushirika wa Watakatifu]]). Mwaka uliofuata, alimaliza masomo ya theolojia kwa [[mtihani]] wa [[kanisa]]. Mwaka [[1928]] alianza kipindi cha kuandaliwa kwa kazi ya kichungaji akihudumia katika [[usharika]] wa Kiinjili wa Kijerumani huko [[Barcelona]], [[Hispania]]. Baada ya kurudi Berlin alikuwa [[mhadhiri]] msaidizi kwenye idara ya theolojia ya chuo kikuu; hapa alitunga [[tasnifu]] ya [[uprofesa]]. Mwaka [[1930]] alihitimu mtihani wa pili wa theolojia; lakini akiwa na miaka 24 alikuwa hajafikia [[umri]] wa kubarikiwa [[mchungaji]]. === Masomo huko Amerika === Bonnhoeffer alikwenda [[Marekani]] kwenye mwaka 1930 kwa masomo ya ziada na kazi ya kufundisha kwenye Chuo cha Theolojia mjini [[New York]]. Aliona hali za theolojia kuwa duni ikilinganishwa na Ujerumani ("Hakuna theolojia hapa."), <ref name="David Ford p. 45">David Ford, ''The Modern Theologians'', p. 45</ref> hata hivyo alikutana na watu waliobadilisha [[maisha]] yake. Alisoma chini ya [[Reinhold Niebuhr]]. Chuoni alikuwa [[rafiki]] wa [[Frank Fisher]], mwanaseminari mwenzake Mweusi ambaye alimpeleka kwenye African Baptist Church huko [[Harlem]], ambapo Bonhoeffer alifundisha [[shule ya Jumapili]]. Hapa Bonnhoeffer alianza kupenda spirituals, nyimbo za kiroho za [[Wamarekani weusi]] wa Marekani. Alimsikia [[mhubiri]] Adam Clayton Powell Sr. akihubiri [[Injili]] ya Haki ya Jamii. Maarifa hayo yalimfungulia [[macho]] kuhusu [[udhalimu]] wa kijamii.<ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Bonhoeffer Timeline}}</ref> Bonhoeffer alianza kuangalia vitu "kutoka chini" yaani kwa mtazamo wa wale wanaoteswa. Aliona, "Hapa mtu anaweza kusema kweli na kusikia juu ya [[dhambi]] na [[neema]] na [[upendo]] wa [[Mungu]] ... [[Kristo]] Mweusi anahubiriwa kwa hamu na maono." Baadaye Bonhoeffer alitaja maarifa aliyopata Marekani kama mahali ambapo "aligeuka kutoka maneno kwenda [[ukweli]]." <ref name="David Ford p. 45">David Ford, ''The Modern Theologians'', p. 45</ref> Alijifunza pia kuendesha [[gari]], ingawa alishindwa mtihani wa kuendesha mara tatu. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=[[Mark Galli|Galli, Mark]] and Barbara|date=1991|title=Dietrich Bonhoeffer: Did You Know?|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/1991/issue32/3202.html|journal=Christian History|issue=32}}</ref> == Kazi == [[Picha:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R0211-316,_Dietrich_Bonhoeffer_mit_Schülern.jpg|thumb| Dietrich Bonhoeffer pamoja na kundi la waNAkipaimara mnamo mwaka 1932<ref>''Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Pfarrer, Berlin-Charlottenburg 9, Marienburger Allee 43: Begleitheft zur Ausstellung'', corr. a. ext. ed., Kuratorium Bonhoeffer Haus (ed.), Berlin: Erinnerungs- und Begegnungsstätte Bonhoeffer Haus, 1996, pp. 31, 33. No ISBN.</ref>]] Baada ya kurudi Ujerumani mnamo [[1931]], Bonhoeffer alipata [[ajira]] ya mhadhiri wa theolojia katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Berlin]]. Akivutwa sana na [[Ekumeni|harakati ya ekumeni]], aliteuliwa na Umoja wa Kukuza Urafiki wa Kimataifa kupitia Makanisa (mtangulizi wa [[Halmashauri ya Kiekumeni ya Makanisa|Baraza la Makanisa Duniani]]) kama mmoja wa makatibu wake watatu wa [[vijana]] wa [[Ulaya]]. Tarehe 15 Novemba 1931 — akiwa na [[umri]] wa miaka 25 — alibarikiwa kuwa mchungaji. === Kanisa la ungamo === Mwelekeo wa kazi ya kitaaluma ya Bonhoeffer ulibadilishwa ghafla na [[mageuzi]] ya kisiasa ilhali [[Adolf Hitler]] alikuwa [[chansela]] wa Ujerumani tarehe [[30 Januari]] [[1933]]. Bonhoeffer alionekana kuwa mpinzani wa [[serikali]] hiyo tangu siku zake za kwanza. Siku mbili baada ya Hitler kuwa mkuu wa serikali aliyetajwa kama "Führer" ([[kiongozi]]), Bonhoeffer alitoa somo kwenye ambako aliwaonya wasikilizaji wasiteleze katika [[ibada]] ya kiongozi. Somo hilo lilikatwa [[Hewa|hewani]] katikati ya [[sentensi]].<ref>Eberhard Bethge, ''Dietrich Bonhoeffer'', pp. 259–60</ref> Mnamo Aprili 1933, Ujerumani ulitoa [[sheria]] ya kwanza ya kubagua [[Wayahudi]] waliofukuzwa katika ajira ya serikali. Bonhoeffer alikuwa mwanatheolojia wa kwanza aliyedai kanisa linapaswa kupinga siasa hiyo; aliandika kwamba kanisa halipaswi "kufungia bendeji tu wahanga chini ya gurudumu, lakini kukwamisha gurudumu lenyewe." <ref>David Ford, ''The Modern Theologians'', p. 38</ref> Tangu mwaka [[1932]], kulikuwa na chama cha wafuasi wa Hitler ndani ya [[kanisa]] la Kiprotestanti waliojiita "Deutsche Christen" (Wakristo Wajerumani) waliogombea [[uchaguzi]] ndani ya kanisa kwa nafasi za [[sinodi]] za majimbo au [[dayosisi]] na mabaraza ya wazee katika [[sharika]]. Kati ya shabaha zao ilikuwa kuondolewa kwa athari ya Kiyahudi katika [[Ukristo]] na kuundwa kwa kanisa lisilo la kidhehebu litakaloshikamana na uongozi wa [[dola]] ukiendesha siasa ya [[utaifa]]. Kwenye mwezi wa Julai 1933 Hitler aliamuru uchaguzi mpya ndani ya kanisa ufanyike kwa matumaini kwamba wafuasi wake watamiliki baadaye sinodi za makanisa ya kieneo. Bonhoeffer aliweka juhudi zake zote katika uchaguzi huo, akifanya [[kampeni]] kwa viongozi wasio [[Wanazi]]. Hata hivyo, uchaguzi ulileta wingi mkubwa kwa wagombea wa "Wakristo Wajerumani"<ref>Elizabeth Raum, ''Dietrich Bonhoeffer'', p. 72</ref>, isipokuwa katika sinodi ya jimbo la [[Westfalia]] na dayosisi za Kilutheri za [[Bavaria]], [[Hannover]], na [[Württemberg]]. Upinzani wa wasio Wanazi ulizingatia sehemu hizo kama "makanisa yasiyoharibika", kinyume na yale mengine waliyoitwa "makanisa yaliyoharibika." Mnamo Septemba 1933, sinodi ya kitaifa ya Kanisa la Kiprotestanti la Ujeruamni ilikaa [[Wittenberg]] ikapitisha azimio la kutumia sheria ya kiserikali ndani ya kanisa kwamba wachungaji na maafisa wa kanisa wenye [[asili]] ya Kiyahudi walipaswa kuondolewa kwenye nyadhifa zao. Mchungaji [[Martin Niemöller]] aliona azimio hilo kama dharau kwa [[ubatizo]], na pamoja na Bonhoeffer alianzisha shirika la ''Pfarrernotbund'' (Ligi ya Dharura ya Wachungaji). Mnamo Novemba, [[kongamano]] la "Wakristo Wajerumani" 20,000 lilidai kuondolewa kwa [[Agano la Kale]] kutoka kwenye [[Biblia ya Kikristo]]. Hatua hiyo ilitazamwa na wengi kama [[uzushi]] dhahiri, na [[idadi]] ya wachungaji waliojiunga na Ligi ya Dharura iliongezeka. Ligi ya Dharura ya Wachungaji ilijumuisha takriban [[theluthi]] moja ya wachungaji wa Kiprotestant katika Ujerumani. Ilikuwa mtangulizi wa [[Kanisa la Ungamo]] lililolenga kuhifadhi imani ya Kibiblia. Katika mkutano wa mwaka [[1934]] viongozi wake walitoa [[Azimio la Barmen]], lililotungwa na Karl Barth mnamo Mei 1934 na kupitishwa na Kanisa la Ungamo, lililosisitiza kwamba [[Kristo]], si mkuu wa nchi ("Führer" - kiongozi), ndiye mkuu wa kanisa. === Huduma huko London === Mwisho wa mwaka 1933 Bonhoeffer aliamua kuondoka Ujerumani akakubali kazi ya kuwa mchungaji wa sharika mbili za Kijerumani huko [[London]], [[Uingereza]]. Alimuandikia Karl Barth kuwa amepata kuungwa mkono na watu wachache tu kwa msimamo wake - hata kati ya marafiki - na kwamba "alijisikia anapaswa kuhamia jangwani kwa muda". Barth aliona hii kama kutoroka katika changamoto halisi. Alimkemea Bonhoeffer kwa nguvu, akisema, "Ninaweza kujibu tu kwa vyote ulivyotaja: Vipi Kanisa la Ujerumani?" Barth alimlaumu njW -.ù Bonhoeffer kwa kuacha wadhifa wake na kupoteza "silaha zake nzuri za kitheolojia" wakati "nyumba ya kanisa lako inaungua moto," akamdai arudi Berlin "kwa meli ijayo." <ref>Dietrich Bonhoeffer, ''Dietrich Bonhoeffer Works: London 1933–1935'', p. 40</ref> Lakini Bonhoeffer hakWenda Uingereza ili tu kuepusha shida nyumbani; alitumaini kusambaza habari ili harakati ya kiekumenI ifanye kazi kwa masilahi ya Kanisa la Ungamo. Aliendelea kujihusisha na mambo ya Ujerumani akipata [[bili]] kubwa ya [[simu]] ili kudumisha [[mawasiliano]] yake na Martin Niemöller. Katika mikusanyiko ya kimataifa, Bonhoeffer aliwahimiza watu kupinga harakati ya "Wakristo Wajerumani" na jaribio lao la kuunganisha utaifa wa Wanazi na injili ya Kikristo. Alitembelewa na Askofu [[Theodor Heckel]] aliyesimamia mahusiano ya nje ya Kanisa la Kilutheri la Ujerumani aliyemwonya Bonhoeffer ajiepushe na shughuli yoyote ya kiekumeni isiyoidhinishwa moja kwa moja na Berlin, lakini Bonhoeffer alikataa kuachana nayo. <ref name="Dietrich Bonhoeffer p. 19">Dietrich Bonhoeffer, ''A Testament to Freedom,'' ed. Geffrey B. Kelly, p. 19</ref> === Mkurugenzi wa seminari === Mnamo [[1935]], Bonhoeffer alialikwa kusafiri [[Uhindi]] na kujiunga kwa muda na [[ashram]] ya [[Mahatma Ghandi]] ili ajielimishe kuhusu mbinu za upinzani usio na vurugu. Walakini, akikumbuka alivyokemewa na Barth, Bonhoeffer aliamua kurudi Ujerumani badala yake, ambapo alikuwa mkuu katika [[seminari]] huko Finkenwalde kwa kufundisha wachungaji wa Kanisa la Ungamo. Katika miaka hiyo serikali ya Wanazi iliongeza ukandamizaji dhidi ya Kanisa la Ungamo; Karl Barth alipaswa kuondoka Ujerumani na kurudi [[Uswisi]], Niemöller alikamatwa mnamo Julai [[1937]]; na mnamo Agosti [[1936]], idhini ya Bonhoeffer kufundisha katika Chuo Kikuu cha Berlin ilifutwa baada ya kulaaniwa kama "[[mpinzani vita]] na adui wa serikali". [[Picha:Dietrich_Bonhoeffer,_Skulptur_an_der_Hauptkirche_Sankt_Petri_(Hamburg).JPG|thumb|[[Sanamu]] ya Dietrich Bonhoeffer mbele ya Kanisa la Mtakatifu Petro, [[Hamburg]].]] Mnamo Agosti 1937, serikali ilipiga [[marufuku]] kazi za kuwafundisha wachungaji wa Kanisa la Ungamo ikabatilisha mitihani yao. Mnamo Septemba 1937, [[polisi]] ilifunga seminari huko Finkenwalde, na kufikia Novemba iliwakamata wachungaji 27 na wanafunzi wa zamani. Bonhoeffer aliendelea kuendesha seminari yake kwa [[siri]], akisafiri kutoka mahali hadi mahali alipopewa nafasi na wachungaji kufundisha vikundi vidogo ndani ya [[Jengo|majengo]] ya sharika fulani. Mmoja wa wanafunzi wake wa siri alikuwa [[Eberhard Bethge]] aliyeendelea kuwa rafiki yake akaandika baadaye [[kitabu]] juu ya maisha ya Bonnhoeffer. Katika kipindi hiki Bonhoeffer alitunga kitabu chake kinachojulikana zaidi, ''Gharama ya Uanafunzi,'' ambacho ni [[utafiti]] juu ya [[Hotuba ya mlimani|Hotuba ya Mlimani]], ambamo alikosoa "neema rahisi" kama kifuniko cha [[ulegevu]] wa maadili, akahubiri "neema yenye gharama". Jitihada za Bonhoeffer kwa seminari za siri ni pamoja na kupata fedha zilizohitajika. Alipata [[mfadhili]] mkubwa katika [[Ruth von Kleist-Retzow]]. Wakati wa shida, wanafunzi wa zamani wa Bonhoeffer na wake zao wangekimbilia nyumba kubwa ya von Kleist-Retzow huko [[Pomerania]], ambako Bonhoeffer alikuwa mgeni mara kwa mara. Baadaye alimpenda mjukuu wa Kleist-Retzow, Maria von Wedemeyer, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2001/februaryweb-only/33.0a.html|title=Bonhoeffer in Love|author=Wendy Murray Zoba|work=ChristianityToday.com}}</ref> ambaye alichumbiana naye miezi mitatu kabla ya kukamatwa kwake mnamo 1943. Mnamo 1938, polisi ilipiga marufuku Bonhoeffer asifike tena Berlin. Mnamo 1939, seminari iliweza kuhamia Sigurdshof, [[shamba]] kubwa la familia von Kleist huko Wendish Tychow. Mnamo Machi [[1940]], wakati Vita Kuu ya Pili imeshaanza, polisi ilifunga seminari hiyo pia. <ref name="Dietrich Bonhoeffer 1996, p. 51">''Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Pfarrer, Berlin-Charlottenburg 9, Marienburger Allee 43: Begleitheft zur Ausstellung'', corr. a. ext. ed., Kuratorium Bonhoeffer Haus (ed.), Berlin: Erinnerungs- und Begegnungsstätte Bonhoeffer Haus, 1996, p. 51.</ref> Maisha ya kijamaa na ya [[Umonaki|kimonaki]] pamoja na kufundisha katika seminari yaliweka msingi kwa vitabu vyake, ''Gharama ya Uanafunzi'' na ''Maisha Pamoja.'' Dada pacha wa Bonhoeffer, Sabine, alikuwa ameolewa na Gerhard Leibholz, aliyezaliwa katika familia ya Kiyahudi na kubatizwa baadaye. Kufuatana na sheria za Wanazi alifukuzwa katika kazi yake ya profesa wa sheria. Pamoja na binti zao wawili familia iliweza kuondoka Ujerumani na kuhamia Uingereza kwa njia ya Uswisi mnamo mwaka 1938. === Kurudi Marekani === Mnamo Februari 1938, Bonhoeffer alipata mawasiliano ya kwanza na washiriki wa upinzani katika [[jeshi]] la Ujerumani; [[shemeji]] yake Hans von Dohnanyi alimtambulisha kwa kikundi kilichokuwa kinatafuta kupinduliwa kwa Hitler huko Abwehr, huduma ya [[ujasusi]] ya jeshi la Ujerumani. Bonhoeffer pia alijifunza kutoka kwa Dohnányi kwamba vita ilikuwa imekaribia na alikuwa na wasiwasi sana na matarajio ya kulazimishwa kuwa [[mwanajeshi]]. Kama mpinga vita aliyepinga pia serikali ya Wanazi, asingeweza kula [[kiapo]] kwa Hitler na kupigana katika jeshi lake, ingawa kukataa kufanya hivyo kulikuwa [[Adhabu ya kifo|kosa]] la kifo. Alihofia pia kwamba kukataa kwake utumishi wa kijeshi kungeweza na matokeo mabaya kwa Kanisa la Ungamo.<ref name="Dietrich Bonhoeffer p. 19">Dietrich Bonhoeffer, ''A Testament to Freedom,'' ed. Geffrey B. Kelly, p. 19</ref> Katika hali hiyo Bonhoeffer alikubali mwaliko wa Seminari ya Theolojia huko New York. Katikati ya msukosuko mwingi wa ndani, hivi karibuni alijutia uamuzi wake akarudi baada ya wiki mbili licha ya shinikizo kubwa kutoka kwa marafiki zake kukaa Marekani. Alimwandikia Reinhold Niebuhr : {{quote|I have come to the conclusion that I made a mistake in coming to America. I must live through this difficult period in our national history with the people of Germany. I will have no right to participate in the reconstruction of Christian life in Germany after the war if I do not share the trials of this time with my people&nbsp;... Christians in Germany will have to face the terrible alternative of either willing the defeat of their nation in order that [[Christian civilization]] may survive or willing the victory of their nation and thereby destroying civilization. I know which of these alternatives I must choose but I cannot make that choice from security.<ref>Eberhard Bethge, ''Dietrich Bonhoeffer: Eine Biographie'', p. 736</ref>}} === Ajenti wa ujuasusi === [[Picha:Bonhoeffer-Haus_Studienzimmer.jpg|thumb| Ofisi ya Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] Kurudi Ujerumani, Bonhoeffer alisumbuliwa zaidi na serikali akikatazwa kuzungumza hadharani na alihitajika kufika mara kwa mara ili aripoti shughuli zake kwa polisi. Mnamo [[1941]], alikatazwa kutoa vitabu au makala katika [[Jarida|majarida]]. Wakati huohuo, Bonhoeffer alikuwa amejiunga na huduma ya ujasusi ya kijeshi ya Ujerumani. Shemeji yake Dohnanyi aliyekuwa [[afisa]] katika huduma hiyo, alimwingiza katika huduma kwa madai kwamba mawasiliano yake mengi ya kiekumenio yangetumika kwa Ujerumani. Kuajiriwa hapa kulimlinda kutokana na kuandikishwa kwenda utumishi wa kijeshi. Bonhoeffer labda alijua kuhusu njama mbalimbali za 1943 dhidi ya Hitler kupitia Dohnanyi, ambaye alikuwa akihusika kikamilifu katika upangaji huo. <ref name="nyrb">{{Rejea habari|title=The Tragedy of Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Hans von Dohnányi|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/oct/25/tragedy-dietrich-bonhoeffer-and-hans-von-dohnanyi/|date=25 October 2012}}</ref> Bonhoeffer alijifunza kiwango cha [[ukatili]] wa Wanazi kupitia kazi hiyo. Alikubali alitenda [[dhambi]] akifanya kazi dhidi ya serikali yake lakini aliona angetenda dhambi kubwa zaidi kama angekaa kimya na kuvumilia [[jinai]] zilizotendwa kwa jina la [[taifa]] lake. Hakuhalalisha kitendo chake lakini alikubali kwamba alikuwa akijichukulia hatia mwenyewe akaandika, "Mtu anapojichukulia hatia akiwajibika, anajihesabia mwenyewe hatia na si mtu mwingine yeyote. Anajibu kwa hilo... Mbele ya watu wengine anahesabiwa haki kwa ulazima wa tendo lake; mbele yake mwenyewe huachiliwa huru na dhamiri yake, lakini mbele ya Mungu anatarajia neema tu." <ref>Dietrich Bonhoeffer, ''[[Ethics (Bonhoeffer)|Ethics]]'', p. 244</ref> Chini ya kifuniko cha Huduma ya Ujasusi, Bonhoeffer aliweza kusafiri kuwa mjumbe wa vuguvugu la upinzaji katika Ujerumani kudhihirisha uwepo wake na nia yake kwa mataifa ya nje, kwa matumaini ya kupata msaada wao. Kupitia mawasiliano yake ya kiekumeni nje ya nchi, alitafuta masharti ya [[amani]] kwa serikali baada ya Hitler. [[Ziara]] zake huko [[Norwei|Norway]], [[Uswidi]], [[Denmark]], na Uswisi zilifichwa kama shughuli halali za huduma ya ujasusi. Mnamo Mei 1942, alikutana na askofu wa [[Anglikana]] George Bell wa [[Chichester]], baada ya mawasiliano na shemeji yake Leibholz; kupitia askofu ujumbe ulitumwa kwa Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje wa Uingereza [[Anthony Eden]]. Walakini, serikali ya Uingereza ilipuuza mawasiliano hayo sawa na yote mengine kutoka kwa upinzani wa siri ndani ya Ujerumani. <ref>Slack, "George Bell", SCM, 1971, pp. 93–94</ref> Dohnanyi na Bonhoeffer pia walihusika katika operesheni za huduma ya ujuasusi kusaidia Wayahudi kutoka Ujerumani wakimbilie Uswisi. Wakati huo Bonhoeffer aliendelea kuandika kitabu chake ''Maadili''. Hakuweza kukimaliza kabla ya kifo chake. Aliendelea kuwatunza wanafunzi wake wa zamani kwa njia ya kuwandikia barua. Mnamo 5 Aprili 1943, Bonhoeffer na Dohnányi walikamatwa na kufungwa. === Gerezani === Mnamo 13 Januari 1943, Bonhoeffer alikuwa amemposa Maria von Wedemeyer, mjukuu wa rafiki yake wa karibu na msaidizi wa seminari ya Finkenwalde, Ruth von Kleist Retzow. Ruth alikuwa amemshawishi kuoa, lakini hadi mwishoni mwa Oktoba 1942, Bonhoeffer alisitasita tu. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=The Doubled Life of Dietrich Bonhoeffer|last=Reynolds|first=Diane|publisher=Wipf & Stock|year=2016|isbn=978-1-4982-0656-3|location=Eugene, Oregon|page=289}}</ref> Kulikuwa na tofauti kubwa ya umri kati ya Bonhoeffer na Maria: alikuwa na umri wa miaka 36, Maria alikuwa na 18. Bonhoeffer alikuwa amekutana na Maria mara ya kwanza wakati alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 11. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Forged In Crisis: The Making of Five Courageous Leaders.|url=https://archive.org/details/forgedincrisispo0000koeh|last=Koehn|year=2017|pages=[https://archive.org/details/forgedincrisispo0000koeh/page/336 336]}}</ref> Wawili hao walikuwa na wakati mdogo tu wa kuonana. Mara Dietrich alipofungwa gerezani, hata hivyo, [[hadhi]] ya Maria kama [[mchumba]] ilikuwa muhimu sana, kwani aliruhusiwa kumtembelea Bonhoeffer na kuwasiliana naye. Aliweza kumletea [[chakula]] gerezani na kupeleka nje nyaraka alizoficha.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://archive.org/details/noordinarymendie0000sift/page/55|title=No Ordinary Men|last=Sifton|first=Elisabeth|publisher=New York Review Book|year=2013|isbn=978-1-59017-681-8|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/noordinarymendie0000sift/page/55 55]}}</ref> Kwa mwaka mmoja na nusu, Bonhoeffer alifungwa katika Gereza la Tegel akisubiri kuanzishwa kwa [[kesi]] yake. Huko aliongea na wafungwa wenzake na walinzi kuhusu mambo ya imani. Walinzi wenye [[huruma]] walisaidia kusafirisha barua zake kutoka gerezani kwenda kwa Eberhard Bethge na wengine, na barua hizo zilichapishwa baada ya kifo chake katika kitabu ''Barua kutoka Gerezani''. Mmoja wa walinzi hao, [[koplo]] aliyeitwa Knobloch, hata alijitolea kumsaidia kutoroka gerezani na "kutoweka" pamoja naye, na mipango ilifanywa kwa lengo hilo lakini hatimaye Bonhoeffer alikataa, akiogopa [[adhabu]] ya Nazi dhidi ya familia yake, haswa kaka yake Klaus na shemeji Hans von Dohnanyi, ambao pia walifungwa. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=A Testament to Freedom|last=Bonhoeffer, Dietrich & Kelly, Geffrey B. (Editor)|page=43}}</ref> Baada ya kutofaulu kwa Njama ya 20 Julai 1944 dhidi ya Hitler nyaraka za siri za Abwehr zinazohusiana na njama hiyo, Bonhoeffer alishtakiwa kwa kushirikiana na wale waliokula njama. Alihamishwa kutoka gereza la kijeshi Tegel huko Berlin, ambapo alikuwa ameshikiliwa kwa miezi 18, hadi kwenye chumba cha kizuizini cha gereza la polisi ya usalama chenye ulinzi mkali. Mnamo Februari 1945, alihamishwa kwa siri kwenda kwenye kambi ya wafungwa ya Buchenwald, na mwishowe akapelekwa kwenye kambi ya wafungwa ya Flossenbürg. Mnamo tarehe 4 Aprili 1945, [[shajara]] za [[admirali]] Wilhelm Canaris ziligunduliwa. Canaris alikuwa mkuu wa huduma ya ujasusi lakini aliwahi kukamatwa tayari baada ya 20 Julai 1944 ingawa kushiriki kwake katika njama kulikuwa hakujathibitishwa. Hitler alipoonyeshwa shajara akakasirika akaamuru kwamba wote waliokuwa sehemu ya njama waangamizwe. <ref name="PlottingHitler">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Plotting Hitler's Death: The German Resistance to Hitler, 1933–1945|title-link=Plotting Hitler's Death: The German Resistance to Hitler, 1933–1945|last=[[Joachim Fest|Fest, Joachim]]|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=1994|isbn=978-0-297-81774-1}}</ref> Bonhoeffer alikuwa akiongoza [[ibada]] ya [[Jumapili]] kwa ajili ya wafungwa katika kambi ya Buchenwald alipochukuliwa ili apelekwe Flossenbürg. Alikuwa na muda kumwambia mfungwa Mwingereza Payne Best kumpa askofu George Bell salamu zake: “Umwambie kwamba huu ni mwisho wangu lakini pia mwanzo. Pamoja naye ninaamini katika usuli wa undugu wa Wakristo wote duniani juu ya majukumu yetu ya kitaifa, na ushindi wetu ni hakika; umwambie pia sijasahau maneno yake tulipokutana mara ya mwisho." <ref name="Eberhard Bethge p. 927">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Dietrich Bonhoeffer: A Biography|last=Bethge, Eberhard|page=927}}</ref> === Kunyongwa === [[Picha:Flossenbürg_April_9_1945_Memorial.JPG|right|thumb| Kambi ya wafungwa ya Flossenbürg: Ukumbusho kwa wanachama wa upinzani wa Ujerumani walionyongwa hapa tarehe 9 Aprili 1945.]] Bonhoeffer alihukumiwa kifo mnamo 8 Aprili 1945 na [[jaji]] wa [[Schutzstaffel - SS|SS]] Otto Thorbeck mbele ya [[mahakama ya kijeshi]] bila mashahidi, rekodi za kesi au utetezi katika [[kambi ya wafungwa]] ya Flossenbürg. <ref name="GermanResistance">{{Rejea kitabu|title=The History of the German Resistance, 1933–1945|last=Peter Hoffman|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-7735-1531-4}}</ref> Aliuawa huko kwa kunyongwa [[alfajiri]] ya tarehe 9 Aprili 1945, wiki mbili tu kabla ya jeshi la Marekani kufika na kukomboa kambi hiyo, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.97thdivision.com/flossenberg4.html|title=Flossenberg|work=97thdivision.com|accessdate=2021-04-09|archivedate=2021-05-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511035612/http://www.97thdivision.com/flossenberg4.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.97thid.com/cgi-bin/index.cgi?show&flos&line=Flossenburg+Concentration+Camp&f=97thid/flossenburg&dpt=9&id=12817776922&cr=1|title=Memories of the chaplain to the US 97th Infantry Division at the online Museum of the division in WWII|date=29 May 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215749/http://www.97thid.com/cgi-bin/index.cgi?show&flos&line=Flossenburg+Concentration+Camp&f=97thid%2Fflossenburg&dpt=9&id=12817776922&cr=1|archivedate=3 March 2016}}</ref> wiki tatu kabla ya kukamatwa kwa Berlin na [[Jeshi Jekundu]] na mwezi mmoja kabla ya kujisalimisha kwa Ujerumani. Bonhoeffer alivuliwa [[nguo]] na kupelekwa uchi kwenye uwanja wa kunyongwa ambapo alinyongwa na wengine sita: admirali Wilhelm Canaris; jenerali Hans Oster, naibu wa Canaris; jenerali Karl Sack, mwanasheria wa kijeshi; jenerali Friedrich von Rabenau; mfanyabiashara Theodor Strünck; na mpiganaji wa upinzani wa Ujerumani Ludwig Gehre Kaka wa Dietrich, Klaus Bonhoeffer, na shemeji yake, Rüdiger Schleicher, waliuawa huko Berlin usiku wa tarehe 22-23 Aprili wakati [[Jeshi Jekundu|askari wa Kisovyeti]] walikuwa tayari wanapigana ndani ya Berlin. Shemeji yake Hans von Dohnanyi alikuwa ameuawa katika kambi ya wafungwa ya Sachsenhausen mnamo Aprili 9. Daktari wa kambi aliyeshuhudia mauaji aliandika baada ya vita: "Nilimwona Mchungaji Bonhoeffer... akipiga magoti sakafuni akiomba kwa bidii kwa Mungu. Niliguswa sana na jinsi mtu huyo mpole alivyoomba, mwenye bidii na mwenye hakika kwamba Mungu alisikia sala yake. Mahali pa kunyongwa, alisema tena sala fupi kisha akapanda hatua chache hadi kwenye mti wa kunyongea, jasiri na tulivu. Kifo chake kilifuata baada ya sekunde chache. Katika miaka karibu hamsini ambayo nilifanya kazi kama daktari, sijawahi kuona mtu akifa kwa unyenyekevu kabisa kwa mapenzi ya Mungu. " <ref name="Eberhard Bethge p. 927"/> Ila [[wanahistoria]] waliona wasiwasi kuhusu maelezo yake kwa sababu yule daktari alikuwa afisa wa SS aliyesimamia mauaji na hivyo inawezekana alitaka tu kupunguza hatia yake kwa kusimulia [[hadithi]] ya kuvutia <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Bonhoeffer as Martyr: Social Responsibility and Modern Christian Commitment|url=https://archive.org/details/bonhoefferasmart0000slan|last=Craig J. Slane|publisher=Brazos Press|year=2004|isbn=978-1-58743-074-9}}</ref>. Haijulikani [[maiti]] ya Bonhoeffer ilizikwa wapi. Inawezekana mwili wake uliteketezwa nje ya kambi pamoja na mamia ya wafungwa wengine waliouawa hivi karibuni au waliokufa, au wanajeshi wa Marekani waliuweka mwili wake katika moja ya [[Kaburi|makaburi]] ya watu wengi ambapo walizuru wafu wasiozikwa wa kambi hiyo. == Urithi == [[Picha:Westminster_Abbey_C20th_martyrs.jpg|thumb| Mashahidi wa Karne ya 20 huko Westminster Abbey. Kutoka kushoto, [[Elizabeti wa Urusi|Mama Elizabeth wa Urusi]], [[Martin Luther King, Jr.|Martin Luther King Jr.]], [[Oscar Romero|Óscar Romero]] na Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] Maisha ya Bonhoeffer kama mchungaji na mwanatheolojia mwenye [[akili]] kubwa na [[maisha ya kiroho]] ambaye aliishi yale aliyohubiri - na kuuawa kwake kwa sababu ya upinzani wake dhidi ya Wanazi - yalikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa na msukumo kwa Wakristo katika [[madhehebu]] mengi. Bonhoeffer anakumbukwa katika [[Mwaka wa Kanisa|kalenda za kiliturujia]] za madhehebu kadhaa ya Kikristo kwenye kumbukumbu ya kifo chake, tarehe 9 Aprili. Hii ni pamoja na sehemu nyingi za Kanisa Anglikana, ambapo hujulikana kama [[shahidi]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Calendar|publisher=The Church of England|url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-worship/worship/texts/festivals/festivals-calendar.aspx|accessdate=22 September 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Holy Days|publisher=The Church of England|url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-worship/worship/texts/the-calendar/holydays.aspx|accessdate=22 September 2017|archivedate=2017-06-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618212051/https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-worship/worship/texts/the-calendar/holydays.aspx}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Calendar of the Church Year according to the Episcopal Church|url=http://satucket.com/lectionary/Calendar.htm|accessdate=22 September 2017}} Note: Apparently based on General Conference 2009</ref>. Kumbukumbu yake katika [[kalenda]] ya [[liturujia]] ya [[Kanisa la Kiinjili la Kilutheri]] huko Amerika hutumia [[rangi]] ya kiliturujia nyeupe, <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://www.renewingworship.org/ELW/content/PDF/ChurchYear_asm_20060119.pdf|title=Evangelical Lutheran Worship|last=Evangelical Lutheran Church in America|publisher=Augsburg Fortress|year=2006|page=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060908112753/http://www.renewingworship.org/ELW/content/PDF/ChurchYear_asm_20060119.pdf|archive-date=8 September 2006}}</ref> ambayo hutumiwa kwa [[watakatifu]] ambao hawakufia dini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Liturgical Colors, Revised Common Lectionary|publisher=Vanderbilt Divinity Library|date=15 May 2011|url=http://lectionary.library.vanderbilt.edu/liturgical-colors.php|accessdate=22 September 2017|archive-date=2017-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923050711/http://lectionary.library.vanderbilt.edu/liturgical-colors.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Escue|first=Douglas K.|year=1994|title=The Colors of the Liturgical Seasons|work=The Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod|url=https://www.lcms.org/sslpage.aspx?pid=452|accessdate=22 September 2017}} Originally published in ''Lutheran Worship Notes'', Issue 29, 1994.</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Liturgical Colors|work=Catholic Life|url=http://www.catholic.org/clife/lcolors.php|accessdate=22 September 2017}}</ref> Mwaka 2008, Baraza Kuu la [[Wamethodist|Umoja wa Wamethodisti]], ambao hauna utaratibu wa kuorodhesha watakatifu, ilimtambua rasmi Bonhoeffer kama "[[Mfiadini|shahidi]] wa kisasa".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|first=Maidstone|author=Mulenga|publisher=United Methodist Church|url=http://www.umc.org/news-and-media/blogs-commentaries/post/united-methodists-declare-mlk-jr.-a-modern-day-martyr|title=United Methodists declare MLK Jr. a modern-day martyr|date=1 May 2012|accessdate=22 September 2017|archivedate=2017-09-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923004030/http://www.umc.org/news-and-media/blogs-commentaries/post/united-methodists-declare-mlk-jr.-a-modern-day-martyr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120514051450/http://www.gc2012conversations.com/2012/05/01/united-methodists-declare-mlk-jr-a-modern-day-martyr/ Archive] from General Conference 2012 website.</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2 May 2008|title=Recognition of Bonhoeffer (FO32-NonDis-A)|work=General Conference 2008 Legislation Tracking|publisher=United Methodist Church|url=http://calms.umc.org/2008/Menu.aspx?type=Petition&mode=Single&number=110|accessdate=22 September 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Combs|first=Alan|date=9 August 2011|title=Why Should United Methodists Have a Season of Saints?|work=Equipping Disciples|publisher=Discipleship Ministries (United Methodist Church)|url=https://blog.umcdiscipleship.org/why-should-united-methodists-have-a-season-of-saints/|accessdate=22 September 2017}}</ref> == Maandiko yake kwa Kiingereza == [[Tafsiri]] za [[Kiingereza]] za kazi za Bonhoeffer, ambazo nyingi ziliandikwa kwa [[Kijerumani]], zinapatikana. Mihadhara na vitabu vyake vingi vilitafsiriwa kwa Kiingereza na vinapatikana kutoka kwa wachapishaji wengi. Kazi hizo zimeorodheshwa kufuatia toleo la Fortress Press la maandiko ya Bonhoeffer. * ''Sanctorum Communio. Dietrich Bonhoeffer Works, Volume 1''. Dietrich Bonhoeffer; Clifford Green, Editor Translated by Reinhard Krauss and Nancy Lukens. Hardcover, 392 pp; ISBN|978-0-8006-8301-6 and paperback, 386 pp; ISBN|978-0-8006-9652-8. Bonhoeffer's dissertation, completed in 1927 and first published in 1930 as ''Sanctorum Communio: eine Dogmatische Untersuchung zur Soziologie der Kirche''. In it he attempts to work out a theology of the person in society, and particularly in the church. Along with explaining his early positions on sin, evil, solidarity, collective spirit, and [[:en:Collective_guilt|collective guilt]], it unfolds a systematic theology of the Spirit at work in the church and what it implies for questions on authority, freedom, ritual, and eschatology. * ''Act and Being. Dietrich Bonhoeffer Works, Volume 2''. Dietrich Bonhoeffer; Wayne Whitson Floyd and Hans Richard Reuter, Editors; Translated by H. Martin Rumscheidt. Hardcover, 256 pp: ISBN|978-0-8006-8302-3. Bonhoeffer's second dissertation, written in 1929–1930 and published in 1931 as ''Akt und Sein'', deals with the consciousness and conscience in theology from the perspective of the Reformation's insight into the origin sinfulness in the "heart turned in upon itself and thus open neither to the revelation of God nor to the encounter with the neighbor." Bonhoeffer's thoughts about power, revelation, Otherness, theological method, and theological anthropology are explained. * ''Creation and Fall. Dietrich Bonhoeffer Works, Volume 3''. Dietrich Bonhoeffer; John W. De Gruchy, Editor Translated by Douglas Stephen Bax. In 1932, Bonhoeffer called on his students at the University of Berlin to focus their attention on the word of God, the word of truth, in a time of turmoil. Hardcover, 214 pp: ISBN|978-0-8006-8303-0. Paper, 224 pp: ISBN|978-0-8006-8323-8. * ''Discipleship. Dietrich Bonhoeffer Works, Volume 4''. Dietrich Bonhoeffer; John D. Dodsey and Geffrey B. Kelly, Editors. Originally published in 1937, this book (generally known in English by the title ''[[:en:The_Cost_of_Discipleship|The Cost of Discipleship]]'') soon became a classic exposition of what it means to follow Christ in a modern world beset by a dangerous and criminal government. Hardcover, 384 pp: ISBN|978-0-8006-8304-7. Paper, 354 pp: ISBN|978-0-8006-8324-5. * ''Life Together and Prayerbook of the Bible. Dietrich Bonhoeffer Works, Volume 5''. Dietrich Bonhoeffer; James H. Burtness and Geffrey B. Kelly, Editors; Translated by Daniel W. Bloesch. Hardcover, 242 pp: ISBN|978-0-8006-8305-4} Paper, 232 pp: ISBN|978-0-8006-8325-2. ''Life Together'' is a classic which contains Bonhoeffer's meditation on the nature of Christian community. ''Prayerbook of the Bible'' is a classic meditation on the importance of the Psalms for ''Christian prayer''. In this theological interpretation of the Psalms, Bonhoeffer describes the moods of an individual's relationship with God and also the turns of love and heartbreak, of joy and sorrow, that are themselves the Christian community's path to God. * ''Ethics. Dietrich Bonhoeffer Works, Volume 6''. Dietrich Bonhoeffer; Clifford Green, Editor; Translated by Reinhard Krauss, Douglas W. Stott, and Charles C. West. Despite remaining incomplete at the time of Bonhoeffer's execution, this book is central to understanding Bonhoeffer's body of work. ''Ethics'' is the culmination of his theological and personal odyssey. Hardcover, 544 pp: {{ISBN|978-0-8006-8306-1}}. Paperback, 605 pp: ISBN|978-0-8006-8326-9. * ''Fiction from Tegel Prison. Dietrich Bonhoeffer Works, Volume 7''. Dietrich Bonhoeffer; Clifford Green, Editor Translated by Nancy Lukens. Hardcover, 288 pp: ISBN|978-0-8006-8307-8. Writing fiction—an incomplete drama, a novel fragment, and a short story—occupied much of Bonhoeffer's first year in Tegel prison, as well as writing to his family and his fiancée and dealing with his interrogation. "There is a good deal of autobiography mixed in with it," he explained to his friend and biographer Eberhard Bethge. Richly annotated by German editors Renate Bethge and Ilse Todt and by Clifford Green, the writings in this book disclose a great deal of Bonhoeffer's family context, social world, and cultural milieu. Events from his life are recounted in a way that illuminates his theology. Characters and situations that represent Nazi types and attitudes became a form of social criticism and help to explain Bonhoeffer's participation in the resistance movement and the plot to kill Hitler. * ''Letters and Papers from Prison. Dietrich Bonhoeffer Works, Volume 8''. Dietrich Bonhoeffer; John W. de Gruchy, Editor; Translated by Isabel Best; Lisa E. Dahill; Reinhard Krauss; Nancy Lukens. This splendid volume, in many ways the capstone of the Dietrich Bonhoeffer Works, is the first unabridged collection of Bonhoeffer's 1943–1945 prison letters and theological writings. Here are over 200 documents that include extensive correspondence with his family and Eberhard Bethge (much of it in English for the first time), as well as his theological notes, and his prison poems. The volume offers an illuminating introduction by editor John de Gruchy and an historical Afterword by the editors of the original German volume: Christian Gremmels, Eberhard Bethge, and Renate Bethge. Hardcover, 800 pp: ISBN|978-0-8006-9703-7. * ''The Young Bonhoeffer, 1918–1927. Dietrich Bonhoeffer Works, Volume 9''. Dietrich Bonhoeffer; Paul Duane Metheny, Editor. Gathers Bonhoeffer's 100 earliest letters and journals from after the First World War through his graduation from Berlin University. Hardcover, 720 pp: ISBN|978-0-8006-8309-2. This work gathers his earliest letters and journals through his graduation from [[:en:Humboldt_University_of_Berlin|Berlin University]]. It also contains his early theological writings up to his dissertation. The seventeen essays include works on the patristic period for [[:en:Adolf_von_Harnack|Adolf von Harnack]], on Luther's moods for Karl Holl, on biblical interpretation for Professor Reinhold Seeberg, as well as essays on the church and eschatology, reason and revelation, Job, John, and even joy. Rounding out this picture of Bonhoeffer's nascent theology are his sermons from the period, along with his lectures on homiletics, [[:en:Catechesis|catechesis]], and practical theology. * ''Barcelona, Berlin, New York: 1928–1931. Dietrich Bonhoeffer Works, Volume 10''. Dietrich Bonhoeffer; Clifford Green, Editor. This period from 1928 to 1931, which followed completion of his dissertation, was formative for Bonhoeffer's personal, pastoral, and theological direction. Hardcover, 790 pp: ISBN|978-0-8006-8330-6. * ''Ecumenical, Academic and Pastoral Work: 1931–1932, Dietrich Bonhoeffer's Works, Volume 11'', is a translation of Ökumene, Universität, Pfarramt: 1931–1932. Hardcover, 576 pp: ISBN|978-0-8006-9838-6.<ref>{{Citation|title=Ecumenical, academic, and Pastoral: 1931–1932|url=http://journal.ambrose.edu/ojs/index.php/acchquarterly/article/download/93/179|journal=Association of Contemporary Church Historians Quarterly|type=book comment|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426055544/http://journal.ambrose.edu/ojs/index.php/acchquarterly/article/download/93/179|archive-date=26 April 2012|url-status=dead}}.</ref> * ''Berlin: 1932–1933. Dietrich Bonhoeffer Works, Volume 12''. Dietrich Bonhoeffer; Larry L. Rasmussen, Editor. Translated by Isabel Best, David Higgins, and Douglas W. Stott. Berlin documents the crisis of 1933 in Germany as Bonhoeffer taught "on a faculty whose theology he did not share." Hardcover, 650 pp: ISBN|978-0-8006-8312-2. * ''London, 1933–1935. Dietrich Bonhoeffer's Works, Volume 13''. Dietrich Bonhoeffer; Keith C. Clements, Editor. Translated by Isabel Best. Includes records and minutes of his congregational meetings, reports from international conferences from 1934, more than 20 sermons he preached in London, and more. Hardcover, 550 pp: ISBN|978-0-8006-8313-9. * ''Theological Education at Finkenwalde: 1935–1937, Dietrich Bonhoeffer's Works, Volume 14'', is a translation of Illegale Theologenausbildung: 1935–1937, was released on 1 October 2013. The publishers description of the volume is thus: "''In the spring of 1935 Dietrich Bonhoeffer returned from England to direct a small illegal seminary for the Confessing Church. The seminary existed for two years before the Gestapo ordered it closed in August 1937. The two years of Finkenwalde's existence produced some of Bonhoeffer's most significant theological work as he prepared these young seminarians for the turbulence and risk of parish ministry in the Confessing Church. Bonhoeffer and his seminarians were under Gestapo surveillance; some of them were arrested and imprisoned. Throughout, he remained dedicated to training them for the ministry and its challenges in a difficult time. This volume includes bible studies, sermons, and lectures on homiletics, pastoral care, and catechesis, giving a moving and up-close portrait of the Confessing Church in these crucial years—the same period during which Bonhoeffer wrote his classics, Discipleship and Life Together.''"<ref name="store.fortresspress.com">{{Citation|last=Bonhoeffer|first=Dietrich|title=Theological Education at Finkenwalde: 1935–1937|url=http://store.fortresspress.com/store/product/18486/Theological-Education-at-Finkenwalde-1935-1937-Dietrich-Bonhoeffer-Works-Volume-14|volume=14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404114641/http://store.fortresspress.com/store/product/18486/Theological-Education-at-Finkenwalde-1935-1937-Dietrich-Bonhoeffer-Works-Volume-14|series=Works|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=dead}}.</ref> * ''Theological Education Underground: 1937–1940, Dietrich Bonhoeffer's Works, Volume 15'', is a translation of Illegale Theologenausbildung: 1937–1940. Hardcover, 750 pp: ISBN|978-0-8006-9815-7.<ref>{{Citation|last=Bonhoeffer|first=Dietrich|title=Theological Education Underground: 1937–1940|url=http://www.christianbook.com/theological-education-underground-1940-volume-15/dietrich-bonhoeffer/9780800698157/pd/698157?item_code=WW&netp_id=889741&event=ESRCN&view=details|volume=15|series=Works|isbn=978-0-8006-9815-7|access-date=2021-04-09|archive-date=2021-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201160336/https://www.christianbook.com/theological-education-underground-1940-volume-15/dietrich-bonhoeffer/9780800698157/pd/698157?item_code=WW&netp_id=889741&event=ESRCN&view=details|url-status=dead}}.</ref> * ''Conspiracy and Imprisonment 1940–1945. Dietrich Bonhoeffer Works, Volume 16''. Dietrich Bonhoeffer; Mark Brocker, Editor Translated by Lisa E. Dahill. Hundreds of letters, including ten never-before-published letters to his fiancée, Maria von Wedemeyer, as well as official documents, short original pieces, and his final sermons. Hardcover, 912 pp: ISBN|978-0-8006-8316-0. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] == Marejeo == {{marejeo}}  ==Bibliografia== * {{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJNypSrcyEoC&pg=PA625|title=Dietrich Bonhoeffer: A Biography|last=Bethge|first=E.|last2=Barnett|first2=V.J.|publisher=Fortress Press|year=1999|isbn=978-1-4514-0742-6}} * {{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N1P8GhkH6ysC&pg=PT581|title=Theological Education Underground, 1937–1940|last=Bonhoeffer|first=D.|last2=Barnett|first2=V.|last3=Schulz|first3=D.|publisher=Fortress Press|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4514-0683-2|series=Dietrich Bonhoeffer Works Series}} * {{Rejea kitabu|title=Strange Glory: A Life of Dietrich Bonhoeffer|url=https://archive.org/details/strangeglorylife0000mars_k0w1|last=Marsh|first=Charles|date=2014|publisher=Knopf|isbn=978-0-307-26981-2|location=New York}} * {{Rejea kitabu|title=Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 1906–1945: Martyr, Thinker, Man of Resistance|url=https://archive.org/details/dietrichbonhoeff0000schl|last=Schlingensiepen|first=Ferdinand|date=2010|publisher=Continuum/T & T Clark|isbn=978-0-7735-1531-4}} * {{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LbyYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT119|title=Bonhoeffer as Youth Worker: A Theological Vision for Discipleship and Life Together|last=Root|first=A.|publisher=Baker Publishing Group|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4412-2131-5}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/73037/Dietrich-Bonhoeffer Dietrich Bonhoeffer] kwenye ''[[Encyclopedia Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' * [http://www.tyndale.ca/seminary/mtsmodular/reading-rooms/theology/bonhoeffer Chumba cha] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tyndale.ca/seminary/mtsmodular/reading-rooms/theology/bonhoeffer |date=20190828103037 }} Kusomea cha Bonhoeffer na viungo vingi kwa msingi na vyanzo vya mtandao, Seminari ya Tyndale * {{Rejea tovuti|first=Joel|author=Lawrence|title=Bonhoeffer Bibliography. Update 2009|url=http://arts.uwaterloo.ca/~diebon06/Annual_DBupdate2009%20final.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923233345/http://arts.uwaterloo.ca/~diebon06/Annual_DBupdate2009%20final.pdf|archivedate=23 September 2010}} * [http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/b/bonhoeff.htm Nakala ya Douglas Huff katika The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] {{Wayback|url=http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/b/bonhoeff.htm |date=20090113155636 }} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00g378b Maisha Mkubwa: Dietrich Bonhoeffer] * [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,712032,00.htm Tazama: Maria von Wedemeyer-Weller] {{Wayback|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,712032,00.htm |date=20130306015038 }} * Richard Beck (8 Desemba 2010), Bonoheffer: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160502223650/http://experimentaltheology.blogspot.com/2010/12/letters-from-cell-92-part-3-world-come.html ''etsi deus non daretur''] * [http://westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/dietrich-bonhoeffer Abbey ya Westminster: Dietrich Bonhoeffer] * [https://academic.logos.com/why-the-publication-of-bonhoeffers-works-in-english-is-so-profound/ Kwa nini Utangazaji wa kazi za Bonhoeffer kwa Kijerumani na Kiingereza ni kubwa sana] {{Wayback|url=https://academic.logos.com/why-the-publication-of-bonhoeffers-works-in-english-is-so-profound/ |date=20210202011726 }} * [https://www.greenvillechurch.org/dietrich-bohnoeffer-friend-of-greenville-community-church Dietrich Bonhoeffer katika Kanisa la Jumuiya ya Greenville] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1945]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1906]] [[Jamii:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Walutheri]] cq9illnbmaseil5vs5aq00a9no6ej6c 0 134436 1598982 1429797 2026-09-23T02:52:51Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mwigizaji 2 | jina = Bette Ford | picha = | maelezo ya picha = Bette Ford | jina la kuzaliwa = Harriet Elizabeth Dingeldein | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = 24 Juni 1927 | mahala pa kuzaliwa = McKeesport, [[Pennsylvania]] | tarehe ya kufa = | mahala alipofia = | jina lingine = Bette Ford | kazi yake = Mwanamitindo, Mwigizaji na Mpiganaji wa ng'ombe | miaka ya kazi = 1945–mpaka sasa | ndoa = | class="wikitable" |David Ford (<abbr>m.</abbr> 1945; <abbr>div.</abbr> 1946) John Meston (1958–1973) Scott Wolkoff (?–present) |} | watoto = | mahusiano ya kimapenzi = | tovuti = }} '''Bette Ford''' (alizaliwa kama '''Harriet Elizabeth Dingeldein'''; [[24 Juni]] [[1927]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] na [[mwanamitindo]] wa [[Marekani]] aliyegeuka kuwa [[Orodha ya wanawake wapiganaji wa ng'ombe|mpiganaji wa ng'ombe]]. Alikuwa [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza wa Marekani kupigana kwa [[miguu]] katika Plaza México, uwanja mkubwa zaidi wa mapigano ya [[ng'ombe]].<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51969164| title = Women and the bullring|last=Feiner|first=Muriel| date = 2003|publisher=University Press of Florida|isbn=0-8130-2629-6|location=Gainesville|oclc=51969164}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Muda mfupi baada ya kuhamia [[New York|jijini New York]], aliolewa na [[mwigizaji]] mwingine, David Ford, ingawa [[ndoa]] ilivunjika baada ya miezi tisa tu. Baadaye aliolewa na John Meston (Julai 30, 1914 - Machi 24, 1979) [[mwandishi]] wa [[redio]] na [[runinga]] wa [[Amerika]] anayejulikana zaidi kwa kuunda [[ushirikiano]] (na Norman Macdonnell), kipindi cha redio / Televisheni cha Gunsmoke. Mume wa tatu na wa sasa wa Ford ni Scott Wolkoff (amezaliwa [[Mei 27]], [[1947]]), ambae ni mdogo kwake kwa miongo miwili.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Bette Ford|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0285525/bio|work=IMDb|accessdate=2021-04-09}}</ref> == Kazi yake ya awali ya mwanamitindo na uigizaji == Alizaliwa kama Harriet Elizabeth Dingeldein huko [[Pennsylvania|McKeesport, Pennsylvania]] mnamo 1927, yeye na [[kaka]] yake walilelewa na ndugu baada ya kutelekezwa, kwanza na [[mama]] yao na baadaye, na baba yao. Baada ya kumaliza shule ya upili mnamo 1945, alianza kazi yake kama mwanamitindo na mwigizaji huko [[New York]], ambapo sifa zake za uanamitindo zilijumuisha stints as the Jantzen Bathing Suit Girl, the Camay Bride, na the Parliament Cigarette Girl,, na sifa zake za uigizaji zilijumuisha kuonekana mara kwa mara kwenye The Jackie Gleason Show na The Jimmy Durante Show.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti| title = Bette Ford|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0285525/|work=IMDb|accessdate=2021-04-09}}</ref> Muda mfupi baada ya kuhamia [[New York]], aliolewa na [[mwigizaji]] mwingine, David Ford, ingawa [[ndoa]] ilivunjika baada ya miezi tisa. == Kazi ya upiganaji ng'ombe == Wakati akiwa kwenye upigaji picha za wanamitindo huko [[Kolombia|Bogotá, Kolombia]], Ford alitambulishwa kwa matador mashuhuri Luis Miguel Dominguín na kumtazama akipigana uwanjani. Mapema baadae, Ford aliondoka [[New York]] kwenda [[Mexiko|nchini Mexiko]] kufundisha kama mpiganaji wa ng'ombe. Mnamo 1954, Warner Bros walifanya rekodi fupi juu ya mafunzo yake, "Beauty and the Bull".<ref>{{Citation|last=Lansburgh|first=Larry|title=Beauty and the Bull|date=1954-12-24|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0046760/|others=Bette Ford, Marvin Miller, Pepe Ortiz|publisher=Warner Bros.|access-date=2021-04-09}}</ref> Mechi yake ya kwanza ya [[Historia|kihistoria]] huko Plaza México ilifuatiwa na miaka kadhaa ya mapigano kama figura (watu mashuhuri wa kupigana na ng'ombe) huko [[Mexiko]] na [[Ufilipino]]. Studio ya MGM, ambayo ilikuwa imempa [[mkataba]] wa kuigiza kabla ya kuondoka [[New York]] kuwa mpiganaji wa ng'ombe, ilipanga filamu ya [[urefu]] kamili kulingana na hadithi yake ya maisha, na ikatuma waandishi kadhaa, kati yao John Meston, muundaji mwenza wa Gunsmoke, kukutana na Ford na kujadili juu ya skrini. Ford alioa Meston muda mfupi baada ya kukutana na kisha alistaafu kama mpiganaji wa ng'ombe.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Why This Model Left the Glitzy World of Fashion for the Gritty Life of Bullfighting|url=https://www.marieclaire.com/career-advice/a22613/bette-ford-bullfighter-career/|work=Marie Claire| date = 2017-03-13|accessdate=2021-04-09|language=en-US|author=Fortunato Salazar}}</ref> == Kazi ya kaimu ya kupigana na ngombe == Ford ameonekana katika [[filamu]] kadhaa ikiwa ni pamoja na Clint-Eastwood-iliyoongozwa na Sudden Impact na Honkytonk Man, na safu za runinga pamoja na Cheers, LA Law, Melrose Place, na Felicity.<ref name=":0" /> Sauti yake inaweza kusikika katika The Animatrix, mwenzake DVD ya uhuishaji wa filamu trilogy The Matrix, na matangazo mengi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Model, actress and McKeesport graduate puts on a cape to fight the bulls in Mexico|url=https://www.post-gazette.com/local/east/2007/09/27/Model-actress-and-McKeesport-graduate-puts-on-a-cape-to-fight-the-bulls-in-Mexico/stories/200709270330|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|accessdate=2021-04-09|language=en}}</ref> == Filamu zilizochaguliwa == {{Div col|colwidth=30em}} * ''Beauty and the Bull'' (1954, Short) .... Bette Ford * ''Death Valley Days'' (1968, TV Series) .... Millie * ''Emergency!'' (1977, TV Series) .... Juen Edwards * ''James at 15'' (1977, TV Series) .... Mrs. Droste * ''Honkytonk Man'' (1982) .... Lulu * ''Falcon Crest'' (1983, TV Series) .... Prison Guard * ''Sudden Impact'' (1983) .... Leah * ''Emerald Point N.A.S.'' (1984, TV Series) .... Mrs. Randolph * ''St. Elsewhere'' (1984, TV Series) .... Pat Kroll * ''Cheers'' (1984, TV Series) .... Irene Blanchard * ''Crazy Like a Fox (TV series)|Crazy Like a Fox'' (1985, TV Series) * ''Hotel (U.S. TV series)|Hotel'' (1985, TV Series) .... Mrs. Fielding * ''Crime Story (U.S. TV series)|Crime Story'' (1987, TV Series) .... Angie / Bartender * ''A Year in the Life'' (1987, TV Series) .... Jackie * ''L.A. Law'' (1987-1988, TV Series) .... Rusty Farrell * ''Major Dad'' (1989, TV Series) ... Mom * ''Hunter (1984 U.S. TV series)|Hunter'' (1990, TV Series) ... Anna Scarlatti * ''The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air'' (1990, TV Series) ... Madame Chatchka * ''Marked for Death'' (1990) .... Kate Hatcher * ''The Commish'' (1992, TV Series) .... Irene Wallerstein * ''The Wonder Years'' (1992, TV Series) ... Aunt Muriel * ''Melrose Place'' (1993, TV Series) .... Mrs. Wilson * ''Tales from the Crypt (TV series)|Tales from the Crypt'' (1994, TV Series) .... Mrs. Peterson * ''Season of Change'' (1994) .... Granny Upton * ''Thunder Alley (TV series)|Thunder Alley'' (1995, TV Series) .... Wanda * ''Party of Five'' (1995, TV Series) .... Miss Corso * ''It Was Him or Us'' (1995, TV Movie) .... Maggie Shepard * ''A Face to Die For'' (1996, TV Movie) .... Mrs. Berman * ''Nash Bridges'' (1996, TV Series) * ''Promised Land (TV series)|Promised Land'' .... (1997, TV Series) .... Marie Jasper * ''A River Made to Drown In'' (1997) .... Lady with Whip * ''The Landlady'' (1998) .... Justine Welch * ''Two Guys, a Girl and a Pizza Place'' (1998, TV Series) .... Marge Ryecart * ''My Engagement Party'' (1998) .... Estelle Salsburg * ''Providence (American TV series)|Providence'' (1999, TV Series) .... Hildy * ''ER (TV series)|ER'' (2001, TV Series) .... Princess Taffeta * ''Felicity (TV series)|Felicity'' (2001, TV Series) .... Professor May * ''The Division'' (2002, TV Series) .... Mrs. Sanders * ''Final Flight of the Osiris'' (2003, Short) .... Old Woman (English version, voice) * ''The Animatrix'' (2003) .... Old Woman (segment "Final Flight of the Osiris") (voice) * ''Valley of the Sun'' (2011) .... Bunny McGill {{div col end}} == Marejeo == <references /> == Viungo vya nje == * [https://www.guernicamag.com/ford_4_1_11/ "La Estocada" (interviewed by Fortunato Salazar in ''Guernica'' magazine, 2011)]; accessed December 29, 2016. * [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=KEtq3P1Vf8oC&dat=19551207&printsec=frontpage "Bette Ford: Story of a Lady Bullfighter" (Bette Ford interviewed by "Gus O'Shaugn" in the ''Village Voice'', 1955)]; accessed April 27, 2016. * {{YouTube|96oiJY6D3Ig|Bette Ford as a contestant}} on What's My Line, 1957 [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1927]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2021 in Tanzania]] r0mxha1ihrjyjibetxol12n8ywmuq8b 0 135194 1599007 1429138 2026-09-23T02:59:38Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599007 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Arpanet logical map, march 1977.png|300px|thumb|ARPANET mnamo Machi 1977.]] [[File:Arpanet 1974.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Ramani ya mtandao wa ARPANET mwaka 1974.]] '''Advanced Research Projects Agency Network''' ([[kifupi]]: '''ARPANET''') ulikuwa ndio mfumo wa kwanza wa [[intaneti]] kutumika, na mfumo wa kwanza kutumia ''TCP/IP'' protokali za kimuunganiko baina ya vifaa viwili vya kielektroniki. Misemo yote hii ndiyo inayotumika kiufundi katika kuielezea [[intaneti]]. ARPANET ilianzishwa na ''Advanced Research Projects Agency'' (ARPA) ya huko nchini [[Marekani]] inayojihusisha na mambo ya kiusalama ya nchi hiyo.<ref name="LIARPANETTheFirstInternet">{{Rejea tovuti| title = ARPANET – The First Internet|url=https://www.livinginternet.com/internet/i/ii_arpanet.htm|website=Living Internet|access-date=2021-03-19}}</ref> Katika harakati za kuendeleza mawazo ya [[ J. C. R. Licklider ]], [[ Robert Taylor (mwanasayansi wa kompyuta)|Bob Taylor ]] ndiyo yaliyopelekea kuzinduliwa kwa mradi huu wa ARPANET mnamo mwaka 1966 na kuwezesha [[Tarakilishi|kompyuta]] mbalimbali kuwasiliana.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://movies2.nytimes.com/1999/12/12/technology/122099outlook-bobb.html| title = An Internet Pioneer Ponders the Next Revolution| date = Desemba 20, 1999|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-02-20|quote=Mr. Taylor wrote a white paper in 1968, a year before the network was created, with another ARPA research director, J. C. R. Licklider. The paper, "The Computer as a Communications Device," was one of the first clear statements about the potential of a computer network.|accessdate=2021-05-06|archivedate=2020-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220155211/http://movies2.nytimes.com/1999/12/12/technology/122099outlook-bobb.html}}</ref> Taylor alimteuwa [[Lawrence Roberts (mwanasayansi)|Larry Roberts]] kama msimamizi wa programu. Roberts ndiye alikuwa akitoa mbinu na namna ya kuunda mifumo ya kimtandao.<ref>{{Rejea habari|last=Hafner|first=Katie|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/30/obituaries/lawrence-g-roberts-dies-at-81.html| title = Lawrence Roberts, Who Helped Design Internet's Precursor, Dies at 81| date = 2018-12-30|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-02-20|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|quote=He decided to use packet switching as the underlying technology of the Arpanet; it remains central to the function of the internet. And it was Dr. Roberts’s decision to build a network that distributed control of the network across multiple computers. Distributed networking remains another foundation of today’s internet.}}</ref> Alijaribu kuzitumia mbinu za [[Donald Davies]]’ katika kupelekea kufanyika uzinduzi wa ubadilishaji wa pakiti,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://history.computer.org/pioneers/davies.html| title = Computer Pioneers - Donald W. Davies|website=IEEE Computer Society|access-date=2020-02-20|quote=In 1965, Davies pioneered new concepts for computer communications in a form to which he gave the name "packet switching." ... The design of the ARPA network (ArpaNet) was entirely changed to adopt this technique.|postscript=none}}; {{Rejea habari|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/business/2015/05/30/net-of-insecurity-part-1/| title = A Flaw In The Design| date = Mei 30, 2015|work=The Washington Post|quote=The Internet was born of a big idea: Messages could be chopped into chunks, sent through a network in a series of transmissions, then reassembled by destination computers quickly and efficiently. Historians credit seminal insights to Welsh scientist Donald W. Davies and American engineer Paul Baran. ... The most important institutional force ... was the Pentagon’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) ... as ARPA began work on a groundbreaking computer network, the agency recruited scientists affiliated with the nation’s top universities.}}</ref> na alitumia mbinu za uingizaji kutoka kwa [[Paul Baran]].<ref name="Abbate20003">{{Rejea kitabu|last1=Abbate|first1=Janet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9BfZxFZpElwC&pg=PA37| title = Inventing the Internet| date = 2000|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|isbn=978-0-2625-1115-5|location=Cambridge, MA|pages=39, 57–58|quote=Baran proposed a "distributed adaptive message-block network" [in the early 1960s] ... Roberts recruited Baran to advise the ARPANET planning group on distributed communications and packet switching. ... Roberts awarded a contract to Leonard Kleinrock of UCLA to create theoretical models of the network and to analyze its actual performance.}}</ref> ARPA ilimpa [[mkataba]] wa utengenezwaji wa mfumo wa mtandao kwa [[Bolt Beranek & Newman]] ambaye alikuja kutengeneza,kwa mara ya kwanza [[protokali ya mawasiliano]] kwenye mitandao.<ref name=":2A">{{Rejea jarida|last1=Roberts|first1=Dr. Lawrence G.| date = Novemba 1978| title = The Evolution of Packet Switching|url=http://www.ismlab.usf.edu/dcom/Ch10_Roberts_EvolutionPacketSwitching_IEEE_1978.pdf|journal=IEEE Invited Paper|access-date=Septemba 10, 2017|quote=Significant aspects of the network’s internal operation, such as routing, flow control, software design, and network control were developed by a BBN team consisting of Frank Heart, Robert Kahn, Severo Omstein, William Crowther, and David Walden|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092936/http://www.ismlab.usf.edu/dcom/Ch10_Roberts_EvolutionPacketSwitching_IEEE_1978.pdf|archive-date=31 Desemba 2018|url-status=dead|accessdate=2021-05-06|archivedate=2018-12-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092936/http://www.ismlab.usf.edu/dcom/Ch10_Roberts_EvolutionPacketSwitching_IEEE_1978.pdf|deadurl=yes}}</ref> Roberts alimhusisha [[Leonard Kleinrock]] kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu Cha Carlifonia]] katika kuunda mfumo wa kimahesabu wa kuorodhesha teknolojia ya mtandao wa pakiti.<ref name="Abbate20003" /> [[Kompyuta]] za mara ya kwanza kabisa kuunganishwa,ziliunganishwa mnamo mwaka [[1969]] na programu ya kudhibiti mtandao na hivyo kuanza kufanya kazi rasmi mnamo [[1970]].<ref name=":6">{{Rejea kitabu|last=Bidgoli|first=Hossein|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZ9srwU_9xMC&q=ARPANET&pg=PA118| title = The Internet Encyclopedia, Volume 2 (G - O)| date = 2004-05-11|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-471-68996-6|pages=39|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Rejea kitabu|first1=K. G.|last1=Coffman|first2=A. M.|last2=Odlyzco|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXhWJcsO134C&q=ARPANET&pg=PA29| title = Optical Fiber Telecommunications IV-B: Systems and Impairments|publisher=[[Academic Press]]| date = 2002|chapter=Growth of the Internet|isbn=978-0123951731|editor-first1=I.|editor-last1=Kaminow|editor-first2=T.|editor-last2=Li|access-date=15 Agosti 2015}}</ref> Uzinduzi na maendeleo ya programu ulipelekea Utawala wa mbali, uhamisho wa faili na [[barua pepe]].<ref name=":5">{{Rejea kitabu|first=L. A.|last=Lievrouw|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZ3ktyGA0rwC&q=ARPANET&pg=PA253| title = Handbook of New Media: Student Edition|page=253|editor-first1=L. A.|editor-last1=Lievrouw|editor-first2=S. M.|editor-last2=Livingstone|publisher=[[Sage Publications|SAGE]]| date = 2006|isbn=1412918731|access-date=15 Agosti 2015}}</ref> Mfumo huu ulianza kukuwa kwa haraka sana na hivyo kutajwa kuwa unafanya kazi vizuri 1975 pindi [[kampuni]] hiyo ya udhibiti kuipitsha kwa shirika la masuala ya kiulinzi lijulikanalo kama shirika la [[mawasiliano]] ya ulinzi. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Teknolojia]] [[Jamii:Intaneti]] [[Jamii:Mawasiliano]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Intaneti]] a4n2n1sndmq0ihptsqo7t1md89o4p7g 0 135689 1599031 1431384 2026-09-23T03:04:09Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599031 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Carolyn Craven''' alikuwa [[mwandishi wa habari]] wa [[Marekani]]. Alijulikana kwa kuripoti kwa KQED-TV huko [[San Francisco]], na kwa kuongea hadharani juu ya kuwa mwathirika wa kubakwa kwa mfululizo. <Ref name = "sfgate-22nov2000" /> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Craven alizaliwa huko Chicago mnamo [[28 Desemba]] [[1944]], na alikulia katika Hyde Park, Chicago. Baba yake, William Sylvester White, ndiye alikuwa wa kwanza Mmarekani wa Kiafrika kuagizwa kama afisa wa Jeshi la Majini la Marekani Navy na baadaye alikuja kuwa jaji wa juvenile court. Hadithi ya Mwandishi wa Ubakaji Wake | url = https: //www.nytimes.com/1978/01/21/archives/nightmare-in-california-a-reporters-story-of-her-sape-son-awakened.html | accessdate = Februari 2, 2017 | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | tarehe = Januari 21, 1978}} </ref> Mama yake, George White, alikuwa mwalimu wa shule na mjumbe wa bodi ya maktaba ya Chicago. Craven pia alikuwa na dada mapacha, Sala. <Ref name = "sfgate-22nov2000" /> Familia mara nyingi ilijadili siasa wakati wakiwa Kwenye meza ya chakula. Walikuwa na marafiki wengi wa Kiyahudi, na walisherehekea sikukuu zote za Kikristo na za Kiyahudi. Kulingana na dada yake, Craven baadaye alichagua kuwa Uyahudi. <Ref name = "sfgate-22nov2000" /> Craven alihitimu Hyde Park Academy High School | Hyde Park High School, mnamo Mwaka 1962. Alihudhuria Chuo cha Goucher katika kitongoji Cha Baltimore kwa miaka miwili. Yeye na mpenzi wake na baadaye mume wake Eric Craven kisha wakaenda kufanya kazi kwa Wanafunzi wa Jumuiya ya Kidemokrasia. <Ref name = "sfgate-22nov2000" /> Baadaye alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha California, Berkeley na digrii katika chuo Cha Mafunzo ya Kiafrika na Amerika | Mafunzo ya Kiafrika na Afro-Amerika. == Kazi == Mwaka wa 1970, Craven alitumia mwaka mmoja kuandika habari za Kampuni ya Utangazaji ya Amerika | ABC huko New York. <ref name="colo-mar1975">{{Rejea tovuti| title = Prosopography: 28th Annual Conference on World Affairs|url=http://www.colorado.edu/cwa/archives/prosopographies/cwa1975.pdf|website=[[University of Colorado]]|accessdate=February 2, 2017| date = Machi 1975|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203163528/http://www.colorado.edu/cwa/archives/prosopographies/cwa1975.pdf|archive-date=February 3, 2017|url-status=dead|archivedate=2017-02-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203163528/http://www.colorado.edu/cwa/archives/prosopographies/cwa1975.pdf}}</ref> Craven badae akaanza kuripoti kwa kipindi cha habari cha eneo la San Francisco ' Chumba cha Habari ' kwenye kituo cha KQED televisheni ya umma. Craven alifanya kazi kwa KQED hadi Mwaka 1977, wakati kituo kilifanya mabadiliko kwenye Mipangilio yao ya habari na kazi yake iliondolewa<ref name = "people-27feb1978">{{cite magazine | mwandishi1 = Melba Beals | title = Mwanamke wa Habari wa Runinga Anaripoti Ubakaji- Yake Mwenyewe-na Anakuwa Shahidi wa Nyota wa Kikosi cha 'Stinky' | url = http: //people.com/archive/a-tv-newswoman-repoti-a-mvunaji-miliki wake-na-kuja- nyota- -shuhuda-wa-kikosi-cha-stinky-vol-9-no-8 / | magazine = [[People (magazine) | People]] | accessdate = February 2, 2017 | date = February 27, 1978}} </ Ref> Wakati wa kipindi chake kwenye ' chumba cha habari ', moja ya masomo ambayo Craven aliripoti juu yake alikuwa kibaka katika Berkeley, California , anayejulikana kama "Stinky" kwa sababu ya harufu yake mbaya ya mwili. Alifanya ubakaji Mara 60 tangu mwaka 1973. <ref name = "nytimes-21jan1978" /> <ref name = "people-27feb1978" /> <ref name = "wapo-19jan1978"> {{Rejea habari | author1 = Carol Pogash | title = Masaa mawili ya Ugaidi na Mbakaji Polisi humuita 'Stinky'| url = https: //www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1978/01/19/hours-of-terror-and- mbakaji-polisi-simu-stinky / 1c89eb52-47f2-4c97-baee-2d83f16d30a3 / | tarehe ya kufikia = Februari 2, 2017 | newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] | tarehe = Januari 19, 1978 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} </ Mnamo Januari 13, 1978, mbakaji huyo alimshambulia Craven katika nyumba aliyokuwa akiishi na mtoto wake wa miaka sita, akimtiisha, kumfunga macho, na kumshambulia kwa zaidi ya masaa mawili. Aligundua kuwa mbakaji lazima "Ananuka", alikusanya habari nyingi juu yake kadiri alivyoweza kwa kuhisi mwili wake na nguo zake kwa mikono na miguu, ili kutoa ushahidi muhimu kwa polisi. <Ref name = "nytimes-21jan1978 "/> <ref name =" people-27feb1978 "/> <ref name =" wapo-19jan1978 "/> Craven alitembelea nchi hiyo, akielezea simulizi yake na kuwataka wahanga wa ubakaji kujitokeza. Moja ya mazungumzo yalionyesha kwamba alionekana alikuwa 'Morning America', ambayo ilirusha orodha ya wiki nzima juu ya ubakaji. <Ref name =" ebony-1978 "/> Baada ya kutumia ujana wake kufikiria sana Nancy Drew na Harriet the Spy na kusadikika kuwa kitongoji chake cha kitongoji kilikuwa na siri nyingi, Carolyn Crane alikua mwandishi wa kuteuliwa wa RITA wa mashaka ya kimapenzi, fantasy ya mijini, na hadithi zingine za mapenzi na mapenzi ; anaandika pia mapenzi ya mapenzi juu ya wanyang'anyi wa benki kama Annika Martin. Vitabu vyake vimechapishwa na Random House na Samhain; siku hizi, udhibiti huu wa ukamilifu wa mwandishi anapenda kuchapisha. Anaishi Minneapolis na mumewe na paka mbili na hufanya kazi moja kwa moja kama mwandishi wa uuzaji wa kujitegemea. Wakati wa nadra wakati hayuko kwenye kompyuta yake, anaweza kupatikana akisoma kitandani, akikimbia, au kusaidia wanyama. <ref https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/3084517.Carolyn_Crane />ref == Maisha ya binafsi na kifo == Craven aliolewa mara tatu na wanaume tofauti, Eric Craven, Denny Smithson, na Ken McEldowney. <Ref name = "sfgate-22nov2000" /> Alikuwa na mtoto wa kiume, Gabriel, na Smithson. name = "sfgate-1nov2014"> {{Rejea habari | title = Denny Smithson Obituary| url = http: //www.legacy.com/obituaries/sfgate/obituary.aspx? 2017 | gazeti = Mambo ya nyakati ya San Francisco | tarehe = Novemba 1, 2014 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Craven aliugua [[unyogovu]] na ugonjwa wa Crohn katika maisha yake na baadaye, mnamo Novemba 20, 2000, alikufa katika Hospitali ya Summit huko Oakland, California akiwa na umri wa miaka 55. <ref name = "sfgate-22nov2000" /> == Tuzo == Craven alipokea Tuzo ya Candace kwa Uandishi wa Habari mnamo Mwaka 1989. <ref name = "candace-awards" /> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT: Craven, Carolyn}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1944]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2000]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Chicago]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Amerika]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa habari]] 7xpvc7ezpi0byno3wwvjv1iz4zwlzj4 0 136189 1599008 1295500 2026-09-23T02:59:45Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Dorothy Butler Gilliam | nchi = Marekani | majina_mengine = Dorothy Pearl Butler Gilliam | picha = | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa = Dorothy Pearl Butler Gilliam | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 24 Novemba 1936 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Memphis, Tennessee | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi_yake = Mwandishi wa habari | cheo = | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dini = | ndoa = | rafiki = | watoto = Stephanie, Melissa, na Leah Gilliam | mahusiano = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Dorothy Pearl Butler Gilliam''' (alizaliwa [[Novemba 24]], [[1936]]) ni [[mwandishi wa habari]] [[Mmarekani]] mwenye [[asili]] mchanganyiko wa kiafrika na kimarekani. Dorothy ndiye [[mwandishi]] wa kike wa kwanza katika ''Chapisho la Washington''. == Wasifu== Gilliam alizaliwa [[Memphis, Tennessee]] akiwa mtoto wa nane wa Adee Conklin Butler na Jessie Mae Norment Butler. Alimaliza cum laude kutoka [[chuo kikuu]] cha Lincoln cha Missouri ndani ya mji wa Jefferson uliopo Missouri, na shahada ya uandishi wa habari<ref name="SRQ Grant">{{cite news |last1=Grant |first1=Ashley |title= Kishindo cha Utofauti na Usawa. |url=https://www.srqmagazine.com/articles/1170/The-Roar-of-Diversity-and-Equality |access-date=February 12, 2021 |work=SRQ Magazine |date=May 2019}}</ref> alipata shahada ya uzamili katika [Chuo kikuu cha Columbia Shule ya uzamili ya wahitimu]. Gilliam alianza kazi yake katika ''chapisho la Washington'' mwezi wa kumi na moja, mwaka (1961) kama mwandishi juu ya dawati la jiji. Alikuwa mwanamke mwandishi wa kwanza Mwafrika- Mmarekani kuajiriwa kwenye majarida. Mnamo mwaka (1979), alianza kuandika wasifu ulio fahamika kama ''Chapisho'', iliyojumuisha elimu, siasa, mbio; safu hiyo iliendesha mara kwa mara katika sehemu ya Metro kwa miaka 19. Kwa kuongezea katika kazi yake kwenye ''Chapisho la Washington'', alikuwa ni mwanaharakati aliyejitolea kwenye huduma za umma, kutoka siku zake akisaidia kupanga maandamano dhidi ya ''[New York Daily News]' baada ya kuwafuta kazi theluthi mbili ya wafanyikazi wake wa Kiafrika na Amerika ', kwa mmiliki wake kama raisi wa [National Association of Black Journalists] kutoka (1993) mpaka 1995. Kiufupi alikuwa akifundisha uandishi wa habari katika chuo kikuu cha [American University] na chuo kikuu cha [Howard]. Gilliam alitengeneza mpango wa maendeleo wa waandishi habari wadogo, ambao ilitengenezwa kuleta zaidi watu wenye umri mdogo katika uwandishi wa habari ulimwenguni, kwa ''Chapisho la Washington'' Mnamo mwaka 1997. waanshi wa habari walifanya kazi pamoja na wanafunzi katika shule za upili za mitaa, na wakati mwingine, ''Chapisho'' huchapisha magazeti ya shule za upili kwa shule hizo. Mnamo [[mwaka]] [[2004]], wakati alishikilia nafasi ya (JB)na Maurice C. Shapiro Fellow huko chuo kikuu cha [George Washington School of Media and Public Affairs], Gilliam alianzisha vyombo vya habari vya wahamiaji wakuu, mpango wa kwanza wa kitaifa wa ushauri wa uandishi wa habari kwa wanafunzi wasiostahili katika shule za mijini. Mpango uliwatuma waandishi habari wakongwe na kujitolea kwa vyuo vikuu kuwaelimisha wanafunzi waandishi wa habari kwa shule za pili katika jiji la [Washington, D.C.] na[[Philadelphia]. Klabu ya Waandishi wa Habari ya Washington ilimpa Gilliam Tuzo ya Mafanikio ya Maisha yote mnamo 2010. Kituo cha Kitaifa cha Utafiti wa Afya kilimpa Gilliam Tuzo yake ya Mafanikio ya Maisha ya Kike ya Wanawake katika mwaka wa 2019. Ni mwanachama wa [Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc.] Gilliam aliolewa na [Sam Gilliam], alifahamika vizuri kama [ mwanasanaa dhahania]. Walipeana taraka mnamo mwaka 1980s lakini anawatoto watatu (Stephanie, Melissa, na [Leah Gilliam|Leah]) na pia anawajukuu watatu. ==Wasifu== *{{cite book |last1=Gilliam |first1=Dorothy Butler |title=Trailblazer: a pioneering journalist's fight to make the media look more like America |date=2019 |publisher=Center Street |location=Nashville |isbn=9781546076315 |oclc=1081422787 |language=English}} ==Viungo vya Nje == *{{official|https://www.dorothybgilliam.com/}} * [http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/dorothy-b-gilliam-39 Dorothy B. Gilliam, The HistoryMakers] {{Wayback|url=http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/dorothy-b-gilliam-39 |date=20160729080311 }} * [http://beta.wpcf.org/oralhistory/gill1.html Dorothy Gilliam, Washington Press Club Foundation Oral History Project: Women in Journalism] {{BD|1936|}} ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii: Arusha Translation-a-thon]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa habari]]] is01tmnx6xtdvt2095cj62hui49drr5 0 138528 1599009 1241104 2026-09-23T02:59:52Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599009 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chuo Kikuu cha Kimataifa cha Marekani Afrika''' (pia kinajulikana kama USIU Africa) ni [[chuo kikuu]] cha kitaifa nchini [[Kenya]], uchumi mkubwa zaidi katika Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki. <ref>{{Cite web|title=USIU Kenya: United States International University Kenya|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/260496-usiu-kenya-united-states-international-university-kenya.html|work=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news.|date=2017-12-15|accessdate=2021-06-20|language=en|author=Julie Kwach}}</ref> Chuo kikuu kimethibitishwa na Tume ya Elimu ya Juu (CUE) nchini Kenya na Chama cha Magharibi cha Shule na Vyuo Vikuu (WASC).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Accreditation|url=https://www.usiu.ac.ke/accreditation/|work=USIU-Africa|accessdate=2021-06-20|language=en-US|author=USIU-Africa}}</ref><ref>http://www.cue.or.ke/index.php/status-of-universities-universities-authorized-to-operate-in-kenya-1</ref> == Mahali == Kampasi ya chuo kikuu iko jirani na  Roysambu, katika kitongoji cha Kasarani cha jijini Nairobi, mji mkuu wa Kenya. Eneo hili liko takriban kilomita 12 (mi 7), kwa barabara, kaskazini mashariki mwa wilaya kuu ya biashara ya Nairobi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Distance between Nairobi Central, Nairobi, Kenya and United States International University - Africa, Kasarani area, off Thika Road, Nairobi, Kenya (Kenya)|url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Kenya_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Nairobi%20Central,%20Nairobi,%20Kenya&toplace=United%20States%20International%20University%20-%20Africa,%20Kasarani%20area,%20off%20Thika%20Road,%20Nairobi,%20Kenya&dt1=ChIJNe4z_9QQLxgRVVtoNpaFdCw&dt2=ChIJe2nSJvgVLxgRpbWxPANGNyg|work=distancecalculator.globefeed.com|accessdate=2021-06-20}}</ref>Kuratibu za chuo kikuu ni: 01 ° 13'05.0 "S, 36 ° 52'45.0" E (Latitude: -1.218056; Longitude: 36.879167).<ref>{{Cite web|title=1°13'05.0"S 36°52'45.0"E · Thika Rd, Nairobi, Kenya|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/1%C2%B013%2705.0%22S+36%C2%B052%2745.0%22E/@-1.2214236,36.8729281,13z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0|work=1°13'05.0"S 36°52'45.0"E · Thika Rd, Nairobi, Kenya|accessdate=2021-06-20|language=sw-US}}</ref> == Historia == Chuo kikuu kilianzishwa mnamo mwaka 1969 kama Chuo cha Nairobi Chuo Kikuu cha Kimataifa cha Amerika (USIU), taasisi ya San Diego. Mnamo mwaka 1999, Chuo Kikuu cha Kimataifa cha Amerika, Nairobi kampasi, kilijiimarisha kama chuo kikuu tofauti chini ya jina lake mpya: USIU Africa.Mnamo 2001, USIU iliungana na Shule ya Saikolojia ya Utaalam ya California (CSPP) kuunda Chuo Kikuu cha Kimataifa cha Alliant.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1°13'05.0"S 36°52'45.0"E · Thika Rd, Nairobi, Kenya|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/1%C2%B013%2705.0%22S+36%C2%B052%2745.0%22E/@-1.2214236,36.8729281,13z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0|work=1°13'05.0"S 36°52'45.0"E · Thika Rd, Nairobi, Kenya|accessdate=2021-06-20|language=sw-US}}</ref> Zaidi ya mataifa 130 yanawakilishwa kati ya idadi ya wanafunzi waliopata shahada ya 24, wahitimu na mipango ya udaktari huko USIU Afrika. Chuo kikuu kina idadi ya watu wa alumni zaidi ya 140,000.<ref>{{Cite web|title=USIU Kenya: United States International University Kenya|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/260496-usiu-kenya-united-states-international-university-kenya.html|work=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news.|date=2017-12-15|accessdate=2021-06-20|language=en|author=Julie Kwach}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{nairobi}} [[Jamii:Vyuo vikuu vya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Editathon 2021-06 Morogor]] [[Jamii:Elimu jijini Nairobi]] ibyz2xna8swnw9swtld6st5tn0wajen 0 138549 1598831 1470577 2026-09-22T20:32:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598831 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Adeola Ariyo and Folu Storms on NdaniTV in S Africa.png|thumb| Adeola Ariyo]] '''Adeola Ariyo''' ni [[mwanamitindo]] na malkia wa uzuri aliyezaliwa [[Nigeria]] ambaye alikua Balozi wa kwanza wa Afrika wa Elizabeth Arden mnamo [[2014]].<ref>Zoe Efstathiou (27 March 2015). "Elizabeth Arden appoints Adeola Ariyo as African Ambassador". ''Global Cosmetics News''. Retrieved 12 November 2020.</ref>Alianza kazi yake ya uanamitindo akiwa na miaka 13 baada ya kutafutwa na kushiriki katika Wiki ya Mitindo ya [[London]].<ref name=":0">Rey, Sola (20 August 2016). "Model: Adeola Ariyo". ''Sola Rey''. Retrieved 12 November 2020</ref> Wakati mwingine Adeola hujulikana kama Mnigeria-Mghana kwa sababu ya urithi wake mchanganyiko.<ref name=":0" /> Amezaliwa na [[Mama]] wa [[Ghana]] na [[Baba]] wa Nigeria.<ref name="ConnectNigeriaAriyo">Connect Nigeria. "Adeola Ariyo: Nigerian‑Ghanaian Model and Philanthropist". https://articles.connectnigeria.com/adeola-ariyo-nigerian-ghanaian-model-and-philanthropist/</ref><ref name="DailyTimesAmbassador">Daily Times Nigeria. "Top Model, Adeola Ariyo Becomes Brand Ambassador for Elizabeth Arden". https://dailytimesng.com/top-model-adeola-ariyo-becomes-brand-ambassador-for-elizabeth-arden/</ref><ref name="BETArticleAriyo">BET. "Elizabeth Arden Names Model Adeola Ariyo as First African Ambassador". https://www.bet.com/article/4yy3jf/elizabeth-arden-names-adeola-ariyo-as-african-ambassador {{Wayback|url=https://www.bet.com/article/4yy3jf/elizabeth-arden-names-adeola-ariyo-as-african-ambassador |date=20250723071618 }}</ref><ref name="BellaNaijaAriyo">BellaNaija. "Say Hello to Elizabeth Arden's 1st African Ambassador, Nigerian Model Adeola Ariyo". https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/02/say-hello-to-elizabeth-ardens-1st-african-ambassador-nigerian-model-adeola-ariyo/</ref><ref name="News24Ariyo">News24. "Catching up with Hair Knockout's Adeola Ariyo". https://www.news24.com/home/whatsnew/catching-up-with-hair-knockouts-adeola-ariyo-20210920</ref><ref name="TheCableScandal">TheCable Lifestyle. "Model Adeola Ariyo under fire for 'snatching' friend's baby daddy". https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/model-adeola-ariyo-under-fire-for-snatching-friends-baby-daddy/</ref> == Maisha ya zamani == Adeola alizaliwa Lagos kwa Mama wa Ghana na Baba wa Nigeria. Alikulia nchini Nigeria lakini wakati mwingine anasafiri kwenda London na baba yake. Ushiriki wake katika Wiki ya Mitindo ya London akiwa na umri wa miaka 13 uliwezekana wakati alienda kununua na baba yake huko London.<ref>"Adeola Ariyo becomes first African brand ambassador for Elizabeth Arden". ''cosmeticsbusiness.com''. Retrieved 12 November 2020.</ref> Wakati anatumia wakati wake mwingi huko Cape Town, Afrika Kusini, Adeola pia anasafiri kwenda [[Lagos]] na London. == Utengenezaji == [[Taaluma]] ya Adeola Modeling ilianza akiwa na umri wa miaka 13 alipokutana na Alek Wek na Kate Moss baada tu ya kusainiwa na wakala wa London Fashion Week.<ref name=":1">BLANCK, Abiodun (22 July 2019). "THE INTERVIEW: ADEOLA ARIYO ON THE AFRICAN MODELLING INDUSTRY". ''Blanck Digital''. Retrieved 12 November 2020</ref>Mnamo [[2005]], alishiriki kwenye Mashindano ya Nokia Face of Africa na tangu wakati huo amekuwa akifanya kazi sana katika onyesho la uanamitindo la kimataifa. Mbali na kushiriki katika Wiki ya Mitindo ya London, Adeola pia amejitokeza katika wiki zingine za mitindo. Mashuhuri kati yao ni Wiki ya Mitindo ya [[Johannesburg]], Wiki ya Mitindo ya Msumbiji, Wiki ya Mitindo ya [[Cape Town]], Wiki ya Mitindo ya Kuibuka Lagos na Wiki ya Mitindo ya London.<ref name=":1" /> Alikaa miaka kadhaa akiiga mfano nchini [[Afrika Kusini]] kabla ya kupata uteuzi wa Elizabeth Arden mnamo [[Februari]] [[2014]]. Mbali na kushiriki katika wiki tofauti za mitindo, Adeola pia aliangazia machapisho kadhaa ya mitindo kama vile Marie Claire, True Love na Fair Lady, Cosmopolitan na Glamour.<ref>Odusola, Abiodun (22 July 2019). "THE INTERVIEW: ADEOLA ARIYO ON THE AFRICAN MODELLING INDUSTRY". ''Blanck Digital''. Retrieved 12 November 2020</ref> == Kazi nyingine == Kuwa utu wa Kiafrika, Adeola pia amehusika katika kazi kadhaa za hisani na miradi ya kuunda ufahamu. Inajulikana kati ya miradi yake ya hisani ni kuhusika kwake na "The Lunchbox Fund", mradi unaolenga kutoa [[chakula]] cha kila siku kwa watoto wa shule walio katika mazingira magumu na [[yatima]] nchini Afrika Kusini. Adeola pia alihusika katika mradi mwingine wa Elizabeth Arden kama [[Kampeni]] ya "Fanya Tofauti Inayoonekana". == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanamitindo wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Editathon 2021-06 Morogor]] hnbx6409az87uugzz7a8ipgv5e15oi8 0 139571 1598983 1592524 2026-09-23T02:52:58Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598983 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kukomeshwa kwa utumwa''' kulitokea kwa nyakati tofauti katika nchi tofauti. Utumwa ulipatikana katika jamii za Afrika, Amerika, Asia na Ulaya tangu nyakati za kale kwa viwango na taratibu tofauti. Tangu mwanzo wa historia ya kuandikwa kuna pia ushuhuda wa hatua za kuthibiti utumwa. Hatua za aina hiyo zilikuwa hasa sheria za kuzuia au kupakana utumwa wa wenyeji wa jamii yenyewe. , pamoja na ku. na kuweka taratibu za Ilitokea mara kwa mara mfululizo katika hatua zaidi ya moja - kwa mfano, kama kukomesha biashara ya [[Utumwa|watumwa]] katika nchi fulani, na kisha kukomesha utumwa katika milki zote. Kila hatua kawaida ilikuwa matokeo ya sheria tofauti au kitendo. Ratiba ya nyakati hii inaonyesha sheria za kukomesha au vitendo vilivyoorodheshwa kwa mpangilio. Pia inashughulikia kukomesha [[uhadimu]]. Ingawa utumwa ni kinyume cha sheria katika nchi zote leo, hali zinazolingana na utumwa zinaendelea katika maeneo mengi ulimwenguni, haswa barani Afrika na Asia, mara nyingi kwa msaada wa serikali. <ref>https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/2018/data/maps/#prevalence</ref> == Nyakati za kale == Wakati wa kale, jamii kadhaa huko [[Ulaya]] na [[Mashariki ya Kati]] zilidhibiti utumwa wa deni na utaratibu wa kufanana wa [[huduma ya deni]] (ambako mwia anaweza kudai kazi ya lazima kutoka kwa mdaiwa katika ulipaji wa deni lake; hapo mdaiwa hakuwa mtumwa rasmi na hakutazamiwa kama mali kamili, kama vile kumilikiwa daima, kuuzwa kwenye soko, au kuvuliwa jamii ). Mabadiliko yaliyoorodheshwa hapa ni pamoja na sheria za [[Solon]] huko [[Athens]], Lex Poetelia Papiria katika [[Jamhuri ya Roma]], au kanuni zilizoainishwa katika [[Biblia ya Kiebrania]] katika [[Kumbukumbu la Sheria|Kitabu cha Kumbukumbu la Torati kwa]] ujumla zilidhibiti usambazaji wa watumwa na wahudumu wa deni kwa kukataza au kudhibiti utumwa wa vikundi fulani vyenye upendeleo (kwa hivyo, mageuzi ya Kirumi yalilinda raia wa Kirumi, mageuzi ya Athene yalilinda raia wa Athene, na sheria katika Kumbukumbu la Torati zilithibitisha uhuru kwa Mwebrania baada ya muda maalum wa huduma), lakini hakuna hata mmoja aliyekomesha utumwa kimsingi. Kanuni zote hazikuhusu wageni au wale wasiotazamiwa kuwa raia. {| class="wikitable" !Tarehe ! Mamlaka ! Maelezo |- |- | Mapema karne ya sita KK | [[Athens]] ya Kale | [[Solon]] akianzisha sheria za Athens ya Kale anafutilia mbali utumwa wa deni kwa raia wa Athens na kuwaachilia huru raia wote wa Athens ambao hapo awali walikuwa watumwa. <ref name="autogenerated4">Athenaion ''Politeia'' 12.4, ''quoting Solon'' [[wikisource:Athenian Constitution#12|s:Athenian Constitution#12]]</ref> <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Ancient Greece: Everyday Life in the Birthplace of Western Civilization|last=Garland|first=Robert|date=2008|publisher=Sterling|isbn=978-1-4549-0908-8|location=New York City, New York|page=13}}</ref> Utumwa uiendelea mjini Athens kwa kutumia watumwa wenye asili nje ya mji huo; mwisho wa utumwa wa deni wa Waathens na kupoteza chanzo cha kazi ya kulaimishwa unaaminiwa hata kuchochea utumwa kamili kuwa muhimu zaidi katika uchumi wa Athens tangu siku zile. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Ancient Slavery and Modern Ideology|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientslaverymo00finl|last=Finley|first=M. I.|date=1980|publisher=Viking Press|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/ancientslaverymo00finl/page/78 78]}}</ref> |- | Karne ya 3 KK |[[Milki ya Maurya|Dola la Maurya]] | Mfalme wa Uhindi [[Ashoka]] anafutilia mbali biashara ya watumwa na anahimiza watu kuwatendea watumwa vizuri. <ref name="Kara2017">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m-c5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT18|title=Modern Slavery: A Global Perspective|last=Siddharth Kara|date=10 October 2017|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-52802-3|page=18|quote=Ashoka outlawed the slave trade in the Mauryan Empire}}</ref> |- | 326 KK |[[Jamhuri ya Roma|Jamhuri ya Kirumi]] | Sheria ya "Lex Poetelia Papiria" inapiga marufuku mikataba ambako raia maskini wa Kiromi alikubali kungia katika utumwa wa deni kama angeshindwa kurudisha deni. [[Utumwa]] wa kawaida ulioruhusu wageni haukukomeshwa. tuma uliendelea katika Roma ya Kale kwa karne nyingi. |- | 9–12 BK | Nasaba ya Xin (China ya kale) | Wang Mang aliyekuwa mfalme wa kwanza na wa pekee wa nasaba ya Xin, anaanzisha mfululizo wa mageuzi makubwa, pamoja na kukomesha utumwa na mfumo wa kumiliki ardhi kutoka 9-12 BK <ref name="Greenwood Publishing Group">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaanti00hink|title=Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2011|isbn=9780313331435|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaanti00hink/page/n203 155]|url-access=limited}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_kuS42BxIYC&pg=PA420|title=Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion|last=Harcourt Education|date=December 2006|isbn=9780313036736|access-date=2013-08-28}}</ref> Walakini, mabadiliko ya kodi yalisababisha hasira ya watu. Alipinduliwa na kuuawa na utumwa ulirejeshwa mnamo 23 BK |} == Nyakati za Kati == : ''NB: Marekebisho mengi yaliyoorodheshwa yalirudishwa nyuma katika karne zilizofuata.'' {| class="wikitable" !Mwaka !Eneo la mamlaka !Maelezo |- |590–604 |Roma |[[Papa Gregori I]] anakataza [[Wayahudi]] wasimiliki watumwa Wakristo |- |Karnne ya 7 |Francia |Malkia [[Batilde]], aliyewahi kuwa mtumwa, pamoja na Mtaguso wa [[Chalon-sur-Saône]] (644–655) wanalaani tenado la kuweka Wakriso utumwani. Balthild ananunua watumwa, hasa [[Wasaksoni]], na kuwaweka huru. |- |741–752 |Roma |[[Papa Zakaria]] anapiga marufuku kuwauzia Waislamu watumwa Wakristo. Ananunua watumwa wote mjini na kuwaweka huru |- |840 |[[Wafaranki|Milki ya Wafaranki]]<br /><br />[[Venezia]] |''Pactum Lotharii'': wafanyabiashara wa Venezia wanaahidi kutonunua tena watumwa Wakristo ndani ya milki, wala kuwauza kwa Waislamu. Wafanyabiashara wa Venezia wanabadilsha mtindo wao wakilenga sasa [[Waslavi]] wapagani kutoka Ulaya ya mashariki. |- |873 |Ukristo |[[Papa Yohane VIII]] anatangaza ni dhambi kufanya Wakristo kuwa watumwa, anaamuru wote wawekwe huru.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Compendium of Creeds, Definitions, and Declarations on Matters of Faith and Morals|last=Denzinger|first=Heinrich P.|publisher=Ignatius Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-89870-746-5|location=Santa Francisco, California|page=229|author-link=Heinrich Denzinger}}</ref> |- |~900 |[[Ufalme wa Byzanti|Miki ya Bizanti]] |Kaizari Leo VI anapiga marufuku mikataba ya kujifanya kuwa mtumwa kwa hiari akitangaza mikataba yote ya aina hiyo kuwa batili; wote wanaokubali mikataba ya aina hiyo wadhibike kwa kiboko. |- |922 |Milki ya Wafaranki |Sinodi ya [[Koblenz]] inaamua kumfanya Mkristo kuw mtumwa na kumwuza ni sawa na kosa la mauaji<ref name="sourcebooks.fordham.edu">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/1171latrsale.asp|title=Internet History Sourcebooks Project|work=sourcebooks.fordham.edu}}</ref> |- |956 |Nasaba ya Goryeo ([[Korea]]) |Mnamo mwaka 956 mtawala Gwangjong wa Goryeo anatangaza sheria kuhusu Watumwa na Ardhi alipoweka watumwa huru akilenga kupunguza uwezo wa makabaila waliotegemea watumwa. |- |960 |Venezia (Italia) |Doge (kiongozi) Pietro IV Candiano anapiga marufuku biashara ya watumwa mjini |- |1080 |[[Uingereza]] |[[William I wa Uingereza|William I]] anapiga marufuku kumwuza yeyote kwa "wapagani" |- |1100 |Normandi |hakuna watumwa tena |- |1102 |Uingereza |Baraza kuu ya [[London]] ibapiga marufuku biashara ya watumwa <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Pijper|first=Frederik|year=1909|title=The Christian Church and Slavery in the Middle Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1909-07_14_4/page/681|journal=[[The American Historical Review]]|publisher=[[American Historical Association]]|volume=14|issue=4|pages=681|doi=10.1086/ahr/14.4.675|jstor=1837055}}</ref> |- |c. 1160 |Norwei |Sheria inakataza kuuza watumwa wa nyumbani nje ya nchi |- |1171 |[[Eire]] |Watumwa wote Waingereua nchini wanawekwa huru |- |1198 |Ufaransa |[[Watrinitari|Shirika la Watrinitari]] wanaanzishwa kwa shabaha ya kununua uhuru wa waungwa wa [[vita za misalaba]] na wahanga wa maharamia Waislamu |- |1214 |[[Korčula]] ([[Kroatia]]) |Kanuni za mji zinabatilisha utumwa <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.korculainfo.com/history/statute-korcula-town-1214.html|title=Statute of Korcula from 1214 – Large Print|publisher=Korculainfo.com|accessdate=2013-08-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316043710/http://www.korculainfo.com/history/statute-korcula-town-1214.html|archivedate=16 March 2013}}</ref> |- |1218 |[[Aragon]] |[[Wamersedari|Shirika la Wamersedari]] linaanzishwa mjini [[Barcelona]] kwa shabaha ya kununua uhuru wa Wakristo waliokuwa watumwa katika nchi za Waislamu |- |~1220 |[[Dola Takatifu la Kiroma]] |Kanuni za Wasaksoni ''(Sachsenspiegel)'' zinapiga marufuku utumwa kwa kuuita uvunjaji wa hali ya binadamu kuumbwa kwa sura ya Mungu <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ewJDxG4cCeMC&q=sachsenspiegel+slavery+serfs&pg=PA33|title=Hans A. Frambach in Jürgen Georg Backhaus: "The Liberation of the Serfs"|last=Backhaus|first=Jürgen|date=2012-05-31|isbn=9781461400851|page=33|access-date=2013-08-28}}</ref> |- |1245 |Aragon |Mfalme Yakobo I anakataza wayahudi wasimiliki watumwa Wakristo lakini anawaruhusu kuwa na watumwa Waislamu na wapagani |- |1256 |[[Bologna]] (Italia) |Kanuni za mji ''(Liber Paradisus)'' zinabatilisha utumwa halisi na pia utwana , watwana wote ndani ya eneo la mji wanawekwa huru |- |1274 |[[File:Royal_Banner_of_Norway_(14th_Century).svg|27x27px]] [[Norwei]] |Sheria ya nchi ''(Landslov)'' inataja "waliokuwa watumwa" pekee, ikidokeza utumwa umeshafutwa katika ufalme wa Norwei |- |1315 |[[File:Flag_of_France_(XII-XIII).svg|23x23px]] [[Ufaransa]] |[[Louis X wa Ufaransa|Louis X]] anatoa amri ya kukomesha utumwa akitangaza kuwa "Ufaransa inamaanisha uhuru" (maana ya kiasili ya jina "Wafaranki" ni "walio huru") na kwmaba kila mtumwa anayefika Ufaransa anapewe uhuru wake. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=480BBURkreYC&pg=PA122|title=The French Atlantic triangle: literature and culture of the slave trade|last=Miller|first=Christopher L.|date=11 January 2008|isbn=978-0822341512|page=20|access-date=2013-08-28}}</ref> Hata hivyo kua mifano kadhaa ya utumwa hadi karne ya 17 katika mabandari ya Ufaransa kwenye Bahari Mediteranea, halafu uchumi wa utumwakwenye [[koloni za Ufaransa]].<ref name="EltisBradley2011">{{Rejea kitabu|title=The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 3, AD 1420 – AD 1804|last=David Eltis|last2=Keith Bradley|last3=Paul Cartledge|date=25 July 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-84068-2|pages=142–143–326–327–331–332–333–602}}</ref> Most aspects of serfdom are also eliminated de facto between 1315 and 1318.<ref name="encyclopedia1">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/S/SLA/slavery-12.html|title=Disappearance of Serfdom. France. England. Italy. Germany. Spain.|work=www.1902encyclopedia.com|accessdate=21 March 2018|archive-date=2012-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210200023/http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/S/SLA/slavery-12.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |1318 |[[File:Flag_of_France_(XII-XIII).svg|23x23px]] Ufaransa |Mfalme Philip V anafuta utumwa katika ufalme wake.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=PITTORESQUE|first=LA FRANCE|date=2018-01-23|title=23 janvier 1318 : le roi Philippe V affranchit les serfs de ses domaines|url=https://www.france-pittoresque.com/spip.php?article316|accessdate=2021-03-20|work=La France pittoresque. Histoire de France, Patrimoine, Tourisme, Gastronomie|language=fr-FR}}</ref> |- |1335 |[[File:Royal_Banner_of_Sweden_(14th_Century).svg|27x27px]] Uswidi |Utumwa unakomeshwa pamoja na maeeo ya [[Ufini]]. Lakini watumwa waliweza kuingizwa nchini hadi mwaka 1813.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GJsOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA256|title=Police and public order in Europe|last=John Roach|last2=Jürgen Thomaneck|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1985|isbn=978-0-7099-2242-1|page=256}}</ref> Wakati wa karne za 18 na 19, tumwa uipatikana katika koloni ndogo za Uswidi huko [[Saint-Barth|Saint Barth]] kweny [[Bahari ya Karibi]]. |- |1347 |[[Polandi]] |Kanuni za Kasimir Mkuu anatangaza kanuni za kweka huru watuwa wote.<ref name="Mitchell1859">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D81JAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA335|title=A general view of the world: comprising a physical, political, and statistical account of its grand divisions ... with their empires, kingdoms, republics, principalities, &c.: exhibiting the history of geographical science and the progress of discovery to the present time ... Illustrated by upwards of nine hundred engravings ...|last=Samuel Augustus Mitchell|publisher=H. Cowperthwait & Co.|year=1859|page=335|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref> |- |1368 |[[Ming (nasaba)|Nasaba ya Ming (China)]] |Kaizari Hongwu anatangaza kufutwa kwa utumwa,<ref name="Greenwood Publishing Group"/> lakini unaendelea kote China. Watawala wanaofuata wanajaribu kudhibiti utumwa kwa sheria inayoweka mpaka kwa idadi ya watumwa wanaoruhusiwa kwa nyumba moja na kutoza wenye watumwa kodi kali .<ref name="Encyclopedia1"> {{Rejea kitabu|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaanti00hink|title=Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2011|isbn=9780313331435|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaanti00hink/page/n204 156]|url-access=limited}}</ref> |- |1416 |Mji wa [[Ragusa]] |Utumwa na biashara yake kupigwa marufuku |- |1423 |Polandi |Mfalme anaamuru kuweka watumwa Wakristo huru.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Tablice historyczne|last=Mizerski|first=Witold|publisher=adamantan|year=2013|isbn=978-83-7350-246-8|location=Warsaw|pages=113|language=Polish}}</ref> |- |1435 |[[Visiwa vya Kanari]] |[[Papa Eugenio IV]] anakataza kufanya watumwa wenyeji wa [[Visiwa vya Kanari]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Eugene04/eugene04sicut.htm|title=Sicut Dudum Pope Eugene IV – January 13, 1435 – Papal Encyclicals|date=13 January 1435|work=papalencyclicals.net|accessdate=21 March 2018}}</ref> |- |1441 |{{flag|Ureno|1578}} |Watumwa wa kwanza waliokamatwa katika Afrika ya Magharibi wanafika Ureno |- |1477 |Kastilia ([[Hispania]]) |Malkia Isabella I anakataza utumwa katika maeneo yanayotwaliwa katika vita |- |1480 |[[File:ArmorialsegarXIII.jpg|26x26px]] [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] (Hispania) |Utwana uliopo bado unakomeshwa na wafalme |- |1493 |[[Kastilia]] (Hispania) |Malkia Isabella inakataza utumwa kwa wenyeji ([[Waindio|Waindio)]] katika maeneo mapya yaliyofikiwa na [[Kristoforo Kolumbus|Kolumbus]], isipokuwa wale wanaopiga vita dhidi ya Wahispania au wanaokula binadamu. Wenyeji wa [[Amerika]] watazamiwe kama raia wa ufalme. Anamkataza [[Kristoforo Kolumbus|Kolumbus]] kuuza Waindio aliowahi kukamata na kupeleka Hispania. Waliouzwa tayari wanatafutwa na kupewa uhuru. |} == 1500-1700 (Mwanzo wa Nyakati za Kisasa) == {| class="wikitable" !Tarehe !Eneo la mamlaka !Maelezo |- |1512 |[[Picha:Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg|frameless|35x35px]] [[Hispania]] |[[Sheria za Burgos]] zinaunda mfumo wa [[enconomienda]] kwa ajili ya Waindio huko Amerika ambao inalenga kuwalinda lakini hali halisi unaanzisha utaratibu wa kazi ya kulazimishwa. Waindio wengi kwenye Visiwa vya Karibi wanakufa kutokana na hali mbaya katika kazi ya kulazimishwa. |- |1518 | rowspan="3" |[[Picha:Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg|frameless|35x35px]] Hispania na koloni zake |Mfalme [[Karolo V]] anaanzisha sheria ya kutafuta watumwa katika Afrika kwa nia ya kulinda Waindio na kuzuia utumwa wao |- |1528 |Karolo V anakataza kupeleka Waindio hadi Ulaya, kwa shabaha ya kuzuia utumwa wao. Encomienda zinakatazwa kupokea dhahabu kama michango ya wenyeji kutokana na taarifa kwamba Waindo wameuza watoto wao ili kupata dhahabu kwa malipo hayo. |- |1530 |Utumwa wa kawaida wa Waindio unakataliwa kisheria. Lakini kazi ya kulazimishwa inaendelea katika mfumo wa [[enconomienda]]. |- |1537 |Amerika |[[Papa Paulo III]] anakataza utumwa wa watu wazalendo wa Amerika na watu wengine katika maeneo yatakayogunduliwa na mataifa ya kikatoliki, akisisitiza haki yao ya kuwa huru na kuwa na mali yao (Sublimis Deus).<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Compendium of Creeds, Definitions, and Declarations on Matters of Faith and Morals|last=Denzinger|first=Heinrich P.|publisher=Ignatius Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-89870-746-5|location=Santa Francisco, California|pages=367–8|author-link=Heinrich Denzinger}}</ref> |- |1542 | rowspan="4" |[[Picha:Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg|frameless|35x35px]] Hispania na koloni zake |Sheria Mpya zinakataza kuwakamata Wandio kuwa watumwa. Lakini zinaunda mfumo tofauti ya kazi ya kuzalimishwa kwa jina la "[[repartimiento]]". Utumwa wa Waafrika unaendelea.<ref name="EltisBradley2011"/> Mfumo wa enconomienda unapewa masharti ya nyongeza ya kupunguza unyonyaji ya wenyeji. |- |1549 |Enconomienda zinakataliwa kutumia kazi ya kulazimishwa. |- |1550-1551 |Mjini [[Valladolid]] (Hispania) kuna [[Mdahalo wa Valladolid|majadiliano ya hadhara]] kuhusu haki za wazalendo wa Amerika. |- |1552 |[[Bartolomeo Las Casas|Bartolomé de las Casas]] anachapisha kitabu chake "Taarifa fupi ya uharibifu wa Hindi" (''Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias'', Kiing. ''Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies'') ambako anaonyesha wazi kiasi cha madhulumu ya wenyeji chini ya Wahspania akidai mwisho wa utumwa. |- |1570 |{{flag|Ureno|1578}} |Mfalme Sebastian wa Ureno anakataza utumwa wa Waindio chini ya utawala wa Kireno, akiruhusu kuwafanya watumwa hao wanaopinga utawala wa Ureno. Sheria hiyo inaathiriwa na [[Shirika la Yesu|mapadre Wajesuiti]] waliokuwa na wamisionari kati ya makabila ya Waindio wa Brazil. |- | rowspan="2" |1574 |{{flagcountry|Uingereza}} |Wahadimu wa mwisho wa Uingereza wanapewa uhuru na malkia [[Elizabeth I wa Uingereza|Elizabeth I]].<ref name="encyclopedia1"/> |- | | |- | | | |- |1590 |[[Picha:Flag of Japan (1870–1999; vertical).svg|left|frameless|29x29px]][[Japani]] |Utumwa unapigwa marufuku isipokuwa kama adhabu ya wahalifu. |- |1595 |{{flag|Ureno|1578}} |Utumwa wa Wachina unakataliwa.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XHm4AAAAIAAJ&q=The+Japanese+and+the+Chinese+showed+strong+reluctance+to+the+idea+of+their+people+being+taken+as+slaves+by+the+Portuguese.|title=Legacies of slavery: comparative perspectives|last=Maria Suzette Fernandes Dias|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84718-111-4|page=71|access-date=2010-07-14}}</ref> |- |1609 |{{Flag icon|Hispania}} [[Habsburg Spain|Spain]] |Waislamu wa awali (Morisco), wengi wao walio mahadimu, wanafukuzwa kutoka Rasi ya Iberia isipokuwa wal kikubali kuwa watumwa (wakijulikana kama ''moros cortados''). Hata hvyo, wengi wao wanafaulu kuepukana na kufukuzwa au wakifaulu kurudi. |- |1624 |{{flag|Portugal|1578}} |Utumwa wa Wachina unakataliwa.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SDvOJRO7qu8C&q=chinese+declared+that+they+cannot+and+should+not+be+made+captive&pg=PA115|title=Between China and Europe: person, culture and emotion in Macao|last=Gary João de Pina-Cabral|publisher=Berg Publishers|year=2002|isbn=0-8264-5749-5|page=114|access-date=2010-07-14}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SDvOJRO7qu8C&q=chinese+declared+that+they+cannot+and+should+not+be+made+captive&pg=PA115|title=Between China and Europe: person, culture and emotion in Macao|last=Gary João de Pina-Cabral|publisher=Berg Publishers|year=2002|isbn=0-8264-5749-5|page=115|access-date=2010-07-14}}</ref> |- |1649 |[[File:Russian_coa_1589_grozny.png|24x24px]] Urusi |Kuuza watumwa Warusi kwa Waislamu kunakataliwa. |- |1652 |[[File:Ensign_of_New_England_(St_George's_Cross).svg|23x23px]] Mashamba wa Rhode Island, Marekani |Roger Williams na Samuel Gorton wanashughulika kuunda sheria inayobatilisha utumwa. Sheria haifaulu. |- |1677 |[[File:Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg|23x23px]] Milki ya Maratha, Uhindi |Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj anabatlisha utumwa, akiweka huru watumwa wote katika milki yake. |- |1679 |[[Picha:Flag of Russia (1668–1693).svg|left|frameless|35x35px]][[Urusi]] |Feodor III anabadilisha hali ya watumwa Warusi wote kuwa mahadimu. |- |1683 |[[Picha:Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg|frameless|35x35px]] [[Chile|Chile ya Kihispania]] |Utumwa wa mateka Wamapuche unafutwa.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Historias de racismo y discriminación en Chile|last=Valenzuela Márquez|first=Jaime|date=2009|editor-last=Gaune|editor-first=Rafael|pages=234–236|language=es|chapter=Esclavos mapuches. Para una historia del secuestro y deportación de indígenas en la colonia|editor-last2=Lara|editor-first2=Martín}}</ref> |- |1687 |[[Picha:Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg|frameless|35x35px]] [[Florida|Florida ya Kihispania]] |Watumwa watoro kutoka koloni za Uingereza katika Amerika ya Kaskazini hupewa uhuru wakigeukia ukatoliki na kukubali huduma ya kijeshi kwa miaka minne. |- |1688 |[[File:English_Red_Ensign_1620.svg|23x23px]] [[Pennsylvania]] |Makweka wa [[Germantown]] hufanya azimio dhidi ya utumwa wa Waafrika, wakiwa wa kwanza katika maeneo yanayoendelea Marekani. |} == 1701-1799 (Nyakati za kisasa) == {| class="wikitable" !Tarehe !Mamlaka !Maelezo |- |1703 |[[file:Ottoman army banner in the 1721 Hamse.svg|35px]] [[Milki ya Osmani]] |Mfuko wa [[devshirme]] (kutoa watoto Wakristo kutoka familia zao na kuwafanya Waislamu na wanajeshi) unakwisha. |- |1706 |{{flagcountry|Uingereza}} |Katika kesi ''Smith v. Browne & Cooper'' Sir John Holt, Jaji Mkuu wa Uingereza, anatoa hukumu inayosema "mara Mwafrika (''negro'') anafika kwenye ardhi ya Uingereza, atakuwa huru." |- |1711-1712 |[[File:Banner_of_the_Kingdom_of_Imereti.svg|26x26px]] [[Imereti]] |Mtawala Mamia I wa Imereti anakataza biashara ya watumwa. |- |1712 |{{flag|Hispania|1701}} |Watumwa waliowahi kuwa Waislamu wanafukuzwa Hispania |- |1723 |{{flagcountry|Urusi}} |[[Peter I wa Urusi]] anafika kwamba watumwa wore watakuwa wahadimu. Hali halisi utumwa kamili unafutwa Urusi. |- |1723–1730 |[[File:Seal_of_Qing_dynasty.svg|35px]] [[Nasaba ya Qing]] (China) |Mfalme anafuta utumwa akilenga kudhoofisha familia za wakubwa;watumwa wengi ni watu huru; hata hivyo nanna ya utumwa inaendelea hadi karne ya 20.<ref name="Encyclopedia1"/> |- |1732 |[[file:Colonial-Red-Ensign.svg|35px]] Jimbo la Kiingereza la Georgia (Amerika Kaskazini) |Kuanzishwa kwa Jimbo la Georgia katika Amerika Kaskazini linakubaliwa na Uingereza bila haki ya kutumia watumwa Waafrika, tofauti na jimbo jirani la Carolina. Mwaka 1738 [[James Oglethorpe]] anaonya kanuni hiyo isibadilishwe, maana "italeta madhara kwa maelfu huko Afrika." Lakini utumwa wa Waindio ni halali. Utumwa wa Waafrika inakubaliwa kwa Georgia mwaka 1749. |- |1738 |{{Flag icon|Hispania|1701}} Florida ya Kihispania |Hispania inakubali kuundwa kwa Fort Mose kama mji wa kwanza wa watumwa watoro Waafrika waliopata uhuru katika Afrika ya Kaskazini; habari zake zinahimiza uasi wa watumwa weusi katika Jimbo la Kiingereza la Carolina. |- |1761 |[[file:Flag_of_Portugal_(1750).svg|35px]] [[Ureno]] |Serikali inakataza kuingiza watumwa katika Ureno bara. |- |1766 |{{flag|Hispania|1701}} |Muhammad III wa Moroko ananunua uhuru wa watumwa wote Waislamu katika miji ya [[Sevilla]], Cádiz, na [[Barcelona]] (Hispania). |- |1772 |{{flagcountry|Uingereza}} |Hukumu katika [[Kesi ya Somersett]] inaamua kwamba mtu aliyepelekwa kama mtumwa Uingereza, ambako anastahili kuwa huru, hawezi kulazimishwa kurudi katika koloni ambako atakuwa mtumwa tena. Tokeo la hukumu ilikuwa uhuru wa watumwa wengi waliowahi kupelekwa hapa na mabwana yao kama watumishi wa nyumbani kutoka koloni. |- |1773 |[[file:Flag_of_Portugal_(1750).svg|35px]] [[Ureno]] |Amri mpya ya kifalme inatangaza uhuru wa watumwa wote wa kizazi cha nne na uhuru wa kila mtoto aliyezaliwa na mama aliye mtumwa tangu kutangazwa kwa amri. |- |1774 |[[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|35px]] [[Kampuni ya Kiingereza kwa Uhindi ya Mashariki]] |Serikali ya kampuni katika [[Bengali|Bengali]] inatoa sheria kuwa hairuhusiwi tena kuuza watumwa bila hati rasmi, pia hairuhusiwi tena kumwuza yeyote asiye mtumwa rasmi tayari kwenye tarahe ya sheria<ref name="Major2012">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://archive.org/details/slaveryabolition00majo|title=Slavery, Abolitionism and Empire in India, 1772-1843|last=Andrea Major|publisher=Liverpool University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-84631-758-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/slaveryabolition00majo/page/52 52]–55|url-access=registration}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |1775 |[[file:Colonial-Red-Ensign.svg|35px]] [[Jimbo la Virginia]] |Jenerali Mwingereza Dunmore anaahidi uhuru kwa watumwa wote wanaoondoka upande wa wanamapinduzi wa Marekani na kujiunga na jeshi la Kiingereza. |- |{{Flag icon|Marekani|1776}} [[Pennsylvania]] |Shirika la kukomesha utumwa linaanzishwa mjini [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]] ambayo ni shirika la kwanza lenye shabaha hilo katika maeneo ya Marekani. |- |{{Flag|Marekani|1776}} |Majimbo ya Marekani yako kwenye vita ya uhuru dhidi ya Uingereza na kwa wakati huu yanasimamisha [[biashara ya watumwa ya Atlantiki|biashara ya watumwa kupitia Atlantiki]]. Kusudi lake ni kuzuia aina yote ya biashara na Uingereza wakati wa vita.<ref name="Finkelman, Paul 2007">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://abolition.nypl.org/print/us_constitution/|title=The Abolition of The Slave Trade|publisher=New York Public Library|date=2007|accessdate=25 June 2014|author=Finkelman, Paul|archivedate=2018-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009202811/http://abolition.nypl.org/print/us_constitution/}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |1777 |{{Flag icon|Ureno|1750}} [[Visiwa vya Madeira|Madeira]] |Utumwa unakomeshwa visiwani. |- |[[file:Flag_of_the_Vermont_Republic.svg|35px]] [[Vermont]] (Marekani) |Katiba ya jimbo la [[Vermont]] (Marekani) inakomesha utumwa kisehemu; wanaume walio juu ya miaka 21 na wanawake walio juu ya umri wa miaka 18 wakati wa kutangazwa kwa katiba wanapata uhuru.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Constitution of Vermont (1777)|url=https://www.sec.state.vt.us/archives-records/state-archives/government-history/vermont-constitutions/1777-constitution.aspx#ChapterI|publisher=State of Vermont|accessdate=7 June 2014|year=1777|archivedate=2019-12-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228110403/https://www.sec.state.vt.us/archives-records/state-archives/government-history/vermont-constitutions/1777-constitution.aspx#ChapterI}}</ref> Kanuni hiyo haifuatiliwi kwa nguvu na serikali.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Lee Ann|first=Cox|title=UVM historian examines Vermont's mixed history of slavery and abolition|url=https://www.uvm.edu/uvmnews/news/patchwork-freedom}}</ref> |- |1778 |{{flag|Uskoti}} |Mtumwa Mwafrika Joseph Knight anashinda kesi yake kwenye mahakama kwamba sheria za Uskoti hazikubali utumwa. (isipokuwa wakati ule sehemu ya wafanyakazi wazalendo kwenye migodi ya makaa na chuvi walikuwa bado na hali ya watumwa kisheria)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Slavery, freedom or perpetual servitude? – the Joseph Knight case|url=http://www.nas.gov.uk/about/071022.asp|publisher=The National Archives of Scotland|accessdate=5 July 2014|archivedate=2011-08-22|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/617V4pVz9?url=http://www.nas.gov.uk/about/071022.asp}}</ref> |- |1779 |[[file:Colonial-Red-Ensign.svg|35px]] Amerika ya Kaskazini ya Kiingereza |Wakati wa vita ya uhuru wa Marekani, Uingereza inatangaza uhuru wa watumwa wote wanatoroka upande wa waasi wamarekani na kuhamia upande wa Uingereza, hata wasio tayari kujiunga na jeshi |- |1780 |{{Flag icon|Marekani|1777}} [[Pennsylvania]] |Sheria kuhusu hatua za kukomesha utuwamwa ''(Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery)'' inapitishwa inayoweka watoto huru watakaozaliwa na wazazi watumwa baada ya kutnagazwa kwa sheria. Waliowahi kuwa watumwa wanabaki vile. Watumwa wa mwisho wa Pennsylvania wanapata uhuru mwaka 1847. |- | rowspan="4" |1783 |{{flag|Urusi}} |Baada ya kuvamia na kuteka [[Krimea]], serikali ya Urusi inakomesha utumwa huko.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157|title=Historical survey > Slave societies|publisher=Britannica.com|accessdate=2013-08-28}}</ref> |- |[[File:Ensign_of_New_England_(pine_only).svg|35px]] [[Massachusetts]] |Mahakama Kuu ya Jimbo la Massachusetts inaamua utumwa haulingani na katiba ya jimbo ya 1780. Watumwa wote wanawekwa huru mara moja. |- |[[file:Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor with haloes (1400-1806).svg|35px]] [[Dola Takatifu la Kiroma]] |Kaizari [[Joseph II]] anakomesha utumwa katika mkoa wa [[Bukovina]]. |- |[[File:ColonyofNewHampshireSeal.png|20x20px]] [[New Hampshire]] |Jimbo hili la Marekani inaanza kukomesha utumwa kwa hatua. |- | rowspan="2" |1784 |[[File:Ensign_of_New_England_(pine_only).svg|35px]] [[Connecticut]] |Jimbo hili la Marekani inaanza kukomesha utumwa kwa hatua, likianza kuweka huru watoto wa watmwa wa sasa, na hatua kwa hatua watumwa wengine baadaye. |- |[[File:Ensign_of_New_England_(pine_only).svg|35px]] [[Rhode Island]] |Jimbo hili la Marekani inaanza kukomesha utumwa kwa hatua. |- |1788 |[[file:Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg|35px]] [[New South Wales]], Australia |Gavana wa kwanza anatangaza koloni mpya haitakuwa na watumwa. |- | rowspan="3" |1787 |{{Flag|Marekani|1777}} |Bunge la [[Muungano wa Madola ya Amerika]] (Marekani) linapitisha sheria inayokataza utumwa katika maeneno mapya kwenye maeneo ng'ambo ya mito [[Ohio (mto)|Ohio]] na [[Mississippi (mto)|Missisippi]] (majimbo ya baadaye ya [[Ohio]], [[Indiana]], [[Illinois]], [[Michigan]], [[Wisconsin]] na sehemu za [[Minnesota]]) |- |[[file:Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg|35px]] [[Sierra Leone]] |Sierra Leona inaanzishwa kama koloni kwa watumwa waliopewa uhuru.<ref>A. B. C. Sibthorpe, ''The history of Sierra Leone'' (1970) p. 8</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |[[file:Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg|35px]] [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] |Shirika la ukomeshaji wa biashara ya watuwa linaanzishwa katika Uingereza. |- | rowspan="3" |1788 |Sheria ya kwanza ya Kiingereza inayojaribu kudhibiti hali ya watumwa kwenye meli zinazowabeba. |- |[[file:Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg|35px]] Ufalme wa Ufaransa |Shirika la Marafiki wa Watu Weusi linaanzishwa mjini Paris kwa shabaha ya kukomesha utumwa. |- |{{flagcountry|Denmark}} |Mfumo wa uhadimu unalegzwa - wahadimu chini ya umri wa miaka 14 hawana masharti tena. |- |1789 |[[file:Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg|35px]] Ufalme wa Ufaransa |Mabaki ya uhadimu yanaondolewa katika hatua za kwanza ya [[Mapinduzi ya Kifaransa]]<ref>1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.</ref> |- |1791 |[[file:Chorągiew_królewska_króla_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg|35px]] Polandi-Lithuania |Katiba ya Polandi-Lithuania inaongeza usawa baina ya raia wa miji na makabaila; uhadimu wa wakulima unapungua. |- |1791 |[[file:Flag_of_France_(1790–1794).svg|35px]] [[Ufaransa]] |Baada ya mapinduzi bunge la Ufaransa linatangaza uhuru kwa watumwa wa kizazi cha pili katika koloni. |- |1792 |{{flag|Denmark}} |Mfalme wa Denmark iliyo na koloni katika [[Bahari Karibi]] anatangaza kukomeshwa kwa biashara ya watumwa kuanzia mwaka 1803. Hata hivyo, utumwa unandelea hadi 1848 kwenye koloni zake.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ATq5_6h2AT0C&q=abolish+slavery+iceland&pg=PA8|title=The Historical encyclopedia of world slavery, Volume 1|last=Rodriguez|first=Junius P.|year=1997|isbn=9780874368857|access-date=2013-08-28}}</ref> |- |1792 |[[Picha:Flag of Saint Helena.svg|35px]] [[Saint Helena]] |Kupeleka watumwa wapya kwenye kisiwa cha St. Helena kunapigwa marufuku; utumwa unaendelea kwa miongo kadhaa; kuanzia mwaka 1818 watoto wa watumwa wanapewa uhuru, katika miaka 1827 - 1834 watumwa wote wanapata uhuru hatua kwa hatua. <ref>https://sthelenaisland.info/slavery/ St. Helena and te abolition of slavery], tovuti ya St. Helena Info</ref>. |- | rowspan="2" |1793 |[[Picha:Flag of France (1790–1794).svg|35px]] [[Hispaniola|Saint-Domingue]] |Leger-Felicite Sonthonax, kamishna wa serikali ya [[mapinduzi ya Ufaransa]] ''(Comité de salut public)'' anatangaza mwisho wa utumwa kwenye sehemu ya kaskazini ya [[Hispaniola|Saint Domingue]] ([[Haiti]] ya baadaye); kamishna mwenzake kwenye kusini ya koloni anafuata. |- |[[File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg|35px]] [[Kanada]] |"Sheria dhidi ya Utumwa" inapiga marufuku uingizwaji wa watumwa |- | rowspan="3" |1794 |{{flagcountry|Ufaransa}} |Jamhuri ya Kifaransa inatangaza mwisho wa utumwa katika maeneo yote chini ya mamlaka yake, pamoja na koloni zake.<ref>David B. Gaspar, David P. Geggus, ''A Turbulent time: the French Revolution and the Greater Caribbean'' (1997) p. 60</ref> |- |{{Flag|Marekani|1777}} |Sheria kuhusu Biashara ya Watumwa ''(Slave Trade Act)'' inakataza meli zote za Marekani kubeba watumwa tena; hairihusiwi kupeleka watumwa nje ya Marekani kwenye meli za kigeni. |- |[[Picha:Chorągiew królewska króla Zygmunta III Wazy.svg|35px]] Polandi-Lithuania}} |Baada ya uasi wa wakulima katika mashariki ya Polandi, wahadimu wote (waliokuwa sehemu kubwa ya wakulima kwa jumla) wanapewa uhuru. |- |1798 |[[Picha:Flag of France (1790–1794).svg|35px]] [[Malta]] chini ya Ufaransa |Utumwa unakomeshwa na jeshi la Kifaransa baada ya uvamizi wa Malta.<ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Slavery in Malta|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20070410/letters/slavery-in-malta.20844}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |1799 |[[picha:Flag_of_New_York_(1896–1901).svg|35px]] [[New York]] |Sheria inapanga hatua za kukomesha utumwa, ikianza na watato wanaozaliwa kuanzia mwaka huu; hadi 1827 watumwa wote katika Jimbo la New York wanapata uhuru.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bWKTiIL6mVcC&pg=PA215|title=Emancipating New York: The Politics of Slavery and Freedom, 1777–1827|last=David N. Gellman|publisher=LSU Press|year=2008|isbn=9780807134658|pages=2, 215}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Uskoti}} |Sheria ya 1799 inaondoa hali ya utumwa au uhadimu wa wachimbaji wa makaa na chumvi uliokuwepo tangu mwaka 1606. |} == 1800-1829 == {| class="wikitable" !Tarehe !Eneo la mamlaka !Maelezo |- |1800 |[[File:Flag of the king of Joseon.svg|35px]] [[Korea]], ufalme wa Joseon |Watumwa na wahadimu wa serikali wanapata uhuru; utumwa wa binafsi unaendelea hadi mnamo 1894. |- |1800 |{{flag|Marekani|1795}} |Sheria kuhusu Biashara ya Watumwa inakataza raia wa Marekani wasishiriki katika biashari hiyo kimataifa; hali ya utumwa kufuanatana na sheria za majimbo mbalimbali za Marekani haibadilishwi. |- | rowspan="2" |1802 |[[Picha:Flag_of_France_(1790–1794).svg|35px]] [[Ufaransa]] |[[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleon]] anarudisha utumwa katika koloni za Ufaransa zinazozalisha sukari. |- |{{Flag icon|United States|1795}} [[Ohio]] |Katiba ya jimbo linabatilisha utumwa. |- |1803 |{{Flag|Denmark}} |Abolition of Danish participation in the transatlantic slave trade takes effect on January 1. |- | rowspan="2" |1804 |[[file:Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg|35px]] [[New Jersey]] (Marekani) |Jimbo linakomesha utumwa kisheria. |- |[[file:Flag_of_Haiti_(1803–1804).svg|35px]] [[Haiti]] |[[Haiti]] inatangaza uhuru wake baada ya mapinduzi ya watumwa na kukomesha utumwa. |- |1804–1813 |[[image:Flag of Revolutionary Serbia.svg|35px]] [[Serbia]] |Katika sehemu za Serbia zinazopigania uhuru kutoka [[Milki ya Osmani]] watumwa wanapewa uhuru. |- |rowspan="5"| 1807 |{{flag|Marekani|1795}} | "Sheria kuhusu uingizaji wa watumwa" inapiga marufuku kuingiza watumwa Marekani kutoka nje kuanzia 1 Januari 1808; sheria zinazohusu utumwa katika majimbo mbalimbali za Marekani haziathiriwi.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/30/opinion/30foner.html Foner, Eric. "Forgotten step towards freedom,"] ''New York Times''. 30 December 2007.</ref> |- |[[File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg|35px]] [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | [[Sheria kuhusu ukomeshaji wa biashara ya watumwa]] inakataza kufanya biashara ya watumwa kati ya Afrika, Aerika na maeneo ya [[Milki ya Uingereza]]. Nahodha ya meli atalipa faini ya pauni 120 kwa kila mtumwa anayembeba. [[Kundi la manowari la Afrika Magharibi (Uingereza)|Kundi la manowari la Afrika Magharibi]] linaanzishwa kwa shabaha ya kukomesha biashara ya watumwa; hadi 1865 linaweka huru watumwa 150,000.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2007/03/20/abolition_navy_feature.shtml Sailing against slavery. By Jo Loosemore] BBC</ref> |- |{{flag|Poland}} Utemi wa Warsaw | Katiba inafuta uhadimu.<ref name="Kantowicz1975"/> |- |[[File:Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_(1803-1892).svg|35px]] [[Prussia]], Ujerumani | Baada ya kushindwa kwenye vita dhidi ya Napoleoni Prussia inafuta uhadimu.<ref name="Kantowicz1975">{{cite book|last=Kantowicz|first=Edward R.|title=Polish-American politics in Chicago, 1888–1940|url=https://archive.org/details/polishamericanpo0000kant|url-access=registration|access-date=30 January 2012|year=1975|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-42380-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/polishamericanpo0000kant/page/6 6]}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Marekani|1795}} [[Michigan]] | Jaji Augustus Woodward hakubali kurudishwa kwa watumwa wawili waliokuwa mali ya mkazi wa Kanada. Katika hukumu yake jaji alisema kwamba mtu yeyote "anayeingia katika eneo hili kisheria ni mtu huru". <ref>{{cite web|last=Woodward|first=Augustus|title=Slavery in the Northwest Territory|url=http://www.absolutemichigan.com/dig/michigan/slavery-in-the-northwest-territory/|publisher=Leelanau Communications, Inc|access-date=10 September 2012|archive-date=2012-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006070212/http://www.absolutemichigan.com/dig/michigan/slavery-in-the-northwest-territory/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |1810 |[[File:Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg|35px]] [[Hispania Mpya]] (Mexiko) |Wakati wa vita ya uhuru ya Mexico kiongozi wake Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla anatangaza uhuru kwa watumwa. |- |rowspan="4"|1811 || [[File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg|35px]] [[Uingereza|U]]|| Adhabu za biashara ya watumwa zinaongezwa kwa raia za Ungereza na pia wageni. |- |{{flag|Hispania|1785}}|| Bunge linafuta haki za makabaila juu ya [[wahadimu]] wa awali.<ref name="artic1"/> |- |[[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|35px]] [[Kampuni ya Kiingereza kwa Uhindi ya Mashariki]] |Kampuni inakataza kuingiza watumwa katika maeneo yaliyo chini yake, ikiongeza sheria zake za 1774.<ref name="Major2012" /> |- |{{flag|Chile|1812}} || Bunge la kwanza la Chile linatangaza "Uhuru wa tumbo la uzazi", hiyo kuweka huru watoto wa watumwa wakizaliwa kwenye eneo la Chile; biashara ya watumwa inapigwa marufuku, na mtumwa anayekaa miezi sita katika Chile atakuwa mtu huru. |- |1812 |{{flag|Hispania|1785}} |Bunge la Hispania linakubali Katiba ya 1812, ambako wakazi wote wanapewa uraia na haki katika Hispania na koloni zale, isipokuwa watumwa. Kufutwa kwa utumwa unadaiwa na sehemu ya wabunga lakini haukubaliwi. |- | rowspan="2" |1813 |[[File:Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg|35px]] [[Hispania Mpya]] (Mexiko) |Kiongozi wa uhuru José María Morelos y Pavón anatangaza mwisho wa utumwa. |- |[[File:Flag of Argentina (civil).svg|35px]] [[Majimbo ya Rio de la Plata]] (baada ya uhuru kutoka Hispania) |Bunge la majimbo (baadaye nchi za [[Argentina]], [[Uruguay]] na [[Bolivia]]) linatangaza uhuru wa watoto wa watumwa wanaozaliwa baada ya 1813 watakapofika umri wa miaka 20 (wanaume) au 16 (wanawake).<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nkVxNVvex-sC&pg=PA95|title=Encyclopedia of the African Diaspora: vol 1|last=Carole Elizabeth Boyce Davies|year=2008|isbn=9781851097050|page=95}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |1814 |[[File:Flag of Argentina (civil).svg|35px]] Majimbo ya Rio de la Plata ([[Uruguay]]) |Watumwa wote katika sehemu za [[Uruguay]] hupewa uhuru |- |{{flag|Uholanzi}} |Uholanzi inakataza biashara ya watumwa. |- |[[Ufaransa]] |Mfalme Louis XVIII wa Ufaransa inakubali katika mkataba wa amani na Uingereza kumaliza biashara ya watumwa katika muda wa miaka 5<ref>[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)#Additional_Art.I Treaty of Paris (1814)], Kipengele cha ziada I, Wikisource</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |1815 |Ufaransa |[[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleon]] aliyerudi Paris kutoka uhamisho wa Elba anatangaza mwisho wa biashara ya watumwa, akifanya jaribio la kuonyesha uso mpya wa utawala wake. <ref>[https://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/legislation/c_slavery2.html<nowiki> Napoleon's Decree Abolishing the Slave Trade], tovuti ya The Napoleon Series (Waterloo Association)</nowiki></ref> |- |[[file:Flag_of_Portugal_(1750).svg|35px]] [[Ureno]] |Slave trade banned north of the [[Ikweta|Equator]] in return for a £750,000 payment by Britain. |- |{{Flag icon|Spain|1785}} [[Florida]] ya Kihispania |Baada ya Vita ya Uingereza dhidi Marekani ya 812, jeshi la Kiingereza linaacha ngome pamoja na silaha nyingi mkononi mwa watumwa watoro wanaoishika hadi kutekwa na jeshi la Marekanimwaka 1816. |- |[[File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg|35px]] [[Ufalme wa Maungano|Ufalme wa Muungano]]<br/>[[file:Flag_of_Portugal_(1750).svg|35px]] [[Ureno]]<br/>[[File:Swedish_civil_ensign_(1844–1905).svg|35px]] [[Uswidi|Uswidi-Norwei]]<br/>[[File:Royal_flag_of_France_during_the_Bourbon_Restoration.svg|35px]] [[Ufaransa|Ufalme wa Ufaransa]]<br /><br />{{Flag icon|AUT|empire}} [[Austria]]<br/>{{flag|Urusi}} <br/>{{flag|Hispania|1785}}<br /><br />[[File:Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_(1803-1892).svg|35px]] [[Prussia]], Ujerumani |[[Mkutano wa Vienna]] unatangaza nia ya kukomesha biashara ya watumwa.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m-B7BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA144|title=The Congress of Vienna and its Legacy|last=Mark Jarrett|year=2014|isbn=9781784530563|page=144}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |1816 |[[File:Eestimaa_värvid.svg|23x23px]] [[Estonia|Estonia ya Kirusi]] |[[Uhadimu]] unakomeshwa na gavana wa jimbo. |- |[[File:AlgierRegency2.svg|20x20px]] [[Algeria|Algeria ya Kiosmani]] |Manowari za Uingereza na Denmark zinapiga mji wa [[Algiers]] kwa shabaha ya kudhibiti [[biashara ya utumwa ya Afrika Kaskazini]] na kumlazimisha Dey wa Algiers kuacha watumwa 3000. |- | rowspan="6" |1817 |[[File:Flag_of_the_Courland_Governorate.svg|23x23px]] [[Kurland|Kurland ya Kirusi]] |[[Uhadimu]] unakomeshwa. |- ||[[File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg|35px]] [[Ufalme wa Maungano|Ufalme wa Muungano]]<br />{{flag|Hispania|1785}} |Uingereza inahimiza Hispania kukubali mkataba wa kukomesha biashara ya watumwa.<ref>[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1818/jan/28/copy-of-the-treaty-with-spain-for TREATY between his Britannic Majesty and his Catholic Majesty, for preventing their subjects from engaging in any illicit traffic in slaves. Signed at Madrid the 23rd of September 1817.], api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1818/jan/28</ref> |- |{{flag|Hispania|1785}} |Baada ya kupokea malipo kutoka Uingereza, Mfalme Ferdinand VII anatoa amri ya kukataza uingizaji wa watumwa katika koloni za Hispania kuanzia mwaka 1820. Utumwa mwenyewe na biashara ya ndani ya eneo havikataliwi. Magendo ya watumwa yanaendelea. |- |[[Picha:Bandera de Angostura (20 de noviembre de 1817).svg|frameless|35x35px]] [[Venezuela]] |[[Simon Bolivar]] (kiongozi wa uhuru wa Amerika Kusini) anadai mwisho wa utumwa.<ref name="artic1">[http://www.artic.ua.es/biblioteca/u85/documentos/1701.pdf Profa. Mª Magdalena Martínez Almira APUNTES sobre la ABOLICIÓN ESCLAVITUD EN ESPAÑA.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.artic.ua.es/biblioteca/u85/documentos/1701.pdf |date=20151123091201 }} ''artic.ua.es'', accessed 30 August 2019</ref> |- |[[Picha:Flag of New York (1896–1901).svg|frameless|35x35px]] [[New York (jimbo)|Jimbo la New York]] , Marekani |Sheria inaweka siku ya 4 Julai 1827 kama tarehe ambako uhadimu wa watumwa wa awali utakwisha.<ref>Higginbotham, pp. 146–47.</ref> |- |[[File:Flag of Argentina (civil).svg|23x23px]] [[Majimbo ya Rio de la Plata|Majimbo ya Rio Plata]] |Katiba inataja nia ya kuagana na utumwa, bila kuukomesha. |- | rowspan="3" |1818 |[[File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg|35px]] [[Ufalme wa Maungano|Ufalme wa Muungano]]<br /><br />[[Picha:Flag of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and Algarves.svg|frameless|35x35px]] [[Ureno]] |Uingereza inahimiza Ureno kukubali mkataba wa kukomesha biashara ya watumwa. |- |[[Picha:Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg|frameless|35x35px]] [[Ufaransa]] |Biashara ya watumwa inapigwa marufuku, ingaw inaendelea katika koloni. |- |[[File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg|35px]] [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]<br /><br />{{flag|Uholanzi}} |Uingereza inahimiza Uholanzi kubali mkataba kuhusu hatua za ziada za kutekeleza ukomeshaji wa biashara ya watumwa ulioahahiwa tangu 1814.<ref name="britleg2">"Chronological Table of the Statutes" (1959 edition)</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |1819 |[[File:Livonian_colours.svg|23x23px]] Livonia |[[Uhadimu]] unakomeshwa. |- |{{Flag icon|United Kingdom}} [[Kanada ya Juu]] |Wakazi wote weusi hutangazwa kuwa watu huru katika jimbo hilo. |- |[[Picha:Flag of Kingdom of Hawaii (1816–1845).svg|frameless|35x35px]] [[Hawaii]] |Mgawanyo katika jamii ya Hawaii katika matabaka ya watumwa na watu huru unakomeshwa.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Levin|first=Stephenie Seto|year=1968|title=The Overthrow of the Kapu System in Hawaii|url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_77_1968/Volume_77,_No._4/The_overthrow_of_the_kapu_system_in_Hawaii,_by_Stephenie_Seto_Levin,_p_402_-_430/p1|journal=Journal of the Polynesian Society|location=Wellington, NZ|publisher=Polynesian Society|volume=77|pages=402–430|access-date=2021-07-10|archive-date=2023-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419202518/https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_77_1968/Volume_77,_No._4/The_overthrow_of_the_kapu_system_in_Hawaii,_by_Stephenie_Seto_Levin,_p_402_-_430/p1|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |1820 |{{flag|Marekani|1820}} |Maafikiano kati ya majimbo ya kaskazini na kusini unakataza kwa upande mmoja utumwa upande wa kaskazini wa mstari wa [[latitudo]] ya 36º 30' na kuuruhusu upande wa kusini; kwa upande mwingine Sheria kuhusu Biashara ya Marekani inabadilishwa kwa kutaja biashara ya watumwa kama tendo la [[uharamia]] na kuiadhibu kwa [[adhabu ya mauti]]. |- |[[File:Indiana-StateSeal.svg|23x23px]] [[Indiana]], Marekani |Mahakama Kuu ya jimbo linaagiza karibu watumwa wote jimboni wanapaswa kupewa uhuru wao. |- |{{flag|Hispania|1785}} |Biashara ya watumwa ni jinai kuanzia sasa kulingana na mapatano ya 1817.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/liverpool/localhistory/journey/american_connection/slavery/timeline.shtml|title=Slavery- A Timeline}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |1821 |[[Picha:Bandera del Primer Imperio Mexicano.svg|frameless|35x35px]] [[Mexiko]] |Tangazo la wanamapinduzi wa Mexico katika vita ya uhuru dhidi ya Hispania inaweka watumwa wote huru waliozaliwa Mexiko<ref name="artic12">[http://www.artic.ua.es/biblioteca/u85/documentos/1701.pdf Profa. Mª Magdalena Martínez Almira APUNTES sobre la ABOLICIÓN ESCLAVITUD EN ESPAÑA.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.artic.ua.es/biblioteca/u85/documentos/1701.pdf |date=20151123091201 }} ''artic.ua.es'', accessed 30 August 2019</ref>. |- | | |- |[[Picha:Flag of Peru (1821–1822).svg|frameless|35x35px]] [[Peru]] |Peru inakataza biashara ya watumwa na kuanza kukomesha utumwa polepoe hatua kwa hatua.<ref name="artic13">[http://www.artic.ua.es/biblioteca/u85/documentos/1701.pdf Profa. Mª Magdalena Martínez Almira APUNTES sobre la ABOLICIÓN ESCLAVITUD EN ESPAÑA.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.artic.ua.es/biblioteca/u85/documentos/1701.pdf |date=20151123091201 }} ''artic.ua.es'', accessed 30 August 2019</ref> |- |[[Picha:Flag of the Gran Colombia.svg|frameless|35x35px]] [[Kolombia|Kolombia Kubwa]] |Uhuru kwa watoto wa watumwa wanawake, mradi wa kufidia mabwana unaanzishwa.<ref name="aguilera">{{Rejea kitabu|title=La Legislacion y el derecho en Colombia|last=Aguilera|first=Miguel|publisher=Lemer|year=1965|series=Historia extensa de Colombia|volume=14|location=Bogota|pages=428–442}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |1822 |{{Flag icon|Haiti|1859}} [[Haiti]] |Jean Pierre Boyer kutoka Haiti anavamia upande wa Kihispania wa kisiwa cha [[Hispaniola]] na kukomesha utumwa pia upande ule. |- |[[File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg|35px]] [[Ufalme wa Maungano|Ufalme wa Muungano]]<br/>[[File:Royal_flag_of_France_during_the_Bourbon_Restoration.svg|35px]] [[Ufaransa|Ufalme wa Ufaransa]]<br/>{{Flag icon|AUT|empire}} [[Austria]]<br />{{flag|Urusi}}<br/>[[File:Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_(1803-1892).svg|35px]] [[Prussia]], Ujerumani |Wanaoshiriki kwenye [[Mkutano wa Verona]] wanathibitisha nia yao kukomesha biashara ya watumwa.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/africaandbrusse00banngoog/page/n7/mode/2up Banning, Emile: Africa and the Brussels Geographical Conference], London 1877, uk. 135</ref> |- |{{Flag icon|United States|1822}} [[Liberia]] |Liberia inaanzishwa kama koloni kwa ajili ya watumwa kutoka Marekani waliopata uhuru wao. |- |[[Picha:Flag of Muscat.svg|frameless|35x35px]] [[Oman]]<br /><br />{{flag|Ufalme wa Muungano}} |Uingereza inahimiza Sultani wa Oman kukubali biashara ya watumwa huko [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa Zanzibar|Zanzibar]]; hata hivyo biashara ya magendo inaendelea, pamoja na biashara ya watumwa kati ya bara na Zanzibar. |- | rowspan="3" |1823 |{{flag|Chile}} |Utumwa unakomeshwa. |- |{{flagcountry|Ufalme wa Muungano}} |The Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery Throughout the British Dominions (Anti-Slavery Society) is founded. |- |{{flag|Ugiriki}} |Katiba ya Ugiriki inayotungwa wakati wa vita ya uhuru dhidi ya [[Milki ya Osmani]] inakataza utumwa .<ref>Greek Constitution of 1823, article 9, https://www.hellenicparliament.gr/UserFiles/f3c70a23-7696-49db-9148-f24dce6a27c8/syn07.pdf</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |1824 |{{flag|Mexico|1823}} |Katiba mpya inakomesha utumwa. |- |[[File:Flag_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Central_America.svg|23x23px]] [[Shirikisho la Amerika ya Kati|Amerika ya Kati]] |Utumwa unakomeshwa. |- | rowspan="2" |1825 |[[Picha:Flag of Treinta y Tres Department.svg|frameless|35x35px]] [[Uruguay]] |Uingizaji wa watumwa unakatazwa. |- |{{Flag icon|Haiti|1859}} [[Haiti]] |Ufaransa inatuma manowari Haiti na kulazimisha serikali yake kukubali kulipa fidia kwa kupoteza koloni yake na kupoteaza watumwa |- | rowspan="3" |1827 |{{flagcountry|Ufalme wa Muungano}}<br /><br />[[Picha:Flag of Sweden.svg|frameless|35x35px]] [[Uswidi|Uswidi-Norwei]] |Mkataba wa pamoja unakomesha biashara ya watumwa katika maeneo yake |- |[[Picha:Flag of New York (1896–1901).svg|frameless|35x35px]] [[New York (jimbo)|Jimbo la New York]] , Marekani |Mabaki ya utumwa yanafutwa; watoto wa watumwa waliozaliwa kati ya 1799 na 1827 sasa ni wahadimu hadi kufikia umri wa miaka 25 (wanawake) au 28 (wanaume).<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bWKTiIL6mVcC&pg=PA215|title=Emancipating New York: The Politics of Slavery and Freedom, 1777–1827|last=David N. Gellman|year=2008|isbn=9780807134658|pages=2, 215}}</ref> |- |{{Flag icon|UK|1801}} [[Saint Helena]] (Uingereza) |Watumwa 800 wakazi wa kisiwa wanapewa uhuru kihatua. |- |1829 |{{flag|Mexico|1823}} |Uhuru wa watumwa wa mwisho unatangazwa. |} == 1830-1849 == {| class="wikitable" !Date !Jurisdiction !Description |- |1830 |[[Picha:Flag of Coahuila y Tejas.svg|frameless|35x35px]] [[Texas|Coahuila y Tejas]] (Texas ya Kimexiko) |Walowezi Wamarekani katika Texas ya Kimexiko wanatangaza watumwa wao kuwa wahadiumu kwa miaka 99, baada ya serikali kuu ya Mexiko kutangaza uhuru wa watumwa wote. Swali la utumwa linahamasisha walowezi hao kufanya mipango ya kujitenga na Mexiko.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GmK6Sq0ojOUC&pg=PA15|title=Black Texans: A History of African Americans in Texas, 1528–1995|last=Alwyn Barr|year=1996|isbn=9780806128788|page=15}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |1830 |{{flag|Uruguay}} |Utumwa unakomeshwa. |- |[[Picha:Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844–1922).svg|frameless|35x35px]] [[Milki ya Osmani]] |Sultani [[Mahmud II]] anatoa amri ya kuweka huru watumwa wote Wazungu |- | rowspan="2" |1831 |[[Picha:Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg|frameless|35x35px]] [[Bolivia]] |Utumwa unakomeshwa. |- |[[Picha:Flag of Brazil (1822–1853).svg|frameless|35x35px]] [[Brazil]] |Sheria ya 7 Novemba 1831 inapiga marufuku biashara ya watumwa kupitia bahari na kuingiza watumwa ndani ya nchi kutoka nje. Watumwa waliopelekwa nchini kinyume cha sheria wanapewa uhuru. Sheria hiyo haitekelezwi kabla ya mwaka 1850 ambako Uingereza inaongeza shinikizo dhidi ya serikali. |- |1832 |[[Picha:Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg|frameless|35x35px]] [[Ugiriki]] |Utumwa unakomeshwa baada ya uhuru kutoka Milki ya Osmani. |- | rowspan="2" |1834 |{{flagcountry|Ufalme wa Muungano}} |Sheria ya Kukomesha Utumwa ''(Slavery Abolition Act)'' ya 1833 inafuta utumwa hatua kwa hatua (katika muda wa miaka 6) kote katika [[Milki ya Uingereza]] pamoja na koloni zake, isipokuwa katikia maeneo ya [[Kampuni ya Kiingereza kwa Uhindi ya Mashariki]] na [[Ceylon]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/antislavery_01.shtml|title=British Anti-slavery|author=Oldfield|first=Dr John|date=February 17, 2011|work=BBC History|publisher=BBC|accessdate=January 2, 2017|quote=the new legislation called for the gradual abolition of slavery. Everyone over the age of six on August 1, 1834, when the law went into effect, was required to serve an apprenticeship of four years in the case of domestics and six years in the case of field hands}}</ref> Watumwa 700,000 kwenye Visiwa vya Karibi, 20,000 katika [[Morisi]] na 40,000 katika [[Afrika Kusini]] wanapata uhuru. |- |[[Picha:Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg|frameless|35x35px]] [[Ufaransa]] |Shirika la Kifaransa kwa Ukomeshaji wa Utumwa inaundwa mjini Paris. |- | rowspan="4" |1835 |{{flag|Serbia|name=Serbia}} |Kila mtumwa anayefikia [[Serbia]] anapata uhuru wake.<ref>Serbian: {{Rejea tovuti|url=http://serbum.com/?p%3D1253|title=Сретењски устав – Устав Књажества Сербије|accessdate=2013-06-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213301/http://serbum.com/?p=1253|archivedate=4 October 2013}}</ref> |- |[[Picha:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|frameless|35x35px]] [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]<br /><br />[[Picha:Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg|frameless|35x35px]] [[Ufaransa]] | rowspan="2" |Mikataba kati ya Ufalme wa Muungano (Uingereza) na serikali za Ufaransa na Denmark inamaliza rasmi biashara ya watumwa ya nchi hizo. |- |{{flagcountry|Ufalme wa Muungano}}<br /><br />{{flag|Denmark}} |- |{{flag|Peru|1825}} |Raisi wa Peru anaruhusu tena kuingiza watumwa kutoka nchi nyingine za Amerika Kusini. Sentensi "Hakuna mtumwa anayefika Peru bila kupewa uhuru wake" inaondolewa katima katiba. |- | rowspan="2" |1836 |{{flag|Portugal|1830}} |Serikali inakataza biashara ya watumwa ya kuvukia Atlantiki pamoja na kuchukua watumwa kutoka koloni za Ureno zilizopo upande wa kusini mkwa ikweta. |- |[[Picha:Flag of the Republic of Texas (1836–1839).svg|frameless|30x30px]] [[Texas]] |Utumwa unaruhusiwa tena baada ya uhuru wa Texas. |- |1837 |{{flag|Hispania|1785}} |Utumwa unakomeshwa nje ya koloni ambako unaendelea. |- |1838 |{{flagcountry|Ufalme wa Muungano}} |Hatimaye watumwa wote kwenye koloni wanapata uhuru baada ya kipindi cha miaka 6 tangu 1933 walipokuwa wahadimu. |- | rowspan="3" |1839 |{{flagcountry|Ufalme wa Muungano}} |Shirika ya Kukomesha Utumwa ya Uingereza na Ng'ambo (''British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society'', leo hii ''[[:en:Anti-Slavery International|Anti-Slavery International]]'') inaanzishwa. |- |[[Picha:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg|frameless|30x30px]] [[Kampuni ya Kiingereza kwa Uhindi ya Mashariki|Kampuni ya Kiingereza kwa Uhindi ya Masha]]<nowiki/>riki |Mfumo wa uhadimu wa Uhindi unafutwa katika maeneo chini ya [[Kampuni ya Kiingereza kwa Uhindi ya Mashariki]] lakioni unarudishwa mwaka 1842. |- |{{Flag icon|Papal States}} [[Kanisa Katoliki]] |[[Papa Gregori XVI|Papa Gregory XVI]] anatunga waraka la ''In supremo apostolatus'' linaloshutumu utumwa. |- | rowspan="3" |1840 |{{flagcountry|Ufalme wa Muungano}}<br /><br />{{flag|Venezuela|1836}} |Mkataba baina ya nchi unakomesha biasharay a watumwa. |- |{{flagcountry|Ufalme wa Muungano}} |Kongamano la Kimataifa la Kwanza la Kupinga Utumwa linakutana mjini [[London]]. |- |{{flagcountry|New Zealand|1834}} |Mkataba wa Waitangi unakataza kukamatwa kwa watumwa jinsi ilivyokuwa desturi kati ya [[Wamaori]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.theprow.org.nz/maori/slavery-in-colonial-times/#.Xxv-NuHVKUk|title=Slavery in Colonial Times|date=2010|accessdate=2021-07-10|archive-date=2023-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521000057/https://www.theprow.org.nz/maori/slavery-in-colonial-times#.Xxv-NuHVKUk|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |1841 |{{flagcountry|Ufalme wa Muungano}}<br /><br />[[Picha:Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg|frameless|30x30px]] [[Ufaransa]]<br /><br />{{flag|Urusi}}<br /><br />[[Picha:Flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1803-1892).svg|frameless|30x30px]][[Prussia]]<br /><br />[[Picha:Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg|frameless|30x30px]] [[Austria]] |Mkataba wa nchi hizo tano wa kukomesha biashara ya watumwa. |- |{{flag|Marekani|1837}} |Kesi ya ''United States v. The Amistad'' inafanya hukumu kwamba wafungwa Waafrika kwenye jahazi ''[[La Amistad]]'' hawakuwa watumwa kihalali na hivyo waliruhusiwa kupigana na hao waliowateka kwa namna yoyote. |- | rowspan="2" |1842 |{{flagcountry|Ufalme wa Muungano}}<br /><br />{{flag|Ureno|1830}} |Mkataba kati ya nchi hizo unaimarish the slave trade ban to Portuguese ships south of the Equator. |- |{{flag|Paraguay|1842}} |Sheria inapitishwa kuhusu ukomeshaji wa utumwa hatua kwa hatua. |- | rowspan="5" |1843 |[[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|35px]] [[Kampuni ya Kiingereza kwa Uhindi ya Mashariki]] |Sheria kuhusu utumwa wa Kihindi ya 1843 inafuta utumwa katika maeneo yaliyo chini ya kampuni. |- |{{flagcountry|Ufalme wa Muungano}}<br /><br />{{flag|Uruguay}} | rowspan="4" |Mikataba kati ya Uingereza na nchi hizo zinakomesha biashara ya watumwa |- |{{flagcountry|Ufalme wa Muungano}}<br />[[Picha:Flag of Mexico.svg|frameless|30x30px]] [[Mexiko]] |- |{{flagcountry|Ufalme wa Muungano}}<br />{{flag|Chile}} |- |{{flagcountry|Ufalme wa Muungano}}<br />[[File:Flag_of_Bolivia_(state,_1826-1851).svg|23x23px]] [[Bolivia]] |- | rowspan="1" |1844 |[[Picha:Flag of Moldavia.svg|frameless|30x30px]] [[Moldavia]] |Utumwa unakomeshwa. |- | rowspan="2" |1845 |{{flagcountry|Ufalme wa Muungano}} |Manowari 36 zinapangwa katika [[Kundi la manowari la Afrika Magharibi (Uingereza)|Kundi la manowari la Afrika Magharibi]] kwa kuzuia biashara ya watumwa ambalo liko sasa kati ya majeshi makubwa ya majini duniani. |- |[[File:Seal_of_Illinois.svg|23x23px]] [[Illinois]] |Mahakama Kuu ya Illinois inaweka huru wahadimu wa mwisho.<ref name="ILFreedomTrail">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.freedomtrails2legacies.org/slavery.htm|title=Slavery In Illinois: How and Why the Underground Railroad Existed|author=Dexter|first=Darrel|date=2004|work=Freedom Trails: Legacies of Hope|publisher=Illinois Freedom Trail Commission|accessdate=6 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204033514/http://freedomtrails2legacies.org/slavery.htm|archivedate=4 February 2016}}</ref> |- |1846 |{{flag|Tunisia}} |Utumwa unakomeshwa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/memory-of-the-world/register/full-list-of-registered-heritage/registered-heritage-page-1/the-abolition-of-slavery-in-tunisia-1841-1846/|title=The Abolition of Slavery in Tunisia 1841-1846 &#124; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|work=www.unesco.org}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |1847 |[[Picha:Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844–1922).svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Milki ya Osmani]] |Biashara ya watumwa kutoka Afrika inakomeshwa.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7p_S58y2BUC&pg=PA11|title=Slavery and Abolition in the Ottoman Middle East|last=Ehûd R. Tôledānô|year=1998|isbn=9780295802428|page=11}}</ref> |- |[[Picha:Swedish civil ensign (1844–1905).svg|frameless|30x30px]] [[Saint-Barth|Saint Barth]] |Kwenye kisiwa hicha katika [[Visiwa vya Karibi|Karibi]] ambacho ni koloni ya [[Uswidi]], watumwa wa mwisho wanapewa uhuru. |- |[[Picha:Flag of Pennsylvania.svg|frameless|30x30px]] [[Pennsylvania]] (Marekani) |Wahadimu wa mwisho (watumwa wa awali) wanapata uhuru wao. |- |{{Flag icon|Denmark}} [[Denmark|Visiwa vya Denmark katika Karibi]] |Amri ya mfalme inaagiza uhuru wa watoto wa watumwa na mwisho wa utumwa wote baada ya miaka 12. |- | rowspan="5" |1848 |[[Picha:Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg|frameless|30x30px]] [[Austria]] |[[Uhadimu]] unakomeshwa.<ref name="Anderson2010">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OSsCocp6p8YC&pg=PA77|title=Marx at the margins: on nationalism, ethnicity, and non-western societies|last=Anderson|first=Kevin|date=15 May 2010|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-01983-3|page=77|access-date=30 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="Smith2010">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WM8c8VdqCV8C&pg=PA65|title=Catholic Church Milestones: People and Events That Shaped the Institutional Church|last=Smith|first=William Frank|date=November 2010|publisher=Dog Ear Publishing|isbn=978-1-60844-821-0|page=65|access-date=30 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="Kamusella2007">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lt3WuwSbItAC&pg=PA73|title=Silesia and Central European nationalisms: the emergence of national and ethnic groups in Prussian Silesia and Austrian Silesia, 1848–1918|last=Kamusella|first=Tomasz|publisher=Purdue University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-1-55753-371-5|page=73|access-date=30 January 2012}}</ref> |- |[[Picha:Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg|frameless|30x30px]] [[Ufaransa]] |Utumwa unakomeshwa kwenye koloni. [[Gabon]] inaanzishwa kama koloni na makazi kwa watumwa waliowekwa huru. |- |{{Flag icon|Denmark}} [[Denmark|Visiwa vya Denmark katika Karibi]] |Gavana wa koloni ya [[St. Croix]] anatangaza uhuru kwa watumwa wote akilenga kumaliza uasi wao. Anaitwa kurudi nyumbani na kupelekwa mbele ya mahakama lakini mashatki hayaendelezwi. |- |{{flag|Denmark}} |Mabaki ya uhadimu yanakomeshwa. |- |{{flagcountry|Ufalme wa Muungano}}<br />[[Picha:Flag of Muscat.svg|frameless|30x30px]] [[Omani|Muscat na Omani]] | rowspan="2" |Mikataba kati ya Uingereza na nchi hizo zinalenga kukomesha biashara ya watumwa |- | rowspan="2" |1849 |{{flagcountry|Ufalme wa Muungano}}<br />[[Picha:Flag of the Trucial States (1968–1971).svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Falme za Kiarabu]] |- |{{Flag icon|Ufalme wa Muungano}} [[Sierra Leone]] |Jeshi la majini la Uingereza linabomoa kambi la watumwa la [[Lomboko]]. |} == 1850-1899 == {| class=wikitable |- ! Date ! Jurisdiction ! Description |- |rowspan="2"|1850 || {{flag|Marekani|1848}}|| Sheria kuhusu watumwa watoro inadai kurudishwa kwa watumwa kwa mabwana hata kama wamefika katika majimbo pasipo na utumwa. |- |{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazil]]|| Sheria mpya inafanya biashara ya watumwa kupitia bahari kuwa jinai ya uharamia.<ref>{{cite book|author=David T. Haberly|title=Abolitionism in Brazil: Anti-slavery and anti-slave|publisher=Luso-Brazilian|year=1972|pages=30–46}}</ref> |- |rowspan="5"|1851 |{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazil]] {{flag|Uruguay}} |Mkataba baina ya nchi mbili unawaruhusu Wabrazil wenye mashamba katika Uruguay kuwa na watumwa, Uruguay inakubali kurudisha watumwa watoro Brazil. |- |[[Picha:Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Banner.svg|frameless|30x30px]] Milki ya Taiping (China)|| Milki ya waasi wa Taiping inatangaza mwisho wa utumwa, pamoja na kupiga marufuku [[afyuni]], kamari, ndoa ya wake wengi na kufunga miguu ya wanawake.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/texts/taiping.html |title=Chinese Cultural Studies: The Taiping Rebellion, 1851-1864 |access-date=2015-11-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201013616/http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/texts/taiping.html |archive-date=1 December 2015 |df=dmy-all |accessdate=2021-08-11 |archivedate=2015-12-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201013616/http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/texts/taiping.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://factsanddetails.com/china/cat2/sub4/item54.html|title=TAIPING REBELLION – Facts and Details |first=Jeffrey |last=Hays |website=factsanddetails.com|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref><ref>[http://www.olemiss.edu/courses/inst203/taiping.txt Lester K. Buehler, Ph.D: A Study of the Taiping Rebellion] ''olemiss.edu'', accessed 30 August 2019</ref> |- |[[File:Flag of New Granada.svg|23px]] [[Granada mpya|Granada Mpya]] (Kolumbia) || Utumwa unakomeshwa.<ref name="aguilera" /> Wenye watumwa wanapata fidia kutoka serikali.<ref>{{Rejea habari|last=Tovar Pinzón|first=Hermes|date=November 1994|title=La manumisión de esclavos en Colombia, 1809- 1851, Aspectos sociales, económicos y políticos|work=Revista Credencial|url=https://www.banrepcultural.org/biblioteca-virtual/credencial-historia/numero-59/la-manumision-de-esclavos-en-colombia-1809-1851|access-date=April 20, 2020|accessdate=2021-08-11|archivedate=2021-01-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102015104/https://www.banrepcultural.org/biblioteca-virtual/credencial-historia/numero-59/la-manumision-de-esclavos-en-colombia-1809-1851}}</ref> |- |[[Picha:Flag of Ecuador (1845–1860).svg|frameless|30x30px]] [[Ekuador]]|| Utumwa unakomeshwa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enciclopediadelecuador.com/historia-del-ecuador/esclavitud/|title=Esclavitud – Historia del Ecuador – Enciclopedia Del Ecuador|date=28 March 2016|website=enciclopediadelecuador.com|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=2023-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419113209/https://www.enciclopediadelecuador.com/historia-del-ecuador/esclavitud/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[Lagos]] || Jeshi la majini ya Uingereza linavamia Lagos na kumfukuza Oba (mfalme) [[Kosoko]] aliyekataa kukomesha biashara ya watumwa. |- |rowspan="2"|1852 || [[Picha:Flag of Hawaii (1816).svg|frameless|30x30px]] [[Hawaii|Ufalme wa Hawaii]]|| Katiba ya ufalme wa Hawaii inatangaza utumwa ni marufuku.<ref name="WongRayson1987">{{cite book |last1=Wong |first1=Helen |last2=Rayson |first2=Ann |title=Hawaii's Royal History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sY8iLDyCltMC |year=1987 |publisher=Bess Press |location=Honolulu |isbn=978-0-935848-48-9 |page=101}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Ufalme wa Muungano}}<br>[[Lagos]] || Mkataba kati ya Uingereza na mfalme mpya wa Lagos unakataza biashara ya watumwa na [[dhabihu ya wanadamu]]. |- |1853 || {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Argentine Confederation|Argentina]] || Utumwa unakomeshwa.<ref>{{cite book|author=Robert J. Cottrol|title=The Long, Lingering Shadow: Slavery, Race, and Law in the American Hemisphere|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xcv0b9Ym43cC&pg=PA121|year=2013|publisher=University of Georgia Press|page=121|isbn=9780820344058}}</ref> |- |rowspan="3"|1854 || {{flag|Peru|1825}} || Utumwa unakomeshwa.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jorge Basadre|title=Historia de la República del Perú. 1822 - 1933|year=1998|orig-year=First published 1939|publisher=Ricardo Parma University Press|volume=4|edition=8th|pages=833–835|language=es}}</ref><ref name="timeline"/> |- |{{flag|Venezuela|1836}} || Utumwa unakomeshwa.<ref name="timeline"/><ref name="aguilera" /> |- |[[Picha:Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844–1922).svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Milki ya Osmani]]|| Biashara ya watoto kutoka [[Circassia]] katika [[Kaukazi]] inapigwa marufuku.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} |- |1855 || {{flag|Moldavia}} || rowspan="2" | Utumwa unakomeshwa. |- |1856 || {{flag|Wallachia}} |- |rowspan="2"|1857 || {{flag|Marekani|1851}}|| Katika kesi ya ''[[Dred Scott v. Sanford]]'' Mahakama Kuu inatoa hukumu kwamba watu weusi na wadhuria wao hawawezi kuwa raia wa Marekani na kwamba mtumwa hawezi kupata uhuru akiishi kwa miaka mingi katika jimbo lisilo na utumwa. |- |[[File:Flag of Muhammad Ali.svg|23px]] [[Misri]]|| Sheria inakataza biashara ya watumwa Waafrika weusi. Biashara inaendelea. |- |1858 || [[Picha:Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844–1922).svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Milki ya Osmani]]|| Biashara ya watumwa Waafrika weusi inakataliwa katika majimbo ya Mashariki ya Kati, Ulaya na Kupri. |- | rowspan="2" |1859 || [[Atlantic Ocean]] || Hatimaye [[Biashara ya watumwa ya Atlantiki|biashara ya watumwa ya Bahari Atlantiki]] inakomeshwa. |- | {{Flag|Russia}} || [[Wakazakhi]] katika milki ya Urusi wanakataliwa kuwa na watumwa ingawa utumwa unaendelea katika maeneo kadhaa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/97summer/galiev.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-08-11 |archivedate=2019-09-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904124830/http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/97summer/galiev.html }}</ref> |- | 1860 || {{flag|Marekani|1859}} |Meli ya mwisho inaleta watumwa Marekani. |- |rowspan="2"|1861 || {{flag|Russia}} || [[Uhadimu]] unakomeshwa.<ref>Peter Kolchin, ''Unfree Labor'' (1987)</ref> |- |{{flag|Marekani|1861}}|| Uchaguzi wa [[Abraham Lincoln]] kuwa rais wa Marekani unasababisha uasi wa majimbo yenye utumwa na hivyo [[Vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe ya Marekani|Vita ya wenywe kwa wenyewe ya Marekani]]. |- |rowspan="3"|1862 || {{flag|Marekani|1861}}<br>{{flagcountry|Ufalme wa Muungano}}|| Mkataba baina ya serikali inakataza biashara ya watumwa, hasa kutoka Afrika ''(African Slave Trade Treaty Act)''.<ref name="britleg" /> |- |{{flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[Kuba|Kuba ya Kihispania]]|| Biashara ya watumwa inakomeshwa.<ref name="timeline"/> |- | {{flag|Marekani|1861}}|| [[Nathaniel Gordon]] becomes the only person hanged in U.S. history "for being engaged in the slave trade". |- |rowspan="4"|1863 || {{flag|Uholanzi}}|| Utumwa unakomeshwa katikam koloni za Uholanzi; watumwa 33,000 katika [[Surinam]] na 12,000 katika [[Curaçao]] wanapata uhuru wao,<ref>Finkelman and Miller, ''Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery'' 2:637</ref> pamoja na nidadi isiyojulikana katika koloni ya Indonesia. |- |{{flag|Marekani|1863}}|| [[Abraham Lincoln|Rais Lincoln]] anatangaza uhuru wa watumwa wote katika majimbo yaliyoasi na kuunda [[Shirikisho la Madola ya Marekani]]. |- |{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Iceland]] || Exemptions introduced to serfdom under the [[Vistarband]] system. |- |[[New Zealand]]|| Utumwa unakomeshwa kwenye Visiwa vya Chatham.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last1= Davis|first1= Denise|last2= Solomon|first2= Māui|encyclopedia= [[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]]|title= Moriori - The impact of new arrivals|url= https://teara.govt.nz/en/moriori/page-4}}</ref> |- |1864 ||[[Picha:Military ensign of Vistula Flotilla of Congress Poland.svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Polandi|Polandi ya Kirusi]]||[[Uhadimu]] unakomeshwa [[Abolition of serfdom in Poland|.]]<ref name="bardach">Juliusz Bardach, Boguslaw Lesnodorski, and Michal Pietrzak, ''Historia panstwa i prawa polskiego'', > *Warsaw: Paristwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1987, pp. 389–394</ref> |- |rowspan="3"|1865 || {{flag|Marekani|1865}}|| Utumwa unakomeshwa (isipokuwa kama adhabu ya jinai) katika nyongeza ya 13 ya katiba ya Marekani. Watumwa 40,000 waliobaki katika majimbo yenye utumwa ambayo hayakuasi mwaka 1961.<ref name="Mississippi13thAmendmentABCNews">{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2013/02/mississippi-officially-abolishes-slavery-ratifies-13th-amendment/|title=Mississippi Officially Abolishes Slavery, Ratifies 13th Amendment|author=Ben Waldron|publisher=ABC News|date=February 18, 2013|access-date=April 23, 2013|archive-date=June 27, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627203637/https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2013/02/mississippi-officially-abolishes-slavery-ratifies-13th-amendment/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |[[Picha:Flag of the Republic of Texas (1836–1839).svg|frameless|30x30px]] [[Texas]]|| Baada ya uvaimizi wa Texas kwa jeshi la Marekani, utumwa unakomeshwa. |- |{{flag|Hispania|1785}}|| Spanish Abolitionist Society founded in [[Madrid]] by [[Julio Vizcarrondo]], [[José Julián Acosta]] and [[:ca:Joaquim Maria Sanromà|Joaquín Sanromá]].<ref name="artic1"/> |- | rowspan="2" |1867 || {{flag|Hispania|1785}}|| Sheria mpya ya kukataa biashara ya watumwa.<ref name="artic1" /> |- |{{flag|Marekani|1865}}|| Uhadimu wa Waindio katika eneo jipya la [[New Mexico]] unakomeshwa.<ref>{{cite book|author=Leland Donald |title=Aboriginal Slavery on the Northwest Coast of North America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QRHLy4xwcboC&pg=PA244 |year=1997 |page=244 |isbn=9780520918115}}</ref> |- |1868 || {{flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[Kuba|Kuba ya Kihispania]] || Wakati wa vita ya uhuru wa Kuba, viongozi wa uasi dhidi Hispania wanatangaza uhuru wa watumwa wote |- |1869 || {{flag|Ureno|1830}}|| Mfalme [[Louis I wa Ureno|Louis I]] anakomesha utumwa katika maeneo yote yaliyo chini ya Ureno |- |1870 || {{flag|Hispania|1785}}|| Amidst great opposition from the Cuban and Puerto Rican planters, [[Segismundo Moret]] drafts a "Law of Free Wombs" that frees children of slaves, slaves older than 65 years, and slaves serving in the [[Spanish Army]], beginning in 1872.<ref name="artic1" /> |- | rowspan="2" |1871 || {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazil]]|| Rio Branco Law ([[Law of Free Birth]]) makes the children born to slave mothers free.<ref>Robert E. Conrad, ''The destruction of Brazilian slavery, 1850–1888'' (1972) p. 106</ref> |- |[[Picha:Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844–1922).svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Milki ya Osmani]]|| Biashara ya watumwa inapigwa marufuku. |- | rowspan="2" |1873 ||[[Picha:PR Flag of 1873.jpg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Puerto Rico]]|| Utumwa unakomeshwa. |- |{{flagcountry|Ufalme wa Muungano}}<br>[[Picha:Flag of the Sultanate of Zanzibar.svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Sultanate of Zanzibar|Zanzibar]]<br>[[Picha:Flag of the Madagascar Protectorate (1885-1896).svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Madagaska]] || Biashara ya watumwa inakomeshwa katika mkataba baina ya nchi tatu.<ref name="britleg" /> |- |1874 || {{flag|Gold Coast}} || Utumwa unakomeshwa.<ref>Suzanne Miers and Richard L. Roberts, ''The End of slavery in Africa'' (1988) p. 79</ref> |- |1879 || {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Principality of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] || Utumwa unakomeshwa wakati Bulgaria inapata uhuru wake kutoka Milki ya Osmani. |- |1882 || [[Picha:Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844–1922).svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Milki ya Osmani]]|| Amri ya Sultani inatangaza uhuru wa watumwa wote, weusi na weupe.<ref>Y. Hakan Erdem, ''Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and Its Demise, 1800–1909'' (1998).</ref> |- |1884 || {{flag|Kamboja|1863}}|| Utumwa unakomeshwa. |- |1885 || {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazil]]|| Sheria inatangaza uhuru wa watumwa waliopita umri wa miaka 60 na kuweka utaratibu kwa uhuru wa watumwa wote hatua kwa hatua. |- |1886 || {{flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[Kuba|Kuba ya Kihispania]]|| Utumwa unakomeshwa.<ref name="timeline"/> |- |1888 || {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazil]]|| Hatimaye utumwa unakomeshwa.<ref>Finkelman and Miller, ''Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery'' 1:124</ref> |- |1890 || {{flagcountry|Ufalme wa Muungano}}<br>{{flag|Ufaransa}}<br>{{flagicon|Germany|empire}} [[Dola la Ujerumani]]<br>{{flag|Portugal|1830}}<br>{{flagicon|Congo Free State}} [[Dola huru la Kongo|Dola Huru la Kongo]]<br>{{flagicon|Italia}} [[Italia|Ufalme wa]] <br>{{flag|Hispania|1785}}<br>{{flag|Uholanzi}}<br>{{flag|Ubelgiji}}<br>{{flag|Urusi}}<br>[[Picha:Flag of Austria-Hungary (1869-1918).svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Austria-Hungaria]]<br>[[Picha:Union Jack of Sweden and Norway (1844-1905).svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Uswidi|Uswidi - Norwei]]<br>{{flag|Denmark}}<br>{{flag|Marekani|1890}}<br>[[Picha:Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844–1922).svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Milki ya Osmani]]<br>[[File:Flag of Zanzibar Under British Rule.svg|23px]] [[Usultani wa Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] [[Picha:Tricolour Flag of Iran (1886).svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Uajemi|Uajemi (Iran)]] |Mkataba wa [[Mkutano wa Kupambana na Utumwa wa Brussels 1889-90]] unakubaliwa na mataifa yanayoshiriki katika mkutano huo. Athiri yake inaonekana hasa katika [[Dola Huru la Kongo|Kongo]], [[Milki ya Osmani]] na kwenye pwani la [[Afrika ya Mashariki]]. |- | rowspan="2" |1894 || {{flagicon|Korean Empire}} [[Rasi ya Korea|Korea]]|| Utumwa unakomeshwa, lakini unaendelea kwa viwango fulani hadi 1930.<ref>{{cite book|author=Junius P. Rodriguez|title=The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery |url=https://archive.org/details/historicalencycl01rodr |url-access=registration|year=1997|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=xxiii}}</ref> |- |{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Iceland]]|| Uhadimu wa wtu wasiomiliki ardhi unakomeshwa. |- |1895 || {{flagicon|Taiwan|japan}} [[Taiwan]]|| Taiwan is annexed by Japan, where slavery has been abolished. |- | rowspan="2" |1895 || [[File:Flag of Muhammad Ali.svg|23px]] [[Misri]]|| Utumwa unakomeshwa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://treaties.fco.gov.uk/docs/fullnames/pdf/1895/TS0016%20(1895)%201895%2021%20NOV,%20CAIRO%3B%20CONVENTION%20BETWEEN%20GB%20AND%20EGYPT%20FOR%20THE%20SUPPRESSION%20OF%20SLAVERY%20AND%20THE%20SLAVE%20TRADE.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-08-11 |archivedate=2017-07-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709170319/http://treaties.fco.gov.uk/docs/fullnames/pdf/1895/TS0016%20(1895)%201895%2021%20NOV,%20CAIRO%3B%20CONVENTION%20BETWEEN%20GB%20AND%20EGYPT%20FOR%20THE%20SUPPRESSION%20OF%20SLAVERY%20AND%20THE%20SLAVE%20TRADE.pdf }}</ref> |- | [[Somalia|Somalia ya Kiitalia]]|| Watumwa wa kwanza kupewa uhuru<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.hartfordinfo.org/issues/wsd/immigrants/somali_bantu.pdf|title=The Somali Bantu Their History and Culture|accessdate=2021-08-11|archive-date=2019-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503135353/http://www.hartfordinfo.org/issues/wsd/immigrants/somali_bantu.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |1896 ||[[Picha:Flag of the Madagascar Protectorate (1885-1896).svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Madagaska|Madagaska ya Kifaransa]] | Utumwa unakomeshwa. |- |rowspan="3"|1897 || [[File:Flag of Zanzibar Under British Rule.svg|23px]] [[Usultani wa Zanzibar|Zanzibar]]|| Utumwa unakomeshwa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html |title=Swahili Coast |publisher=National Geographic |date=2002-10-17 |access-date=2013-08-28 |accessdate=2021-08-11 |archivedate=2007-12-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206102932/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html }}</ref> |- |{{flagicon|Thailand|1855}} [[Uthai|Siam]]|| Biashara ya watumwa inakomeshwa.<ref name="autogenerated61">Baker, Chris; Pasuk Phongpaichit. ''A History of Thailand'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 61.</ref> |- |[[Picha:Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844–1922).svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Milki ya Osmani]], [[Basra]]|| Watoto wa watumwa waliopata uhuru wanapewa hati za uhuru |- |1899 || {{flagicon|France|variant=1794}} [[Ndzuwani]] ([[Komori]])|| Utumwa unakomeshwa. |} ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Utumwa]] dr4v9b52k5cg6qdjlo1e0v8i6j4eo42 0 140432 1599010 1515993 2026-09-23T03:00:06Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[Faili:Joub Jannine from hillside.jpg|alt=Mji wa Joub Jannine, Lebanoni|thumb|Mji wa Joub Jannine, Lebanoni]] '''Joub Jannine''' iko katika [[Beka'a|Bonde la Beqaa]] nchini [[Lebanoni]]. Joub Jannine ni [[mji mkuu]] wa Beqaa Magharibi. Ni mji mkubwa na wenye wakazi wengi katika wilaya yake. Benki zote kuu zipo Joub Jannine na vile vile chuo cha ufundi, Hifadhi ya Burudani, uwanja wa ndani / nje wa [[mpira wa miguu]], uwanja wa mpira wa magongo na Souk ya kila wiki ambayo hufanyika kila Jumamosi na ni soko la mazao ya ndani. == Historia == Mnamo 1838, Eli Smith ''aliitaja Jubb Jenin'' kama kijiji cha [[Wasunni|Waislamu wa Kisunni]] [[Beka'a|katika Bonde la Beqaa]]. <ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/142/mode/1up 142]</ref> == Sehemu za akiolojia == Joub Jannine I ni wavuti ndogo inayoletwa kwenye uso kupitia shughuli za mmomonyoko wa mkondo. Ni km 8 kaskazini mashariki mwa Qaraoun katika anuwai ya milima, &nbsp;km1 kaskazini mwa kijiji kidogo kinachoitwa Jebel Gharbi, kati ya njia mbili, magharibi mwa cote 878 kwa karibu m200. Tovuti hiyo ilipatikana na Dubertret ikiwa na mkusanyiko uliofanywa na Henri Fleisch na Maurice Tallon ambao sasa uko kwenye Jumba la [[kumbukumbu]] ya Prehistory ya Lebanoni katika Chuo Kikuu cha Saint Joseph. Flint zana kupatikana kwenye tovuti ni pamoja na bifaces na vipande mbaya kwamba walikuwa alipendekeza tarehe ya Acheulean. <ref name="CopelandWescombe1966">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qhPRQwAACAAJ|title=Inventory of Stone-Age Sites in Lebanon: North, South and East-Central Lebanon, p. 34-35|last=L. Copeland|last2=P. Wescombe|publisher=Impr. Catholique|year=1966|access-date=29 August 2011}}</ref> <ref name="WendorfMarks1975">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2krJIQ1fwcEC|title=Problems in prehistory: North Africa and the Levant|last=Fred Wendorf|last2=Anthony E. Marks|publisher=SMU Press|year=1975|isbn=978-0-87074-146-3|access-date=30 April 2011}}</ref> <ref>Besançon, J. et Hours, F., Préhistoire et géomorphologie : les formes du relief et les dépôts quaternaires dans la région de Joub Jannine (Béqaa méridionale, Liban). Hannon, Beyrouth, vol. V, p. 63-95, 1970</ref> == Utalii na Maisha ya Usiku == Joub Jannine haijulikani sana kwa utalii. Walakini, ni nyumba ya moja ya madaraja ya zamani kabisa nchini Lebanoni, inayoitwa Daraja la Kirumi la Joub Jannine (lililojengwa mnamo 704 BK). Kwa kusikitisha, daraja hilo lilianguka mnamo 1943, lakini lilijengwa tena na miamba hiyo hiyo na kwa sasa inafanana na daraja ambalo Warumi walijenga. Iko kwenye mlango wa Joub Jannine kwenye Joub Jannine-Chtoura Br. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge 2021 in Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Maeneo ya kiakiolojia Lebanoni]] [[Jamii:Miji ya Lebanoni]] keq0pb0gbvmh43w3vy5ws7jtqx33qxy 0 141048 1599011 1527659 2026-09-23T03:00:13Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599011 wikitext text/x-wiki '''VVU / UKIMWI nchini Afrika Kusini''' ni gonjwa mojawapo lenye kuleta wasiwasi mkubwa kiafya. Nchi hiyo ina idadi kubwa zaidi ya watu wanaougua VVU kuliko nchi yoyote barani Afrika na ina kiwango cha nne cha juu cha maambukizi ya VVU, kulingana na takwimu za 2019.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=World Development Indicators {{!}} DataBank|url=https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&series=SH.DYN.AIDS.ZS&country=ZAF|work=databank.worldbank.org|accessdate=2021-08-17}}</ref> za Umoja wa Mataifa. Kulingana na hifadhidata ya UNAIDS iliyoangaziwa kutoka Benki ya Dunia, mnamo mwaka 2019 kiwango cha maambukizi ya VVU kwa watu wazima wenye umri wa miaka 15 hadi 49 kilikuwa asilimia 37 huko Eswatini (Swaziland), asilimia 25 nchini Lesotho, asilimia 25 nchini Botswana na asilimia 19 nchini Afrika Kusini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=World Development Indicators {{!}} DataBank|url=https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&series=SH.DYN.AIDS.ZS&country=ZAF|work=databank.worldbank.org|accessdate=2021-08-17}}</ref> ==Kuelewa na kuenea kwa maambukizi ya VVU== kuwepo kwa VVU haimaanishi kuwa nchi ina shida ya UKIMWI kwani VVU na UKIMWI ni hali mbili tofauti. Kuenea kwa VVU, badala yake, kunaonyesha kuwa watu wanabaki hai, licha ya kuambukizwa. Afrika Kusini ina mpango mkubwa zaidi wa matibabu ya VVU ulimwenguni.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Yes, South Africa has the world’s largest antiretroviral therapy programme|url=https://africacheck.org/fact-checks/reports/yes-south-africa-has-worlds-largest-antiretroviral-therapy-programme|work=Africa Check|accessdate=2021-08-17|language=en|author=Kate Wilkinson}}</ref> Pamoja na dawa sahihi, VVU ni hali  inayoweza kudhibitiwa, kama ugonjwa wa sukari au shinikizo la damu. Idadi kubwa ya watu walio na ugonjwa wa kisukari, inamaanisha watu zaidi wanapokea matibabu sawa na watu wenye hali ya VVU. Takwimu ya Benki ya Dunia inaelezea juu ya maambukizi ya VVU kama ifuatavyo Takwimu inaonyesha kiwango cha maambukizi ya VVU katika kila nchi. Viwango vya chini vya kiwango cha kitaifa vinaweza kupotosha. Mara nyingi huficha magonjwa ya milipuko ambayo hapo awali hujilimbikizia katika maeneo fulani au vikundi vya watu na kutishia mlipuko kwa idadi kubwa ya watu. Katika nchi nyingi zinazoendelea maambukizi mapya hufanyika kwa wanawake wenye lika ya vijana wapo katika mazingira magum ya kupata maambukizi. Takwimu kutoka katika Programu ya Pamoja ya Umoja wa Mataifa juu ya VVU / UKIMWI (UNAids). Mabadiliko katika michakato na mawazo ya kukadiria data na uratibu bora na nchi zimesababisha makadirio bora ya VVU na UKIMWI. Aina, ambazo huusishwa mara kwa mara, fuatilia kozi ya magonjwa ya VVU na athari zao, kutumia kikamilifu habari katika mwenendo wa maambukizi ya VVU kutoka data ya uchunguzi. Aina hizo huzingatia upungufu uliopunguzwa kati ya watu wanaopokea tiba ya kupunguza makali ya virusi vya ukimwi (ambayo ina athari kubwa juu ya maambukizi ya VVU na kuruhusu watu wenye VVU kuishi kwa muda mrefu) na kuruhusu mabadiliko katika ukuaji wa miji. Makadirio ni pamoja na mipaka ya uwezekano, ambayo inaonyesha hakika inayohusiana na kila moja ya makadirio.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=World Development Indicators {{!}} DataBank|url=https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&series=SH.DYN.AIDS.ZS&country=|work=databank.worldbank.org|accessdate=2021-08-17}}</ref> Programu ya matibabu ya VVU nchini Afrika Kusini ilizinduliwa kwa bidii mnamo 2005.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Infographic: HIV and Aids in South Africa 1990 to 2016|url=https://southafrica-info.com/infographics/infographic-hiv-aids-south-africa-1990-2016/|work=South Africa Gateway|date=2019-10-13|accessdate=2021-08-17|language=en-GB|author=South Africa gateway}}</ref> Mwenendo wa takwimu za VVU na UKIMWI nchini Afrika Kusini umebadilika sana tangu wakati huo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Infographic: HIV and Aids in South Africa 1990 to 2016|url=https://southafrica-info.com/infographics/infographic-hiv-aids-south-africa-1990-2016/|work=South Africa Gateway|date=2019-10-13|accessdate=2021-08-17|language=en-GB|author=South Africa gateway}}</ref> ==Takwimu za hivi karibuni juu ya maambukizi ya VVU nchini Afrika Kusini== Kulingana na Takwimu za Afrika Kusini <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Statistics South Africa {{!}} The South Africa I Know, The Home I Understand|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/|accessdate=2021-08-17|language=en-US|author=Statistics South Africa}}</ref> makadirio ya idadi ya watu wa kati ya mwaka 2018, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Publication {{!}} Statistics South Africa|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=1854|accessdate=2021-08-17|language=en-US|author=Statistics South Africa}}</ref> kiwango cha jumla cha maambukizi ya VVU kwa nchi hiyo ni asilimia 13.1. Kiwango cha maambukizi ya VVU kwa watu wazima wote wenye umri wa miaka 15 hadi 49 ni asilimia 19.0.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Publication {{!}} Statistics South Africa|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=1854|accessdate=2021-08-17|language=en-US|author=Statistics South Africa}}</ref> Takwimu Afrika Kusini inakadiria idadi ya vifo vinavyotokana na UKIMWI mnamo 2017 kama 126,755 au 25.03% ya vifo vyote vya Afrika Kusini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Publication {{!}} Statistics South Africa|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=1854|accessdate=2021-08-17|language=en-US|author=Statistics South Africa}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Ukimwi]] [[Jamii:Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:USLWA]] n8xw72vd5n22o2465gv3843p8mynxzf 0 141373 1598887 1206705 2026-09-23T00:05:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598887 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ansar al-Sunna Msumbiji''' (kwa [[Kiar.]] أنصار السنة, <span>'Wasaidizi wa mapokeo'</span>), wanaojulikana pia kama '''al-Shabaab''', '''Ahlu al-Sunna''', '''Wasunna Waswahili''', <ref name="foothold">{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/extremism-watch/gaining-foothold-mozambique|title=Is IS Gaining Foothold in Mozambique?|author=Sirwan Kajjo|work=Voice of America|date=7 June 2019|accessdate=15 June 2019|archive-date=2019-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610210802/https://www.voanews.com/extremism-watch/gaining-foothold-mozambique|url-status=dead}}</ref> na '''Ahlu Sunna wal Jammah''', ni [[kundi]] la [[wanamgambo]] wa [[Kiislamu]] wanaopatikana katika [[Mkoa wa Cabo Delgado]] [[kaskazini]] mwa [[Msumbiji]]. <ref name="PolGeo">{{Cite web|url=https://www.polgeonow.com/2020/08/northern-mozambique-isis-crisis-control-map-2020.html?m=1|title="Islamic State" in Mozambique? Control Map & Timeline of the Insurgency|author=Centanni|first=Evan|work=PolGeoNow.com|publisher=Political Geography Now|date=17 August 2020|accessdate=28 August 2020}}</ref> Kundi hilo limeshambulia vikosi vya usalama na raia katika jaribio la kuanzisha [[serikali]] ya Kiislamu katika eneo hilo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201712050740.html|title=Mozambique: Islamist Raids Continuing in Mocimboa Da Praia|date=5 December 2017|work=AllAfrica.com|accessdate=27 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226234748/http://allafrica.com/stories/201712050740.html|archivedate=26 December 2017}}</ref> <ref name="APMoz">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/2f191b65e6f4157562e906c1965065d6|title=Battle looms in Mozambique over extremists’ control of port|author=Bowker|first=Tom|work=[[APNews.com]]|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|date=25 August 2020|accessdate=28 August 2020}}</ref> <ref name="ARMoz">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/38238/mozambique-sophistication-of-islamic-insurgency-threatens-lng-plans/|title=Mozambique: Sophistication of Islamic insurgency threatens LNG plans|author=MacDonald|first=Andrew|work=[[The Africa Report|TheAfricaReport.com]]|publisher=[[Jeune Afrique|Groupe Jeune Afrique]]|date=24 August 2020|accessdate=28 August 2020}}</ref> == Jina == Katika [[mapokeo]] ya Uislamu jina "ansar" linarejelea kundi la [[Waarabu]] waliomsaidia [[Muhammad|mtume Muhammad]] alipofika [[Madina]]. [[Sunna]] inataja mapokeo ya Muhammad na namna jinsi alivyotenda. Jina la Ansar al-Sunna ni sawa na jina la [[Iraq|kundi la waasi nchini Iraki]] ambalo lilipambana na [[jeshi]] la [[Marekani]] mnamo 2003 hadi 2007. Wenyeji wanawaita "al-Shabaab" lakini hao ni tofauti na [[Al-Shabaab]] wa [[Somalia]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://clubofmozambique.com/news/alleged-islamist-base-shelled-near-mocimboa-da-praia-by-joseph-hanlon/?platform=hootsuite|title=Alleged Islamist base shelled near Mocimboa da Praia - By Joseph Hanlon|work=clubofmozambique.com|accessdate=2 February 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111165116/http://clubofmozambique.com/news/alleged-islamist-base-shelled-near-mocimboa-da-praia-by-joseph-hanlon/?platform=hootsuite|archivedate=11 January 2018}}</ref> [[Daish|Dola la Kiislamu]] (Daish) limewahi kudai eti ni [[tawi]] lao lakini dai hilo halikuweza kuthibitishwa. Hata hivyo, kuna [[dalili]] kwamba Ansar al-Sunna walipokea usaidizi fulani kutoka Daish. == Historia == Inasemekana kundi hilo lilianzishwa huko Cabo Delgado na wafuasi wa mhubiri [[Kenya|Mkenya]] Aboud Rogo Mohammed waliohamia Msumbiji baada ya kifo cha mwalimu wao mnamo 2012. <ref name="jamestown140618">{{Cite web|url=https://jamestown.org/program/ansar-al-sunna-a-new-militant-islamist-group-emerges-in-mozambique/|title=Ansar al-Sunna: A New Militant Islamist Group Emerges in Mozambique|date=14 June 2018|work=Jamestown Foundation|accessdate=15 September 2018}}</ref> Kundi lilivuta vijana wasio na ajira na walalahoi katika eneo hili kama vile wavuvi, wafanyabiashara ndogondogo, na wachimbaji wa madini ambao walihisi kupuuzwa na serikali ya Msumbiji. Kundi lilizidi kuwa na vurugu mnamo 2017, likianza kushambulia vituo vya polisi na ofisi za serikali. <ref name="jamestown140618" /> Mashambulio hayo yalizidi katika miaka iliyofuata, pamoja na kulenga masoko, shule na vijiji ambako walinyimwa usaidizi. [[Picha:Testmapcabodelgado.png|thumb|Maeneo yaliyodhibitiwa na Ansar al-Sunna mnamo Septemba 2020 (kijivu)]] Tangu mwaka 2020 Ansar al-Sunna walifaulu kuvamia pia miji midogo na kuitetea kwa muda dhidi ya jeshi la Msumbiji na makundi ya mamluki kutoka [[Urusi]] na [[Afrika Kusini]] walioajiriwa na makampuni ya gesi na madini katika mkoa huo. Kwa muda walidhibiti maeneo ya pwani pamoja na mji wa [[Mocimboa da Praia]]. Mwezi wa Machi 2021 walifaulu kuteka pia [[Palma (Msumbiji)|mji wa Palma]] na kuishika wiki mbili dhidi ya jeshi la Msumbiji lilofaulu kuwaondoa kwa msaada kutoka Afrika Kusini. Tangu Julai 2021 kikosi cha majeshi ya [[SADC|nchi za SADC]] kilianza kufika na wanajeshi wa Rwanda walifaulu kuondoa wanamgambo kutoka sehemu kubwa ya eneo walilowahi kudhibiti. == Mandharinyuma == Sababu kuu ya kufaulu kwa uasi huo ni hali tata ya uchumi kwenye mkoa wa Cabo Delgado. Tofauti na Msumbiji kwa jumla, wenyeji wengi ni Waislamu na mkoa huo haujaona uwekezaji mkubwa kutoka serikali kuu. Maafisa wa serikali walionekana kama wanatafuta rushwa. Makambi ya makampuni ya kigeni yanayotafuta gesi na madini yalianzishwa lakini hayakuleta bado faida kwa wenyeji. Kuna taarifa kuwa polisi na wanajeshi wa serikali waliwatenda wenyeji kwa ukali pamoja na kuua vijana hovyo baada ya kushambuliwa na wanamgambo wa Ansar al-Sunna, hali iliyofanya wengine kujiunga nao<ref>[https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20210413-crise-au-mozambique-l-insurrection-au-cabo-delgado-a-des-racines-locales-et-anciennes Crise au Mozambique: «l'insurrection au Cabo Delgado a des racines locales et anciennes»], Taarifa ya Redio ya Kifaransa rfi, 13/04/2021</ref>. Mapato yao hutokana na biashara ya magendo na mitandao ya kidini. <ref name="bbc020618">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-44320531|title=How Mozambique's smuggling barons nurtured jihadists|date=2 June 2018|work=BBC News|accessdate=15 September 2018}}</ref> Wanamgambo wa Ansar al-Sunna wanaripotiwa kuwa wengi wao ni Wamsumbiji kutoka wilaya za [[Wilaya ya Mocímboa da Praia|Mocímboa da Praia]], [[Wilaya ya Palma|Palma]] na [[Wilaya ya Macomia|Macomia]], lakini ni pamoja na raia wa kigeni kutoka [[Tanzania]] na [[Somalia]]. Wanamgambo hao wameripotiwa kuzungumza [[Kireno]], [[lugha rasmi]] ya Msumbiji, [[Kimwani (lugha)|Kimwani]], lugha ya kienyeji, na [[Kiswahili]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.verdade.co.mz/newsflash/63770-populacao-captura-supostos-membros-do-grupo-armado-que-atacou-mocimboa-da-praia-|title=População captura supostos membros do grupo armado que atacou Mocímboa da Praia|work=Verdade.co.mz|accessdate=27 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226234801/http://www.verdade.co.mz/newsflash/63770-populacao-captura-supostos-membros-do-grupo-armado-que-atacou-mocimboa-da-praia-|archivedate=26 December 2017}}</ref> == Tazama pia == *[[:en:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Ugaidi]] [[Jamii:Uislamu]] [[Jamii:Msumbiji]] dj9n3dl32yskne9rl894dtssnec8khn 0 143010 1599072 1431187 2026-09-23T05:14:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mwigizaji 2 | jina = Campbell Cotts | image = | maelezo ya picha = | jina la kuzaliwa = Campbell Cotts | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = 21 April 1902 | mahala pa kuzaliwa = Fondebosch, Cape Colony, Afrika Kusini. | tarehe ya kufa =19 February 1964 (miaka 61) | mahala alipofia =London, England | jina lingine =Sir William Campbell Mitchell-Cotts, 2nd Baronet | kazi yake =muigizaji, mwandishi, mwanasheria | miaka ya kazi =1947 - 1962 | ndoa = | mahusiano ya kimapenzi = | tovuti = | academyawards = | afiawards = | arielaward = | baftaawards = | bfjaawards = | cesarawards = | emmyawards = | filmfareawards = | geminiawards = | goldencalfawards = | goldenglobeawards = | goldenraspberryawards = | goyaawards = | grammyawards = | iftaawards = | laurenceolivierawards = | naacpimageawards = | nationalfilmawards = | sagawards = | tonyawards = | awards = }} '''Campbell Cotts''' ([[Aprili 21]] [[1902]]-Februari 19 [[1964]]) alikuwa mwigizaji mzaliwa wa [[Afrika Kusini]] wa jukwaa la [[Uingereza]], filamu na runinga.<ref>Chibnall p.334</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba9fe6fc8|title=Campbell Cotts|accessdate=2021-10-09|archive-date=2017-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905083429/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba9fe6fc8|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://theatricalia.com/person/s5r/campbell-cotts| title = Campbell Cotts – Theatricalia|website=theatricalia.com}}</ref> Wakili wa zamani na mshairi aliyechapishwa, Cotts alisoma huko Cambridge na akapigana katika vita vikuu vya pili vya dunia, akipata kiwango cha Luteni wa 1 katika Black Watch (Kikosi cha Royal Highland).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.abebooks.com/book-search/title/surrender-to-dreams/author/campbell-mitchell-cotts/| title = Surrender to Dreams by Campbell Mitchell Cotts – AbeBooks|website=abebooks.com}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p5298.htm| title = Person Page|website=thepeerage.com}}</ref>Jukumu lake la uigizaji lilijumuisha muonekano wa Broadway pamoja na Katharine Hepburn katika uamsho wa Shaw's Millionairess kwenye ukumbi wa michezo wa Shubert mwaka [[1952]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/the-millionairess-2344| title = The Millionairess – Broadway Play – 1952 Revival – IBDB|first=The Broadway|last=League|website=ibdb.com}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Arusha MoAC]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1902]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1964]] rr1y24abqcsp9j98hbf9mzxlsf3qwhl 0 143869 1599043 1487987 2026-09-23T03:30:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mwigizaji 2 | jina = Bianca Amato | picha = | maelezo ya picha = | jina la kuzaliwa = Bianca Amato | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = | mahala pa kuzaliwa = Cape Town, Afrika Kusini | tarehe ya kufa = | mahala alipofia = | jina lingine = | kazi yake = Mwigizaji | miaka ya kazi = 1998- sasa | ndoa = | watoto = | mahusiano ya kimapenzi = | tovuti = }} {{muundo}} {{tafsiri kompyuta}} {{vyanzo}} '''Bianca Amato''' ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] anayejulikana kwa kazi yake ukumbi wa michezo wa [[Marekani]], kama mwigizaji mzuri anajulikana kwa uhusika wake wa Philippa De Villiers katika [[tamthilia]] ya Kiafrika Kusini ya ''Isidingo''. ==Kazi== Amato alikuwa mshiriki wa waigizaji wa kipindi kirefu cha tamthilia ya Afrika Kusini ya Isidingo, akiigiza kama Philippa De Villiers kuanzia [[1998]] hadi [[2001]]. Jukumu hilo la [[mwanamke]] Mwingereza mwenye shauku ambaye alijihusisha kimapenzi na [[meneja]] wa mgodi Mweusi, limeitwa "habari za kutisha na kubwa katika [[televisheni]] ya Afrika Kusini<ref name="Channel24 2009">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.channel24.co.za/Gossip/Bianca-Amato-is-an-alien-of-extraordinary-ability-20090324-2 | title = Bianca Amato is an alien of extraordinary ability|website=Channel24.co.za | date = 24 Machi 2009|access-date=6 December 2014}}</ref> baada ya [[ubaguzi wa rangi]]", na [[hadithi]] iliyotajwa kama "mapenzi ya kwanza kati ya watu wa rangi tofauti kuonyeshwa kwenye runinga za [[Afrika]] Kusini"<ref name="Broadway.com 2007">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.broadway.com/buzz/6565/bianca-amato/ | title = Interview with Bianca Amato|website=[[Broadway.com]] |first=Kathy |last=Henderson | date = 4 Januari 2007|access-date=7 December 2014}}</ref>. Kuhusu uzoefu Amato alisema, "Ilikuwa nzuri kuwa sehemu ya mchakato wa polepole lakini wenye afya ambao ulibadilisha mitazamo ya watu." Utendaji wake katika Isidingo ulimletea Amato Avante kuwa mwigizaji bora wa kike katika kipindi cha televisheni. Mnamo [[2002]], Amato alipewa kadi ya mkazi wa kudumu ya Marekani kama "mgeni mwenye uwezo wa ajabu" katika sanaa na akahamia Marekani<ref name="Broadway.com 2007"/>. Baada ya kuonekana katika kipindi cha 2002 cha mfululizo wa HBO ''Sex and the City'', alicheza majukumu kadhaa ya kuongoza akishirikiana na Guthrie Theatre huko [[Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota]] kati ya miaka [[2003]] na [[2005]]<ref name="Channel24 2009"/><ref name="Broadway.com 2007"/>. Tangu 2009, Amato amekuwa mgeni aliyeigiza katika mfululizo kadhaa wa runinga za Marekani<ref name="Huntington Profile">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.huntingtontheatre.org/artists/Bianca-Amato/ | title = Profile: Bianca Amato|publisher=[[Huntington Theatre Company]] |access-date=6 December 2014 |accessdate=2021-10-30 |archivedate=2021-11-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103234038/https://www.huntingtontheatre.org/artists/Bianca-Amato/ }}</ref><ref name="TV Guide Credits">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/bianca-amato/credits/223021 |title=Credits: Bianca Amato |work=[[TV Guide]] |access-date=10 December 2014 |archive-date=2014-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210053220/http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/bianca-amato/credits/223021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Amato ameigiza kama Delia Alexander katika safu ya 2015 ya PlayStation Network. ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Arusha MoAC]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Afrika Kusini]] ioinfnuzh7chv80yglzkb3unsqxzp5d 0 144070 1598723 1528914 2026-09-22T14:47:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1598723 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Heard Island and McDonald Islands on the globe (Antarctica centered).svg|300px|thumb|Visiwa vya Heard na Mcdonald baina Australia, Antaktiki na Afrika]] [[Picha:FMIB 46007 Antarctic Sea-Elephant Fishery.jpeg|300px|thumb|Sili wa Tembo-bahari Kusini na wavindaji waliowachinjwa kisiwani Heard wakati wa karne ya 19]] [[Picha:Skuas and Dominican Gulls on beach at Atlas Cove, Heard Island. Big Ben in background (6433879023).jpg|300px|thumb|Ndege kwenye ufuko wa Heard Island]] '''Kisiwa cha Heard na Visiwa vya McDonald''' (kwa [[kifupi]]: HIMI <ref name="abbr">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Commonwealth of Australia|title=About Heard Island - Human Activities|url=http://www.heardisland.aq/about/human_activities.html|accessdate=2006-10-21|archivedate=2006-10-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018120534/http://www.heardisland.aq/about/human_activities.html}}</ref>) ni [[Eneo la ng'ambo|eneo la ng'ambo]] la [[Australia]]. Ni [[Kisiwa|visiwa]] katika [[Bahari ya Hindi]] vinavyopatikana takribani katikati ya Australia, [[Madagaska]] na [[Antaktiki]].<ref>[http://gc.kls2.com/cgi-bin/gc?PATH=16.67N+73.52E+-+53S+73.5E&RANGE=&PATH-COLOR=&PATH-UNITS=km&PATH-MINIMUM=&SPEED-GROUND=&SPEED-UNITS=kts&RANGE-STYLE=best&RANGE-COLOR=&MAP-STYLE= 7718 km] location</ref> Hakuna [[Binadamu|watu]] wanaoishi huko. Visiwa hivyo vimepokewa katika [[Urithi wa Dunia|Orodha ya Urithi wa Dunia]] ya [[UNESCO]]. == Historia <ref>Maelezo katika kifungu hiki hufuata [https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&q=heard+island&pg=PA342&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=heard%20island&f=false Makala "Heard Island (Sub-Antarctic)], katika William James Mills, Exploring Polar Frontiers: A Historical Encyclopedia, vol 2, ABC-CLIO, 2003 </ref>== Visiwa hivyo havikufikiwa na binadamu hadi [[karne ya 19]]. Inawezekana kwamba [[baharia|mabaharia]] wa [[meli]] zilizowinda [[nyangumi]] katika sehemu hiyo ya [[bahari]] walipita mapema zaidi, lakini mtu wa kwanza wa kutoa habari huhusu visiwa hivyo alikuwa [[nahodha]] John Heard kutoka [[Marekani]] aliyeona kisiwa [[tarehe]] [[25 Novemba]] [[1853]] akipita kutoka [[Boston]] kuelekea [[Melbourne]]. Kutokana na [[taarifa]] yake kisiwa kikubwa kilipokea [[jina]] lake "Heard Island". Muda mfupi baadaye Mmarekani mwingine McDonald alipita kwenye visiwa vidogo vilivyopokea jina lake. Watu wa kwanza waliotua kisiwani Heard kuanzia mwaka [[1855]] walikuwa mabaharia kutoka Marekani waliowinda [[sili]], hasa [[spishi]] ya [[Tembo-bahari Kusi]] (''Mirounga leonina)'' na kuchemsha [[Mafuta (chakula)|shahamu]] yake ili kupata mafuta. Hadi mwaka [[1880]] waliangamiza karibu sili wote wa kisiwani wakivuna jumla ya [[Pipa|mapipa]] 100,000 ya mafuta ya sili. Baadaye waliondoka. Mnamo mwaka [[1908]] [[Uingereza]] ilitangaza visiwa kuwa eneo lake na kuvikabidhi kwa Australia kwenye mwaka [[1947]]. Mwaka [[1948]] Australia ilituma [[kundi]] dogo la [[Mtaalamu|wataalamu]] walijenga vibanda kwenye [[hori]] ya Atlas Cove na kutekeleza [[utafiti]] wa kitaalamu wa [[jiografia]] wa visiwa, [[Mnyama|wanyama]] na [[Mmea|mimea]] yake. Waliondoka tena mwaka [[1954]] na tangu mwaka ule ni mara chache kwamba vikundi vya wataalamu vilirudi kwa miezi kadhaa kwa utafiti mwingine. Visiwa vidogo vya McDonald vilitembelewa mara ya kwanza mwaka [[1971]] na [[Mwanasayansi|wanasayansi]] kutoka Autralia waliotua kwa msaada wa [[helikopta]]. == Jiografia == Kisiwa cha Heard ni kisiwa kikubwa katika eneo hili chenye eneo la [[Kilomita ya mraba|kilomita za mraba]] 368. [[Asilimia]] 80 ya eneo lake hufunikwa na [[barafu]] ya kudumu inayolishwa na [[barafuto]] 41 zinazotelemka kwenye [[Mlima|milima]] hadi [[ufukwe]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Heard Island: Southern Ocean Sentinel|last1=Ken Green and Eric Woehler|date=2006|publisher=Surrey Beatty & Sons|pages=28–51}}</ref>. Sehemu kubwa ya eneo ni [[Milima ya Big Ben|milima ya Big Ben]] na mlima mkubwa ni [[Volkeno|volkeno hai]] ya [[Mawson Peak]] yenye [[kimo]] cha [[mita]] 2,745 juu ya [[UB]]. Mawson Peak ni pia mlima mrefu kabisa katika maeneo ya Australia. Visiwa vya McDonald ni vidogo, viko [[umbali]] wa [[km]] 44 upande wa [[magharibi]] wa Heard Island. Maeneo yake kwa jumla si zaidi ya [[Kilomita ya mraba|km²]] 2.5, na [[nusu]] yake ni kisiwa kikubwa zaidi cha McDonald. Kilomita 10 upande wa [[kaskazini]] wa Heard kuna kundi la visiwa vidogo vingine, eneo la kwa jumla ni km² 1 tu. Kutokana na [[tabianchi]] [[Halijoto|baridi]] hakuna mimea mikubwa ila [[Vichaka|vichaka vidogo]], [[nyasi]], mimea ya buabua na [[kuvumwani]]<ref>[http://heardisland.antarctica.gov.au/nature/plants Plants] {{Wayback|url=http://heardisland.antarctica.gov.au/nature/plants |date=20211025203728 }}. Australian Department of the Environment, Australian Antarctic Division. Updated 28 February 2005.</ref>. Wanyama ni sili ambao wameongezeka tena tangu mwisho wa [[uwindaji]] pamoja na [[pengwini]] na [[ndege wa bahari]]<ref>{{WWF ecoregion|name=Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra|id=an1104}}</ref>. Australia imetangaza visiwa pamoja na eneo la bahari kuwa hifadhi ya mazingira ya bahari. Hairuhusu vikundi vikubwa vya wageni kufika huko. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} == Tovuti zingine == {{Commons category-inline|Heard Island and McDonald Islands}} * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/hm.html "Heard and McDonald Islands" at ''CIA World Factbook''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415223212/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/hm.html|date=2008-04-15}} [[Jamii:Majimbo ya Australia]] [[Jamii:Visiwa vya Bahari ya Hindi]] q6csbepzuhr1h3zhv6s0qlt1awgbt5h 0 144481 1599012 1575140 2026-09-23T03:00:20Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599012 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Articles having same image on Wikidata and Wikipedia]] '''Abu 'Abdallāh Muhammad bin Idris al-Shafi'i''' (kwa [[Kiarabu]]:أبُو عَبْدِ ٱللهِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِدْرِيسَ ٱلشَّافِعِيُّ ,[[767]]–[[820 BK) alikuwa [[Waarabu|Mwarabu]] maarufu kama [[mwanatheolojia]], [[mwandishi]] na [[mtaalamu]] wa [[Uislamu|Kiislamu]]. Anakumbukwa kama mtu wa kwanza aliyechangia kwa kanuni za sheria ya Kiislamu (uṣūl al-fiqh). Mara nyingi anatajwa kama ' Shaykh al-Islām '. Al-Shafi'ī alikuwa mmoja wa walimu wanne wa [[dini]] waliounda [[madhhab]] za Uislamu wa [[Wasunni|Kisunni]]. [[Shule]] yake ilikuwa [[msingi]] wa [[Washafii|madhhab ya Washafii]]. Al-Shafii alikuwa [[mwanafunzi]] mashuhuri zaidi wa Imam Malik ibn Anas. <ref>{{Citation|last=Fadel|first=M.|title=The True, the Good and the Reasonable: The Theological and Ethical Roots of Public Reason in Islamic Law|url=http://www.insct.syr.edu/Projects/islam-ihl/research/Fadel,%20Mohammad.2008.Theo%20and%20Ethical%20Roots%20of%20Public%20Reason%20in%20Islamic%20Law.pdf|year=2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610100221/http://www.insct.syr.edu/Projects/islam-ihl/research/Fadel%2C%20Mohammad.2008.Theo%20and%20Ethical%20Roots%20of%20Public%20Reason%20in%20Islamic%20Law.pdf|publisher=Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence|archive-date=2010-06-10}}</ref> Mzaliwa wa [[Ukanda wa Gaza|Gaza]] huko [[Palestina]], aliishi pia [[Makka]] na [[Madina]] huko [[Hijaz]], [[Yemen]], [[Misri]], na [[Baghdad]] huko [[Iraq|Iraqi]]. === Ukoo === Al-Shafi'ī alizaliwa katika [[ukoo]] wa Maquraishi wa Banu Muttalib, ambao ulikuwa ukoo dada wa Banu Hashim, ambao [[Muhammad]] na [[Khalifa|Makhalifa]] wa [[Waabbasi|Abbas]] walikuwa wanatokana nao. Ukoo huu ulimpa hadhi, kutokana na kuwa [[kabila]] la Muhammad, na ukoo wa [[babu]] yake kwake. <ref name=":1"/> Hata hivyo, al-Shafi'ī alikulia [[maskini]], licha ya uhusiano wake katika duru za juu zaidi za kijamii. === Maisha ya awali === Alizaliwa [[Gaza]] karibu na mji wa [[Ashkelon]] mwaka 150 Hijria (767 BK). <ref name=":0">{{Rejea kitabu| title = The Four Imams and Their Schools|last=Haddad|first=Gibril Fouad|publisher=Muslim Academic Trust|year=2007|isbn=978-1-902350-09-7|location=United Kingdom|pages=189, 190, 193}}</ref> Baba yake alifariki huko Ash-Sham akiwa bado mtoto. Mama yake aliamua kuhamia [[Makka]] alipokuwa na umri wa miaka miwili hivi. Zaidi ya hayo, mizizi ya familia ya mama yake ilitoka [[Yemen]], na kulikuwa na watu wengi zaidi wa familia yake huko Makka, ambapo mama yake aliamini angetunzwa vyema. Alilelewa katika mazingira duni na tangu ujana wake alikuwa amejitolea kujifunza. <ref name=":1"/> Simulizi moja linasema kwamba mama yake hakuwa na uwezo wa kununua karatasi, hivyo aliandika masomo yake kwenye mifupa ya mabega. <ref name=":2">Ibn Abi Hatim, Manaaqibush-Shaafi'ee, pg. 39</ref> Alisoma chini ya Muslim ibn Khalid az-Zanji, Mufti wa Makka wakati huo, ambaye kwa hiyo anachukuliwa kuwa mwalimu wa kwanza wa Imam al-Shafi'ī. <ref>Ibn Kathir, Tabaqat Ash-Shafi'iyyin, Vol 1. Page 27 Dār Al-Wafa’</ref> Kufikia umri wa miaka saba, al-Shafi'i alikuwa amehifadhi [[Kurani|Qur'ani]]. Akiwa na umri wa miaka kumi, aliishika kitabu cha Muwatta' cha Imam Malik moyoni. Al-Shafi'ī aliidhinishwa kutoa fatwa akiwa na umri wa miaka kumi na tano. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu| title = Manāqib al-Shāfi'ī wa-Ābāduh|last=Ibn Abī Hātim|publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al-Ilmiyyah|pages=39}}</ref> === Mwanafunzi wa Imam Malik === Al-Shafi'i alihamia [[Madina]] akiwa na hamu ya mafunzo zaidi za kisheria, <ref name=":1"/> kama ilivyokuwa desturi ya kupata elimu. Huko, alifundishwa kwa miaka mingi na Imam Malik ibn Anas <ref name="jacb1">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow/page/35| title = Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy|last=A.C. Brown|first=Jonathan| date = 2014|publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]]|isbn=978-1780744209|page=[https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow/page/35 35]|author-link=Jonathan A.C. Brown|url-access=registration}}</ref> ambaye alivutiwa na kumbukumbu, elimu na akili yake. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.shafiifiqh.com/the-biography-of-imam-ash-shafii/| title = Archived copy|accessdate=2012-02-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420061442/http://www.shafiifiqh.com/the-biography-of-imam-ash-shafii/|archivedate=2012-04-20}}</ref> Wakati wa kifo cha Imam Malik mwaka wa 179 AH (795 CE), al-Shafi'ī alikuwa tayari amepata sifa kama mwanasheria mahiri. <ref name=":1" /> Ingawa baadaye hangekubaliana na baadhi ya maoni ya Imam Mālik, al-Shafi'ī alimpa heshima kubwa zaidi kwa kumtaja kila mara kama "Mwalimu". <ref name=":0" /> === Fitna ya Yemen === Katika umri wa miaka thelathini, al-Shafi'ī alipewa cheo katika mji wa Yemen wa Najran. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name="jacb1"/> Aliingiwa na fitina ya makundi. Mnamo mwaka wa 803 CE, al-Shafi'ī alishutumiwa kwa kushiriki katika uasi, na hivyo alipelekwa kwa minyororo mbele ya [[khalifa]] [[Harun ar-Rashid]] huko Raqqa. <ref name=":1">{{Rejea kitabu| title = Translation of al-Shāfi'i's Risāla – Treatise on the Foundations of Islamic Jurisprudence|last=Khadduri|first=Majid|publisher=Islamic Texts Society|year=2011|isbn=978-0946621-15-6|location=England|pages=8, 11–16}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhadduri2011">Khadduri, Majid (2011). ''Translation of al-Shāfi'i's Risāla – Treatise on the Foundations of Islamic Jurisprudence''. England: Islamic Texts Society. pp.&nbsp;8, 11–16. [[Namba sanifu ya kimataifa ya vitabu|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Maalum:Vitabu Vyanzo/978-0946621-15-6|<bdi>978-0946621-15-6</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Wakati washtakiwa wenzake waliuawa, utetezi wa fasaha wa al-Shafi'i mwenyewe ulimshawishi Khalifa kufuta mashtaka hayo. Masimulizi mengine yanasema kwamba mwanasheria maarufu wa [[Wahanafi]], Muḥammad ibn al-Hasan al-Shaybānī, alikuwepo kwenye mahakama hiyo na kumtetea al-Shafi'ī kama mwanafunzi anayejulikana sana wa sheria hiyo takatifu. <ref name=":1" /> Al-Shaybānī aliendeela kuwa mwalimu wa Al Shafii. <ref name=":1" /> === Uanafunzi chini ya Al-Shaybānī, na kukutana na Wahanafi === Al-Shafi'ī alisafiri kwenda [[Baghdad]] kusoma pamoja na al-Shaybānī na wengine. <ref name="jacb1"/> Hapa ndipo alipoanzisha madh'hab yake ya kwanza, iliyoathiriwa na mafundisho ya Imam Abu Hanifa na Imam Malik.  Kazi yake kwa hiyo ilijulikana kama "al Madhhab al Qadim lil Imam kama Shafi'i," au Shule ya Zamani ya al-Shafi'i.  Ilikuwa hapa ambapo al-Shafi'ī alishiriki kikamilifu katika mabishano ya kisheria na wataalamu wa Kihanafi, akiitetea kwa bidii fikra za Mālikī. <ref name=":1"/> Al-Shafi'ī hatimaye aliondoka Baghdad kwenda Makka mwaka wa 804 CE, labda kwa sababu ya malalamiko ya wafuasi wa Hanafi kwa al-Shaybāni kwamba al-Shafi'i kwa kiasi fulani amekuwa akikosoa msimamo wa al-Shaybāni wakati wa mabishano yao. Kama matokeo, al-Shafi'ī aliripotiwa kushiriki katika mjadala na al-Shaybānī juu ya tofauti zao, ingawa haijulikana ni nani aliyeshinda mjadala huo. <ref name=":1" /> === Kuondoka kwenda Baghdad na Misri === [[Picha:Schafi'i-Mausoleum_in_Kairo.jpg|alt=|thumb|250x250px| Kaburi la Imam Shafi'i mjini Cairo]] Al-Shafi'ī hatimaye alirejea Baghdad mwaka 810 BK. Kufikia wakati huu, hadhi yake kama mwanasheria ilikuwa imekua ya kutosha kumruhusu kuanzisha mafundisho yake ya kujitegemea ya kisheria. <ref name=":1"/> Mnamo 814 BK, al-Shafi'ī aliamua kuondoka Baghdad kwenda Misri. Sababu haswa za kuondoka kwake Iraq hazijulikani, lakini ilikuwa huko Misri ambapo alikutana na mwalimu mwingine, Sayyida Nafisa bint Al-Hasan, ambaye pia alimsaidia kifedha katika masomo yake. <ref name="sunnah">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.sunnah.org/history/Scholars/nafisa_at_tahira.htm| title = Nafisa at-Tahira|work=www.sunnah.org|accessdate=19 October 2016|archivedate=26 June 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626065514/http://www.sunnah.org/history/Scholars/nafisa_at_tahira.htm}}</ref> <ref name="KassamBlomfield">{{Citation|last=[[Zayn Kassam]]|title=The Shi'i World|year=2015|editor-last=Farhad Daftory|chapter=Remembering Fatima and Zaynab: Gender in Perspective|publisher=[[I.B Tauris]] Press|last2=Bridget Blomfield}}</ref> <ref name="Alia2015">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Aliyah|first=Zainab| title = Great Women in Islamic History: A Forgotten Legacy|url=http://www.youngmuslimdigest.com/study/02/2015/great-women-islamic-history-forgotten-legacy/|work=Young Muslim Digest|accessdate=18 February 2015| date = 2 Februari 2015|archive-date=2020-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814130204/https://www.youngmuslimdigest.com/study/02/2015/great-women-islamic-history-forgotten-legacy/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hapa alianza kutoa imla ya kazi zake kwa wanafunzi. Baadhi ya wanafunzi wake wakuu wangeandika yale ambayo al-Shafi'i alisema, ambao wangewaamuru waisome tena kwa sauti ili masahihisho yafanyike. Waandishi wa wasifu wa Al-Shafi'i wote wanakubali kwamba urithi wa kazi chini ya jina lake ni matokeo ya vikao hivyo na wanafunzi wake. <ref name=":1"/> === Kifo === [[Picha:Imam_Shafii_Tomb.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px| Kaburi la Imam Shafi'i huko Cairo]] Al-Shafi'ī alifariki akiwa na umri wa miaka 54 mnamo tarehe 30 [[Rajabu (mwezi)|Rajabu]] mwaka wa 204 Hijiria (20 Januari 820 BK), huko Al-Fustat, Misri, na akazikwa kwenye [[Kuba (jengo)|kuba]] ya Banu 'Abd al-Hakam, karibu na Mlima al-Muqattam. <ref name=":1"/> Kuba hiyo ilijengwa mwaka wa 608 AH (1212 BK) na [[Usultani|sultani]] Al-Kamil, na kaburi hilo linabakia kuwa eneo muhimu hadi leo. <ref name="Archnet">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=3417| title = Archnet|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215102706/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=3417|archivedate=2013-12-15}}</ref> <ref name="TourEgypt">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/shafii.htm| title = Tour Egypt :: The Mausoleum of Imam al-Shafi}}</ref> == Urithi == Al-Shafi'ī anasifika kwa kuunda misingi ya elimu ya [[fiqhi]] (mfumo wa sheria za Kiislamu). Alitaja kanuni nne za fiqhi, ambazo kwa mpangilio wa umuhimu ni: # Qur'ani; # [[Hadithi za Mtume Muhammad|Hadithi]] yaani mkusanyo wa maneno, vitendo, na idhini ya kimya kimya ya [[Muhammad]], # Ijma yaani maafikiano ya jumuiya ya Kiislamu, # Qiyas yaani mbinu wa mlinganisho. <ref name="Schacht-OoMJ-1959-1">{{Rejea kitabu| title = The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence|last=Schacht|first=Joseph|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1959|page=1|orig-year=1950}}</ref> <ref>Snouck Hurgronje, C. ''Verspreide Geschriften''. v.ii. 1923-7, page 286-315</ref> <ref>''Étude sur la théorie du droit musulman'' (Paris : Marchal et Billard, 1892–1898.)</ref> <ref>Margoliouth, D.S., ''The Early Development of Mohammedanism'', 1914, page 65ff</ref> <ref>Schacht, Joseph in ''Encyclopedia of Islam'', 1913 v.IV, sv ''Usul''</ref> Kwa utaratibu huu wa shari'a, alitoa urithi wa umoja kwa Waislamu wote na akazuia maendeleo ya mifumo huru ya kisheria yenye msingi wa kieneo.  Madhhab ya Uislamu wa Kisunni hutunza mafundisho yake ndani ya mfumo ulioundwa na Shafi'i. Moja ya madhhab nne imepewa jina la Al-Shafi'ī. Inafuatwa katika maeneo mengi tofauti katika ulimwengu wa Kiislamu : [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Misri]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Somalia]], [[Yemen]], magharibi mwa [[Uajemi|Iran]], pamoja na [[Sri Lanka]] na sehemu za kusini mwa Uhindi, hasa katika pwani ya Malabar ya [[Kerala]] na mkoa wa [[Karnataka]]. Al-Shāfi'ī alisisitiza mamlaka ya mwisho ya [[hadithi za Mtume Muhammad]] ili kwamba hata Qur'an "ifasiriwe kwa kuzingatia hadith, na sio kinyume chake." <ref>J. SCHACHT, ''An Introduction to Islamic Law'' (1964), supra note 5, at 47</ref> <ref name="Forte-1978-13">{{Rejea jarida|last=Forte|first=David F.| date = 1978| title = Islamic Law; the impact of Joseph Schacht|url=http://www.soerenkern.com/pdfs/islam/IslamicLawTheImpactofJosephSchacht.pdf|journal=Loyola Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review|volume=1|page=13|access-date=19 April 2018}}</ref> Ingawa kimapokeo Quran inachukuliwa kuwa juu ya Sunna, Al-Shafi'i alisema kwamba sunna inasimama "kwenye usawa na Quran", kwa sababu - kama Al-Shafi'i alivyoweka – "amri ya Mtume ni amri ya Mwenyezi Mungu Mtukufu." <ref>al-Shafii ‘’Kitab al-Risala’’, ed. Muhammad Shakir (Cairo, 1940), 84</ref> <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/116836545/Rethinking-Traditions-in-Modern-Islamic-Thought-Daniel-w-Brown| title = Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought|last=Brown|first=Daniel W.| date = 1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521570778|page=8|access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref> === Vitabu === Alitunga vitabu zaidi ya 100. <ref>David Waines, ''An Introduction to Islam'', Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 68</ref> * Al-Risala – Kitabu kinachojulikana sana cha al-Shafi'i ambamo alichunguza kanuni za fiqhi. Kitabu kimetafsiriwa kwa Kiingereza. * Kitab al-Umm – maandishi yake kuu yaliyosalia juu ya [[Fiqhi|fiqhi ya]] Shafi'i * Musnad al-Shafi'i (kuhusu [[Hadithi za Mtume Muhammad|hadithi]] ) - inapatikana kwa mpangilio, kwa Kiarabu 'Tartib', na Ahmad ibn Abd ar-Rahman al-Banna. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == ** [http://www.muslimscholars.info/manage.php?submit=scholar&ID=20002 Biodata at MuslimScholars.info] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20120420061442/http://www.shafiifiqh.com/the-biography-of-imam-ash-shafii/ The Biography of Imam ash-Shafi'i] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20171214064844/http://lostislamichistory.com/imam-al-shafii-the-father-of-usul-al-fiqh/ The Life of Imam al-Shafi'i at Lost Islamic History] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20190113035858/http://www.haqislam.org/biographies/imam-shafiee.htm Short Biography of Imam Shafi'i] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20080507170603/http://www.al-inaam.com/library/shaafiee.htm Concise Summary of Imam Shafi'i] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20140102081739/http://www.happy-books.co.uk/muhammad-ibn-abdullah-lineage-and-family-tree/students-sheikhs-and-teachers-of-famous-muslim-imams-and-scholars-in-muslim-history.php?id=418 Diagram of teachers and students of Imam Shafi'i] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20131215102706/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=3417 The Mausoleum of Imam al-Shafi'i] {{BD|820|767}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Palestina]] [[Jamii:Waarabu]] [[Jamii:Uislamu]] kidifxolgxdekj8jhli8792xge88y3i 0 144526 1599076 1480332 2026-09-23T05:55:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599076 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cécilia Berder''' (alizaliwa 13 Desemba 1989) ni mchezaji wa Kifaransa anayetumia mkono wa kulia anayepiga mpira wa saber fencer, bingwa wa dunia wa timu ya 2018, mshindi wa mara mbili [[Michezo ya Olimpiki|wa Olimpiki]], na mshindi wa medali ya fedha ya Olimpiki ya timu ya 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/cecilia-berder-joyau-de-lescrime-quimperoise-955775|title=Cecilia Berder, joyau de l'escrime quimpéroise|work=Ouest France|date=23 May 2013|language=fr}}</ref> == Kazi == Berder alizaliwa mwaka 1989 huko Morlaix, alikulia katika mji ulio karibu na [[Quimper]] . Alikuwa mtoto mwenye nguvu nyingi, aliepata sapoti kubwa kutoka kwa wazazi wake katika michezo. Chaguo lake la kwanza lilikuwa kupanda miamba, lakini darasa lilikuwa limejaa, kwa hivyo alichagua kuweka uzio katika Escrime Quimper Cornouaille. <ref name="LT">{{Cite web|url=http://www.letelegramme.fr/sports/escrime/cecilia-berder-quimper-l-a-touchee-au-coeur-19-08-2010-1023939.php?xtmc=tgv&xtcr=3|title=Cécilia Berder. Quimper l'a touchée au coeur|author=Gérard Classe|work=Le Télégramme|date=19 August 2010|language=fr}}</ref> Kwanza alijaribu foil, silaha ya jadi ya kufundishia, lakini akaiona kuwa ya kuchosha. Kocha Serge Larher alipendekeza ajaribu saber, ingawa darasa lilikuwa na wavulana pekee. <ref name="LT"/> Baada ya baccalauréat yake, alijiunga na kituo cha wanariadha wachanga waliokuwa na matumaini huko [[Orléans]], ambapo alifanya mazoezi na wapendwa wa Anne-Lise Touya na Léonore Perrus . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/cecilia-berder-joyau-de-lescrime-quimperoise-955775|title=Cecilia Berder, joyau de l'escrime quimpéroise|work=Ouest France|date=23 May 2013|language=fr}} </ref> Alishinda medali ya shaba katika Mashindano ya Uzio ya Vijana ya Uropa ya 2007 huko Prague. Mnamo 2008, Berder alichaguliwa kama mchezaji wa akiba kwa ajili ya Olimpiki ya Beijing. Mwaka huohuo, alitwaa taji lake la kwanza la kitaifa la wakubwa. <ref name="LT"/> Katika Mashindano ya Dunia ya 2009 huko Antalya, alipanda jukwaa lake la kwanza la kimataifa na medali ya fedha ya timu baada ya Ufaransa kushindwa katika fainali na Ukraine. Msimu uliofuata, Berder alipanda jukwaa lake la kwanza katika Kombe la Dunia na medali ya shaba katika Orleans Grand Prix, iliyoandaliwa na klabu yake mwenyewe. Ufaransa ilishindwa tena na Ukraine katika Mashindano ya Dunia ya 2010 nyumbani kwao Paris, katika nusu fainali. Katika fainali ndogo, walishinda Marekani, wakiwa wamedhoofika kutokana na kujitoa kwa bingwa wa Olimpiki Mariel Zagunis kutokana na jeraha, na kupata medali ya shaba. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/cecilia-berder-joyau-de-lescrime-quimperoise-955775|title=Cecilia Berder, joyau de l'escrime quimpéroise|work=Ouest France|date=23 May 2013|language=fr}}</ref> Mnamo 2011, Berder alifika fainali ya Orléans Grand Prix, ambapo alishindwa na Zagunis. Katika msimu wa 2013-14, Berder alishinda taji lake la kwanza la Kombe la Dunia huko Antalya, akimshinda bingwa mtetezi wa Olimpiki Kim Ji-yeon njiani. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/cecilia-berder-joyau-de-lescrime-quimperoise-955775|title=Cecilia Berder, joyau de l'escrime quimpéroise|work=Ouest France|date=23 May 2013|language=fr}} </ref> Pia alipata medali yake ya kwanza katika Mashindano ya Uropa na medali ya fedha ya timu huko Strasbourg. Katika Mashindano ya Dunia, alifika kwenye jedwali la 16, kiwango bora cha kibinafsi hadi sasa, lakini alizuiwa na Zagunis. Katika tukio la timu, Ufaransa ilishinda Hungary, kisha ikawa mwenyeji wa Urusi na Italia kukutana na Marekani katika fainali. Ufaransa ilisimama imara kwa muda mwingi wa mechi, ikiongoza 20-15 wakati fulani, kabla ya kujitoa katika mchezo wa saba. Hatimaye walishindwa 39-45. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/cecilia-berder-joyau-de-lescrime-quimperoise-955775|title=Cecilia Berder, joyau de l'escrime quimpéroise|work=Ouest France|date=23 May 2013|language=fr}} </ref> Berder alimaliza msimu wa 16 katika viwango vya dunia, kiwango bora kabisa kwake binafsi. Berder anatafuta Umahiri wa uandishi wa habari katika École supérieure de journalisme de Paris . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/cecilia-berder-joyau-de-lescrime-quimperoise-955775|title=Cecilia Berder, joyau de l'escrime quimpéroise|work=Ouest France|date=23 May 2013|language=fr}} </ref> Berder anashiriki katika mashindano ya olimpiki majira ya [[:en:2016_Summer_Olympics|2016 Summer Olympics]] . Alimshinda [[:en:Ibtihaj_Muhammad|Ibtihaj Muhammad]] katika raundi ya pili. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/cecilia-berder-joyau-de-lescrime-quimperoise-955775|title=Cecilia Berder, joyau de l'escrime quimpéroise|work=Ouest France|date=23 May 2013|language=fr}} </ref> == Rekodi ya medali == === Michezo ya Olimpiki === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;" width="50%" !Mwaka ! Mahali ! Tukio ! Nafasi |- | 2021 | rowspan="1" align="left" |{{Flag icon|JPN}} [[Tokyo]], [[Japani]] | Sabre ya Timu ya Wanawake | bgcolor="silver" | 2 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/cecilia-berder-joyau-de-lescrime-quimperoise-955775|title=Cecilia Berder, joyau de l'escrime quimpéroise|work=Ouest France|date=23 May 2013|language=fr}} </ref> |} === Mashindano ya Dunia === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;" width="50%" !Mwaka ! Mahali ! Tukio ! Nafasi |- | 2009 | rowspan="1" align="left" |{{Flag icon|TUR}} [[Antalya]], [[Uturuki]] | Sabre ya Timu ya Wanawake | bgcolor="silver" | 2 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/cecilia-berder-joyau-de-lescrime-quimperoise-955775|title=Cecilia Berder, joyau de l'escrime quimpéroise|work=Ouest France|date=23 May 2013|language=fr}} </ref> |- | 2010 | rowspan="1" align="left" |{{Flag icon|FRA}} [[Paris]], [[Ufaransa]] | Sabre ya Timu ya Wanawake | bgcolor="silver" | 2 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/cecilia-berder-joyau-de-lescrime-quimperoise-955775|title=Cecilia Berder, joyau de l'escrime quimpéroise|work=Ouest France|date=23 May 2013|language=fr}} </ref> |- | rowspan="1" | 2014 | rowspan="1" align="left" |{{Flag icon|RUS}} [[Kazan]], [[Urusi]] | Sabre ya Timu ya Wanawake | bgcolor="silver" | 2 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/cecilia-berder-joyau-de-lescrime-quimperoise-955775|title=Cecilia Berder, joyau de l'escrime quimpéroise|work=Ouest France|date=23 May 2013|language=fr}} </ref> |- | 2015 | rowspan="1" align="left" |{{Flag icon|RUS}} [[Moscow]], [[Urusi]] | Sabre ya Wanawake Binafsi | bgcolor="silver" | 2 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/cecilia-berder-joyau-de-lescrime-quimperoise-955775|title=Cecilia Berder, joyau de l'escrime quimpéroise|work=Ouest France|date=23 May 2013|language=fr}} </ref> |- | 2017 | rowspan="1" align="left" |{{Flag icon|GER}} [[Leipzig]], [[Ujerumani]] | Sabre ya Wanawake Binafsi | bgcolor="caramel" | Wa tatu <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/cecilia-berder-joyau-de-lescrime-quimperoise-955775|title=Cecilia Berder, joyau de l'escrime quimpéroise|work=Ouest France|date=23 May 2013|language=fr}} </ref> |- | rowspan="1" | 2017 | rowspan="1" align="left" |{{Flag icon|GER}} [[Leipzig]], [[Ujerumani]] | Sabre ya Timu ya Wanawake | bgcolor="caramel" | 3 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/cecilia-berder-joyau-de-lescrime-quimperoise-955775|title=Cecilia Berder, joyau de l'escrime quimpéroise|work=Ouest France|date=23 May 2013|language=fr}} </ref> |- | 2018 | rowspan="1" align="left" |{{Flag icon|CHN}} [[Wuxi]], [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China|Uchina]] | Sabre ya Timu ya Wanawake | bgcolor="gold" | 1 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/cecilia-berder-joyau-de-lescrime-quimperoise-955775|title=Cecilia Berder, joyau de l'escrime quimpéroise|work=Ouest France|date=23 May 2013|language=fr}} </ref> |- | 2019 | rowspan="1" align="left" |{{Flag icon|HUN}} [[Budapest]], [[Hungaria]] | Sabre ya Timu ya Wanawake | bgcolor="silver" | 2 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website|url=http://fie.org/competitions/2019/251|accessdate=2021-08-06|work=FIE.org|archive-date=2021-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602233436/https://fie.org/competitions/2019/251|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} === Mashindano ya Ulaya === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;" width="50%" !Mwaka ! Mahali ! Tukio ! Nafasi |- | 2008 | rowspan="1" align="left" |{{Flag icon|UKR}} [[Kiev|Kyiv]], [[Ukraini|Ukraine]] | Sabre ya Timu ya Wanawake | bgcolor="caramel" | Wa tatu <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/cecilia-berder-joyau-de-lescrime-quimperoise-955775|title=Cecilia Berder, joyau de l'escrime quimpéroise|work=Ouest France|date=23 May 2013|language=fr}} </ref> |- | rowspan="1" | 2014 | rowspan="1" align="left" |{{Flag icon|FRA}} [[Strasbourg]], [[Ufaransa]] | Sabre ya Timu ya Wanawake | bgcolor="silver" | 2 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/cecilia-berder-joyau-de-lescrime-quimperoise-955775|title=Cecilia Berder, joyau de l'escrime quimpéroise|work=Ouest France|date=23 May 2013|language=fr}} </ref> |- | 2015 | rowspan="1" align="left" |{{Flag icon|SUI}} [[Montreux]], [[Uswisi]] | Sabre ya Timu ya Wanawake | bgcolor="silver" | 2 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/cecilia-berder-joyau-de-lescrime-quimperoise-955775|title=Cecilia Berder, joyau de l'escrime quimpéroise|work=Ouest France|date=23 May 2013|language=fr}} </ref> |- | 2016 | rowspan="1" align="left" |{{Flag icon|POL}} [[Toruń]], [[Polandi|Poland]] | Sabre ya Timu ya Wanawake | bgcolor="silver" | 2 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/cecilia-berder-joyau-de-lescrime-quimperoise-955775|title=Cecilia Berder, joyau de l'escrime quimpéroise|work=Ouest France|date=23 May 2013|language=fr}} </ref> |- | rowspan="1" | 2017 | rowspan="1" align="left" |{{Flag icon|GEO}} [[Tbilisi]], [[Georgia]] | Sabre ya Timu ya Wanawake | bgcolor="caramel" | Wa tatu <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/cecilia-berder-joyau-de-lescrime-quimperoise-955775|title=Cecilia Berder, joyau de l'escrime quimpéroise|work=Ouest France|date=23 May 2013|language=fr}} </ref> |- | 2018 | rowspan="1" align="left" |{{Flag icon|SER}} [[Novi Sad]], [[Serbia]] | Sabre ya Wanawake Binafsi | bgcolor="silver" | 2 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/cecilia-berder-joyau-de-lescrime-quimperoise-955775|title=Cecilia Berder, joyau de l'escrime quimpéroise|work=Ouest France|date=23 May 2013|language=fr}} </ref> |- | 2018 | rowspan="1" align="left" |{{Flag icon|SER}} [[Novi Sad]], [[Serbia]] | Sabre ya Timu ya Wanawake | bgcolor="caramel" | 3 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/cecilia-berder-joyau-de-lescrime-quimperoise-955775|title=Cecilia Berder, joyau de l'escrime quimpéroise|work=Ouest France|date=23 May 2013|language=fr}} </ref> |- | 2019 | rowspan="1" align="left" |{{Flag icon|GER}} [[Düsseldorf]], [[Ujerumani]] | Sabre ya Timu ya Wanawake | bgcolor="caramel" | 3 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/cecilia-berder-joyau-de-lescrime-quimperoise-955775|title=Cecilia Berder, joyau de l'escrime quimpéroise|work=Ouest France|date=23 May 2013|language=fr}} </ref> |} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;" width="50%" !Tarehe ! Mahali ! Tukio ! Nafasi |- | 02/05/2010 | rowspan="1" align="left" |{{Flag icon|FRA}} [[Orléans]], [[Ufaransa]] | Sabre ya Wanawake Binafsi | bgcolor="caramel" | Wa tatu <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/cecilia-berder-joyau-de-lescrime-quimperoise-955775|title=Cecilia Berder, joyau de l'escrime quimpéroise|work=Ouest France|date=23 May 2013|language=fr}} </ref> |- | 02/11/2011 | rowspan="1" align="left" |{{Flag icon|FRA}} [[Orléans]], [[Ufaransa]] | Sabre ya Wanawake Binafsi | bgcolor="silver" | 2 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/cecilia-berder-joyau-de-lescrime-quimperoise-955775|title=Cecilia Berder, joyau de l'escrime quimpéroise|work=Ouest France|date=23 May 2013|language=fr}} </ref> |- | rowspan="1" | 12/16/2016 | rowspan="1" align="left" |{{Flag icon|MEX}} [[Cancún, Quintana Roo|Cancún]], [[Meksiko]] | Sabre ya Wanawake Binafsi | bgcolor="caramel" | Wa tatu <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/cecilia-berder-joyau-de-lescrime-quimperoise-955775|title=Cecilia Berder, joyau de l'escrime quimpéroise|work=Ouest France|date=23 May 2013|language=fr}} </ref> |- | 03/31/2017 | rowspan="1" align="left" |{{Flag icon|KOR}} [[Seoul]], [[Korea Kusini]] | Sabre ya Wanawake Binafsi | bgcolor="caramel" | Wa tatu <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/cecilia-berder-joyau-de-lescrime-quimperoise-955775|title=Cecilia Berder, joyau de l'escrime quimpéroise|work=Ouest France|date=23 May 2013|language=fr}} </ref> |- | 12/15/2017 | rowspan="1" align="left" |{{Flag icon|MEX}} [[Cancún, Quintana Roo|Cancún]], [[Meksiko]] | Sabre ya Wanawake Binafsi | bgcolor="caramel" | Wa tatu <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/cecilia-berder-joyau-de-lescrime-quimperoise-955775|title=Cecilia Berder, joyau de l'escrime quimpéroise|work=Ouest France|date=23 May 2013|language=fr}} </ref> |- | 02/22/2019 | rowspan="1" align="left" |{{Flag icon|EGY}} [[Kairo|Cairo]], [[Misri]] | Sabre ya Wanawake Binafsi | bgcolor="caramel" | 3 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/cecilia-berder-joyau-de-lescrime-quimperoise-955775|title=Cecilia Berder, joyau de l'escrime quimpéroise|work=Ouest France|date=23 May 2013|language=fr}} </ref> |} === Kombe la Dunia === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;" width="50%" !Tarehe ! Mahali ! Tukio ! Nafasi |- | 03/14/2014 | rowspan="1" align="left" |{{Flag icon|TUR}} [[Antalya]], [[Uturuki]] | Sabre ya Wanawake Binafsi | bgcolor="gold" | 1 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/cecilia-berder-joyau-de-lescrime-quimperoise-955775|title=Cecilia Berder, joyau de l'escrime quimpéroise|work=Ouest France|date=23 May 2013|language=fr}} </ref> |- | 01/27/2017 | rowspan="1" align="left" |{{Flag icon|USA}} [[Jiji la New York|New York]], [[New York (jimbo)|New York]] | Sabre ya Wanawake Binafsi | bgcolor="gold" | 1 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/cecilia-berder-joyau-de-lescrime-quimperoise-955775|title=Cecilia Berder, joyau de l'escrime quimpéroise|work=Ouest France|date=23 May 2013|language=fr}} </ref> |- | 01/25/2019 | rowspan="1" align="left" |{{Flag icon|USA}} [[Salt Lake City, Utah|Jiji la Salt Lake]], [[Utah]] | Sabre ya Wanawake Binafsi | bgcolor="gold" | 1 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/cecilia-berder-joyau-de-lescrime-quimperoise-955775|title=Cecilia Berder, joyau de l'escrime quimpéroise|work=Ouest France|date=23 May 2013|language=fr}} </ref> |- | 03/12/2021 | rowspan="1" align="left" |{{Flag icon|HUN}} [[Budapest]], [[Hungaria]] | Sabre ya Wanawake Binafsi | bgcolor="silver" | 2 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/cecilia-berder-joyau-de-lescrime-quimperoise-955775|title=Cecilia Berder, joyau de l'escrime quimpéroise|work=Ouest France|date=23 May 2013|language=fr}} </ref> |} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1989]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Ufaransa]] c641nya7zrgvwdhlni3eeravj8g84j5 0 144654 1598852 1577439 2026-09-22T21:42:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598852 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Albert Khanbulatovich Batyrgaziev''', (alizaliwa [[23 Juni]], [[1998]]) ni mshindi wa [[medali]] ya dhahabu kutokea [[Urusi|nchini Urusi]] [23 Juni 1998] katika mashindano ya [[Michezo ya Olimpiki|Olimpiki]] huko [[Tokyo]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://boxrec.com/en/proboxer/856316 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-12-03 |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201606/https://boxrec.com/en/proboxer/856316 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://boxing.athlete365.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/C32A__ALL-1.pdf | title = Nakala iliyohifadhiwa|accessdate=2021-12-03 |archivedate=2021-12-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203172115/http://boxing.athlete365.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/C32A__ALL-1.pdf }}</ref> == Kazi == Batyrgaziev alikuwa mpiga ndondi bingwa alipokua kijana kabla ya kuanza ndondi mwaka 2016.<ref>https://apnews.com/article/2020-tokyo-olympics-sports-boxing-russia-olympic-team-united-states-olympic-team-772c9613267f8c0a460fa7b01c54688f</ref> Alikua mchezaji mashuhuri, Batyrgaziev aliiwakilisha [[Urusi]] kwenye Mashindano ya Dunia ya 2019, Baada ya kucheza kwa mara ya kwanza kitaaluma mwaka 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eubcboxing.org/news/dzambekov-and-abduljabbar-boxed-over-their-previous-limits-at-the-aiba-world-boxing-championships-on-day7/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-12-03 |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205415/http://www.eubcboxing.org/news/dzambekov-and-abduljabbar-boxed-over-their-previous-limits-at-the-aiba-world-boxing-championships-on-day7/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Batyrgaziev alishinda mapambano yake mawili ya kwanza [[Tokyo|mjini Tokyo]] na kufika nusu fainali, ambapo alitoka nyuma kwenye ubingwa na kumshinda mshindi wa medali tatu za [[Michezo ya Olimpiki|Olimpiki]] wa [[Kuba|Cuba]] Lázaro Álvarez. <ref>https://apnews.com/article/2020-tokyo-olympics-sports-boxing-russia-olympic-team-united-states-olympic-team-772c9613267f8c0a460fa7b01c54688f</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://sport-journal.com/batyrgaziev-first-professional-boxer-with-an-olympic-gold/ | title = Nakala iliyohifadhiwa|accessdate=2021-12-03 |archivedate=2021-12-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203172116/https://sport-journal.com/batyrgaziev-first-professional-boxer-with-an-olympic-gold/ }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:USLWO]] 4xzfv4bok6u5tzjwsq1iph1db5vmt76 0 145626 1599013 1544758 2026-09-23T03:00:28Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599013 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Sikasso in Mali 2023.svg|350px|thumb|Mkoa wa Sikasso]] '''Mkoa wa Sikasso''' (kwa [[Kibambara]]: Sikaso Dineja) ni [[mkoa]] uliomo [[kusini]] mwa [[Mali]]. Unapakana na nchi za [[Guinea]], [[Cote d'Ivoire]] na [[Burkina Faso]]. Mkoa huo una eneo la [[kilomita za mraba]] 70,280. Wakati wa [[sensa]] ya mwaka [[2009]] ulikuwa na wakazi 2,625,919. [[Mji mkuu]] wa mkoa huo ni [[Sikasso]] ambayo ni [[mji]] wa pili kwa ukubwa nchini humo. Sikasso inazidi kukua kwa kasi kutokana na watu wanaokimbia ghasia huko [[Cote d'Ivoire]] upande wa kusini. [[Kabila|Makabila]] makubwa ni pamoja na [[Wasenufo]] wanaojulikana kwa [[Kinyago|vinyago]] vyao, [[Wasamago]] wanaojulikana kwa kuwa [[Mkulima|wakulima]] bora wa Mali, na kabila kuu nchini Mali ambao ni [[Wabambara]]. [[Uchumi]] wa eneo hilo unategemea [[kilimo]] na Sikasso inajulikana kwa [[Tunda|matunda]] na [[mboga]]. Mkoa wa Sikasso hupokea [[mvua]] nyingi kuliko eneo lingine lolote la Mali. == Mgawanyiko wa kiutawala == [[Picha:Sikasso_cercles.png|right|thumb|300x300px| Cercles ya Mkoa wa Sikasso]] Mkoa wa Sikasso umegawanywa kwa wilaya ''(cercles)'' saba : <ref>{{Citation|title=Loi N°99-035/ du 10 Aout 1999 Portant Création des Collectivités Territoriales de Cercles et de Régions|url=http://www.matcl.gov.ml/PDF/LoiCreationCercleReg.pdf|year=1999|publisher=Ministère de l'Administration Territoriales et des Collectivités Locales, République du Mali|language=fr|access-date=2022-01-11|archive-date=2012-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309073942/http://www.matcl.gov.ml/PDF/LoiCreationCercleReg.pdf|dead-url=yes}}.</ref> <ref>{{Citation|title=Communes de la Région de Sikasso|url=http://www.matcl.gov.ml/pdf/ComRegSikasso.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005558/http://www.matcl.gov.ml/pdf/ComRegSikasso.pdf|publisher=Ministère de l’administration territoriale et des collectivités locales, République du Mali|language=fr|archive-date=3 December 2013}}.</ref> {| class="sortable wikitable" !Jina la Cercle ! Eneo (km<sup>2</sup>) ! Idadi ya watu <small>Sensa ya 1998</small> ! Idadi ya watu <small>Sensa ya 2009</small> |- | Bougouni | align="right" | 20,028 | align="right" | 307,633 | align="right" | 459,509 | |- | Kadiolo | align="right" | 5,375 | align="right" | 130,730 | align="right" | 239,713 | |- | Kolondiéba | align="right" | 9,200 | align="right" | 141,861 | align="right" | 202,618 | |- | Koutiala | align="right" | 8,740 | align="right" | 382,350 | align="right" | 575,253 | |- | Sikasso | align="right" | 15,375 | align="right" | 514,764 | align="right" | 725,494 | |- | Yanfolila | align="right" | 9,240 | align="right" | 163,798 | align="right" | 211,824 | |- | Yorosso | align="right" | 5,500 | align="right" | 141,021 | align="right" | 211,508 | |- |} Sehemu ya kusini-magharibi ya mkoa wa Sikasso inajulikana kama Wassoulou. Eneo hili ni maarufu kwa muziki wake wa kipekee na utamaduni wa uwindaji. Mji mkuu wa Wassoulou ni Yanfolila. Koutiala katika sehemu ya kaskazini ya Mkoa wa Sikasso ni kitovu cha tasnia ya pamba nchini Mali. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{Citation|title=Site Officiel de la Région de Sikasso|url=http://www.sikasso.gouv.ml|publisher=Ministère de l'Administration Territoriale et des Collectivités Locales, République du Mali|language=fr|ref=none|access-date=2022-01-12|archive-date=2018-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125223754/http://www.sikasso.gouv.ml/|dead-url=yes}}. * {{Citation|title=Synthèsis des Plans Communaux de Securité Alimentaire de la Région de Sikasso 2007-2011|url=http://www.aec.msu.edu/fs2/mali_fd_strtgy/plans/sikasso/psa_synthese_region_sikasso.pdf|year=2007|publisher=Commissariat à la Sécurité Alimentaire, République du Mali, USAID-Mali|language=fr|ref=none|access-date=2022-01-11|archive-date=2012-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722182852/http://www.aec.msu.edu/fs2/mali_fd_strtgy/plans/sikasso/psa_synthese_region_sikasso.pdf|dead-url=yes}}. [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Mali]] 0llqgabkl0z3hp7km1nbnzz1qgfxlsy 0 146407 1599014 1584773 2026-09-23T03:00:36Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599014 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Janet Mbugua - Ndichu''' (alizaliwa [[10 Januari]] [[1984]]) ni [[mwanahabari]], [[mtangazaji]] na [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Kenya]]. Anajulikana kuwa alifanya [[kazi]] [[Kenya|KTN]] apo mwanzo. Alifanya kazi kwenye chaneli ya [[Citizen TV]] kwa miaka kadhaa, kabla ya kutangaza kustaafu kwake kutoka kwenye [[tasnia]] hiyo ya [[habari]]. Alikuwa mtangazaji mkuu wa [[habari]] kwenye chaneli hiyo ya Citizen wakati wote, pamoja na Hussein Mohammed. Aliechukua nafasi kwenye Jumuiya ya Kibinadamu ya Msalaba Mwekundu ya Kenya. Janet anavutiwa na [[filamu]] na [[sanaa]], kama mwigizaji aliyeongoza katika safu ya runinga ya Rush. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Janet alizaliwa na kukulia [[Mombasa]], Kenya. Ana kaka pacha Timothy Mbugua.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.okoanews.com/photos-introducing-janet-mbuguas-twin-brother/|title=Introducing Janet Mbugua’s Twin Brother|accessdate=9 February 2016|website=Okoa News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728063427/http://www.okoanews.com/photos-introducing-janet-mbuguas-twin-brother/|archive-date=28 July 2015|url-status=dead|archivedate=2015-07-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728063427/http://www.okoanews.com/photos-introducing-janet-mbuguas-twin-brother/}}</ref> Janet alikwenda [[Shule]] ya [[sekondari]] ya Brookhouse na baadaye akajiunga na [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Kimataifa cha [[Marekani]] (USIU). Baada ya kufanya kazi kwa muda, alijiunga na Chuo Kikuu cha [[Teknolojia]] ya Ubunifu cha Limkokwing nchini Malaysia kwa [[Shahada ya Awali|shahada]] yake ya mawasiliano ya watu wengi.Alisomea MBA yake katika Global Business Management katika Swiss Management Academy mjini Nairobi, Kenya. == Kazi == Mnamo [[2004]], akiwa na [[umri]] wa miaka 19, Mbugua alianza kazi yake katika 98.4 Capital FM.<ref name="Janet">{{cite web|date=|first=|last=|url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/m/article/1144006483/i-m-janet-mbugua|title=I’m Janet Mbugua|accessdate=9 February 2016|website=Standard Media}}</ref>Mnamo [[2009]], aliajiriwa kama mtangazaji wa habari, ripota na mtayarishaji wa kipindi cha mambo ya sasa cha ''Pan-Afrikani'', [[Afrika]] [[360]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africa-asa.com/janet-mbugua/|title=Africa 360|accessdate=9 February 2016|website=Africa ASA}}</ref> na e.tv huko [[Johannesburg]], [[Afrika ya Kusini]]. Hadi hivi majuzi alikuwa mtangazaji wa habari katika runinga ya Citizen inayotangaza [[Jumatatu]] Maalumu na The Big Question.<ref>{{cite web|date=20 October 2015|first=Elainer|last=Mogoa|url=https://citizentv.co.ke/entertainment/citizen-tvs-janet-mbugua-pranks-co-host-hussein-mohammed-103623/|title=Citizen TV’s Janet Mbugua pranks co-host Hussein Mohammed|accessdate=9 February 2016|website=Citizen TV}}</ref> Mnamo [[2014]], aliigiza katika ''sitcom, Rush''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spielworksmedia.com/janet-mbugua-unleashed/|title=JANET MBUGUA UNLEASHED|accessdate=9 February 2016|website=Spielswork Media}}</ref> Aliigiza katika nafasi ya uongozi kama Pendo Adama,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.actors.co.ke/en/mer/articledetail/600|title=CITIZEN TV NEWS ANCHOR JANET MBUGUA TO DEBUT IN STAR STUDDED SERIES RUSH|accessdate=9 February 2016|website=Actors.co.ke|archive-date=2016-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215171321/http://www.actors.co.ke/en/mer/articledetail/600|url-status=dead}}</ref> mmiliki na [[mhariri]] mkuu wa ''Rush Magazine''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nairobiwire.com/2014/04/watch-citizen-tvs-janet-mbugua-kick-start-acting-career-trailer.html|title=Watch Citizen TV’s Janet Mbugua Kick Start Her Acting Career|accessdate=9 February 2016|website=Nairobi Wire}}</ref> Mnamo [[Julai]] [[2017]], alianza kushauriana na The Hive, [[Shirika]] la [[Marekani]] linalotaka kuongeza ujumbe wa Usawa wa Jinsia nchini Kenya na nchi nyingine za Afrika.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Women celebrate Kenya's first woman marine pilot on Day of the Seafarer|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/sasa/2019-06-25-women-celebrate-kenyas-first-woman-marine-pilot-on-day-of-the-seafarer/|website=The Star|language=en-KE|access-date=2020-05-03}}</ref> Mnamo [[2019]], alisimamia na kuandaa Kipindi cha [[Televisheni]] kilichopewa jina la ''Hapa na Sasa kwenye NTV(Here And Now on NTV)'', ambacho kiliangazia maswala ya kijamii na [[kiuchumi]] yanayoathiri vijana.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Janet Mbugua returns on screen, brings brother along to talk about depression – VIDEO|url=https://nairobinews.nation.co.ke/chillax/janet-mbugua-returns-on-screen-brings-brother-along-to-talk-about-depression-video|website=Nairobi News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-03|archive-date=2019-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629231433/https://nairobinews.nation.co.ke/chillax/janet-mbugua-returns-on-screen-brings-brother-along-to-talk-about-depression-video|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Janet Mbugua makes TV comeback with brand new show|url=https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2001329566/janet-mbugua-makes-tv-comeback-with-brand-new-show|last=Anyango|first=Diana|website=Standard Digital News|access-date=2020-05-03|accessdate=2022-02-18|archivedate=2019-09-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905184820/https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2001329566/janet-mbugua-makes-tv-comeback-with-brand-new-show}}</ref> == Kazi za kibinadamu == Yeye ndiye [[mwanzilishi]] na [[mkurugenzi]] wa ''Media Avenue Limited'', ambapo watu hupewa huduma kama vile kuzungumza kwa [[umma]], kudhibiti na kuanza. Pia ameimarisha katika kuwawezesha vijana wa kike na kampeni ya Inua Dada<ref>{{cite web|date=16 August 2014|first=Ndegwa|last=Maina|url=http://nairobiwire.com/2014/08/joey-muthengi-janet-mbugua-noble-cause.html|title=Joey Muthengi Joins Janet Mbugua for Inua Dada|accessdate=9 February 2016|website=Nairobi Wire|archivedate=2015-11-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126111444/http://nairobiwire.com/2014/08/joey-muthengi-janet-mbugua-noble-cause.html}}</ref> ambayo imeidhinishwa na [[mke]] wa rais wa Kenya, [[Margaret Kenyatta]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zakenya.com/product-reviews/inua-dada-initiative-in-kenya.html|title=Inua Dada Campaign|accessdate=9 February 2016|website=Za Kenya|archive-date=2016-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308235547/http://www.zakenya.com/product-reviews/inua-dada-initiative-in-kenya.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>Mnamo tarehe [[8]] [[Oktoba]] [[2021]] alizindua Kituo cha Inua Dada katika makazi duni ya [[Korogocho]] jijini Nairobi. Kituo hiki ni sehemu inayotoa fursa ya kupata taarifa na ufahamu kuhusu afya ya [[uzazi]] na haki.. == Maisha binafsi== Janet Mbugua ameolewa na Edward Ndichu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://africagossipnews.com/kenya-wedding-pictures-citizens-tv-janet-mbugua-husband-eddie-ndichu-glamorous/|title=KENYA: Wedding Pictures of Citizen’s TV Janet Mbugua and husband Eddie Ndichu **Glamorous**|accessdate=9 February 2016|website=Africa Gossip News|archive-date=2016-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327040426/http://africagossipnews.com/kenya-wedding-pictures-citizens-tv-janet-mbugua-husband-eddie-ndichu-glamorous/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Kwa pamoja wana watoto wawili wa kiume, Ethan Huru Ndichu aliyezaliwa [[Oktoba]] [[2015]] na Mali Ndichu.<ref>{{cite web|date=26 October 2016|first=Lisa|last=Kamau|url=https://citizentv.co.ke/entertainment/its-a-baby-boy-for-citizen-tvs-janet-mbugua-104019/|title=It’s a baby boy for Citizen TV’s Janet Mbugua – Ndichu|accessdate=9 February 2016|website=[[Citizen TV]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sde.co.ke/m/article/2000180740/citizen-tv-s-anchor-janet-mbugua-gives-birth-to-bouncing-baby-boy|title=Citizen TV's anchor Janet Mbugua gives birth to bouncing baby boy|accessdate=9 February 2016|website=SDE|archivedate=2018-07-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703190923/https://www.sde.co.ke/m/article/2000180740/citizen-tv-s-anchor-janet-mbugua-gives-birth-to-bouncing-baby-boy}}</ref> Mnamo [[2019]], Janet alitoa kitabu chake cha kwanza, 'Wakati Wangu wa Kwanza', mkusanyiko wa [[hadithi]] fupi kutoka kwa [[Mwanamke|wanawake]], [[Msichana|wasichana]] na [[Mwanaume|wanaume]] juu ya mwingiliano wao wa kwanza na [[hedhi]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Janet Mbugua adds ‘Author’ to her Title as she Launches ‘My First Time’ Book|url=https://nairobiwire.com/2019/10/janet-mbugua-adds-author-to-her-title-as-she-launches-my-first-time-book.html|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-03|accessdate=2022-02-18|archivedate=2019-10-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029000957/http://nairobiwire.com/2019/10/janet-mbugua-adds-author-to-her-title-as-she-launches-my-first-time-book.html}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=#WCW: Janet Mbugua, breaking barriers for women - Evewoman|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/evewoman/article/2001349120/wcw-janet-mbugua-breaking-barriers-for-women|website=www.standardmedia.co.ke|access-date=2020-05-03}}</ref> == Filamu zake == * ''[[Rush (2014 Kenyan TV series)|Rush]]'' {{ndash}} Pendo Adama == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Watangazaji wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kenya]] 0h77hey02s0qar2v7b0q3xr528m3gfc 0 146672 1599015 1597589 2026-09-23T03:01:16Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599015 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:18 mai 2015, Nyunzu, Katanga, RD Congo - Une femme congolaise défend et promeut les droits des femmes via un message imprimé sur ses pagnes (17962257508).jpg|alt=A Congoian woman defends and promotes the rights of women via a message printed on the fabric she wears, 2015.|thumb|350x400px|Mwanamke wa Kongo akiunga mkono na kukuza haki za wanawake kupitia ujumbe uliochapishwa kwenye kitambaa alichovaa, mwaka 2015.]] '''Utamaduni''', mageuzi, na historia ya wanawake waliozaliwa, walioishi na kutoka [[bara la Afrika]] na kutafakari mageuzi na historia ya bara la Afrika. Tafiti nyingi za muda mfupi kuhusu historia ya wanawake katika mataifa ya Afrika zimefanyika. Tafiti nyingi zinahusu majukumu ya kihistoria na hadhi ya wanawake katika nchi na mikoa mahususi, kama vile [[Misri]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Morocco]], [[Nigeria]],[[Lesotho]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eldredge |first1=Elizabeth A. |title=Women in Production: The Economic Role of Women in Nineteenth-Century Lesotho |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_signs_summer-1991_16_4/page/707 |journal=Signs |date=1991 |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=707–731 |jstor=3174570 |doi=10.1086/494700 }}</ref> na [[kusini kwa Sahara]].Hivi karibuni, wasomi wameanza kuzingatia maendeleo ya hadhi ya wanawake kupitia historia yote ya Afrika kwa kutumia vyanzo vya kawaida kama vile [[nyimbo]] kutoka [[Malawi]], mbinu za ufumaji za Sokoto, na isimu ya kihistoria. Hadhi ya wanawake barani Afrika ni tofauti katika mataifa na kanda nyingine. Kwa mfano, [[Rwanda]] ndiyo nchi pekee duniani ambayo wanawake wanashikilia zaidi ya nusu ya viti bungeni—asilimia 51.9 kufikia [[Julai]] [[2019]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mizrahi |first1=Simon |title=Empowering African Women: An Agenda for Action |date=May 2015 |publisher=African Development Bank |location=Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire |url=https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/African_Gender_Equality_Index_2015-EN.pdf |access-date=23 October 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> lakini Morocco ina waziri mmoja tu mwanamke katika baraza lake la mawaziri.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last1=Musau |first1=Zipporah |title=African Women in politics: Miles to go before parity is achieved |url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/april-2019-july-2019/african-women-politics-miles-go-parity-achieved |website=Africa Renewal |access-date=23 October 2019}}</ref> Juhudi kubwa kwaajili ya usawa wa kijinsia zimefanyika baada ya kuundwa Haki za Binadamu na Watu Afrika, ambayo inahamasisha nchi wanachama kuondoa ubaguzi na unyanyasaji dhidi ya wanawake.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.18356/3a3ce9eb-en |title=Taking on violence against women in Africa |journal=Africa Renewal |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=4–7 |year=2007 |last1=Kimani |first1=Mary }}</ref> Mataifa yote ya Afrika yamepitisha mkataba huu isipokuwa Morocco na Burundi,<ref>{{cite web |title=African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights |url=https://www.achpr.org/legalinstruments/detail?id=49 |website=African Commission on Human and People's Rights |publisher=African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights |accessdate=2022-02-23 |archivedate=2022-05-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509235021/https://www.achpr.org/legalinstruments/detail?id=49 }}</ref> Hata hivyo, pamoja na hatua hizi za usawa, bado wanawake wanakabiliwa na matatizo mbalimbali yanayohusiana na usawa wa kijinsia kama vile viwango vya umaskini na elimu, afya na lishe duni, ukosefu wa mamlaka ya kisiasa, ushiriki mdogo wa wafanyakazi, unyanyasaji wa kijinsia, ukatili wa kingono wa wanawake, na [[ndoa]] za utotoni.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Solidarity for African Women's Rights |title=Breathing Life into the African Union Protocol on Women's Rights in Africa |date=2006 |publisher=Solidarity for African Women's Rights }}</ref> == Historia ya wanawake wa Kiafrika == [[Faili:ASC Leiden - Coutinho Collection - 2 17 - PAIGC soldiers in Guinea-Bissau - Woman PAIGC soldier playing cards - 1973.tif|thumb|300px|Mwanajeshi wa kike wa jeshi la ukombozi la PAIGC huko Guinea-Bissau, 1973]] Utafiti wa historia ya wanawake wa Kiafrika uliibuka kama mada kuu mara tu baada ya historia ya Kiafrika kuwa somo la kitaaluma linaloheshimika. Wanahistoria kama vile ''Jan Vansina'' na ''Walter Rodney'' waliwalazimisha wasomi wa nchi za Magharibi kukiri kuwepo kwa jamii na majimbo ya Kiafrika kabla ya ukoloni kufuatia harakati za kupigania uhuru wa Afrika katika miaka ya [[1960]], ingawa walizingatia zaidi historia ya wanaume. ''Ester Boserup'', msomi wa uchumi wa kihistoria, alichapisha kitabu chake cha msingi cha ''Wajibu wa Wanawake katika Maendeleo ya Kiuchumi'' mwaka 1970.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Women's role in economic development|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24008456|last=Corner|first=Lorraine|date=2008-02-01|website=Research Gate}}</ref> Kitabu hiki kilionyesha nafasi kuu ambayo wanawake walikuwa wamehusika katika historia ya Afrika kama wazalishaji wa kiuchumi na jinsi mifumo hiyo ilivyovurugwa na ukoloni. Kufikia miaka ya [[1980]], wasomi walikuwa wamechukua tungo za historia za wanawake wa Kiafrika katika bara zima. Kwa mfano, utafiti wa ''George Brooks'' wa mwaka [[1976]] wa wafanyabiashara wanawake katika nchi ya [[Senegal]] kabla ya ukoloni, utafiti wa ''Margaret Jean Hays'' wa mwaka [[1976]] kuhusu jinsi mabadiliko ya kiuchumi katika ukoloni wa Kenya yalivyoathiri wanawake wa Luo, na utafiti wa Kristin Mann wa mwaka [[1985]] kuhusu ndoa nchini Nigeria. Baada ya muda, wanahistoria wamejadili nafasi na hadhi ya wanawake katika jamii kabla ya ukoloni dhidi ya wakoloni, walichunguza jinsi wanawake walivyo kabiliana na mabadiliko ya ukandamizaji, wakachunguza matukio kama vile unyumba ulivyokuwa wa kijinsia, kuibua majukumu ya wanawake katika mapambano ya uhuru wa kitaifa,<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|last=Presley|first=Cora Ann|date=2019-05-20|title=Kikuyu Women, the Mau Mau Rebellion, and Social Change in Kenya|doi=10.4324/9780429043697|isbn=9780429043697}}</ref>na alisisitiza kuwa aina ya "mwanamke" katika baadhi ya matukio hayawezi kutumika katika miktadha ya ukoloni.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=The invention of women making an African sense of Western gender discourses|last=Oyěwùmí, Oyèrónkẹ́.|date=1997|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=0816685908|oclc=1108929499}}</ref> Wanawake wameonyeshwa kuwa watendaji muhimu wa kihistoria, kiuchumi na kijamii takriban kila eneo la Afrika kwa karne nyingi. == Utamaduni == ===Majumbani=== Kuanzia miaka ya [[1940]] katika Maadhimisho ya uhuru wa [[Morocco]] kutoka kwa [[Ufaransa]] mwaka 1956, wanawake wa Moroko waliishi katika vikundi vya familia ambazo zilikuwa kwenye "kaya zilizofungiwa". Tamaduni ya mtindo wa maisha ya wanawake katika kaya zilizofungiwa iliisha polepole baada ya Moroko kupata uhuru kutoka kwa Ufaransa mnamo mwaka [[1956]].<ref name="WIM">{{cite web|url=http://thirdeyemom.com/2011/04/25/1084/|title=Women in Morocco|publisher=THIRDEYEMOM|access-date=9 November 2013|date=2011-04-26}}</ref> Idara ya kazi ya jadi nchini Senegal iliona wanawake wa Senegal wakiwajibika katika kazi za nyumbani kama vile kupika, kufanya usafi na kutunza watoto. Pia walihusika katika sehemu kubwa ya kazi za kilimo, ikiwa ni pamoja na palizi na kuvuna mazao ya kawaida kama vile mpunga. Katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, mabadiliko ya kiuchumi na ukuaji wa miji umesababisha vijana wengi kuhamia kwenye miji kama Dakar .Pia Wanawake wa vijijini wamejihusisha zaidi katika kusimamia rasilimali za misitu ya vijiji na kuendesha viwanda vya kusaga mtama na mpunga. ===Jamii=== Ubaguzi wa kijinsia uliimarishwa katika bara zima wakati wa ukoloni.. Kabla ya ukoloni, wanawake walikuwa na machifu wao kwaajili ya haki zao wenyewe, na baadhi ya makabila hata yalikuwa na mila za kupitisha haki za nasaba kwa vyeo vya kiume pekee kwa vizazi vya kifalme kupitia ukoo wa uzazi ''(kwa mfano, Asanteman, Balobedu, Ijawland, falme za Wolof )''. Ukoloni uliondoa nguvu za machifu na mila hizi, na kuimarisha mfumo dume ambao ulikuwa tayari umeshamiri kutoka kwa wakoloni waliotangulia. Hili lilikabiliwa na upinzani mkali, maarufu zaidi katika kesi ya uasi wa wanawake wa [[Abeokuta]] nchini [[Nigeria]]. Kufuatia uhuru, mataifa huru yaliimarisha kanuni za kijinsia na miundo ya kitabaka iliyorithiwa kutoka kwa wakoloni waliotangulia, kwani vizazi vya kwanza na vya pili vya utawala wa Kiafrika vilishindwa kurejesha mamlaka ya jadi ya wanawake. Hii ilisababisha upinzani zaidi, na katika kipindi cha miongo michache iliyopita kumekuwa na uboreshaji mkubwa katika hali hiyo. Wanawake walio na majina katika historia ya Afrika ni pamoja na ''Fatim Beye, Ndoye Demba na Ndate Yalla Mbodj wa Senegal, Moremi, Idia, Amina, Orompoto, Nana Asma'u na Efunroye Tinubu wa Nigeria, Yaa Asantewaa wa Ghana, Yennenga wa Burkina Faso, Hangbe wa Benin, Makeda, Zawditu na Embet Ilen wa Ethiopia na Eritrea, Nandi wa Afrika Kusini na Hatshepsut wa Misri''. Wote wanasifiwa kama msukumo kwa wanawake wa kisasa wa Kiafrika. Wanawake wengi wa kisasa wa Afrika ni wanachama wa Mtandao wa Viongozi wa Kitamaduni na Wanawake wa Kiafrika, shirika la hiari. == Elimu == === Kusini mwa Sahara === Ingawa nchi za Kusini kwa Sahara zimepiga hatua kubwa katika kutoa fursa sawa ya elimu kwa wavulana na wasichana, asilimia 23 ya wasichana hawapati elimu ya msingi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://uis.unesco.org/en/topic/education-africa|title=Education in Africa|date=2016-11-18|website=uis.unesco.org|access-date=2019-10-24|accessdate=2022-02-23|archivedate=2018-07-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701083333/http://uis.unesco.org/en/topic/education-africa}}</ref>Mambo kama vile tabaka la kijamii la msichana na elimu ya mama huathiri pakubwa uwezo wake wa kufikia elimu.<ref name=":2">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Women's Education in Developing Countries|last=Hyde|first=Karin|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=1993|location=Baltimore|pages=112–113}}</ref> Bila ufikiaji rahisi wa shule, mara nyingi wakina mama ndio wa kwanza kuwapa elimu wasichana wao.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=The Politics of Polygyny in Mende Education and Child Fosterage Transactions|last=Bledsoe|first=Caroline|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1988|location=Chicago, IL}}</ref> Nchini [[Côte d'Ivoire]], wasichana wana uwezekano mara 35 zaidi wa kuhudhuria shule ya sekondari ikiwa baba yao alihitimu kutoka chuo kikuu. Asilimia 40% ya wasichana wakiolewa kabla ya umri wa miaka 18. Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara, wasichana mara nyingi wanalazimika kuacha shule ili kuanzisha familia. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/Ch1_Population_info.pdf|title=Families and Populations}}</ref>Ndoa za utotoni huimarisha imani ya kitamaduni kwamba kuwasomesha watoto wa kike ni upotevu wa rasilimali kwa sababu wazazi hawatapata manufaa yoyote ya kiuchumi mara binti yao asipoolewa na familia nyingine. Hii inasababisha hali inayojulikana kama upendeleo wa mtoto ambapo familia zitachagua kuwapeleka watoto wakiume shuleni badala ya binti zao kwa sababu ya faida ya kiuchumi ambayo watoto waliosoma wanaweza kumudu familia. Aidha, wasichana huwa wanahudhuria shule ambazo hazina ubora. Shule zenye sifa ya ukosefu wa mafunzo na maandalizi dhaifu kwa wafanyikazi.<ref name=":2" /> Suala jingine katika mifumo ya elimu ni mgawanyo wa masomo ya shule kwa jinsia. Wasichana wana uwezekano mkubwa wa kuchukua kozi za sayansi ya nyumbani na baiolojia, ilhali wavulana wana uwezekano mkubwa wa kuchukua mafunzo ya hesabu, kemia, uhandisi na ufundi stadi.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Harding|first=J|date=1985|title=Girls and Women in Secondary and Higher Education: Science for Only a Few|journal=Prospects|volume=15|issue=4|pages=553–64|doi=10.1007/BF02197923|s2cid=143667607}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Women and Education in Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/womeneducationin0000unse_j4j2|last=Bloch|first=Marianne|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|year=1998}}</ref>Kulingana na Taasisi ya Takwimu ya UNESCO, 58.8% ya wanawake wanaojua kusoma na kuandika katika mwaka 2018.<ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.FE.ZS?end=2018&locations=AF-ZW-DZ-AO-BW-BF-BJ-CF-SO-NE-GN-ZG&name_desc=false&start=1970&view=chart|title=Literacy rate, adult female (% of females ages 15 and above) - Afghanistan, Zimbabwe, Algeria, Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Benin, Central African Republic, Somalia, Niger, Guinea, Sub-Saharan Africa {{!}} Data|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=2019-10-24|archive-date=2019-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024065517/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.FE.ZS%3Fend%3D2018%26locations%3DAF-ZW-DZ-AO-BW-BF-BJ-CF-SO-NE-GN-ZG%26name_desc%3Dfalse%26start%3D1970%26view%3Dchart|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hata hivyo, viwango vya watu wanaojua kusoma na kuandika Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara vinatofautiana sana kutoka kwa mfano Chad kuwa na kiwango cha 14% cha elimu ya wanawake kwa kulinganisha na Ushelisheli 96%.<ref name=":3" /> '''Afrika ya Kusini''' Kulingana na uchambuzi wa Rowena Martineau juu ya tofauti za elimu kati ya wanaume na wanawake nchini [[Afrika Kusini]], wanawake wamepuuzwa kihistoria katika mfumo wa elimu.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida|last=Martineau|first=Rowena|date=Autumn 1997|title=Women and Education in South Africa: Factors Influencing Women's Educational Progress and Their Entry into Traditionally Male-Dominated Fields|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-negro-education_fall-1997_66_4/page/383|journal=The Journal of Negro Education|volume=66|issue=4|pages=383–395|doi=10.2307/2668166|jstor=2668166}}</ref> Vikwazo vingine ambavyo wanawake hukabiliana navyo katika kupata elimu ni kwamba elimu yao haipewi kipaumbele kama ya kaka zao, unyanyasaji wa kijinsia ni jambo la kawaida la hofu na tukio lililoenea, na shinikizo la kijamii la kuolewa na kuanzisha familia vyote vinazuia fursa ya wanawake kuelimishwa. Zaidi ya hayo, wanawake huchagua kusomea uuguzi na ualimu juu ya taaluma nyingine yoyote, ambayo inawatenga zaidi kuingia kwenye kazi zenye malipo makubwa zaidi katika STEM, ambayo pia huchangia ukosefu wa usawa wa kijinsia.<ref name=":0" /> '''Sierra Leone''' Tangu kuanzishwa kwa Sierra Leone mwaka [[1787]], wanawake nchini [[Sierra Leone]] wamekuwa na ushawishi mkubwa katika maendeleo ya kisiasa na kiuchumi wa taifa hilo. Pia wamechukua jukumu muhimu katika mfumo wa elimu, kuanzisha shule na vyuo, huku baadhi kama vile Hannah Benka-Coker wakitunukiwa kwa kusimikwa kwa sanamu kwa michango yake<ref name="Hafkin">{{cite book|title=Women in Africa: Studies in Social and Economic Change|url=https://archive.org/details/womeninafrica00itio|url-access=registration|last=Hafkin|first=Nancy Jane|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1976|isbn=978-0804710114|editor=Edna G. Bay|page=[https://archive.org/details/womeninafrica00itio/page/218 218]}}</ref> na ''Lati Hyde-Forster'', mwanamke wa kwanza kuhitimu kutoka shule ya sekondari na ''Chuo cha Fourah Bay'' akitunukiwa shahada ya udaktari wa sheria za kiraia na Chuo Kikuu cha Sierra Leone.<ref name="Fyle">{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Sierra Leone|last=Fyle|first=Magbaily C.|publisher=Scarecrow|year=2005|isbn=978-0810853393|edition=New|page=[https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000fyle/page/71 71]|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000fyle/page/71}}</ref> '''Angola''' Nchini Angola, vikundi kama vile Shirika la Wanawake wa [[Angola]] vilianzishwa ili kutoa ufikiaji rahisi wa elimu na uwezo wa kupiga kura. Shirika hilo pia liliunga mkono kupitisha sheria za kupambana na ubaguzi na ujuzii.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=National identity and democracy in Africa|date=1999|publisher=Human Sciences Research Council of South Africa|others=Palmberg, Mai., Human Sciences Research Council., University of the Western Cape. Mayibuye Centre.|isbn=978-0796919014|location=[Pretoria, S.A.]|pages=153|oclc=43833733}}</ref> === Afrika ya Kaskazini === Nchi saba—[[Algeria]], [[Misri]], [[Libya]], [[Morocco]], [[Sudan]], [[Tunisia]], na Sahara Magharibi—zinazounda [[Afrika ya Kaskazini]] zina mazingira ya kipekee ya kielimu kwa sababu ya utajiri wao wa jamaa na imani yenye nguvu ya Kiislamu.<ref name=":2" />Kanuni na majukumu ya kijinsia yamefafanuliwa kwa ukali sana kulinda heshima na staha ya wanawake, ambayo bila kukusudia yamekuwa vikwazo kwa wanawake kupata elimu sawa na wanaume kwani wanawake wanatarajiwa kukaa nyumbani na kulea familia.<ref name=":4">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.prb.org/empoweringwomendevelopingsocietyfemaleeducationinthemiddleeastandnorthafrica/|title=Empowering Women, Developing Society: Female Education in the Middle East and North Africa – Population Reference Bureau|access-date=2019-10-24|archive-date=2019-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024082135/https://www.prb.org/empoweringwomendevelopingsocietyfemaleeducationinthemiddleeastandnorthafrica/|url-status=dead}}</ref>Matarajio haya ya kijinsia yanashusha thamani ya elimu ya wanawake na upatikanaji wa elimu kwa wasichana. Matokeo yake, nchi za Afrika Kaskazini kama vile Misri na Morocco zina viwango vya juu vya kutojua kusoma na kuandika kwa wanawake kuliko nchi nyingine zilizo na Pato la Taifa sawa.<ref name="data.worldbank.org">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.FE.ZS?end=2018&locations=ZQ-EG-MA&name_desc=false&start=1970&view=chart|title=Literacy rate, adult female (% of females ages 15 and above) - Middle East & North Africa, Egypt, Arab Rep., Morocco {{!}} Data|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=2019-10-24|archive-date=2019-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024082131/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.FE.ZS%3Fend%3D2018%26locations%3DZQ-EG-MA%26name_desc%3Dfalse%26start%3D1970%26view%3Dchart|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sawa Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara, wanawake wanawakilishwa kupita kiasi katika taaluma za ualimu, udaktari na ustawi wa jamii. Fikra potofu za kijinsia zinaimarishwa zaidi na ukweli kwamba ni 20% tu ya wanawake ndio sehemu ya nguvu kazi. Hii inaleta mzunguko mbaya ambapo wanawake wanatarajiwa kukaa nyumbani, kuwazuia kutoka kwa fursa zaidi za elimu, na kuunda vikwazo kwa wanawake kupata elimu na ujuzi muhimu ili kupata ajira yenye faida.<ref name=":4" /> '''Morocco''' Kiwango cha elimu ya wanawake nchini Morocco ni 65%, ambacho bado kiko chini sana kuliko kiwango cha elimu ya wanawake katika Afrika Kaskazini cha 73%.<ref name="data.worldbank.org"/> Wanawake wa Morocco wanaishi chini ya mfumo dhabiti wa majukumu na matarajio ya kijinsia yanayokubalika. Utafiti wa ''Agnaous'' wa mwaka 2004 uligundua kuwa kwa 40% ya wanawake wasiojua kusoma na kuandika, kikwazo kikubwa kwa wanawake kujua kusoma na kuandika ni wazazi wao.<ref name=":5">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Gender, Literacy, and Empowerment in Morocco|last=Agnaou|first=Fatima|publisher=Routledge|year=2004}}</ref> Kutokana na mitazamo ya kijamii ya "ujuzi" na "elimu" ni kwa watoto wa kiume na wanaume, hakuna msukumo madhubuti wa sera ya kuelimisha wanawake nchini Morocco.<ref name=":5" /> Kumekuwa na kampeni mbalimbali za kisomo zinazoendeshwa na serikali ikiwa ni pamoja na kuundwa kwa Kurugenzi ya Kusoma na Kuandika kwa Watu Wazima mwaka [[1997]] na Mkataba wa Taifa wa Elimu na Mafunzo.<ref name=":5" /> Kampeni hizi za kusoma na kuandika zimekuwa na mafanikio tofauti katika kupunguza kutojua kusoma na kuandika kutokana na ufadhili mdogo, ukosefu wa rasilimali watu, na hali ya kitamaduni. == Siasa == === Afrika ya Kaskazini === '''''Algeria''''' Algeria inachukuliwa kuwa taifa huria kiasi na hadhi ya wanawake inaonyesha hili.<ref name="Algerian Policewomen">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-algeria-police-women-idUSTRE5754S420090806|title=Algeria's women police defy danger and stereotypes|last=Lowe|first=Christian|date=6 August 2009|newspaper=Reuters|access-date=29 January 2012}}</ref> Tofauti na mataifa mengine katika kanda, usawa kwa wanawake umewekwa katika sheria za Algeria na katiba.<ref name="Algerian Policewomen" /> Wanaweza kupiga kura na kugombea nyadhifa za kisiasa.<ref name="Michael Slackman The New York Times 2007">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/26/world/africa/26iht-algeria.1.5876681.html?pagewanted=all|title=Algeria's quiet revolution: Gains by women|last=Slackman|first=Michael|date=26 May 2007|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=29 January 2012}}</ref> '''''Libya''''' Tangu uhuru, viongozi wa Libya wamejitolea kuboresha hali ya wanawake lakini ndani ya mfumo wa maadili ya Kiarabu na Kiislamu.<ref name="L">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aRNVYtHo63IC|title=Libya|last=Helen Chapin Metz|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|year=2004|isbn=978-1-4191-3012-0|pages=111–115}}</ref> Kiini cha mapinduzi ya [[1969]] kilikuwa uwezeshaji wa wanawake na kuondolewa kwa hali duni. Nchini [[Niger]], sheria nyingi zilizopitishwa na serikali ya Niger kulinda haki za wanawake wa Niger mara nyingi zinatokana na imani za Kiislamu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://insideislam.wisc.edu/regions-and-themes/africa/islam-and-women-in-niger/|title=Islam and Women in Niger|date=2012-09-24|publisher=The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System|access-date=7 November 2013|archive-date=2019-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329204000/https://insideislam.wisc.edu/regions-and-themes/africa/islam-and-women-in-niger/|url-status=dead}}</ref> '''''Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kiarabu ya Sahrawi''''' Wanawake katika [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kiarabu ya Sahrawi]] ni wanawake waliozaliwa ndani, wanaoishi, au wanatoka Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kiarabu ya Sahrawi (SADR) katika eneo la Sahara Magharibi. Katika jamii ya Sahrawi, wanawake hushiriki majukumu katika kila ngazi ya jumuiya yake na shirika la kijamii.<ref name="TP">Donati, Simone. [http://www.terraproject.net/en/photographers/simone-donati/saharawi Saharawi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.terraproject.net/en/photographers/simone-donati/saharawi |date=20130112060622 }}, Terra Project Photographers.</ref> Ibara ya 41 ya Katiba ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kiarabu ya Sahrawi inahakikisha kwamba serikali itafuatilia "ukuzaji wa wanawake na ushiriki [wao] kisiasa, kijamii na kiutamaduni, katika ujenzi wa jamii na maendeleo ya nchi". === Afrika ya Magharibi === '''''Benin''''' Hali ya haki za wanawake nchini Benin imeboreka kwa kiasi kikubwa tangu kurejeshwa kwa demokrasia na kupitishwa kwa Katiba, na kupitishwa kwa Kanuni za Kibinafsi na Familia mwaka 2004, Pande zote mbili zinapinga utamaduni mbalimbali ya jadi ambayo kwa utaratibu hufanya wanawake wasiwe na usawa. Bado, ukosefu wa usawa na ubaguzi unaendelea. Mitala na ndoa za kulazimishwa ni haramu lakini bado hutokea.<ref name="Human Rights Violations in Benin">{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,OMCT,,BEN,,46c190c80,0.html|title=Human Rights Violations in Benin|work=ALTERNATIVE REPORT TO THE UNITED NATIONS COMMITTEE AGAINST TORTURE|access-date=11 January 2013}}</ref> '''''Nigeria''''' Uhuru na haki ya wanawake barani Afrika kushiriki katika uongozi na michakato ya uchaguzi hutofautiana baina ya nchi na hata makabila ndani ya taifa moja. Kwa mfano, nchini Nigeria, wanawake wa Kusini mwa Nigeria walikuwa na haki ya kupiga kura mapema mwaka 1950 [1] na kugombea viti katika uchaguzi wa Nigeria mwaka [[1959]], ambapo wanawake wa Kaskazini mwa Nigeria hawakuweza kupiga kura au kugombea hadi ilipofika [[1976]] === Afrika ya Kati === '''''Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo''''' Wanawake katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo hawajafikia nafasi ya usawa kamili na wanaume, huku mapambano yao yakiendelea hadi leo. Ingawa utawala wa ''Mobutu'' ulitoa mfumo huduma ya "lip" kwa jukumu muhimu la wanawake katika jamii, na ingawa wanawake wanafurahia haki fulani za kisheria (kwa mfano, haki ya kumiliki mali na haki ya kushiriki katika sekta ya kiuchumi na kisiasa), vikwazo vya mila na sheria bado ni kikomo katika fursa zao.<ref name="cs zaire">{{Loccs|country=Zaire|abbr=zr|section=The Status of Women|date=December 1993|author=Alden Almquist|editor1=Sandra W. Meditz |editor2=Tim Merrill}} </ref> Kuanzia [[1939]] hadi [[1943]], zaidi ya 30% ya wanawake watu wazima walisajiliwa nchini Kongo huko Stanleyville (sasa ni Kisangani ) na ushuru waliolipa ulikuwa chanzo cha pili kikubwa cha mapato ya ushuru kwa Stanleyville.<ref name="cs zaire" /> '''''Rwanda''''' ''Claire Wallace, Christian Haerpfer na Pamela Abbott'' wanaandika kwamba, licha ya Rwanda kuwa na uwakilishi mkubwa zaidi wa wanawake bungeni duniani, kuna masuala matatu makuu ya kijinsia katika jamii ya Rwanda: mzigo wa kazi wa wanawake, upatikanaji wa elimu na unyanyasaji wa kijinsia. . Wanahitimisha kuwa mitazamo kwa wanawake katika taasisi za kisiasa za Rwanda haijachujwa hadi katika jamii nzima ya Rwanda, kama ilivyo kwa wanaume. Lakini kwa wanawake, kuna tofauti za vizazi linapokuja suala la mitazamo ya kijinsia.<ref name="Abbott">{{cite journal|last1=Wallace|first1=Claire|last2=Haerpfer|first2=Christian|last3=Abbott|first3=Pamela|date=8 December 2014|title=Women in Rwandan Politics and Society|journal=International Journal of Sociology|volume=38|issue=4|pages=111–125|doi=10.2753/IJS0020-7659380406|s2cid=142994312}}</ref> === Afrika ya Mashariki === '''''Shelisheli''''' Wanawake nchini [[Ushelisheli]] wanafurahia haki sawa za kisheria, kisiasa, kiuchumi na kijamii kama wanaume.<ref name="cs seychelles">Tartter, Jean R. "Status of Women". [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sctoc.html Indian Ocean country studies: Seychelles] (Helen Chapin Metz, editor). [[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]] (August 1994). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].''</ref> Jamii ya Ushelisheli kimsingi ina urithi. Akina mama wana mwelekeo wa kutawala kaya, wakidhibiti matumizi mengi ya sasa na kuangalia masilahi ya watoto. Akina mama wasioolewa ni kawaida katika jamii, na sheria inawataka wakina baba kuwalea watoto wao. Wanaume ni muhimu kwa uwezo wao wa kupata kipato, lakini jukumu lao la nyumbani ni la pembeni. === Sudan Kusini === [[Faili:A Self-Help Group from Limuru fighting food insecurity (5111553897).jpg|thumb|300px|Kundi la wanawake kutoka Limuru katikati mwa Kenya, 2010.]] Wanawake wa Jamhuri ya Sudan Kusini pia walikuwa wamejitolea katika harakati za ukombozi, kwa kutoa chakula na makazi kwa wanajeshi, kulea watoto na kuwatunza mashujaa na mashujaa waliojeruhiwa wakati wa mapambano yao ya kisiasa kabla ya uhuru wa nchi hiyo. Mfano ni uundaji wao wa Katiba Banat au kikosi cha wanawake.<ref name="ST">Mabor, Beny Gideon. [http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article46320 Women and Political Leadership in Africa: A demand In South Sudan transitional democracy] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article46320 |date=20170422071410 }}, ''Sudan Tribune'', 22 April 2013.</ref> '''''Sudan''''' [[Sudan]] ni taifa linaloendelea ambalo linakabiliwa na changamoto nyingi hususani ya ukosefu wa usawa wa kijinsia .'' Freedom House'' iliipa Sudan nafasi ya chini kabisa kati ya tawala za ukandamizaji katika mwaka [[2012]].<ref name="FITW2013">{{cite web|url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%202013%20Booklet%20-%20for%20Web_0.pdf|title=Freedom in the World 2013: Democratic Breakthroughs in the Balance|publisher=Freedom House|page=17|access-date=April 13, 2013}}</ref> [[Sudan ya Kusini]] ilipokea alama ya juu kidogo lakini pia ilikadiriwa kuwa "sio wakamilifu".<ref name="FITW2013" /> Katika ripoti ya [[2013]] ya takwimu ya 2012, Sudan inashika nafasi ya 171 kati ya nchi 186 kwenye ''Kielezo cha Maendeleo ya Binadamu (HDI)''.<ref name="MDG">{{cite journal|last=MDG|first=Report|year=2009|title=Assessing Progress in Africa toward the Millennium Development Goals|journal=Economic Commission for Africa}}</ref> Sudan pia ni mojawapo ya nchi chache sana ambazo hazijatia saini Mkataba wa Kutokomeza Aina Zote za Ubaguzi Dhidi ya Wanawake (CEDAW).<ref name="CEDAW">{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/cedaw.htm|title=Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination|last=CEDAW|publisher=United Nations}}</ref>Licha ya haya yote, kumekuwa na mabadiliko chanya kuhusiana na usawa wa kijinsia nchini Sudan. Kufikia 2012, wanawake wanajumuisha 24.1% katika Bunge la Kitaifa la Sudan.<ref name="UNDP">{{cite journal|last=Human Development Report|year=2012|title=The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World|journal=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> '''''Uganda''''' Majukumu ya wanawake wa [[Uganda]] ni ya chini kuliko yale ya wanaume, licha ya majukumu makubwa ya kiuchumi na kijamii ya wanawake katika jamii nyingi za kitamaduni za Uganda. Wanawake wanafundishwa kukubaliana na matakwa ya baba zao, kaka, waume zao, na wakati mwingine wanaume wengine pia, na kuonyesha utii wao kwa wanaume katika maeneo mengi ya maisha ya umma. Hata katika miaka ya [[1980]], wanawake katika maeneo ya vijijini huko Buganda walitarajiwa kupiga magoti wakati wa kuzungumza na mwanamume. Wakati huo huo, hata hivyo, wanawake walibeba majukumu ya msingi ya malezi ya watoto na kilimo cha kujikimu, na katika karne ya ishirini, wanawake wametoa mchango mkubwa katika kilimo cha mazao ya fedha<ref name="cs Uganda">[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ugtoc.html Uganda country study]. [[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]] (December 1990). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].''</ref> == Ushiriki wa wafanyakazi== Wanawake barani Afrika wanafanya kazi sana iwe ni ndani ya nyanja ya kazi rasmi au isiyo rasmi. Hata hivyo, katika nyanja rasmi, wanawake wa Kiafrika wanashikilia tu 40% ya kazi rasmi ambayo imesababisha pengo la kijinsia la 54%.<ref name=":6">{{Rejea jarida|last=Bandara|first=Amarakoon|date=2015-04-03|title=The Economic Cost of Gender Gaps in Effective Labor: Africa's Missing Growth Reserve|journal=Feminist Economics|volume=21|issue=2|pages=162–186|doi=10.1080/13545701.2014.986153|s2cid=154698810|issn=1354-5701}}</ref><ref name=":4" />Kulingana na uchambuzi wa Bandara mwaka [[2015]], pengo hili la kijinsia ni sawa na dola za Marekani 255. bilioni hasara katika ukuaji wa uchumi kwa sababu wanawake hawawezi kuchangia kikamilifu ukuaji wa [[uchumi]].<ref name=":6" /> Aidha, wanawake hupata wastani wa theluthi mbili ya mishahara ya wenzao wa kiume. Baadhi ya changamoto zinazowakabili wanawake wa Kiafrika katika kutafuta kazi rasmi ni ukosefu wao wa elimu na ujuzi wa kiufundi kwa ujumla, ulinzi dhaifu dhidi ya uajiri wa kibaguzi wa kijinsia, na kulemewa na kazi maradufu kwa matarajio ya kuendelea kutunza nyumba na kuzaa watoto.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last1=Oduro|first1=Abena D.|author-link1=Abena Oduro|last2=van Staveren|first2=Irene|date=2015-07-03|title=Engendering Economic Policy in Africa|journal=Feminist Economics|volume=21|issue=3|pages=1–22|doi=10.1080/13545701.2015.1059467|issn=1354-5701|hdl=1765/79328|s2cid=153361566|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Chakula kingi cha Afŕika kinazalishwa na wanawake, lakini kila mkulima wa kike anazalisha chakula kidogo zaidi kuliko wakulima wa kiume kwasababu wakulima wa kike hawana aŕdhi sawa, mbolea, teknolojia na mikopo ili kufikia ufanisi wa hali ya juu.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last1=Aterido|first1=Reyes|last2=Beck|first2=Thorsten|last3=Iacovone|first3=Leonardo|date=July 2013|title=Access to Finance in Sub-Saharan Africa: Is There a Gender Gap?|journal=World Development|volume=47|pages=102–120|doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.02.013|url=http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/19109/1/Aterido-Beck-Iacovone-February15-2013_LI%5B2%5D.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-i2050e.pdf|title=The State of Food and Agricultre: Women in Agricultre|website=Food and Agriculture Organization}}</ref> Kwa mfano, wanawake nchini [[Ethiopia]] na [[Ghana]] huzalisha chakula kidogo kwa 26% na 17% kuliko wenzao wa kiume kutokana na ukosefu wa usawa wa [[rasilimali]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/African_Gender_Equality_Index_2015-EN.pdf|title=Empowering African Women: An Agenda for Action|website=African Development Bank Group}}</ref> Wakala wa maendeleo ya vijijini wa serikali ya [[Senegal]] unalenga kuandaa wanawake wa vijijini na kuwashirikisha kikamilifu zaidi katika mchakato wa maendeleo. Wanawake wana jukumu kubwa katika kamati za afya za vijiji na programu za kabla ya kujifungua na baada ya kuzaa. Katika maeneo ya mijini, mabadiliko ya kitamaduni yamesababisha wanawake kuingia katika soko la ajira kama makarani wa ofisi za reja reja, wafanyakazi wa nyumbani na wafanyakazi wasio na ujuzi katika viwanda vya nguo na viwanda vya kuweka samaki aina ya jodari. Mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali pia yanafanya kazi katika kukuza fursa za kiuchumi za wanawake nchini Senegal. Mikopo ya ufadhili mdogo kwa biashara za wanawake imeboresha hali ya uchumi ya wingi.<!-- Reference has blacklisted url: <ref name="Culture of Senegal" /> --> Non-governmental organizations are also active in promoting women's economic opportunities in Senegal. Micro-financing loans for women's businesses have improved the economic situation of many.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/797156--senegal-s-women-find-a-way-out-of-poverty|title=Senegal's women find a way out of poverty|date=18 April 2010|author= Tonda MacCharles|newspaper=Toronto Star|access-date=13 August 2011}}</ref> Mnamo Mei [[2011]] nchini [[Djibouti]], Mkurugenzi wa Jinsia wa Idara ya Wanawake na Familia, ''Choukri Djibah'' alizindua mradi wa SIHA (Mpango wa Mkakati wa Pembe ya Afrika) ambao umeundwa kusaidia na kuimarisha uwezo wa kiuchumi wa wanawake nchini Djibouti, unaofadhiliwa na ruzuku kutoka Umoja wa Ulaya wa ''28 Milioni'' ya faranga za Djibouti.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://issuu.com/deluedjibouti/docs/lettre_d_information_ue-djibouti_n__a84ceee70fcb04|title=Lettre d'information UE-Djibouti n°5|website=Issuu|language=en|access-date=2020-03-09|archive-date=2020-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730222535/https://issuu.com/deluedjibouti/docs/lettre_d_information_ue-djibouti_n__a84ceee70fcb04|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Wanawake Mashuhuri == [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]] wa Liberia alikuwa rais wa kwanza mwanamke barani Afrika.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://thisisafrica.me/africas-10-iconic-women-leaders/|title=Africa's 10 iconic women leaders - This Is Africa|date=20 February 2015|work=This Is Africa|access-date=10 December 2017|accessdate=2022-02-23|archivedate=2017-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211160835/https://thisisafrica.me/africas-10-iconic-women-leaders/}}</ref> Tangu kuchaguliwa kwa Sirleaf kushika wadhifa huo, [[Joyce Banda]] wa Malawi, [[Ameenah Gurib]] wa Mauritius na [[Sahle-Work Zewde]] wa Ethiopia pia wameibuka marais wa nchi zao. Baadhi ya viongozi wengine wa kisiasa ni [[Sylvie Kinigi]] wa Burundi, [[Luisa Diogo]] wa Msumbiji, [[Agathe Uwilingiyimana]] wa Rwanda, Maria das Neves wa Sao Tome and Principe, [[Aminata Toure]] wa Senegal na [[Saara Kuugongelwa]] wa Namibia. Wote walikua katika ofisi ya Waziri Mkuu katika nchi zao. Mbali na viongozi wa kisiasa, mataifa ya Afrika yanajivunia wasanii wengi wa kike, waandishi na wanaharakati. Kwa mfano: mwimbaji wa wimbo wa taifa wa Sao Tome na Principe na mwandishi mashuhuri, ''Alda do Espirito Santo''; [[Mwimbaji]] na mwanaharakati wa ubaguzi wa rangi wa Afrika Kusini, ''Miriam Makeba'';<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://en.unesco.org/womeninafrica/|title=UNESCO Women in Africa History {{!}} Women|website=en.unesco.org|access-date=2019-10-31}}</ref> Mwandishi wa riwaya na mzungumzaji wa Nigeria, ''Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie''; Mjasiriamali wa Ethiopia wa SoleRebels, Bethlehem Alemu; mbunifu wa Niger, Mariam Kamara; na [[mwanaharakati]] wa mazingira, ''Wanjira Mathai'';<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.alueducation.com/our-list-of-top-influential-african-women-in-2018/|title=Our List of Top Influential African Women in 2018|date=2019-03-12|website=ALU|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-19|accessdate=2022-02-23|archivedate=2021-06-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622235021/https://www.alueducation.com/our-list-of-top-influential-african-women-in-2018/}}</ref> Mfadhili wa nigeria anayeishi Marekani ''Efe Ukala''; Mbunifu wa Nigeria [[mjasiriamali]], mzungumzaji wa umma na [[mwandishi]] ''Tosin Oshinowo''. ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Jinsia]] [[Jamii:Haki za binadamu]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika| ]] tgsxclhwkc2obk8ut4ho73e7a0amrr1 0 147352 1599229 1510764 2026-09-23T10:28:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Deborah Acquah |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 23 Mei 1996 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = Deborah Acquah |kazi_yake = |nchi = Ghana }} {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Deborah Acquah''' ( [[23 Mei]] [[1996]]) ni mrukaji wa muda mrefu wa Ghana. Ameshiriki katika mashindano ya dunia, hivi karibuni zaidi kwenye [[Michezo ya Afrika 2019|Michezo ya Afrika ya 2019]] huko [[Rabat]], [[Moroko|Morocco]] . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/sports/sports-news/ghana-news-acquah-wins-silver-in-long-jump.html|title=Acquah wins Silver in long jump|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb|accessdate=2020-02-09}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/ghana/deborah-acquah-333886|title=Deborah Acquah {{!}} Profile|work=worldathletics.org|accessdate=2020-02-09}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/sports/2019/August-30th/african-games-deborah-acquah-wins-silver-medal-in-womens-long-jump.php|title=African Games: Deborah Acquah wins silver medal in Women’s Long Jump|work=www.myjoyonline.com|accessdate=2020-02-09|archivedate=2019-09-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904000246/https://www.myjoyonline.com/sports/2019/August-30th/african-games-deborah-acquah-wins-silver-medal-in-womens-long-jump.php}}</ref> Yeye ndiye anayeshikilia rekodi za [[Miruko mitatu|kuruka za ndani za muda mrefu na tatu]] za [[Ghana]]. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Acquah alikuwa na elimu ya sekondari katika Shule ya Upili ya [[Fiaseman Senior]]. Alikuwa mwanafunzi wa [[Chuo cha Western Texas]] lakini kwa sasa ana elimu yake ya chuo kikuu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Texas A&M. == Kazi == Mnamo [[Agosti]] [[2019]], alishindana katika [[Michezo ya Afrika 2019|Michezo ya Afrika ya 2019]] huko Rabat na akashinda medali ya fedha kwa [[Ghana]] kwa kuruka mita 6.37 katika Rukia ndefu ya Wanawake. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2019/08/30/deborah-acquah-wins-silver-medal-in-womens-long-jump/|title=Deborah Acquah wins silver medal in Women’s Long Jump|author=myadmin|date=2019-08-30|work=Ghana Business News|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-02-09}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://ghanasportsonline.com/2019/08/african-games-2019-deborah-acquah-grabs-silver-for-ghana-in-womens-long-jump/|title=African Games 2019: Deborah Acquah grabs silver for Ghana in Women’s Long Jump|date=2019-08-29|work=Ghana Sports Online|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-02-09|archivedate=2019-12-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215041848/https://ghanasportsonline.com/2019/08/african-games-2019-deborah-acquah-grabs-silver-for-ghana-in-womens-long-jump/}}</ref> <ref name=":02">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/sports/2019/August-30th/african-games-deborah-acquah-wins-silver-medal-in-womens-long-jump.php|title=African Games: Deborah Acquah wins silver medal in Women’s Long Jump|work=www.myjoyonline.com|accessdate=2020-02-09|archivedate=2019-09-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904000246/https://www.myjoyonline.com/sports/2019/August-30th/african-games-deborah-acquah-wins-silver-medal-in-womens-long-jump.php}}</ref> Alishiriki pia Mashindano ya Kitengo cha 1 cha [[Chama cha Kitaifa cha Wanariadha wa Vyuo Vikuu|NCAA]] huko Austin, Texas na akashinda shaba katika kuruka kwa muda mrefu kwa wanawake. Mnamo [[Januari]] 2020, kuruka kwake kwa urefu wa futi 21 kwa inchi sita kulivunja rekodi ya shule ya miaka 22 kwa inchi nne kwenye Mwaliko wa Ted Nelson. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.theeagle.com/sports/new-focus-helps-acquah-break-texas-a-m-womens-long-jump-record/article_6a557482-3d98-11ea-b10d-439401918839.html|title=New focus helps Acquah break Texas A&M women's long jump record|author=Brown|first=Travis L.|work=The Eagle|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-18|archive-date=2024-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309125228/https://theeagle.com/sports/new-focus-helps-acquah-break-texas-a-m-womens-long-jump-record/article_6a557482-3d98-11ea-b10d-439401918839.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Februari]] [[2020|2020,]] alivunja rekodi ya kuruka mara tatu ya Texas A&M na kushinda nafasi ya kwanza kwenye Mwaliko wa Charlie Thomas. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.kagstv.com/article/sports/aggiestrack/499-65b1cabb-f898-4c0f-9843-35c95ce32d06|title=Deborah Acquah breaks school record in Charlie Thomas Invitational|work=KAGS|accessdate=2020-04-18}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1996]] [[Jamii:Arusha Women in Wiki]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Ghana]] avd2g67kdyhsxg4kefesxr471wbwomg 0 147911 1599016 1523131 2026-09-23T03:01:24Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599016 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Oyster Box''' ni hoteli ya kifahari ya nyota tano huko Umhlanga, kaskazini mwa [[Durban]], [[Afrika Kusini]]. Inajulikana kwa spa yake na mabwawa ya nje ambayo yana maoni kwenye Bahari ya [[Bahari ya Hindi|Hindi]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Haas|first=Philipp|url=http://1000hotels.net/the-oyster-box-durban/#ixzz1RGjzbUOP|title=The Oyster Box - one of the best 1000 hotels in the world|date=5 June 2015|accessdate=25 June 2015}}</ref> [[File:Oyster Box South Africa.jpg|thumb|Oyster Box South Africa]] == Historia == Nyumba hiyo ndogo, ambayo awali iliitwa ''Oyster Lodge'', ilijengwa mwaka 1863 kwa mbao za mitiki, [[mabati]] na zege liliohimarishwa. Mnamo 1952, hoteli ilinunuliwa na Ken na Kay O'Connor (kaka na dada) ambao waliigeuza kuwa bustani ya chai, kisha mgahawa, na hatimaye hoteli mnamo Machi 1954. <ref name="verve mag"/> Hoteli ya Oyster daima imekuwa mlinzi rasmi wa Mnara wa taa wa Umhlanga. <ref name="verve mag"/> Mnamo 2006, hoteli hiyo, ambayo wakati huo inamilikiwa na Wayne Reed, ilinunuliwa na Stanley na Bea Tollman wa hoteli za Red Carnation. Kazi ya ukarabati ilidumu kutoka 2007 hadi 2009. <ref name="verve mag">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.vervemagazine.in/travel-and-spaces/the-oyster-box-luxury-hotel-south-africa|title=Why this South African hotel is a celebrity hotspot|publisher=Vervemagazine.in|date=4 April 2016|author=Maria Louis.|accessdate=10 January 2017}}</ref> Mnamo Oktoba 2016, toleo la Afrika Kusini la Ukiritimba, Mzansi Ukiritimba, lilijumuisha Oyster Box kama mojawapo ya maeneo 22 bora nchini na hoteli pekee katika mchezo huo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.5stardurban.co.za/oyster-box-features-hotel-sas-monopoly-mzanzi-edition/|title=The Oyster Box features as the only hotel on SA's own Monopoly - Mzanzi edition|publisher=5starduban.co.za|date=28 October 2016|accessdate=10 January 2017|archivedate=2021-04-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419084536/http://www.5stardurban.co.za/oyster-box-features-hotel-sas-monopoly-mzanzi-edition/}}</ref> == Wageni maalum == Mnamo Julai 2011, Albert II ambaye ni mtoto wa kiume wa mfalme wa Monako na Charlene ni mtoto wa kike wa mfalme wa Monako walifanya karamu yao ya harusi kwenye chumba cha Pearl na kufanya fungate yao katika chumba maalum katika hoteli hiyo na gharama yake ni paundi 4600 kwa usiku mmoja.  Hoteli hiyo pia hutembelewa na wafalme kama Harry na [[Prince William|William]] wa Uingereza, na Mfalme Goodwill Zwelithini wa Wazulu. <ref name="verve mag"/> Mnamo Novemba 2016, Tina Knowles, mama yake [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]], alikula chakula cha mchana kwenye hoteli ya Oyster Box. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.channel24.co.za/The-Juice/News/watch-beyonces-mom-has-lunch-at-the-oyster-box-in-durban-20161114|title=WATCH: Beyoncé's mom has lunch at The Oyster Box in Durban|publisher=Channel24.co.za|date=4 November 2016|accessdate=10 January 2017}}</ref> == Tuzo == Mwaka 2016, hoteli ya Oyster Box ilichaguliwa na kuwa hoteli #1 bora zaidi nchini Afrika Kusini kwenye tuzo ya Trip Advisor Travellers' Choice. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/luxeco-living/the-oyster-box-hotel-in-d_b_11370732.html|title=The Oyster Box Hotel In Durban South Africa Is Your Dream Vacation: LuxEcoLiving’s Best Luxury Hotel|publisher=Huffingtonpost.com|date=7 August 2016|accessdate=19 January 2017}}</ref> == Mabishano == Mnamo Juni 2016, Muungano wa Kidemokrasia uliripoti kuwa waziri wa maendeleo ya jamii wa AfrikaAKusini frika Kusini Bathabile Dlamini alikaa katika hoteli hiyo ya bei ghali, na hivyo kuhoji jinsi bili hiyo ililipwa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2016/06/13/DA-Who-footed-bill-for-minister%E2%80%99s-R11000-a-night-Oyster-Box-stay|title=DA: Who footed bill for minister’s R11,000-a-night Oyster Box stay?|publisher=Timeslive.co.za|date=13 June 2016|accessdate=10 January 2017|archive-date=2017-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110162729/http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2016/06/13/DA-Who-footed-bill-for-minister%E2%80%99s-R11000-a-night-Oyster-Box-stay|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/141693/oyster-box-minister-splashes-out-r500000-on-trip-to-chicago/|title="Oyster Box" minister splashes out R500,000 on trip to Chicago|publisher=Businesstech.co.za|date=30 October 2016|accessdate=10 January 2017}}</ref> * Orodha ya hoteli nchini Afrika Kusini == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{Official|http://www.oysterboxhotel.com/}} [[Jamii:Wiki4uni]] [[Jamii:WikiForUniversities Project]] [[Jamii:Afrocuration Project 2022 Tanzania]] r9y7ktc2klzn3h55qz1t1h2kfgyg64t 0 148023 1599017 1517518 2026-09-23T03:01:31Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599017 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kuku wa Moambe,''' ni [[chakula]] cha [[kuku]] ambacho ni maarufu huko [[Afrika ya Kati]] na kinachukuliwa kuwa ni mlo ambao hutumiwa zaidi nchini [[Angola]]. Chakula hiki kinatengenezwa kwa kuchanganya kuku, viungo na [[siagi]] ya [[mawese]] ili kuunda uthabiti wa kitoweo. Idadi kadhaa ya tofauti za kienyeji au kikanda zipo kote [[Kongo (Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya)|Kongo]] na Afrika ya Kati; ckukula hiki pia kinajulikana hadi nje ya [[Bara|bara.]] == Maandalizi == Poulet moambe (kwa [[Kifaransa]] "chicken in palm butter sauce") <ref name="JacobAshkenazi2014">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GmqEAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA473|title=The World Cookbook: The Greatest Recipes from Around the Globe, 2nd Edition &#91;4 Volumes&#93;: The Greatest Recipes from Around the Globe|last=Jeanne Jacob|last2=Michael Ashkenazi|date=15 January 2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-469-8|page=473}}</ref> hutayarishwa kwa kupika kuku katika moambe (palm butter) na spinachi, <ref name="SwainSnyder1991">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YpIEAQAAIAAJ|title=Through Africa: The Overlanders' Guide|last=Bob Swain|last2=Paula Snyder|publisher=Bradt Publications|year=1991|isbn=978-0-946983-65-0|page=73}}</ref> kisha kutiwa viungo kama vile ''peri-peri'' au pilipili nyekundu. Kwa kawaida huliwa pamoja na [[Kiazi kitamu|viazi vitamu]], [[vitunguu]] vya kahawia, [[mayai]] ya kuchemsha na mchuzi unaotengenezwa kutokana na [[karanga]] zilizosagwa. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F5s5AQAAIAAJ|title=The Belgian Congo Today|year=1952|page=522}}</ref> <ref name="Albala2011">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NTo6c_PJWRgC&pg=PA37|title=Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia|last=Ken Albala|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2011|isbn=978-0-313-37626-9|page=37}}</ref> Kuku wa Moambe pia huweza kuambatanishwa na [[wali]] au paste ya manioc ( [[Muhogo|cassava]] ). <ref name="cnn">{{Rejea habari|url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/africa-food-dishes/index.html|title=15 of Africa's favorite dishes|date=12 July 2017}}</ref> <ref name="LeMaire2014">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U5scAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT27|title=Crosscultural Doctoring: On and Off the Beaten Path|last=William LeMaire|date=8 January 2014|publisher=BookCountry|isbn=978-1-4630-0341-8|page=27}}</ref> Kuku inaweza kubadilishwa na bata au samaki. <ref name="Albala2011" /> <ref name="DoubledayCooley1979">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nClofsjZegQC|title=Encyclopedia of World Travel|last=Nelson Doubleday|last2=C. Earl Cooley|publisher=Doubleday|year=1979|isbn=978-0-385-14669-2|page=359}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Afrocuration Project 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Utamaduni wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wiki4uni]] dczu7ha6ku4n3x692m9dhtzuem7vzrm 0 148427 1599018 1234539 2026-09-23T03:01:38Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599018 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chuo Kikuu cha Regensburg''' ''(Universität Regensburg)'' ni [[Chuo Kikuu|chuo kikuu]] cha utafiti wa [[umma]] kilichoko katika jiji la [[Regensburg]], [[Bavaria]], [[jiji]] ambalo limeorodheshwa kama [[UNESCO|Urithi]] wa [[Urithi wa Dunia|Dunia wa UNESCO]]. Chuo hichi kilianzishwa mnamo [[18 Julai]] [[1962]] na Landtag ya Bavaria kama chuo kikuu cha nne huko [[Bavaria]]. Kufuatia kuvunjika kwa msingi mnamo [[1965]], chuo kilianzishwa rasmi kwa wanafunzi wakati wa muhula wa msimu wa baridi wa [[1967]]-[[1968]], hapo awali walikuwa na vitivo vya [[Sheria]] na [[Sayansi]] ya [[Biashara]] na [[Falsafa]]. Wakati wa muhula wa kiangazi wa [[1968]] kitivo cha Theolojia kiliundwa. Hivi sasa, Chuo Kikuu cha Regensburg kina kozi kumi na moja. [[Picha:Uni-r_Campus_und_Bibliothek_2.jpg|thumb| Kampasi na maktaba]] Ujenzi ulianzishwa kwa sherehe rasmi ya uwekaji wa msingi tarehe 20 Novemba [[1965]]. <ref name="the_university_of_regensburg_in_the_30th_year_of_its_existence">{{Cite web|author=Universität Regensburg|title=The University of Regensburg in the 30th Year of Its Existence|year=2000|url=http://www.uni-regensburg.de/Universitaet/Portrait/urwwweng.htm|accessdate=19 May 2009|archivedate=2010-08-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817154433/http://www.uni-regensburg.de/Universitaet/Portrait/urwwweng.htm}}</ref> Mihadhara ya kwanza ilianza wakati wa muhula wa msimu wa baridi wa [[1967]], na vitivo vya Sheria na Sayansi ya Biashara na Falsafa. Mwaka uliofuata, kitivo cha Theolojia ya Kikatoliki kilifunguliwa kwa wanafunzi.,Chuo kimepanuka hadi vitivo kumi na viwili, ikijumuisha dawa, biolojia, saikolojia, na kemia. Chama cha Utafiti cha Ujerumani kimeunga mkono kwa kina miradi kadhaa ya utafiti katika chuo kikuu, ikijumuisha nyanja za biokemia na biolojia. <ref name="the_university_of_regensburg_in_the_30th_year_of_its_existence" /><gallery> Picha:Forum der Universität Regensburg.jpg|Chuo hicho mnamo[[2009]] Picha:Sammelgebaeude uni regensburg.jpg|Utawala wa zamani Picha:Uni-regensburg2.jpg|kantini ya chuo kikuu Picha:Studentenprotest, Universität Regensburg 2009-12 (3).JPG|Maandamano ya wanafunzi yakichukua ukumbi wa mihadhara, Desemba [[2009]] Picha:PT Uni-R.JPG|Falsafa ya Maktaba 2 Picha:Uni-r Eingangshalle der Bibliothek.jpg|Ukumbi wa kuingilia maktaba Picha:Universität Regensburg Leichtathletik.JPG|Wimbo wa riadha na kusimama Picha:Uni-r Kugel auf dem Campus.jpg|Mchoro wa mpira Picha:Vielberth-Gebäude, Uni Regensburg.JPG|Jengo la Vielberth, kitivo cha biashara </gallery> == Nafasi == Chuo Kikuu cha Regensburg kimeorodheshwa kati ya vyuo vikuu 400 bora zaidi ulimwenguni: * Nafasi ya Chuo Kikuu cha Ulimwengu cha QS [[2014]]: nafasi ya 395 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2014#sorting=rank+region=+country=+faculty=+stars=false+search=|title=QS World University Rankings® 2014/15|work=Top Universities|accessdate=22 July 2015}}</ref> * Nafasi katika Taaluma za Vyuo Vikuu Duniani 2013: 301–400th <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2013.html|title=Academic Ranking of World Universities – 2013 – Top 500 universities – Shanghai Ranking – 2013 – World University Ranking – 2013|accessdate=22 July 2015|archivedate=2019-03-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311085241/http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2013.html}}</ref> * Kituo cha Nafasi za Vyuo Vikuu vya Dunia 2014: nafasi ya 338 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cwur.org/2014/|title=CWUR 2014 – Top 1000 Universities|accessdate=22 July 2015}}</ref> == Viungo vya Nje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141010180659/http://www.regensburg.de/international Mji wa Regensburg] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-elimu}} [[Jamii:Vyuo vikuu vya Ujerumani]] 7o9pwv0sszznc6r4y9o7wagij8xw274 0 148636 1598949 1429626 2026-09-23T02:44:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598949 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Benjamin Lloyd Crump''' (alizaliwa [[Oktoba 10]], [[1969]]) ni [[wakili]] wa [[Marekani]] ambaye ni mtaalamu wa haki za kiraia na kesi mbaya za majeraha ya kibinafsi kama vile kesi za vifo. Mazoezi yake yamezingatia kesi kama vile [[Trayvon Martin]], [[Michael Brown]], na [[George Floyd]], watu waliotiwa sumu wakati wa shida ya maji ya Flint, na walalamikaji nyuma ya kesi ya 2019 Johnson & Johnson ya poda ya mtoto wakidai bidhaa ya unga wa talcum ya [[kampuni]] ilisababisha utambuzi wa saratani ya ovari<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Trayvon Family's Lawyer, a Career Steeped in Civil Rights Cases|url=https://www.bet.com/article/2h3bwl/trayvon-family-s-lawyer-a-career-steeped-in-civil-rights|work=BET|accessdate=2022-04-16|language=en|archive-date=2022-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416100023/https://www.bet.com/article/2h3bwl/trayvon-family-s-lawyer-a-career-steeped-in-civil-rights|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Tulsa police shooting investigated by Justice Department|url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/09/20/us/oklahoma-tulsa-police-shooting/index.html|work=CNN| date = 2016-09-20|accessdate=2022-04-16|language=en|author=Max Blau,Jason Morris,Catherine E. Shoichet}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Attorney Ben Crump files class action lawsuit claiming Johnson and Johnson marketed baby powder to Black women|url=https://thegrio.com/2019/02/26/civil-rights-attorney-benjamin-crump-files-class-action-lawsuit-johnson-and-johnson/|work=TheGrio| date = 2019-02-26|accessdate=2022-04-16|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Flint Water Crisis & Ben Crump|url=https://www.pintas.com/resources/flint-crisis-ben-crump/|work=Pintas & Mullins Law Firm|accessdate=2022-04-16|language=en}}</ref>. Crump pia ni mwanzilishi wa [[kampuni]] ya Ben Crump Law of Tallahassee, [[Florida]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Lawyer Directory – The Florida Bar|url=https://www.floridabar.org/directories/find-mbr/|accessdate=2022-04-16|language=en-US}}</ref>. Mnamo 2020, Crump alikua wakili wa [[familia]] za Ahmaud Arbery, [[Breonna Taylor]], [[George Floyd]], na [[Jacob Blake]]. Mnamo [[2021]], alikua wakili wa abiria kwenye gari na Winston Boogie Smith na kwa familia ya Daunte Wright. Kesi zinazoendelea kuzunguka mauaji au majeraha yao zilisababisha maandamano dhidi ya ukatili wa polisi huko Amerika na pia kimataifa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = The man representing the families of Ahmaud Arbery, George Floyd, and Breonna Taylor said he takes on the biggest cases so he can 'help the Davids of the world take on the Goliath'|url=https://www.insider.com/ben-crump-civil-rights-cases-ahmaud-arbery-george-floyd-2020-6|work=Insider|accessdate=2022-04-16|language=en-US|author=Kelly McLaughlin}}</ref> Kwa sababu ya sifa yake ya kisheria, amejulikana kama "[[mwanasheria]] mkuu wa [[Amerika]] weusi"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = `Black America's attorney general' seems to be everywhere|url=https://apnews.com/article/death-of-daunte-wright-race-and-ethnicity-death-of-george-floyd-b9e07d8956bc6b622f990424682cf1f8|work=AP NEWS| date = 2021-05-02|accessdate=2022-04-16|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title='Black America's Attorney General' Represents Families Of People Killed By Police|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/03/09/975382854/black-americas-attorney-general-represents-families-of-people-killed-by-police|work=NPR.org|language=en|access-date=2022-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = A Year After George Floyd’s Murder, America’s “Black Attorney General” Ben Crump Reflects on the Road Ahead • EBONY|url=https://www.ebony.com/news/a-year-after-george-floyds-murder-americas-black-attorney-general-ben-crump-reflects-on-the-road-ahead/|work=EBONY| date = 2021-05-25|accessdate=2022-04-16|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:USLW Iringa]] <references /> [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati]] [[Jamii:Haki za binadamu]] [[Jamii:Sheria]] [[Jamii:Mbegu]] 5c8s50o7cp8af4gs3tdm7h2avswe4uu 0 148688 1598702 1528111 2026-09-22T12:46:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1598702 wikitext text/x-wiki Mnamo 14 [[Septemba]], 2013, '''Jonathan Ferrell''' (aliyezaliwa [[11 Oktoba]] [[1988]]), <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=SortedByName.com|url=https://sortedbyname.com/|work=sortedbyname.com|accessdate=2022-04-16}}</ref>[[Mchezaji]] wa zamani wa chuo kikuu cha Florida [[A&M University Rattlers]], alidaiwa kushtakiwa na kupigwa [[risasi]] na kuuawa na afisa wa [[polisi]] Randall "Wes. " Kerrick huko [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]], [[Kasikazini mwa Carolina]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Katz|first=Jonathan M.|title=Mistrial for Charlotte Police Officer in Death of Unarmed Black Man|date=2015-08-21|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/22/us/charlotte-trial-jonathan-ferrell-police-officer-randall-kerrick.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2022-04-16}}</ref> Kerrick alishtakiwa kwa kuua bila kukusudia, lakini hakuhukumiwa. === Kupigwa risasi === '''Ferrell''', Mmarekani mwenye [[asili]] ya Kiafrika, hakuwa na [[silaha]] wakati alipopigwa risasi. Alipokuwa amempa [[mfanyakazi]] mwenzake lifti kwenda nyumbani usiku wa 14 [[Septemba]], 2013,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mistrial for officer and no justice for unarmed man: family vows to fight on|url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/aug/22/mistrial-officer-randall-kerrick-jonathan-ferrell-familiy-want-new-trial|work=the Guardian|date=2015-08-22|accessdate=2022-04-16|language=en|author=Christina Cooke in Charlotte, North Carolina}}</ref> aligongesha gari lake kisha akaenda kwenye [[nyumba]] ya jirani katika [[mtaa]] wa Bradfield Farms na kubisha mlango. Mkazi mmoja, Sarah McCartney, alipigia [[simu]] polisi, maafisa watatu wakaja.<ref>http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/nation-world/national/article38227671.html</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Police Officer Accused in Fatal Shooting Resigns From Force|url=https://www.bet.com/article/c0e891/police-officer-accused-in-fatal-shooting-resigns-from-force|work=BET|accessdate=2022-04-16|language=en|archive-date=2022-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416114653/https://www.bet.com/article/c0e891/police-officer-accused-in-fatal-shooting-resigns-from-force|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mistrial for Police Officer Who Killed Unarmed Black Man in North Carolina|url=https://www.newsweek.com/randall-kerrick-jonathan-ferrell-north-carolina-police-officer-shot-and-killed-365191|work=Newsweek|date=2015-08-21|accessdate=2022-04-16|language=en|author=Reuters}}</ref><ref>http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/crime/article29700511.html</ref> kisha Ferrell akakimbia kuelekea walipo maafisa hao, ambapo mmoja wa maofisa alirusha ngumi kwa Ferrell na kumkosa.<ref>{{Citation|last=Katz|first=Jonathan M.|title=Mistrial for Charlotte Police Officer in Death of Unarmed Black Man|date=2015-08-21|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/22/us/charlotte-trial-jonathan-ferrell-police-officer-randall-kerrick.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2022-04-16}}</ref> Afisa huyo huyo, Thornel Little, alitoa ushahidi kwamba Ferrell alisema "nipige [[risasi]]" mara mbili alipokuwa akiwakimbilia maafisa. Kerrick kisha akamfyatulia risasi Ferrell, akampiga risasi kumi na mbili na kumuua.<ref>{{Citation|last=Katz|first=Jonathan M.|title=Mistrial for Charlotte Police Officer in Death of Unarmed Black Man|date=2015-08-21|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/22/us/charlotte-trial-jonathan-ferrell-police-officer-randall-kerrick.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2022-04-16}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2013]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:USLW Iringa]] 2m9xec9usqubv6jo11v0p4hpxrs5ero 0 148855 1599282 1511031 2026-09-23T11:33:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 10 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599282 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dizzy Dee''', alizaliwa mnamo [[17]] [[Desemba]], [[1985]] ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[reggae]] na [[mtunzi]] wa [[nyimbo]] wa nchini [[Zimbabwe]]. Anayefahamika zaidi kwa [[jina]] lake la kisanii Dizzy Dee. Alihamia [[Australia]] mnamo [[2007]] na kwa sasa anaishi [[Melbourne]] ambapo anafanya na kufanya kazi kama Dj mara kwa mara.. [[Picha:Desire Sibanda sitting in studio.jpg|thumb|201x201px|'''Dizzy Dee akiwa studio''']] Mzaliwa wa [[Hospitali]] ya Collin Saunders huko Triangle, [[Zimbabwe]], Dizzy Dee alihamia [[Australia]] akiwa na umri wa miaka ishirini na moja, ambapo alisomea muundo wa [[picha]].Baada ya muda mfupi kama [[DJ]], alitoa EP yake ya kwanza ya U Don't Care mnamo [[2008]]. Kama mtayarishaji amefanya kazi na [[wasanii]] kama vile Quashani Bahd kwenye wimbo wake "Why I Love You";<ref>{{Citation|title=Quashani Bahd – That's Why I Love You|url=https://soundcloud.com/megavibe-records/quashani-bahd-thats-why-i-love-you|accessdate=28 March 2017}}</ref> na uzalishaji wa albamu ya kwanza ya [[Wasanii|msanii]] wa dancehall Slicker 1, Culture Shocked.<ref name="iTunes">{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/culture-shocked/id1183509388|title=iTunes Music – Culture Shocked by Slicker 1|publisher=iTunes Store|accessdate=2022-04-28|archive-date=2018-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203064319/https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/culture-shocked/id1183509388|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kwa Siku ya Wapendanao [[2017]] alitoa [[wimbo]] huitwao "All That I Need"<ref name="itunes.apple.com">{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/all-that-i-need-feat-pasika-single/id1206442144|title=iTunes Music – All That I Need by Dizzy Dee|publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref> akishirikiana na PASIKA.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Dizzy Dee|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm9263035/bio|work=IMDb|accessdate=2023-02-26}}</ref> ==Diskografia== ===Albamu=== ====Albamu za studio==== *''My Journey'' (2017) – Soundalize It / [[VP Records|VPAL Music]] *''New Sounds'' (2018) – Dizzy Dee Music<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hmetro.co.zw/dizzy-dee-engages-maxi-priests-son|title=Dizzy Dee engages maxi Priest's son|publisher=HMetro|accessdate=2022-04-30|archivedate=2020-02-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205195112/https://www.hmetro.co.zw/dizzy-dee-engages-maxi-priests-son/}}</ref> ====Albamu za mkusanyiko wa Riddim==== * ''Tranquility Riddim'' – various artists (2014), ZJ Heno<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/tranquility-riddim/id922281856|title=iTunes Music – Tranquility Riddim by Various Artists|publisher=iTunes Store|accessdate=2022-04-30|archive-date=2015-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211235942/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/tranquility-riddim/id922281856|url-status=dead}}</ref> *''Compatible Riddim'' – various artists (2015), ZJ Heno / 21st Hapilos Digital<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/compatible-riddim/id1022434503|title=iTunes Music – Compatible Riddim by Various Artists|publisher=iTunes Store|accessdate=2022-04-30|archive-date=2018-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203064228/https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/compatible-riddim/id1022434503|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ''Summer Love Riddim'' – various artists (2015), Abra Records<ref>{{Citation|title=Summer Love Riddim produced by Jusa (Zimbabwe Lovers ROCK)|url=http://nehandaradio.com/2015/05/05/summer-love-riddim-produced-by-jusa-zimbabwe-lovers-rock/|accessdate=5 May 2015|archive-date=2021-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116214909/https://nehandaradio.com/2015/05/05/summer-love-riddim-produced-by-jusa-zimbabwe-lovers-rock/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *''Focus Riddim'' – various artists (2016), Black Identity Records<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/focus-riddim/id1105867316|title=iTunes Music – Focus Riddim by Various Artists|publisher=iTunes Store|accessdate=2022-04-30|archive-date=2017-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403194811/https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/focus-riddim/id1105867316|url-status=dead}}</ref> ====Kama msanii aliyeangaziwa==== *''Dreamer Believer'' – Malesh P (2015), Malesh P<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/dreamer-believer/id1029172750|title=iTunes Music – Dreamer Believer by Malesh P|publisher=iTunes Store|accessdate=2022-04-30|archive-date=2018-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203064251/https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/dreamer-believer/id1029172750|url-status=dead}}</ref> *''Self Reclaimed'' – Torch (2015), Frankie Music / VPAL Music<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Torch blazes trail with Self Reclaimed |url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/entertainment/Torch-blazes-trail-with-Self-Reclaimed_19233759 |newspaper=Jamaican Observer |location=Jamaica |date=16 October 2015 |access-date=16 October 2015 |accessdate=2022-04-30 |archivedate=2021-04-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412003830/https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/entertainment/Torch-blazes-trail-with-Self-Reclaimed_19233759 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/self-reclaimed/id1049140156|title=iTunes Music – Self Reclaimed by Torch|publisher=iTunes Store|accessdate=2022-04-30|archive-date=2018-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203064302/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/self-reclaimed/id1049140156|url-status=dead}}</ref> *''Culture Shocked'' – Slicker 1 (2016), TMB Music Group<ref name="iTunes"/> ===EP=== * ''U Don't Care'' (2009) – Abra Records<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/u-dont-care/id332849448|title=iTunes Music – U Don't Care EP by Dizzy Dee|publisher=iTunes Store|accessdate=2022-04-30|archive-date=2018-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203014226/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/u-dont-care/id332849448|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ''Time Shall Tell'' (2016) – Soundalize It / VPAL Music<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/time-shall-tell-ep/id1130626254|title=iTunes Music – Time Shall Tell EP by Dizzy Dee|publisher=iTunes Store|accessdate=2022-04-30|archive-date=2018-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203064150/https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/time-shall-tell-ep/id1130626254|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Nyimbo=== ====Kama msanii mkuu==== * "Give Me Love" (2014) – Kutral Dub<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/give-me-love-single/id865668026|title=iTunes Music – Give Me Love by Dizzy Dee|publisher=iTunes Store|accessdate=2022-04-30|archive-date=2017-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404043301/https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/give-me-love-single/id865668026|url-status=dead}}</ref> * "Never See We Fading" Akiwa na Torch (2014) – Soundalize It<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/never-see-we-fading-single/id906577002|title=iTunes Music – Never See We Fading by Dizzy Dee|publisher=iTunes Store|accessdate=2022-04-30|archive-date=2018-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030035409/https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/never-see-we-fading-single/id906577002|url-status=dead}}</ref> * "Perfect Peace" Akiwa na Torch (2015) – ZJ Heno * "Time Shall Tell" (2015) – Soundalize It<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/time-shall-tell-single/id997943150|title=iTunes Music – Time Shall Tell by Dizzy Dee|publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref> * "Overcome" fAkiwa na Beniton (2015) – Soundalize It<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/overcome-feat-beniton-single/id1015663618|title=iTunes Music – Overcome by Dizzy Dee|publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref> * "All That I Need" Akiwa na PASIKA (2017) – Abra Records<ref name="itunes.apple.com"/> ====Kama msanii aliyeangaziwa==== * Don Goliath - "Ganja ya Bure" akishirikiana na Dizzy Dee (2014), Rekodi za Kitengo cha Rootsstep * Josmas – "Rambai Muneni" akiwa na Dizzy Dee (2014), Abra Records ====Mionekano akiwa kama mgeni==== * Jusa Dementor – "Ndaku Bikira" (2016), Abra Records<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/ndaku-bikira-single/id1089583073|title=iTunes Music – Ndaku Bikira by Jusa Dementor|publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref> ==Ziara na matamasha== === Kichwa cha habari === * Reggae Faea pamoja na Jah Mason <small> (Tarehe za Vanuatu)</small> (2008) *Tamasha la 36 [[Bob Marley]] la Kitaifa pamoja na Etana & Black Slate <small>(Perth, Australia)</small> (2017) ==Mkuu wa vichwa vya Habari== * ZiJudgement Yard - Ziara Australia <ndogo>(Tarehe za Australia)</small> (2017) === Inasaidia === *[[Richie Spice]] - Ziara ya Mapambano ya Jumla <ndogo>(Tarehe za Australia)</small> (2009) *Brick & Lace - Ziara ya Upendo ni mbaya <ndogo>(tarehe za Australia)</small> (2014) *Timaya - Ziara ya Australia <ndogo>(Tarehe za Australia)</small> (2015) *Stonebwoy - Ziara ya Australia <ndogo>(Tarehe za Australia)</small> (2016) *[[Winky D]] - Ziara ya Ma Problem Ese Diappear <small>(tarehe za Australia)</small> (2016) *Beenie Man - Mfalme wa Ziara ya DanceHall <small>(Tarehe za Australia)</small> (2017) *Stonebwoy - Ziara ya Australia <ndogo>(Tarehe za Australia)</small> (2017) *Bisa Kdei - Barabara ya 2 Konnect Ziara ya Australia <ndogo>(Tarehe za Australia)</small> (2017) *Charly Black - Ziara ya Wanyama wa Sherehe ya Australia <ndogo>(Tarehe za Australia)</small> (2018) *Kranium – Siamini Ziara ya Australia <ndogo>(Tarehe za Australia)</small> (2018) *[[Konshens]] - Bruk Off Yuh Rudi Ziara ya Australia <ndogo>(Tarehe za Australia)</small> (2019) *Nasty C - Ziara ya Australia <ndogo>(Tarehe za Australia)</small> (2019) *Prince Kaybee na [[Ali Kiba]] - Tamasha la MelaninFunk <small>(Melbourne, Australia)</small>(2019) *[[DJ Tira]] - Ziara ya Australia <ndogo>(Tarehe za Australia)</small> (2019) === Sherehe === *Tamasha la Mtakatifu Kilda 2007 *Tamasha la Mtakatifu Kilda 2009 *Tamasha la Vibe la Kisiwa 2009 *Tamasha la Nyoka wa Upinde wa mvua 2010<ref name="Valley Fiesta">{{cite news| url=http://www.inthemix.com.au/forum/showthread.php?t=238655| title=Rainbow Serpent Festival 2009 – 23 to 26 Jan – Western Victoria| publisher=Inthemix| accessdate=27 July 2017| archivedate=2018-02-03| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203005848/http://www.inthemix.com.au/forum/showthread.php?t=238655}}</ref> *Fringe Festival 2010 *Tamasha la Kimataifa la Sanaa la Perth 2010 *Tamasha la Nyoka ya Upinde wa mvua 2014 *Tamasha la Mashamba ya Strawberry 2016 *Tamasha la Nje la Bob Marley 2017 *Tamasha la Ozlinkup 2017 *Tamasha la Muziki na Chakula la Jamaika 2017 *Tamasha la Afrobeats Perth 2018 *Tamasha la Muziki la Afro Urban 2019 *Tamasha la Melanin Phunk 2019 === Televisheni === *Live on Bowen 29 Novemba 2013<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pGs_Y4W1XCI |title= Fuze atumbuiza Kivutio – Moja kwa Moja kwenye Bowen S03E05.E | date=18 Desemba 2013|via=YouTube|publisher=[[Moja kwa moja kwenye Bowen]]|accessdate=27 Julai 2017}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Zimbabwe]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1985]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:1lib1ref 2023]] chx6l9m08lx8piyywf6tctm0lztvr11 0 149049 1598984 1528753 2026-09-23T02:53:06Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598984 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:MzVee in concert.jpg|thumb|Picha yake (2014)]] '''Vera Hamenoo-Kpeda''' (anajulikana zaidi kwa jina lake la kisanii '''MzVee'''; alizaliwa [[Accra|South La Estates, Accra]], [[23 Juni]] [[1992]]) ni mwimbaji, afropop, [[dancehall]] na msanii wa [[R&B]] wa [[Ghana]]. [[Albamu]] yake ya kwanza ya pekee ina nyimbo kadhaa maarufu zikiwemo 'Borkor Borkor' (maana yake - Polepole), 'Msichana Asilia' na 'Malkia wa Dancehall'. MzVee alitiwa saini kwa lebo ya rekodi ya Lynx Entertainment na alikuwa mshindi wa tuzo ya Msanii Mpya wa Mwaka katika Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana za [[2015]]. Aliachana na Lynx Entertainment katika mwaka wa [[2019]]. Kwa sasa ni msanii wa pekee. == Maisha ya awali == MzVee alizaliwa kwa Ernest Hamenoo-Kpeda, [[mfanyabiashara]], na Florence Hamenoo-Kpeda, mhudumu wa chakula. Ana dada wawili wakubwa na kaka mmoja na alisoma Shule ya St Martin de Porres huko Accra katika miaka yake ya mapema. Alihamia St. Mary's Girls' Senior High School na sasa anasoma Business Administration katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Ghana Telecom.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rising Talent MzVee anazungumza nasi|url=http://www .enewsgh.com/2014/02/18/enewsghiinterviews-talent-kupanda-mzvee-hutuzungumzia-ni-naenda-kusukuma-mbali-niweza-|mchapishaji= enewsgh}}</ref> == Kazi ya muziki == === 2012 – 2013: Mwanzo wa awali === MzVee aliingia kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye tasnia ya muziki ya Ghana katika majira ya kiangazi ya [[2012]] kama mwimbaji mkuu wa [[bendi]] ya wasichana ya Lynx Entertainment D3.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lynx Entertainment inatambulisha kikundi cha wanawake wote - D3|url=http:// www.ghanamusic.com/news/top-stories/lynx-entertainment-introduces-all-female-group-d3/index.html|publisher=Ghana Music|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive .org/web/20140623211043/http://www.ghanamusic.com/news/top-stories/lynx-entertainment-introduces-all-female-group-d3/index.html|archivedate=2014-06-23}} </ref> Bendi hiyo ilikuwa na vibao maarufu kama vile "Good Girls Gone Bad" na "Gyani Gyani" kabla ya kusambaratika mwishoni mwa [[2013]] kutokana na kujitolea kwa vijana hao kielimu. .<ref>{{cite web|title=Kikundi cha muziki D3 splits|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/artikel.php?ID=291034|publisher=Ghana Web}}</ref> === 2014 - 2016 Mafanikio === MzVee alizindua kazi yake ya pekee kwa wimbo wake wa kwanza 'Borkor Borkor' uliotolewa [[Januari]] [[2014]]. Alifuata hii kwa kibao 'Natural Girl'<ref>{{cite web|title=MzVee ametoa Natural Girl akimshirikisha Stonebwoy|url =http://www.modernghana.com/music/25451/3/mzvee-releases-natural-girl-featuring-stonebwoy.html|publisher=Modern Ghana}}</ref> na kuendelea kushinda 'Unsung Artiste Tuzo' katika Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=MzVee anawashukuru mashabiki wake kwa ushindi wa tuzo ya VGMA|url=http://www.modernghana.com/music/25751/3/mzvee-thanks- her-fans-for-vgma-award-win.html|publisher=Modern Ghana}}</ref> Albamu yake ya kwanza ilitolewa Novemba 2014 na inaangazia ushirikiano na wasanii kadhaa walioshinda tuzo. kama vile [[Stonebwoy]], VIP, Shatta Wale, [[Richie Mensah]], [[M.anifest]] na Didier Awad i. Kufuatia mafanikio ya albamu yake ya kwanza iliyoshinda tuzo, MzVee alitoa albamu yake ya pili iliyoitwa ''Imethibitishwa'' mnamo Novemba 2015 ili kufanya hakiki za kusisimua.<ref>{{cite web|title=MzVee anaboresha mchezo wake kwa kuzindua albamu iliyothibitishwa|url= http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Mzvee-ups-mchezo-wake-with-verified-album-launch-395509|publisher=Ghana Web}}</ref> Albamu hii imepata uteuzi wa MzVee mara 7 katika tuzo za 2016 Ghana Music Awards<ref>{{cite web|title=Orodha kamili ya walioteuliwa kwa Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana 2016|url=http://www. .myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2016/February-27th/full-list-of-nominees-for-2016-ghana-music-awards.php|publisher=MyJoyOnline}}</ref> ikijumuisha 'Albamu Bora ya Mwaka' na 'Rekodi ya Mwaka' ya single ya 'Abofra' ambayo inashiriki [[Efya]]. Albamu yake ya tatu iliyokuwa ikitarajiwa sana ''DaaVee'' ilitolewa Mei 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=MzVee inatarajiwa kutoa albamu ya DaaVee tarehe 1 Mei 2017|url=https://loudsoundgh.com/2017/04 /mz-vee-set-to-release-daavee-album-on-1st-may-2017|publisher=Sauti kubwa GH}}</ref> === 2017– 2019: Hiatus === MzVee alipumzika kwa miaka miwili kutoka kwenye Tasnia ya Muziki kuanzia 2017 hadi 2019. Katika mahojiano na TV3 mnamo Jumatatu, Januari 5, 2020, alifichua kwamba sababu yake ya kuondoka tasnia ya muziki ilikuwa depression ambayo alikuwa akipitia.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2020 /January-6th/depression-forced-me-kuacha-music-industry-mzvee.php|title=Depression ilinilazimisha kuacha tasnia ya muziki- MzVee|website=www.myjoyonline.com|access-date=2020-01 -07}}</ref> Hili limekanusha tetesi za ujauzito ambazo baadhi ya watu walikuwa wakisema kuwa ndiyo sababu ya kutokuwepo kwenye Tasnia ya Muziki.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainmen t/62090/i-was-super-depressed-to- leave-music-industry.html|title=Nilihuzunika Sana Kuacha Tasnia ya Muziki — MzVee Recounts|website=Modern Ghana|language=en|access-date=2020 -01-07}}</ref> Katika kipindi chote cha miaka miwili MzVee alipata usaidizi kutoka kwa rafiki yake [[Efya]] ambaye aliendelea kumuunga mkono na kumtia moyo hadi akashinda huzuni. <ref>Ametangaza kuwa kuanzia 2020 amerejea kwenye muziki na ataachia wimbo wake alioupa jina la "Sheriff".</ref> === 2020 - sasa : inVeencible === Jambo lingine ambalo MzVee alisema aliporejea kutoka katika hali yake ya unyogovu iliyosababishwa na kuacha muziki ni kwamba ataachia. Hata hivyo, ni wazi hangeweza kutoa albamu hizo mbili kama alivyoahidi kutokana na janga la [[COVID-19]]. Afadhali alifanikiwa kutoa albamu moja iliyopewa jina la inVeencible.<ref name="ichrisgh.com">{{Rejea tovuti|last=iChris|date=2020-12-11|title=MzVee akiwa na Sarkodie, Mugeez, Efya, Falz, Medikal , wengine kwenye InVeencible Album|url=https://ichrisgh.com/blog/2020/12/11/mzvee-features-sarkodie-mugeez-efya-falz-medikal-others-on-inveencible-album/|tarehe-ya-ufikiaji=2020-12-15|website=iCHRIS|language=en-US|accessdate=2022-04-23|archive-date=2022-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529121116/https://ichrisgh.com/blog/2020/12/11/mzvee-features-sarkodie-mugeez-efya-falz-medikal-others-on-inveencible-album/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Albamu ambayo ilishirikisha Sarkodie, [[Mugeez]], [[Efya]], [[Medikal]], [[Kelvyn Boy]], Kojo Funds, pamoja na Falz na Navy Kenzoo, ilitolewa mnamo Desemba 11, 2020.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020 -12-11|title=Mzvee – Inveencible (Full Album)|url=https://www.nydjlive.com/mzvee-inveencible-full-album/|access-date=2021-02-04|website=NY DJ Live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Mnamo Machi 2021, alishirikiana na Trace TV kutoa video yake ya muziki ya wimbo wake 'You Alone'.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title=MzVee washirika wa Trace TV kuachia video ya 'You Alone' - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://w ww.myjoyonline.com/mzvee-partners-trace-tv-to-release-video-for-you-peke/|access-date=2021-03-22|website=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US }}</ref> == Mtindo wa muziki na utambuzi == Muziki wa MzVee una vipengele vya afropop, R&B na dancehall na uwezo wake mkubwa wa sauti ulimfanya ateuliwe katika kipengele cha 'Female Vocalist of the Year'<ref>{{cite web|title=VGMA 2015 Nominees List|url=http://www. ghanamusicawards.com/full-list.html/|publisher=Ghana Music Awards}}</ref> katika [[Tuzo]] za Muziki za Ghana 2015 na tuzo ya 'Tendo Inayoahidi Zaidi' katika Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tuzo za Muziki wa Ghana Zafanyika Jijini Accra|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/artikel.php?ID=349582/|publisher=Ghana Web|accessdate=2022-05-03|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052417/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/artikel.php?ID=349582%2F}}</ref> Anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa mastaa wa jukwaa la dancehall la Ghana na alipokea tuzo ya 'Mwimbaji Bora wa Kike wa Mwaka'<ref>{{cite web|title=VGMA 2015 Nominees List|url=http://showbiz.peacefmonline.com/pages/ music/201411/224251.php/|publisher=Peace FM|accessdate=2022-04-23|archivedate=2014-02-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222030514/http://showbiz.peacefmonline.com/pages/}}</ref> katika tuzo za 2015 za dancehall za Ghana, tuzo za BASS. Alama yake ya biashara ya nywele asilia ya Kiafrika na wimbo wake maarufu 'Natural Girl' imemfanya kuwa kivutio kwa wasichana wachanga kote Afrika wanaotaka kusherehekea mwonekano wao wa asili.<ref>{{cite web|title=MzVee Calls Out to All Natural Girls|url=http://www.twimovies.com/news/55551-mzvee-calls-out-to-all-natural-girls.html|publisher=Twi Movies|accessdate=2022-04-23|archivedate=2014-09-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914210035/http://www.twimovies.com/news/55551-mzvee-calls-out-to-all-natural-girls.html}}</ref> Kupanda kwa kuvutia kwa MzVee hadi kileleni kuliendelea kwa kuteuliwa mnamo Juni 2015 katika kitengo cha 'Msanii Bora wa Kimataifa wa Kimataifa'<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|title=Msanii Bora Mpya wa Kimataifa|url=http://www. bet.com/shows/bet-awards/bet-awards-international/2015/bet-awards-international/best-new-international-act-viewer-s-choice.html|publisher=BET.com}}</ref > kwenye BET Awards 2015. Kitengo hiki kipya kabisa kilichopigiwa kura na mashabiki kinasherehekea nyota wanaochipukia kutoka katika nyayo za kimataifa za kituo.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tuzo zaBET 2015: MzVee aliteuliwa katika kitengo kipya|url=http://www.viasat1.com.gh /news/entertainment/article.php?postId=3605#sthash.7I4XsXRS.dpbs|publisher=Viasat 1|accessdate=2022-05-03|archivedate=2010-02-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213162430/http://www.viasat1.com.gh/}}</ref> Mnamo Oktoba 2015, MzVee aliteuliwa kuwa Balozi wa [[Benki ya Dunia]] kwa 'Kampeni yao ya Kukomesha Umaskini Uliokithiri'.<ref>{{cite web|title=MzVee Aliyeteuliwa kuwa Balozi wa Benki ya Dunia|url=http://www.ghanaweb .com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/MzVee-appointed-as-World-Bank-ambassador-387708|publisher=Ghana Web|accessdate=2022-05-03|archivedate=2022-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119131950/http://www.ghanaweb/}}</ref> Alitoa wimbo rasmi wa kampeni unaoitwa 'Komesha Umaskini' na kuwa Msanii Mgeni wa Benki ya Dunia #Music4Dev; jukumu ambalo hapo awali limekuwa likishikiliwa na wasanii kadhaa walioshinda tuzo wakiwemo [[D'Banj]] na [[Fally Ipupa]]. MzVee alitajwa katika orodha ya MTV Base ya wasanii wakuu wa [[Afrika]] wa kuwatazama mwaka wa 2016. Orodha hii iliwashirikisha watengenezaji kibao wa 2015 katika bara la Afrika. Pia ameteuliwa katika kitengo cha 'Msanii Bora wa Mjini' katika Tuzo za Muziki za KORA 2016 <ref>{{cite web|title=Sarkodie, MzVee, wengine walioteuliwa kuwania Tuzo za Muziki za KORA 2016|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage /entertainment/Sarkodie-Mzvee-others-aliteuliwa-kwa-2016-Kora-Music-Awards-407393|publisher=Ghana Web|accessdate=2022-04-23|archivedate=2021-04-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422110329/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/}}</ref> na kupokea uteuzi 7 katika Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana 2016 ikijumuisha Mtunzi Bora wa Nyimbo wa Mwaka pamoja na [[Richie Mensah]] na [[Efya]], Albamu Bora ya Mwaka<ref name="ghanamusicawards.com ">{{cite web|title=Albamu Bora ya Mwaka ya Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana|url=http://ghanamusicawards.com/album-of-the-year/|publisher=Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana|accessdate=2022-04-23|archivedate=2016-05-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502092106/http://ghanamusicawards.com/album-of-the-year/}}</ref> na Bora wa Kike Mwimbaji. Mnamo [[20 Mei|Mei 20]], [[2016]], MzVee aliteuliwa kuwania Tuzo za BET 2016 - Best International Act: Africa na akawa mwanamuziki wa kwanza wa kike wa Ghana kuteuliwa kuwania Tuzo kuu la BET.<ref>{{cite web|last=GhKings News|title=MzVee Ameteuliwa Kwa Tuzo za BET 2016 + Orodha Kamili|url=https://ghkings.com/mzvee-nominated-bet-awards16-full-list/|accessdate=2022-04-23|archivedate=2021-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512101634/https://ghkings.com/mzvee-nominated-bet-awards16-full-list/}}</ref> Pia aliteuliwa katika Kitengo cha Mwanamke Bora mnamo Oktoba 2016 kwa Tuzo za Muziki za MTV Afrika.<ref name="MTV Africa Music Awards">{{cite web|title=Aina za mwisho zimefichuliwa - vote now|url=http://mama.mtv.com/ 2016/10/02/kategoria-za-mwisho-zilifichuliwa-kura-sasa/|publisher=Tuzo za Muziki za MTV Afrika}}</ref> MzVee anaendelea kupokea sifa kuu na za kibiashara kwa kazi yake na alitunukiwa Tuzo ya Msanii Bora wa Kike Heshima<ref name="AmeyawDebrah.com">{{cite web|title=Sarkodie, Stonebwoy, MzVee, VVIP na wengine wengi kushinda mwaka wa 2017. Heshima za Muziki wa Ghana|url=http://ameyawdebrah.com/sarkodie-stonebwoy-mzvee-vvip-win-2017-ghana-music-honours/|publisher=ameyahdebrah.com}}</ref> katika Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana mnamo Tarehe 4 Machi 2017. Pia aliteuliwa kwa [[Msanii]] Bora wa Reggae/Dancehall, [[Mwimbaji]] Bora wa Kike na Msanii Bora wa Mwaka katika Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana 2017.<ref name="GlammyNews.com">{{cite web|title=Washindi wa Tuzo za Muziki za Vodafone Ghana 2017|url=http://glammynews.com/2017/02/vodafone-ghana-music-awards-2017-nominees/|publisher=glammynews.com|accessdate=2022-04-23|archivedate=2017-08-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819190931/https://www.glammynews.com/2017/02/vodafone-ghana-music-awards-2017-nominees/}}</ref> == Diskografia == *''Re-Vee-Lation'' (2014) *''Imethibitishwa'' (2015) *''DaaVee'' (2017) *''InVeecible'' (2020) ==Tuzo na uteuzi== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Mwaka!! Shirika!! Tuzo !! Kazi!! Matokeo |- | rowspan="2"| 2014 || Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana || Msanii Bora wa Mwaka Ambaye Hajaimbwa || rowspan="7" | Mwenyewe || {{Alishinda}} |- | Tuzo za Video za Muziki za 4syte || Ugunduzi Bora || {{Alishinda}} |- | rowspan="9"| 2015 || Tuzo za besi || Msanii Bora wa Kike wa Sauti || {{Alishinda}}</ref> |- | Heshima za Muziki wa Ghana || Sheria Inayotarajiwa Zaidi || {{Alishinda}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Heshima za Muziki wa Ghana zilizofanyika Accra|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/artikel.php?ID=349582|publisher=Ghana Web|accessdate=2022-04-23|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074828/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/artikel.php?ID=349582}}</ref> |- | rowspan="6" | Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana || Msanii Bora wa Mwaka || {{nom}}<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|title=Orodha ya walioteuliwa kwa Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana 2015|url=http://www.dailyguideghana.com/list-of-nominees-for-2015 -ghana-music-awards/|publisher=Daily Guide|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923212424/http://www.dailyguideghana.com/list-of-nominees|archivedate=2015-09-23|accessdate=2022-04-24}}</ref> |- | Msanii Bora wa Mwaka wa Reggae/Dancehall || {{nom}}<ref name="auto2"/> |- | Msanii Mpya Bora wa Mwaka || {{Alishinda}} |- | Albamu Ya Mwaka || Re-Vee-Lation || {{nom}}<ref name="auto2"/> |- | Wimbo Bora wa Mwaka wa Reggae Dancehall || Msichana Asilia || {{nom}}<ref name="auto2"/> |- | Utendaji Bora wa Kike wa Sauti || Kila Kitu Changu || {{nom}}<ref name="auto2"/> |- | Tuzo za BET || Msanii Bora Mpya wa Kimataifa || Mwenyewe || {{nom}}<ref name="auto1"/> |- | rowspan="12"| 2016 || Tuzo za Muziki za KORA || Msanii Bora wa Mjini || Nishike Sasa || {{nom}} |- | rowspan="7" | Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana || Albamu Bora ya Mwaka || Imethibitishwa || {{nom}} |- | Mtunzi wa Nyimbo Bora wa Mwaka || MzVee, [[Richie Mensah]] na [[Efya]] || {{nom}} |- | Mwimbaji Bora wa Kike wa Mwaka || rowspan="2" | Nishike Sasa || {{Alishinda}} |- | Wimbo Bora wa Mwaka wa Reggae || {{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Wimbo Bora wa Mwaka wa Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana Reggae|url=http://ghanamusicawards.com/reggae-song-of-the-year/|publisher=Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana|accessdate=2022-04-23|archivedate=2016-05-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502093804/http://ghanamusicawards.com/reggae-song-of-the-year/}}</ref> |- | Wimbo Bora wa Mwaka wa Afro Pop || rowspan="2" | Abofra || {{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana Wimbo Bora wa Mwaka wa Afro Pop|url=http://ghanamusicawards.com/afro-pop-song-of-the-year/|publisher=Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana|accessdate=2022-04-23|archivedate=2016-05-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502092052/http://ghanamusicawards.com/afro-pop-song-of-the-year/}}</ref> |- | Rekodi ya Mwaka || {{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Rekodi ya Mwaka ya Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana|url=http://ghanamusicawards.com/record-of-the-year/|publisher=Ghana Music Awards|accessdate=2022-04-23|archivedate=2016-05-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502092233/http://ghanamusicawards.com/record-of-the-year/}}</ref> |- | Msanii Bora wa Mwaka wa Reggae/Dancehall || rowspan="9" | Mwenyewe || {{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Reggae/Dancehall of the Year ya Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana|url=http://ghanamusicawards.com/reggae-dancehall-artiste-of-the-year/|publisher=Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana|accessdate=2022-04-23|archivedate=2016-05-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502093750/http://ghanamusicawards.com/reggae-dancehall-artiste-of-the-year/}}</ref> |- | Tuzo za BET || Sheria Bora ya Kimataifa Afrika || {{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Best International Act Africa|url=http://enterghana.com/mzvee-nominated-bet-awards-2016/|publisher=EnterGhana|accessdate=2022-04-23|archivedate=2017-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217065126/http://enterghana.com/mzvee-nominated-bet-awards-2016/}}</ref> |- | Tuzo za Burudani za Nigeria || Msanii wa Kike wa Kiafrika (Asiye Mnigeria) || {{nom}} |- | AFRIMMA || Mwanamke Bora Afrika Magharibi || {{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|title=AFRIMMA 2016 nominees|url=http://afrimma.com/nominees-2016//|publisher=AFRIMMA|accessdate=2022-04-23|archive-date=2022-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814150919/https://afrimma.com/nominees-2016/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- | Tuzo za Muziki za MTV Afrika || Mwanamke Bora || {{nom}}<ref name="MTV Africa Music Awards"/> |- | rowspan="15"| 2017 || rowspan="3" | Heshima za Muziki wa Ghana || Heshima ya Msanii wa Reggae/Dancehall || {{nom}} |- | Heshima ya Msanii Bora wa Kike || {{Alishinda}}<ref name="AmeyawDebrah.com2">{{cite web|title=Sarkodie, Stonebwoy, MzVee, VVIP na wengine wengi wameshinda katika Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana za 2017|url=http://ameyawdebrah.com/sarkodie -stonebwoy-mzvee-vvip-win-2017-ghana-music-honours/|publisher=ameyahdebrah.com}}</ref> |- | Heshima ya Msanii wa Chaguo la Watu || {{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" | Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana || Msanii Bora wa Mwaka wa Reggae/Dancehall || {{nom}}<ref name="GlammyNews.com" /> |- | Mwimbaji Bora wa Kike || Hakuna Mwingine || {{nom}}<ref name="GlammyNews.com" /> |- | Msanii Bora wa Mwaka kwa Jumla || Mwenyewe || {{nom}}<ref name="GlammyNews.com" /> |- | rowspan="2" | Tuzo za Video za Muziki za 4syte || Video Bora ya Kike || rowspan="2" | Rudisha nyuma || {{nom}} |- | Video Bora ya Choreography || {{nom}} |- | rowspan="7" | Tuzo za BASS || Msanii Bora wa Mwaka || Mwenyewe || {{nom}} |- | Wimbo Bora wa Mwaka wa Reggae || Hakuna Mwingine|| {{nom}} |- | Mwigizaji Bora wa Mwaka || Mwenyewe || {{nom}} |- | Mwimbaji Bora wa Kike wa Mwaka || Hakuna Mwingine || {{nom}} |- | Ushirikiano wa Mwaka wa Reggae || Hakuna Mwingine (feat. Black Prophet) || {{Alishinda}}<ref name="GhanaMusic.com">{{cite web|title=Orodha kamili ya washindi wa tuzo katika Tuzo za Bass 2017|url=https://www.ghanamusic.com/news/top-stories/ 2017/12/29/full-list-award-washindi-bass-awards-2017/}}</ref> |- | Msanii Bora wa Dancehall || Mwenyewe || {{nom}} |- | Video Bora ya Mwaka ya Reggae || Hakuna Mwingine|| {{nom}} |- | rowspan="6"| 2018 || rowspan="6" | Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana || Mwimbaji Bora wa Kike wa Mwaka || rowspan="2" | Mwenyewe || {{nom}} |- | Msanii wa Reggae/Dancehall || {{nom}} |- | Wimbo Bora wa Mwaka wa Reggae/Dancehall || Rudisha nyuma || {{nom}} |- | Ushirikiano wa Mwaka || rowspan="2" | Imba Jina Langu (feat. [[Patoranking]]) || {{nom}} |- | Wimbo Bora wa Mwaka wa Afropop || {{nom}} |- | Albamu Ya Mwaka || Daa-Vee || {{nom}} |- | rowspan="8" | 2021 || rowspan="8" | Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana || Wimbo Bora wa Mwaka wa Reggae Dancehall || Sherifu || {{nom}} |- |Video Bora ya Muziki ya Mwaka |Boss Baddest||{{Alishinda}} |- | Albamu Ya Mwaka || Inveecible || {{nom}} |} Video Bora ya mwaka katika VGMA 2019 na wimbo wake njoo uone Moda yangu. == Marejeo == {{Reflist|30em}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.lynxghana.com Burudani ya Lynx] * [https://ichrisgh.com/blog/2020/12/11/mzvee-features-sarkodie-mugeez-efya-falz-medikal-others-on-inveencible-album/ inVeencible Album] {{Wayback|url=https://ichrisgh.com/blog/2020/12/11/mzvee-features-sarkodie-mugeez-efya-falz-medikal-others-on-inveencible-album/ |date=20220529121116 }} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Ghana]] auz2tnbtndp74ll1f09dp6kbvm771x5 0 149117 1599230 1510774 2026-09-23T10:29:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599230 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Deborah Owusu-Bonsu'''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sister Derby, Biography|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Sister-Derby-5209|work=www.ghanaweb.com|accessdate=2023-02-26|archivedate=2023-02-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226090927/https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Sister-Derby-5209}}</ref> (alizaliwa [[25 Agosti]], [[1984]]) anayejulikana zaidi kwa [[jina]] lake la kisanii kama '''Sister Derby'''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Mensah|first=Jeffrey|date=2019-10-11|title=Meet '''Sister Derby''' and Wanlov's beautiful 65-year-old 'obroni' mother|url=https://yen.com.gh/134921-meet-sister-derby-wanlovs-beautiful-romanian-mother-photos.html|access-date=2020-09-25|website=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news.|language=en}}</ref>ni [[Ghana|Ghana]] mtangazaji wa [[televisheni]], [[mwanamuziki]] na mwanamitindo mwenye [[asili]] ya Akan na mtangazaji wa [[zamani]] katika e.tv [[Ghana]].[https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/dfb52702-9b3e-481b-9f97-dc99efe90d0d] {{Wayback|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/dfb52702-9b3e-481b-9f97-dc99efe90d0d |date=20190807031535 }} ==Maisha ya awali na elimu== Deborah Vanessa Owusu-Bonsu alizaliwa tarehe 25 Agosti 1984, kwa [[baba]] wa Ashanti na [[mama]] wa [[Kiromania]]. [[Wazazi]] wake wote wawili walikuwa wakusanyaji wa [[muziki]] na [[sanaa]] ya ulimwengu.Yeye ni mtangazaji wa kipindi cha [[televisheni]], mwanamitindo, mwanamuziki, msomi na msanii wa picha <ref name="Deborah Vanessa Owusu-Bonsu Uncovered">{{cite web|url=http://atghana.wordpress.com/2011/12/01/deborah-vanessa-owusu-bonsu-uncovered/ |title=Deborah Vanessa Owusu-Bonsu Uncovered! |work=atghana|date=1 December 2011 |accessdate=26 February 2014}}</ref>.Owusu-Bonsu ni [[dada]] wa "hip life" [[mwanamuziki]] [[Wanlov the Kubolor]] ambaye aliigiza katika [[filamu]] Coz Ov Moni.Owusu-bonsu alihudhuria [[shule]] ya kimataifa ya "christ the king", kisha shule ya upili ya wasichana ya wesley.Owusu -bonsu alihitimu shahada ya kwanza katika masomo ya uchapishaji kutoka chuo kikuu cha [[sayansi]] na teknolojia cha kwame nkrumah na kufuatiwa na [[shahada]] ya uzamili katika uchapishaji wa vitabu/journal kutoka chuo kikuu cha sanaa [[london]]. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] b7hth59ao32egrmfz9bkr4s9y9hhrtu 0 149228 1599067 1269666 2026-09-23T04:46:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599067 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Busi Mhlongo''' ([[28 Oktoba]], [[1947]] – [[15 Juni]], [[2010]] ), [[jina]] la kuzaliwa '''Victoria Busisiwe Mhlongo''' , alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi]] mahiri kutoka Inanda huko [[KwaZulu-Natal|Natal]], nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. <ref name="mg.co.za" /> <ref>{{Cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p43384|pure_url=yes}}|title=Biography: Busi Mhlongo|author=Harris|first=Craig|publisher=[[Allmusic]]|accessdate=2 May 2010}}</ref> == Wasifu == Akitumia [[mitindo]] mbalimbali ya Afrika Kusini kama vile Mbaqanga, Maskanda, Marabi na Kizulu, ambapo aliunganisha na vipengele vya kisasa kutoka mitindo mbalimbali kama [[jazz]], funk, [[rock]], [[gospel]], [[rap]], [[opera]], [[reggae]] na [[muziki]] wa [[Afrika Magharibi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Busisiwe Victoria Mhlongo {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/busisiwe-victoria-mhlongo|work=www.sahistory.org.za|accessdate=2023-02-26}}</ref> Mnamo miaka ya [[1960]], alipitisha jina lake la kisanii la Vickie, Baadae alijulikana na Busi Mhlongo. Alianzisha sangoma, ambayo alisaidia katika katika muziki wake. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bradshaw|first=Paul|title=Busi Mhlongo – Urban Zulu & Queen of Maskanda 1947 -2010|url=http://www.mondomix.com/news/805/busi-mhlongo-urban-zulu-queen-of-maskanda-1947-2010.htm|publisher=Mondomix|accessdate=23 January 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102130519/http://www.mondomix.com/news/805/busi-mhlongo-urban-zulu-queen-of-maskanda-1947-2010.htm|archivedate=2 November 2010}}</ref> Miaka ya [[1970]], Mhlongo alihamia [[London]], baadae akarekodi na wasanii wengine wa Afrika Kusini waliokuwa wakiishi uhamishoni, kama vile Dudu Pukwana na Julian Bahula . Kufikia miaka ya [[1980]], alianza kutumbuiza kimataifa, aliigiza na wasanii wengine mashuhuri kama vile [[Salif Keïta|Salif Keita]] . Kufikia miaka ya [[1990]], alianza kutoa kazi zake binafsi, na [[albamu]] yake ya kwanza ya ''Barbentu'', ilitolewa mwaka [[1993]]. Mwaka mmoja baadae, alijiunga na ziara ya nyumbani ya Hugh Masekela. Mnamo [[1995]], Mhlongo alijiunga na Hugh Masekela katika tamasha la ''Afrika '95'' huko London. Mnamo [[1998]], alitoa albamu yake ya pili ya ''Urban Zulu'', ambayo ilivuma sana katika masoko mbalimbali duniani na inasemekana alitumia miezi kadhaa katika chati za ''Billboard World Music''. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Freedom by Busi Mhlongo|url=https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/freedom/1371683244|language=en-ca|accessdate=5 December 2018|archive-date=2019-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328070222/https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/freedom/1371683244|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aliendelea kutoa albamu kadhaa zaidi kama ''Freedom'' ([[2003]]), na ya mwisho ''Amakholwa'' kabla ya [[kifo]] chake kutokana na [[saratani]] ya matiti mnamo Juni [[2010]]. == Maisha binafsi == Mhlongo alilelewa katika [[familia]] iliyopenda muziki katika kijiji cha Ohlange. Aliolewa na mpiga [[ngoma]] Early Mabuza, na baadae wakapata binti. <ref name="mg.co.za">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2010-06-18-subverting-and-owning-maskanda|title=Subverting and owning maskanda|first=Niren|author=Tolsi|work=Mail and Guardian|date=18 June 2010}}</ref> Kutokana na uhamisho wa Mhlongo, hakuweza kumlea binti yake wala kuhudhuria mazishi ya mumewe ambaye chanzo cha kifo chake ilikua mauaji. == Tuzo na uteuzi == Mhlongo aliteuliwa kuwania [[tuzo]] ya [[Grammy Awards|Grammy]] na akashinda tuzo tatu za Muziki za Afrika Kusini . == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2010]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]] [[Jamii:1lib1ref 2023]] 84vgqjuzlls7f86j0bs2ws83efelp80 0 149547 1598838 1574976 2026-09-22T21:03:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Ahmed janka nabay |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 5 januari 1964 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufariki = April 2 2018 |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake = mwanamuziki |nchi =Afrika }} '''hmed Janka Nabay''' ([[5 Januari]], [[1964]] – [[2 Aprili]], [[2018]]) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/03/obituaries/janka-nabay-54-dies-carried-an-african-dance-music-worldwide.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2018-04-04 |archive-date=2018-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404050943/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/03/obituaries/janka-nabay-54-dies-carried-an-african-dance-music-worldwide.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> alikuwa mwanamuziki wa [[Sierra Leone]] na mtu mashuhuri katika Muziki wa Bubu, muziki wa kitamaduni wa Temne ambao huchezwa na hadi wanamuziki 20 wanaopuliza kwenye mabomba ya mianzi ya ukubwa tofauti <ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/africabeyond/africaonyourstreet/hosts/rita/17927.shtml {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. Alipata umakini wa kwanza baada ya kuigiza kwa ukaguzi wa SuperSound.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.spin.com/2018/04/janka-nabay-obituary/ | title = Nakala iliyohifadhiwa|accessdate=2022-05-03 |archivedate=2021-09-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920120933/https://www.spin.com/2018/04/janka-nabay-obituary/ }}</ref> Alirekodi albamu yake katika Studio za Forensic mjini [[Freetown]] wakati wa Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya [[Sierra Leone]]. Tangu kuhamia [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C]]. mnamo 2003, aliendelea kucheza muziki wa bubu, pamoja na onyesho katika Marathon ya Muziki ya Chuo cha CMJ huko [[New York]] mnamo 2009 na 2010. Mnamo Juni 2010, aliunda bendi kamili, Janka Nabay na Genge la Bubu, na washiriki wa vikundi vinne vya mwamba vya Brooklyn Skeletons, Gang Gang Dance, na Starring.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/26/arts/music/26cmj.html?scp=1&sq=janka%20nabay&st=cse</ref> Mnamo 2012, bendi yake ilitangaza kuwa wametia saini mkataba wa rekodi ya albamu tatu na lebo ya rekodi ya [[David Byrne]], Luaka Bop. == Maisha binafsi == '''Janka Nabay''' alikuwa wa asili ya Mandingo na Temne, wawili wa makabila ndani ya [[Sierra Leone]]. Iliripotiwa mnamo Aprili 2, 2018 kwamba '''Janka Nabay''' alikufa kwa ugonjwa wa tumbo. Alikuwa na umri wa miaka 54.<ref>http://www.okayafrica.com/janka-nabay-sierra-leone-passed-away/</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/janka-nabay-dead-at-54/amp | title = Nakala iliyohifadhiwa|accessdate=2022-05-03 |archive-date=2022-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304022107/https://pitchfork.com/news/janka-nabay-dead-at-54/amp/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Mchezaji mwenzake wa bendi ya Nabay, '''Michael Gallope''' aliandika kuhusu mchakato wa ubunifu wa bendi na uzoefu wa '''Nabay''' "mara nyingi unaodhoofisha utu" kama uhamisho akijaribu kujipatia riziki kutokana na muziki.<ref>https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/twentieth-century-music/article/abs/world-music-without-profit/1CD61B5BF8E39E35BB8D69B258AEB4ED#article</ref> == Kazi == Disarm, Iliyorekodiwa katika Island Studio Freetown, Upande A 1) Dis-Arm, 2) Dance to the Bu-Bu 3) Lek You Culture 4) Some Body. Upande B 1) Yay Su Tan Tan, 2) On the Bu-Bu 3) Dance to the Bu-Bu, 4) Dis-Arm Bubu King, True Panther Sounds, 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dustedmagazine.com/reviews/5596 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-05-03 |archive-date=2022-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617125427/http://www.dustedmagazine.com/reviews/5596 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An Letah, True Panther Sounds/Luaka Bop, 2012. En Yay Sah, Luaka Bop, 2012 <ref>http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/16911-en-yay-sah/</ref> Build Music, Luaka Bop, 2017 <ref>https://www.theguardian.com/music/2017/mar/23/janka-nabay-bubu-gang-build-music-review-luaka-bop</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za muziki]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za muziki wa Afrika]] 1rvume8dgbkln1yulozbjc1e10xpt0j 0 149789 1598985 1527611 2026-09-23T02:54:16Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598985 wikitext text/x-wiki '''The Headies''' (hapo awali iliitwa '''Hip Hop World Awards''') ni onyesho la tuzo za muziki lililoanzishwa mwaka wa 2006 na Jarida la Hip Hop World la [[Nigeria]] ili kutambua mafanikio bora katika tasnia ya muziki ya Nigeria.<ref name = "Hip hop world magazine">{{cite web|title=Facts About Headie|url=http://hiphopworldmagazine.com/theheadies/headie/|publisher=Hip hop world magazine|access-date=6 January 2014|url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212130135/http://hiphopworldmagazine.com/theheadies/headie|archive-date=12 December 2013}}</ref> Sherehe ya kila mwaka huangazia maonyesho ya wasanii mashuhuri na watarajiwa..<ref name = "Hip hop world magazine"/> Inaonyeshwa moja kwa moja kwenye HipTV kwa watazamaji kote Nigeria.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/hip-tv-launch-24-hour-channel-october-18th | title=HIP TV TO LAUNCH 24 HOUR CHANNEL ON OCTOBER 18TH | publisher=Daily Times Nigeria | date=1 October 2013 | access-date=25 January 2014 | author=Olofinlua, Temitayo | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223004332/http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/hip-tv-launch-24-hour-channel-october-18th | archive-date=23 February 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref> Hafla ya 1 na 2 la The Headies lilifanyika katika Kituo cha Muson huko Onikan, Jimbo la Lagos. Kati ya 2010 na 2012, tuzo hizo zilifanyika katika Hoteli ya Eko na Suites katika Kisiwa cha Victoria, Lagos. Wanahabari kadhaa nchini Nigeria wameandaa hafla hiyo ya kila mwaka, wakiwemo Darey Art Alade, D'banj, Dakore Egbuson, Banky W., Rita Dominic, MI, Tiwa Savage na Dk SID. ==Historia na Bango == Picha ya The Headies iliundwa na Ayo Animashaun, the mwanzilishi wa tuzo hizo, na ilitolewa na Matthias Aragbada. Bamba la kwanza la Headie lilifanywa na Jide Adewoye. Inawakilisha "picha na kelele za kijana, mtu mahiri ambaye kipaji chake kinaweza kushindana na wasanii mashuhuri wa humu nchini na kimataifa kwa pamoja, lakini ambaye karibu amepoteza imani katika uwezo wake licha ya hali za kukatisha tamaa zinazowasilishwa na mazingira ya kipekee ya Nigeria." Mnamo 2008, bamba hilo lilifanywa upya nchini [[Uingereza]]. Ilikuwa imepambwa kwa dhahabu ya karati 21. Jalada jipya ni mchanganyiko wa resin, shaba, chuma, marumaru na dhahabu. <ref>{{cite web |title=FAQ - The Headies |url=http://theheadies.com/faq/ |publisher=Hip Hop World Magazine |access-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327223405/http://theheadies.com/faq/ |archive-date=27 March 2019 |url-status=live |accessdate=2022-07-23 |archivedate=2019-03-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327223405/http://theheadies.com/faq/ }}</ref><ref name = "Hip hop world magazine"/> Kufikia 2018, The Headies ina kategoria 25. Upigaji kura wazi huamua aina nyingi za tuzo. Hata hivyo, Rekodi Bora za Mwaka, Albamu Bora ya Rap, Utendaji Bora wa Sauti (Mwanamume), Utendaji Bora wa Sauti ([[Mwanamke]]), Mwimbaji wa Nyimbo kwenye Orodha, na Kategoria za Mwigizaji Bora zaidi haziko wazi kwa upigaji kura wa umma.<ref name="Pulse Nigeria 2223"/> https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuzo_za_Headies ==Matukio Muhimu == ===Miaka ya 2000=== ===='''2006:'''==== Hafla ya 1 la Tuzo la Dunia la Hip Hop lilifanyika tarehe 10 Machi 2006, katika Ukumbi wa Shell wa Kituo cha MUSON huko Onikan, Lagos. Iliandaliwa na Darey Art Alade na kutambulishwa kwa nukuu: "Mapinduzi Yapo".<ref name="About the Headies" /> DJ Jimmy Jatt, Keke Ogungbe na Dayo 'D1' Adeneye walikuwa washindi pamoja wa tuzo ya Hall of Fame.<ref name="The Headies Winners" /> P-Square na Jude Okoye waliwashinda wenzao mwaka huo, na kutwaa tuzo tano.<ref name="The Headies Winners">{{cite web | url=http://hiphopworldmagazine.com/theheadies/past-winners/ | title=Past Winners | publisher=Hip Hop World Magazine | access-date=6 February 2014 | url-status=unfit | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227045424/http://hiphopworldmagazine.com/theheadies/past-winners | archive-date=27 December 2013 | accessdate=2022-07-23 | archivedate=2013-12-27 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227045424/http://hiphopworldmagazine.com/theheadies/past-winners }}</ref> ===='''2007:'''==== Hafla ya 2 la Tuzo za Dunia za Hip Hop liliandaliwa na D'banj na Tana. Ilifanyika tarehe 17 Machi 2007 katika Kituo cha Muson kwa mwaka wa pili mfululizo. Paul Play aliteuliwa kwa tuzo sita na kuishia kurudi nyumbani na nne.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://hiphopworldmagazine.com/theheadies/past-winners/ | title=Past Winners of HHWA | access-date=14 March 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227045424/http://hiphopworldmagazine.com/theheadies/past-winners | archive-date=27 December 2013 | accessdate=2022-07-23 | archivedate=2013-12-27 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227045424/http://hiphopworldmagazine.com/theheadies/past-winners }}</ref> ====''' 2008:'''==== Hafla ya 3 la Tuzo za Ulimwengu za Hip Hop liliandaliwa na mcheshi Basketmouth na Nollywood mwigizaji wa Dakore Egbuson. Ilifanyika tarehe 15 Machi 2008 katika Planet One huko Maryland, Lagos¬.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200801280849.html | title=Nigeria: Hip Hop World Awards 2008 is Here! | publisher=allAfrica.com | date=26 January 2008 | access-date=11 March 2014 | author=Adekunle, Ayeni | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080426010056/http://allafrica.com/stories/200801280849.html | archive-date=26 April 2008 | url-status=live }}</ref> Waanzilishi na wakuzaji walichagua mada "Mabadiliko yanapaswa Kubadilika". Karamu ya walioteuliwa ilifanyika Babeli, eneo la faragha la ufuo.<ref name="About the Headies" /> Mnamo 2008, bamba la The Headies liliwekwa karati 21 za dhahabu.<ref name="About the Headies">{{cite web | url=http://hiphopworldmagazine.com/theheadies/about-2/ | title=About | publisher=Hip Hop World Magazine | access-date=31 January 2014 | url-status=unfit | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212152143/http://hiphopworldmagazine.com/theheadies/about-2 | archive-date=12 December 2013 | accessdate=2022-07-23 | archivedate=2013-12-12 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212152143/http://hiphopworldmagazine.com/theheadies/about-2 }}</ref> Mwimbaji wa Nigeria-Ufaransa Aṣa alishinda tuzo 3, ikiwa ni pamoja na Albamu ya Mwaka kwa albamu yake ya kwanza ya studio. 2face Idibia alipata uteuzi mwingi zaidi akiwa na sita. Naeto C, Rooftop MCs, Cobhams Asuquo, Kween, Jo'zi, na P-Square wote walitumbuiza kwenye sherehe hiyo.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://worldhiphopmarket.com/the-hip-hop-world-awards/ | title=The Hip Hop World Awards | publisher=World Hip Hop Market | date=21 March 2008 | access-date=11 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312212503/http://worldhiphopmarket.com/the-hip-hop-world-awards/ | archive-date=12 March 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/2152/3/the-glitz-rewards-and-flaws-of-hip-hop-world-award.html | title=Glitz and Flaws of HHWA 2008 | publisher=Modern Ghana | access-date=11 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055455/http://www.modernghana.com/movie/2152/3/the-glitz-rewards-and-flaws-of-hip-hop-world-award.html | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref> ====''' 2009:'''==== Hafla ya 4 la Tuzo za Dunia za Hip Hop liliandaliwa na Banky W. na Kemi Adetiba. Ilifanyika tarehe 16 Mei 2009 katika Kituo cha Mikutano cha Kimataifa huko Abuja. Tuzo hizo zilifanyika nje ya Lagos kwa mara ya kwanza.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2011/04/29/hip-hop-world-awards-moves-out-of-lagos/ | title=Hip Hop World Awards Moves Out Of Lagos | publisher=[[P.M. News]] | date=29 April 2011 | access-date=10 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311030218/http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2011/04/29/hip-hop-world-awards-moves-out-of-lagos/ | archive-date=11 March 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref>Pati ya walioteuliwa kwa Hafla ya nne iliandaliwa Ajibogun, kijiji katika Jimbo la Ogun.<ref name="About the Headies 9ice alishinda jumla ya tuzo tatu kutoka kwa uteuzi sita. Phillip Trimnell alitwaa tuzo ya Hall of Fame.<ref">{{cite web | url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/4826/3/hip-hop-world-awards-2009-winners.html | title=Hip Hop World Awards 2009 winners | publisher=Modern Ghana | date=17 May 2009 | access-date=10 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415130721/http://www.modernghana.com/movie/4826/3/hip-hop-world-awards-2009-winners.html | archive-date=15 April 2011 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.jaguda.com/2009/05/17/hip-hop-world-awards-winners-naija/ | title=Hip Hop World Awards Winners – Naija | publisher=Jaguda | date=17 May 2009 | access-date=10 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311022545/http://www.jaguda.com/2009/05/17/hip-hop-world-awards-winners-naija/ | archive-date=11 March 2014 | url-status=live | accessdate=2022-07-23 | archivedate=2014-03-11 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311022545/http://www.jaguda.com/2009/05/17/hip-hop-world-awards-winners-naija/ }}</ref> ====''' 2010: '''==== Hafla ya 5 la Tuzo za Dunia za Hip Hop lilifanyika tarehe 16 Mei 2009 katika Hoteli ya Eko na Suites katika Kisiwa cha Victoria, Lagos. Sherehe ilifanyika bila mwenyeji. Wande Coal alikuwa mshindi mkubwa zaidi wa usiku na plaques tano, ikiwa ni pamoja na Artiste of the Year.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2010/06/02/music-glamour-lots-of-yellow-as-wande-coal-da-grin-dominate-the-2010-hiphop-world-awards/ | title=Music, Glamour & Lots of Yellow as Wande Coal & Da Grin dominate the 2010 HipHop World Awards | publisher=Bellanaija | date=2 June 2010 | access-date=16 May 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517123528/http://www.bellanaija.com/2010/06/02/music-glamour-lots-of-yellow-as-wande-coal-da-grin-dominate-the-2010-hiphop-world-awards/ | archive-date=17 May 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref> Don Jazzy alishinda tuzo ya Mtayarishaji Bora wa Mwaka. Wana hip hop wawili Skuki walishinda kitengo cha Next Rated. Da Grinwa Mkurugenzi Mtendaji alishinda kwa Albamu Bora ya Rap kwa mtindo wa baada ya kifo. Aliheshimiwa pia na Jenerali Pype wakati akitumbuiza jukwaani.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://thenet.ng/2010/05/hiphopworld-awards-to-honour-dagrin/ | title=Hiphopworld Awards To Honour Dagrin | publisher=Nigerian Entertainment Today | date=10 May 2010 | access-date=16 May 2014 | author=Fagbule, Nike | author-link=Fagbule Olanike | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530064510/http://thenet.ng/2010/05/hiphopworld-awards-to-honour-dagrin/ | archive-date=30 May 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref> ====''' 2011: '''==== Hafla ya 6 la Tuzo za Dunia za Hip Hop lilifanyika tarehe 22 Oktoba 2011 katika Hoteli ya Eko na Suites katika Kisiwa cha Victoria, Lagos.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://fabmagazineonline.com/the-headies-2011-nominees-announced/ | title=The Headies 2011 Nominees Announced | publisher=Fab Magazine | date=2 August 2011 | access-date=28 February 2014 | author=Bilen-Onabanjo, Sinem | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301021524/http://fabmagazineonline.com/the-headies-2011-nominees-announced/ | archive-date=1 March 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref> Iliyoandaliwa na Rita Dominic na eLDee, jina la tuzo lilibadilishwa rasmi kuwa "The Headies".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2011/06/22/rita-dominic-eldee-host-the-headies/ | title=Rita Dominic, elDee Host The Headies | publisher=P.M. News | date=22 June 2011 | access-date=28 February 2014 | author=Arogundade, Funsho | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305104641/http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2011/06/22/rita-dominic-eldee-host-the-headies/ | archive-date=5 March 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref>2face Idibia alishinda tuzo tatu, ikiwa ni pamoja mwanamuziki bora wa mwaka.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2011/10/21/24-hours-to-the-headies-dbanj-2face-whizkid-others-battle-for-honours/ | title=24 Hours To 'The Headies': D'banj, 2Face, Whizkid, Others Battle For Honours | publisher=P.M. News | date=21 October 2011 | access-date=28 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305111106/http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2011/10/21/24-hours-to-the-headies-dbanj-2face-whizkid-others-battle-for-honours/ | archive-date=5 March 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref> Dareyya "The Way You Are" ilishinda kwa Single Bora ya R&B na Rekodi ya Mwaka. MI na Ice Prince walishinda tuzo mbili kila moja.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2011/10/26/2011-the-headies-2face-darey-mi-others-win-multiple-awards/ | title=2011 The Headies: 2Face, Darey, MI, Others Win Multiple Awards | publisher=[[P.M. News]] | date=26 October 2011 | access-date=28 February 2014 | author=Arogundade, Funsho | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221154526/http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2011/10/26/2011-the-headies-2face-darey-mi-others-win-multiple-awards/ | archive-date=21 February 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref> Don Jazzy na Dr SID wote walitwaa tuzo. Capital Femi aliondoka na tuzo ya Utendaji Bora wa Sauti (Mwanaume) . Wizkid alishinda kitengo cha Next Rated na akapokea Hyundai Sonata baadaye. Waje ndiye pekee mwanamke aliyetunukiwa tuzo. Tuzo ya Hall of Fame ilikwenda kwa Jùjú mwanamuziki Shina Peters. Jumla ya vibao vya dhahabu vya mkokoteni ishirini na moja vilitolewa.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/10/who-rules-the-headies/ | title=Who rules @ The Headies? | publisher=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] | date=22 October 2011 | access-date=28 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307075220/http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/10/who-rules-the-headies/ | archive-date=7 March 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.goldenicons.com/hip-hop-world-awards/ | title=The 2011 edition of the Hip-Hop World Awards – "The Headies" took place at the… | publisher=Golden Icons | access-date=28 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301032335/http://www.goldenicons.com/hip-hop-world-awards/ | archive-date=1 March 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref> ===='''2012: '''==== Hafla ya 7 la The Headies liliandaliwa na MI na Omawumi. Sherehe hiyo ilifanyika tarehe 20 Oktoba 2012, katika Hoteli ya Eko na Suites katika Kisiwa cha Victoria, Lagos.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sunnewsonline.com/new/entertainment/mtn-backs-the-headies/#!prettyPhoto | title=MTN backs The Headies | work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]] | date=10 October 2012 | access-date=12 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222044918/http://sunnewsonline.com/new/entertainment/mtn-backs-the-headies/#!prettyPhoto | archive-date=22 February 2014 | url-status=live | accessdate=2022-07-23 | archivedate=2014-02-22 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222044918/http://sunnewsonline.com/new/entertainment/mtn-backs-the-headies/#!prettyPhoto }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2012/10/mtn-sponsors-2012-headies-award/ | title=MTN sponsors 2012 'Headies Award' | publisher=[[The Daily Independent (Lagos)|The Daily Independent]] | access-date=10 February 2014 | author=Wisdom, Patrick | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222154743/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2012/10/mtn-sponsors-2012-headies-award/ | archive-date=22 February 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref> Waandaji waliotajwa hapo juu waliwasisimua mashabiki kwa wimbo wao unaoitwa "The Headies". Chidinma alifungua shoo hiyo kwa kutumbuiza wimbo wake "Kedike".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sunnewsonline.com/new/entertainment/winners-emerge-at-mtn-sponsored-headies-awards/ | title=Winners emerge at MTN sponsored Headies awards | work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]] | date=24 October 2012 | access-date=12 February 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222044915/http://sunnewsonline.com/new/entertainment/winners-emerge-at-mtn-sponsored-headies-awards/ | archive-date=22 February 2014 | df=dmy-all | accessdate=2022-07-23 | archivedate=2014-02-22 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222044915/http://sunnewsonline.com/new/entertainment/winners-emerge-at-mtn-sponsored-headies-awards/ }}</ref> Ndugu watatu (Peter, Paul, na Jude) walishinda jumla ya tuzo tatu. Tuzo ya Msanii Bora wa Mwaka ilienda kwa Wizkid. Tiwa Savage na Wande Coal walishinda kategoria za Utendaji Bora wa Kiume na Kike, mtawalia. Vector alishinda Tuzo Bora ya Rap Single na Mtunzi wa Nyimbo kwenye safu za Roll za "Angeli". Davido alishinda kitengo cha Next Rated na baadaye akatunukiwa Hyundai Sonata. The Headies walisherehekea kuungana tena kwa wanamuziki mashuhuri wa Nigeria kutoka miaka ya 80 na 90, wakiwemo Onyeka Onwenu, Oris Wiliki, Mike Okori, Baba Fryo, Shina Peters, Fatai Rolling Dollar na Daddy Showkey. Femi Kuti alitunukiwa tuzo ya Hall of Fame.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://thenet.ng/2012/10/psquare-wizkid-vector-emerge-top-winners-at-the-headies-2012/ | title=Psquare, Wizkid, Vector emerge top winners at The Headies 2012 | publisher=Nigerian Entertainment Today | date=21 October 2012 | access-date=10 February 2014 | author=Alonge, Osagie | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214004859/http://thenet.ng/2012/10/psquare-wizkid-vector-emerge-top-winners-at-the-headies-2012/ | archive-date=14 February 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== '''2013:''' ==== Hafla ya 8 la The Headies lilifanyika tarehe 26 Desemba 2013, katika Hoteli ya Oriental mjini Lagos.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/12/27/the-headies-2013-first-photos-full-list-of-winners-olamide-phyno-davido-sean-tizzle-waje/ |title=The Headies 2013: First Photos & Full List of Winners: Olamide, Phyno, Davido, Sean Tizzle & Waje |publisher=Bella Naija |access-date=2014-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225226/http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/12/27/the-headies-2013-first-photos-full-list-of-winners-olamide-phyno-davido-sean-tizzle-waje/ |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Onyesho hilo lilisimamiwa na Tiwa Savage na Dk SID. Olamide ndiye aliyeshinda tuzo nyingi zaidi za usiku huo, akishinda tuzo tatu kutoka kwa uteuzi saba. Phyno alishinda kitengo cha Best Rap Single kwa wimbo wake "Man of the Year". D'Tunes, Praiz, na Blackmagic zote zilishinda kwa mara ya kwanza. Sean Tizzle alishinda kitengo cha Next Rated na baadaye akatunukiwa Hyundai Tucson.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/olamide-heads-the-headies/167539/ | title=Olamide Heads The Headies | publisher=[[Thisday]] | date=29 December 2013 | access-date=10 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222071232/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/olamide-heads-the-headies/167539/ | archive-date=22 February 2014 | url-status=live | accessdate=2022-07-23 | archivedate=2014-02-22 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222071232/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/olamide-heads-the-headies/167539/ }}</ref> Davido alitwaa tuzo mbili, ikiwa ni pamoja na Albamu Bora ya R&B/Pop ya Omo Baba Olowo. Iyanya alipokea tu tuzo moja kutoka kwa uteuzi tano. Msanii mkongwe wa Fuji Wasiu Ayinde Marshall aliingizwa kwenye Headies hall of fame.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ynaija.com/how-olamide-waje-iyanya-others-fare-at-the-headies-2013-full-list-of-winners/ | title=How Olamide, Waje, Iyanya others fared at the Headies 2013 (Full list of winners) | publisher=[[YNaija]] | date=27 December 2013 | access-date=10 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201130231/http://www.ynaija.com/how-olamide-waje-iyanya-others-fare-at-the-headies-2013-full-list-of-winners/ | archive-date=1 February 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref> 2 Face Idibia, Banky W., Waje, Nikki Laoye, Mode 9, Dr SID na Kcee wote walienda nyumbani na bamba. HarrysongWimbo wa Nelson Mandela, unaoitwa "Mandela", ulishinda tuzo ya Most Downloaded Callertune.<ref name="P.M. News - 27 December 2013 - Olamide, Phyno, Win Big At The Headies 2013">{{cite news|url=http://pmnewsnigeria.com/2013/12/27/olamide-phyno-win-big-at-the-headies-2013/|title=Olamide, Phyno, Win Big At The Headies 2013|date=27 December 2013|work=[[P.M. News]]|access-date=4 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040437/http://pmnewsnigeria.com/2013/12/27/olamide-phyno-win-big-at-the-headies-2013/|archive-date=6 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> ===='''2014:''' ==== Hafla ya 9 la The Headies lilifanyika tarehe 14 Desemba 2014, katika Hoteli ya Eko na Suites katika Kisiwa cha Victoria, Lagos. Mandhari ya "Feel the Passion", kipindi Toke Makinwa na Basketmouth.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://thenationonlineng.net/new/bovi-toke-makinwa-to-host-headies-2014/ | title=Bovi, Toke Makinwa to host Headies 2014 | publisher=The Nation | access-date=17 October 2014 | author=Ayinla-Olasunkanmi, Dupe | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021062158/http://thenationonlineng.net/new/bovi-toke-makinwa-to-host-headies-2014/ | archive-date=21 October 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref> Awali ilipangwa kufanyika tarehe 25 Oktoba 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Headies 2014 moved to December|url=http://dailypost.ng/music/2014/10/15/headies-2014-moved/|publisher=Daily Post Newspaper|access-date=17 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021191835/http://dailypost.ng/music/2014/10/15/headies-2014-moved/|archive-date=21 October 2014|url-status=live|accessdate=2022-07-23|archivedate=2014-10-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021191835/http://dailypost.ng/music/2014/10/15/headies-2014-moved/}}</ref> Bovi alitangazwa kuwa mmoja wa waandaaji, lakini aliishia kutokuwa mwenyeji kutokana na kupangiwa shoo nyingine.<ref>{{cite web|title=Why Bovi Did Not Host the Headies 2014|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201501050586.html|website=allAfrica|publisher=Vanguard|access-date=20 February 2015|date=3 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220064745/http://allafrica.com/stories/201501050586.html|archive-date=20 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Tarehe 30 Septemba 2014, uteuzi ulitangazwa wakati wa mkutano na waandishi wa habari katika ofisi ya HipTV huko Allen, Lagos. Kcee, Olamide na Phyno waliongoza uteuzi huo wakiwa na watano kila mmoja.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/kcee-olamide-phyno-lead-headies-nominees/190567/ | title=KCEE, OLAMIDE, PHYNO LEAD HEADIES NOMINEES | publisher=This Day | date=5 October 2014 | access-date=17 October 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205195414/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/kcee-olamide-phyno-lead-headies-nominees/190567/ | archive-date=5 December 2014 | df=dmy-all | accessdate=2022-07-23 | archivedate=2014-12-05 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205195414/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/kcee-olamide-phyno-lead-headies-nominees/190567/ }}</ref> Tiwa Savage, Oritse Femi na The Mavins walifuata kwa karibu na wanne kila mmoja.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201409290135.html | title=Nigeria: Toke Makinwa, Bovi to Host Headies 2014 | publisher=Daily Independent | work=allAfrica.com | date=27 September 2014 | access-date=17 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224193747/http://allafrica.com/stories/201409290135.html | archive-date=24 December 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref> Yemi Alade aliteuliwa kwa Wimbo Bora wa Mwaka, Pop Bora Single na Next Rated.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://businessdayonline.com/2014/10/the-headies-unveils-2014-nominees/#.VECS_ildVz0 | title=The Headies unveils 2014 nominees | publisher=Business Day | date=10 October 2014 | access-date=17 October 2014 | author=Ochugba, Mary | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028165724/http://businessdayonline.com/2014/10/the-headies-unveils-2014-nominees/#.VECS_ildVz0 | archive-date=28 October 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref> Olamide, Patoranking na Davido kila mmoja alitwaa tuzo mbili kila mmoja. Don Jazzy alishinda kibao cha Mtayarishaji Bora wa Mwaka, huku Sir Victor Uwaifo akipata kutambuliwa kwenye hall of fame.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nigeria: Headies 2014 – Davido, Olamide, Patoranking, Mavins Win Big, Wizkid Missing|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201412152201.html|publisher=allAfrica|access-date=16 December 2014|date=15 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216235909/http://allafrica.com/stories/201412152201.html|archive-date=16 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== '''2015:''' ==== Hafla ya 10 la The Headies lilifanyika tarehe 1 Januari 2016 katika Kituo cha Matukio cha Landmark katika Kisiwa cha Victoria, Lagos.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thenet.ng/2015/12/breaking-news-the-headies-moved-to-new-years-day/|title=Breaking News: The Headies moved to New Year's Day|work=[[Nigeria Entertainment Today]]|last=Ige|first=Victoria|date=28 December 2015|access-date=23 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131200456/http://www.thenet.ng/2015/12/breaking-news-the-headies-moved-to-new-years-day/|archive-date=31 January 2016|url-status=live|accessdate=2022-07-23|archivedate=2016-01-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131200456/http://www.thenet.ng/2015/12/breaking-news-the-headies-moved-to-new-years-day/}}</ref> Mandhari "Flip the Script", tukio liliandaliwa na Bovi na Kaffy. Hapo awali ilipangwa kufanyika tarehe 30 Desemba 2015 lakini waandaji wa hafla hiyo waliiahirisha hadi Januari 1, 2016 bila kutaja sababu yoyote.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynaija.com/the-headies-awards-2015-2016-postponed/|title=The Headies Awards 2015 postponed to 2016|work=[[YNaija]]|last=Peters|first=Oreoluwa|date=28 December 2015|access-date=23 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129003516/http://ynaija.com/the-headies-awards-2015-2016-postponed/|archive-date=29 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Olamide alishinda jumla ya tuzo nne, huku Timi Dakolo akishinda tatu. Wizkid aliteuliwa mara saba katika vipengele ishirini na moja vya tuzo.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.leadership.ng/entertainment/489430/olamide-timi-dakolo-ycee-win-big-headies-2015|title=Olamide, Timi Dakolo, YCee Win Big At HEADIES 2015|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership Newspaper]]|last=Abulude|first=Samuel|date=6 January 2016|access-date=23 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129081859/http://www.leadership.ng/entertainment/489430/olamide-timi-dakolo-ycee-win-big-headies-2015|archive-date=29 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> 2face Idibia alitunukiwa tuzo ya Hall of Fame, huku Don Jazzy akipokea tuzo ya Utambuzi Maalum. Recado Banks alishinda tuzo ya Next Rated.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Kehinde Ajose |title=The Headies 2015: Beyond the controversy! |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/01/the-headies-2015-beyond-the-controversy/ |publisher=Vanguard |access-date=3 March 2019 |date=9 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629022107/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/01/the-headies-2015-beyond-the-controversy/ |archive-date=29 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ushindi wake ulikosolewa na wakosoaji wa muziki, ambao walipinga "usawa wa mchakato wa tuzo".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.naij.com/684336-famous-dj-reacts-to-controversial-headies-awards-makes-stunning-revelations.html|title=DJ Timmy Blasts Headies Over Controversial 'Next Rated' Award|work=[[Naij]]|access-date=23 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009084624/https://www.naij.com/684336-famous-dj-reacts-to-controversial-headies-awards-makes-stunning-revelations.html|archive-date=9 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://infotrust.com.ng/headies-next-rated-artiste-2015-the-pretended-and-contender/|title=Pretender and the Contender Headies Next Rated Artiste 2015: The Pretender and the Contender|work=Info Trust News|last=Sofowora|first=Oladapo|date=17 November 2015|access-date=23 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129002833/https://infotrust.com.ng/headies-next-rated-artiste-2015-the-pretended-and-contender/|archive-date=29 January 2016|url-status=live|accessdate=2022-07-23|archivedate=2016-01-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129002833/https://infotrust.com.ng/headies-next-rated-artiste-2015-the-pretended-and-contender/}}</ref> ==== '''2016:''' ==== Hafla ya 11 la The Headies lilifanyika tarehe 22 Desemba 2016 katika Kituo cha Mikutano cha Eko katika Kisiwa cha Victoria, Lagos.<ref>{{cite web |title=Headies 2016 Awards : The winners are… |url=https://punchng.com/headies-2016-winners/ |publisher=Punch |access-date=11 March 2019 |date=23 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404044247/https://punchng.com/headies-2016-winners/ |archive-date=4 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mandhari ya "Fikiria, Unda, Unda Upya", tukio liliandaliwa na Adesua Etomi na Falz. Walioteuliwa walitangazwa na waandaaji wa tuzo mnamo Novemba 2016.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Oludolapo Adelana |title=Full list of nominees for the 2016 Headies Awards |url=https://ynaija.com/full-list-of-nominees-for-the-2016-headies-awards/ |publisher=YNaija |access-date=11 March 2019 |date=9 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105131322/http://ynaija.com/full-list-of-nominees-for-the-2016-headies-awards/ |archive-date=5 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tekno aliteuliwa kuwania tuzo ya Next Rated, lakini akaishia kutohitimu kutokana na kukataa kuheshimu kitengo na kuunga mkono kampeni. Jazzman Olofin na Adewale Ayuba kwa pamoja waliimba wimbo "Rase the Roof". Aramide alitumbuiza wimbo wake "Funmi Lowo" kwa usaidizi kutoka kwa Ras Kimono.<ref>{{cite web |title=Live updates from the Nigerian music awards ceremony |url=https://www.pulse.ng/headies-2016-live-updates-from-the-nigerian-music-awards-ceremony/gt0kc28 |publisher=Pulse Nigeria |access-date=11 March 2019 |date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529010103/https://www.pulse.ng/headies-2016-live-updates-from-the-nigerian-music-awards-ceremony/gt0kc28 |archive-date=29 May 2019 |url-status=live |accessdate=2022-07-23 |archivedate=2019-05-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529010103/https://www.pulse.ng/headies-2016-live-updates-from-the-nigerian-music-awards-ceremony/gt0kc28 }}</ref> Sherehe hiyo pia iliangazia maonyesho ya ziada kutoka kwa Falz, 2Baba, Seyi Shay na Flavour. Olamide alishinda uteuzi nane na kushinda jumla ya nne, ikiwa ni pamoja na Best Rap Single kwa wimbo wake "Eyan Mayweather". Bw Eazi alishinda kitengo cha Next Rated na alitunukiwa gari la SUV baadaye. Mayorkun aliwaangusha Kete Ailes na Koker kwa tuzo ya Rookie of the Year. Laolu Akins alitunukiwa tuzo ya Hall of Fame, huku Flavour akipokea tuzo ya Utambuzi Maalum.<ref>{{cite web |title=Full list of Headies 2016 winners |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/full-list-headies-2016-winners/ |publisher=Vanguard |access-date=11 March 2019 |date=23 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629022023/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/full-list-headies-2016-winners/ |archive-date=29 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== '''2018:''' ==== Hafla ya 12 la The Headies lilifanyika tarehe 5 Mei 2018 katika Kituo cha Mikutano cha Eko katika Kisiwa cha Victoria, Lagos.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Billy Praise |title=The HEADIES 2018: Full List Of Winners. |url=https://guardian.ng/life/music/the-headies-2018-full-list-of-winners/ |publisher=Guardian Life |access-date=16 March 2019 |date=5 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328042759/https://guardian.ng/life/music/the-headies-2018-full-list-of-winners/ |archive-date=28 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mchekeshaji wa Nigeria Bovi na mwimbaji Seyi Shay waliandaa sherehe hiyo.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Murtala Abubakar |title=Bovi and Seyi Shay unveiled as hosts of Headies 2018 |url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/bovi-seyi-shay-hosts-headies/ |publisher=The Cable Lifestyle |access-date=16 March 2019 |date=18 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328044304/https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/bovi-seyi-shay-hosts-headies/ |archive-date=28 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Baada ya kuorodhesha maelfu ya maingizo yaliyowasilishwa katika kipindi cha ustahiki, waandaaji wa hafla hiyo walitangaza walioteuliwa mnamo Aprili 2018. Pia walitangaza kuongezwa kwa kategoria tatu: Chaguo la Mtazamaji, Mwigizaji Bora na mshawishi bora katika tasnia.<ref name="Pulse Nigeria 2223">{{cite web |author1=Ben Bassey |title=Davido, Wizkid, Simi lead nominees list |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/headies-2018-davido-wizkid-simi-lead-nominees-list/v8vsdt3 |publisher=Pulse Nigeria |access-date=16 March 2019 |date=13 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328031451/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/headies-2018-davido-wizkid-simi-lead-nominees-list/v8vsdt3 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Simi aliongoza kwa uteuzi huo akiwa na 7, akifuatiwa na Wizkid na Davido walioshinda 6 kila mmoja. Sherehe hiyo iliangazia maonyesho kutoka kwa wasanii kadhaa, wakiwemo Falz, Mr Real, Simi, na Danfo Drivers. Pulse Nigeria ilisifu utayarishaji wa sauti wa tuzo hiyo na muundo wa jukwaa.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Ayomide Tayo |title=Nigeria's most prestigious music award ceremony bounces back with a strong showing |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/headies-2018-nigerias-most-prestigious-music-award-ceremony-bounces-back-with-a/rq3wkp2 |publisher=Pulse Nigeria |access-date=16 March 2019 |date=6 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328031455/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/headies-2018-nigerias-most-prestigious-music-award-ceremony-bounces-back-with-a/rq3wkp2 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Davido, Wizkid na Simi walishinda tuzo nyingi zaidi kwa 3 kila moja. Mayorkun alishinda tuzo ya Next Rated, Dice Ailes, Maleek Berry na Johnny Drille.<ref>{{cite web |title=REVIEW: #Headies2018 Was A Glorious Comeback That Wasn't Without Blemish |url=https://tns.ng/review-headies2018-was-a-glorious-comeback-that-wasnt-without-blemish/ |publisher=TNS |access-date=16 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328042754/https://tns.ng/review-headies2018-was-a-glorious-comeback-that-wasnt-without-blemish/ |archive-date=28 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== '''2019:''' ==== Hafla ya 13 la The Headies lilifanyika tarehe 19 Oktoba 2019 katika Kituo cha Mikutano cha Eko katika Kisiwa cha Victoria, Lagos. Sherehe hiyo yenye mada ya "Nguvu ya Ndoto", iliendeshwa na rapa wa Nigeria Reminisce na mwigizaji/ mtangazaji Nancy Isime.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/full-list-of-winners-at-headies-2019|title=Full list of winners at Headies 2019|date=21 October 2019|access-date=23 October 2019|website=The Nation Newspapers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022181823/https://thenationonlineng.net/full-list-of-winners-at-headies-2019/|archive-date=22 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Motolani Alake|title=Reminisce and Nancy Isime to host 2019 Headies|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/reminisce-and-nancy-isime-to-host-2019-headies/v9923l8|publisher=Pulse NG|access-date=23 October 2019|date=15 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023103307/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/reminisce-and-nancy-isime-to-host-2019-headies/v9923l8|archive-date=23 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Baada ya kuorodhesha maelfu ya maingizo yaliyowasilishwa kati ya Januari 2018 na Juni 2019, waandalizi wa hafla hiyo walitangaza walioteuliwa tarehe 1 Oktoba 2019.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Fikayo Olowolagba|title=Burna Boy, Teni lead as Headies releases 2019 nominee list|url=https://dailypost.ng/2019/10/01/burna-boy-teni-lead-headies-releases-2019-nominee-list|publisher=Dailypost NG|access-date=23 October 2019|date=1 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023103308/https://dailypost.ng/2019/10/01/burna-boy-teni-lead-headies-releases-2019-nominee-list|archive-date=23 October 2019|url-status=live}}<nowiki></ref Burna Boy aliweka rekodi ya kuteuliwa mara nyingi zaidi kwa usiku mmoja kwa kuteuliwa mara 10.<ref></nowiki>{{cite web|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2019/10/02/2019-headies-awards-burna-boy-makes-history-with-10-nominations|title=2019 Headies Awards: Burna Boy Makes History With 10 Nominations|date=2 October 2019|access-date=23 October 2019|website=Channels Television|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023103722/https://www.channelstv.com/2019/10/02/2019-headies-awards-burna-boy-makes-history-with-10-nominations|archive-date=23 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Teni alifuatia akiwa na 6 na Wizkid 5. Sherehe hiyo ilishirikisha wasanii kadhaa, wakiwemo Styl-Plus, Sunny Neji, Duncan Mighty, Teni na Victor AD.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Motolani Alake|title=Falz, Burna Boy, Teni, Rema and other talking points from Headies 2019|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/falz-burna-boy-teni-rema-and-other-talking-points-from-headies-2019/8gb78ng|publisher=Pulse NG|access-date=23 October 2019|date=21 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021235624/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/falz-burna-boy-teni-rema-and-other-talking-points-from-headies-2019/8gb78ng|archive-date=21 October 2019|url-status=live}}</refTeni alishinda tuzo nyingi zaidi kwa 4. Rema alishinda tuzo ya Next Rated , Fireboy DML, Joeboy, Lyta, Victor AD na Zlatan Ibile.<nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/breaking-headies-2019-rema-emerges-the-next-rated-artist-of-the-year|title=BREAKING: Headies 2019: Rema emerges the next-rated artist of the year|date=20 October 2019|access-date=23 October 2019|website=The Nation Newspapers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023103314/https://thenationonlineng.net/breaking-headies-2019-rema-emerges-the-next-rated-artist-of-the-year/|archive-date=23 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== '''2020:''' ==== Hafla ya 14 la The Headies<ref>{{Rejea habari|title=See full list of Headies 2020 award nomination|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-55040703|access-date=2021-02-23}}</ref> lilifanyika tarehe 21 Februari 2021 katika Hoteli ya La Campagne Tropicana Beach huko Ibeju-Lekki. Waandaaji wa hafla hiyo walitangaza kuwa mwigizaji na mwigizaji wa TV Nancy Isime na mcheshi Bovi ndio waandaji.<ref name=":0" /> Hii ni mara ya nne kwa Bovi kuandaa hafla hiyo, huku Nancy akiwa mwanamke wa kwanza kuandaa hafla hiyo kwa mara ya pili. ==Mahali== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |- |bgcolor=#EEDD82 colspan=7 align=center|<span style="color:black;">'''Tuzo za Headies, Tarehe na mahali zilipofanyika'''</span> |- !# !Mwaka !Tarehe !Jiji !Ukumbi !Mshereheshaji !Marejeo |- |1 |2006 |10 Machi |rowspan="2"|Onikan, Lagos |rowspan="2"|MUSON Centre ||Dare Art Alade |<ref>{{cite web | url=http://hiphopworldmagazine.com/theheadies/past-winners/ | title=Past Winners | publisher=Hip Hop World Magazine | access-date=31 January 2014 | url-status=unfit | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227045424/http://hiphopworldmagazine.com/theheadies/past-winners | archive-date=27 December 2013 | accessdate=2022-07-23 | archivedate=2013-12-27 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227045424/http://hiphopworldmagazine.com/theheadies/past-winners }}</ref> |- |2 |Tuzo za Headies 2007 |17 Machi |Tana Adelana na D'banj |rowspan="1"|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/838/3/hip-hop-awards-2007.html | title=HIP HOP AWARDS 2007 | publisher=Modern Ghana | date=26 March 2007 | access-date=29 January 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003622/http://www.modernghana.com/movie/838/3/hip-hop-awards-2007.html | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |3 |Tuzo za Headies 2008 |15 Machi | Maryland, Lagos |Planet One |Basketmouth na Dakore Akande|Dakore Egbuson |<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/2152/3/the-glitz-rewards-and-flaws-of-hip-hop-world-award.html | title=The glitz, rewards and flaws of Hip-Hop World Awards 2008 | publisher=Modern Ghana | date=23 March 2008 | access-date=31 January 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055455/http://www.modernghana.com/movie/2152/3/the-glitz-rewards-and-flaws-of-hip-hop-world-award.html | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |4 |Tuzo za Headies 2009 |16 Mei |Abuja, Nigeria |Abuja International Conference Centre |Banky W. and Kemi Adetiba |<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvmusic/6698/3/hip-hop-world-awards-2009-winners.html | title=Hip Hop World Awards 2009 winners | publisher=The Nigerian Voice | date=17 May 2009 | access-date=31 January 2014|url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222220132/http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvmusic/6698/3/hip-hop-world-awards-2009-winners.html|archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref> |- |5 |Tuzo za Headies 2010 |29 Mei |rowspan="7"|Visiwa vya Victoria, Lagos |rowspan="3"|Eko Hotel and Suites |{{n/a}} |<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.informationng.com/2010/06/winners-of-hip-hop-world-awards-2010.html | title=Winners of Hip Hop World Awards 2010 | publisher=Information Nigeria | date=1 June 2010 | access-date=31 January 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105022612/http://www.informationng.com/2010/06/winners-of-hip-hop-world-awards-2010.html | archive-date=5 January 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |6 |Tuzo za Headies 2011 |22 Oktoba |Rita Dominic na eLDee |<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2011/10/26/2011-the-headies-2face-darey-mi-others-win-multiple-awards/ | title=2011 The Headies: 2Face, Darey, MI, Others Win Multiple Awards | publisher=PM News Nigeria | date=26 October 2013 | access-date=29 January 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221154526/http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2011/10/26/2011-the-headies-2face-darey-mi-others-win-multiple-awards/ | archive-date=21 February 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |7 |Tuzo za Headies 2012 |20 Oktoba |M.I Abaga|M.I naOmawumi |<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2012/10/24/the-headies-2012-awards-psquare-wizkid-vector-shine/ | title=THE HEADIES 2012 AWARDS: PSquare, Wizkid, Vector Shine | publisher=P.M. News | date=24 October 2012 | access-date=29 January 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221153020/http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2012/10/24/the-headies-2012-awards-psquare-wizkid-vector-shine/ | archive-date=21 February 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |8 |Tuzo za Headies 2013 |26 Disemba |Oriental Hotel |Tiwa Savage and Dr SID |<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/index.php/art/arts/143044-the-headies-2013-interrogating-winners-losers | archive-url=https://archive.today/20140208033151/http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/index.php/art/arts/143044-the-headies-2013-interrogating-winners-losers | url-status=dead | archive-date=8 February 2014 | title=The Headies 2013... Interrogating winners, losers | publisher=The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian | date=10 January 2014 | access-date=29 January 2014 | author=Nwanne, Chuks }}</ref> |- |9 |Tuzo za Headies 2014 |14 Disemba |Eko Hotel and Suites |Toke Makinwa na Basketmouth |<ref>{{cite web | url=http://businessdayonline.com/2014/10/the-headies-unveils-2014-nominees/#.VECS_ildVz0 | title=The Headies unveils 2014 nominees | publisher=Business Day | date=10 October 2014 | access-date=17 October 2014 | author=Ochugba, Mary | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028165724/http://businessdayonline.com/2014/10/the-headies-unveils-2014-nominees/#.VECS_ildVz0 | archive-date=28 October 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |10 |Tuzo za Headies 2015 |1 Januari 2016 |Landmark Events Centre |Bovi naKaffy |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.leadership.ng/entertainment/489430/olamide-timi-dakolo-ycee-win-big-headies-2015|title=Olamide, Timi Dakolo, YCee Win Big at HEADIES 2015|work=Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership Newspaper|last=Abulude|first=Samuel|date=6 January 2016|access-date=23 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129081859/http://www.leadership.ng/entertainment/489430/olamide-timi-dakolo-ycee-win-big-headies-2015|archive-date=29 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |11 |Tuzo za Headies 2016 |22 Disemba |Eko Convention Center |Falz na Adesua Etomi |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/full-list-headies-2016-winners/ |title=Full list of Headies 2016 winners |date=December 23, 2016 |website=Vanguard |access-date=2018-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508054111/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/full-list-headies-2016-winners/ |archive-date=8 May 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |{{n/a|}} |2017 |Hakukua na Hafla |- |12 |Tuzo za Headies 2018 |6 Mei |rowspan="2"|Visiwa vya Victoria, Lagos | rowspan="2" |Eko Convention Center |Bovi and Seyi Shay |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://guardian.ng/life/music/the-headies-2018-full-list-of-winners/ |title=The HEADIES 2018: Full List Of Winners |last=Billy |first=Praise |date=May 5, 2018 |website=Guardian |access-date=2018-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328042759/https://guardian.ng/life/music/the-headies-2018-full-list-of-winners/ |archive-date=28 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |13 |Tuzo za Headies 2019 |19 Oktoba |Nancy Isime na Reminisce (musician)|Reminisce |<ref name=":0">{{cite web |author1=Gbenga Bada |title=Headies 2019: Here are all the winners at the 13th edition of music award |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/headies-2019-here-are-all-the-winners-at-13th-edition-of-music-award/peegxqv |publisher=Pulse Nigeria |access-date=20 October 2019 |date=October 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019214705/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/headies-2019-here-are-all-the-winners-at-13th-edition-of-music-award/peegxqv |archive-date=19 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |14 |Tuzo za Headies 2020 |21 Februari 2021 |Ibeju Lekki, Lagos |La Campagne Tropicana Beach Resort |Bovi na Nancy Isime |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Silas|first=Don|date=2021-02-21|title=14th Headies award: All you need to know about Davido, Fireboy, Burna Boy, other nominations|url=https://dailypost.ng/2021/02/21/14th-headies-award-all-you-need-to-know-about-davido-fireboy-burna-boy-other-nominations/|access-date=2021-02-21|website=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari|title=2020 Headies Award go dey different, see why and how you fit watch am|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-56136711|access-date=2021-02-26}}</ref> |- |{{n/a|}} |2021 |Hakukua na Hafla |- |15 |Tuzo za Headies 2022 |2 Julai 2022 |Atlanta, Marekani |Cobb Energy Performing Arts Centre | |<ref>{{cite web |last=Hansen |first=Gabriel Myers |date=24 May 2022 |title=Headies 2022: All the nominees {{!}} Music In Africa |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/headies-2022-all-nominees |access-date=2022-05-26 |work=musicinafrica.net}}</ref> |} == Kategoria za tuzo == ===Kategoria za sasa=== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} ;Za kupigiwa Kura *Tuzo za Headies, nyimbo bora ya rap <small>(2006–Hadi sasa)</small> *Tuzo za Headies, wimbo borw wa mwaka <small>(2006–Hadi sasa)</small> *Tuzo za Headies, wimbo bora wa kushirikiana <small>(2006–Hadi sasa)</small> *Tuzo za Headies, albamu bora ya mwaka<small>(2006–Hadi sasa)</small> *Tuzo za Headies, wimbo bora namba 2 for Next Rated|Next Rated <small>(2006–Hadi sasa)</small> *Tuzo za Headies, hip hop maudhui bora <small>(2006–Hadi sasa)</small> *Tuzo za Headies, mtayarashija bora wa mwaka <small>(2006–Hadi sasa)</small> *Tuzo za Headies,, msanii bora wa mwaka Year <small>(2006–Hadi sasa)</small> *Tuzo za Headies, mtayarishaji bora wa video <small>(2006–Hadi sasa)</small> *Tuzo za Headies, mwanamuziki bora wa mwaka<small>(2006–Hadi sasa)</small> *Tuzo za Headies, albamu bora yam waka miondoko ya R&B/Pop<small>(2006; 2008–Hadi sasa)</small> *Tuzo za Headies, mwanamuziki bora wa mwaka kutoka mitaani <small>(2009–Hadi sasa)</small> *Tuzo za Headies, wimbo bora miondoko ya R&B <small>(2010–Hadi sasa)</small> *Tuzo za Headies, wimbo bora miondoko ya Pop<small>(2010–Hadi sasa)</small> *Tuzo za Headies, msanii bora chipukizi<small>(2012–Hadi sasa)</small> *Tuzo za Headies, chaguo la mashabiki<small>(2018–Hadi sasa)</small> * Tuzo za Headies, wimbo bora miondoko ya Afrobeat Pop <small>(2022–Hadi sasa)</small> * Tuzo za Headies, albamu bora yam waka, miondoko ya Afrobeat Pop Album <small>(2022–Hadi sasa)</small> * Tuzo za Headies, wimbo bora wa kushirikiana Afrika <small>(2022–Hadi sasa)</small> * Tuzo za Headies, wimbo bora wa kushirikiana kimataifa<small>(2022–Hadi sasa)</small> * Tuzo za Headies, mwanamuziki bora wa mwaka<small>(2022–Hadi sasa)</small> * Tuzo za Headies, msimamiaji bora wa mwaka<small>(2022–Hadi sasa)</small> * Tuzo za Headies, mwanamuziki bora wa mwaka kimataifa<small> (2022–Hadi sasa)</small> * Tuzo za Headies, msimamiaji bora wa muziki wa mwaka<small>(2022–Hadi sasa)</small> {{col-2}} ;Zisizopigiwa Kura *Tuzo za Headies, rekodi bora ya mwaka<small>(2006–Hadi sasa)</small> *Tuzo za Headies, albamu bora ya Rap<small>(2006–Hadi sasa)</small> *Tuzo za Headies, mtumbuizaji bora wa kike kwa kuimba <small>(2006–Hadi sasa)</small> *Tuzo za Headies, mtumbuizaji bora wa kiume kwa kuimba<small>(2006–Hadi sasa)</small> *Tuzo za Headies, mtunzi bora wa nyimbo <small>(2006–Hadi sasa)</small> *Tuzo za Headies, mtumbuizaji bora wa mwaka<small>(2018–Hadi sasa)</small> ;Mengineyo *Tuzo za Headies Hall of Fame<small>(2006–Hadi sasa)</small> *Tuzo ya utambuzi maalum <small>(2015–Hadi sasa)</small> {{col-end}} ===Kategoria za Tuzo za mwanzo=== {| class ="wikitable" |colspan="5" style="font-size:110%"| |- !Mwaka !Mshindi !Matokeo !Marejeo |- |2006 |''Take Control'' wimbo wa Marvellous Benji |Mshindi |<ref>{{cite web |title=Winners - The Headies |url=http://theheadies.com/winners/?years=2006 |publisher=Hip Hop World Magazine |access-date=9 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190309171224/http://theheadies.com/winners/?years=2006 |archive-date=9 March 2019 |accessdate=2022-07-23 |archivedate=2019-03-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190309171224/http://theheadies.com/winners/?years=2006 }}</ref> |- |rowspan="6"|Tuzo za Headies 2007 |''Versatile'' wimbo wa Baba Dee |Mshindi |rowspan="6"| |- |''Little Patience'' wimbo wa Majek Fashek |Mshiriki |- |''Let It Go'' wimbo wa Spy Da Man |Mshiriki |- |''Conscious News'' wimbo wa Righteousman |Mshiriki |- |''Reflex'' wimbo wa Azadus |Mshiriki |- |''Ghetto Philosophy'' wimbo wa Streetmonks |Mshiriki |- |rowspan="3"|Tuzo za Headies 2008 |''True Story'' wimbo wa Timaya |Mshindi |rowspan="3"|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/2152/3/the-glitz-rewards-and-flaws-of-hip-hop-world-award.html | title=Glitz and Flaws of HHWA 2008 | publisher=Modern Ghana | access-date=11 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055455/http://www.modernghana.com/movie/2152/3/the-glitz-rewards-and-flaws-of-hip-hop-world-award.html | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |''Uchie'' wimbo wa African Rockstar |Mshiriki |- |''Fever'' wimbo wa African China |Mshiriki |- |rowspan="4"|Tuzo za Headies 2009 |''Gift and Grace'' wimbo wa Timaya |Mshindi |rowspan="4"|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2009/03/10/hiphop-world-awards-2009-nominees-announced/ | title=HipHop World Awards 2009 Nominees Announced | publisher=Bellanaija | date=10 March 2009 | access-date=10 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402072648/http://www.bellanaija.com/2009/03/10/hiphop-world-awards-2009-nominees-announced/ | archive-date=2 April 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |''Me Musiq and I'' wimbo wa Blackface Naija|Blackface |Mshiriki |- |''Ichiban'' wimbo wa Chakka Da' Souljah |Mshiriki |- |''My Shine'' wimbo wa Black Solo |Mshiriki |- |colspan="4" style="font-size:110%"| |- |2006 |"Street Hop" wimbo wa Thoroughbreds |Mshindi | |- |colspan="4" style="font-size:110%"| |- |rowspan="6"|Tuzo za Headies 2007 |''After the Storm'' wimbo wa Weird MC |Mshindi |rowspan="6"| |- |''Run Down'' wimbo wa D'banj |Mshiriki |- |''Naija is Blessed'' wimbo wa Soul E |Mshiriki |- |''Free Soldier''wimbo wa Tony Tetuila |Mshiriki |- |''Mr Funky'' wimbo wa Jazzman Olofin |Mshiriki |- |''Right and Wrong'' wimbo wa Mr Raw |Mshiriki |- |colspan="4" style="font-size:110%"| |- |rowspan="5"|Tuzo za Headies 2007 |''Hitsville'' wimbo wa Paul Play |Mshindi |rowspan="5"| |- |''From Me to You'' wimbo wa Darey |Mshiriki |- |''No Drama'' wimbo wa OJB Jezreel |Mshiriki |- |''Overture'' wimbo wa Obiwon |Mshiriki |- |''Expressions'' wimbo wa Styl Plus |Mshiriki |- |colspan="4" style="font-size:110%"| |- |rowspan="5"|Tuzo za Headies 2011|2011 |"One Day" – eLDee |Mshindi |rowspan="5"|<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nigerian Hip Hop Awards 2011(Headies) Nominees. |url=https://www.ngbuzz.com/index.php?topic=250.0 |access-date=9 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190309062538/https://www.ngbuzz.com/index.php?topic=250.0 |archive-date=9 March 2019 |date=2 August 2011}}</ref> |- |"If You Ask Me" wimbo wa Omawumi |Mshiriki |- |"Wild Wild West" wimbo wa M.I Abaga|M.I |Mshiriki |- |"Only Me" wimbo wa 2Face Idibia |Mshiriki |- |"There is a Cry" wimbo wa Timi Dakolo |Mshiriki |- |colspan="4" style="font-size:110%"| |- |Tuzo za Headies 2012 |Banky W. |Mshindi |<ref>{{cite web |title=Davido Bags Next Rated @ The Headies 2012 + Full List Of Winners |url=https://tooxclusive.com/download-mp3/davido-bags-next-rated-the-headies-2012-full-list-of-winners/ |publisher=TooXclusive |access-date=9 March 2019 |date=21 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117191430/http://tooxclusive.com/download-mp3/davido-bags-next-rated-the-headies-2012-full-list-of-winners/ |archive-date=17 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |colspan="4" style="font-size:110%"| |- |The Headies 2013 |"Mandela" wimbo wa Harrysong |Mshindi |<ref>{{cite web | url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312290097.html?viewall=1 | title=Nigeria: Olamide Wins Big @ Headies 2013 + Full List of Winners | publisher=allAfrica.com | date=27 December 2013 | access-date=10 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221234800/http://allafrica.com/stories/201312290097.html?viewall=1 | archive-date=21 February 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |} ==Marejeo== {{Reflist|2}} [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Tuzo za muziki wa Afrika]] 8tvnzcttbhxd7juiyyn2vh4ht41n7by 0 149897 1598883 1483442 2026-09-22T23:46:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Picha:20150426 PSG vs Wolfsburg 035.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Jessie Ashley]] '''Anna Blässe''' (alizaliwa [[27 Februari]] [[1987]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] ambae anacheza kama [[mshambuliaji]] katika klabu ya VfL Wolfsburg. Hapo awali alikua akicheza katika klabu ya USV Jena pamoja na klabu ya Hamburger SV.<ref>[https://www.vfl-wolfsburg.de/info/frauen/kader/mittelfeld/anna-blaesse.html Profile] in VfL Wolfsburg's website</ref> Alishinda mashindano [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA|kombe la dunia]] chini ya [[umri]] wa miaka 19 mnamo mwaka [[2004]] na mashindano ya Ulaya ya chini ya umri wa miaka 19 (U-19) mnamo mwaka [[2006]]. <ref>[https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=108/edition=8311/matches/match=83110026/report.html Line-ups of the final] {{Wayback|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=108/edition=8311/matches/match=83110026/report.html |date=20140106053805 }} in [[FIFA]]'s website</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1987]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa kike]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ujerumani]] bn1yi2sdzr76a1hg8wh0ynho3nhl068 0 150046 1599125 1497047 2026-09-23T09:20:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist |Tovuti={{URL|djfita.com}}|Miaka ya kazi=2014 - Sasa|Img=DJ Fita music.jpg|Jina=DJ Fita|Amezaliwa=[[Thika]]|Kazi yake=[[DJ]], [[Mtayarishaji wa muziki]]|Jina la kuzaliwa=Kelvin Peter Wanjohi}} '''Kelvin Peter Wanjohi''' (alizaliwa [[21 Agosti]] [[1994]]) anajulikana kitaaluma kama '''DJ Fita''', ni DJ wa [[Kenya]], <ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/travel/The-Dish-Ankole-Grill/1950822-4824136-12akwaaz/index.html|title=The Dish: Ankole Grill|work=Daily Nation|accessdate=28 November 2018}}</ref> [[Mtayarishaji wa Muziki|mtayarishaji]] wa muziki na mwandishi wa habari <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=A. Keyes|url=https://www.soundsafari.co.ke/author/djfita/|accessdate=2020-10-12|work=Sound Safari|language=en-GB|archivedate=2020-12-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202161339/https://www.soundsafari.co.ke/author/djfita/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Opinion: Eric Omondi thinks Kenyan music is boring - He is wrong|url=https://mpasho.co.ke/exclusives/2021-11-18-opinion-eric-omondi-thinks-kenyan-music-is-boring-he-is-wrong/|accessdate=2021-11-30|work=Mpasho|language=en-ZA}}</ref> kutoka [[Thika]] . Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuchanganya [[muziki wa pop]] wa [[Kenya]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://edm.co.ke/remixes/10-edm-remixes-you-need-to-hear-4064|title=10 EDM Remixes of Popular Kenyan Songs You Need To Hear|work=EDM Kenya|accessdate=28 November 2018|archivedate=2020-01-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118104841/http://edm.co.ke/remixes/10-edm-remixes-you-need-to-hear-4064}}</ref> . DJ Fita pia ni mwanachama wa '''Fitemba <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://aipate.com/2018/08/17/ado-veli-podcast-kenyan-edm-episode/|title=Ado Veli Podcast dives into Kenyan EDM in New Episode|work=Aipate|accessdate=2 December 2018}}</ref>''' . Aliteuliwa kama ''VJ of the Year 2015'' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.facebook.com/StylusDJAwards/posts/1-female-dj-of-the-yeara-dj-tabzb-dj-sashyc-dj-redboned-dj-sharlye-dj-pierraf-vj/460982537418156/|title=Stylus DJ Awards|accessdate=28 November 2018}}</ref> wakati wa Tuzo za kila mwaka za [[Stylus DJ]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ghafla.com/finally-an-award-ceremony-to-celebrate-deejays-check-out-the-nominees/|title=Finally an Award Ceremony to Celebrate DJs|work=Ghafla|accessdate=2022-05-10|archive-date=2023-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501103504/https://www.ghafla.com/finally-an-award-ceremony-to-celebrate-deejays-check-out-the-nominees/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Maisha ya mapema na elimu == DJ Fita alizaliwa Makongeni Estate [[Thika]] . Alihitimu [[stashahada]] ya [[Teknolojia ya habari|Tehama]] kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kilimo na Teknolojia cha Jomo Kenyatta]] na [[shahada]] ya Usalama wa Habari na Uchunguzi wa Uchunguzi kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha KCA . == Kazi == DJ Fita alitengeneza remix isiyo rasmi ya Kookoo na Elani kwenye SoundCloud mnamo [[2014]]. <ref>{{Citation|title=Elani - Kookoo(Dj Fita & Medly Remix) [RAW]|url=https://soundcloud.com/djfita1/elani-kookoodj-fita-medly-remix|language=en|access-date=2018-12-16}}</ref> Baadae alijiunga na [http://edm.co.ke/ EDM Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://edm.co.ke/ |date=20200215032541 }}, tovuti ya kijamii ambayo inakuza wasanii wa muziki wa House kutoka Kenya. Mnamo Julai 2016, DJ Fita alitoa nyimbo mpya akatoa remix rasmi ya "Doing It Right" na DJ Nruff mnamo tarehe 11 Julai [[2016]]. <ref>{{Citation|title=Listen to "Doing It Right (Dj Fita & Chief Medley Trap Remix) Explicit Version" posted by DJ Nruff on Apple Music.|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/post/sa.3087eaf6-480c-11e6-bbb1-50d6812f1c1d|language=en|access-date=2018-12-16|archive-date=2018-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216163539/https://itunes.apple.com/us/post/sa.3087eaf6-480c-11e6-bbb1-50d6812f1c1d|url-status=dead}}</ref> Muda mfupi baadaye, alishiriki katika ''Chemistry remix Challenge'' na '''Tetu Shani.''' nyimbo hiyo walishirikisha watayarishaji 36 kutoka maeneo yote nchini Kenya, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.kenyabuzz.com/lifestyle/nairobi-underground-exciting-innovative-disruptive/|title=Nairobi Underground: Exciting, Innovative, Disruptive – KenyaBuzz LifeStyle|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-12-18}}</ref> na kuifanya kuwa mojawapo ya nyimbo bora za '''Vuguvugu la Nu-Nairobi''' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://aipate.com/2018/10/01/what-is-nu-nairobi-and-who-is-behind-it/|title=What is ‘Nu Nairobi’ and who is behind it?|date=2018-09-30|work=Aipate|language=en|accessdate=2018-12-16}}</ref> na mojawapo ya nyimbo kuu zaidi kwenye SoundCloud ya Kenya mwaka wa 2016. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://wgnetworks.tv/2016/08/01/meet-tetu-shani-man-biggest-song-kenyas-soundcloud/|title=Meet Tetu Shani: The Man with the Biggest Song on Kenya's SoundCloud|date=2016-08-01|work=wgNetworks|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-12-16|archivedate=2018-12-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216164955/https://wgnetworks.tv/2016/08/01/meet-tetu-shani-man-biggest-song-kenyas-soundcloud/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/lifestyle/music/Tetu-Shani-and-surge-of-alternative-music/3815720-3932792-2lan3f/index.html|title=Tetu Shani and surge of alternative music|date=May 18, 2017|work=Business Daily|accessdate=2018-12-16}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.nairobiunderground.co.ke/tetu-shanis-remix-challenge/|title=Tetu Shani's Remix Challenge|work=Nairobi Underground|accessdate=28 November 2018|archivedate=2019-01-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114192520/http://www.nairobiunderground.co.ke/tetu-shanis-remix-challenge/}}</ref> Remix ya DJ Fita ni wimbo wa kwanza kushiriki wikendi mbili mfululizo kwenye sehemu ya The Undercover kwenye kipindi cha Weekend Breakfast kwenye Homeboyz Radio; anashiriki rekodi hii na Hendrick pekee. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://hbr.co.ke/how-epic-are-these-two-edm-remixes-to-tetu-shani-and-mayondes-chemistry-listen/|title=How Epic Are These Two EDM Remixes To Tetu Shani and Mayonde’s ‘Chemistry’?|work=Homeboyz Radio|accessdate=28 November 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203152307/http://hbr.co.ke/how-epic-are-these-two-edm-remixes-to-tetu-shani-and-mayondes-chemistry-listen/|archivedate=3 December 2018}}</ref> == Tuzo na uteuzi == {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col" | Mwaka ! scope="col" | Tuzo ! Kipengele ! scope="col" | Matokeo |- | 2015 | Stylus DJ Awards | VJ of The Year | {{Alishinda}} |- |} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1994]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Nairobi]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za muziki wa Afrika]] ddbhpfaik6gjocv3sz6sf26u0t4gbbx 0 150489 1598891 1462446 2026-09-23T00:08:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Anthony John Burger |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 5 Juni 1961 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Cleveland Ohio |tarehe_ya_kufariki = 22 Februari 2006 |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake = Msanii wa muziki |nchi = Marekani }} [[Faili:Anthonyburger.jpg|alt=Burger kwenye jukwaa mnamo 2003|thumb|Burger kwenye jukwaa mnamo 2003]] [[Faili:Anthony Burger Exodus.ogv|thumb|Hiki ni kipande cha video ya Anthony Burger akicheza "Exodus" yake katika Shule ya Muziki ya Steve Hurst]] '''Anthony John Burger''' ([[Juni 5]], [[1961]] - [[22 Februari]] [[2006]]) alikuwa mpiga [[kinanda]] na mwimbaji wa [[Kimarekani]], aliyehusishwa kwa karibu zaidi na [[muziki]] wa [[injili]] wa Kusini . == Maisha == '''Anthony Burger''' alizaliwa huko [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]], [[Tennessee]] kwa Richard na Jean Burger. Akiwa na umri wa miezi minane, alikuwa akitumia kitembezi cha mtoto na akaanguka kwenye mfereji wa kupasha joto kwenye [[sakafu]] ya nyumba yake. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/2006/02/24/gospel-pianist-anthony-burger-dies-during-performance/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2024-05-02 |archive-date=2015-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415220725/http://www.foxnews.com/story/2006/02/24/gospel-pianist-anthony-burger-dies-during-performance/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20181021032610/http://www.anthonyburger.com/biography.html</ref>Alipata majeraha ya [[Jeraha la moto|moto ya daraja la tatu]] kwenye mikono, uso na miguu. Baada ya kupata majeraha hayo, [[daktari]] wa Burger aliwaambia wazazi wake kwamba kuna uwezekano mkubwa wa kutoweza kusogeza mikono yake siku zijazo. Licha ya uwezekano huo, Burger alipona. Katika umri wa miaka mitano, alienda <ref>http://www.utc.edu/Outreach/CadekConservatory/ {{Wayback|url=http://www.utc.edu/Outreach/CadekConservatory/ |date=20130526104422 }} UTC Cadek Conservatory, home</ref> [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Tennessee huko Chattanooga . Akiwa mtoto hodari, Burger alianza kutumia [[kinanda]] baada ya miaka michache. Burger alihudhuria Shule ya Upili ya Bradley Central huko Cleveland lakini hakuhitimu. <ref>"Gospel Pianist Anthony Burger Dies At 44 While On Gaither Cruise". ''The Chattanoogan''. Iliwekwa mnamo 2 February 2021.  </ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2006]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] 8oebiif4nyg6dmssyk3gjo3b7ivg2cb 0 150515 1598794 1529734 2026-09-22T18:02:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1598794 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Yolanda Adams.jpg|alt=Adams mnamo 2010|thumb|Adams mnamo 2010]] '''Yolanda Yvette Adams''' (amezaliwa [[Agosti 27]], [[1961]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Wimbo|nyimbo]] za [[Nyimbo za Kiinjili|Injili]], mwigizaji, na msimamizi wa kipindi chake cha injili cha asubuhi kilichounganishwa kitaifa nchini [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni mmoja wa wasanii wa injili wanaouza sana albamu wakati wote, ameuza takribani 10&nbsp;milioni albamu duniani kote. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 18, 2019|title=Yolanda Adams at the 2019 Soul Train Awards: Our Lady Of Soul Gets Candid On The State Of Gospel|url=https://www.bet.com/music/2019/11/18/soul-train-awards-yolanda-adams-lady-of-soul-interview.html|accessdate=November 19, 2019|archive-date=2021-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507031842/https://www.bet.com/music/2019/11/18/soul-train-awards-yolanda-adams-lady-of-soul-interview.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mbali na kufikia hadhi ya platinamu nyingi, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=May 15, 2011|title=5 Questions for Yolanda Adams on Her New Album|url=https://www.essence.com/news/5-questions-for-yolanda-adams-on-becoming-wal-mart-album/|accessdate=September 3, 2020}}</ref> ameshinda Tuzo nne [[Grammy Awards|za Grammy]], <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/yolanda-adams/105|title=Yolanda Adams|date=November 26, 2019|work=GRAMMY.com|accessdate=July 12, 2021}}</ref> Tuzo nne za Njiwa, Tuzo tano za BET, Tuzo za Picha sita [[NAACP Image Awards|za NAACP, Tuzo]] sita za Muziki wa Soul Train, Tuzo mbili za BMI na Tuzo kumi na sita za Stellar. Alikuwa msanii wa kwanza wa Injili kutunukiwa Tuzo ya muziki wa Marekani. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=February 7, 2020|title=Prudential Center Hosts McDonalds Gospelfest|url=https://www.newjerseystage.com/articles/2020/02/07/prudential-center-hosts-mcdonalds-gospelfest/|accessdate=September 3, 2020|work=NewJerseyStage}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Washindi wa Tuzo za Grammy]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa filamu wa kike wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Injili]] 45i4wu49y9ue5yv4ba44az39dc9c4nh 0 150517 1599019 1517968 2026-09-23T03:01:44Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599019 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lee Roy Abernathy''' ([[1913]]–[[1993]]) alikuwa [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[injili]] wa Kusini, [[Georgia]],[[mtunzi wa nyimbo]], na [[mwigizaji]]. == Wasifu == Abernathy alizaliwa mwaka [[Agosti 13]], 1913, katika jamii ya Atco ya Cartersville, Kaunti ya Bartow, [[Georgia]]. Katika miaka ya 1930, alianzisha [[kampuni]] ya Modern Mountaineers, akiigiza moja kwa moja kwenye [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]] 's WSB (AM) . Mnamo 1936, aliandika "Good Times Are Coming Soon," wimbo wa kampeni ya kuchaguliwa tena kwa Raisi [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]. Aliandika nyimbo nyingi za injili, zikiwemo "He's A Personal Savior", "A Newborn Feeling", na "I Thank My Savior for It All", lakini wimbo wake sahihi ulikuwa " A Wonderful Time Up There ". Wachungaji wengine walipinga mdundo wake wa [[Jazz|jaz]], ambao uliathiri kazi ya mapema ya [[Elvis Presley]]. Wimbo huu baadaye uliitwa "Gospel Boogie" <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Wolfe|first=Charles|date=1981|title='Gospel Boogie': White Southern Gospel Music in Transition, 1945-55|journal=Popular Music|volume=1|pages=73–82|jstor=853244}}</ref> na ulirekodiwa na watu wa aina mbalimbali, pamoja na [[Johnny Cash]], Johnny Mathis, na Pat Boone. Rekodi ya Boone ya wimbo huo ilifikia nambari nne kwenye chati za [[Billboard]] mnamo 1958. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Before Elvis : The Prehistory of Rock 'n' Roll|url=https://archive.org/details/beforeelvisprehi0000birn|last=Birnbaum|first=Larry|date=2013|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810886285|location=Lanham, Md.|page=[https://archive.org/details/beforeelvisprehi0000birn/page/226 226]}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1993]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1913]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Muziki]] falgvxi8dec7gdxv3md97yroi0ivs30 0 150544 1599020 1523247 2026-09-23T03:02:04Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599020 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Pappy Kojo.jpg|alt=Pappy Kojo akitumbuiza kwenye tamasha mjini Accra.|thumb|Pappy Kojo akitumbuiza kwenye tamasha mjini Accra.]] '''Jason Gaisie''' (alizaliwa 13 Februari [[1989]]), maarufu kama '''Pappy Kojo''', ni msanii wa [[hip hop]] na hiplife kutoka [[Ghana]] kutoka [[Sekondi-Takoradi|Takoradi]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ghana News – I deserve all my Ghana Music Awards nominations – Pappy Kojo|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2015/March-5th/i-deserve-all-my-ghana-music-awards-nominations-pappy-kojo.php|work=www.myjoyonline.com|accessdate=2015-10-22|archivedate=2015-06-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628164846/http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2015/March-5th/i-deserve-all-my-ghana-music-awards-nominations-pappy-kojo.php}}</ref> Anajulikana sana kwa [[wimbo]] wake wa "Realer No". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Pappy Kojo and Joey B's Realer No Becomes The Most Popular Song in Brong Ahafo|url=https://www.modernghana.com/music/28053/3/pappy-kojo-and-joey-bs-realer-no-becomes-the-most-.html|work=Modern Ghana|publisher=www.google.com/+modernghana|accessdate=2015-10-22|language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Wazazi]] wake ni Kofi Badu na Rosemond Gaisie. Alizaliwa na kukulia huko [[Sekondi-Takoradi|Takoradi]], katika [[Mkoa wa Magharibi, Ghana|Mkoa wa Magharibi]] wa [[Ghana]]. Alihudhuria Shule ya Kimataifa ya Ridge hadi 2004, kisha akaenda [[Italia]] kuwa na mama yake. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Who Is Pappy Kojo? (Part 1)|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/604796/1/who-is-pappy-kojo-part-1.html|work=Modern Ghana|publisher=www.google.com/+modernghana|accessdate=2015-10-22|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Kazi ya muziki == Pappy Kojo alionyesha kupendezwa na kupenda [[muziki]] akiwa mdogo. Alishiriki katika maonyesho ya [[kurap]] kwa Obrafour, Tic Tac, [[Reggie Rockstone]], na Lord Kenya. Mshawishi wake mkubwa zaidi wa muziki ni Obrafour, The Shady Aftermath Camp na [[Michael Jackson]]. Baada ya kuondoka Ghana na kuelekea Italia mwaka wa [[2004]], [[upendo]] wake kwa muziki wa rap uliongezeka zaidi. Alianza kufunika nyimbo maarufu na kuziweka kwenye chaneli yake ya YouTube. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Obrafour Is My Mentor, My Rasta Is For Him – Pappy Kojo {{!}} Ghana HomePage|url=http://www.ghanafilla.net/obrafour-is-my-mentor-my-rasta-is-for-him-pappy-kojo/|work=Ghana HomePage|accessdate=2015-10-22|archivedate=2015-05-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501173906/http://www.ghanafilla.net/obrafour-is-my-mentor-my-rasta-is-for-him-pappy-kojo/}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1989]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za muziki wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] 89mqkchwbezu68jgffnkkfylqx6xybt 0 150613 1598829 1483699 2026-09-22T20:23:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adanna Nwaneri''' (alizaliwa [[31 Agosti]] [[1975]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa nchini [[Nigeria]] ambaye alicheza kama [[beki]] wa [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[wanawake]] ya Nigeria. Alishiriki na timu yake ya taifa katika [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] la [[1999]].<ref>{{Cite|url=https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/archive/usa1999/teams/team=1882893/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702171949/http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/archive/usa1999/teams/team=1882893/index.html|3=url|title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa|access-date=2022-05-15|archivedate=2017-05-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510150246/http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/archive/usa1999/teams/team=1882893/index.html}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1975]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa kike]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Nigeria]] 1a6u6axifvq7eh2twebhdjad97f1bhr 0 150957 1599032 1512157 2026-09-23T03:04:16Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |jina = Fatima Jama Jibrell |majina mengine = Fadumo Jibriil |picha= Fatima Jibrell2.jpg |caption = |mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Sanaag]], [[Somalia]] |tarehe ya kuzaliwa = 30 Disemba 1947 |kazi yake = [[Mwanaharakati wa mazingira]], [[mtengeneza filamu]] |mwenza = |watoto = watoto watano akiwemo [[Degan Ali]] | wavuti = }} '''Fatima Jibrell''' ( [[Kisomali]]: Fadumo Jibriil‎ , Arabic; alizaliwa mnamo Disemba 30, [[1947]]) ni mwanaharakati wa mazingira wa Kisomali na Marekani. Alikuwa mwanzilishi mwenza na mkurugenzi mtendaji wa Horn of Africa Relief and Development Organization (sasa Adeso ), mwanzilishi mwenza wa Sun Fire Cooking, na alikuwa muhimu katika kuundwa kwa Muungano wa Wanawake wa Amani. ==Wasifu== Jibrell alizaliwa mnamo Desemba 30, 1947, huko Sanaag, Somaliland katika familia ya kuhamahama.<ref name="Gilbert">Geoffrey Gilbert, ''World poverty'', (ABC-CLIO: 2004), p.111</ref><ref name=horngoldman>{{cite web|url=http://www.hornrelief.org/goldman-prize-2002.htm|title=Horn Relief:Goldman Prize|publisher=|access-date=31 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712071037/http://www.hornrelief.org/goldman-prize-2002.htm|archive-date=12 July 2010|accessdate=2022-05-26|archivedate=2010-07-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712071037/http://www.hornrelief.org/goldman-prize-2002.htm}}</ref>.Baba yake alikuwa mfanyabiashara wa baharini ambaye aliishi New York City. Akiwa mtoto huko Somalia, alisoma shule ya bweni ya Uingereza hadi umri wa miaka 16, alipoondoka nchini na kujiunga na babake nchini Marekani. Huko, Jibrell alihitimu kutoka Shule ya Upili ya Temple.<ref name=zooming>Dorothy Otieno [http://www.biyokulule.com/Charcoal%20trade.htm "Environmentalist Who Returned From USA to Salvage Forests"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.biyokulule.com/Charcoal%20trade.htm |date=20200918183153 }} ''East African Standard'' (June 26, 2002)</ref>. Mnamo 1969, alirudi Somaliland na kufanya kazi kwa serikali, ambapo aliolewa na mumewe, Abdurahman Mohamoud Ali, mwanadiplomasia. Wakati yeye na familia yake walipokuwa nchini Iraq, Jibrell alianza masomo ya shahada ya kwanza katika Chuo Kikuu cha Damascus kilichoko karibu na Syria. Mnamo 1981, mumewe alihamishiwa Merika, ambapo alimaliza Shahada yake ya Sanaa kwa Kiingereza. Hatimaye aliendelea na masomo ya Shahada ya Uzamili katika Kazi ya Jamii kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Connecticut. Walipokuwa wakiishi Marekani, Jibrell na mumewe walilea mabinti watano, akiwemo Degan Ali.<ref>{{Rejea habari |author=The Editorial Board |date=2021-02-13 |title=Opinion {{!}} Foreign Aid Is Having a Reckoning |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/13/opinion/africa-foreign-aid-philanthropy.html |access-date=2022-03-26 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>.Pia akawa raia wa Marekani. ==Utunzaji wa mazingira== Kwa kuchochewa na vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe nchini Somalia vilivyoanza mwaka wa 1991, Jibrell pamoja na mume wake na marafiki wa familia walianzisha shirika lisilo la kiserikali la Horn of Africa Relief and Development Organization, linalojulikana kwa pamoja kama Horn Relief, shirika lisilo la kiserikali (NGO). ) ambapo aliwahi kuwa mkurugenzi mtendaji. Mnamo 2012, Horn Relief ilibadilisha jina lake kuwa Adeso.<ref name=hornwho>{{cite web |url=http://adesoafrica.org/about-us/history/ |title=History |author=Neo Creative |publisher= |access-date=31 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503165832/http://adesoafrica.org/about-us/history/ |archive-date=3 May 2015 }}</ref>.Wakati Jibrell alistaafu kama mkurugenzi mtendaji mwaka 2006, anashikilia nafasi katika bodi ya wakurugenzi ya shirika na katika mipango yake ya Somalia. Adeso anaelezea dhamira yake kama kazi ya ngazi ya chini inayolenga kuinua jamii za wenyeji. Jibrell alihusika sana katika kuundwa kwa Muungano wa Wanawake wa Amani ili kuhimiza ushiriki zaidi wa wanawake katika siasa na masuala ya kijamii.<ref>Tekla Szymanski, [http://www.worldpress.org/Africa/597.cfm "Fatima Jibrell: Nursing Nature"], ''World Press Review'' (July 2002)</ref>.Pia alianzisha kampuni ya Sun Fire Cooking, ambayo inalenga kutambulisha jiko la sola nchini Somalia ili kupunguza utegemezi wa mkaa kama nishati. Mnamo mwaka wa 2008, Jibrell aliandika na kutayarisha kwa pamoja filamu fupi yenye jina Charcoal Traffic, ambayo inatumia hadithi ya kubuni kuelimisha umma kuhusu mgogoro wa mkaa. Filamu hiyo iliongozwa na mtengenezaji wa filamu Nathan Collett. Mnamo mwaka wa 2011, Jibrell pamoja na mwanadiplomasia mstaafu wa Australia James Lindsay pia walichapisha Peace and Milk: Scenes of Northern Somalia, kitabu cha picha kuhusu nchi ya kuhamahama na maisha ya Somalia. Kazi hiyo imepokea sifa za kimataifa kutoka kwa mashirika ya mazingira, ikiwa ni pamoja na Goldman Environmental Foundation na Resistants pour la Terre. ==Marejeo== {{BD|1947|}} [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Somalia]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] s9mto0jekoarzvgm8y1anzdu953cc1m 0 151121 1599022 1510696 2026-09-23T03:02:11Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599022 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David Allen Gaines''' ([[30 Desemba]] [[1947]] – [[11 Januari]] [[1988]]) alikuwa [[mwanamazingira]] wa [[Marekani]] na mwanzilishi wa Kamati ya Ziwa la Mono. <ref name="MongilloBooth2001">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n42Rf_ibaMcC&pg=PA104|title=Environmental Activists|last=Mono Lake Committee|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2001|isbn=978-0-313-30884-0|editor-last=John F. Mongillo|pages=104–106|chapter=David Gaines (1947–1988)|editor-last2=Bibi Booth}}</ref>&nbsp;Kamati ya Ziwa la Mono (pamoja na Jumuiya ya Audubon ) ilianzisha kesi mahakamani dhidi ya Idara ya Maji na Nguvu ya Los Angeles ili kupunguza au kusimamisha mitiririko ya maji iliyokuwa ikipunguza Ziwa la Mono, Mbinu ya Gaines katika kesi hiyo ilikuwa kufanya kazi na upinzani badala ya kuwachafua. Yeye na mke wake, Sally Gaines, walianza kamati hiyo mwaka 1978. Walihitaji usaidizi kutoka kwa wanafunzi wa [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford]], UC Davis, UC Santa Cruz, na Chuo cha Earlham. Kulingana na utafiti katika Bonde la Mono, aliandika sura katika kitabu ''California Riparian Systems''; <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhjbO_CC_VoC|title=California Riparian Systems: Ecology, Conservation, and Productive Management|last=Stine|first=Scott|last2=Gaines|first2=David|last3=Vorster|first3=Peter|date=1984|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520050358|editor-last=Warner|editor-first=Richard E.|pages=528–533|language=en|chapter=Destruction of Riparian Systems Due to Water Development in the Mono Lake|editor-last2=Hendrix|editor-first2=Kathleen M.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhjbO_CC_VoC&pg=PA528}}</ref> hii ilisaidia kuleta usikivu wa [[kisayansi]] kwa masuala katika Ziwa la Mono. Kama timu shirikishi, Kamati ya Ziwa la Mono ilichukua msimamo dhidi ya LADWP. Alifariki mnamo [[Januari 11]], [[1988]] katika [[ajali]] ya [[gari]] iliyosababishwa na [[dhoruba]] ya [[upepo]] na [[theluji]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Stammer|first=Larrry B.|title=Obituaries: Crash on Sierra Highway Kills Mono Lake Activist|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1988-01-12/news/mn-35137_1_mono-lake-committee|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=23 May 2017|date=12 January 1988}}</ref> Sally na watoto wake wawili, Vireo na Sage, walinusurika kwenye ajali hiyo. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1988]] 4prd44c9ruzy0r5e5lk8pkbaxnouhef 0 151184 1599023 1514367 2026-09-23T03:02:18Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599023 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hugo Jabini''' ni mwanasiasa wa Saramaka na kiongozi wa mazingira kutoka [[Surinam|Suriname]]. Mnamo 1998 alikua msemaji wa Jumuiya ya Mamlaka ya Saamaka (kifupi cha Uholanzi VSG). Mnamo 2007 yeye na Wanze Eduards walikuwa sehemu ya timu ya VSG ambayo ilishinda kesi ya haki za ardhi dhidi ya serikali ya Suriname katika [[mahakama]] ya kimataifa. Kwa kazi yao katika mapambano ya haki za ardhi walishiriki [[Tuzo ya Mazingira ya Goldman]] mwaka wa 2009. Kuanzia 2010 hadi 2015 Jabini alikuwa mwanachama wa Bunge la Kitaifa la Surinam, kama sehemu ya National Democratic Party (NDP). == Wasifu == Jabini anatoka kijiji cha Tutubuka katika wilaya ya Boven Suriname. Mama yake na babu yake walikuwa makapteni. Mnamo 2010 alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Anton de Kom <ref name="Goldman">Goldman Prize, [https://www.goldmanprize.org/recipient/wanze-eduards-hugo-jabini/ Wanze Eduards & Hugo Jabini], 2009</ref> baada ya uchunguzi wa sheria linganishi kulinganisha ulinzi wa haki za ardhi wa Suriname na Saamaka. <ref name="Samsom">Christine F. Samsom, [https://werkgroepcaraibischeletteren.nl/hisher-tori-over-grondenrechten-in-suriname/ His/Her Tori over grondenrechten in Suriname], 2014</ref> <ref>AdeKUS, [http://ub1.uvs.edu/cgi-bin/wxis.exe/iah/scripts/?IsisScript=iah.xis&lang=en&base=COLBIB&nextAction=lnk&exprSearch=JABINI,%20HUGO&indexSearch=AU Het Surinaams versus het Saramakaans rechtsysteem: een rechtsvergelijkend onderzoek betreffende rechten op de grond], 2014</ref> Mnamo 1998 Jabini alikua msemaji wa Chama cha Mamlaka ya Saamaka (kifupi cha Kiholanzi VSG), <ref name="Samsom2">Christine F. Samsom, [https://werkgroepcaraibischeletteren.nl/hisher-tori-over-grondenrechten-in-suriname/ His/Her Tori over grondenrechten in Suriname], 2014</ref> shirika ambalo vijiji 61 vya Saamaka vilifanya kazi pamoja katika mapambano ya haki za ardhi za Wenyeji. Haki hizi zilikuwa zikitishiwa na [[uchimbaji madini]] wa [[viwandani]] na [[ukataji miti]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.bothends.org/nl/Actueel/Nieuws/Wat-verwacht-VSG-uit-Suriname-van-Rio-20-|title=Both ENDS: Wat verwacht VSG uit Suriname van Rio+20?}}</ref> Mnamo Novemba 28, 2007, Jabini na Wanze Eduards, pia wa VSG, walishinda kesi dhidi ya jimbo la Suriname ambayo walikuwa wamewasilisha kwa niaba ya watu wa Saramaka katika Mahakama ya Haki za Kibinadamu ya [[Amerika ya Kati]]. <ref>Starnieuws, [http://www.starnieuws.com/index.php/welcome/index/nieuwsitem/513 Surinaamse staat onder druk om Saramakka-vonnis], March 24, 2010</ref> <ref>Merel de Koning, [https://www.oneworld.nl/mensenrechten/vechten-voor-grond/ Vechten voor grond], One World, November 29, 2017</ref> Kwa kazi yao katika mapambano ya haki za ardhi wanaume hao wawili walitunukiwa kwa pamoja Tuzo ya [[Tuzo ya Mazingira ya Goldman|Mazingira ya Goldman]] mwaka wa 2009. <ref name="Goldman2">Goldman Prize, [https://www.goldmanprize.org/recipient/wanze-eduards-hugo-jabini/ Wanze Eduards & Hugo Jabini], 2009</ref> Mnamo 1998 Jabini alikua msemaji wa Chama cha Mamlaka ya Saamaka (kifupi cha Kiholanzi VSG), <ref name="Samsom3">Christine F. Samsom, [https://werkgroepcaraibischeletteren.nl/hisher-tori-over-grondenrechten-in-suriname/ His/Her Tori over grondenrechten in Suriname], 2014</ref> shirika ambalo vijiji 61 vya Saamaka vilifanya kazi pamoja katika mapambano ya haki za ardhi za Wenyeji. Haki hizi zilikuwa zikitishiwa na [[uchimbaji madini]] wa [[viwandani]] na [[ukataji miti]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.bothends.org/nl/Actueel/Nieuws/Wat-verwacht-VSG-uit-Suriname-van-Rio-20-|title=Both ENDS: Wat verwacht VSG uit Suriname van Rio+20?}}</ref> Mnamo Novemba 28, 2007, Jabini na Wanze Eduards, pia wa VSG, walishinda kesi dhidi ya jimbo la Suriname ambayo walikuwa wamewasilisha kwa niaba ya watu wa Saramaka katika Mahakama ya Haki za Kibinadamu ya [[Amerika ya Kati]]. <ref>Starnieuws, [http://www.starnieuws.com/index.php/welcome/index/nieuwsitem/513 Surinaamse staat onder druk om Saramakka-vonnis], March 24, 2010</ref> <ref>Merel de Koning, [https://www.oneworld.nl/mensenrechten/vechten-voor-grond/ Vechten voor grond], One World, November 29, 2017</ref> Kwa kazi yao katika mapambano ya haki za ardhi wanaume hao wawili walitunukiwa kwa pamoja Tuzo ya [[Tuzo ya Mazingira ya Goldman|Mazingira ya Goldman]] mwaka wa 2009. <ref name="Goldman3">Goldman Prize, [https://www.goldmanprize.org/recipient/wanze-eduards-hugo-jabini/ Wanze Eduards & Hugo Jabini], 2009</ref> Mnamo [[2010]] Jabini alichaguliwa kuwa mjumbe wa Bunge la Kitaifa la Suriname kama sehemu ya orodha ya wagombea wa NDP. <ref>DNA, [https://web.archive.org/web/20190830121154/http://www.dna.sr/achtergrond-info/geschiedenis-dna/gewezen-leden-2010-2015 Gewezen leden 2010 - 2015]</ref> Pia alichaguliwa kutoka miongoni mwa wagombea kumi na watano kama mwanachama wa Wabunge wa Global Action. Mnamo 2015, Jabini hakujumuishwa kwenye orodha ya wagombea wa NDP katika [[uchaguzi mkuu]]. Hakupewa sababu ya mabadiliko haya. Hapo awali, wakati wa mchakato wa maendeleo ya bajeti alitoa ukosoaji kwamba masuala ya hakimiliki bado hayajatatuliwa, <ref>Starnieuws, [http://www.starnieuws.com/index.php/welcome/index/nieuwsitem/28482 Jabini weet niet waarom hij niet gekandideerd is], April 8, 2015</ref> na kwamba serikali ilikuwa bado ikitoa makubaliano ya uchimbaji wa maliasili katika eneo la Saamaka. <ref>Suriname Herald, [https://www.srherald.com/suriname/2015/02/23/hugo-jabini-ontevreden-over-aanpak-grondenrechtenvraagstuk/ Hugo Jabini ontevreden over aanpak grondrechtenvraagstuk], February 23, 2015</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Suriname]] 1v38meeovslkhi0rv690xtxbs3nn0pw 0 151188 1599063 1430318 2026-09-23T04:34:18Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599063 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brooke Andersen''' (amezaliwa [[Agosti 23]], [[1995]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa Kimarekani wa riadha anayejulikana kwa kurusha matukio. Ubora wake wa binafsi katika urushaji [[Kurusha nyundo|nyundo]] wa 79.02 m (259 ft 3 in), iliyowekwa [[Aprili 30]], [[2022]] huko [[Tucson, Arizona]], inamweka kama [[Kurusha nyundo|mrushaji #4 wa wakati wote]] . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.iaaf.org/records/all-time-toplists/throws/hammer-throw/outdoor/women/senior?regionType=world&page=1&bestResultsOnly=true&firstDay=1899-12-31&lastDay=2019-08-18| title = Hammer Throw – women – senior – outdoor}}</ref> Kurusha kwake uzani bora zaidi ni 22.25 m == Kazi ya kitaaluma == Katika [[2021]], Majaribio ya Olimpiki alishika nafasi ya 2 kwa jumla ambayo ilimhakikishia nafasi yake kwenye Timu ya Olimpiki huko [[Tokyo]]. Huko aliendelea kugonga alama ya Kufuzu Kiotomatiki na kupata nafasi katika fainali ya Olimpiki. Andersen alifanikiwa kuchukua nafasi ya 10 katika Michezo yake ya kwanza ya [[Olimpiki]]. Katika mwaka wa [[2018]] na [[2019]], alimaliza wa tatu nyuma ya DeAnna Price na Gwen Berry kwenye Mashindano ya [[Wimbo]] ya Nje ya [[Marekani]] na Mashindano ya Uwanja (nambari ya 4 na 5 ya warushaji wa wakati wote mtawalia). Nafasi ya 2019 inamhakikishia nafasi ya kujumuishwa katika timu ya Amerika kwenye Mashindano ya Riadha ya [[Dunia]] ya 2019 . Baadaye alishinda medali ya fedha kwenye Michezo ya Pan American ya 2019 nyuma ya rekodi ya Raundi ya mwisho ya Pan American Games, Waamerika wote wakimshinda bingwa mtetezi Rosa Rodríguez . <ref>[https://azdailysun.com/news/local/nau-roundup-andersen-nd-in-women-s-hammer-throw-at/article_278142b5-b1e5-5c37-bdc7-088aec247db0.html NAU Roundup: Andersen 2nd in women's hammer throw at Pan Am Games] {{Wayback|url=https://azdailysun.com/news/local/nau-roundup-andersen-nd-in-women-s-hammer-throw-at/article_278142b5-b1e5-5c37-bdc7-088aec247db0.html |date=20220530225218 }} [[Arizona Daily Sun]]</ref> Andersen alikuwa kwenye jukwaa la medali wakati Berry alipoinua ngumi akipinga dhuluma nchini Marekani "na raisi ambaye anaifanya kuwa mbaya zaidi." <ref>[https://www.sfchronicle.com/news/article/Two-Americans-protest-on-medals-stand-at-Pan-Am-14296999.php Two Americans protest on medals stand at Pan Am Games] [[San Francisco Chronicle]]</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1995|}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:wanariadha wa Marekani]] ojcfn0cmj90fihmtp4pt6r9iz9e8r8u 0 151191 1598907 1481535 2026-09-23T01:00:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598907 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Arunagrawal.jpg|thumb|Arun Agrawa]] '''Arun Agrawal''' (amezaliwa [[Septemba 20]], [[1962]]) ni [[mwanasayansi]] wa siasa na [[Profesa]] katika [[Shule]] ya [[Mazingira]] na Uendelevu (SEAS) katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha michigan|Chuo Kikuu cha Michigan]] . <ref name="Faculty">{{Cite web|title=Arun Agrawal|url=https://seas.umich.edu/research/faculty/arun-agrawal|accessdate=2021-03-29|work=University of Michigan School for Environment and Sustainability}}</ref> Agrawal ni mratibu wa [[mtandao]] wa [[Rasilimali]] za [[Misitu]] na [[Taasisi]] za Kimataifa na anafanya utafiti barani [[Afrika]] na [[Asia Kusini]]. <ref name="IFRI">{{Cite web|date=2012-12-10|title=Arun Agrawal|url=http://ifri.forgov.org/about-us/collaborating-research-centers/michigan/arun-agrawal/|accessdate=2021-03-29|work=International Forestry Resources and Institutions|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028235403/http://ifri.forgov.org/about-us/collaborating-research-centers/michigan/arun-agrawal/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Agrawal alikuwa mhariri mkuu wa jarida la kitaaluma la ''Maendeleo ya [[Dunia]]'' kutoka [[2013]]-2021. <ref name="McKenzie">{{Cite web|author=McKenzie|first=David McKenzie|title=Q&A with Arun Agrawal, Editor of World Development Part I|url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/impactevaluations/qa-with-arun-agrawal-editor-of-world-development-part-i|work=blogs.worldbank.org|accessdate=16 May 2022|date=April 1, 2013|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Editor">{{Cite web|title=Arun Agrawal - Editorial Board - World Development - Journal - Elsevier|url=https://www.journals.elsevier.com/world-development/editorial-board/arun-agrawal|work=Elsevier|accessdate=16 May 2022}}</ref> Agrawal alikuwa Mshirika wa Guggenheim mnamo [[2011]] <ref name="Guggenheim">{{Cite web|title=Arun Agrawal|url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/arun-agrawal/|work=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation|accessdate=17 May 2022|archive-date=2022-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629102248/https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/arun-agrawal/|url-status=dead}}</ref> na alichaguliwa katika Chuo cha Kitaifa cha Sayansi mnamo [[2018]]. <ref name="NAS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/May-1-2018-NAS-Election.html|title=News from the National Academy of Sciences|date=May 1, 2018|work=National Academy of Sciences|accessdate=2022-05-30|archive-date=2020-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015204017/http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/May-1-2018-NAS-Election.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Elimu == Arun Agrawal alizaliwa Forbesganj, <ref name="Sustainable">{{Cite web|title=Arun Agrawal|url=https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/sustainablefoodsystems/faculty-staff/affiliated-faculty-staff/arun-agrawal/|work=Sustainable Food Systems Initiative|accessdate=16 May 2022|date=21 June 2018|archive-date=2023-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112064540/https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/sustainablefoodsystems/faculty-staff/affiliated-faculty-staff/arun-agrawal/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Bihar|Bihar, India]], ambapo alikulia katika familia ya tabaka la kati. Hatimaye alihamia [[Patna]] ili kuishi na [[shangazi]], ili asome shule bora zaidi. <ref name="Jones">{{Cite journal|last=Jones|first=Nicola|date=13 May 2022|title=A lifetime of climate change|url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/food-environment/2022/lifetime-climate-change|journal=Knowable Magazine|doi=10.1146/knowable-051322-1|access-date=16 May 2022|doi-access=free}}</ref> Agrawal alipokea BA yake katika Historia kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Delhi]] mnamo 1983. Alipokea MBA katika Utawala wa Maendeleo na Sera ya Umma kutoka Taasisi ya Usimamizi ya India Ahmedabad mnamo 1985. Kuhamia Marekani, alipata Ph.D. katika sayansi ya siasa kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Duke mwaka wa [[1992]]. <ref name="Jones2">{{Cite journal|last=Jones|first=Nicola|date=13 May 2022|title=A lifetime of climate change|url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/food-environment/2022/lifetime-climate-change|journal=Knowable Magazine|doi=10.1146/knowable-051322-1|access-date=16 May 2022|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="CV">{{Cite web|title=Arun Agrawal|url=https://umich.academia.edu/ArunAgrawal/CurriculumVitae|work=University of Michigan|accessdate=16 May 2022}}</ref> Ph.D yake. kazi iliyohusisha kuwafuata wachungaji wa Kihindi katika Milima ya Himalaya ili kuelewa vyema jinsi jumuiya hizo zilivyosimamia [[rasilimali]] zinazoshikiliwa na watu wengi. <ref name="Jones2" /> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1962|}} [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Uhindi]] [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] i8p2cqkb3xjylqlfvr2le4pdpwrbtvb 0 151213 1598909 1365120 2026-09-23T01:07:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mtu |rangi = |jina =Asha de Vos |picha =Asha de Vos.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha =Asha de Vos |jina la kuzaliwa = |alizaliwa = [[1979]] |alikufa = |nchi = |kazi yake =[[Biolojia|mwanabiolojia]] wa baharini wa [[Sri Lanka]], |ndoa = |wazazi = |watoto = |tovuti rasmi = }} '''Asha de Vos''' (alizaliwa [[1979]]) ni [[Biolojia|mwanabiolojia]] wa baharini wa [[Sri Lanka]], [[mwalimu]] wa [[bahari]] na mwanzilishi wa [[utafiti]] wa [[nyangumi]] wa [[bluu]] [[kaskazini]] mwa Bahari ya [[Bahari ya Hindi|Hindi]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2020-02-13|title=These 20 women were trailblazing explorers—why did history forget them?|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2020/03/these-20-women-were-trailblazing-explorers-why-did-history-forget-them-feature/|accessdate=2020-06-05|work=Magazine|language=en|archive-date=2020-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219230556/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2020/03/these-20-women-were-trailblazing-explorers-why-did-history-forget-them-feature/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Anajulikana kwa Mradi wake wa ''Blue Whale''. Yeye ni Mshiriki Mwandamizi wa TED <ref>{{Cite web|author=UK|title=Asha De Vos|url=http://www.globalteacherprize.org/academy-member/asha-de-vos|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628140132/http://www.globalteacherprize.org/academy-member/asha-de-vos/|archivedate=2017-06-28|accessdate=2017-04-06|publisher=The Global Teacher Prize}}</ref> na alichaguliwa kwa tuzo ya BBC 100 ya Wanawake mnamo [[2018]]. Yeye ni Mfadhili wa Kitaifa wa Kijiografia 2016 wa Wagunduzi Wanaochipuka. == Maisha na kazi == De Vos alizaliwa mnamo 1979 huko [[Sri Lanka]]. <ref name=":22">{{Cite web|date=2020-02-13|title=These 20 women were trailblazing explorers—why did history forget them?|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2020/03/these-20-women-were-trailblazing-explorers-why-did-history-forget-them-feature/|accessdate=2020-06-05|work=Magazine|language=en|archive-date=2020-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219230556/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2020/03/these-20-women-were-trailblazing-explorers-why-did-history-forget-them-feature/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alipokuwa na umri wa miaka sita wazazi wake walikuwa wakimletea mitumba ya majarida ya National Geographic. Alitazama kurasa na "kufikiria kwamba huyo angekuwa mimi siku moja - kwenda mahali ambapo hakuna mtu mwingine angewahi kwenda na kuona vitu ambavyo hakuna mtu mwingine angewahi kuona", na kumtia moyo kuwa na ndoto ya kuwa "mwanasayansi wa matukio. ". <ref name=":13">{{Cite web|author=Wight|first=Andrew|title=What’s It Like To Be Sri Lanka’s First Whale Biologist?|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewwight/2019/11/27/whats-it-like-to-be-sri-lankas-first-whale-biologist/|accessdate=2020-06-04|work=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="sinhala.alpanthiya.lk">{{Cite web|date=2020-11-15|title=සමුද්‍ර ක්ෂීරපායී පර්යේෂකයින් අතරින් ආචාර්ය උපාධියක් ලබා ගත් පළමු සහ එකම ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයා|url=https://sinhala.alpanthiya.lk/asha-de-vose/|accessdate=2021-01-26|work=www.alpanthiya.lk|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212195426/https://sinhala.alpanthiya.lk/asha-de-vose/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasayansi}} {{BD|1979|}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Sri Lanka]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Sri Lanka]] g2yt8xqrcoklyjdde4kbes6zt45ptps 0 158203 1598834 1488991 2026-09-22T20:50:58Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598834 wikitext text/x-wiki '''AfroBasket 2009''' yalikuwa mashindano ya 25 ya FIBA Africa Championship. Mashindano hayo ya ubingwa yalifanyika chini ya bodi ya [[mpira wa kikapu]] iitwayo Fédération Internationale de Basketball.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.interbasket.net/news/3457/2009/08/15/angola-wins-africa-nations-championship-again/|title=Angola wins Africa Basketball Championships (again)|date=2009-08-15|work=Interbasket.net|access-date=2009-08-17}}</ref><ref name="LBA - Gomes Leads All-Star Team2">{{cite web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/news/lateNews/fibaEven/fibaAfriCham/p/newsid/31702/arti.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822143838/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/news/lateNews/fibaEven/fibaAfriCham/p/newsid/31702/arti.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 22, 2009|title=LBA - Gomes Leads All-Star Team|date=2009-08-15}}</ref> Mashindano yalifanyika nchini [[Libya]] baada ya [[Nigeria]] kujiondoa kwa kutokamilisha vigezo vilivyowekwa na FIBA Africa.<ref>AfroBasket. [http://www.fiba-afrique.org/en/lect_actu.php?titre=evene&id=4314 Libya: The organization contract will be signed today in Tripoli] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813235059/http://www.fiba-afrique.org/en/lect_actu.php?titre=evene&id=4314|date=August 13, 2009}}. February 4, 2009</ref><ref>AfroBasket to be Held August 5–15. [http://www.portalangop.co.ao/motix/en_us/noticias/desporto/Afrobasket-2009-happen-from-August-Libya,d2c68640-f751-45bd-a61e-83f27f47afba.html]. February 2, 2009</ref> Michuano ya ubingwa ya FIBA ya mwaka 2009 ilifanyika tarehe tofauti tofauti mnamo tarehe [[4 Agosti]] [[2008]] hadi [[31 Mei]] [[2009]].<ref>[http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/libya:-kadhafi-receives-african-basketball-association-president-200805103470.html ''Kadhafi receives African Basketball Association president''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319062316/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/libya:-kadhafi-receives-african-basketball-association-president-200805103470.html|date=2012-03-19}}. May 9, 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.libyaonline.com/news/details.php?cid=75&id=8997 African Championship (25) of Basketball], Libyaonline.com</ref> ==Timu zilizofuzu== Timu iliyofuzu kama mwenyeji wa mashindano: *[[Libya]] Tatu bora ya waliofuzu katika ubingwa FIBA Afrika [[2007]]:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.interbasket.net/news/3457/2009/08/15/angola-wins-africa-nations-championship-again/|title=Angola wins Africa Basketball Championships (again)|date=2009-08-15|work=Interbasket.net|access-date=2009-08-17}}</ref><ref name="LBA - Gomes Leads All-Star Team">{{cite web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/news/lateNews/fibaEven/fibaAfriCham/p/newsid/31702/arti.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822143838/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/news/lateNews/fibaEven/fibaAfriCham/p/newsid/31702/arti.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 22, 2009|title=LBA - Gomes Leads All-Star Team|date=2009-08-15}}</ref> *[[Angola]] *[[Kamerun]] *[[Kabo Verde]] Washindi wa kanda: *[[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] *[[Kongo]] *[[Cote d'Ivoire]] *[[Misri]] *[[Mali]] *[[Moroko]] *[[Msumbiji]] *[[Nigeria]] *[[Rwanda]] *[[Tunisia]] Walio fuzu kuingia katika mashindano bila ya kuchuana na timu pinzani: *[[Senegal]] *[[Afrika Kusini]] ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/pid/76049/sid/6528/tid/264/_/2009_FIBA_Africa_Championship_for_Men_Qualifying_Round/group-standing.html archive.fiba.com] {{Wayback|url=http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/pid/76049/sid/6528/tid/264/_/2009_FIBA_Africa_Championship_for_Men_Qualifying_Round/group-standing.html |date=20220922095600 }} ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-michezo}} [[jamii:Mpira wa kikapu]] [[jamii:2009]] 1sn5uah2jyq992jgc492lnve9ldhtxx 0 158873 1599284 1561307 2026-09-23T11:38:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599284 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[mji]] wa [[Benin]] katika [[Mikoa ya Benin|mkoa]] wa [[Donga]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2013]] mji huo ulikuwa na wakazi 94,773 ([[sensa]]<ref>https://instad.bj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26&Itemid=115 {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>). ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Benin]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Benin]] [[Jamii:Donga]] adkmm74a9f5q7yz7bkb2pgbf4byqjv5 0 158960 1599287 1552239 2026-09-23T11:44:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599287 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[mji]] wa [[Benin]] katika [[Mikoa ya Benin|mkoa]] wa [[Couffo]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2013]] mji huo ulikuwa na wakazi 41,341 ([[sensa]]<ref>https://instad.bj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26&Itemid=115 {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>). ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Benin]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Benin]] [[Jamii:Couffo]] iisnugs3h5v4enemt63lowz9dgmcug5 0 159433 1599024 1510701 2026-09-23T03:02:24Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''David James Brown''' ni [[mwanasayansi]] wa [[kompyuta]] wa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa mmoja wa kikundi kidogo ambacho kilisaidia kutengeneza mfumo katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford]] ambayo baadaye ilisababisha kutokea kwa kampuni ya Sun Microsystems. Mnamo mwaka 1982, Brown alikuwa mwanzilishi mwenza wa kampuni ya Silicon Graphics. == Elimu == Brown alipata elimu yake ya shule ya msingi na sekondari huko Delmar, New York, na kisha akasoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Pennsylvania, Shule ya Moore ya Uhandisi wa Umeme ambapo alipata shahada ya B.S.E mnamo mwaka [[1979]] na M.S.E. chini ya mshauri [[Ruzena Bajcsy]] mnamo mwaka [[1980]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Computer Architecture for Object Recognition and Sensing|date=December 1980|work=Masters Thesis Technical Report No. MS-CIS-80-22.|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Department of Computer and Information Science|url=https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1761&context=cis_reports|accessdate=October 29, 2021}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka [[1984]], Brown alitambulishwa kwa David Wheeler, ambaye alimwalika kujiunga na Maabara ya Kompyuta ya [[Chuo Kikuu cha Cambridge]] kama mgombea wa udaktari. Mnamo Oktoba 1986, alifuzu katika Chuo cha St John, Chuo [[Chuo Kikuu cha Cambridge|Kikuu cha Cambridge]], [[Uingereza]] ili kufuatilia shahada ya uzamivu. Tasnifu yake ilianzisha dhana ya Usanifu wa Kumbukumbu Moja. <ref name="thistle">David J. Brown, [https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/techreports/UCAM-CL-TR-229.html Abstraction of Image and Pixel. The Thistle Display System], Technical Report No. 229, at [[University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory]], UK, August 1991.</ref> Wazo hili baadaye liliwezakutumika sana - kama vile Intel katika processors zao na vinara wa usanifu mwishoni mwa miaka ya [[1990]] na kuendelea. <ref name="thistle" /> == Kazi == Brown alikua mwanachama wa wafanyikazi wa utafiti katika Idara ya Sayansi ya Kompyuta katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford]] mnamo mwaka 1981, ambapo alisaidia kukuza toleo la utafiti la kituo cha kazi cha SUN pamoja na Andreas Bechtolsheim, kabla ya kuanzishwa kwa Sun Microsystems. <ref name="davidbrown">Charlene O'Hanlon, [http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1165764 A Conversation with David Brown: The Nondisruptive Theory of Evolution], ''[[Foleni ya ACM|ACM Queue]]'', October 10, 2006, {{doi|10.1145/1165754.1165764}}.</ref> Mnamo mwka 1982, Brown alikuwa mmoja wa kundi la wafanyakazi saba wa kiufundi kutoka Stanford (pamoja na Kurt Akeley, Tom Davis, Rocky Rhodes, Mark Hannah, Mark Grossman, na Charles "Herb" Kuta ) ambao walijiunga na Jim Clark kuunda kampuni ya Silicon Graphics. <ref name="ECCH">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Encyclopedia of Computers and Computer History|last=Bowen|first=Jonathan|publisher=[[Fitzroy Dearborn]], The Moschovitis Group|year=2001|isbn=978-1579582357|editor-last=Rojas|editor-first=Raúl|location=New York|pages=709–710|chapter=Silicon Graphics, Inc.|author-link=Jonathan Bowen|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco0000unse_a6j4/page/709}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.sgi.com/company_info/features/2007/25_anniv.html|title=The First Quarter-Century|accessdate=2008-06-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109005115/http://www.sgi.com/company_info/features/2007/25_anniv.html|archivedate=November 9, 2007|publisher=[[Silicon Graphics]]|date=2007}}</ref> Brown na Stephen R. Bourne waliunda kikundi cha Uhandisi wa Mifumo ya Workstation katika kampuni ya Digital Equipment Corporation. Kwa pamoja walijenga kikundi kinachohusika na kuanzishwa kwa laini ya DECstation ya mifumo ya kompyuta. <ref name="talk">{{Rejea tovuti|first=David J.|author=Brown|url=http://talks.cam.ac.uk/talk/index/18722|title=Toward Energy-efficient Computing|work=800th Anniversary|publisher=[[University of Cambridge]]|date=June 17, 2009}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 1992, Brown alijiunga na kampuni ya Sun Microsystems. Alisaidia kuanzisha mchakato uliotumika kwa usanifu wa programu ya mfumo wa kampuni, na kisha akaendelea kufafanua programu saidizi kwa ajili ya programu Solaris, bidhaa kuu ya mfumo wa programu wa kampuni ya Sun. <ref name="davidbrown2">Charlene O'Hanlon, [http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1165764 A Conversation with David Brown: The Nondisruptive Theory of Evolution], ''[[Foleni ya ACM|ACM Queue]]'', October 10, 2006, {{doi|10.1145/1165754.1165764}}.</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=David J. Brown|last2=Karl Runge|date=October 10, 2000|title=Library Interface Versioning in Solaris and Linux|url=https://www.usenix.org/legacy/publications/library/proceedings/als00/2000papers/papers/full_papers/browndavid/browndavid_html/index.html|journal=Proceedings of Usenix|location=Atlanta, Georgia|pages=153–162|access-date=October 29, 2021}}</ref> Baadaye, Brown alifanya kazi ya upitishaji wa programu ya Solaris ambayo ilikua haiuzwi na kuifanyia mazoezi, na kisha teknolojia yake ya kompyuta inayoweza kutumia nishati. <ref name="talk2">{{Rejea tovuti|first=David J.|author=Brown|url=http://talks.cam.ac.uk/talk/index/18722|title=Toward Energy-efficient Computing|work=800th Anniversary|publisher=[[University of Cambridge]]|date=June 17, 2009}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 1998, Brown alichaguliwa katika Baraza la Muungano wa Mitambo ya [[Kompyuta]], <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.acm.org/announcements/elections98.html|title=Election Results|publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]]|accessdate=2009-02-14|archivedate=2011-06-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606013354/http://www.acm.org/announcements/elections98.html}}</ref> na mwaka wa 2003 akawa mhariri mwanzilishi wa jarida la ''[[:en:ACM_Queue|ACM Queue]]'', likitoa makala kadhaa hadi 2010. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=David J. Brown|date=September 2003|title=A Conversation with Wayne Rosing: How the Web changes the way developers build and release software|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/945131.945162|journal=ACM Queue|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|volume=1|issue=6|pages=12–20|doi=10.1145/945131.945162|access-date=October 29, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=David J. Brown|date=September 2003|title=The Developer's Art Today: Aikido or Sumo?: Software development, tools, and whether or not they make us more productive|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/945131.945159|journal=ACM Queue|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|volume=1|issue=6|pages=6–7|doi=10.1145/945131.945159|access-date=October 29, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=David J. Brown|date=April 2004|title=Web Search Considered Harmful: The top five reasons why search is still way too hard|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/988392.988404|journal=ACM Queue|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|volume=2|issue=2|pages=83–84|doi=10.1145/988392.988404|access-date=October 29, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=David J. Brown|date=March 2005|title=An Update on Software Updates: The way software is delivered has changed|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/1053331.1053333|journal=ACM Queue|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|volume=3|issue=2|pages=10–11|doi=10.1145/1053331.1053333|access-date=October 29, 2021}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasayansi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1957]] [[Jamii:mabingwa wa kompyuta wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ji5n8z0m37bgu254xitptj1zjgh9jnv 0 163260 1599048 1429991 2026-09-23T03:51:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599048 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Locator map Byzantion.PNG|thumb|Mahali pa Bizanti (Konstantinopoli, Istanbul)]] [[Faili:Byzantine Constantinople-en.svg|thumb|Rasi ya Bizanti]] '''Bizanti''' (pia '''Byzantium''' au '''Byzantion''' kutoka {{Lang-grc|Βυζάντιον}}) ilikuwa [[mji]] wa [[Ugiriki ya Kale]]. Wakati wa [[Dola la Roma]] jina lake lilibadilishwa kuwa [[Konstantinopoli]] na tangu [[karne ya 20]] inajulikana kama [[Istanbul]]. ==Jina== Jina la Kigiriki ''Byzantion'' liliendelea kutumika kama jina badala ya Konstantinopoli mara kwa mara na kuwa chanzo cha "[[Ufalme wa Bizanti"]] jinsi sehemu ya [[mashariki]] ya Dola la Roma ilivyoitwa baada ya mwisho wa [[utawala]] wa [[Roma ya Kale|Kiroma]] katika [[Dola la Roma Magharibi|magharibi]]. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu| title = Literature of Travel and Exploration: A to F| date = 2003|isbn=9781579584252|editor-last=Speake|editor-first=Jennifer|editor-link=Jennifer Speake|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=on2ShbwVzp4C&q=Byzantion+term+remained+used+for+constantinople&pg=PA160 160]}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_qlU37xo9LeUC| title = Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries|last=Kazhdan|first=A. P.|last2=Epstein|first2=Ann Wharton| date = Februari 1990|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520069626|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_qlU37xo9LeUC/page/n22 1]|quote=Byzantion term remained used for Constantinople.}}</ref> ==Historia== Mji wa Bizanti uliundwa na [[Ugiriki ya Kale|Wagiriki]] kutoka [[Megara]] katika [[karne ya 7 KK]] ukaendelea kuwa mji wenye [[lugha]] ya Kigiriki hadi [[uvamizi]] wake na [[Milki ya Osmani]] mnamo [[1453|1453 BK]]. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu| title = The Rise of the Greeks| date = 2012|publisher=Orion Publishing Group|isbn=978-1780222752|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KynUBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT22 22]}}</ref> Mji uliundwa kwenye [[rasi]] iliyopo baina ya [[Bahari ya Marmara]] na mkono wa bahari inayojulikana kama "[[Pembe ya Dhahabu]]" hivyo inazungukwa na [[maji]] kwa pande tatu iliyosaidia kutetea mji. Hakuna uhakika kuhusu vyanzo vya Bizanti. Kufuatana na kisa kimoja mji ulianziswa na Byzas, mwana wa mfalme wa Megara iliyokuwepo karibu na [[Athens|Athene]]. [[Herodoti]] alitaja mwaka [[667 KK]] kama mwaka wa kuundwa kwa mji, hivyo miaka 17 baada ya mji wa [[Kalsedonia]] uliopo upande mwingine wa [[mlangobahari]] wa [[Bosporus]]. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Ramsköld|first=Lars| date = 2018| title = The silver emissions of Constantine I from Constantinopolis, and the celebration of the millennium of Byzantion in 333/334 CE|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335973546|journal=Jahrbuch für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte|volume=68|pages=145–198}}</ref> Bizanti ilikuwa hasa mji wa [[biashara]] kutokana na mahali pake kwenye lango pekee la [[Bahari Nyeusi]]. Bizanti baadaye ilivamia Kalsedonia iliyopo kuvukia Bosporus upande wa [[Asia]] iliyoendelea kama sehemu ya Bizanti. Katika [[karne ya 4]] BK, wakati ilipokuwa sehemu ya Dola la Roma, Bizanti iliteuliwa na [[Kaizari Konstantino I]] kama [[mji mkuu|mji wake mkuu]] ikajulikana pia kama "Nova Roma" (Roma Mpya) akiipamba na [[jengo|majengo]] mengi mazuri. Baadaye jiji hilo liliitwa Konstantinopoli (Kigiriki Κωνσταντινούπολις, ''Konstantinoupolis'', yaani "mji wa Konstantino"). == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.byzantinemuseum.gr/en/ Byzantine & Christian Museum] {{Wayback|url=http://www.byzantinemuseum.gr/en/ |date=20160722175023 }} at byzantinemuseum.gr * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170213055326/http://www.wegm.com/coins/byindex.htm Coins of the Byzantine empire] at wegm.com * [http://www.galmarley.com/framesets/fs_monetary_history_faqs.htm History of money FAQs] {{Wayback|url=http://www.galmarley.com/framesets/fs_monetary_history_faqs.htm |date=20110516071932 }} at galmarley.com – description of Byzantine monetary system, fifth century BC * [http://www.byzantium.ac.uk/ Society for the Promotion of Byzantine Studies] at www.byzantium.ac.uk * [http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/vasilief/default.asp Vasilief, A History of the Byzantine Empire], at ellopos.net – hyperlinked with notes and more resources, at Elpenorr [[Jamii:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[Jamii:Ugiriki ya Kale]] [[Jamii:Bizanti]] ew155fxz1qwlgh5jkyvypddpa32ej2k 0 166164 1598911 1348727 2026-09-23T01:11:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Football Player | jinalamchezaji = Asimenye Simwaka | picha = [[Picha:ASIMENYE SIMWAKA au Championnats d'Afrique d'athlétisme 2024 21.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|]] | jinakamili = | tareheyakuzaliwa = 8 Agost 1997 | mjialiozaliwa = | nchialiozaliwa = Malawi | urefu = | nafasi = Mshambuliaji | klabuyasasa = | nambayaklabu = | miakayavijana = | klabuzavijana = | miaka = | vilabu = | caps(goals) = | miakayataifa = Timu ya Taifa ya Wanawake Malawi | timuyataifa = | nationalcaps(goals) = | pcupdate = | ntupdate = }} '''Asimenye Simwaka''', (alizaliwa [[8 Agosti]] [[1997]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] na [[mwanasoka]] wa nchini [[Malawi]], ambae anacheza kama [[mshambuliaji]] wa Timu ya Taifa ya Wanawake ya Malawi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.kulinji.com/article/sports/athletics/2020/female-football-star-conquers-athletics|title=Female football star conquers athletics|website=Kulinji|first=Benjamin|last=Maona|date=16 February 2020|accessdate=30 July 2021|archivedate=2023-03-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313225025/https://www.kulinji.com/article/sports/athletics/2020/female-football-star-conquers-athletics}}</ref> == Riadha == Simwaka alishiriki katika michezo ya [[Olimpiki]] ya majira ya joto mwaka 2020 huko [[Tokyo]], akiwa mwanariadha pekee wa Malawi kufanya hivyo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Athletics SIMWAKA Asimenye - Tokyo 2020 Olympics|url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/athlete-profile-n1360772-simwaka-asimenye.htm|access-date=2021-07-30|website=Olympics.com/tokyo-2020/|publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]]|archive-date=2021-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817201817/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/athlete-profile-n1360772-simwaka-asimenye.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Mpira wa miguu == === Klabu === Simwaka amechezea klabu ya Topik ya nchini Malawi.<ref name=CAF>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cafonline.com/news-center/news/malawi-recall-chawinga-duo-for-kenya-olympic-test|title=Malawi recall Chawinga duo for Kenya Olympic test|website=CAF|date=25 August 2019|accessdate=30 July 2021}}</ref> === Ushirki Kimataifa === Simwaka amechezea Timu ya Taifa ya Wanawake ya Malawi katika misimu mitatu ya michuano ya Kombe la Wanawake la COSAFA ([[2019]], [[2020]] na [[2021]])<ref name=ITG>{{Cite news|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1100495/malawi-thrash-lesotho-at-cosafa-champs|title=Chawinga hits six as Malawi earn 9-0 win at COSAFA Women's Championship|website=Inside The Games|date=7 November 2020|accessdate=30 July 2021}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Malawi]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1997]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] t5tpov95ujh2ku94ecz1gqletc5mv4w 0 167862 1598938 1429575 2026-09-23T02:39:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598938 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Ben Harper 003.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Ben Harper akiwa Eurockéennes mnamo [[2008]]]] '''Ben Harper''' (alizaliwa [[Oktoba 28]], [[1969]])<ref>{{Rejea habari| title = Ben Harper And Mom Ellen Reflect On A Lifetime Immersed In A Folk Music 'Wonderland'|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/02/01/962774149/ben-harper-and-mom-ellen-reflect-on-a-lifetime-immersed-in-a-folk-music-wonderla|access-date=2021-02-02|website=NPR.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti| date = 2018-07-31| title = Folk matriarch Ellen Harper now striking a chord with her music|url=https://www.dailybulletin.com/folk-matriarch-ellen-harper-now-striking-a-chord-with-her-music|access-date=2021-02-02|website=Daily Bulletin|language=en-US}}</ref> ni [[mwimbaji]]-[[mtunzi]] wa nyimbo na mpiga vyombo vingi wa [[Marekani]]. Harper anacheza mchanganyiko wa blues, folk, soul, reggae, na roki na anajulikana kwa ustadi wake wa kucheza gitaa, sauti, maonyesho ya moja kwa moja na uanaharakati. Ametoa albamu kumi na mbili katika studio nyingi zaidi kupitia Virgin Records, na amefanya ziara kimataifa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite magazine|title = Ben Harper is Married, Reunites The Innocent Criminals|url = http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6480360/ben-harper-married-reunites-the-innocent-criminals-tour|magazine = Billboard|access-date = 2015-11-06|date = February 23, 2015|first = Colin|last = Stutz}}</ref> Harper ni mshindi wa Tuzo ya Grammy mara tatu na alichaguliwa kushindania mara saba, akiwa na tuzo za Utendaji Bora wa Ala za Pop na [[Albamu]] Bora ya Injili ya Jadi mwaka wa [[2004]] na Albamu Bora ya Blues mwaka wa [[2013]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Ben Harper|url = http://www.discogs.com/artist/42599-Ben-Harper|website = Discogs|access-date = 2015-11-06}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/ben-harper|publisher=Grammy|title=Grammy nominations and wins - Ben Harper|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-date=2019-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819023503/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/ben-harper|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]] riwmfm6cltnbpvotfuccr63dysiek4s 0 171475 1599283 1384155 2026-09-23T11:33:58Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599283 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Olimpicos tren 2012 (1).jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Djamel Abdoun]] {{Infobox football biography | jina = Djamel Abdoun | picha = Olimpicos tren 2012 (1).jpg | maelezo = Abdoun akicheza kwa [[Olympiacos F.C.|Olympiacos]] | urefu = 1.82 m | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1986|2|14}} | mahali_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis]], Ufaransa | klabu_sasa = | nafasi = [[Winga (mpira wa miguu)|Winga]] | miaka ya_vijana1 = 2002 | vilabu_vijana1 = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | miaka ya_vijana2 = 2003 | vilabu_vijana2 = [[AC Ajaccio|Ajaccio]] | miaka1 = 2003–2008 | vilabu1 = [[AC Ajaccio|Ajaccio]] | mechi1 = 12 | magoli1 = 2 | miaka2 = 2007 | vilabu2 = → [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] (mkopo) | mechi2 = 0 | magoli2 = 0 | miaka3 = 2007–2008 | vilabu3 = → [[CS Sedan Ardennes|Sedan]] (mkopo) | mechi3 = 33 | magoli3 = 5 | miaka4 = 2008–2010 | vilabu4 = [[FC Nantes|Nantes]] | mechi4 = 50 | magoli4 = 3 | miaka5 = 2010–2011 | vilabu5 = [[Kavala F.C.|Kavala]] | mechi5 = 26 | magoli5 = 3 | miaka6 = 2011–2013 | vilabu6 = [[Olympiacos F.C.|Olympiacos]] | mechi6 = 50 | magoli6 = 9 | miaka7 = 2013–2015 | vilabu7 = [[Nottingham Forest F.C.|Nottingham Forest]] | mechi7 = 22 | magoli7 = 1 | miaka8 = 2015 | vilabu8 = → [[K.S.C. Lokeren Oost-Vlaanderen|Lokeren]] (mkopo) | mechi8 = 4 | magoli8 = 0 | miaka9 = 2015–2016 | vilabu9 = [[Veria F.C.|Veria]] | mechi9 = 15 | magoli9 = 3 | jumla_mechi = 212 | jumla_magoli = 26 | miaka ya_taifa1 = 2003–2004 | timu_taifa1 = [[France national under-18 football team|Ufaransa U18]] | mechi_taifa1 = 4 | magoli_taifa1 = 0 | miaka ya_taifa2 = 2004–2005 | timu_taifa2 = [[France national under-19 football team|Ufaransa U19]] | mechi_taifa2 = 13 | magoli_taifa2 = 2 | miaka ya_taifa3 = 2005–2006 | timu_taifa3 = [[France national under-20 football team|Ufaransa U20]] | mechi_taifa3 = 8 | magoli_taifa3 = 0 | miaka ya_taifa4 = 2010–2016 | timu_taifa4 = [[Algeria national football team|Algeria]] | mechi_taifa4 = 11 | magoli_taifa4 = 0 }} '''Djamel Abdoun''' (alizaliwa 14 Februari 1986) ni mchezaji mstaafu wa mpira wa miguu wa Algeria ambaye alicheza kama [[winga]]. Msimu wa kiangazi wa mwaka 2011, Abdoun alisaini mkataba wa miaka mitatu na [[Olympiacos F.C.|Olympiacos]], kwa uhamisho huru kutoka [[Kavala F.C.|Kavala]], kutokana na timu hiyo kushushwa daraja hadi ligi ya nne. Tangu wakati huo ameshinda taji la ligi na Olympiacos, akipata ubingwa wa [[2011–12 Superleague Greece]] na [[2012 Greek Cup Final|Kombe la Ugiriki 2012]]. Mwaka wa 2013 katika msimu wa kiangazi, Abdoun alisaini mkataba wa miaka mitatu na klabu ya [[Football League Championship]] ya [[Nottingham Forest F.C.]]. ==Maisha== Alizaliwa Ufaransa na wazazi kutoka Algeria, Abdoun alikulia katika maeneo ya mashariki mwa [[Paris]] katika [[Communes of France|commune]] ya [[Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis|Montreuil]]. Asili ya wazazi wao ni kutoka vijiji vya Tifrit na Biziou katika eneo la [[Akbou]], [[Béjaïa Province|Béjaïa]], katika mkoa wa [[Petite Kabylie]] nchini Algeria.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lebuteur.com/en/actualites/abdoun%C2%A0-je-ferai-deux-rakaat-dans-ma-chambre-pour-remercier-allah |title=Le Buteur :. Abdoun : «Je ferai deux rakâat dans ma chambre pour remercier Allah» |access-date=25 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010141445/http://www.lebuteur.com/en/actualites/abdoun%C2%A0-je-ferai-deux-rakaat-dans-ma-chambre-pour-remercier-allah |archive-date=10 October 2009 |accessdate=2023-06-10 |archivedate=2009-10-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010141445/http://www.lebuteur.com/en/actualites/abdoun%C2%A0-je-ferai-deux-rakaat-dans-ma-chambre-pour-remercier-allah }}</ref> ==Taaluma ya Klabu== Abdoun alianza taaluma yake kama mchezaji chipukizi wa [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] mnamo mwaka 2002, ambapo aliondolewa mwishoni mwa msimu. Mwaka 2003, alisaini mkataba na [[AC Ajaccio|Ajaccio]] ambapo alicheza mechi 12 tu katika misimu minne, akifunga magoli mawili. Abdoun alisainiwa kwa mkopo na [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] mnamo Januari 2007.<ref>{{cite news |title=Stu has his nose against window |url=http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/sport/football/manchester_city/s/233134_stu_has_his_nose_against_window |publisher=Manchester Evening News |date=13 January 2007 |access-date=13 June 2010 |archive-date=12 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112145233/http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/sport/football/manchester_city/s/233134_stu_has_his_nose_against_window |url-status=dead |accessdate=2023-06-10 |archivedate=2012-11-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112145233/http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/sport/football/manchester_city/s/233134_stu_has_his_nose_against_window }}</ref> Alicheza mechi moja tu katika klabu hiyo, akitokea kama mchezaji wa akiba tarehe 28 Januari 2007 katika ushindi wa 3-1 wa kombe la [[FA Cup]] dhidi ya [[Southampton F.C.|Southampton]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Djamel pleased with Blues debut |url=http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/sport/football/manchester_city/s/234789_djamel_pleased_with_blues_debut |publisher=Manchester Evening News |date=31 January 2007 |access-date=13 June 2010 |archive-date=2012-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112145253/http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/sport/football/manchester_city/s/234789_djamel_pleased_with_blues |url-status=dead |accessdate=2023-06-10 |archivedate=2012-11-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112145253/http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/sport/football/manchester_city/s/234789_djamel_pleased_with_blues_debut }}</ref> Alirudi Ajaccio mwishoni mwa msimu baada ya Manchester City kukataa kuchukua chaguo la kufanya uhamisho wake kuwa wa kudumu. ==Taaluma ya Kimataifa== Abdoun aliwakilisha Ufaransa kimataifa katika ngazi ya chini ya miaka 17, miaka 18, na miaka 20. Mafanikio yake muhimu zaidi yalikuwa kushinda [[2007 Toulon Tournament]] na kikosi cha Ufaransa chini ya miaka 18.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rlfoot.fr/Joueurs/ABDOUN_Djamel.htm |title=La fiche de Djamel ABDOUN |access-date=17 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081213124601/http://www.rlfoot.fr/Joueurs/ABDOUN_Djamel.htm |archive-date=13 December 2008 |accessdate=2023-06-10 |archivedate=2008-12-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081213124601/http://www.rlfoot.fr/Joueurs/ABDOUN_Djamel.htm }}</ref> ==Takwimu za Kazi== {{updated|19 Machi 2016}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.footballdatabase.eu/football.joueurs.djamel.abdoun.7717.en.html| title=Djamel Abdoun | publisher=Football Database.eu|access-date=21 Julai 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ligue1.com/joueur/abdoun-djamel| title=Abdoun takwimu za Kifaransa | publisher=[[Ligue de Football Professionnel|LFP]]|access-date=21 Julai 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=99084/profile/index.html|title=Djamel Abdoun UEFA takwimu|publisher=[[UEFA]]|access-date=21 Julai 2013|archive-date=2019-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114041055/https://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=99084/profile/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1986]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] pddfcodssl0emyicr4vbtqju3clxzkb 0 171954 1598924 1295920 2026-09-23T01:48:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598924 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aziz Azim''' (alizaliwa [[5 Machi]] [[1970]]) ni mchezaji wa soka wa zamani wa Morocco. Alishiriki katika Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya 1992.<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/az/aziz-azim-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418091321/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/az/aziz-azim-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Aziz Azim Olympic Results |accessdate=2 November 2018 |archivedate=2020-04-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418091321/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/az/aziz-azim-1.html}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Moroko]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1970]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] cuyxtc7q6st9nrtv435dnb029ny540p 0 171981 1598837 1426964 2026-09-22T21:02:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598837 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ahmed Arab''' ([[19 Machi]] [[1933]] - [[1 Machi]] [[2023]])<ref>[https://www.lamontagne.fr/limoges-87000/sports/ancien-joueur-du-limoges-fc-et-de-l-esa-brive-ahmed-arab-est-decede_14272742/ Ancien joueur du Limoges FC et de l'ESA Brive, Ahmed Arab est décédé] </ref> alikuwa mchezaji wa soka wa Algeria ambaye alicheza kama beki.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/25030 | title = Ahmed Arab|work=Olympedia |access-date=12 Desemba 2021}}</ref> Alishiriki katika mashindano ya wanaume katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya 1960 akiwakilisha Ufaransa.<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ar/ahmed-arab-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417193546/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ar/ahmed-arab-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 Aprili 2020 |title=Ahmed Arab Olympic Results |accessdate=16 Oktoba 2018 |archivedate=2020-04-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417193546/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ar/ahmed-arab-1.html}}</ref> Baadaye aliwakilisha Algeria kati ya 1963 na 1964.<ref>{{NFT player|51566|access-date=2 Januari 2019}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1933]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2023]] 6dt4ckqa6soxov75vv8q3uvfo8s6kp9 0 173855 1598930 1429377 2026-09-23T02:13:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598930 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Barbara Ann Roles''' (majina ya ndoa: Pursley, Williams, alizaliwa Aprili 6, 1941) ni mchezaji wa kandanda wa [[Marekani]] wa zamani ambaye kwa sasa anafanya kazi kama kocha. Yeye ni mshindi wa [[medali ya shaba]] ya [[Olimpiki]] ya mwaka 1960 na bingwa wa kitaifa wa Marekani wa mwaka 1962. == Maisha binafsi == Barbara Ann Roles ni binti Carl A. Roles.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = For The Record|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-jan-15-mn-22640-story.html|work=Los Angeles Times| date = 2002-01-15|accessdate=2023-08-05|language=en-US|author=L. A. Times Archives}}</ref> Alikuwa ameolewa baada ya kustaafu mnamo mwaka 1960.<ref>[http://www.boston.com/sports/packages/usfigureskating/stories/123100_twists_of_fate.htm Duffy, Bob (December 31, 2000). "Twists of fate". the boston globe] {{Wayback|url=http://www.boston.com/sports/packages/usfigureskating/stories/123100_twists_of_fate.htm |date=20010211100559 }} iliwekwa mnamo tarehe 5/08/2023</ref> Binti yake, Shelley Pursley Boatright, alizaliwa Juni 24, 1961.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Anniversary recalls disaster of 1961 plane crash that wiped out U.S. figure skating team|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/ct-xpm-2011-02-12-ct-spt-0213-web-skating-1961-annivers20110212-story.html|work=Chicago Tribune| date = 2011-02-12|accessdate=2023-08-05}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 1962, alijifungua mtoto wa kiume, Ronald Dean Pursley Chorak. Alimchagua jina lake la kati kwa heshima ya mwalimu wake, Deane McMinn, ambaye alifariki katika ajali ya ndege ya mwaka 1961. Yeye ni mama wa kambo wa mchezaji wa kandanda wa Marekani, [[Scott Williams]]. == Kazi == Roles alishinda taji la U.S. la vijana mnamo 1958. Mwaka uliofuata, alishinda medali ya shaba kwa watu wazima na akateuliwa kwa Mashindano ya Dunia kwa mara ya kwanza, ambapo alimaliza wa tano. Baada ya kushinda fedha kwenye Mashindano ya U.S. ya 1960, alitumwa kwenye [[Olimpiki|Olimpik]]<nowiki/>i ya Majira ya Baridi ya 1960 na Mashindano ya Dunia ya 1960. Alishinda medali ya shaba kwenye mashindano yote mawili. Alistaafu baada ya msimu huo na kuanzisha familia. Roles alitakiwa kurudi kutoka kustaafu baada ya ajali ya Ndege ya Sabena 548, ambayo ilisababisha kifo cha timu nzima ya mchezo wa U.S. ya 1961.<ref>[http://www.boston.com/sports/packages/usfigureskating/stories/123100_twists_of_fate.htm Duffy, Bob (December 31, 2000). "Twist of fate" The Boston Globe.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.boston.com/sports/packages/usfigureskating/stories/123100_twists_of_fate.htm |date=20010211100559 }} iliwekwa mnamo tarehe 05/08/2023</ref> Alikubali na akashinda medali ya dhahabu kwenye Mashindano ya U.S. ya 1962, akifanya kuwa mwanamichezo wa kwanza kushinda mataji ya kitaifa ya U.S. kwenye viwango vya novice, vijana, na wakubwa. Roles alikuwa mwanamichezo pekee kufanikisha hilo hadi Kimmie Meisner alipofanya mafanikio kama hayo mnamo 2007. Alikosa msimu ufuatao ili kujifungua mtoto wake wa pili. Roles alirudi kwenye mashindano kujaribu kufuzu kwa Olimpiki ya Majira ya Baridi ya 1964, lakini alimaliza wa tano kwenye mashindano ya kitaifa na kushindwa kuingia kwenye timu. Akaanza kazi ya ufundishaji mnamo 1964.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Anniversary recalls disaster of 1961 plane crash that wiped out U.S. figure skating team|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/ct-xpm-2011-02-12-ct-spt-0213-web-skating-1961-annivers20110212-story.html|work=Chicago Tribune| date = 2011-02-12|accessdate=2023-08-05}}</ref> Wanafunzi wake walikuwa pamoja na [[Lisa-Marie Allen]], [[Wendy Burge]], [[Nicole Bobek]], [[Brian Pockar,]] Vikki DeVries, [[Geoffry Varner]] na [[Scott Williams]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{BD|1941|}} [[Jamii:wachezaji mpira wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:wanawake wa Marekani]] 01hqt12wpkf9k9n8hj1o85la3pjqbma 0 175488 1598906 1304535 2026-09-23T00:50:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598906 wikitext text/x-wiki ''[[File:ArlNatCemWomensMilitary-082613.jpg|thumb|Lango la Mashariki la Makaburi ya Kitaifa ya Arlington & Mnara wa Kumbukumbu ya Kijeshi ya Wanawake]] '''Makaburi ya Kitaifa ya Arlington''' ni mojawapo kati ya maeneo ya makaburi mawili katika Mfumo wa Makaburi ya Kitaifa ya [[Marekani]] ambayo yanahudumiwa na [[Jeshi la Marekani]]. Karibu watu 400,000 wamezikwa kwenye [[ekari]] 639 (259 ha) huko Arlington, Virginia. Makaburi ya Kitaifa ya Arlington yalianzishwa wakati wa [[Vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe ya Marekani|Vita vya Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe vya Marekani]] baada ya ardhi iliyokuwa kutaifishwa kutoka kwa umiliki wa kibinafsi wa familia ya jenerali wa Jeshi la Majimbo ya Wanachama Robert E. Lee baada ya mzozo wa kodi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/listings/20140418.htm|title=Orodha ya wiki ya hatua zilizochukuliwa: 04//07/14 hadi 04/11/14|publisher=Shirika la Hifadhi ya Taifa|tarehe-ya-kupata=Aprili 22, 2014|hali-ya-url=mubashara|url-ya-kumbukumbu=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425003531/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/listings/20140418.htm|tarehe-ya-kumbukumbu=Aprili 25, 2014|accessdate=2023-10-19|archive-date=2014-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425003531/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/listings/20140418.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Adam|last1=Smith|first2=Megan|last2=Tooker|first3=Susan, Jeshi la Marekani Corps ya Wahandisi, ERDC-CERL, Champaign, Illinois|last3=Enscore|tarehe=Januari 31, 2013|url-ya-kumbukumbu=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904235704/http://www.nps.gov/nr/feature/places/pdfs/14000146.pdf|tarehe-ya-kumbukumbu=Septemba 4, 2014|url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/feature/places/pdfs/14000146.pdf|title=Fomu ya Uteuzi wa Orodha ya Mahali ya Kihistoria Kitaifa: Wilaya ya Kihistoria ya Makaburi ya Kitaifa ya Arlington|publisher=Shirika la Hifadhi ya Taifa|tarehe-ya-kupata=Machi 29, 2015|accessdate=2023-10-19|archive-date=2014-09-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904235704/http://www.nps.gov/nr/feature/places/pdfs/14000146.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-USA}} [[Jamii:Virginia (jimbo)]] hkqk5153hag9y8ov7aysl1xjsfze09e 3 175835 1598718 1305981 2026-09-22T14:25:40Z Manchiu 4784 Manchiu alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Lmkjgmo]] hadi [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Lemakjei]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Lmkjgmo|Lmkjgmo]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Lemakjei|Lemakjei]]" 1305981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Karibu}} --'''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|majadiliano]])''' 08:57, 30 Oktoba 2023 (UTC) 0k6g39gfbefyhjq4bg65hdck07odtuy 0 180496 1598825 1491350 2026-09-22T20:04:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598825 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abiodun (Abi) Orinayo Koya''' (alizaliwa [[22 Desemba]] [[1980]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa classical na operatic aliyezaliwa nchini [[Nigeria]] na kwa sasa anaishi nchini [[Marekani]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| date = 30 Aprili 2017| title = Our Yoruba movies turn me off – Abiodun Koya|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/04/yoruba-movies-turn-off-abiodun-koya/|access-date=26 July 2022|website=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Wasifu == Abiodun (Abi) Orinayo Koya alizaliwa katika [[familia]] yenye vipaji vya [[muziki]] huko Ijebu-Ode, katika Jimbo la Ogun nchini Nigeria, akiwa [[mtoto]] wa mwisho kati ya watoto watano. Baba yake alimtambulisha kwa muziki wa classical akiwa na umri wa miaka mitatu. Ndani ya miaka michache, Koya alianza kucheza kinubi na kuimba. Mnamo mwaka wa [[2001]], Koya aliondoka Nigeria na kwenda Marekani, ambapo alisomea Usimamizi wa [[Biashara]] katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Wilaya ya [[Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia|Columbia]]. Baadaye, aliendelea kufuatia [[Uzamivu|shahada ya uzamifu]] katika muziki katika Chuo Kikuu cha Katoliki, mjini Washington D.C.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Cliche| date = 29 Desemba 2021| title = Cliché Interview with Nigerian-Born Classical Singer Abiodun Koya|url=https://www.clichemag.com/celebrity-news/interviews-celebrity-news/cliche-interview-with-nigerian-born-classical-singer-abiodun-koya/|access-date=19 April 2022|website=Digital Online Fashion Magazine {{!}} Free Fashion Magazine {{!}} Fashion Magazine Online|language=en-US}}</ref> Koya anazungumza na kufahamu [[lugha]] ya Yoruba kwa ufasaha.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| date = 30 Aprili 2017| title = Our Yoruba movies turn me off – Abiodun Koya|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/04/yoruba-movies-turn-off-abiodun-koya/|access-date=19 April 2022|website=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kama moja ya waimbaji wachache wa opera wenye mafunzo ya kitaalamu kutoka asili ya Kiafrika, Koya anaitwa mwimbaji wa Marais na Wafalme: amewahi kutumbuiza kwa Marais na Makamu wa Marais wa Marekani, Nigeria, [[Senegal]], [[Ghana]], [[Liberia]], na [[Côte d'Ivoire]], na katika maeneo kama vile Ikulu ya White House, sherehe za kuapishwa kwa Rais wa Marekani, na Mkutano Mkuu wa Kitaifa wa Chama cha Demokrasia.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = About Us – Abiodun Koya Foundation|url=http://abiodunkoyafoundation.org/about.php|access-date=19 April 2022|website=abiodunkoyafoundation.org|archive-date=2021-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202182746/http://abiodunkoyafoundation.org/about.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Ladybrille.com| date = 15 Mei 2008| title = Africa's Opera Divas, Chinwe Enu & Abiodun Koya ~ Ladybrille® Blogazine|url=http://ladybrille.blogspot.com/2008/05/africas-opera-divas-chinwe-enu-abiodun.html|access-date=19 April 2022|website=Africa's Opera Divas, Chinwe Enu & Abiodun Koya ~ Ladybrille® Blogazine}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2021, Koya aliandika kitabu chenye mashairi 30 yake, kilichoitwa, "The Moods of a Goddess." Koya alikuwa Mwafrika pekee na mwimbaji wa opera aliyeonekana katika kipindi cha [[injili]] cha BET, Bobby Jones Gospel.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Best Bobby Jones Gospel Moments: Season 35, Episode 5|url=https://www.bet.com/photo-gallery/uwot0w/best-bobby-jones-gospel-moments-season-35-episode-5/qbd8yv|access-date=19 April 2022|website=BET|language=en|archive-date=2022-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121055933/https://www.bet.com/photo-gallery/uwot0w/best-bobby-jones-gospel-moments-season-35-episode-5/qbd8yv|url-status=dead}}</ref> Shirika lisilo la kibiashara la Koya, The Abiodun Koya Foundation, linashiriki katika shughuli za [[uongozi]] wa kimaadili kwa [[Mtoto|watoto]] walio katika hatari nchini Nigeria na Marekani kupitia Mpango wake wa Kuhamasisha Muziki. [[Shirika]] lake la hisani pia linatoa masomo kwa wasichana wadogo katika nchi nyingi za [[Afrika Kusini|Afrika kusini]] mwa Sahara na kuwasaidia wanawake walio gerezani kote Nigeria.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = About Us – Abiodun Koya Foundation|url=http://abiodunkoyafoundation.org/about.php|access-date=19 April 2022|website=abiodunkoyafoundation.org|archive-date=2021-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202182746/http://abiodunkoyafoundation.org/about.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] <references />{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} 43nrvlpvnfx61kzhlqji7e284tay1w3 0 180862 1598916 1332658 2026-09-23T01:27:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598916 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:FIFA_Women's_World_Cup_Qualification_Italy_-_Belgium,_2018-04-10_0619_-_Aurora_Galli_(cropped).jpg|thumb|337x337px|Galli akiwa na timu ya taifa ya Italia mnamo [[2018]]]] '''Aurora Galli''' (alizaliwa [[13 Desemba]] [[1996]]) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Italia]] ambaye anacheza kama [[Kiungo (michezo)|kiungo]] wa klabu ya Everton inayoshiriki Ligi Kuu ya Wanawake (WSL)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Player Profiles {{!}} Everton Football Club|url=https://www.evertonfc.com/players/77083/aurora-galli|work=www.evertonfc.com|accessdate=2024-04-26|language=en}}</ref> na timu ya taifa ya Italia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uefa.com/womenseuro/season=2017/teams/player=250041879/index.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2024-04-26 |archive-date=2019-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005014947/https://www.uefa.com/womenseuro/season%3D2017/teams/player%3D250041879/index.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa kike]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1996]] lgbzhpsg7p08cws7h4j4ro3k2a2m75v 0 181624 1598868 1371756 2026-09-22T22:49:22Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |jina =Amelia Earhart |majina mengine = |picha= Amelia Earhart standing under nose of her Lockheed Model 10-E Electra, small.jpg |caption = Earhart Machi [[1937]] akiwa huko [[Oakland, California]], kabla ya kuondoka kwenye jaribio lake la mwisho la kuzunguka dunia kabla ya kutoweka kwake. |mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Atchison, Kansas]], [[Marekani]] |tarehe ya kuzaliwa = 24 Julai 1897 |utaifa = [[Marekani|Mmarekani]] |kazi yake = Rubani |miaka ya kazi = |mwenza = [[George P. Putnam]]|February 7, 1931 | mhitimu = | wavuti = {{Official URL}} }} '''Amelia Mary Earhart''' (Julai 24, [[1897]] - Januari 5, [[1939]]) alikuwa rubani wa usafiri wa anga wa [[Marekani]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Amelia Earhart|date=2024-04-28|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amelia_Earhart&oldid=1221198812|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2024-05-06}}</ref>. Earhart alikuwa rubani wa kike wa kwanza kuruka peke yake na kuvuka Bahari ya [[Atlantiki]] na aliweka rekodi nyingine nyingi<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Geographic|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/|work=National Geographic|accessdate=2024-05-06|language=en|archive-date=2012-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326000000/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Alikuwa mmoja wa rubani wa ndege wa kwanza kukuza usafiri wa anga kibiashara, aliandika vitabu vilivyouzwa zaidi kuhusu uzoefu wake wa urubani, na alisaidia sana katika uundaji wa shirika la marubani wa kike, lililojulikana kama The Ninety-Nines. Mnamo Julai 2, [[1937]], Earhart alitoweka juu ya Bahari ya [[Pasifiki]] wakati akijaribu kuwa rubani wa kwanza wa kike kuzunguka [[Dunia]]. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:CWW24]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1897]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1939]] m43n3zofcyxt3f0h0thnxvt5y47me9b 0 181659 1598986 1335866 2026-09-23T02:54:24Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |jina = Nora Lum |majina mengine =Awkwafina |picha= Awkwafina (cropped) 2.jpg |caption = Awkwafina Mnamo Mwaka 2018 |mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Stony Brook, New York]] <small>[[Marekani]]</small> |tarehe ya kuzaliwa = 2 June 1988 |utaifa = [[Marekani|Mmarekani]] |kazi yake = Mwigizaji, Mwimbaji, Mtayarishaji wa Filamu |miaka ya kazi = 2005-hadi sasa |mwenza = |mhitimu = Chuo Kikuu cha Albany, SUNY (Shahada ya Sanaa) |wavuti = {{URL|awkwafina.com}}}} '''Nora Lum'''<ref>https://twitter.com/awkwafina/status/1008972165591523329</ref> (anajulikana kitaaluma kama Awkwafina; amezaliwa Stony Brook, [[New York|New York,]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘Awards Chatter’ Podcast — Awkwafina (‘The Farewell’)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/awards-chatter-podcast-awkwafina-farewell-1252390/|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=2019-11-10|accessdate=2024-05-08|language=en-US|author=Scott Feinberg}}</ref> Juni 2, [[1988]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=金球奖首个亚裔影后！奥卡菲娜获喜剧电影最佳女主|url=https://www.163.com/ent/article/F273FT2M00038FO9.html|work=www.163.com|date=2020-01-06|accessdate=2024-05-08|author=网易}}</ref> ni mwigizaji, mwimbaji na mchekeshaji wa [[Marekani]]. Alipata umaarufu mnamo mwaka 2012 wakati wimbo wake uliyoitwa "My Vag" uliposambaa katika YouTube. Kisha alifuatia kutoa albamu yake ya kwanza iliyoitwa Yellow Ranger ([[2014]]), na akawa akiigiza kwenye tamthilia zenye maudhui ya vichekesho iliyoitwa MTV Girl Code ([[2014]]-[[2015]]). Aliendelea na kuanza kuigiza katika filamu za vichekesho kama vile ''Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising'' ([[2016]]), ''Ocean's 8'' ([[2018]]), ''Crazy Rich Asians'' ([[2018]]) na ''Jumanji: The Next Level'' (2019). Na baada ya kuigiza kama binti mwenye huzuni katika filamu ya ''The Farewell'' (2019) kulimfanya aweze kushinda Tuzo ya Golden Globe. Tangu 2020, Awkwafina amekuwa mtengenezaji, mwandishi, na mtayarishaji mkuu wa mfululizo wa tamthilia ya Vichekesho iliyoitwa Awkwafina Is Nora From Queens. Mnamo mwaka [[2021]], aliigiza kama Katy katika filamu ya Marvel Cinematic Universe Shang-Chi and Legend of the Ten Rings<ref>{{Cite web|title=Awkwafina on her Shang-Chi role: ‘They made her a little bit different’|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/movies/awkwafina-shang-chi-exclusive/|work=Radio Times|accessdate=2024-05-08|language=en-GB}}</ref>. Pia ameigiza sauti katika filamu za katuni kama vile Storks (2016), The Angry Birds Movie 2 ([[2019]]), Raya and the Last Dragon ([[2021]]), The Bad Guys ([[2022]]), The Little Mermaid([[2023]]), Migration ([[2023]]), na Kung Fu Panda 4 ([[2024]]). == Maisha ya awali == Baba yake anaitwa Wally Lum, [[Marekani|Mmarekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Kichina]], na mama yake Tia Lum, [[Mmarekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Kikorea]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Awkwafina Opens Up About How the Death of Her Mother at 4 Years Old Changed Her Life|url=https://people.com/movies/awkwafina-moms-death-changed-her-life/|work=Peoplemag|accessdate=2024-05-08|language=en}}</ref>. Baba yake alifanya kazi katika idara ya teknolojia ya habari, na familia yake ilikua inafanya biashara ya kuhudumia mikahawa, babu yake alihamia [[Marekani]] <ref>{{Cite web|title=5 Things to Know About 'Ocean's Eight' Star Awkwafina|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/5-things-to-know-about-oceans-eight-star-awkwafina-w465908/|work=Us Weekly|date=2017-02-25|accessdate=2024-05-08|language=en-US|author=Rachel Chang}}</ref>katika miaka ya [[1940]], na akafungua mgahawa wa Kikantoni wa Lum's huko Flushing, [[Queens]]<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190331071848/http://kore.am/september-cover-story-awkwafina-establishing-her-presence/</ref>,ukiwa ni mojawapo ya migahawa ya kwanza ya Kichina kuanzishwa [[Queens]]. Mama yake alikuwa mchoraji, alihamia Marekani akiwa pamoja na familia yake kutoka [[Korea Kusini]] mwaka [[1972]]. Mama yake alifariki kutokana na shinikizo la damu katika mapafu mwaka [[1992]] ,Kipindi hiko Awkwafina alikuwa na umri wa miaka minne tu. Awkwafina alilelewa na baba yake, babu na bibi. Alikuwa karibu sana na nyanya yake mzaa baba aliyeitwa Powah Lum<ref>{{Citation|title=Awkwafina: ‘I was always the crazy one, the funny one. I’d do anything for a laugh’|date=2018-06-17|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/jun/17/awkwafina-oceans-8-youtube-crazy-funny-nora-lum|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2024-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Awkwafina Opens Up About How the Death of Her Mother at 4 Years Old Changed Her Life|url=https://people.com/movies/awkwafina-moms-death-changed-her-life/|work=Peoplemag|accessdate=2024-05-08|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Awkwafina Opens Up About How the Death of Her Mother at 4 Years Old Changed Her Life|url=https://people.com/movies/awkwafina-moms-death-changed-her-life/|work=Peoplemag|accessdate=2024-05-08|language=en}}</ref>. Awkwafina alilelewa [[Forest Hills]], [[Queens]], na alihudhuria Shule ya Fiorello H. LaGuardia, ambako alicheza tarumbeta na kufunzwa katika muziki wa aina ya jazz<ref>{{Citation|last=Trinh|first=Jean|title=Meet Awkwafina: an Asian Female Rapper on Vaginas, Tackling Racism & More|date=2013-03-14|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/03/14/meet-awkwafina-an-asian-female-rapper-on-vaginas-tackling-racism-more|work=The Daily Beast|language=en|access-date=2024-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Awkwafina New York State Writers Institute|url=https://www.albany.edu/writers-inst/webpages4/archives/awkwafina17.html|work=www.albany.edu|accessdate=2024-05-08}}</ref>. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 15, alijiita jina la kisanii la Awkwafina, lililo maanisha "hakika mtu niliyekandamizwa" na kubadilisha maisha yake na kua ya "utulivu na wa kutosheka" katika miaka yake akiwa chuo<ref>{{Cite web|title=Awkwafina Won’t Let You Forget Her Name|url=https://www.theringer.com/2017/5/23/16044386/awkwafina-interview-oceans-eight-crazy-rich-asians-fe3b3bbd360d|work=The Ringer|date=2017-05-23|accessdate=2024-05-08|language=en|author=Donnie Kwak}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Crazy Rich Asians Star Awkwafina On Her Makeup Essentials|url=https://intothegloss.com/2017/04/awkwafina-beauty/|work=Into The Gloss|date=2017-04-11|accessdate=2024-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Awkwafina Got Fired From Her Office Job After Writing a Song Called "My Vag"|url=https://galoremag.com/awkwafina-got-fired-from-her-office-job-after-writing-a-song-called-my-vag/|work=Galore|date=2017-03-29|accessdate=2024-05-08|language=en|author=Tonya Burks}}</ref>. Amewataja Charles Bukowski, Anaïs Nin, Joan Didion, Tom Waits, na Chet Baker kama watu waliomuhamasisha na kumpa ushawishi katika maisha yake<ref>{{Citation|title=Awkwafina|date=2024-05-03|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Awkwafina&oldid=1222101438|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2024-05-08}}</ref>. Kuanzia mwaka 2006 hadi 2008, alijifunza Mandarin katika Chuo Kikuu cha Lugha na Utamaduni cha Beijing ili aweze kuwasiliana na nyanyake mzaa baba<ref>{{Cite web|title=新京报 - 好新闻，无止境|url=https://www.bjnews.com.cn/inside/2020/01/09/671986.html|work=www.bjnews.com.cn|accessdate=2024-05-08}}</ref>. Alihitimu katika uandishi wa habari na masomo ya wanawake katika Chuo Kikuu cha Albany, Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la New York na kuhitimu mwaka wa 2011. == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:CWW24]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1988]] eh94s83ofgwdlffledyv2mui0a1wwkj 0 181987 1599033 1514629 2026-09-23T03:04:23Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Islam and iman}} [[Faili:Imani katika Uislamu Soulza 2024.png|thumb|Pande tatu za Uislamu ]] '''[[Imani]] (kwa [[Kiarabu]] hutamkwa: īmān)''' maana yake kwa [[Kiswahili]] ni ''sadiki'' au utambuzi unaoambatana na kuukubali pia kuufuata muelekeo wa kidini. Katika [[Teolojia|theolojia]] ya [[Uislamu|Kiislamu]] inaashiria hali ya muumini kuupokea Uislamu na misingi yake yote. <ref name="autogenerated1">Farāhī, Majmū'ah Tafāsīr, 2nd ed. (Faran Foundation, 1998), 347.</ref> <ref>Frederick M. Denny, ''An Introduction to Islam'', 3rd ed., hp. 405</ref> [[Ufafanuzi]] wake rahisi zaidi ni kuamini katika [[Nguzo tano za Uislamu|nguzo]] kuu sita za imani, zinazojulikana kama arkān al-īmān. [[Neno]] Imani limefafanuliwa katika [[Kurani]] na [[Hadithi za Mtume Muhammad|Hadithi]]. Kwa mujibu wa Kuruani, iman lazima iambatane na matendo mema. Mambo hayo mawili kwa pamoja ni muhimu kwa ajili ya kuingia [[Paradiso|Peponi]]. Kwa mujibu wa Hadithi, imani, Uislamu na ihsani huunda pande tatu za [[dini]] ya Kiislamu. Kuna midahalo ndani na nje ya [[Uislamu]] juu ya uhusiano kati ya imani na hali ya kujiridhisha kiimani katika dini, na juu ya tofauti ya umuhimu kati ya mambo hayo mawili. Baadhi ya wanazuoni wanapinga hoja ya kuwa imani na [[utashi]] wa kutaka kujiridhisha kabla ya kuamini, ni mambo mawili yatokanayo na chanzo kimoja na hutangamana. <ref>Islahi, Amin Ahsan. ''Mabadi Tadabbur-i-Hadith'' ([[tafsiri]]: ''Fundamentals of Hadith Interpretation'')</ref> == Etimolojia == Kwa [[Kiarabu]], imani maana yake ni hali ya kukubali na kutotilia shaka mafundisho na mtindo wa maisha ya kidini. Ni kuitambua dini kwa dhati. == Fasiri na maana == Katika [[Hadithi za Mtume Muhammad|hadithi]], [[nabii]] wa Kiislamu [[Muhammad]] alifasili imani kama "kukiri moyoni, kutamka kwa ulimi, na kushughulika kwa maungo ya mwili [matendo]." Imani ni kuukubali ukweli halisi pasi na mashaka. Watu wakiwa hawana wasiwasi juu ya ukweli wa jambo, hujisalimisha wenyewe mbele za ukweli huo. Kuujua tu ukweli haitoshi, bali utambuzi huo wa moyoni unapaswa kudhihirishwa kwa matamshi ya maneno yatakayoonesha kukubali kwa akili timamu, matendo yote yanayoambatana na imani hiyo. {{Sfn|Murata|Chittick|1994}} Hamiduddin Farahi, alipokuwa akielezea maana ya imani katika ufafanuzi wake, aliandika:{{Quote|Mzizi wa imani: Neno imani hutumika kuelezea maana tofauti tofauti. Mojawapo ya minyumbulisho yake ya kimaana ni muumini, neno ambalo ni moja ya majina ya kihadhi ya Allah, kwa kuwa Yeye huwapa amani wale wanaomuelekea ili wapate hifadhi. Neno hili ni msamiati wa tangia dahari na dahari wa kidini . Hivyo hiyo hakika iliyochanganyika na unyenyekevu, kutokuwa na shaka pamoja na kufuata masharti yaliyopo ya mwelekeo husika, ndiyo imani na Yule anayeelekeza imani hiyo ndiye Allah, kwa ishara zake, na kwa maelekezo yake, na anajisalimisha kwake na hufurahishwa na maamuzi yake yote, huyo ndiye muumini.}}Fasili ya imani kwa mujibu wa [[Wasuni|Ahlul-Sunnah wa'l-Jama'ah]] ni: Kufanya utambuzi kutokea moyoni, kutamka kwa maneno, na kutenda kupitia maungo ya mwili; huimarishwa na utii na hudhoofishwa na dhambi. * Ibn Abd al-Barr alisema: * [[Al-Shafi‘i|Al-Shafi'iy]] alisema katika Kitabu cha al-Umm : * Muhammad bin Ismail bin Muhammad bin Al-Fadl Al-Taymi Al-Asbhani alisema: * Sufyan bin ́Uyaynah alisema: [Wote hao wamesema kuwa] Watu wa haki na wa Hadithi husema kwa kauli moja kuwa imani ni khutuba na matendo, na hakuna matendo yaso dhamira. Al-Shafi'i alisema katika Kitabu cha al-Umm:. Na muafaka ukapatikana kutoka kwa masahaba wa kadhalika Tabi'een. Baada ya kipindi chao ndipo tulipofahamu kwamba imani ni maneno pamoja na matendo, na dhamira ni mojawapo ya utatu huo, bila mojawapo mengine hayatoshi. * Muhammad bin Isamail bin Muhammad bin Al-Fadl Al-Taymi Al-Asbhani alisema: "Na imani katika lugha ya sharia ni kutia saini na kupitisha jambo kutoka moyoni kisha kufanya matendo kupitia maungo". * Sufiani Ibn Uyaynah alisema: * " Imani ni kusema, kutenda, huongezeka na hupungua." * Al-Ash'ari alisema: "Kwa kauli moja wamekubali kuwa imani (hali ya kukiri na kukubali moyoni) huimarika kupitia utii na hudhoofika kupitia dhambi, na utovu wake haumaanishi kuwa tuna mashaka juu ya yale tunayoamrishwa kuyaamini, wala kukosa kwetu kujua, Kwa sababu hiyo ni kufuru au kukataliwa kutoka kwenye mkondo wa kidini, badala yake itakuwa ni kuporomoka kutoka kwenye ngazi za ujuzi au kimawazo na ni kuimarika kwenye upande wa mithali zetu, kama ilivyo hivyo, uzani wa utii wetu na utii wa Mtume Muhammad (s.a.w) vyatofautiana, hata kama wote tunatekeleza majukumu yetu. == Misingi Sita ya Imani == Kuna misingi sita ya imani: 1. Kuamini kuwa Mungu yupo na hana mshirika. 2. Kuamini juu ya uwepo wa malaika. 3. Kuamini juu ya uwepo wa vitabu vilivyoandikwa na Mungu: Kuruani (aliyoshushiwa Muhammad) [[Injili]] (aliyokabidhiwa [[Isa|Mtume Issa]]) [[Torati]] (waliyokabidhiwa mitume) [[Kitabu cha Zaburi|Zaburi]] (aliyokabidhiwa [[Daudi (Biblia)|Daudi]]) Majuzuu ya [[Musa]] Majuzuu ya [[Abrahamu]] 4. Kuamini juu ya uwepo wa Mitume: Muhammad akiwa ndiye Mtume wa mwisho, Mtume Issa akiwa ni wa pili kutoka mwisho, na wengine waliokuwepo kabla yao (kama Musa, Abrahamu, Daudi, [[Yosefu (babu)|Yusufu]] na [[Yakobo Israeli|Yakubu]]) 5. Kuamini juu ya uwepo wa Siku ya [[Kiyama]]: kwenye siku hiyo binadamu watagawanywa katika makundi mawili: lile la Peponi na lile la [[Jehanum|Jehanamu]]. Makundi hayo yatakuwa yakiundwa na makundi mengine madogo. 6. Kuamini yakuwa [[Mungu]] ndiye mpangaji wa yote (muweza wa yote na anajua yote, hata yajayo), mabaya na mazuri. Kati ya misingi hii, minne ya kwanza imetajwa dhahiri na wa tano umemaanishwa katika ayah 2:285 ya Kuruani. Yote sita inaonekana katika hadith ya kwanza ya mkusanyiko wa maandiko ya Sahih Muslim, ambapo malaika [[Malaika Gabrieli|Jibril]] anauliza juu ya iman na Muhammad anajibu: Ni kudhihirisha kwa uthabiti kusadiki kwako kwa Allah, kwa malaika wake, katika Vitabu vyake, kwa Mitume wake, juu ya Siku ya Kiyama, na udhihirishe imani yako juu ya Uweza wa kipekee wa Mungu juu ya mazuri na mabaya. Maelezo mengine yanayofanana na hayo yanayohusishwa na Muhammad ni: Ibn Abbas anaeleza kuwa malaika Jibril alipata kumuuliza Mtume: "Niambie, Uislamu ni nini?" Mtume akamjibu: "Imani ni kusadiki juu ya uwepo wa Allah, Siku ya Kiyama, Malaika wake (Allan), Vitabu na Mitume na kuamini juu ya maisha baada ya kifo; na kuamini juu ya Peponi na Moto wa Jehanamu, na kufanyika kwa hukumu kupitia Mizani ya kupimia amali za watu; na kuamini juu ya Uweza wa Allah usio na mipaka na uzuri na ubaya wake. Kisha Jibril akamuuliza: " Nikifanya yote hayo, nitakuwa na imani?" Mtume akamwambia: "Utakapofanya yote hayo, utakuwa mwenye imani" == Ufafanuzi katika Qur'an na Hadith == [[Faili:The_three_dimensions_of_Islam.png|thumb| Taswira: Pande tatu za Uislamu; 1. Uislamu ni kumshuhudia Allah kwa hiari. 2. Imani ni kuisadiki misingi 6 ya dini. 3. Al-Ihsan ni kufikia daraja la juu la uongofu.]] Katika Kuruani, imani ni miongoni mwa sifa 10 zinazomfanya mtu kuwa mpokeaji wa rehema na thawabu za Mwenyezi Mungu. Qur'an inasema kwamba imani inaweza kukua kwa kumkumbuka Mwenyezi Mungu. Qur’ani pia inasema kuwa hakuna kitu katika dunia hii kinachopaswa kupendwa zaidi na Muumini wa kweli kuliko imani. Muhammad anaripotiwa kusema kwamba alionja utamu wa imani na alikuwa radhi kumkubali Mungu kama Bwana, Uislamu kawa dini na Muhammad ndiye Mtume wake <ref>Muslim, Al-Jami' al-sahih, 38, (no. 151).</ref> Vile vile alisema kuwa hakuna anayeweza kuwa muumini wa kweli bali kwa kumpenda Muhammad zaidi ya anavyowapenda watoto wake, wazazi na jamaa zake. <ref>Al-Bukhari, Al-Jami' al-sahih, 6, (no. 15)</ref> <ref>Muslim, Al-Jami' al-sahih, 41, (no. 169)</ref> Katika tukio jingine, alisema kwamba ni upendo wa namna hii kwa Allah na Muhammad utaomfanya mtu aweze kuitambua ladha halisi ya imani. <ref>Al-Bukhari, Al-Jami' al-sahih, 6–7, (nos. 16, 21)</ref> <ref>Muslim, Al-Jami' al-sahih, 40, (no. 165)</ref> Amin Ahsan Islahi, mfafanuzi mashuhuri wa Kuruani amefafanua asili ya upendo huu:{{Quote|Haimaanishi tu ule upendo wa huba ambao kwa asili mtu anao kwa mkewe, watoto na ndugu wengine, lakini hurejea pia juu ya upendo unaotokana na hekima na kanuni za masula na mambo maalum. Ni Kwa sababu ya upendo huu ambapo mtu, katika nyanja zote za maisha, anaweka kipaumbele kwenye mtazamo na mwelekeo huu. ... Hivyo ndivyo ilivyo, kama matakwa ya mkewe, watoto na nduguze yatapingana na matakwa ya mtazamo huu, atabaki mnyoofu kwenye mtazamo wa imani na bila kusita atayabwaga matamanio ya mkewe, na ya wanawe na matakwa ya jamaa zake na ukoo.<ref>Amin Ahsan Islahi, Tazkiyah-i nafs (translation: Self Purification), 119</ref>}}Islahi na Abul A'la Maududi wote wamedokeza kwamba ulinganisho wa Kuruani wa neno zuri na neno baya katika sura ya 14 ni ulinganisho wa imani na ukafiri. Hivyo, Kuruani inalinganisha kwa ufanisi suala la imani na mti ambao mizizi yake iko ndani kabisa ya udongo na matawi yaliyotandaa kama mbingu. <ref>Amin Ahsan Islahi, Tazkiyah-i nafs, 325.</ref> Pia Imani ni kitovu cha maombi ya unyenyekevu ya Muhammad aliyomwambia Mungu: {{Quote|Ewe Mola wangu! Nimejitoa kwako na nimeliweka jambo langu mbele zako na nimepata msaada toka kwako nikihofia ukuu wako na kujongea karibu yako kwa matumaini. Hakuna kimbilio na hifadhi kama nitakukimbia, na kama kuna kimbilio basi ni kwako. Bwana! Nimelitangaza Neno lililo kwenye Kitabu chako, ulilonishushia, ambalo nalo limemtangaza Mtume wako uliyemtuma kuwa mjumbe wako.<ref>Al-Bukhari, Al-Jami' al-sahih, 45, (no. 247)</ref>}} === Matawi Sabini na Saba ya Imani === "Matawi Sabini na Saba ya Imani" ni mkusanyiko uliokusanywa na [[Imamu|imam]] Shafi'i al-Bayhaqi katika kazi yake iitwayo Shu'ab al-Iman. Kwenye kazi hiyo, anaeleza maadili muhimu yanayoakisi iman ya kweli (imani na utambuzi) kupitia aya za Kuruani zinazohu maneno ya manabii. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.sunnipath.com/resources/Questions/qa00004226.aspx|title=The 77 Branches of Faith - Shafii|accessdate=2006-07-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310194416/http://www.sunnipath.com/resources/Questions/qa00004226.aspx|archivedate=2007-03-10}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.central-mosque.com/aqeedah/BranchesofEeman.htm|title=Central-Mosque.com redirector to the new design|work=www.central-mosque.com}}</ref> Hili linatokana na Hadithi ifuatayo ya Mtume Muhammad: Abu Hurayrah alieleza kuwa Mtume alisema: "Imani Ina zaidi ya matawi 70. Lililo zuri kuliko yote kati ya hayo ni msemo "''Laa ilaaha I'll Allah" (Hakuna Mungu wa haki ila Allah)'' na tawi dogo kuliko yote ni tendon la kuondoa kikwazo kutoka njiani. Pia, "Haya" ni tawi muhimu la imani.{{Authority control}}Matawi 77 yaliyoelezwa na Bayhaqi ni: <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.islam.org.uk/hadith/77-branches-of-faith/|title=77 Branches of Faith|work=Islam.org.uk|language=en}}</ref> Vitendo thelathini vinavyoongozwa na moyo: # Imani Katika Mwenyezi Mungu (Ushuhuda wa kukiri: La ilaha illallah' (hakuna mungu wa kweli isipokuwa Mwenyezi mungu) # Kukubali kwamba hapo mwanzo hakukuwa na mtu wala chochote isipokuwa Mwnyezi Mungu naye ndiye aliyeumba kila kitu. # Kukubali uwepo wa malaika (malaikah). # Kukiri kwamba vitabu vyote vitakatifu (qutub) kutumwa kwa Manabii mbalimbali ni kweli. Hata hivyo, vitabu vyote isipokuwa Kuruani, havifai tena. # Kutambua kwamba manabii wote ni wa kweli. Hata hivyo, Waislamu wanaamriwa kufuata tu nabii wa Kiislamu, Muhammad # Kuamini kwamba Mwenyezi Mungu tayari anajua kila kitu na kwamba chochote anachokiridhia au anachotaka kitatokea. # Kuamini Kwamba Siku ya Mwisho itatokea. # Kutambua kuwepo kwa Jannat (Paradiso). # Kutambua kuwepo kwa Jahannamu # Kuwa na upendo kwa Mwenyezi mungu. # Kutambua upendo wa Muhammad kwa Allah # Kumpenda au kumchukia mtu kwa ajili ya Mwenyezi Mungu tu. # Kufanya matendo mema yote kwa uaminifu (kusudi la deen ila kumridhisha Mwenyezi mungu). # Kutubu na kuonyesha majuto wakati dhambi imefanywa. # Kumcha Mwenyezi Mungu. # Tumaini la rehema ya Mungu. # Kuwa mnyenyekevu. # Kuonyesha shukrani (shukr) kwa ajili ya rehema au neema. # Kutimiza ahadi. # Kuwa na subira (sabar). # Kujisikia duni kwa wengine [kutojikweza]. # Kuwa mwema kwa uumbaji [viumbe] wa Mungu. # Kuridhika na maagizo yoyote yaliyoamriwa hutoka Kwa Mwenyezi Mungu # Kumtegemea Mwenyezi Mungu. # Kutokujivunia au kujisifu juu ya ubora wowote ambao mtu anao. # Kutomchukia mtu yeyote. # Usiwe na wivu kwa mtu yeyote. # Kutokasirika. # Kutomtakia mtu yeyote madhara. # Kutokuwa na upendo kwa ulimwengu [kuliko yaletayo amali]. Kazi saba zinazothibitisha maneno hayo: # Kutamka Kalima kwa maneno. # Kusoma Quran. # Kutafuta elimu. # Kutoa maarifa # Kuomba dua. # Zikiri kwa Mwenyezi Mungu. # Kujiepusha na mambo yafuatayo: kusema uwongo, kusengenya (kukashifu mtu wakati hayupo), mambo machafu, yalolaaniwa, na kuimba nyimbo za matusi zinazopingana na Sharia. Kazi arobaini zinazothibitisha mafundisho yote : # Kutawadha, kuoga na kuweka mavazi katika hali ya usafi. # Kutotetereka juu ya swala. # Kutoa zaka na sadaka. # Kufunga Ramadhani # Kwenda hija. # Kufanya itikafu. # Kujitenga na au kuhama kutoka, eneo lenye husda dhidi ya dini. # Kutekeleza nadhiri iliyowekwa kwa Allah. # Kutekeleza viapo visivyokuwa vya dhambi. # Kulipa sadaka maalum kwa ajili ya yale aliyoshindwa kutekeleza. # Kuuhifadhi vema mwili kwa mavazi. # Kujitoa mhanga kwa ajili ya Allah. # Kuizika maiti kwa kuivika sanda. # Kulipa madeni. # Kutovunja miiko iliyowekwa wakati wa kufanya miamala ya kifedha. # Kutoficha ukweli wakati wa kutoa ushuhuda. # Oa wakati nafsi inakutaka uoe. # Kuwaruhusu walio chini yako watekeleze yaliya ya haki kwao. # Kuwafariji wazazi. # Kuwakuza watoto katika malezi mema. # Kutovunja uhusiano na ndugu au marafiki. # Kuwatii wakubwa wa kazi. # Kuwa mtu wa haki na mwongofu. # Kutoasi Uislamu na misingi yake. # Kumtii mtawala, kama ayaamrishayo hayaendi kinyume na sharia. # Kuzisuluhisha pande mbili zinazopigana vita au wawili wagombanao. # Kutoa msaada kwa vuguvugu lenye manufaa. # Kulingania mema na kukataza mabaya. # Kama ni serikali, basi itoe adhabu kwa mujibu wa sharia. # Kupambana dhidi ya maadui wa dini (ikiwezekana kwa mapigano, kama si kwa maneno (Kwa kalamu), kama si moyoni ). # Kulipa amana za ahadi au nadhiri. # Kuwakopesha wenye uhitaji. # Kuwasaidia jirani wenye shida. # Kuhakikisha kipato ni cha halali na kutakasika. # Matumizi yaongozwe na Shariah. # Kumwitikia anayekusalimu. # Kujibu ''yarhamukallah'' kwa aliyepiga chafya na kusema ''alhamdulillah. # Usimuumize yeyote kwa kumwonea. # Kujizuia dhidi ya michezo na mambo mengine yapotezayo muda na yalo kinyume cha sheria. # Kuondoa kokoto, mawe, miba, matawi, nk. kutoka barabarani. == Imani na matendo == Katika Uislamu, lazima kuwe na utangamano na kukubalika vilivyo kati ya imani na matendo. Farahi amekieleza kipengele hiki katika tafsiri yake kwa namna ifuatayo: <ref name="Farāhī 1998">Farāhī, Majmū'ah Tafāsīr, 2nd ed. </ref> Matendo yaliyoongoka yametajwa katika Kuruani mara baada ya suala la imani kwa nguvu za hoja [...] Kwa upande wa imani, haja ya kuielezea ni dhahiri: nafasi ya imani ni ya moyoni na ya hekima. Katika masuala yahusuyo hekima na ya moyoni, sio tu mtu anaweza kudanganya wengine, lakine nyakati nyingine, anaweza kubaki akijidanganya. Anajiona yeye ni muumini wakati ukweli ni kuwa, sio. Kwa sababu hii, shuhuda mbili zahitajika juu ya hilo: maneno ya mtu na matendo yake. Kwa kuwa maneno yaweza kuwa ya uongo, hivyo mtu atangazae imani kwa maneno hachukuliwi kuwa muumini na ikaamuliwa kuwa ni muumini. Bali matendo yake pia yatoe ushuhuda juu ya imani yake. == Imani na hali ya kujiridhisha kiimani katika Uislamu == Uhusiano kati ya hali ya kujiridhisha kabla ya kuamini na imani katika Uislamu ni mdahalo mgumu uliodumu karne nyingi. Ismail Raji al-Faruqi anatamka kuhusu suala hili: {{Quote|Kwa wale wasio Waislamu, wanaweza wakapingana na kanuni za Uislamu. Lakini yawapasa wajue kuwa Uislamu hauwasilishi kanuni zake kimabavu na pasipo kuhojiwa, kwa waamini na wale waelekeao kuamini tena kwa kuwatenganisha. Hufanya hivyo kwa njia inayokubalika na inayoruhusu utunduizi. Kanuni huwasilishwa kwetu kwa hoja zenye mantiki na mashiko, na hutarajia kukubali kwetu katika mazingira huru ya msingi. Ni kinyume cha sheria kwetu kutokubali dhana ya uchaguzi ya wale walinganishi wa mambo au mawazo na hisia binafsi za wengine.}} ==Tanbihi== <references />{{Mbegu-dini}} [[Jamii:Dini]] [[Jamii:Uislamu]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] __INDEX__ 600m62mjqxgnprphw32i9l21utg1jpp 0 182630 1599021 1429682 2026-09-23T03:02:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599021 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:BensonIdahosa.jpg|thumb|Askofu Mkuu Benson Idahosa]] '''Benson Andrew Idahosa''' (11 Septemba 1938 – 12 Machi 1998) alikuwa mhubiri wa [[Wapentekoste|Kipentekoste]]. Alianzisha kanisa liitwalo Church of God Mission International. [[Askofu mkuu]] Benson Idahosa alijulikana kama baba wa Upentekoste nchini [[Nigeria]].<ref name=":0">[https://tribuneonlineng.com/god-told-impossible-fill-fathers-shoes-bishop-idahosa/ "God told me it is impossible to fill my father's shoes —Bishop Idahosa " Tribune Online"] iliwekwa mnamo 15-06-2024</ref> Idahosa alikuwa mwanzilishi wa [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Benson Idahosa (BIU) katika Jiji la [[Benin]], Jimbo la [[Jimbo la Edo|Edo]], Nigeria.<ref>[http://www.biu.edu.ng/about-biu/ "About Benson Idahosa University"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.biu.edu.ng/about-biu/ |date=20220815070153 }}.Chuo kikuu ch Benson Idahosa. Iliwekwa mnamo 15-06-2024</ref> Mwanawe wa pekee, Askofu F.E.B. Idahosa, sasa ni rais wa BIU, mwanzilishi na rais wa Big Ben's Children Hospital, na makamu wa rais wa All Nations for Christ Bible Institute International, miongoni mwa nyadhifa zingine.<ref name=":0" /> == Wasifu == Mnamo Oktoba [[1968]], Idahosa ilizindua rasmi Church of God Mission International, ambalo lilikuwa limeanza hapo awali, kama "kikundi kidogo cha maombi". Dai lililotolewa na Idahosa kwamba alikuwa amefufua watu wanane kutoka kwa wafu liliondolewa wakati lilipopingwa na [[Mamlaka]] ya Viwango vya Utangazaji, iliyotafuta [[ushahidi]] kwamba watu waliohusika walikuwa wamekufa.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2000/dec/31/otherparties.uk?INTCMP=SRCH John Sweeney (31 December 2000). "Sects, power and miracles in the Bible belt of Essex"] iliwekwa mnamo 2024-06-15</ref> Aliagizwa katika huduma mwaka wa 1971 na Pa Elton na James Gordon Lindsey.<ref>[https://israelolofinjana.wordpress.com/2012/03/12/benson-andrew-idahosa-1938-1998-father-of-nigerian-pentecostalism/ israelolofinjana (12 March 2012). "Benson Andrew Idahosa (1938-1998): Father of Nigerian Pentecostalism"]. Iliwekwa mnamo 2024-06-15</ref> Alitawazwa kuwa Askofu mnamo mwaka [[1981]],<ref name=":1">[https://www.gospelnaija.com/relationships-2/5295-40-remarkable-similarities-between-benson-idahosa-and-bishop-david-oyedepo "40 REMARKABLE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN BENSON IDAHOSA AND BISHOP DAVID OYEDEPO". ''www.gospelnaija.com''. 30 September 2017.] Iliwekwa mnamo 2024-06-15</ref> na kuwatawaza wengine kadhaa, akiwemo Askofu David Oyedepo wa Kanisa la Living Faith Worldwide mwaka wa [[1989]].<ref name=":1" /> Idahosa alifariki tarehe 12 Machi [[1998]].<ref>[https://www.tulsaworld.com/archive/nigerian-archbishop-benson-idahosa-dies/article_a429d74c-aae6-53d6-a708-aef29609907f.html "Nigerian Archbishop Benson Idahosa dies". ''Tulsa World''. 26 April 1998.] {{Wayback|url=https://www.tulsaworld.com/archive/nigerian-archbishop-benson-idahosa-dies/article_a429d74c-aae6-53d6-a708-aef29609907f.html |date=20230716073815 }}Iliwekwa mnamo 2024-06-15</ref> Aliacha mke wake, Margaret Idahosa na watoto wanne.<ref>{{Citation|title=Morley, Charles, (died 20 April 1916)|date=2007-12-01|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u200630|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=2024-06-15}}</ref> Mkewe baadaye alichukua wadhifa wa Askofu Mkuu wa Church of God Mission International (CGMI), huduma ya Kikristo aliyoianzisha, yeye pia ni [[Chansela (kiongozi)|Chansela]] wa Chuo Kikuu cha Benson Idahosa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = My husband was like a brother until he proposed ––Arch Benson-Idahosa|url=https://punchng.com/my-husband-was-like-a-brother-until-he-proposed-arch-benson-idahosa/|work=Punch Newspapers| date = 2020-02-23|accessdate=2024-06-15|language=en-US|author=Alexander Okere}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Wachungaji wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1938]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1998]] [[Jamii:USLWA]] [[Jamii:USLW DOM]] [[Jamii:Wiki4HumanRights 2024]] tf4chfr9nv2zfytdhrnog6i32h8kjgw 0 184289 1599034 1593770 2026-09-23T03:04:30Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599034 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:U.S. President Joseph R. Biden delivers remarks on the attempted assassination of Donald J. Trump (14 July 2024).webm|thumb]] '''Jaribio la kumuua [[Donald Trump]]''', [[Rais wa Marekani|rais wa 45 wa Marekani]] na mteule wa [[Chama cha Jamhuri cha Marekani|Chama cha Republican]] katika [[Uchaguzi wa Rais wa Marekani, 2024|uchaguzi wa urais wa mwaka 2024]], lilifanyika tarehe 13 Julai 2024, wakati wa mkutano wa kampeni za uchaguzi, karibu na mji wa [[Butler]], [[Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Trump shot in right ear at campaign rally, shooter dead|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/sounds-multiple-shots-heard-trump-rally-pennsylvania-video-2024-07-13/}}</ref> Hata hivyo [[Donald Trump]] amenusurika kifo katika jaribio hilo ambapo amepigwa risasi upande wa juu wa sikio lake la kulia. Aliyefanya jaribio hilo la kumuua alitambuliwa kwa jina la Thomas Matthew Crooks mwenye umri wa miaka 20, mkazi wa Bethel Park, Pennsylvania.<ref name="Barnes-2024">{{Rejea habari|last=Barnes|first=Julian E.|date=July 13, 2024|title=Live Updates: Trump 'Safe' After Shooting at Rally; Suspect Killed|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/07/13/us/biden-trump-election|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Rejea habari|date=14 July 2024|title=FBI identifies Thomas Matthew Crooks as 'subject involved' in Trump rally shooting|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/fbi-identifies-thomas-matthew-crooks-subject-involved-trump-rally-shooting-2024-07-14/}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Rejea habari|last=Gurman|first=Sadie|date=14 July 2024|title=Law Enforcement Identifies Thomas Matthew Crooks, 20, as the Suspected Shooter|url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/trump-rally-incident/card/law-enforcement-identifies-20-year-old-pennsylvania-man-as-the-suspected-shooter-tiLabprU1Nf0PumWjqBZ}}</ref> Maafisa usalama na mashuhuda walisema kwamba jahili alifyatua risasi kutoka kwenye paa la jengo la jirani ya uwanja wa mkutano kwa kutumia bunduki ya nusu-otomatiki aina ya AR-15, na kufyatua risasi nane kabla ya kuuawa na mdunguaji kutoka Kikosi cha Kijasusi cha Serikali.<ref name="nytvideos">{{Rejea habari|date=July 13, 2024|title=Videos Show Suspect Lying Motionless on Nearby Rooftop After Shooting|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/13/us/politics/trump-rally-shooting-suspect-video.html}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Tanyos|first=Faris|date=July 13, 2024|title=Trump rally shooter killed by Secret Service sniper, officials say - CBS News|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-rally-shooter-death-attendee-butler-county-da/|accessdate=July 13, 2024|publisher=CBS News|language=en-US|archivedate=July 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714003233/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-rally-shooter-death-attendee-butler-county-da/}}</ref> Baada ya kupigwa risasi, Trump alichumpa chini na alizingirwa haraka na Maofisa Walinzi; aliinuka huku akivuja damu nyingi kwenye sikio lake la kulia, akafanya ishara ya kusukuma ngumi hewani mara kadhaa kabla ya kukimbizwa kwenye gari.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Layne|first=Nathan|date=July 13, 2024|title=Trump shot in right ear at campaign rally, shooter dead|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/sounds-multiple-shots-heard-trump-rally-pennsylvania-video-2024-07-13/|accessdate=July 13, 2024}}</ref> Kisha alipelekwa hospitali na kuruhusiwa akiwa katika hali nzuri, na baadae akaondoka kwa ndege kwenda [[New Jersey]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Hayes|first=Christal|title=Trump, with blood on face, raises fist in air|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cljy6yz1j6gt?post=asset%3Af7e1dc40-ad11-46db-9a95-528ccdc3ccb2#post|publisher=BBC|accessdate=July 13, 2024|archivedate=July 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714015033/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cljy6yz1j6gt?post=asset%3Af7e1dc40-ad11-46db-9a95-528ccdc3ccb2#post}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Live updates: Trump says he was shot in the ear during rally; one attendee and shooter are dead|url=https://apnews.com/live/election-biden-trump-campaign-updates-07-13-2024|accessdate=July 13, 2024|work=AP News|language=en|archivedate=July 13, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713222136/https://apnews.com/live/election-biden-trump-campaign-updates-07-13-2024}}</ref> Mshiriki mmoja wa mkutano aliuawa, na wengine wawili walijeruhiwa vibaya. == Usuli == Rais wa zamani Donald Trump ndiye mteule wa kugombea urais kupitia [[Chama cha Jamhuri cha Marekani|chama cha Republican]] katika [[Uchaguzi wa Rais wa Marekani, 2024]].<ref>{{Rejea habari|last=Kinnard|first=Meg|date=March 13, 2024|title=Biden and Trump are now their parties' presumptive nominees. What does that mean?|url=https://apnews.com/article/presumptive-nominee-biden-trump-6b2a3beb31896894ded9e96aa30cfcec}}</ref> Mnamo Julai 5, 2024, ilitangazwa kuwa Trump atapokea maandamano katika Viwanja vya Maonyesho ya Shamba la Butler kati ya mji wa Connoquenessing na Meridian karibu na Butler, Pennsylvania, tarehe 13.<ref name="Trizzinotocamp">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Trizzino|first=Eddie|date=2024-07-05|title=Trump to campaign at Butler Farm Show|url=https://www.butlereagle.com/20240705/trump-to-campaign-at-butler-farm-show/|accessdate=2024-07-14|quote=The rally is scheduled to begin at 5 p.m. at the Butler Farm Show grounds, 625 Evans City Road in Connoquenessing Township.|archivedate=July 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714055905/https://www.butlereagle.com/20240705/trump-to-campaign-at-butler-farm-show/}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=July 12, 2024|title=Donald Trump to hold rally in Butler, Pa. ahead of 2024 election|url=https://www.wesa.fm/politics-government/2024-07-12/donald-trump-butler-pa-rally|accessdate=July 14, 2024|work=90.5 WESA|language=en|archivedate=July 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714060357/https://www.wesa.fm/politics-government/2024-07-12/donald-trump-butler-pa-rally}}</ref> Ilifanyika kama sehemu ya kampeni ya urais ya Trump kwa ajili ya uchaguzi ili kuongeza kura katika jimbo la [[Pennsylvania]]; jimbo ambalo lina kura 19 za Makada wa Chama, na kura 270 zinahitajika ili kuchaguliwa kuwa Rais.<ref name=":4" /> Mwenyekiti wa Kamati ya Republican ya Kaunti ya Butler James E. Hulings alikadiria watu 50,000 walikuwa kwenye mkutano huo. Mwakilishi Mike Kelly alisema kuwa alijaribu kuwasiliana na kampeni ya Trump kuwa wabadilishe eneo la mkutano huo liwe kwenye eneo ambalo linaweza kumudu umati mkubwa kuliko Uwanja wa Butler Farm Show. Alidai walimjibu kwa kumwambia, "Tunashukuru kwa mchango wako lakini tayari tumesha amua." Shambulio likatokea siku mbili kabla ya kuanza kwa Kongamano la Kitaifa la Republican la 2024.<ref name=":4">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Trump returning to Western Pennsylvania just two days before GOP convention|url=https://www.post-gazette.com/news/election-2024/2024/07/12/trump-biden-debate-pennsylvania-kelly-thompson/stories/202407110086|accessdate=July 14, 2024|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|language=en|archivedate=July 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714005434/https://www.post-gazette.com/news/election-2024/2024/07/12/trump-biden-debate-pennsylvania-kelly-thompson/stories/202407110086}}</ref> Mikutano ya Trump huwa inakaguliwa ili kudhibiti vitu vilivyopigwa marufuku, kama silaha.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Gold|first=Michael|date=July 13, 2024|title=Trump 'Safe' After What Sounded Like Gunshots at Rally|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/07/13/us/biden-trump-election/trump-rally-pennsylvania|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713225003/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/07/13/us/biden-trump-election/trump-rally-pennsylvania|archivedate=July 13, 2024|accessdate=July 13, 2024|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> [[Faili:2024_Assassination_Attempt_of_Donald_Trump_Diagram.png|thumb|270x270px| Mchoro wa ramani unaoonyesha makisio ya eneo la Thomas Matthew Crooks (rangi nyekundu), Donald Trump (rangi nyeusi), na Timu ya Maofisa Usalama (bluu) <ref name="Abraham-2024">{{Rejea habari|date=July 13, 2024|title=Shooting at a Trump Rally in Pennsylvania: Maps and Photos|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/07/13/us/trump-rally-shooting-maps-photos.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari|date=July 13, 2024|title=Trump injured, rushed from stage after shooter fired on his Pennsylvania rally|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/secret-service-rushes-trump-stage-shots-fired-pennsylvania-rally-rcna161735|language=en}}</ref>]] Trump alipigwa risasi ikiwa ni takriban saa 12:11 jioni EDT <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Katersky|first=Aaron|title=Trump rally shooter used AR-15-style rifle, Secret Service says|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/video/trump-rally-shooter-ar-15-style-rifle-secret-111918904|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714024909/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/video/trump-rally-shooter-ar-15-style-rifle-secret-111918904|archivedate=July 14, 2024|accessdate=July 13, 2024|work=ABC News|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Powell|first=Tori B.|date=July 13, 2024|title=Live updates: Trump injured in shooting at Pennsylvania rally that left at least 1 dead {{!}} CNN Politics|url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/election-biden-trump-07-13-24/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713222828/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/election-biden-trump-07-13-24/index.html|archivedate=July 13, 2024|accessdate=July 13, 2024|publisher=CNN|language=en}}</ref> wakati wa mkutano wake wa kampeni.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Perez|first=Jeremy Herb, Jeff Zeleny, Holmes Lybrand, Evan|date=July 13, 2024|title=Trump injured in shooting at Pennsylvania rally {{!}} CNN Politics|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/13/politics/trump-injured-pennsylvania-rally/index.html|accessdate=July 14, 2024|publisher=CNN|language=en|archivedate=July 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714001239/https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/13/politics/trump-injured-pennsylvania-rally/index.html}}</ref> Dakika sita baada ya Trump kuanza kuhutubia, Thomas Matthew Crooks alifyatua risasi nane kwa kutumia bunduki aina ya AR-15 kwenye mkutano huo.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":02" />Jahili hakufanyiwa uchunguzi wa usalama kwa vile alikuwa nje ya eneo la usalama wa mkutano huo; alikuwa amepanda juu ya paa la jengo, {{Convert|200|to|400|ft}} kaskazini mwa Trump.<ref name="Watson-20242">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Watson|first=Kathryn|date=July 13, 2024|title=Trump says bullet 'pierced the upper part of my right ear' when shots were fired at Pennsylvania rally - CBS News|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-says-shots-pierced-injured-ear-rally-pennsylvania/|accessdate=July 14, 2024|publisher=CBS News|language=en-US|archivedate=July 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714014754/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-says-shots-pierced-injured-ear-rally-pennsylvania/}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=July 13, 2024|title=Possible security lapses in focus after Trump rally shooting|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/possible-security-lapses-focus-after-trump-rally-shooting-2024-07-14/|accessdate=July 13, 2024}}</ref> Mfanya shambulio aliuawa na mdunguaji wa Kikosi cha Kupambana na Mashambulio ya Siri cha Marekani mara baada ya kupigwa risasi. == Shambulio == Siku ambayo jaribio hilo lilifanyika, Thomas Matthew Crooks alimuazima baba yake [[bunduki]] aina ya rifle—ya kundi la DPMS Panther Arms - toleo la AR-15– yenye mtutu wa nchi 16 na chemba ya kipimo cha 5.56×45mm [[NATO]], ambayo ingeweza kufanya kazi hiyo kama alivyotaka Crooks. Maofisa wa [[Serikali|Serikali Kuu]] ya Marekani wameieleza silaha hiyo kuwa ni ya kiwango cha kawaida.<ref name="ABC News-2024">{{Rejea tovuti |last1=Thomas |first1=Pierre |last2=Katersky |first2=Aaron |last3=Shalvey |first3=Kevin |last4=Barr |first4=Luke |date=July 17, 2024 |title=New details emerge in Trump assassination attempt investigation |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/fbi-searches-motive-trump-assassination-attempt-cautions-investigation/story?id=111945201 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716142717/https://abcnews.go.com/US/fbi-searches-motive-trump-assassination-attempt-cautions-investigation/story?id=111945201 |archive-date=July 16, 2024 |access-date=July 16, 2024 |website=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Penzenstadler |first1=Nick |title=AR rifle used in Trump shooting from company with winding history, campaign visit |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/investigations/2024/07/16/trump-shooting-assassination-gun-details/74425138007/ |website=USA Today |access-date=July 16, 2024 |date=July 16, 2024 |archive-date=July 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716182920/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/investigations/2024/07/16/trump-shooting-assassination-gun-details/74425138007/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=McCardle |first1=Guy D. |title=SOFREP Reports: The Weapon Used in the Trump Assassination Attempt Revealed |url=https://sofrep.com/news/sofrep-reports-the-weapon-used-in-the-trump-assassination-attempt-revealed/ |website=[[sofrep.com]] |date=July 16, 2024 |access-date=July 14, 2024 |archive-date=July 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716183740/https://sofrep.com/news/sofrep-reports-the-weapon-used-in-the-trump-assassination-attempt-revealed/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Baadae akanunua [[risasi]] 50 kutoka kwenye duka la silaha<ref name="ABC News-2024" /> na akanunua ngazi ya futi 5 (meta 1.5) kisha akaendesha gari yake kuelekea eneo la mkutano huku akiwa amepakia zana za milipuko.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=John |last2=Tolan |first2=Casey |last3=Perez |first3=Evan |date=July 15, 2024 |title=A shooting range, a gun store, and a ladder purchase: Tracking the Trump rally gunman's movements leading up to his attack |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/07/15/us/thomas-crooks-trump-rally-shooting-invs/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716144950/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/07/15/us/thomas-crooks-trump-rally-shooting-invs/index.html |archive-date=July 16, 2024 |access-date=July 16, 2024 |work=CNN}}</ref> Akapanda juu ya paa la jengo jirani, urefu wa takriban futi 400 (meta 120) kaskazini ya lilipokuwepo jukwaa. Jengo hilo lilikuwa chini ya uangalizi wa maofisa polisi 3, lakini hakukuwa na aliyepangwa kulinda kwa juu kutokana na upungufu wa [[Rasilmali|rasilimali]] watu wa kiulinzi. Crooks hakupitia ukaguzi wa wanausalama kwa kuwa, kwa mujibu wa maofisa wenyewe, jengo hilo lilikuwa nje ya wigo wao wa uangalizi wa maandamano.<ref name="Forbes-2024">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Ray |first=Siladitya |date=July 16, 2024 |title=Three Snipers Were Inside Building Trump Rally Shooter Fired From, Reports Say |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/siladityaray/2024/07/16/trump-assassination-attempt-three-police-snipers-were-reportedly-inside-building-where-gunman-fired-from/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716052411/https://www.forbes.com/sites/siladityaray/2024/07/16/trump-assassination-attempt-three-police-snipers-were-reportedly-inside-building-where-gunman-fired-from/ |archive-date=July 16, 2024 |access-date=July 16, 2024 |work=Forbes}}</ref>Kwa mujibu wa WPXI, Crooks alipigwa picha mara mbili na maofisa usalama kabla ya tukio la ufyatuaji risasi. Kabla ya saa 11.45 jioni, saa za eneo hilo, ofisa wa polisi alimuona Crooks kabla hajapanda juu na alitoa ripoti aliyoambatisha na picha, kuwa ni mtu wa kutilia shaka. Ofisa mwingine akamtafuta Crooks lakini hakumuona. Vyanzo kadhaa vya vyombo vya kiulinzi vya eneo hilo navyo vimeripoti kuwa vilitilia shaka uwepo wa Crooks kwenye eneo lililokuwa na vifaa vya kiteknolojia viitwavyo magnetometers; wakatumia simu ya upepo kuripoti, na kumbukumbu za mawasiliano hayo zimewasilishwa kwa Shirika la Kijasusi. Saa 11.45 jioni, mmoja wa wanatimu ya Masuala ya Kiufundi Kitengo cha Matukio ya Dharura cha Beaver County, Pennsylvania, alimuona Crooks juu ya paa, akawajulisha maofisa wenzake, na kumpiga picha. Katika moja ya matukio mawili ambayo Crooks alipigwa picha, afisa polisi aliyempiga picha alimuona akiliangalia eneo kama afanyaye mpango fulani akiwa juu ya paa ameshika kifaa cha kuvutia taswira karibu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://beavercountian.com/content/daily/beaver-county-officer-warned-of-seeing-man-with-rangefinder-before-trump-was-shot|title=Exclusive: County Officer Warned of Seeing Man With Rangefinder Before Trump was Shot|date=July 15, 2024|first=John|last=Paul|website=Beaver County News|access-date=July 18, 2024|archive-date=2024-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727065300/https://beavercountian.com/content/daily/beaver-county-officer-warned-of-seeing-man-with-rangefinder-before-trump-was-shot|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Leonnig |first1=Carol D |last2=Stanley-Becker |first2=Isaac |last3=Sachetti |first3=Maria |last4=Alemany |first4=Jacqueline |last5=Swaine |first5=Jon |title=Secret Service was told police could not watch building used by Trump rally shooter |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2024/07/17/secret-service-trump-rally-shooting-homeland-security-investigation/ |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-date=July 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717202434/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2024/07/17/secret-service-trump-rally-shooting-homeland-security-investigation/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Makachero wa usalama walimuona Crooks juu ya paa takriban dakika 20 kabla ya tukio la ufyatuaji risasi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Secret Service spotted Trump rally shooter on roof 20 minutes before gunfire erupted |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/trump-assassination-attempt-investigation-continues-new-details/story?id=112020474 |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=ABC News}}</ref> Repoti zinaonesha kulikuwa na mashuhuda kadhaa waliomuona na bunduki akiwa juu ya paa wakawafahamisha polisi takriban dakika moja na nusu kabla ya ufyatuaji risasi dhidi ya Trump.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=O'Donoghue |first=Gary |date=July 14, 2024 |title=Trump rally: Witness says he saw gunman minutes before shots were fired |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn4v7v2g5l1o |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714010422/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn4v7v2g5l1o |archive-date=July 14, 2024 |access-date=July 14, 2024 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |last1=Swaine |first1=Jon |last2=Cheeseman |first2=Abbie |last3=Baran |first3=Jonathan |last4=Stanley-Becker |first4=Isaac |last5=Boburg |first5=Shawn |date=July 15, 2024 |title=Witnesses warned police of Trump shooter at least 86 seconds before gunfire, video shows |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2024/07/15/trump-rally-shooting-witness-warning/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716002436/https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2024/07/15/trump-rally-shooting-witness-warning/ |archive-date=July 16, 2024 |access-date=July 16, 2024 |newspaper=[[Washington Post]]}}</ref> Afisa mmoja wa polisi wa mji wa Butler alijaribu kumpandia Crooks juu ya paa alikokuwa, akisaidiwa na afisa mwingine. Crooks akamuona afisa huyo akati mikono ya afisa ikiwa ingali inashikilia kingo za paa, akamlenga na bunduki, na afisa ikambidi ajiachie na kuanguka (meta 2.4) na kujiumiza vibaya kiwiko cha mguu. Crooks akaanzisha shambulio la kutaka kuua punde tu baada ya kukabiliana na afisa huyo.<ref name="Associated Press-2024">{{Rejea tovuti |date=July 14, 2024 |title=FBI investigating Trump rally attack as potential act of domestic terrorism |first1=Julie |last1=Carr Smyth |first2=Jill |last2=Colvin |first3=Colleen |last3=Long |first4=Michael |last4=Balsamo |first5=Eric |last5=Tucker |first6=Michelle L. |last6=Price |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-rally-assassination-attempt-db24c5bfbbe7d09fa2437c3c836bb434 |access-date=July 15, 2024 |website=Associated Press |archive-date=July 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714215504/https://apnews.com/article/trump-rally-assassination-attempt-db24c5bfbbe7d09fa2437c3c836bb434 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |first=Jennifer |last=Borrasso |date=July 14, 2024 |title=Butler Township officer encountered Trump rally shooter on roof, Butler County sheriff says |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pittsburgh/news/butler-township-officer-encountered-trump-rally-shooter-on-roof-butler-county-sheriff-says/ |work=CBS News |access-date=July 15, 2024 |archive-date=July 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715040555/https://www.cbsnews.com/pittsburgh/news/butler-township-officer-encountered-trump-rally-shooter-on-roof-butler-county-sheriff-says/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Associated Press-2024-2">{{Rejea tovuti |last1=Scolforo |first1=Mark |last2=Tucker |first2=Eric |last3=Kunzelman |first3=Michael |date=July 15, 2024 |title=Signs of trouble at Trump rally were evident in minutes before gunman opened fire |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-rally-shooting-butler-police-cdfd3f4b163f7f91b05eeefe21caa45a |access-date=July 15, 2024 |work=[[Associated Press]] |archive-date=July 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715214423/https://apnews.com/article/trump-rally-shooting-butler-police-cdfd3f4b163f7f91b05eeefe21caa45a |url-status=live }}</ref> == Iran yakanusha shutuma za kula njama == Siku ya Jumatano ya Julai 17 2024, taifa la [[Uajemi|Iran]] limekanusha vikali lilichokiita 'uchokozi' wa dhahiri uliofanywa na vyombo vya habari vya Marekani kwa kulihusisha taifa hilo na njama za kumuua Donald Trump.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Iran rejects accusations implicating it in plot to kill Trump|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-rejects-accusations-implicating-it-in-plot-to-kill-trump/7701727.html|work=Voice of America|date=2024-07-17|accessdate=2024-07-19|language=en}}</ref> Siku ya Jumanne (16 Julai) CNN iliripoti kuwa maafisa wa serikali ya Marekani walipokea taarifa za kiintelijensia kutoka kwa mtu mmoja, wiki chache nyuma, kuwa Iran inaweza kuwa inafanya njama dhidi ya Rais wa zamani wa nchi hiyo, jambo lililochagiza uimarishaji wa ulinzi wa Trump. Mashirika mengine ya utangazaji ya Marekani pia yalitangaza shutuma hizo.<ref name=":0" /> Hata hivyo CNN ilifafanua baadae kuwa shutuma dhidi ya Iran hazihusiani hasa na tukio la kujaribu kumuua Trump. Hali kadhalika Kamati ya Kitaifa ya Ulinzi ya Marekani imesema kuwa kwa miaka mingi, imekuwa ikiifuatilia kwa karibu Iran hasa kutokana na vitisho vya nchi hiyo vya kuulipizia kisasi uliokuwa utawala wa Trump, baada ya utawala huo kufanya shambulizi lililomuua [[Jenerali]] wake [[mwanamapinduzi]], Qassam, mwaka 2020. == Taarifa zaidi == === Jahili alikuwa hatua moja mbele === Mnamo tarehe 28 Julai, [[The New York Times]] liliripoti kuwa mfanya shambulio la bunduki kwenye mkutano wa Trump aliwazidi makachero kimbinu. Kupitia arafa ambazo gazeti hilo ilizipata katika namna ya kipekee, zilionesha kuwa maofisa usalama walikuwa na tetesi juu ya Thomas Crooks mapema zaidi kuliko ilivyokuwa ikifahamika. Naye [Crooks] alilijua hilo.<ref name=":5">{{Citation|last=Willis|first=Haley|title=Gunman at Trump Rally Was Often a Step Ahead of the Secret Service|date=2024-07-28|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/28/us/politics/trump-shooting-thomas-crooks-secret-service.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2024-07-31|last2=Toler|first2=Aric|last3=Fahrenthold|first3=David A.|last4=Goldman|first4=Adam}}</ref> Pia kuna jambo lipo tofauti: zilipita dakika 90 tangu alipogundulika hadi pale alipouwawa, na si dakika 60 kama maafisa usalama walivyokuwa wakisema kupitia [[vyombo vya habari]]. Alionekana kwa mara ya kwanza saa 10.26 jioni. Alipigwa picha kwa mara ya kwanza saa 11.14 jioni na aliuwawa saa 12.11 jioni. Taarifa zimebainisha kuwa mara nyingi jahili huyo "amekuwa hatua moja mbele" ya maofisa usalama. Bw. Crooks alilipeleleza eneo la mkutano siku moja kabla ya maofisa usalama nao kufanya hivyo. Alitumia droni kufanya upelelezi kwenye eneo hilo wakati maofisa usalama hawakujaribu hata kutafuta idhini ya kufanya hivyo. Crooks alifanya utafiti juu ya umbali aliokuweko Lee Harvey Oswald kutoka alikokuwa [[John F. Kennedy]] alipomfanyia mauaji rais huyo wa zamani mwaka 1963 - akapata jibu kuwa ni takriban futi 265 - na alifanikiwa kukwea futi 400 juu ya jengo na kupata ukaribu zaidi na Trump; paa ambalo wana usalama waliliacha bila ulinzi.<ref name=":5" /> Kwa hiyo, wakati wanausalama wanayaangalia [[maandamano]], Crooks alikuwa akiwaangalia wao; na baada ya tukio polisi walipagawa na kujiuliza: alifanyaje fanyaje?! === Kuenea kwa uvumi wa kula njama === Wachambuzi wa masuala ya ulaji njama walijitokeza mapema sana mara baada ya tukio la Trump kunusurika kifo. Wana-nadharia hao wa matukio ya ulaji njama walidai kuwa jaribio hilo la kumuua Donald Trump lilipangwa na ilitumika damu feki.<ref name=":6">{{Rejea tovuti|title='Staged' trends online as Trump trolls push shooting conspiracies|url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-13632409/Staged-trends-online-angry-Trump-critics.html|work=Mail Online|date=2024-07-14|accessdate=2024-08-03|author=Geoff Earle}}</ref> Ikiwa zimepita dakika chache tu tangu tukio litokee, wana-nadharia hao waliweka machapisho kwenye mitandao ya kijamii hasa ule wa X wakidai kuwa jaribio hilo lilipangwa ili kuchechemua mkakati wa Trump kushinda uchaguzi.<ref name=":6" /> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:2024]] [[Jamii:Jaribio la mauaji ya marais wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Maandamano]] [[Jamii:Siasa ya Marekani]] 0zxqqp0ffrlqzps7t0xi8t1c2huyt49 0 185946 1599136 1497120 2026-09-23T09:30:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599136 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Damian Marley Summerjam 20150704 IMG 0166 by Emha.jpg|thumb|Marley akitumbuiza mwaka 2015.]] '''Damian Robert Nesta''' "'''Jr. Gong'''" '''Marley''' (alizaliwa 21 Julai 1978) ni [[Jamaika|Mjamaika]] [[mwimbaji]] na [[Kurap|rapa]] ambaye amepokea tuzo nne za [[Grammy Awards]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=23 November 2020|title=Damian Marley|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/damian-marley/4304|website=Grammy.com|publisher=|language=en|access-date=14 April 2021|archive-date=2021-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028010754/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/damian-marley/4304|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Maisha ya Awali, elimu na familia== Damian Marley ni mtoto wa kiume wa pili na wa mwisho wa mwanamuziki maarufu wa [[reggae]] [[Bob Marley]].<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.feelnumb.com/2011/07/26/bob-marley-and-all-his-children-baby-mommas/ |title= Bob Marley: All His Children & 9 Baby Mommas| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150127020751/http://www.feelnumb.com/2011/07/26/bob-marley-and-all-his-children-baby-mommas/ |archivedate=27 January 2015 | website= FeelNumb.com |date= 26 July 2011| access-date= 3 May 2016}}</ref> Yeye ndiye mtoto pekee aliyezaliwa kwa Marley na Cindy Breakspeare, mwimbaji wa jazz kutoka [[Jamaika]] mwenye asili ya kizungu na mshindi wa taji la [[Miss World]] mwaka 1976. Kama watoto wengine kadhaa wa Bob Marley, Damian alizaliwa nje ya ndoa ya Bob na mwimbaji [[Rita Marley]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Damian Marley - SINGER - REGOON.COM |url=https://www.regoon.com/artist/1637/damian-marley.htm |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=www.regoon.com}}</ref> Baada ya kuangalia filamu ya ''Damien: Omen II'', ambayo inahusu kuja kwa Mpinga Kristo, moja ya maombi ya mwisho ya Bob nchini Ujerumani ilikuwa kubadilisha jina la Damian. "Damien akiwa ni jina la shetani... Haikufaa kwake kama Mrastafari kuwa na mtoto mwenye jina hilo," Bob alisema, na baadaye jina la Damian lilibadilishwa.<ref>{{cite book| last= White| first= Timothy| title= Catch a Fire: the Life of Bob Marley| page= 402| publisher= | location= | year= | isbn= }}</ref> Damian alikuwa na umri wa miaka miwili wakati baba yake alipofariki. Jina lake la utani "Junior Gong" limetokana na jina la utani la baba yake "Tuff Gong". ==Marejeo== [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Jamaika]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1978]] 6f9boy5nbklzcfrpht5wfsi3bzc0nwz 0 186414 1599232 1510805 2026-09-23T10:32:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599232 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Delmas Obou.jpeg|thumbnail|right|200px|Delmas Obou]] '''Delmas Obou''' (alizaliwa [[25 Oktoba]] [[1991]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa kiume wa [[Italia]] ambaye alishiriki katika Mashindano ya Dunia ya [[riadha]] mwaka [[2013]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://olympics.com/beijing-2022/olympic-games/static/owg2022/pdf/OWG2022/BOB/OWG2022_BOB_B99_BOB-------------------------------.pdf |title=The XXIV Olympic Winter Games Official Results Book Bobsleigh |date= |access-date=2022-02-20 |website=olympics.com |last1=Seoane |first1=Patricia |last2=Hidalgo |first2=Manuel |others=QU Fengyun and YANG Liuqihui |archive-date=2022-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220091328/https://olympics.com/beijing-2022/olympic-games/static/owg2022/pdf/OWG2022/BOB/OWG2022_BOB_B99_BOB-------------------------------.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Set in heat when he ran with a better time, 10.32</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1991]] ow2mtm2g0k5l86eos7ybteppczhaelu 0 187256 1599093 1354657 2026-09-23T07:19:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599093 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili: Chronixx on the Pyramid Stage at the Glastonbury Festival of Performing Arts 2015.jpg|thumb|Chronixx akiwa kwenye Jukwaa la Pyramid katika Tamasha la Sanaa za Utumbuizaji la Glastonbury mwaka 2015]] '''Jamar Rolando McNaughton''' (anajulikana kwa jina la '''Chronixx''', alizaliwa 10 Oktoba 1992) <ref name="Chronixx Biography">{{cite web|url=http://chronixx.com#about|accessdate=2020-05-18|title=Chronixx Biography}}</ref> ni msanii wa [[reggae]] kutoka [[Jamaika]]. Jina lake la kisanii lilichukua nafasi ya jina "Little Chronicle" ambalo alipewa kwa sababu ya baba yake, mwimbaji "Chronicle".<ref name="Jackson1404">Jackson, Kevin (2014) "[http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/entertainment/Chronixx-tops-Billboard-s-reggae-chart_16457582 Chronixx tops Billboard’s reggae chart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082501/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/entertainment/Chronixx-tops-Billboard-s-reggae-chart_16457582|date=4 March 2016}}", ''[[Jamaica Observer]]'', 12 April 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2014</ref><ref name="Jeffries">Jeffries, David "[http://www.allmusic.com/artist/chronixx-mn0002996745/biography Chronixx Biography]", [[Allmusic]]. Retrieved 10 May 2014</ref> Chronixx na muziki wake wamepewa chapa ya ''Ufufuo wa Reggae'' pamoja na wanamuziki wengine wa reggae kama ''Alborosie'', ''Dre Island'', ''Jah Bouks'', ''Jah9'', ''Protoje'', ''Kelissa'', ''Jesse Royal'', ''Keznamdi'' na ''Kabaka Pyramid''. Maudhui ya mashairi yake yanahusu mada za kupinga vita, kauli za mapenzi na ustahimilivu.<ref name="Meschino">Meschino, Patricia (2013) "[http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/global/5733093/is-chronixx-jamaican-reggaes-next-big-thing-chris-blackwell-diplo Is Chronixx Jamaican Reggae's Next Big Thing? Chris Blackwell, Diplo Think So] {{Wayback|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/global/5733093/is-chronixx-jamaican-reggaes-next-big-thing-chris-blackwell-diplo |date=20150524061511 }}", ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'', 25 September 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2014</ref><ref name="Bakare">Bakare, Lanre (2013) "[https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/oct/11/chronixx-roots-reggae Chronixx puts Rastafarianism back into Jamaican reggae]", ''[[The Guardian]]'', 11 October 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2014</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Jamaika]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]] oyp3obgk42fvjxl5jgmux0dl2hatwmh 0 187447 1599279 1511020 2026-09-23T11:26:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 19 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599279 wikitext text/x-wiki Rapa wa Kimarekani [[DMX]] alitoa albamu nane za [[studio]], albamu saba za mikusanyiko au kompilesheni, [[kandamseto]] tatu, singo 47 (ikijumuisha 17 kama msanii aliyeshirikishwa) na video za muziki 24. ==Albumu== ===Studio albums=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" |+ Orodha ya albamu za studio, pamoja na nafasi za chati zilizochaguliwa, takwimu za mauzo na vyeti. ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Jina ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:22em;"| Maelezo ya albamu ! scope="col" colspan="10"| Nafaso za chati ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Sales figures ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| [[List of music recording certifications|Certifications]] |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard 200|US]]<br /><ref name="US-200">{{cite magazine | url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/dmx/chart-history/tlp/ | title=DMX – Chart History: Billboard 200 | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | access-date=April 20, 2021}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|US<br />R&B/<br />HH]]<br /><ref name="US-R&B-Al">{{cite magazine | url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/dmx/chart-history/blp/ | title=DMX – Chart History: Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=April 20, 2021}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br /><ref name="AUS-Al">Peak chart positions for albums in Australia: * ''The Great Depression'': {{cite web|title=The ARIA Report: Issue 611 (Week Commencing 12 November 2001)|url=http://www.aria.com.au/issue611.pdf|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|access-date=June 1, 2012 |page=2|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20020220130000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20020221-0000/www.aria.com.au/issue611.pdf|archive-date=February 21, 2002 }}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} * ''Grand Champ'': {{cite web |url=http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=DMX |title=Discography DMX |publisher=Hung Medien |work=australian-charts.com |access-date=August 12, 2017}} * ''Year of the Dog... Again'': {{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/issue859.pdf|archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20060919140000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20060920-0000/issue859.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2006-09-19|title=The ARIA Report: 21 August 2006|publisher=[[Australian Web Archive]]|issue=859|page=2|access-date=April 15, 2015}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Canadian Albums Chart|CAN]]<br /><ref name="CAN-Al">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/dmx/chart-history/cna/ |title=DMX – Chart History: Billboard Canadian Albums |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=April 20, 2021}}</ref><ref name="CANADA1">{{cite web |url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.7442&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.7442.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.7442 |title=Image : RPM Weekly |date=July 17, 2013 |publisher=Library and Archives Canada |access-date=September 29, 2020 |archive-date=2026-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106131317/https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.7442&URLjpg=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/028020/f4/nlc008388.7442.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.7442 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="CANADA2">{{cite web | url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/list.aspx?OCRText=DMX&ChartEn=Top+Albums%2fCDs& | title=Results: RPM Weekly Search term(s) 54 result(s) found for "DMX","Top Albums/CDs". | date=July 17, 2013 | publisher=Library and Archives Canada | access-date=September 29, 2020 | archive-date=2024-12-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206134125/https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/list.aspx?OCRText=DMX&ChartEn=Top+Albums%2fCDs& | url-status=dead}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[GfK Entertainment Charts|GER]]<br /><ref name="GER-Al">{{cite web | url=http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/DMX/5516/?type=longplay | title=DMX – Longplay-Chartverfolgung | publisher=[[GfK Entertainment Charts]] | work=musicline.de | access-date=August 12, 2017 | language=German | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812210846/http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/DMX/5516/?type=longplay | archive-date=August 12, 2017 | url-status=dead }}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Irish Albums Chart|IRL]]<br /><ref name="IRL">{{cite web | url=http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=DMX | title=Discography DMX | publisher=Hung Medien | work=irish-charts.com | access-date=August 12, 2017 | archive-date=2016-02-03 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203152823/http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=DMX | url-status=dead}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[MegaCharts#Mega Album Top 100|NLD]]<br /><ref name="NLD">{{cite web | url=http://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=DMX | title=Discografie DMX | publisher=Hung Medien | work=dutchcharts.nl | access-date=August 12, 2017 | language=Dutch}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ]]<br /><ref name="NZ">{{cite web | url=https://charts.nz/showinterpret.asp?interpret=DMX | title=Discography DMX | publisher=Hung Medien | work=charts.nz | access-date=August 12, 2017}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br /><ref name="SWI">{{cite web | url=http://swisscharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=DMX | title=Discography DMX | publisher=Hung Medien | work=swisscharts.com | access-date=August 12, 2017}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[UK Albums Chart|UK]]<br /><ref name="UK-Al">Peak chart positions for albums in the United Kingdom: * ''It's Dark and Hell Is Hot'', ''Flesh of My Flesh, Blood of My Blood'', ''... And Then There Was X'' and ''The Definition of X: The Pick of the Litter'': {{cite web|url=http://zobbel.de/cluk/CLUK_D.HTM|title=Chart Log UK: Asher D - Dyverse|last=Zywietz|first=Tobias|work=Zobbel.de|access-date=August 12, 2017}} * ''The Great Depression'', ''Grand Champ'' and ''Year of the Dog... Again'': {{cite web | url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/4579/dmx/ | title=DMX | publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] | access-date=August 12, 2017 |format=select "Albums" tab}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[It's Dark and Hell Is Hot]]'' | * Imetolewa: May&nbsp;19, 1998 <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/its-dark-and-hell-is-hot-mw0000034200 |title=It's Dark and Hell Is Hot – DMX |last=Birchmeier |first=Jason |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 12, 2017}}</ref> * Lebo: [[Ruff Ryders Entertainment|Ruff Ryders]], [[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]] * Muundo [[Compact disc|CD]], [[LP record|LP]], [[Cassette tape|cassette]], [[Music download|digital download]] | 1 || 1 || — || 15 || — || — || — || — || — || 89 | * US: 4,800,000<ref name="billboard">{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/5740721/justin-timberlakes-the-2020-experience-12-more-two-albumone-year|title=Justin Timberlake's 'The 20/20 Experience' & 12 More Two-Album/One-Year Releases|publisher=Billboard|first=Brad|last=Wete|date=October 1, 2013|access-date=June 4, 2020}}</ref> | * [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]: 4× Platinum<ref name="RIAA">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gold & Platinum: DMX|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=DMX&ti=IT%27S+DARK+AND+HELL+IS+HOT&lab=&genre=&format=Album&date_option=release&from=&to=&award=&type=&category=&adv=SEARCH#search_section|access-date=March 21, 2021|website=Recording Industry Association of America.|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]]: Gold<ref name=BPI>{{Cite certification|region=United Kingdom|artist=DMX|access-date=April 27, 2024}}</ref> * [[Music Canada|MC]]: Platinum<ref name="MC">{{cite web|title=Gold/Platinum – DMX| date=January 8, 2004 |url=https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=dmx&_gp_certification=platinum-albums&_gp_date=1999-08-31%2C1999-08-31|publisher=[[Music Canada]]|access-date=August 12, 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Flesh of My Flesh, Blood of My Blood]]'' | * Imetolewa: December&nbsp;22,&nbsp;1998 <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/flesh-of-my-flesh-blood-of-my-blood/id386205 |title=Flesh of My Flesh, Blood of My Blood by DMX |date=January 1998 |publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]] |via=[[iTunes Store]] |access-date=August 12, 2017}}</ref> * Lebo: Ruff Ryders, Def Jam * Muundo CD, LP, cassette, digital download | 1 || 1 || — || 42 || 61 || — || — || — || — || 119 | * US: 3,500,000<ref name="billboard"/> | * RIAA: 3× Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gold & Platinum: DMX|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=DMX&ti=Flesh+of+My+Flesh%2C+Blood+of+My+Blood&lab=&genre=&format=Album&date_option=release&from=&to=&award=&type=&category=&adv=SEARCH#search_section|website=Recording Industry Association of America.}}</ref> * [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]]: Gold<ref name=BPI/> * MC: Gold<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gold/Platinum – DMX|url=https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=dmx&_gp_certification=gold-albums&_gp_canadian=n&_gp_date=1999-02-26%2C1999-02-26|website=[[Music Canada]]| date=January 8, 2004 }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[... And Then There Was X]]'' | * Imetolewa: December&nbsp;21,&nbsp;1999 <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/and-then-there-was-x-mw0000251789 |title=... And Then There Was X – DMX |last=Bush |first=John |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 12, 2017}}</ref> * Lebo: Ruff Ryders, Def Jam * Muundo CD, LP, cassette, digital download | 1 || 1 || — || 6 || 46 || — || 64 || — || — || 108 | * [[Nielsen SoundScan|US]]: 4,900,000{{efn|group=upper-alpha|name="US-sales"|Sales figures as of November 17, 2009.<ref name="USsales">{{cite journal | title=XXL Presents Def Jam's Entire Rap Discography | journal=[[XXL (magazine)|XXL]] | date=November 17, 2009 | issue=119 | pages=70–72 | publisher=[[Harris Publications]] | author=Erwin, Jack}}</ref>}} | * RIAA: 5× Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gold & Platinum: DMX|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=DMX&ti=...And+Then+There+Was+X&lab=&genre=&format=Album&date_option=release&from=&to=&award=&type=&category=&adv=SEARCH#search_section|website=Recording Industry Association of America.}}</ref> * BPI: Gold<ref name=BPI/> * MC: Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gold/Platinum – DMX|url=https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=dmx&_gp_certification=platinum-albums&_gp_canadian=n&_gp_date=2000-05-17%2C2000-05-17|website=[[Music Canada]]| date=January 8, 2004 }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[The Great Depression (DMX album)|The Great Depression]]'' | * Imetolewa: October&nbsp;23,&nbsp;2001 <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-great-depression-mw0000591134 |title=The Great Depression – DMX |last=Birchmeier |first=Jason |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 12, 2017}}</ref> * Lebo: Ruff Ryders, Def Jam * Muundo CD, LP, cassette, digital download | 1 || 1 || 99 || 1 || 10 || 26 || 25 || 38 || 60 || 20 | * US: 1,862,000{{efn|group=upper-alpha|name="US-sales"}} | * RIAA: Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gold & Platinum: DMX|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=DMX&ti=The+Great+Depression&lab=&genre=&format=Album&date_option=release&from=&to=&award=&type=&category=&adv=SEARCH#search_section|website=Recording Industry Association of America.}}</ref> * BPI: Gold<ref name=BPI/> * MC: Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gold/Platinum – DMX|url=https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=dmx&_gp_certification=platinum-albums&_gp_date=2001-11-01%2C2001-11-01|website=[[Music Canada]]| date=January 8, 2004 }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Grand Champ]]'' | * Imetolewa: September&nbsp;16,&nbsp;2003 <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/grand-champ-mw0002016697 |title=Grand Champ – DMX |last=Birchmeier |first=Jason |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 12, 2017}}</ref> * Lebo: Ruff Ryders, Def Jam * Muundo CD, LP, cassette, digital download | 1 || 1 || 32 || 2 || 6 || 8 || 28 || 7 || 10 || 6 | * US: 1,204,000{{efn|group=upper-alpha|name="US-sales"}} | * RIAA: Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gold & Platinum: DMX|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=DMX&ti=grand+CHamp&lab=&genre=&format=Album&date_option=release&from=&to=&award=&type=&category=&adv=SEARCH#search_section|website=Recording Industry Association of America.}}</ref> * BPI: Gold<ref name=BPI/> * MC: Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gold/Platinum – DMX|url=https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=dmx&_gp_certification=platinum-albums&_gp_date=2004-01-08%2C|website=[[Music Canada]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Year of the Dog... Again]]'' | * Imetolewa: August&nbsp;1,&nbsp;2006 <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/year-of-the-dogagain-mw0000571659 |title=Year of the Dog...Again – DMX |last=Kellman |first=Andy |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 12, 2017}}</ref> * Lebo: Ruff Ryders, [[Sony Urban Music]], [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] * Muundo CD, LP, digital download | 2 || 1 || 70 || 4 || 7 || 15 || 70 || 37 || 7 || 22 | * US: 346,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hitsdailydouble.com/sales/sales_ur.cgi?112210|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906154007/http://www.hitsdailydouble.com/sales/sales_ur.cgi?112210|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-09-06|title=Upcoming Releases 2013|publisher=Hits Daily Double|date=September 6, 2012|access-date=October 14, 2020}}</ref> | |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Undisputed (DMX album)|Undisputed]]'' | * Imetolewa: September&nbsp;11,&nbsp;2012 <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span><ref name="Jeffries">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/undisputed-mw0002409482 |title=Undisputed – DMX |last=Jeffries |first=David |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 12, 2017}}</ref> * Lebo: [[Seven Arts Pictures|Seven Arts]], [[Fontana Distribution|Fontana]] * Muundo CD, digital download | 19 || 2 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Exodus (DMX album)|Exodus]]'' | * Imetolewa: May 28, 2021<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1391791995107037194|title=5/28 The Legacy Continues.. #EXODUSALBUM|user=DMX|date=May 10, 2021|access-date=May 10, 2021}}</ref> * Lebo: Ruff Ryders, [[Bloodline Records|Bloodline]], Def Jam * Muundo CD, digital download, [[Streaming media|streaming]] | 8 || 4 || — || 26 || — || — || — || — || 36 || — | | |- | colspan="14" style="font-size:90%"| "—" inaashiria ya kwamba hiyo rekodi haijashika chati au haijatolewa katika ukanda huo |} ===Albamu za kompilesheni=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" |+ Orodha ya kompilesheni albamu na nafasi za chati ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Jina ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:22em;"| Maelezo ya Albamu ! scope="col" colspan="5"| Nafasi za Chati ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:10em;"| [[List of music recording certifications|Vyeti]] |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard 200|US]]<br /><ref name="US-200"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|US<br />R&B/<br />HH]]<br /><ref name="US-R&B-Al"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Top Rap Albums|US<br />Rap]]<br /><ref name="US-Rap-Al">{{cite magazine | url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=dmx|chart=Rap Albums}} | title=DMX – Chart History: Rap Albums | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | access-date=August 12, 2017}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Canadian Albums Chart|CAN]]<br /><ref name="CAN-Al"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.8em;font-size:90%;"| [[UK Albums Chart|UK]]<br /><ref name="UK-Al"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[The Definition of X: The Pick of the Litter]]'' | * Imetolewa: June&nbsp;12,&nbsp;2007 <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-definition-of-x-the-pick-of-the-litter-mw0000577644 |title=The Definition of X: The Pick of the Litter – DMX |last=Kellman |first=Andy |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 12, 2017}}</ref> * Lebo: Ruff Ryders, Def Jam * Muundo CD, LP, digital download | 26 || 7 || 3 || — || 174 | * BPI: Silver<ref name=BPI/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Playlist Your Way'' | * Imetolewa: February&nbsp;24,&nbsp;2009 <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.amazon.com/Playlist-Your-Way-DMX/dp/B001PPLISM |title=DMX – Playlist Your Way |website=Amazon |access-date=August 12, 2017}}</ref> * Lebo: Ruff Ryders, Def Jam * Muundo CD, LP, digital download | — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| ''[[The Best of DMX]]'' | * Imetolewa: January&nbsp;26,&nbsp;2010 <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-best-of-dmx-mw0001957241 |title=The Best of DMX – DMX |last=Jeffries |first=David |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 12, 2017}}</ref> * Label: Ruff Ryders, Def Jam * Muundo CD, LP, digital download | 2 || 1 || 1 || 3 || 12 | * BPI: Gold<ref name=BPI/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Greatest Hits with a Twist'' | * Imetolewa: March&nbsp;22,&nbsp;2011 <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/greatest-hits-with-a-twist-mw0002113452 |title=Greatest Hits with a Twist – DMX |last=Kellman |first=Andy |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 12, 2017}}</ref> * Lebo: [[X-Ray Records|X-Ray]] * Muundo CD, LP, digital download | — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| ''Icon'' | * Imetolewa: May&nbsp;1,&nbsp;2012 <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/icon-mw0002332669 |title=Icon – DMX |last=Jeffries |first=David |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 12, 2017}}</ref> * Label: Def Jam * Muundo CD, digital download | — || 28 || 13 || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Redemption of the Beast]]'' | * Imetolewa: January&nbsp;13,&nbsp;2015 <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span><ref name="Jeffries"/> * Lebo: Seven Arts, Fontana * Muundo CD, digital download | — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| ''DMX: The Ruff Ryder''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/dmx-the-ruff-ryder/1562030576|title=DMX: The Ruff Ryder by DMX on Apple Music|via=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=April 15, 2021|archive-date=April 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415215850/https://music.apple.com/us/album/dmx-the-ruff-ryder/1562030576|url-status=dead}}</ref> | * Imetolewa: April 9, 2021 * Label: Def Jam * Format: Digital download, streaming | — || — || — || — || — | |} ==Kandamseto== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" |+ Orodha ya kandamseto na nafasi za chati ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Jina ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:22em;"| Maelezo ya Albamu ! scope="col" colspan="3"| Nasi za chati |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Independent Albums|US<br />Ind.]]<br /><ref name="US-Ind.">{{cite magazine | url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=dmx|chart=Independent Albums}} | title=DMX – Chart History: Independent Albums | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | access-date=August 12, 2017}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|US<br />R&B/<br />HH]]<br /><ref name="US-R&B-Al"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Top Rap Albums|US<br />Rap]]<br /><ref name="US-Rap-Al"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Here We Go Again The Mixtape''<ref>{{Discogs release|16753812|DMX & The Kennel Family – Here We Go Again The Mixtape|type=album}}</ref> | * Imetolewa: 2005 <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span> * Label: Bloodline * Format: Digital download | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| ''Mixtape'' | * Imetolewa: March&nbsp;23,&nbsp;2010 <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/mixtape/id353408392 |title=Mixtape by DMX |publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]] |work=[[iTunes Store]] |date=March 23, 2010 |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> * Label: Siccness * Muundo CD, digital download, streaming | 46 || 46 || 20 |- ! scope="row"| ''The Weigh In'' | * Imetolewa: May&nbsp;15,&nbsp;2012 <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span> * Label: Bloodline * Format: Digital download | — || — || — |} ==Extended plays== * ''A Dog's Prayers'' (2021)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/a-dogs-prayers-ep/1562030687|title=A Dog's Prayers - EP by DMX on Apple Music|publisher=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=June 28, 2021}}</ref> ==Singo zake== ===Akiwa kama msanii kiongozi=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Orodha ya singo zake na chati ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:23em;"| Jina ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Mwaka ! scope="col" colspan="9"| Nafasi ya chati ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:13em;"| Vyeti ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| Albamu |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]<br /><ref name="US-100">{{cite magazine | url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/dmx/chart-history/hsi/ | title=DMX – Chart History: Hot 100 | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | access-date=March 7, 2023}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US<br />R&B/<br />HH]]<br /><ref name="US-R&B">{{cite magazine | url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/dmx/chart-history/bsi/ | title=DMX – Chart History: Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | access-date=March 7, 2023}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Hot Rap Songs|US<br />Rap]]<br /><ref name="US-Rap">Peak chart positions for singles as a lead artist on the Hot Rap Singles and Hot Rap Songs charts: * All peak chart positions prior to June 8, 2002: {{cite web | url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/dmx-mn0000661795/awards | title=DMX – Awards | work=[[AllMusic]] | access-date=August 12, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529171533/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/dmx-mn0000661795/awards | archive-date=May 29, 2016 | url-status=dead }} * All peak chart positions after June 8, 2002: {{cite magazine | url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/dmx/chart-history/rap/ | title=DMX – Chart History: Hot Rap Songs | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | access-date=March 7, 2023}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br /><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.aria.com.au/Issue1356.pdf | archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20160223130000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20160224-0000/Issue1356.pdf | url-status=dead | archive-date=2016-02-23 | title=The ARIA Report: Issue 1356 (Week Commencing 22 February 2016) | publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] | access-date=August 12, 2017 | page=4 }}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]<br /><ref name="AUT">{{cite web | url=http://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=DMX | title=Discographie DMX | publisher=Hung Medien | work=austriancharts.at | access-date=August 12, 2017 | language=German}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]]<br /><ref name="GER-sin">Peak chart positions for singles in Germany: * "We Right Here" and "X Gon' Give It to Ya": {{cite web | url=http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/DMX/5516/single | title=DMX – Single-Chartverfolgung | publisher=[[GfK Entertainment Charts]] | work=musicline.de | access-date=August 12, 2017 | language=German | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812213802/http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/DMX/5516/single | archive-date=August 12, 2017 | url-status=dead }} * "I Miss You" * "Where the Hood At?": {{cite web | url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-5813 | title=DMX – Where The Hood At? | publisher=[[GfK Entertainment Charts]] | work=offiziellecharts.de | access-date=August 12, 2017 | language=German }} * "Get It on the Floor": {{cite web | url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-5975 | title=DMX Feat. Swizz Beatz – Get It On The Floor | publisher=[[GfK Entertainment Charts]] | work=offiziellecharts.de | access-date=August 12, 2017 | language=German }} * "Lord Give Me a Sign": {{cite web | url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-216879 | title=DMX – Lord Give Me A Sign | publisher=[[GfK Entertainment Charts]] | work=offiziellecharts.de | access-date=August 12, 2017 | language=German }}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRL]]<br /><ref name="IRL"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br /><ref name="SWI"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br /><ref name="UK-sin">Peak chart positions for singles in the United Kingdom: * All except "Lord Give Me a Sign": {{cite web | url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/4579/dmx/ | title=DMX | publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] | access-date=August 12, 2017 |format=select "Singles" tab}} * "Lord Give Me a Sign": {{cite web | url=http://zobbel.de/cluk/CLUK_D.HTM | title=Chart Log UK: Asher D – Dyverse | last=Zywietz |first=Tobias | publisher=Tobiaz Zywietz | work=zobbel.de | access-date=August 12, 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Get at Me Dog]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Sheek Louch]])</span> | rowspan="6"| 1998 | 39 || 19 || 6 || — || — || — || — || — || — | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA2">{{cite web|title=Gold & Platinum: DMX|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=dmx&ti=GET+AT+ME+DOg&lab=&genre=&format=&date_option=release&from=&to=&award=&type=&category=&adv=SEARCH#search_section|website=Recording Industry Association of America.}}</ref> | rowspan="4"| ''[[It's Dark and Hell Is Hot]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Stop Being Greedy]]" | 79 || 45 || 8 || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Ruff Ryders' Anthem]]" | 16 || 8 || 7 || — || — || — || — || — || — | * RIAA: 2× Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gold & Platinum: DMX|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=dmx&ti=RUFF+RYDERS+ANTHEM&lab=&genre=&format=&date_option=release&from=&to=&award=&type=&category=&adv=SEARCH#search_section|website=Recording Industry Association of America.}}</ref> * BPI: Silver<ref name=BPI/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[How's It Goin' Down]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Faith Evans]])</span> | 70 || 19 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | * RIAA: Gold<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gold & Platinum: DMX|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=dmx&ti=HOW%27S+IT+GOIN%27+DOWn&lab=&genre=&format=&date_option=release&from=&to=&award=&type=&category=&adv=SEARCH#search_section|website=Recording Industry Association of America.}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Grand Finale (song)|Grand Finale]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Ja Rule]], [[Method Man]] and [[Nas]])</span> | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Grand Finale" did not enter the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], but peaked at number 17 on the [[Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles]] chart.<ref name="US-BU-100">{{cite magazine | url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/dmx/chart-history/hbu/ | title=DMX Chart History: Bubbling Under Hot 100 | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | access-date=June 8, 2021}}</ref>}} || 63 || 18 || — || — || — || — || — || — | | [[Belly (soundtrack)|''Belly'' soundtrack]] |- ! scope="row"| "[[Slippin']]" | — || 60 || — || — || — || — || — || — || 30 | * RIAA: Gold<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gold & Platinum: DMX|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=DMX&ti=slippin&lab=&genre=&format=Single&date_option=release&from=&to=&award=&type=&category=&adv=SEARCH#search_section|website=Recording Industry Association of America.}}</ref> | rowspan="2"| ''[[Flesh of My Flesh, Blood of My Blood]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "No Love 4 Me"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Drag-On]] and [[Swizz Beatz]])</span> | rowspan="2" | 1999 | — || —{{efn-ua|"No Love 4 Me" did not enter the [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]] chart, but peaked at number seven on the [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs#Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles|Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles]] chart.<ref name="US-BU-R&B">{{cite magazine | url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f[0]=ts_chart_artistname%3ADMX&f[1]=itm_field_chart_id%3A345&f[2]=ss_bb_type%3Achart_item&type=2&artist=DMX | title=Chart search – "DMX", Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | access-date=August 6, 2017}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "[[What's My Name? (DMX song)|What's My Name?]]" | 67 || 23 || 11 || — || — || — || — || — || — | * RIAA: Gold<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gold & Platinum: DMX|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=dmx&ti=WHAT%27S+MY+NAMe&lab=&genre=&format=&date_option=release&from=&to=&award=&type=&category=&adv=SEARCH#search_section|website=Recording Industry Association of America.}}</ref> | rowspan="4"| ''[[...And Then There Was X]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[What These Bitches Want]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Sisqó]])</span> | rowspan="3"| 2000 | 49 || 11 || 22 || — || — || — || — || — || — | * RIAA: Gold<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gold & Platinum: DMX|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=dmx&ti=WHAT+THESE+BITCHES+WANT+%28FEAT.+SISQO%29&lab=&genre=&format=Single&date_option=release&from=&to=&award=&type=&category=&adv=SEARCH#search_section|website=Recording Industry Association of America.}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Party Up (Up in Here)]]" | 27 || 8 || 11 || — || — || — || — || — || — | * RIAA: 3× Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gold & Platinum: DMX|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=dmx&ti=PARTY+UP&lab=&genre=&format=Single&date_option=release&from=&to=&award=&type=&category=&adv=SEARCH#search_section|website=Recording Industry Association of America.}}</ref> * BPI: Gold<ref name=BPI/> |- ! scope="row"| "Don't You Ever" | — || 57 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[No Sunshine (DMX song)|No Sunshine]]" | rowspan="3"| 2001 | — || 67 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | [[Exit Wounds (soundtrack)|''Exit Wounds'' soundtrack]] |- ! scope="row"| "[[We Right Here]]" | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"We Right Here" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 17 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.<ref name="US-BU-100"/>}} || 43 || 8 || — || — || 62 || — || — || — | | rowspan="3"| ''[[The Great Depression (DMX album)|The Great Depression]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Who We Be]]" | 60 || 16 || 10 || — || — || — || 38 || — || 34 | |- ! scope="row"| "[[I Miss You (DMX song)|I Miss You]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Faith Evans)</span> | 2002 | 86 || 37 || — || — || — || 87 || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "[[X Gon' Give It to Ya]]" | rowspan="3"| 2003 | 46 || 21 || 13 || 54 || 62 || 23 || 18 || 14 || 6 | * RIAA: 2× Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gold & Platinum: DMX|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=dmx&ti=X+GON%27+GIVE+IT+TO+YA&lab=&genre=&format=Single&date_option=release&from=&to=&award=&type=&category=&adv=SEARCH#search_section|website=Recording Industry Association of America.}}</ref> * BPI: Platinum<ref name=BPI/> | [[Cradle 2 the Grave (soundtrack)|''Cradle 2 the Grave'' soundtrack]] |- ! scope="row"| "[[Where the Hood At?]]" | 68 || 24 || 13 || — || — || 29 || 18 || 26 || 16 | * RIAA: Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gold & Platinum: DMX|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=dmx&ti=WHERE+THE+HOOD+AT&lab=&genre=&format=Single&date_option=release&from=&to=&award=&type=&category=&adv=SEARCH#search_section|website=Recording Industry Association of America.}}</ref> * BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> | rowspan="2"| ''[[Grand Champ]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Get It on the Floor]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Swizz Beatz)</span> | — || 57 || — || — || 54 || 43 || 39 || 26 || 34 | |- ! scope="row"| "Give 'Em What They Want" | 2005 | — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Give 'Em What They Want" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number 25 on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart.<ref name="US-BU-R&B"/>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="3" | ''[[Year of the Dog... Again]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[We in Here]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Swizz Beatz)</span> | rowspan="2"| 2006 | — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"We in Here" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number 25 on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart.<ref name="US-BU-R&B"/>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Lord Give Me a Sign]]" | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Lord Give Me a Sign" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 22 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.<ref name="US-BU-100"/>}} || 70 || — || — || — || 31 || — || 65 || 111 |- ! scope="row"| "The Boy Go Off"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/the-boy-go-off-single/id396623210 |title=The Boy Go Off – Single by Big Sha & DMX |date=October 5, 2010 |publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]] |via=[[iTunes Store]] |access-date=August 16, 2017}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Big Sha]])</span> | 2010 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "I Don't Dance"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/i-dont-dance-feat.-machine/id548516214 |title=I Don't Dance (feat. Machine Gun Kelly) – Single by DMX |date=April 7, 2012 |publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]] |via=[[iTunes Store]] |access-date=August 12, 2017}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Machine Gun Kelly (rapper)|Machine Gun Kelly]])</span> | rowspan="2"| 2012 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="2"| ''[[Undisputed (DMX album)|Undisputed]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Head Up" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Don't Call Me"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/dont-call-me-feat.-shontelle/id709428580 |title=Don't Call Me (feat. Shontelle) – Single by DMX & Rakim |publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]] |work=[[iTunes Store]] |date=September 24, 2013 |access-date=August 12, 2017}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Rakim]], featuring [[Shontelle]] and Aleks D.)</span> | 2013 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="6" {{N/A|Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Still Scratching"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/still-scratching-feat-styles-p-single/id1129370907 |title=Still Scratching (feat. Styles P) – Single by DMX |publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]] |via=[[iTunes Store]] |access-date=August 12, 2017 |archive-date=2018-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024192225/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/still-scratching-feat-styles-p-single/id1129370907 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Styles P]])</span> | rowspan="3"| 2016 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Blood Red"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/blood-red-single/id1128405502 |title=Blood Red – Single by DMX |publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]] |via=[[iTunes Store]] |access-date=August 12, 2017 |archive-date=2018-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024195350/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/blood-red-single/id1128405502 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Get It Get It"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/get-it-get-it-feat-snoop-dogg-single/id1124685688 |title=Get It Get It (feat. Snoop Dogg) – Single by Savant & DMX |date=July 2016 |publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]] |via=[[iTunes Store]] |access-date=August 12, 2017}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Savant (musician)|Savant]], featuring [[Snoop Dogg]])</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Bane Iz Back"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Swizz Beatz)</span> | 2017 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "X Moves"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Bootsy Collins]], [[Steve Howe]] and [[Ian Paice]])</span> | rowspan="2"| 2021 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Been to War"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/nz/album/been-to-war-feat-swizz-beatz-dmx-french-montana-single/1562475181|title=Been To War (feat. Swizz Beatz, DMX & French Montana) - Single by Godfather of Harlem on Apple Music|via=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=April 15, 2021}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Swizz Beatz]] and [[French Montana]])</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Godfather of Harlem]]'' |- | colspan="14" style="font-size:90%"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not Imetolewa in that territory. |} ===Alizoshirikishwa=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Orodha ya singo alizoshirikishwa na nafasi ya chati ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:23em;"| Jina ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Mwaka ! scope="col" colspan="9"| Nasi za chati ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:13em;"| Vyeti ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| Albamu |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]<br /><ref name="US-100-featured">Peak chart positions for singles as a featured artist in the United States: * "4, 3, 2, 1": {{cite magazine | url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=ll cool j|chart=Hot 100}} | title=LL Cool J – Chart History: The Hot 100 | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | access-date=August 12, 2017}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * "Money, Power & Respect": {{cite magazine | url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=the lox|chart=Hot 100}} | title=The LOX – Chart History: The Hot 100 | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | access-date=August 12, 2017}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * "Do You": {{cite magazine | url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=funkmaster flex|chart=Hot 100}} | title=Funkmaster Flex – Chart History: The Hot 100 | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | access-date=August 12, 2017}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * "Tear It Up": {{cite magazine | url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=yung wun|chart=Hot 100}} | title=Yung Wun – Chart History: The Hot 100 | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | access-date=August 12, 2017}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US<br />R&B/<br />HH]]<br /><ref name="US-R&B-featured">Peak chart positions for singles as a featured artist on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart: * "4, 3, 2, 1": {{cite magazine | url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=ll cool j|chart=R&B/Hip-Hop Songs}} | title=LL Cool J – Chart History: Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | access-date=August 12, 2017}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * "Money, Power & Respect": {{cite magazine | url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=the lox|chart=R&B/Hip-Hop Songs}} | title=The LOX – Chart History: Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | access-date=August 12, 2017}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * "Shut 'em Down": {{cite magazine | url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f%5b0%5d=ts_chart_artistname%3Aonyx&f%5b1%5d=itm_field_chart_id%3A367&f%5b2%5d=ss_bb_type%3Achart_item&type=2&artist=onyx | title=Chart search – "Onyx", Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | access-date=August 20, 2017}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * "Money, Cash, Hoes": {{cite magazine | url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=jay-z|chart=R&B/Hip-Hop Songs}} | title=Jay-Z – Chart History: Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | access-date=August 12, 2017}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * "It's On" and "Ruff Ryders' Anthem" (Remix): {{cite magazine | url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f%5b0%5d=ts_chart_artistname%3Adj+clue?&f%5b1%5d=itm_field_chart_id%3A367&f%5b2%5d=ss_bb_type%3Achart_item&type=2&artist=dj+clue? | title=Chart search – "DJ Clue?", Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | access-date=August 12, 2017}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * "Come Back in One Piece": {{cite magazine | url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=aaliyah|chart=R&B/Hip-Hop Songs}} | title=Aaliyah – Chart History: Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | access-date=August 12, 2017}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * "Do You": {{cite magazine | url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=funkmaster flex|chart=R&B/Hip-Hop Songs}} | title=Funkmaster Flex – Chart History: Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | access-date=August 12, 2017}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * "Put Your Drinks Down": {{cite magazine | url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=drag-on|chart=R&B/Hip-Hop Songs}} | title=Drag-On – Chart History: Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | access-date=August 12, 2017}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * "Tear It Up": {{cite magazine | url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=yung wun|chart=R&B/Hip-Hop Songs}} | title=Yung Wun – Chart History: Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | access-date=August 12, 2017}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * "A Song for You": {{cite magazine | url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=bizzy bone|chart=R&B/Hip-Hop Songs}} | title=Bizzy Bone – Chart History: Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | access-date=August 12, 2017}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Hot Rap Songs|US<br />Rap]]<br /><ref name="US-Rap-featured">Peak chart positions for singles as a featured artist on the Hot Rap Singles and Hot Rap Songs charts: * "4, 3, 2, 1": {{cite web | url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/ll-cool-j-mn0000094752/awards | title=LL Cool J – Awards | publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] | work=[[AllMusic]] | access-date=August 12, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305222309/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/ll-cool-j-mn0000094752/awards | archive-date=March 5, 2016 | url-status=dead }} * "Money, Power & Respect": {{cite web | url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-lox-mn0000045629/awards | title=The LOX – Awards | publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] | work=[[AllMusic]] | access-date=August 12, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320054654/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-lox-mn0000045629/awards | archive-date=March 20, 2016 | url-status=dead }} * "Shut 'em Down": {{cite magazine |title=Hot Rap Singles |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=February 7, 1998 |volume=110 |issue=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fQ0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA25 |access-date=August 20, 2017 |page=25 |publisher=[[Nielsen Holdings|Nielsen Business Media]] |issn=0006-2510 }} * "Money, Cash, Hoes": {{cite web | url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/jay-z-mn0000224257/awards | title=Jay-Z – Awards | publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] | work=[[AllMusic]] | access-date=August 12, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218182806/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/jay-z-mn0000224257/awards | archive-date=February 18, 2016 | url-status=dead }} * "Do You": {{cite magazine |title=Hot Rap Singles |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=December 9, 2000 |volume=112 |issue=50 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA44 |access-date=August 12, 2017 |page=44 |publisher=[[Nielsen Holdings|Nielsen Business Media]] |issn=0006-2510 }} * "Tear It Up": {{cite magazine | url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=yung wun|chart=Rap Songs}} | title=Yung Wun – Chart History: Hot Rap Songs | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | access-date=August 12, 2017}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Rhythmic (chart)|US<br />Rhyth.]]<br /><ref name="US-Rhyth.">{{cite magazine | url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=DMX|chart=TFC}} | title=DMX – Chart History: Rhythmic Airplay | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | access-date=June 2, 2022}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> !scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|[[Mainstream Rock (chart)|US<br />Main.]] ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Single Top 100|NLD]]<br /><ref name="NLD"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ]]<br /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://charts.nz/showinterpret.asp?interpret=The+Lox | title=Discography The Lox | publisher=Hung Medien | work=charts.nz | access-date=August 12, 2017}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br /><ref name="UK-sin"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[UK R&B Singles and Albums Charts|UK<br />R&B]]<br /><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/r-and-b-singles-chart/20060416/114/ | title=Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 – 16 April 2006 – 22 April 2006 | publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] | access-date=August 12, 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "[[4, 3, 2, 1 (LL Cool J song)|4, 3, 2, 1]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[LL Cool J]] featuring [[Canibus]], DMX, [[Master P]], [[Method Man]] and [[Redman (rapper)|Redman]])</span> | 1997 | 75 || 24 || 10 || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Phenomenon (LL Cool J album)|Phenomenon]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Money, Power & Respect (song)|Money, Power & Respect]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[The Lox]] featuring DMX and [[Lil' Kim]])</span> | rowspan="3"| 1998 | 17 || 8 || 1 || 36 || — || — || 45 || — || — | * RIAA: Gold<ref>{{cite web|title=Gold & Platinum: The Lox|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=The+Lox&ti=MONEY&lab=&genre=&format=Single&date_option=release&from=&to=&award=&type=&category=&adv=SEARCH#search_section|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]|access-date=August 12, 2017}}</ref> | ''[[Money, Power & Respect]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Shut 'em Down (Onyx song)|Shut 'em Down]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Onyx (group)|Onyx]] featuring DMX)</span> | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Shut 'em Down" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number seven on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.<ref name="US-BU-100"/>}} || 61 || 43 || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Shut 'Em Down (album)|Shut 'Em Down]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "It's On"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[DJ Clue?]] featuring DMX)</span> | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"It's On" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 11 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.<ref name="US-BU-100"/>}} || 39 || — || 38 || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="2"| ''[[The Professional (album)|The Professional]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Ruff Ryders' Anthem#DJ Clue Remix|Ruff Ryders' Anthem]]" (Remix)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(DJ Clue? featuring DMX, [[Jadakiss]], [[Styles P]], [[Drag-On]] and [[Eve (rapper)|Eve]])</span> | rowspan="2"| 1999 | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Ruff Ryders' Anthem" (Remix) did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 24 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.<ref name="US-BU-100"/>}} || 47 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Money, Cash, Hoes]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Jay-Z]] featuring DMX)</span> | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Money, Cash, Hoes" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 16 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.<ref name="US-BU-100"/>}} || 36 || 19 || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Vol. 2... Hard Knock Life]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Come Back in One Piece]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Aaliyah]] featuring DMX)</span> | rowspan="2"| 2000 | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Come Back in One Piece" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 17 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.<ref name="US-BU-100"/>}} || 36 || — || 39 || — || 59 || — || — || — | | [[Romeo Must Die (soundtrack)|''Romeo Must Die'' soundtrack]] |- ! scope="row"| "Do You"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Funkmaster Flex]] featuring DMX)</span> | 91 || 34 || 21 || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[The Mix Tape, Vol. IV]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Put Your Drinks Down"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Drag-On featuring DMX, Eve, Jadakiss, [[Birdman (rapper)|Birdman]] and [[TQ (singer)|TQ]])</span> | 2003 | — || 80 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Hell and Back (album)|Hell and Back]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Tear It Up (Yung Wun song)|Tear It Up]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Yung Wun]] featuring DMX, [[Lil' Flip]] and [[David Banner]])</span> | 2004 | 76 || 39 || 21 || 26 || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[The Dirtiest Thirstiest]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Innocent Man"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Mark Morrison]] featuring DMX)</span> | 2006 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 46 || 14 | | ''[[Innocent Man (Mark Morrison album)|Innocent Man]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "A Song for You"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Bizzy Bone]] featuring DMX and Chris Notez)</span> | 2008 | — || 61 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[A Song for You (Bizzy Bone album)|A Song for You]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Electrolytes"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/electrolytes-feat.-macy-gray/id465355351 |title=Electrolytes (feat. Macy Gray & DMX) – Single by N.O.R.E. |publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]] |work=[[iTunes Store]] |access-date=August 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727055922/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/electrolytes-feat.-macy-gray/id465355351 |archive-date=July 27, 2015}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[N.O.R.E.]] featuring [[Macy Gray]] and DMX)</span> | 2011 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''Scared Money'' |- ! scope="row"| "Tell Ya Friends"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(N.O.4 featuring DMX and [[Dani Stevenson]])</span> | 2012 | — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Tell Ya Friends" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number 21 on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart.<ref name="US-BU-R&B"/>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''The Beginning'' |- ! scope="row"| "Faith"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/faith-feat.-dmx/id730396304 |title=Faith (feat. Dmx) – Single by Omar Wilson |publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]] |work=[[iTunes Store]] |access-date=August 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223111116/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/faith-feat.-dmx/id730396304 |archive-date=February 23, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Omar Wilson]] featuring DMX)</span> | 2013 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="2" {{N/A|Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Meltdown"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/meltdown-feat-dmx-priyanka-chopra-single/id1043760087 |title=Meltdown (feat. DMX & Priyanka Chopra) – Single by N.A.S.A. |publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]] |work=[[iTunes Store]] |date=October 2, 2015 |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[N.A.S.A. (musical group)|N.A.S.A.]] featuring DMX and [[Priyanka Chopra]])</span> | 2015 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Kant Nobody]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Lil Wayne]] featuring DMX)</span> | 2023 | 66 || 23 || 11 || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[I Am Music (Lil Wayne album)|I Am Music]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "This Is the Way"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Five Finger Death Punch]] featuring DMX)</span> | 2024 | — || — || — || — || 5 || — || — || — || — | | ''AfterLife (Deluxe Edition)'' |- | colspan="14" style="font-size:90%"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not Imetolewa in that territory. |} ==Chati zingine na nyimbo zilizotunukiwa== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Orodha ya nyimbo, tunukio na chati ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:23em;"| Jina ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Mwaka ! scope="col" colspan="4"| Nafasi iliyoshika ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Vyeti ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Albamu |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Bubbling Under Hot 100|US<br />Bub.]]<br /><ref name="US-BU-100"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US<br />R&B/<br />HH]]<br /><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/mary-j-blige-mn0000376204/awards | title=Mary J. Blige – Awards | work=[[AllMusic]] | access-date=August 12, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821124538/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/mary-j-blige-mn0000376204/awards | archive-date=August 21, 2015}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Rhythmic (chart)|US<br />Rhyth.]]<br /><ref name="US-Rhyth."/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ<br />Hot]]<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5076|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=June 6, 2021|access-date=June 5, 2021|archive-date=2021-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605220542/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5076|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Ryde or Die"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[The Lox]], [[Drag-On]] and [[Eve (rapper)|Eve]])</span> | rowspan="2"| 1999 | — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Ryde or Die" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number 15 on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart.<ref name="US-BU-R&B"/>}} || — || — | | ''[[Ryde or Die Vol. 1]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Sincerity"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Mary J. Blige]] featuring [[Nas]] and DMX)</span> | — || 72 || — || — | | ''[[Mary (Mary J. Blige album)|Mary]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Rollin' (Limp Bizkit song)|Rollin' (Urban Assault Vehicle)]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Limp Bizkit]] featuring DMX, [[Redman (rapper)|Redman]] and [[Method Man]])</span> | 2000 | — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Rollin' (Urban Assault Vehicle)" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number 19 on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart.<ref name="US-BU-R&B"/>}} || 38 || — | | ''[[Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Go To Sleep"<br />{{small|([[Eminem]] featuring [[Obie Trice]] and DMX)}} | 2002 | — || — || — || — | * [[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=Australia|certyear=2024|type=single|access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref> | ''[[Cradle 2 the Grave (soundtrack)|Cradle 2 the Grave]]'' |- ! scope="row" | "King Thing" | 2004 | — || 86 || — || — | | ''[[Never Die Alone]]'' |- ! scope="row" | "Bath Salts"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Jay-Z]] and [[Nas]])</span> | 2021 | 11 || — || — || 38 | | ''Exodus'' |- | colspan="14" style="font-size:90%"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not Imetolewa in that territory. |} ==Kama mgeni== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Orodha ya nyimbo ambazo si zake lakini ameonekana ! scope="col" style="width:23em;"| Jina ! scope="col"| Mwaka ! scope="col"| Wasanii wengine ! scope="col"| Albamu |- ! scope="row"| "Inner City Blues" | rowspan="5"| 1995 | Pudgee Tha Phat Bastard | rowspan="2" {{N/A|Non-album songs}} |- ! scope="row"| "You Ain't Know" | Pudgee Tha Phat Bastard, Ran Reed |- ! scope="row"| "Time to Build"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-natural-mw0000124285 |title=The Natural – Mic Geronimo |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | [[Mic Geronimo]], [[Ja Rule]], [[Jay-Z]] | ''[[The Natural (Mic Geronimo album)|The Natural]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "If It's On, It's On" | Cash Money Click, Jay-Z, Black Child | {{N/A|Non-album song}} |- ! scope="row"| "Represent Nigga" | Cash Money Click, Black Child | {{N/A|Non-album song}} |- ! scope="row"| "Usual Suspects"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/def-jams-how-to-be-a-player-clean-mw0000026273 |title=Def Jam's How to Be a Player – Original Soundtrack |last=Stanley |first=Leo |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | rowspan="6"| 1997 | Mic Geronimo, [[Hussein Fatal]], Ja Rule, [[Cormega]] | [[How to Be a Player (soundtrack)|''How to Be a Player'' soundtrack]] and ''[[Vendetta (Mic Geronimo album)|Vendetta]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Enter The Darkness" | Dee Deo | {{N/A|Non-album song}} |- ! scope="row"| "The Heist" | Trigger Tha Gambler | {{N/A|Non-album song}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[Nothin' Move But the Money]]" (Remix) | Mic Geronimo, Black Rob | {{N/A|Non-album song}} |- ! scope="row"| "Take What's Yours"<ref name="mase-harlem">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/harlem-world-mw0000596053 |title=Harlem World – Mase |last=Stanley |first=Leo |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | [[Mase]] | rowspan="2"| ''[[Harlem World]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[24 Hrs. to Live]]"<ref name="mase-harlem"/> | Mase, [[The Lox]], [[Black Rob]] |- ! scope="row"| "[[We Be Clubbin']]" (Clark World Remix)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-players-club-mw0000034812 |title=The Players Club – Original Soundtrack |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |author-link=Stephen Thomas Erlewine |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | rowspan="11"| 1998 | [[Ice Cube]] | [[The Players Club (soundtrack)|''The Players Club'' soundtrack]] |- ! scope="row"| "Pure Uncut" (Remix) | [[8Ball & MJG|8ball]], [[McGruff (rapper)|Herb McGruff]], [[Canibus]] | {{N/A|Non-album song}} |- ! scope="row"| "Murdergram"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/streets-is-watching-mw0000598375 |title=Streets Is Watching – Original Soundtrack |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |author-link=Stephen Thomas Erlewine |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | Jay-Z, Ja Rule | [[Streets Is Watching (soundtrack)|''Streets Is Watching'' soundtrack]] |- ! scope="row"| "We Got This"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/poly-sci-mw0000597971 |title=Poly Sci – John Forté |last=Cummings-Yeates |first=Rosalind |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | [[John Forté]] | ''[[Poly Sci]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Get Your Shit Right"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/life-in-1472-mw0000040179 |title=Life in 1472 – Jermaine Dupri |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |author-link=Stephen Thomas Erlewine |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | [[Jermaine Dupri]], The Madd Rapper | ''[[Life in 1472]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "It's On" | [[DJ Clue?]] | ''[[The Professional (album)|The Professional]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Freestyle Over [[Mobb Deep]]'s "[[Give Up the Goods (Just Step)]]""<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-mix-tape-vol-3-60-minutes-of-funk-the-final-chapter-mw0000600082 |title=The Mix Tape, Vol. 3: 60 Minutes of Funk, The Final Chapter – Funkmaster Flex |last=Gallucci |first=Michael |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | [[Funkmaster Flex]] | ''[[The Mix Tape, Vol. III]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Whatcha Gonna Do?"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/whatcha-gonna-do-mw0000042484 |title=Whatcha Gonna Do? – Jayo Felony |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | [[Jayo Felony]], [[Method Man]] | ''[[Whatcha Gonna Do? (Jayo Felony album)|Whatcha Gonna Do?]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Top Shotter"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/belly-mw0000042907 |title=Belly – Original Soundtrack |last=DiFella |first=M.F. |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | [[Sean Paul]], [[Mr. Vegas]] | [[Belly (soundtrack)|''Belly'' soundtrack]] |- ! scope="row"| "Nowhere to Run"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/chef-aid-the-south-park-album-mw0000601245 |title=Chef Aid: The South Park Album – South Park |last=Gallucci |first=Michael |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | [[Ozzy Osbourne]], [[Ol' Dirty Bastard]], [[The Crystal Method]], Fuzzbubble | ''[[Chef Aid: The South Park Album]]'' |- ! scope="row" | "Pull It" | [[Cam'Ron]] | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Dog & a Fox"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/chyna-doll-mw0000600085 |title=Chyna Doll – Foxy Brown |last=Promis |first=Jose F. |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | rowspan="14"| 1999 | [[Foxy Brown (rapper)|Foxy Brown]] | ''[[Chyna Doll (album)|Chyna Doll]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Ryde or Die"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/turf-stories-mw0000235559 |title=Turf Stories – Original Soundtrack |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |author-link=Stephen Thomas Erlewine |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | [[The Luniz]], [[Drag-On]] | ''Turf Stories'' soundtrack |- ! scope="row"| "Life Is What You Make It"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/i-am-the-autobiography-mw0000043107 |title=I Am... The Autobiography – Nas |last=DiFella |first=M.F. |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | [[Nas]] | ''[[I Am... (Nas album)|I Am...]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Everyday Shit (Ya Think Am Playin')" | [[GZA]] | ''New York Undercover'' |- ! scope="row"| "Ryde or Die"<ref name="ryders-ryde-die">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/ryde-or-die-vol-1-mw0000666354 |title=Ryde or Die, Vol. 1 – Ruff Ryders |last=Bush |first=John |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | The Lox, Drag-On, [[Eve (rapper)|Eve]] | rowspan="3"| ''[[Ryde or Die Vol. 1]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Bug Out"<ref name="ryders-ryde-die"/> | rowspan="2" {{N/A|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "Some X Shit"<ref name="ryders-ryde-die"/> |- ! scope="row"| "It's Murda"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/venni-vetti-vecci-mw0000664050 |title=Venni Vetti Vecci – Ja Rule |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |author-link=Stephen Thomas Erlewine |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | Ja Rule, Jay-Z | ''[[Venni Vetti Vecci]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "The Story"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/black-gangster-mw0000667712 |title=Black Gangster – Various Artists |last=Bush |first=John |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | rowspan="2" {{N/A|None}} | ''Black Gangster'' |- ! scope="row"| "I Can, I Can"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-wood-mw0000242102 |title=The Wood – Original Soundtrack |last=Phares |first=Heather |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | [[The Wood (soundtrack)|''The Wood'' soundtrack]] |- ! scope="row"| "Sincerity"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/mary-mw0000666864 |title=Mary – Mary J. Blige |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |author-link=Stephen Thomas Erlewine |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | [[Mary J. Blige]], Nas | ''[[Mary (Mary J. Blige album)|Mary]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Scenario 2000"<ref name="eve-first">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/let-there-be-everuff-ryders-first-lady-mw0000669145 |title=Let There Be Eve...Ruff Ryder's First Lady – Eve |last=LaVeck |first=Theresa E. |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | Eve, The Lox, Drag-On | rowspan="2"| ''[[Let There Be Eve...Ruff Ryders' First Lady]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Dog Match"<ref name="eve-first"/> | Eve |- ! scope="row"| "Catz Don't Know"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/light-it-up-mw0000256894 |title=Light It Up – Original Soundtrack |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | rowspan="2" {{N/A|None}} | [[Light It Up (soundtrack)|''Light It Up'' soundtrack]] |- ! scope="row"| "Tales from the Darkside"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/irv-gotti-presentsmurderers-mw0000604270 |title=Irv Gotti Presents...Murderers – The Murderers |last=Conaway |first=Matt |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | rowspan="9"| 2000 | ''[[Irv Gotti Presents: The Murderers]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Niggas Die 4 Me"<ref name="drag-on-h20">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/opposite-of-h2o-mw0000053268 |title=Opposite of H2O – Drag-On |last=Conaway |first=Matt |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | rowspan="2"| Drag-On | rowspan="2"| ''[[Opposite of H2O]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Get It Right"<ref name="drag-on-h20"/> |- ! scope="row"| "Why We Die"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/anarchy-mw0000608340 |title=Anarchy – Busta Rhymes |last=Huey |first=Steve |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | [[Busta Rhymes]], Jay-Z | ''[[Anarchy (Busta Rhymes album)|Anarchy]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "I'm Gonna Crawl"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/nutty-professor-ii-the-klumps-mw0000069197 |title=Nutty Professor II: The Klumps – Original Soundtrack |last=Wilson |first=MacKenzie |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | Dyme | [[Nutty Professor II: The Klumps (soundtrack)|''Nutty Professor II: The Klumps'' soundtrack]] |- ! scope="row"| "The Great"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/ryde-or-die-vol-2-mw0000066910 |title=Ryde or Die, Vol. 2 – Ruff Ryders |last=Birchmeier |first=Jason |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | {{N/A|None}} | ''[[Ryde or Die Vol. 2]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Fuhgidabowdit"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/goat-the-greatest-of-all-time-mw0000247569 |title=G.O.A.T: The Greatest of All Time – LL Cool J |last=Potts |first=Diana |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | [[LL Cool J]], Method Man, [[Redman (rapper)|Redman]] | ''[[G.O.A.T. (LL Cool J album)|G.O.A.T.]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "The Future"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/live-on-lenox-ave-mw0000050163 |title=Live on Lenox Ave. – Dame Grease |last=Conaway |first=Matt |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | [[Dame Grease]], Big Stan, Meeno | ''Live on Lenox Ave.'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Rollin' (Limp Bizkit song)|Rollin' (Urban Assault Vehicle)]]"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/chocolate-starfish-and-the-hot-dog-flavored-water-mw0000544330 |title=Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavoured Water – Limp Bizkit |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |author-link=Stephen Thomas Erlewine |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | [[Limp Bizkit]], Method Man, Redman | ''[[Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Who's Next (X-Clue-Sive)"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-professional-pt-2-mw0000119663 |title=The Professional, Pt. 2 – DJ Clue? |last=Azpiri |first=Jon |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | rowspan="6"| 2001 | [[DJ Clue?]] | ''[[The Professional 2]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Scream Double R"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/scorpion-mw0000101819 |title=Scorpion – Eve |last=Birchmeier |first=Jason |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | Eve | ''[[Scorpion (Eve album)|Scorpion]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Doggz II"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/malpractice-mw0000003181 |title=Malpractice – Redman |last=Birchmeier |first=Jason |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | Redman | ''[[Malpractice (Redman album)|Malpractice]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Uh-Hunh!"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/kiss-tha-game-goodbye-mw0000011558 |title=Kiss tha Game Goodbye – Jadakiss |last=Conaway |first=Matt |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | [[Jadakiss]] | ''[[Kiss tha Game Goodbye]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Walk with Me"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/exit-wounds-mw0000001762 |title=Exit Wounds – Original Soundtrack |last=Birchmeier |first=Jason |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | Big Stan | [[Exit Wounds (soundtrack)|''Exit Wounds'' soundtrack]] |- ! scope="row"| "Friend of Mine"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/ryde-or-die-vol-3-in-the-r-we-trust-mw0000016677 |title=Ryde or Die, Vol. 3: In the "R" We Trust – Ruff Ryders |last=Birchmeier |first=Jason |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | {{N/A|None}} | ''[[Ryde or Die Vol. 3: In the "R" We Trust]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Most High" (Remix)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/love-war-mw0000223999 |title=Love & War – Jerzee Monet |last=Bush |first=John |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | rowspan="2" | 2002 | Jerzee Monet | ''Love & War'' |- ! scope="row" | "Fame" | {{N/A|None}} | ''[[...And Then There Was X]]''/''[[Empire (2002 film)|Empire]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Deeper"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-desert-storm-mixtape-dj-envy-blok-party-vol-1-mw0000019770 |title=The Desert Storm Mixtape: DJ Envy – Blok Party, Vol. 1 – DJ Envy |last=Theakston |first=Rob |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | rowspan="7"| 2003 | [[DJ Envy]] | ''[[The Desert Storm Mixtape: Blok Party, Vol. 1]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Go to Sleep"<ref name="cradle-2-grave">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/cradle-2-the-grave-mw0000019663 |title=Cradle 2 the Grave – Various Artists |last=Bush |first=John |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | [[Eminem]], [[Obie Trice]] | rowspan="3"| [[Cradle 2 the Grave (soundtrack)|''Cradle 2 the Grave'' soundtrack]] |- ! scope="row"| "Right/Wrong"<ref name="cradle-2-grave"/> | {{N/A|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "Getting Down"<ref name="cradle-2-grave"/> | Big Stan, Kashmir, Bazaar Royale |- ! scope="row"| "Homeboyz" (Remix)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/2pac-rap-phenomenon-vol-2-mw0001307487 |title=2PAC: Rap Phenomenon, Vol. 2 – Various Artists |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | [[Tupac Shakur|2Pac]], Jadakiss, [[Butch Cassidy (singer)|Butch Cassidy]] | ''Rap Phenomenon II'' |- ! scope="row"| "What's Really Good"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/diplomatic-immunity-mw0000229600 |title=Diplomatic Immunity – Cam'ron, The Diplomats |last=Bush |first=John |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | [[The Diplomats]] | ''[[Diplomatic Immunity (The Diplomats album)|Diplomatic Immunity]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Don't Gotta Go Home"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/after-the-storm-mw0000223299 |title=After the Storm – Monica |last=Kellman |first=Andy |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | [[Monica (singer)|Monica]] | ''[[After the Storm (Monica album)|After the Storm]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Let's Get Crazy"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/hell-and-back-mw0000321310 |title=Hell and Back – Drag-On |last=Kellman |first=Andy |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | rowspan="5"| 2004 | Drag-On | ''[[Hell and Back (album)|Hell and Back]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "That's Who We Be"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/that-fire-mw0000143904 |title=That Fire – Bosko |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | Bosko, Drag-On, Phats Bossi | ''That Fire'' |- ! scope="row"| "Put Your Money"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-red-light-district-mw0000307128 |title=The Red Light District – Ludacris |last=Kellman |first=Andy |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | [[Ludacris]] | ''[[The Red Light District]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Streetlife" | Dean Dawson | ''Streetlife Report'' |- ! scope="row"| "Go for Dat" | [[Lil Scrappy]] | ''Never Die Alone'' soundtrack |- ! scope="row"| "Get Wild"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-redemption-vol-4-mw0000209113 |title=The Redemption, Vol. 4 – Ruff Ryders |last=Jeffries |first=David |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | 2005 | Jadakiss, Flashy, Kartoon | ''[[Vol. 4: The Redemption]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Poppin' My Collar]]" (Remix) | 2006 | [[Three 6 Mafia]], [[Project Pat]], [[Lil' Flip]] | {{N/A|Non-album song}} |- ! scope="row"| "Bad Boys" | rowspan="4"| 2008 | DJ GQ, [[Junior Reid]], Dawg E Slaughter | ''Let Em' Know'' |- ! scope="row"| "Intro"<ref name="game-lax">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/lax-mw0000789281 |title=LAX – The Game |last=Jeffries |first=David |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | rowspan="2"| [[The Game (rapper)|The Game]] | rowspan="2"| ''[[LAX (album)|LAX]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Outro"<ref name="game-lax"/> |- ! scope="row"| "Uh Oh" | G.A.G.E | ''G.A.G.E'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Who's Real]]" (Remix) | rowspan="2"| 2009 | Jadakiss, [[Swizz Beatz]], Drag-On, Eve, [[Styles P]], [[Sheek Louch]] | rowspan="4" {{N/A|Non-album songs}} |- ! scope="row"| "Stay Flawless" | [[N.O.R.E.]], Ja Rule, [[Yummy Bingham]] |- ! scope="row"| "Stop the Party" (Remix)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.rap-up.com/2010/07/07/new-music-busta-rhymes-f-various-artists-stop-the-party-remix/ |title=New Music: Busta Rhymes f/ Various Artists – 'Stop The Party (Remix)' |publisher=Devin Lazerine |work=[[Rap-Up]] |date=July 7, 2010 |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | rowspan="2"| 2010 | Busta Rhymes, [[T.I.]], [[Cam'ron]], [[Ghostface Killah]] |- ! scope="row"| "Nutcracker" (Remix)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://hiphopdx.com/singles/id.12294/title.n-o-r-e-f-imam-thug-red-cafe-bun-b-dmx-nutcracker-rmx |title=N.O.R.E. f. Imam Thug, Red Cafe, Bun B & DMX – Nutcracker Rmx |publisher=Cheri Media Group |work=[[HipHopDX]] |access-date=August 13, 2017 |date=October 7, 2010 |archive-date=2024-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008150443/https://hiphopdx.com/singles/id.12294/title.n-o-r-e-f-imam-thug-red-cafe-bun-b-dmx-nutcracker-rmx |url-status=dead }}</ref> | N.O.R.E, [[Bun B]], Imam Thug, [[Red Cafe]] |- ! scope="row"| "Make You Proud" | rowspan="3"| 2011 | [[Los (rapper)|Los]], Sean Hayz | ''The Crown Ain't Safe'' |- ! scope="row"| "World's Greatest"<ref name="ryder-future">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/ruff-ryders-past-present-future-mw0002228393 |title=Ruff Ryders: Past, Present, Future – Ruff Ryders |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | Mook, Drag-On, The Lox, Swizz Beatz | rowspan="2"| ''[[Ruff Ryders: Past, Present, Future]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Get Your Money Up"<ref name="ryder-future"/> | {{N/A|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "D3mons"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/lace-up-mw0002419661 |title=Lace Up – MGK |last=Thomas |first=Fred |publisher=[[TiVo Corporation]] |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> | rowspan="2"| 2012 | [[Machine Gun Kelly (rapper)|MGK]] | ''[[Lace Up]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Who's Touching You" | Tyrese |Invisible Bully : The Lost Tapes |- ! scope="row"| "I Don't Play Games" | 2013 | Pat Gallo | ''Fly Life Ep.1'' |- ! scope="row"| "Ride Till I Die" | 2015 | [[Kay One (rapper)|Kay One]], KNS Tha Engineer | ''Jung genug um darauf zu scheissen'' |- ! scope="row"| "#GFU" | 2016 | DJ Hidrro, [[Lil Jon]], Sue Cho | rowspan="1" {{N/A|Non-album songs}} |- ! scope="row"| "Bout Shit" | rowspan="2"| 2020 | [[The Lox]] | ''[[Living Off Xperience]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Foolish" | [[Berner (rapper)|Berner]] | ''Russ Bufalino: The Quiet Don'' |- ! scope="row"| "#GFUEntameta (Remix)" | rowspan="2"| 2021 | Canibus | Kaiju |- ! scope="row"| "We Up" | [[Chris Webby]] | ''Still Wednesday'' |- !scope="row"| "I Didn't Go" | 2024 | [[Joyner Lucas]], Symba | ''[[Not Now I'm Busy|Not Now, I'm Busy]]'' |} ==Video za muziki== ===Akiwa mwenyewe=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Orodha ya nyimbo ! scope="col" style="width:23em;" | Jina ! scope="col" | Mwaka ! scope="col" | Mwongozaji |- ! scope="row" | "Up To No Good" | 1994 | N/A |- ! scope="row"| "Get At Me Dog"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Sheek Louch]])</span> | rowspan="5"| 1998 | [[Hype Williams (director)|Hype Williams]]<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Production Notes |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=March 28, 1998 |volume=110 | issue=13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQ4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA65 |access-date=August 12, 2017 |page=65 |publisher=[[Nielsen Holdings|Nielsen Business Media]] |issn=0006-2510}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Stop Being Greedy" | Nick Quested<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.vevo.com/watch/dmx/stop-being-greedy/USDJM0200032 |title=Stop Being Greedy (Official Video) – DMX |publisher=[[Vevo]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Ruff Ryders' Anthem" | J. Jesses Smith<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.vevo.com/watch/dmx/ruff-ryders-anthem/USDJM0200033 |title=Ruff Ryders' Anthem (Official Video) – DMX |publisher=[[Vevo]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "How's It Goin' Down"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Faith Evans]])</span> | rowspan="2"| Hype Williams<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.vevo.com/watch/dmx/hows-it-goin-down/USDJM0200031 |title=How's It Goin' Down (Official Video) – DMX |publisher=[[Vevo]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref><ref name="dmx-mvdbase">{{MVDBase |space=person |id=A187 |title=DMX |access-date=August 31, 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Grand Finale"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Ja Rule]], [[Method Man]] and [[Nas]])</span> |- ! scope="row"| "Slippin'" | rowspan="3" | 1999 | Bishop, [[Rubin Whitmore II]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.vevo.com/watch/dmx/slippin/USDJM0200035 |title=Slippin' (Official Video) – DMX |publisher=[[Vevo]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "No Love 4 Me"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Drag-On]] and [[Swizz Beatz]])</span> | [[Chris Robinson (director)|Chris Robinson]], Bishop<ref name="dmx-mvdbase"/> |- ! scope="row"| "What's My Name?" | [[Director X|Little X]]<ref name="little-x">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/820489/aaliyah-dmx-shoot-video-in-rappers-hometown/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719095640/http://www.mtv.com/news/820489/aaliyah-dmx-shoot-video-in-rappers-hometown/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 19, 2015 |title=Aaliyah, DMX Shoot Video In Rapper's Hometown |last=Woodson |first=A.J. |publisher=[[Viacom Media Networks]] |work=[[MTV News]] |access-date=August 8, 2017 |date=April 3, 2000}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "What These Bitches Want"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Sisqó]])</span> | rowspan="2"| 2000 | Hype Williams |- ! scope="row"| "Party Up (Up in Here)" | [[Dave Meyers (director)|David Meyers]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.vevo.com/watch/dmx/party-up-(up-in-here)/USDJM0000340 |title=Party Up (Up in Here) (Official Video) – DMX |publisher=[[Vevo]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "No Sunshine" | rowspan="3"| 2001 | Hype Williams<ref name="dmx-mvdbase"/> |- ! scope="row"| "We Right Here" | J. Jesses Smith<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.vevo.com/watch/dmx/we-right-here/USDJM0110015 |title=We Right Here (Official Video) – DMX |publisher=[[Vevo]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Who We Be" | [[Joseph Kahn (director)|Joseph Kahn]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1449606/dmx-to-party-up-at-free-outdoor-shows/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813182324/http://www.mtv.com/news/1449606/dmx-to-party-up-at-free-outdoor-shows/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 13, 2017 |title=DMX To Party Up At Free Outdoor Shows |last=Reid |first=Shaheem |publisher=[[Viacom Media Networks]] |work=[[MTV News]] |access-date=August 8, 2017 |date=October 4, 2001}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "I Miss You"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Faith Evans)</span> | 2002 | Chris Robinson<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.vevo.com/watch/dmx/i-miss-you/USUV70500700 |title=I Miss You (Official Video) – DMX |publisher=[[Vevo]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "X Gon' Give It to Ya" | rowspan="3"| 2003 | Joseph Kahn<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1459409/dmx-to-head-north-for-tour-after-shooting-new-flick/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813181935/http://www.mtv.com/news/1459409/dmx-to-head-north-for-tour-after-shooting-new-flick/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 13, 2017 |title=DMX To Head North For Tour After Shooting New Flick |last=Reid |first=Shaheem |publisher=[[Viacom Media Networks]] |work=[[MTV News]] |access-date=August 8, 2017 |date=January 7, 2003}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Where the Hood At?" | Vem & [[Tony Petrossian|Tony]]<ref name="dmx-mvdbase"/> |- ! scope="row"| "Get It on the Floor"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Swizz Beatz)</span> | Phenomenon<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.vevo.com/watch/dmx/get-it-on-the-floor/USDJM0500035 |title=Get It On The Floor (Official Video) – DMX |publisher=[[Vevo]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "We in Here"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Swizz Beatz)</span> | rowspan="2"| 2006 | [[Jonathan Mannion]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.vevo.com/watch/dmx/we-in-here-(dirty-version)/USSM20600159 |title=We In Here (Dirty Version) – DMX |publisher=[[Vevo]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Lord Give Me a Sign" | [[Marc Klasfeld]]<ref name="dmx-mvdbase"/> |- ! scope="row" | "Last Hope" | 2011 | Carlos Berber<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://vimeo.com/28842653 |title=DMX – Last Hope |last=Berber |first=Carlos |publisher=[[Vimeo]] |time=0:12 | date=September 9, 2011| access-date=December 22, 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "I Don't Dance"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Machine Gun Kelly (rapper)|Machine Gun Kelly]])</span> | 2012 | John Colombo<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.vevo.com/watch/dmx/i-dont-dance/USA2P1215801 |title=I Don't Dance (Official Video) – DMX |publisher=[[Vevo]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "Hood Blues"<br/><small>(featuring [[Griselda]])</small> | 2021 | GoogleIsHuman |} ===Alizoshirikishwa=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Orodha ya nyimbo ! scope="col" style="width:23em;" | Jina ! scope="col" | Mwaka ! scope="col" | Mwongozaji |- ! scope="row"| "4, 3, 2, 1"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[LL Cool J]] featuring [[Canibus]], DMX, [[Method Man]] and [[Redman (rapper)|Redman]])</span> | 1997 | [[Diane Martel]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.vevo.com/watch/ll-cool-j/4-3-2-1/USUV70703298 |title=4, 3, 2, 1 (Official Video) – LL Cool J |publisher=[[Vevo]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Shut 'em Down"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Onyx (hip hop group)|Onyx]] featuring DMX)</span> | rowspan="4"| 1998 | [[Gregory Dark]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.vevo.com/watch/onyx/shut-em-down/USUV70500877 |title=Shut 'Em Down (Official Video) – Onyx |publisher=[[Vevo]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Money, Power & Respect"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[The Lox]] featuring DMX)</span> | [[Diane Martel]] |- ! scope="row"| "Whatcha Gonna Do?"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Jayo Felony]] featuring DMX & Method Man)</span> | N/A |- ! scope="row"| "24 Hrs. to Live"<br/><small>([[Mase (rapper)|Mase]] featuring [[The Lox]], [[Black Rob]] and DMX)</small> | Nick Quested |- ! scope="row"| "Come Back in One Piece"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Aaliyah]] featuring DMX)</span> | rowspan="2"| 2000 | Little X<ref name="little-x"/> |- ! scope="row"| "Do You"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Funkmaster Flex]] featuring DMX)</span> | N/A |- ! scope="row"| "Tear It Up"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Yung Wun]] featuring DMX, [[David Banner]] & [[Lil' Flip]], )</span> |2004 |[[Gil Green (director)|Gil Green]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Yung Wun - Tear It Up (2004)|url=https://imvdb.com/video/yung-wun/tear-it-up|access-date=2021-04-30|website=IMVDb|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430214812/https://imvdb.com/video/yung-wun/tear-it-up|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Touch It" (Remix)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Busta Rhymes]] featuring [[Mary J. Blige]], [[Rah Digga]], [[Missy Elliott]], [[Lloyd Banks]], [[Papoose (rapper)|Papoose]] and DMX)</span> | rowspan="2"| 2006 | [[Benny Boom]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.vevo.com/watch/busta-rhymes/touch-it-(remix)/USUV70600309 |title=Touch It (Remix) – Busta Rhymes |publisher=[[Vevo]] |access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Innocent Man"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Mark Morrison]] featuring DMX )</span> |N/A |- ! scope="row" | "A Song For You"<br/><small>([[Bizzy Bone]] featuring DMX and Chris Notez)</small> | 2008 | Ethan Lader |- ! scope="row" | "Tell Ya Friendz"<br/><small>(NO.4 featuring DMX and [[Dani Stevenson]])</small> | 2011 | Francois Barthe and Jeff Adair |- ! scope="row"| "Just In Case"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Godfather of Harlem</span><ref>{{Citation|title=Godfather of Harlem (Original Score Soundtrack)|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/1GMq5hYmJMaQn8T8Td8SkX|language=en|access-date=2021-04-30}}</ref> <span style="font-size:85%;">featuring DMX, [[Rick Ross]] & [[Swizz Beatz]])</span> | 2019 |[[Daps (director)|Daps]] |- ! scope="row"| "Bout Shit"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(The Lox featuring DMX)</span> | 2020 |Rock Davis |- ! scope="row"| "This Is the Way"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Five Finger Death Punch featuring DMX)</span> | 2024 |N/A |- |} ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * {{Discogs artist | artist=DMX | name=DMX}} * {{MusicBrainz artist | id=d75d1f08-bbb8-4eae-9877-399ca9121197 | name=DMX}} {{DMX}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dmx Discography}} [[Category:DMX|Disco]] kilihy78hkkitf8s6s1jadc9bat6997 0 187588 1599078 1431493 2026-09-23T05:57:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599078 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cedella Marley Minto''' (amezaliwa 23 Agosti 1967) ni mwimbaji kutoka [[Jamaika]]. Yeye ni binti wa waimbaji wa reggae [[Bob Marley]] na [[Rita Marley]] na mama wa [[Skip Marley]]. Alikuwa katika kundi la ''Ziggy Marley and the Melody Makers'' pamoja na ndugu zake. Pamoja na kundi hilo, ameshinda tuzo tatu za Grammy.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-11-23|title=Cedella Marley|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/cedella-marley/10657|access-date=2021-04-14|website=GRAMMY.com|language=en|archive-date=2021-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613051044/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/cedella-marley/10657|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://zionrootswear.com/category/78-cedella-marley.aspx Cedella Marley Clothing Lines]. Zion Roots Wear. Retrieved on 14 April 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/110202-cebella-marley-jamaican-2012-olympi.aspx The Marley Legacy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205162538/http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/110202-cebella-marley-jamaican-2012-olympi.aspx |date=5 February 2011 }}, Vogue.com, 2 February 2011</ref><ref name="JO1401">"[http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/entertainment/Three-Little-Birds-turns-musical-_15768718 Three Little Birds turns musical] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327172135/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/entertainment/Three-Little-Birds-turns-musical-_15768718|date=27 March 2019}}", ''[[Jamaica Observer]]'', 17 January 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014</ref> ==Marejeo== [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Jamaika]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1967]] <references />{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} fe0me0o07i3mowikmnj5hmozb64tq60 0 189144 1599150 1359233 2026-09-23T09:44:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599150 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Daniele Braidot''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[29 Mei]] [[1991]]) ni mwendesha [[Baisikeli|baiskeli]] wa kitaalamu wa milimani na cyclo-cross kutoka [[Italia]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cyclocross24.com/rider/daniele-braidot/ | title=Daniele Braidot | work=Cyclocross24.com | accessdate=29 January 2022 | archive-date=2025-01-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122145830/https://cyclocross24.com/rider/daniele-braidot/ | url-status=dead}}</ref> Ndugu yake pacha, Luca, pia ni mwendesha [[Baisikeli|baiskeli]] wa kitaalamu.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cx.procyclingstats.com/rider/daniele-braidot | title=Daniele Braidot | work=ProCyclingStats | accessdate=29 January 2022}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1991]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Italia]] srrec6xhsxkogvjun48nzfh7km5ktno 0 189631 1599118 1360627 2026-09-23T09:03:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599118 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cristian Cominelli''' (alizaliwa [[22 Mei|Mei 22]], [[1988]]) ni mwendesha [[Baisikeli|baiskeli]] wa cyclo-cross kutoka [[Italia]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.procyclingstats.com/rider/cristian-cominelli | title=Cristian Cominelli | work=ProCyclingStats | accessdate=23 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://cyclocross24.com/rider/cristian-cominelli/ | title=Cristian Cominelli | work=Cyclocross24.com | accessdate=23 October 2021 | archive-date=2024-12-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206073852/https://cyclocross24.com/rider/cristian-cominelli/ | url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1988]] [[Jamii:Waendeshabaiskeli wa Italia]] 0z4izy0lgoz4dy75xyg5waimh74g3c4 0 190590 1598889 1364042 2026-09-23T00:07:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598889 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Anthony Adur.jpg|thumb|Adur mwaka 2006]] '''Anthony Christopher Bahadur''' au '''Anthony Adur''' (alizaliwa Februari 25, 1988) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa soka wa kulipwa kutoka [[Kanada]] ambaye alicheza kama mshambuliaji.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Grossman |first=David |date=5 June 2007 |title=Thornhill's red-hot Panthers continue their winning ways |work=[[Toronto Star]] |pages=S6}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=2008 Toronto Lynx roster |url=http://www.lynxsoccer.com/team.htm |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820150140fw_/http://www.lynxsoccer.com/team.htm |archive-date=2008-08-20 |access-date=17 August 2024 |website=www.lynxsoccer.com}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1988|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] 43mckmcdcvb9icxy3v4r0edh3qxaeyh 0 190625 1599278 1591706 2026-09-23T11:25:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 20 sources and tagging 4 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599278 wikitext text/x-wiki Mwimbaji na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa R&B kutoka [[Marekani]] [[Chris Brown (mwimbaji)|Chris Brown]] ametoa albamu 11 za studio, albamu 1 ya ushirikiano, EP 1, kandamseto 9, singles 63 (ikiwa ni pamoja na 373 kama msanii aliyeangaziwa na maonyesho ya wageni) na singles za utangazaji 29. ==Albumu zake== ===Studio albumu=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Orodha ya albamu, na baadhi ya nafasi za chati, mauzo na vyeti ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:10em;"| Jina ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Maelezo ya albamu ! scope="col" colspan="11"| Nafsi za chati iliyoshika ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:11em;"| Mauzo ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| [[List of music recording certifications|Vyeti]] |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard 200|US]]<br /><ref name="billboard200">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/chris-brown/chart-history/tlp/|title=Chris Brown Chart History: Billboard 200|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=November 21, 2023}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|US R&B/HH]]<br /><ref name="r&balbums">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/chris-brown/chart-history/blp/|title=Chris Brown Chart History: R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|magazine=Billboard|access-date=November 21, 2023}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br /><ref name="auschart">{{cite web |url=http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Chris+Brown |title=Discography Chris Brown |work=australian-charts.com |publisher=Hung Medien |access-date=April 12, 2009 }} * ''Chris Brown'': {{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/issue833.pdf |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20060409140000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20060410-0000/issue833.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 9, 2006 |title=The ARIA Report – Issue #833 |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] (ARIA). National Library of Archives Australia |page=6 |date=February 20, 2006 |access-date=January 16, 2011}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} * "What Them Girls Like": {{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/issue988.pdf |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20090219130000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20090220-0000/issue988.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 19, 2009 |title=The ARIA Report – Issue #988 |publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). National Library of Archives Australia |page=4 |date=February 2, 2009 |access-date=April 27, 2012 }}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} * "Crawl": {{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/issue1043.pdf |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20100304130000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20100305-0000/issue1043.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 4, 2010 |title=The ARIA Report – Issue #1043 |publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). National Library of Archives Australia |page=4 |date=February 22, 2010 |access-date=January 12, 2011}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} * "Get Back Up": {{cite web |url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/chartifacts.htm |title=Chartifacts – Week Commencing: 6th December 2010 |publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5v0YxAICO?url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/chartifacts.htm |archive-date=December 15, 2010 |url-status=dead }} * "Better with the Lights Off": * "Strip": * "New Flame" and "X": {{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/ARIAIssue1279.pdf |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20140905010800/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20140905-1108/ARIAIssue1279.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 5, 2014 |title=The ARIA Report: Week Commencing 1 September 2014 |date=September 5, 2014 |website=[[Australian Web Archive]] |issue=1279 |access-date=September 7, 2014}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} * "Only": {{cite web |url=http://www.noise11.com/news/ed-sheeran-spends-5th-week-on-top-of-aria-singles-20141115 |title=Ed Sheeran Spends 5th Week On Top Of ARIA Singles |first=Gavin |last=Ryan |work=Noise11 |publisher=Noise Network |date=November 15, 2014 |access-date=November 15, 2014 }} * "Hotel": {{cite web |url=http://www.noise11.com/news/aria-singles-omi-at-1-20-hottest-100-songs-in-top-100-20150131 |title=ARIA Singles: Omi At 1, 20 Hottest 100 Songs In Top 100 |publisher=Noise11 |last=Ryan |first=Gavin |date=January 31, 2015 |access-date=January 31, 2015 }} * "Post to Be": {{cite web |url=http://www.noise11.com/news/aria-singles-major-lazer-has-no-1-song-20150404 |title=ARIA Singles: Major Lazer Has No 1 Song |publisher=Noise11 |last=Ryan |first=Gavin |date=April 4, 2015 |access-date=April 4, 2015 }} * "All Eyes on You": {{cite web |url=http://www.noise11.com/news/aria-singles-meghan-trainor-and-john-legend-spend-3-weeks-at-no-1-20150711 |title=ARIA Singles: Meghan Trainor and John Legend Spend Three Weeks At No 1 |publisher=Noise11 |last=Ryan |first=Gavin |date=July 11, 2015 |access-date=July 11, 2015 }} * "Fun": {{cite web |url=http://www.noise11.com/news/aria-singles-meghan-trainor-and-john-legend-spend-4th-week-on-top-20150718 |title=ARIA Singles: Meghan Trainor and John Legend Spend 4th Week On Top |publisher=Noise11 |last=Ryan |first=Gavin |date=July 18, 2015 |access-date=July 18, 2015 }} * "Body on Me": {{cite web |url=http://www.noise11.com/news/aria-singles-calvin-harris-how-deep-is-your-love-is-no-1-20150829 |title=ARIA Singles: Calvin Harris 'How Deep Is Your Love' Is No 1 |publisher=Noise11 |last=Ryan |first=Gavin |date=August 29, 2015 |access-date=August 29, 2015 }} * "Back to Sleep": {{cite web |url=http://www.noise11.com/news/aria-singles-lukas-graham-is-no-1-for-third-week-20160305 |title=ARIA Singles: Lukas Graham Is No 1 for Third Week |publisher=Noise11 |last=Ryan |first=Gavin |date=March 5, 2016 |access-date=March 5, 2016 }} * "Grass Ain't Greener": {{cite web |url=http://www.noise11.com/news/aria-singles-drake-one-dance-still-no-1-20160514 |title=ARIA Singles: Drake 'One Dance' Still No 1 |publisher=Noise11 |last=Ryan |first=Gavin |date=May 14, 2016 |access-date=May 14, 2016 }} * "Do You Mind": {{cite web |url=https://www.auspop.com.au/2016/10/aria-chart-watch-390/ |title=ARIA Chart Watch #390 |publisher=auspOp |date=October 15, 2016 |access-date=October 15, 2016 |archive-date=October 18, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018212938/https://www.auspop.com.au/2016/10/aria-chart-watch-390/ |url-status=dead }} * "Party": {{cite web |url=https://www.auspop.com.au/2016/12/aria-chart-watch-400/ |title=ARIA Chart Watch #400 |publisher=auspOp |date=December 24, 2016 |access-date=December 24, 2016 |archive-date=December 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224160718/https://www.auspop.com.au/2016/12/aria-chart-watch-400/ |url-status=dead }} * "Privacy": {{cite web|url=https://www.auspop.com.au/2017/04/aria-chart-watch-414/|title=ARIA Chart Watch #414|publisher=auspOp|date=April 1, 2017|access-date=April 1, 2017|archive-date=April 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401232601/https://www.auspop.com.au/2017/04/aria-chart-watch-414/|url-status=dead}} * "Questions": {{cite web|url=https://www.auspop.com.au/2017/08/aria-chart-watch-435/|title=ARIA Chart Watch #435|publisher=auspOp|date=August 26, 2017|access-date=August 26, 2017|archive-date=August 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826113704/https://www.auspop.com.au/2017/08/aria-chart-watch-435/|url-status=dead}} * "Stranger Things": {{cite web|url=https://www.auspop.com.au/2018/3/aria-chart-watch-463/|title=ARIA Chart Watch #463|publisher=auspOp|date=March 10, 2018|access-date=March 10, 2018|archive-date=March 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310135813/https://www.auspop.com.au/2018/3/aria-chart-watch-463/|url-status=dead}} * "Undecided": {{cite web|url=https://www.auspop.com.au/2019/1/aria-chart-watch-507/|title=ARIA Chart Watch #507|publisher=auspOp|date=January 12, 2019|access-date=January 12, 2019|archive-date=January 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101123619/https://www.auspop.com.au/2019/1/aria-chart-watch-507/|url-status=dead}} * "The Take": {{cite magazine|title=The ARIA Report: Week Commencing 30 March 2020|magazine=The ARIA Report|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|issue=1569|date=March 30, 2020}} * "Come Through": {{cite magazine|title=The ARIA Report: Week Commencing 3 May 2021|magazine=The ARIA Report|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|issue=1626|page=4|date=May 3, 2021}} * "Psychic": {{cite magazine|title=The ARIA Report: Week Commencing 4 July 2022|magazine=The ARIA Report|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|issue=1687|page=4|date=July 4, 2022}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Canadian Albums Chart|CAN]]<br /><ref name="CAN-albums">Peak chart positions in Canada: *"Chris Brown": {{cite web|url=http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/ALBUMS.html|title=Albums : Top 100|website=[[Jam!]]|date=January 29, 2006|access-date=April 6, 2023 |url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://archive.today/20060208035447/http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/ALBUMS.html|archive-date=February 8, 2006}} *"''Graffiti'' ": {{cite web|url=http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/ALBUMS.html|title=Albums : Top 100|website=[[Jam!]]|date=December 11, 2009|access-date=April 11, 2023 |url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://archive.today/20091223125250/http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/ALBUMS.html|archive-date=December 23, 2009}} *All except for "Chris Brown" and "Graffiti": {{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/chris-brown/chart-history/cna/|title=Chris Brown – Chart History: Canadian Albums |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=November 21, 2023}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]<br /><ref name="frachart">{{cite web |url=http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Chris+Brown |title=Discographie Chris Brown |work=Lescharts.com |language=fr |publisher=Hung Medien |access-date=April 12, 2009 }} * ''Heartbreak on a Full Moon'': {{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-album-megafusion/?ye=2017&we=45|title=Le Top de la semaine : Top Albums – SNEP (Week 45, 2017)|publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]]|language=fr|access-date=November 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113142937/http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-album-megafusion/?ye=2017&we=45|archive-date=November 13, 2017|url-status=dead}} * Other songs: {{cite web |url=http://lescharts.com/search.asp?search=Chris+Brown&cat=s |title=Chris Brown search |work=Lescharts.com |language=fr |publisher=Hung Medien |access-date=October 14, 2017 }}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]]<br /><ref name="gerchart">{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/suche?artist_search=Chris+Brown&do_search=do|title=Discographie Chris Brown|publisher=GfK Entertainment|access-date=January 11, 2019}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Irish Albums Chart|IRE]]<br /><ref name="irechart">{{cite web |url=http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Chris%20Brown |title=Discography Chris Brown |work=Irishcharts.com |publisher=Hung Medien |access-date=April 12, 2009 |archive-date=2025-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250112065940/http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Chris%20Brown |url-status=dead }}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[MegaCharts|NLD]]<br /><ref name="nlchart">{{cite web |url=http://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Chris+Brown |title=Discografie Singles |language=nl |work=dutchcharts.nl |publisher=Hung Medien |access-date=April 12, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206041149/http://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Chris+Brown |archive-date=December 6, 2008}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ]]<br /><ref name="nzchart">{{cite web|url=http://charts.nz/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Chris+Brown|title=Discography Chris Brown|website=charts.nz|access-date=August 24, 2019|archive-date=2025-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250619160407/https://charts.nz/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Chris+Brown|url-status=dead}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br /><ref name="swichart">{{cite web|url=http://hitparade.ch/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Chris+Brown|title=Discographie Chris Brown|work=hitparade.ch|publisher=Hung Medien|language=de|access-date=April 12, 2009}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[UK Albums Chart|UK]]<br /><ref name="ukchart">{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/17746/chris-brown/|title=Artist Chart History > Chris Brown|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|access-date=July 6, 2019}} * "Fine by Me": {{cite web|url=http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/151114cluk.txt|title=Chart Log UK – New Entries Update: 14.11.2015 (wk46)|website=Zobbel.de|access-date=December 4, 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Chris Brown (album)|Chris Brown]]'' | * Imetolewa: November&nbsp;29,&nbsp;2005 <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/chris-brown-mw0000646188|title=Chris Brown (Album) – Chris Brown|publisher=[[Allmusic]]. [[Rovi Corporation]]|access-date=July 14, 2013}}</ref> * Lebo: CBE, [[Jive Records|Jive]] * Muundo: [[Compact disc|CD]], [[Compact Cassette|cassette]], [[Music download|digital download]], [[streaming]] | 2 || 1 || 57 || 39 || 51 || 31 || 71 || 47 || 8 || 18 || 29 | * US: 2,199,000{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Sales as of July 2012.|name=2012Sales}}<ref name="Album Sales">{{cite web|last=Grein|first=Paul|url=http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart-watch/week-ending-july-8-2012-albums-brown-2-145312854.html|title=Week Ending July 8, 2012. Albums: Chris Brown, 2; Rihanna, 0|publisher=[[Yahoo! Music]]. Yahoo! Inc|date=July 11, 2012|access-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref> | * [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]: 3× Platinum<ref name="RIAA">{{cite certification|region=United States|artist=Chris Brown|access-date=February 16, 2022}}</ref> * [[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]: Platinum<ref name=ARIA23a>{{cite certification|region=Australia|certyear=2023|type=album|access-date=March 9, 2024}}</ref> * [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]]: Gold<ref name="BPI">{{cite certification|region=United Kingdom|access-date=July 13, 2024|artist=Chris Brown}}</ref> * [[Music Canada|MC]]: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=Canada|type=album|artist=Chris Brown|title=Chris Brown |access-date=June 13, 2020}}</ref> * [[Recorded Music NZ|RMNZ]]: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=1382.|title=NZ Top 40 Albums Chart The Official New Zealand Music Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]] (RMNZ)|access-date=June 12, 2006|archive-date=2021-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718180720/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=1382.|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Exclusive (album)|Exclusive]]'' | * Imetolewa: November&nbsp;6,&nbsp;2007 <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/exclusive-mw0000578152|title=Exclusive – Chris Brown|publisher=Allmusic. Rovi Corporation|access-date=July 14, 2013}}</ref> * Lebo: CBE, Jive * Muundo: CD, cassette, digital download, streaming | 4 || 2 || 5 || 16 || 53 || 91 || 2 || 68 || 3 || 28 || 3 | * US: 2,014,000{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Sales as of July 2012.|name=2012Sales}}<ref name="Album Sales"/> | * RIAA: 4× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * ARIA: 2× Platinum<ref name=ARIA2008>{{cite certification|region=Australia|certyear=2008|access-date=August 24, 2021}}</ref> * BPI: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * [[Irish Recorded Music Association|IRMA]]: 2× Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/awards/multi_platinum08.htm|title=2008 Certification Awards – Multi Platinum|publisher=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]] (IRMA)|access-date=August 23, 2018|archive-date=2024-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126182922/http://www.irishcharts.ie/awards/multi_platinum08.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> * RMNZ: 2× Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radioscope.net.nz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=62|title=Latest Gold / Platinum Albums|publisher=RadioScope New Zealand|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724195817/http://www.radioscope.net.nz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=62|archive-date=July 24, 2011 }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Graffiti (Chris Brown album)|Graffiti]]'' | * Imetolewa: December 8, 2009 <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/graffiti-mw0001350412|title=Graffiti – Chris Brown|publisher=Allmusic. Rovi Corporation|access-date=October 16, 2018}}</ref> * Lebo: CBE, Jive * Muundo: CD, digital download, streaming | 7 || 1 || 40 || 84 || 134 || — || 47 || 83 || 40 || — || 55 | * US: 362,000{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Sales as of July 2012.|name=2012Sales}}<ref name="Album Sales"/> | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA"/> * BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[F.A.M.E. (Chris Brown album)|F.A.M.E.]]'' | * Imetolewa: March&nbsp;22,&nbsp;2011 <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/fame-mw0002109334|title=F.A.M.E. – Chris Brown|publisher=Allmusic. Rovi Corporation|access-date=October 16, 2018}}</ref> * Lebo: CBE, Jive * Muundo: CD, digital download, streaming | 1 || 1 || 3 || 6 || 44 || 39 || 8 || 16 || 7 || 34 || 10 | * US: 872,000{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Sales as of May 2012.}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Maloy|first=Sarah|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/chris-brown-billboard-music-awards-323711|title=Chris Brown to Perform at Billboard Music Awards|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|date=May 12, 2012|access-date=April 4, 2016}}</ref> * UK: 200,000{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Sales as of March 2012.}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/chris-brown/news/fortune-album-artwork/|title=Chris Brown Unveils New Album 'Fortune' Cover|work=[[Capital (radio network)|Capital FM]]|date=March 2, 2012|access-date=March 3, 2012}}</ref> | * RIAA: 3× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * ARIA: Platinum<ref name=ARIA2019>{{cite certification|region=Australia|certyear=2019|access-date=August 24, 2021}}</ref> * BPI: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * IRMA: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/awards/gold11.htm|title=2011 Certification Awards – Gold|publisher=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]] (IRMA)|access-date=April 22, 2012|archive-date=2018-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711234229/http://www.irishcharts.ie/awards/gold11.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Fortune (Chris Brown album)|Fortune]]'' | * Imetolewa: July&nbsp;3,&nbsp;2012 <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/fortune-mw0002329610|title=Fortune – Chris Brown|publisher=Allmusic. Rovi Corporation|access-date=October 16, 2018}}</ref> * Lebo: CBE, [[RCA Records|RCA]] * Muundo: CD, digital download, streaming | 1 || 1 || 2 || 6 || 8 || 13 || 4 || 1 || 1 || 10 || 1 | * US: 465,000{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Sales as of December 2013.|name=2013Sales}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hitsdailydouble.com/sales/sales_ur.cgi |title=Upcoming Releases – Page 9 |publisher=Hits |date=October 29, 2013 |access-date=April 4, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207150834/http://www.hitsdailydouble.com/sales/sales_ur.cgi |archive-date=December 7, 2013}}</ref> | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * ARIA: Gold<ref name="ARIA2019"/> * BPI: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[X (Chris Brown album)|X]]'' | * Imetolewa: September 16, 2014 <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/x-mw0002586461|title=X – Chris Brown|publisher=Allmusic. Rovi Corporation|access-date=October 16, 2018}}</ref> * Lebo: CBE, RCA * Muundo: CD, digital download, streaming | 2 || 1 || 4 || 2 || 6 || 11 || 5 || 5 || 3 || 3 || 4 | * US: 404,000{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Sales as of December 2015.|name=2015Sales}}<ref name="XSales">{{cite web|url=http://hitsdailydouble.com/new_album_releases|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124222743/http://hitsdailydouble.com/new_album_releases|title=Upcoming Releases|work=hitsdailydouble|publisher=HITS Digital Ventures|archive-date=November 24, 2015 |access-date=December 20, 2015}}</ref> | * RIAA: 2× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * ARIA: Gold<ref name="ARIA2019"/> * BPI: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Royalty (Chris Brown album)|Royalty]]'' | * Imetolewa: December 18, 2015 * Lebo: CBE, RCA * Muundo: CD, digital download, streaming | 3 || 1 || 14 || 17 || 81 || 37 || 51 || 21 || 16 || 15 || 23 | * US: 360,000{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Sales as of February 2016.|name=2016Sales}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/charts-dont-lie-february-3-news.19941.html|title=Charts Don't Lie: February 3|website=HNHH|accessdate=2024-11-15|archive-date=2016-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205230203/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/charts-dont-lie-february-3-news.19941.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * ARIA: Gold<ref name="ARIA2019"/> * BPI: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Heartbreak on a Full Moon]]'' | * Imetolewa: October 31, 2017 * Lebo: CBE, RCA * Muundo: CD, digital download, streaming | 3 || 1 || 5 || 10 || 29 || 35 || 18 || 15 || 3 || 29 || 10 | * US: <!-- SALES only; not units. -->105,000{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Sales as of December 2018.|name=2018Sales}}<ref>{{cite web|url= https://hitsdailydouble.com/news&id=309854&title+TOP-50-SELLERS-OF-2017|title=2017 TOP 50 ALBUMS|website=HITS}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://hitsdailydouble.com/news&id=314588&title=2018-TOP-50-ALBUMS&title=YEAR-TO-c-ALBUMS|title=2018 TOP 50 ALBUMS|website=HITS}}</ref> | * RIAA: 2× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * ARIA: Platinum<ref name=ARIA23a/> * BPI: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> * MC: Platinum<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite certification|region=Canada|type=album|artist=Chris Brown|access-date=August 22, 2018}}</ref> * RMNZ: Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=New Zealand|type=album|artist=Chris Brown|title=Heartbreak on a Full Moon|id=4504|access-date=July 20, 2018}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Indigo (Chris Brown album)|Indigo]]'' | * Imetolewa: June 28, 2019<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/chris-brown-indigo-album-8518018 |title=Chris Brown shares 'Indigo' album, with appearances from Lil Wayne, H.E.R. & Tyga: Stream it Now |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=June 28, 2019 |access-date=June 29, 2019 |author=Saponara, Michael}}</ref> * Lebo: CBE, RCA * Muundo: CD, digital download, streaming | 1 || 1 || 3 || 2 || 29 || 31 || 23 || 11 || 3 || 9 || 7 | * US: <!-- This column is for sales only -->84,000{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Sales as of December 2019.|name=2019Sales}}<ref>{{cite web|url= https://hitsdailydouble.com/news&id=319157&title+2019-TOP-50-ALBUMS|title=2019 TOP 50 ALBUMS |website=HITS}}</ref> | * RIAA: 3× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * ARIA: Gold<ref name=ARIA23a/> * BPI: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> * MC: Gold<ref name="ReferenceA"/> * RMNZ: Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums|title=Indigo|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]] (RMNZ)|access-date=February 2, 2020|archive-date=2020-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219170720/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums|url-status=dead}}</ref> * SNEP: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=France|artist=Chris Brown|title=Indigo|access-date=February 3, 2024}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Breezy (album)|Breezy]]'' | * Imetolewa: June 24, 2022<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://hollywoodlife.com/2021/07/20/chris-brown-hints-collaboration-kanye-west-album/|title=Chris Brown Hints In Cryptic Message That He's Collaborated With Kanye West On Surprise Next Album|website=Hollywoodlife.com|date=July 20, 2021|access-date=January 20, 2022}}</ref> * Lebo: CBE, RCA * Muundo: CD, digital download, streaming | 4 || 2 || 6 || 7 || 39 || 25 || 41 || 6 || 2 || 9 || 6 | * US: <!-- This column is for sales only -->5,000{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Sales as of July 2022.|name=2022Sales}}<ref>{{cite magazine|url= https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/bad-bunny-un-verano-sin-ti-billboard-200-no-1-three-weeks-1235110309/|title=Bad Bunny Back at No. 1 on Billboard 200 With 'Un Verano Sin Ti'|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] }}</ref> | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA"/> * BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[11:11 (Chris Brown album)|11:11]]'' | * Imetolewa: November 10, 2023<ref>{{cite web | url=https://kisscleveland.iheart.com/content/2023-08-16-chris-brown-announces-plans-for-his-upcoming-11th-studio-album/ | title=Chris Brown Announces Plans for His Upcoming 11th Studio Album }}</ref> * Lebo: CBE, RCA * Muundo: [[LP record|LP]], digital download, streaming | 9 || 2 || 16 || 34 || 49 || 38 || 41 || 6 || 2 || 9 || 11 | * US: <!-- This column is for sales only -->6,000{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Sales as of November 2023.|name=2023Sales}}<ref>{{cite magazine|url= https://thatgrapejuice.net/2023/11/he-did-it-chris-brown-keeps-nearly-20-year-billboard-200-top-10-streak-intact-with-debut-of-1111/|title=He Did It! Chris Brown Keeps Nearly 20-Year ''Billboard'' 200 Top 10 Streak Intact with Debut of ''11:11''}}</ref> | * BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> * RMNZ: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=New Zealand|type=album|artist=Chris Brown|title=11:11 (Deluxe)|id=5804|access-date=May 11, 2024}}</ref> |- | colspan="16" style="font-size:90%"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not Imetolewa in that territory. |} ===Albamu ya ushirikiano=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Orodha ya albamu, na baadhi ya nafasi za chati, mauzo na vyeti ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| Jina ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:21em;"| Maelezo ya albamu ! scope="col" colspan="11"| Nafsi za chati iliyoshika ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:10em;"| Mauzo ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:11em;"| [[List of music recording certifications|Vyeti]] |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard 200|US]]<br /><ref name="billboard200"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|US R&B/HH]]<br /><ref name="r&balbums"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br /><ref name="auschart"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Canadian Albums Chart|CAN]]<br /><ref name="CAN-albums"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]<br /><ref name="frachart"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[GfK Entertainment|GER]]<br /><ref name="gerchart"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Irish Albums Chart|IRE]]<br /><ref name="irechart"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[MegaCharts|NLD]]<br /><ref name="nlchart"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ]]<br /><ref name="nzchart"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br /><ref name="swichart"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[UK Albums Chart|UK]]<br /><ref name="ukchart"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Fan of a Fan: The Album]]''<br /><small>(with [[Tyga]])</small> | * Imetolewa: February 24, 2015 <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span><ref>{{cite web|title=Chris Brown And Tyga's Fan Of A Fan Album Cover Is Everything We Love About The '90's|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2058206/chris-brown-tyga-fan-of-a-fan-album-cover/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126091030/http://www.mtv.com/news/2058206/chris-brown-tyga-fan-of-a-fan-album-cover/|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 26, 2015|publisher=mtv.com|access-date=January 24, 2015}}</ref> * Lebo: CBE, [[Last Kings Records|Last Kings]], [[RCA Records|RCA]],<br />[[Young Money]], [[Cash Money Records|Cash Money]], [[Republic Records|Republic]] * Muundo: CD, digital download, streaming | 7 || 3 || 3 || 11 || 33 || 14 || 31 || 30 || 9 || 6 || 7 | *US: 72,000{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Sales as of March 2015.|name="Fan of a Fan: The AlbumSales"}}<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://hiphopdx.com/news/id.33107/title.hip-hop-album-sales-kendrick-lamar-empire-drake|title=Hip Hop Album Sales: Kendrick Lamar, "Empire" & Drake|magazine=HipHopDX|access-date=June 2, 2016|archive-date=2025-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605025614/https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.33107/title.hip-hop-album-sales-kendrick-lamar-empire-drake|url-status=dead}}</ref> | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA"/> * ARIA: Gold<ref name=ARIA23a/> * BPI: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> |} ==Kandamseto== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Orodha ya kandamseto na baadhi ya maelezo |- ! scope="col" style="width:10em;"| Jina ! scope="col"| Maelezo ya albamu |- ! scope="row"| ''In My Zone (Rhythm & Streets)'' {{small|(hosted by [[DJ Drama]] and DJ Sense)}} | * Imetolewa: February 14, 2010<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/chris-brown-in-my-zone-hosted-by-dj-drama-mixtape.319.html | title=Chris Brown – In My Zone (Hosted By DJ Drama) [New Mixtape] | publisher=hotnewhiphop | date=February 14, 2010 | access-date=May 27, 2016 | archive-date=2016-06-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625175506/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/chris-brown-in-my-zone-hosted-by-dj-drama-mixtape.319.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> * Lebo: CBE, Gangsta Grillz * Format: CD, digital download |- ! scope="row"| ''Fan of a Fan'' {{small|(hosted by DJ Ill Will and DJ Rockstar)}} <span style="font-size:85%;"><br />(with Tyga)</span> | * Imetolewa: May 16, 2010<ref name="hotnewhiphop">{{cite web | url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/chris-brown-and-tyga-fan-of-a-fan-new-mixtape.983.html | title=Chris Brown & Tyga – Fan of a Fan [New Mixtape] | publisher=hotnewhiphop | date=May 16, 2010 | access-date=September 1, 2018 | archive-date=2020-10-08 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008004438/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/chris-brown-and-tyga-fan-of-a-fan-new-mixtape.983.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> * Lebo: Tyga Music<ref name="hotnewhiphop"/> * Format: CD, digital download |- ! scope="row"| ''In My Zone 2'' {{small|(hosted by DJ Drama and [[DJ Babey Drew]])}} | * Imetolewa: November 27, 2010<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/chris-brown-in-my-zone-2-hosted-by-dj-drama-mixtape.5774.html | title=Chris Brown – In My Zone 2 (Hosted By DJ Drama) [New Mixtape] | publisher=hotnewhiphop | date=November 27, 2010 | access-date=May 27, 2016 | archive-date=2016-06-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629120030/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/chris-brown-in-my-zone-2-hosted-by-dj-drama-mixtape.5774.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> * Lebo: CBE, Gangsta Grillz * Format: Digital download |- ! scope="row"| ''Boy in Detention'' | * Imetolewa: August 5, 2011<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/chris-brown-boy-in-detention-new-mixtape.19951.html | title=Chris Brown – Boy In Detention [New Mixtape] | publisher=hotnewhiphop | date=August 4, 2011 | access-date=May 27, 2016 | archive-date=2014-03-02 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302220007/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/chris-brown-boy-in-detention-new-mixtape.19951.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> * Lebo: CBE * Format: Digital download |- ! scope="row"| ''X Files'' | * Imetolewa: November 19, 2013<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/chris-brown-x-files-mixtape.101568.html | title=Chris Brown – X Files [New Mixtape] | publisher=hotnewhiphop | date=November 19, 2013 | access-date=May 27, 2016 | archive-date=2022-05-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512141519/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/chris-brown-x-files-mixtape.101568.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> * Lebo: CBE * Format: Digital download |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Before the Party]]'' | * Imetolewa: November 27, 2015<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/chris-brown-before-the-party-new-mixtape.116148.html | title=Chris Brown – Before The Party | publisher=hotnewhiphop | date=November 27, 2015 | access-date=October 19, 2018 | archive-date=2015-11-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130032344/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/chris-brown-before-the-party-new-mixtape.116148.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> * Lebo: CBE * Muundo: Kupakua mtandaoni, kusikiliza mtandaoni |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Before the Trap: Nights in Tarzana]]''<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with OHB)</span> | * Imetolewa: April 29, 2016<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/chris-brown-before-the-trap-nights-in-tarzana-new-mixtape.116388.html | title=Chris Brown & OHB – Before The Trap: Nights In Tarzana | publisher=hotnewhiphop | date=April 29, 2016 | access-date=October 19, 2018 }} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Lebo: CBE * Muundo: Kupakua mtandaoni, kusikiliza mtandaoni |- ! scope="row"| ''Attack the Block'' <span style="font-size:85%;"><br />(with OHB and [[Smoke Boys|Section Boyz]])</span> | * Imetolewa: October 28, 2016<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/chris-brown-ohb-and-section-boyz-attack-the-block-new-mixtape.116602.html | title=Chris Brown, OHB & Section Boyz – Attack The Block | publisher=hotnewhiphop | date=October 28, 2016 | access-date=October 19, 2018 | archive-date=2016-10-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029112405/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/chris-brown-ohb-and-section-boyz-attack-the-block-new-mixtape.116602.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> * Lebo: CBE * Format: Digital download |} ===Kandamseto za kibiashara=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Orodha ya kandamseto na baadhi ya maelezo ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Jina ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Maelezo ya albamu ! scope="col" colspan="9" | Nafsi za chati iliyoshika |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard 200|US]]<br /><ref name="billboard200" /> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|US<br />R&B/HH]]<br /><ref name="r&balbums" /> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br /><ref name="auschart" /> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Canadian Albums Chart|CAN]]<br /><ref name="CAN-albums" /> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[SNEP|FRA]]<br /><ref name="frachart" /> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[MegaCharts|NLD]]<br /><ref name="nlchart" /> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ]]<br /><ref name="nzchart" /> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br /><ref name="swichart" /> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[UK Albums Chart|UK]]<br /><ref name="ukchart" /> |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Slime & B]]'' <span style="font-size:85%;"><br />(with [[Young Thug]])</span> | * Imetolewa: May 5, 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/chris-brown-and-young-thugs-joint-mixtape-release-date-is-here-news.109342.html|title=Chris Brown & Young Thug's Joint Mixtape Release Date Is Here|work=HotNewHipHop|date=April 29, 2020|access-date=April 29, 2020|archive-date=2020-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428154055/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/chris-brown-and-young-thugs-joint-mixtape-release-date-is-here-news.109342.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Lebo: CBE, [[RCA Records|RCA]], [[YSL Records|YSL]], [[300 Entertainment|300]], [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]] * Muundo: Kupakua mtandaoni, kusikiliza mtandaoni | 24 || 15 || 29 || 46 || 110 || 38 || 37 || 51 || 51 |} ==Kanda ndefu== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Orodha ya kanda ndefu ! scope="col" style="width:10em;"| Jina ! scope="col" style="width:18em;"| Maelezo |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Royalty International – EP]]'' | * Imetolewa: December 25,&nbsp;2015 * Lebo: CBE, [[RCA Records|RCA]] * Muundo: Kupakua mtandaoni, kusikiliza mtandaoni<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/0BMkxYNCCYicwfzvIXX49p|title=Royalty International EP|date=December 25, 2015|access-date=January 20, 2022|website=Open.spotify.com}}</ref> |} ==Singo== ===Kama mwimbaji mkuu=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Orodha ya singo kama mwimbaji mkuu, baadhi ya chati, vyeti — zimetolewa na jina la albamu ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:22em;"| Jina ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Year ! scope="col" colspan="10"| Nafsi za chati iliyoshika ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| [[List of music recording certifications|Vyeti]] ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]<br /><ref name="hot100">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/chris-brown/chart-history/hsi/|title=Chris Brown Chart History: Hot 100|magazine=Billboard|access-date=November 12, 2024}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US<br />R&B/<br />HH]]<br /><ref name="billboardr&b">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/chris-brown/chart-history/bsi/|title=Chris Brown Chart History: R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|magazine=Billboard|access-date=October 15, 2024}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br /><ref name="auschart"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]<br /><ref name="frachart"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]]<br /><ref name="gerchart"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br /><ref name="irechart"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Dutch Single Top 100|NLD]]<br /><ref name="nlchart"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ]]<br /><ref name="nzchart"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br /><ref name="swichart"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br /><ref name="ukchart"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Run It!]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Juelz Santana]])</span> | rowspan="2"| 2005 | 1 || 1 || 1 || 19 || 5 || 2 || 9 || 1 || 5 || 2 | *RIAA: 3× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> *RIAA: Platinum {{small|([[RIAA certification#Master Ringtone|Mastertone]])}}<ref name="RIAA"/> *ARIA: 3× Platinum<ref name="ARIA2019"/> *BPI: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> *BVMI: Gold<ref name="gercerts"/> *MC: Gold {{small|([[Music Canada#RingTones (singles)|Ringtone]])}}<ref name="ReferenceA"/> *RMNZ: Gold<ref name="nzsinglescert"/> | rowspan="5"| ''[[Chris Brown (album)|Chris Brown]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Yo (Excuse Me Miss)]]" | 7 || 2 || 10 || — || 56 || 15 || 67 || 9 || 34 || 13 | *RIAA: 2× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> *RIAA: Platinum {{small|(Mastertone)}}<ref name="RIAA"/> *ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA2019"/> *BPI: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Gimme That]]" (Remix)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Lil Wayne]])</span> | rowspan="3"| 2006 | 15 || 5 || — || 45 || 47 || 26 || 94 || — || 30 || 23 | *RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> *RIAA: Gold {{small|(Mastertone)}}<ref name="RIAA"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Say Goodbye (Chris Brown song)|Say Goodbye]]" | 10 || 1 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | *RIAA: 2× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> *RIAA: Platinum {{small|(Mastertone)}}<ref name="RIAA"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Poppin' (Chris Brown song)|Poppin']]" | 42 || 5 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | *RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA"/> *RIAA: Gold {{small|(Mastertone)}}<ref name="RIAA"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Wall to Wall (song)|Wall to Wall]]" | rowspan="3"| 2007 | 79 || 22 || 21 || — || 59 || 47 || — || 15 || 87 || 75 | *RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> *ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA2019"/> | rowspan="3"| ''[[Exclusive (album)|Exclusive]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Kiss Kiss (Chris Brown song)|Kiss Kiss]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[T-Pain]])</span> | 1 || 2 || 8 || — || — || 26 || — || 1 || 69 || 38 | *RIAA: 4× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> *RIAA: Platinum {{small|(Mastertone)}}<ref name="RIAA"/> *ARIA: 3× Platinum<ref name="ARIA2019"/> *BPI: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> *MC: 2× Platinum {{small|(Ringtone)}}<ref name="ReferenceA"/> *RMNZ: Platinum<ref name="nzsinglescert">{{cite web|url=http://www.radioscope.net.nz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=77&Itemid=61|title=Latest Gold / Platinum Singles|publisher=RadioScope New Zealand|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724195845/http://www.radioscope.net.nz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=77&Itemid=61|archive-date=July 24, 2011 }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "[[With You (Chris Brown song)|With You]]" | 2 || 5 || 5 || 11 || 33 || 3 || 56 || 1 || 24 || 8 | *RIAA: 6× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> *RIAA: 2× Platinum {{small|(Mastertone)}}<ref name="RIAA"/> *ARIA: 4× Platinum<ref name="ARIA2019"/> *BPI: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> *MC: Gold {{small|(Ringtone)}}<ref name="ReferenceA"/> *RMNZ: Platinum<ref name="nzsinglescert"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[No Air]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Jordin Sparks]])</span> | rowspan="4"| 2008 | 3 || 4 || 1 || — || 10 || 2 || 17 || 1 || 8 || 3 | *RIAA: Platinum<ref name="riaa.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist=Sparks,_Jordin |title=RIAA – Gold & Platinum: Jordin Sparks |publisher=Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) |access-date=February 16, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103142803/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist=Sparks,_Jordin |archive-date=January 3, 2016}}</ref> *RIAA: Platinum {{small|(Mastertone)}}<ref name="RIAA"/> *ARIA: Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupageshttpwww.aria.com.aupagesARIACharts-Accreditations-2008Singles.htm|title=ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 2008 Singles|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|date=August 15, 2019|access-date=August 15, 2019}}</ref> *BPI: 2× Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/4590-2033-1 |title=Certified Awards Search |publisher=British Phonographic Industry (BPI) |access-date=August 22, 2023 }}</ref> *BVMI: Gold<ref name="gercerts"/> *MC: Platinum<ref name="ReferenceA"/> *MC: Gold {{small|(Ringtone)}}<ref name="ReferenceA"/> *RMNZ: 2× Platinum<ref name="nzsinglescert"/> | ''[[Jordin Sparks (album)|Jordin Sparks]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Take You Down]]" | 43 || 4 || — || — || — || — || — || 7 || — || 92 | *RIAA: 2× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> *BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> | rowspan="3"| ''Exclusive'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Forever (Chris Brown song)|Forever]]" | 2 || 66 || 7 || 25 || 20 || 1 || 51 || 1 || 22 || 4 | *RIAA: 6× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> *RIAA: Gold {{small|(Mastertone)}}<ref name="RIAA"/> *ARIA: 5× Platinum<ref name="ARIA2019"/> *BPI: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> *RMNZ: Platinum<ref name="nzsinglescert"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Superhuman (Chris Brown song)|Superhuman]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Keri Hilson]])</span> | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Superhuman" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 9 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.<ref name="BubblingBB">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/chris-brown/chart-history/hbu/|title=Chris Brown Chart History: Bubbling Under Hot 100|magazine=Billboard|access-date=August 13, 2024}}</ref>}} || —{{Ref label|note_a1|A}} || 30 || — || — || 15 || — || 15 || — || 32 | *RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA"/> *ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA2019"/> *RMNZ: Gold<ref name="nzsinglescert"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[I Can Transform Ya]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Lil Wayne and [[Swizz Beatz]])</span> | rowspan="2"| 2009 | 20 || 11 || 21 || — || — || 21 || 57 || 7 || — || 26 | *RIAA: 2× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> *ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA2019"/> *BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> *RMNZ: Platinum<ref name="nzsinglescert"/> | rowspan="2"| ''[[Graffiti (Chris Brown album)|Graffiti]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Crawl (Chris Brown song)|Crawl]]" | 53 || 59 || 67 || — || — || 39 || — || 16 || — || 35 | *RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA"/> *ARIA: Gold<ref name="ARIA2019"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Deuces (song)|Deuces]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Tyga]] and [[Kevin McCall]])</span> | rowspan="2"| 2010 | 14 || 1 || — || — || — || — || — || 23 || — || 68 | *RIAA: 3× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * BPI: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> | rowspan="8"| ''[[F.A.M.E. (Chris Brown album)|F.A.M.E.]]'' |- !scope="row"| "[[Yeah 3x]]" | 15 || —{{Ref label|note_b1|B}} || 4 || 59 || 7 || 8 || 22 || 1 || 7 || 6 | *RIAA: 3× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> *ARIA: 6× Platinum<ref name="ARIA2019"/> *BPI: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> *[[Bundesverband Musikindustrie|BVMI]]: Gold<ref name="gercerts">{{cite web|url=http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank/?action=suche&strTitel=&strInterpret=Chris+Brown&strTtArt=alle&strAwards=checked|title=German Certifications – Chris Brown|language=de|publisher=[[Bundesverband Musikindustrie]] (BVMI)|access-date=November 7, 2011}}</ref> *[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI]] SWI: Platinum<ref name="SWIcert">{{cite web|url=http://swisscharts.com/search_certifications.asp?search=Chris+Brown|title=The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community|work=Swisscharts.com|publisher=Hung Medien|access-date=August 11, 2012}}</ref> *RMNZ: Platinum<ref name="nzsinglescert"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[No Bullshit]]" | rowspan="7"| 2011 | 62 || 3 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | *RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Look at Me Now (Chris Brown song)|Look at Me Now]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Lil Wayne and [[Busta Rhymes]])</span> | 6 || 1 || 46 || 85 || — || — || — || 37 || — || 44 | *RIAA: 8× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> *ARIA: 2× Platinum<ref name="ARIA2019"/> *BPI: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> |- !scope="row"| "[[Beautiful People (Chris Brown song)|Beautiful People]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Benny Benassi]])</span> | 43 || —{{Ref label|note_c1|C}} || 7 || 26 || 30 || 3 || 25 || 6 || 26 || 4 | *RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> *ARIA: 3× Platinum<ref name="ARIA2019"/> *BPI: 2× Platinum<ref name="BPI" /> *BVMI: Gold<ref name="gercerts"/> *RMNZ: Gold<ref name="nzsinglescert"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[She Ain't You]]" | 27 || 5 || 27 || — || — || — || — || 27 || — || 53 | *RIAA: 2× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> *ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA2019"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Next to You (Chris Brown song)|Next to You]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Justin Bieber]])</span> | 26 || — || 22 || — || 28 || 21 || — || 11 || 74 || 14 | *RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> *ARIA: 2× Platinum<ref name="ARIA2019"/> *BPI: Gold<ref name="BPI" /> *RMNZ: Gold<ref name="nzsinglescert"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Wet the Bed]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Ludacris]])</span> | 77 || 6 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | *RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Strip (Chris Brown song)|Strip]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Kevin McCall)</span> | 37 || 3 || 76 || — || — || — || 95 || — || — || 78 | *RIAA: 2× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> *ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA2019"/> | rowspan="6"| ''[[Fortune (Chris Brown album)|Fortune]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Turn Up the Music (Chris Brown song)|Turn Up the Music]]" | rowspan="5"| 2012 | 10 || 81 || 6 || 39 || 34 || 12 || 30 || 9 || 39 || 1 | *RIAA: 2× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> *ARIA: 3× Platinum<ref name="ARIA2019"/> *BPI: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> *RMNZ: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles |title=NZ Top 40 Singles Chart |publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]] (RMNZ) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215004148/http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles |archive-date=February 15, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Sweet Love (Chris Brown song)|Sweet Love]]" | 89 || 25 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | *RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Till I Die (Chris Brown song)|Till I Die]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Big Sean]] and [[Wiz Khalifa]])</span> | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Till I Die" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 1 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.<ref name="BubblingBB"/>}} || 12 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Don't Wake Me Up (Chris Brown song)|Don't Wake Me Up]]" | 10 || — || 2 || 11 || 11 || 4 || 37 || 2 || 12 || 2 | *RIAA: 2× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> *ARIA: 4× Platinum<ref name="ARIA2019"/> *BPI: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> *BVMI: Gold<ref name="gercerts"/> *RMNZ: Platinum<ref name="NZ Top 40 Singles Chart">{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles |title=NZ Top 40 Singles Chart |publisher=Recorded Music NZ (RMNZ) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215004148/http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles |archive-date=February 15, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Don't Judge Me]]" | 67 || 18 || 42 || 22 || 38 || — || — || — || — || 42 | *RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> *ARIA: Gold<ref name="ARIA2019"/> *BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Fine China (Chris Brown song)|Fine China]]" | rowspan="4"| 2013 | 31 || 10 || 26 || 43 || — || 65 || 56 || 21 || — || 23 | *RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA2019"/> * BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> | rowspan="5"| ''[[X (Chris Brown album)|X]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Don't Think They Know]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Aaliyah]])</span> | 81 || 29 || — || 121 || — || — || — || — || — || 94 | *RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Love More]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Nicki Minaj]])</span> | 23 || 7 || 29 || 118 || 48 || — || — || — || — || 32 | *RIAA: 2× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> *ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA2019"/> * BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Loyal (Chris Brown song)|Loyal]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Lil Wayne and Tyga)</span> | 9 || 4 || 42 || 35 || 54 || 49 || 98 || 19 || — || 10 | *RIAA: 6× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> *ARIA: 3× Platinum<ref name="ARIA2019"/> * BPI: 2× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * BVMI: Platinum<ref name="gercerts"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[New Flame]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Usher (musician)|Usher]] and [[Rick Ross]])</span> | 2014 | 27 || 6 || 61 || 75 || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"New Flame" did not enter the Single Top 100, but peaked at number 8 on the Single Tip chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/weekchart.asp?cat=st&date=20140927&year=2014|title=Dutch Single Tip 27/09/2014|website=dutchcharts.nl|language=nl|access-date=January 15, 2024}}</ref>}} || 35 || — || 10 | *RIAA: 3× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> *ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA2019"/> *BPI: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Ayo (song)|Ayo]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Tyga)</span> | rowspan="7"| 2015 | 21 || 7 || 32 || 32 || 23 || 27 || 45 || 31 || 43 || 6 | *RIAA: 3× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> *ARIA: 2× Platinum<ref name="ARIA2019"/> *BPI: 2× Platinum<ref name="BPI" /> *BVMI: Platinum<ref name="gercerts"/> | rowspan="2"| ''[[Fan of a Fan: The Album]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Bitches N Marijuana]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Tyga featuring [[Schoolboy Q]])</span> | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Bitches N Marijuana" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 3 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.<ref name="BubblingBB"/>}} || 33 || 49 || 139 || 50 || — || — || — || — || 60 | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA"/> *ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA2019"/> *BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI" /> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Five Hours#Five More Hours|Five More Hours]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Deorro]])</span> | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Five More Hours" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 1 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.<ref name="BubblingBB"/>}} || — || 7 || 31 || 23 || 15 || 34 || 11 || 22 || 4 | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * ARIA: 4× Platinum<ref name="ARIA2019"/> * BPI: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * BVMI: Platinum<ref name="gercerts"/> * MC: 3× Platinum<ref name="ReferenceA"/> * RMNZ: Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=New Zealand|type=single|id=4104|access-date=August 7, 2015}}</ref> | ''Good Evening'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Liquor (song)|Liquor]]" | 60 || 19 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 82 | *RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> | rowspan="4"| ''[[Royalty (Chris Brown album)|Royalty]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Zero (Chris Brown song)|Zero]]" | 80 || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Zero" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, but peaked at number 1 on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.<ref name="BubblingR&B">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chris-brown/chart-history/bubbling-under-r-b-hip-hop-songs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518111930/https://www.billboard.com/music/chris-brown/chart-history/bubbling-under-r-b-hip-hop-songs|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 18, 2018|title=Chris Brown Chart History: Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|magazine=Billboard|access-date=February 13, 2018}}</ref>}} || — || 181 || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Zero" did not enter the Single Top 100, but peaked at number 22 on the Single Tip chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/weekchart.asp?cat=st&year=2015&date=20150926|title=Dutch Single Tip 26/09/2015|access-date=January 15, 2024}}</ref>}} || — || — || 68 | *RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Back to Sleep (song)|Back to Sleep]]" | 20 || 5 || 74 || 138 || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Back to Sleep" did not enter the Single Top 100, but peaked at number 8 on the Single Tip chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/weekchart.asp?cat=st&date=20160402&year=2016|title=Dutch Single Tip 02/04/2016|access-date=January 15, 2024}}</ref>}} || 38 || — || 100 | * RIAA: 2× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA2019"/> * BPI: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> * RMNZ: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=New Zealand|type=single|id=4208|access-date=March 11, 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Fine by Me (Chris Brown song)|Fine by Me]]" | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Fine by Me" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 13 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.<ref name="BubblingBB"/>}} || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Fine by Me" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, but peaked at number 7 on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.<ref name="BubblingR&B"/>}} || — || — || — || — || 97 || — || — || 76 |- ! scope="row"| "[[Paradise (Benny Benassi and Chris Brown song)|Paradise]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Benny Benassi) </span> | rowspan="3"| 2016 | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Paradise" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 21 on the [[Hot Dance/Electronic Songs]] chart.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/chris-brown/chart-history/dan/|title=Chris Brown Chart History: Dance/Electronic Songs|magazine=Billboard|access-date=February 13, 2018}}</ref>}} || — || — || — || — || 30 || — || — || — || 40 | * BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> | ''[[Danceaholic]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Grass Ain't Greener]]" | 71 || 23 || 97 || — || — || — || — || — || — || 100 | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA2019"/> * BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> | rowspan="6"| ''[[Heartbreak on a Full Moon]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Party (Chris Brown song)|Party]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Usher and [[Gucci Mane]])</span> | 40 || 14 || 82 || 84 || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Party" did not enter the Single Top 100, but peaked at number 17 on the Single Tip chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/weekchart.asp?cat=st&date=20161231&year=2016|title=Dutch Single Tip 31/12/2016|access-date=January 15, 2024}}</ref>}} || — || — || 68 | * RIAA: 3× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * ARIA: Platinum<ref name=ARIA2018>{{cite certification|region=Australia|certyear=2018|access-date=August 24, 2021}}</ref> * BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> * MC: Gold<ref name="ReferenceA"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Privacy (song)|Privacy]]" | rowspan="3"| 2017 | 62 || 26 || 61 || 73 || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Privacy" did not enter the [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ Top 40 Singles Chart]], but peaked at number four on the NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4345 |title=NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart |publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]] |date=April 3, 2017 |access-date=March 31, 2017 |archive-date=2017-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331211814/http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4345 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} || 95 || 86 | * RIAA: 3× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA2019"/> * BPI: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Pills & Automobiles]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Yo Gotti]], [[A Boogie wit da Hoodie]] and [[Kodak Black]])</span> | 46 || 16 || — || 136 || — || — || — || — || — || — | * RIAA: 3× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA2019"/> * BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Questions (Chris Brown song)|Questions]]" | 78 || 32 || 56 || 138 || 74 || 37 || 43 || 33 || 55 || 12 | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA2019"/> * BPI: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * BVMI: Gold<ref name="gercerts"/> * IFPI SWI: Gold<ref name="SWIcert"/> * MC: Gold<ref name="ReferenceA"/> * RMNZ: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=New Zealand|type=single|artist=Chris Brown|title=Questions|id=4414|access-date=November 10, 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Tempo (Chris Brown song)|Tempo]]"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allaccess.com/urban/future-releases|title=Urban/UAC Future Releases|publisher=All Access Music Group|date=February 3, 2018|access-date=January 26, 2018|archive-date=2022-06-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623152410/https://www.allaccess.com/urban/future-releases|url-status=dead}}</ref> | rowspan="3"| 2018 | 88 || 36 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | * RIAA: 2× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * ARIA: Gold<ref name="ARIA2019"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Stranger Things (Joyner Lucas and Chris Brown song)|Stranger Things]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Joyner Lucas]]) </span> | 91 || 46 || 100 || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Stranger Things" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number three on the NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4460|title=NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=March 12, 2018|access-date=March 9, 2018|archive-date=2018-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311141023/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4460|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA"/> | rowspan="2" {{N/A|Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "I Don't Die"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/i-dont-die-single/1378370860|title=I Don't Die – Single by Joyner Lucas & Chris Brown on Apple Music|work=iTunes|date=May 2, 2018 |access-date=May 7, 2018}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Joyner Lucas)</span> | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"I Don't Die" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number eight on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.<ref name="BubblingBB"/>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"I Don't Die" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number four on the NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4480|title=NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=May 14, 2018|access-date=May 11, 2018|archive-date=2018-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511150035/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4480|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Undecided (Chris Brown song)|Undecided]]" | rowspan="5"| 2019 | 35 || 15 || 58 || 150 || 94 || 46 || 43 || 15 || 47 || 15 | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * BPI: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> * MC: Gold<ref name="ReferenceA"/> |rowspan="5"| ''[[Indigo (Chris Brown album)|Indigo]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Back to Love (Chris Brown song)|Back to Love]]" | — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Back to Love" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, but peaked at number 16 on the Hot R&B Songs chart.<ref name="Chris Brown Chart History Hot R&B">{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/chris-brown/chart-history/bsi/|title= Chris Brown Chart History (Hot R&B Songs)|publisher=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=November 20, 2023}}</ref>}} || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Back to Love" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 12 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref name="NZ Hot April 29">{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4625|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=April 29, 2019|access-date=April 26, 2019|archive-date=2019-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506102747/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles/?chart=4625|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || 82 | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Wobble Up]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Nicki Minaj and [[G-Eazy]])</span> | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Wobble Up" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number three on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.<ref name="BubblingBB"/>}} || 46 || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Wobble Up" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 15 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref name="NZ Hot April 29"/>}} || — || — | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[No Guidance]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Drake (musician)|Drake]])</span> | 5 || 2 || 7 || 118 || 63 || 19 || 36 || 5 || 29 || 6 | * RIAA: Diamond (11× Platinum)<ref name="RIAA"/> * ARIA: 4× Platinum<ref name=ARIA-2020-Singles>{{cite certification|region=Australia|type=single|certyear=2020|access-date=April 25, 2021}}</ref> * BPI: 2× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * BVMI: Gold<ref name="gercerts"/> * IFPI SWI: Gold<ref name="SWIcert"/> * MC: 3× Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=Canada|type=album|artist=Chris Brown|title=No Guidance|access-date=December 20, 2019}}</ref> * RMNZ: Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=New Zealand|type=single|artist=Chris Brown feat. Drake|title=No Guidance|id=4752|access-date=September 21, 2019}}</ref> * SNEP: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=France|artist=Chris Brown|title=No Guidance|access-date=October 15, 2022}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Heat (Chris Brown song)|Heat]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Gunna (rapper)|Gunna]])</span> | 36 || 15 || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Heat" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 11 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref name="NZ Hot July 1">{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4660|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=July 1, 2019|access-date=June 28, 2019|archive-date=2019-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628222909/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4660|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | *RIAA: 4× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> *BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Go Crazy (Chris Brown and Young Thug song)|Go Crazy]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Young Thug]])</span> | rowspan="2"| 2020 | 3 || 1 || 9 || — || — || 26 || 47 || 2 || 59 || 10 | * RIAA: 3× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * ARIA: 2× Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=Australia|type=single|id=2020-11-09|access-date=April 25, 2021}}</ref> * BPI: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * IFPI SWI: Gold<ref name="SWIcert"/> * MC: 2× Platinum<ref name="ReferenceA"/> * RMNZ: 2× Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=New Zealand|type=single|artist=Chris Brown and Young Thug|title=Go Crazy|id=4967|access-date= November 7, 2020}}</ref> * [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|SNEP]]: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=France|type=single|artist=Young Thug|title=Go Crazy|access-date=June 18, 2022}}</ref> | rowspan="2"| ''[[Slime & B]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Say You Love Me"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Young Thug)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Iffy (song)|Iffy]]" | rowspan="4"| 2022 | 71 || 25 || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Iffy" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number three on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5270|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=January 24, 2022|access-date=January 22, 2022|archive-date=2022-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226213627/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5270|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || 75 | | rowspan="3"| ''[[Breezy (album)|Breezy]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[WE (Warm Embrace)]]" | 79 || 22 || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"WE (Warm Embrace)" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number four on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5315|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=April 11, 2022|access-date=April 9, 2022|archive-date=2022-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408220250/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5315|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Call Me Every Day]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Wizkid]])</span> | 76 || 20 || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Call Me Every Day" did not enter the [[Dutch Single Top 100]], but peaked at number 16 on the Single Tip chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/weekchart.asp?cat=st&date=20220702&year=2022|title=Dutch Single Tip 02/07/2022|website=dutchcharts.nl|language=nl|access-date=July 2, 2022}}</ref>}} || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Call Me Every Day" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 10 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5350|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=June 27, 2022|access-date=June 25, 2022|archive-date=2022-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625025542/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5350|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || 53 | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> * IFPI SWI: Gold<ref name="SWIcert"/> * MC: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=Canada|type=single|artist=Chris Brown|title=Call Me Everyday|access-date=June 3, 2023}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Under the Influence (Chris Brown song)|Under the Influence]]" | 12 || 3 || 5 || 20 || 12 || 14 || 24 || 2 || 4 || 7 | * RIAA: 5× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * ARIA: 4× Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.aria.com.au/charts/hip-hop-r-and-b-singles-chart/2023-08-28|title=ARIA Top 40 HIP HOP/R&B Singles|publisher=ARIA|accessdate=August 26, 2023}}</ref> * BPI: 2× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * BVMI: Gold<ref name="gercerts"/> * IFPI SWI: 2× Platinum<ref name="SWIcert"/> * MC: 3× Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=Canada|type=single|artist=Chris Brown|title=Under The Influence|access-date=December 16, 2023}}</ref> * RMNZ: 3× Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=New Zealand|type=single|artist=Chris Brown|title=Under the Influence|id=5604|access-date=July 1, 2023}}</ref> * SNEP: Diamond<ref>{{cite certification|region=France|artist=Chris Brown|title=Under the Influence|access-date=July 18, 2024}}</ref> |''Indigo'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Summer Too Hot]]" | rowspan="3"| 2023 | 93 || 26 || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Summer Too Hot" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number four on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5604|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=July 3, 2023|access-date=July 1, 2023|archive-date=2023-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630225834/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5604|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | | rowspan="4"| ''[[11:11 (Chris Brown album)|11:11]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Sensational (song)|Sensational]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Davido]] and [[Lojay]])</span> | 71 || 24 || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Sensational" did not enter the Single Top 100, but peaked at number 7 on the Single Tip chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/weekchart.asp?cat=st&date=20231118&year=2023|title=Dutch Single Tip 18/11/2023|website=dutchcharts.nl|language=nl|access-date=January 15, 2024}}</ref>}} || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Sensational" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number two on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5697|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=October 30, 2023|access-date=October 28, 2023|archive-date=2023-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027220708/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5697|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || 45 | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Nightmares (Chris Brown song)|Nightmares]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Byron Messia]])</span> | — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Nightmares" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, but peaked at number 22 on the Hot R&B Songs chart. <ref name="Chris Brown Chart History Hot R&B">{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/chris-brown/chart-history/bsi/|title= Chris Brown Chart History (Hot R&B Songs)|publisher=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=November 20, 2023}}</ref>}} || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Nightmares" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 25 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5706|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=November 13, 2023|access-date=November 11, 2023|archive-date=2023-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110211924/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5706|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || 73 | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Residuals (song)|Residuals]]" | 2024 | 69 || 18 || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Residuals" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 15 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref name="NZ Hot April 22"/>}} || — || — | |- | colspan="14" style="font-size:90%" | "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not Imetolewa in that territory. |} ===Kama msanii aliyeshirikishwa=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |+ Orodha ya singo kama mwimbaji aliyeshirikishwa, baadhi ya chati, vyeti — zimetolewa na jina la albamu ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Jina ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="10"| Nafsi za chati iliyoshika ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| Vyeti ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]<br /><ref name="hot100"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US<br />R&B/<br />HH]]<br /><ref name="billboardr&b"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br /><ref name="auschart"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Canadian Hot 100|CAN]]<br /><ref name="Billboard">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/chris-brown/chart-history/can/|title=Chris Brown Chart History: Canadian Hot 100|magazine=Billboard|access-date=February 17, 2021}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]]<br /><ref name="gerchart"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br /><ref name="irechart"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Dutch Single Top 100|NLD]]<br /><ref name="nlchart"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ]]<br /><ref name="nzchart"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br /><ref name="swichart"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br /><ref name="ukchart"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Shortie Like Mine]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Bow Wow (rapper)|Bow Wow]] featuring Chris Brown and [[Johntá Austin]])</span> | 2006 | 9 || 2 || 36 || — || — || — || — || 2 || — || — | *RIAA: Gold<ref name=Shortie>{{cite certification|region=United States|title=Shortie Like Mine|access-date=February 16, 2022}}</ref> *RIAA: Platinum {{small|(Mastertone)}}<ref name=Shortie/> *RMNZ: Gold<ref name="nzsinglescert"/> | ''[[The Price of Fame]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Shawty Get Loose]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Lil Mama]] featuring Chris Brown and [[T-Pain]])</span> | rowspan="7"| 2008 | 10 || 43 || 41 || 38 || — || — || — || 3 || — || 57 | *RMNZ: Gold<ref name="nzsinglescert"/> | ''[[VYP (Voice of the Young People)]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Get Like Me (David Banner song)|Get Like Me]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[David Banner]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | 16 || 7 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[The Greatest Story Ever Told (David Banner album)|The Greatest Story Ever Told]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Feel the Steam"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/feel-the-steam-feat-chris-brown-single/id280154612|title=Feel the Steam (feat. Chris Brown) – Single by Elephant Man|date=April 14, 2008|website=apple.com}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Elephant Man (musician)|Elephant Man]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Let's Get Physical]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[What Them Girls Like]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Ludacris]] featuring Chris Brown and [[Sean Garrett]])</span> | 33 || 17 || 98 || 53 || — || — || — || — || — || — | *RIAA: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=United States|title=What Them Girls Like|access-date=December 5, 2022}}</ref> | ''[[Theater of the Mind]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Make the World Go Round"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Nas]] featuring Chris Brown and [[The Game (rapper)|The Game]])</span> | — || —{{Ref label|note_e1|E}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Untitled Nas album|UnJinad]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Freeze (T-Pain song)|Freeze]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(T-Pain featuring Chris Brown)</span> | 38 || 39 || 62 || 45 || — || — || — || 23 || — || 62 | | ''[[Three Ringz|Thr33 Ringz]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Head of My Class"<ref>{{cite magazine|title=R&R: Going For Adds: Urban (Week Of: February 9, 2009)|url=http://gfa.radioandrecords.com/publishGFA/GFANextPage.asp?sDate=02/09/2009&Format=5|magazine=[[Radio & Records]]|access-date=July 12, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131230054/http://gfa.radioandrecords.com/publishGFA/GFANextPage.asp?sDate=02/09/2009&Format=5|archive-date=January 31, 2013}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Scooter Smiff featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || —{{Ref label|note_f1|F}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[Work That!]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Teriyaki Boyz]] featuring [[Pharrell Williams|Pharrell]] and Chris Brown)</span> | rowspan="3"| 2009 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Serious Japanese]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Drop It Low (Ester Dean song)|Drop It Low]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Ester Dean]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | 38 || 33 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[More than a Game (soundtrack)|Music Inspired by More than a Game]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Back to the Crib]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Juelz Santana]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Back to the Crib" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 24 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.<ref name="BubblingBB"/>}} || 60 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[Make a Movie]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Twista]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | rowspan="3"| 2010 | 71 || 6 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[The Perfect Storm (album)|The Perfect Storm]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Ain't Thinkin' 'Bout You]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Bow Wow featuring Chris Brown)</span> | —{{Ref label|note_h1|H}} || 51 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''Fan of a Fan'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Get Back Up (T.I. song)|Get Back Up]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[T.I.]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | 70 || 37 || 91 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[No Mercy (T.I. album)|No Mercy]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Champion (Chipmunk song)|Champion]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Chip (rapper)|Chipmunk]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | rowspan="10"| 2011 | — || — || — || — || — || 12 || — || — || — || 2 | *BPI: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> | ''[[Transition (Chipmunk album)|Transition]]'' and ''[[F.A.M.E. (Chris Brown album)|F.A.M.E.]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[My Last]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Big Sean]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | 30 || 4 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | *RIAA: Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist=Sean,_Big|title=Gold & Platinum > Searchable Database > Big Sean|publisher=Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)|access-date=April 28, 2012}}</ref> | ''[[Finally Famous (Big Sean album)|Finally Famous]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[One Night Stand (Keri Hilson song)|One Night Stand]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Keri Hilson]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || 19 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[No Boys Allowed]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Best Love Song]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(T-Pain featuring Chris Brown)</span> | 33 || — || 32 || — || — || — || — || — || — || 40 | *ARIA: Gold<ref name=ARIA2011>{{cite certification|region=Australia|certyear=2011|access-date=August 24, 2021}}</ref> | ''[[Revolver (T-Pain album)|Revolver]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Pot of Gold (Game song)|Pot of Gold]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Game featuring Chris Brown)</span> | —{{Ref label|note_i1|I}} || 53 || — || — || — || — || — || — || 72 || 58 | | ''[[The R.E.D. Album]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Body 2 Body]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Ace Hood]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | 65 || 6 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Blood, Sweat & Tears (Ace Hood album)|Blood, Sweat & Tears]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Better with the Lights Off]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[New Boyz]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | 38 || — || 90 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | *RIAA: Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=United States|title=Better with the Lights Off|access-date=February 16, 2022}}</ref> | ''[[Too Cool to Care]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Legendary"<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.fmqb.com/Article.asp?id=69239#2011 |title=Radio Releases – 2011 |magazine=FMQB |access-date=July 14, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705122717/http://www.fmqb.com/Article.asp?id=69239#2011 |archive-date=July 5, 2011}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[DJ Khaled]] featuring Chris Brown, [[Keyshia Cole]] and [[Ne-Yo]])</span> | — || 100 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[We the Best Forever]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Another Round (Fat Joe song)|Another Round]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Fat Joe]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | 80 || 5 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | *RIAA: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=fat+joe&ti=another+round|title=Gold & Platinum > Searchable Database > Fat Joe – Another Round|publisher=Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)|access-date=September 8, 2015}}</ref> | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[International Love]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | 13 || —{{Ref label|note_j1|J}} || 15 || 10 || 21 || 8 || 61 || 7 || 13 || 10 | *RIAA: 4× Platinum<ref name="RIAAFt"/> *ARIA: 3× Platinum<ref name=ARIA2017>{{cite certification|region=Australia|certyear=2017|access-date=August 24, 2021}}</ref> *BPI: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> *BVMI: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank/?action=suche&strTitel=&strInterpret=Pitbull&strTtArt=alle&strAwards=checked |title=German Certifications – Pitbull |language=de |publisher=Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI)|access-date=August 11, 2012}}</ref> *IFPI SWI: Platinum<ref name="SWIcert"/> *MC: 3× Platinum<ref name="MC">{{cite certification|region=Canada|type=single|artist=Pitbull|title=International Love|access-date=August 26, 2017}}</ref> *RMNZ: Platinum<ref name="NZ Top 40 Singles Chart"/> | ''[[Planet Pit]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Birthday Cake (song)#Remix featuring Chris Brown|Birthday Cake]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Rihanna]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | rowspan="9"| 2012 | 24 || 2 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | *RIAA: 2× Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist=Rihanna|title=Gold & Platinum > Searchable Database > Rihanna|publisher=Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)|access-date=July 14, 2012}}</ref> | ''[[Talk That Talk]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Right by My Side]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Nicki Minaj]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | 51 || 21 || — || — || — || 97 || — || — || — || 70 | *ARIA: Platinum<ref name=ARIA24s/> | ''[[Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Take It to the Head]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(DJ Khaled featuring Chris Brown, [[Rick Ross]], Nicki Minaj and [[Lil Wayne]])</span> | 58 || 6 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | *RIAA: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=DJ+Khaled#search_section|title=Gold & Platinum > Searchable Database > DJ Khaled|publisher=Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)|access-date=August 26, 2017}}</ref> | ''[[Kiss the Ring]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[I Can Only Imagine (David Guetta song)|I Can Only Imagine]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[David Guetta]] featuring Chris Brown and Lil Wayne)</span> | 44 || — || 47 || 35 || 32 || 18 || 98 || 28 || 15 || 18 | *ARIA: Gold<ref name=ARIA2012>{{cite certification|region=Australia|certyear=2012|access-date=August 24, 2021}}</ref> | ''[[Nothing but the Beat]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Amazing"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/amazing-feat.-chris-brown/id522897380|title=Amazing (feat. Chris Brown) – Single by David Banner|publisher=iTunes Store. Apple|access-date=May 18, 2012}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(David Banner featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Sex, Drugs & Video Games]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Put It Down (Brandy song)|Put It Down]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Brandy Norwood|Brandy]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | 65 || 3 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Two Eleven]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Algo Me Gusta de Ti]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Wisin & Yandel]] featuring Chris Brown and T-Pain)</span> | —{{Ref label|note_k1|K}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Líderes]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Celebration (The Game song)|Celebration]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(The Game featuring Chris Brown, [[Tyga]], [[Wiz Khalifa]] and Lil Wayne)</span> | 81 || 24 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Jesus Piece (album)|Jesus Piece]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Everyday Birthday"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/everyday-birthday-feat.-chris/id574909418|title=Everyday Birthday (feat. Chris Brown & Ludacris) – Single by Swizz Beatz|date=November 2, 2012 |publisher=iTunes Store. Apple|access-date=July 14, 2013}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Swizz Beatz]] featuring Chris Brown and Ludacris)</span> | — || 44 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="2" {{N/A|Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[Ready (Fabolous song)|Ready]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Fabolous]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | rowspan="10"| 2013 | 93 || 28 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | *RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAAFt"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[As Your Friend]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Afrojack]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | 88 || — || — || — || 67 || 20 || 40 || — || — || 21 | | ''[[Forget the World (Afrojack album)|Forget the World]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Shots Fired<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Tank (American singer)|Tank]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[For the Road]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Tyga featuring Chris Brown)</span> | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"For the Road" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number fifteen on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.<ref name="BubblingBB"/>}}|| 39 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Hotel California (Tyga album)|Hotel California]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Beat It (Sean Kingston song)|Beat It]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Sean Kingston]] featuring Chris Brown and Wiz Khalifa)</span> | 52 || 17 || 40 || — || — || 63 || — || 25 || — || — | *ARIA: Gold<ref name=ARIA2013>{{cite certification|region=Australia|certyear=2013|access-date=August 24, 2021}}</ref> | ''[[Back 2 Life]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Sweet Serenade]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Pusha T]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Sweet Serenade" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 19 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.<ref name="BubblingBB"/>}} || 44 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[My Name Is My Name]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[It Won't Stop]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Sevyn Streeter]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | 30 || 9 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | *RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAAFt"/> *BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> | ''[[Call Me Crazy, But...]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Show Me (Kid Ink song)|Show Me]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Kid Ink]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | 13 || 4 || 46 || 67 || 36 || — || 84 || 40 || 32 || 23 | *RIAA: 3× Platinum<ref name=RIAAFt/> *ARIA: Platinum<ref name=ARIA2017/> *BPI: Platinum<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certified-awards/search.aspx | title=Certified Awards | publisher=[[British Phonographic Industry]] | access-date=July 5, 2014 | format=enter "Kid Ink" into the "Keywords" box, then select "Search" | archive-date=May 1, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501152215/http://www.bpi.co.uk/certified-awards/search.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref> *BVMI: Gold<ref name="BVMI">{{cite web | url = http://www.musikindustrie.de/560/ | title = » Statistik » GOLD/PLATIN und DIAMOND AWARD » Verleihungsgrenzen | publisher = [[Bundesverband Musikindustrie]] | language = de | access-date = October 18, 2015 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151018120609/http://www.musikindustrie.de/560/ | archive-date = October 18, 2015}}</ref> *MC: Platinum<ref name="ReferenceA"/> | ''[[My Own Lane]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Rider"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Ace Hood featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Trials & Tribulations (Ace Hood album)|Trials & Tribulations]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Episode"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;>([[E-40]] featuring T.I. and Chris Brown)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[The Block Brochure: Welcome to the Soil 4]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Talkin' Bout"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;>([[Juicy J]] featuring Chris Brown and Wiz Khalifa)</span> |rowspan="8"| 2014 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Stay Trippy]]'' |- !scope="row"| "Memory"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allaccess.com/dance/future-releases |title=Dance/EDM Future Releases |publisher=All Access Music Group |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219165600/http://www.allaccess.com/dance/future-releases |archive-date=February 19, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/on-my-way-pt-1-ep/951842864 |title=On My Way, Pt. 1 - EP|access-date=December 4, 2019}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;>([[Asher Monroe]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''On My Way, Pt. 1'' |- !scope="row"| "Put On My Niggas"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;>(Compton Menace featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''The Way It Is'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Main Chick]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Kid Ink featuring Chris Brown)</span> | 60 || 16 || — || — || 99 || — || — || — || — || 69 | *RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAAFt"/> *ARIA: Gold<ref name=ARIA2017/> *BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> *MC: Gold<ref name="ReferenceA"/> | ''My Own Lane'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Hold You Down (DJ Khaled song)|Hold You Down]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;>(DJ Khaled featuring Chris Brown, [[August Alsina]], [[Future (rapper)|Future]] and [[Jeremih]])</span> | 39 || 10 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | *RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAAFt"/> | ''[[I Changed a Lot]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Only (Nicki Minaj song)|Only]]"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/only-feat.-drake-lil-wayne/id934621980 |title=iTunes – Music – Only (feat. Drake, Lil Wayne & Chris Brown) – Single by Nicki Minaj |publisher=iTunes |date=October 28, 2014 |access-date=October 28, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221210641/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/only-feat.-drake-lil-wayne/id934621980 |archive-date=December 21, 2014 }}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Nicki Minaj featuring [[Drake (musician)|Drake]], Lil Wayne and Chris Brown)</span> | 12 || 1 || 62 || 20 || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Only" did not enter the Single Top 100, but peaked at number 20 on the Single Tip chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Nicki+Minaj+feat%2E+Drake%2C+Lil+Wayne+%26+Chris+Brown&titel=Only&cat=s|title=Dutch Single Tip 22/11/2014|website=dutchcharts.nl|language=nl|access-date=January 15, 2024}}</ref>}} || — || — || 35 | *RIAA: 3× Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist=%22Minaj%2C+Nicki%22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924141708/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist=%22Minaj,+Nicki%22 |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |title=American certifications – Minaj, Nicki |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]] |access-date=November 10, 2011 }}</ref> *ARIA: 3× Platinum<ref name=ARIA24s/> *BPI: Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=United Kingdom|id=13873-4235-1|title=Only|access-date=May 13, 2023}}</ref> | ''[[The Pinkprint]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Do Not Disturb"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://urbanislandz.com/2014/10/29/listen-teyana-taylor-ft-chris-brown-do-not-disturb/|title=Listen: Teyana Taylor Ft. Chris Brown – Do Not Disturb|work=UrbanIslandz|date=October 29, 2014|access-date=September 4, 2015|first=DJ|last=Nick|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904193511/http://urbanislandz.com/2014/10/29/listen-teyana-taylor-ft-chris-brown-do-not-disturb/|archive-date=September 4, 2015}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;>([[Teyana Taylor]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[VII (Teyana Taylor album)|VII]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Post to Be]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;>([[Omarion]] featuring Chris Brown and [[Jhené Aiko]])</span> | 13 || 5 || 79 || 49 || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Post to Be" did not enter the Single Top 100, but peaked at number 16 on the Single Tip chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Omarion+feat.+Chris+Brown+%26+Jhene+Aiko&titel=Post+to+Be&cat=s|title=Dutch Single Tip|website=dutchcharts.nl|language=nl|access-date=January 15, 2024}}</ref>}} || — || — || 74 | *RIAA: 3× Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=United States|title=Post to Be|access-date=February 16, 2022}}</ref> *BPI: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> | ''[[Sex Playlist]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Don't Kill the Fun"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Sevyn Streeter featuring Chris Brown)</span> | rowspan="15"| 2015 | — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Don't Kill the Fun" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, but peaked at number 1 on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.<ref name="BubblingR&B"/>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Shoulda Been There, Pt. 1]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Hotel (Kid Ink song)|Hotel]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Kid Ink featuring Chris Brown)</span> | 96 || 30 || 60 || — || 30 || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Hotel" did not enter the Single Top 100, but peaked at number 21 on the Single Tip chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/weekchart.asp?cat=st&year=2015&date=20150207|title=Dutch Single Tip 07/02/2015|website=dutchcharts.nl|language=nl|access-date=January 15, 2024}}</ref>}} || — || — || 43 | *BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> | ''[[Full Speed (album)|Full Speed]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Private Show (T.I. song)|Private Show]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(T.I. featuring Chris Brown)</span> | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Private Show" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 18 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.<ref name="BubblingBB"/>}} || 42 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Paperwork (T.I. album)|Paperwork]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[You Changed Me]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Jamie Foxx]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | 93 || 32 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Hollywood: A Story of a Dozen Roses]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Fool Wit It"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/fool-wit-it-feat-chris-brown-single/id972922022|title=Fool Wit It (feat. Chris Brown) – Single by Kid Red|date=March 17, 2015|website=apple.com}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Kid Red featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[Fun (Pitbull song)|Fun]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Pitbull featuring Chris Brown)</span> | 40 || — || 59 || 24 || 36 || 59 || 16 || — || 50 || 68 | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAAFt"/> * ARIA: Gold<ref name=ARIA2017/> | ''[[Globalization (album)|Globalization]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Do It Again (Pia Mia song)|Do It Again]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Pia Mia]] featuring Chris Brown and Tyga)</span> | 71 || — || 5 || 70 || — || 52 || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Do It Again" did not enter the Single Top 100, but peaked at number 3 on the Single Tip chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/weekchart.asp?cat=st&date=20150905&year=2015|title=Dutch Single Tip 05/09/2015|access-date=January 15, 2024}}</ref>}} || 10 || — || 8 | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAAFt"/> * ARIA: Platinum<ref name=ARIA2015>{{cite certification|region=Australia|certyear=2015|access-date=August 24, 2021}}</ref> * BPI: 2× Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=United Kingdom|award=Silver|type=single|certyear=2015|access-date=October 9, 2015|id=13435-4086-1}}</ref> * RMNZ: Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=New Zealand|type=single|id=4150|access-date=October 9, 2015}}</ref> | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[How Many Times (DJ Khaled song)|How Many Times]]"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/how-many-times-feat.-chris/id990747704?i=990747708|title=iTunes – Music – How Many Times (feat. Chris Brown, Lil Wayne, & Big Sean) – Single by DJ Khaled|publisher=iTunes|date=May 12, 2015|access-date=May 12, 2015|archive-date=2018-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126051038/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/how-many-times-feat.-chris/id990747704?i=990747708|url-status=dead}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(DJ Khaled featuring Chris Brown, Lil Wayne and Big Sean)</span> | 68 || 17 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | *RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAAFt"/> | ''I Changed a Lot'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[All Eyes on You]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Meek Mill]] featuring Nicki Minaj and Chris Brown)</span> | 21 || 8 || 51 || 40 || — || 76 || 82 || — || — || 55 | *RIAA: 2× Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=United States|title=All Eyes on You|access-date=February 16, 2022}}</ref> *BPI: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> | ''[[Dreams Worth More Than Money]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Body on Me (Rita Ora song)|Body on Me]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Rita Ora]] featuring Chris Brown) </span> | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Body on Me" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 2 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.<ref name="BubblingBB"/>}} || — || 66 || 91 || — || 54 || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Body on Me" did not enter the Single Top 100, but peaked at number 13 on the Single Tip chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/weekchart.asp?cat=st&date=20150912&year=2015|title=Dutch Single Tip 12/09/2015|access-date=January 15, 2024}}</ref>}} || — || — || 22 | *BPI: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[Moses (French Montana song)|Moses]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[French Montana]] featuring Chris Brown and [[Migos]]) </span> | — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Moses" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, but peaked at number 1 on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.<ref name="BubblingR&B"/>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Casino Life 2]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Play No Games (Big Sean song)|Play No Games]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Big Sean featuring Chris Brown and [[Ty Dolla Sign|Ty Dolla $ign]])</span> | 84 || 28 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | *RIAA: Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=United States|title=Play No Games|access-date=February 16, 2022}}</ref> | ''[[Dark Sky Paradise]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Player (song)|Player]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Tinashe]] featuring Chris Brown) </span> | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Player" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number three on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.<ref name="Bubbling"/>}} || 39 || 90 || — || — || — || — || — || — || 85 | *ARIA: Gold<ref name=ARIA2018/> | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[Sorry (Rick Ross song)|Sorry]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Rick Ross]] featuring Chris Brown) </span> | 97 || 32 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | *RIAA: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=United States|title=Sorry|artist=Rick Ross|access-date=February 16, 2022}}</ref> | ''[[Black Market (Rick Ross album)|Black Market]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Gold Slugs]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(DJ Khaled featuring Chris Brown, August Alsina and [[Fetty Wap]])</span> | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Gold Slugs" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 19 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.<ref name="BubblingBB"/>}} || 49 || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Gold Slugs" did not enter the Single Top 100, but peaked at number 26 on the Single Tip chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/weekchart.asp?cat=st&year=2015&date=20151031|title=Dutch Single Tip 31/10/2015|access-date=January 15, 2024}}</ref>}} || — || — || 121 | *RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAAFt"/> * ARIA: Gold<ref name=ARIA22s>{{cite certification|region=Australia|certyear=2022|type=single|access-date=December 5, 2022}}</ref> | ''I Changed a Lot'' |- ! scope="row"| "#BDAY"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Tank (American singer)|Tank]] featuring Chris Brown, [[Siya]] and [[Sage the Gemini]]) </span> |rowspan="12"| 2016 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Sex Love & Pain II]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Something New (Zendaya song)|Something New]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Zendaya]] featuring Chris Brown) </span> | 93 || 27 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[Drifting (G-Eazy song)|Drifting]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[G-Eazy]] featuring Chris Brown and [[Tory Lanez]]) </span> | 98 || 33 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | *RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAAFt"/> *MC: Gold<ref name="ReferenceA"/> | ''[[When It's Dark Out]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Bounce"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/bounce-feat-chris-brown-migos-single/id1114210042|title=Bounce (feat. Chris Brown & Migos) – Single by Kid Red|date=May 13, 2016|website=apple.com}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Kid Red featuring Chris Brown and Migos) </span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''Guilty by Association'' |- ! scope="row"| "Call Me When It's Over"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Rockie Fresh]] featuring Chris Brown) </span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''The Night I Went To...'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Wishing (DJ Drama song)|Wishing]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[DJ Drama]] featuring Chris Brown, [[Skeme]] and LyQuin) </span> | 77 || 29 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | *RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAAFt"/> | ''[[Quality Street Music 2]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[I'm the Man (50 Cent song)#Remix|I'm the Man (Remix)]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[50 Cent]] featuring Chris Brown) </span> | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"I'm the Man" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 10 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.<ref name="BubblingBB"/>}} || 46 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | * RIAA: 2× Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=United States|title=I'm the Man|artist=50 Cent|access-date=January 21, 2023}}</ref> | rowspan="2" {{N/A|Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[No Romeo No Juliet]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(50 Cent featuring Chris Brown) </span> | — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"No Romeo No Juliet" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, but peaked at number 5 on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.<ref name="BubblingR&B"/>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Trap Out The Uber"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/it/album/trap-out-uber-feat.-chris/id1114892222|title=Trap out the Uber (feat. Chris Brown) – Single di Bricc Baby|date=May 17, 2016|website=apple.com}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Bricc Baby featuring Chris Brown) </span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''Nasty Dealer 2'' |- ! scope="row"| "Leave Broke"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/leave-broke-feat-chris-brown-single/id1135369884|title=Leave Broke (feat. Chris Brown) – Single by Famous Fresh|date=July 15, 2016|website=apple.com}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Famous Fresh featuring Chris Brown) </span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[Do You Mind (DJ Khaled song)|Do You Mind]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(DJ Khaled featuring Nicki Minaj, Chris Brown, August Alsina, Jeremih, Future and Rick Ross) </span> | 27 || 9 || 65 || 93 || — || — || — || — || — || 197 | *RIAA: 3× Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=United States|title=Do You Mind|access-date=February 16, 2022}}</ref> *ARIA: 2× Platinum<ref name=ARIA22s/> *BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> *MC: Gold<ref name="ReferenceA"/> | ''[[Major Key (album)|Major Key]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Famous"<ref name="Smoke Cloud TMG & OHB">{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/smoke-cloud-tmg-ohb/1181535079|title=Smoke Cloud TMG & OHB|work=iTunes Store|access-date=November 30, 2016|archive-date=August 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803103500/https://music.apple.com/us/album/smoke-cloud-tmg-ohb/1181535079|url-status=dead}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Ray J]] featuring Chris Brown) </span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''Smoke Cloud TMG & OHB'' and ''Burn My Name'' |- ! scope="row"| "I Think of You"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Jeremih featuring Chris Brown and Big Sean) </span> |rowspan="12"| 2017 | — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"I Think of You" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, but peaked at number 5 on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.<ref name="BubblingR&B"/>}} || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"I Think of You" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 4 on the NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4334|title=NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=February 13, 2017|access-date=February 10, 2017|archive-date=2017-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407051819/http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4334|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Bruk Off Yuh Back"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/bruk-off-yuh-back-single/id1217967495|title=Bruk Off Yuh Back – Single by Konshens & Chris Brown|date=March 21, 2017|website=apple.com}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Konshens]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''It Feel Good'' |- ! scope="row"| "Jiu Jitsu"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/jiu-jitsu-feat-chris-brown-single/id1226069343|title=Jiu Jitsu (feat. Chris Brown) – Single by OneInThe4Rest|date=April 21, 2017|website=apple.com|accessdate=2024-11-15|archive-date=2018-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622194730/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/jiu-jitsu-feat-chris-brown-single/id1226069343|url-status=dead}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(OneInThe4Rest featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Jiu Jitsu" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, but peaked at number 12 on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.<ref name="BubblingR&B"/>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[Whatever You Need (Meek Mill song)|Whatever You Need]]"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7817315/meek-mill-whatever-you-want-new-song-listen|title=Meek Mill Taps Chris Brown & Ty Dolla $ign for 'Whatever You Want'|website=billboard.com}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Meek Mill featuring Chris Brown and Ty Dolla $ign)</span> | 51 || 20 || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Whatever You Need" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 6 on the NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4371|title=NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|access-date=February 13, 2018|archive-date=2021-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028175128/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4371|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | *RIAA: Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=United States|title=Whatever You Need|access-date=February 16, 2022}}</ref> | ''[[Wins & Losses]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[African Bad Gyal]]"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2017/06/08/new-music-wizkid-chris-brown-african-bad-gyal/|title=New Music: WizKid feat. Chris Brown – 'African Bad Gyal'|website=rap-up.com}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;" >([[Wizkid]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 144 | | ''[[Sounds from the Other Side]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Tone It Down]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Gucci Mane]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Tone It Down" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 16 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.<ref name="Bubbling">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f%5B0%5D=ts_chart_artistname%3AChris+Brown&f%5B1%5D=itm_field_chart_id%3A344&f%5B2%5D=ss_bb_type%3Achart_item&type=2&artist=Chris+Brown|title=Chris Brown – Chart history (Bubbling Under Hot 100)|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=September 12, 2017}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>}} || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Tone It Down" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, but peaked at number 2 on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.<ref name="BubblingR&B"/>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | *RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAAFt"/> | ''[[Mr. Davis]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Pie (song)|Pie]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Future featuring Chris Brown)</span> | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Pie" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number two on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.<ref name="Bubbling"/>}} || 48 || — || 78 || — || — || — || — || — || 92 | *RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAAFt"/> *MC: Gold<ref name="ReferenceA"/> | ''[[Hndrxx]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Post & Delete"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Zoey Dollaz featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''M'ap Boule'' |- ! scope="row"| "Perfect"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Dave East]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | *RIAA: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=United States|title=Perfect|artist=Dave East|access-date=February 16, 2022}}</ref> | ''[[Paranoia: A True Story]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Always"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2017/07/27/new-music-a1-chris-brown-ty-dolla-sign-always/|title=New Music: A1 feat. Chris Brown and Ty Dolla $ign – 'Always'|website=rap-up.com}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Floyd Bentley|A1]] featuring Chris Brown and Ty Dolla $ign)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[Either Way (K. Michelle song)|Either Way]]"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/k-michelle-and-chris-brown-team-up-for-either-way-new-song.1975624.html|title=K. Michelle & Chris Brown Team Up For "Either Way"|website=hotnewhiphop.com|date=September 8, 2017|accessdate=2024-11-15|archive-date=2022-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824172158/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/k-michelle-and-chris-brown-team-up-for-either-way-new-song.1975624.html|url-status=dead }}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[K. Michelle]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Kimberly: The People I Used to Know]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Left, Right"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Casanova (rapper)|Casanova]] featuring Chris Brown and Fabolous)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''Commissary'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Melanin Magic]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Remy Ma]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> |rowspan="9"| 2018 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="9" {{N/A|Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Love You Better"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(King Combs featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Freaky Friday (song)|Freaky Friday]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Lil Dicky]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | 8 || 5 || 4 || 10 || 21 || 3 || 28 || 1 || 33 || 1 | * RIAA: 5× Platinum<ref name="RIAAFt"/> * ARIA: 3× Platinum<ref name=ARIA2021>{{cite certification|region=Australia|certyear=2021|access-date=August 24, 2021}}</ref> * BPI: 2× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * BVMI: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=Germany|artist=Lil Dicky|title=Freaky Friday|type=single|access-date=January 23, 2021}}</ref> * MC: 3× Platinum<ref name="ReferenceA"/> * [[NVPI]]: Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nvpi.nl/nvpi-audio/marktinformatie/goud-platina/|title=Freaky Friday|publisher=[[NVPI]]|format=Enter Freaky Friday in the "Artiest of titel" box.|access-date=November 12, 2020|archive-date=December 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203124722/https://nvpi.nl/nvpi-audio/marktinformatie/goud-platina/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * RMNZ: Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=New Zealand|type=single|artist=Lil Dicky feat. Chris Brown|title=Freaky Friday|id=4482|access-date=May 18, 2018}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Date Night (Same Time)"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Kirko Bangz]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Attention (Fat Joe song)|Attention]]"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/attention-single/1414637254|title=Attention – Single by Fat Joe, Chris Brown & Dre on iTunes|work=iTunes Store (AU)|date=July 24, 2018 |access-date=July 27, 2018}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Fat Joe and [[Cool & Dre|Dre]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Overdose"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Agnez Mo]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Fairytale"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Skye)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Buss It"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Sage the Gemini featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Buss It" did not enter the [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ Top 40 Singles Chart]], but peaked at number 40 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4521|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=September 10, 2018|access-date=September 7, 2018|archive-date=2018-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907110326/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4521|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Flight to Memphis"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Smooky MarGielaa featuring Chris Brown, Juicy J and A$AP Rocky)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Flight to Memphis" did not enter the NZ Top 32 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 34 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4570|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=December 17, 2018|access-date=December 14, 2023|archive-date=2020-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108001410/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4570|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Must Be"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Rockie Fresh featuring Chris Brown)</span> |rowspan="11"| 2019 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''Destination'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Chi Chi (Trey Songz song)|Chi Chi]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Trey Songz]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Chi Chi" did not enter the US ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at #17 on the Billboard Hot R&B chart.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/trey-songz/|title=Trey Songz|website=Billboard.com|access-date=January 20, 2022}}</ref>}} || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Chi Chi" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 9 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4596|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=February 18, 2019|access-date=June 14, 2019|archive-date=2019-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215103020/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4596|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Type a Way"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Eric Bellinger]] featuring Chris Brown and [[OG Parker]])</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Type a Way" did not enter the NZ Top 32 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 27 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4604|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=March 4, 2019|access-date=December 14, 2023|archive-date=2019-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301140348/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4604|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | | ''The Rebirth 2'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Light It Up (Marshmello, Tyga and Chris Brown song)|Light It Up]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Marshmello]] and Tyga)</span> | 90 || 35 || 60 || 75 || 77 || 63 || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Light It Up" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 4 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4628|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=May 6, 2019|access-date=December 14, 2023|archive-date=2019-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503050355/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4628|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || 78 || 55 | *MC: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=Canada|type=album|artist=Chris Brown|title=Light It Up|access-date=May 8, 2020}}</ref> | rowspan="2" {{N/A|Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[Easy (DaniLeigh song)|Easy (Remix)]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[DaniLeigh]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | 79 || 34 || 84 || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Easy (Remix)" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 11 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4654|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=June 17, 2019|access-date=June 14, 2019|archive-date=2019-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621061335/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4654|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | *RIAA: 4× Platinum<ref name="RIAAFt"/> *BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> *MC: Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=Canada|type=single|artist=DaniLeigh|title=Easy|access-date=May 5, 2023}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Haute (song)|Haute]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Tyga featuring [[J Balvin]] and Chris Brown)</span> | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Haute" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 1 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.<ref name="Bubbling"/>}} || 42 || 50 || 55 || — || 78 || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Haute" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 6 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref name="NZ Hot Singles Chart">{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4652|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=June 17, 2019|access-date=June 14, 2019|archive-date=2019-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616065120/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4652|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || 23 || 66 | | ''[[Legendary (Tyga album)|Legendary]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[G Walk]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Lil Mosey]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"G Walk" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 24 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref name="NZ Hot Singles Chart"/>}} || — || — | | ''[[Certified Hitmaker]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Restroom Occupied]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Yella Beezy]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Restroom Occupied" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number nine on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.<ref name="Bubbling"/>}} || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Restroom Occupied" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, but peaked at number 1 on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.<ref name="BubblingR&B"/>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''Baccend Beezy'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Blow My Mind]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Davido]])</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Blow My Mind" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 27 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref name="NZ Hot 40">{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4730|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=August 5, 2019|access-date=December 14, 2023|archive-date=2021-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708035347/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4730|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | * MC: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=Canada|type=single|artist=Davido|title=Blow My Mind|access-date=February 14, 2023}}</ref> | ''[[A Good Time]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Did You?"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(4B featuring Chris Brown)</span> | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Did You" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 36 on the [[Dance/Electronic Songs]].<ref name="billboard.com">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/chris-brown/chart-history/dan/|title = Chris Brown|magazine = [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Did You" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 31 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref name="nztop40.co.nz">{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4784|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=December 2, 2019|access-date=November 30, 2019|archive-date=2020-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029014538/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4784|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | | rowspan="2" {{N/A|Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[Something Real (Summer Walker song)|Something Real]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Summer Walker]] and [[London on da Track]])</span> | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Something Real" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number twenty on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.<ref name="Bubbling"/>}} || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Something Real" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, but peaked at number 7 on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.<ref name="BubblingR&B"/>}} || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Something Real" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 17 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref name="nztop40.co.nz"/>}} || — || 99 | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAAFt"/> |- ! scope="row"| "Out of Your Mind"<ref name="out-of">{{cite web |title=Top 40 Rhythmic Future Releases |url=https://www.allaccess.com/top40-rhythmic/future-releases |website=All Access Music Group |access-date=January 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116143231/https://www.allaccess.com/top40-rhythmic/future-releases |archive-date=January 16, 2020}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(French Montana and [[Swae Lee]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> |rowspan="4"| 2020 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Out of Your Mind" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 20 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4792|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=December 16, 2019|access-date=December 14, 2023|archive-date=2020-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202131931/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4792|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | | ''[[Montana (album)|Montana]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Wake Up Dead"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(T-Pain featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Wake Up Dead" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 28 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4797|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=May 1, 2020|access-date=May 1, 2020|archive-date=2020-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129124939/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4797|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | | rowspan="3" {{N/A|Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[Put In Work]]"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/put-in-work-single/1523924383/|title=Put in Work - Single by Jacquees & Chris Brown|date=July 24, 2020}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;>([[Jacquees]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Put In Work" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 16 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4909|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=August 1, 2020|access-date=August 1, 2020|archive-date=2020-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917141650/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4909|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Back to You"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;>([[O.T. Genasis]] featuring Chris Brown and [[Charlie Wilson (singer)|Charlie Wilson]])</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Back to You" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 13 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4957|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=August 1, 2020|access-date=October 26, 2020|archive-date=2020-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026030050/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4957|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Provide (song)|Provide]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;>(G-Eazy featuring Chris Brown and [[Mark Morrison]])</span> | rowspan="14" |2021 | 64 || 24 || 52 || 90 || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Provide" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number three on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5023|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=February 15, 2021|access-date=February 13, 2021|archive-date=2021-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213062943/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5023|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || 98 | | ''[[These Things Happen Too]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Rolls Royce Umbrella"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;>(Clever featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''Crazy'' |- ! scope="row"| "Guilty"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;>(Sevyn Streeter featuring Chris Brown and [[ASAP Ferg|A$AP Ferg]])</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Guilty" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number eighteen on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5026|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=February 13, 2021|access-date=February 28, 2021|archive-date=2021-03-03|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210303222340/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5026|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | | ''Drunken Wordz Sober Thoughtz'' |- ! scope="row"| "Feels"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;>(Tory Lanez featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Feels" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number twelve on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5029|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=February 28, 2021|access-date=February 28, 2021|archive-date=2021-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414234504/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5029|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | | ''Playboy'' |- ! scope="row"| "Baby"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;>(Sage the Gemini featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[Already Best Friends]]"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allaccess.com/urban/future-releases|title=Urban/R&B Future Releases|work=All Access|access-date=March 24, 2021|archive-date=2022-06-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623152410/https://www.allaccess.com/urban/future-releases|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />{{small|([[Jack Harlow]] featuring Chris Brown)}} | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Already Best Friends" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 19 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.<ref name="BubblingBB"/>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Already Best Friends" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 16 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.{{ citation needed|date=March 2021}} }} || — || — | *RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAAFt"/> *MC: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=Canada|type=single|artist=Jack Harlow|title=Already Best Friends|access-date=November 20, 2021}}</ref> *BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> | ''[[Thats What They All Say]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Come Through (H.E.R. song)|Come Through]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;>([[H.E.R.]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | 64 || 23 || 96 || 91 || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Come Through" did not enter the Single Top 100, but peaked at number 8 on the Single Tip chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/weekchart.asp?cat=st&year=2021&date=20210501|title=Dutch Single Tip 01/05/2021|access-date=January 15, 2024}}</ref>}} || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Come Through" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number three on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5058|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=May 3, 2021|access-date=May 1, 2021|archive-date=2021-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028133559/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5058|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || 75 | *RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAAFt"/> | ''[[Back of My Mind (H.E.R. album)|Back of My Mind]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Rain Down"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;>(with OG Parker and [[PnB Rock]] featuring Latto and [[Layton Greene]])</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''Moments'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Baddest (song)|Baddest]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;>([[Yung Bleu]] featuring Chris Brown and 2 Chainz)</span> | 56 || 17 || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Baddest" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 38 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5095|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=June 21, 2021|access-date=June 19, 2021|archive-date=2021-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620074334/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5095|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | *RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAAFt">{{cite certification|region=United States|title=Chris Brown|access-date=February 16, 2022}}</ref> | ''[[Moon Boy (Yung Bleu album)|Moon Boy]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Angles (song)|Angles]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;>(Wale featuring Chris Brown)</span> | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Angles" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number six on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.<ref name="BubblingBB"/>}} || 44 || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Angles" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 10 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5103|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=June 28, 2021|access-date=June 26, 2021|archive-date=2021-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625221445/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5103|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | | ''[[Folarin 2]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Woo Baby]]"<br />{{small|([[Pop Smoke]] featuring Chris Brown)}} | 64 || 22 || 24 || 31 || — || — || 58 || 22 || 41 || 54 | *BPI: Silver<ref>{{cite certification|region=United Kingdom|id=18996-6363-1|title=Woo Baby|access-date=May 20, 2023}}</ref> | ''[[Faith (Pop Smoke album)|Faith]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Nostálgico]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;>(with [[Rvssian]] and [[Rauw Alejandro]])</span> | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Nostálgico" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 23 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.<ref name="BubblingBB"/>}} || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Nostálgico" did not enter the Single Top 100, but peaked at number 21 on the Single Tip chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/weekchart.asp?cat=st&year=2021&date=20210918|title=Dutch Single Tip 18/09/2021|access-date=January 15, 2024}}</ref>}} || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Nostálgico" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 34 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5205|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=June 28, 2021|access-date=September 17, 2021|archive-date=2021-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917231849/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5205|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || 69 || — | *RIAA: 5× Platinum {{small|([[RIAA certification#Spanish|Latin]])}}<ref name="RIAA"/> | rowspan="6" {{N/A|Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"|"Get Back"<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1453439358288031745|user=OHYESMARIO|title=This Friday 10/29 @chrisbrown|url=https://twitter.com/OHYESMARIO/status/1453439358288031745|date=October 27, 2021|access-date=October 27, 2021}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Mario (singer)|Mario]])</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Get Back" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 11 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5228|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=November 8, 2021|access-date=November 6, 2021|archive-date=2021-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105210458/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5228|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | |- ! scope="row"|"Goodbye"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with No Limit, [[Dadju]] and [[Skread]])</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Monalisa" (Remix)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allaccess.com/top40-rhythmic/future-releases|title=Top 40/Rhythmic Future Releases|website=All Access|access-date=May 26, 2022|archive-date=2021-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603224650/https://www.allaccess.com/top40-rhythmic/future-releases|url-status=dead}}</ref><br>{{small|([[Lojay]] and [[Sarz]] featuring Chris Brown)}} | rowspan="3" |2022 | — || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Sensational" did not enter the Single Top 100, but peaked at number 4 on the Single Tip chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Lojay+x+Sarz+x+Chris+Brown&titel=Monalisa&cat=s|title=Dutch Single Tip|website=dutchcharts.nl|language=nl|access-date=January 15, 2024}}</ref>}} || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Monalisa" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 30 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5337|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=May 30, 2022|access-date=May 28, 2022|archive-date=2022-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527224828/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5337|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || 99<br><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=LOJAY & SARZ {{!}} full Official Chart History {{!}} Official Charts Company |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/60804/lojay-and-sarz/ |access-date=June 22, 2022 |website=www.officialcharts.com}}</ref> | *BPI: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> *MC: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=Canada|type=single|artist=Lojay X Sarz|title=Monalisa|access-date=April 2, 2023}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"|"Ocean Drive"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Sean Kingston featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"|"[[Nasty (Tyga and Chris Brown song)|Nasty]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Tyga featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Nasty" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number six on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5474|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=December 26, 2022|access-date=December 24, 2022|archive-date=2022-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224012502/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5474|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | |- ! scope="row"|"Do You Mind"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Vedo featuring Chris Brown)</span> | rowspan="6"| 2023 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Do You Mind" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number seven on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5487|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=January 16, 2023|access-date=January 14, 2023|archive-date=2023-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114000708/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5487|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | | ''Mood Swings'' |- ! scope="row"|"See Through Love"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ratedrnb.com/2023/03/tank-chris-brown-see-through-love-hits-top-10-on-billboard-adult-r-and-b-airplay-chart/ | title=Tank, Chris Brown's 'See Through Love' Enters Top 10 on Billboard's Adult R&B Airplay Chart | date=March 21, 2023 }}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Tank featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |''[[R&B Money]]'' |- ! scope="row"|"[[How Does It Feel (Chlöe song)|How Does It Feel]]"<ref>{{cite tweet|user=ChloeBailey|number=1626266062881796096|title=2ND PIECE. HOW DOES IT FEEL @chrisbrown. 2/24 🫀|date=February 16, 2023|access-date=February 16, 2023}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Chloe Bailey|Chlöe]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"How Does It Feel" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 10 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.<ref name="BubblingBB"/>}} || 47 || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"How Does It Feel" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number five on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5515|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=March 6, 2023|access-date=March 8, 2023|archive-date=2023-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303211938/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5515|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | |''[[In Pieces (Chlöe album)|In Pieces]]'' |- ! scope="row"|"Don't Give It Away"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Fridayy]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Don't Give It Away" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 11 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5593|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=June 12, 2023|access-date=June 10, 2023|archive-date=2023-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610041308/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5593|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | | ''Fridayy'' |- ! scope="row"|"[[How We Roll (Ciara and Chris Brown song)|How We Roll]]"<br><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Ciara]])</span> | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"How We Roll" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number five on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.<ref name="BubblingBB"/>}} || 34 || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"How We Roll" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number two on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5638|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=August 14, 2023|access-date=August 19, 2023|archive-date=2023-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811222705/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5638|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"How We Roll" did not enter the UK Top 100 but debuted and peaked at number 21 on the UK Singles Downloads Chart on August 11, 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-downloads-chart/20230811/7000/|title=Official Singles Downloads Chart on 11/8/2023 - 11 August 2023 - 17 August 2023|website=Official Charts|date=August 11, 2023|access-date=August 19, 2023}}</ref>}} | *RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAAFt"/> | ''[[CiCi]]'' |- ! scope="row"|"[[IDGAF (Tee Grizzley song)|IDGAF]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Tee Grizzley featuring Chris Brown and [[Mariah the Scientist]])</span> | 98 || 30 || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"IDGAF" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number nine on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5665|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=September 18, 2023|access-date=September 16, 2023|archive-date=2023-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918072307/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5665|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | | ''[[Tee's Coney Island]]'' |- ! scope="row" | "[[FTCU (song)|FTCU]]" (SleezeMix)<br />{{small|(Nicki Minaj featuring [[Travis Scott]], Chris Brown and [[Sexyy Red]])}} | rowspan="5" | 2024 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"FTCU" (SleezeMix) did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 20 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5799|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=April 29, 2024|access-date=April 26, 2024|archive-date=2024-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426045400/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5799|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | | {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[Wake Up (SkyLar Blatt song)|Wake Up]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Skylar Blatt featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Wake Up" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number six on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5801|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=May 6, 2024|access-date=May 3, 2024|archive-date=2024-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503150232/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5801|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | | rowspan="4" {{TBA}} |- ! scope="row"| "UnLonely"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[J. Valentine]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"UnLonely" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 17 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5804|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=May 13, 2024|access-date=May 10, 2024|archive-date=2024-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510053605/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5804|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Wait on It]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Jeremih featuring Bryson Tiller and Chris Brown)</span> | — || 48 || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Wait on It" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number four on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5831|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=July 8, 2024|access-date=July 5, 2024|archive-date=2024-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722083149/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5831|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Lightning"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Kristii featuring Chris Brown and O.T. Genasis)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- | colspan="14" style="font-size:90%" | "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not Imetolewa in that territory. |} ===Singo za matangazo=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Orodha ya singo za kibishara/matangazo, baadhi ya chati, vyeti — zimetolewa na jina la albamu ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:19em;"| Jina ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="7"| Nafsi za chati iliyoshika ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| [[List of music recording certifications|Vyeti]] ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]<br /><ref name="hot100"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US<br />R&B/<br />HH]]<br /><ref name="billboardr&b"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Canadian Hot 100|CAN]]<br /><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/chris-brown/chart-history/can/|title=Chris Brown Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)|magazine=Billboard|access-date=October 24, 2017}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]<br /> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ]]<br /><ref name="nzchart"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br /><ref name="swichart"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br /><ref name="ukchart"/> |- ! scope="row"| "I May Never Find"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/i-may-never-find-single/id463256837|title=I May Never Find – Single by Chris Brown|date=January 27, 2006|website=apple.com|accessdate=2024-11-15|archive-date=2018-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622193316/https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/i-may-never-find-single/id463256837|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 2006 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[Dreamer (Chris Brown song)|Dreamer]]" | 2008 | 16 || — || — || — || 26 || — || — | | [[AT&T TEAM USA Soundtrack|''AT&T TEAM USA'' soundtrack]] |- ! scope="row"| "[[Sing Like Me]]" | 2009 | — || 84 || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Graffiti (Chris Brown album)|Graffiti]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Long Gone"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Nelly]] featuring [[Plies (rapper)|Plies]] and Chris Brown)</span> | 2010 | —{{Ref label|note_l1|L}} || —{{Ref label|note_l1|L}} || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[5.0]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Why Stop Now (Busta Rhymes song)|Why Stop Now]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Busta Rhymes]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> |2011 | — || 79 || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="1" {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Oh Yeah"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/oh-yeah-feat.-snoop-dogg-2/id533466962|title=Oh Yeah (Rarities & B-Sides) feat. Snoop Dogg and 2 Chainz – Single|publisher=iTunes Store. Apple|access-date=June 13, 2012|archive-date=2018-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103091819/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/oh-yeah-feat.-snoop-dogg-2/id533466962|url-status=dead}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Snoop Dogg]] and [[2 Chainz]])</span> | rowspan="3"| 2012 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="3"| ''Rarities & B-Sides'' and ''[[Fortune (Chris Brown album)|Fortune]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Calypso"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/calypso-rarities-b-sides-single/id534763806|title=Calypso (Rarities & B-Sides) – Single|publisher=iTunes Store|access-date=June 21, 2012|archive-date=2018-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126092607/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/calypso-rarities-b-sides-single/id534763806|url-status=dead}}</ref> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Get Down"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/get-down-rarities-b-sides/id537593977?i=537593982|title=Get Down (Rarities & B-Sides) – Single|publisher=iTunes Store|access-date=June 27, 2012|archive-date=2018-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126051032/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/get-down-rarities-b-sides/id537593977?i=537593982|url-status=dead}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[T-Pain]] and [[B.o.B]])</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Remember Me"<br />{{small|(with [[Tyga]])}} | rowspan="4"| 2015 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Fan of a Fan: The Album]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Been Around the World"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[August Alsina]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[This Thing Called Life]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Wrist (Chris Brown song)|Wrist]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Solo Lucci)</span> | —{{Ref label|note_x1|X}} || 46 || — || — || — || — || — | *RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA"/> | rowspan="2"| ''[[Royalty (Chris Brown album)|Royalty]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Anyway (Chris Brown song)|Anyway]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Tayla Parx]])</span> | —{{Ref label|note_w1|W}} || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Welcome to My Life"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Cal Scruby)</span> | rowspan="8"| 2017 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Welcome to My Life (documentary)|Welcome to My Life]]'' soundtrack |- ! scope="row"| "Hello Ego"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Jhené Aiko featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Trip (Jhené Aiko album)|Trip]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[High End]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Future (rapper)|Future]] and [[Young Thug]])</span> | 82 || 32 || 57 || 93 || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"High End" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number five on the NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4412|title=NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=October 23, 2017|access-date=October 20, 2017|archive-date=2017-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020084048/http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4412|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || 78 || 71 | *RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA"/> | rowspan="6"| ''[[Heartbreak on a Full Moon]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Confidence" | — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Confidence" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number five on the NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4413|title=NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=October 30, 2017|access-date=October 27, 2017|archive-date=2017-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027131548/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4413|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Only 4 Me"<br />{{small|(featuring Ty Dolla $ign and [[Verse Simmonds]])}} | — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Everybody Knows" | — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Everybody Knows" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number five on the NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4414|title=NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=November 6, 2017|access-date=November 3, 2017|archive-date=2018-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304102846/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4414|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Hope You Do]]" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — | *RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA"/> |- ! scope="row"| "Pull Up" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Whatchamacallit (Ella Mai song)|Whatchamacallit]]"<br />{{small|([[Ella Mai]] featuring Chris Brown)}} | 2018 | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Whatchamacallit" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 3 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.<ref name="Bubbling"/>}} || — || — || — || 21 || — || 84 | *RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> *ARIA: Platinum<ref name=ARIA23s>{{cite certification|region=Australia|certyear=2023|type=single|access-date=August 26, 2023}}</ref> * BPI: Silver<ref name=BPI/> | ''[[Ella Mai (album)|Ella Mai]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Just Let Go"<br />{{small|(with [[Joyner Lucas]])}} | rowspan="3"| 2019 | — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Just Let Go" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 16 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4590|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=February 11, 2019|access-date=February 8, 2019|archive-date=2019-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124904/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4590|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | |{{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[Don't Check on Me]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Justin Bieber and [[Atia "Ink" Boggs|Ink]])</span> | 67 || — || 48 || — || 13 || 48 || 29 | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA"/> * ARIA: Gold<ref name="ARIA2019"/> * MC: Gold<ref name="ReferenceA"/> | ''[[Indigo (Chris Brown album)|Indigo]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Coming Home"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Casanova (rapper)|Casanova]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''Behind These Scars'' |- ! scope="row"| "Safety 2020"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/safety-2020-feat-chris-brown-afro-b-dj-snake-single/1495406674|title=Safety 2020|date=June 26, 2020|website=apple.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/chris-brown-and-afro-b-add-sauce-to-gashi-and-dj-snakes-safety-2020-new-song.1985901.html|title=Safety 2020|date=January 23, 2020|website=hotnewhiphop.com|accessdate=2024-11-15|archive-date=2022-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512141520/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/chris-brown-and-afro-b-add-sauce-to-gashi-and-dj-snakes-safety-2020-new-song.1985901.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[GASHI]] featuring Chris Brown, [[Afro B]] and [[DJ Snake]])</span> | 2020 | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Safety 2020" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 25 on the [[Dance/Electronic Songs]].<ref name="billboard.com"/>}} || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Safety 2020" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 19 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref name="NZ Hot Singles">{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4815|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=February 3, 2020|access-date=December 14, 2023|archive-date=2020-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201002250/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4815|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | |{{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "It's Giving Christmas" | rowspan="2"| 2022 | — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"It's Giving Christmas" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 24 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5454|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=November 28, 2022|access-date=November 26, 2022|archive-date=2022-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125215959/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5454|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | | rowspan="2"| ''Breezy – It's Giving Christmas'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[No Time Like Christmas]]" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "How We Roll (Remix)"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Ciara and Lil Wayne)</span> | 2023 | — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"How We Roll (Remix) did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 17 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5706|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=November 13, 2023|access-date=December 16, 2022|archive-date=2023-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110211924/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5706|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | | rowspan="1" {{non-album singles}} |- | colspan="14" style="font-size:90%" | "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not Imetolewa in that territory. |} ==Nyimbo zake nyingine== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Orodha ya singo nyingine, baadhi ya chati, vyeti — zimetolewa na jina la albamu ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Jina ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="8"| Nafsi za chati iliyoshika ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| [[List of music recording certifications|Vyeti]] ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]<br /><ref name="hot100"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US<br />R&B/<br />HH]]<br /><ref>Peak chart positions for other charted songs on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart: *All except noted: {{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/chris-brown/chart-history/bsi/|title=Chris Brown Chart History: R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|magazine=Billboard|access-date=August 20, 2024}} *"Bad Girl" and "Nobody's Business": {{cite magazine|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=rihanna|chart=R&B/Hip-Hop Songs}}|title=Rihanna Album & Song Chart History: R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|magazine=Billboard|access-date=December 21, 2012}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *"Waves": {{cite magazine |url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=kanye west|chart=R&B/Hip-Hop Songs}} |title=Kanye West – Chart History: R&B/Hip-Hop Songs |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=June 12, 2017}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br /><ref name="auschart"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Canadian Hot 100|CAN]]<br /><ref name="Billboard"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]<br /><ref name="frachart"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ]]<br /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/|title=The Official New Zealand Music Chart|website=Nztop40.co.nz|access-date=January 20, 2022|archive-date=2007-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223085716/https://nztop40.co.nz/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br /><ref name="ukchart"/><ref>{{cite web | title=Chart Log UK: New Entries Update – 14.07.2012 (Week 27) | url=http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/120714cluk.txt | work=zobbel.de | publisher=Tobias Zywietz | access-date=August 8, 2012| author=Zywietz, Tobias}}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/140927cluk.txt|format=TXT|title=CHART: CLUK Update 27.09.2014 (wk38)|website=Zobbelde|access-date=January 20, 2022}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[UK R&B Chart|UK R&B]]<br /><ref>Peak chart positions for other charted songs on the UK R&B Singles Chart: *"Bassline": {{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/r-and-b-singles-chart/20120708/114/|title=Top 40 R&B Singles Archive 2012-07-14|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|access-date=September 8, 2012}} *"Nobody's Business": {{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/r-and-b-singles-chart/20121125/114/|title=Top 40 R&B Singles Archive 2012-12-01|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|access-date=December 21, 2012}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Ya Man Ain't Me" | rowspan="2"|2005 | — || —{{Ref label|note_m1|M}} || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="2"| ''[[Chris Brown (album)|Chris Brown]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "What's My Name"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Noah)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | *[[Pro-Música Brasil|PMB]]: Platinum<ref>{{cite web| url=https://pro-musicabr.org.br/home/certificados/?busca_artista=Chris+Brown&tmidia=1| title=Chris Brown - Exclusive| publisher=[[Pro-Música Brasil]]| access-date=August 10, 2019}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Damage" | rowspan="3"| 2007 | — || —{{Ref label|note_n1|N}} || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="2"| ''[[Exclusive (album)|Exclusive]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "I Wanna Be" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | *RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[This Christmas (Donny Hathaway song)#Notable cover versions|This Christmas]]" | 62 || 27 || — || — || — || — || — || 32 | *RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> | [[This Christmas (2007 film)#Original soundtrack|''This Christmas'' soundtrack]] |- ! scope="row"| "[[Bad Girl (Confessions of a Shopaholic song)|Bad Girl]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Rihanna]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | rowspan="5"| 2009 | — || 55 || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="3" {{N/A|Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[Better on the Other Side]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[The Game (rapper)|The Game]], [[Sean Combs|Diddy]], [[DJ Khalil]], [[Polow da Don]],<br />[[Mario Winans]], [[Usher (musician)|Usher]] and [[Boyz II Men]])</span> | — || —{{Ref label|note_o1|O}} || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Changed Man" | — || 64 || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Turntables"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Ciara]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — || 80 || 22 | |''[[Fantasy Ride]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "What I Do"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Plies (rapper)|Plies]])</span> | 88 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Graffiti (Chris Brown album)|Graffiti]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Another Planet"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Jawan Harris featuring Chris Brown)</span> | 2010 | — || —{{Ref label|note_p1|P}} || — || — || — || — || — || — | | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Oh Yea"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Plies and DJ Scream featuring Chris Brown)</span> | rowspan="5"| 2011 | — || —{{Ref label|note_q1|Q}} || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''No Chaser'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Paper, Scissors, Rock (song)|Paper, Scissors, Rock]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Timbaland]] and [[Big Sean]])</span> | — || —{{Ref label|note_r1|R}} || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[F.A.M.E. (Chris Brown album)|F.A.M.E.]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Marvins Room]]" (Remix)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[J. Valentine]], [[Dawn Richard (singer)|Dawn Richard]], [[Sevyn Streeter|Se7en]]<br />and [[Kevin McCall]])</span> | — || 77 || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''Boy in Detention'' |- ! scope="row"| "Undercover"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[DJ Drama]] featuring Chris Brown and [[J. Cole]])</span> | — || —{{Ref label|note_s1|S}} || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Third Power (album)|Third Power]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Look at Her Go"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[T-Pain]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | —{{Ref label|note_t1|T}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Revolver (T-Pain album)|Revolver]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Arena"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[B.o.B]] featuring Chris Brown and [[T.I.]])</span> | rowspan="4"| 2012 | —{{Ref label|note_u1|U}} || — || 36 || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Strange Clouds (album)|Strange Clouds]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Bassline (Chris Brown song)|Bassline]]" | — || — || — || — || — || — || 122 || 28 | | ''[[Fortune (Chris Brown album)|Fortune]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Marry Go Round"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Nelly]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || —{{Ref label|note_v1|V}} || — || — || — || — || — || — | | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[Nobody's Business (song)|Nobody's Business]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Rihanna featuring Chris Brown)</span> | — || 39 || — || — || 36 || — || 63 || 7 | *BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> | ''[[Unapologetic]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Let's Go (will.i.am song)|Let's Go]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[will.i.am]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | rowspan="2"| 2013 | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Let's Go" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 38 on the [[Dance/Electronic Songs]].<ref name="billboard.com"/>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[willpower (will.i.am album)|#willpower]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "I'm Still"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[DJ Khaled]] featuring Chris Brown, [[Wale (rapper)|Wale]], [[Wiz Khalifa]] and [[Ace Hood]])</span> | — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"I'm Still" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number four on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart.}} || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Suffering from Success]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[X (Chris Brown song)|X]]" | rowspan="5"| 2014 | 98 || 26 || 75 || — || 63 || — || 91 || 12 | | rowspan="5"| ''[[X (Chris Brown album)|X]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Songs on 12 Play" <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Trey Songz]])</span> | —{{Ref label|note_z1|Z}} || 48 || — || — || — || — || 194 || 33 | |- ! scope="row"| "Came to Do"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Akon]])</span> | — || 52 || — || — || 174 || — || 105 || 14 | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Autumn Leaves (Chris Brown song)|Autumn Leaves]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Kendrick Lamar]])</span> | —{{Ref label|note_z2|Z}} || 36 || — || — || — || — || 143 || 24 | *RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA"/> |- ! scope="row"| "Drunk Texting"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Jhené Aiko]])</span> | —{{Ref label|note_z3|Z}} || 46 || — || — || — || — || 128 || 19 | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA"/> |- ! scope="row"| "Here It Is"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Flo Rida]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | rowspan="3"| 2015 | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Here It Is" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 22 on the [[Dance/Electronic Songs]].<ref name="billboard.com"/>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || 26 | | rowspan="1"| ''[[My House (EP)|My House]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Simple Things" (Remix)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Miguel (singer)|Miguel]] featuring Chris Brown and [[Future (rapper)|Future]])</span> | — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Simple Things" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number five on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart.}} || — || — || — || — || — || — | * RIAA: Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=United States|title=Simple Things|artist=Miguel|access-date=July 28, 2022}}</ref> * ARIA: Gold<ref name=ARIA23s/> * MC: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=Canada|type=single|artist=Miguel|title=Simple Things|access-date=November 20, 2021}}</ref> | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Make Love" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 40 | | rowspan="3"| ''[[Royalty (Chris Brown album)|Royalty]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Little More (Royalty)]]" | rowspan="3"| 2016 | 91 || 32 || — || 98 || — || — || — || 29 | *RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Picture Me Rollin']]" | — || 50 || — || — || — || — || — || 25 | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Waves (Kanye West song)|Waves]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Kanye West]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | 71 || 24 || — || 86 || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Waves" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number nine on the NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4218|title=NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|access-date=March 14, 2019|archive-date=2018-06-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623225151/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4218|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || 77 || 20 | * RIAA: 3× Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=United States|title=Waves|artist=Kanye West|access-date=June 3, 2023}}</ref> * BPI: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> | ''[[The Life of Pablo]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Fucking & Kissing"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[A Boogie wit da Hoodie]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | rowspan="4"| 2017 | — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Fucking & Kissing" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, but peaked at number 10 on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.<ref name="BubblingR&B"/>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — | *RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA"/> | ''[[The Bigger Artist]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Lost & Found" | — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Lost & Found" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, but peaked at number two on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart.<ref name="BubblingR&B"/>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="3"| ''[[Heartbreak on a Full Moon]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Juicy Booty"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Jhené Aiko and [[R. Kelly]])</span> | — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Juicy Booty" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, but peaked at number 5 on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.<ref name="BubblingR&B"/>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — | *RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[To My Bed]]" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> |- ! scope="row"| "Jealous"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(DJ Khaled featuring Chris Brown, [[Lil Wayne]] and Big Sean)</span> | rowspan="6"| 2019 | 57 || 26 || 59 || 54 || 167 || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Jealous" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 8 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref name="Indigo songs NZ"/>}} || 37 || 17 | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAAFt"/> * ARIA: Gold<ref name=ARIA22s/> | ''[[Father of Asahd]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Indigo (Chris Brown song)|Indigo]]" | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Indigo" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 10 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.<ref name="BubblingBB"/>}} || 48 || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Indigo" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number seven on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref name="Indigo songs NZ">{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4668|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=July 8, 2019|access-date=July 5, 2019|archive-date=2019-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705050858/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4668|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | *RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> | rowspan="4"| ''[[Indigo (Chris Brown album)|Indigo]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Come Together (Chris Brown song)|Come Together]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[H.E.R.]])</span> | — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Come Together" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, but peaked at number 1 on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.<ref name="BubblingR&B"/>}} || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Come Together" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number six on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref name="Indigo songs NZ"/>}} || — || — | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA"/> |- ! scope="row"| "Girl of My Dreams" | — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Girl of My Dreams" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 13 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref name="Indigo songs NZ"/>}} || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Overtime" | —|| — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Overtime" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 16 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4760|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=October 14, 2019|access-date=October 12, 2019|archive-date=2019-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012003100/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4760|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[The Take (song)|The Take]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Tory Lanez]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | 66 || 32 || 73 || 68 || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"The Take" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 13 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref name="NZ Hot 40 Singles">{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4832|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=March 16, 2020|access-date=December 14, 2023|archive-date=2020-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317201632/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4832|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || 35 || — | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAAFt"/> * [[Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa|AFP]]: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.audiogest.pt/uploads/files/file_2023-01-30-17-47-02.pdf|title=Portuguese single certifications – Tory Lanez - The Take|language=Portuguese|publisher=[[Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa]]|accessdate=March 1, 2023}}</ref> * ARIA: Gold<ref name=ARIA-2020-Singles/> * BPI: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> | ''[[Chixtape 5]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Slide (H.E.R. song)#Remix|Slide]]" (Remix)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[H.E.R.]] featuring Pop Smoke, [[A Boogie wit da Hoodie]] and Chris Brown)</span> | rowspan="3"| 2020 | | — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Slide (Remix)" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 32 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref name="Indigo songs NZ"/>}} || — || — | * BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Not You Too"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Drake (musician)|Drake]] featuring Chris Brown)</span> | 25 || 14 || — || 29 || 97 || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Not You Too" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number six on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref name="NZ Hot May 10">{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4856|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=May 11, 2020|access-date=December 14, 2023|archive-date=2020-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603051626/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4856|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | * ARIA: Gold<ref name=ARIA24s>{{cite certification|region=Australia|certyear=2024|type=single|access-date=18 June 2024}}</ref> * BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> | ''[[Dark Lane Demo Tapes]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[City Girls (song)|City Girls]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Young Thug]])</span> | — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"City Girls" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 31 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref name="Indigo songs NZ"/>}} || — || — | | ''[[Slime & B]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Go Crazy (Chris Brown and Young Thug song)#Remix|Go Crazy (Remix)]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Young Thug featuring [[Future (rapper)|Future]], [[Lil Durk]] and [[Mulatto (rapper)|Mulatto]])</span> | rowspan="2"| 2021 | — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Go Crazy (Remix)" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 27 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref name="Indigo songs NZ"/>}} || — || — | | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[New Again (Kanye West song)|New Again]]"<br />{{small|(Kanye West featuring Chris Brown)}} | 68 || 32 || 46 || 57 || — || — || — || 21 | | ''[[Donda]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Die Alone"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Gunna (rapper)|Gunna]] featuring [[Yung Bleu]])</span> | rowspan="11"| 2022 | 92 || 38 || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[DS4Ever]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Till the Wheels Fall Off"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Lil Durk and [[Capella Grey]])</span> | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Till the Wheels Fall Off" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 4 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.<ref name="BubblingBB"/>}} || 36 || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Till the Wheels Fall Off" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number eight on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref name="NZ Hot July 4">{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5354|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=July 4, 2022|access-date=July 2, 2022|archive-date=2022-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701220711/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5354|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || 66 || 23 | | rowspan="9"| ''[[Breezy (album)|Breezy]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "C.A.B. (Catch a Body)"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Fivio Foreign]])</span> | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"C.A.B. (Catch a Body)" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 3 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.<ref name="BubblingBB"/>}} || 35 || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Possessive"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Lil Wayne and Yung Bleu)</span> | 98 || 31 || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Addicted"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Lil Baby]])</span> | 92 || 28 || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Closure"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring H.E.R.)</span> | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Closure" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 24 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.<ref name="BubblingBB"/>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Psychic (Chris Brown song)|Psychic]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Jack Harlow]])</span> | 78 || 21 || 52 || 85 || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Psychic" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number four on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref name="NZ Hot July 4"/>}} || 64 || 21 | |- ! scope="row"| "Sex Memories"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Ella Mai]])</span> | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Sex Memories" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 25 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.<ref name="BubblingBB"/>}} || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Sex Memories" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 11 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref name="NZ Hot July 4"/>}} || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Show It"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Blxst]])</span> | — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Show It" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number nine on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref name="NZ Hot July 4"/>}} || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Petty" | — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Petty" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 32 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5363|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=July 18, 2022|access-date=July 16, 2022|archive-date=2022-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715220254/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5363|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Superhero (Heroes & Villains)]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Metro Boomin]] and [[Future (rapper)|Future]])</span> | 8 || 2 || 30 || 7 || 94 || 29 || 34 || 8 | * RIAA: 2× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * ARIA: 3× Platinum<ref name=ARIA24s/> * BPI: Gold<ref>{{Cite certification|region=United Kingdom|type=single|artist=Metro Boomin/Future/Brown|title=Superhero (Heroes & Villains)|id=19065-6400-1|access-date=September 13, 2024}}</ref> * MC: 2× Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=Canada|type=single|artist=Metro Boomin|title=Superhero (Heroes & Villains)|access-date=May 25, 2023}}</ref> * SNEP: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=France|artist=Metro Boomin|title=Superhero (Heroes & Villains)|access-date=April 6, 2024}}</ref> | ''[[Heroes & Villains (album)|Heroes & Villains]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Angel Numbers / Ten Toes]]" | rowspan="4"| 2023 | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Angel Numbers / Ten Toes" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number seven on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.<ref name="BubblingBB"/>}} || 33 || — || — || 154<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://snepmusique.com/les-tops/le-top-de-la-semaine/top-albums/?semaine=3&annee=2024&categorie=Top%20Singles|title=Top Singles (Week 3, 2024)|publisher=Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|language=French|access-date=January 22, 2024}}</ref> || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Angel Numbers / Ten Toes" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number three on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref name="NZ Hot November 20">{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5710|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=November 20, 2023|access-date=November 18, 2023|archive-date=2023-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117214600/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5710|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || 31 || 8 | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA"/> * BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> * MC: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=Canada|type=single|artist=Chris Brown|title=Angel Numbers/Ten Toes|access-date=April 13, 2024}}</ref> * IFPI SWI: Gold<ref name="SWIcert"/> | rowspan="4"| ''[[11:11 (Chris Brown album)|11:11]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Press Me" | — || 48 || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Press Me" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number seven on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref name="NZ Hot November 20"/>}} || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "That's On You"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Future)</span> | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"That's On You" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 18 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.<ref name="BubblingBB"/>}} || 37 || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "No One Else"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Fridayy]])</span> | — || 43 || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"No One Else" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 12 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref name="NZ Hot November 20"/>}} || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Beg Forgiveness"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Kanye West and Ty Dolla $ign as ¥$ featuring Chris Brown)</span> | rowspan="5"| 2024 | 65 || 30 || 93 || 54 || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Vultures 1]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Bruce Lee" | — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Bruce Lee" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 25 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref name="NZ Hot April 22">{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5795|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=April 22, 2024|access-date=April 19, 2024|archive-date=2024-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419051815/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5795|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || — || — | | rowspan="3"| ''11:11'' |- ! scope="row"| "Run Away"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Bryson Tiller)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Run Away" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 32 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref name="NZ Hot April 22"/>}} || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Delusional" | — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Delusional" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 37 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref name="NZ Hot April 22"/>}} || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Drink n Dance"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Future and Metro Boomin)</span> | 51 || 19 || — || 67 || — || — || — || — | | ''[[We Still Don't Trust You]]'' |- | colspan="14" style="font-size:90%" | "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not Imetolewa in that territory. |} ==Alipotokea kama mgeni== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Orodha ya maonyesho kama mgeni yasiyo ya single, pamoja na wasanii wengine, ikionyesha mwaka wa kutolewa na jina la albamu ! scope="col" style="width:18em;"| Jina ! scope="col"| Mwaka ! scope="col"| Wasanii wengine ! scope="col"| Albamu |- ! scope="row"| "Which One" | 2005 | Noah | [[In the Mix (film)|''In the Mix'' soundtrack]] |- ! scope="row"| "[[Umbrella (Rihanna song)|Umbrella]]" (Remix) | rowspan="2"| 2007 | [[Rihanna]], [[Jay-Z]] | {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[Try a Little Tenderness]]"<ref name="Christmas">{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Christmas-Songs-Motion-Picture-Various-artists/dp/B000WS4P6A|title=This Christmas – Songs from the Motion Picture|access-date=November 14, 2010|work=[[Amazon.com]]}}</ref> | {{n/a|None}} | [[This Christmas (2007 film)#Original soundtrack|''This Christmas'' soundtrack]] |- ! scope="row"| "Leaving With Me" | rowspan="6"| 2009 | [[T.I.]] | ''A Year and a Day'' |- ! scope="row"| "Ransom" | [[R. City|Rock City]] | ''P.T.F.A.O: The Saga Continues'' |- ! scope="row"| "I'm Illy" | [[Teyana Taylor]] | ''From a Planet Called Harlem'' |- ! scope="row"| "Smile & Wave" | [[RichGirl]] | ''[[Fall in Love with RichGirl]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Choose Me" | [[Yung Joc]], [[Pleasure P]] | ''The Grind Flu'' |- ! scope="row"| "The One I Love (Maniac)" | [[Timbaland]], [[Keri Hilson]], D.O.E. | rowspan="7" {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[How Low]]" (Remix) | rowspan="12"| 2010 | [[Ludacris]], [[Ciara]] |- ! scope="row"| "Drop It Low" (Remix) | [[Ester Dean]], [[Lil Wayne]], [[Trey Songz]], [[Sean Combs|Diddy]] |- ! scope="row"| "[[Pretty Girls (Wale song)|Pretty Girls]]" (Remix) | [[Wale (rapper)|Wale]], [[Fabolous]] |- ! scope="row"| "Big Things" | rowspan="2"| Ester Dean |- ! scope="row"| "Love Suicide" |- ! scope="row"| "Call Me Dougie" | [[New Boyz]] |- ! scope="row"| "Put You On" | [[Diggy Simmons]] | ''Airborne'' |- ! scope="row"| "Wonder Woman" | [[Tyga]] | ''Well Done'' |- ! scope="row"| "Green Goblin" | [[Jae Millz]] | ''Dead Presidents'' |- ! scope="row"| "Foreplay" | [[Tank (American singer)|Tank]] | ''[[Now or Never (Tank album)|Now or Never]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Yesterday"<ref name="allmusic1">{{cite web|last=Jeffries |first=David |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/last-train-to-paris-r1819601 |title=Last Train to Paris – Diddy – Dirty Money|publisher=Allmusic. Rovi Corporation |date=December 14, 2010 |access-date=July 1, 2013}}</ref> | [[Dirty Money (duo)|Diddy – Dirty Money]] | rowspan="2"| ''[[Last Train to Paris]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "I Know"<ref name="allmusic1"/> | Diddy – Dirty Money, [[Wiz Khalifa]], [[Sevyn Streeter|Seven]] |- ! scope="row"| "Don't Play Wit It" | rowspan="22"| 2011 | [[Lonny Bereal]], [[Busta Rhymes]] | rowspan="2" {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "Champion" (Remix) | Chipmunk, J. Cole |- ! scope="row"| "Up" (Remix) | [[Justin Bieber]] | ''[[Never Say Never: The Remixes]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "360" | [[Kevin McCall]], Tyga | rowspan="2"| ''Un-Invited Guest'' |- ! scope="row"| "Big Booty Judy" (Remix) | Kevin McCall, Ludacris |- ! scope="row"| "Freaky I'm Iz" | Kevin McCall, [[Swizz Beatz]], [[Alexandre Varela Da Veiga|Diesel]] | ''Un-Invited Guest'' and ''Boy in Detention'' |- ! scope="row"| "Rest of My Life" | Kevin McCall | ''Un-Invited Guest'' |- ! scope="row"| "Hell Yeah" | [[YG (rapper)|YG]], Tyga | ''Just Re'd Up'' |- ! scope="row"| "Love" | [[JoJo Pellegrino]] | {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "Only One" | [[The Game (rapper)|The Game]], Sevyn Streeter | ''UnImetolewa R.E.D.'' |- ! scope="row"| "Take It Down Low" | [[Akon]] | rowspan="4" {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "For You" | RichGirl |- ! scope="row"| "Celebration" (Remix) | Tank, Trey Songz |- ! scope="row"| "100%" | [[Kid Ink]], Kevin McCall |- ! scope="row"| "Luv Me Girl"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.walmart.com/ip/16784457|title=King Of Hearts (Edited), Lloyd: R&B / Soul|work=Walmart.com|publisher=Wal-Mart Stores, Inc|access-date=March 18, 2012}}</ref> | [[Lloyd (singer)|Lloyd]], Veronica Vega | ''[[King of Hearts (Lloyd album)|King of Hearts]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Jada Fire" | Kevin McCall, Diesel, [[Sammie]] | {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "Snapbacks Back" | Tyga | ''Well Done 2'' and ''Boy in Detention'' |- ! scope="row"| "Westside" | [[Jay Rock]] | ''[[Follow Me Home (Jay Rock album)|Follow Me Home]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Up!" (R&B Remix) | [[J. Valentine]], Pleasure P | {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "Hard to Get" | Kevin McCall | ''The Eargazm'' |- ! scope="row"| "Favor" (Remix) | Lonny Bereal, [[Kelly Rowland]] | {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "Body 2 Body" (Remix) | [[Ace Hood]], [[Rick Ross]], Wale | ''The Statement 2'' |- ! scope="row"| "Yao Ming" (Remix)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.2dopeboyz.com/2012/05/22/david-banner-sex-drugs-video-games-album/|title=David Banner – Sex, Drugs & Video Games (Album)|publisher=2DopeBoyz.com|date=May 22, 2012|access-date=June 13, 2012}}</ref> | rowspan="18"| 2012 | [[David Banner]], [[ASAP Rocky|A$AP Rocky]] | ''[[Sex, Drugs & Video Games]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Bed Bath & Beyond" | J. Valentine | ''Love & Other Drugs'' |- ! scope="row"| "Why Stop Now" (Remix) | Busta Rhymes, [[Missy Elliott]], Lil Wayne | {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "For the Fame"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/careless-world-rise-last-king/id504009448|title=Careless World: Rise of the Last King by Tyga|date=January 2012 |publisher=iTunes Store. Apple|access-date=March 18, 2012}}</ref> | Tyga, [[Wynter Gordon]] | ''[[Careless World: Rise of the Last King]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "International (Serious)"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/all-of-me-r2188508|title=All of Me – Estelle|publisher=Allmusic. Rovi Corporation|access-date=May 12, 2012}}</ref> | [[Estelle (musician)|Estelle]], Trey Songz | ''[[All of Me (Estelle album)|All of Me]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Another Round" (Remix) | [[Fat Joe]], [[Mary J. Blige]], Fabolous, [[Kirko Bangz]] | {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "Lonely"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/this-is-how-i-feel-deluxe-version/520602283|title=This Is How I Feel (Deluxe Version) by Tank|publisher=iTunes Store. Apple|access-date=May 8, 2012}}</ref> | Tank | ''[[This Is How I Feel]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "That Pole"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rapradar.com/2012/09/04/new-mixtape-kirko-bangz-procrastination-kills-4/#more-227575|title=New Mixtape: Procrastination Kills 4 by Kirko Bangz|publisher=Rap Radar|date=September 4, 2012|access-date=September 4, 2012}}</ref> | Kirko Bangz | ''Procrastination Kills 4'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Function (song)|Function]]" (Remix) | [[E-40]], [[Jeezy|Young Jeezy]], [[French Montana]], [[Red Café]], [[Problem (rapper)|Problem]] | {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "Cyeah Cyeah Cyeah Cyeah"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2012/04/20/new-music-gucci-mane-f-chris-brown-and-lil-wayne-cyeah-cyeah-cyeah-cyeah/|title=New Music: Gucci Mane f/ Chris Brown and Lil Wayne – 'Cyeah Cyeah Cyeah Cyeah'|work=Rap-Up|publisher=Devin Lazerine|date=April 20, 2012|access-date=May 19, 2012|archive-date=2012-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531045939/http://www.rap-up.com/2012/04/20/new-music-gucci-mane-f-chris-brown-and-lil-wayne-cyeah-cyeah-cyeah-cyeah/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Gucci Mane]], Lil Wayne | ''[[I'm Up (Gucci Mane mixtape)|I'm Up]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Time of Your Life" (Remix) | Kid Ink, Tyga | {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "What's Gucci"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thisisrnb.com/2012/06/new-musicemerging-artist-dd-unforgettable-mixtape/|title=D&D - UNFORGETTABLE (MIXTAPE)|publisher=thisisrnb.com|date=June 27, 2012|access-date=October 26, 2020}}</ref> | D&D, Kevin McCall | ''Unforgettable'' |- ! scope="row"| "100 Bottles" | [[Cyhi the Prynce|CyHi The Prynce]], [[Big Sean]] | ''Ivy League Club'' |- ! scope="row"| "Countdown"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/based-on-t.r.u.-story-deluxe/id548102442|title=Based on a T.R.U. Story by 2 Chainz|publisher=iTunes Store. Apple|access-date=August 15, 2012}}</ref> | [[2 Chainz]] | ''[[Based on a T.R.U. Story]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Sellin' Dreams"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2012/09/05/new-music-big-sean-detroit-mixtape/|title=New Music: Big Sean – 'Detroit' (Mixtape)|work=Rap-Up|publisher=Devin Lazerine|date=September 5, 2012|access-date=September 6, 2012}}</ref> | Big Sean | ''[[Detroit (mixtape)|Detroit]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Shut Up"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.datpiff.com/Berner-Urban-Farmer-mixtape.393441.html|title=Berner – Urban Farmer|publisher=DatPiff. Idle Media Inc|access-date=October 4, 2012}}</ref> | [[Berner (rapper)|Berner]], Problem | ''Urban Farmer'' |- ! scope="row"| "Flowerz" | [[Lil Twist]], Lil Wayne | {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "Hope We Meet Again"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/global-warming-deluxe-version/id572610096 |title=Global Warming (Deluxe Version) by Pitbull |publisher=iTunes Store. Apple |access-date=November 23, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214000641/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/global-warming-deluxe-version/id572610096 |archive-date=December 14, 2012 }}</ref> | [[Pitbull (entertainer)|Pitbull]] | ''[[Global Warming (Pitbull album)|Global Warming]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Jumping Out the Plane" | rowspan="20"| 2013 | Luvaboy TJ | {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "That Nigga"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2013/03/01/new-music-kid-red-f-chris-brown-that-nigga/ |title=New Music: Kid RED f/ Chris Brown – 'That Ni**a' |work=Rap-Up |publisher=Devin Lazerine |date=March 1, 2013 |access-date=March 1, 2013}}</ref> | rowspan="2"| Kid Red | rowspan="2"| ''REDemption'' |- ! scope="row"| "I See Red" |- ! scope="row"| "[[R.I.P. (Young Jeezy song)|R.I.P.]]" (Remix) | Young Jeezy, YG, [[Kendrick Lamar]] | {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "Let the Blunt Go"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vibe.com/article/new-mixtape-funkmaster-flex-who-you-mad-me-or-yourself |title=New Mixtape: Funkmaster Flex 'Who You Mad At? Me Or Yourself?' |work=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]] |publisher=Vibe Media |date=April 13, 2013 |access-date=April 13, 2013 |archive-date=July 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717233831/http://www.vibe.com/article/new-mixtape-funkmaster-flex-who-you-mad-me-or-yourself |url-status=dead }}</ref> | [[Funkmaster Flex]], Problem | ''Who You Mad At? Me or Yourself?'' |- ! scope="row"| "Remedy"<ref>{{cite web|last=Cooper|first=Roman|title=Snoop Lion 'Reincarnated' Tracklist|url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.23326/title.snoop-lion-reincarnated-tracklist/|publisher=HipHopDX. Cheri Media Group|access-date=July 14, 2013|date=April 17, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329044528/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.23326/title.snoop-lion-reincarnated-tracklist|archive-date=March 29, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Snoop Dogg|Snoop Lion]], Busta Rhymes | ''[[Reincarnated (album)|Reincarnated]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Echo"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/453141-jazz-lazer-heaven-or-las-vegas-mixtape|title=Jazz Lazer – Heaven Or Las Vegas|publisher=DJ Ill Will|date=November 21, 2022|access-date=August 17, 2024}}</ref> | Jazz Lazer, Tyga | ''Heaven or Las Vegas'' |- ! scope="row"| "Dancin Dirty"<ref name="hiphopdx1">{{cite web |last=Paine |first=Jake |url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.23922/title.ludacris-idgaf-download-mixtape-stream |title=Ludacris "#IDGAF" Download & Mixtape Stream |publisher=HipHop DX. Cheri Media Group |date=May 24, 2013 |access-date=July 1, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130711060018/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.23922/title.ludacris-idgaf-download-mixtape-stream |archive-date=July 11, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Ludacris | rowspan="2"| ''#IDGAF'' |- ! scope="row"| "Mad Fo" | Ludacris, [[Meek Mill]], Swizz Beatz, [[Pusha T]] |- ! scope="row"| "Lay Your Head Back"<ref>{{cite web|last=Astillero|first=DiAmante'|url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.24312/title.problem-the-separation-mixtape-tracklist-cover-art|title=Problem "The Separation" Mixtape Tracklist, Cover Art|publisher=HipHop DX. Cheri Media Group|date=June 14, 2013|access-date=June 16, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616110558/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.24312/title.problem-the-separation-mixtape-tracklist-cover-art/|archive-date=June 16, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Problem, Tank, [[Terrace Martin]] | ''The Separation'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Like Whaaat]]" (Remix)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/singles/id.24778/title.Problem+f.+Wiz+Khalifa%2C+Chris+Brown%2C+Tyga+%26+Master+P-Like+Whaaat+Remix |title=Problem f. Wiz Khalifa, Chris Brown, Tyga & Master P – Like Whaaat Remix |publisher=HipHop DX. Cheri Media Group |date=June 21, 2013 |access-date=June 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627013738/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/singles/id.24778/title.Problem+f.+Wiz+Khalifa%2C+Chris+Brown%2C+Tyga+%26+Master+P-Like+Whaaat+Remix |archive-date=June 27, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Problem, Wiz Khalifa, Tyga, [[Master P]] | ''Famous Again'' |- ! scope="row"| "Actin Up"<ref>{{cite web |last=Attia |first=Amir |url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.24455/title.asher-roth-the-greenhouse-effect-vol-2-release-date-cover-art-tracklist/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628034015/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.24455/title.asher-roth-the-greenhouse-effect-vol-2-release-date-cover-art-tracklist/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 28, 2013 |title=Asher Roth "The Greenhouse Effect Vol. 2" Tracklist, Download & Mixtape Stream |publisher=HipHop DX. Cheri Media Group |date=June 25, 2013 |access-date=June 26, 2013 }}</ref> | [[Asher Roth]], [[Rye Rye]], Justin Bieber | ''The Greenhouse Effect Vol. 2'' |- ! scope="row"| "Got My Heart"<ref>{{cite web|last=Attia |first=Amir |url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.24518/title.ty-dolla-ign-beach-house-2-cover-art-tracklist-download-mixtape-stream/ |title=Ty Dolla $ign "Beach House 2" Cover Art, Tracklist, Download & Mixtape Stream |publisher=HipHop DX. Cheri Media Group |date=July 2, 2013 |access-date=July 4, 2013}}</ref> | [[Ty Dolla Sign|Ty Dolla $ign]], The Game | ''Beach House 2'' |- ! scope="row"| "Bigger Than Life"<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.24267/title.ymcmb-friends-rich-gang-release-date-cover-art-tracklist | title=YMCMB & Friends "Rich Gang" Release Date, Cover Art & Tracklist | publisher=Cheri Media Group | work=HipHopDX | date=July 14, 2013 | access-date=July 15, 2013 | author=Paine, Jake | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716180550/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.24267/title.ymcmb-friends-rich-gang-release-date-cover-art-tracklist | archive-date=July 16, 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref> | [[Birdman (rapper)|Birdman]], Tyga, Lil Wayne | ''[[Rich Gang (album)|Rich Gang]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Won't Turn It Down" | [[Jacquees]] | ''19'' |- ! scope="row"| "I Don't Care" | Lil Twist | {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[I Luv This Shit]]" (Remix)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/august-alsina-i-luv-this-shit-feat-chris-brown-trey-songz-song.1618062.html |title=August Alsina – I Luv This Shit Remix |publisher=Rose Liah |date=October 4, 2013 |access-date=February 19, 2014 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924031633/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/august-alsina-i-luv-this-shit-feat-chris-brown-trey-songz-song.1618062.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[August Alsina]], Trey Songz | ''[[Testimony (August Alsina album)|Testimony]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "F.I.V.E."<ref>{{cite web |last=Tardio |first=Andres |url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.25709/title.game-dj-skee-oke-mixtape-release-date-cover-art-tracklisting-stream |title=Game & DJ Skee "OKE" Mixtape Release Date, Cover Art, Tracklisting, Stream |publisher=HipHop DX |access-date=October 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012041323/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.25709/title.game-dj-skee-oke-mixtape-release-date-cover-art-tracklisting-stream |archive-date=October 12, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | The Game, Lil Wayne | ''[[OKE: Operation Kill Everything]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Throwback"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/underground-luxury/737018832|title=Underground Luxury by B.o.B|publisher=iTunes Store. Apple|access-date=December 17, 2013}}</ref> | [[B.o.B]] | ''[[Underground Luxury]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "When to Stop"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rap-up.com/2013/12/08/new-mixtape-tyga-well-done-4/ |title=New Mixtape: Tyga – 'Well Done 4' |publisher=Rap-Up.com |access-date=January 8, 2014 |archive-date=December 16, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216051436/http://www.rap-up.com/2013/12/08/new-mixtape-tyga-well-done-4/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Tyga | ''Well Done 4'' |- ! scope="row"| "Show Me" (Remix)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/kid-ink-show-me-feat-juicy-j-2-chainz-trey-songz-chris-brown-remix-new-song.1820404.html?ls=show%20me%20remix%7C|access-date=February 19, 2014|title=Kid Ink – Show Me (Remix) Feat. Juicy J, 2 Chainz, Trey Songz & Chris Brown – Stream [New Song]|website=Hotnewhiphop.com|date=February 14, 2014|archive-date=2022-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512141521/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/kid-ink-show-me-feat-juicy-j-2-chainz-trey-songz-chris-brown-remix-new-song.1820404.html?ls=show%20me%20remix%7C|url-status=dead }}</ref> | rowspan="14"| 2014 | Kid Ink, Trey Songz, [[Juicy J]], 2 Chainz | {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "Control" | [[Wisin]], Pitbull | ''[[El Regreso del Sobreviviente]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Main Chick" (Remix) | Kid Ink, French Montana, [[Yo Gotti]], Tyga, [[Lil Bibby]] | rowspan="2" {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[Hot Nigga]]" (Remix) | [[Bobby Shmurda]], Fabolous, [[Jadakiss]], [[Rowdy Rebel]], Busta Rhymes, Yo Gotti |- ! scope="row"| "[[24 Hours (TeeFlii song)|24 Hours]]" (Remix) | rowspan="4"| Trey Songz | rowspan="4"| ''TRGAxBRZY'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Made Me]]" (Remix) |- ! scope="row"| "[[Studio (song)|Studio]]" (Remix) |- ! scope="row"| "[[Tuesday (ILoveMakonnen song)|Tuesday]]" (Remix) |- ! scope="row"| "Fuck Yo Feelings" | The Game, Lil Wayne | ''[[Blood Moon: Year of the Wolf]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Don't Panic (French Montana song)|Don't Panic]]" (Remix) | French Montana, [[Jeremih]] | {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "Nigga Like Me" | [[Siya]], Problem | ''Better Late Than Never'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Waves (Mr Probz song)|Waves]]" ([[Robin Schulz]] Remix) | [[Mr Probz]], T.I. | rowspan="2" {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[Dangerous (David Guetta song)|Dangerous Part II]]" | [[David Guetta]], [[Sam Martin (singer)|Sam Martin]], Trey Songz |- ! scope="row"| "Blue Lipstick" | [[TeeFlii]] | ''Starr'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[CoCo (O.T. Genasis song)|CoCo (Part 3)]]" | rowspan="17"| 2015 | [[O.T. Genasis]] | rowspan="4" {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "Get That Money" | [[Lil Durk]], French Montana |- ! scope="row"| "Lil Bit" (Remix) | [[K Camp]], T.I. |- ! scope="row"| "Post to Be" (Remix) | Omarion, Jhené Aiko, [[DeJ Loaf]], Trey Songz, Rick Ross |- ! scope="row"| "She Don't Love Me" | [[Lil Boosie]] | ''[[Touch Down 2 Cause Hell]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Just for Tonight" | [[Migos]] | ''[[Yung Rich Nation]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Body On Me" (Remix) | [[Rita Ora]], [[Fetty Wap]] | {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "Gangsta Way" | rowspan="2"| French Montana | ''[[Coke Zoo]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Antidote (Travis Scott song)|Antidote]]" (Remix) | {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "Ain't Shit Change" | Cal Scruby | ''House In the Hills'' |- ! scope="row"| "Thuggin It" | Joe Moses | ''From Nothing 2 Something 3'' |- ! scope="row"| "Diamonds & Gold" (Remix) | Kid Ink, French Montana, [[Verse Simmonds]] | {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "Fade to Sade" | [[Lyrica Anderson]] | ''Hello'' |- ! scope="row"| "36 Oz" | [[Skeme]] | ''Ingleworld 3'' |- ! scope="row"| "Till the Morning" | DJ Carisma, DeJ Loaf | {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "Poppin" (Remix) | [[Reuben Houston|Rico Richie]], Meek Mill, French Montana |''Realest Story Ever Told, Vol. 2'' |- ! scope="row"| "She Wildin'" | [[Fabolous]] | ''[[The Young OG Project]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Rumorz" | rowspan="17"| 2016 | Tyga | ''[[Rawwest Nigga Alive]]'' and ''[[Before the Trap: Nights in Tarzana]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "All I Need" | [[J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League]], Wale | ''J.U.S.T.I.C.E. for All'' and ''Before the Party'' |- ! scope="row"| "Leave the Club" | J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League, [[Joelle James]] | ''J.U.S.T.I.C.E. for All'' and ''Boy in Detention'' |- ! scope="row"| "Wave Gods Intro" | French Montana | ''[[Wave Gods]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Phone Call with Breezy (Skit)" | [[ASAP Ferg|A$AP Ferg]] | rowspan="2"| ''[[Always Strive and Prosper]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "I Love You" | A$AP Ferg, Ty Dolla $ign |- ! scope="row"| "One on One" | [[Casey Veggies]] |''[[Customized Greatly Vol. 4: The Return of The Boy]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Shabba" | [[Wizkid (musician)|Wizkid]], Trey Songz, French Montana | rowspan="2" {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[Your Number (Ayo Jay song)|Your Number]]" (Remix) | [[Ayo Jay]], Kid Ink |- ! scope="row"| "Let Me Love You" | [[The Rej3ctz]] |''HOMELESS BILLIONAIRES'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Wishing (DJ Drama song)|Wishing]]" (Remix) | [[DJ Drama]], Fabolous, Trey Songz, [[Tory Lanez]], [[Jhené Aiko]] | rowspan="2" {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "Trapping Out the Garage" | Young Lo, Flawkoe |- ! scope="row"| "Scream" | [[Kevin Hart|Kevin "Chocolate Droppa" Hart]], Joelle James | ''[[Kevin Hart: What Now? (The Mixtape Presents Chocolate Droppa)]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Pretty Diamonds" | Jeezy | ''[[Trap or Die 3]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Keep You In Mind" (Remix) | Guordan Banks | rowspan="2" {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "Moon Walk" | Gucci Mane, Akon |- ! scope="row"| "Cherry Red Vans"<ref name="Smoke Cloud TMG & OHB"/> | [[Ray J]], Luvaboy TJ | ''Smoke Cloud TMG & OHB'' and ''Burn My Name'' |- ! scope="row"| "Hold Up" | rowspan="25" | 2017 | French Montana, Migos | {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "Just As I Am" | Spiff TV, [[Prince Royce]] | ''[[Five (Prince Royce album)|Five]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "OHB" | [[Casanova (rapper)|Casanova]], Young Lo | ''Be Safe Tho'' |- ! scope="row"| "Flexing" | HoodyBaby, Lil Wayne, [[Quavo]], [[Gudda Gudda]] | ''Kitchen 24: Slangin Off Key'' |- ! scope="row"| "I See You" | [[Kap G]] | ''SupaJefe'' |- ! scope="row"| "Draco (Freestyle)" | [[RRose RRome]], Young Lo, Young Blacc, HoodyBaby | {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "Heaven on Earth" | Wale | ''[[Shine (Wale album)|Shine]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Faded to Sade" (Remix) | Lyrica Anderson | ''Nasha Pearl'' and ''Before the Trap: Nights in Tarzana'' |- ! scope="row"| "Leanin" | Juicy J, Quavo | ''Gas Face'' |- ! scope="row"| "All Me" | Lyrica Anderson | ''Adia'' |- ! scope="row"| "Right Now"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=AI「和と洋」スペシャルサイト [Ai "Wa to Yo" Special Site]|url=http://sp.universal-music.co.jp/ai/watoyo/|access-date=February 2, 2022|website=sp.universal-music.co.jp|publisher=[[Universal Music Japan]]|language=ja-JP}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Michel|first=Patrick St|date=June 1, 2017|title=AI celebrates East, West identity on new album|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2017/06/01/music/ai-celebrates-east-west-identity-new-album/|access-date=February 7, 2022|website=The Japan Times|language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Ai (singer)|Ai]] |''[[Wa to Yo]]'' and ''Before the Party'' |- ! scope="row"| "Fuck Them Hoes"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.datpiff.com/Ray-J-Chris-Brown-Burn-My-Name-mixtape.848794.html|title=Ray J & Chris Brown - Burn My Name|website=datpiff|access-date=March 6, 2020|archive-date=December 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212073117/https://www.datpiff.com/Ray-J-Chris-Brown-Burn-My-Name-mixtape.848794.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Ray J, Jacquees |''Burn My Name'' |- ! scope="row"| "Already Love Her" | rowspan="3"| Ray J | ''Burn My Name'' and ''Attack the Block'' |- ! scope="row"| "Come Back" | rowspan="2"|''Burn My Name'' |- ! scope="row"| "Side Bitch" |- ! scope="row"| "New Gang" | Ray J, Luvaboy TJ, Truth KO | ''Burn My Name'' and ''Attack the Block'' |- ! scope="row"| "Burn My Name" | Ray J, [[Bizzy Bone]] |''Burn My Name'' |- ! scope="row"| "Who You Came With"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.luvaboytj.com/|title=luvaboytj|website=luvaboytj|access-date=August 10, 2017|archive-date=November 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121085430/https://www.luvaboytj.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Luvaboy TJ, Ray J | ''Machine Lyfe FNFL.2'' |- ! scope="row"| "Flipmode" (Remix)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/rap-music/new-music/2017/08/fabolous-chris-brown-velous-flipmode-remix/|title=Fabolous and Chris Brown Hop on Velous' 'Flipmode' for the Remix – XXL|website=XXL Mag|date=August 31, 2017 }}</ref> | [[Velous]], Fabolous | {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "Keep It 100" | Kid Red, Quavo, [[Takeoff (rapper)|Takeoff]] | ''Red Alert'' |- ! scope="row"| "Either Way" (Remix) | [[K. Michelle]], Yo Gotti, O.T. Genasis | {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "3's Company" | Snoop Dogg, O.T. Genasis | ''[[Make America Crip Again]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Save It for Me" | Yo Gotti | ''[[I Still Am]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Classic You" | T-Pain | ''[[Oblivion (T-Pain album)|Oblivion]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Bentley Truck" | [[Dave East]], Kap G | ''Karma'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Booty (Blac Youngsta song)|Booty]]" (Remix) | rowspan="15"| 2018 | [[Blac Youngsta]], Jeezy, Trey Songz | ''223'' |- ! scope="row"| "Drippin" | [[Rich the Kid]] | ''[[The World Is Yours (Rich the Kid album)|The World Is Yours]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Focus (H.E.R. song)|Focus]]" ([[DJ Envy]] Remix) | [[H.E.R.]] | {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "Set the Record Straight" | rowspan="2"| [[Tee Grizzley]] | rowspan="2"| ''[[Activated (album)|Activated]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Fuck It Off" |- ! scope="row"| "All My Life" | Jacquees | ''[[4275]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Man Down" | [[YBN Nahmir]] | ''YBN: The Mixtape'' |- ! scope="row"| "Stop Playing" | Fre$h | ''frēsh•ism'' |- ! scope="row"| "Toot That Whoa Whoa" (Remix) | [[Floyd Bentley|A1]], [[Christopher Dotson|PC]] | ''Turbulence'' |- ! scope="row"| "Paperwork" | Lil Twist | {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "Duck My Ex"<ref name="LoVE me NOw">{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/love-me-now/1439145938|title=LoVE me NOw by Tory Lanez on iTunes|website=[[iTunes]]|date=October 26, 2018 |access-date=November 18, 2018}}</ref> | Tory Lanez, 2 Chainz | rowspan="2"| ''[[Love Me Now?]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Flexible"<ref name="LoVE me NOw"/> | Tory Lanez, [[Lil Baby]] |- ! scope="row"| "Surrounded" | MihTy, Wiz Khalifa | ''[[MihTy]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Don't Say Shit" | Trey Songz, Fabolous | ''28'' |- ! scope="row"| "Overdose" (TSD Remix) | [[Agnez Mo]], Juicy J | rowspan="2" {{N/A|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "Type a Way" (Spanish Remix) | rowspan="14" | 2019 | [[Eric Bellinger]], [[OG Parker]] |- ! scope="row"| "Dirty" (Remix) | Tank, Feather, Rahky | ''[[Elevation (Tank album)|Elevation]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "February Love" | Tyga | ''[[Legendary (Tyga album)|Legendary]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Must Be" (Remix) | [[Rockie Fresh]], [[Jon Z]] | {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "Wanted"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/wanted-feat-chris-brown-single/1472228352|title=CRZY - Wanted (feat. Chris Brown) - Single|date=July 26, 2019|website=apple.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/ru/album/van-gogh/1478968108?l=en|title=Van Gogh by CRZY on Apple Music|date=November 26, 2019|website=apple.com}}</ref> | CRZY | ''Van Gogh'' |- ! scope="row"| "1 Question" | E-40, Jeremih, Rick Ross | ''[[Practice Makes Paper]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Waterbed" | Blaq Tuxedo | ''Blaq Tuxedo'' |- ! scope="row"| "Turn Me On" | Snoop Dogg | ''[[I Wanna Thank Me]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Vibe Is" | Sherwood Marty | ''Fresh Prince of Sherwood'' |- ! scope="row"| "Every Night" | Berner, Wiz Khalifa | ''La Plaza'' |- ! scope="row"| "Ignore Me" | A1 | {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "Gangstas Make the Girls Go Wild" | The Game | ''[[Born 2 Rap]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Us vs. The World" | Fabolous, Teyana Taylor | ''[[Summertime Shootout 3: Coldest Summer Ever]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Shake It" | Blac Youngsta, Ty Dolla $ign | ''Church on Sunday'' |- ! scope="row"| "Tank"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/tank-feat-chris-brown-k-wales-single/1495904510|title=Kai Ca$h - Tank (feat. Chris Brown & K Wales) - Single|date=January 27, 2020|website=apple.com}}</ref> | rowspan="9"| 2020 | Kai Ca$h, K Wales | {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "Finally" | [[Joyner Lucas]] | ''[[ADHD (Joyner Lucas album)|ADHD]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Tryna Smoke" (Remix) | Jhené Aiko, Snoop Dogg | ''[[Chilombo (album)|Chilombo]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Rodeo" | YG, Tyga | ''[[My Life 4Hunnid]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Sexual" | Dave East | ''[[Karma 3]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Mood" | [[Trippie Redd]] | ''[[Pegasus (Trippie Redd album)|Pegasus]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Nasty" | [[Lil Keed]] | ''[[Trapped on Cleveland 3]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "What It Is" (Remix) | [[Kyle (musician)|Kyle]] | {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "Shopping Spree" | [[Davido]], [[Young Thug]] | ''[[A Better Time]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Track Star (song)|Track Star]]" (Remix) | rowspan="4"| 2021 | [[Mooski]], [[A Boogie wit da Hoodie]], [[Yung Bleu]] | ''Melodic Therapy 4 The Broken'' |- ! scope="row"| "Check for Me" | [[Ann Marie]] | ''Hate Love'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Gyalis#Remix versions|Gyalis (Remix)]]" | [[Capella Grey]], [[Popcaan]] | {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "Do I Ever" | [[Tone Stith]] | ''Still FWM'' |- ! scope="row"| "Time N Affection" | rowspan="6"| 2022 | [[Rema (musician)|Rema]] | ''[[Rave & Roses]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "I Do" | [[Nick Cannon]] | ''Raw & B'' |- ! scope="row"| "Welcome Back" | [[Joey Bada$$]], Capella Grey | ''[[2000 (Joey Badass album)|2000]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Diana" | [[Fireboy DML]], [[Shenseea]] | ''[[Playboy (Fireboy DML album)|Playboy]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Universal Love" | The Game, [[Chloe Bailey|Chlöe]], [[Cassie Ventura|Cassie]] | ''[[Drillmatic – Heart vs. Mind]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Special" | Ray J, Designer Doubt | ''Raydemption'' |- ! scope="row"| "No Days Off" | rowspan="6"| 2023 | [[Shy Glizzy]] | ''Flowers'' |- ! scope="row"| "Distant Lover" | Yung Bleu | ''[[Love Scars II]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Motion" (Remix) | Ty Dolla $ign | {{n/a|None}} |- ! scope="row"| "City of Dreams" | [[Tyla Yaweh]] | ''Heart Full of Rage 2'' |- ! scope="row"| "City of God" | Tee Grizzley | ''[[Tee's Coney Island]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Open Wide" | Busta Rhymes, Shenseea | ''[[Blockbusta]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Drunk Off U" | rowspan="2"| 2024 | [[Moneybagg Yo]] | ''[[Speak Now (Moneybagg Yo album)|Speak Now]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Play Your Part" | [[G Herbo]] | ''Big Swerv 2.0'' |- |} ==Diskografia ya utayarishaji== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Orodha ya uzalishaji na sifa za uandishi wa nyimbo (ukiondoa maonyesho kama mgeni, marejeleo, na sampuli). ! scope="col" style="width:24em;"| Nyimbo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col"| Nafasi ! scope="col"| Msanii ! scope="col"| Albamu |- | * 05. "Picture Perfect" <br />{{small|(featuring [[will.i.am]])}} |rowspan="2"|2007 |rowspan="2"|Producer {{small|(with will.i.am)}} |rowspan="2"|[[Chris Brown]] |rowspan="2"|''[[Exclusive (album)|Exclusive]]'' |- | * 20. "Picture Perfect (Remix)" <br />{{small|(featuring [[Bow Wow (rapper)|Bow Wow]] and [[Hurricane Chris (rapper)|Hurricane Chris]])}} |- | * 13. "[[Disturbia (song)|Disturbia]]" |rowspan="2"|2008 |Songwriter, background vocals |[[Rihanna]] |''[[Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded]]'' |- | * 10. "Yamaha Mama" <br />{{small|(featuring [[Sean Kingston]])}} |rowspan="4"|Songwriter |[[Soulja Boy]] |''[[iSouljaBoyTellem]]'' |- | * 09. "[[Bad Girl (Confessions of a Shopaholic song)#Background|Bad Girl]]" |rowspan="4"|2009 |[[The Pussycat Dolls]] |''[[Confessions of a Shopaholic (film)#Soundtrack|Confessions of a Shopaholic]]'' |- | * 02. "[[She Ain't Got...]]" |rowspan="2"|[[LeToya Luckett]] |rowspan="2|''[[Lady Love (album)|Lady Love]]'' |- | * 11. "Drained" |- | * 04. "[[Stronger (Mary J. Blige song)|Stronger]]" | Songwriter, background vocals | [[Mary J. Blige]] | ''[[More than a Game (soundtrack)|Music Inspired by More than a Game]]'' |- | * 04. "What Do You Say" |rowspan="2"|2010 |rowspan="2"|Songwriter |[[Omarion]] |''[[Ollusion]]'' |- | * 16. "Love Suicide" <br />{{small|(featuring [[Ester Dean]])}} |[[Tinie Tempah]] |''[[Disc-Overy]]'' |- | * 12. "Should've Kissed You" |rowspan="6"|2011 |Co-producer {{small|(with Brian Kennedy)}} |Chris Brown | ''[[F.A.M.E. (Chris Brown album)|F.A.M.E.]]'' |- | * 12. "I Need This" |rowspan="2"|Songwriter |[[Jessie J]] |''[[Who You Are (Jessie J album)|Who You Are]]'' |- | * 09. "[[Favor (Lonny Bereal song)|Favor]]" <br />{{small|(featuring [[Kelly Rowland]])}} |[[Lonny Bereal]] | ''The Love Train'' |- | * 03. "[[See No More]]" |Co-producer {{small|(with Brian Kennedy)}}, background vocals |rowspan="2"|[[Joe Jonas]] |rowspan="2"|''[[Fastlife]]'' |- | * 11. "Lighthouse" | Co-producer {{small|(with [[Hit-Boy]])}}, background vocals |- | * 08. "Christmas Eve" | Co-producer {{small|(with Amadeus and Boogie Wizzard)}}, background vocals |[[Justin Bieber]] |''[[Under the Mistletoe]]'' |- | * 04. "Mirage" |rowspan="5"|2012 | Co-producer {{small|(with [[Harmony Samuels|H-Money]])}} |rowspan="4"|Chris Brown |rowspan="4"|''[[Fortune (Chris Brown album)|Fortune]]'' |- | * 12. "Cadillac (Interlude)" | Producer |- | * 17. "Remember My Name" | Producer {{small|(with Free School and [[Jonas Jeberg]])}} |- | * 18. "Wait for You" | Co-producer {{small|(with H-Money)}} |- | * 04. "Slower" |Songwriter |[[Brandy Norwood|Brandy]] | ''[[Two Eleven]]'' |- | * 06. "Emotions" |rowspan="5"|2014 |Songwriter, background vocals |rowspan="3"|[[Jennifer Lopez]] |rowspan="3"| ''[[A.K.A. (album)|A.K.A.]]'' |- | * 10. "[[Booty (Jennifer Lopez song)|Booty]]" <br />{{small|(featuring [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]] or [[Iggy Azalea]])}} |Songwriter |- | * 14. "[[Same Girl (Jennifer Lopez song)|Same Girl]]" <br />{{small|(solo or featuring [[French Montana]])}} |Songwriter, background vocals |- | * 13. "Valentine" |rowspan="4"|Songwriter |[[JYJ]] | ''[[Just Us (JYJ album)|Just Us]]'' |- | * 02. "[[We Dem Boyz]]" |[[Wiz Khalifa]] | ''[[Blacc Hollywood]]'' |- | * "Baby Love" <br />{{small|(featuring [[R. City]])}} |2017 |[[Samantha J]] | {{n/a|None}} |- | * 10. "Like It" <br />{{small|(with [[6LACK]])}} |2019 |[[Summer Walker]] | ''[[Over It (album)|Over It]]'' |- | * 18. "[[New Again (Kanye West song)|New Again]]" |2021 |Songwriter, guest vocalist on original release |[[Kanye West]] |''[[Donda]]'' |- | * 09. "[[Nightmares (Chris Brown song)|Nightmares]]" <br />{{small|(featuring [[Byron Messia]])}} | rowspan="1"|2023 |Co-producer {{small|(with Chopstix)}} |Chris Brown | ''[[11:11 (Chris Brown album)|11:11]]'' |- |} ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== *{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=chris-brown-p724933/discography|pure_url=yes}} Discography of Chris Brown at [[AllMusic|Allmusic]] {{Chris Brown}} {{MUM}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brown, Chris}} [[Category:Diskografia za wasanii wa Marekani]] dvv0kmhpjoygfrzpirjuq0zw1rsnict 0 190642 1599281 1511023 2026-09-23T11:30:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599281 wikitext text/x-wiki Mwimbaji wa [[Marekani]] [[Beyoncé Knowles]] ametoa nyimbo 61 kama msanii kiongozi, nyimbo 17 kama msanii aliyeshirikishwa, nyimbo 13 za utangazaji, na nyimbo sita za hisani. Kulingana na RIAA, Beyoncé ameuza singo milioni 114 (kama msanii kiongozi) nchini Marekani. Hadi sasa, ameuza zaidi ya rekodi milioni 200 duniani kote, na kumfanya kuwa mmoja wa wasanii wa muziki waliouza zaidi wa muda wote. == Kama msanii mkuu == === Miaka ya 2000 === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;" border="1" |+ Orodha ya nyimbo kama msanii kiongozi, ikiwa na nafasi za chati zilizochaguliwa na vyeti, ikionyesha mwaka wa kutolewa na jina la albamu ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| Jina ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" colspan="10"| Nafasi za juu kwenye chati ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| [[List of music recording certifications|Vyeti]] ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| Albamu |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]<br /><ref name="US">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/beyonce/chart-history/hsi/|title=Beyoncé Chart History: Hot 100|magazine=Billboard|access-date=March 22, 2024|archive-date=March 22, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322203941/https://www.billboard.com/artist/beyonce/chart-history/hsi/|url-status=live}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br /><ref name="AUS Lead">Peak chart positions for lead singles in Australia: * All except noted: {{cite web|url=http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Beyonc%E9|title=Discography Beyoncé|publisher=Australian Charts. Hung Medien|access-date=March 22, 2024|archive-date=December 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227063503/https://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Beyonc%E9|url-status=live}} * "Why Don't You Love Me": * "Sorry" and "Freedom": {{cite web|url=http://www.noise11.com/news/aria-singles-drake-one-dance-is-the-no-1-song-20160507|title=ARIA Singles: Drake 'One Dance' Is the No 1 Song|website=Noise11|last=Ryan|first=Gavin|date=May 7, 2016|access-date=May 7, 2016|archive-date=June 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602113524/http://www.noise11.com/news/aria-singles-drake-one-dance-is-the-no-1-song-20160507|url-status=live}} * "Spirit": * "Black Parade": {{citation|title=The ARIA Report: Week Commencing 29 June 2020|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|issue=1582|date=June 29, 2020}} * "Virgo's Groove": {{cite magazine|title=The ARIA Report: Week Commencing 8 August 2022|magazine=The ARIA Report|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|issue=1692|page=4|date=August 8, 2022}} * Peaks from 51–100 from ''Cowboy Carter'': {{cite magazine|title=The ARIA Report: Week Commencing 8 April 2024|magazine=The ARIA Report|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|issue=1779|page=4|date=April 8, 2024}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Canadian Hot 100|CAN]]<br /><ref name="CAN">Peak chart positions for songs in Canada: * Songs before 2007: {{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/beyonce/chart-history/cns/|title=Beyoncé Chart History: Canadian Digital Song Sales|magazine=Billboard|access-date=February 10, 2022|archive-date=February 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210151842/https://www.billboard.com/artist/beyonce/chart-history/cns/|url-status=live}} * Songs from 2007 onwards: {{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/beyonce/chart-history/can/|title=Beyoncé Chart History: Canadian Hot 100|magazine=Billboard|access-date=April 9, 2024|archive-date=March 22, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322204517/https://www.billboard.com/artist/beyonce/chart-history/can/|url-status=live}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]<br /><ref name="FRA">{{cite web|url=https://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Beyonc%E9|title=Discographie Beyoncé|website=lescharts.com|access-date=March 22, 2024|archive-date=March 22, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322211448/https://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Beyonc%E9|url-status=live}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]]<br /><ref name="GER">{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/suche?artistId=Beyonc%C3%A9|title=Discographie von Beyoncé|website=Offizielle Deutsche Charts|publisher=[[GfK Entertainment]]|language=de|access-date=March 22, 2024|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322212055/https://www.offiziellecharts.de/suche?artistId=Beyonc%C3%A9|archive-date=March 22, 2024}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br /><ref name="IRE">{{cite web |url=http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Beyonc%E9 |title=Discography Beyoncé |publisher=Irish Charts. Hung Medien |access-date=March 22, 2024 |archive-date=March 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322214739/http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Beyonc%E9 |url-status=live}} * "Formation": ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Dutch Single Top 100|NLD]]<br /><ref name="NLD">{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Beyonc%E9|title=Discografie Beyoncé|website=dutchcharts.nl|access-date=April 6, 2024|archive-date=March 22, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322215024/https://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Beyonc%E9|url-status=live}} * "Savage Remix": {{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/weekchart.asp?cat=s|title=Dutch Top 100|publisher=[[Dutch Charts]]|date=May 9, 2020|access-date=May 12, 2020|archive-date=May 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511203025/https://dutchcharts.nl/weekchart.asp?cat=s|url-status=live}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ]]<br /><ref name="NZ">{{cite web |url=https://charts.nz/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Beyonc%E9 |title=Discography Beyoncé |publisher=New Zealand Charts. Hung Medien |access-date=March 22, 2024 |archive-date=April 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417013918/http://charts.nz/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Beyonc%E9 |url-status=live }} * "Savage Remix": {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4856|title=NZ Top 40 Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=May 11, 2020|access-date=May 9, 2020|archive-date=June 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603050047/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4856|url-status=live}} * "Texas Hold 'Em": {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=5764|title=NZ Top 40 Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=February 26, 2024|access-date=February 23, 2024|archive-date=February 23, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223051130/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=5764|url-status=live}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br /><ref name="SWI">{{cite web |url=https://hitparade.ch/artist/Beyonce#charts |title=Discography Beyoncé |publisher=Switzerland Charts. Hung Medien |access-date=March 22, 2024 |archive-date=March 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322215256/https://hitparade.ch/artist/Beyonce#charts |url-status=live }}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br /><ref name="UK">{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/12465/beyonce/|title=Beyoncé {{!}} full Official Chart history|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|access-date=March 9, 2024|archive-date=March 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309121437/https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/12465/beyonce/|url-status=live}} * "Say Yes": {{cite web|url=http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/140614cluk.txt|title=UK Singles Chart: CLUK Update (14 June 2014 – week 23)|work=Zobbel.de|access-date=June 19, 2014|archive-date=December 31, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231075707/http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/140614cluk.txt|url-status=live}} * "Formation": {{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/beyonc%C3%A9s-lemonade-fizzes-to-official-albums-chart-number-1__14763/|title=Beyoncé's Lemonade fizzes to Official Albums Chart Number 1|publisher=OCC|access-date=April 24, 2016|archive-date=May 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502070251/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/beyonc%C3%A9s-lemonade-fizzes-to-official-albums-chart-number-1__14763/|url-status=live}} * "Shining": {{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/50949/DJ-KHALED-FT-BEYONCE-and-JAY-Z|title=DJ KHALED FT BEYONCE & JAY Z {{!}} full Official Chart History|publisher=Official Charts Company|access-date=February 25, 2017|archive-date=February 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225131305/http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/50949/dj-khaled-ft-beyonce-and-jay-z/|url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- NOTE TO EDITORS: PLEASE DO NOT ADD MORE CHARTS, [[MOS:DISCOG]] RECOMMENDS NO MORE THAN 10 CHARTS --> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Work It Out (Beyoncé song)|Work It Out]]" | 2002 | — || 21 || — || 87 || 75 || 12 || 26 || 36 || 48 || 7 | * ARIA: Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-singles-2002.htm |title=ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2002 Singles |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] |access-date=April 7, 2011 |archive-date=August 29, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829092953/http://aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-singles-2002.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> | ''[[Austin Powers in Goldmember#Soundtrack|Austin Powers in Goldmember]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Crazy in Love]]"<br />{{small|(featuring [[Jay-Z]])}} | rowspan="5"| 2003 | 1 || 2 || 2 || 21 || 6 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 3 || 1 | * RIAA: 6× Platinum<ref name="RIAA">{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=Beyonce#search_section|title=Gold/Platinum: Beyonce – RIAA|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]|access-date=June 18, 2019|archive-date=January 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107191339/http://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=BEYONCE#search_section|url-status=live}}</ref> * ARIA: 11× Platinum<ref name=ARIA24s>{{cite certification|region=Australia|type=single|certyear=2024|access-date=June 29, 2024}}</ref> * BPI: 4× Platinum<ref name=bpi>{{cite certification|region=United Kingdom|artist=Beyonce|access-date=October 23, 2024}}</ref> * MC: 5× Platinum<ref name="Certification list" /> * RMNZ: Gold<ref name="rianz.org.nz">{{cite web |url=http://rianz.org.nz/rianz/oldchart.asp?chartNum=1379 |title=The Official New Zealand Music Chart |date=October 12, 2003 |publisher=Recording Industry Association of New Zealand |access-date=July 10, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019123116/http://rianz.org.nz/rianz/oldchart.asp?chartNum=1379 |archive-date=October 19, 2013}}</ref> | rowspan="2"| ''[[Dangerously in Love]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Baby Boy (Beyoncé song)|Baby Boy]]"<br />{{small|(featuring [[Sean Paul]])}} | 1 || 3 || 2 || 8 || 4 || 6 || 11 || 2 || 5 || 2 | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: 3× Platinum<ref name="ARIA23s">{{cite certification|region=Australia|certyear=2023|type=single|access-date=July 7, 2023}}</ref> * BPI: Platinum<ref name=bpi /> * BVMI: Gold<ref name="Musik">{{cite certification|region=Germany|artist=Beyoncé|access-date=April 5, 2011}}</ref> * MC: Platinum<ref name="Certification list" /> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Fighting Temptation]]"<br />{{small|(with [[Missy Elliott]], [[MC Lyte]] and [[Free (rapper)|Free]])}} | — || — || 34 || — || 54 || — || 11 || — || — || — | | ''[[The Fighting Temptations]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Me, Myself and I (Beyoncé song)|Me, Myself and I]]" | 4 || 11 || 7 || — || 35 || 21 || 14 || 18 || 41 || 11 | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA21">{{cite certification|region=Australia|certyear=2021|access-date=February 4, 2022}}</ref> * BPI: Silver<ref name=bpi /> * MC: Gold<ref name="Certification list" /> | ''Dangerously in Love'' |- ! scope="row" | "[[Summertime (Beyoncé song)|Summertime]]"<br />{{small|(featuring [[P. Diddy]])}} | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Summertime" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number eight on the [[Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles]] chart.<ref name="US-Bubbling-singles">{{cite magazine | url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/beyonce/chart-history/bubbling-under-hot-100 | title=Beyoncé – Chart History: Bubbling Under Hot 100 | magazine=Billboard | access-date=January 13, 2014 | archive-date=November 21, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121092800/https://www.billboard.com/artist/beyonce/chart-history/bubbling-under-hot-100/ | url-status=live }}</ref>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''The Fighting Temptations'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Naughty Girl (Beyoncé song)|Naughty Girl]]" | rowspan="2"| 2004 | 3 || 9 || 2 || 18 || 16 || 14 || 14 || 6 || 18 || 10 | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: 3× Platinum<ref name="ARIA23s"/> * BPI: Silver<ref name=bpi /> * RMNZ: Platinum<ref name="rianz.org.nz" /> * MC: Platinum<ref name="Certification list" /> | ''Dangerously in Love'' |- ! scope="row" | "[[The Closer I Get to You#Luther Vandross and Beyoncé version|The Closer I Get to You]]"<br />{{small|(with [[Luther Vandross]])}} | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''Dangerously in Love''<br />and ''[[Dance with My Father (album)|Dance akiwa na My Father]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Wishing on a Star#Beyoncé version|Wishing on a Star]]" | rowspan="2"| 2005 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Roll Bounce]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Check on It]]"<br />{{small|(featuring [[Bun B]] and [[Slim Thug]])}} | 1 || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Check on It" did not enter the ARIA Singles Chart, but peaked at number 15 on the ARIA Digital Tracks chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/issue842.pdf |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20060519140000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20060520-0000/issue842.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 19, 2006 |title=- issue842.pdf |publisher=webarchive.nla.gov.au |date=April 24, 2006 |access-date=March 9, 2015}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>}} || 5 || 32 || 11 || 5 || 3 || 1 || 7 || 3 | * RIAA: 2× Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * BPI: Silver<ref name=bpi /> * MC: Platinum<ref name="Certification list">{{cite web|url=http://www.musiccanada.com/GPSearchResult.aspx?st=&ica=False&sa=Beyonce&sl=&smt=0&sat=-1&ssb=Artist|title=Certification list|publisher=[[Music Canada|MC]]|date=July 2016|access-date=July 12, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116212114/http://www.musiccanada.com/GPSearchResult.aspx?st=&ica=False&sa=Beyonce&sl=&smt=0&sat=-1&ssb=Artist|archive-date=January 16, 2014}}</ref> | ''[[Number 1's (Destiny's Child album)|#1's]] and [[B'Day]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Déjà Vu (Beyoncé song)|Déjà Vu]]"<br />{{small|(featuring Jay-Z)}} | rowspan="3"| 2006 | 4 || 12 || 14 || 23 || 9 || 3 || 13 || 15 || 3 || 1 | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA21" /> * BPI: Gold<ref name=bpi /> * MC: Gold<ref name="Certification list" /> | rowspan="3"| ''B'Day'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Ring the Alarm]]" | 11 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Irreplaceable]]" | 1 || 1 || 2 || 10 || 11 || 1 || 5 || 1 || 9 ||4 | * RIAA: 6× Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: 7× Platinum<ref name="ARIA24s"/> * BPI: 2× Platinum<ref name=bpi /> * BVMI: Gold<ref name="Musik" /> * RMNZ: Platinum<ref name="RadioScopePostBDay">{{cite web|url=http://www.radioscope.net.nz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=77&Itemid=63|title=Latest Gold / Platinum Singles |date=July 24, 2011| publisher=RadioScope |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724195845/http://www.radioscope.net.nz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=77&Itemid=61|archive-date=July 24, 2011 }}</ref> * MC: 3× Platinum{{Certification Cite Ref|region=Canada|type=digital|title=Irreplaceable|artist=Beyonce|access-date=December 22, 2012}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[Listen (Beyoncé song)|Listen]]" | rowspan="5"| 2007 | 61 || — || — || — || 18 || 6 || 18 || — || — || 8 | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA21" /> * BPI: Platinum<ref name=bpi /> * MC: Gold<ref name="Certification list" /> | ''[[Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture|Dreamgirls]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Beautiful Liar]]"<br />{{small|(with [[Shakira]])}} | 3 || 5 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 | * RIAA: 2× Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: 2× Platinum<ref name="aria cert 2019">{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/SinglesAccreds2019.htm |title=ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2019 Singles |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] |access-date=January 12, 2020}}</ref> * BPI: Platinum<ref name=bpi /> * BVMI: Gold<ref name="Musik" /> * RMNZ: Gold<ref name="RadioScopePostBDay" /> * MC: Platinum<ref name="Certification list" /> | ''B'Day: Deluxe Edition'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Get Me Bodied]]" | 46 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: Gold<ref name="ARIA21" /> | rowspan="2"| ''B'Day'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Green Light (Beyoncé song)|Green Light]]" | — || — || — || — || — || 46 || 20 || — || — || 12 | * BPI: Silver<ref name=bpi/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Until the End of Time (Justin Timberlake and Beyoncé song)|Until the End of Time]]"<br />{{small|(with [[Justin Timberlake]])}} | 17 || — || — || — || — || — || — || 31 || — || — | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA" /> | ''[[FutureSex/LoveSounds]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[If I Were a Boy]]" | rowspan="3"| 2008 | 3 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 3 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 1 | * RIAA: 6× Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: 7× Platinum<ref name="ARIA23s" /> * BPI: 2× Platinum<ref name=bpi /> * BVMI: Gold<ref name="Musik" /> * IFPI SWI: Platinum<ref name="SWICerts10">{{cite web|url=http://swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=2010 |title=2010 Certifications Singles: and Albums |publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]] (Switzerland). Hung Medien |language=de |access-date=April 7, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526021757/http://swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=2010 |archive-date=May 26, 2010}}</ref> * MC: 5× Platinum<ref name="CRIA09">{{cite web|url=http://www.cria.ca/gold/0709_g.php |title=Gold & Platinum Certification: July 2009 |publisher=[[Canadian Recording Industry Association]] |access-date=April 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706174430/http://www.cria.ca/gold/0709_g.php |archive-date=July 6, 2011}}</ref> * RMNZ: Platinum<ref name="RadioScopePostBDay" /> | rowspan="2"| ''[[I Am... Sasha Fierce]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)]]" | 1 || 5 || 2 || 68 || 3 || 4 || 12 || 2 || 40 || 7 | * RIAA: 9× Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: 10× Platinum<ref name="ARIA23s" /> * BPI: 2× Platinum<ref name=bpi /> * BVMI: 3× Gold<ref name="Musik" /> * MC: 6× Platinum<ref name="CRIA09" /> * RMNZ: Platinum<ref name="RadioScopePostBDay" /> |- ! scope="row"| "[[At Last#Beyoncé version|At Last]]" | 67 || — || 79 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Cadillac Records: Music from the Motion Picture|Cadillac Records]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Diva (Beyoncé song)|Diva]]" | rowspan="6"| 2009 | 19 || 40 || — || — || — || 50 || 73 || 26 || — || 72 | * RIAA: 2× Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA21" /> * BPI: Silver<ref name=bpi /> * MC: Platinum<ref name="Certification list" /> | rowspan="6"| ''I Am... Sasha Fierce'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Halo (Beyoncé song)|Halo]]" | 5 || 3 || 3 || 9 || 5 || 4 || 14 || 2 || 4 || 4 | * RIAA: 9× Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: 13× Platinum<ref name="ARIA24s" /> * BPI: 4× Platinum<ref name=bpi /> * BVMI: 3× Gold<ref name="Musik" /> * IFPI SWI: Platinum<ref name="SWICerts10" /> * MC: 9× Platinum<ref name="CRIA09" /> * RMNZ: Platinum<ref name="RadioScopePostBDay" /> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Ego (Beyoncé song)|Ego]]" | 39 || — || — || — || — || — || 42 || 11 || — || 60 | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: Gold<ref name="ARIA21" /> * BPI: Silver<ref name="bpi" /> * RMNZ: Gold<ref name="RadioScopePostBDay" /> * MC: Gold<ref name="Certification list" /> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Sweet Dreams (Beyoncé song)|Sweet Dreams]]" | 10 || 2 || 17 || <!-- Download and radio chart peaks are not overall -->— || 8 || 4 || 46 || 1 || 16 || 5 | * RIAA: 3× Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: 4× Platinum<ref name="ARIA23s" /> * BPI: Platinum<ref name=bpi /> * BVMI: Gold<ref name="Musik" /> * RMNZ: Platinum<ref name="RadioScopePostBDay" /> * MC: Platinum<ref name="Certification list" /> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Broken-Hearted Girl]]" | — || 14 || — || — || 14 || 20 || — || — || 62 || 27 | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA21" /> * BPI: Gold<ref name=bpi /> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Video Phone (song)|Video Phone]]"<br />{{small|(solo or featuring [[Lady Gaga]])}} | 65 || 31 || — || — || — || — || — || 32 || — || 58 | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: Gold<ref name="ARIA21" /> |- | colspan="20" align="center" style="font-size:90%;"| "—" inaashiria vitu ambavyo havikutolewa katika nchi hiyo au vilishindwa kuingia kwenye chati |} === Maiaka ya 2010 === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;" border="1" |+ Orodha ya nyimbo kama msanii kiongozi, ikiwa na nafasi zilizochaguliwa za chati na Vyeti, ikionyesha Mwaka wa kutolewa na Jina la Albamu. ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| Jina ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" colspan="10"| Nafasi za juu kwenye chati ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| [[List of music recording certifications|Vyeti]] ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| Albamu |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]<br /><ref name="US"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br /><ref name="AUS Lead"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Canadian Hot 100|CAN]]<br /><ref name="CAN"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]<br /><ref name="FRA"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]]<br /><ref name="GER"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br /><ref name="IRE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Dutch Single Top 100|NLD]]<br /><ref name="NLD"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ]]<br /><ref name="NZ"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br /><ref name="SWI"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br /><ref name="UK"/> <!-- NOTE TO EDITORS: PLEASE DO NOT ADD MORE CHARTS, [[MOS:DISCOG]] RECOMMENDS NO MORE THAN 10 CHARTS --> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Why Don't You Love Me (Beyoncé song)|Why Don't You Love Me]]" | 2010 | — || 73 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 51 | | rowspan="1"| ''I Am... Sasha Fierce'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Run the World (Girls)]]" | rowspan="5"| 2011 | 29 || 10 || 16 || 12 || — || 11 || 8 || 9 || 22 || 11 | * RIAA: 4× Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: 5× Platinum<ref name="ARIA2022s">{{cite certification|region=Australia|certyear=2022|type=single|access-date=December 5, 2022}}</ref> * BPI: Platinum<ref name=bpi /> * BVMI: Gold<ref name="Musik" /> * MC: 3× Platinum{{Certification Cite Ref|region=Canada|type=digital|title=Run the World (Girls)|artist=Beyonce|access-date=December 22, 2012}} * RMNZ: Gold<ref name="RadioScopePostBDay" /> | rowspan="7"| ''[[4 (Beyoncé album)|4]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Best Thing I Never Had]]" | 16 || 17 || 27 || 61 || 29 || 2 || 37 || 5 || 35 || 3 | * RIAA: 3× Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: 4× Platinum<ref name=ARIA2022s /> * BPI: 2× Platinum<ref name=bpi /> * BVMI: Gold<ref name="Musik" /> * MC: 2× Platinum{{Certification Cite Ref|region=Canada|type=digital|title=Best Thing I Never Had|artist=Beyonce|access-date=December 22, 2012}} * RMNZ: Gold<ref name=RIANZ-BTINH>{{cite web|title=The Official New Zealand Music Chart |url=http://rianz.org.nz/rianz/oldchart.asp?chartNum=1789 |date=September 5, 2011 |publisher=Recording Industry Association of New Zealand |access-date=July 9, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019123119/http://rianz.org.nz/rianz/oldchart.asp?chartNum=1789 |archive-date=October 19, 2013 }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Party (Beyoncé song)|Party]]"<br />{{small|(featuring [[André 3000]])}} | 50 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: Gold<ref name="ARIA21" /> * MC: Gold<ref name="Certification list" /> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Love on Top]]" | 20 || 20 || 65 || 83 || — || 21 || 61 || 14 || — || 13 | * RIAA: 4× Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: 6× Platinum<ref name="ARIA2022s" /> * BPI: 2× Platinum<ref name=bpi /> * MC: 2× Platinum{{Certification Cite Ref|region=Canada|type=digital|title=Love on Top|artist=Beyonce|access-date=December 22, 2012}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[Countdown (Beyoncé song)|Countdown]]" | 71 || — || 62 || — || — || 45 || 92 || — || — || 35 | * RIAA: 2× Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA21" /> * BPI: Gold<ref name=bpi /> * MC: Platinum<ref name="Certification list" /> |- ! scope="row"| "[[I Care (Beyoncé song)|I Care]]" | rowspan="2"| 2012 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[End of Time (Beyoncé song)|End of Time]]" | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"End of Time" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 13 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.<ref name="US-Bubbling-singles" />}} || — || — || — || — || 27 || — || — || — || 39 | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: Gold<ref name="ARIA21" /> * BPI: Silver<ref name=bpi /> |- ! scope="row"| "[[XO (song)|XO]]" | rowspan="2"| 2013 | 45 || 16 || 36 || 99 || 68 || 15 || 37 || 10 || — || 22 | * RIAA: 2× Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: 2× Platinum<ref name="ARIA21" /> * BPI: Platinum<ref name=bpi /> * MC: Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musiccanada.com/GPSearchResult.aspx?st=&ica=False&sa=Beyonce&sl=&smt=0&sat=-1&ssb=Artist|title=Certification list|publisher=[[Music Canada|MC]]|date=May 2014|access-date=May 12, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116212114/http://www.musiccanada.com/GPSearchResult.aspx?st=&ica=False&sa=Beyonce&sl=&smt=0&sat=-1&ssb=Artist|archive-date=January 16, 2014}}</ref> | rowspan="5"| ''[[Beyoncé (album)|Beyoncé]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Drunk in Love]]"<br />{{small|(featuring Jay-Z)}} | 2 || 22 || 23 || 9 || 70 || 10 || 39 || 7 || 40 || 9 | * RIAA: 6× Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: 3× Platinum<ref name="ARIA23s" /> * BPI: 2× Platinum<ref name=bpi /> * BVMI: Gold<ref name="Musik" /> * MC: 4× Platinum{{Certification Cite Ref|region=Canada|type=digital|title=Drunk In Love|artist=Beyonce|access-date=April 4, 2014}} * RMNZ: Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=2441 |title=NZ Top 40 Singles Chart |publisher=Recorded Music NZ |date=March 3, 2014 |access-date=February 28, 2014 |archive-date=October 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007132135/http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=2441 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Partition (song)|Partition]]" | rowspan="5"| 2014 | 23 || — || 100 || 120 || — || 57 || — || — || — || 74 | * RIAA: 4× Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: 3× Platinum<ref name="ARIA2022s" /> * BPI: Platinum<ref name=bpi /> * MC: 2× Platinum<ref name="Certification list" /> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Pretty Hurts]]" | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Pretty Hurts" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 13 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart </ref>}} || 47 || 78 || 133 || 83 || 56 || 87 || — || 67 || 63 | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA21" /> * BPI: Silver<ref name=bpi /> * MC: Platinum<ref name="Certification list" /> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Flawless (Beyoncé song)|Flawless]]"<br />{{small|(featuring [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] or [[Nicki Minaj]])}} | 41 || — || 88 || 83 || — || 77 || — || — || — || 65 | * RIAA: 3× Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: Gold<ref name="ARIA21" /> * BPI: Silver<ref name=bpi /> * MC: Platinum<ref name="Certification list" /> |- ! scope="row"| "[[7/11 (song)|7/11]]" | 13 || 41 || 43 || 11 || 78 || 54 || 43 || 24 || 74 || 33 | * RIAA: 4× Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: 3× Platinum<ref name="ARIA24s"/> * BPI: Platinum<ref name=bpi /> * BVMI: Gold<ref name="Musik" /> * RMNZ: Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=2636 |title=NZ Top 40 Singles Chart |publisher=Recorded Music NZ |date=February 9, 2014 |access-date=February 6, 2014 |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305132312/http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=2636 |url-status=live }}</ref> * MC: 2× Platinum<ref name="Certification list" /> | rowspan="2"| ''[[Beyoncé: Platinum Edition]]'' |- !scope="row"| "[[Ring Off (song)|Ring Off]]" | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Ring Off" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number five on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart || — || — || 110 || — || — || 84 || — || — || 81 | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Formation (song)|Formation]]" | rowspan="5"| 2016 | 10 || 17 || 32 || 24 || 74 || 59 || — || — || — || 31 | * RIAA: 3× Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: 2× Platinum<ref name="ARIA21" /> * BPI: Gold<ref name=bpi /> * MC: Platinum<ref name="Certification list" /> |rowspan="5"| ''[[Lemonade (album)|Lemonade]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Sorry (Beyoncé song)|Sorry]]" | 11 || 74 || 40 || 62 || — || 82 || — || — || — || 33 | * RIAA: 3× Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA21" /> * BPI: Gold<ref name=bpi /> * MC: Platinum<ref name="Certification list" /> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Hold Up (song)|Hold Up]]" | 13 || 25 || 37 || 14 || — || 52 || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Hold Up" did not enter the [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ Top 40 Singles Chart]], but peaked at number 1 on the NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4229|title=NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=May 11, 2016|access-date=September 5, 2016|archive-date=March 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308042840/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4229|url-status=live}}</ref>}} || — || 11 | * RIAA: 2× Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: 2× Platinum<ref name="ARIA21" /> * BPI: Platinum<ref>https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/13844-682-1 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031045540/https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/13844-682-1 |date=2023-10-31 }} retrieved February 23, 2024</ref> * MC: Platinum<ref name="Certification list" /> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Freedom (Beyoncé song)|Freedom]]"<br />{{small|(featuring [[Kendrick Lamar]])}} | 35 || 62 || 60 || 53 || — || 95 || — || — || — || 40 | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: Gold<ref name="ARIA21" /> * BPI: Silver<ref name="bpi" /> |- ! scope="row"| "[[All Night (Beyoncé song)|All Night]]" | 38 || — || 73 || 71 || — || — || — || — || — || 60 | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: Gold<ref name="ARIA21" /> * BPI: Silver <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Beyonce, All Night, Single |url=https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/14102-682-1 |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=BPI |language=en |archive-date=2024-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223193457/https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/14102-682-1 |url-status=live }}</ref> * MC: Gold<ref name="Certification list" /> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Perfect (Ed Sheeran song)#"Perfect Duet" version|Perfect Duet]]"<br />{{small|(with [[Ed Sheeran]])}} | 2017 | <!-- DO NOT add peaks for "Perfect" that do not credit Beyoncé. This violates [[WP:OR]]. Do not add notes saying "the original was combined" if you have no OFFICIAL proof. -->1 || <!-- UNLESS you can find a source saying "Beyoncé's version reached number one", not that it merely HELPED, do NOT add peaks here. -->— || 1 || — || — || — || 1 || 1 || — || — |<!-- Don't add certifications where Beyoncé isn't credited. This is [[WP:OR]]. --> * RMNZ: 2× Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=New Zealand|type=single|artist=Ed Sheeran and Beyoncé|title=Perfect Duet|id=4434|access-date=December 19, 2017}}</ref> | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |-<!-- NOTE: Please stop restoring the Carters singles here; that act has an article of its own. This is Beyoncé's discography, where she is credited as an artist, not where she doesn't go by her own name as part of another musical act. It's tantamount to putting Destiny's Child singles here. Also, Family Feud is featuring Beyoncé, she does not receive equal credit, so do not put it here. --> ! scope="row"| "[[Spirit (Beyoncé song)|Spirit]]" | rowspan="2"| 2019 | 98 || 99 || 92 || — || — || 65 || 67 || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Spirit" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 12 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4685|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=July 22, 2019|access-date=July 20, 2019|archive-date=July 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720022327/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4685|url-status=live}}</ref>}} || — || 59 | | ''[[The Lion King (2019 soundtrack)|The Lion King: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack]]'' and ''[[The Lion King: The Gift]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Brown Skin Girl]]"<br />{{small|(with [[Saint Jhn]] and [[Wizkid]] featuring Blue Ivy Carter)}} | 76 || — || 60 || — || — || 50 || 82 || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Brown Skin Girl" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number six on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4727|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=July 29, 2019|access-date=July 27, 2019|archive-date=July 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726220813/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4727|url-status=live}}</ref>}} || — || 42 | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: Gold<ref name="ARIA23s" /> * BPI: Silver<ref name=bpi /> * MC: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=Canada|type=single|artist=Beyonce, SAINt JHN & WizKiD}}</ref> | ''The Lion King: The Gift'' |- | colspan="20" align="center" style="font-size:90%;"| "—" inaashiria vitu ambavyo havikutolewa katika nchi hiyo au vilishindwa kuingia kwenye chati |} === Miaka ya 2020 === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;" border="1" |+ Orodha ya nyimbo kama msanii kiongozi, ikiwa na nafasi zilizochaguliwa za chati na Vyeti, ikionyesha Mwaka wa kutolewa na Jina la Albamu. ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15.5em;"| Jina ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" colspan="10"| Nafasi za juu kwenye chati ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| [[List of music recording certifications|Vyeti]] ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| Albamu |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]<br /><ref name="US"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br /><ref name="AUS Lead"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Canadian Hot 100|CAN]]<br /><ref name="CAN"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]<br /><ref name="FRA"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br /><ref name="IRE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Dutch Single Top 100|NLD]]<br /><ref name="NLD"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ]]<br /><ref name="NZ"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br /><ref name="SWI"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br /><ref name="UK"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Billboard Global 200|WW]]<br /><ref name="WW">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/beyonce/chart-history/glo/|title=Beyoncé Chart History: Billboard Global 200|magazine=Billboard|access-date=April 9, 2024|archive-date=August 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809012358/https://www.billboard.com/artist/beyonce/chart-history/glo/|url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- NOTE TO EDITORS: PLEASE DO NOT ADD MORE CHARTS, [[MOS:DISCOG]] RECOMMENDS NO MORE THAN 10 CHARTS --> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Black Parade (song)|Black Parade]]"{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Black Parade" was also released as a [[Charity record|charity single]] to raise funds for the BeyGOOD Black Business Impact Fund, administered by the [[National Urban League]].}} | 2020 | 37 || 76 || 70 || — || 45 || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Black Parade" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number three on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4878|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=June 29, 2020|access-date=June 27, 2020|archive-date=June 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628094316/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4878|url-status=live}}</ref>}} || — || 49 || — | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA" /> | ''The Lion King: The Gift'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Be Alive]]" | 2021 | — || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Be Alive" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 36 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5234|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=November 22, 2021|access-date=November 20, 2021|archive-date=November 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119215408/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5234|url-status=live}}</ref>}} || — || — || — | | {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[Break My Soul]]" | rowspan="2"| 2022 | 1 || 6 || 4 || 18 || 1 || 14 || 16 || 15 || 2 || 6 | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: 2× Platinum<ref name="ARIA24s"/> * BPI: Platinum<ref name=bpi /> * MC: Platinum<ref name="Certification list" /> * SNEP: Platinum<ref name="FR certs">{{cite web|title=Les Certifications|url=http://snepmusique.com/les-certifications/?interprete=Beyonc%C3%A9|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122073327/http://www.snepmusique.com/les-disques-dor/?awards_cat=0&awards_awd=0&awards_year=0&awards_artist=beyonce&submitAdvanced=Rechercher|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 22, 2016|publisher=Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|access-date=September 7, 2015}}</ref> * IFPI SWI: Platinum<ref name="ifpi-swi">{{cite web | url=http://www.swisscharts.com/search_certifications.asp?search=Beyonc%E9 | title=Die Offizielle Schweizer Hitparade – hitparade.ch | access-date=December 5, 2022 | archive-date=December 5, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205113403/http://www.swisscharts.com/search_certifications.asp?search=Beyonc%E9 | url-status=live }}</ref> | rowspan="4"| ''[[Renaissance (Beyoncé album)|Renaissance]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Cuff It]]" | 6 || 8 || 16 || 14 || 6 || 22 || 3 || 18 || 5 || 12 | * ARIA: 2× Platinum<ref name=ARIA23s/> * BPI: Platinum<ref name=bpi /> * IFPI SWI: Platinum<ref name="ifpi-swi" /> * MC: 2× Platinum<ref name="Certification list" /> * SNEP: Diamond<ref name="FR certs" /> * RMNZ: Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=New Zealand|type=single|artist=Beyoncé|title=Cuff It|id=5432|access-date=December 24, 2022}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "[[America Has a Problem]]"<br />{{small|(solo or featuring [[Kendrick Lamar]])}} | rowspan="4"| 2023 | 38 || 32 || 41 || — || 15 || 99 || 25 || 96 || 22 || 40 | * ARIA: Gold<ref name=ARIA23s/> * BPI: Silver<ref name=bpi /> * MC: Gold<ref name="Certification list" /> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Virgo's Groove]]" | 43 || 78 || 65 || 176 || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Virgo's Groove" did not enter the UK Singles Chart but peaked at number 61 on the Official Audio Streaming Chart.<ref name="UK-Stream" />}} || 46 |- ! scope="row"| "[[Delresto (Echoes)]]"<br />{{small|(with [[Travis Scott]])}} | 25 || 34 || 26 || 38 || — || — || 30 || — || — || 19 | | ''[[Utopia (Travis Scott album)|Utopia]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[My House (Beyoncé song)|My House]]" | 57 || — || 64 || — || 53 || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"My House" did not enter the [[Dutch Single Top 100]], but peaked at number four on the Single Tip chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/weekchart.asp?cat=st&date=20231209&year=2023|title=Dutch Single Tip 09/12/2023|website=dutchcharts.nl|language=nl|access-date=December 9, 2023|archive-date=December 9, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209011319/https://dutchcharts.nl/weekchart.asp?cat=st&date=20231209&year=2023|url-status=live}}</ref>}} || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"My House" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number three on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5724|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=December 11, 2023|access-date=December 9, 2023|archive-date=December 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208154646/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5724|url-status=live}}</ref>}} || — || 56 || 63 | | {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[Texas Hold 'Em (song)|Texas Hold 'Em]]" | rowspan="3"| 2024 | 1 || 2 || 1 || 4 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 1 | * ARIA: Platinum<ref name=ARIA24s/> * BPI: Platinum<ref name=bpi /> * IFPI SWI: Platinum<ref name="ifpi-swi" /> * MC: 2× Platinum<ref name="Certification list" /> * RMNZ: Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=New Zealand|type=single|artist=Beyoncé|title=Texas Hold 'Em|certyear=2024|id=5799|access-date=April 30, 2024}}</ref> * SNEP: Diamond<ref name="FR certs" /> | rowspan="3"| ''[[Cowboy Carter]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[16 Carriages]]" | 38 || 85 || 56 || 128 || 57 || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"16 Carriages" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number nine on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5760|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=February 19, 2024|access-date=February 16, 2024|archive-date=February 16, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216052145/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5760|url-status=live}}</ref>}} || — || 44 || 40 | |- ! scope="row"| "[[II Most Wanted]]"<br />{{small|(with [[Miley Cyrus]])}} | 6 || 16 || 17 || 63 || 13 || 27 || 17 || 20 || 9 || 10 | * MC: Gold<ref name="Certification list" /> |- | colspan="20" align="center" style="font-size:90%;"| "—" denotes items which were not released in that country or failed to chart. |} == As featured artist == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Orodha ya nyimbo kama msanii aliyeshirikishwa, ikiwa na nafasi zilizochaguliwa za chati na Vyeti, ikionyesha Mwaka wa kutolewa na Jina la Albamu ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:19.5em;"| Jina ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" colspan="10"| Nafasi za juu kwenye chati ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12.5em;"| [[List of music recording certifications|Vyeti]] ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12.5em;"| Albamu |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]<br /><ref name="US"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br /><ref name="AUS Ft">Peak chart positions for featured singles in Australia: * All except noted: {{cite web|url=http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Beyonc%E9|title=Discography Beyoncé|publisher=Australian Charts. Hung Medien|access-date=March 22, 2024|archive-date=December 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227063503/https://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Beyonc%E9|url-status=live}} * "Hollywood": {{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/issue896.pdf|archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20070519140000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20070520-0000/issue896.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 19, 2007|title=ARIA Report|date=May 7, 2007 |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]. [[Australian Web Archive]]|issue=896|access-date=April 6, 2011 }}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} * "Love in This Club Part II": * "Lift Off": {{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/Issue1122.pdf|archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20110929140100/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20110930-0001/Issue1122.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 29, 2011|title=The ARIA Report|date=August 29, 2011 |publisher=ARIA. Australian Web Archive|issue=1122|access-date=April 6, 2011 }}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} * "Shining": {{cite web|url=https://www.auspop.com.au/2017/02/aria-chart-watch-409/|title=ARIA Chart Watch #409|publisher=auspOp|date=February 25, 2017|access-date=February 25, 2017|archive-date=December 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204223928/https://www.auspop.com.au/2017/02/aria-chart-watch-409/|url-status=live}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Canadian Hot 100|CAN]]<br /><ref name="CAN"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]<br /><ref name="FRA"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]]<br /><ref>Peak chart positions for featured singles in Germany: * "'03 Bonnie & Clyde": * "Telephone": {{cite news|url=http://www.gfk-entertainment.com/news/metal-oper-avantasia-auf-platz-zwei-der-album-charts.html|title=Metal-Oper Avantasia auf Platz zwei der Album-Charts|date=April 2, 2010|access-date=April 17, 2011|publisher=[[Media Control Charts]]|language=de|archive-date=April 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402105331/http://www.gfk-entertainment.com/news/metal-oper-avantasia-auf-platz-zwei-der-album-charts.html|url-status=live|accessdate=2024-11-15|archivedate=2015-04-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402105331/http://www.gfk-entertainment.com/news/metal-oper-avantasia-auf-platz-zwei-der-album-charts.html}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br /><ref name="IRE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Dutch Single Top 100|NLD]]<br /><ref name=nlalb>{{cite web|url=http://www.top40.nl/top40-artiesten/beyonce|title=Top 40-artiest:Beyoncé|language=nl|publisher=Top 40 Netherlands|access-date=June 17, 2013|archive-date=January 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114061807/http://www.top40.nl/top40-artiesten/beyonce|url-status=live}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ]]<br /><ref name="NZ"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br /><ref name="SWI"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br /><ref name="UK"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[I Got That]]"<br />{{small|([[Amil (rapper)|Amil]] featuring Beyoncé)}} | 2000 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[All Money Is Legal]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[['03 Bonnie & Clyde]]"<br />{{small|([[Jay-Z]] featuring Beyoncé)}} | 2002 | 4 || 2 || 6 || 25 || 6 || 8 || 5 || 4 || 1 || 2 | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=Australia|type=single|certyear=2003|access-date=February 3, 2022}}</ref> * BPI: Gold<ref name=bpi /> | ''[[The Blueprint 2: The Gift & The Curse]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Hollywood (Jay-Z song)|Hollywood]]"<br />{{small|(Jay-Z featuring Beyoncé)}} | 2007 | — || 98 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Kingdom Come (Jay-Z album)|Kingdom Come]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Love in This Club Part II]]"<br />{{small|([[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]] featuring Beyoncé and [[Lil Wayne]])}} | 2008 | 18 || 96 || 69 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> | ''[[Here I Stand (Usher album)|Here I Stand]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Put It in a Love Song]]"<br />{{small|([[Alicia Keys]] featuring Beyoncé)}} | rowspan="2"| 2010 | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Put It in a Love Song" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number two on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.<ref name="alicia">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/alicia-keys/chart-history/bubbling-under-hot-100|title=Alicia Keys – Chart History: Bubbling Under Hot 100|magazine=Billboard|access-date=March 22, 2014|archive-date=November 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121093639/https://www.billboard.com/artist/alicia-keys/chart-history/bubbling-under-hot-100/|url-status=live}}</ref>}} || 18 || 71 || — || — || 26 || — || 24 || — || — | * ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA21" /> | ''[[The Element of Freedom]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Telephone (song)|Telephone]]"<br />{{small|([[Lady Gaga]] featuring Beyoncé)}} | 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 1 || 6 || 3 || 3 || 1 | * RIAA: 5× Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=United States|artist=Lady Gaga|title=Telephone|access-date=March 31, 2020}}</ref> * ARIA: 8× Platinum<ref name=ARIA24s/> * BPI: 2× Platinum<ref name=bpi /> * BVMI: Gold<ref name="Musik" /> * IFPI SWI: Gold<ref name="SWICerts10" /> * MC: 3× Platinum<ref name="cria.ca">{{cite certification|region=Canada|artist=Beyonce|type=album and single|access-date=December 21, 2013}}</ref> * RMNZ: Platinum<ref name="RadioScopePostBDay" /> * SNEP: Gold<ref name="FR certs" /> | ''[[The Fame Monster]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Lift Off (song)|Lift Off]]"<br />{{small|(Jay-Z and [[Kanye West]] featuring Beyoncé)}} | 2011 | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Lift Off" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 21 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.<ref name="US-Bubbling-singles" />}} || 81 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 48 | | ''[[Watch the Throne]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Part II (On the Run)]]"<br />{{small|(Jay-Z featuring Beyoncé)}} | rowspan="2"| 2014 | 77 || — || — || 187 || — || — || — || — || — || 93 | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> | ''[[Magna Carta Holy Grail]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Say Yes (Michelle Williams song)|Say Yes]]"<br />{{small|([[Michelle Williams (singer)|Michelle Williams]] featuring Beyoncé and [[Kelly Rowland]])}} | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Say Yes" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number nine on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.<ref name="US-Bubbling-singles" />}} || — || — || 90 || — || — || — || — || — || 106 | | ''[[Journey to Freedom (album)|Journey to Freedom]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Runnin' (Lose It All)]]"<br />{{small|([[Naughty Boy]] featuring Beyoncé and [[Arrow Benjamin]])}} | 2015 | 90 || 22 || 61 || 18 || 85 || 12 || 14 || 10 || 24 || 4 | * ARIA: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/SingleAccreds2015.htm |title=ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2015 Singles |access-date=June 17, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106150044/http://www.aria.com.au/pages/SingleAccreds2015.htm |archive-date=November 6, 2015}}</ref> * BPI: 2× Platinum<ref name=bpi /> * RMNZ: Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=New Zealand|type=single|id=4162|access-date=November 6, 2015}}</ref> | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[Shining (song)|Shining]]"<br />{{small|([[DJ Khaled]] featuring Beyoncé and Jay-Z)}} | rowspan="3"| 2017 | 57 || 93 || 72 || 75 || — || — || — || — || — || 71 | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: Gold<ref name=ARIA2022s /> * BPI: Silver<ref name=bpi /> * MC: Gold<ref name="cria.ca" /> | ''[[Grateful (DJ Khaled album)|Grateful]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Mi Gente (J Balvin and Willy William song)#Beyoncé remix|Mi Gente]]" (remix)<br />{{small|([[J Balvin]] and [[Willy William]] featuring Beyoncé)}} | 3 || 11 || 2 || — || — || — || 1 || 39 || 16 || — | * RIAA: 68× Platinum (Latin)<ref>{{cite certification|region=United States|artist=J Balvin & Willy William|title=Mi Gente|access-date=October 29, 2018}}</ref> * ARIA: 3× Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=Australia|certyear=2018}}</ref> * SNEP: Gold<ref name="FR certs" /> | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[Walk on Water (Eminem song)|Walk on Water]]"<br />{{small|([[Eminem]] featuring Beyoncé)}} | 14 || 10 || 22 || 13 || 16 || 8 || 14 || 18 || 5 || 7 | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: Platinum<ref name=ARIA24s /> * BPI: Silver<ref name=bpi /> * MC: Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/|title=Gold/Platinum|website=Musiccanada.com|access-date=November 11, 2021|archive-date=June 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624042344/http://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/|url-status=live}}</ref> | ''[[Revival (Eminem album)|Revival]]'' |- ! scope="row" | "[[Family Feud (song)|Family Feud]]"<br />{{small|(Jay-Z featuring Beyoncé)}} | rowspan="2" |2018 | 51 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA" /> |''[[4:44]]'' |- ! scope="row" | "[[Top Off]]"<br />{{small|(DJ Khaled featuring Jay-Z, [[Future (rapper)|Future]] and Beyoncé)}} | 22 || — || 48 || 55 || 98 || 67 || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Top Off" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number five on the NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4460|title=NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=March 12, 2018|access-date=March 9, 2018|archive-date=March 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311141023/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4460|url-status=live}}</ref>}} || 66 || 41 | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * MC: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=Canada|type=single|artist=DJ Khaled|title=Top Off|award=Gold|certyear=2018}}</ref> | ''[[Father of Asahd]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Savage (Megan Thee Stallion song)#Beyoncé remix|Savage Remix]]"<br />{{small|([[Megan Thee Stallion]] featuring Beyoncé)}} | 2020 | 1 || — || 9 || — || — || — || 28 || 2 || — || — | * MC: 5× Platinum<ref name="Certification list" /> * RMNZ: Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=New Zealand|type=single|artist=Megan Thee Stallion feat. Beyoncé|title=Savage (remix)|id=4880|access-date=July 3, 2020}}</ref> * SNEP: Gold<ref name="FR certs" /> | ''[[Good News (Megan Thee Stallion album)|Good News]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Make Me Say It Again, Girl (song)|Make Me Say It Again, Girl]]"<br />{{small|([[Ronald Isley]] and [[the Isley Brothers]] featuring Beyoncé)}} | 2022 | —{{efn-ua|"Make Me Say It Again, Girl" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 50 on the [[Digital Song Sales]] chart.<ref name="US-Digital" />}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''Make Me Say It Again, Girl'' |- | colspan="14" align="center" style="font-size:90%;"| "—" inaashiria vitu ambavyo havikutolewa katika nchi hiyo au vilishindwa kuingia kwenye chati |} == Nyimbo za promosheni == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" |+ Orodha ya nyimbo za utangazaji, ikiwa na nafasi zilizochaguliwa za chati, ikionyesha Mwaka wa kutolewa na Jina la Albamu ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Jina ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" colspan="7" | Nafasi za juu kwenye chati ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:10em;"| Vyeti ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:16em;"| Albamu |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]<br /><ref name="US"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US<br />R&B<br />/HH]]<br /><ref name="r&bsingles">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/beyonce/chart-history/bsi/|title=Beyonce Chart History: R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|magazine=Billboard|access-date=April 9, 2024|archive-date=February 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209223412/https://www.billboard.com/music/beyonce/chart-history/BSI/4|url-status=live}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br /><ref name="AUS">{{cite web|url=http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Beyonc%E9|title=Discography Beyoncé|publisher=Australian Charts. Hung Medien|access-date=March 22, 2024|archive-date=December 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227063503/https://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Beyonc%E9|url-status=live}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Canadian Hot 100|CAN]]<br /><ref name="CAN"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]<br /><ref name="FRA"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br /><ref name="IRE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br /><ref>Peak chart positions for promotional singles in UK: * All except "One Night Only", "Upgrade U" and "At Last": {{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/beyonc%C3%A9/|title=Beyonce – Chart History|publisher=Official Charts Company|access-date=June 17, 2013|archive-date=January 4, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104004742/http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/beyonc%C3%A9/|url-status=live}} * "One Night Only": {{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/deena%20jones%20%26%20the%20dreams/|title=Deena Jones & The Dreams – One Night Only|publisher=Official Charts Company|access-date=June 17, 2013|archive-date=December 26, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226153954/http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/deena%20jones%20%26%20the%20dreams/|url-status=live}} * "Upgrade U": {{cite web|author=Zywietz, Tobias|url=http://zobbel.de/cluk/CLUK_K.HTM|title=Chart Log UK: Alex K – Kyuss|publisher=Zobbel Archive (UK)|access-date=April 7, 2011|archive-date=March 12, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312080813/http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/CLUK_K.HTM|url-status=live}} * "At Last": {{cite web |url=http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/110709cluk.txt |title=Chart Log UK: July 9, 2011 |publisher=Zobbel Archive (UK) |access-date=August 2, 2011 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210336/http://zobbel.de/cluk/110709cluk.txt |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "I Can't Take It No More" | rowspan="3"| 2003 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="3"| ''Dangerously in Love'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Daddy (Beyoncé song)|Daddy]]" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "What's It Gonna Be"<ref>{{cite web|title=What's It Gonna Be – Single by Beyoncé|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/whats-it-gonna-be-single/id197630654|website=iTunes Store|date=July 29, 2003|access-date=May 14, 2014|archive-date=March 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305160054/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/whats-it-gonna-be-single/id197630654|url-status=live}}</ref> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[One Night Only (song)|One Night Only]]"<br />{{small|(with [[Dreamgirls (film)#Cast|Deena Jones and the Dreams]])}} | rowspan="2"| 2006 | — || — || — || — || — || — || 67 | | ''Dreamgirls'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Upgrade U]]"<br />{{small|(featuring Jay-Z)}} | 59 || 11 || — || — || — || — || — | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA2022s" /> * BPI: Silver<ref name=bpi /> * MC: Gold<ref name="Certification list" /> | ''B'Day'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[If I Were a Boy|Si Yo Fuera un Chico]]"<ref>{{cite web|title=Si Yo Fuera un Chico – Single by Beyoncé|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/si-yo-fuera-un-chico-single/id303289117|website=iTunes Store|date=February 3, 2009|access-date=June 22, 2013|archive-date=March 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305232142/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/si-yo-fuera-un-chico-single/id303289117|url-status=live}}</ref> | rowspan="2"| 2009 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''I Am... Sasha Fierce'' |- ! scope="row"| "Sing a Song"<ref>{{cite web|title=Sing a Song (feat. Beyoncé As Shine) – Single by Wubb Girlz|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/sing-song-feat.-beyonce-as/id794532633|website=iTunes Store|date=April 21, 2009|access-date=June 18, 2013|archive-date=March 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306202414/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/sing-song-feat.-beyonce-as/id794532633|url-status=live}}</ref> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!: Sing-a-Song'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Fever (Little Willie John song)#Beyoncé version|Fever]]" | 2010 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''Heat'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[1+1 (song)|1+1]]" | 2011 | 57 || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"1+1" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number five on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart.<ref name="US-Bubbling-R&B-singles">{{cite magazine | url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=beyonce|chart=Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Songs}} | title=Beyonce – Chart History: Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Songs | magazine=Billboard | access-date=January 13, 2014}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>}} || — || 82 || — || — || 71 | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: Gold<ref name="ARIA21" /> * BPI: Silver<ref name=bpi /> | ''4'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Daddy Lessons]]" <br />{{small|(featuring the [[The Chicks|Dixie Chicks]])}} | 2016 | 41 || 26 || — || 62 || 90 || — || 40 | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: Gold<ref name="ARIA21" /> * BPI: Silver<ref name=bpi /> * MC: Platinum<ref name="Certification list" /> | ''Lemonade'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Die with You|Die akiwa na You]]" | 2017 | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Die with You" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 21 on the [[Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles]] chart.<ref name="US-Bubbling-singles" />}} || — || — || — || 51 || — || 62 | | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[Mood 4 Eva]]"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://listen.tidal.com/album/113655760|title=MOOD 4 EVA (Extended Version) / Beyoncé – TIDAL|author=[[Beyoncé]]|author2=[[Jay-Z]]|author3=[[Donald Glover|Childish Gambino]]|date=July 19, 2019|website=listen.tidal.com|access-date=September 11, 2020|archive-date=December 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202191855/https://listen.tidal.com/album/113655760|url-status=live}}</ref><br />{{small|(with Jay-Z and [[Donald Glover|Childish Gambino]] featuring [[Oumou Sangaré]])}} | 2019 | 90 || 33 || 48 || 64 || — || 54 || 56 | | ''The Lion King: The Gift'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Grown Woman (Beyoncé song)|Grown Woman]]" | 2023 | — || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Grown Woman" did not enter the UK Singles Chart but debuted and peaked at number 67 on the UK Singles Downloads Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-downloads-chart/20231215/7000/|title=Official Singles Downloads Chart on 15/12/2023 15 December 2023 - 21 December 2023|website=Official Charts|date=15 December 2023|access-date=12 February 2024|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225112836/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-downloads-chart/20231215/7000/|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- | colspan="11" style="font-size:90%;"| "—" inaashiria vitu ambavyo havikutolewa katika nchi hiyo au vilishindwa kuingia kwenye chati |} == Nyimbo za hisani == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" |+ Orodha ya nyimbo za hisani, ikiwa na nafasi zilizochaguliwa za chati, ikionyesha Mwaka wa kutolewa ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em;"| Jina ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:2.5em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" colspan="7" | Nafasi za juu kwenye chati ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Notes |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]<br /><ref name="US"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" | [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US<br />R&B<br />/HH]]<br /><ref name=r&bsingles /> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br /><ref name="AUS"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Canadian Hot 100|CAN]]<br /><ref name="CAN"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br /><ref name="IRE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ]]<br /><ref name="NZ"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br /><ref name="UK"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[What More Can I Give]]"<br />{{small|(with [[What More Can I Give#The All Stars|The All Stars]])}} | 2003 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — | * To commemorate the victims of [[September 11 attacks]]. |- ! scope="row"| "[[Performances and adaptations of The Star-Spangled Banner#The Star Spangled Banner (Super Bowl XXXVIII Performance)|The Star Spangled Banner (Super Bowl XXXVIII Performance | 2004 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — | * Recorded live at [[Super Bowl XXXVIII]] in 2004. |- ! scope="row"| "[[Just Stand Up!]]"<br />{{small|(with Artists Stand Up to Cancer)}} | 2008 | 11 || 57 || 39 || 10 || 11 || 19 || 26 | * Part of the [[Stand Up to Cancer]] campaign. |- ! scope="row"| "[[Halo (Beyoncé song)|Halo (Live)]]"<br /> | 2010 | {{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Halo" (live) did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number five on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.<ref name="US-Bubbling-singles" />}} || || || 58 || || || | * Accompanied by [[Chris Martin]] on piano, the song was performed live for the [[Hope for Haiti Now]] charity telethon and appears on the 2010 ''[[Hope for Haiti Now (album)|Hope For Haiti Now]]'' Albamu. |- ! scope="row"| "[[God Bless the U.S.A.|God Bless the USA]]"<ref>{{cite news |last=Martin |first=Dan |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/may/06/beyonce-charity-single-god-bless-usa |title=Beyonce debuts charity single God Bless the USA |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=May 6, 2011 |access-date=May 6, 2011 |archive-date=September 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930075621/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/may/06/beyonce-charity-single-god-bless-usa |url-status=live }}</ref> | rowspan="2"| 2011 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — | style="text-align:left;"| * To raise funds for the [[New York Police and Fire Widows' and Children's Benefit Fund]]. |- ! scope="row"| "[[Irreplaceable#Live performances|Irreplaceable]]" (Live at Glastonbury)<ref name="Charity song">{{cite news|url=http://www.glastonburyfestivals.co.uk/news/download-u2-beyonce-and-coldplay-performances-on-itunes-raising-funds-for-glastonburys-charities|title=Download U2, Beyonce and Coldplay performances on iTunes, raising funds for Glastonbury's charities|publisher=[[Glastonbury Festival]] Official Website|date=June 27, 2011|access-date=September 21, 2011|archive-date=August 31, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831143256/http://www.glastonburyfestivals.co.uk/news/download-u2-beyonce-and-coldplay-performances-on-itunes-raising-funds-for-glastonburys-charities|url-status=live}}</ref> | — || — || — || — || — || — || 33 | style="text-align:left;"| * To raise funds for [[Oxfam]], [[WaterAid]] and [[Greenpeace]]. |- ! scope="row"| "Say Her Name (Hell You Talmbout)"<br />{{small|(with [[Janelle Monáe]] and various artists and activists)}} | 2021 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — | style="text-align:left;"| * To highlight the deaths of black women at the hands of police in the US. All proceeds go to the [[African American Policy Forum]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jones |first1=Damian |title=Janelle Monaé shares new protest song 'Say Her Name' |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/janelle-monae-shares-new-protest-song-say-her-name-3054581 |website=NME |date=September 24, 2021 |access-date=October 19, 2021 |archive-date=October 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021172052/https://www.nme.com/news/music/janelle-monae-shares-new-protest-song-say-her-name-3054581 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | colspan="14" align="center" style="font-size:90%;"| "—" inaashiria vitu ambavyo havikutolewa katika nchi hiyo au vilishindwa kuingia kwenye chati |} == Nyimbo nyingine zilizo kwenye chati na kuthibitishwa == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" |+ Orodha ya nyimbo nyingine zilizoorodheshwa kwenye chati, ikiwa na nafasi zilizochaguliwa za chati na Vyeti, ikionyesha Mwaka wa kutolewa na Jina la Albamu ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:17.5em;"| Jina ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" colspan="10"| Nafasi za juu kwenye chati ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| [[List of music recording certifications|Vyeti]] ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| Albamu |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]<br /><ref name="US"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US<br />R&B<br />/HH]]<br /><ref name="r&bsingles" /> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br /><ref name="AUS Songs">Peak chart positions for other songs in Australia: * All except noted: {{cite web|url=http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Beyonc%E9|title=Discography Beyoncé|publisher=Australian Charts. Hung Medien|access-date=March 22, 2024|archive-date=December 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227063503/https://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Beyonc%E9|url-status=live}} * "Ave Maria": {{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/ARIAIssue1273.pdf|archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20140722044500/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20140722-1445/ARIAIssue1273.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 22, 2014|title=The ARIA Report: Issue 1273 (Week Commencing 21 July 2014)|publisher=ARIA. Australian Web Archive|page=2|access-date=July 24, 2014}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} * "I Was Here": * "Feeling Myself": {{cite web|url=http://www.noise11.com/news/aria-singles-taylor-swift-bad-blood-is-no-1-20150530|title=ARIA Singles: Taylor Swift Bad Blood Is No 1|publisher=Noise11|last=Ryan|first=Gavin|date=May 30, 2015|access-date=May 30, 2015|archive-date=July 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723134644/http://www.noise11.com/news/aria-singles-taylor-swift-bad-blood-is-no-1-20150530|url-status=live}} * Songs from ''Lemonade'': {{cite web|url=http://www.noise11.com/news/aria-singles-pink-tops-chart-but-prince-dominates-20160430|title=ARIA Singles: Pink Tops Chart But Prince Dominates|publisher=Noise11|last=Ryan|first=Gavin|date=April 30, 2016|access-date=April 30, 2016|archive-date=August 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807111637/http://www.noise11.com/news/aria-singles-pink-tops-chart-but-prince-dominates-20160430|url-status=live}} * "Can You Feel the Love Tonight": {{cite web|url=https://www.auspop.com.au/2019/07/aria-chart-watch-535/|title=ARIA Chart Watch #535|publisher=auspOp|date=July 27, 2019|access-date=July 27, 2019|archive-date=July 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727074339/https://www.auspop.com.au/2019/07/aria-chart-watch-535/|url-status=live}} * Songs from ''Renaissance'': {{cite magazine|title=The ARIA Report: Week Commencing 8 August 2022|magazine=The ARIA Report|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|issue=1692|page=4|date=August 8, 2022}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Canadian Hot 100|CAN]]<br /><ref name="CAN"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]<br /><ref name="FRA"/><ref name="FRA Week 14">{{cite web|url=https://snepmusique.com/les-tops/le-top-de-la-semaine/top-albums/?categorie=Top%20Singles&semaine=14|title=Tops de la Semaine – Top Singles (Semaine du 5 avril 2024)|language=French|accessdate=April 8, 2024|publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]]|archive-date=April 8, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408142946/https://snepmusique.com/les-tops/le-top-de-la-semaine/top-albums/?categorie=Top%20Singles&semaine=14|url-status=live}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br /><ref name="IRE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Dutch Single Top 100|NLD]]<br /><ref name="NLD"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br /><ref name="SWI"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br /><ref name="UK Ft">Peak chart positions for other charted songs in UK: *"Ave Maria": {{cite web |url=http://zobbel.de/cluk/081129cluk.txt |title=Chart Log UK: November 29, 2008 |author=Zywietz, Tobias |publisher=Zobbel Archive (UK) |access-date=July 24, 2014 |archive-date=March 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311062846/http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/081129cluk.txt |url-status=live }} *"I Was Here": {{cite web |url=http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/110709cluk.txt |title=Chart Log UK: July 9, 2011 |author=Zywietz, Tobias |publisher=Zobbel Archive (UK) |access-date=August 2, 2011 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210336/http://zobbel.de/cluk/110709cluk.txt |url-status=live }} *"Dance for You": {{cite web |url=http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/120204cluk.txt |title=Chart Log UK: February 4, 2012 |author=Zywietz, Tobias |publisher=Zobbel Archive (UK) |date=February 2, 2012 |access-date=May 5, 2012 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002253/http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/120204cluk.txt |url-status=live }} *"Haunted": {{cite web |url=http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/150221cluk.txt |title=Chart Log UK: February 21, 2015 |author=Zywietz, Tobias |publisher=Zobbel Archive (UK) |access-date=November 21, 2017 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003816/http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/150221cluk.txt |url-status=live }} *"Mine": *"Ring Off": *"Standing on the Sun": {{cite web |url=http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/141206cluk.txt |title=Chart Log UK: December 6, 2014 |author=Zywietz, Tobias |publisher=Zobbel Archive (UK) |access-date=December 13, 2014 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093319/http://zobbel.de/cluk/141206cluk.txt |url-status=live }}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" | [[Billboard Global 200|WW]]<br /><ref name="WW"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Dangerously in Love 2]]" | rowspan="2"| 2003 | 57 || 17 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA" /> | ''Dangerously in Love'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[In da Club#"Sexy Lil Thug"|Sexy Lil Thug]]" | — || 67 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''Speak My Mind'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[A Woman Like Me (song)|A Woman Like Me]]" | rowspan="4"| 2006 | — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"A Woman Like Me" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number three on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart.<ref name="US-Bubbling-R&B-singles" />}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[The Pink Panther (2006 film)#Music|The Pink Panther]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Kitty Kat (song)|Kitty Kat]]" | — || 66 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="3"| ''B'Day'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Freakum Dress]]" | — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Freakum Dress" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number 16 on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart.<ref name="US-Bubbling-R&B-singles" />}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA" /> |- ! scope="row"| "Lost Yo Mind" | — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Lost Yo Mind" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number 17 on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart.<ref name="US-Bubbling-R&B-singles" />}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Ave Maria (Beyoncé song)|Ave Maria]]" | rowspan="3"| 2008 | — || — || 90 || — || 160<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://snepmusique.com/les-tops/le-top-de-la-semaine/top-albums/?semaine=52&annee=2023&categorie=Top%20Singles|title=Top Singles (Week 52, 2023)|publisher=Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|language=French|access-date=January 2, 2024|archive-date=January 2, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102123059/https://snepmusique.com/les-tops/le-top-de-la-semaine/top-albums/?semaine=52&annee=2023&categorie=Top%20Singles|url-status=live}}</ref> || — || — || — || 150 || — | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: Gold<ref name="ARIA21" /> | rowspan="2"| ''I Am... Sasha Fierce'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Radio (Beyoncé song)|Radio]]" | — || — || — || — || — || — || 14 || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[I'd Rather Go Blind]]" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA" /> | ''[[Cadillac Records: Music from the Motion Picture|Cadillac Records]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[See Me Now]]"<br />{{small|([[Kanye West]] featuring Beyoncé, <br />[[Charlie Wilson (singer)|Charlie Wilson]] and [[Big Sean]])}} | 2010 | — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"See Me Now" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number two on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart.<ref name="US-Bubbling-R&B-singles" />}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Love a Woman]]"<br />{{small|([[Mary J. Blige]] featuring Beyoncé)}} | rowspan="4"| 2011 | — || 89 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[My Life II... The Journey Continues (Act 1)]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[I Miss You (Beyoncé song)|I Miss You]]" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 184 || — | | rowspan="3"| ''4'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[I Was Here (song)|I Was Here]]" | — || — || 85 || — || — || 88 || — || 74 || 131 || — | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA21" /> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Dance for You]]" | 78 || 7 || — || — || — || — || — || — || 147 || — | * RIAA: 2× Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: Gold<ref name="ARIA21" /> * BPI: Silver<ref name=bpi /> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Haunted (Beyoncé song)|Haunted]]" | rowspan="10"| 2013 | — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Haunted" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number 13 on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart.<ref name="US-Bubbling-R&B-singles" />}} || — || — || 99 || — || — || — || 158 || — | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA" /> | rowspan="10"| ''Beyoncé'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Blow (Beyoncé song)|Blow]]" | — || 48 || — || — || — || — || 63 || — || — || — | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA" /> |- ! scope="row"| "[[No Angel (Beyoncé song)|No Angel]]" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA" /> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Partition (Beyoncé song)|Yoncé]]" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | * ARIA: Gold<ref name="ARIA23s" /> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Jealous (Beyoncé song)|Jealous]]" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA" /> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Rocket (Beyoncé song)|Rocket]]" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA" /> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Mine (Beyoncé song)|Mine]]"<br />{{small|(featuring [[Drake (rapper)|Drake]])}} | 82 || 25 || — || 82 || 159 || — || — || — || 65 || — | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * MC: Gold<ref name="Certification list" /> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Superpower (song)|Superpower]]" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA" /> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Heaven (Beyoncé song)|Heaven]]" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA" /> |- ! scope="row"| "Blue" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA" /> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Standing on the Sun (song)|Standing on the Sun]]" (Remix)<br />{{small|(featuring [[Mr. Vegas]])}} | rowspan="2"| 2014 | — || 45 || — || — || — || — || — || — || 170 || — | | ''Beyoncé: Platinum Edition'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Feeling Myself (Nicki Minaj song)|Feeling Myself]]"<br />{{small|([[Nicki Minaj]] featuring Beyoncé)}} | 39 || 11 || 52 || 67 || 53 || — || — || — || 64 || — | * RIAA: 2× Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: 2× Platinum<ref name="ARIA24s" /> * BPI: Gold<ref name=bpi /> | ''[[The Pinkprint]]'' |- |- ! scope="row"| "[[Pray You Catch Me]]" | rowspan="6"| 2016 | 37 || 22 || 97 || 71 || 96 || — || — || — || 52 || — | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA" /> | rowspan="6"| ''Lemonade'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Don't Hurt Yourself (Beyoncé song)|Don't Hurt Yourself]]"<br />{{small|(featuring [[Jack White]])}} | 28 || 16 || 93 || 53 || 47 || — || — || — || 36 || — | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA" /> * BPI: Silver<ref>{{Cite certification|region=United Kingdom|type=single|artist=Beyonce Ft Jack White|title=Don't Hurt Yourself|award=Silver|certyear=2024|id=20154-6837-1|access-date=July 14, 2024}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "[[6 Inch]]"<br />{{small|(featuring [[The Weeknd]])}} | 18 || 10 || 61 || 31 || 47 || — || — || — || 35 || — | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA" /> * ARIA: Gold<ref name="ARIA23s" /> * MC: Gold<ref name="Certification list" /> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Love Drought]]" | 47 || 28 || — || 84 || 152 || — || — || — || 69 || — | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA" /> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Sandcastles (song)|Sandcastles]]" | 43 || 27 || — || 79 || 109 || — || — || — || 57 || — | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA" /> |- ! scope="row"| "Forward"<br />{{small|(featuring [[James Blake (musician)|James Blake]])}} | 63 || 30 || — || — || 151 || — || — || — || 85 || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Before I Let Go#Beyoncé version|Before I Let Go]]" | rowspan="5"| 2019 | 65 || 24 || — || — || — || 71 || — || — || 77 || — | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> | rowspan="1"| ''Homecoming: The Live Albamu'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Can You Feel the Love Tonight]]"<br />{{small|(with [[Donald Glover]], [[Billy Eichner]] and [[Seth Rogen]])}} | —{{efn-ua|"Can You Feel the Love Tonight" did not enter the ''Billboard Hot 100'' but peaked at number 43 on the [[Digital Song Sales]] component chart.<ref name="US-Digital">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/beyonce/chart-history/hds/|title=Beyoncé Chart History (Digital Song Sales)|magazine=Billboard|access-date=August 27, 2022|archive-date=September 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163103/https://www.billboard.com/artist/beyonce/chart-history/hds/|url-status=live}}</ref>}} || — || 93 || — || — || 75 || — || — || 87 || — | | ''The Lion King'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Bigger (Beyoncé song)|Bigger]]" | — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Bigger" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number nine on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart.<ref name="US-Bubbling-R&B-singles" />}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="3"| ''The Lion King: The Gift'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Find Your Way Back (Beyoncé song)|Find Your Way Back]]" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Already (song)|Already]]"<br />{{small|(with [[Shatta Wale]] and [[Major Lazer]])}} | — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Already" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number 22 on the [[Hot R&B Songs]] chart.<ref name=autogenerated1 />}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || 95 || — | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA" /> * BPI: Silver<ref>{{cite certification|region=United Kingdom|type=single|artist=Beyonce/Shatta Wale/Major|title=Already|access-date=March 22, 2024|id=19821-6706-1}}</ref> * MC: Gold<ref name="Certification list" /> * SNEP: Gold<ref name="FR certs" /> |- ! scope="row"| "I'm That Girl" | rowspan="12"| 2022 | 26 || 11 || 38 || 45 || 90 || — || 55 || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"I'm That Girl" did not enter the Swiss Singles chart, but charted at number 80 on the Swiss Hitparade Streaming chart.<ref name="SWI070822">{{cite web|url=https://hitparade.ch/charts/streaming/07-08-2022|title=Schweizer Hitparade – Streaming Top 100 – 7 August 2022 – hitparade.ch|publisher=hitparade.ch|access-date=August 11, 2022|archive-date=August 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811213155/https://hitparade.ch/charts/streaming/07-08-2022|url-status=live}}</ref>}} || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"I'm That Girl" did not enter the [[UK Singles Chart]] but peaked at number 32 on the [[Official Audio Streaming Chart]].<ref name="UK-Stream">{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/audio-streaming-chart/20220805/|title=Official Audio Streaming Chart Top 100|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|access-date=August 5, 2022}}</ref>}} || 20 | | rowspan="12"| ''Renaissance'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Cozy (song)|Cozy]]" | 30 || 13 || 46 || 52 || 110 || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Cozy" did not enter the Swiss Singles chart, but charted at number 96 on the Swiss Hitparade Streaming chart.<ref name="SWI070822" />}} || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Cozy" did not enter the [[UK Singles Chart]] but peaked at number 37 on the [[Official Audio Streaming Chart]].<ref name="UK-Stream" />}} || 27 | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Alien Superstar]]" | 19 || 8 || 31 || 33 || 73 || 17 || — || 46 || 16 || 15 | * ARIA: Gold<ref name="ARIA24s"/> * BPI: Silver<ref name=bpi /> * MC: Gold<ref name="Certification list" /> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Energy (Beyoncé song)|Energy]]"<br />{{small|(featuring [[Beam (rapper)|Beam]])}} | 27 || 12 || 42 || 46 || 97 || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Energy" did not enter the Swiss Singles chart, but charted at number 80 on the Swiss Hitparade Streaming chart.<ref name="SWI070822" />}} || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Energy" did not enter the UK Singles Chart but peaked at number 34 on the Official Audio Streaming Chart.<ref name="UK-Stream" />}} || 23 | * MC: Gold<ref name="Certification list" /> |- ! scope="row"| "Church Girl" | 22 || 10 || 50 || 51 || 125 || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Church Girl" did not enter the UK Singles Chart but peaked at number 30 on the Official Audio Streaming Chart.<ref name="UK-Stream" />}} || 19 | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Plastic Off the Sofa]]" | 41 || 16 || 89 || 70 || 198 || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Plastic Off the Sofa" did not enter the UK Singles Chart but peaked at number 74 on the Official Audio Streaming Chart.<ref name="UK-Stream" />}} || 47 | |- ! scope="row"| "Move"<br />{{small|(featuring [[Grace Jones]] and [[Tems]])}} | 55 || 22 || — || 72 || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Move" did not enter the UK Singles Chart but peaked at number 76 on the Official Audio Streaming Chart.<ref name="UK-Stream" />}} || 53 | |- ! scope="row"| "Heated" | 51 || 20 || — || 69 || — || 91 || — || — || 68 || 52 | * BPI: Silver<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Beyonce, Heated, Single |url=https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/19739-682-1 |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=BPI |language=en}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Thique" | 53 || 21 || — || 75 || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Thique" did not enter the UK Singles Chart but peaked at number 97 on the Official Audio Streaming Chart.<ref name="UK-Stream" />}} || 55 | |- ! scope="row"| "All Up in Your Mind" | 70 || 28 || — || 94 || — || — || — || — || — || 82 | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Pure/Honey]]" | 64 || 26 || 96 || 77 || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Pure/Honey" did not enter the [[UK Singles Chart]] but peaked at number 90 on the [[Official Audio Streaming Chart]].<ref name="UK-Stream" />}} || 62 | |- ! scope="row"| "Summer Renaissance" | 47 || 18 || 33 || 40 || 180 || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Summer Renaissance" did not enter the [[UK Singles Chart]] but peaked at number 28 on the [[UK Singles Downloads Chart]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-downloads-chart/20220805/|title=Official Singles Downloads Chart Top 100|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|access-date=August 5, 2022}}</ref>}} || 38 | |- ! scope="row"| "Ameriican Requiem" | rowspan="20"| 2024 | 30 || — || 61 || 51 || 86 || — || — || — || — || 28 | | rowspan="20"| ''Cowboy Carter'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Blackbird (Beatles song)|Blackbiird]]"<br>{{small|(with [[Brittney Spencer]], [[Reyna Roberts]], [[Tanner Adell]] and [[Tiera Kennedy]])}} | 27 || — || 60 || 47 || 114 || — || — || — || — || 23 | |- ! scope="row"| "Protector"<br>{{small|(with Rumi Carter)}} | 42 || — || — || 65 || 158 || — || — || — || — || 53 | |- ! scope="row"| "My Rose" | 54 || — || — || 74 || 197 || — || — || — || — || 77 | |- ! scope="row"| "Bodyguard" | 26 || — || 51 || 40 || 81 || — || — || — || — || 19 | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Jolene (song)#Beyoncé version|Jolene]]" | 7 || — || 24 || 19 || 70 || 11<br /><ref name="ire-2">{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/irish-singles-chart/20240405/ie7501/|title=Top 100 Singles, Week Ending 5 April 2024|publisher=Official Charts Company|access-date=April 5, 2024|archive-date=5 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405140035/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/irish-singles-chart/20240405/ie7501/|url-status=live}}</ref> || 26 || 21 || 8 || 11 | |- ! scope="row"| "Daughter" | 37 || — || 86 || 54 || 97 || — || — || — || — || 34 | |- ! scope="row"| "Spaghettii"<br>{{small|(with [[Linda Martell]] and [[Shaboozey]])}} | 31 || 12 || — || 58 || 122 || — || — || — || — || 37 | |- ! scope="row"| "Alliigator Tears" | 52 || — || — || 72 || — || — || — || — || — || 75 | |- ! scope="row"| "Just for Fun"<br>{{small|(with [[Willie Jones (country singer)|Willie Jones]])}} | 59 || — || — || 79 || — || — || — || — || — || 85 | |- ! scope="row"| "Levii's Jeans"<br>{{small|(with [[Post Malone]])}} | 16 || — || 73 || 41 || 169 || — || — || — || — || 20 | |- ! scope="row"| "Flamenco" | 63 || — || — || 88 || — || — || — || — || — || 102 | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Ya Ya (Beyoncé song)|Ya Ya]]" | 39 || — || — || 59 || 141 || — || — || — || — || 43 | |- ! scope="row"| "Oh Louisiana" | 70 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 128 | |- ! scope="row"| "Desert Eagle" | 65 || 24 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 118 | |- ! scope="row"| "Riiverdance" | 51 || — || — || 83 || — || — || — || — || — || 80 | |- ! scope="row"| "II Hands II Heaven" | 60 || 21 || — || 98 || — || — || — || — || — || 97 | |- ! scope="row"| "Tyrant"<br>{{small|(with [[Dolly Parton]])}} | 44 || 18 || — || 71 || — || — || — || — || — || 64 | |- ! scope="row"| "Sweet / Honey / Buckiin{{'}}"<br>{{small|(with Shaboozey)}} | 61 || 22 || — || 94 || — || — || — || — || — || 109 | |- ! scope="row"| "Amen" | 87 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- |colspan="14" style="font-size:90%;"|"—" inaashiria vitu ambavyo havikutolewa katika nchi hiyo au vilishindwa kuingia kwenye chati |} ==Nyimbo alizoonekana kwa mwaliko== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Orodha ya maonyesho kama mgeni yasiyo ya single, pamoja na wasanii wengine, ikionyesha Mwaka wa kutolewa na Jina la Albamu ! scope="col" style="width:22em;"| Jina ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col"| Other artist(s) ! scope="col"| Albamu !Ref. |- ! scope="row"|"After All Is Said and Done" | rowspan="3" |1999 |[[Marc Nelson (singer)|Marc Nelson]] |''[[The Best Man (1999 film)|The Best Man]]'' |<ref>{{Citation |title=The Best Man - Original Soundtrack {{!}} Album {{!}} AllMusic |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-best-man-mw0000256182 |access-date=2024-05-15 |language=en |archive-date=2021-10-27 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-best-man-mw0000256182 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"|"Crazy Feelings" |[[Missy Elliott]] |''[[Da Real World]]'' |<ref>{{Citation |title=Da Real World - Missy Elliott {{!}} Album {{!}} AllMusic |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/da-real-world-mw0000667484 |access-date=2024-07-26 |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009161712/https://www.allmusic.com/album/da-real-world-mw0000667484 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"|"Ways To Get Cut Off" |JoJo Robinson |''Hush'' (Shelved) | |- ! scope="row"|"Have Your Way" |2000 |[[Kelly Rowland]] |''His Woman His Wife'' |<ref>{{Citation |title=His Woman His Wife - Original Soundtrack {{!}} Album {{!}} AllMusic |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/his-woman-his-wife-mw0000101929 |access-date=2024-05-15 |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005040418/https://www.allmusic.com/album/his-woman-his-wife-mw0000101929 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"|"Hey Goldmember" | rowspan="3" |2002 |[[Devin the Dude|Devin]], [[Solange Knowles|Solange]] |''[[Austin Powers in Goldmember]]'' |<ref>{{Citation |title=Austin Powers in Goldmember [Original Soundtra... {{!}} AllMusic |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/austin-powers-in-goldmember-original-soundtrack--mw0000225232 |access-date=2024-07-26 |language=en |archive-date=2024-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726210828/https://www.allmusic.com/album/austin-powers-in-goldmember-original-soundtrack--mw0000225232 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"|"Nothing out There for Me" |[[Missy Elliott]] |''[[Under Construction (album)|Under Construction]]'' |<ref>{{Citation |title=Under Construction - Missy Elliott {{!}} Album {{!}} AllMusic |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/under-construction-mw0000231192 |access-date=2024-05-15 |language=en |archive-date=2024-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726210826/https://www.allmusic.com/album/under-construction-mw0000231192 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"|"[[We Will Rock You]]" |[[Britney Spears]], [[Pink (singer)|P!nk]] |''Pepsi Music 2004 CD'' |<ref>Mock, Janet; Wang, Julia. "[http://www.people.com/people/beyonce_knowles/biography/0,,,00.html Beyoncé Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194559/http://www.people.com/people/beyonce_knowles/biography/0,,,00.html |date=2016-03-03 }}". ''People''. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 1, 2012.</ref> |- ! scope="row"|"Keep Giving Your Love to Me" | rowspan="6" |2003 |{{n/a}} |''[[Bad Boys II (soundtrack)|Bad Boys II]]'' |<ref>{{Citation |title=Bad Boys II - Original Soundtrack {{!}} Album {{!}} AllMusic |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/bad-boys-ii-mw0000039085 |access-date=2024-07-26 |language=en |archive-date=2024-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726210828/https://www.allmusic.com/album/bad-boys-ii-mw0000039085 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2012-01-28 |title=ASCAP ACE - Search |url=http://www.ascap.com/ace/search.cfm?requesttimeout=300 |access-date=2024-07-26 |archive-date=2011-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819191741/http://www.ascap.com/ace/search.cfm?requesttimeout=300 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"|"[[Fever (Little Willie John song)|Fever]]" |{{n/a}} | rowspan="4" |''[[The Fighting Temptations]]'' | rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Citation |title=The Fighting Temptations - Original Soundtrack... {{!}} AllMusic |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-fighting-temptations-mw0000317194 |access-date=2024-05-15 |language=en |archive-date=2024-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726210829/https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-fighting-temptations-mw0000317194 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"|"He Still Loves Me" |[[The O'Jays|Walter Williams Sr.]] |- ! scope="row"|"Time to Come Home" |[[Melba Moore]], [[Angie Stone]] |- ! scope="row"|"Everything I Do" |[[Bilal (American singer)|Bilal]] |- ! scope="row"|"Naïve" |[[Solange Knowles]], [[Da Brat]] |''[[Solo Star]]'' |<ref>{{Citation |title=Solo Star - Solange {{!}} Album {{!}} AllMusic |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/solo-star-mw0000661826 |access-date=2024-05-15 |language=en |archive-date=2020-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610234815/https://www.allmusic.com/album/solo-star-mw0000661826 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"|"My Man" |2004 |{{n/a}} |''[[Destiny Fulfilled]]'' | |- ! scope="row"|"All That I'm Lookin' For"{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Also released as "Sex Kitten".}} | rowspan="2" |2005 |Kitten K. Sera, [[Kelly Rowland]] |''The Katrina CD'' |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2012-11-09 |title=Connecting to the iTunes Store. |website=[[iTunes]] |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/the-katrina-cd-vol-1/id104649216 |access-date=2024-05-15 |archive-date=2012-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109225538/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/the-katrina-cd-vol-1/id104649216 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"|"[[So Amazing (song)|So Amazing]]"<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=So Amazing: An All-Star Tribute to Luther Vand... {{!}} AllMusic |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/so-amazing-an-all-star-tribute-to-luther-vandross-mw0000715165 |access-date=2024-05-15 |language=en |archive-date=2024-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726210828/https://www.allmusic.com/album/so-amazing-an-all-star-tribute-to-luther-vandross-mw0000715165 |url-status=live }}</ref> |[[Stevie Wonder]] |''[[So Amazing: An All-Star Tribute to Luther Vandross]]'' |<ref name=":0" /> |- ! scope="row"|"When I First Saw You" |2006 |[[Jamie Foxx]] |''[[Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture]]'' | |- ! scope="row"|"[[Flaws and All]]" | rowspan="2" |2007 |{{n/a}} |''[[Why Did I Get Married?]]'' |<ref>{{Citation |title=Tyler Perry's Why Did I Get Married? [Music fr... {{!}} AllMusic |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/tyler-perrys-why-did-i-get-married-music-from-and-inspired-by-the-motion-picture--mw0000488726 |access-date=2024-07-26 |language=en |archive-date=2024-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120112404/https://www.allmusic.com/album/tyler-perrys-why-did-i-get-married-music-from-and-inspired-by-the-motion-picture--mw0000488726 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"|"Pray" |[[Jay-Z]] |''[[American Gangster (album)|American Gangster]]'' |<ref>''[[American Gangster (album)|American Gangster]]'' (International Edition). [[Jay-Z]]. [[Roc-A-Fella Records]]. 2007. 06025 1749989.</ref><ref>"[http://www.ascap.com/ace/search.cfm?requesttimeout=300&mode=results&searchstr=462297738&search_in=i&search_type=exact&search_det=t,s,w,p,b,v&results_pp=25&start=1 Pray]". American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120128194145/http://www.ascap.com/ace/search.cfm?requesttimeout=300 Archived] from the original on January 28, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2012.</ref> |- ! scope="row"|"Smash into You" | rowspan="2" |2009 |{{n/a}} |''[[Obsessed (2009 film)|Obsessed]]'' |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2011-03-21 |title=Jon McLaughlin and Beyoncé Duet 'Smack/Smash Into You' {{!}} iMusicDaily.com |url=http://www.imusicdaily.com/music-news/jon-mclaughlin-and-beyonce-duet-smacksmash-into-you/ |access-date=2024-05-15 |archive-date=2011-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321050552/http://www.imusicdaily.com/music-news/jon-mclaughlin-and-beyonce-duet-smacksmash-into-you/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"|"Venus vs. Mars" |[[Jay-Z]] |''[[The Blueprint 3]]'' |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Venus vs. Mars: Beyoncé vs. Cassie |url=https://www.rap-up.com/2009/09/03/venus-vs-mars-beyonce-vs-cassie/ |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=Rap-Up |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726210829/https://www.rap-up.com/2009/09/03/venus-vs-mars-beyonce-vs-cassie/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"|"[[See Me Now]]" |2010 |[[Kanye West]], [[Big Sean]], [[Charlie Wilson (singer)|Charlie Wilson]] |''[[My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy]]'' |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=New Music: Kanye West f/ Beyoncé & Charlie Wilson - 'See Me Now' |url=https://www.rap-up.com/2010/08/11/new-music-kanye-west-f-beyonce-charlie-wilson-see-me-now/ |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=Rap-Up |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726210829/https://www.rap-up.com/2010/08/11/new-music-kanye-west-f-beyonce-charlie-wilson-see-me-now/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"|"[[Love a Woman]]" |2011 |[[Mary J. Blige]] |''[[My Life II... The Journey Continues (Act 1)]]'' |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Mary J. Blige Duets with Beyoncé on 'My Life II' |url=https://www.rap-up.com/2011/10/08/exclusive-mary-j-blige-duets-with-beyonce-on-my-life-ii/ |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=Rap-Up |language=en-US}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"|"Young Forever" (Live) |2012 |[[Jay-Z]] |''[[Live in Brooklyn (EP)|Live in Brooklyn]]'' | |- ! scope="row"|"[[Back to Black (song)#Beyoncé and André 3000 version|Back to Black]]" | rowspan="5" |2013 |[[André 3000]] | ''[[The Great Gatsby: Music from Baz Luhrmann's Film]]'' |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2013-04-01 |title=Beyoncé Covering Amy Winehouse for The Great Gatsby |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/403523/beyonc-covering-amy-winehouse-for-the-great-gatsby |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=E! Online |archive-date=2024-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125003844/https://www.eonline.com/news/403523/beyonc-covering-amy-winehouse-for-the-great-gatsby |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"|"God Made You Beautiful" |{{n/a}} |''[[Life Is But a Dream (film)|Life Is But a Dream]]'' |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Beyoncé Previews New Song 'God Made You Beautiful' in DVD Trailer |url=https://www.rap-up.com/2013/10/30/beyonce-previews-new-song-god-made-you-beautiful-in-dvd-trailer/ |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=Rap-Up |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818195300/https://www.rap-up.com/2013/10/30/beyonce-previews-new-song-god-made-you-beautiful-in-dvd-trailer/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"|"Rise Up" |{{n/a}} |''[[Epic (2013 film)|Epic]]'' |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=New Music: Beyoncé - 'Rise Up' |url=https://www.rap-up.com/2013/06/05/new-music-beyonce-rise-up/ |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=Rap-Up |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005083341/https://www.rap-up.com/2013/06/05/new-music-beyonce-rise-up/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"|"Turnt" |[[The-Dream]], [[2 Chainz]] |''[[IV Play]]'' |<ref>''[[IV Play]]'' (International Edition). [[The-Dream]]. [[Def Jam Records]]. 2013. 063-381-2.</ref> |- ! scope="row"|"You Changed" |[[Kelly Rowland]], [[Michelle Williams (singer)|Michelle Williams]] |''[[Talk a Good Game]]'' |<ref>''[[Talk a Good Game]]'' (International Edition). [[Kelly Rowland]]. [[Republic Records]]. 2013. 063-381-2.</ref> |- ! scope="row"|"Dreams" | rowspan="3" |2014 |[[Boots (musician)|Boots]] |''[[Winter Spring Summer Fall (album)|Winter Spring Summer Fall]]'' |<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ramirez |first=Erika |date=2014-04-22 |title=Beyonce Featured on BOOTS' 'Dreams': Listen |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/beyonce-featured-on-boots-dreams-listen-6062837/ |access-date=2024-05-15 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726210828/https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/beyonce-featured-on-boots-dreams-listen-6062837/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"|"[[Feeling Myself (Nicki Minaj song)|Feeling Myself]]" |[[Nicki Minaj]] |''[[The Pinkprint]]'' |<ref>{{Citation |title=Feeling Myself - Nicki Minaj {{!}} AllMusic |url=https://www.allmusic.com/song/feeling-myself-mt0051045884 |access-date=2024-07-26 |language=en |archive-date=2022-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601210823/https://www.allmusic.com/song/feeling-myself-mt0051045884 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"|"[[Say Yes (Michelle Williams song)|Say Yes]]" |[[Michelle Williams (singer)|Michelle Williams]], [[Kelly Rowland]] |''[[Journey to Freedom (album)|Journey to Freedom]]'' | |- ! scope="row"|"[[Pink + White]]" |2016 |[[Frank Ocean]] |''[[Blonde (Frank Ocean album)|Blonde]]'' |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2016-08-21 |title=The secret meaning and hidden Beyoncé cameo on Frank Ocean's "Pink + White" |url=https://www.mic.com/articles/152171/the-hidden-meaning-and-hidden-beyonc-cameo-on-frank-ocean-s-pink-white |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=Mic |language=en |archive-date=2021-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223152759/https://www.mic.com/articles/152171/the-hidden-meaning-and-hidden-beyonc-cameo-on-frank-ocean-s-pink-white |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"|"Can I" |2019 |[[Drake (musician)|Drake]] |''[[Care Package (album)|Care Package]]'' |<ref>Carley, Brennan (May 20, 2015). "[https://www.spin.com/2015/05/drake-beyonce-can-i-new-song-leak-download-stream-views-from-the-six/ A New Drake and Beyonce Song Called 'Can I' Just Leaked] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802165351/https://www.spin.com/2015/05/drake-beyonce-can-i-new-song-leak-download-stream-views-from-the-six/|date=2019-08-02}}". ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]''. Archived from the original on August 2, 2019. Retrieved August 2, 2019.</ref> |- ! scope="row"|"[[Sorry Not Sorry (DJ Khaled song)|Sorry Not Sorry]]" |2021 |[[DJ Khaled]], [[Nas]], [[Jay-Z]], [[James Fauntleroy]] |''[[Khaled Khaled]]'' |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Curto |first=Justin |date=2021-04-30 |title=Yes, 'Harmonies by the Hive' Is Beyoncé |url=https://www.vulture.com/2021/04/harmonies-by-the-hive-beyonce-dj-khaled-album.html |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=Vulture |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229153723/https://www.vulture.com/2021/04/harmonies-by-the-hive-beyonce-dj-khaled-album.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |} {{Clear}} == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Beyoncé}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Beyonce}} [[Jamii:Diskografia za wasanii wa Marekani]] 0g5n3vfaetw0douckqxc7oxf00tcibm 0 190985 1599060 1430277 2026-09-23T04:28:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599060 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Brian Wright 2024.jpg|thumb|Wright mwaka 2024]] '''Brian Wright''' alizaliwa Machi 23, 1995 ni mchezaji wa soka wa kulipwa kutoka [[Kanada]] anayecheza kama mshambuliaji wa timu ya York United FC.<ref name="DR">{{Rejea tovuti |author1=Brian McNair |title=Brian Wright of Ajax part of soccer Revolution in New England |url=https://www.durhamregion.com/community-story/7150990-brian-wright-of-ajax-part-of-soccer-revolution-in-new-england/ |website=DurhamRegion.com |access-date=28 April 2021 |date=23 Februari 2017}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="DR" /> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1995|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] p6yt8p5l951lk0esz2pk3fy469lc826 0 191435 1599064 1430361 2026-09-23T04:37:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599064 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bruno Vicino''' (alizaliwa 7 Septemba 1952) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[baiskeli]] kutoka [[Italia]], ambaye sasa ni mkurugenzi wa timu ya baiskeli ya Lampre. Alikuwa mtaalamu wa [[baiskeli]] kuanzia mwaka 1982 hadi 1987. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.sitodelciclismo.net/coureurfiche.php?coureurid=8086 |title=Bruno Vicino |publisher=Sitodelciclismo.net |date= |accessdate=2013-03-02 |archive-date=2012-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402124440/http://www.sitodelciclismo.net/coureurfiche.php?coureurid=8086 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Alishinda Mashindano ya Dunia ya UCI Motor-paced mara tatu. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1952]] [[Jamii: Waendeshabaiskeli wa Italia]] 4tnvvf0j1nkmu4cukbhsgwshljum59o 0 191478 1599062 1430309 2026-09-23T04:32:22Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599062 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brittney Lawrence''' (alizaliwa [[Kanada]], [[18 Agosti]] [[1995]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[Mpira wa miguu|soka]] anayecheza kama mshambuliaji. Anaiwakilisha timu ya soka ya wanawake ya [[Saint Kitts na Nevis]].<ref>{{Rejea habari |author1=Magnús Már Einarsson | title = Brittney Lawrence í FH (Staðfest)|url=https://fotbolti.net/news/13-04-2021/brittney-lawrence-i-fh-stadfest |access-date=7 May 2021 |work=[[Fótbolti.net]] | date = 13 Aprili 2021|language=Icelandic}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.durhamregion.com/community-story/6098642-ajax-s-brittney-lawrence-joins-oral-roberts-soccer-team-in-oklahoma/|title=Ajax's Brittney Lawrence joins Oral Roberts soccer team in Oklahoma|date=Novemba 11, 2015|publisher=DurhamRegion.com|accessdate=2024-11-24|archive-date=2019-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424174305/https://www.durhamregion.com/community-story/6098642-ajax-s-brittney-lawrence-joins-oral-roberts-soccer-team-in-oklahoma/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1995|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wanawake wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Saint Kitts na Nevis]] b7az2p0r9hbul12vtq659uzpkyvh59s 0 191494 1599089 1367111 2026-09-23T07:08:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599089 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christine Exeter''' alizaliwa Septemba 3, [[1992]] ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] ambaye anacheza kama mshambuliaji katika timu ya ''Darby FC'' katika ligi ya kwanza ya [[Ontario, California|Ontario]]. Alizaliwa Kanada na aliiwakilisha [[Jamaica]] katika ngazi ya kimataifa ya wakubwa.<ref name=louis>{{cite web|url=https://gocards.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/christine-exeter/3780|title=Christne Exeter Louisville profile|work=[[Louisville Cardinals]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://jis.gov.jm/11-year-old-among-recipients-of-bob-marley-award/|title=11-year-old among recipients of Bob Marley Award|publisher=Jamaica Information Service|date=February 12, 2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.durhamregion.com/community-story/3507347-pickering-christine-exeter-and-canada-done-at-u20-world-cup-in-japan/|title=Pickering Christine Exeter and Canada done at U20 World Cup in Japan|work=Oshawa This Week|date=August 30, 2012|accessdate=2024-11-24|archive-date=2022-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515151109/https://www.durhamregion.com/community-story/3507347-pickering-christine-exeter-and-canada-done-at-u20-world-cup-in-japan/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1992|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wanawake wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wanawake wa Jamaika]] bnhr0hrrvmmyzun5b448zn7b8ux0g1j 0 192002 1598901 1368292 2026-09-23T00:30:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598901 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anu Mariam Jose''' ni [[mwanariadha]] wa [[India]] ambaye alishinda [[medali]] ya [[dhahabu]] katika mbio za kupokezana za 4 × 400 m katika Mashindano ya riadha ya [[Asia]] ya mwaka [[2013]]. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/luka-silences-critics-as-india-take-relay-gold-4x400m-gold-for-india-while-asha-roy-wins-silver-on-the-final-day/cid/283930 | title=Luka silences critics as India take relay gold - 4x400m gold for India while Asha Roy wins silver on the final day | publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/indian-women-clinch-4x400m-relay-gold-at-asian-athletics-cship/articleshow/20958564.cms | title=Indian women clinch 4x400m relay gold at Asian Athletics C'ship | newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/athletic-talents-on-display-at-kerala-championship/650271 | title=Athletic Talents on Display at Kerala Championship | publisher= | accessdate=2024-11-27 | archive-date=2021-07-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719111955/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/athletic-talents-on-display-at-kerala-championship/650271 | url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa India]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1990]] q0mjr0tjnjk5d03brysoqn8rnjmwhwh 0 192369 1599070 1489145 2026-09-23T05:11:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599070 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Calaigh Copland''' (amezaliwa [[12 Machi]] [[1987]]) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] anayecheza katika timu ya Unionville Milliken SC kwenye ligi ya kwanza Ontario ya wanawake. Alizaliwa nchini [[Kanada]], lakini aliwakilisha timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya [[Guyana]] katika kiwango cha kimataifa.<ref name=qualify>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/sports/soccer/2016/01/21/peterborough-soccer-player-playing-with-team-guyana-at-olympic-qualifiers.html| title = Peterborough soccer player playing with Team Guyana at Olympic qualifiers| date = Januari 21, 2016|work=[[The Peterborough Examiner]]|first=Mike|last=Davies}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.mykawartha.com/community-story/3705884-blodgett-and-copland-score-twice-for-peterborough/|title=Blodgett and Copland score twice for Peterborough|date=Julai 11, 2008|work=[[Peterborough This Week]]|accessdate=2024-12-01|archive-date=2023-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302013120/https://www.mykawartha.com/community-story/3705884-blodgett-and-copland-score-twice-for-peterborough/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.mykawartha.com/community-story/3709543-copland-and-gilson-score-in-women-s-debut/|title=Copland and Gilson score in women's debut|date=Mei 27, 2009|work=[[Peterborough This Week]]|accessdate=2024-12-01|archive-date=2023-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302013120/https://www.mykawartha.com/community-story/3709543-copland-and-gilson-score-in-women-s-debut/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1987|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wanawake wa Guyana]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wanawake wa Kanada]] q1ne1umwnjxfnssow95jobti1l1ubpr 0 192696 1599209 1510710 2026-09-23T10:10:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599209 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David McDonald Norman Jr.''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[6 Mei]], [[1962]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Kanada]] aliyeshinda kama kiungo wa kutetea.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1346&dat=19831130&id=55MsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rvsDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4437,5321086&hl=en|title=Lakeland Ledger - Google News Archive Search|website=news.google.com|accessdate=April 5, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=David Norman Stats|work=Stats Crew|url=https://www.statscrew.com/soccer/stats/p-normadav001|accessdate=2024-12-03|archive-date=2022-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104012125/https://www.statscrew.com/soccer/stats/p-normadav001|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] reikb73umz1us0oh8icn0wjt6j16stq 0 193444 1598879 1371947 2026-09-22T23:16:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598879 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Andrew Cash, MP.jpg|thumb|Andrew Cash]] '''Andrew Cash''' (alizaliwa [[22 Januari]], [[1962]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] wa [[Kanada]] na [[mwanasiasa]] wa zamani ambaye alikuwa [[Mbunge]] wa Kanada wa eneo la [[Toronto]] eneo la uchaguzi la shirikisho Davenport kuanzia mwaka 2011 hadi 2015.<ref name="Band bio">{{cite news|last=Dixon |first=Guy |title=Punks in the House of Commons |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/punks-in-the-house-of-commons/article2013325/singlepage/ |accessdate=May 7, 2011 |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |date=May 7, 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513075011/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/punks-in-the-house-of-commons/article2013325/singlepage/ |archivedate=May 13, 2011 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=4952& "RPM Top 100 Albums"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=4952& |date=20150205180743 }}. ''RPM Magazine'' Volume 50, No. October 24, 14, 1989.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nowtoronto.com/daily/story.cfm?content=171622|title=Cash for Toronto: Musician and journalist Andrew Cash wins NDP nomination in Davenport|last=Hollett|first=Michael|date=October 7, 2009|work=Now Magazine|accessdate=October 7, 2009}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1962|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] mj9ndxl3ch1xsra48lrx474vsclzh4h 0 193772 1599117 1372637 2026-09-23T08:59:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599117 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Craig Norris.JPG|thumb|Craig Norris akiwatambulisha bendi kwenye tamasha la NXNE 2007]] '''Craig Norris''' ni mwimbaji wa [[muziki wa rock]] na mtangazaji wa redio kutoka [[Kanada]].<ref name=tribune>{{cite web|url=https://www.guelphmercury.com/community-story/5861290-cbc-radio-host-enjoys-latest-gig/|title=CBC radio host enjoys latest gig|work=[[Guelph Tribune]]|date=July 28, 2011|access-date=April 29, 2022}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/kitchener-waterloo/cbc-launches-new-waterloo-region-station-march-11-1.1311968|title=CBC launches new Waterloo Region station March 11|publisher=[[CBC News]]|date=January 22, 2013|access-date=April 29, 2022}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] sby7khsv8acoq4crpuuv85msk3o0cbg 0 194565 1599115 1374151 2026-09-23T08:57:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599115 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Craig Cardiff''' (amezaliwa [[9 Julai]], [[1976]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Kanada]] kutoka [[Waterloo, Ontario]] anayeishi Arnprior, [[Ontario]].<ref>Richard Carson, '[http://hughsroom.com/2011/01/craig-cardiff/ Craig Cardiff - CD Release]' as featured in ''Hugh's Room'', January 2011, (accessed, 27 December 2014)</ref><ref name="Chronicle-Guide 2012">[http://www.insideottawavalley.com/news-story/3953079-arnprior-at-the-junos/ "Arnprior at the Junos"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.insideottawavalley.com/news-story/3953079-arnprior-at-the-junos/ |date=20140531224119 }} Arnprior Chronicle-Guide 29 March 2012</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1976|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] iwi3s5z7i3mw8v8oycp8v2ykeubwhxc 0 194801 1599124 1432347 2026-09-23T09:20:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599124 wikitext text/x-wiki '''DJ Charlie B''' ni Mkanada mcheza joki wa diski na [[mtayarishaji]] wa rekodi kutoka Ontario.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/dj-charlie-brown-reality-song.187865.html |title=DJ Charlie Brown - Reality Feat. P Reign, Belly, Jahvon & Big Lean |publisher=Hotnewhiphop.com |date=2011-02-09 |accessdate=2020-01-19 |archive-date=2015-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918205544/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/dj-charlie-brown-reality-song.187865.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:wanamuziki wa Kanada]] m69xmo1yncdnemkl0lzhioopcbe2cn5 0 194957 1598932 1374899 2026-09-23T02:15:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598932 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Barnard Franklin "Barney" Bentall''' (amezaliwa [[14 Machi]], [[1956]])<ref name=CEnc>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/bentall-barnard-franklin/ |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |accessdate=February 12, 2008 |title=Bentall, Barnard Franklin |first=Jeff |last=Bateman |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210045614/http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0011102 |archivedate=February 10, 2010 }}</ref>ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[nyimbo]] za [[pop]] na [[rock]] kutoka [[Kanada]] ambaye anajulikana zaidi kwa [[bendi]] yake ya miaka ya 1990, Barney Bentall na the Legendary Hearts.<ref>[http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=8755& "Canadian Content (Cancon)"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=8755& |date=20250411202138 }}. ''RPM'' – Volume 48, No. August 17, 13, 1988</ref><ref>[http://www.timescolonist.com/entertainment/barney-bentall-brings-cariboo-express-to-vancouver-island-1.2840835 "Barney Bentall brings Cariboo Express to Vancouver Island"]. ''Times-Colonist'' Mike Devlin November 17, 2016</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1956|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] sq4rnz2u5y4k9q9mqaeh5fmoy4t7331 0 195004 1599087 1375324 2026-09-23T07:01:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599087 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christian Tanna''' ni mpiga ngoma na mratibu wa hafla ya [[muziki]] kutoka Kanada iliyoko [[Peterborough]], [[Ontario]].<ref>[https://www.mykawartha.com/whatson-story/3717993-general-manager-of-the-venue-named/ "General manager of The Venue named"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.mykawartha.com/whatson-story/3717993-general-manager-of-the-venue-named/ |date=20190810085452 }}. 4 Feb 2010 by Paul Rellinger, ''Peterborough This Week''.</ref><ref>[https://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/whatson-story/8210738-in-depth-in-present-tense-peterborough-s-biggest-alternative-rock-exports-set-to-play-a-rare-local-show-to-benefit-corus-feeds-kids/ "In depth, in present tense: Peterborough's biggest alternative rock exports set to play a rare local show to benefit Corus Feeds Kids"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/whatson-story/8210738-in-depth-in-present-tense-peterborough-s-biggest-alternative-rock-exports-set-to-play-a-rare-local-show-to-benefit-corus-feeds-kids/ |date=20190810093123 }}. 3 Dec 2014, ''Peterborough Examiner''</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:wanamuziki wa Kanada]] e1yv266h39mqsu93667yo0sb6kmb8qx 0 195012 1599085 1374958 2026-09-23T06:47:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599085 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christopher Allen Thomas Cummings''' (amezaliwa [[11 Agosti]], [[1975]]) ni msanii wa [[Kanada]] muziki wa nchi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/list.aspx?OCRText=Chris+Cummings&ChartEn=Country+Albums%2fCDs&|title=Chris Cummings - Country Albums/CDs|work=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|date=July 17, 2013|access-date=October 13, 2022}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1975|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] 92euenegv0lktsxa2lyvl1c5vptk0tn 0 195611 1598936 1544362 2026-09-23T02:34:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Bellevue Kandy|picha=|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=Kinshasa, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|jina la kuzaliwa=Belinda Kikusa Kandy|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=12 Oktoba 1980|utaifa=Wakongo|majina_mengine=Putin wa kuandika, Bosi|elimu=Taasisi ya Kitaifa ya Sanaa|anajulikana kwa ajili ya=Bellevue TV|maelezo_ya_picha=Bellevue Kandy mwaka 2024}} '''Belinda Kikusa Kandy''' ([[Jina la kisanii|anayejulikana kama]] '''Bellevue Kandy''', alizaliwa [[Kinshasa]], Oktoba 12, 1980) ni [[mwigizaji]], mkurugenzi, mtayarishaji na mwandishi wa sinema wa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. == Maelezo ya maisha == Kandy alizaliwa Oktoba 12, 1980, katika hospitali ya uzazi mjini Kinshasa, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Actualité {{!}} Zoom sur la meilleure scénariste de la RDC : Belinda Kikusa Kandi dit « Bellevue », la Femme sage {{!}} mediacongo.net|url=https://www.mediacongo.net/article-actualite-134598_zoom_sur_la_meilleure_scenariste_de_la_rdc_belinda_kikusa_kandi_dit_bellevue_la_femme_sage.html|work=www.mediacongo.net|accessdate=2024-12-21}}</ref> Baba yake, Joseph Kandy, alifariki akiwa na umri wa miezi mitatu tu, akiwaacha yeye na ndugu zake wanane chini ya uangalizi wa mama yao, Luisa Nzumba Kinduelo, ambaye pia alifariki mwaka 2016. Kandy alihitimu kutoka Chuo cha Taifa cha Sanaa (INA). <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=RDC : Belinda Kandy dit « Belle Vue », apporte une nouvelle touche dans le cinéma congolais|url=https://surveillance.cd/2023/04/07/rdc-belinda-kandy-dit-belle-vue-apporte-une-nouvelle-touche-dans-le-cinema-congolais/|work=Surveillance.cd|date=2023-04-07|accessdate=2024-12-21|language=fr-FR|archive-date=2024-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219215118/https://surveillance.cd/2023/04/07/rdc-belinda-kandy-dit-belle-vue-apporte-une-nouvelle-touche-dans-le-cinema-congolais/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Baba yake, Joseph Kandy, alikufa wakati alikuwa na umri wa miezi mitatu tu, na kumwacha yeye na ndugu zake wanane chini ya uangalizi wa mama yao, Luisa Nzumba Kinduelo, ambaye pia alikufa mnamo 2016. Kandy alihitimu kutoka Taasisi ya Taifa ya Sanaa (INA). == Kazi == Kufuatia masomo yake, Kandy alianza kazi yake katika kikundi cha «Simba», kilichoongozwa na Rais Elombe Sukari, mtu mashuhuri katika historia ya ukumbi wa michezo wa Kongo anayehusishwa na kikundi cha «Salongo». <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Groupe Salongo : Quarante ans d’existence, ça se fête ! {{!}} adiac-congo.com : toute l'actualité du Bassin du Congo|url=https://www.adiac-congo.com/content/groupe-salongo-quarante-ans-dexistence-ca-se-fete-42598|work=www.adiac-congo.com|accessdate=2024-12-21}}</ref> Kundi la Simba lilijumuisha kundi la wacheshi na waigizaji mahiri, walio na majina mashuhuri kama vile Yandi Mosi, Lule, Décor Ilonga, Milo (Mimie Loleka), Lea Ndaya, Ursule Peshanga, Maman Kalunga, na Bellevue. Mimie Kabongo, Maman Kalunga, na Décor wameshirikishwa katika sitcom ya Kongo Chez Coco.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Petit écran : "Chez Coco" diffusé sur Maboke TV depuis le 1er mai {{!}} adiac-congo.com : toute l'actualité du Bassin du Congo|url=https://www.adiac-congo.com/content/petit-ecran-chez-coco-diffuse-sur-maboke-tv-depuis-le-1er-mai-147918|work=www.adiac-congo.com|accessdate=2024-12-21}}</ref> Kandy alionekana katika kipindi cha televisheni cha Ivory Coast ''Ma Grande Famille'' pamoja na Michel Gohou, Michel Bohiri na Clémantine Papouet. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Bellevue KANDY {{!}} 50 Femmes qui inspirent|url=https://50femmesinspirent.com/bellevue-kandy/|work=50femmesinspirent.com|accessdate=2024-12-21|language=fr-FR|author=femmes|archive-date=2024-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921153137/https://50femmesinspirent.com/bellevue-kandy/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mnamo 2023, Kandy aliweka hatua nzuri katika sinema ya Kongo, akikusanya video 1.6K na zaidi ya maoni 119,968,741 kwenye chaneli yake ya YouTube. Akiwa na waliojisajili 197,000, alikuwa na wafuatiliaji 3,000 pekee waliofedheheka kuwa mwigizaji wa kwanza wa sinema wa Kongo kuzidi wateja 200,000 kwenye jukwaa. Mafanikio haya yalimtia alama Kandy kama [[mwanzilishi]] wa kufikia kiwango hiki muhimu katika nyanja ya dijitali ya YouTube. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = L’actrice comédienne Belinda Bellevie Officiel est à deux doigts d’instaurer un nouveau record historique dans le cinéma congolais – Afro Synthese|url=https://afrosynthese.de/belinda-bellevie-a-deux-doigts-d-instaurer-un-nouvbeau-record/|accessdate=2024-12-21|language=en-US|archive-date=2024-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219085103/https://afrosynthese.de/belinda-bellevie-a-deux-doigts-d-instaurer-un-nouvbeau-record/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Katika sherehe ya Tuzo za Nzonzing za 2021, iliyofanyika katika Hoteli ya Memling katika Kaunti ya Gombe, Kandy alipewa tuzo kwa mafanikio yake katika kategoria za wanawake wasomi, hadithi na utaalam. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = L'artiste-comédienne Sila Bisalu obtient 8 titres de la 2ème édition de « Nzonzing Awards »|url=https://acp.cd/culture/lartiste-comedienne-sila-bisalu-obtient-8-titres-de-la-2eme-edition-de-nzonzing-awards/|work=ACP| date = 2021-02-08|accessdate=2024-12-21|language=fr-FR}}</ref> Mnamo 2022, Kandy alipokea uteuzi wa mwigizaji bora na mkurugenzi bora kwa kazi yake katika filamu «Impotence» na «Honorable Family» katika Tuzo za Nzonzing. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Nzonzing Awards 3 : les lauréats seront primés le 06 février au Memling|url=https://ouragan.cd/2022/01/nzonzing-awards-3-les-laureats-seront-primes-le-06-fevrier-au-memling|work=ouragan.cd|accessdate=2024-12-21|language=FR|author=ouragan cd ouraganfm1@gmail.com}}</ref> Kikundi cha Simba kilijumuisha watu maarufu kama Yandi Mosi, Lule, Décor Ilonga, Milo (Mimie Loleka), Léa Ndaya, Ursule Peshanga, Maman Kalunga na Bellevue. Kandy alionekana katika mfululizo wa televisheni ya [[Cote d'Ivoire|Ivory Coast]] Ma Grande Famille pamoja na Michel Gohou, Michel Bohiri na Clémentine Papouet. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1980|}} [[Jamii:waigizaji filamu wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] n4xs2yxj68ynkn1rdtyvy8njshwyleq 0 196625 1599138 1497137 2026-09-23T09:34:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599138 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Daniel Grafton Hill IV'''(alizaliwa [[3 Juni]], [[1954]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa [[nyimbo]] wa pop kutoka [[Kanada]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hill |first1=Lawrence |title=Act of love: The life and death of Donna Mae Hill |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-act-of-love-the-life-and-death-of-donna-mae-hill|access-date=22 August 2018 |work=The Globe and Mail|publisher=The Globe and Mail Inc. |date=1 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=I Am My Father's Son|last=Hill|first=Dan|publisher=Harper Perennial|year=2010|isbn=978-1-55468-191-4|location=Toronto|pages=225–228}}</ref><ref name="Metroland">{{cite web |url=https://www.guelphmercury.com/whatson-story/10323500-dan-hill-to-join-canadian-songwriters-hall-of-fame/?s=n1?source=newsletter |title=Dan Hill to join Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame |date=4 February 2021 |work=Metroland |access-date=4 February 2021 |quote= |archive-date=2023-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106002136/https://www.guelphmercury.com/whatson-story/10323500-dan-hill-to-join-canadian-songwriters-hall-of-fame/?s=n1%3Fsource%3Dnewsletter |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1954|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] tpsxu2h54wigmbqerboh1jn9q8g4uwr 0 196915 1599046 1384680 2026-09-23T03:45:10Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599046 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Billy Newton-Davis''' (alizaliwa [[Cleveland]], Ohio, Marekani]] [[26 Aprili]], [[1951]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] wa R&B wa kisasa, jazzi na muziki wa injili kutoka [[Marekani]] na [[Kanada]].<ref>[http://news.nationalpost.com/arts/weekend-post/you-oughta-juno-what-happened-to-those-artists-voted-most-likely-to-succeed-part-1-1986-1999 "You oughta Juno: What happened to those artists voted most likely to succeed? Part 2 — 1986 – 1999"] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''National Post'', David Berry and Rebecca Tucker | March 14, 2015</ref><ref name=everwant>[http://www.xtra.ca/public/Toronto/All_youd_ever_want-12493.aspx "All you'd ever want"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305142239/http://www.xtra.ca/public/Toronto/All_youd_ever_want-12493.aspx |date=March 5, 2013 }}. ''[[Xtra!]]'', September 6, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.xtra.ca/public/Toronto/A_lascivious_turn_for_singer_NewtonDavis-5801.aspx Serafin LaRiviere (November 6 2008), "A lascivious turn for singer Newton-Davis"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201075830/http://www.xtra.ca/public/Toronto/A_lascivious_turn_for_singer_NewtonDavis-5801.aspx |date=December 1, 2008}}, Xtra!</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1951|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] kzbfm71uim9mryfqcqlwlmj62i0nmrp 0 198473 1598884 1390563 2026-09-22T23:57:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598884 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anne Loree''' ni [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa [[nyimbo]] kutoka [[Edmonton]], [[Alberta]], [[Kanada]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.7776&URLjpg=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/028020/f4/nlc008388.7776.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.7776|title=Image : RPM Weekly|last=Canada|first=Library and Archives|website=[[Library and Archives Canada]]|date=July 1, 2013|language=en|access-date=October 27, 2017|archive-date=2025-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224154908/https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.7776&URLjpg=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/028020/f4/nlc008388.7776.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.7776|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.anneloree.com/ |title=Anne Loree |accessdate=2025-01-22 |archive-date=2020-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922162939/http://anneloree.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1986|}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] b73sxowefs75k7gxurfawldp11yj3sp 0 198495 1598933 1481542 2026-09-23T02:16:23Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598933 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Barry Michael Cooper''' ([[1957]] au [[1958]] – [[22 Januari]] [[2025]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]], [[mtayarishaji]], na [[mwongozaji wa filamu]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa maandishi yake ya filamu ''New Jack City'' ([[1991]]), ''Sugar Hill'' ([[1994]]), na ''Above the Rim'' (1994), ambazo mara nyingine huitwa "Harlem Trilogy".<ref name="gonzales">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.stopsmilingonline.com/story_detail.php?id=791|last=Gonzales|first=Michael A.|title=Baltimore Orator: Barry Michael Cooper|work=Stop Smiling Magazine|issue=30|date=Aprili 2007|access-date=June 14, 2019|archive-date=2025-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209110538/https://www.stopsmilingonline.com/story_detail.php?id=791|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bet.com/article/llybl1/barry-michael-cooper-visionary-behind-new-jack-city-sugar-hill-and-above-the-rim-dies-at-67 |title=Barry Michael Cooper, Visionary Behind 'New Jack City,' 'Sugar Hill,' and 'Above the Rim,' Dies at 67 |accessdate=2025-01-23 |archive-date=2025-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122203026/https://www.bet.com/article/llybl1/barry-michael-cooper-visionary-behind-new-jack-city-sugar-hill-and-above-the-rim-dies-at-67 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://www.tmz.com/2025/01/22/barry-michael-cooper-new-jack-city-writer-dead/ 'New Jack City' Writer Barry Michael Cooper Dead at 66]</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] [[Jamii:Waandishi skrini wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waandaaji wa Filamu]] fuxzj6lczlzhmi8wc0war2del1ibgsd 0 199189 1598918 1597098 2026-09-23T01:29:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598918 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:AustinRicci.jpg|thumb|Austin Ricci mwaka 2023]] '''Austin Ricci''' (alizaliwa Aprili 8, [[1996]]) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu wa kulipwa wa [[Kanada]] anayecheza kama mshambuliaji.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.durhamregion.com/community-story/4428224-ajax-fc-program-sending-four-players-to-ncaa-programs/|title=Ajax FC program sending four players to NCAA programs|date=March 24, 2014|work=Ajax News Advertiser|accessdate=2025-01-29|archive-date=2022-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206021532/https://www.durhamregion.com/community-story/4428224-ajax-fc-program-sending-four-players-to-ncaa-programs/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yorkregion.com/community-story/4565402-lions-roar-into-ofsaa-soccer-final-in-windsor/|title=Lions roar into OFSAA soccer final in Windsor|first=Michael|last=Hayakawa|work=[[Richmond Hill Liberal]]|date=June 7, 2014|accessdate=2025-01-29|archive-date=2019-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430032304/https://www.yorkregion.com/community-story/4565402-lions-roar-into-ofsaa-soccer-final-in-windsor/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1996|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] 2s6kyv1psgcp8tzzcozymwdy5e2phpq 0 201949 1598859 1432189 2026-09-22T22:27:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598859 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Alison Krauss MerleFest 2007 01.jpg|thumb|Krauss akifanya maonyesho katika MerleFest ya mwaka 2007.]] '''Alison Maria Krauss''' (alizaliwa [[23 Julai]], [[1971]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa muziki wa Bluegrass na [[Country]], mpiga fiddler, na mtayarishaji wa [[muziki]] kutoka [[Marekani]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | date = 2023-01-31| title = Robert Plant and Alison Krauss Reveal 2023 North American Tour Dates|url=https://relix.com/news/detail/robert-plant-and-alison-krauss-reveal-2023-north-american-tour-dates/ |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=Relix Media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=AllMusic>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/alison-krauss-mn0000745071/biography | title = Alison Krauss Biography|last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |author-link=Stephen Thomas Erlewine |website=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=December 6, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/alison-krauss/16961 |title=Artist: Alison Krauss |date=Novemba 23, 2020 |publisher=[[Grammy Awards]] |access-date=December 6, 2020 |archive-date=2020-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806234624/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/alison-krauss/16961 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Exposito |first=Suzy | date = Machi 14, 2021| title = Beyoncé breaks record for most Grammys by a female artist|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2021-03-14/beyonce-breaks-record-grammys-female-artist |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=March 19, 2021}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1971|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 6v7u4esnit5fc2lf5q7yhedcuro9ae6 0 204649 1598987 1515180 2026-09-23T02:54:31Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598987 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Janet Damita Jo Jackson''' ([[Mei 16]], [[1966]]) ni [[mwimbaji]], [[mtunzi]] wa nyimbo, [[mwigizaji]] na mnenguaji kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alipata umaarufu kutokana na muziki wake wenye ubunifu, wenye ujumbe wa kijamii na mvuto wa kimapenzi. Alianza kazi ya muziki mwaka [[1982]] na alivuma kupitia albamu ''Control'' ([[1986]]) na ''Rhythm Nation 1814'' ([[1989]]). Ushirikiano wake na watayarishaji Jimmy Jam na Terry Lewis ulileta sauti mpya ya ''new jack swing''. Amekuwa miongoni mwa wasanii waliouza rekodi nyingi duniani, akiwa na zaidi ya nyimbo 18 kwenye Top Ten ya [[Billboard]]. Janet ameshinda tuzo nyingi, ikiwemo Grammy tano, na alijiunga na Rock and Roll Hall of Fame mwaka [[2019]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/13/arts/music/rock-roll-hall-fame-inductees-janet-jackson.html|title=Janet Jackson and Radiohead Lead Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Class of 2019|author=Ben Sisario|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 13, 2018|access-date=December 13, 2018|archive-date=December 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213173235/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/13/arts/music/rock-roll-hall-fame-inductees-janet-jackson.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Biakolo|first=Kovie|date=April 24, 2021|title=Janet Jackson's All for You Was a Reawakening|url=https://www.vulture.com/article/janet-jackson-all-for-you-album-appreciation.html|access-date=May 4, 2021|website=Vulture|language=en-us|archive-date=May 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504153036/https://www.vulture.com/article/janet-jackson-all-for-you-album-appreciation.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Zellner|first=Xander|date=April 30, 2024|title=Artists With the Most No. 1 Songs on the Hot 100, From The Beatles to Rihanna & More|url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/artists-most-number-one-hits-all-time-hot-100/|access-date=January 10, 2025|magazine=Billboard|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/greatest-top-dance-club-artists|title=Greatest of All Time Top Dance Club Artists|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=December 2016|access-date=September 20, 2017|archive-date=July 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707003540/http://www.billboard.com/charts/greatest-top-dance-club-artists|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Norment|first=Lynn|title=Janet: On her sexuality, spirituality, failed marriages, and lessons learned|newspaper=[[Jet (magazine)|Jet]]|volume=57|issue=1|page=104|date=November 2001|issn=0012-9011}}</ref><ref name="Saunders">{{Rejea habari|last=Saunders|first=Michael|title=The 3 Divas Janet Jackson turns her focus inward|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|page=D13|date=October 3, 1996}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Fox|first=Norman|title=Indian Summer|work=[[TV.com]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|url=http://www.tv.com/fame/indian-summer/episode/77620/summary.html|access-date=September 3, 2010|archive-date=November 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108042131/http://www.tv.com/fame/indian-summer/episode/77620/summary.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Maisha na kazi == Alizaliwa Mei 16, 1966, mjini Gary, [[Indiana]], akiwa mtoto wa mwisho katika familia ya watoto kumi. Alikulia katika familia ya tabaka la familia iliyopenda [[muziki]]. Mama yake alipiga piano, baba yake alikuwa bondia na mpiga gitaa. Kaka zake waliunda kundi la ''The Jackson 5'' na kupata mafanikio makubwa, jambo lililosababisha familia kuhamia [[Los Angeles]]. Janet alianza kuigiza akiwa na miaka saba katika kipindi cha ''The Jacksons'' na baadaye kwenye ''Good Times'' na ''Diff'rent Strokes''. Alianza muziki rasmi mwaka 1982 kupitia albamu yake ya kwanza ''Janet Jackson'', ikifuatiwa na ''Dream Street'' mwaka [[1984]]. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1966|}} [[Jamii:wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] s1vuyrlfvnb3uw1v336nc4kin28xnes 0 204792 1598929 1429376 2026-09-23T02:13:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598929 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Barbara''' "'''Sandi'''" '''Robison''' (alizaliwa '''Barbara Jeane Moyer''', [[14 Oktoba]], [[1945]] – amefariki [[22 Aprili]], [[1988]]), pia anajulikana kama '''Sandi Peanut Butter''', alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] kutoka [[Marekani]] ambaye alifanikisha mafanikio makubwa kama mwimbaji mkuu wa[[bendi]] ya psychedelic rock na the Peanut Butter Conspiracy.<ref>''Liner notes of The Great Conspiracy''</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|title=Spreading From the Ashes|type=liner notes|author=[[Alec Palao]]}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMBf3TYZigQC&q=barbara+sandi+robison&pg=PA235| title = The Encyclopedia of Dead Rock Stars|isbn=9781556527548|accessdate=January 30, 2015|last1=Simmonds|first1=Jeremy|year=2008}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-peanut-butter-conspiracy-mn0000488535/biography| title = The Peanut Butter Conspiracy – Biography – AllMusic|author=Jason Ankeny|publisher=AllMusic|accessdate=January 29, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/418812/peanut-butter-conspiracy/biography|title=The Peanut Butter Conspiracy – Biography|magazine=Billboard|accessdate=January 29, 2015|archive-date=2015-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901123240/http://www.billboard.com/artist/418812/peanut-butter-conspiracy/biography|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1945|1988}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 5uv8r7uq9qbo6lwsk3jtx92c0r9378a 0 206180 1599047 1429990 2026-09-23T03:51:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599047 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2 | jina = Biz Markie | picha = Biz Markie 2018.jpg | background = group_or_band | maelezo = Markie in 2018 | jina la kuzaliwa = Marcel Theo Hall | tarehe ya kuzaliwa= {{birth date|1964|4|8}} | mahali pa kuzaliwa= [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]], U.S. | chimbuko = [[Long Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rapper Biz Markie from Long Island dies at 57|work=Newsday|url=https://www.newsday.com/long-island/obituaries/biz-markie-hip-hop-obituary-1.50307908|date=Julai 17, 2021|access-date=July 18, 2021|agency=[[Associated Press]]|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717210749/https://www.newsday.com/long-island/obituaries/biz-markie-hip-hop-obituary-1.50307908|url-status=dead}}</ref> | tarehe ya kufa = {{death date and age|2021|7|16|1964|4|8}} | mahali alipofia = [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]], U.S. | kazi yake = Rapper, singer, songwriter, DJ, record producer | miaka ya kazi = 1985–2021 | aina ya muziki = *[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] * [[golden age hip hop]] * [[comedy hip hop]] | studio = [[Tommy Boy Entertainment|Tommy Boy]], [[Cold Chillin' Records|Cold Chillin']], [[Warner Records|Warner Bros.]] | ndoa = {{marriage|Tara Hall|2018}} | wavuti = {{URL|bizmarkie.com}} }} '''Marcel Theo Hall''' (Aprili 8, 1964 – Julai 16, 2021), anajulikana kwa jina lake la kisanii kama '''Biz Markie''', alikuwa [[Kurap|rapa]], [[mwimbaji]], [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]], DJ, na [[Mtayarishaji wa Muziki|mtayarishaji wa rekodi]] kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Alipata umaarufu wakati wa [[Kizazi cha dhahabu cha hip hop|enzi ya dhahabu ya hip hop.]] Alijulikana hasa kwa mtindo wake wa ucheshi na vichekesho ndani ya hip hop, hali iliyomfanya kupewa jina la utani, "Mfalme wa Vichekesho wa Hip Hop".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | title = Biz Markie, the clown prince of hip-hop, found a home at Yo! MTV Raps. &#124; MTV Photo Gallery|url=http://www.mtv.com/photos/yo-mtv-raps/1582960/2812332/photo.jhtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629172832/http://www.mtv.com/photos/yo-mtv-raps/1582960/2812332/photo.jhtml |archive-date=June 29, 2011 |access-date=September 12, 2011 |publisher=Mtv.com}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti | date = Agosti 29, 2007| title = • Biz Markie|url=http://hiphop.sh/post/9249518099/biz-markie |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203031017/http://hiphop.sh/post/9249518099/biz-markie |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |access-date=December 19, 2013 |publisher=Hiphop.sh}}</ref><ref name="DAVID MA">Ma, David. [https://www.npr.org/2021/07/16/906659959/biz-markie-pioneering-beatboxer-and-just-a-friend-rapper-dies-at-57 Biz Markie, Pioneering Beatboxer And 'Just A Friend' Rapper, Dies At 57] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717105256/https://www.npr.org/2021/07/16/906659959/biz-markie-pioneering-beatboxer-and-just-a-friend-rapper-dies-at-57|date=July 17, 2021}} [[NPR]], Julai 16, 2021</ref> Markie alipata mafanikio makubwa katika mtindo mkuu wa muziki kupitia kibao chake cha mwaka 1989 "[[Just a Friend]]", ambacho kilifikia nafasi ya 9 kwenye chati ya Billboard Hot 100 ya Marekani na kuwa kibao kilichothibitishwa kwa daraja la platinamu. Wimbo huo tangu wakati huo umetambuliwa sana kama wa aina yake, umetumika sana katika utamaduni wa pop, na kutajwa kwenye orodha ya VH1 ya nyimbo bora za hip hop. Katika kipindi chote cha kazi yake, Markie alihusishwa na makundi na lebo maarufu za hip hop, hasa kundi la [[Juice Crew]] na lebo ya Cold Chillin' Records. Mbali na muziki wake, Biz Markie alikuwa na uwepo mpana kwenye televisheni na filamu, akionekana katika nafasi mbalimbali na sauti kwenye vipindi, filamu, na matangazo maarufu, ikiwa ni pamoja na "Men in Black II," "Yo Gabba Gabba!," "Empire," na "SpongeBob SquarePants." Pia alionekana kama yeye mwenyewe katika matangazo mengi ya televisheni na redio, na kuwa mtu maarufu wa utamaduni zaidi ya tasnia ya muziki. Biz Markie aliendelea kufanya maonyesho na kuonekana kwenye vyombo vya habari hadi matatizo ya kiafya yaliyohusiana na ugonjwa wa kisukari aina ya 2 yalipoanza kuathiri shughuli zake mwaka 2020. Alifariki dunia mwezi Julai 2021 akiwa na umri wa miaka 57. Baada ya kifo chake, urithi wake umeheshimiwa kupitia heshima mbalimbali, zikiwemo utoaji wa majina ya barabara, kumbukumbu za umma, na kutolewa kwa makala ya filamu "All Up in the Biz." == Diskografia == === Albamu za studio === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" |+ Orodha ya albamu za studio, pamoja na nafasi za juu kwenye chati na uthibitisho wa mauzo ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:10em;" | Kichwa ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:23em;" | Maelezo ya albamu ! scope="col" colspan="2" | Nafasi ya juu kwenye chati ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| [[List of music recording certifications|Vyeti]] |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard 200|Marekani]]<br /><ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Biz Markie Chart History: Billboard 200|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/biz-markie/chart-history/tlp/|access-date=August 2, 2021|magazine=Billboard}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|Marekani<br />R&B<br />/HH]]<br /><ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Biz Markie Chart History: Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/biz-markie/chart-history/blp/|access-date=August 2, 2021|magazine=Billboard}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Goin' Off]]'' | * Imetolewa: Februari 23, 1988<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Bush|first=John| title = Goin' Off – Biz Markie|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/goin-off-mw0000651934|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=July 18, 2021}}</ref> * Lebo: [[Cold Chillin' Records|Cold Chillin']], [[Warner Records|Warner]] * Aina: Kanda ya kaseti, Santuri ya inchi 12 |90 |19 | |- ! scope="row"| ''[[The Biz Never Sleeps]]'' | * Imetolewa: Oktoba 10, 1989<ref>{{AllMusic|class=album|id=r58634}}</ref> * Lebo: Cold Chillin', Warner * Aina: Kanda ya kaseti, Santuri ya inchi 12 |66 |9 | * [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]: Dhahabu<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti| title = American certifications – Biz Markie|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=biz+markie#search_section|access-date=August 3, 2021|website=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[I Need a Haircut]]'' | * Imetolewa: Agosti 27, 1991<ref>{{AllMusic|class=album|id=r59000}}</ref> * Lebo: Cold Chillin', Warner * Aina: Kanda ya kaseti, CD |113 |44 | |- ! scope="row"| ''[[All Samples Cleared!]]'' | * Imetolewa: Juni 22, 1993<ref>{{AllMusic|class=album|id=r188751}}</ref> * Lebo: Cold Chillin', Warner * Aina: CD, Kanda ya kaseti |― |43 | |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Weekend Warrior (album)|Weekend Warrior]]'' | * Imetolewa: Novemba 18, 2003<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Bush|first=John| title = Weekend Warrior – Biz Markie|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/weekend-warrior-mw0000328103|work=AllMusic|accessdate=July 18, 2021}}</ref> * Lebo: [[Tommy Boy Records|Tommy Boy]] * Aina: CD, kupakua kidijitali |― |― | |- | colspan="15" style="font-size:90%"| "—" inaashiria rekodi ambayo haikuingia kwenye chati au haikutolewa katika eneo hilo. |} ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{Official website|http://bizmarkie.com/}} * [http://nerdtorious.com/2009/03/15/american-original-interview-with-biz-markie/ In-depth Biz Markie interview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028184053/http://nerdtorious.com/2009/03/15/american-original-interview-with-biz-markie/ |date=October 28, 2010 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20020810061345/http://www.vh1.com/artists/az/biz_markie/bio.jhtml VH-1 biography] * {{IMDb name|0548475|Biz Markie}} * {{Discogs artist}} {{Commons}} {{BD|1964|2021}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] 2tzgr8sjrv8nrw907frr4f8mzhztnqk 0 208445 1599035 1492623 2026-09-23T03:04:37Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599035 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chantal Yelu Mulop''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], [[mwanaharakati]] wa [[haki za wanawake]], na mhitimu wa masomo ya uuguzi. Tangu mwaka [[2019]], amekuwa akihudumu kama mshauri maalum wa Rais wa DRC katika masuala ya vijana, mapambano dhidi ya ukatili dhidi ya wanawake, na [[biashara]] haramu ya binadamu.,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Nominations au cabinet de Tshisekedi : Voici la liste complète|url=https://www.mediacongo.net/article-actualite-116158_nominations_au_cabinet_de_tshisekedi_voici_la_liste_complete.html|accessdate=2023-04-25}}</ref>,<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prix Femme – 2015 {{!}} Gala Inspiration OPCC|url=https://opcc-canada.org/gala/prix-femme-2015/|accessdate=2023-04-25}}</ref> == Kozi == Mnamo mwaka wa [[2015]], alipokuwa [[mkurugenzi]] wa huduma za afya na huduma katika Chartwell Heritage huko Ottawa, shughuli zake na kujitolea kwake kwa mashirika mbalimbali na kazi za uhisani pia zilihusika katika kupigania elimu, usawa wa afya kwa wote na maendeleo ya Afrika, Chantal Yelu alijitokeza na aliorodheshwa kati ya wagombea 3 wa " ''[[Tuzo]] la Wanawake »'' na shirika la wataalamu wa Kongo nchini Kanada pamoja na Béatrice Bilonda Kabeya na Bodia Bavuidi (mshindi wa mwaka) <ref name=":0"/> . Mnamo [[27 Juni|Juni 27]], [[2022]] huko [[Dakar]], wakati wa uzinduzi wa kampeni ya kadi nyekundu, aliteuliwa na Mtandao wa African Renaissance and Diaspora Network ( [https://www.ardn.ngo/ ARDN] {{Wayback|url=https://www.ardn.ngo/ |date=20250620122502 }} ) : " ''Balozi Mwema wa Nguvu za Kiume chanya'' » <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Résultats de recherche pour « chantal yelu mulop » – AIP – Agence Ivoirienne de Presse de Côte d'Ivoire|url=https://www.aip.ci/?s=chantal%20yelu%20mulop&submit|accessdate=2023-04-25}}</ref> . === Vivutio vingine === Wakati wa kazi yake, pia alishiriki katika uzinduzi wa kampeni ''ya kutovumilia mara moja'' uhalifu wa [[unyanyasaji wa kijinsia]] na ubaguzi dhidi ya wanawake; kufanyika kwa kongamano la kwanza la wakuu wa nchi za [[Umoja wa Afrika]] kuhusu masuala ya nguvu za kiume nchini DRC; kutiwa saini kwa Nyongeza ya Makubaliano ya Pamoja kati ya DRC na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] kuhusu [[Ukatili wa kijinsia|unyanyasaji wa kingono]] unaohusishwa na mzozo wa 2019; pamoja na mkutano [[Mataifa ya G20 ya viwanda|wa G20]] na maandalizi ya tamko rasmi la Rais wa DRC juu ya uendelezaji wa [[haki za wanawake]], [[usawa wa kijinsia]] na mapambano dhidi ya kutokujali <ref name=":1"/> . === Fikiria Tank Minzoto === Jumamosi, [[22 Aprili|Aprili 22]], [[2023]], katika ukumbi wa bunge wa ikulu ya taifa, Chantal Yelu alifanya hafla ya uzinduzi wa programu iitwayo ''Think Tank Minzoto'', kwa lengo la kuanzisha jukwaa la mawasiliano ya moja kwa moja kati ya urais na vijana wa kitaifa <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=RDC : lancement d’un Think Thank au profit des jeunes pour être le pont entre ceux-ci et les décideurs dont le Chef de l’Etat|url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2023/04/23/rdc-lancement-dun-think-thank-au-profit-des-jeunes-pour-etre-le-pont-entre-ceux-ci-et|date=2023-04-23|accessdate=2023-04-25}}</ref>,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=RDC : la présidence de la République lance un réseau d’échange entre les jeunes et le chef de l’Etat|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2023/04/24/actualite/societe/rdc-la-presidence-de-la-republique-lance-un-reseau-dechange-entre-les|date=2023-04-24|accessdate=2023-04-25}}</ref> . == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{BD|karne ya 20|}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] aq78q183icvm2zge7g94gkes41oh520 4 208508 1598766 1598678 2026-09-22T16:39:01Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1598766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-09-22) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 64 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 71 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-09-22)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 426 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 569 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 3466 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 649 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 727 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 366 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 245 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 335 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 323 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 377 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 184 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 196 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 6.52 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 261 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 324 |- | [[Norwei]] | 5.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 178 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 134 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 149 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 227 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 227 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 198 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 254 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 195 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 333 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 257 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 177 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 195 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 3.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Nepal]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 714 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 193 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.21 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 171 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Nchi iliyoendelea]] | 2.27 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 174 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35030 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 11583 || ↑ +20.1% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 66.6 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Nepal]] || 711 || ↑ +1147.4% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 669 || ↑ +11.1% |- | 3 || [[Kenya]] || 543 || ↑ +14.8% |- | 4 || [[Burundi]] || 364 || ↑ +10.3% |- | 5 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 347 || ↑ +13.8% |- | 6 || [[Ethiopia]] || 335 || ↑ +36.2% |- | 7 || [[Uturuki]] || 316 || ↑ +13.7% |- | 8 || [[Irani]] || 245 || ↓ -8.2% |- | 9 || [[Israeli]] || 227 || ↓ -5.4% |- | 10 || [[Misri]] || 198 || ↑ +1.0% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 485 || 40.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 361 || 30.3% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 141 || 11.8% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 94 || 7.9% |- | 5 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 10 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.7% |- | 7 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 9 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-37592-11|~2025-37592-11]] || 4 || 0.3% |- |} 9cxy2lcwcvpxcrb6zvclz8lkk83g730 1598768 1598766 2026-09-22T16:42:27Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1598768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-09-22) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 64 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 71 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-09-22)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 426 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 569 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 3466 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 649 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 727 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 366 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 245 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 335 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 323 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 377 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 184 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 196 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 6.52 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 261 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 324 |- | [[Norwei]] | 5.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 178 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 134 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 149 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 227 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 227 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 198 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 254 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 195 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 333 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 257 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 177 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 195 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 3.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Nepal]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 714 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 193 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.21 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 171 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Nchi iliyoendelea]] | 2.27 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 174 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35030 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 21224 || ↑ +18.6% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 122.0 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 3466 || ↑ +43.0% |- | 2 || [[Nepal]] || 714 || ↑ +1152.6% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 649 || ↑ +7.8% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 569 || ↑ +20.3% |- | 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 426 || ↑ +2.4% |- | 6 || [[Burundi]] || 377 || ↑ +14.2% |- | 7 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 366 || ↑ +20.0% |- | 8 || [[Ethiopia]] || 335 || ↑ +36.2% |- | 9 || [[Uturuki]] || 333 || ↑ +19.8% |- | 10 || [[Uingereza]] || 324 || ↑ +19.6% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 485 || 40.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 361 || 30.4% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 141 || 11.9% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 94 || 7.9% |- | 5 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.7% |- | 7 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 9 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-37592-11|~2025-37592-11]] || 4 || 0.3% |- |} qrjwpf5rqi8wmm3069i34n8a2y4b5hv 1598839 1598768 2026-09-22T21:06:19Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1598839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-09-22) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 64 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 71 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-09-22)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 426 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 569 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 3466 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 669 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 727 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 347 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 245 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 335 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 323 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 377 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 184 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 196 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 6.52 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 261 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 332 |- | [[Norwei]] | 5.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 134 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 149 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 227 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 227 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 254 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 195 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 333 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 257 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 177 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 195 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 3.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Nepal]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 714 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.21 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 171 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Nchi iliyoendelea]] | 2.27 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 174 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35030 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 21224 || ↑ +18.6% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 122.0 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 3466 || ↑ +43.0% |- | 2 || [[Nepal]] || 714 || ↑ +1152.6% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 649 || ↑ +7.8% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 569 || ↑ +20.3% |- | 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 426 || ↑ +2.4% |- | 6 || [[Burundi]] || 377 || ↑ +14.2% |- | 7 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 366 || ↑ +20.0% |- | 8 || [[Ethiopia]] || 335 || ↑ +36.2% |- | 9 || [[Uturuki]] || 333 || ↑ +19.8% |- | 10 || [[Uingereza]] || 324 || ↑ +19.6% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 485 || 40.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 361 || 30.4% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 141 || 11.9% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 94 || 7.9% |- | 5 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.7% |- | 7 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 9 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-37592-11|~2025-37592-11]] || 4 || 0.3% |- |} 00wnajgpootnun07qtljlwf5psfc6xm 1598840 1598839 2026-09-22T21:08:13Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1598840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-09-22) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 64 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 71 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-09-22)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 426 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 569 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 3466 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 669 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 727 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 347 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 245 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 335 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 323 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 377 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 184 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 196 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 6.52 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 261 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 332 |- | [[Norwei]] | 5.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 134 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 149 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 227 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 227 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 254 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 195 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 333 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 257 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 177 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 195 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 3.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Nepal]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 714 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.21 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 171 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Nchi iliyoendelea]] | 2.27 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 174 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35030 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 19284 || ↑ +20.0% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 110.8 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 3466 || ↑ +43.0% |- | 2 || [[Nepal]] || 711 || ↑ +1147.4% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 669 || ↑ +11.1% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 543 || ↑ +14.8% |- | 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 426 || ↑ +2.4% |- | 6 || [[Burundi]] || 364 || ↑ +10.3% |- | 7 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 347 || ↑ +13.8% |- | 8 || [[Ethiopia]] || 335 || ↑ +36.2% |- | 9 || [[Uturuki]] || 316 || ↑ +13.7% |- | 10 || [[Uhindi]] || 257 || ↑ +18.4% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 485 || 40.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 361 || 30.4% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 141 || 11.9% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 94 || 7.9% |- | 5 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.7% |- | 7 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 9 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-37592-11|~2025-37592-11]] || 4 || 0.3% |- |} e4dflhh8e15tyldf0qz8wlovn2kpq4l 1599050 1598840 2026-09-23T04:03:31Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1599050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-09-23) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 64 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 71 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-09-23)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 434 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 574 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 3522 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 684 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 744 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 366 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 248 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 339 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 321 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 394 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 191 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 6.52 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 256 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 337 |- | [[Norwei]] | 5.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 190 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 209 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 257 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 199 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 321 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 175 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 261 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 176 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 171 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 211 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 3.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Nepal]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 715 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 197 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.21 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 176 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Nchi iliyoendelea]] | 2.27 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 183 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 174 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35030 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 19284 || ↑ +20.0% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 110.8 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 3466 || ↑ +43.0% |- | 2 || [[Nepal]] || 711 || ↑ +1147.4% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 669 || ↑ +11.1% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 543 || ↑ +14.8% |- | 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 426 || ↑ +2.4% |- | 6 || [[Burundi]] || 364 || ↑ +10.3% |- | 7 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 347 || ↑ +13.8% |- | 8 || [[Ethiopia]] || 335 || ↑ +36.2% |- | 9 || [[Uturuki]] || 316 || ↑ +13.7% |- | 10 || [[Uhindi]] || 257 || ↑ +18.4% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 485 || 40.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 361 || 30.4% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 141 || 11.9% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 94 || 7.9% |- | 5 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.7% |- | 7 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 9 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-37592-11|~2025-37592-11]] || 4 || 0.3% |- |} 0915vds63vluisrljvatzdzbg7z0979 1599057 1599050 2026-09-23T04:18:48Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1599057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-09-23) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 64 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 71 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-09-23)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 434 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 574 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 3522 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 684 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 744 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 366 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 248 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 339 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 321 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 394 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 191 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 6.52 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 256 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 337 |- | [[Norwei]] | 5.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 190 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 209 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 257 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 199 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 321 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 175 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 261 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 176 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 171 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 211 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 3.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Nepal]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 715 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 197 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.21 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 176 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Nchi iliyoendelea]] | 2.27 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 183 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 174 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35034 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 6755 || ↑ +29.9% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 38.8 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Nepal]] || 715 || ↑ +1154.4% |- | 2 || [[Kenya]] || 551 || ↑ +16.5% |- | 3 || [[Burundi]] || 394 || ↑ +21.6% |- | 4 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 366 || ↑ +19.6% |- | 5 || [[Uturuki]] || 321 || ↑ +11.8% |- | 6 || [[Botswana]] || 197 || ↑ +111.8% |- | 7 || [[Nigeria]] || 191 || ↑ +29.9% |- | 8 || [[Malawi]] || 176 || ↑ +45.5% |- | 9 || [[Hispania]] || 161 || ↑ +1.9% |- | 10 || [[Korea Kusini]] || 154 || ↑ +13.2% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 485 || 40.7% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 361 || 30.3% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 141 || 11.8% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 94 || 7.9% |- | 5 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.7% |- | 7 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 9 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:Score Beethoven|Score Beethoven]] || 4 || 0.3% |- |} sk50n7dq6gh6qnhmrrgvta9ymi73lsc 1599271 1599057 2026-09-23T11:14:52Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1599271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-09-23) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 64 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 71 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-09-23)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 434 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 574 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 3522 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 684 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 744 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 366 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 248 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 339 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 321 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 394 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 191 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 6.52 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 256 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 337 |- | [[Norwei]] | 5.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 190 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 209 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 257 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 199 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 321 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 175 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 261 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 176 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 171 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 211 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 3.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Nepal]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 715 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 197 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.21 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 176 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Nchi iliyoendelea]] | 2.27 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 183 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 174 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35034 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 11704 || ↑ +24.4% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 67.3 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Nepal]] || 715 || ↑ +1154.4% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 684 || ↑ +13.8% |- | 3 || [[Kenya]] || 551 || ↑ +16.5% |- | 4 || [[Burundi]] || 394 || ↑ +21.6% |- | 5 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 366 || ↑ +19.6% |- | 6 || [[Ethiopia]] || 339 || ↑ +42.4% |- | 7 || [[Uturuki]] || 321 || ↑ +11.8% |- | 8 || [[Irani]] || 248 || ↓ -3.5% |- | 9 || [[Israeli]] || 228 || ↓ -3.8% |- | 10 || [[Ufaransa]] || 204 || ↑ +10.9% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 484 || 40.6% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 361 || 30.3% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 141 || 11.8% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 94 || 7.9% |- | 5 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.7% |- | 7 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 9 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:Score Beethoven|Score Beethoven]] || 4 || 0.3% |- |} dm656eiraofhg5lzw9bcvqq70o68c7c 0 211786 1598744 1451507 2026-09-22T15:52:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1598744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{umbo}} Tangu kuanza kwa '''Vita vya Dawa za Kulevya vya Mexico''' mwaka 2006, [[wanawake]] wengi, wa taifa la [[Meksiko]] na taifa jingine, wamekuwa waathirika wa ulaghai, ubakaji,<ref name="yDgdI">{{cite magazine|url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1707070,00.html|title=Mexico's Narco-Insurgency|date=January 25, 2008|magazine=Time|access-date=2025-08-16|archive-date=2021-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301180210/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1707070,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>kuteswa,<ref name="F7QOP">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/20/world/americas/20tijuana.html|title=Drug Killings Haunt Mexican Schoolchildren|date=October 19, 2008|website=The New York Times|access-date=March 29, 2020|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308180559/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/20/world/americas/20tijuana.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Uathirika wa wanawake== Ukatili dhidi ya wanawake nchini Mexico Wanawake na raia, pamoja na wanawake wadogo na wasichana nchini Mexico wameathirika kimwili na kisaikolojia katika mzozo huo. Wengi wamekuwa na kinga kidogo kutokana na ufisadi, kutokukabiliwa na hukumu. Wanawake wafanyabiashara, wakulima na wafanyakazi wanatishiwa na kulazimishwa kulipa kodi kwa makundi ya madawa ya kulevya.<ref>Page, Catherine, and Kennady Leigh Hertz. "The Evolving Role of Women in the Sinaloa Cartel: An Analysis of the Relationship between Drug Trafficking Organizations, Female Agency, and Economic Mobility." (2023). 38–40 https://egrove.olemiss.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4027&context=hon_thesis {{Wayback|url=https://egrove.olemiss.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4027&context=hon_thesis |date=20240708105128 }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Meksiko]] 1d69jb3awhvf46qkih6ascqtosqwrdy 0 214043 1598749 1582108 2026-09-22T15:58:43Z Zinon Muturi 91113 updated the refrences and aded some new information 1598749 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Angelina Ngalula''' ni mjasiriamali, mfanyabiashara na kiongozi wa taasisi za kisekta nchini [[Tanzania]]. Yeye ni mwasisi wa kampuni ya lojistiki ya Bravo Group Limited pamoja na kampuni ya usambazaji wa zana za kilimo ya Agricom Africa.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|last=Said|first=Mariam|title=TPSF chair bags prestigious award - Daily News|date=2023-03-26|url=https://dailynews.co.tz/tpsf-chair-bags-prestigious-award/|work=Daily News|language=en-US|access-date=2026-09-22}}</ref> Ngalula pia anajulikana kwa uongozi wake katika uwakilishi wa sekta binafsi, ambapo amehudumu kama Mwenyekiti na Rais wa Mpito wa Taasisi ya Sekta Binafsi Tanzania (TPSF)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tanzania’s Private Sector Body Appoints New Acting Head After Misconduct Probe - The Chanzo|url=https://thechanzo.com/2026/01/09/tanzanias-private-sector-body-appoints-new-acting-head-after-misconduct-probe/|date=2026-01-09|accessdate=2026-09-22|language=en-GB}}</ref> na alikuwa Mwenyekiti wa Baraza la Biashara la Afrika Mashariki (EABC).<ref>{{Cite web|title=LET’S FULLY UTILIZE TRADE AGREEMENTS & OPPORTUNITIES – URGES EABC CHAIRPERSON ANGELINA NGALULA|url=https://eabc-online.com/lets-fully-utilize-trade-agreements-opportunities-urges-eabc-chairperson-angelina-ngalula/|work=East African Business Council|date=2022-08-18|accessdate=2026-09-22|language=en-US|author=EABC}}</ref> == Kazi na Uongozi == Ngalula alianza shughuli zake za kibiashara katika sekta ya usafirishaji na kilimo nchini Tanzania. Aliasisi Bravo Group Limited, kampuni inayojihusisha na usafirishaji wa mizigo ya masafa marefu, ambayo mnamo mwaka 2024 ilianza pia kufanya operesheni za kibiashara kupitia reli ya TAZARA.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Private firm set to launch cargo operations on Tazara|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/private-firm-set-to-launch-cargo-operations-on-tazara-4563488|work=The Citizen|date=2024-03-20|accessdate=2026-09-22|language=en}}</ref> Aidha, ni mwasisi wa Agricom Africa inayojihusisha na zana za kilimo.<ref name=":1" /> Pia, ni mwasisi wa Bravo Coco, ambalo ni eneo la mapumziko ya ufukweni na ukarimu nchini Tanzania. Kama kiongozi wa TPSF na EABC, amekuwa akiwakilisha masuala ya kibiashara ya kikanda. Mnamo mwaka 2023, alihutubia Kongamano la 14 la Sekta Binafsi la Umoja wa Afrika huko Nairobi, Kenya, akihimiza ujenzi wa mazingira bora ya biashara barani Afrika.<ref>https://au.int/sites/default/files/speeches/42981-sp-EABC_CHAIRPERSON_REMARKS_DURING_THE_14TH_PRIVATE_SECTOR_AU_SUMMIT_1.pdf</ref> Mnamo Juni 2024, aliwakilisha sekta binafsi kwenye Kongamano la Uwekezaji kati ya Tanzania na Singapore lililohudhuriwa na viongozi wakuu wa nchi hizo mbili.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tanzania economy gains momentum as reforms attract investors, strengthen Singapore ties {{!}} Tanzania Insight|url=https://tanzaniainsight.com/tanzania-economy-gains-momentum-as-reforms-attract-investors-strengthen-singapore-ties/|date=2026-06-09|accessdate=2026-09-22|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mitazamo na Utetezi == Ngalula amekuwa akitetea haki za wanawake katika sekta ya biashara nchini Tanzania, akisisitiza kuwa mila na majukumu ya kijinsia yasitumike kama kikwazo kwa wanawake kuanzisha biashara zao.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bold Steps in Business: Angelina Ngalula ChallengeS Women to Break Barriers|url=https://kilimokwanza.org/bold-steps-in-business-angelina-ngalula-challenges-women-to-break-barriers/|work=Kilimo Kwanza|date=2023-03-14|accessdate=2026-09-22|language=en-US|author=Africa Kilimo}}</ref> Katika masuala ya kodi na sera za biashara, ametoa wito kwa serikali kulinda wafanyabiashara wa ndani dhidi ya ushindani usio sawa kutoka kwa wafanyabiashara wa nje katika sekta zilizotengwa kitaifa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tanzania’s private sector urges government to address competition between local, foreign traders|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/tanzania-s-private-sector-urges-government-to-address-competition-between-local-foreign-traders-4981698|work=The Citizen|date=2025-03-27|accessdate=2026-09-22|language=en}}</ref> Hatua hizi zilifuatiwa na mabadiliko ya kisheria ya kudhibiti shughuli za kibiashara za wageni katika maeneo fulani nchini humo miezi michache baadaye.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tanzania bans foreigners from key businesses, risks regional fallout|url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/07/31/tanzania-bans-for-non-citizens-from-running-small-businesses/|work=Africanews|date=2025-07-31CEST11:00:49+02:00|accessdate=2026-09-22|language=en|author=AfricaNews}}</ref> == Tuzo == Mnamo Machi 2023, alipokea tuzo ya "Malkia wa Nguvu" katika kitengo cha uongozi wa biashara nchini Tanzania kutokana na harakati zake za kuhamasisha sekta binafsi.<ref name=":1" /> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:wanawake wa Tanzania]] t35bzldo520952o685o3q9h8ahnrmb7 0 214646 1598720 1458128 2026-09-22T14:32:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1598720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club|clubname=Vihiga Queens F.C.|image=|upright=|fullname=Vihiga Queens Football Club|nickname=|founded={{start date and age|2013|12}}|ground=[[Kenya]]|capacity=|chrtitle=Chairman & CEO|chairman=Michael Senelwa Ogada|mgrtitle=Head coach|manager=Boniface Nyamunyamu|league=[[Kenyan Women's Premier League]]|season=2020–21|position=[[Kenyan Women's Premier League]] semi-final playoff|current=}} '''Vihiga Queens Football Club''' ni klabu ya kitaalamu ya [[Mpira wa miguu|soka]] ya wanawake ya [[Kenya]] yenye makao yake maeneo ya [[Mbale, Kenya|Mbale,]] [[Kaunti ya Vihiga]] ambayo inashiriki Ligi Kuu ya Wanadada ya Kenya, daraja la juu la kandanda ya wanawake ya [[Kenya]] . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-09-29|title=Vihiga Queens sweating over Champions League budget|url=https://nation.africa/kenya/sports/football/vihiga-queens-sweating-over-champions-league-budget-3567634|accessdate=2021-10-29|work=Kenya|language=en}}</ref> Klabu hii ina ushirika na Shirikisho la kandanda la [[Kenya]] . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Financial crisis puts Vihiga United, Queens on the brink|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/sports/2020-03-12-financial-crisis-puts-vihiga-united-queens-on-the-brink/|accessdate=2021-10-29|work=The Star|language=en-KE}}</ref> ==Nchini== '''Mataji ya ligi''' * '''Ligi Kuu ya wanadada ya [[Kenya]]''' : '''Washindi (rekodi)''' (3): 2017, 2018, 2019 * '''Mechi za kufuzu kwa Ligi ya Mabingwa ya Wanadada [[CECAFA-CAF]]''' : '''Washindi''' (1): 2021 == Historia ya usimamizi == * {{Flag icon|KEN}} Alex Alumirah (2013–August 2021)<ref name=":32">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Natiom|first=Lokeder|date=24 September 2021|title=Rising Starlets buoyant ahead of Uganda test|url=https://nation.africa/kenya/sports/football/rising-starlets-buoyant-ahead-of-uganda-test-3561316?view=htmlamp|accessdate=10 November 2021|work=Nation Africa}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Njoroge|first=Mike|date=24 August 2021|title=More Questions than Answers as Alex Alumirah Leaves Vihiga Queens By Mutual Consent|url=https://tisini.co.ke/2021/08/24/a-suspension-and-a-resignation-more-questions-than-answers-as-alex-alumirah-quits-vihiga-queens/|accessdate=11 November 2021|work=Tisini|archive-date=2021-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111121412/https://tisini.co.ke/2021/08/24/a-suspension-and-a-resignation-more-questions-than-answers-as-alex-alumirah-quits-vihiga-queens/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{Flag icon|KEN}} [[Charles Okere]] (August 2021–November 2021)<ref name=":32" /> * {{Flag icon|KEN}} Boniface Nyamunyamu (December 2021–) == Tazama pia == * [[Enez Mango]] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://twitter.com/Vihigaqueens Vihiga Queens] kwenye mtandao wa Twitter * [https://www.facebook.com/Vihigaqueensfc Vihiga Queens] yupo kwenye mtandao wa facebook [[Jamii:Vilabu Mpira vya Kenya]] f14xp6pt92ad3wl1ft1bvra0h2c6trc 0 214859 1598833 1458418 2026-09-22T20:32:58Z Andre Engels 29 Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Robbie Wessels]] 1598833 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Robbie Wessels]] bikhdqsjihaqbvn292ar2b4hkoe5ikv 0 214929 1599036 1463408 2026-09-23T03:05:02Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[File:Kalgoorlie_open_cast_mine.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Uso wa mgodi wa dhahabu na lori la kuvuta kwa mbele, katika maeneo ya Kalgoorlie, Australia]] '''Uhandisi wa madini''' ni uchimbaji wa madini kutoka ardhini. Taaluma hii inahusishwa pia na taaluma nyingine nyingi, kama vile usindikaji wa madini, utafutaji wa madini, [[jiolojia]] ya [[Ufuaji metali|madini]], uhandisi wa kijiolojia na uchunguzi wa ardhi. Mhandisi wa madini anaweza kusimamia awamu yoyote ya shughuli za madini, kutoka kwa utafutaji na ugunduzi wa rasilimali za madini, kupitia utafiti wa uwezekano, kubuni namna ya kuchimba madini, maendeleo ya mipango, [[uzalishaji]] hadi shughuli za kufungwa kwa mgodi.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources in the body of the article. (April 2024)">haijathibitishwa katika mwili</span>''&#x5D;</sup> == Historia ya uhandisi wa madini == Tangu nyakati [[Historia ya awali|za zamani]] hadi sasa, [[uchimbaji madini]] umekuwa na jukumu kubwa katika uwepo wa wanadamu. Tangu mwanzo wa ustaarabu, watu wametumia [[Mwamba (jiolojia)|mawe]] na [[Kauri|Seramik]] na, baadaye, [[metali]] zilizopatikana kwenye au karibu na uso [[Dunia|wa Dunia]]. Hizi zilitumika kutengeneza [[zana]] na [[silaha]] za mwanzo. Kwa mfano, mawe yenye ubora wa juu yaliyopatikana kaskazini mwa [[Ufaransa]] na kusini mwa [[Uingereza]] yalitumiwa kuwasha [[moto]] na kuvunja mwamba. Migodi ya mawe imepatikana katika maeneo ya chaki ambapo seams za jiwe zilifuatwa chini ya ardhi na shimoni na kwenye nyumba za sanaa. Mgodi wa zamani zaidi unaojulikana kwenye rekodi ya kiakiolojia ni "Pango la Simba" huko [[Eswatini]] Katika tovuti hii, ambayo [[Mbinu ya rediokaboni|miale ya miale ya radiocarbon]] inaonyesha kuwa ina umri wa miaka 43,000 hivi, binadamu wa paleolithic walichimba madini ya hematite, ambayo yalikuwa na [[chuma]] na kusagwa ili kutoa ocher [[Pigmenti|ya rangi]] nyekundu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://eswatininaturereserves.com/cultural/malolotja_archaeology.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627192152/http://eswatininaturereserves.com/cultural/malolotja_archaeology.asp|archivedate=June 27, 2021|title=Archaeology - Malolotja Nature Reserve – Ancient Mining|publisher=Eswatini National Trust Commission – Conserving Eswatini's Natural and Cultural Heritage|work=Culture – Archaeology|date=2020|accessdate=2022-09-17}}</ref> [[Roma ya Kale|Warumi wa kale]] ndio walikuwa wavumbuzi wa uhandisi wa madini. Walibuni mbinu za uchimbaji madini kwa kiasi kikubwa, kama vile matumizi ya kiasi kikubwa cha maji yanayoletwa kwenye mgodi na mifereji ya maji kwa ajili ya uchimbaji wa majimaji. Mwamba uliofunuliwa kisha ulishambuliwa kwa kuweka moto, ambapo moto ulitumiwa kuwasha mwamba, ambao ungezimwa na mkondo wa maji. Mshtuko wa joto ulipasua mwamba, na kuwezesha kuondolewa. Katika baadhi ya migodi, Warumi walitumia mitambo inayoendeshwa na maji kama vile magurudumu ya maji yaliyopita nyuma. Hizi zilitumika sana katika migodi ya [[shaba]] huko Rio Tinto nchini Uhispania, ambapo mlolongo mmoja ulijumuisha magurudumu 16 kama hayo yaliyopangwa kwa jozi, kuinua maji karibu futi 80 (m.24) [[Baruti|Poda nyeusi]] ilitumika kwa mara ya kwanza katika uchimbaji madini huko Banská Štiavnica, Ufalme wa Hungaria ( [[Slovakia]] ya sasa) mnamo mwaka 1627. <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Heiss |first=Andreas G. |last2=Oeggl |first2=Klaus |year=2008 |title=Analysis of the fuel wood used in Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age copper mining sites of the Schwaz and Brixlegg area (Tyrol, Austria) |journal=Vegetation History and Archaeobotany |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=211–221 |bibcode=2008VegHA..17..211H |citeseerx=10.1.1.156.1683 |doi=10.1007/s00334-007-0096-8 |s2cid=15636432}}</ref> Hii iliruhusu ulipuaji wa miamba na ardhi kulegea na kufichua mishipa ya madini, ambayo ilikuwa haraka zaidi kuliko kuweka moto. [[Mapinduzi ya Viwandani|Mapinduzi ya Viwanda]] yaliona maendeleo zaidi katika teknolojia ya uchimbaji madini, ikiwa ni pamoja na kuboreshwa kwa milipuko na pampu [[Injini ya mvuke|zinazotumia mvuke]], lifti na uchimbaji. == Elimu == [[File:Co_mines.jpg|thumb|Shule ya Madini ya Colorado]] Kuwa mhandisi wa madini aliyeidhinishwa kunahitaji shahada ya chuo kikuu au taasisi ya Elimu ya juu Mafunzo yanajumuisha [[Shahada ya Uhandisi]] (B.Eng. au BE), Shahada ya Sayansi (B.Sc. au BS), Shahada ya Teknolojia (B.Tech.) au Shahada ya Sayansi inayotumika (BASc.) katika uhandisi wa madini. Kulingana na nchi na mamlaka, kupata leseni ya kuwa mhandisi wa madini kunaweza kuhitaji Shahada ya Uzamili ya Uhandisi (M.Eng.), Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sayansi (M.Sc au MS) au Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sayansi Inayotumika (MASc.). Baadhi ya wahandisi wa madini ambao wametoka katika taaluma nyinginezo, hasa kutoka fani za uhandisi (km: uhandisi wa mitambo, kiraia, umeme, jiometri au mazingira) au kutoka nyanja za sayansi (km: jiolojia, jiofizikia, fizikia, jiografia, sayansi ya ardhi, au hisabati), kwa kawaida hukamilisha shahada ya uzamili kama vile M.Eng, MS, M.Sc. au MASc. katika uhandisi wa madini baada ya kuhitimu kutoka kwa programu tofauti ya kiwango cha shahada ya kwanza. Masomo ya kimsingi ya utafiti wa uhandisi wa madini kawaida ni pamoja na: * [[hisabati]]; calculus, [[aljebra]], [[Uchambuzi namba|uchanganuzi wa nambari]], [[takwimu]] * [[Sayansi za dunia|sayansi ya jiografia]]; jiokemia, [[jiofizikia]], [[Elimu madini|madini]], jiomatiksi * [[Umakanika|mekaniki]]; mekaniki ya mwamba, Mekaniki ya udongo, mekaniki ya kijiografia * [[Mwendojoto|thermodainamiki]]; uhamisho wa joto, uhamisho kwa wingi * [[Hydrogeology|haidrojiolojia]] * mitambo ya maji; tuli za maji, mienendo ya maji * Takwimu za kijiografia; uchambuzi wa anga * uhandisi wa udhibiti; kudhibiti nadharia, vifaa vya kisayansi * uchimbaji wa juu ya ardhi; uchimbaji wa shimo wazi * [[Underground mining (soft rock)|uchimbaji madini chini ya ardhi (mwamba laini)]] * [[Underground mining (hard rock)|uchimbaji madini chini ya ardhi (mwamba mgumu)]] * [[Utarakilishi|kompyuta]]; DATAMINE, MATLAB, Maptek (Vulcan), Programu Ya Dhahabu (Surfer), MicroStation, Carlson * [[Drilling and blasting|kuchimba visima na ulipuaji]] * mitambo imara; mitambo ya fracture Nchini [[Marekani]], kuhusu vyuo vikuu 14 kutoa Shahada Ya Sayansi katika madini na Uhandisi madini Vyuo vikuu vilivyokadiriwa zaidi [[Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2024]] ni pamoja na Chuo Kikuu Cha West Virginia, South Dakota Shule ya Madini Na Teknolojia, Teknolojia Ya Virginia, Chuo kikuu Cha Kentucky, Chuo kikuu Cha Arizona, Teknolojia Ya Montana, na Shule ya Colorado Ya Madini. Wengi wa vyuo vikuu hivi hutoa digrii ya Masters na Ph.d [[Kanada|Nchini Kanada]], kuna programu 19 za shahada ya kwanza katika Uhandisi wa madini na zinazoendana nazo. Chuo kikuu cha McGill Kitivo Cha Uhandisi kinatoa shahada ya kwanza (B.Sc., B. Eng.) na pia kuhitimu (M.Sc., Ph. d.) digrii Katika Uhandisi Wa Madini.<ref name="mcgill">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.mcgill.ca/mining/graduate-students/prospective/degree-programs/|title=Graduate Program|publisher=[[McGill University]]|accessdate=13 May 2018}}</ref> na Chuo kikuu Cha British Columbia katika [[Vancouver|Mji wa Vancouver]] kinatoa Shahada ya Sayansi Ya Matumizi (B.A.Sc.) Katika Uhandisi Wa Madini<ref name="ubc">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://you.ubc.ca/ubc_programs/mining-engineering/|title=Mining Engineering at UBC|publisher=[[University of British Columbia]]|accessdate=13 May 2018}}</ref> na pia digrii za kuhitimu (M.A.Sc. au M. Eng na Ph. d.) Katika Uhandisi Wa Madini.<ref name="bc">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://mining.ubc.ca/graduate/|title=Graduate|publisher=[[University of British Columbia]]|accessdate=13 May 2018}}</ref><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<span title="Material appears to be promotional in nature. (April 2024)">kutangaza?</span>''&#x5D;</sup> [[Ulaya|Barani Ulaya]], programu nyingi ni jumuishi (Shahada ya kwanza na Shahada ya pili kwa pamoja) baada ya Mchakato Wa Bologna na kuchukua miaka mitano kuzikamilisha. Nchini [[Ureno]], Chuo kikuu Cha Porto kinatoa Shahada ya pili ya Uhandisi Katika Madini na Uhandisi wa Mazingira ya kijiografia<ref name="feup">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://sigarra.up.pt/feup/en/cur_geral.cur_view?pv_ano_lectivo=2017&pv_origem=CUR&pv_tipo_cur_sigla=M&pv_curso_id=739/|title=Master in Mining and Geo-Environmental Engineering|publisher=[[University of Porto]]|accessdate=13 May 2018}}</ref> na nchini [[Uhispania|Hispania]] Chuo kikuu cha Ufundi Cha Madrid kinatoa digrii Katika Uhandisi wa Madini na katika Teknolojia Ya Madini, Shughuli za Madini, Mafuta na Vilipukaji, Madini.<ref name="madrid">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.upm.es/internacional/Students/StudiesDegrees/University%20Masters/Master%20programs?id=6.7&fmt=detail/|title=Mining Engineering|publisher=[[Technical University of Madrid]]|accessdate=13 May 2018|archive-date=2021-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127135215/http://www.upm.es/internacional/Students/StudiesDegrees/University%20Masters/Master%20programs?id=6.7&fmt=detail/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nchini [[Ufalme wa Muungano|Uingereza]], Shule ya madini ya Camborne inatoa uchaguzi mpana wa digrii za kwanza na za pili (BEng na MEng) katika uhandisi wa Madini na taaluma zingine zinazohusiana na Madini. Hii inafanywa kupitia Chuo kikuu Cha Exeter.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=BEng Mining|url=http://www.exeter.ac.uk/undergraduate/courses/mining/|work=University of Exeter|accessdate=24 May 2020}}</ref> [[Romania|Nchini Rumania]], Chuo kikuu Cha Petroșani (zamani inayojulikana kama ''Taasisi ya Petroşani Ya Madini'', au mara chache kama ''Taasisi ya makaa ya mawe ya Petroşani'') ni chuo kikuu pekee ambacho hutoa shahada katika Uhandisi Wa Madini, Uchunguzi Wa Madini au Ujenzi Wa Madini Ya Chini ya Ardhi, ingawa, baada ya kufungwa kwa Bonde La Jiu migodi ya makaa ya mawe, digrii hizo zilikuwa zimeacha kupendezwa na wahitimu wengi wa shule ya sekondari. Katika [[Afrika Kusini]], taasisi zinazoongoza ni pamoja na [http://www.up.ac.za/mining-engineering Chuo Kikuu Cha Pretoria], kutoa Shahada ya Miaka 4 Ya Uhandisi (B. Eng Katika Uhandisi Wa Madini) pamoja na masomo ya baada ya kuhitimu katika nyanja mbalimbali maalum kama vile uhandisi wa mwamba na modeli ya nambari, uhandisi wa vilipukaji, uhandisi wa uingizaji hewa, mbinu za madini ya chini ya ardhi na muundo wa mgodi;<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.up.ac.za/mining-engineering|title=Mining Engineering {{!}} University of Pretoria|work=www.up.ac.za|accessdate=2019-06-12}}</ref> na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Witwatersrand|Chuo kikuu Cha Witwatersrand]] kutoa miaka 4 [[Shahada ya Uhandisi|Shahada ya Sayansi Katika Uhandisi]] (B.Sc. (Eng.)) Katika Uhandisi Wa Madini<ref name="wits">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.wits.ac.za/miningeng/undergraduates/|title=WITS Mining - Undergraduate Programme|publisher=[[University of the Witwatersrand]]|accessdate=13 May 2018|archive-date=2019-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505154105/https://www.wits.ac.za/miningeng/undergraduates/|url-status=dead}}</ref> pamoja na programu za kuhitimu (M.Sc. (Eng.) na Ph. D.) Katika Uhandisi Wa Madini.<ref name="uwits">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.wits.ac.za/miningeng/postgraduates/|title=WITS Mining - Postgraduate Programme|publisher=[[University of the Witwatersrand]]|accessdate=13 May 2018|archive-date=2019-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505154102/https://www.wits.ac.za/miningeng/postgraduates/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Baadhi ya wahandisi wa madini huendelea kusoma programu za shahada za juu kama vile [[Uzamivu|Daktari Wa Falsafa]] (Ph. D., DPhil), Daktari Wa Uhandisi (D. Eng., Eng.D.). Programu hizi huhusisha umuhimu wa awali wa utafiti na ni kawaida kuonekana kama pointi kuingia katika [[Akademia|elimu]]. Katika [[Urusi|Shirikisho La Urusi]], Vyuo vikuu 85 katika wilaya zote za shirikisho ni wataalamu wa mafunzo kwa sekta ya rasilimali za madini. Wataalamu wa mafunzo wa vyuo vikuu 36 kwa ajili ya kuchimba na kusindika madini imara (madini). 49 ni wataalamu wa mafunzo ya uchimbaji, usindikaji wa msingi, na kusafirisha madini ya kioevu na gesi (mafuta na gesi). 37 ni wataalamu wa mafunzo ya uchunguzi wa kijiolojia (jiolojia inayotumika, uchunguzi wa kijiolojia). Miongoni mwa vyuo vikuu vinavyofundisha wataalamu wa sekta ya rasilimali za madini, 7 ni vyuo vikuu vya shirikisho, na 13 ni vyuo vikuu vya kitaifa vya Utafiti Vya Urusi.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |last=Petrov |first=V. L. |date=2022-11-05 |title=Analytical review of the training system for mining engineers in Russia |url=https://mst.misis.ru/jour/article/view/378 |journal=Gornye Nauki i Tekhnologii = Mining Science and Technology (Russia) |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=240–259 |doi=10.17073/2500-0632-2022-3-240-259 |issn=2500-0632 |s2cid=253379285 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mafunzo ya wafanyikazi kwa sekta ya rasilimali ya madini katika vyuo vikuu vya urusi kwa sasa hufanywa katika utaalam kuu ufuatao wa mafunzo (digrii ya mtaalam): "Jiolojia Inayotumika" na sifa ya mhandisi wa madini (miaka 5 ya mafunzo); "Uchunguzi Wa Kijiolojia" na sifa ya mhandisi wa madini (miaka 5 ya mafunzo); "Madini" na sifa ya mhandisi wa madini (miaka 5.5 ya mafunzo); "Michakato Ya Mwili Katika Uchimbaji Madini au Uzalishaji Wa Mafuta na Gesi" na sifa ya mhandisi wa madini (miaka 5.5 ya mafunzo); "Uhandisi Wa Mafuta Na Gesi sifa ya mhandisi wa madini (miaka 5.5 ya mafunzo). Vyuo vikuu huendeleza na kutekeleza programu kuu za kitaaluma za elimu ya juu katika mwelekeo na utaalam wa mafunzo kwa kuunda wasifu wao (jina la programu). Kwa mfano, ndani ya mfumo wa utaalam "Madini", vyuo vikuu mara nyingi hufuata majina ya kitamaduni ya programu "uchimbaji Wa shimo Wazi", "uchimbaji Wa chini Ya ardhi wa amana za madini", "Upimaji", "utajiri wa Madini", "Mashine Za Madini", "usalama wa Kiteknolojia na uokoaji wa mgodi", "mgodi Na ujenzi wa chini ya ardhi", "Kazi Ya Ulipuaji", "Umeme wa tasnia ya madini", nk. Katika miaka kumi iliyopita, chini ya ushawishi wa mambo mbalimbali, majina mapya ya programu yameanza kuonekana, kama vile: "Mifumo ya Habari ya Madini na kijiolojia", "Ikolojia ya Madini", nk. Kwa hivyo, vyuo vikuu, kwa kutumia uhuru wao kuunda programu mpya za mafunzo kwa wataalam, vinaweza kutazama siku zijazo na kujaribu kutabiri taaluma mpya za wahandisi wa madini. Baada ya digrii ya mtaalam, unaweza kujiandikisha mara moja katika shule ya uzamili (analogia ya Shahada ya uzamivu, miaka minne ya mafunzo).<ref name=":0" /> == Mshahara na takwimu == Kama ilivyo kwa aina nyingine za wahandisi, wahandisi wa madini wana mshahara wa juu kwa kulinganisha na maeneo mengine ya kazi. Uhandisi wa madini pia ni soko la kazi imara kuingia na nafasi za kazi huwa karibu daima inapatikana kwa urahisi. '''Ukuaji wa Kazi''' Kama mwenendo wa jumla, mishahara ya wahandisi wa madini imekuwa ikiongezeka ulimwenguni kote. Kazi inakadiriwa kukua kati ya 2-5% kulingana na chanzo, ambayo ni polepole kuliko kazi nyingi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mining and Geological Engineers|url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/mining-and-geological-engineers.htm|accessdate=2025-05-03|work=Bureau of Labor Statistics|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Institute|first=ERI Economic Research|title=Mining Engineer Salaries by Country {{!}} Salary Calculator by Country - SalaryExpert|url=https://www.salaryexpert.com/salary/browse/countries/mining-engineer|accessdate=2025-05-03|work=www.salaryexpert.com|language=en}}</ref> Ingawa ukuaji wa kazi ni mdogo ikilinganishwa na kiwango cha wastani cha ukuaji wa 14%, bado kuna fursa nyingi za kazi zinazopatikana katika tasnia ya madini. Hii ni kutokana na idadi ya chini ya wahitimu, na mtiririko wa mara kwa mara wa watu kustaafu kutoka wafanyakazi. '''Uimara wa Kazi''' Uhandisi wa madini una uimara na utulivu mkubwa sana wa kazi ikilinganishwa na njia zingine za kazi. Kwa kuwa tasnia nyingi zinahitaji vifaa vya kuchimbwa kufanya kazi, kutakuwa na hitaji la tasnia ya madini kila wakati. Hata hivyo, kuna wasiwasi kuhusu uhaba wa wafanyakazi unaosababishwa na watu wengi kustaafu kutoka sekta hiyo ndani ya miaka 10 ijayo.<ref name=":02">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Workforce Trends in the U.S. Mining Industry|url=https://www.smenet.org/What-We-Do/Technical-Briefings/Workforce-Trends-in-the-US-Mining-Industry|accessdate=2025-05-03|work=Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration|language=en}}</ref> Kwa idadi ya sasa ya wafanyakazi waliotabiriwa kuingia uwanjani, hakutakuwa na wa kutosha kuchukua nafasi za wale ambao wanastaafu na kujaza haja ya wafanyakazi wapya kwa ajili ya ukuaji wa sekta.<ref name=":02" /> '''Mshahara''' Mishahara ya wahandisi wa madini imekuwa ikiongezeka ulimwenguni pote, huku wahandisi katika Marekani, Kanada, Na Australia wakipata mapato ya juu zaidi kwa kulinganisha.<ref name=":12"/> Wahandisi wa madini ni miongoni mwa makundi ya wahandisi waliolipwa zaidi, kwa kawaida huweka katika 10 ya juu ya chati nyingi. Hii inaweza sehemu kuhusishwa na uhandisi wa petroli, subset ya uhandisi wa madini, ambayo ni hasa faida kubwa kutokana na mahitaji ya soko la juu kwa ajili ya petroli.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Engineering Salary Statistics|url=https://www.mtu.edu/engineering/about/salary/|accessdate=2025-05-03|work=Michigan Technological University|language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Nchi !Mshahara Wa Wastani |- |Marekani |$121,945 |- |Kanada |$125,934 |- |Bahamas |$86,212 |- |Bulgaria |лв 49,124 |- |China |¥ 360,032 |- |Jamhuri Ya Czech |Kč 1,063,590 |- |Ekuado |$37,401 |- |Ufaransa |€78,633 |- |Ujerumani |€94,959 |- |Sar ya Hong Kong |$708,776 |} <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mining Engineer compensation {{!}} ERI|url=https://www.erieri.com/salary/job/mining-engineer|accessdate=2025-05-03|work=www.erieri.com}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:uhandisi]] [[Jamii:Wiki Loves STEAMIA 2025]] 0pu7lcctlpq43t90jz6fa8y2okpt5zc 0 215576 1598832 1461255 2026-09-22T20:32:45Z Andre Engels 29 moved from [[Robert Albert Wessels]] 1598832 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Albert Wessels''' ni [[msanii]] maarufu kutoka [[Afrika Kusini|Afrika Kusin]]<nowiki/>i ambaye anajulikana kwa [[muziki]] wa Kiafrika na uigizaji. Yeye ni mmoja wa [[watu]] maarufu katika sekta ya burudani ya Afrika Kusini, hasa katika [[jamii]] ya [[Kiswahili]] inayozungumza Kiswahili. {{Mwigizaji 2|jina=Robbie Wessels|kazi yake=Mwanamuziki|miaka ya kazi=2005- mpaka sasa}} == Wasifu wa muziki == Robert Albert Wessels aliachia alibamu zifuatazo; * ''My Vissermanvriend se Pa'' (2005) * ''Halley se Komeet'' (2006) * ''Afrika Sonsak'' (2009) * ''Kaalvoet'' (2011) * ''Als Wat Ek Het'' (2014) * ''Woestyn'' (2017) * ''Staan Saam (2019)'' * ''Die Sluise van die Hemel (2020)'' * ''Hiep Hiep Hoera (2023)'' * ''Racheltjie De Beer (2025)'' == Wasifu wa filamu == Robbie Wessels aliigiza filamu zifuatazo: * ''Poena is Koning'' (2007) – Poena Pieterse <ref>{{Citation|title=Robbie Wessels|date=2025-09-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robbie_Wessels&oldid=1308974299|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2025-09-27}}</ref> * ''Jakhalsdans'' (2010) – Himself <ref>{{Citation|last=Roodt|first=Darrell|title=Jakhalsdans|date=2010-04-19|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2098723/|others=Theuns Jordaan, Elizma Theron, Janke Bruwer|publisher=Makadi Entertainment Ventures, Welela Studios|access-date=2025-09-27}}</ref> * ''<nowiki/>'n Saak van Geloof'' (2011) – Kallie Naudé<ref>{{Citation|last=Kempen|first=Diony|title='n Saak van Geloof|date=2011-09-09|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2160051/|others=Robbie Wessels, Lelia Etsebeth, Riana Nel|publisher=Welela Studios, Aristocept Produksies|access-date=2025-09-27}}</ref> * ''As Jy Sing'' (2013) – Bertie Bredenkamp<ref>{{Citation|last=Odendaal|first=Andre|title=As Jy Sing|date=2013-11-12|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3303630/|others=Bobby van Jaarsveld, Leah Van Niekerk, Bok van Blerk|publisher=Fix Post Production, Green Chair Brown Chair Films|access-date=2025-09-27}}</ref> * ''100 Meter Leeuloop'' (2013) – Manie Mol / Ronnie Wentzel / Gazi / Bobby Bobbejaanski / Barberboy * ''Poena'' (2021) - Poena Pieterse<ref>{{Citation|last=Kempen|first=Diony|title=100 Meter Leeuloop|date=2013-03-15|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3722696|others=Robbie Wessels, Hamilton Wessels, Annette Engelbrecht|publisher=Robbie Wessels Productions|access-date=2025-09-27|last2=Wessels|first2=Hamilton|last3=Wessels|first3=Robbie}}</ref> * ''Poena & Poenie'' (2022) - Poena Pieterse == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za waigizaji filamu]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Afrika Kusini]] 65hicdmizmdovj0m7pqriovy7erwarr 0 215900 1598988 1516262 2026-09-23T02:54:37Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598988 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Mparo_Royal_Tombs_as_seen_from_outside.jpg|alt=Mparo Royal Tombs|thumb|Mahali pa mwisho pa kupumzika panachojulikana kama Makaburi ya Kifalme ya Mparo ya Mfalme Kabalega II]] '''Chwa II Kabalega''' (18 Juni [[1853]] – 6 Aprili [[1923]]) alikuwa mfalme au Omukama wa [[ufalme wa Bunyoro|Bunyoro]] huko [[Uganda]] miaka [[1870]] - [[1899]]. ==Usuli== Mnamo mwaka [[1869]], [[Omukama]] Kamurasi Kyebambe IV alifariki dunia na wagombea halali wa kifalme- Kabalega na kabigumire hawakuweza kukubaliana ni nani angechukua urithi wake. Hii ilisababisha vita vya kurithi vikali katika [[Dola]] ya Kutara.<ref>{{Citation|title=Chisholm, Hugh, (22 Feb. 1866–29 Sept. 1924), Editor of the Encyclopædia Britannica (10th, 11th and 12th editions)|date=2007-12-01|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u194658|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=2025-10-15}}</ref> Kawaida vita kama hivi vya kuamua mrithi halali vilitarajiwa kuwa vifupi na vya uamuzi haraka hadi mmoja tu kati ya wagombea wa kiti cha enzi abaki hai.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Order in council by His/Her Majesty’s most honourable Privy Council, Wednesday, 8 July 1761 [fauqfrVH0020547a1d]|url=https://doi.org/10.13051/ee:doc/fauqfrvh0020547a1d|work=Electronic Enlightenment Scholarly Edition of Correspondence|date=2025-03|accessdate=2025-10-15}}</ref> Hata hivyo wakati mwingine migogoro hii ingeendelea kwa miaka, ikileta kutokuwepo kwa utulivu katika jamii nzima na kusababisha njaa, mauaji na migogoro ya wakimbizi. Katika kesi hii viongozi wa ukoo na kaka wa mfalme aliyefariki, Prince Nyaika, walikuwa wamechoka kutokana na vita vya mara kwa mara kati ya Kabalega na Kabigumire kiasi kwamba waliamuru Kabalega ambaye alikuwa na nguvu zaidi, kuheshimu sheria za kurithi [[Bunyoro]] na kanuni za vita halalina kumaliza vita. Wakati Kabalega alipochaguliwa kuwa mfalme, aliwazia kuendeleza dola yake mpya kupitia biashar, hasa kupitia Kibiro Saltworks. Mnamo [[1 Januari]] [[1894]],[[Waingereza]] walitangaza vita dhidi ya Bunyoro. Wakati wa kilele cha shambulio la Waingereza dhidi ya dola yake, Kabalega alikimbia na kujificha katika Acholi chini ya ulinzi wa kiongozi Awich Abok wa Payira. Kutoka hapo aliendela kuongoza Kikosi cha mapinduzi cha Nyangire ambacho kilithibitisha kuwa kichungu kwa [[wakoloni]] Waingereza == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1853]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1923]] [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Uganda]] 6jdog8nyyruyu2d9p9o11li5z0mcumo 0 218139 1599080 1472941 2026-09-23T06:20:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599080 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chaunté Wayans''' (alizaliwa [[Mei 24]], [[1982]]) ni [[mwandishi]] na [[mwigizaji]] [[mchekeshaji]] wa [[Marekani]].<ref>{{Cite web|first=Denzel|last= Taylor|date=Aprili 27, 2016|url=https://www.dailycardinal.com/article/2016/04/marlon-wayans-electrifies-madison-in-hysterical-laughter|title=Marlon Wayans amvutia Madison katika kicheko cha hysterical|website=[[The Daily Cardinal]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://auburnpub.com/entertainment/comedian-wayans-coming-to-auburn-talks-family-funniest-and-male-female-differences/article_1c058001-9ec2-58f5-9f5a-b6f06ae7fdc1.html|title=Mchekeshaji Wayans, akija Auburn, anazungumzia ucheshi wa kifamilia na tofauti za kiume na kike|first=David|last=Wilcox|website=[[Auburn Citizen]]|date=19 Novemba 2015 }} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Filamu== * ''Nafasi za Biashara'' (2007) * ''Dance Flick'' (2009) * ''Wild 'n Out'' (2013) * ''Wako Tayari'' (2019) * ''Nyimbo za Laff Mobb'' (2020) *''AJ na Malkia'' (2020) *''Marlon Wayans Anawasilisha: The Headliners'' (2022) *''Kemia ya Juu'' (2023) *''Mjinga Huyu'' (2023) ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1982|}} [[Jamii:waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] aykeg7zn5c14rbvf0r4uob2bajjpp0p 3 218201 1599094 1598285 2026-09-23T07:20:23Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Kupitia masahihisho */ 1599094 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 12 Desemba 2025 (UTC) ==Vyanzo== Ndugu, hongera kwa juhudi zako, ila naomba upitie makala zako jinsi zilivyorekebishwa ili usirudie makosa yaleyale. Hasa usiache makala bila vyanzo, walau kimoja! Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 10:58, 23 Desemba 2025 (UTC) :nashukuru kwa hilo nimetambua asante '''[[Mtumiaji:Ally0111|Ally0111]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ally0111#top|majadiliano]])''' 04:07, 24 Desemba 2025 (UTC) ::Mbona unaendelea vilevile? Pitia mabadiliko ya karibuni! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 10:24, 14 Januari 2026 (UTC) :::sawa nimeona nashukuru '''[[Mtumiaji:Ally0111|Ally0111]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ally0111#top|majadiliano]])''' 10:44, 14 Januari 2026 (UTC) :::Vipi, badala ya kujifunza, unapinga mabadiliko yetu viongozi? Huoni hiyo link imeshakufa? Unafikiri nimeiondoa bure? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 10:46, 14 Januari 2026 (UTC) ::::tayari nimejifunza nimebadili '''[[Mtumiaji:Ally0111|Ally0111]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ally0111#top|majadiliano]])''' 10:53, 14 Januari 2026 (UTC) == Viungo vya nje == Habari ndugu, Hongera sana kwa michango yako katika Wikipedia ya Kiswahili, hakika unafanya kazi nzuri ijapokua kuna vitu vichache ukiongeza makala zako zitakua bora zaidi. Mojawapo ya kitu cha kuboresha ni kuongeza viungo vya nje nikimaanisha kwamba baada ya kumaliza kuchapisha makala bonyeza mahali palipoandikwa ongeza viungo halafu baada ya hapo utaweka kiungo enwiki kama umetafsiri makala kutoka Wikipedia ya Kingereza. Kazi ya viungo hivi inakua inaoanisha makala moja zilizoandikwa katika lugha tofauti tofauti. Tafadhali usisite kunitafuta ili nikupatie maelekezo zaidi kama hujaelew. Asante, '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen|majadiliano]])''' 07:08, 15 Januari 2026 (UTC) == Maboresho zaidi == Habari ndugu, Hongera kwa juhudi zako za kuvutia katika kuchangia maudhui kwenye Wikipedia yetu ya Kiswahili. Unafanya kazi nzuri sana kama mchangiaji mpya mwenye juhudi sana. Ila jitahidi kufanya maboresho ya kutosha baada ya kutumia Translation tool, ili kuondoa shaka ya kuonekana kama makala nzima imeandikwa kwa tafrisi ya Kompyuta, kitu ambacho kinashusha sifa ya makala hiyo kuwepo Wikipedia. Kila la kheri '''[[Mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|Anuary Rajabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|majadiliano]])''' 08:52, 26 Januari 2026 (UTC) == Pitia maboresho == Ndugu, hongera kwa juhudi zako, ila naomba upitie makala zako jinsi zilivyorekebishwa ili usirudie makosa yaleyale. Amani kwako '''[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|majadiliano]])''' 12:07, 10 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :Asante nimeona marekebisho yako nitayafanyia kazi kwa makala zinazofuata '''[[Mtumiaji:Ally0111|Ally0111]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ally0111#top|majadiliano]])''' 12:23, 10 Aprili 2026 (UTC) == Mradi wa Nchi == Kumekuwa na migogoro mingi kuhusu majina ya makala za nchi katika Wikipedia, lakini bado hakujawahi kuwa na mjadala wa kina wa kutatua suala hilo. Kuna mradi wa [[Wikipedia:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]] chini ya [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi]] unaolenga kushughulikia tatizo hili, lakini kufanikisha hilo kunahitaji uhamasishaji na ushiriki mkubwa zaidi wa jamii. Hivyo basi, nawaomba mshiriki katika kusaidia kutatua migogoro hii ya majina; iwe unaunga mkono au unapinga pendekezo lolote, tafadhali toa maoni na mawazo yako. Baadhi ya mapendekezo yanayoweza kuhitaji mjadala mdogo kabla ya kuidhinishwa ni pamoja na [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Guinea]] na [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Guinea Bisau]], na unaweza kuanza kushiriki huko. Ikiwa una maoni au mapendekezo mengine yoyote, tafadhali nijulishe. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 05:12, 15 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Makala Bora == Ndugu hongera kwa uandishi wa makala za wikipedia ya kiswahili, Lakini katika makala zako za ivi karibuni zinachangamoto nyingi hasa makala za sayansi unazoandika, Kumbuka atuandiki makala tu ili ziwe nyingi kwa haraka na kuonekana wachangiaji bora, tunaandika ili na wengine watakaosoma wapate uelewa, na ninatambua kua unatumia tafsiri ya kompyuta kuunda makala mfano [[Samuel Paul Welles]], si vibaya endapo utahakikisha makala yako inasomeka na msomaji mwingine akaielewa. Ivyo napendekeza utafsiri makala unazoweza kuelewa kiswahili chake. Amani kwako! '''[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|majadiliano]])''' 03:52, 21 Mei 2026 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] Ni kweli. Kuandika makala za sayansi kama hujafanya utafiti hata wa awali, hutoboi. Nimesaidia kuipunguza ukakasi wake. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 05:01, 21 Mei 2026 (UTC) :Nimekuelewa ila baadhi ya maneno nilikosa kabisa tafsiri zake baada ya kuyafatilia .Nilijaribu baadhi kuyaandika kwa kirefu (kimaana) na baadhi nimajina ya wanyama mfano dinosauri ambayo sikupata majina yao ya kiswahili.Ila nimesimama kutafsiri haya makala kwasasa juu ya icho nilichokiona nashukuru kwa utambuzi asante '''[[Mtumiaji:Ally0111|Ally0111]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ally0111#top|majadiliano]])''' 18:07, 21 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Kura juu ya visual editor kwa miradi ya wiki == Habari ndugu {{BASEPAGENAME}}, Natumai u mzima. Naomba nafasi yako kidogo utupe mkono katika kuboresha mifumo yetu ya kiufundi hapa Swahili Wikipedia. Nimeanzisha ombi kule Phabricator ili watuwezeshe kutumia VisualEditor (Mhariri Unaoonekana) kwenye kurasa za miradi na kampeni zetu (`Wikipedia:Namespace`), jambo ambalo litatupunguzia sana mzigo wa kutumia Wiki markup ngumu wakati wa kuandaa warsha, mashindano, au majedwali ya miradi. Ili mafundi wa Wikimedia Foundation wawishe mfumo huu, wanahitaji kuona maridhiano na kura za wanajumuia wetu. Tafadhali naomba upitie hapa katika ukurasa wa Jumuiya kutoa kura yako ya Kuunga Mkono au maoni yako: 👉 [[Wikipedia:Jumuiya#Ombi la kuwezesha VisualEditor kwenye kurasa za mradi (Wikipedia Namespace)|Bofya hapa kushiriki na kupiga kura]] Mchango wako wa sekunde chache utasaidia sana kurahisisha kazi ya waratibu na wahariri wote wa jumuia yetu. Shukrani sana.--[[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 09:12, 24 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Makala fupi zisizokua na maana == Habari ndugu, Hongera kwa juhudi za kuandika makala kwenye wikipedia ya kiswahili, lakini kuna tatizo kwenye makala zako, unaandika makala zisizokua na maana mfano Msomaji wa kiswahili akisoma makala kama hii [[Sun Guangxin]] inamsaidia nini? Maana yangu ni kwamba makala zako ni fupi kupita malezo na hazileti maana yoyote, Kuna pendekezo la kukufungia kutoka kwa Mchangiaji mmoja, ndipo nilipoamua kupitia makala zako kuona unachoandika, kama autajirekebisha basi sitakua na budi ya kukufungia. '''[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|majadiliano]])''' 08:03, 5 Agosti 2026 (UTC) ==Kupitia masahihisho== Ndugu, nakupa hongera kwa kuendelea kwa bidii, ila naomba upitie masahihisho yangu ili ujifunze zaidi nami nisipoteze muda mwingi kurekebisha yaleyale... Nitoe mfano mmoja tu: mwanzoni, karibu na jina, tunapoweka mabano hatuandiki kwamba alizaliwa na alifariki, ila tunaweza tarehe zake tu. Pia pengine katika jamii unaweza "mfanyabiashara wa Kanada", kumbe alizaliwa huko, lakini makala inasema ni raia wa Uingereza au Marekani... Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 08:34, 28 Agosti 2026 (UTC) :Ndugu, nakushukuru kwa kutaka kufuata maelekezo hayo, ila hukunielewa vizuri: hatuandiki kwamba alizaliwa na alifariki ikiwa amefariki dunia tayari. Kama hajafariki, tunaandika "alizaliwa" lini kwa sababu hakuna tarehe nyingine mbele, hivyo ile ya kuzaliwa ingeweza kudhaniwa ni ya kufa. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 10:33, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) ::Ndugu, tafadhali, endelea kupitia masahihisho, kama yale ya mwisho niliyoyafanyia makala zako kuhusu wachezaji mpira. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:58, 11 Septemba 2026 (UTC) :::sawa napitia kiongozi. Amani kwako '''[[Mtumiaji:Ally0111|Ally0111]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ally0111#top|majadiliano]])''' 14:08, 11 Septemba 2026 (UTC) ::::Ingawa una haraka sana, nakuomba uweke viungo vya interwiki ili makala zako ziunganishwe na zile zinazofanana za lugha nyingine. Nadhani unajua la kufanya, ila haraka inakufanya upuuzie jambo hilo muhimu. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 10:21, 21 Septemba 2026 (UTC) ==Gofu== Ndugu, naona unaendelea vizuri, lakini <nowiki>[[gofu]]</nowiki> inarejelea maghofu. Kama ni mchezo, weka <nowiki>[[gofu (mchezo)|gofu]]</nowiki>. Asante sana na amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 07:19, 23 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 0dptljdhro11flh7bi667xye7flxnul 0 218728 1599219 1510761 2026-09-23T10:21:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599219 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Debbie Greene''' (alizaliwa [[24 Februari]] [[1962]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa [[mbio]] (sprinter) kutoka [[Bahama]]. Alishiriki katika mbio za 4 × 100 mita relay kwa wanawake kwenye Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya 1984.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Debbie Greene Bio, Stats, and Results|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/gr/debbie-greene-1.html|work=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com|accessdate=2025-12-19|language=en|archive-date=2020-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418081656/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/gr/debbie-greene-1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Bahamas]] go38wn6bfzxzt0wf0zwvatjf4gnn4i7 0 221350 1598717 1501535 2026-09-22T14:14:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1598717 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Verónica Nyaruai - Cross de Venta de Baños 2009.jpg|thumb| Veronica Nyaruai]] '''Veronica Nyaruai Wanjiru''' (alizaliwa [[29 Oktoba]] [[1989]] katika [[Nyahururu]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa [[Kenya]] anayejikita katika mbio za mita 1500. Anaishi Kaptagat, ambapo anashiriki mafunzo katika kambi ya PACE.<ref name="2009Race">Valiente, Emeterio (2009-12-21). [http://www.iaaf.org/WXC10/news/kind=100/newsid=55171.html Sánchez defeats European champion Bezabeh in Venta de Baños]. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 2009-12-27.</ref> Alishiriki katika Mashindano ya Dunia mwaka 2007, lakini alimaliza nafasi ya 12 kwa jumla na kushindwa kufuzu fainali ya mita 1500. Mnamo mwaka 2008, angekuwa na uwezo wa kulinda taji lake la Dunia la Vijana, lakini alimaliza nafasi ya nne katika majaribio ya Kenya na hakuingizwa timu.<ref name="IAAFStats">{{cite web|title=IAAF – Nyaruai Veronica Results|url=https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/kenya/veronica-nyaruai-14xxxxxx/results|publisher=IAAF|access-date=17 March 2026}}</ref> Nyaruai amesalia katika kambi ya mafunzo ya PACE Sports Management huko Kaptagat.<ref name="RunnerSpaceArticle">{{cite web|title=Veronica Nyaruai – Career Highlights|url=https://www.runnerspace.com/veronica-nyaruai-profile|publisher=RunnerSpace|access-date=17 March 2026}}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Alishinda mashindano ya Cross Internacional de Venta de Baños mwaka 2009, akimshinda Steph Twell.<ref name="AthleticsWeeklyFeature">{{cite news|title=Veronica Nyaruai: Rising Kenyan Star|url=https://athleticsweekly.com/featured-veronica-nyaruai|work=Athletics Weekly|access-date=17 March 2026}}</ref> === Bora binafsi === * Mita 1500 – Dakika 4:08.21 (2006) * Mita 3000 – Dakika 8:52.9 (2005) * Mita 5000 – Dakika 15:13.1 (2005) === Tuzo === Katika tuzo za Mwanamichezo Bora wa Kenya za Mwaka [[2005]], Wanjiru alichaguliwa kuwa mwanamichezo mwanamke mwenye matumaini zaidi wa mwaka. Alimaliza wa tatu katika kundi la wanamichezo mwanamke bora wa mwaka, nyuma ya Catherine Ndereba na bondia Conjestina Achieng.<ref name="OlympediaNyaruai">{{cite web|title=Veronica Nyaruai – Olympedia Profile|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/xxxxx|publisher=Olympedia|access-date=17 March 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Kenya-athletics-bio-stub}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1989]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Kenya]] 9sbarieg0drxzqz8fpksv2dd14q2xiq 0 221487 1598989 1512322 2026-09-23T02:54:45Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598989 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Filsan Abdullahi Ahmed''' (Kisomali: Filsan Cabdullaahi Axmed; <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Filsan Cabdullaahi Axmed oo iska casishay Golaha Wasiirada Abiy Ahmed|url=https://www.voasomali.com/a/6247340.html|work=Voice of America|date=2021-09-27|accessdate=2026-01-29|language=so}}</ref>Amharic: ፊልሳን አብዱላሂ አህመድ; alizaliwa mwaka [[1992]]), pia anajulikana kama Filsan Abdi,<ref>{{Citation|last=Standard4|first=Addis|title=The Interview: The Nabad Project: In pursuit of healing bitter divisions - Addis Standard|date=2019-02-11|url=https://addisstandard.com/the-interview-the-nabad-project-in-pursuit-of-healing-bitter-divisions/|work=Addis Standard|language=en-US|access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref> ni mtetezi na mwanasiasa kutoka Mkoa wa [[Kisomali|Somali]] wa [[Ethiopia]]. Yeye ni mwanzilishi wa mradi wa Nabad, kituo cha televisheni cha satellite kinachokuza mawasiliano na amani katika Mkoa wa Somali na kati ya jamii za Kisomali na Kioromo.<ref>{{Citation|last=Standard4|first=Addis|title=The Interview: The Nabad Project: In pursuit of healing bitter divisions - Addis Standard|date=2019-02-11|url=https://addisstandard.com/the-interview-the-nabad-project-in-pursuit-of-healing-bitter-divisions/|work=Addis Standard|language=en-US|access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref> Filsan aliteuliwa kuwa Waziri wa Wanawake, Watoto na Vijana tarehe [[12 Machi]] [[2020]], akawa mtu mdogo zaidi katika baraza la mawaziri la Abiy Ahmed na mwanamke wa kwanza wa Kisomali wa Ethiopia kuchaguliwa katika wadhifa wa serikali ya shirikisho. Alijiuzulu kutoka baraza la mawaziri mnamo Septemba [[2021]]. Mnamo Desemba 2021, alieleza kwa gazeti la The Washington Post kwamba alijiuzulu kutokana na jinsi Abiy alivyoshughulikia Vita vya Tigray.<ref>{{Citation|title=She was in Abiy Ahmed’s cabinet as war broke out. Now she wants to set the record straight.|date=2021-12-30|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/12/30/ethiopia-abiy-tigray-war/|work=The Washington Post|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref> ==Maisha na elimu== Filsan Abdullahi Ahmed alizaliwa mwaka [[1991]] au [[1992]] katika Dire Dawa. Wazazi wake ni Wasomali wa kabila la Somali people kutoka [[Jijiga]], mji mkuu wa Somali, nchini Ethiopia. Mama yake Filsan ni mfanyabiashara, na baba yake ni mhandisi wa mafuta aliyefanya kazi kwa muda mrefu katika Saudi Arabia.<ref name="AddisStand_Nabad_project_indepth">{{cite news |last1=Yared Tsegaye |date=11 Februari 2019 |title=The Interview: The Nabad Project: In pursuit of healing bitter divisions |newspaper=Addis Standard |url=https://addisstandard.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/The-Interview-with-Filsan-Abdi-.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201005208/https://addisstandard.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/The-Interview-with-Filsan-Abdi-.pdf |archive-date=1 Februari 2021}}</ref> Filsan alisoma na kuishi katika Addis Ababa ambako alipata shahada ya uongozi na usimamizi kutoka Unity University, na baadaye akaenda [[United Kingdom]] ambako alipata shahada ya sayansi ya mawasiliano katika University of Hertfordshire. Baadaye alifanya kazi kama mtaalamu wa tiba ya usemi na lugha nchini England kwa miaka kadhaa.<ref name="Somaliland_youngest_minister">{{cite news | title= Ethiopian Parliament approves youngest minister, Filsan Abdi | date= 2020-03-12 |newspaper=Somaliland | url= https://www.somaliland.com/news/featured-news/ethiopian-parliament-approves-youngest-minister-filsan-abdi |access-date=2021-02-01 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20210131222246/https://www.somaliland.com/news/featured-news/ethiopian-parliament-approves-youngest-minister-filsan-abdi/ |archive-date= 31 Januari 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za watu]] azwb64r3u9vozetw4bvesf1526obogw 0 222752 1598895 1541236 2026-09-23T00:15:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598895 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Antoine Mendy''' (alizaliwa 27 Mei 2004) ni mwanasoka wa kulipwa anayekipiga kama beki wa kulia na [[beki]] wa kati kwa klabu ya OGC Nice ya [[Ufaransa]]. Alizaliwa Ufaransa, na anaichezea kimataifa timu ya taifa ya [[Senegal]]. ==Kazi ya klabu== Mendy ni mzaliwa wa akademi ya vijana ya OGC Nice tangu akiwa na umri wa miaka 10, na alipanda hatua kwa hatua katika makundi ya vijana. Alianza kazi yake ya senior na timu ya akiba ya klabu hiyo mwaka 2021, na kusaini mkataba wake wa kwanza wa kitaalamu na klabu tarehe [[29 Septemba]], [[2022]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The next generation of entertainers: 15 young stars lighting up Europe |url=https://www.espn.com.sg/soccer/story/_/id/46770791/the-next-gen-entertainers-15-young-stars-lighting-europe|date=30 October 2025|website=ESPN}}</ref> Alifanya debut yake ya kitaalamu na katika Ligue 1 akiwa na Nice kama mchezaji wa kuingilia mwishoni mwa mechi katika ushindi wa 1–1 dhidi ya AJ Auxerre tarehe [[16 Oktoba]], [[2022]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monacomatin.mc/football/accroche-a-auxerre-1-1-logc-nice-sinquiete-en-prime-pour-delort-801123|title=Accroché à Auxerre (1-1), l'OGC Nice s'inquiète en prime pour Delort|first=La|last=rédaction|date=16 October 2022|website=Monaco-Matin|accessdate=2026-02-08|archive-date=2024-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209034353/https://www.monacomatin.mc/football/accroche-a-auxerre-1-1-logc-nice-sinquiete-en-prime-pour-delort-801123|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africatopsports.com/2022/10/01/nice-lucien-favre-elogieux-envers-antoine-mendy/|title=Nice : Lucien Favre élogieux envers Antoine Mendy|first=Alfred|last=ZIKPI|date=1 October 2022|accessdate=2026-02-08|archive-date=2022-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018232412/https://www.africatopsports.com/2022/10/01/nice-lucien-favre-elogieux-envers-antoine-mendy/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|2004|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Senegal]] gvephnyqijg0c0l4s3vmb3qd0btjara 0 227067 1599037 1502939 2026-09-23T03:05:09Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599037 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Segenet Kelemu''' ni mwanasayansi kutoka Ethiopia ambaye alijulikana kwa kufanya utafiti wake kama mtaalamu wa magonjwa ya mimea ya molekuli na katika uongozi wake bora wa kisayansi. Ameongoza Kwa karibu miongo mitatu, utafiti wa Segenet na timu yake umechangia kushughulikia vikwazo vya kilimo barani Afrika, Asia, Amerika Kusini na Amerika Kaskazini. Kuanzia Novemba mwaka wa 2013 hadi Desemba mwaka 2023, Segenet alikuwa Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa Kituo cha Kimataifa cha Fiziolojia ya Wadudu na Ikolojia, ndiyo taasisi pekee barani Afrika iliyojitolea kufanya utafiti kuhusu [[wadudu]] na [[Arithropodi|arthropoda]] zingine. Hapo mwanzoni, alikuwa Mkurugenzi wa Biosciences nchini Afrika mashariki na kati (BecA); Pia ni makamu wa Rais wa Programu katika Muungano wa Mapinduzi ya Kijani barani Afrika (AGRA), na Kiongozi wa Usimamizi wa Afya ya Mimea na Kilimo katika Kituo cha Kimataifa cha Kilimo cha Tropiki (CIAT). Segenet amepokea tuzo nyingi za kimataifa ikiwa ni pamoja na: Tuzo za L'Oréal-UNESCO kwa Wanawake katika Sayansi mnamo mwaka wa 2014; Mwanachama, TWAS − Chuo cha Sayansi Duniani; alipata udaktari wa heshima katika Chuo Kikuu cha Tel Aviv, mnamo Mei mwaka wa 2016; na kutambuliwa kama mmoja wa wanawake 100 wa Afrika wenye ushawishi mkubwa zaidi [[Forbes|wa Forbes Afrika]], mnamo Mei mwaka wa 2014; kutajwa kama mmoja wa wanawake 10 wa Afrika wenye ushawishi mkubwa zaidi katika jarida lakilimo na Jarida la Jinsia, Kilimo na katika Usalama wa Chakula (AgriGender Journal) na pia kama Mwanachama wa Chuo cha Sayansi cha Afrika. Heshima zake zingine ni pamoja na: Tuzo ya Mwanasayansi Mwandamizi Bora wa CIAT; Tuzo ya Urafiki iliyotolewa na [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] na Tuzo ya TWAS ya Sayansi ya Kilimo, na TWAS, Chuo cha Sayansi cha Dunia. == Maisha ya awali == Segenet Kelemu alizaliwa katika mji wa Finote Selam [[Ethiopia|nchini Ethiopia]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://hub.africabiosciences.org/download-document/56-segolip-unit-brochure.html|title=Interview with the Boss - BecA-ILRI hub|work=hub.africabiosciences.org|language=en-gb|accessdate=2017-09-30|archivedate=30 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930190534/http://hub.africabiosciences.org/download-document/56-segolip-unit-brochure.html}}.</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.vpro.nl/programmas/the-mind-of-the-universe/kijk/wetenschappers/kelemu.html|title=Segenet Kelemu - the mind of the universe|work=VPRO|date=June 11, 2017}}</ref> Segenet, ingawa alikuwa na wenye walimu wenye changamoto na wapinzani, alionyesha kujitawala na, zaidi ya yote, alikuwa na uwezo wa kitaaluma. Alikuwa na bahati ya kuwa na walimu waliotambua na kukuza uwezo wake mkubwa alionao. Kama watoto wengine wengi katika kijiji chake, Segenet alitarajiwa kusaidia katika kazi za kilimo. Zaidi ya hayo, tangu umri mdogo, alionyesha bidii kali ya uwajibikaji, na matokeo yake, mama yake alimpa jukumu la kuuza mazao ya shambani sokoni; akiwa na uhakika kwamba angeuza kwa bei nzuri zaidi na kuweka pesa salama. Hivyo, Kelemu alijifunza ukweli mgumu kuhusu kilimo: kazi yake ya kupinda mgongo hasa kwa wanawake, pamoja na changamoto za uzalishaji, ambazo ziliwaweka watu wa jamii yake katika mapambano ya mara kwa mara ili kukidhi mahitaji yao ya chini ya chakula ya kaya; lakini kati ya yote, uwezo wa sekta hiyo ya kilimo. Matokeo yake, alihisi wito wa kutafuta suluhisho la vikwazo vya kilimo. Kwa hivyo, ingawa alikuwa mwanafunzi wa daraja la juu, Segenet aliamua kujitolea katika sayansi na kilimo. <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://hub.africabiosciences.org/media-center/news/56-top-story2009010801|title=Interview with the Boss - BecA-ILRI hub|work=hub.africabiosciences.org|language=en-gb|accessdate=2017-09-14|archivedate=14 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914131659/http://hub.africabiosciences.org/media-center/news/56-top-story2009010801}}</ref> == Tuzo na utambuzi == {| class="wikitable" |2025 |Business Day, Nigeria |Featured among 9 influential Africans |- |2024 |Technology Networks |Featured in an e-Book titled, Women in Science: Inspiring the Next Generation <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Women in Science: Inspiring the Next Generation.|url=https://www.technologynetworks.com/tn/ebooks/women-in-science-inspiring-the-next-generation-383559}}</ref> |- |2024 |Africa Report |Dr Kelemu was featured in the Africa Report series of Top 50 Influential Africans: The Brains category. Her story is sub-headed: 'Plant science to feed the world'. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Top 50 Africans|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/321553/top-50-influential-africans-the-brains/}}</ref> |- |2023 |International Society of Plant Pathology |Elected Fellow <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=ISSP Fellows awarded at the ICPP2023|url=https://www.isppweb.org/newsletters/pdf/53_9.pdf}}</ref> |- |2023 |President of the French Republic |Dr Kelemu was awarded the title of Officier de L’Ordre national du Mérite (Officer in the National Order of Merit), by the President of the French Republic. |- |2023 |Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel |Honorary Doctorate degree of Doctor of Philosophy Honoris Causa |- |2022 |Ellis Island Medal of Honor |The Medal recognizes individuals who have made it their mission to share with those less fortunate, their wealth of knowledge, indomitable courage, boundless compassion, unique talents and selfless generosity. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ellis Island Medals of Honor Archive|url=http://medalists.eihonors.org/index.html}}</ref> |- |2022 |United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) |Dr Kelemu is one of the scientists featured in a publication titled, Earth, Oceans and Skies: Insights from selected, outstanding African women scientists, published by the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (ECA). <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://hdl.handle.net/10855/47590|title=Earth, oceans and skies: insights from selected, outstanding African women scientists|date=2022|work=Economic Commission for Africa Knowledge Repository|hdl=10855/47590}}</ref> |- |2022 |Enat Bank, Ethiopia |Named its 94th branch, located in Addis Ababa, after Dr Kelemu, in honour of her excellence in the world of science. |- |2022 |Doha Debates |On 7 June, Doha Debates announced that the latest individual honoured in their SolvingIt series is Dr Segenet Kelemu, one of Africa’s leading scientists and a role model for women in science and research around the world. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Top Ethiopian scientist honored by international news organization|date=12 June 2022|url=https://www.capitalethiopia.com/2022/06/12/top-ethiopian-scientist-honored-by-international-news-organization/}}</ref> |- |2021 |The Borgen Project |Dr Kelemu was recognised among brilliant women breaking barriers, improving global health, and inspiring others to pursue careers in science, a ‘modern Marie Curie’, by The Borgen Project, in honour of International Women and Girls in Science Day and International Women’s Day, 2021. |- |2019 |Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry International Fellow |The Fellows are chosen for their work as related to the academy's mission: "To promote agriculture and forestry and associated activities with the support of science and practical experience and in the interest of society."<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://medalists.eihonors.org/index.html|title=EIHS Medalists}}</ref> |- |2019 |Distinguished Alumni Fellow of Kansas State University, USA |The Fellows are chosen based on their high levels of professional accomplishment and distinguished service in their respective careers <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.icipe.org/news/icipe-director-general-honoured-alma-mater|title=Icipe Director General honoured by alma mater &#124; icipe - International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology}}</ref> |- |2019 |Science Honoree of the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center |Each year, the Center acknowledges an exceptional individual who has had extraordinary impact in agriculture, food nutrition, or human health. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.icipe.org/news/icipe-director-general-honoured-research-impact-african-farmers|title=Icipe Director General honoured for research impact on African farmers &#124; icipe - International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology}}</ref> |- |2018 |Woman of the Decade in Natural and Sustainable Ecosystems |The award is the highest honour conferred by the Women Economic Forum (WEF) for outstanding leadership. A global conference of the ALL Ladies League (ALL), WEF is the largest women chamber in the world, with about 70,000 members in 150 countries.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.icipe.org/news/icipe-director-general-honoured-0|title=Icipe Director General honoured &#124; icipe - International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology}}</ref> |- |2018 |Bill Gates ‘Heroes in the Field’ |The ‘Heroes in the Field’ are individuals who are using their talents to fight poverty, hunger and disease, and providing opportunities for the next generation. The ‘heroes in the field’ were featured in a Time magazine article guest edited by Mr. Gates; a short video that he has narrated on his blog;<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Bill Gates|date=January 4, 2018|title=No masks or capes, but these heroes are saving the world|work=GatesNotes|url=https://www.gatesnotes.com/About-Bill-Gates/These-Heroes-Are-Saving-the-World}}</ref> on the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Facebook page and through a series of tweets from Mr. Gates |- |2017 |The Mind of the Universe<ref>{{Citation|last=VPRO|first=The Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision &|title=Segenet Kelemu: Extra footage 1|url=http://www.themindoftheuniverse.org/play?id=Segenet_Kelemu__ex2|access-date=2017-09-14}}</ref> |The Mind is an ideological cross media project. It will be the first open source TV series ever, providing the whole series for free to all countries in the world in order to 'spread knowledge'.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.themindoftheuniverse.org/search|title=Mind of the Universe|author=VPRO|first=The Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision &|accessdate=2017-09-14}}</ref> |- |2016 |Honorary doctorate by Tel Aviv University, Israel<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www6.tau.ac.il/honorary/|title=Honorary Degrees - Honorary Degrees|work=www6.tau.ac.il|language=en-gb|accessdate=2017-09-21|archivedate=27 December 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227102614/http://www6.tau.ac.il/honorary/}}</ref> |Over the past 50 years, Tel Aviv University has conferred honorary doctorates to remarkable figures in recognition of their professional and philanthropic contributions to society. Kelemu was honoured for pioneering role for women scientists in Africa; commitment in directing major efforts for the transformation of African agriculture; international acclaim as recipient of prestigious awards; service on advisory boards of key international institutions; and her support in the establishment of the Manna Center Program in Food Safety and Security of Tel Aviv University. |- |2016 |Fellow, TWAS, The World Academy of Sciences |TWAS Fellows consist of the developing world's most prestigious scientists. |- |2014 |L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science Awards |The L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science programme recognises achievements and contributions of exceptional females across the globe, by awarding promising scientists with Fellowships to help further their research. |- |2014 |Top 100 most influential African women list by Forbes Africa<ref name=":0" /> |Forbes is a global media company, focusing on business, investing, technology, entrepreneurship, leadership, and lifestyle. |- |2014 |10 most influential African women in agriculture |Awarded by the Journal of Gender, Agriculture and Food Security (AgriGender Journal)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://agrigenderjournal.com/2015/04/29/10-influential-african-women-in-agriculture/|title=10 influential African women in agriculture|date=29 April 2015}}</ref> |- |2014 |Fellow, African Academy of Sciences |The African Academy of Sciences fellowships is awarded to scientists who have excelled in their respective fields of expertise. |- |2011 |TWAS Prize for Agricultural Sciences<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://twas.org/article/twas-announces-2011-prize-winners|title=TWAS Announces 2011 Prize Winners|work=TWAS|date=21 November 2011|language=en|accessdate=2017-09-21}}</ref> |The TWAS Prizes are awarded to individual scientists from developing countries in recognition of an outstanding contribution to scientific knowledge. |- |2006 |Friendship Award granted by the People's Republic of China<ref name=":0" /> |The Award is the People's Republic of China's highest award for "foreign experts who have made outstanding contributions to the country's economic and social progress. |- |date |Outstanding Scientist of the Year<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.icipe.org/about_team/governing-council/dr-segenet-kelemu-2|title=Dr Segenet Kelemu - icipe - International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology|work=www.icipe.org}}</ref> |Awarded by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) |} == Maisha ya kibinafsi == Segenet Kelemu aliolewa na Arjan Gijsman, ambaye alifariki mnamo Juni mwaka wa 2021, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Arjan Gijsman|url=https://dssat.net/5024/|work=DSSAT|date=13 June 2022|accessdate=6 May 2023}}</ref> na ana mtoto wa kike anayeitwa Finote Gijsman. Anaishi Nairobi. Anafurahia kusoma wasifu. == Marejeo == {{Commons category|Segenet Kelemu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:wanabiolojia wa Ethiopia]] bj1tcoj762zkecnhtvpcohop6qx5kay 0 227426 1599099 1503763 2026-09-23T08:22:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599099 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Clando '''ni filamu ya drama ya [[1996]] kutoka Kamerun iliyoongozwa na Jean-Marie Teno. <ref>{{Cite web|title=California Newsreel - CLANDO|url=https://newsreel.org/video/CLANDO|work=newsreel.org|accessdate=2026-04-09}}</ref> Hapo awali filamu hii ilianzishwa mjini Douala, inayoelezea maisha ya Anatole Sobgui (iliyoigizwa na Paulin Fodouop), <ref>{{Citation|title=CLANDO (1996)|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7eda4ad3|work=BFI|language=en|access-date=2026-04-09|archive-date=2018-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717183716/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7eda4ad3|url-status=dead}}</ref> mwanamume ambaye anayepoteza kazi yake kama mtaalamu  wa kompyuta na kuanza kufanya kazi kama dereva wa teksi asiyo rasmi (au 'clando'). Anakamatwa na kuteswa na utawala mbovu kwa kuchapisha vipeperushi vya kuipinga serikali na anateswa. Kutokana na mates ohayo, anapata madhara ya kisaikolojia na kimwili (ikiwemo kupoteza uwezo wa kimapenzi),hali inayosababisha  maisha yake kuanza kuzorota kwa  haraka. Anahamia Cologne kutafuta mtoto wa mwajiri wake wa zamani, aitwaye Chamba. Akiwa huko, anaingia  katika mapenzi na mwanamke ambaye ni   mwanaharakati wa kisiasa wa ndani anayeitwa Irene, ambaye anamshawishi kurudi nyumbani Kamerun. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=dzl6e6EL98oC&redir_esc=y|title=GEO/GRAPHIES: Mapping the Imagination in French and Francophone Literature and Film|last=Henry|first=Freeman G.|date=2003|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=978-90-420-1154-0|language=en}}</ref> Clando ilikuwa filamu ya kwanza ya ndef uyenye kipengele cha Teno. Inaangazia maswala kuhusu uhamiaji na ghasia za kisiasa nchini Kamerun, na kukosoa vikali uongozi wa kimabavu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=News Center {{!}} University of Rochester|url=https://www.rochester.edu/newscenter/|work=News Center|accessdate=2026-04-09|language=en-US|author=News Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent|work=www.tandfonline.com|accessdate=2026-04-09|doi=10.1080/19301944.2011.10781411}}</ref> == Wahusika== * Anatole Sobgui - Paulin Fodouop * Madeleine Sobgui - Henriette Fenda * Irene - Caroline Redl * Chamba Rigobert - Joseph Momo * Tchobe - Guillaume Nana == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Haki za binadamu]] [[Jamii:Filamu za 1996]] [[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]] d7rypz6frx9wes9ekgyosp4sud8oyv3 0 228302 1599083 1509458 2026-09-23T06:38:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Chinwe Obaji|image=|caption=|office1=Federal Minister of Education|predecessor1=[[Fabian Osuji]]|successor1=[[Obiageli Ezekwesili]]|birth_date=|birth_place=|death_date=|death_place=|party=[[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party]] (PDP)}} '''Chinwe Obaji''' ni mwanamke mwenye taaluma ya mhadhiri wa elimu ya juu, mwalimu na msimamizi wa elimu ambaye alichaguliwa kuongoza [https://education.gov.ng/ Wizara ya Elimu ya Shirikisho la Nigeria] kwenye tarehe Juni 2005 kama Waziri akarithiwa wadhifa hiyo mwaka mmoja baadaye na [[Oby Ezekwesili|Obiageli Ezekwesili]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.nigerianmuse.com/20090603012051zg/nigeriawatch/education/education-10-ministers-10-years-of-democracy|work=The Guardian|date=May 28, 2009|title=Education: 10 ministers, 10 years of democracy|author=Rotimi Lawrence Oyekanmi|accessdate=2009-10-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124082158/http://www.nigerianmuse.com/20090603012051zg/nigeriawatch/education/education-10-ministers-10-years-of-democracy|archivedate=November 24, 2009}}</ref> == Mandharinyuma == Chinwe Obaji alizaliwa eno la Ezinihitte-Mbaise katika [[Jimbo la Imo]], huko nchi ya [[Nigeria]]. Alihitimu masomo ya chuoni kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Nigeria, Nsukka mwaka 1975. Kuanzia mwaka 1980 alikuwa na nafasi ya mhadhiri na msimamizi kwenye Chuo cha Kilimo cha Michael Okpara, Umuagwo, [[Jimbo la Imo]] ndani ya nchi [[Nigeria]] . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Nigeria: School Erupts in Celebration At Nomination of Lecturer As Minister|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200504150011.html|author=Vanguard|date=April 15, 2005|work=|accessdate=May 27, 2020}}</ref> == Nafasi ya Waziri == Obaji alishika wadhifa ya Waziri wa kwanza wa elimu mwanamke nchini huko Nigeria. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Team|first=N. N. L.|title=Interview With Prof Chinwe Obaji: WHY SOME NIGERIANS ARE HOSTILE TO BUHARI.....Prof Obaji|url=https://nigeriannewsleader.com/index.php/interviews-opinion/interview-with-prof-chinwe-obaji-why-some-nigerians-are-hostile-to-buhari-prof-obaji|accessdate=2020-11-08|work=nigeriannewsleader.com|language=en-gb}}</ref> Akiwa Waziri wa Elimu, alifanya jitihada za kuibua Idara ya Ukaguzi ya Wizara ya Elimu ya Shirikisho. Aliweka hai mradi wa mlo mmoja kwa siku kwenye baadhi ya shule za msingi za majaribio kote nchini. <ref name="muse">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.nigerianmuse.com/20090603012051zg/nigeriawatch/education/education-10-ministers-10-years-of-democracy|work=The Guardian|date=May 28, 2009|title=Education: 10 ministers, 10 years of democracy|author=Rotimi Lawrence Oyekanmi|accessdate=2009-10-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124082158/http://www.nigerianmuse.com/20090603012051zg/nigeriawatch/education/education-10-ministers-10-years-of-democracy|archivedate=November 24, 2009}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRotimi_Lawrence_Oyekanmi2009">Rotimi Lawrence Oyekanmi (May 28, 2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20091124082158/http://www.nigerianmuse.com/20090603012051zg/nigeriawatch/education/education-10-ministers-10-years-of-democracy "Education: 10 ministers, 10 years of democracy"]. ''The Guardian''. Archived from [http://www.nigerianmuse.com/20090603012051zg/nigeriawatch/education/education-10-ministers-10-years-of-democracy the original] on November 24, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-12</span></span>.</cite></ref> Alitoa agizo kwamba Vyuo Vikuu vinatakiwa kusimamia Mtihani wa Matriculation wa Baada ya Chuo Kikuu kwa wanafunzi watakaochaguliwa kwenye juhudi za kuepuka au kuruka ufanisi wa Bodi ya Udahili na Matriculation ya Pamoja (JAMB). Ilikua ni kwa ajili ya kuunga mkono agizo lake. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20180704083740179|title=Confusion prevails over post-matric exam announcement|work=University World News|accessdate=2020-02-03}}</ref> Pamoja na hayo, kuliibuka na utata juu ya ada zinazotozwa na vyuo vikuu kwa lengo la ya mtihani huo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.modernghana.com/print/224275/1/amaechi-the-open-fraud-called-post-ume-test.html|title=Amaechi & The Open Fraud Called "Post-UME" Test|author=Odimegwu Onwumere|publisher=Modern Ghana News|date=June 27, 2009|accessdate=2009-10-12}}</ref> Kwenye mkutano wa mnamo Oktoba 2005 kati ya Wizara ya Elimu ya Shirikisho, Tume ya Vyuo Vikuu vya Kitaifa (NUC) na Bodi ya Udahili na Matriculation, wakakubali kwa kauli moja kuweka rasmi ada ya mtihani kuwa N1,000. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://groups.yahoo.com/group/Naija-news/message/3873|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130209191602/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Naija-news/message/3873|archivedate=February 9, 2013|title=As varsities win screening battle, Education minister says it's a unanimous decision|author=Emmanuel Edukugho|date=October 27, 2005|publisher=Vanguard|accessdate=2009-10-13}}</ref> Kwenye kujibu maswali kwenye Baraza la Wawakilishi mwaka Novemba 2005, Obaji alielezea kwamba chuo kikuu chochote kilichokusanya zaidi ya N1,000 kutoka kwa wagombea wanaotaka udahili baada ya uchunguzi wa baada ya JAMB kilieda kinyume na agizo lake. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-138845508.html|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130122104540/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-138845508.html|archivedate=January 22, 2013|title=Post Jamb Test: Fees Beyond N1,000 Illegal - Minister.|publisher=This Day|date=November 15, 2005|author=Donald Andoor|accessdate=2009-10-12}}</ref> Baraza la Wawakilishi huko mbeleni lilifuta agizo hilo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://nigeriaworld.com/articles/2006/feb/033.html|title=CHINWE OBAJI'S LEGACY|author=Atâyi-Babs Ezekiel Opaluwah|date=February 3, 2006|publisher=NigeriaWorld|accessdate=2009-10-12|archive-date=2011-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716031504/http://nigeriaworld.com/articles/2006/feb/033.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kwenye tarehe Aprili 2006, Chinwe Obaji alielezea mageuzi ya muundo wa mfumo wa elimu ya msingi ili kuweka sawa kwamba kila mtoto wa Nigeria angalau anapata elimu ya shule ya msingi. Serikali ilianzisha mfumo wa kupambana na wazazi ambao hawataki kuandikisha watoto wao shuleni, na ikaanza kwa kuajiri walimu 40,000 kwa jamii za vijijini. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.wes.org/ewenr/06jun/africa.htm|title=Universal Basic Education System Altered|date=April 27, 2006|publisher=Vanguard|accessdate=2009-10-12|archive-date=2009-09-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904065750/http://www.wes.org/ewenr/06jun/africa.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alisema kwamba mpango wa Elimu ya Msingi kwa Wote (UBE) ulikus na lego la kuimarisha "upatikanaji wa bila kipingamizi wa elimu ya msingi bora kwa watoto, hasa kwa mtoto wa kike". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/migrants/pom2006_101-suppl/rc_pc_migrants_pom101-suppl_migraz-ebegbulem.html|title=People on the Move: MIGRATION AND PROSTITUTION AMONG WOMEN FROM COUNTRIES OF ISLAMIC MAJORITY|date=August 2006|author=Sr. Patricia EBEGBULEM|publisher=Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant People|accessdate=2009-10-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020212731/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/migrants/pom2006_101-suppl/rc_pc_migrants_pom101-suppl_migraz-ebegbulem.html|archivedate=2012-10-20}}</ref> == Nafasi zinazofuata == Dkt. Chinwe Obaji alichaguliwa kuwa nafasi ya Profesa wa Elimu ya Kimataifa kwenye Chuo cha Voorhees ndani ya nchi ya [[Marekani]] kuanzia mnamo wa 2007. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.cipaco.org/spip.php?article1159|title=Obaji Preaches IT Education in Nigerian Universities|author=Efem Nkanga|date=2007|publisher=This Day|accessdate=2009-10-12|archivedate=2009-06-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607223234/http://www.cipaco.org/spip.php?article1159}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Waigbo]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ryiqakds1v8qo29io3zv1mi6yi2asi2 0 228811 1598882 1560732 2026-09-22T23:36:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598882 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Angeline Murimirwa''' ni mwanaharakati wa [[ufeministi]] kutoka [[Zimbabwe]], ambaye kwa sasa ni Afisa Mtendaji Mkuu wa CAMFED barani [[Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://camfed.org/about/team/#angeline-murimirwa|title=Our team – CAMFED|website=camfed.org|access-date=3 Januari 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=25 Oktoba 2023|title=The story of Angeline (Angie) Murimirwa|url=https://camfed.org/angie-murimirwa-story/|access-date=6 Julai 2025}}</ref> Mwaka [[2025]], Murimirwa aliorodheshwa katika orodha ya TIME100 ya watu 100 wenye ushawishi mkubwa zaidi duniani.<ref>{{cite web|title=TIME100: The most influential people of 2025|url=https://time.com/collections/100-most-influential-people-2025/|website=TIME|access-date=9 Machi 2026}}</ref> == Kazi == Murimirwa alizaliwa mwaka 1980<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Satish|date=22 Aprili 2025|title=Angeline Murimirwa: Biography, Age, Career, Family, Awards|url=https://leaderbiography.com/angeline-murimirwa/|access-date=6 Julai 2025}}</ref> na alikulia katika kijiji cha Denhere, maeneo ya vijijini nchini Zimbabwe. Akiwa mtoto, alikumbana na changamoto za umasikini ambazo zilihatarisha elimu yake, lakini baadaye akapata ufadhili wa masomo kupitia shirika la CAMFED. Katika miaka ya 1990, Murimirwa alikuwa miongoni mwa wasichana wa kwanza kunufaika na mpango wa ufadhili wa CAMFED uliolenga kusaidia elimu ya sekondari kwa wasichana wa vijijini. Msaada huo ulijumuisha ada za shule, sare, viatu na vifaa vya masomo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newzimbabwe.com/health/healthandcommunity.aspx?newsid=37333|title=How one advocate uses her own story to build trust in girls' education|publisher=New Zimbabwe|date=23 Mei 2017|accessdate=2026-04-17|archive-date=2017-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224101526/http://www.newzimbabwe.com/health/healthandcommunity.aspx?newsid=37333|url-status=dead}}</ref> Baada ya kumaliza masomo yake, Murimirwa alijikita katika kazi za maendeleo ya jamii na baadaye akajiunga na CAMFED kama kiongozi. Alipanda ngazi hadi kuwa Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa kikanda wa Afrika Kusini na Mashariki, kabla ya kuteuliwa kuwa Afisa Mtendaji Mkuu wa CAMFED Afrika. Mwaka [[1998]], Murimirwa alisaidia kuanzishwa kwa CAMFED Association (CAMA), mtandao wa wanawake waliowahi kufadhiliwa na CAMFED. Mtandao huo ulianza na wanachama wachache lakini umeongezeka hadi zaidi ya wanawake 312,747 kufikia mwaka 2025.<ref>{{cite web|title=CAMFED Annual Review 2024|url=https://d3oeq7ualzufq.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/05145031/camfed_annual_review_2024.pdf|publisher=CAMFED|access-date=9 Machi 2026}}</ref> Kupitia CAMA, wanawake vijana hupewa mafunzo ya uongozi, ujasiriamali na uhamasishaji wa elimu katika jamii zao, na hivyo kuwa mabalozi wa mabadiliko katika maeneo yao. Murimirwa amewahi kuzungumza katika majukwaa mbalimbali ya kimataifa, yakiwemo Global Exchange ([[2005]]), ambapo alijadili umuhimu wa uwezeshaji wa wanawake. Mwaka [[2006]] alitunukiwa tuzo ya *Women's Creativity in Rural Life* na Women's World Summit Foundation kutokana na mchango wake katika maendeleo ya wanawake vijijini.<ref name="CIN">{{cite web|url=http://www.comminit.com/content/angeline-murimirwa-regional-executive-director-southern-africa-camfed-dfid-girl-summit-2|title=Angeline Murimirwa – CAMFED|publisher=Communication Initiative Network|accessdate=2026-04-17|archive-date=2024-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126171921/http://www.comminit.com/content/angeline-murimirwa-regional-executive-director-southern-africa-camfed-dfid-girl-summit-2|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mwaka [[2009]], alitajwa katika kitabu maarufu cha ''Half the Sky'' cha Sheryl WuDunn na Nicholas Kristof, ambacho kinachambua changamoto za wanawake duniani na uwezo wao wa kubadilisha jamii. Mwaka 2014, alishiriki katika hafla ya kimataifa pamoja na [[Michelle Obama]], ambapo alisisitiza umuhimu wa elimu ya wasichana kama njia ya kupunguza umaskini na kuleta usawa wa kijinsia. Mwaka 2016, alihudhuria tukio la CAMFED ambapo aliyekuwa Waziri Mkuu wa Australia, [[Julia Gillard]], alikubali kuwa msaidizi (patron) wa shirika hilo. Murimirwa alisisitiza kuwa suluhisho la elimu linapaswa kujengwa kwa kuzingatia mazingira ya ndani ya jamii. Mwaka [[2017]], aliorodheshwa katika BBC 100 Women kama mmoja wa wanawake 100 wenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.<ref>{{cite web|title=BBC 100 Women 2017|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-41380265|website=BBC}}</ref> Pia alitunukiwa tuzo ya *Diamond Ball Honors Award* na Clara Lionel Foundation, ambapo alitoa hotuba kuhusu safari yake kutoka umasikini hadi uongozi wa kimataifa. Mwaka [[2018]], alikutana na Prince Harry wakati wa ziara ya kifalme nchini Zambia kujadili maendeleo ya elimu ya wasichana. Mwaka [[2019]], alitoa TED Talk yenye kichwa *“How repaying loans with social service transforms communities”*, akieleza jinsi huduma kwa jamii inavyoweza kubadilisha maisha ya vijana. Mwaka [[2020]], alitunukiwa Yidan Prize for Education Development kwa mchango wake katika kukuza elimu ya wasichana barani Afrika. Mwaka [[2023]], alitoa TED Talk ya pili yenye mada *“School is just the start. Here's how to help girls succeed for life”*, akisisitiza kuwa elimu ya darasani pekee haitoshi bila msaada wa kijamii. Mwaka 2024, Murimirwa alishinda Africa Education Medal kwa kutambuliwa kama kiongozi anayebadilisha sekta ya elimu barani Afrika kupitia kazi yake na CAMFED. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Zimbabwe]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Zimbabwe]] o42v5a68q79shn5vn9x01u00svmgzqn 0 229738 1598908 1544346 2026-09-23T01:04:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598908 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mary Asombang Asaba''' (amezaliwa Muea, [[Buea]], 7 Julai 1992), anayejulikana kitaaluma kama '''Asaba''' ni mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo, mwimbaji wa sauti na muuguzi mtaalamu kutoka [[Kamerun]]. == Wasifu == Asaba anatoka katika wilaya ya Lebialem, hasa kutoka kabila la Bangwa katika Mkoa wa Kusini-Magharibi wa Cameroon. Alizaliwa tarehe 7 Julai 1992 huko Muea, katika wilaya ya Buea. Alilelewa na mama yake pekee. Wakati wa masomo yake ya shule ya msingi na sekondari, alipata majina ya utani kama Choir Mistress, Bagis, Delta State, DJ Christina, na mengineyo, kutokana na uwezo wake wa kuburudisha watu. Kadiri alivyokua, alipata msukumo kutoka kwa wasanii kama Charlotte Dipanda, Whitney Houston, Adele, Simi, Andra Day na Asa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afro-pop artiste, Asaba, taking music industry by storm |url=[https://theguardianpostcameroon.com/post/1172/en/afro-pop-artiste-asaba-taking-music-industry-storm](https://theguardianpostcameroon.com/post/1172/en/afro-pop-artiste-asaba-taking-music-industry-storm) |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Afro-pop artiste, Asaba, taking music industry by storm |language=en}}</ref> Mwaka 2018, Asaba alipata stashahada ya uuguzi iliyosajiliwa kiserikali katika Taasisi ya Chuo Kikuu cha Biaka huko Buea. Baada ya masomo yake, alihamia Yaoundé kwa mafunzo ya vitendo katika Hospitali Kuu ya Yaoundé, ambapo alifanya kazi kwa miezi nane. Baadaye aliajiriwa katika kampuni ya afya na usalama kazini iitwayo Noiia LTD huko Limbe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Asombang Asaba (Asaba) |url=[https://africabokutalent.org/directory/talent/mary-asombang-asaba-asaba/](https://africabokutalent.org/directory/talent/mary-asombang-asaba-asaba/) |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=africabokutalent.org |language=en}}</ref> {{citation needed|date=Septemba 2023}} == Kazi == Mwaka 2007, alitambulishwa katika lebo ya muziki ya Trackzone Records kama mwimbaji wa nyimbo za injili. Huko alikutana na Daphne, Martin Dachristo na wengineo.{{citation needed|date=Septemba 2023}} Mwaka 2009, DJ Subzee, mmiliki wa TrackZone Records, alimtambulisha katika M1 Studios, ambako alianza kuimarisha taaluma yake ya muziki. Huko alikutana na wasanii kama Emile Ngomba, Salatiel, Mr Leo, Adelle Clarice na Myra Davida.<ref>{{Cite web |last=E |first=George |date=2022-09-21 |title=Artiste Profile: Asaba's Biography, Career & Personal Life |url=[https://enowdigital.com/artiste-profile-asabas-biography-career-personal-life/](https://enowdigital.com/artiste-profile-asabas-biography-career-personal-life/) |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=eNow Digital |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mwezi Novemba 2016, alishiriki katika wimbo wa mada wa Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika kwa Wanawake ulioitwa ''We Are Champions'' pamoja na Salatiel, Mr Leo, Daphne, Mink's na wengineo kuunga mkono timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Cameroon.{{citation needed|date=Septemba 2023}} Mwaka 2016, alishiriki pia katika mradi wa uhamasishaji kuhusu virusi vya Ebola uitwao ''We Do It For Africa'' kwa heshima ya waliopoteza maisha na watoto waliobaki yatima kutokana na janga hilo. Mwezi Septemba 2020, taaluma yake ya muziki ilipata mwelekeo mpya aliposaini mkataba na Starfish Entertainment, kampuni ya burudani ya Cameroon yenye makao Uingereza inayojihusisha na usimamizi wa wasanii. Mwezi mmoja baada ya kusaini mkataba huo, alitoa video yake ya kwanza ya muziki iitwayo ''Yele''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afro-pop artiste, Asaba, taking music industry by storm |url=[https://theguardianpostcameroon.com/post/1172/en/afro-pop-artiste-asaba-taking-music-industry-storm](https://theguardianpostcameroon.com/post/1172/en/afro-pop-artiste-asaba-taking-music-industry-storm) |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Afro-pop artiste, Asaba, taking music industry by storm |language=en}}</ref> Aprili 2022, Asaba alishinda tuzo yake ya kwanza katika Urban Jamz Awards katika kipengele cha Utendaji Bora wa Sauti (Mwanamke). Aliteuliwa pamoja na Charlotte Dipanda, Darina Victry na Rinyu.{{citation needed|date=Septemba 2023}} Agosti 2022, alitoa EP yake ya kwanza iitwayo ''Lighter'', yenye nyimbo 9 na ushirikiano na wasanii kama Mr Leo, Locko, Kameni, Mic Monsta na Cleo Grae.{{citation needed|date=Septemba 2023}} == Diskografia == === EP === * '''Lighter''' (Starfish Entertainment) (2022) # ''Lighter'' # ''Calling'' # ''For You'' # ''Love'' # ''Charge'' (akimshirikisha Mr Leo) # ''Dilemma'' (akimshirikisha Locko) # ''One Love'' (akimshirikisha Kameni) # ''The Fingers'' (akimshirikisha Mic Monsta) # ''Eyes on the Prize'' (akimshirikisha Cleo Grae) === Singo === * 2021: ''Big Dreams'' * 2021: ''Ten Years'' * 2021: ''Yele'' * 2021: ''Dodokido'' === Ushirikiano === * 2022: ''Charger'' akimshirikisha Mr Leo * 2022: ''Dilemma'' akimshirikisha Locko * 2022: ''One Love'' akimshirikisha Kameni * 2022: ''Les Doigts'' akimshirikisha Mic Monsta * 2022: ''Eyes on the Prize'' akimshirikisha Cleo Grae == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Afrika}} {{BD|1992|}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Kamerun]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kamerun]] 80nlsthp52kcf6xwgcjgu1f3rc3yp66 0 232232 1599215 1534182 2026-09-23T10:13:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2 | jina = Davina | picha = | maelezo = | background = solo_singer | jina la kuzaliwa = Davina Bussey | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1965|03|18}} | chimbuko = [[Detroit, Michigan]], Marekani | aina ya muziki = * [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] * [[hip hop music|Hip Hop]] * [[house music|House]] * [[Neo Soul]] | kazi yake = * Mwimbaji * mwanamuziki * mtayarishaji wa rekodi * mtunzi wa nyimbo | miaka ya kazi = 1984–sasa | studio = Nocturnal Images, [[Loud Records]], Soul Line Associates | ameshirikiana na = | wavuti = }} '''Davina''' (alizaliwa kama '''Davina Bussey'''<ref name="amg-bio">{{cite web |url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p69011|pure_url=yes}} |title=Davina (Biography) |accessdate=2007-02-23 |last=Harris |first=Craig |work=[[Allmusic]] |publisher=All Media Guide}}</ref>) ni mwimbaji na mwanamuziki wa Marekani wa miondoko ya [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]]. Alikulia mjini [[Detroit, Michigan]], akaendesha lebo yake mwenyewe ya muziki wa kuchezeka na kufanya kazi kama injinia wa sauti kabla ya kusaini mkataba na [[Loud Records]].<ref name="peeps1">{{cite web |url=http://www.peeps.com/davina/bio.html |title=Davina – bio |accessdate=2007-02-23 |work=Peeps Republic |publisher=GetMusic |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19990203114106/http://www.peeps.com/davina/ |archivedate=February 3, 1999 }}</ref><ref name="peeps2">{{cite web |url=http://www.peeps.com/bhm/index_d.html |title=Black History Month Exclusive |accessdate=2007-02-23 |date=February 18, 1998 |last=Carter |first=Karl |work=Peeps Republic |publisher=GetMusic |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19990203114106/http://www.peeps.com/davina/ |archivedate=February 3, 1999 }}</ref> Wimbo wake wa mwaka 1997 "So Good" ulitumika kama kibwagizo cha filamu ya ''[[Hoodlum (filamu)|Hoodlum]]''. [[Raekwon]] kutoka kundi la [[Wu-Tang Clan]] na [[Xzibit]] walitokea kwenye matoleo ya [[remix]] ya wimbo huo. Albamu yake ya ''[[Best of Both Worlds (albamu ya Davina)|Best of Both Worlds]]'' (1998) ilishika nafasi ya 180 kwenye chati ya Marekani ya [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] na nafasi ya 34 kwenye chati ya [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]] chart. Nyimbo mbili kati ya tatu zilizotolewa kutoka kwenye albamu hiyo ziliingia kwenye chati za [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] na [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]]. == Diskografia == === Albamu === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- !rowspan="2"| Mwaka !rowspan="2"| Jina !colspan="2"| Nafasi kwenye chati |- ! <small>[[Billboard 200|US]]</small> ! <small>[[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|US<br>R&B/HH]]</small><br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f%5B0%5D=ts_chart_artistname%3ADavina&f%5B1%5D=itm_field_chart_id%3A333&f%5B2%5D=ss_bb_type%3Achart_item&type=2&artist=Davina|title=Chart Search – Davina|publisher=[[Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums]] for Davina|accessdate=May 7, 2017}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |1998 ! scope="row"| ''[[Best of Both Worlds (albamu ya Davina)|Best of Both Worlds]]'' *Ilitolewa: Aprili 7, 1998 *Lebo: [[Loud Records|Loud]] / [[RCA Records|RCA]] |align="center"|180 |align="center"|34 |- |2007 ! scope="row"| ''[[Return to Soul Vol 1]]'' *Ilitolewa: Juni 29 au Desemba 16, 2007 *Lebo: Soul line Associates |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |} === Nyimbo (Singles) === * "Build Me Up (Buttercup)", 1984 * "Can't Stop Rockin'", 1984 * "Rock, Shake And Roll", 1986 * "If You're Single", 1987 * "Don't You Want It", 1992 * "Love & Happiness EP", 1993 * "Let Me Be Me", 1993 * "[[So Good (wimbo wa Davina)|So Good]]", 1997 * "[[Come Over to My Place]]", 1998 * "I Can't Help It", 1998 * "Sweet Thang", 2017 == Marejeo == <references/> == Viungo vya nje == * {{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p69011|label=Davina}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050907080146/http://www.loud.com/davina/davina.html Loud Records: Davina] (imehifadhiwa) {{BD|1965}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Davina}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] im5o4wi11epb383fe6pi6rfjfc09erx 0 232413 1599101 1537716 2026-09-23T08:26:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599101 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Claude Albert Mbourounot''' ni kocha wa soka kutoka [[Gabon]] ambaye kwa sasa anaiongoza [[timu]] ya taifa ya Gabon ya vijana walio chini ya miaka 23. Mwaka 2011, aliiwezesha timu hiyo kushinda [[mashindano]] ya CAF U-23 Championship 2011, na hivyo kuipeleka Gabon kushiriki kwa mara ya kwanza katika Olympics 2012 London iliyofanyika [[London]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=FIFA.com - Unlikely Gabon lead trio to London|url=http://www.fifa.com/mensolympic/news/newsid=1555744/|work=www.fifa.com|accessdate=2026-05-07|language=en|author=FIFA.com|archive-date=2015-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122201440/http://www.fifa.com/mensolympic/news/newsid=1555744/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mbali na kuwa kocha wa U-23, Mbourounot pia ni mkurugenzi wa ufundi wa Shirikisho la Soka la Gabon. Hapo awali, pia aliwahi kuwa kocha wa timu ya taifa ya wakubwa ya Gabon mwaka 2003. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]] 695o2f9xzqzppvq21xqasd35y83wn8u 0 232990 1598841 1538825 2026-09-22T21:08:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598841 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aicha Konate''' (alizaliwa Agosti 12, 1984) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kike kutoka [[Mali]]. Ameweka historia ya kuwa mwanachama wa timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Mali.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wayback Machine|url=http://www.cafonline.com/userfiles/file/Comp/AWC2010/List_Players_AWC2010.pdf|work=www.cafonline.com|accessdate=2026-05-09}}</ref> == Kazi ya Kimataifa == Konate aliwakilisha Mali katika kiwango cha juu wakati wa Tuzo ya [[Afrika]] ya Wanawake 2006 (2006 African Women's Championship).<ref>{{Cite web|title=FIFA.com|url=http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=521/edition=247808/matches/match=55513/report.html|work=www.fifa.com|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=en|author=FIFA.com|archive-date=2012-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615082509/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=521/edition=247808/matches/match=55513/report.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Mali]] 1a2e1yvher5d5gvpl3no7jjzi4dt4fi 0 233224 1599052 1539310 2026-09-23T04:10:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599052 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Boucader Diallo''' (alizaliwa Septemba 14, 1984) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka kutoka Mali. == Maisha ya Kazi == Diallo alianza kazi yake ya [[soka]] akiwa na klabu ya Stade Malien. Mnamo Desemba 2008, alisaini mkataba wa miaka minne na klabu ya Sudan Al-Merrikh SC. == Kazi ya Kimataifa == Diallo aliwakilisha Mali katika ngazi mbalimbali za vijana na [[Olimpiki]]: * [[Kombe]] la Dunia la Vijana U-17 la FIFA 2001 (2001 FIFA U-17 World Championship)<ref>{{Cite web|title=FIFA Tournaments - Players & Coaches - Boucader DIALLO|url=http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=182525/index.html|work=FIFA.com|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=en-GB}}</ref> * Timu ya U-20 ya Mali ambayo ilimaliza nafasi ya tatu katika hatua ya makundi ya Kombe la Dunia la Vijana la FIFA 2003 (2003 FIFA World Youth Championship) * Timu ya Olimpiki ya Mali 2004, iliyofika robo fainali baada ya kumaliza kilele cha Kundi A, lakini ikashindwa na Italia katika hatua iliyofuata.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Boucader Diallo Biography and Olympic Results|url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/di/boucader-diallo-1.html|work=Olympics at Sports-Football-Reference.com|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=en|archive-date=2012-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021115133/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/di/boucader-diallo-1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Mali]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] fqknx3xa3qh7itp2qwh1007ux0am34t 0 234122 1599149 1541183 2026-09-23T09:42:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Daniela Romina Bermúdez | picha = | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_halisi = | jina_la_utani = La Bonita | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1989|7|7}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Villa Gobernador Gálvez, Santa Fe Province, Argentina | utaifa = Argentina | uzito = {{plainlist| *Uzani wa Nzi Mwepesi *Uzani wa Nzi *Uzani wa Nzi Mkubwa *Uzani wa Nzi *Uzani wa Nzi Mkubwa *Uzani wa Manyoya }} | urefu = futi 5 inchi 5 | mikono = inchi 67 | mtindo = Mtindo wa kawaida | boxrec = 531832 | jumla = 40 | ushindi = 32 | KO = 12 | kupoteza = 5 | sare = 3 | hakuna mashindano = | tovuti = }} '''Daniela Romina Bermúdez''' (amezaliwa 7 Julai 1989) ni bondia wa ngumi za kulipwa kutoka nchini [[Argentina]]. Yeye ni bingwa wa zamani wa dunia katika '''daraja la uzito wa aina tatu tofauti'''. Alishikilia taji la WBO katika '''daraja la uzito wa kuku''' (''bantamweight'') kati ya mwaka 2013 na 2020, taji la WBO katika '''daraja la uzito wa nzi zaidi''' (''super-flyweight'') kuanzia 2014 hadi 2017, na taji la IBF katika '''daraja la uzito wa kuku zaidi''' (Super-bantamweight ) kati ya 2018 na 2020.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://boxrec.com/en/proboxer/531832|title=BoxRec: Daniela Romina Bermudez|website=boxrec.com|access-date=2019-12-11|archive-date=2020-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023032616/https://boxrec.com/en/proboxer/531832|url-status=dead}}</ref> Daniela ni dada mkubwa wa bingwa mwingine wa dunia wa ndondi, [[Evelyn Nazarena Bermúdez]]. == Maisha ya awali == Daniela Romina Bermúdez alizaliwa tarehe 7 Julai 1989 mjini [[Rosario, Santa Fe|Rosario]], nchini Argentina. Anatoka katika familia ya wapiganaji ambapo ndugu zake watatu kati ya watano pia ni mabondia; Roxana, Gustavo, na Evelyn ambaye ni bingwa wa dunia.<ref name="fightful.com">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.fightful.com/boxing/pair-argentine-boxers-win-world-title-fights|title=Pair Of Argentinian Boxers Win World Title Fights {{!}} Fightful Boxing|last1=Toro|first1=Carlos|date=December 31, 2018|website=www.fightful.com|language=en|access-date=2019-12-12}}</ref> Familia yao inamiliki kituo cha mazoezi ya ngumi kinachoitwa Bermúdez Boxing Club katika jiji la Santa Fe nchini Argentina.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.womenboxing.com/biog/dbermudez.htm|title=Women's Boxing: Daniela Bermudez Biography|website=www.womenboxing.com|access-date=2019-12-12}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{BD|1989}} [[Jamii:Mabondia wa Argentina]] 1e5v5qvi0j0vtf6fmgljvi7icxb9ing 0 238377 1598990 1549813 2026-09-23T02:54:58Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598990 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Harold Edward Hughes Nelson''' ([[Mei 22]], [[1871]] – [[Februari 25]], [[1948]]) alikuwa [[msanii]], [[mchoraji]] picha, mbunifu wa alama za vitabu, matangazo na stempu za posta, [[mchongaji]] wa shaba, na mhadhiri nchini [[Uingereza]]. Alitia saini kazi zake kwa herufi za kwanza N. au H.N.<ref>Luke Taylor, RE , an excellent etcher, enlisted at the first opportunity during the First World War and was killed in action.</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wachongaji wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1871]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1948]] a48br5xazch6udvg3rbxqxeo291m281 0 238648 1598991 1550260 2026-09-23T02:55:05Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598991 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sidney Herbert Sime''' ([[1865]] – [[Mei 22]], [[1941]])alikuwa [[msanii]] nchini [[Uingereza]] wa mapema karne ya 20, anayejulikana zaidi kwa kazi zake za kisanii za fantasia na kejeli, hasa michoro yake ya hadithi za mwandishi wa fantasia wa [[Eire]] [[Lord Dunsany]].<ref>[[Martin Gardner|Gardner, Martin]] (Autumn 1949), "Sidney Sime of Worplesdon", ''[[The Arkham Sampler]]'' (This article was reprinted in Gardner's 1983 book ''Order and Surprise''; Buffalo, New York: [[Prometheus Books]], pp 47-56, with an updated "Postscript".)</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1865]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1941]] 8q9i8coidmy7nma61hklj76mv2suo1m 0 239710 1598873 1555333 2026-09-22T22:56:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598873 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aminatou Djibrilla Maiga Touré''' ni [[mwanadiplomasia]] wa [[Niger]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Niger junta announces 20-minister provisional gov't|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-03/02/c_13193122.htm|work=news.xinhuanet.com|accessdate=2026-05-28|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181948/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-03/02/c_13193122.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aliwahi kuwa Balozi wa Niger nchini United States kuanzia mwaka 2006 hadi 2010. Baadaye alihudumu katika serikali ya mpito kama Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje wa Niger tangu Machi 2010. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Niger]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 2w93kmdu122czb8v2y292gu704x1qtm 0 240172 1598992 1577250 2026-09-23T02:55:12Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1598992 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Paul Sablon''' (6 Novemba 1888 – 3 Novemba 1940), ambaye baadaye alijulikana kama '''Paul Bourgeois''', alikuwa mwigizaji, mwongozaji wa filamu, mpiga picha za filamu, mwandishi na mkufunzi wa wanyama aliyezaliwa mjini [[Brussels]], [[Ubelgiji]]. Alifanya kazi katika hatua za mwanzo za tasnia ya filamu, akihusika na kampuni ya Pathé Frères barani Ulaya na [[Universal Pictures|Universal]] nchini Marekani.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2011-04-12 |title=Paul Sablon |url=[https://filmdatabase.eyefilm.nl/en/collection/film-history/person/paul-sablon](https://filmdatabase.eyefilm.nl/en/collection/film-history/person/paul-sablon) |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=DEV EYE Filmdatabase |publisher=Eye Filmmuseum |language=en}}</ref> Akiwa akifanya kazi nchini Uholanzi, Sablon alikua mpiga picha wa kawaida wa filamu za Alfred Machin, hasa katika maonesho yaliyomhusisha simbamarara aitwaye Mimir.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Engelen |first=Leen |title=ON THE TRAIL OF THE TIGRESS {{!}} Il Cinema Ritrovato Festival |url=[https://festival.ilcinemaritrovato.it/en/film/on-the-trail-of-the-tigress/](https://festival.ilcinemaritrovato.it/en/film/on-the-trail-of-the-tigress/) |access-date=2022-12-14 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Baadaye alisafiri na Circus Hagenbeck, ambako aliendeleza ujuzi wake wa kufundisha wanyama.<ref name=":0" /> Katika kipindi chake nchini Marekani, alijulikana kama mkufunzi wa wanyama, mwongozaji wa filamu aliyepata mafanikio ya kibiashara na kisanii, lakini pia alihusishwa na ulaghai na tabia zisizofaa mahali pa kazi.<ref name=":13">{{Rejea habari |last=Johnston |first=Keith |date=2021-10-03 |title=He made history as Hollywood's first animal trainer. Then he scammed L.A. with 'iceless ice' |language=en-US |website=Los Angeles Times |url=[https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2021-10-03/hollywood-animal-trainer-paul-bourgeois-los-angeles-iceless-ice-scam](https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2021-10-03/hollywood-animal-trainer-paul-bourgeois-los-angeles-iceless-ice-scam) |access-date=2022-11-25}}</ref> Mwaka 1915, Bourgeois na mke wake, mwigizaji Rosita Marstini, walifika Hollywood baada ya kufanya kazi na wanyama katika majimbo ya New York na New Jersey.<ref name=":13" /> Kati ya mwaka 1915 na 1916 alikuwa mkufunzi mkuu wa wanyama na msimamizi wa Universal City Zoo.<ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Motion Picture News (Nov-Dec 1916) - Lantern |url=[https://lantern.mediahist.org/catalog/motionpicturenew14moti_4_0251](https://lantern.mediahist.org/catalog/motionpicturenew14moti_4_0251) |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=lantern.mediahist.org }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mwaka 1916 aliwahadaa wawekezaji kupitia mradi wa uwanja wa kutelezea kwenye barafu na baadaye akatorokea Arizona akiwa na fedha hizo pamoja na katibu wake wa miaka 19.<ref name=":13" /> Aliishi kwa vipindi nchini Kanada na Marekani, lakini alifariki katika nchi yake ya Ubelgiji.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":13" /> == Filamu alizoshiriki == === Kama mwigizaji === * 1912: ''Het vervloekte Geld'' (''Laana ya Fedha'') * 1913: ''Beasts of the Jungle''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Silent Era : Progressive Silent Film List |url=[https://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/B/BeastsOfTheJungle1913.html](https://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/B/BeastsOfTheJungle1913.html) |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=[www.silentera.com](http://www.silentera.com) |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * 1915: ''The Prisoner of the Harem''<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |last=McMahan |first=Alison |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mqIMBAAAQBAJ&dq=%22paul+sablon%22&pg=PA270](https://books.google.com/books?id=mqIMBAAAQBAJ&dq=%22paul+sablon%22&pg=PA270) |title=Alice Guy Blaché: Lost Visionary of the Cinema |date=2014-08-22 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-5013-0269-5 |language=en}}</ref> * 1916: ''Hungry Happy’s Dream''<ref>{{cite web|title=Hungry's Happy Dream|website=ECHO (Early Cinema History Online)|access-date=December 14, 2022|url=[https://echo.commarts.wisc.edu/items/show/114363}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}](https://echo.commarts.wisc.edu/items/show/114363}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})</ref> === Kama mwongozaji au mpiga picha wa filamu barani Ulaya === * 1912: ''Babylas va se marier'' * 1912: ''L'Âme des moulins''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Paul Sablon |url=[https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba1addee8](https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba1addee8) |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20221214145728/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba1addee8](https://web.archive.org/web/20221214145728/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba1addee8) |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 14, 2022 |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=British Film Institute |language=en}}</ref> * 1912: ''Calvaire du mousse'' * 1912: ''L'Or qui brûle'' * 1912: ''De Molens die juichen en weenen'' * 1912: ''La Peinture et les cochons'' === Kama mwongozaji nchini Marekani (akitumia jina Paul Bourgeois) === * 1915: ''Joe Martin Turns 'Em Loose''<ref>{{cite web|title=Joe Martin Turns Them Loose|website=ECHO (Early Cinema History Online)|access-date=December 14, 2022|url=[https://echo.commarts.wisc.edu/items/show/97084}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}](https://echo.commarts.wisc.edu/items/show/97084}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})</ref> * 1915: ''The Tiger-Woman''<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JBIXAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22paul+Bourgois%22+animal+film&pg=RA8-PA127](https://books.google.com/books?id=JBIXAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22paul+Bourgois%22+animal+film&pg=RA8-PA127) |title=Greenroom Jottings|magazine=Motion Picture|page=127|date=1915 |publisher=Macfadden-Bartell |language=en}}</ref> * 1916: ''Nadine of Nowhere''<ref>{{cite web|title=Nadine of Nowhere|website=ECHO (Early Cinema History Online)|access-date=December 14, 2022|url=[https://echo.commarts.wisc.edu/items/show/116425}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}](https://echo.commarts.wisc.edu/items/show/116425}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})</ref> * 1916: ''The Whole Jungle Was After Him''<ref>{{cite web|title=Whole Jungle Was After Him, The|website=ECHO (Early Cinema History Online)|access-date=December 14, 2022|url=[https://echo.commarts.wisc.edu/items/show/120235}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}](https://echo.commarts.wisc.edu/items/show/120235}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})</ref> * 1916: ''On the Trail of the Tigress''<ref>{{cite web|title=On the Trail of the Tigress|website=ECHO (Early Cinema History Online)|access-date=December 14, 2022|url=[https://echo.commarts.wisc.edu/items/show/116774|archive-date=December](https://echo.commarts.wisc.edu/items/show/116774|archive-date=December) 14, 2022|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20221214173252/https://echo.commarts.wisc.edu/items/show/116774|url-status=live}}](https://web.archive.org/web/20221214173252/https://echo.commarts.wisc.edu/items/show/116774|url-status=live}})</ref> == Tazama pia == * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Donaldson |first=Geoffrey |title=Of Joy and Sorrow: A Filmography of Dutch Silent Fiction |date=1997 |publisher=Stichting Nederlands Filmmuseum |isbn=90-71338-10-X |location=Amsterdam |oclc=39197409}} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Commons category}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1888|1940}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Ubelgiji]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ubelgiji]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] 3outeasbm6mutib17nh9q7n1yvzxvkv 0 240480 1599038 1569174 2026-09-23T03:05:16Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599038 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sheria za maji''' (katika [[mamlaka]] nyingine, inatajwa kama "sheria za rasilimali ya maji") ni nyanja ya [[sheria]] inayoshughulikia umiliki, udhibiti, na matumizi ya [[maji]] kama [[rasilimali]]. Inahusiana kwa karibu zaidi na sheria ya [[Mali (uchumi)|mali]], na ni tofauti na sheria zinazosimamia [[ubora]] wa maji. == Maji yanayodhibitiwa kisheria == Maji yanapatikana kila mahali na hayaheshimu mipaka ya kisiasa. Sheria za rasilimali za maji zinaweza kutumika kwa sehemu yoyote ya [[angahewa]] ya maji ambapo madai yanaweza kutolewa ili kumiliki au kuhifadhi maji kwa ajili ya kutimiza lengo fulani. Maji hayo yanajumuisha, lakini hayazuiliwi na: * Maji ya juu ya ardhi — maziwa, mito, vijito, bahari, na ardhioevu; * Maji ya mtiririko wa juu — kwa ujumla maji yanayotiririka ardhini kutokana na mvua, mafuriko, na theluji inayoyeyuka kabla maji hayo hayajafika kwenye njia za maji, maziwa, ardhioevu, au bahari; * Maji ya chini ya ardhi — hasa maji yaliyopo kwenye vyanzo vya maji vya chini ya [[ardhi]]. == Historia == [[Faili:P1050763 Louvre code Hammurabi face rwk.JPG|thumb|Kanuni za Hammurabi, zikiwa na mojawapo ya sheria za kwanza za kisheria zinazohusiana na rasilimali za maji.]] Historia ya uhusiano wa watu na maji inaonyesha mbinu mbalimbali za usimamizi wa rasilimali za maji. "Lipit Ishtar na Ur Nammu zote zina vifungu kuhusu maji, zinatangulia Kanuni za Hammurabi kwa angalau miaka 250, na waziwazi zinatoa misingi ya kisheria ambayo juu yake Kanuni za [[Hammurabi]] zilijengwa." Kanuni za Hammurabi zilikuwa miongoni mwasheria za kwanza kabisa zilizoandikwa kushughulikia masuala ya maji, na kanuni hizi zilijumuisha usimamizi wa matumizi ya maji. Wakati kanuni hizo zilipoandikwa katika Mesopotamia ya kale, ustaarabu wa maeneo yaliyozunguka ulitegemea mito ya Tigris na Euphrates ili kuishi. Matokeo yake, viongozi walihitaji kutengeneza mifumo tata ya mifereji na umwagiliaji ili kukidhi mahitaji yao ya maji.<ref>{{Citation|last=Kornfeld|first=Itzchak E.|title=Mesopotamia: A History of Water and Law|date=2009|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9867-3_2|work=The Evolution of the Law and Politics of Water|pages=21–36|editor-last=Dellapenna|editor-first=Joseph W.|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9867-3_2|isbn=978-1-4020-9867-3|access-date=2026-06-07|editor2-last=Gupta|editor2-first=Joyeeta}}</ref> Kanuni hizo zilitengenezwa takriban miaka 3,800 iliyopita na Mfalme Hammurabi wa [[Babeli]]. == Ugumu wa haki za maji == Maji yana utata wa kipekee katika kudhibitiwa, kwa sababu sheria nyingi zimebuniwa hasa kwa ajili ya ardhi. Maji ni rasilimali inayotembea, usambazaji wake hutofautiana kulingana na mwaka, msimu, na eneo, na yanaweza kutumiwa kwa wakati mmoja na watu au taasisi nyingi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Water Law Overview – National Agricultural Law Center|url=https://nationalaglawcenter.org/overview/water-law/|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-US}}</ref> Kama ilivyo katika sheria ya mali, haki za maji zinaweza kuelezewa kama "kifungu cha vijiti" chenye shughuli nyingi zinazoweza kutenganishwa, ambazo zinaweza kuwa na viwango tofauti vya udhibiti. Kwa mfano, matumizi fulani ya maji huyaelekeza kutoka kwenye mkondo wake wa asili lakini hurudisha sehemu kubwa au yote (k.m. mitambo ya [[Umememaji|umeme wa maji]]), wakati matumizi mengine hutumia kiasi kikubwa cha kile wanachokichukua (kama vile utengenezaji wa barafu, [[kilimo]]), na mengine hutumia maji bila kuyachepusha hata kidogo (k.m. usafirishaji kwa [[mashua]]). Kila aina ya shughuli ina mahitaji yake enyewe na kithiolojia inaweza kudhibitiwa kivyake. Kuna aina kadhaa za migogoro inayoweza kujitokeza: uhaba wa jumla; uhaba katika wakati au mahali mahususi, uchepushaji wa maji unaopunguza mtiririko unaopatikana kwa wengine, vichafuzi au mabadiliko mengine (kama vile joto au utando) yanayofanya maji kutofaa kwa matumizi ya wengine, na uhitaji wa kudumisha "mtiririko wa asili" wa maji ili kulinda mfumo wa [[Ekolojia|ikolojia]] wa [[asili]]. Nadharia moja ya historia, iliyotolewa katika kitabu cha Karl August Wittfogel<ref>https://moodle2.units.it/pluginfile.php/174130/mod_resource/content/3/Wittfogel_Oriental_Despotism_1957.pdf</ref> kiitwacho ''Oriental Despotism: A Comparative'' ''Study of Total Power''<ref>https://arxiujosepserradell.cat/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/ORIENTAL-DESPOTISM-A-COMPARATIVE-STUDY-OF-TOTAL-POWER-by-KARL-AUGUST-WITTFOGEL-z-lib.org_.pdf</ref>'','' inashikilia kuwa himaya nyingi ziliundwa kuzunguka mamlaka kuu iliyodhibiti watu kwa ukiritimba wa usambazaji wa maji. Himaya ya aina hii ya majimaji hutengeneza uwezekano wa [[udikteta]], na hutumika kama onyo katika kubuni kanuni za maji. Sheria ya maji inahusisha utata katika sehemu nyingine za dunia ambapo idadi ya watu inayokua inakabiliwa na ushindani unaoongezeka juu ya rasilimali ndogo ya asili. Migogoro juu ya [[Mto|mito]], [[Maziwa ya Afrika|maziwa]], na vyanzo vya maji vya chini ya ardhi huvuka mipaka ya kitaifa. Ingawa sheria ya maji bado inadhibitiwa zaidi na nchi binafsi, kuna seti za kimataifa za sheria zilizopendekezwa kama vile Sheria za Helsinki juu ya Matumizi ya Maji ya Mito ya kimataifa na Tamko la The Hague juu ya Usalama wa Maji katika [[Karne ya 21]]. Masuala ya muda mrefu katika sheria ya maji yanajumuisha athari zinazoweza kutokea za ongezeko la [[joto]] duniani kwenye mifumo ya mvua na uvukizi; upatikanaji na gharama ya teknolojia ya kuondoa chumvi kwenye maji; udhibiti wa uchafuzi; na ukuaji wa [[ufugaji]] wa viumbe vya majini. == Mifano ya kisheria == Haki ya kisheria ya kutumia vyanzo maalum vya maji inajulikana kama haki ya [[maji]]. Kuna mifano miwili mikuu inayotumiwa kwa haki za maji. Wa kwanza ni haki za riparian, ambapo mmiliki wa ardhi iliyo karibu ana haki ya kutumia maji yaliyo kwenye mkondo ulio karibu nayo. Mfano mwingine mkuu ni ule wa ugawaji wa awali, ambapo chama cha kwanza kutumia vyanzo vya maji kina haki za kwanza juu yake, bila kujali kama mali hiyo iko karibu na chanzo cha maji.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Gopalakrishnan |first=Chennat |date=1973 |title=The Doctrine of Prior Appropriation and Its Impact on Water Development: A Critical Survey |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3485791 |journal=The American Journal of Economics and Sociology |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=61–72 |issn=0002-9246}}</ref> Mifumo ya riparian kwa ujumla ni ya kawaida zaidi katika maeneo yenye maji mengi, wakati mifumo ya ugawaji wa awali ni ya kawaida zaidi katika hali ya hewa kavu. Kwa kuwa sheria ya rasilimali za maji ni tata, maeneo mengi yana mchanganyiko wa mifano hiyo miwili. == Sheria ya maji kwa nchi == === Sheria ya kimataifa === ''Makala kuu: Haki ya maji<ref>https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Publications/FactSheet35en.pdf</ref>'' Haki ya kutumia maji ili kukidhi mahitaji ya msingi ya binadamu kwa matumizi ya kibinafsi na ya nyumbani imelindwa chini ya sheria za kimataifa za [[Haki za binadamu|haki za]] [[Haki za binadamu|binadamu]]. Inapojumuishwa katika mifumo ya kisheria ya kitaifa, haki hii huunganishwa na haki nyingine za maji ndani ya sheria pana ya maji. Haki ya binadamu ya kupata maji imetambuliwa binadamu ya kupata maji imetambuliwa katika sheria za kimataifa kupitia aina mbalimbali za nyaraka za kimataifa, ikiwa ni pamoja na mikataba ya kimataifa ya haki za binadamu, matamko na viwango vingine. Aidha, Umoja wa Mataifa ulipitisha azimio likisema kuwa nchi wanachama "inatambua haki ya kupata maji safi na salama ya kunywa na usafi wa mazingira kama haki ya binadamu ambayo ni muhimu kwa ajili ya kufurahia kikamilifu maisha na haki zote za binadamu."<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Document Viewer|url=https://docs.un.org/en/A/RES/64/292|work=docs.un.org|accessdate=2026-06-08}}</ref> Haki ya binadamu ya kupata maji inaziwekea serikali majukumu makuu ya kuhakikisha kuwa watu wanaweza kufurahia "maji ya kutosha, salama, yanayopatikana kwa urahisi, na yanayomudu gharama, bila ubaguzi". Hasa zaidi, serikali zinatarajiwa kuchukua hatua zinazofaa ili kuepuka [[Usambazaji wa maji na usafi wa mazingira nchini Kenya|usambazaji]] [[Usambazaji wa maji na usafi wa mazingira nchini Kenya|wa maji]] yaliyochafuliwa na kuhakikisha kuwa hakuna tofauti katika upatikanaji wa maji miongoni mwa raia. Leo hii, nchi zote zimeridhia angalau mkataba mmoja wa haki za binadamu ambao unatambua haki hiyo kwa uwazi au kwa njia isiyo ya moja kwa moja, na zote zimetia saini angalau tamko moja la kisiasa linalotambua haki hii. === Canada === Chini ya Sheria ya Katiba ya mwaka 1867, amlaka juu ya njia za maji imegawanywa kati ya serikali ya shirikisho na serikali za mikoa. Mamlaka ya shirikisho yanatokana na nguvu za kusimamia usafiri wa majini na meli, uvuvi, na usimamizi wa maeneo ya kaskazini, jambo ambalo limesababisha kupitishwa kwa: * Sheria ya Uvuvi, * Sheria ya Ulinzi wa Usafiri wa Majini, * Sheria ya Kuzuia Uchafuzi wa Maji ya Aktiki, * Sheria ya Bahari. Mamlaka ya mikoa yanatokana na nguvu juu ya [[mali]] na haki za kiraia, masuala ya asili ya ndani na ya kibinafsi, na usimamizi wa ardhi za Serikali. Katika Ontario, [[Quebec]], na mikoa mingine, vitanda vya maji yote yanayopitika vinamilikiwa na Serikali, kinyume na sheria ya Uingereza. Serikali zote za mikoa pia hudhibiti ubora wa maji kupitia sheria za ulinzi wa mazingira na maji ya kunywa, kama vile Sheria ya [[Maji salama|Maji Safi]] katika [[Ontario]]. === Australia === Sheria za maji nchini Australia hutofautiana kulingana na kila jimbo. Katika jimbo la New South Wales, sheria za maji husimamiwa na chombo huru cha udhibiti; ''[[Natural Resources Access Regulator]]''. === Tasmania === ''Tasmanian Water Corporation'' ilimiliki kwa lazima miundombinu yote ya usambazaji wa maji ya kunywa ambayo hapo awali ilikuwa ikisimamiwa na mabaraza ya mitaa. Sera hii haikupendwa na madiwani wote wa mitaa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Flora Fox {{!}} Water & Sewer governance, Tasmania|url=https://florafox.tumblr.com/post/3418412236/water-sewer-governance-tasmania|work=florafox.tumblr.com|accessdate=2026-06-08|language=en|archive-date=2011-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816121658/https://florafox.tumblr.com/post/3418412236/water-sewer-governance-tasmania|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Iran === Programu ya saba ya serikali ya Iran mnamo 2023-22 iliagiza kuandaa na kuanzisha ofisi mpya ya mfumo wa utawala wa rasilimali za maji uliounganishwa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://dolat.ir/detail/395982|work=dolat.ir|accessdate=2026-06-08}}</ref> === Sheria ya maji nchini Marekani === ''Makala kuu'': Sheria ya maji nchini Marekani<ref>https://www.online-pdh.com/pluginfile.php/79891/mod_resource/content/1/Water%20Law%20in%20the%20United%20States%20Rights%2C%20Regulation%2C%20and%20Reform.pdf</ref> Nchini [[Marekani|Marekani,]] kuna mifumo tata ya kisheria ya kugawanya haki za [[maji]] inayotofautiana kulingana na kanda.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Thompson |first=Olivia N. |date=2009-10 |title=Binational Water Management: Perspectives of Local Texas Officials in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region |url=https://hdl.handle.net/10877/3758 |language=en}}</ref> Mifumo hii tofauti ipo kwa sababu za kihistoria na kijiografia. Sheria ya maji inahusisha safu pana ya mada au kategoria zilizoundwa ili kutoa mfumo wa kutatua migogoro na masuala ya sera yanayohusiana na maji: * Maji ya umma: Ikiwa ni pamoja na maji ya mawimbi na njia za maji zinazopitika kwa meli. * Maji mengine ya juu ya ardhi: Kwa ujumla maji yanayotiririka katika ardhi isiyo ya umma kutokana na mvua, maji ya mafuriko, na theluji inayeyuka kabla ya maji hayo kufika kwenye njia za maji za umma. * Maji ya chini ya ardhi: Wakati mwingine huitwa maji ya chini ya ardhi. * Udhibiti wa umma wa maji: Ikiwa ni pamoja na udhibiti wa mafuriko, udhibiti wa mazingira (wa ngazi ya jimbo na shirikisho), udhibiti wa afya ya umma, na udhibiti wa uvuvi. * Mwingiliano wa haki za umma na binafsi katika maji: Hili linahusiana na yote hapo juu, na linatumia vipengele vya sheria ya utwaaji wa mali kwa manufaa ya umma na mamlaka ya kikatiba ya shirikisho ya biashara. * Sheria ya miradi ya maji: Sheria iliyoendelezwa sana kuhusu uundaji, uendeshaji, na ufadhili wa taasisi za umma na zile zinazokaribia kuwa za umma, ambazo huendesha kazi za umma za ndani za udhibiti wa mafuriko, udhibiti wa usafiri wa majini, umwagiliaji, na kuepusha [[uharibifu wa mazingira]]. * Haki za mikataba za Wamarekani Wenyeji Sheria inayosimamia mada hizi inatokana na tabaka zote za kisheria. Baadhi hutokana na kanuni za sheria za kimila ambazo zimejengeka kwa karne nyingi, na ambazo hubadilika kadiri asili ya migogoro inayowasilishwa mahakamani inavyobadilika. Kwa mfano, mbinu ya mahakama katika kushughulikia haki za wamiliki wa ardhi za kugeuza mtiririko wa maji ya juu ya ardhi imebadilika kwa kiasi kikubwa katika karne iliyopita kadiri mitazamo ya umma kuhusu ardhi na maji ilivyobadilika. Baadhi hutokana na sheria za kikanuni za majimbo. Baadhi hutokana na ruzuku za awali za umma za ardhi kwa Majimbo na kutoka katika nyaraka za uanzilishi wake. Baadhi hutokana na udhibiti wa maji wa ngazi ya jimbo, shirikisho, na mitaa kupitia mipango ya matumizi ya ardhi, afya ya umma, na kanuni nyinginezo. Makabila ya Wahindi ambao hayajatambuliwa na shirikisho hayana haki za maji. Majimbo mengi katika eneo la Midwest nchini Marekani, kama vile Wisconsin, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, na Kansas, hutumia mfumo wa sheria wa ''riparian'' linapokuja suala la rasilimali za maji.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Login - HeinOnline.org|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/login-hol?redirect_url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/mojo?%252Fmojo=&auth_token=7IXr7fypYoeEs%252BFzphEVqz8Ouf3BIpEdCWas9GV1SeY%253D&casa_token=&paywall_url=&referrer=https%253A%252F%252Fen.wikipedia.org%252F&timestamp=1780926864&url=%252FHOL%252FPage%253Flname%253DGlesner%2526public%253Dfalse%2526collection%253Djournals%2526handle%253Dhein.journals%252Fwlr1966%2526men_hide%253Dfalse%2526men_tab%253Dtoc%2526kind%253D%2526page%253D172|work=heinonline.org|accessdate=2026-06-08}}</ref> === Sheria ya maji nchini Uingereza na Wales === Makampuni binafsi yanalazimika kuchapisha kila mwaka ripoti yenye ukubwa wa kuridhisha inayotoa kiasi kinachofaa cha takwimu zinazoweza kulinganishwa kitaifa kuhusu gharama, mapato, faida, na viwango vya utendaji. Mamlaka huru ya udhibiti wa sekta ya viwanda vya maji huchanganua matokeo ya makampuni binafsi na kuweka kiwango cha [[mapato]] kinachoruhusiwa, ambacho si cha kudumu na kinachotegemea motisha. Ubinafsishaji nchini Uingereza ulichochewa na ukosefu wa uwekezaji wa kihistoria katika sekta inayohitaji rasilimali nyingi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Waste water {{!}} Water UK|url=https://www.water.org.uk/waste-water|work=www.water.org.uk|accessdate=2026-06-08}}</ref> === Sheria ya maji katika Umoja wa Ulaya === Kwa nchi zilizo ndani ya [[Umoja wa Ulaya]], maelekezo yanayohusiana na maji ni muhimu kwa usimamizi wa [[Rasilimali za maji|rasilimali za]] [[Rasilimali za maji|maji]] na viwango vya [[mazingira]] na ubora wa maji. Maelekezo muhimu yanajumuisha Maelekezo ya Maji Taka ya Mijini ya [[1992]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Urban wastewater - Environment - European Commission|url=https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/water/urban-wastewater_en|work=environment.ec.europa.eu|date=2026-05-27|accessdate=2026-06-08|language=en}}</ref> (yanayohitaji miji na manispaa nyingi kusafisha maji yao taka kufikia viwango maalum), na Maelekezo ya Mfumo wa Maji 2000/60/EC, ambayo yanahitaji mipango ya [[Rasilimali za maji|rasilimali]] [[Rasilimali za maji|za maji]] kulingana na mabonde ya mito, ikiwa ni pamoja na ushiriki wa umma kwa kuzingatia kanuni za Mkataba wa [[Aarhus]]. Tazama Watertime — muktadha wa kimataifa, Sehemu ya 2. == Tazama pia == * Sheria ya Maji Safi * Sheria ya Maji Safi [[Ontario]] * Sheria ya Ulinzi wa Maji Safi * Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States * Sheria ya mifereji ya maji * Sheria ya Mazingira * Usalama wa chakula * Utumishi wa njia zinazopitika * Haki ya kupata maji * Haki ya maji == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-sheria}} == Kusoma zaidi == == Viungo vya nje == [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Sheria]] [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:WCZ Culture]] ld11qyv8cyjhzdohgbdilfz3crpsore 0 240991 1598935 1578072 2026-09-23T02:24:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598935 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Battle of the Sacred Tree''' (Mapambano ya Mti Mtakatifu) ni filamu ya nchini [[Kenya]] ya mwaka 1995 iliyoandikwa na kuongozwa na Wanjiru Kinyanjui.<ref>{{Citation|title=The BATTLE OF THE SACRED TREE (1995)|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7e8a048e|work=BFI|language=en|access-date=2026-06-15|archive-date=2019-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102235058/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7e8a048e|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Battle of the Sacred Tree|url=https://variety.com/1995/film/reviews/the-battle-of-the-sacred-tree-1200443299/|work=Variety|date=1995-10-23|accessdate=2026-06-15|language=en-US|author=Dennis Harvey}}</ref> Katika kijiji kidogo cha [[Wakikuyu]], imani za kitamaduni za Kiafrika zinapingana na ari ya kidini ya [[Mmisionari|wamisionari]]. Hapo, mti mtakatifu ambao una ushawishi wa ajabu kwa kila mtu aliye karibu nao na ndio kiini cha maisha ya jamii hiyo. Kwa wanawake wa Kikristo, ni wazi kwamba mti huo ni ukumbusho tu wa zamani za kipagani. Mumbi, binti wa mganga wa jadi ambaye amerejea kutoka mjini akiwa na mume mnyanyasaji, anapinga uamuzi wao wa kuukata mti huo. Alinasa 'tukio lenye msisimko mkubwa zaidi la Hisia za Mti Mtakatifu' katika picha za Polaroid ambazo zilileta jamii hiyo pamoja katika furaha ya kurejesha matumaini na uponyaji. == Kisa == Filamu hii inatupa picha ya jinsi watu wa jamii fulani bado wanavyoweza kutaka kuendelea kuabudu sanamu au miungu midogo badala ya kuongoka kuwa Wakristo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Battle Of The Sacred Tree {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc.|url=https://africanfilmny.org/films/battle-of-the-sacred-tree/|accessdate=2026-06-15|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SPLA {{!}} Battle of sacred tree (The)|url=https://www.spla.pro/ficha.filme.battle-of-sacred-tree-the.225.html|work=Spla|accessdate=2026-06-15|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wambui anamrudisha binti yake kijijini kwao ili kumkimbia mume wake mnyanyasaji na asiye mwaminifu. Huko, shirika la wanawake wa Kikristo limeanzisha vita dhidi ya dawa za mitishamba za Mzee, ambapo Wambui anapata kazi, miongoni mwa mambo mengine. Lakini mti huo mtakatifu unaendelea kuwa chanzo kikuu cha migogoro. Kinyanjui anaelezea uhasama uliopo kati ya utamaduni wa Kiafrika na usasa kwa kutumia ucheshi mwingi na kejeli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0110234/|work=www.imdb.com|accessdate=2026-06-15}}</ref> == Waigizaji == * Margaret Nyacheo kama Mumbi * Catherine Kariuki * Roslynn Kimani * Titi Wainaina == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]] [[Jamii:Filamu za 1995]] [[Jamii:Filamu za Kenya]] qww100voxxzbxryru1vc9gp2keuszvm 0 243342 1598877 1583666 2026-09-22T23:14:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598877 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Andrea Lewis''' ni [[rubani]] wa kwanza [[mwanamke]] Mwafrika-Mmarekani katika [[Jeshi la anga|Jeshi la Anga]] la Kitaifa la Georgia (Georgia Air National Guard).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Georgia Air National Guard prepares to deploy its first black female pilot|url=https://www.airforcetimes.com/news/your-air-force/2019/02/07/georgia-air-national-guard-prepares-to-deploy-its-first-black-female-pilot/|work=Air Force Times|date=2019-02-08|accessdate=2026-08-03|language=en|author=Kyle Rempfer}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=E-8C JSTARS all-African American flight crew makes history|url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2510719/e-8c-jstars-all-african-american-flight-crew-makes-history/|work=Air Force|language=en-US|access-date=2026-08-03|archive-date=2021-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026082511/https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2510719/e-8c-jstars-all-african-american-flight-crew-makes-history/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lewis alijiunga na Jeshi la Anga la [[Marekani]] kama mwanajeshi wa akiba mwaka 2010. Mwaka 2014, alikubaliwa kujiunga na Kikosi cha 116 cha Udhibiti wa Anga (116th Air Control Wing). Yeye ni rubani wa ndege ya E-8C inayotumika kwa ufuatiliaji na udhibiti wa [[shughuli]] za kijeshi. Tarehe 5 Machi 2021, Lewis aliheshimiwa katika [[maonyesho]] yaliyoitwa "Women in the Air Force", yaliyolenga kuonyesha historia ya wanawake na mchango wao katika Jeshi la Anga la Marekani. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanajeshi wa Marekani]] 1stkfvyv144774uangw87w8zy19t7s0 0 244328 1598856 1586183 2026-09-22T22:07:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598856 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alexis Crimes''' (alizaliwa 12 Juni 1986) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira]] wa wavu wa Marekani. Aliwahi kuwa sehemu ya [[timu]] ya taifa ya wanawake ya Marekani. Alishiriki katika Mashindano ya Dunia ya FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix ya mwaka 2009. Katika ngazi ya klabu, mwaka 2009 alichezea BKS Stal Bielsko-Biała nchini [[Poland]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=FIVB|url=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldGrandPrix/2009/Team_Roster.asp?Team=USA&Tourn=WGP2009|work=www.fivb.org|accessdate=2026-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Alexis Crimes|url=http://www.teamusa.org/usa-volleyball/athletes/Alexis-Crimes|work=Team USA|language=en|access-date=2026-08-09|archive-date=2015-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227192512/http://www.teamusa.org/usa-volleyball/athletes/Alexis-Crimes|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1986]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Marekani]] adqrzn7qkh31ogoel6cgmuxwned3xal 0 244483 1599193 1586464 2026-09-23T10:03:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599193 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Daryl Joy Walters''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Marekani anayehudumu kama mjumbe wa Baraza la Wawakilishi la [[Jimbo]] la Louisiana kutoka Wilaya ya 4, akiwakilisha Parokia ya Caddo. Alianza kuhudumu katika [[nafasi]] hiyo tarehe 8 Januari 2024. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Walters ni mzaliwa wa Shreveport, Louisiana. Ana shahada ya Sanaa katika Dini na Falsafa kutoka Chuo cha Wiley, shahada ya Uzamili ya Uungu kutoka Seminari ya Kitheolojia ya Princeton, na shahada ya [[Uzamili]] ya Theolojia kutoka [[Chuo]] Kikuu cha Emory. Pia ana cheti maalumu kutoka Shule ya Kampeni za Wanawake ya Chuo Kikuu cha Yale.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Louisiana State Representative District 4 - Joy Walters|url=https://www.ktbs.com/news/arklatex-politics/vote/louisiana-state-representative/louisiana-state-representative-district-4---joy-walters/article_1a8de566-3f82-11ee-a84b-db0903d35d31.html|work=KTBS|date=2023-08-20|accessdate=2026-08-09|language=en|archive-date=2024-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202140241/https://www.ktbs.com/news/arklatex-politics/vote/louisiana-state-representative/louisiana-state-representative-district-4---joy-walters/article_1a8de566-3f82-11ee-a84b-db0903d35d31.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Marekani]] 3zj5eaeisykfpwaob8y5i9wlieqpkdf 0 244636 1599111 1586735 2026-09-23T08:48:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599111 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Condinitha “Connie” Teaberry-Lindsey''' (aliyezaliwa Agosti 15, 1970, huko St. Louis, Missouri) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa Marekani anayejulikana kwa mashindano ya kuruka juu. Aliiwakilisha Marekani katika [[Michezo]] ya Olimpiki ya mwaka 1996, ambapo alimaliza katika nafasi ya 18. Katika majaribio ya Olimpiki ya mwaka huo, aliweka rekodi yake binafsi ya kuruka mita 1.95.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Connie Teaberry Bio, Stats, and Results|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/te/connie-teaberry-1.html|work=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com|accessdate=2026-08-10|language=en|archive-date=2020-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418033553/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/te/connie-teaberry-1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kwa sasa ni Mkurugenzi wa Riadha za Masafa na Kocha wa Riadha na Michezo ya Uwanjani katika Chuo Kikuu cha Northern Illinois. Connie amewahi kuhudumu katika timu tatu za Marekani kama kocha wa kuruka kwa wanawake na mashindano ya michezo mingi: Mashindano ya NACAC ya U23 mwaka 2019 huko Querétaro, Mexico; Mashindano ya Dunia ya Ndani mwaka 2023 huko Glasgow, Scotland; na Mashindano ya Dunia ya Nje mwaka 2025 huko Tokyo, Japan. Hapo awali alishindana katika Chuo Kikuu cha Kansas State chini ya kocha Cliff Rovelto. Alifika [[fainali]] za NCAA za mashindano ya nje kwa miaka minne mfululizo, na pia alifika fainali za mashindano ya ndani mwaka 1990 na 1992. Mwaka 1996, Teaberry alikuwa kocha msaidizi wa timu ya [[riadha]] ya Toledo Rockets. Mwaka 2016, aliingizwa katika Ukumbi wa Umaarufu wa Kansas State. Pia aliwahi kushindana katika Shule ya Upili ya Lutheran High School North huko St. Louis na alianza kushindana katika kuruka juu akiwa darasa la sita.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Connie Teaberry - Director of Track and Field and Cross Country - Staff Directory|url=https://niuhuskies.com/staff-directory/connie-teaberry/129|work=NIU Athletics|accessdate=2026-08-10|language=en|archive-date=2026-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260810221732/https://niuhuskies.com/staff-directory/connie-teaberry/129|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tarehe 31 Mei 2018, Connie aliingizwa katika Ukumbi wa Umaarufu wa Michezo wa St. Louis kutokana na mafanikio yake. Connie Teaberry-Lindsey ameolewa na DeMarcus K. Lindsey. Wana watoto wawili, Kameron M. Lindsey na Kollan T. Lindsey. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1970]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Marekani]] fpwbvpppajvepzcfu65vum4juqgfrnw 0 244779 1598855 1587085 2026-09-22T22:05:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598855 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alexandra Chaves''' (amezaliwa [[9 Mei]], [[2001]]) ni mcheza densi na [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Kanada]], anayejulikana kwa nafasi yake kama Piper katika mfululizo wa Family Channel (Canadian TV network) na CBBC Television|CBBC ''The Next Step (2013 TV series)|The Next Step''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cambridgetimes.ca/community-story/3374693-mini-miss-canada/|title=Mini Miss Canada|date=July 14, 2011|work=Cambridge Times|access-date=April 7, 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cambridgetimes.ca/community-story/6311701-chaves-takes-the-next-step-with-career/|title=Chaves takes The Next Step with career|last=Doucet|first=Bill|date=February 18, 2016|website=CambridgeTimes.ca|language=en-CA|access-date=April 7, 2020|archive-date=2021-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423073032/https://www.cambridgetimes.ca/community-story/6311701-chaves-takes-the-next-step-with-career/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|2001|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] 86qqtdcwcikws1fq6xydaqsuaozetj4 0 246146 1599266 1589769 2026-09-23T11:08:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599266 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dieter von Holtzbrinck''' (Alizaliwa [[Septemba 29]], [[1941]] huko Stuttgart) ni mrithi bilionea wa himaya ya uchapishaji ya Holtzbrinck, iliyoanzishwa na baba yake Georg von Holtzbrinck (1909–1983) mwaka [[1948]]. Mwaka [[2006]], utajiri wake ulikadiriwa kuwa karibu dola bilioni 1. Alikuwa mkurugenzi wa ''Dow Jones & Co. Inc.'', hadi alipojiuzulu tarehe [[Julai 19]], [[2007]], kuonyesha kutokubaliana kwake na ununuzi wa kampuni hiyo na ''News Corp'' ya [[Rupert Murdoch]]<ref>http://www.forbes.com/finance/lists/10/2004/LIR.jhtml {{Wayback|url=http://www.forbes.com/finance/lists/10/2004/LIR.jhtml |date=20080524054809 }}?</ref>. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1941]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] onzlf3jxiribeeiqn1toqt9208g4uds 0 248865 1598931 1595165 2026-09-23T02:15:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598931 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Barbora Malíková''' (alizaliwa 30 Desemba 2001) ni mwanariadha kutoka Jamhuri ya Czech anayeshiriki katika mbio za mita 400. Alishiriki katika mashindano ya wanawake ya mita 400 kwenye Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya 2020 iliyofanyika Tokyo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Athletics MALIKOVA Barbora - Tokyo 2020 Olympics|url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/athlete-profile-n1408129-malikova-barbora.htm|work=olympics.com|accessdate=2026-09-07|language=en-us|archive-date=2021-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803072433/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/athlete-profile-n1408129-malikova-barbora.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Malíková alizaliwa Opava, Jamhuri ya Czech. Akiwa kijana, alijijengea jina katika mbio za mita 400. Mwaka 2017 alishinda medali ya fedha katika mbio za mita 400 kwenye mashindano ya Uropa kwa wanariadha walio chini ya miaka 18 yaliyofanyika Győr, Hungary. Mwaka uliofuata alishinda medali ya dhahabu katika mbio za mita 400 kwenye Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Vijana ya 2018 mjini Buenos Aires, Argentina. Mwaka 2019, Malíková alishinda medali ya fedha akiwa sehemu ya timu ya Jamhuri ya Czech katika mbio za kupokezana za mita 4 × 400 kwenye mashindano ya Ulaya yaliyofanyika Minsk. Mwaka 2020 alishinda ubingwa wa Jamhuri ya Czech katika mbio za mita 400 kwa muda wa sekunde 51.65. Katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya 2020, iliyofanyika mwaka 2021 mjini Tokyo, Malíková alishiriki katika mchujo wa mbio za mita 400 za wanawake. Alimaliza katika nafasi ya sita kwenye mchujo wake kwa muda wa sekunde 52.83 na hakufuzu kwa hatua ya nusu fainali. Kwa jumla, alimaliza katika nafasi ya 34.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Olympedia – Barbora Malíková|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/2504832|work=www.olympedia.org|accessdate=2026-09-07}}</ref> Rekodi yake binafsi katika mbio za mita 400 ni sekunde 51.23, iliyowekwa mwaka 2021. Pia amewahi kushiriki katika mbio za mita 400 za ndani na mbio za kupokezana za mita 4 × 400. Malíková anaendelea kushiriki katika riadha na ameiwakilisha Jamhuri ya Czech katika mashindano mbalimbali ya kimataifa tangu akiwa kijana. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2001]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha]] 5ivnazrn3v32mbyyr7rc6dkkm7u1y8l 0 249077 1598818 1595732 2026-09-22T19:37:05Z ~2026-51079-07 92542 Weryu 1598818 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Carol-Anne Day''' (amezaliwa [[26 Machi]], [[1966]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa sauti wa [[Kanada]].<ref>[http://www.crystalacids.com/database/person/1021/carol-anne-day/ Carol-Anne Day] at the CrystalAcids Anime Voice Actor Database</ref><ref name="MMPU">{{cite web |title=Mega Man: Powered Up (2006 Video Game) |url=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/video-games/Mega-Man-Powered-Up/ |website=Behind The Voice Actors |access-date=9 July 2021|type= A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information}}</ref> ==Filamu== ===Mfululizo wa Kimagharibi=== *''The Little Prince (2010 TV series)'' - Rosetta (Sayari ya Trainiacs) ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1966|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] 5p9w7hferuurj1mfra6m3rpn95jd97h 1599097 1598818 2026-09-23T07:50:33Z NDG 79979 Tengua pitio [[Special:Diff/1598818|1598818]] lililoandikwa na [[Special:Contributions/~2026-51079-07|~2026-51079-07]] ([[User talk:~2026-51079-07|Majadiliano]]) 1599097 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Carol-Anne Day''' (amezaliwa [[26 Machi]], [[1986]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa sauti wa [[Kanada]].<ref>[http://www.crystalacids.com/database/person/1021/carol-anne-day/ Carol-Anne Day] at the CrystalAcids Anime Voice Actor Database</ref><ref name="MMPU">{{cite web |title=Mega Man: Powered Up (2006 Video Game) |url=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/video-games/Mega-Man-Powered-Up/ |website=Behind The Voice Actors |access-date=9 July 2021|type= A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information}}</ref> ==Filamu== ===Mfululizo wa Kimagharibi=== *''The Little Prince (2010 TV series)'' - Rosetta (Sayari ya Trainiacs) ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1986|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] 2ldd9qxh6we4gfzd8hgygrlkmy2ddyz 2 249302 1598725 1598231 2026-09-22T14:53:02Z Bycashtz 81318 /* Orodha 1 */ 1598725 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Orodha 1== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Orodha ya Wachezaji Waliowahi Kushinda Kombe la Dunia |- ! # !! Jina (Kiswahili) !! Kiungo cha enwiki !! Fani / Sababu ya Umaarufu !! Nchi Aliyotoka |- | 601 || [[Daniele De Rossi]] || [[:en:Daniele De Rossi|Daniele De Rossi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 602 || [[Iker Casillas]] || [[:en:Iker Casillas|Iker Casillas]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 603 || [[Sergio Ramos]] || [[:en:Sergio Ramos|Sergio Ramos]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 604 || [[Gerard Piqué]] || [[:en:Gerard Piqué|Gerard Piqué]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 605 || [[Carles Puyol]] || [[:en:Carles Puyol|Carles Puyol]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 606 || [[Joan Capdevila]] || [[:en:Joan Capdevila|Joan Capdevila]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 607 || [[Sergio Busquets]] || [[:en:Sergio Busquets|Sergio Busquets]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 608 || [[Xabi Alonso]] || [[:en:Xabi Alonso|Xabi Alonso]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 609 || [[Xavi]] || [[:en:Xavi|Xavi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 610 || [[Andrés Iniesta]] || [[:en:Andrés Iniesta|Andrés Iniesta]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 611 || [[Pedro (mchezaji mpira wa Hispania)]] || [[:en:Pedro (footballer, born 1987)|Pedro]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 612 || [[David Villa]] || [[:en:David Villa|David Villa]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 613 || [[Fernando Torres]] || [[:en:Fernando Torres|Fernando Torres]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 614 || [[Cesc Fàbregas]] || [[:en:Cesc Fàbregas|Cesc Fàbregas]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 615 || [[Jesus Navas]] || [[:en:Jesús Navas|Jesús Navas]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 616 || [[Manuel Neuer]] || [[:en:Manuel Neuer|Manuel Neuer]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 617 || [[Philipp Lahm]] || [[:en:Philipp Lahm|Philipp Lahm]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 618 || [[Jérôme Boateng]] || [[:en:Jérôme Boateng|Jérôme Boateng]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 619 || [[Mats Hummels]] || [[:en:Mats Hummels|Mats Hummels]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 620 || [[Benedikt Höwedes]] || [[:en:Benedikt Höwedes|Benedikt Höwedes]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 621 || [[Bastian Schweinsteiger]] || [[:en:Bastian Schweinsteiger|Bastian Schweinsteiger]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 622 || [[Sami Khedira]] || [[:en:Sami Khedira|Sami Khedira]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 623 || [[Toni Kroos]] || [[:en:Toni Kroos|Toni Kroos]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 624 || [[Mesut Özil]] || [[:en:Mesut Özil|Mesut Özil]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 625 || [[Thomas Müller]] || [[:en:Thomas Müller|Thomas Müller]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 626 || [[Miroslav Klose]] || [[:en:Miroslav Klose|Miroslav Klose]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 627 || [[Mario Götze]] || [[:en:Mario Götze|Mario Götze]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 628 || [[André Schürrle]] || [[:en:André Schürrle|André Schürrle]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 629 || [[Christoph Kramer]] || [[:en:Christoph Kramer|Christoph Kramer]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 630 || [[Per Mertesacker]] || [[:en:Per Mertesacker|Per Mertesacker]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 631 || [[Hugo Lloris]] || [[:en:Hugo Lloris|Hugo Lloris]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 632 || [[Benjamin Pavard]] || [[:en:Benjamin Pavard|Benjamin Pavard]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 633 || [[Raphaël Varane]] || [[:en:Raphaël Varane|Raphaël Varane]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 634 || [[Samuel Umtiti]] || [[:en:Samuel Umtiti|Samuel Umtiti]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 635 || [[Lucas Hernandez]] || [[:en:Lucas Hernandez|Lucas Hernandez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 636 || [[N'Golo Kanté]] || [[:en:N'Golo Kanté|N'Golo Kanté]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 637 || [[Paul Pogba]] || [[:en:Paul Pogba|Paul Pogba]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 638 || [[Blaise Matuidi]] || [[:en:Blaise Matuidi|Blaise Matuidi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 639 || [[Kylian Mbappé]] || [[:en:Kylian Mbappé|Kylian Mbappé]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 640 || [[Antoine Griezmann]] || [[:en:Antoine Griezmann|Antoine Griezmann]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 641 || [[Olivier Giroud]] || [[:en:Olivier Giroud|Olivier Giroud]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 642 || [[Steven Nzonzi]] || [[:en:Steven Nzonzi|Steven Nzonzi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 643 || [[Corentin Tolisso]] || [[:en:Corentin Tolisso|Corentin Tolisso]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 644 || [[Nabil Fekir]] || [[:en:Nabil Fekir|Nabil Fekir]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 645 || [[Emiliano Martínez]] || [[:en:Emiliano Martínez|Emiliano Martínez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 646 || [[Nahuel Molina]] || [[:en:Nahuel Molina|Nahuel Molina]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 647 || [[Cristian Romero]] || [[:en:Cristian Romero|Cristian Romero]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 648 || [[Nicolas Otamendi]] || [[:en:Nicolás Otamendi|Nicolás Otamendi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 649 || [[Nicolas Tagliafico]] || [[:en:Nicolás Tagliafico|Nicolás Tagliafico]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 650 || [[Rodrigo De Paul]] || [[:en:Rodrigo De Paul|Rodrigo De Paul]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 651 || [[Enzo Fernández]] || [[:en:Enzo Fernández|Enzo Fernández]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 652 || [[Alexis Mac Allister]] || [[:en:Alexis Mac Allister|Alexis Mac Allister]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 653 || [[Angel Di Maria]] || [[:en:Ángel Di María|Ángel Di María]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 654 || [[Lionel Messi]] || [[:en:Lionel Messi|Lionel Messi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 655 || [[Julian Alvarez]] || [[:en:Julián Álvarez (footballer)|Julián Álvarez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 656 || [[Marcos Acuña]] || [[:en:Marcos Acuña|Marcos Acuña]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 657 || [[Gonzalo Montiel]] || [[:en:Gonzalo Montiel|Gonzalo Montiel]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 658 || [[Leandro Paredes]] || [[:en:Leandro Paredes|Leandro Paredes]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 659 || [[Lautaro Martinez]] || [[:en:Lautaro Martínez|Lautaro Martínez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 660 || [[Germán Pezzella]] || [[:en:Germán Pezzella|Germán Pezzella]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 661 || [[Enrique Ballestrero]] || [[:en:Enrique Ballestrero|Enrique Ballestrero]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 662 || [[Ernesto Mascheroni]] || [[:en:Ernesto Mascheroni|Ernesto Mascheroni]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 663 || [[José Nasazzi]] || [[:en:José Nasazzi|José Nasazzi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 664 || [[José Andrade]] || [[:en:José Leandro Andrade|José Leandro Andrade]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 665 || [[Lorenzo Fernández]] || [[:en:Lorenzo Fernández|Lorenzo Fernández]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 666 || [[Álvaro Gestido]] || [[:en:Álvaro Gestido|Álvaro Gestido]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 667 || [[Pablo Dorado]] || [[:en:Pablo Dorado|Pablo Dorado]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 668 || [[Héctor Scarone]] || [[:en:Héctor Scarone|Héctor Scarone]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 669 || [[Héctor Castro]] || [[:en:Héctor Castro|Héctor Castro]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 670 || [[Pedro Cea]] || [[:en:Pedro Cea|Pedro Cea]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 671 || [[Santos Iriarte]] || [[:en:Santos Iriarte|Santos Iriarte]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 672 || [[Giampiero Combi]] || [[:en:Giampiero Combi|Giampiero Combi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 673 || [[Eraldo Monzeglio]] || [[:en:Eraldo Monzeglio|Eraldo Monzeglio]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934, 1938) || Italia |- | 674 || [[Luigi Allemandi]] || [[:en:Luigi Allemandi|Luigi Allemandi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 675 || [[Attilio Ferraris]] || [[:en:Attilio Ferraris|Attilio Ferraris]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 676 || [[Luis Monti]] || [[:en:Luis Monti|Luis Monti]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 677 || [[Luigi Bertolini]] || [[:en:Luigi Bertolini|Luigi Bertolini]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 678 || [[Enrique Guaita]] || [[:en:Enrique Guaita|Enrique Guaita]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 679 || [[Giuseppe Meazza]] || [[:en:Giuseppe Meazza|Giuseppe Meazza]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934, 1938) || Italia |- | 680 || [[Angelo Schiavio]] || [[:en:Angelo Schiavio|Angelo Schiavio]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 681 || [[Giovanni Ferrari]] || [[:en:Giovanni Ferrari|Giovanni Ferrari]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934, 1938) || Italia |- | 682 || [[Raimundo Orsi]] || [[:en:Raimundo Orsi|Raimundo Orsi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 683 || [[Aldo Olivieri]] || [[:en:Aldo Olivieri|Aldo Olivieri]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 684 || [[Alfredo Foni]] || [[:en:Alfredo Foni|Alfredo Foni]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 685 || [[Pietro Rava]] || [[:en:Pietro Rava|Pietro Rava]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 686 || [[Pietro Serantoni]] || [[:en:Pietro Serantoni|Pietro Serantoni]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 687 || [[Michele Andreolo]] || [[:en:Michele Andreolo|Michele Andreolo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 688 || [[Ugo Locatelli]] || [[:en:Ugo Locatelli|Ugo Locatelli]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 689 || [[Piero Pasinati]] || [[:en:Piero Pasinati|Piero Pasinati]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 690 || [[Silvio Piola]] || [[:en:Silvio Piola|Silvio Piola]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 691 || [[Gino Colaussi]] || [[:en:Gino Colaussi|Gino Colaussi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 692 || [[Roque Máspoli]] || [[:en:Roque Máspoli|Roque Máspoli]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 693 || [[Matías González]] || [[:en:Matías González (footballer, born 1925)|Matías González]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 694 || [[Eusebio Tejera]] || [[:en:Eusebio Tejera|Eusebio Tejera]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 695 || [[Schubert Gambetta]] || [[:en:Schubert Gambetta|Schubert Gambetta]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 696 || [[Obdulio Varela]] || [[:en:Obdulio Varela|Obdulio Varela]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 697 || [[Víctor Rodríguez Andrade]] || [[:en:Víctor Rodríguez Andrade|Víctor Rodríguez Andrade]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 698 || [[Alcides Ghiggia]] || [[:en:Alcides Ghiggia|Alcides Ghiggia]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 699 || [[Julio Pérez]] || [[:en:Julio Pérez|Julio Pérez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 700 || [[Oscar Míguez]] || [[:en:Oscar Míguez|Oscar Míguez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |} ==Orodha 2== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Orodha ya Wachezaji Waliowahi Kushinda Kombe la Dunia |- ! # !! Jina (Kiswahili) !! Kiungo cha enwiki !! Fani / Sababu ya Umaarufu !! Nchi Aliyotoka |- | 351 || [[Giovanni Galli]] || [[:en:Giovanni Galli|Giovanni Galli]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 352 || [[Ivano Bordon]] || [[:en:Ivano Bordon|Ivano Bordon]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 353 || [[Pietro Vierchowod]] || [[:en:Pietro Vierchowod|Pietro Vierchowod]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 354 || [[Franco Baresi]] || [[:en:Franco Baresi|Franco Baresi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 355 || [[Daniele Massaro]] || [[:en:Daniele Massaro|Daniele Massaro]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 356 || [[Franco Selvaggi]] || [[:en:Franco Selvaggi|Franco Selvaggi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 357 || [[Luis Islas]] || [[:en:Luis Islas|Luis Islas]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 358 || [[Héctor Zelada]] || [[:en:Héctor Zelada|Héctor Zelada]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 359 || [[Néstor Clausen]] || [[:en:Néstor Clausen|Néstor Clausen]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 360 || [[Daniel Passarella]] || [[:en:Daniel Passarella|Daniel Passarella]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1978, 1986) || Argentina |- | 361 || [[Carlos Tapia (mwanasoka)]] || [[:en:Carlos Daniel Tapia|Carlos Daniel Tapia]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 362 || [[Claudio Borghi]] || [[:en:Claudio Borghi (footballer)|Claudio Borghi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 363 || [[Bodo Illgner]] || [[:en:Bodo Illgner|Bodo Illgner]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 364 || [[Raimond Aumann]] || [[:en:Raimond Aumann|Raimond Aumann]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 365 || [[Andreas Köpke]] || [[:en:Andreas Köpke|Andreas Köpke]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 366 || [[Paul Steiner]] || [[:en:Paul Steiner|Paul Steiner]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 367 || [[Frank Mill]] || [[:en:Frank Mill|Frank Mill]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 368 || [[Karl-Heinz Riedle]] || [[:en:Karl-Heinz Riedle|Karl-Heinz Riedle]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 369 || [[Günther Hermann]] || [[:en:Günther Hermann|Günther Hermann]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 370 || [[Gilmar Rinaldi]] || [[:en:Gilmar Rinaldi|Gilmar Rinaldi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 371 || [[Zetti]] || [[:en:Zetti|Zetti]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 372 || [[Ricardo Rocha]] || [[:en:Ricardo Rocha (footballer, born 1962)|Ricardo Rocha]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 373 || [[Ronaldão]] || [[:en:Ronaldão|Ronaldão]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 374 || [[Paulo Sérgio]] || [[:en:Paulo Sérgio (footballer, born 1969)|Paulo Sérgio]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 375 || [[Viola (mwanasoka)]] || [[:en:Viola (footballer)|Viola]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 376 || [[Lionel Charbonnier]] || [[:en:Lionel Charbonnier|Lionel Charbonnier]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 377 || [[Bernard Lama]] || [[:en:Bernard Lama|Bernard Lama]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 378 || [[Vincent Candela]] || [[:en:Vincent Candela|Vincent Candela]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 379 || [[Bernard Diomède]] || [[:en:Bernard Diomède|Bernard Diomède]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 380 || [[Stephane Guivarc'h]] || [[:en:Stéphane Guivarc'h|Stéphane Guivarc'h]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 381 || [[Dida]] || [[:en:Dida (footballer, born 1973)|Dida]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 382 || [[Rogério Ceni]] || [[:en:Rogério Ceni|Rogério Ceni]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 383 || [[Anderson Polga]] || [[:en:Anderson Polga|Anderson Polga]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 384 || [[Belletti]] || [[:en:Juliano Belletti|Belletti]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 385 || [[Vampeta]] || [[:en:Vampeta|Vampeta]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 386 || [[Kaká]] || [[:en:Kaká|Kaká]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 387 || [[Marco Amelia]] || [[:en:Marco Amelia|Marco Amelia]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 388 || [[Angelo Peruzzi]] || [[:en:Angelo Peruzzi|Angelo Peruzzi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 389 || [[Massimo Oddo]] || [[:en:Massimo Oddo|Massimo Oddo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 390 || [[Cristian Zaccardo]] || [[:en:Cristian Zaccardo|Cristian Zaccardo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 391 || [[Simone Barone]] || [[:en:Simone Barone|Simone Barone]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 392 || [[Pepe Reina]] || [[:en:Pepe Reina|Pepe Reina]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 393 || [[Víctor Valdés]] || [[:en:Víctor Valdés|Víctor Valdés]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 394 || [[Raúl Albiol]] || [[:en:Raúl Albiol|Raúl Albiol]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 395 || [[Carlos Marchena]] || [[:en:Carlos Marchena|Carlos Marchena]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 396 || [[Ron-Robert Zieler]] || [[:en:Ron-Robert Zieler|Ron-Robert Zieler]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 397 || [[Roman Weidenfeller]] || [[:en:Roman Weidenfeller|Roman Weidenfeller]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 398 || [[Kevin Großkreutz]] || [[:en:Kevin Großkreutz|Kevin Großkreutz]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 399 || [[Matthias Ginter]] || [[:en:Matthias Ginter|Matthias Ginter]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 400 || [[Erik Durm]] || [[:en:Erik Durm|Erik Durm]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |} ==Orodha 3== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Orodha ya Wachezaji Waliowahi Kushinda Kombe la Dunia |- ! # !! Jina (Kiswahili) !! Kiungo cha enwiki !! Fani / Sababu ya Umaarufu !! Nchi Aliyotoka |- | 401 || [[Steve Mandanda]] || [[:en:Steve Mandanda|Steve Mandanda]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 402 || [[Alphonse Areola]] || [[:en:Alphonse Areola|Alphonse Areola]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 403 || [[Adil Rami]] || [[:en:Adil Rami|Adil Rami]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 404 || [[Djibril Sidibé]] || [[:en:Djibril Sidibé (footballer, born 1992)|Djibril Sidibé]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 405 || [[Benjamin Mendy]] || [[:en:Benjamin Mendy|Benjamin Mendy]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 406 || [[Steven Nzonzi]] || [[:en:Steven Nzonzi|Steven Nzonzi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 407 || [[Thomas Lemar]] || [[:en:Thomas Lemar|Thomas Lemar]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 408 || [[Florian Thauvin]] || [[:en:Florian Thauvin|Florian Thauvin]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 409 || [[Franco Armani]] || [[:en:Franco Armani|Franco Armani]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 410 || [[Geronimo Rulli]] || [[:en:Gerónimo Rulli|Gerónimo Rulli]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 411 || [[Juan Foyth]] || [[:en:Juan Foyth|Juan Foyth]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 412 || [[German Pezzella]] || [[:en:Germán Pezzella|Germán Pezzella]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 413 || [[Lisandro Martinez]] || [[:en:Lisandro Martínez|Lisandro Martínez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 414 || [[Exequiel Palacios]] || [[:en:Exequiel Palacios|Exequiel Palacios]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 415 || [[Thiago Almada]] || [[:en:Thiago Almada|Thiago Almada]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 416 || [[Angel Correa]] || [[:en:Ángel Correa|Ángel Correa]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 417 || [[Paulo Dybala]] || [[:en:Paulo Dybala|Paulo Dybala]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 418 || [[Guido Rodriguez]] || [[:en:Guido Rodríguez|Guido Rodríguez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 419 || [[Enrique Ballesteros]] || [[:en:Enrique Ballesteros|Enrique Ballesteros]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 420 || [[Miguel Capuccini]] || [[:en:Miguel Capuccini|Miguel Capuccini]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 421 || [[Ernesto Mascheroni]] || [[:en:Ernesto Mascheroni|Ernesto Mascheroni]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 422 || [[Emilio Recoba]] || [[:en:Emilio Recoba|Emilio Recoba]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 423 || [[Lorenzo Fernandez]] || [[:en:Lorenzo Fernández|Lorenzo Fernández]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 424 || [[Álvaro Gestido]] || [[:en:Álvaro Gestido|Álvaro Gestido]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 425 || [[Ángel Melogno]] || [[:en:Ángel Melogno|Ángel Melogno]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 426 || [[Conduelo Píriz]] || [[:en:Conduelo Píriz|Conduelo Píriz]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 427 || [[Carlos Riolfo]] || [[:en:Carlos Riolfo|Carlos Riolfo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 428 || [[Peregrino Anselmo]] || [[:en:Peregrino Anselmo|Peregrino Anselmo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 429 || [[Juan Carlos Calvo]] || [[:en:Juan Carlos Calvo|Juan Carlos Calvo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 430 || [[Zoilo Saldombide]] || [[:en:Zoilo Saldombide|Zoilo Saldombide]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 431 || [[Giuseppe Cavanna]] || [[:en:Giuseppe Cavanna|Giuseppe Cavanna]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 432 || [[Guido Masetti]] || [[:en:Guido Masetti|Guido Masetti]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934, 1938) || Italia |- | 433 || [[Umberto Caligaris]] || [[:en:Umberto Caligaris|Umberto Caligaris]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 434 || [[Virginio Rosetta]] || [[:en:Virginio Rosetta|Virginio Rosetta]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 435 || [[Mario Pizziolo]] || [[:en:Mario Pizziolo|Mario Pizziolo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 436 || [[Pietro Arcari]] || [[:en:Pietro Arcari|Pietro Arcari]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 437 || [[Felice Borel]] || [[:en:Felice Borel|Felice Borel]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 438 || [[Attilio Demaría]] || [[:en:Attilio Demaría|Attilio Demaría]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 439 || [[Giovanni Ferrari]] || [[:en:Giovanni Ferrari|Giovanni Ferrari]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934, 1938) || Italia |- | 440 || [[Anfilogino Guarisi]] || [[:en:Anfilogino Guarisi|Anfilogino Guarisi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 441 || [[Aldo Donati]] || [[:en:Aldo Donati|Aldo Donati]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 442 || [[Bruno Chizzo]] || [[:en:Bruno Chizzo|Bruno Chizzo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 443 || [[Mario Genta]] || [[:en:Mario Genta|Mario Genta]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 444 || [[Renato Olmi]] || [[:en:Renato Olmi|Renato Olmi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 445 || [[Mario Perazzolo]] || [[:en:Mario Perazzolo|Mario Perazzolo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 446 || [[Pietro Ferraris]] || [[:en:Pietro Ferraris|Pietro Ferraris]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 447 || [[Aldo Pasinati]] || [[:en:Aldo Pasinati|Aldo Pasinati]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 448 || [[Aníbal Paz]] || [[:en:Aníbal Paz|Aníbal Paz]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 449 || [[William Martínez]] || [[:en:William Martínez|William Martínez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 450 || [[Hector Vilches]] || [[:en:Héctor Vilches|Héctor Vilches]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 451 || [[Washington Ortuño]] || [[:en:Washington Ortuño|Washington Ortuño]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 452 || [[Rodolfo Pini]] || [[:en:Rodolfo Pini|Rodolfo Pini]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 453 || [[Carlos Romero (mwanasoka)]] || [[:en:Carlos Romero (footballer)|Carlos Romero]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 454 || [[Juan Burgueño]] || [[:en:Juan Burgueño|Juan Burgueño]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 455 || [[Luis Rijo]] || [[:en:Luis Rijo|Luis Rijo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 456 || [[Julio César Britos]] || [[:en:Julio César Britos|Julio César Britos]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 457 || [[Heinrich Kubsch]] || [[:en:Heinrich Kubsch|Heinrich Kubsch]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 458 || [[Heinz Kwiatkowski]] || [[:en:Heinz Kwiatkowski|Heinz Kwiatkowski]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 459 || [[Herbert Erhardt]] || [[:en:Herbert Erhardt|Herbert Erhardt]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 460 || [[Fritz Laband]] || [[:en:Fritz Laband|Fritz Laband]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 461 || [[Hans Bauer (mwanasoka)]] || [[:en:Hans Bauer (footballer)|Hans Bauer]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 462 || [[Karl-Heinz Metzner]] || [[:en:Karl-Heinz Metzner|Karl-Heinz Metzner]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 463 || [[Paul Mebus]] || [[:en:Paul Mebus|Paul Mebus]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 464 || [[Richard Herrmann]] || [[:en:Richard Herrmann (footballer)|Richard Herrmann]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 465 || [[Ulrich Biesinger]] || [[:en:Ulrich Biesinger|Ulrich Biesinger]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 466 || [[Felix Gerritzen]] || [[:en:Felix Gerritzen|Felix Gerritzen]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 467 || [[Oreco]] || [[:en:Oreco|Oreco]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958) || Brazil |- | 468 || [[Zózimo]] || [[:en:Zózimo|Zózimo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958, 1962) || Brazil |- | 469 || [[Mauro Ramos]] || [[:en:Mauro Ramos|Mauro Ramos]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958, 1962) || Brazil |- | 470 || [[De Sordi]] || [[:en:Nílton De Sordi|De Sordi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958) || Brazil |- | 471 || [[Vaginho]] || [[:en:Vaguinho|Vaginho]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958) || Brazil |- | 472 || [[Pepe (mwanasoka aliyezaliwa 1935)]] || [[:en:Pepe (footballer, born 1935)|Pepe]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958, 1962) || Brazil |- | 473 || [[Gerry Hitchens]] || [[:en:Gerry Hitchens|Gerry Hitchens]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 474 || [[Ian Storey-Moore]] || [[:en:Ian Storey-Moore|Ian Storey-Moore]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 475 || [[John O'Hare]] || [[:en:John O'Hare|John O'Hare]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 476 || [[George Cohen]] || [[:en:George Cohen|George Cohen]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 477 || [[Ray Wilson (mwanasoka)]] || [[:en:Ray Wilson (footballer, born 1934)|Ray Wilson]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 478 || [[Nobby Stiles]] || [[:en:Nobby Stiles|Nobby Stiles]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 479 || [[Alan Ball Jr.]] || [[:en:Alan Ball Jr.|Alan Ball]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 480 || [[Martin Peters]] || [[:en:Martin Peters|Martin Peters]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 481 || [[Geoff Hurst]] || [[:en:Geoff Hurst|Geoff Hurst]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 482 || [[Roger Hunt]] || [[:en:Roger Hunt|Roger Hunt]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 483 || [[Marco Antônio]] || [[:en:Marco Antônio (footballer, born 1951)|Marco Antônio]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 484 || [[Paulo Cézar Caju]] || [[:en:Paulo Cézar Caju|Paulo Cézar Caju]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 485 || [[Ze Maria]] || [[:en:Zé Maria (footballer, born 1949)|Zé Maria]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 486 || [[Everaldo]] || [[:en:Everaldo|Everaldo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 487 || [[Piazza (mwanasoka)]] || [[:en:Wilson da Silva Piazza|Piazza]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 488 || [[Clodoaldo]] || [[:en:Clodoaldo|Clodoaldo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 489 || [[Gérson]] || [[:en:Gérson|Gérson]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 490 || [[Jairzinho]] || [[:en:Jairzinho|Jairzinho]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 491 || [[Tostão]] || [[:en:Tostão|Tostão]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 492 || [[Rivelino]] || [[:en:Rivelino|Rivelino]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 493 || [[Berti Vogts]] || [[:en:Berti Vogts|Berti Vogts]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 494 || [[Paul Breitner]] || [[:en:Paul Breitner|Paul Breitner]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 495 || [[Hans-Georg Schwarzenbeck]] || [[:en:Hans-Georg Schwarzenbeck|Hans-Georg Schwarzenbeck]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 496 || [[Franz Beckenbauer]] || [[:en:Franz Beckenbauer|Franz Beckenbauer]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 497 || [[Rainer Bonhof]] || [[:en:Rainer Bonhof|Rainer Bonhof]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 498 || [[Uli Hoeneß]] || [[:en:Uli Hoeneß|Uli Hoeneß]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 499 || [[Gerd Müller]] || [[:en:Gerd Müller|Gerd Müller]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 500 || [[Wolfgang Overath]] || [[:en:Wolfgang Overath|Wolfgang Overath]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |} ==Orodha 4== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Orodha ya Wachezaji Waliowahi Kushinda Kombe la Dunia |- ! # !! Jina (Kiswahili) !! Kiungo cha enwiki !! Fani / Sababu ya Umaarufu !! Nchi Aliyotoka |- | 501 || [[Ubaldo Fillol]] || [[:en:Ubaldo Fillol|Ubaldo Fillol]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1978) || Argentina |- | 502 || [[Luis Galván]] || [[:en:Luis Galván|Luis Galván]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1978) || Argentina |- | 503 || [[Jorge Olguín]] || [[:en:Jorge Olguín|Jorge Olguín]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1978) || Argentina |- | 504 || [[Alberto Tarantini]] || [[:en:Alberto Tarantini|Alberto Tarantini]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1978) || Argentina |- | 505 || [[Osvaldo Ardiles]] || [[:en:Osvaldo Ardiles|Osvaldo Ardiles]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1978) || Argentina |- | 506 || [[Américo Gallego]] || [[:en:Américo Gallego|Américo Gallego]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1978) || Argentina |- | 507 || [[Mario Kempes]] || [[:en:Mario Kempes|Mario Kempes]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1978) || Argentina |- | 508 || [[Leopold Luque]] || [[:en:Leopoldo Luque|Leopoldo Luque]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1978) || Argentina |- | 509 || [[Daniel Bertoni]] || [[:en:Daniel Bertoni|Daniel Bertoni]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1978) || Argentina |- | 510 || [[Dino Zoff]] || [[:en:Dino Zoff|Dino Zoff]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 511 || [[Giuseppe Bergomi]] || [[:en:Giuseppe Bergomi|Giuseppe Bergomi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 512 || [[Antonio Cabrini]] || [[:en:Antonio Cabrini|Antonio Cabrini]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 513 || [[Claudio Gentile]] || [[:en:Claudio Gentile|Claudio Gentile]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 514 || [[Gaetano Scirea]] || [[:en:Gaetano Scirea|Gaetano Scirea]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 515 || [[Fulvio Collovati]] || [[:en:Fulvio Collovati|Fulvio Collovati]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 516 || [[Giancarlo Antognoni]] || [[:en:Giancarlo Antognoni|Giancarlo Antognoni]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 517 || [[Marco Tardelli]] || [[:en:Marco Tardelli|Marco Tardelli]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 518 || [[Gabriele Oriali]] || [[:en:Gabriele Oriali|Gabriele Oriali]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 519 || [[Bruno Conti]] || [[:en:Bruno Conti|Bruno Conti]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 520 || [[Paolo Rossi]] || [[:en:Paolo Rossi|Paolo Rossi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 521 || [[Francesco Graziani]] || [[:en:Francesco Graziani|Francesco Graziani]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 522 || [[Alessandro Altobelli]] || [[:en:Alessandro Altobelli|Alessandro Altobelli]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 523 || [[Nery Pumpido]] || [[:en:Nery Pumpido|Nery Pumpido]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 524 || [[José Luis Brown]] || [[:en:José Luis Brown|José Luis Brown]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 525 || [[Oscar Ruggeri]] || [[:en:Oscar Ruggeri|Oscar Ruggeri]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 526 || [[José Luis Cuciuffo]] || [[:en:José Luis Cuciuffo|José Luis Cuciuffo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 527 || [[Sergio Batista]] || [[:en:Sergio Batista|Sergio Batista]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 528 || [[Ricardo Giusti]] || [[:en:Ricardo Giusti|Ricardo Giusti]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 529 || [[Julio Olarticoechea]] || [[:en:Julio Olarticoechea|Julio Olarticoechea]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 530 || [[Hector Enrique]] || [[:en:Héctor Enrique|Héctor Enrique]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 531 || [[Jorge Burruchaga]] || [[:en:Jorge Burruchaga|Jorge Burruchaga]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 532 || [[Diego Maradona]] || [[:en:Diego Maradona|Diego Maradona]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 533 || [[Jorge Valdano]] || [[:en:Jorge Valdano|Jorge Valdano]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 534 || [[Stefan Reuter]] || [[:en:Stefan Reuter|Stefan Reuter]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 535 || [[Jürgen Kohler]] || [[:en:Jürgen Kohler|Jürgen Kohler]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 536 || [[Klaus Augenthaler]] || [[:en:Klaus Augenthaler|Klaus Augenthaler]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 537 || [[Guido Buchwald]] || [[:en:Guido Buchwald|Guido Buchwald]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 538 || [[Thomas Berthold]] || [[:en:Thomas Berthold|Thomas Berthold]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 539 || [[Andreas Brehme]] || [[:en:Andreas Brehme|Andreas Brehme]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 540 || [[Thomas Häßler]] || [[:en:Thomas Häßler|Thomas Häßler]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 541 || [[Lothar Matthäus]] || [[:en:Lothar Matthäus|Lothar Matthäus]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 542 || [[Pierre Littbarski]] || [[:en:Pierre Littbarski|Pierre Littbarski]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 543 || [[Rudi Völler]] || [[:en:Rudi Völler|Rudi Völler]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 544 || [[Jürgen Klinsmann]] || [[:en:Jürgen Klinsmann|Jürgen Klinsmann]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 545 || [[Olaf Thon]] || [[:en:Olaf Thon|Olaf Thon]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 546 || [[Taffarel]] || [[:en:Cláudio Taffarel|Taffarel]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 547 || [[Jorginho]] || [[:en:Jorginho (footballer, born 1964)|Jorginho]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 548 || [[Aldair]] || [[:en:Aldair|Aldair]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 549 || [[Márcio Santos]] || [[:en:Márcio Santos (footballer, born 1969)|Márcio Santos]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 550 || [[Branco]] || [[:en:Branco (footballer)|Branco]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |} ==Orodha 5== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Orodha ya Wachezaji Waliowahi Kushinda Kombe la Dunia |- ! # !! Jina (Kiswahili) !! Kiungo cha enwiki !! Fani / Sababu ya Umaarufu !! Nchi Aliyotoka |- | 551 || [[Mauro Silva]] || [[:en:Mauro Silva|Mauro Silva]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 552 || [[Dunga]] || [[:en:Dunga|Dunga]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 553 || [[Mazinho]] || [[:en:Mazinho (footballer, born 1966)|Mazinho]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 554 || [[Zinho]] || [[:en:Zinho (footballer, born 1967)|Zinho]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 555 || [[Bebeto]] || [[:en:Bebeto|Bebeto]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 556 || [[Romário]] || [[:en:Romário|Romário]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 557 || [[Rai]] || [[:en:Raí|Raí]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 558 || [[Cafu]] || [[:en:Cafu|Cafu]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994, 2002) || Brazil |- | 559 || [[Ronaldo]] || [[:en:Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)|Ronaldo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994, 2002) || Brazil |- | 560 || [[Fabien Barthez]] || [[:en:Fabien Barthez|Fabien Barthez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 561 || [[Lilian Thuram]] || [[:en:Lilian Thuram|Lilian Thuram]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 562 || [[Marcel Desailly]] || [[:en:Marcel Desailly|Marcel Desailly]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 563 || [[Frank Leboeuf]] || [[:en:Frank Leboeuf|Frank Leboeuf]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 564 || [[Bixente Lizarazu]] || [[:en:Bixente Lizarazu|Bixente Lizarazu]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 565 || [[Didier Deschamps]] || [[:en:Didier Deschamps|Didier Deschamps]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 566 || [[Emmanuel Petit]] || [[:en:Emmanuel Petit|Emmanuel Petit]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 577 || [[Christian Karembeu]] || [[:en:Christian Karembeu|Christian Karembeu]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 568 || [[Zinedine Zidane]] || [[:en:Zinedine Zidane|Zinedine Zidane]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 569 || [[Youri Djorkaeff]] || [[:en:Youri Djorkaeff|Youri Djorkaeff]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 570 || [[Stephane Guivarc'h]] || [[:en:Stéphane Guivarc'h|Stéphane Guivarc'h]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 571 || [[Thierry Henry]] || [[:en:Thierry Henry|Thierry Henry]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 572 || [[David Trezeguet]] || [[:en:David Trezeguet|David Trezeguet]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 573 || [[Patrick Vieira]] || [[:en:Patrick Vieira|Patrick Vieira]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 574 || [[Robert Pires]] || [[:en:Robert Pires|Robert Pires]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 575 || [[Marcos (mwanasoka aliyezaliwa 1973)]] || [[:en:Marcos (footballer, born 1973)|Marcos]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 576 || [[Lúcio]] || [[:en:Lúcio|Lúcio]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 577 || [[Roque Júnior]] || [[:en:Roque Júnior|Roque Júnior]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 578 || [[Edmílson]] || [[:en:Edmílson (footballer, born 1976)|Edmílson]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 579 || [[Roberto Carlos]] || [[:en:Roberto Carlos|Roberto Carlos]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 580 || [[Gilberto Silva]] || [[:en:Gilberto Silva|Gilberto Silva]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 581 || [[Kléberson]] || [[:en:Kléberson|Kléberson]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 582 || [[Ronaldinho]] || [[:en:Ronaldinho|Ronaldinho]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 583 || [[Rivaldo]] || [[:en:Rivaldo|Rivaldo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 584 || [[Denílson]] || [[:en:Denílson de Oliveira Araújo|Denílson]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 585 || [[Juninho Paulista]] || [[:en:Juninho Paulista|Juninho Paulista]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 586 || [[Luizão]] || [[:en:Luizão (footballer, born 1975)|Luizão]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 587 || [[Edílson]] || [[:en:Edílson|Edílson]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 588 || [[Gianluigi Buffon]] || [[:en:Gianluigi Buffon|Gianluigi Buffon]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 589 || [[Gianluca Zambrotta]] || [[:en:Gianluca Zambrotta|Gianluca Zambrotta]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 590 || [[Fabio Cannavaro]] || [[:en:Fabio Cannavaro|Fabio Cannavaro]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 591 || [[Marco Materazzi]] || [[:en:Marco Materazzi|Marco Materazzi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 592 || [[Fabio Grosso]] || [[:en:Fabio Grosso|Fabio Grosso]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 593 || [[Mauro Camoranesi]] || [[:en:Mauro Camoranesi|Mauro Camoranesi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 594 || [[Gennaro Gattuso]] || [[:en:Gennaro Gattuso|Gennaro Gattuso]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 595 || [[Andrea Pirlo]] || [[:en:Andrea Pirlo|Andrea Pirlo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 596 || [[Simone Perrotta]] || [[:en:Simone Perrotta|Simone Perrotta]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 597 || [[Francesco Totti]] || [[:en:Francesco Totti|Francesco Totti]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 598 || [[Luca Toni]] || [[:en:Luca Toni|Luca Toni]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 599 || [[Alessandro Del Piero]] || [[:en:Alessandro Del Piero|Alessandro Del Piero]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 600 || [[Vincenzo Iaquinta]] || [[:en:Vincenzo Iaquinta|Vincenzo Iaquinta]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |} 98iunh5zp2d9rnp4cw3vmndxqypgvpo 1598726 1598725 2026-09-22T14:54:36Z Bycashtz 81318 /* Orodha 2 */ 1598726 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Orodha 1== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Orodha ya Wachezaji Waliowahi Kushinda Kombe la Dunia |- ! # !! Jina (Kiswahili) !! Kiungo cha enwiki !! Fani / Sababu ya Umaarufu !! Nchi Aliyotoka |- | 601 || [[Daniele De Rossi]] || [[:en:Daniele De Rossi|Daniele De Rossi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 602 || [[Iker Casillas]] || [[:en:Iker Casillas|Iker Casillas]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 603 || [[Sergio Ramos]] || [[:en:Sergio Ramos|Sergio Ramos]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 604 || [[Gerard Piqué]] || [[:en:Gerard Piqué|Gerard Piqué]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 605 || [[Carles Puyol]] || [[:en:Carles Puyol|Carles Puyol]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 606 || [[Joan Capdevila]] || [[:en:Joan Capdevila|Joan Capdevila]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 607 || [[Sergio Busquets]] || [[:en:Sergio Busquets|Sergio Busquets]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 608 || [[Xabi Alonso]] || [[:en:Xabi Alonso|Xabi Alonso]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 609 || [[Xavi]] || [[:en:Xavi|Xavi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 610 || [[Andrés Iniesta]] || [[:en:Andrés Iniesta|Andrés Iniesta]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 611 || [[Pedro (mchezaji mpira wa Hispania)]] || [[:en:Pedro (footballer, born 1987)|Pedro]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 612 || [[David Villa]] || [[:en:David Villa|David Villa]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 613 || [[Fernando Torres]] || [[:en:Fernando Torres|Fernando Torres]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 614 || [[Cesc Fàbregas]] || [[:en:Cesc Fàbregas|Cesc Fàbregas]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 615 || [[Jesus Navas]] || [[:en:Jesús Navas|Jesús Navas]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 616 || [[Manuel Neuer]] || [[:en:Manuel Neuer|Manuel Neuer]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 617 || [[Philipp Lahm]] || [[:en:Philipp Lahm|Philipp Lahm]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 618 || [[Jérôme Boateng]] || [[:en:Jérôme Boateng|Jérôme Boateng]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 619 || [[Mats Hummels]] || [[:en:Mats Hummels|Mats Hummels]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 620 || [[Benedikt Höwedes]] || [[:en:Benedikt Höwedes|Benedikt Höwedes]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 621 || [[Bastian Schweinsteiger]] || [[:en:Bastian Schweinsteiger|Bastian Schweinsteiger]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 622 || [[Sami Khedira]] || [[:en:Sami Khedira|Sami Khedira]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 623 || [[Toni Kroos]] || [[:en:Toni Kroos|Toni Kroos]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 624 || [[Mesut Özil]] || [[:en:Mesut Özil|Mesut Özil]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 625 || [[Thomas Müller]] || [[:en:Thomas Müller|Thomas Müller]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 626 || [[Miroslav Klose]] || [[:en:Miroslav Klose|Miroslav Klose]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 627 || [[Mario Götze]] || [[:en:Mario Götze|Mario Götze]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 628 || [[André Schürrle]] || [[:en:André Schürrle|André Schürrle]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 629 || [[Christoph Kramer]] || [[:en:Christoph Kramer|Christoph Kramer]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 630 || [[Per Mertesacker]] || [[:en:Per Mertesacker|Per Mertesacker]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 631 || [[Hugo Lloris]] || [[:en:Hugo Lloris|Hugo Lloris]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 632 || [[Benjamin Pavard]] || [[:en:Benjamin Pavard|Benjamin Pavard]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 633 || [[Raphaël Varane]] || [[:en:Raphaël Varane|Raphaël Varane]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 634 || [[Samuel Umtiti]] || [[:en:Samuel Umtiti|Samuel Umtiti]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 635 || [[Lucas Hernandez]] || [[:en:Lucas Hernandez|Lucas Hernandez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 636 || [[N'Golo Kanté]] || [[:en:N'Golo Kanté|N'Golo Kanté]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 637 || [[Paul Pogba]] || [[:en:Paul Pogba|Paul Pogba]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 638 || [[Blaise Matuidi]] || [[:en:Blaise Matuidi|Blaise Matuidi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 639 || [[Kylian Mbappé]] || [[:en:Kylian Mbappé|Kylian Mbappé]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 640 || [[Antoine Griezmann]] || [[:en:Antoine Griezmann|Antoine Griezmann]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 641 || [[Olivier Giroud]] || [[:en:Olivier Giroud|Olivier Giroud]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 642 || [[Steven Nzonzi]] || [[:en:Steven Nzonzi|Steven Nzonzi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 643 || [[Corentin Tolisso]] || [[:en:Corentin Tolisso|Corentin Tolisso]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 644 || [[Nabil Fekir]] || [[:en:Nabil Fekir|Nabil Fekir]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 645 || [[Emiliano Martínez]] || [[:en:Emiliano Martínez|Emiliano Martínez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 646 || [[Nahuel Molina]] || [[:en:Nahuel Molina|Nahuel Molina]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 647 || [[Cristian Romero]] || [[:en:Cristian Romero|Cristian Romero]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 648 || [[Nicolas Otamendi]] || [[:en:Nicolás Otamendi|Nicolás Otamendi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 649 || [[Nicolas Tagliafico]] || [[:en:Nicolás Tagliafico|Nicolás Tagliafico]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 650 || [[Rodrigo De Paul]] || [[:en:Rodrigo De Paul|Rodrigo De Paul]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 651 || [[Enzo Fernández]] || [[:en:Enzo Fernández|Enzo Fernández]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 652 || [[Alexis Mac Allister]] || [[:en:Alexis Mac Allister|Alexis Mac Allister]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 653 || [[Angel Di Maria]] || [[:en:Ángel Di María|Ángel Di María]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 654 || [[Lionel Messi]] || [[:en:Lionel Messi|Lionel Messi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 655 || [[Julian Alvarez]] || [[:en:Julián Álvarez (footballer)|Julián Álvarez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 656 || [[Marcos Acuña]] || [[:en:Marcos Acuña|Marcos Acuña]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 657 || [[Gonzalo Montiel]] || [[:en:Gonzalo Montiel|Gonzalo Montiel]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 658 || [[Leandro Paredes]] || [[:en:Leandro Paredes|Leandro Paredes]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 659 || [[Lautaro Martinez]] || [[:en:Lautaro Martínez|Lautaro Martínez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 660 || [[Germán Pezzella]] || [[:en:Germán Pezzella|Germán Pezzella]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 661 || [[Enrique Ballestrero]] || [[:en:Enrique Ballestrero|Enrique Ballestrero]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 662 || [[Ernesto Mascheroni]] || [[:en:Ernesto Mascheroni|Ernesto Mascheroni]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 663 || [[José Nasazzi]] || [[:en:José Nasazzi|José Nasazzi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 664 || [[José Andrade]] || [[:en:José Leandro Andrade|José Leandro Andrade]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 665 || [[Lorenzo Fernández]] || [[:en:Lorenzo Fernández|Lorenzo Fernández]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 666 || [[Álvaro Gestido]] || [[:en:Álvaro Gestido|Álvaro Gestido]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 667 || [[Pablo Dorado]] || [[:en:Pablo Dorado|Pablo Dorado]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 668 || [[Héctor Scarone]] || [[:en:Héctor Scarone|Héctor Scarone]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 669 || [[Héctor Castro]] || [[:en:Héctor Castro|Héctor Castro]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 670 || [[Pedro Cea]] || [[:en:Pedro Cea|Pedro Cea]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 671 || [[Santos Iriarte]] || [[:en:Santos Iriarte|Santos Iriarte]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 672 || [[Giampiero Combi]] || [[:en:Giampiero Combi|Giampiero Combi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 673 || [[Eraldo Monzeglio]] || [[:en:Eraldo Monzeglio|Eraldo Monzeglio]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934, 1938) || Italia |- | 674 || [[Luigi Allemandi]] || [[:en:Luigi Allemandi|Luigi Allemandi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 675 || [[Attilio Ferraris]] || [[:en:Attilio Ferraris|Attilio Ferraris]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 676 || [[Luis Monti]] || [[:en:Luis Monti|Luis Monti]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 677 || [[Luigi Bertolini]] || [[:en:Luigi Bertolini|Luigi Bertolini]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 678 || [[Enrique Guaita]] || [[:en:Enrique Guaita|Enrique Guaita]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 679 || [[Giuseppe Meazza]] || [[:en:Giuseppe Meazza|Giuseppe Meazza]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934, 1938) || Italia |- | 680 || [[Angelo Schiavio]] || [[:en:Angelo Schiavio|Angelo Schiavio]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 681 || [[Giovanni Ferrari]] || [[:en:Giovanni Ferrari|Giovanni Ferrari]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934, 1938) || Italia |- | 682 || [[Raimundo Orsi]] || [[:en:Raimundo Orsi|Raimundo Orsi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 683 || [[Aldo Olivieri]] || [[:en:Aldo Olivieri|Aldo Olivieri]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 684 || [[Alfredo Foni]] || [[:en:Alfredo Foni|Alfredo Foni]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 685 || [[Pietro Rava]] || [[:en:Pietro Rava|Pietro Rava]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 686 || [[Pietro Serantoni]] || [[:en:Pietro Serantoni|Pietro Serantoni]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 687 || [[Michele Andreolo]] || [[:en:Michele Andreolo|Michele Andreolo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 688 || [[Ugo Locatelli]] || [[:en:Ugo Locatelli|Ugo Locatelli]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 689 || [[Piero Pasinati]] || [[:en:Piero Pasinati|Piero Pasinati]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 690 || [[Silvio Piola]] || [[:en:Silvio Piola|Silvio Piola]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 691 || [[Gino Colaussi]] || [[:en:Gino Colaussi|Gino Colaussi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 692 || [[Roque Máspoli]] || [[:en:Roque Máspoli|Roque Máspoli]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 693 || [[Matías González]] || [[:en:Matías González (footballer, born 1925)|Matías González]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 694 || [[Eusebio Tejera]] || [[:en:Eusebio Tejera|Eusebio Tejera]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 695 || [[Schubert Gambetta]] || [[:en:Schubert Gambetta|Schubert Gambetta]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 696 || [[Obdulio Varela]] || [[:en:Obdulio Varela|Obdulio Varela]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 697 || [[Víctor Rodríguez Andrade]] || [[:en:Víctor Rodríguez Andrade|Víctor Rodríguez Andrade]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 698 || [[Alcides Ghiggia]] || [[:en:Alcides Ghiggia|Alcides Ghiggia]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 699 || [[Julio Pérez]] || [[:en:Julio Pérez|Julio Pérez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 700 || [[Oscar Míguez]] || [[:en:Oscar Míguez|Oscar Míguez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |} ==Orodha 2== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Orodha ya Wachezaji Waliowahi Kushinda Kombe la Dunia |- ! # !! Jina (Kiswahili) !! Kiungo cha enwiki !! Fani / Sababu ya Umaarufu !! Nchi Aliyotoka |- | 701 || [[Juan Alberto Schiaffino]] || [[:en:Juan Alberto Schiaffino|Juan Alberto Schiaffino]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 702 || [[Rubén Morán]] || [[:en:Rubén Morán|Rubén Morán]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 703 || [[Toni Turek]] || [[:en:Toni Turek|Toni Turek]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 704 || [[Josef Posipal]] || [[:en:Josef Posipal|Josef Posipal]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 705 || [[Werner Kohlmeyer]] || [[:en:Werner Kohlmeyer|Werner Kohlmeyer]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 706 || [[Horst Eckel]] || [[:en:Horst Eckel|Horst Eckel]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 707 || [[Werner Liebrich]] || [[:en:Werner Liebrich|Werner Liebrich]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 708 || [[Karl Mai]] || [[:en:Karl Mai (footballer)|Karl Mai]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 709 || [[Helmut Rahn]] || [[:en:Helmut Rahn|Helmut Rahn]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 710 || [[Max Morlock]] || [[:en:Max Morlock|Max Morlock]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 711 || [[Ottmar Walter]] || [[:en:Ottmar Walter|Ottmar Walter]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 712 || [[Fritz Walter]] || [[:en:Fritz Walter|Fritz Walter]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 713 || [[Hans Schäfer]] || [[:en:Hans Schäfer|Hans Schäfer]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 714 || [[Gilmar]] || [[:en:Gilmar|Gilmar]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958, 1962) || Brazil |- | 715 || [[Hilderaldo Bellini]] || [[:en:Hilderaldo Bellini|Hilderaldo Bellini]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958) || Brazil |- | 716 || [[Djalma Santos]] || [[:en:Djalma Santos|Djalma Santos]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958, 1962) || Brazil |- | 717 || [[Orlando Peçanha]] || [[:en:Orlando Peçanha|Orlando Peçanha]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958) || Brazil |- | 718 || [[Nílton Santos]] || [[:en:Nílton Santos|Nílton Santos]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958, 1962) || Brazil |- | 719 || [[Zito]] || [[:en:Zito (footballer)|Zito]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958, 1962) || Brazil |- | 720 || [[Didi]] || [[:en:Didi (footballer, born 1928)|Didi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958, 1962) || Brazil |- | 721 || [[Garrincha]] || [[:en:Garrincha|Garrincha]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958, 1962) || Brazil |- | 722 || [[Vavá]] || [[:en:Vavá|Vavá]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958, 1962) || Brazil |- | 723 || [[Pelé]] || [[:en:Pelé|Pelé]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958, 1962, 1970) || Brazil |- | 724 || [[Mário Zagallo]] || [[:en:Mário Zagallo|Mário Zagallo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958, 1962) || Brazil |- | 725 || [[Mauro Ramos]] || [[:en:Mauro Ramos|Mauro Ramos]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1962) || Brazil |- | 726 || [[Zózimo]] || [[:en:Zózimo|Zózimo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1962) || Brazil |- | 727 || [[Amarildo]] || [[:en:Amarildo Tavares da Silveira|Amarildo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1962) || Brazil |- | 728 || [[Gordon Banks]] || [[:en:Gordon Banks|Gordon Banks]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 729 || [[George Cohen]] || [[:en:George Cohen|George Cohen]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 730 || [[Jack Charlton]] || [[:en:Jack Charlton|Jack Charlton]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 731 || [[Bobby Moore]] || [[:en:Bobby Moore|Bobby Moore]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 732 || [[Ray Wilson]] || [[:en:Ray Wilson (English footballer)|Ray Wilson]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 733 || [[Nobby Stiles]] || [[:en:Nobby Stiles|Nobby Stiles]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 734 || [[Alan Ball]] || [[:en:Alan Ball Jr.|Alan Ball]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 735 || [[Bobby Charlton]] || [[:en:Bobby Charlton|Bobby Charlton]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 736 || [[Martin Peters]] || [[:en:Martin Peters|Martin Peters]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 737 || [[Geoff Hurst]] || [[:en:Geoff Hurst|Geoff Hurst]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 738 || [[Roger Hunt]] || [[:en:Roger Hunt|Roger Hunt]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 739 || [[Félix]] || [[:en:Félix Miéli Venerando|Félix]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 740 || [[Carlos Alberto Torres]] || [[:en:Carlos Alberto Torres|Carlos Alberto Torres]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 741 || [[Brito]] || [[:en:Brito (footballer, born 1939)|Brito]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 742 || [[Piazza]] || [[:en:Wilson da Silva Piazza|Piazza]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 743 || [[Everaldo]] || [[:en:Everaldo|Everaldo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 744 || [[Clodoaldo]] || [[:en:Clodoaldo|Clodoaldo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 745 || [[Gérson]] || [[:en:Gérson|Gérson]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 746 || [[Jairzinho]] || [[:en:Jairzinho|Jairzinho]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 747 || [[Rivelino]] || [[:en:Rivelino|Rivelino]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 748 || [[Tostão]] || [[:en:Tostão|Tostão]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 749 || [[Paulo Cézar Caju]] || [[:en:Paulo Cézar Caju|Paulo Cézar Caju]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 750 || [[Sepp Maier]] || [[:en:Sepp Maier|Sepp Maier]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 751 || [[Berti Vogts]] || [[:en:Berti Vogts|Berti Vogts]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 752 || [[Franz Beckenbauer]] || [[:en:Franz Beckenbauer|Franz Beckenbauer]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 753 || [[Georg Schwarzenbeck]] || [[:en:Georg Schwarzenbeck|Georg Schwarzenbeck]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 754 || [[Paul Breitner]] || [[:en:Paul Breitner|Paul Breitner]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 755 || [[Uli Hoeneß]] || [[:en:Uli Hoeneß|Uli Hoeneß]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 756 || [[Rainer Bonhof]] || [[:en:Rainer Bonhof|Rainer Bonhof]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 757 || [[Wolfgang Overath]] || [[:en:Wolfgang Overath|Wolfgang Overath]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 758 || [[Jürgen Grabowski]] || [[:en:Jürgen Grabowski|Jürgen Grabowski]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 759 || [[Gerd Müller]] || [[:en:Gerd Müller|Gerd Müller]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 760 || [[Bernd Hölzenbein]] || [[:en:Bernd Hölzenbein|Bernd Hölzenbein]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 761 || [[Dieter Herzog]] || [[:en:Dieter Herzog|Dieter Herzog]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 762 || [[Bernard Cullmann]] || [[:en:Bernhard Cullmann|Bernhard Cullmann]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 763 || [[Günter Netzer]] || [[:en:Günter Netzer|Günter Netzer]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 764 || [[Hector Zelada]] || [[:en:Héctor Zelada|Héctor Zelada]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 765 || [[Luis Islas]] || [[:en:Luis Islas|Luis Islas]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 766 || [[Daniel Passarella]] || [[:en:Daniel Passarella|Daniel Passarella]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1978, 1986) || Argentina |- | 767 || [[Nestor Clausen]] || [[:en:Néstor Clausen|Néstor Clausen]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 768 || [[Ricardo Bochini]] || [[:en:Ricardo Bochini|Ricardo Bochini]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 769 || [[Claudio Borghi]] || [[:en:Claudio Borghi (footballer)|Claudio Borghi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 770 || [[Carlos Tapia]] || [[:en:Carlos Daniel Tapia|Carlos Tapia]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 771 || [[Marcelo Trobbiani]] || [[:en:Marcelo Trobbiani|Marcelo Trobbiani]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 772 || [[Bodo Illgner]] || [[:en:Bodo Illgner|Bodo Illgner]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 773 || [[Raimond Aumann]] || [[:en:Raimond Aumann|Raimond Aumann]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 774 || [[Andreas Köpke]] || [[:en:Andreas Köpke|Andreas Köpke]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 775 || [[Paul Steiner]] || [[:en:Paul Steiner|Paul Steiner]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 776 || [[Frank Mill]] || [[:en:Frank Mill|Frank Mill]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 777 || [[Karl-Heinz Riedle]] || [[:en:Karl-Heinz Riedle|Karl-Heinz Riedle]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 778 || [[Uwe Bein]] || [[:en:Uwe Bein|Uwe Bein]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 779 || [[Günter Hermann]] || [[:en:Günter Hermann|Günter Hermann]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 780 || [[Hans Pflügler]] || [[:en:Hans Pflügler|Hans Pflügler]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 781 || [[Andreas Möller]] || [[:en:Andreas Möller|Andreas Möller]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 782 || [[Zetti]] || [[:en:Zetti|Zetti]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 783 || [[Gilmar Rinaldi]] || [[:en:Gilmar Rinaldi|Gilmar Rinaldi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 784 || [[Ricardo Rocha]] || [[:en:Ricardo Rocha (footballer, born 1962)|Ricardo Rocha]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 785 || [[Ronaldão]] || [[:en:Ronaldão|Ronaldão]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 786 || [[Paulo Sérgio]] || [[:en:Paulo Sérgio (footballer, born 1969)|Paulo Sérgio]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 787 || [[Müller]] || [[:en:Müller (footballer, born 1966)|Müller]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 788 || [[Bernard Lama]] || [[:en:Bernard Lama|Bernard Lama]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 789 || [[Lionel Charbonnier]] || [[:en:Lionel Charbonnier|Lionel Charbonnier]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 790 || [[Vincent Candela]] || [[:en:Vincent Candela|Vincent Candela]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 791 || [[Alain Boghossian]] || [[:en:Alain Boghossian|Alain Boghossian]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 792 || [[Bernard Diomede]] || [[:en:Bernard Diomède|Bernard Diomède]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 793 || [[Dida]] || [[:en:Dida (footballer, born 1973)|Dida]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 794 || [[Rogério Ceni]] || [[:en:Rogério Ceni|Rogério Ceni]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 795 || [[Anderson Polga]] || [[:en:Anderson Polga|Anderson Polga]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 796 || [[Belletti]] || [[:en:Juliano Belletti|Belletti]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 797 || [[Vampeta]] || [[:en:Vampeta|Vampeta]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 798 || [[Ricardinho]] || [[:en:Ricardinho (footballer, born 1976)|Ricardinho]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 799 || [[Kaká]] || [[:en:Kaká|Kaká]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 800 || [[Angelo Peruzzi]] || [[:en:Angelo Peruzzi|Angelo Peruzzi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |} ==Orodha 3== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Orodha ya Wachezaji Waliowahi Kushinda Kombe la Dunia |- ! # !! Jina (Kiswahili) !! Kiungo cha enwiki !! Fani / Sababu ya Umaarufu !! Nchi Aliyotoka |- | 401 || [[Steve Mandanda]] || [[:en:Steve Mandanda|Steve Mandanda]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 402 || [[Alphonse Areola]] || [[:en:Alphonse Areola|Alphonse Areola]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 403 || [[Adil Rami]] || [[:en:Adil Rami|Adil Rami]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 404 || [[Djibril Sidibé]] || [[:en:Djibril Sidibé (footballer, born 1992)|Djibril Sidibé]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 405 || [[Benjamin Mendy]] || [[:en:Benjamin Mendy|Benjamin Mendy]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 406 || [[Steven Nzonzi]] || [[:en:Steven Nzonzi|Steven Nzonzi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 407 || [[Thomas Lemar]] || [[:en:Thomas Lemar|Thomas Lemar]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 408 || [[Florian Thauvin]] || [[:en:Florian Thauvin|Florian Thauvin]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 409 || [[Franco Armani]] || [[:en:Franco Armani|Franco Armani]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 410 || [[Geronimo Rulli]] || [[:en:Gerónimo Rulli|Gerónimo Rulli]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 411 || [[Juan Foyth]] || [[:en:Juan Foyth|Juan Foyth]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 412 || [[German Pezzella]] || [[:en:Germán Pezzella|Germán Pezzella]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 413 || [[Lisandro Martinez]] || [[:en:Lisandro Martínez|Lisandro Martínez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 414 || [[Exequiel Palacios]] || [[:en:Exequiel Palacios|Exequiel Palacios]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 415 || [[Thiago Almada]] || [[:en:Thiago Almada|Thiago Almada]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 416 || [[Angel Correa]] || [[:en:Ángel Correa|Ángel Correa]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 417 || [[Paulo Dybala]] || [[:en:Paulo Dybala|Paulo Dybala]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 418 || [[Guido Rodriguez]] || [[:en:Guido Rodríguez|Guido Rodríguez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 419 || [[Enrique Ballesteros]] || [[:en:Enrique Ballesteros|Enrique Ballesteros]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 420 || [[Miguel Capuccini]] || [[:en:Miguel Capuccini|Miguel Capuccini]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 421 || [[Ernesto Mascheroni]] || [[:en:Ernesto Mascheroni|Ernesto Mascheroni]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 422 || [[Emilio Recoba]] || [[:en:Emilio Recoba|Emilio Recoba]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 423 || [[Lorenzo Fernandez]] || [[:en:Lorenzo Fernández|Lorenzo Fernández]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 424 || [[Álvaro Gestido]] || [[:en:Álvaro Gestido|Álvaro Gestido]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 425 || [[Ángel Melogno]] || [[:en:Ángel Melogno|Ángel Melogno]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 426 || [[Conduelo Píriz]] || [[:en:Conduelo Píriz|Conduelo Píriz]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 427 || [[Carlos Riolfo]] || [[:en:Carlos Riolfo|Carlos Riolfo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 428 || [[Peregrino Anselmo]] || [[:en:Peregrino Anselmo|Peregrino Anselmo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 429 || [[Juan Carlos Calvo]] || [[:en:Juan Carlos Calvo|Juan Carlos Calvo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 430 || [[Zoilo Saldombide]] || [[:en:Zoilo Saldombide|Zoilo Saldombide]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 431 || [[Giuseppe Cavanna]] || [[:en:Giuseppe Cavanna|Giuseppe Cavanna]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 432 || [[Guido Masetti]] || [[:en:Guido Masetti|Guido Masetti]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934, 1938) || Italia |- | 433 || [[Umberto Caligaris]] || [[:en:Umberto Caligaris|Umberto Caligaris]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 434 || [[Virginio Rosetta]] || [[:en:Virginio Rosetta|Virginio Rosetta]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 435 || [[Mario Pizziolo]] || [[:en:Mario Pizziolo|Mario Pizziolo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 436 || [[Pietro Arcari]] || [[:en:Pietro Arcari|Pietro Arcari]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 437 || [[Felice Borel]] || [[:en:Felice Borel|Felice Borel]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 438 || [[Attilio Demaría]] || [[:en:Attilio Demaría|Attilio Demaría]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 439 || [[Giovanni Ferrari]] || [[:en:Giovanni Ferrari|Giovanni Ferrari]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934, 1938) || Italia |- | 440 || [[Anfilogino Guarisi]] || [[:en:Anfilogino Guarisi|Anfilogino Guarisi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 441 || [[Aldo Donati]] || [[:en:Aldo Donati|Aldo Donati]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 442 || [[Bruno Chizzo]] || [[:en:Bruno Chizzo|Bruno Chizzo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 443 || [[Mario Genta]] || [[:en:Mario Genta|Mario Genta]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 444 || [[Renato Olmi]] || [[:en:Renato Olmi|Renato Olmi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 445 || [[Mario Perazzolo]] || [[:en:Mario Perazzolo|Mario Perazzolo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 446 || [[Pietro Ferraris]] || [[:en:Pietro Ferraris|Pietro Ferraris]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 447 || [[Aldo Pasinati]] || [[:en:Aldo Pasinati|Aldo Pasinati]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 448 || [[Aníbal Paz]] || [[:en:Aníbal Paz|Aníbal Paz]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 449 || [[William Martínez]] || [[:en:William Martínez|William Martínez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 450 || [[Hector Vilches]] || [[:en:Héctor Vilches|Héctor Vilches]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 451 || [[Washington Ortuño]] || [[:en:Washington Ortuño|Washington Ortuño]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 452 || [[Rodolfo Pini]] || [[:en:Rodolfo Pini|Rodolfo Pini]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 453 || [[Carlos Romero (mwanasoka)]] || [[:en:Carlos Romero (footballer)|Carlos Romero]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 454 || [[Juan Burgueño]] || [[:en:Juan Burgueño|Juan Burgueño]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 455 || [[Luis Rijo]] || [[:en:Luis Rijo|Luis Rijo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 456 || [[Julio César Britos]] || [[:en:Julio César Britos|Julio César Britos]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 457 || [[Heinrich Kubsch]] || [[:en:Heinrich Kubsch|Heinrich Kubsch]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 458 || [[Heinz Kwiatkowski]] || [[:en:Heinz Kwiatkowski|Heinz Kwiatkowski]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 459 || [[Herbert Erhardt]] || [[:en:Herbert Erhardt|Herbert Erhardt]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 460 || [[Fritz Laband]] || [[:en:Fritz Laband|Fritz Laband]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 461 || [[Hans Bauer (mwanasoka)]] || [[:en:Hans Bauer (footballer)|Hans Bauer]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 462 || [[Karl-Heinz Metzner]] || [[:en:Karl-Heinz Metzner|Karl-Heinz Metzner]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 463 || [[Paul Mebus]] || [[:en:Paul Mebus|Paul Mebus]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 464 || [[Richard Herrmann]] || [[:en:Richard Herrmann (footballer)|Richard Herrmann]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 465 || [[Ulrich Biesinger]] || [[:en:Ulrich Biesinger|Ulrich Biesinger]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 466 || [[Felix Gerritzen]] || [[:en:Felix Gerritzen|Felix Gerritzen]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 467 || [[Oreco]] || [[:en:Oreco|Oreco]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958) || Brazil |- | 468 || [[Zózimo]] || [[:en:Zózimo|Zózimo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958, 1962) || Brazil |- | 469 || [[Mauro Ramos]] || [[:en:Mauro Ramos|Mauro Ramos]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958, 1962) || Brazil |- | 470 || [[De Sordi]] || [[:en:Nílton De Sordi|De Sordi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958) || Brazil |- | 471 || [[Vaginho]] || [[:en:Vaguinho|Vaginho]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958) || Brazil |- | 472 || [[Pepe (mwanasoka aliyezaliwa 1935)]] || [[:en:Pepe (footballer, born 1935)|Pepe]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958, 1962) || Brazil |- | 473 || [[Gerry Hitchens]] || [[:en:Gerry Hitchens|Gerry Hitchens]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 474 || [[Ian Storey-Moore]] || [[:en:Ian Storey-Moore|Ian Storey-Moore]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 475 || [[John O'Hare]] || [[:en:John O'Hare|John O'Hare]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 476 || [[George Cohen]] || [[:en:George Cohen|George Cohen]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 477 || [[Ray Wilson (mwanasoka)]] || [[:en:Ray Wilson (footballer, born 1934)|Ray Wilson]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 478 || [[Nobby Stiles]] || [[:en:Nobby Stiles|Nobby Stiles]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 479 || [[Alan Ball Jr.]] || [[:en:Alan Ball Jr.|Alan Ball]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 480 || [[Martin Peters]] || [[:en:Martin Peters|Martin Peters]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 481 || [[Geoff Hurst]] || [[:en:Geoff Hurst|Geoff Hurst]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 482 || [[Roger Hunt]] || [[:en:Roger Hunt|Roger Hunt]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 483 || [[Marco Antônio]] || [[:en:Marco Antônio (footballer, born 1951)|Marco Antônio]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 484 || [[Paulo Cézar Caju]] || [[:en:Paulo Cézar Caju|Paulo Cézar Caju]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 485 || [[Ze Maria]] || [[:en:Zé Maria (footballer, born 1949)|Zé Maria]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 486 || [[Everaldo]] || [[:en:Everaldo|Everaldo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 487 || [[Piazza (mwanasoka)]] || [[:en:Wilson da Silva Piazza|Piazza]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 488 || [[Clodoaldo]] || [[:en:Clodoaldo|Clodoaldo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 489 || [[Gérson]] || [[:en:Gérson|Gérson]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 490 || [[Jairzinho]] || [[:en:Jairzinho|Jairzinho]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 491 || [[Tostão]] || [[:en:Tostão|Tostão]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 492 || [[Rivelino]] || [[:en:Rivelino|Rivelino]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 493 || [[Berti Vogts]] || [[:en:Berti Vogts|Berti Vogts]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 494 || [[Paul Breitner]] || [[:en:Paul Breitner|Paul Breitner]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 495 || [[Hans-Georg Schwarzenbeck]] || [[:en:Hans-Georg Schwarzenbeck|Hans-Georg Schwarzenbeck]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 496 || [[Franz Beckenbauer]] || [[:en:Franz Beckenbauer|Franz Beckenbauer]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 497 || [[Rainer Bonhof]] || [[:en:Rainer Bonhof|Rainer Bonhof]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 498 || [[Uli Hoeneß]] || [[:en:Uli Hoeneß|Uli Hoeneß]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 499 || [[Gerd Müller]] || [[:en:Gerd Müller|Gerd Müller]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 500 || [[Wolfgang Overath]] || [[:en:Wolfgang Overath|Wolfgang Overath]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |} ==Orodha 4== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Orodha ya Wachezaji Waliowahi Kushinda Kombe la Dunia |- ! # !! Jina (Kiswahili) !! Kiungo cha enwiki !! Fani / Sababu ya Umaarufu !! Nchi Aliyotoka |- | 501 || [[Ubaldo Fillol]] || [[:en:Ubaldo Fillol|Ubaldo Fillol]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1978) || Argentina |- | 502 || [[Luis Galván]] || [[:en:Luis Galván|Luis Galván]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1978) || Argentina |- | 503 || [[Jorge Olguín]] || [[:en:Jorge Olguín|Jorge Olguín]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1978) || Argentina |- | 504 || [[Alberto Tarantini]] || [[:en:Alberto Tarantini|Alberto Tarantini]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1978) || Argentina |- | 505 || [[Osvaldo Ardiles]] || [[:en:Osvaldo Ardiles|Osvaldo Ardiles]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1978) || Argentina |- | 506 || [[Américo Gallego]] || [[:en:Américo Gallego|Américo Gallego]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1978) || Argentina |- | 507 || [[Mario Kempes]] || [[:en:Mario Kempes|Mario Kempes]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1978) || Argentina |- | 508 || [[Leopold Luque]] || [[:en:Leopoldo Luque|Leopoldo Luque]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1978) || Argentina |- | 509 || [[Daniel Bertoni]] || [[:en:Daniel Bertoni|Daniel Bertoni]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1978) || Argentina |- | 510 || [[Dino Zoff]] || [[:en:Dino Zoff|Dino Zoff]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 511 || [[Giuseppe Bergomi]] || [[:en:Giuseppe Bergomi|Giuseppe Bergomi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 512 || [[Antonio Cabrini]] || [[:en:Antonio Cabrini|Antonio Cabrini]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 513 || [[Claudio Gentile]] || [[:en:Claudio Gentile|Claudio Gentile]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 514 || [[Gaetano Scirea]] || [[:en:Gaetano Scirea|Gaetano Scirea]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 515 || [[Fulvio Collovati]] || [[:en:Fulvio Collovati|Fulvio Collovati]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 516 || [[Giancarlo Antognoni]] || [[:en:Giancarlo Antognoni|Giancarlo Antognoni]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 517 || [[Marco Tardelli]] || [[:en:Marco Tardelli|Marco Tardelli]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 518 || [[Gabriele Oriali]] || [[:en:Gabriele Oriali|Gabriele Oriali]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 519 || [[Bruno Conti]] || [[:en:Bruno Conti|Bruno Conti]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 520 || [[Paolo Rossi]] || [[:en:Paolo Rossi|Paolo Rossi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 521 || [[Francesco Graziani]] || [[:en:Francesco Graziani|Francesco Graziani]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 522 || [[Alessandro Altobelli]] || [[:en:Alessandro Altobelli|Alessandro Altobelli]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 523 || [[Nery Pumpido]] || [[:en:Nery Pumpido|Nery Pumpido]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 524 || [[José Luis Brown]] || [[:en:José Luis Brown|José Luis Brown]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 525 || [[Oscar Ruggeri]] || [[:en:Oscar Ruggeri|Oscar Ruggeri]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 526 || [[José Luis Cuciuffo]] || [[:en:José Luis Cuciuffo|José Luis Cuciuffo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 527 || [[Sergio Batista]] || [[:en:Sergio Batista|Sergio Batista]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 528 || [[Ricardo Giusti]] || [[:en:Ricardo Giusti|Ricardo Giusti]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 529 || [[Julio Olarticoechea]] || [[:en:Julio Olarticoechea|Julio Olarticoechea]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 530 || [[Hector Enrique]] || [[:en:Héctor Enrique|Héctor Enrique]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 531 || [[Jorge Burruchaga]] || [[:en:Jorge Burruchaga|Jorge Burruchaga]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 532 || [[Diego Maradona]] || [[:en:Diego Maradona|Diego Maradona]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 533 || [[Jorge Valdano]] || [[:en:Jorge Valdano|Jorge Valdano]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 534 || [[Stefan Reuter]] || [[:en:Stefan Reuter|Stefan Reuter]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 535 || [[Jürgen Kohler]] || [[:en:Jürgen Kohler|Jürgen Kohler]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 536 || [[Klaus Augenthaler]] || [[:en:Klaus Augenthaler|Klaus Augenthaler]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 537 || [[Guido Buchwald]] || [[:en:Guido Buchwald|Guido Buchwald]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 538 || [[Thomas Berthold]] || [[:en:Thomas Berthold|Thomas Berthold]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 539 || [[Andreas Brehme]] || [[:en:Andreas Brehme|Andreas Brehme]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 540 || [[Thomas Häßler]] || [[:en:Thomas Häßler|Thomas Häßler]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 541 || [[Lothar Matthäus]] || [[:en:Lothar Matthäus|Lothar Matthäus]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 542 || [[Pierre Littbarski]] || [[:en:Pierre Littbarski|Pierre Littbarski]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 543 || [[Rudi Völler]] || [[:en:Rudi Völler|Rudi Völler]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 544 || [[Jürgen Klinsmann]] || [[:en:Jürgen Klinsmann|Jürgen Klinsmann]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 545 || [[Olaf Thon]] || [[:en:Olaf Thon|Olaf Thon]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 546 || [[Taffarel]] || [[:en:Cláudio Taffarel|Taffarel]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 547 || [[Jorginho]] || [[:en:Jorginho (footballer, born 1964)|Jorginho]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 548 || [[Aldair]] || [[:en:Aldair|Aldair]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 549 || [[Márcio Santos]] || [[:en:Márcio Santos (footballer, born 1969)|Márcio Santos]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 550 || [[Branco]] || [[:en:Branco (footballer)|Branco]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |} ==Orodha 5== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Orodha ya Wachezaji Waliowahi Kushinda Kombe la Dunia |- ! # !! Jina (Kiswahili) !! Kiungo cha enwiki !! Fani / Sababu ya Umaarufu !! Nchi Aliyotoka |- | 551 || [[Mauro Silva]] || [[:en:Mauro Silva|Mauro Silva]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 552 || [[Dunga]] || [[:en:Dunga|Dunga]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 553 || [[Mazinho]] || [[:en:Mazinho (footballer, born 1966)|Mazinho]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 554 || [[Zinho]] || [[:en:Zinho (footballer, born 1967)|Zinho]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 555 || [[Bebeto]] || [[:en:Bebeto|Bebeto]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 556 || [[Romário]] || [[:en:Romário|Romário]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 557 || [[Rai]] || [[:en:Raí|Raí]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 558 || [[Cafu]] || [[:en:Cafu|Cafu]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994, 2002) || Brazil |- | 559 || [[Ronaldo]] || [[:en:Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)|Ronaldo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994, 2002) || Brazil |- | 560 || [[Fabien Barthez]] || [[:en:Fabien Barthez|Fabien Barthez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 561 || [[Lilian Thuram]] || [[:en:Lilian Thuram|Lilian Thuram]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 562 || [[Marcel Desailly]] || [[:en:Marcel Desailly|Marcel Desailly]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 563 || [[Frank Leboeuf]] || [[:en:Frank Leboeuf|Frank Leboeuf]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 564 || [[Bixente Lizarazu]] || [[:en:Bixente Lizarazu|Bixente Lizarazu]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 565 || [[Didier Deschamps]] || [[:en:Didier Deschamps|Didier Deschamps]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 566 || [[Emmanuel Petit]] || [[:en:Emmanuel Petit|Emmanuel Petit]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 577 || [[Christian Karembeu]] || [[:en:Christian Karembeu|Christian Karembeu]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 568 || [[Zinedine Zidane]] || [[:en:Zinedine Zidane|Zinedine Zidane]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 569 || [[Youri Djorkaeff]] || [[:en:Youri Djorkaeff|Youri Djorkaeff]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 570 || [[Stephane Guivarc'h]] || [[:en:Stéphane Guivarc'h|Stéphane Guivarc'h]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 571 || [[Thierry Henry]] || [[:en:Thierry Henry|Thierry Henry]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 572 || [[David Trezeguet]] || [[:en:David Trezeguet|David Trezeguet]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 573 || [[Patrick Vieira]] || [[:en:Patrick Vieira|Patrick Vieira]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 574 || [[Robert Pires]] || [[:en:Robert Pires|Robert Pires]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 575 || [[Marcos (mwanasoka aliyezaliwa 1973)]] || [[:en:Marcos (footballer, born 1973)|Marcos]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 576 || [[Lúcio]] || [[:en:Lúcio|Lúcio]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 577 || [[Roque Júnior]] || [[:en:Roque Júnior|Roque Júnior]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 578 || [[Edmílson]] || [[:en:Edmílson (footballer, born 1976)|Edmílson]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 579 || [[Roberto Carlos]] || [[:en:Roberto Carlos|Roberto Carlos]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 580 || [[Gilberto Silva]] || [[:en:Gilberto Silva|Gilberto Silva]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 581 || [[Kléberson]] || [[:en:Kléberson|Kléberson]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 582 || [[Ronaldinho]] || [[:en:Ronaldinho|Ronaldinho]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 583 || [[Rivaldo]] || [[:en:Rivaldo|Rivaldo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 584 || [[Denílson]] || [[:en:Denílson de Oliveira Araújo|Denílson]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 585 || [[Juninho Paulista]] || [[:en:Juninho Paulista|Juninho Paulista]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 586 || [[Luizão]] || [[:en:Luizão (footballer, born 1975)|Luizão]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 587 || [[Edílson]] || [[:en:Edílson|Edílson]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 588 || [[Gianluigi Buffon]] || [[:en:Gianluigi Buffon|Gianluigi Buffon]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 589 || [[Gianluca Zambrotta]] || [[:en:Gianluca Zambrotta|Gianluca Zambrotta]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 590 || [[Fabio Cannavaro]] || [[:en:Fabio Cannavaro|Fabio Cannavaro]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 591 || [[Marco Materazzi]] || [[:en:Marco Materazzi|Marco Materazzi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 592 || [[Fabio Grosso]] || [[:en:Fabio Grosso|Fabio Grosso]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 593 || [[Mauro Camoranesi]] || [[:en:Mauro Camoranesi|Mauro Camoranesi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 594 || [[Gennaro Gattuso]] || [[:en:Gennaro Gattuso|Gennaro Gattuso]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 595 || [[Andrea Pirlo]] || [[:en:Andrea Pirlo|Andrea Pirlo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 596 || [[Simone Perrotta]] || [[:en:Simone Perrotta|Simone Perrotta]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 597 || [[Francesco Totti]] || [[:en:Francesco Totti|Francesco Totti]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 598 || [[Luca Toni]] || [[:en:Luca Toni|Luca Toni]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 599 || [[Alessandro Del Piero]] || [[:en:Alessandro Del Piero|Alessandro Del Piero]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 600 || [[Vincenzo Iaquinta]] || [[:en:Vincenzo Iaquinta|Vincenzo Iaquinta]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |} 6ufs7vtjrm68796g9iq0atpat7g7y94 1598727 1598726 2026-09-22T14:56:30Z Bycashtz 81318 /* Orodha 3 */ 1598727 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Orodha 1== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Orodha ya Wachezaji Waliowahi Kushinda Kombe la Dunia |- ! # !! Jina (Kiswahili) !! Kiungo cha enwiki !! Fani / Sababu ya Umaarufu !! Nchi Aliyotoka |- | 601 || [[Daniele De Rossi]] || [[:en:Daniele De Rossi|Daniele De Rossi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 602 || [[Iker Casillas]] || [[:en:Iker Casillas|Iker Casillas]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 603 || [[Sergio Ramos]] || [[:en:Sergio Ramos|Sergio Ramos]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 604 || [[Gerard Piqué]] || [[:en:Gerard Piqué|Gerard Piqué]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 605 || [[Carles Puyol]] || [[:en:Carles Puyol|Carles Puyol]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 606 || [[Joan Capdevila]] || [[:en:Joan Capdevila|Joan Capdevila]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 607 || [[Sergio Busquets]] || [[:en:Sergio Busquets|Sergio Busquets]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 608 || [[Xabi Alonso]] || [[:en:Xabi Alonso|Xabi Alonso]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 609 || [[Xavi]] || [[:en:Xavi|Xavi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 610 || [[Andrés Iniesta]] || [[:en:Andrés Iniesta|Andrés Iniesta]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 611 || [[Pedro (mchezaji mpira wa Hispania)]] || [[:en:Pedro (footballer, born 1987)|Pedro]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 612 || [[David Villa]] || [[:en:David Villa|David Villa]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 613 || [[Fernando Torres]] || [[:en:Fernando Torres|Fernando Torres]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 614 || [[Cesc Fàbregas]] || [[:en:Cesc Fàbregas|Cesc Fàbregas]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 615 || [[Jesus Navas]] || [[:en:Jesús Navas|Jesús Navas]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 616 || [[Manuel Neuer]] || [[:en:Manuel Neuer|Manuel Neuer]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 617 || [[Philipp Lahm]] || [[:en:Philipp Lahm|Philipp Lahm]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 618 || [[Jérôme Boateng]] || [[:en:Jérôme Boateng|Jérôme Boateng]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 619 || [[Mats Hummels]] || [[:en:Mats Hummels|Mats Hummels]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 620 || [[Benedikt Höwedes]] || [[:en:Benedikt Höwedes|Benedikt Höwedes]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 621 || [[Bastian Schweinsteiger]] || [[:en:Bastian Schweinsteiger|Bastian Schweinsteiger]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 622 || [[Sami Khedira]] || [[:en:Sami Khedira|Sami Khedira]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 623 || [[Toni Kroos]] || [[:en:Toni Kroos|Toni Kroos]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 624 || [[Mesut Özil]] || [[:en:Mesut Özil|Mesut Özil]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 625 || [[Thomas Müller]] || [[:en:Thomas Müller|Thomas Müller]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 626 || [[Miroslav Klose]] || [[:en:Miroslav Klose|Miroslav Klose]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 627 || [[Mario Götze]] || [[:en:Mario Götze|Mario Götze]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 628 || [[André Schürrle]] || [[:en:André Schürrle|André Schürrle]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 629 || [[Christoph Kramer]] || [[:en:Christoph Kramer|Christoph Kramer]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 630 || [[Per Mertesacker]] || [[:en:Per Mertesacker|Per Mertesacker]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 631 || [[Hugo Lloris]] || [[:en:Hugo Lloris|Hugo Lloris]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 632 || [[Benjamin Pavard]] || [[:en:Benjamin Pavard|Benjamin Pavard]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 633 || [[Raphaël Varane]] || [[:en:Raphaël Varane|Raphaël Varane]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 634 || [[Samuel Umtiti]] || [[:en:Samuel Umtiti|Samuel Umtiti]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 635 || [[Lucas Hernandez]] || [[:en:Lucas Hernandez|Lucas Hernandez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 636 || [[N'Golo Kanté]] || [[:en:N'Golo Kanté|N'Golo Kanté]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 637 || [[Paul Pogba]] || [[:en:Paul Pogba|Paul Pogba]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 638 || [[Blaise Matuidi]] || [[:en:Blaise Matuidi|Blaise Matuidi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 639 || [[Kylian Mbappé]] || [[:en:Kylian Mbappé|Kylian Mbappé]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 640 || [[Antoine Griezmann]] || [[:en:Antoine Griezmann|Antoine Griezmann]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 641 || [[Olivier Giroud]] || [[:en:Olivier Giroud|Olivier Giroud]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 642 || [[Steven Nzonzi]] || [[:en:Steven Nzonzi|Steven Nzonzi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 643 || [[Corentin Tolisso]] || [[:en:Corentin Tolisso|Corentin Tolisso]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 644 || [[Nabil Fekir]] || [[:en:Nabil Fekir|Nabil Fekir]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 645 || [[Emiliano Martínez]] || [[:en:Emiliano Martínez|Emiliano Martínez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 646 || [[Nahuel Molina]] || [[:en:Nahuel Molina|Nahuel Molina]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 647 || [[Cristian Romero]] || [[:en:Cristian Romero|Cristian Romero]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 648 || [[Nicolas Otamendi]] || [[:en:Nicolás Otamendi|Nicolás Otamendi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 649 || [[Nicolas Tagliafico]] || [[:en:Nicolás Tagliafico|Nicolás Tagliafico]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 650 || [[Rodrigo De Paul]] || [[:en:Rodrigo De Paul|Rodrigo De Paul]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 651 || [[Enzo Fernández]] || [[:en:Enzo Fernández|Enzo Fernández]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 652 || [[Alexis Mac Allister]] || [[:en:Alexis Mac Allister|Alexis Mac Allister]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 653 || [[Angel Di Maria]] || [[:en:Ángel Di María|Ángel Di María]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 654 || [[Lionel Messi]] || [[:en:Lionel Messi|Lionel Messi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 655 || [[Julian Alvarez]] || [[:en:Julián Álvarez (footballer)|Julián Álvarez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 656 || [[Marcos Acuña]] || [[:en:Marcos Acuña|Marcos Acuña]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 657 || [[Gonzalo Montiel]] || [[:en:Gonzalo Montiel|Gonzalo Montiel]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 658 || [[Leandro Paredes]] || [[:en:Leandro Paredes|Leandro Paredes]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 659 || [[Lautaro Martinez]] || [[:en:Lautaro Martínez|Lautaro Martínez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 660 || [[Germán Pezzella]] || [[:en:Germán Pezzella|Germán Pezzella]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 661 || [[Enrique Ballestrero]] || [[:en:Enrique Ballestrero|Enrique Ballestrero]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 662 || [[Ernesto Mascheroni]] || [[:en:Ernesto Mascheroni|Ernesto Mascheroni]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 663 || [[José Nasazzi]] || [[:en:José Nasazzi|José Nasazzi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 664 || [[José Andrade]] || [[:en:José Leandro Andrade|José Leandro Andrade]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 665 || [[Lorenzo Fernández]] || [[:en:Lorenzo Fernández|Lorenzo Fernández]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 666 || [[Álvaro Gestido]] || [[:en:Álvaro Gestido|Álvaro Gestido]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 667 || [[Pablo Dorado]] || [[:en:Pablo Dorado|Pablo Dorado]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 668 || [[Héctor Scarone]] || [[:en:Héctor Scarone|Héctor Scarone]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 669 || [[Héctor Castro]] || [[:en:Héctor Castro|Héctor Castro]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 670 || [[Pedro Cea]] || [[:en:Pedro Cea|Pedro Cea]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 671 || [[Santos Iriarte]] || [[:en:Santos Iriarte|Santos Iriarte]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 672 || [[Giampiero Combi]] || [[:en:Giampiero Combi|Giampiero Combi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 673 || [[Eraldo Monzeglio]] || [[:en:Eraldo Monzeglio|Eraldo Monzeglio]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934, 1938) || Italia |- | 674 || [[Luigi Allemandi]] || [[:en:Luigi Allemandi|Luigi Allemandi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 675 || [[Attilio Ferraris]] || [[:en:Attilio Ferraris|Attilio Ferraris]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 676 || [[Luis Monti]] || [[:en:Luis Monti|Luis Monti]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 677 || [[Luigi Bertolini]] || [[:en:Luigi Bertolini|Luigi Bertolini]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 678 || [[Enrique Guaita]] || [[:en:Enrique Guaita|Enrique Guaita]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 679 || [[Giuseppe Meazza]] || [[:en:Giuseppe Meazza|Giuseppe Meazza]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934, 1938) || Italia |- | 680 || [[Angelo Schiavio]] || [[:en:Angelo Schiavio|Angelo Schiavio]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 681 || [[Giovanni Ferrari]] || [[:en:Giovanni Ferrari|Giovanni Ferrari]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934, 1938) || Italia |- | 682 || [[Raimundo Orsi]] || [[:en:Raimundo Orsi|Raimundo Orsi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 683 || [[Aldo Olivieri]] || [[:en:Aldo Olivieri|Aldo Olivieri]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 684 || [[Alfredo Foni]] || [[:en:Alfredo Foni|Alfredo Foni]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 685 || [[Pietro Rava]] || [[:en:Pietro Rava|Pietro Rava]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 686 || [[Pietro Serantoni]] || [[:en:Pietro Serantoni|Pietro Serantoni]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 687 || [[Michele Andreolo]] || [[:en:Michele Andreolo|Michele Andreolo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 688 || [[Ugo Locatelli]] || [[:en:Ugo Locatelli|Ugo Locatelli]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 689 || [[Piero Pasinati]] || [[:en:Piero Pasinati|Piero Pasinati]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 690 || [[Silvio Piola]] || [[:en:Silvio Piola|Silvio Piola]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 691 || [[Gino Colaussi]] || [[:en:Gino Colaussi|Gino Colaussi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 692 || [[Roque Máspoli]] || [[:en:Roque Máspoli|Roque Máspoli]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 693 || [[Matías González]] || [[:en:Matías González (footballer, born 1925)|Matías González]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 694 || [[Eusebio Tejera]] || [[:en:Eusebio Tejera|Eusebio Tejera]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 695 || [[Schubert Gambetta]] || [[:en:Schubert Gambetta|Schubert Gambetta]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 696 || [[Obdulio Varela]] || [[:en:Obdulio Varela|Obdulio Varela]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 697 || [[Víctor Rodríguez Andrade]] || [[:en:Víctor Rodríguez Andrade|Víctor Rodríguez Andrade]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 698 || [[Alcides Ghiggia]] || [[:en:Alcides Ghiggia|Alcides Ghiggia]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 699 || [[Julio Pérez]] || [[:en:Julio Pérez|Julio Pérez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 700 || [[Oscar Míguez]] || [[:en:Oscar Míguez|Oscar Míguez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |} ==Orodha 2== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Orodha ya Wachezaji Waliowahi Kushinda Kombe la Dunia |- ! # !! Jina (Kiswahili) !! Kiungo cha enwiki !! Fani / Sababu ya Umaarufu !! Nchi Aliyotoka |- | 701 || [[Juan Alberto Schiaffino]] || [[:en:Juan Alberto Schiaffino|Juan Alberto Schiaffino]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 702 || [[Rubén Morán]] || [[:en:Rubén Morán|Rubén Morán]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 703 || [[Toni Turek]] || [[:en:Toni Turek|Toni Turek]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 704 || [[Josef Posipal]] || [[:en:Josef Posipal|Josef Posipal]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 705 || [[Werner Kohlmeyer]] || [[:en:Werner Kohlmeyer|Werner Kohlmeyer]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 706 || [[Horst Eckel]] || [[:en:Horst Eckel|Horst Eckel]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 707 || [[Werner Liebrich]] || [[:en:Werner Liebrich|Werner Liebrich]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 708 || [[Karl Mai]] || [[:en:Karl Mai (footballer)|Karl Mai]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 709 || [[Helmut Rahn]] || [[:en:Helmut Rahn|Helmut Rahn]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 710 || [[Max Morlock]] || [[:en:Max Morlock|Max Morlock]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 711 || [[Ottmar Walter]] || [[:en:Ottmar Walter|Ottmar Walter]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 712 || [[Fritz Walter]] || [[:en:Fritz Walter|Fritz Walter]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 713 || [[Hans Schäfer]] || [[:en:Hans Schäfer|Hans Schäfer]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 714 || [[Gilmar]] || [[:en:Gilmar|Gilmar]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958, 1962) || Brazil |- | 715 || [[Hilderaldo Bellini]] || [[:en:Hilderaldo Bellini|Hilderaldo Bellini]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958) || Brazil |- | 716 || [[Djalma Santos]] || [[:en:Djalma Santos|Djalma Santos]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958, 1962) || Brazil |- | 717 || [[Orlando Peçanha]] || [[:en:Orlando Peçanha|Orlando Peçanha]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958) || Brazil |- | 718 || [[Nílton Santos]] || [[:en:Nílton Santos|Nílton Santos]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958, 1962) || Brazil |- | 719 || [[Zito]] || [[:en:Zito (footballer)|Zito]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958, 1962) || Brazil |- | 720 || [[Didi]] || [[:en:Didi (footballer, born 1928)|Didi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958, 1962) || Brazil |- | 721 || [[Garrincha]] || [[:en:Garrincha|Garrincha]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958, 1962) || Brazil |- | 722 || [[Vavá]] || [[:en:Vavá|Vavá]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958, 1962) || Brazil |- | 723 || [[Pelé]] || [[:en:Pelé|Pelé]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958, 1962, 1970) || Brazil |- | 724 || [[Mário Zagallo]] || [[:en:Mário Zagallo|Mário Zagallo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958, 1962) || Brazil |- | 725 || [[Mauro Ramos]] || [[:en:Mauro Ramos|Mauro Ramos]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1962) || Brazil |- | 726 || [[Zózimo]] || [[:en:Zózimo|Zózimo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1962) || Brazil |- | 727 || [[Amarildo]] || [[:en:Amarildo Tavares da Silveira|Amarildo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1962) || Brazil |- | 728 || [[Gordon Banks]] || [[:en:Gordon Banks|Gordon Banks]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 729 || [[George Cohen]] || [[:en:George Cohen|George Cohen]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 730 || [[Jack Charlton]] || [[:en:Jack Charlton|Jack Charlton]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 731 || [[Bobby Moore]] || [[:en:Bobby Moore|Bobby Moore]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 732 || [[Ray Wilson]] || [[:en:Ray Wilson (English footballer)|Ray Wilson]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 733 || [[Nobby Stiles]] || [[:en:Nobby Stiles|Nobby Stiles]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 734 || [[Alan Ball]] || [[:en:Alan Ball Jr.|Alan Ball]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 735 || [[Bobby Charlton]] || [[:en:Bobby Charlton|Bobby Charlton]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 736 || [[Martin Peters]] || [[:en:Martin Peters|Martin Peters]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 737 || [[Geoff Hurst]] || [[:en:Geoff Hurst|Geoff Hurst]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 738 || [[Roger Hunt]] || [[:en:Roger Hunt|Roger Hunt]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 739 || [[Félix]] || [[:en:Félix Miéli Venerando|Félix]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 740 || [[Carlos Alberto Torres]] || [[:en:Carlos Alberto Torres|Carlos Alberto Torres]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 741 || [[Brito]] || [[:en:Brito (footballer, born 1939)|Brito]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 742 || [[Piazza]] || [[:en:Wilson da Silva Piazza|Piazza]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 743 || [[Everaldo]] || [[:en:Everaldo|Everaldo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 744 || [[Clodoaldo]] || [[:en:Clodoaldo|Clodoaldo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 745 || [[Gérson]] || [[:en:Gérson|Gérson]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 746 || [[Jairzinho]] || [[:en:Jairzinho|Jairzinho]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 747 || [[Rivelino]] || [[:en:Rivelino|Rivelino]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 748 || [[Tostão]] || [[:en:Tostão|Tostão]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 749 || [[Paulo Cézar Caju]] || [[:en:Paulo Cézar Caju|Paulo Cézar Caju]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 750 || [[Sepp Maier]] || [[:en:Sepp Maier|Sepp Maier]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 751 || [[Berti Vogts]] || [[:en:Berti Vogts|Berti Vogts]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 752 || [[Franz Beckenbauer]] || [[:en:Franz Beckenbauer|Franz Beckenbauer]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 753 || [[Georg Schwarzenbeck]] || [[:en:Georg Schwarzenbeck|Georg Schwarzenbeck]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 754 || [[Paul Breitner]] || [[:en:Paul Breitner|Paul Breitner]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 755 || [[Uli Hoeneß]] || [[:en:Uli Hoeneß|Uli Hoeneß]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 756 || [[Rainer Bonhof]] || [[:en:Rainer Bonhof|Rainer Bonhof]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 757 || [[Wolfgang Overath]] || [[:en:Wolfgang Overath|Wolfgang Overath]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 758 || [[Jürgen Grabowski]] || [[:en:Jürgen Grabowski|Jürgen Grabowski]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 759 || [[Gerd Müller]] || [[:en:Gerd Müller|Gerd Müller]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 760 || [[Bernd Hölzenbein]] || [[:en:Bernd Hölzenbein|Bernd Hölzenbein]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 761 || [[Dieter Herzog]] || [[:en:Dieter Herzog|Dieter Herzog]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 762 || [[Bernard Cullmann]] || [[:en:Bernhard Cullmann|Bernhard Cullmann]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 763 || [[Günter Netzer]] || [[:en:Günter Netzer|Günter Netzer]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 764 || [[Hector Zelada]] || [[:en:Héctor Zelada|Héctor Zelada]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 765 || [[Luis Islas]] || [[:en:Luis Islas|Luis Islas]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 766 || [[Daniel Passarella]] || [[:en:Daniel Passarella|Daniel Passarella]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1978, 1986) || Argentina |- | 767 || [[Nestor Clausen]] || [[:en:Néstor Clausen|Néstor Clausen]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 768 || [[Ricardo Bochini]] || [[:en:Ricardo Bochini|Ricardo Bochini]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 769 || [[Claudio Borghi]] || [[:en:Claudio Borghi (footballer)|Claudio Borghi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 770 || [[Carlos Tapia]] || [[:en:Carlos Daniel Tapia|Carlos Tapia]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 771 || [[Marcelo Trobbiani]] || [[:en:Marcelo Trobbiani|Marcelo Trobbiani]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 772 || [[Bodo Illgner]] || [[:en:Bodo Illgner|Bodo Illgner]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 773 || [[Raimond Aumann]] || [[:en:Raimond Aumann|Raimond Aumann]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 774 || [[Andreas Köpke]] || [[:en:Andreas Köpke|Andreas Köpke]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 775 || [[Paul Steiner]] || [[:en:Paul Steiner|Paul Steiner]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 776 || [[Frank Mill]] || [[:en:Frank Mill|Frank Mill]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 777 || [[Karl-Heinz Riedle]] || [[:en:Karl-Heinz Riedle|Karl-Heinz Riedle]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 778 || [[Uwe Bein]] || [[:en:Uwe Bein|Uwe Bein]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 779 || [[Günter Hermann]] || [[:en:Günter Hermann|Günter Hermann]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 780 || [[Hans Pflügler]] || [[:en:Hans Pflügler|Hans Pflügler]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 781 || [[Andreas Möller]] || [[:en:Andreas Möller|Andreas Möller]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 782 || [[Zetti]] || [[:en:Zetti|Zetti]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 783 || [[Gilmar Rinaldi]] || [[:en:Gilmar Rinaldi|Gilmar Rinaldi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 784 || [[Ricardo Rocha]] || [[:en:Ricardo Rocha (footballer, born 1962)|Ricardo Rocha]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 785 || [[Ronaldão]] || [[:en:Ronaldão|Ronaldão]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 786 || [[Paulo Sérgio]] || [[:en:Paulo Sérgio (footballer, born 1969)|Paulo Sérgio]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 787 || [[Müller]] || [[:en:Müller (footballer, born 1966)|Müller]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 788 || [[Bernard Lama]] || [[:en:Bernard Lama|Bernard Lama]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 789 || [[Lionel Charbonnier]] || [[:en:Lionel Charbonnier|Lionel Charbonnier]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 790 || [[Vincent Candela]] || [[:en:Vincent Candela|Vincent Candela]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 791 || [[Alain Boghossian]] || [[:en:Alain Boghossian|Alain Boghossian]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 792 || [[Bernard Diomede]] || [[:en:Bernard Diomède|Bernard Diomède]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 793 || [[Dida]] || [[:en:Dida (footballer, born 1973)|Dida]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 794 || [[Rogério Ceni]] || [[:en:Rogério Ceni|Rogério Ceni]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 795 || [[Anderson Polga]] || [[:en:Anderson Polga|Anderson Polga]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 796 || [[Belletti]] || [[:en:Juliano Belletti|Belletti]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 797 || [[Vampeta]] || [[:en:Vampeta|Vampeta]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 798 || [[Ricardinho]] || [[:en:Ricardinho (footballer, born 1976)|Ricardinho]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 799 || [[Kaká]] || [[:en:Kaká|Kaká]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 800 || [[Angelo Peruzzi]] || [[:en:Angelo Peruzzi|Angelo Peruzzi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |} ==Orodha 3== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Orodha ya Wachezaji Waliowahi Kushinda Kombe la Dunia |- ! # !! Jina (Kiswahili) !! Kiungo cha enwiki !! Fani / Sababu ya Umaarufu !! Nchi Aliyotoka |- | 801 || [[Marco Amelia]] || [[:en:Marco Amelia|Marco Amelia]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 802 || [[Cristian Zaccardo]] || [[:en:Cristian Zaccardo|Cristian Zaccardo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 803 || [[Andrea Barzagli]] || [[:en:Andrea Barzagli|Andrea Barzagli]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 804 || [[Massimo Oddo]] || [[:en:Massimo Oddo|Massimo Oddo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 805 || [[Alberto Gilardino]] || [[:en:Alberto Gilardino|Alberto Gilardino]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 806 || [[Filippo Inzaghi]] || [[:en:Filippo Inzaghi|Filippo Inzaghi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 807 || [[Víctor Valdés]] || [[:en:Víctor Valdés|Víctor Valdés]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 808 || [[Pepe Reina]] || [[:en:Pepe Reina|Pepe Reina]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 809 || [[Raúl Albiol]] || [[:en:Raúl Albiol|Raúl Albiol]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 810 || [[Carlos Marchena]] || [[:en:Carlos Marchena|Carlos Marchena]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 811 || [[Álvaro Arbeloa]] || [[:en:Álvaro Arbeloa|Álvaro Arbeloa]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 812 || [[Javi Martínez]] || [[:en:Javi Martínez|Javi Martínez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 813 || [[Juan Mata]] || [[:en:Juan Mata|Juan Mata]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 814 || [[Fernando Llorente]] || [[:en:Fernando Llorente|Fernando Llorente]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 815 || [[Roman Weidenfeller]] || [[:en:Roman Weidenfeller|Roman Weidenfeller]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 816 || [[Ron-Robert Zieler]] || [[:en:Ron-Robert Zieler|Ron-Robert Zieler]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 817 || [[Shkodran Mustafi]] || [[:en:Shkodran Mustafi|Shkodran Mustafi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 818 || [[Matthias Ginter]] || [[:en:Matthias Ginter|Matthias Ginter]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 819 || [[Erik Durm]] || [[:en:Erik Durm|Erik Durm]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 820 || [[Kevin Großkreutz]] || [[:en:Kevin Großkreutz|Kevin Großkreutz]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 821 || [[Julian Draxler]] || [[:en:Julian Draxler|Julian Draxler]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 822 || [[Steve Mandanda]] || [[:en:Steve Mandanda|Steve Mandanda]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 823 || [[Alphonse Areola]] || [[:en:Alphonse Areola|Alphonse Areola]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 824 || [[Presnel Kimpembe]] || [[:en:Presnel Kimpembe|Presnel Kimpembe]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 825 || [[Adil Rami]] || [[:en:Adil Rami|Adil Rami]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 826 || [[Djibril Sidibé]] || [[:en:Djibril Sidibé (footballer, born 1992)|Djibril Sidibé]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 827 || [[Benjamin Mendy]] || [[:en:Benjamin Mendy|Benjamin Mendy]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 828 || [[Thomas Lemar]] || [[:en:Thomas Lemar|Thomas Lemar]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 829 || [[Florian Thauvin]] || [[:en:Florian Thauvin|Florian Thauvin]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 830 || [[Ousmane Dembélé]] || [[:en:Ousmane Dembélé|Ousmane Dembélé]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 831 || [[Franco Armani]] || [[:en:Franco Armani|Franco Armani]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 832 || [[Geronimo Rulli]] || [[:en:Gerónimo Rulli|Gerónimo Rulli]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 833 || [[Juan Foyth]] || [[:en:Juan Foyth|Juan Foyth]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 834 || [[Lisandro Martinez]] || [[:en:Lisandro Martínez|Lisandro Martínez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 835 || [[Guido Rodríguez]] || [[:en:Guido Rodríguez|Guido Rodríguez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 836 || [[Exequiel Palacios]] || [[:en:Exequiel Palacios|Exequiel Palacios]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 837 || [[Thiago Almada]] || [[:en:Thiago Almada|Thiago Almada]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 838 || [[Angel Correa]] || [[:en:Ángel Correa|Ángel Correa]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 839 || [[Paulo Dybala]] || [[:en:Paulo Dybala|Paulo Dybala]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 840 || [[Papu Gómez]] || [[:en:Papu Gómez|Papu Gómez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 841 || [[Miguel Capuccini]] || [[:en:Miguel Capuccini|Miguel Capuccini]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 842 || [[Juan Carlos Calvo]] || [[:en:Juan Carlos Calvo|Juan Carlos Calvo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 843 || [[Angel Melogno]] || [[:en:Ángel Melogno|Ángel Melogno]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 844 || [[Emilio Recoba]] || [[:en:Emilio Recoba|Emilio Recoba]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 845 || [[Carlos Riolfo]] || [[:en:Carlos Riolfo|Carlos Riolfo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 846 || [[Zoilo Saldombide]] || [[:en:Zoilo Saldombide|Zoilo Saldombide]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 847 || [[Modesto Denis]] || [[:en:Modesto Denis|Modesto Denis]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 848 || [[Guido Masetti]] || [[:en:Guido Masetti|Guido Masetti]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934, 1938) || Italia |- | 849 || [[Giuseppe Cavanna]] || [[:en:Giuseppe Cavanna|Giuseppe Cavanna]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 850 || [[Umberto Caligaris]] || [[:en:Umberto Caligaris|Umberto Caligaris]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |} ==Orodha 4== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Orodha ya Wachezaji Waliowahi Kushinda Kombe la Dunia |- ! # !! Jina (Kiswahili) !! Kiungo cha enwiki !! Fani / Sababu ya Umaarufu !! Nchi Aliyotoka |- | 501 || [[Ubaldo Fillol]] || [[:en:Ubaldo Fillol|Ubaldo Fillol]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1978) || Argentina |- | 502 || [[Luis Galván]] || [[:en:Luis Galván|Luis Galván]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1978) || Argentina |- | 503 || [[Jorge Olguín]] || [[:en:Jorge Olguín|Jorge Olguín]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1978) || Argentina |- | 504 || [[Alberto Tarantini]] || [[:en:Alberto Tarantini|Alberto Tarantini]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1978) || Argentina |- | 505 || [[Osvaldo Ardiles]] || [[:en:Osvaldo Ardiles|Osvaldo Ardiles]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1978) || Argentina |- | 506 || [[Américo Gallego]] || [[:en:Américo Gallego|Américo Gallego]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1978) || Argentina |- | 507 || [[Mario Kempes]] || [[:en:Mario Kempes|Mario Kempes]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1978) || Argentina |- | 508 || [[Leopold Luque]] || [[:en:Leopoldo Luque|Leopoldo Luque]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1978) || Argentina |- | 509 || [[Daniel Bertoni]] || [[:en:Daniel Bertoni|Daniel Bertoni]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1978) || Argentina |- | 510 || [[Dino Zoff]] || [[:en:Dino Zoff|Dino Zoff]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 511 || [[Giuseppe Bergomi]] || [[:en:Giuseppe Bergomi|Giuseppe Bergomi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 512 || [[Antonio Cabrini]] || [[:en:Antonio Cabrini|Antonio Cabrini]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 513 || [[Claudio Gentile]] || [[:en:Claudio Gentile|Claudio Gentile]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 514 || [[Gaetano Scirea]] || [[:en:Gaetano Scirea|Gaetano Scirea]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 515 || [[Fulvio Collovati]] || [[:en:Fulvio Collovati|Fulvio Collovati]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 516 || [[Giancarlo Antognoni]] || [[:en:Giancarlo Antognoni|Giancarlo Antognoni]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 517 || [[Marco Tardelli]] || [[:en:Marco Tardelli|Marco Tardelli]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 518 || [[Gabriele Oriali]] || [[:en:Gabriele Oriali|Gabriele Oriali]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 519 || [[Bruno Conti]] || [[:en:Bruno Conti|Bruno Conti]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 520 || [[Paolo Rossi]] || [[:en:Paolo Rossi|Paolo Rossi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 521 || [[Francesco Graziani]] || [[:en:Francesco Graziani|Francesco Graziani]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 522 || [[Alessandro Altobelli]] || [[:en:Alessandro Altobelli|Alessandro Altobelli]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1982) || Italia |- | 523 || [[Nery Pumpido]] || [[:en:Nery Pumpido|Nery Pumpido]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 524 || [[José Luis Brown]] || [[:en:José Luis Brown|José Luis Brown]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 525 || [[Oscar Ruggeri]] || [[:en:Oscar Ruggeri|Oscar Ruggeri]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 526 || [[José Luis Cuciuffo]] || [[:en:José Luis Cuciuffo|José Luis Cuciuffo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 527 || [[Sergio Batista]] || [[:en:Sergio Batista|Sergio Batista]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 528 || [[Ricardo Giusti]] || [[:en:Ricardo Giusti|Ricardo Giusti]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 529 || [[Julio Olarticoechea]] || [[:en:Julio Olarticoechea|Julio Olarticoechea]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 530 || [[Hector Enrique]] || [[:en:Héctor Enrique|Héctor Enrique]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 531 || [[Jorge Burruchaga]] || [[:en:Jorge Burruchaga|Jorge Burruchaga]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 532 || [[Diego Maradona]] || [[:en:Diego Maradona|Diego Maradona]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 533 || [[Jorge Valdano]] || [[:en:Jorge Valdano|Jorge Valdano]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 534 || [[Stefan Reuter]] || [[:en:Stefan Reuter|Stefan Reuter]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 535 || [[Jürgen Kohler]] || [[:en:Jürgen Kohler|Jürgen Kohler]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 536 || [[Klaus Augenthaler]] || [[:en:Klaus Augenthaler|Klaus Augenthaler]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 537 || [[Guido Buchwald]] || [[:en:Guido Buchwald|Guido Buchwald]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 538 || [[Thomas Berthold]] || [[:en:Thomas Berthold|Thomas Berthold]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 539 || [[Andreas Brehme]] || [[:en:Andreas Brehme|Andreas Brehme]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 540 || [[Thomas Häßler]] || [[:en:Thomas Häßler|Thomas Häßler]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 541 || [[Lothar Matthäus]] || [[:en:Lothar Matthäus|Lothar Matthäus]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 542 || [[Pierre Littbarski]] || [[:en:Pierre Littbarski|Pierre Littbarski]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 543 || [[Rudi Völler]] || [[:en:Rudi Völler|Rudi Völler]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 544 || [[Jürgen Klinsmann]] || [[:en:Jürgen Klinsmann|Jürgen Klinsmann]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 545 || [[Olaf Thon]] || [[:en:Olaf Thon|Olaf Thon]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 546 || [[Taffarel]] || [[:en:Cláudio Taffarel|Taffarel]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 547 || [[Jorginho]] || [[:en:Jorginho (footballer, born 1964)|Jorginho]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 548 || [[Aldair]] || [[:en:Aldair|Aldair]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 549 || [[Márcio Santos]] || [[:en:Márcio Santos (footballer, born 1969)|Márcio Santos]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 550 || [[Branco]] || [[:en:Branco (footballer)|Branco]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |} ==Orodha 5== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Orodha ya Wachezaji Waliowahi Kushinda Kombe la Dunia |- ! # !! Jina (Kiswahili) !! Kiungo cha enwiki !! Fani / Sababu ya Umaarufu !! Nchi Aliyotoka |- | 551 || [[Mauro Silva]] || [[:en:Mauro Silva|Mauro Silva]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 552 || [[Dunga]] || [[:en:Dunga|Dunga]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 553 || [[Mazinho]] || [[:en:Mazinho (footballer, born 1966)|Mazinho]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 554 || [[Zinho]] || [[:en:Zinho (footballer, born 1967)|Zinho]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 555 || [[Bebeto]] || [[:en:Bebeto|Bebeto]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 556 || [[Romário]] || [[:en:Romário|Romário]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 557 || [[Rai]] || [[:en:Raí|Raí]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 558 || [[Cafu]] || [[:en:Cafu|Cafu]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994, 2002) || Brazil |- | 559 || [[Ronaldo]] || [[:en:Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)|Ronaldo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994, 2002) || Brazil |- | 560 || [[Fabien Barthez]] || [[:en:Fabien Barthez|Fabien Barthez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 561 || [[Lilian Thuram]] || [[:en:Lilian Thuram|Lilian Thuram]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 562 || [[Marcel Desailly]] || [[:en:Marcel Desailly|Marcel Desailly]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 563 || [[Frank Leboeuf]] || [[:en:Frank Leboeuf|Frank Leboeuf]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 564 || [[Bixente Lizarazu]] || [[:en:Bixente Lizarazu|Bixente Lizarazu]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 565 || [[Didier Deschamps]] || [[:en:Didier Deschamps|Didier Deschamps]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 566 || [[Emmanuel Petit]] || [[:en:Emmanuel Petit|Emmanuel Petit]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 577 || [[Christian Karembeu]] || [[:en:Christian Karembeu|Christian Karembeu]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 568 || [[Zinedine Zidane]] || [[:en:Zinedine Zidane|Zinedine Zidane]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 569 || [[Youri Djorkaeff]] || [[:en:Youri Djorkaeff|Youri Djorkaeff]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 570 || [[Stephane Guivarc'h]] || [[:en:Stéphane Guivarc'h|Stéphane Guivarc'h]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 571 || [[Thierry Henry]] || [[:en:Thierry Henry|Thierry Henry]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 572 || [[David Trezeguet]] || [[:en:David Trezeguet|David Trezeguet]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 573 || [[Patrick Vieira]] || [[:en:Patrick Vieira|Patrick Vieira]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 574 || [[Robert Pires]] || [[:en:Robert Pires|Robert Pires]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 575 || [[Marcos (mwanasoka aliyezaliwa 1973)]] || [[:en:Marcos (footballer, born 1973)|Marcos]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 576 || [[Lúcio]] || [[:en:Lúcio|Lúcio]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 577 || [[Roque Júnior]] || [[:en:Roque Júnior|Roque Júnior]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 578 || [[Edmílson]] || [[:en:Edmílson (footballer, born 1976)|Edmílson]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 579 || [[Roberto Carlos]] || [[:en:Roberto Carlos|Roberto Carlos]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 580 || [[Gilberto Silva]] || [[:en:Gilberto Silva|Gilberto Silva]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 581 || [[Kléberson]] || [[:en:Kléberson|Kléberson]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 582 || [[Ronaldinho]] || [[:en:Ronaldinho|Ronaldinho]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 583 || [[Rivaldo]] || [[:en:Rivaldo|Rivaldo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 584 || [[Denílson]] || [[:en:Denílson de Oliveira Araújo|Denílson]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 585 || [[Juninho Paulista]] || [[:en:Juninho Paulista|Juninho Paulista]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 586 || [[Luizão]] || [[:en:Luizão (footballer, born 1975)|Luizão]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 587 || [[Edílson]] || [[:en:Edílson|Edílson]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 588 || [[Gianluigi Buffon]] || [[:en:Gianluigi Buffon|Gianluigi Buffon]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 589 || [[Gianluca Zambrotta]] || [[:en:Gianluca Zambrotta|Gianluca Zambrotta]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 590 || [[Fabio Cannavaro]] || [[:en:Fabio Cannavaro|Fabio Cannavaro]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 591 || [[Marco Materazzi]] || [[:en:Marco Materazzi|Marco Materazzi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 592 || [[Fabio Grosso]] || [[:en:Fabio Grosso|Fabio Grosso]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 593 || [[Mauro Camoranesi]] || [[:en:Mauro Camoranesi|Mauro Camoranesi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 594 || [[Gennaro Gattuso]] || [[:en:Gennaro Gattuso|Gennaro Gattuso]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 595 || [[Andrea Pirlo]] || [[:en:Andrea Pirlo|Andrea Pirlo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 596 || [[Simone Perrotta]] || [[:en:Simone Perrotta|Simone Perrotta]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 597 || [[Francesco Totti]] || [[:en:Francesco Totti|Francesco Totti]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 598 || [[Luca Toni]] || [[:en:Luca Toni|Luca Toni]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 599 || [[Alessandro Del Piero]] || [[:en:Alessandro Del Piero|Alessandro Del Piero]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 600 || [[Vincenzo Iaquinta]] || [[:en:Vincenzo Iaquinta|Vincenzo Iaquinta]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |} ntb40izftv9pzrgy3cymrm5g8zu9jas 1598728 1598727 2026-09-22T14:57:24Z Bycashtz 81318 /* Orodha 4 */ 1598728 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Orodha 1== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Orodha ya Wachezaji Waliowahi Kushinda Kombe la Dunia |- ! # !! Jina (Kiswahili) !! Kiungo cha enwiki !! Fani / Sababu ya Umaarufu !! Nchi Aliyotoka |- | 601 || [[Daniele De Rossi]] || [[:en:Daniele De Rossi|Daniele De Rossi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 602 || [[Iker Casillas]] || [[:en:Iker Casillas|Iker Casillas]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 603 || [[Sergio Ramos]] || [[:en:Sergio Ramos|Sergio Ramos]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 604 || [[Gerard Piqué]] || [[:en:Gerard Piqué|Gerard Piqué]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 605 || [[Carles Puyol]] || [[:en:Carles Puyol|Carles Puyol]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 606 || [[Joan Capdevila]] || [[:en:Joan Capdevila|Joan Capdevila]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 607 || [[Sergio Busquets]] || [[:en:Sergio Busquets|Sergio Busquets]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 608 || [[Xabi Alonso]] || [[:en:Xabi Alonso|Xabi Alonso]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 609 || [[Xavi]] || [[:en:Xavi|Xavi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 610 || [[Andrés Iniesta]] || [[:en:Andrés Iniesta|Andrés Iniesta]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 611 || [[Pedro (mchezaji mpira wa Hispania)]] || [[:en:Pedro (footballer, born 1987)|Pedro]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 612 || [[David Villa]] || [[:en:David Villa|David Villa]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 613 || [[Fernando Torres]] || [[:en:Fernando Torres|Fernando Torres]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 614 || [[Cesc Fàbregas]] || [[:en:Cesc Fàbregas|Cesc Fàbregas]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 615 || [[Jesus Navas]] || [[:en:Jesús Navas|Jesús Navas]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 616 || [[Manuel Neuer]] || [[:en:Manuel Neuer|Manuel Neuer]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 617 || [[Philipp Lahm]] || [[:en:Philipp Lahm|Philipp Lahm]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 618 || [[Jérôme Boateng]] || [[:en:Jérôme Boateng|Jérôme Boateng]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 619 || [[Mats Hummels]] || [[:en:Mats Hummels|Mats Hummels]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 620 || [[Benedikt Höwedes]] || [[:en:Benedikt Höwedes|Benedikt Höwedes]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 621 || [[Bastian Schweinsteiger]] || [[:en:Bastian Schweinsteiger|Bastian Schweinsteiger]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 622 || [[Sami Khedira]] || [[:en:Sami Khedira|Sami Khedira]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 623 || [[Toni Kroos]] || [[:en:Toni Kroos|Toni Kroos]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 624 || [[Mesut Özil]] || [[:en:Mesut Özil|Mesut Özil]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 625 || [[Thomas Müller]] || [[:en:Thomas Müller|Thomas Müller]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 626 || [[Miroslav Klose]] || [[:en:Miroslav Klose|Miroslav Klose]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 627 || [[Mario Götze]] || [[:en:Mario Götze|Mario Götze]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 628 || [[André Schürrle]] || [[:en:André Schürrle|André Schürrle]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 629 || [[Christoph Kramer]] || [[:en:Christoph Kramer|Christoph Kramer]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 630 || [[Per Mertesacker]] || [[:en:Per Mertesacker|Per Mertesacker]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 631 || [[Hugo Lloris]] || [[:en:Hugo Lloris|Hugo Lloris]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 632 || [[Benjamin Pavard]] || [[:en:Benjamin Pavard|Benjamin Pavard]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 633 || [[Raphaël Varane]] || [[:en:Raphaël Varane|Raphaël Varane]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 634 || [[Samuel Umtiti]] || [[:en:Samuel Umtiti|Samuel Umtiti]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 635 || [[Lucas Hernandez]] || [[:en:Lucas Hernandez|Lucas Hernandez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 636 || [[N'Golo Kanté]] || [[:en:N'Golo Kanté|N'Golo Kanté]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 637 || [[Paul Pogba]] || [[:en:Paul Pogba|Paul Pogba]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 638 || [[Blaise Matuidi]] || [[:en:Blaise Matuidi|Blaise Matuidi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 639 || [[Kylian Mbappé]] || [[:en:Kylian Mbappé|Kylian Mbappé]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 640 || [[Antoine Griezmann]] || [[:en:Antoine Griezmann|Antoine Griezmann]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 641 || [[Olivier Giroud]] || [[:en:Olivier Giroud|Olivier Giroud]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 642 || [[Steven Nzonzi]] || [[:en:Steven Nzonzi|Steven Nzonzi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 643 || [[Corentin Tolisso]] || [[:en:Corentin Tolisso|Corentin Tolisso]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 644 || [[Nabil Fekir]] || [[:en:Nabil Fekir|Nabil Fekir]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 645 || [[Emiliano Martínez]] || [[:en:Emiliano Martínez|Emiliano Martínez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 646 || [[Nahuel Molina]] || [[:en:Nahuel Molina|Nahuel Molina]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 647 || [[Cristian Romero]] || [[:en:Cristian Romero|Cristian Romero]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 648 || [[Nicolas Otamendi]] || [[:en:Nicolás Otamendi|Nicolás Otamendi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 649 || [[Nicolas Tagliafico]] || [[:en:Nicolás Tagliafico|Nicolás Tagliafico]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 650 || [[Rodrigo De Paul]] || [[:en:Rodrigo De Paul|Rodrigo De Paul]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 651 || [[Enzo Fernández]] || [[:en:Enzo Fernández|Enzo Fernández]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 652 || [[Alexis Mac Allister]] || [[:en:Alexis Mac Allister|Alexis Mac Allister]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 653 || [[Angel Di Maria]] || [[:en:Ángel Di María|Ángel Di María]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 654 || [[Lionel Messi]] || [[:en:Lionel Messi|Lionel Messi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 655 || [[Julian Alvarez]] || [[:en:Julián Álvarez (footballer)|Julián Álvarez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 656 || [[Marcos Acuña]] || [[:en:Marcos Acuña|Marcos Acuña]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 657 || [[Gonzalo Montiel]] || [[:en:Gonzalo Montiel|Gonzalo Montiel]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 658 || [[Leandro Paredes]] || [[:en:Leandro Paredes|Leandro Paredes]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 659 || [[Lautaro Martinez]] || [[:en:Lautaro Martínez|Lautaro Martínez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 660 || [[Germán Pezzella]] || [[:en:Germán Pezzella|Germán Pezzella]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 661 || [[Enrique Ballestrero]] || [[:en:Enrique Ballestrero|Enrique Ballestrero]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 662 || [[Ernesto Mascheroni]] || [[:en:Ernesto Mascheroni|Ernesto Mascheroni]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 663 || [[José Nasazzi]] || [[:en:José Nasazzi|José Nasazzi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 664 || [[José Andrade]] || [[:en:José Leandro Andrade|José Leandro Andrade]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 665 || [[Lorenzo Fernández]] || [[:en:Lorenzo Fernández|Lorenzo Fernández]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 666 || [[Álvaro Gestido]] || [[:en:Álvaro Gestido|Álvaro Gestido]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 667 || [[Pablo Dorado]] || [[:en:Pablo Dorado|Pablo Dorado]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 668 || [[Héctor Scarone]] || [[:en:Héctor Scarone|Héctor Scarone]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 669 || [[Héctor Castro]] || [[:en:Héctor Castro|Héctor Castro]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 670 || [[Pedro Cea]] || [[:en:Pedro Cea|Pedro Cea]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 671 || [[Santos Iriarte]] || [[:en:Santos Iriarte|Santos Iriarte]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 672 || [[Giampiero Combi]] || [[:en:Giampiero Combi|Giampiero Combi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 673 || [[Eraldo Monzeglio]] || [[:en:Eraldo Monzeglio|Eraldo Monzeglio]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934, 1938) || Italia |- | 674 || [[Luigi Allemandi]] || [[:en:Luigi Allemandi|Luigi Allemandi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 675 || [[Attilio Ferraris]] || [[:en:Attilio Ferraris|Attilio Ferraris]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 676 || [[Luis Monti]] || [[:en:Luis Monti|Luis Monti]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 677 || [[Luigi Bertolini]] || [[:en:Luigi Bertolini|Luigi Bertolini]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 678 || [[Enrique Guaita]] || [[:en:Enrique Guaita|Enrique Guaita]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 679 || [[Giuseppe Meazza]] || [[:en:Giuseppe Meazza|Giuseppe Meazza]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934, 1938) || Italia |- | 680 || [[Angelo Schiavio]] || [[:en:Angelo Schiavio|Angelo Schiavio]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 681 || [[Giovanni Ferrari]] || [[:en:Giovanni Ferrari|Giovanni Ferrari]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934, 1938) || Italia |- | 682 || [[Raimundo Orsi]] || [[:en:Raimundo Orsi|Raimundo Orsi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 683 || [[Aldo Olivieri]] || [[:en:Aldo Olivieri|Aldo Olivieri]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 684 || [[Alfredo Foni]] || [[:en:Alfredo Foni|Alfredo Foni]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 685 || [[Pietro Rava]] || [[:en:Pietro Rava|Pietro Rava]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 686 || [[Pietro Serantoni]] || [[:en:Pietro Serantoni|Pietro Serantoni]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 687 || [[Michele Andreolo]] || [[:en:Michele Andreolo|Michele Andreolo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 688 || [[Ugo Locatelli]] || [[:en:Ugo Locatelli|Ugo Locatelli]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 689 || [[Piero Pasinati]] || [[:en:Piero Pasinati|Piero Pasinati]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 690 || [[Silvio Piola]] || [[:en:Silvio Piola|Silvio Piola]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 691 || [[Gino Colaussi]] || [[:en:Gino Colaussi|Gino Colaussi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 692 || [[Roque Máspoli]] || [[:en:Roque Máspoli|Roque Máspoli]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 693 || [[Matías González]] || [[:en:Matías González (footballer, born 1925)|Matías González]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 694 || [[Eusebio Tejera]] || [[:en:Eusebio Tejera|Eusebio Tejera]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 695 || [[Schubert Gambetta]] || [[:en:Schubert Gambetta|Schubert Gambetta]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 696 || [[Obdulio Varela]] || [[:en:Obdulio Varela|Obdulio Varela]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 697 || [[Víctor Rodríguez Andrade]] || [[:en:Víctor Rodríguez Andrade|Víctor Rodríguez Andrade]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 698 || [[Alcides Ghiggia]] || [[:en:Alcides Ghiggia|Alcides Ghiggia]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 699 || [[Julio Pérez]] || [[:en:Julio Pérez|Julio Pérez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 700 || [[Oscar Míguez]] || [[:en:Oscar Míguez|Oscar Míguez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |} ==Orodha 2== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Orodha ya Wachezaji Waliowahi Kushinda Kombe la Dunia |- ! # !! Jina (Kiswahili) !! Kiungo cha enwiki !! Fani / Sababu ya Umaarufu !! Nchi Aliyotoka |- | 701 || [[Juan Alberto Schiaffino]] || [[:en:Juan Alberto Schiaffino|Juan Alberto Schiaffino]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 702 || [[Rubén Morán]] || [[:en:Rubén Morán|Rubén Morán]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 703 || [[Toni Turek]] || [[:en:Toni Turek|Toni Turek]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 704 || [[Josef Posipal]] || [[:en:Josef Posipal|Josef Posipal]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 705 || [[Werner Kohlmeyer]] || [[:en:Werner Kohlmeyer|Werner Kohlmeyer]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 706 || [[Horst Eckel]] || [[:en:Horst Eckel|Horst Eckel]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 707 || [[Werner Liebrich]] || [[:en:Werner Liebrich|Werner Liebrich]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 708 || [[Karl Mai]] || [[:en:Karl Mai (footballer)|Karl Mai]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 709 || [[Helmut Rahn]] || [[:en:Helmut Rahn|Helmut Rahn]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 710 || [[Max Morlock]] || [[:en:Max Morlock|Max Morlock]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 711 || [[Ottmar Walter]] || [[:en:Ottmar Walter|Ottmar Walter]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 712 || [[Fritz Walter]] || [[:en:Fritz Walter|Fritz Walter]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 713 || [[Hans Schäfer]] || [[:en:Hans Schäfer|Hans Schäfer]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 714 || [[Gilmar]] || [[:en:Gilmar|Gilmar]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958, 1962) || Brazil |- | 715 || [[Hilderaldo Bellini]] || [[:en:Hilderaldo Bellini|Hilderaldo Bellini]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958) || Brazil |- | 716 || [[Djalma Santos]] || [[:en:Djalma Santos|Djalma Santos]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958, 1962) || Brazil |- | 717 || [[Orlando Peçanha]] || [[:en:Orlando Peçanha|Orlando Peçanha]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958) || Brazil |- | 718 || [[Nílton Santos]] || [[:en:Nílton Santos|Nílton Santos]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958, 1962) || Brazil |- | 719 || [[Zito]] || [[:en:Zito (footballer)|Zito]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958, 1962) || Brazil |- | 720 || [[Didi]] || [[:en:Didi (footballer, born 1928)|Didi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958, 1962) || Brazil |- | 721 || [[Garrincha]] || [[:en:Garrincha|Garrincha]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958, 1962) || Brazil |- | 722 || [[Vavá]] || [[:en:Vavá|Vavá]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958, 1962) || Brazil |- | 723 || [[Pelé]] || [[:en:Pelé|Pelé]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958, 1962, 1970) || Brazil |- | 724 || [[Mário Zagallo]] || [[:en:Mário Zagallo|Mário Zagallo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958, 1962) || Brazil |- | 725 || [[Mauro Ramos]] || [[:en:Mauro Ramos|Mauro Ramos]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1962) || Brazil |- | 726 || [[Zózimo]] || [[:en:Zózimo|Zózimo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1962) || Brazil |- | 727 || [[Amarildo]] || [[:en:Amarildo Tavares da Silveira|Amarildo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1962) || Brazil |- | 728 || [[Gordon Banks]] || [[:en:Gordon Banks|Gordon Banks]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 729 || [[George Cohen]] || [[:en:George Cohen|George Cohen]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 730 || [[Jack Charlton]] || [[:en:Jack Charlton|Jack Charlton]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 731 || [[Bobby Moore]] || [[:en:Bobby Moore|Bobby Moore]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 732 || [[Ray Wilson]] || [[:en:Ray Wilson (English footballer)|Ray Wilson]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 733 || [[Nobby Stiles]] || [[:en:Nobby Stiles|Nobby Stiles]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 734 || [[Alan Ball]] || [[:en:Alan Ball Jr.|Alan Ball]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 735 || [[Bobby Charlton]] || [[:en:Bobby Charlton|Bobby Charlton]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 736 || [[Martin Peters]] || [[:en:Martin Peters|Martin Peters]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 737 || [[Geoff Hurst]] || [[:en:Geoff Hurst|Geoff Hurst]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 738 || [[Roger Hunt]] || [[:en:Roger Hunt|Roger Hunt]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 739 || [[Félix]] || [[:en:Félix Miéli Venerando|Félix]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 740 || [[Carlos Alberto Torres]] || [[:en:Carlos Alberto Torres|Carlos Alberto Torres]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 741 || [[Brito]] || [[:en:Brito (footballer, born 1939)|Brito]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 742 || [[Piazza]] || [[:en:Wilson da Silva Piazza|Piazza]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 743 || [[Everaldo]] || [[:en:Everaldo|Everaldo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 744 || [[Clodoaldo]] || [[:en:Clodoaldo|Clodoaldo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 745 || [[Gérson]] || [[:en:Gérson|Gérson]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 746 || [[Jairzinho]] || [[:en:Jairzinho|Jairzinho]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 747 || [[Rivelino]] || [[:en:Rivelino|Rivelino]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 748 || [[Tostão]] || [[:en:Tostão|Tostão]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 749 || [[Paulo Cézar Caju]] || [[:en:Paulo Cézar Caju|Paulo Cézar Caju]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1970) || Brazil |- | 750 || [[Sepp Maier]] || [[:en:Sepp Maier|Sepp Maier]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 751 || [[Berti Vogts]] || [[:en:Berti Vogts|Berti Vogts]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 752 || [[Franz Beckenbauer]] || [[:en:Franz Beckenbauer|Franz Beckenbauer]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 753 || [[Georg Schwarzenbeck]] || [[:en:Georg Schwarzenbeck|Georg Schwarzenbeck]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 754 || [[Paul Breitner]] || [[:en:Paul Breitner|Paul Breitner]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 755 || [[Uli Hoeneß]] || [[:en:Uli Hoeneß|Uli Hoeneß]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 756 || [[Rainer Bonhof]] || [[:en:Rainer Bonhof|Rainer Bonhof]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 757 || [[Wolfgang Overath]] || [[:en:Wolfgang Overath|Wolfgang Overath]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 758 || [[Jürgen Grabowski]] || [[:en:Jürgen Grabowski|Jürgen Grabowski]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 759 || [[Gerd Müller]] || [[:en:Gerd Müller|Gerd Müller]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 760 || [[Bernd Hölzenbein]] || [[:en:Bernd Hölzenbein|Bernd Hölzenbein]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 761 || [[Dieter Herzog]] || [[:en:Dieter Herzog|Dieter Herzog]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 762 || [[Bernard Cullmann]] || [[:en:Bernhard Cullmann|Bernhard Cullmann]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 763 || [[Günter Netzer]] || [[:en:Günter Netzer|Günter Netzer]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1974) || Ujerumani |- | 764 || [[Hector Zelada]] || [[:en:Héctor Zelada|Héctor Zelada]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 765 || [[Luis Islas]] || [[:en:Luis Islas|Luis Islas]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 766 || [[Daniel Passarella]] || [[:en:Daniel Passarella|Daniel Passarella]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1978, 1986) || Argentina |- | 767 || [[Nestor Clausen]] || [[:en:Néstor Clausen|Néstor Clausen]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 768 || [[Ricardo Bochini]] || [[:en:Ricardo Bochini|Ricardo Bochini]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 769 || [[Claudio Borghi]] || [[:en:Claudio Borghi (footballer)|Claudio Borghi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 770 || [[Carlos Tapia]] || [[:en:Carlos Daniel Tapia|Carlos Tapia]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 771 || [[Marcelo Trobbiani]] || [[:en:Marcelo Trobbiani|Marcelo Trobbiani]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1986) || Argentina |- | 772 || [[Bodo Illgner]] || [[:en:Bodo Illgner|Bodo Illgner]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 773 || [[Raimond Aumann]] || [[:en:Raimond Aumann|Raimond Aumann]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 774 || [[Andreas Köpke]] || [[:en:Andreas Köpke|Andreas Köpke]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 775 || [[Paul Steiner]] || [[:en:Paul Steiner|Paul Steiner]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 776 || [[Frank Mill]] || [[:en:Frank Mill|Frank Mill]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 777 || [[Karl-Heinz Riedle]] || [[:en:Karl-Heinz Riedle|Karl-Heinz Riedle]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 778 || [[Uwe Bein]] || [[:en:Uwe Bein|Uwe Bein]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 779 || [[Günter Hermann]] || [[:en:Günter Hermann|Günter Hermann]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 780 || [[Hans Pflügler]] || [[:en:Hans Pflügler|Hans Pflügler]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 781 || [[Andreas Möller]] || [[:en:Andreas Möller|Andreas Möller]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1990) || Ujerumani |- | 782 || [[Zetti]] || [[:en:Zetti|Zetti]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 783 || [[Gilmar Rinaldi]] || [[:en:Gilmar Rinaldi|Gilmar Rinaldi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 784 || [[Ricardo Rocha]] || [[:en:Ricardo Rocha (footballer, born 1962)|Ricardo Rocha]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 785 || [[Ronaldão]] || [[:en:Ronaldão|Ronaldão]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 786 || [[Paulo Sérgio]] || [[:en:Paulo Sérgio (footballer, born 1969)|Paulo Sérgio]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 787 || [[Müller]] || [[:en:Müller (footballer, born 1966)|Müller]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 788 || [[Bernard Lama]] || [[:en:Bernard Lama|Bernard Lama]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 789 || [[Lionel Charbonnier]] || [[:en:Lionel Charbonnier|Lionel Charbonnier]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 790 || [[Vincent Candela]] || [[:en:Vincent Candela|Vincent Candela]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 791 || [[Alain Boghossian]] || [[:en:Alain Boghossian|Alain Boghossian]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 792 || [[Bernard Diomede]] || [[:en:Bernard Diomède|Bernard Diomède]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 793 || [[Dida]] || [[:en:Dida (footballer, born 1973)|Dida]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 794 || [[Rogério Ceni]] || [[:en:Rogério Ceni|Rogério Ceni]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 795 || [[Anderson Polga]] || [[:en:Anderson Polga|Anderson Polga]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 796 || [[Belletti]] || [[:en:Juliano Belletti|Belletti]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 797 || [[Vampeta]] || [[:en:Vampeta|Vampeta]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 798 || [[Ricardinho]] || [[:en:Ricardinho (footballer, born 1976)|Ricardinho]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 799 || [[Kaká]] || [[:en:Kaká|Kaká]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 800 || [[Angelo Peruzzi]] || [[:en:Angelo Peruzzi|Angelo Peruzzi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |} ==Orodha 3== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Orodha ya Wachezaji Waliowahi Kushinda Kombe la Dunia |- ! # !! Jina (Kiswahili) !! Kiungo cha enwiki !! Fani / Sababu ya Umaarufu !! Nchi Aliyotoka |- | 801 || [[Marco Amelia]] || [[:en:Marco Amelia|Marco Amelia]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 802 || [[Cristian Zaccardo]] || [[:en:Cristian Zaccardo|Cristian Zaccardo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 803 || [[Andrea Barzagli]] || [[:en:Andrea Barzagli|Andrea Barzagli]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 804 || [[Massimo Oddo]] || [[:en:Massimo Oddo|Massimo Oddo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 805 || [[Alberto Gilardino]] || [[:en:Alberto Gilardino|Alberto Gilardino]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 806 || [[Filippo Inzaghi]] || [[:en:Filippo Inzaghi|Filippo Inzaghi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 807 || [[Víctor Valdés]] || [[:en:Víctor Valdés|Víctor Valdés]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 808 || [[Pepe Reina]] || [[:en:Pepe Reina|Pepe Reina]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 809 || [[Raúl Albiol]] || [[:en:Raúl Albiol|Raúl Albiol]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 810 || [[Carlos Marchena]] || [[:en:Carlos Marchena|Carlos Marchena]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 811 || [[Álvaro Arbeloa]] || [[:en:Álvaro Arbeloa|Álvaro Arbeloa]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 812 || [[Javi Martínez]] || [[:en:Javi Martínez|Javi Martínez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 813 || [[Juan Mata]] || [[:en:Juan Mata|Juan Mata]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 814 || [[Fernando Llorente]] || [[:en:Fernando Llorente|Fernando Llorente]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2010) || Hispania |- | 815 || [[Roman Weidenfeller]] || [[:en:Roman Weidenfeller|Roman Weidenfeller]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 816 || [[Ron-Robert Zieler]] || [[:en:Ron-Robert Zieler|Ron-Robert Zieler]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 817 || [[Shkodran Mustafi]] || [[:en:Shkodran Mustafi|Shkodran Mustafi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 818 || [[Matthias Ginter]] || [[:en:Matthias Ginter|Matthias Ginter]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 819 || [[Erik Durm]] || [[:en:Erik Durm|Erik Durm]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 820 || [[Kevin Großkreutz]] || [[:en:Kevin Großkreutz|Kevin Großkreutz]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 821 || [[Julian Draxler]] || [[:en:Julian Draxler|Julian Draxler]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2014) || Ujerumani |- | 822 || [[Steve Mandanda]] || [[:en:Steve Mandanda|Steve Mandanda]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 823 || [[Alphonse Areola]] || [[:en:Alphonse Areola|Alphonse Areola]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 824 || [[Presnel Kimpembe]] || [[:en:Presnel Kimpembe|Presnel Kimpembe]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 825 || [[Adil Rami]] || [[:en:Adil Rami|Adil Rami]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 826 || [[Djibril Sidibé]] || [[:en:Djibril Sidibé (footballer, born 1992)|Djibril Sidibé]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 827 || [[Benjamin Mendy]] || [[:en:Benjamin Mendy|Benjamin Mendy]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 828 || [[Thomas Lemar]] || [[:en:Thomas Lemar|Thomas Lemar]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 829 || [[Florian Thauvin]] || [[:en:Florian Thauvin|Florian Thauvin]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 830 || [[Ousmane Dembélé]] || [[:en:Ousmane Dembélé|Ousmane Dembélé]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2018) || Ufaransa |- | 831 || [[Franco Armani]] || [[:en:Franco Armani|Franco Armani]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 832 || [[Geronimo Rulli]] || [[:en:Gerónimo Rulli|Gerónimo Rulli]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 833 || [[Juan Foyth]] || [[:en:Juan Foyth|Juan Foyth]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 834 || [[Lisandro Martinez]] || [[:en:Lisandro Martínez|Lisandro Martínez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 835 || [[Guido Rodríguez]] || [[:en:Guido Rodríguez|Guido Rodríguez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 836 || [[Exequiel Palacios]] || [[:en:Exequiel Palacios|Exequiel Palacios]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 837 || [[Thiago Almada]] || [[:en:Thiago Almada|Thiago Almada]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 838 || [[Angel Correa]] || [[:en:Ángel Correa|Ángel Correa]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 839 || [[Paulo Dybala]] || [[:en:Paulo Dybala|Paulo Dybala]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 840 || [[Papu Gómez]] || [[:en:Papu Gómez|Papu Gómez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2022) || Argentina |- | 841 || [[Miguel Capuccini]] || [[:en:Miguel Capuccini|Miguel Capuccini]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 842 || [[Juan Carlos Calvo]] || [[:en:Juan Carlos Calvo|Juan Carlos Calvo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 843 || [[Angel Melogno]] || [[:en:Ángel Melogno|Ángel Melogno]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 844 || [[Emilio Recoba]] || [[:en:Emilio Recoba|Emilio Recoba]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 845 || [[Carlos Riolfo]] || [[:en:Carlos Riolfo|Carlos Riolfo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 846 || [[Zoilo Saldombide]] || [[:en:Zoilo Saldombide|Zoilo Saldombide]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 847 || [[Modesto Denis]] || [[:en:Modesto Denis|Modesto Denis]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1930) || Uruguay |- | 848 || [[Guido Masetti]] || [[:en:Guido Masetti|Guido Masetti]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934, 1938) || Italia |- | 849 || [[Giuseppe Cavanna]] || [[:en:Giuseppe Cavanna|Giuseppe Cavanna]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 850 || [[Umberto Caligaris]] || [[:en:Umberto Caligaris|Umberto Caligaris]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |} ==Orodha 4== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Orodha ya Wachezaji Waliowahi Kushinda Kombe la Dunia |- ! # !! Jina (Kiswahili) !! Kiungo cha enwiki !! Fani / Sababu ya Umaarufu !! Nchi Aliyotoka |- | 851 || [[Virginio Rosetta]] || [[:en:Virginio Rosetta|Virginio Rosetta]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 852 || [[Mario Pizziolo]] || [[:en:Mario Pizziolo|Mario Pizziolo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 853 || [[Armando Castellazzi]] || [[:en:Armando Castellazzi|Armando Castellazzi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 854 || [[Anfilogino Guarisi]] || [[:en:Anfilogino Guarisi|Anfilogino Guarisi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 855 || [[Pietro Arcari]] || [[:en:Pietro Arcari|Pietro Arcari]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 856 || [[Felice Borel]] || [[:en:Felice Borel|Felice Borel]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 857 || [[Attilio Demaría]] || [[:en:Attilio Demaría|Attilio Demaría]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 858 || [[Mario Varglien]] || [[:en:Mario Varglien|Mario Varglien]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1934) || Italia |- | 859 || [[Carlo Ceresoli]] || [[:en:Carlo Ceresoli|Carlo Ceresoli]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 860 || [[Bruno Chizzo]] || [[:en:Bruno Chizzo|Bruno Chizzo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 861 || [[Aldo Donati]] || [[:en:Aldo Donati|Aldo Donati]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 862 || [[Mario Genta]] || [[:en:Mario Genta|Mario Genta]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 863 || [[Renato Olmi]] || [[:en:Renato Olmi|Renato Olmi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 864 || [[Carlo Passalacqua]] || [[:en:Carlo Passalacqua|Carlo Passalacqua]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 865 || [[Sergio Bertoni]] || [[:en:Sergio Bertoni|Sergio Bertoni]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 866 || [[Mario Perazzolo]] || [[:en:Mario Perazzolo|Mario Perazzolo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 867 || [[Pietro Ferraris]] || [[:en:Pietro Ferraris|Pietro Ferraris]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1938) || Italia |- | 868 || [[Anibal Paz]] || [[:en:Aníbal Paz|Aníbal Paz]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 869 || [[William Martinez]] || [[:en:William Martínez|William Martínez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 870 || [[Juan Carlos González]] || [[:en:Juan Carlos González (footballer)|Juan Carlos González]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 871 || [[Washington Ortuño]] || [[:en:Washington Ortuño|Washington Ortuño]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 872 || [[Rodolfo Pini]] || [[:en:Rodolfo Pini|Rodolfo Pini]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 873 || [[Carlos Romero]] || [[:en:Carlos Romero (footballer)|Carlos Romero]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 874 || [[Juan Burgueño]] || [[:en:Juan Burgueño|Juan Burgueño]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 875 || [[Luis Rijo]] || [[:en:Luis Rijo|Luis Rijo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1950) || Uruguay |- | 876 || [[Heinrich Kubsch]] || [[:en:Heinrich Kubsch|Heinrich Kubsch]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 877 || [[Heinz Kwiatkowski]] || [[:en:Heinz Kwiatkowski|Heinz Kwiatkowski]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 878 || [[Herbert Erhardt]] || [[:en:Herbert Erhardt|Herbert Erhardt]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 879 || [[Fritz Laband]] || [[:en:Fritz Laband|Fritz Laband]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 880 || [[Hans Bauer]] || [[:en:Hans Bauer (footballer)|Hans Bauer]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 881 || [[Karl-Heinz Metzner]] || [[:en:Karl-Heinz Metzner|Karl-Heinz Metzner]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 882 || [[Alfred Pfaff]] || [[:en:Alfred Pfaff|Alfred Pfaff]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 883 || [[Paul Mebus]] || [[:en:Paul Mebus|Paul Mebus]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 884 || [[Richard Herrmann]] || [[:en:Richard Herrmann (footballer)|Richard Herrmann]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 885 || [[Ulrich Biesinger]] || [[:en:Ulrich Biesinger|Ulrich Biesinger]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1954) || Ujerumani |- | 886 || [[Castilho]] || [[:en:Carlos José Castilho|Castilho]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958, 1962) || Brazil |- | 887 || [[Mazzola]] || [[:en:José Altafini|Mazzola]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958) || Brazil |- | 888 || [[Dino Sani]] || [[:en:Dino Sani|Dino Sani]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958) || Brazil |- | 889 || [[Oreco]] || [[:en:Oreco|Oreco]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958) || Brazil |- | 890 || [[Zózimo]] || [[:en:Zózimo|Zózimo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958) || Brazil |- | 891 || [[Moacir]] || [[:en:Moacir (footballer, born 1936)|Moacir]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958) || Brazil |- | 892 || [[Joel Antônio Martins]] || [[:en:Joel Antônio Martins|Joel Antônio Martins]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958) || Brazil |- | 893 || [[Pepe (mchezaji mpira wa Brazil)]] || [[:en:Pepe (footballer, born 1935)|Pepe]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1958, 1962) || Brazil |- | 894 || [[Jair Marinho]] || [[:en:Jair Marinho|Jair Marinho]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1962) || Brazil |- | 895 || [[Altair]] || [[:en:Altair Gomes de Figueiredo|Altair]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1962) || Brazil |- | 896 || [[Mengálvio]] || [[:en:Mengálvio|Mengálvio]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1962) || Brazil |- | 897 || [[Coutinho]] || [[:en:Coutinho (footballer, born 1943)|Coutinho]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1962) || Brazil |- | 898 || [[Jurandir]] || [[:en:Jurandir de Freitas|Jurandir]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1962) || Brazil |- | 899 || [[Ron Springett]] || [[:en:Ron Springett|Ron Springett]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |- | 900 || [[Peter Bonetti]] || [[:en:Peter Bonetti|Peter Bonetti]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1966) || Uingereza |} ==Orodha 5== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Orodha ya Wachezaji Waliowahi Kushinda Kombe la Dunia |- ! # !! Jina (Kiswahili) !! Kiungo cha enwiki !! Fani / Sababu ya Umaarufu !! Nchi Aliyotoka |- | 551 || [[Mauro Silva]] || [[:en:Mauro Silva|Mauro Silva]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 552 || [[Dunga]] || [[:en:Dunga|Dunga]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 553 || [[Mazinho]] || [[:en:Mazinho (footballer, born 1966)|Mazinho]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 554 || [[Zinho]] || [[:en:Zinho (footballer, born 1967)|Zinho]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 555 || [[Bebeto]] || [[:en:Bebeto|Bebeto]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 556 || [[Romário]] || [[:en:Romário|Romário]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 557 || [[Rai]] || [[:en:Raí|Raí]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994) || Brazil |- | 558 || [[Cafu]] || [[:en:Cafu|Cafu]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994, 2002) || Brazil |- | 559 || [[Ronaldo]] || [[:en:Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)|Ronaldo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1994, 2002) || Brazil |- | 560 || [[Fabien Barthez]] || [[:en:Fabien Barthez|Fabien Barthez]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 561 || [[Lilian Thuram]] || [[:en:Lilian Thuram|Lilian Thuram]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 562 || [[Marcel Desailly]] || [[:en:Marcel Desailly|Marcel Desailly]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 563 || [[Frank Leboeuf]] || [[:en:Frank Leboeuf|Frank Leboeuf]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 564 || [[Bixente Lizarazu]] || [[:en:Bixente Lizarazu|Bixente Lizarazu]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 565 || [[Didier Deschamps]] || [[:en:Didier Deschamps|Didier Deschamps]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 566 || [[Emmanuel Petit]] || [[:en:Emmanuel Petit|Emmanuel Petit]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 577 || [[Christian Karembeu]] || [[:en:Christian Karembeu|Christian Karembeu]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 568 || [[Zinedine Zidane]] || [[:en:Zinedine Zidane|Zinedine Zidane]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 569 || [[Youri Djorkaeff]] || [[:en:Youri Djorkaeff|Youri Djorkaeff]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 570 || [[Stephane Guivarc'h]] || [[:en:Stéphane Guivarc'h|Stéphane Guivarc'h]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 571 || [[Thierry Henry]] || [[:en:Thierry Henry|Thierry Henry]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 572 || [[David Trezeguet]] || [[:en:David Trezeguet|David Trezeguet]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 573 || [[Patrick Vieira]] || [[:en:Patrick Vieira|Patrick Vieira]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 574 || [[Robert Pires]] || [[:en:Robert Pires|Robert Pires]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 1998) || Ufaransa |- | 575 || [[Marcos (mwanasoka aliyezaliwa 1973)]] || [[:en:Marcos (footballer, born 1973)|Marcos]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 576 || [[Lúcio]] || [[:en:Lúcio|Lúcio]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 577 || [[Roque Júnior]] || [[:en:Roque Júnior|Roque Júnior]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 578 || [[Edmílson]] || [[:en:Edmílson (footballer, born 1976)|Edmílson]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 579 || [[Roberto Carlos]] || [[:en:Roberto Carlos|Roberto Carlos]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 580 || [[Gilberto Silva]] || [[:en:Gilberto Silva|Gilberto Silva]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 581 || [[Kléberson]] || [[:en:Kléberson|Kléberson]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 582 || [[Ronaldinho]] || [[:en:Ronaldinho|Ronaldinho]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 583 || [[Rivaldo]] || [[:en:Rivaldo|Rivaldo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 584 || [[Denílson]] || [[:en:Denílson de Oliveira Araújo|Denílson]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 585 || [[Juninho Paulista]] || [[:en:Juninho Paulista|Juninho Paulista]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 586 || [[Luizão]] || [[:en:Luizão (footballer, born 1975)|Luizão]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 587 || [[Edílson]] || [[:en:Edílson|Edílson]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2002) || Brazil |- | 588 || [[Gianluigi Buffon]] || [[:en:Gianluigi Buffon|Gianluigi Buffon]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 589 || [[Gianluca Zambrotta]] || [[:en:Gianluca Zambrotta|Gianluca Zambrotta]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 590 || [[Fabio Cannavaro]] || [[:en:Fabio Cannavaro|Fabio Cannavaro]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 591 || [[Marco Materazzi]] || [[:en:Marco Materazzi|Marco Materazzi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 592 || [[Fabio Grosso]] || [[:en:Fabio Grosso|Fabio Grosso]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 593 || [[Mauro Camoranesi]] || [[:en:Mauro Camoranesi|Mauro Camoranesi]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 594 || [[Gennaro Gattuso]] || [[:en:Gennaro Gattuso|Gennaro Gattuso]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 595 || [[Andrea Pirlo]] || [[:en:Andrea Pirlo|Andrea Pirlo]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 596 || [[Simone Perrotta]] || [[:en:Simone Perrotta|Simone Perrotta]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 597 || [[Francesco Totti]] || [[:en:Francesco Totti|Francesco Totti]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 598 || [[Luca Toni]] || [[:en:Luca Toni|Luca Toni]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 599 || [[Alessandro Del Piero]] || [[:en:Alessandro Del Piero|Alessandro Del Piero]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |- | 600 || [[Vincenzo Iaquinta]] || [[:en:Vincenzo Iaquinta|Vincenzo Iaquinta]] || Mpira wa Miguu (Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia 2006) || Italia |} f1117rrbmqq7b35bh462fga7h8e38l5 0 249307 1598722 1596166 2026-09-22T14:39:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1598722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Vinod Khanna''' (6 Oktoba 1946 – 27 Aprili 2017) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]], [[mtayarishaji wa filamu]], na [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[India]] aliyefanya kazi katika tasnia ya filamu za [[Hindi|Kihindi]] (Bollywood).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-39730594|title=Vinod Khanna: Veteran Bollywood actor dies aged 70|publisher=BBC News|date=2017-04-27|access-date=2026-09-12}}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Anajulikana sana kama mmoja wa nyota wakubwa wa sinema za Khindi katika miaka ya 1970 na 1980. Khanna alionekana katika filamu zaidi ya 140. Alipata mafanikio makubwa kupitia filamu kama vile ''[[Mere Apne]]'' (1971), ''[[Apatru]]'' (1971), ''[[Geraftaar]]'' (1985), na filamu mashuhuri alizoshirikiana na [[Amitabh Bachchan]] kama vile ''[[Hera Pheri (filamu ya 1976)|Hera Pheri]]'' (1976), ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' (1977), ''[[Parvarish]]'' (1977), na ''[[Muqaddar Ka Sikandar]]'' (1978). == Maisha ya awali == Vinod Khanna alizaliwa mjini [[Peshawar]], [[Pakistan|India ya Kiingereza]] (sasa nchini Pakistan) katika familia ya [[Wapunjabi]]. Baada ya mgawanyiko wa India mwaka 1947, familia yake ilihamia [[Mumbai]]. Alisoma katika shule za St. Xavier's High School mjini Mumbai na Barnes School mjini Deolali, kabla ya kuhitimu shahada ya biashara katika Chuo cha Biashara na Uchumi cha Sydenham. == Kazi ya sanaa na maisha ya baadaye == Khanna alifanya uzinduzi wake wa kwanza kama mwigizaji katika filamu ya ''[[Man Ka Meet]]'' (1968) akicheza nafasi ya uadui. Katika miaka ya awali ya 1970, alihama kutoka kucheza nafasi za wahalifu na kuwa mwigizaji mkuu katika filamu za maonyesho ya hatua na igizo la filamu. Mwaka 1982, kileleni mwa mafanikio yake ya sanaa, Khanna aliamua kuacha kazi ya uigizaji kwa muda na kuwa mfuasi wa kiongozi wa kiroho [[Osho]] (Rajneesh), akihamia nchini [[Marekani]] ambapo aliishi kwa miaka kadhaa. Alirejea kwenye tasnia ya sinema za India mwaka 1987 kupitia filamu iliyopata mafanikio makubwa ya ''[[Insaaf]]''. Katika miaka ya baadaye, alijiunga na siasa kupitia chama cha [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) na kuchaguliwa kuwa mbunge wa jimbo la Gurdaspur mara kadhaa, pamoja na kuhudumu kama Waziri wa Nchi wa Mambo ya Nje nchini India. == Maisha binafsi na kifo == Khanna alioana na Gitanjali Taleyarkhan mwaka 1971 na wakapata watoto wawili wa kiume, [[Rahul Khanna]] na [[Akshaye Khanna]], ambao wote wamekuwa waigizaji wa Bollywood. Baada ya kutengana na Gitanjali, alioana na Kavita Daftary mwaka 1990. Vinod Khanna alifariki dunia tarehe 27 Aprili 2017 mjini Mumbai akiwa na umri wa miaka 70, baada ya kuugua saratani ya kibofu cha mkojo kwa muda mrefu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vinod Khanna passes away at 70|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vinod-khanna-passes-away-at-70/articleshow/58398453.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=2017-04-27|access-date=2026-09-12}}</ref> == Filmografia zilizochaguliwa == === Filamu === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Mwaka ! Jina la Filamu ! Nafasi ! Maelezo |- | 1968 | ''[[Man Ka Meet]]'' | Pran | Filamu yake ya kwanza |- | 1971 | ''[[Mere Apne]]'' | Shyam | |- | 1971 | ''[[Apatru]]'' | Inspector Amar | |- | 1975 | ''[[Dharmatma]]'' | Vikram | Alishirikiana na Feroz Khan |- | 1976 | ''[[Hera Pheri (filamu ya 1976)|Hera Pheri]]'' | Vijay | Aliteuliwa Tuzo ya Filmfare |- | 1977 | ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' | Amar Khanna | Filamu iliyopata mafanikio makubwa |- | 1977 | ''[[Parvarish]]'' | Kishan | |- | 1978 | ''[[Muqaddar Ka Sikandar]]'' | Vishal Kapoor | |- | 1980 | ''[[Qurbani (filamu)|Qurbani]]'' | Amar | Alishirikiana na Feroz Khan |- | 1987 | ''[[Insaaf]]'' | Avinash Kapoor | Filamu ya kwanza baada ya kurejea |- | 1988 | ''[[Dayavan]]'' | Shakti Velu | Filamu iliyoongozwa na Feroz Khan |- | 2010 | ''[[Dabangg]]'' | Prajapati Pandey | |- | 2015 | ''[[Dilwale (filamu ya 2015)|Dilwale]]'' | Randhir Bakshi | Filamu yake ya mwisho kabla ya kifo |} == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{BD|1946|2017}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa India]] [[Jamii:Watayarishaji filamu wa India]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Uhindi]] l4lr86e0ukitm1ahh6rg1e3zuyo57fw 0 249334 1599058 1596202 2026-09-23T04:23:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599058 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brett Michael Emerton''' (alizaliwa [[22 Februari]] [[1979]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Australia]]. Alichezea Feyenoord, [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]], [[Sydney FC]], na timu ya taifa ya Australia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Brett Emerton |url=https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=27149 |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=www.soccerbase.com}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Emerton looks to England|publisher=BBC|date=29 October 2001|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/1625642.stm|access-date=28 July 2007}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Brett Emerton alizaliwa tarehe 22 Februari 1979 huko [[Sydney]], [[Australia]]. Alianza kucheza soka akiwa na umri mdogo, akijiunga na timu ya vijana ya Sydney Olympic. == Kazi ya Klabu == === Sydney Olympic na Feyenoord (1996–2003) === Emerton alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza kwa Sydney Olympic mwaka [[1996]]. Mwaka [[2000]], alihamia Feyenoord [[Uholanzi]]. === Blackburn Rovers (2003–2011) === Mwaka [[2003]], Emerton alihamia [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]] [[Uingereza]] kwa ada ya £2.2 milioni. Akiwa Blackburn, alikua mmoja wa wachezaji muhimu wa klabu hiyo.<ref>{{cite news|title=Emerton chase intensifies|publisher=BBC|date=4 July 2003|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/n/newcastle_united/3044860.stm|access-date=28 July 2007}}</ref> === Sydney FC na Ustaafu (2011–2014) === Emerton alirejea Australia na kujiunga na Sydney FC mwaka [[2011]]. Alistaafu kucheza mwaka [[2014]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/sport/soccer/history-as-emerton-swaps-epl-for-sydney-20110824-1ja9v.html|title=History as Emerton swaps EPL for Sydney|first=Michael|last=Cockerill|date=24 August 2011 }}</ref> == Timu ya Taifa == Emerton alichezea timu ya taifa ya Australia mechi 95 kati ya [[1998]] na [[2012]], akifunga mabao 20. Alishiriki katika [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA|Kombe la Dunia]] la 2006 na 2010.<ref name="FIFA">{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/22/85/78/fwc_2010_squadlists.pdf |title=FIFA World Cup South Africa 2010: List of Players: Australia |publisher=FIFA |page=3 |date=4 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418010111/https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/22/85/78/fwc_2010_squadlists.pdf |archive-date=18 April 2020}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1979]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] c8mf6j27ngsb5ayolob7plssviik73q 0 249336 1599054 1596204 2026-09-23T04:14:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599054 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brad Friedel''' (alizaliwa [[18 Mei]] [[1971]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa kipa na alichezea [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]], [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]], Aston Villa, [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]], na timu ya taifa ya Marekani.<ref>{{cite web |title=Brad Friedel |url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/1002/Brad-Friedel/overview |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=www.premierleague.com}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=CardsChat with Brad Friedel |url=https://www.cardschat.com/news/us-goalie-legend-brad-friedel-speaks-to-cardschat-98100/ |website=CardsChat.com |date=February 22, 2021 |access-date=March 2, 2021}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Brad Friedel alizaliwa tarehe 18 Mei 1971 huko [[Lakewood, Ohio]], Marekani. Alianza kucheza soka akiwa na umri mdogo, akijiunga na timu ya vijana ya UCLA.<ref name="Soccertimes">{{cite web |url=http://www.soccertimes.com/usteams/roster/men/friedel.htm |title=Profile: Brad Friedel |publisher=Soccertimes.com |access-date=July 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826214213/http://www.soccertimes.com/usteams/roster/men/friedel.htm |archive-date=August 26, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kazi ya Klabu == === Galatasaray na Columbus Crew (1994–1997) === Friedel alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza kwa Galatasaray [[Uturuki]] mwaka [[1994]]. Baadaye alichezea Columbus Crew Marekani.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tff.org/Default.aspx?pageId=526&kisiID=26838 |title=Bradley Howard Fri̇edel |publisher=Turkish Football Federation |access-date=December 23, 2020}}</ref> === Liverpool (1997–2000) === Mwaka [[1997]], Friedel alihamia Liverpool F.C. Uingereza. Alicheza misimu mitatu kabla ya kuhamia Blackburn Rovers F.C.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/20/sports/plus-soccer-confederations-cup-friedel-is-cleared-to-join-liverpool.html|date=December 20, 1997|newspaper=New York Times|access-date=April 30, 2012|title=Friedel Is Cleared To Join Liverpool}}</ref> === Blackburn Rovers (2000–2008) === Akiwa Blackburn, Friedel alikua mmoja wa makipa bora wa [[Ligi Kuu Uingereza (EPL)]]. Alicheza mechi zaidi ya 300 kwa klabu hiyo.<ref name=november2000>{{cite news |title=Rovers sign Friedel |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/l/liverpool/1002288.stm |access-date=June 29, 2025 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=November 7, 2000}}</ref> === Aston Villa na Tottenham Hotspur (2008–2015) === Friedel alichezea Aston Villa na Tottenham Hotspur F.C. kabla ya kustaafu mwaka [[2015]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/13639513 | work=BBC News | title=Friedel agrees to join Tottenham | date=June 3, 2011}}</ref> == Timu ya Taifa == Friedel alichezea timu ya taifa ya Marekani mechi 82 kati ya [[1992]] na [[2005]]. Alishiriki katika [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA|Kombe la Dunia]] la [[1994]], [[1998]], na [[2002]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1971]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] cnp37phw9cv1pkzy765xdcta70c7plr 0 249339 1599114 1596207 2026-09-23T08:56:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599114 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Craig Douglas Bellamy''' (alizaliwa [[13 Julai]] [[1979]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Welisi]]. Alichezea Newcastle United F.C. , [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]], [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]], [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]], Cardiff City F.C. na timu ya taifa ya Welisi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Craig Bellamy |url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/1660/Craig-Bellamy/overview |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=www.premierleague.com}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Player profile – Craig Bellamy |url=http://www.cardiffcityfc.co.uk/team/player-profile/craig-bellamy/39 |publisher=Cardiff City F.C.|access-date=11 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225152621/http://www.cardiffcityfc.co.uk/team/player-profile/craig-bellamy/39|archive-date=25 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hugman |first=Barry J. |title=The PFA Premier & Football League Players' Records 1946–2005 |publisher=Queen Anne Press |year=2005 |page=53 |isbn=1-85291-665-6}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Craig Bellamy alizaliwa tarehe 13 Julai 1979 huko Cardiff, Welisi. Alianza kucheza soka akiwa na umri mdogo, akijiunga na timu ya vijana ya Norwich City. == Kazi ya Klabu == === Norwich City na Coventry City (1996–2000) === Bellamy alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza kwa Norwich City mwaka [[1996]]. Mwaka [[2000]], alihamia Coventry City.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/city-vow-learn-bellamy-blunder-2490946 |title=City vow to learn from Bellamy blunder |work=WalesOnline |publisher=Media Wales |date=19 February 2003 |access-date=30 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530193157/https://www.walesonline.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/city-vow-learn-bellamy-blunder-2490946 |archive-date=30 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Newcastle United (2001–2005) === Mwaka [[2001]], Bellamy alihamia[[Newcastle United F.C.. Akiwa Newcastle, alikua mmoja wa washambuliaji bora wa [[Ligi Kuu Uingereza (EPL)]].<ref name="gf97"/><ref>{{cite news |last=McNulty |first=Phil |title=Robson's transfer troubles |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/n/newcastle_united/1437354.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |date=13 July 2001|access-date=11 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030404113834/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/n/newcastle_united/1437354.stm|archive-date=4 April 2003|url-status=live}}</ref> === Blackburn Rovers, Liverpool, Manchester City, na Cardiff City (2005–2014) === Bellamy alichezea [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]], [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]], [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]], na Cardiff City F.C. kabla ya kustaafu mwaka [[2014]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=x.com |url=https://x.com/burnleyofficial/status/1796221318435639488?s=46&t=nDSzfJMZlUsKFUKjH9Jrqg |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=X (formerly Twitter)}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/bellamy-escapes-to-blackburn-297591.html |title=Bellamy escapes to Blackburn |newspaper=The Independent |last=Hunter |first=Andy |date=8 July 2013 |access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref> == Timu ya Taifa == Bellamy alichezea timu ya taifa ya Welisi mechi 78 kati ya [[1998]] na [[2013]], akifunga mabao 19. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Welisi]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Welisi]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1979]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 34iecvsrfr5bgv1cqheepphpoir882x 0 249533 1599088 1596601 2026-09-23T07:06:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599088 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christine Ahn''' ni [[mwanaharakati]] wa amani mwenye asili ya [[Kikorea]] na [[Marekani]] ambaye anahudumu kama Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Women Cross DMZ, shirika la [[wanawake]] linalotetea kumalizika kwa Vita vya [[Korea]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=WCDMZ's Christine Ahn Announced Winner of 2020 US Peace Prize – Channel Foundation|url=https://www.channelfoundation.org/2020/10/28/wcdmzs-christine-ahn-announced-winner-of-2020-us-peace-prize/|access-date=2021-05-16|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=UHM |first=CKS |date=2019-11-20 |title=Women Building Political Will for Peace with North Korea |url=https://manoa.hawaii.edu/koreanstudies/women-building-political-will-for-peace-with-north-korea/ |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=Center for Korean Studies{{!}} University of Hawai{{okina}}i at Mānoa |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810024407/https://manoa.hawaii.edu/koreanstudies/women-building-political-will-for-peace-with-north-korea/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] gkzdh8isffkvseud6rqoxr0pzfiae6i 0 249685 1598885 1596851 2026-09-23T00:01:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598885 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Annette Conlon''' (aliyezaliwa [[19 Juni]]), ni [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] wa [[Marekani]], mpiga gitaa la akustiki]], mfuasi wa mtindo wa maisha wa vegan,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://veganfeministagitator.blogspot.com/2016/09/10-questions-vegan-rock-star-with.html|title=The Vegan Street Blog from the Vegan Feminist Agitator: 10 Questions: Vegan Rock Star with Annette Conlon...|date=2016-09-15|website=The Vegan Street Blog from the Vegan Feminist Agitator|access-date=2016-10-20}}</ref> na mwanzilishi wa Compassionette Tour:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiepulsemusic.com/2016/09/21/annette-conlon-announces-compassionette-tour/|title=ANNETTE CONLON ANNOUNCES "COMPASSIONETTE TOUR"|last=Timmons|first=Joseph|date=2016-09-21|website=IndiePulse Music Magazine|access-date=2016-10-20|archive-date=2016-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022152413/https://indiepulsemusic.com/2016/09/21/annette-conlon-announces-compassionette-tour/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ziara ya muziki inayounganisha [[muziki]], mitindo ya [[mavazi]], [[chakula]], na maisha ya huruma. Anaishi [[Culver City, California]]. Toleo lake la muziki wa Country/Americana, ''Life, Death, and the Spaces Between'', liliorodheshwa katika nafasi ya 3 na Paul Riley katika "Critic's Choice Top Ten Best Albums of 2015" katika toleo la Januari 2016 la ''Country Music People's''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://musicbrainz.org/release/00cfe144-f04c-44c3-a009-dfce4247d713|title=Release "Life, Death, and the Spaces Between" by Annette Conlon - MusicBrainz|website=musicbrainz.org|access-date=2016-10-21}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] 7ygna2kwc9wurxz3s2xlbt2dg2ds7q7 0 249693 1599082 1596868 2026-09-23T06:28:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599082 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cheryl Crazy Bull''' ni msimamizi wa masuala ya kitaaluma na [[mwanaharakati]] wa [[elimu]] ya Wenyeji wa [[Marekani]]. Amekuwa rais na mkurugenzi mkuu mtendaji wa American Indian College Fund tangu mwaka 2012. Hapo awali alikuwa rais wa tatu wa Northwest Indian College kwa miaka kumi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Berry |first=Carol |date=2018-09-13 |title=Getting to Know Cheryl Crazy Bull, the American Indian College Fund's New Leader |url=https://ictnews.org/archive/getting-to-know-cheryl-crazy-bull-the-american-indian-college-funds-new-leader |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=ICT News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Feature Interviewee: Cheryl Crazy Bull, President Northwest Indian College in Washington {{!}} Community & Civic Engagement {{!}} Mesa Community College |url=https://www.mesacc.edu/community-civic-engagement/journals/feature-interviewee-cheryl-crazy-bull-president-northwest-indian |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=www.mesacc.edu |archive-date=2024-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813021854/https://www.mesacc.edu/community-civic-engagement/journals/feature-interviewee-cheryl-crazy-bull-president-northwest-indian |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] h4l45146t2bktl7rr79mtciz2au68vo 0 249764 1599259 1597287 2026-09-23T10:55:23Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599259 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dkt. Devolent Mtui''' ni [[mwanasayansi]] na [[mtafiti]] wa [[wanyamapori]] kutoka nchini [[Tanzania]]. Anajulikana sana kwa ugunduzi wake wa [[spishi]] mpya ya [[kipepeo]] iitwayo ''[[Charaxes mtuiae]]'' katika bonde la Kihansi, nchini Tanzania.<ref name="TAWIRI">{{cite web |url=https://www.tawiri.or.tz/tanzanian-scientist-dr-devolent-mtui-expands-global-biodiversity-with-discovery-of-new-butterfly-species/ |title=Tanzanian Scientist Dr. Devolent Mtui Expands Global Biodiversity with Discovery of New Butterfly Species |publisher=Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI) |date=5 March 2026 |access-date=16 September 2026 |archive-date=2026-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260916185524/https://www.tawiri.or.tz/tanzanian-scientist-dr-devolent-mtui-expands-global-biodiversity-with-discovery-of-new-butterfly-species/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Elimu na Kazi == Dkt. Mtui anafanya kazi kama mtafiti katika Taasisi ya Utafiti wa Wanyamapori Tanzania ([[Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute|TAWIRI]]), iliyo chini ya [[Wizara ya Maliasili na Utalii (Tanzania)|Wizara ya Maliasili na Utalii]].<ref name="TAWIRI" /> Mnamo mwaka [[2017]], akiwa kwenye utafiti wa nyanjani katika misitu ya Bonde la Kihansi, alikusanya na kuchunguza takriban spishi 200 za vipepeo, jambo lililopelekea kugunduliwa kwa spishi mpya ya kipepeo ambayo haikuwahi kuwekwa kwenye kumbukumbu za kisayansi duniani.<ref name="TAWIRI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/swahili/articles/czxzp27gwnpo |title=Mwanasayansi wa Tanzania agundua spishi mpya ya kipepeo |publisher=BBC Swahili |access-date=16 September 2026}}</ref> Spishi hiyo mpya ilipewa jina la kisayansi la ''Charaxes mtuiae'' kwa heshima ya jina lake. Vipepeo huchukuliwa kama viashiria muhimu vya ekolojia, na ugunduzi huo uliongeza uelewa wa tofauti za kibiolojia ika mazingira ya kipekee ya ikolojia ya Tanzania.<ref name="TAWIRI" /> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya Nje == * [https://www.tawiri.or.tz Tovuti Rasmi ya TAWIRI] {{Wayback|url=https://www.tawiri.or.tz |date=20260917033301 }} {{mbegu-mwanasayansi}} [[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Tanzania]] 2wmbxjzv4iagg4vk3574hdbh4hx38l5 0 249788 1598865 1597071 2026-09-22T22:43:22Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598865 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amanda Jones''' ni mtunza [[maktaba]] wa [[Marekani]] na [[mwanaharakati]] anayepinga udhibiti wa [[vitabu]]. Jones amehusika kwa kiasi kikubwa katika harakati za kupinga marufuku ya vitabu katika jimbo la [[Louisiana]] na kote [[Marekani]]. Mwaka 2023, alitunukiwa Tuzo ya Uhuru wa Kiakili ya American Association of School Librarians na Tuzo ya Paul Howard ya Ujasiri ya American Library Association, ambayo hutolewa kwa heshima kwa "mtu ambaye ameonyesha ujasiri wa kipekee kwa manufaa ya programu au huduma za maktaba." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Paul Howard Award for Courage {{!}} Awards & Grants |url=https://www.ala.org/awardsgrants/paul-howard-award-courage |access-date=March 21, 2024 |website=ala.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amanda Jones Petition For Damages and Injunctive Relief |url=https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/22130936-amanda-jones-petition-for-damages-injunctive-relief |access-date=March 22, 2024 |website=documentcloud.org |archive-date=2026-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260916183443/https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/22130936-amanda-jones-petition-for-damages-injunctive-relief/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] pqfpf8a3d7pi536ewskkgrpmlwzj7cb 0 249802 1599051 1597086 2026-09-23T04:09:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599051 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Boris Živković''' (alizaliwa [[15 Novemba]] [[1975]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu nchini [[Kroatia]]. Alichezea Marsonia, Hrvatski Dragovoljac, Bayer Leverkusen, [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]], [[VfB Stuttgart|Stuttgart]], na timu ya taifa ya Kroatia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Boris Živković |url=https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=29867 |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=www.soccerbase.com}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="rat1">{{cite web |title=Utakmice širom svijeta, prijem u Vatikanu |url=http://www.oslobodjenje.ba/vijesti/5-april-1992-5-april-2012/utakmice-sirom-svijeta-prijem-u-vatikanu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227211642/http://www.oslobodjenje.ba/vijesti/5-april-1992-5-april-2012/utakmice-sirom-svijeta-prijem-u-vatikanu |archive-date=2015-02-27 |access-date=2014-08-12 |publisher=Oslobođenje.ba |language=Bosnian}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Boris Živković alizaliwa tarehe 15 Novemba 1975 huko [[Županja]], Kroatia. Alianza kucheza soka akiwa na umri mdogo, akijiunga na timu ya vijana ya Marsonia. == Kazi ya Klabu == === Bayer Leverkusen (1997–2003) === Živković alihamia Bayer Leverkusen [[Ujerumani]] mwaka [[1997]]. Akiwa Leverkusen, alikua mlinzi wa kati mwenye uwezo. Alifika fainali ya UEFA Champions League mwaka [[2002]]. === Portsmouth (2003–2004) === Mwaka [[2003]], Živković alihamia Portsmouth F.C. [[Uingereza]]. === Stuttgart na Ustaafu (2004–2009) === Živković alichezea VfB Stuttgart [[Ujerumani]] kabla ya kustaafu mwaka [[2009]]. == Timu ya Taifa == Živković alichezea timu ya taifa ya Kroatia mechi 39 kati ya [[1999]] na [[2006]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Mamrud, Roberto|title=Croatia – Record International Players|url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/kroa-recintlp.html|date=16 July 2009|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=15 October 2009}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kroatia]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Kroatia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1975]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] lh4z9nj6hhqzbnsuoo3sy49ajtcim4s 0 249949 1598913 1597417 2026-09-23T01:21:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598913 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Athésia''' (amezaliwa [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[pop]] wa [[Kanada]] anayeandika na kuimba [[nyimbo]] kwa lugha ya [[Kifaransa]], [[Kiingereza]], [[Krioli ya Haiti]] na [[Kireno]].<ref>[http://www.athesiamusic.com Athésia Official Web Site]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.infinit.com/artsetculture/actualites/musiquelivres/archives/2004/10/20041021-145813.html |title=Nostalgia Launch Article |accessdate=2026-09-18 |archive-date=2006-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060320020723/http://www.infinit.com/artsetculture/actualites/musiquelivres/archives/2004/10/20041021-145813.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] tk0d9490njnlrabo7gpxhqijjcxxwqm 0 249960 1598817 1597448 2026-09-22T19:37:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598817 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alvin Lowell Trivette''' (amezaliwa [[17 Mei]], [[1970]]), anayejulikana kama '''A.L.T.''', ni [[rapa]] wa [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana kwa kibao cha mwaka 1991 "Lowrider (On the Boulevard)" (akiwa mwanachama wa Latin Alliance) na kibao cha mwaka 1992 "Tequila (Champs song)#Covers]" (nambari 48 kwenye ''Billboard'' Hot 100]]).<ref>{{cite magazine|title=A.L.T. & the Lost Civilization|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/275276/alt-lost-civilization/chart|magazine=Billboard|publisher=Billboard-Hollywood Reporter Media Group|accessdate=June 4, 2017|archive-date=2017-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703135958/http://www.billboard.com/artist/275276/alt-lost-civilization/chart|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Metason |title=A.L.T. |url=https://music.metason.net/artistinfo?name=A.L.T. |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=ArtistInfo |language=EN}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1970|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] bnjpyom5vdy78a2c8vclfgapvdnj3ie 2 249998 1598904 1598396 2026-09-23T00:37:50Z Ray mastory 92442 /* */ 1598904 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hawa Tamimu Ally''' (anajulikana zaidi mtandaoni kama '''Salma Vybz'''; amezaliwa 7 Oktoba 2003) ni mjasiriamali, mtaalamu wa tiba ya ngozi (aesthetician), na mtayarishaji wa maudhui ya kidijitali kutoka nchini '''Tanzania'''. Anafahamika sana kwa ubunifu wake katika tasnia ya sanaa ya maudhui ya mtandaoni, hususan kwa kufanya maudhui ya kimahusiano na mtengeneza maudhui mwenzake '''Kim Traveller''', pamoja na uwekezaji wake mkubwa kwenye sekta ya urembo na afya ya ngozi. ----Jedwali la Wasifu (Infobox) {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="undefined" |Kipengele ! colspan="undefined" |Maelezo ya Kina |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Majina Halisi''' | colspan="undefined" |Hawa Tamimu Ally |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Jina la Umaarufu''' | colspan="undefined" |Salma Vybz |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Tarehe ya Kuzaliwa''' | colspan="undefined" |7 Oktoba 2003 |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Uraia''' | colspan="undefined" |Mtanzania 🇹🇿 |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Elimu''' | colspan="undefined" |Stashahada ya Tiba na Afya ya Ngozi |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Kazi/Taaluma''' | colspan="undefined" |Mtayarishaji wa Maudhui, Mjasiriamali & Mtaalamu wa Ngozi |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Aina ya Maudhui''' | colspan="undefined" |Mahusiano, Maisha (Lifestyle), Urembo na Tiba ya Ngozi |} ----Maisha ya Awali na Elimu Salma Vybz alizaliwa na kulelewa nchini Tanzania. Alionyesha nia ya mapema katika masuala ya urembo na afya, jambo lililomfanya kujiunga na masomo ya juu ya afya ambapo alihitimu na kutuzwa '''Stashahada (Diploma) ya Masuala ya Tiba na Afya ya Ngozi''' (Dermatology and Aesthetic Medicine). Elimu hii imekuwa nguzo kuu katika biashara zake na maudhui anayozalisha. ----Sanaa na Umaarufu Salma Vybz alipata umaarufu mkubwa kupitia mitandao ya kijamii kama vile TikTok na Instagram, ambapo mtindo wake wa kipekee wa uwasilishaji ulimvutia melfu ya wafuasi. Ubunifu wa Maudhui Sanaa yake mtandaoni inajikita zaidi katika maudhui ya mtindo wa maisha (lifestyle), urembo, na sanaa ya ucheshi ya mahusiano. Amekuwa akitengeneza maudhui ya pamoja yanayovuma sana na mwenza wake, '''Kim Traveller''', ambapo wawili hao wamejizolea umaarufu mkubwa chini ya alama ya reli <code>#salmaandkim</code>. Uwezo wake wa kuchanganya sanaa ya burudani na elimu ya urembo umemfanya kuwa mmoja wa brand influencers vijana wenye ushawishi mkubwa nchini Tanzania. ----Biashara na Ujasiriamali Baada ya kukamilisha masomo yake ya Stashahada ya Tiba na Afya ya Ngozi, Salma aliamua kutumia taaluma yake kivitendo badala ya kutegemea ajira pekee. Alifungua '''duka kubwa la vipodozi (Cosmetics Store)''' linalofanya kazi kwa weledi wa kitiba. Duka hili linajikita katika kuuza bidhaa mbalimbali zilizothibitishwa kisayansi kushughulikia matatizo ya ngozi, kutoa tiba, na kudumisha afya ya ngozi. Kupitia duka hili, amefanikiwa kuunganisha umaarufu wake wa kidijitali na utaalamu wake wa kitaaluma, na hivyo kuwa mtoa huduma anayeaminika katika tasnia ya urembo. ----Tazama Pia * Kim Traveller * Waundaji wa maudhui wa Tanzania ----Marejeo 5bvljr6kaqi9c3f8qqt0fz3sxbd5ug3 1599053 1598904 2026-09-23T04:11:50Z Ray mastory 92442 /* */ 1599053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox mtu|jina=Hawa Tamimu Ally|picha=|maelezo_ya_picha=|jina_la_kuzaliwa=Hawa Tamimu Ally|majina_mengine=Salma Vybz|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa={{kuzaliwa na umri|2003|10|7}}|mahali_pa_kuzaliwa=[[Tanzania]]|uraia={{Flagicon|Tanzania}} Mtanzania|elimu=Stashahada ya Tiba na Afya ya Ngozi|kazi=[[Mjasiriamali]], mtaalamu wa tiba ya ngozi & mtayarishaji wa maudhui|anafahamika_kwa=Maudhui ya kidijitali (#salmaandkim) na ujasiriamali wa urembo}} '''Hawa Tamimu Ally''' (anajulikana zaidi mtandaoni kama '''Salma Vybz'''; amezaliwa 7 Oktoba 2003) ni mjasiriamali, mtaalamu wa tiba ya ngozi (aesthetician), na mtayarishaji wa maudhui ya kidijitali kutoka nchini [[Tanzania]]. Anafahamika sana kwa ubunifu wake katika tasnia ya sanaa ya maudhui ya mtandaoni, hususan kwa kufanya maudhui ya kimahusiano na mtengeneza maudhui mwenzake Kim Traveller, pamoja na uwekezaji wake mkubwa kwenye sekta ya urembo na afya ya ngozi. {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="undefined" |'''Hawa Tamimu Ally''' ! colspan="undefined" | |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Jina la Kuzaliwa''' | colspan="undefined" |Hawa Tamimu Ally |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Majina Mengine''' | colspan="undefined" |Salma Vybz |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Tarehe ya Kuzaliwa''' | colspan="undefined" |7 Oktoba 2003 |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Mahali pa Kuzaliwa''' | colspan="undefined" |Tanzania 🇹🇿 |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Elimu''' | colspan="undefined" |Stashahada ya Tiba na Afya ya Ngozi |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Kazi''' | colspan="undefined" |Mjasiriamali, mtaalamu wa tiba ya ngozi & mtayarishaji wa maudhui |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Anafahamika kwa''' | colspan="undefined" |Maudhui ya kidijitali (#salmaandkim) na ujasiriamali wa urembo |} ---- == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Salma Vybz alizaliwa na kulelewa nchini [[Tanzania]]. Alionyesha nia ya mapema katika masuala ya urembo na afya, jambo lililomfanya kujiunga na masomo ya juu ya afya ambapo alihitimu na kutuzwa Stashahada (Diploma) ya Masuala ya Tiba na Afya ya Ngozi (Dermatology and Aesthetic Medicine). Elimu hii imekuwa nguzo kuu katika biashara zake na maudhui anayozalisha. == Sanaa na Umaarufu == Salma Vybz alipata umaarufu mkubwa kupitia mitandao ya kijamii kama vile [[TikTok]] na [[Instagram]], ambapo mtindo wake wa kipekee wa uwasilishaji ulimvutia melfu ya wafuasi. === Ubunifu wa Maudhui === Sanaa yake mtandaoni inajikita zaidi katika maudhui ya mtindo wa maisha (lifestyle), urembo, na sanaa ya ucheshi ya mahusiano. Amekuwa akitengeneza maudhui ya pamoja yanayovuma sana na mwenza wake, Kim Traveller, ambapo wawili hao wamejizolea umaarufu mkubwa chini ya alama ya reli #salmaandkim. Uwezo wake wa kuchanganya sanaa ya burudani na elimu ya urembo umemfanya kuwa mmoja wa brand influencers vijana wenye ushawishi mkubwa nchini Tanzania. == Biashara na Ujasiriamali == Baada ya kukamilisha masomo yake ya Stashahada ya Tiba na Afya ya Ngozi, Salma aliamua kutumia taaluma yake kivitendo badala ya kutegemea ajira pekee. Alifungua duka kubwa la vipodozi (Cosmetics Store) linalofanya kazi kwa weledi wa kitiba. Duka hili linajikita katika kuuza bidhaa mbalimbali zilizothibitishwa kisayansi kushughulikia matatizo ya ngozi, kutoa tiba, na kudumisha afya ya ngozi. Kupitia duka hili, amefanikiwa kuunganisha umaarufu wake wa kidijitali na utaalamu wake wa kitaaluma, na hivyo kuwa mtoa huduma anayeaminika katika tasnia ya urembo. == Angalia Pia == * [[TikTok]] * [[Ujasiriamali]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} 2nyegpusj9udg3l0gbagmbd2447y2g0 1599059 1599053 2026-09-23T04:25:07Z Ray mastory 92442 /* */ 1599059 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox mtu|jina=Hawa Tamimu Ally|picha=|maelezo_ya_picha=|jina_la_kuzaliwa=Hawa Tamimu Ally|majina_mengine=Salma Vybz|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa={{kuzaliwa na umri|2003|10|7}}|mahali_pa_kuzaliwa=[[Tanzania]]|uraia={{Flagicon|Tanzania}} Mtanzania|elimu=Stashahada ya Tiba na Afya ya Ngozi|kazi=[[Mjasiriamali]], mtaalamu wa tiba ya ngozi & mtayarishaji wa maudhui|anafahamika_kwa=Maudhui ya kidijitali (#salmaandkim) na ujasiriamali wa urembo}} '''Hawa Tamimu Ally''' (anajulikana zaidi mtandaoni kama '''Salma Vybz'''; amezaliwa 7 Oktoba 2003) ni mjasiriamali, mtaalamu wa tiba ya ngozi (aesthetician), na mtayarishaji wa maudhui ya kidijitali kutoka nchini [[Tanzania]]. Anafahamika sana kwa ubunifu wake katika tasnia ya sanaa ya maudhui ya mtandaoni, hususan kwa kufanya maudhui ya kimahusiano na mtengeneza maudhui mwenzake Kim Traveller, pamoja na uwekezaji wake mkubwa kwenye sekta ya urembo na afya ya ngozi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wasifu wa Salma Vybz|url=https://raymastory.blogspot.com/2026/09/wasifu-wa-salma-vybz.html|work=Wasifu wa Salma Vybz|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="undefined" |'''Hawa Tamimu Ally''' ! colspan="undefined" | |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Jina la Kuzaliwa''' | colspan="undefined" |Hawa Tamimu Ally |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Majina Mengine''' | colspan="undefined" |Salma Vybz |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Tarehe ya Kuzaliwa''' | colspan="undefined" |7 Oktoba 2003 |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Mahali pa Kuzaliwa''' | colspan="undefined" |Tanzania 🇹🇿 |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Elimu''' | colspan="undefined" |Stashahada ya Tiba na Afya ya Ngozi |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Kazi''' | colspan="undefined" |Mjasiriamali, mtaalamu wa tiba ya ngozi & mtayarishaji wa maudhui |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Anafahamika kwa''' | colspan="undefined" |Maudhui ya kidijitali (#salmaandkim) na ujasiriamali wa urembo |} ---- == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Salma Vybz alizaliwa na kulelewa nchini [[Tanzania]]. Alionyesha nia ya mapema katika masuala ya urembo na afya, jambo lililomfanya kujiunga na masomo ya juu ya afya ambapo alihitimu na kutuzwa Stashahada (Diploma) ya Masuala ya Tiba na Afya ya Ngozi (Dermatology and Aesthetic Medicine). Elimu hii imekuwa nguzo kuu katika biashara zake na maudhui anayozalisha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tazama elimu ya Salma vybz|url=https://raymastory.blogspot.com/2026/09/tazama-elimu-ya-salma-vybz.html|work=Tazama elimu ya Salma vybz|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Sanaa na Umaarufu == Salma Vybz alipata umaarufu mkubwa kupitia mitandao ya kijamii kama vile [[TikTok]] na [[Instagram]], ambapo mtindo wake wa kipekee wa uwasilishaji ulimvutia melfu ya wafuasi. === Ubunifu wa Maudhui === Sanaa yake mtandaoni inajikita zaidi katika maudhui ya mtindo wa maisha (lifestyle), urembo, na sanaa ya ucheshi ya mahusiano. Amekuwa akitengeneza maudhui ya pamoja yanayovuma sana na mwenza wake, Kim Traveller, ambapo wawili hao wamejizolea umaarufu mkubwa chini ya alama ya reli #salmaandkim. Uwezo wake wa kuchanganya sanaa ya burudani na elimu ya urembo umemfanya kuwa mmoja wa brand influencers vijana wenye ushawishi mkubwa nchini Tanzania.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sanaa na Umaarufu wa Salma Vybz|url=https://raymastory.blogspot.com/2026/09/sanaa-na-umaarufu-wa-salma-vybz.html|work=Sanaa na Umaarufu wa Salma Vybz|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Biashara na Ujasiriamali == Baada ya kukamilisha masomo yake ya Stashahada ya Tiba na Afya ya Ngozi, Salma aliamua kutumia taaluma yake kivitendo badala ya kutegemea ajira pekee. Alifungua duka kubwa la vipodozi (Cosmetics Store) linalofanya kazi kwa weledi wa kitiba. Duka hili linajikita katika kuuza bidhaa mbalimbali zilizothibitishwa kisayansi kushughulikia matatizo ya ngozi, kutoa tiba, na kudumisha afya ya ngozi. Kupitia duka hili, amefanikiwa kuunganisha umaarufu wake wa kidijitali na utaalamu wake wa kitaaluma, na hivyo kuwa mtoa huduma anayeaminika katika tasnia ya urembo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biashara na Ujasiriamali wa Salma Vybz|url=https://raymastory.blogspot.com/2026/09/biashara-na-ujasiriamali-wa-salma-vybz.html|work=Biashara na Ujasiriamali wa Salma Vybz|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Angalia Pia == * [[TikTok]] * [[Ujasiriamali]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} qasvhqi6wbma9yrhaak66ae3t0sz888 0 250056 1598774 1597931 2026-09-22T17:02:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1598774 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wilhelmus Maria''' "'''Wim'''" '''Jonk''' (alizaliwa [[Volendam]], Uholanzi, [[12 Oktoba]] [[1966]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] nchini [[Uholanzi]]. Alichezea Volendam, Ajax, Inter Milan, PSV Eindhoven, [[Sheffield Wednesday F.C.]], na [[timu ya taifa]] ya Uholanzi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wim Jonk |url=https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=10395 |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=www.soccerbase.com}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Wim Jonk - International Appearances|publisher=The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/jonk-intl.html}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Wim Jonk alianza kucheza soka akiwa na umri mdogo, akijiunga na timu ya vijana ya Volendam.<ref name="teamjong-profile">{{cite web |title=Wim Jonk - Teamjonk |url=http://teamjonk.com/players/wim-jonk/ |website=teamjonk.com |publisher=Teamjonk |access-date=3 October 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=2024-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224081008/https://teamjonk.com/players/wim-jonk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kazi ya Klabu == === Volendam na Ajax (1986–1993) === Jonk alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza kwa Volendam mwaka [[1986]]. Baadaye alichezea Ajax, ambako alishinda Eredivisie mwaka [[1990]] na [[1994]], na Kombe la UEFA mwaka [[1992]]. === Inter Milan (1993–1995) === Mwaka [[1993]], Jonk alihamia Inter Milan [[Italia]]. Akiwa Inter, alishinda Kombe la UEFA mwaka [[1994]]. === PSV Eindhoven (1995–1998) === Mwaka [[1995]], Jonk alihamia PSV Eindhoven. Akiwa PSV, alishinda Eredivisie mwaka [[1997]]. === Sheffield Wednesday na Ustaafu (1998–2001) === Jonk alichezea Sheffield Wednesday F.C. [[Uingereza]] kabla ya kustaafu mwaka [[2001]]. == Timu ya Taifa == Jonk alichezea timu ya taifa ya Uholanzi mechi 49 kati ya [[1992]] na [[1998]], akifunga mabao 11. Alishiriki katika Kombe la Dunia la FIFA la [[1994]] na [[1998]], na Ubingwa wa Ulaya wa UEFA wa [[1992]] na [[1996]].<ref>{{cite web |title=EK 1992 Kwalificatie |url=https://www.onsoranje.nl/teams/185184/programma/wedstrijd/2574 |website=onsoranje.nl |publisher=[[KNVB]] |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uholanzi]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Uholanzi]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1966]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] seusq1ql4ubsgpidgyo11o171vu2eq3 0 250107 1599055 1597732 2026-09-23T04:17:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599055 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brandon Cruz''' (amezaliwa '''Brandon Edwin Williams''' [[28 Mei]], [[1962]]) ni [[mwanamuziki]], [[mwigizaji]], mhariri na mshauri wa [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana zaidi kama mwigizaji mtoto kwa nafasi yake ya Eddie Corbett, mwana wa mjane Tom Corbett (aliyeigizwa na Bill Bixby), katika kipindi cha televisheni ''The Courtship of Eddie's Father''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gross |first=Ed |date=2019-06-26 |title=Brandon Cruz Fights to Keep His Friend Bill Bixby's Memory Alive |url=https://www.closerweekly.com/posts/bill-bixby-brandon-cruz/ |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Closer Weekly |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202055323/https://www.closerweekly.com/posts/bill-bixby-brandon-cruz/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lustig |first=David |date=1992-01-02 |title=Shedding Old Roles : Brandon Cruz, who acted in 'The Courtship of Eddie's Father,' now turns his energy toward skateboarding and punk music. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-01-02-vl-7537-story.html |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1962|}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] fprce3ngm5p7n09qz60zcmp68y9j49t 0 250196 1599128 1597893 2026-09-23T09:23:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ronald Blackwell''' (anajulikana zaidi kwa jina lake la kisanii kama '''DJ Spigg Nice'''; alizaliwa [[22 Septemba]] [[1970]]) ni [[DJ]] na mtayarishaji wa muziki wa [[hip hop]] kutoka nchini [[Marekani]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://allmusic.com |title=DJ Spigg Nice Biography |publisher=AllMusic |access-date=2026-09-20 |archive-date=2026-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260721215607/https://allmusic.com/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Anajulikana zaidi kama mmoja wa waanzilishi na DJ rasmi wa kundi maarufu la hip hop la miaka ya 1990 la [[Lost Boyz]], akiwa pamoja na [[Mr. Cheeks]], [[Freaky Tah]], na [[Pretty Lou]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://allmusic.com |title=Lost Boyz Biography |publisher=AllMusic |access-date=2026-09-20 |archive-date=2026-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260721215607/https://allmusic.com/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na kazi == Blackwell alikulia katika eneo la [[South Jamaica, Queens|South Jamaica]], [[Queens]], [[New York City]]. Mnamo mwaka 1995, alishirikiana na wenzake kuunda kundi la Lost Boyz, ambapo alichukua jukumu la kutayarisha miondoko na kuwa DJ wa kundi hilo kwenye maonyesho ya jukwaani na kwenye albamu zao. Alishiriki katika utengenezaji wa albamu za mafanikio za kundi hilo ikiwa ni pamoja na ''[[Legal Drug Money]]'' (1996), ''[[Love, Peace & Naps]]'' (1997), na ''[[LB IV Life]]'' (1999).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://discogs.com |title=Spigg Nice Discography |publisher=Discogs |access-date=2026-09-20}}</ref> == Masuala ya kisheria na kuachiliwa == Mnamo tarehe 16 Januari 2004, Blackwell alipatikana na hatia ya kuhusika katika mfululizo wa matukio ya ujambazi wa kutumia silaha na majaribio ya kuiba kwenye benki mbalimbali katika jimbo la [[New Jersey]], ambapo alihukumiwa kifungo cha miaka 37.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hiphopdx.com |title=Spigg Nice Sentenced To 37 Years |publisher=HipHopDX |access-date=2026-09-20}}</ref> Baada ya kutumikia kifungo cha miaka 19 na nusu (karibu miongo miwili) jela, alirekebishiwa kifungo chake na kuachiliwa huru mnamo mwaka 2021. Tangu kutoka kwake, amerejea kwenye jamii na kuanza kujishughulisha na miradi ya kijamii, pamoja na uandishi wa kitabu kinachohusu uzoefu wake wa maisha ya gerezani.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://revolt.tv |title=Lost Boyz recall the last time they saw The Notorious B.I.G. |publisher=Revolt TV |access-date=2026-09-20}}</ref> Mara baada ya kutoka, alionekana pia akiwa na kundi lake la Lost Boyz kwenye kipindi cha televisheni cha Nick Cannon cha ''Wild 'N Out'' kwenye chaneli ya VH1. == Diskokorafia == === Akiwa na Lost Boyz === * ''[[Legal Drug Money]]'' (1996) * ''[[Love, Peace & Naps]]'' (1997) * ''[[LB IV Life]]'' (1999) == Tazama pia == * [[Lost Boyz]] * [[Mr. Cheeks]] * [[Freaky Tah]] == Marejeo == <references /> {{BD|1970||}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] 9u3zvvvpwkasrpywhn6wm547a1svool 0 250237 1599198 1597955 2026-09-23T10:06:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599198 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David Allen Fredrickson''' ([[11 Agosti]], [[1927]] – [[28 Agosti]], [[2012]]) alikuwa [[mwanaakiolojia]] mwanaanthropolojia, na [[mwimbaji]] wa muziki wa asili wa [[Marekani]].<ref name=sonoma>[http://www.sonoma.edu/asc/davefredrickson/history/DAF_Memorial.pdf Memorial program, October 6, 2012] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sonoma.edu/asc/davefredrickson/history/DAF_Memorial.pdf |date=20160116012843 }}. Retrieved 30 October 2013</ref><ref name=liner>[http://media.smithsonianfolkways.org/liner_notes/folkways/FW05259.pdf Roger Abrahams, Liner notes for ''Songs of the West'', 1961]. Retrieved 30 October 2013</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1927|2012}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] iddigha2ukmr9mmoonls32436zu8ht1 0 250294 1599264 1598053 2026-09-23T11:07:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599264 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Diego Alfredo Lugano Morena''' (alizaliwa [[2 Novemba]] [[1980]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu nchini [[Uruguay]]. Alichezea Nacional, São Paulo, [[Fenerbahçe S.K.|Fenerbahçe]], [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]], [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]], [[BK Häcken|Häcken]], na timu ya taifa ya Uruguay.<ref>{{cite web |title=Diego Lugano |url=https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=39461 |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=www.soccerbase.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=FIFA Club World Championship Japan 2005 – Official Rosters |url=http://www.fifa.com/documents/tournaments/cwc/CWC_2005_sl-latest.xls |website=FIFA.com |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association |date=4 December 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051219093824/http://www.fifa.com/documents/tournaments/cwc/CWC_2005_sl-latest.xls |archive-date=19 December 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Diego Lugano alizaliwa tarehe 2 Novemba 1980 huko [[Montevideo]], Uruguay. Alianza kucheza soka akiwa na umri mdogo, akijiunga na timu ya vijana ya Nacional.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.extra.com.py/deportes/los-jugadores-mas-caros-del-futbol-paraguayo-n1515674.html|title=Los jugadores más caros del fútbol paraguayo}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Diego Lugano premiado en Paraguay">{{cite web|url=https://www.caras.uy/noticias/general/2015-12-08-diego-lugano-premiado-en-paraguay.phtml|title = Diego Lugano premiado en Paraguay|date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> == Kazi ya Klabu == === Nacional na São Paulo (2000–2006) === Lugano alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza kwa Nacional mwaka [[2000]]. Baadaye alichezea São Paulo [[Brazil]], ambako alishinda Campeonato Brasileiro Série A mwaka [[2006]]. === Fenerbahçe (2006–2011) === Mwaka [[2006]], Lugano alihamia Fenerbahçe S.K. [[Uturuki]]. Akiwa Fenerbahçe, alikua mlinzi wa kati mwenye uwezo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/01b8-0e6d8e8c508a-88e47bd9549b-1000--fenerbahce-unveil-defender-lugano/|title=Fenerbahçe unveil defender Lugano |publisher=[[UEFA]] |date=22 August 2006 |access-date=8 March 2011}}</ref> === Paris Saint-Germain na West Bromwich Albion (2011–2014) === Lugano alichezea Paris Saint-Germain F.C. [[Ufaransa]] na West Bromwich Albion F.C. [[Uingereza]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/Sport/Story/STIStory_706833.html|title=Uruguay captain Diego Lugano leaves Fenerbahce to join PSG}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kap.gov.tr/yay/Bildirim/Bildirim.aspx?id=168658|title=Oyuncumuz Diego Alfredo Lugano Morena'nın transferi konusunda Paris Saint-Germain Kulübü ile anlaşmaya varılmıştır|date=29 August 2011|access-date=30 August 2011|work=Fenerbahçe |publisher=Turkish Public Disclosure System (KAP)|language=tr}}</ref> === BK Häcken na Ustaafu (2014–2017) === Lugano alichezea BK Häcken [[Uswidi]] kabla ya kustaafu mwaka [[2017]]. == Timu ya Taifa == Lugano alichezea timu ya taifa ya Uruguay mechi 95 kati ya [[2003]] na [[2014]], akifunga mabao 9. Alishinda Copa América mwaka [[2011]] na alishiriki katika Kombe la Dunia la FIFA la [[2010]] na [[2014]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uruguay]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Uruguay]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] tvjpfi5r8hrvrtdz75n7ji1qn45dc9d 0 250395 1598800 1598247 2026-09-22T18:19:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1598800 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yuri Valentinovich Zhirkov''' (alizaliwa [[20 Agosti]] [[1983]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu nchini [[Urusi]]. Alichezea Spartak Tambov, CSKA Moscow, [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], [[Anzhi Makhachkala]], [[Dynamo Moscow]], [[Zenit Saint Petersburg]], na timu ya taifa ya Urusi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yuri Zhirkov |url=https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=36281 |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=www.soccerbase.com}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Yuri Zhirkov alizaliwa tarehe 20 Agosti 1983 huko [[Tambov]], Urusi. Alianza kucheza soka akiwa na umri mdogo, akijiunga na timu ya vijana ya Spartak Tambov. == Kazi ya Klabu == === CSKA Moscow (2004–2009) === Zhirkov alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza kwa CSKA Moscow mwaka [[2004]]. Akiwa CSKA, alishinda UEFA Cup mwaka [[2005]]. === Chelsea (2009–2011) === Mwaka [[2009]], Zhirkov alihamia Chelsea F.C. Akiwa Chelsea, alishinda Ligi Kuu Uingereza (EPL) mwaka [[2010]] na Kombe la FA mwaka [[2010]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140622155347/http://www.chelseafc.com/news-article/article/1716204 ZHIRKOV DEAL COMPLETED]. chelseafc.com (7 July 2009)</ref><ref>Newman, Benjamin. (30 June 2009) [http://www.101greatgoals.com/comment-analysis-round-up/city-snub-greedy-samuel-etoo-demands-a-13-million-sign-on-fee-to-leave-barcelona/ City snub: Greedy Samuel Eto'o demands a £13 million sign-on fee to leave Barcelona] {{Wayback|url=http://www.101greatgoals.com/comment-analysis-round-up/city-snub-greedy-samuel-etoo-demands-a-13-million-sign-on-fee-to-leave-barcelona/ |date=20191216032805 }}. 101greatgoals.com. Retrieved on 27 January 2016.</ref> === Anzhi, Dynamo Moscow, na Zenit (2011–2022) === Zhirkov alichezea Anzhi Makhachkala, Dynamo Moscow, na Zenit Saint Petersburg kabla ya kustaafu mwaka [[2022]]. == Timu ya Taifa == Zhirkov alichezea timu ya taifa ya Urusi mechi 100+ kati ya [[2005]] na [[2021]]. Alishiriki katika Kombe la Dunia la FIFA la [[2014]] na [[2018]], na Ubingwa wa Ulaya wa UEFA wa [[2008]], [[2012]], na [[2016]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Italy v Russia|url=https://eu-football.info/_match.php?id=2499|publisher=EU-Football.info|access-date=28 May 2014}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Urusi]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Urusi]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] jei5z5g1qtz269p3pemu4myejzyx22t 0 250437 1599090 1598395 2026-09-23T07:12:00Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1599090 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Motistar Tz.jpg|alt=Picha yake|thumb|Picha yake]] '''Timothy Ephata John''' (alizaliwa 20 Septemba 2001) ni mtengenezaji wa maudhui ya kidijiti, mchekeshaji, na mwigizaji wa mtandaoni nchini Tanzania. Anajulikana zaidi katika mitandao ya kijamii kwa jina lake la jukwaani kama '''Motistar.tz''' au '''Moti Tz'''. Moti amejipatia umaarufu mkubwa kupitia majukwaa ya TikTok na Facebook kutokana na mfululizo wa video fupi zinazohusu mahusiano na maisha ya kila siku pamoja na video fupi za vichekesho.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Fahamu Wasifu Rasmi wa Motistar.tz|url=https://raymastory.blogspot.com/2026/09/fahamu-wasifu-rasmi-wa-motistartz.html|work=Fahamu Wasifu Rasmi wa Motistar.tz|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="undefined" |'''Kipengele''' ! colspan="undefined" |'''Taarifa Maalum''' |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Jina la Kuzaliwa''' | colspan="undefined" |Timothy Ephata John |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Majina ya Jukwaani''' | colspan="undefined" |Motistar.tz, Moti Tz |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Tarehe ya Kuzaliwa''' | colspan="undefined" |20 Septemba 2001 ''(Umri: miaka 25)'' |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Uraia''' | colspan="undefined" |Mtanzania 🇹🇿 |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Aina ya Maudhui''' | colspan="undefined" |Video fupi za mahusiano, Vichekesho, na Uigizaji |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Kazi''' | colspan="undefined" |Mtengenezaji wa maudhui, Mwigizaji wa mtandaoni |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Miaka ya Kazi''' | colspan="undefined" |2020 – sasa |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Ushirikiano Maarufu''' | colspan="undefined" |Zam Tz |} '''Maisha ya Awali Timothy Ephata John alizaliwa tarehe 20 Septemba mwaka 2001 nchini Tanzania. Alikuwa na mapenzi ya sanaa na uigizaji tangu akiwa mdogo, jambo lililomfanya kuanza kutumia mitandao ya kijamii kama jukwaa la kuonyesha kipaji chake mara baada ya kukua kwa tasnia ya maudhui ya kidijiti nchini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Fahamu Maisha ya Awali ya Mchekeshaji Motistar.tz|url=https://raymastory.blogspot.com/2026/09/fahamu-maisha-ya-awali-ya-mchekeshaji.html|work=Fahamu Maisha ya Awali ya Mchekeshaji Motistar.tz|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref> '''Kazi na Umaarufu''' Motistar.tz alianza kupata umaarufu mkubwa mtandaoni mnamo miaka ya 2020, akitumia staili ya kipekee ya kusimulia hadithi fupi za vichekesho (storytime tutorials). Sehemu kubwa ya umaarufu wake inatokana na mfululizo wa video zake maarufu zilizopewa majina ya '''"Jogoo"''' na '''"Mtetea"''', ambapo hushirikiana kwa karibu na mbunifu mwingine wa maudhui anayejulikana kama '''Zam Tz'''. Katika video hizi, Moti huigiza kama mwanaume (Jogoo) na Zam kama mwanamke (Mtetea), wakionyesha changamoto, visa, na vituko vinavyotokea kwenye mahusiano ya kimapenzi na maisha ya kawaida ya uswahilini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Jinsi Motistar.tz Alivyotikisa Mitandao na Kuwa King wa Maudhui Tanzania|url=https://raymastory.blogspot.com/2026/09/jinsi-motistartz-alivyotikisa-mitandao.html|work=Jinsi Motistar.tz Alivyotikisa Mitandao na Kuwa King wa Maudhui Tanzania|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref> '''Miradi Mingine''' Mbali na vichekesho, chapa ya "MOTI" imekuwa ikijihusisha na biashara na masuala ya michezo nchini Tanzania. Kupitia programu ya kidijitali ya MOTI (MOTI App), amewahi kushirikiana katika kampeni mbalimbali za usambazaji wa jezi rasmi za Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Tanzania ('''Taifa Stars'''). Umaarufu wake umemwezesha pia kufanya kazi kama balozi wa chapa (Brand Influencer) kwa kampuni mbalimbali za biashara.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Fahamu Miradi ya Kibiashara na Dili za Mamilioni za Motistar.tz|url=https://raymastory.blogspot.com/2026/09/fahamu-miradi-ya-kibiashara-na-dili-za.html|work=Fahamu Miradi ya Kibiashara na Dili za Mamilioni za Motistar.tz|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-Mtanzania}} {{BD|2001|}} jph80okdpqhf55ouf4zzbmt4om2kfc0 0 250458 1599147 1598338 2026-09-23T09:42:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Daniel Alberto Passarella | nchi = Argentina | majina_mengine = | picha = Passarella copa mundo.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Passarella baada ya kushinda [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 1978]] | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1953|5|25}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Chacabuco, Buenos Aires]], Argentina | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = Rais wa [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] | kazi = Mchezaji na kocha wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Beki wa kati, sweeper | mshahara = | = 5 Desemba 2009–15 Desemba 2013 | = José María Aguilar | = Rodolfo D'Onofrio | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = 1.70 m | uzito = }} '''Daniel Alberto Passarella''' (alizaliwa 25 Mei 1953) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu na kocha kutoka nchini [[Argentina]] aliyecheza nafasi ya beki. Anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa mabeki bora wa muda wote katika historia ya soka. == Kazi katika klabu == Ingawa alicheza kama beki wa kati, Passarella alikuwa maarufu kwa uwezo wake mkubwa wa kufunga mabao. Kwa wakati fulani, alikuwa beki aliyeongoza kwa kufunga mabao mengi zaidi duniani akiwa na mabao 134 katika mechi 451, rekodi iliyokuja kuvunjwa baadaye na [[Ronald Koeman]]. Katika ngazi ya klabu, anafahamika zaidi kwa kuchezea [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]], pamoja na vilabu vya nchini Italia kama [[ACF Fiorentina|Fiorentina]] na [[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Inter Milan]]. Mwaka 2004, alijumuishwa na [[Pelé|Pele]] katika orodha ya [[FIFA 100]] ya wachezaji bora zaidi duniani walio hai. == Kazi ya kimataifa == Passarella ndiye mchezaji pekee kutoka Argentina aliyewahi kushinda mataji mawili ya [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]]. Alikuwa kapteni wa timu ya taifa ya Argentina iliyotwaa ubingwa wa Kombe la Dunia mwaka 1978 nyumbani kwao, na pia alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi kilichotwaa ubingwa huo mwaka 1986. == Kazi ya ukocha na uongozi == Baada ya kustaafu kucheza, Passarella alifanya kazi kama kocha wa timu za taifa za Argentina na [[Uruguay]], pamoja na vilabu mbalimbali ikiwemo River Plate na [[C.F. Monterrey|Monterrey]]. Mnamo Desemba 2009, alichaguliwa kuwa Rais wa klabu ya [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]], nafasi aliyoidumu nayo kwa miaka minne.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insideworldfootball.com/world-football/south-america/7568-passarella-becomes-new-river-plate-president-after-controversial-election |title=Passarella becomes new River Plate President after controversial election |last=Mackay |first=Duncan |publisher=Inside World Football |access-date=21 September 2026 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063828/http://www.insideworldfootball.com/world-football/south-america/7568-passarella-becomes-new-river-plate-president-after-controversial-election |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1953]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Argentina]] p10ivp3og4ufymjj3dfvt7or7nax26x 0 250471 1598937 1598358 2026-09-23T02:36:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1598937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Juliano Belletti | nchi = Brazil | majina_mengine = | picha = Belletti 2018.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Belletti mwaka 2018 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1976|6|20|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Cascavel]], Brazil | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji na kocha wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Beki wa kulia | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = 1.74 m | uzito = }} '''Juliano Haus Belletti''' (alizaliwa 20 Juni 1976) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu na kocha kutoka nchini [[Brazil]] aliyecheza zaidi nafasi ya beki wa kulia. Kwa sasa ni kocha mkuu wa klabu ya [[FC Barcelona Atlètic|Barcelona Atlètic]]. == Kazi katika klabu == Belletti alianzia kazi yake ya soka nchini Brazil katika Ligi Kuu ya Serie A akiwa na klabu za [[Cruzeiro Esporte Clube|Cruzeiro]], [[São Paulo FC]], na [[Clube Atlético Mineiro|Atlético Mineiro]]. Kuanzia mwaka 2002 hadi 2010, alicheza Barani Ulaya katika klabu za [[Villarreal CF]], [[FC Barcelona]], na [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], ambako alishinda mataji mengi ya heshima. Bao lake pekee alilofungia Barcelona katika fainali ya mwaka 2006 liliwapa taji la ligi ya mabingwa ulaya . Baadaye alirejea Brazil na kushinda Ligi Kuu ya Nchi hiyo akiwa na [[Fluminense FC|Fluminense]] mnamo mwaka 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://placar.abril.com.br/bola-de-prata/edicoes-anteriores/?1999 |title=Bola de Prata 1999 |publisher=Placar |access-date=21 September 2026 |archive-date=2009-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006120327/http://placar.abril.com.br/bola-de-prata/edicoes-anteriores/?1999 |url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> == Kazi ya kimataifa == Belletti aliitumikia timu ya taifa ya Brazil kuanzia mwaka 2001 hadi 2005 na alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi kilichotwaa ubingwa wa [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] mnamo mwaka 2002 nchini Korea Kusini na Japan. Pia aliiwakilisha nchi yake katika michuano ya Copa America mwaka 2001 na Kombe la Mabara mwaka 2003. == Kazi ya ukocha == Baada ya kustaafu kucheza mpira wa miguu, alijiunga na ukocha na baadaye kuteuliwa kuwa kocha mkuu wa timu ya akiba ya Barcelona, Barcelona Atlètic. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Brazil]] grvz49gw7wku17f0m37nhqxbnowkfeu 0 250500 1599091 1598471 2026-09-23T07:15:05Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1599091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox mwigizaji|jina=Zamzam Abdalla Mussa|picha=|maelezo_ya_picha=Zamzam Abdalla (Zam Tz)|jina_la_kuzaliwa=Zamzam Abdalla Mussa|majina_mengine=Zam Tz, Zambaby, Mtetea|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa={{kuzaliwa na umri|2004|06|29}}|mahali_pa_kuzaliwa=[[Dar es Salaam]], [[Tanzania]]|uraia={{Tanzania}}|elimu=Shahada ya Tiba na Afya ya Ngozi|chuo=|kazi=Mwigizaji wa mtandaoni, mjasiriamali, mtaalamu wa tiba ya ngozi|miaka_ya_kazi=2021–hadi sasa|amefahamika kwa=Kipengele cha "Jogoo na Mtetea" ([[Motistar Tz]])|mke_mume=|watoto=|saini=|tovuti=}} [[Faili:Mtetea.jpg|alt=|thumb|292x292px]] '''Zamzam Abdalla Mussa''' (anajulikana zaidi mtandaoni kama '''Zambaby''' au '''Zam Tz'''; amezaliwa 29 Juni 2004) ni mwigizaji wa maudhui ya kidijiti, mjasiriamali, na mtaalamu wa tiba ya ngozi kutoka nchini [[Tanzania]]. Anafahamika zaidi kwa maudhui yake ya uchekeshaji na kijamii wakishirikiana na mpenzi wake anayejulikana kwa jina la '''Motistar Tz''' kwenye mitandao ya kijamii kama vile TikTok, Facebook, na Instagram, huku akitambuliwa kama mmoja wa vijana wenye ushawishi mkubwa katika tasnia ya kidijitali nchini humo.<ref>Mahojiano maalum ya Zam Tz kuhusu safari yake ya sanaa na biashara, Wasafi Media, 2024.</ref> == Muhtasari wa maisha == Zamzam Abdalla Mussa alizaliwa tarehe 29 Juni mwaka 2004 nchini Tanzania. Alikua katika mazingira yaliyomfanya avutiwe na masuala ya sanaa ya maonesho pamoja na ujasiriamali tangu utotoni mwake. Licha ya kupata umaarufu mkubwa katika umri mdogo kupitia majukwaa ya kidijitali, Zamzam alifanikiwa kusawazisha maisha yake ya umaarufu na masomo yake ya elimu ya juu, jambo ambalo limekuwa likitajwa na wachambuzi wa mambo kama mfano wa kuigwa kwa vijana wa kizazi kipya (Generation Z) nchini Tanzania.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=KUTANA NA ZAMBABY: Siri ya Jina Lake Halisi, Umri, na Kemia Inayotikisa Mitandao Akiwa na Motistar TZ|url=https://raymastory.blogspot.com/2026/09/kutana-na-zambaby-siri-ya-jina-lake.html|work=KUTANA NA ZAMBABY|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref> == Elimu na taaluma ya tiba ya ngozi == Licha ya changamoto na majukumu yanayoambatana na uandaaji wa maudhui ya mtandaoni yanayochukua muda mwingi, Zamzam aliweka msisitizo mkubwa katika kujiendeleza kitaaluma. Baada ya kukamilisha masomo yake ya sekondari, alijiunga na chuo cha afya kwa ajili ya masomo ya matibabu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=ELIMU YA ZAMBABY:|url=https://raymastory.blogspot.com/2026/09/elimu-ya-zambaby.html|work=ELIMU YA ZAMBABY|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref> Alifanya masomo yake kwa mafanikio makubwa ambapo kwanza alitunukiwa '''Stashahada (Diploma) ya Masuala ya Tiba ya Ngozi'''. Baada ya hapo, aliongeza juhudi na kujiendeleza zaidi hadi kutunukiwa '''Shahada (Bachelor's Degree) ya Tiba na Afya ya Ngozi'''. Elimu hii rasmi imekuwa nguzo kuu katika utambulisho wake wa kitaalamu nje ya tasnia ya burudani.<ref>Uchambuzi wa Wasifu wa Waundaji Maudhui wa Kike nchini Tanzania, Gazeti la Mwananchi, 2024.</ref> == Sanaa na umaarufu == [[Faili:TikTok app.jpg|thumb|150x150px]] Zam Tz alijizolea umaarufu mkubwa nchini Tanzania na ukanda wa Afrika Mashariki kupitia jukwaa la TikTok kabla ya kupanua wigo wake kuelekea Facebook na Instagram. Usanii wake unajikita zaidi katika uigizaji wa tamthilia fupi za kijamii (vines/skits) na uchekeshaji wa papo kwa papo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Jinsi Motistar.tz Alivyotikisa Mitandao na Kuwa King wa Maudhui Tanzania|url=https://raymastory.blogspot.com/2026/09/jinsi-motistartz-alivyotikisa-mitandao.html|work=Jinsi Motistar.tz Alivyotikisa Mitandao na Kuwa King wa Maudhui Tanzania|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref> Anajulikana zaidi kwa ushirikiano wake wa karibu wa kikazi na mchekeshaji mwenzake wa mtandaoni, '''Motistar Tz''' (Timothy Ephata John). Wawili hao wameunda ushirika maarufu unaojulikana kama '''"Jogoo na Mtetea"'''. Katika mfululizo wa video hizo, Motistar huigiza kama mwanaume mwenye visa ("Jogoo") na Zam Tz huigiza kama mwanamke mpambanaji ("Mtetea"). Maudhui yao yanajikita katika kuakisi uhalisia wa maisha ya mahusiano, migogoro ya kifamilia, na tamaduni za maisha ya uswahilini nchini Tanzania. Uwezo wake mkubwa wa kubadilika na kuingia kwenye uhusika tofauti wa kihisia (acting versatility) umemfanya kuwa mmoja wa waigizaji wa kike wa mtandaoni wanaotazamwa zaidi.<ref>Makala kuhusu Kukua kwa Sekta ya Skits na Uchekeshaji wa Mtandaoni Tanzania, Clouds FM Digital, 2023.</ref> == Ujasiriamali == Kufuatia kuhitimu kwake na kutunukiwa shahada ya tiba ya ngozi, Zamzam aliamua kuunganisha elimu yake ya darasani na fursa za kiuchumi. Alianzisha biashara yake binafsi inayojulikana katika sekta ya urembo tiba (cosmeceuticals) na matibabu ya ngozi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=BIASHARA NA UJASIRIAMALI: Fahamu Upande wa Pili wa Zambaby Ambao Mashabiki Wengi Hawaufahamu|url=https://raymastory.blogspot.com/2026/09/biashara-na-ujasiriamali-fahamu-upande.html|work=BIASHARA NA UJASIRIAMALI|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref> Kupitia kampuni na duka lake, anajishughulisha na uuzaji wa: * '''Mafuta ya ngozi:''' Bidhaa zilizofanyiwa utafiti wa kitabibu kwa ajili ya kulinda ngozi dhidi ya miale hatari ya jua na uharibifu wa mazingira. * '''Dawa za ngozi:''' Bidhaa maalum zinazosaidia kutibu matatizo sugu kama vile chunusi (acne), madoa, na athari za matumizi ya vipodozi vyenye kemikali kali. * '''Vipodozi salama (Cosmetics):''' Bidhaa mbalimbali za urembo zinazozingatia afya na uimara wa asili wa ngozi bila kuchubua. == Ushawishi kwa wanawake == Zamzam amekuwa kielelezo cha ushawishi chanya (positive influencer) kwa wanawake wenzake, hususan mabinti wadogo na wanafunzi wa vyuo vikuu nchini Tanzania. Kipengele cha ushawishi wake kinajidhihirisha katika maeneo makuu matatu:<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Jinsi Zambaby Anavyowahamasisha na Kuwainua Wanawake Wenzake Nchini|url=https://raymastory.blogspot.com/2026/09/jinsi-zambaby-anavyowahamasisha-na.html|work=Jinsi Zambaby Anavyowahamasisha na Kuwainua Wanawake Wenzake Nchini|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref> # '''Mseto wa Elimu na Vipaji:''' Amesaidia kuvunja dhana potofu kuwa tasnia ya burudani ya mtandaoni ni kwa ajili ya watu waliofeli masomo. Kupitia kupata kwake shahada ya juu akiwa bado anafanya sanaa, anahimiza umuhimu wa elimu kwa mtoto wa kike. # '''Uthubutu na Ukombozi wa Kiuchumi:''' Kwa kutumia jina lake kubwa kuanzisha biashara inayotokana na taaluma yake, anawafundisha wanawake vijana namna ya kujiajiri na kutotegemea ajira za serikali au watu wengine. # '''Uhamasishaji wa Urembo Salama:''' Kama mtaalamu wa ngozi, amekuwa akitumia kurasa zake zenye wafuasi wengi kupiga vita matumizi ya vipodozi vyenye kemikali hatari za zebaki (mercury) na hidrokwinoni (hydroquinone), akihimiza wanawake kujivunia na kutunza rangi zao za asili. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://tiktok.com Akaunti Rasmi ya TikTok ya Zam Tz] * [https://instagram.com Akaunti Rasmi ya Instagram ya Zam Tz] {{mbegu-Mtanzania}} {{BD|2004|}} 4hdtzce21qljd7t3sa72o3sontybpte 0 250521 1599075 1598466 2026-09-23T05:24:23Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599075 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Carlton D'Metrius Pearson''' ([[19 Machi]], [[1953]] – [[19 Novemba]], [[2023]]) alikuwa mhudumu wa madhehebu makuu ya Kiprotestanti wa [[Marekani]], mfuasi wa Ulimwengu wa [[Kikristo]], na msanii wa muziki wa injili.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apologeticsindex.org/37-carlton-person-heretical|title=Carlton Pearson declared a heretic – Apologetics Index|date=December 20, 2005|publisher=|accessdate=August 29, 2016|archive-date=2018-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828204557/http://www.apologeticsindex.org/37-carlton-person-heretical|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gabriel |first=Trip |date=2023-11-21 |title=Carlton Pearson, Pastor Deemed a Heretic for Denying Hell, Dies at 70 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/21/us/carlton-pearson-dead.html |access-date=2025-01-12 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sands |first=Darren |date=2023-12-02 |title=Send-offs show Carlton Pearson’s split legacy spurred by his inclusive beliefs, rejection of hell |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/2023/12/02/send-offs-show-carlton-pearsons-split-legacy-spurred-by-his-inclusive-beliefs-rejection-of-hell/ |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=San Diego Union-Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1953|2023}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] siv2rqt1gblvsdu2fquzd1js5gsx28v 0 250529 1599092 1598494 2026-09-23T07:17:30Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1599092 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joel Pimentel de León''' (amezaliwa [[28 Februari]] [[1999]]), anayejulikana kitaaluma kama '''Joel DELEŌN''', ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa mwanachama wa bendi ya wavulana ya Kilatino CNCO hadi alipoondoka mwezi Mei 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://familytron.com/joel-pimentel/ |title=Family of Joel Pimentel in detail |accessdate=2023-11-08 |website=Familytron.com |date=July 18, 2019 }}</ref><ref name="winners42">{{cite web |last=Irizarry |first=Doris |date=2015-12-16 |title=First 'La Banda' winners form CNCO: the newest Latin boy band |url=http://www.axs.com/first-la-banda-winners-form-cnco-the-newest-latin-boy-band-72399 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326113112/http://www.axs.com/first-la-banda-winners-form-cnco-the-newest-latin-boy-band-72399 |archive-date=2016-03-26 |work=[[AXS TV|AXS]]}} Archived 26 March 2016.</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1999|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 3dcblbhtlsej03vlzwxi14mi2w8u72y 0 250535 1598694 1598556 2026-09-22T11:59:38Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1598694 wikitext text/x-wiki ''''Francis Henry Lee''' ( [[29 Aprili]] [[1944]] - [[2 Oktoba]] [[1944]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu nchini [[Uingereza]]. Alichezea [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]], [[Derby County F.C.|Derby County]], na timu ya taifa ya Uingereza.<ref>{{cite web |title=Francis Lee |url=https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=6291 |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=www.soccerbase.com}}</ref><ref name="BDFutbol">{{cite web | title=Lee, Francis Henry Lee — Footballer | work=BDFutbol | date=11 August 2023 | url=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j46143.html | access-date=3 October 2023}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Francis Lee alizaliwa tarehe 29 Aprili 1944 huko [[Westhoughton]], Uingereza. Alianza kucheza soka akiwa na umri mdogo, akijiunga na timu ya vijana ya Bolton Wanderers. == Kazi ya Klabu == === Bolton Wanderers (1960–1967) === Lee alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza kwa Bolton Wanderers mwaka [[1960]].<ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2 October 2023 |title=Francis Lee {{!}} 1944–2023 |url=https://www.bwfc.co.uk/news/francis-lee-1944-2023 |access-date=3 October 2023 |publisher=Bolton Wanderers F.C.}}</ref> === Manchester City (1967–1974) === Mwaka [[1967]], Lee alihamia Manchester City F.C. kwa ada ya £60,000. Akiwa City.<ref>{{cite web | last=Iles | first=Marc | title=Francis Lee | work=The Bolton News | date=2 October 2023 | url=https://www.theboltonnews.co.uk/sport/23829169.francis-lee-ex-bolton-man-city-derby-star-passes-away-79/ | access-date=3 October 2023}}</ref> === Derby County na Ustaafu (1974–1976) === Mwaka [[1974]], Lee alihamia Derby County F.C. Alistaafu kucheza mwaka [[1976]]. == Timu ya Taifa == Lee alichezea timu ya taifa ya Uingereza mechi 27 kati ya [[1968]] na [[1972]], akifunga mabao 10. Alishiriki katika Kombe la Dunia la FIFA la [[1970]]. == Baada ya Soka == Baada ya kustaafu, Lee alikua mfanyabiashara na mmiliki wa klabu. Alikuwa mwenyekiti wa Manchester City F.C. kuanzia [[1994]] hadi [[1998]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1944]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2023]] g5drcmtubn2w8pn46f1li7r6wzva778 0 250536 1599140 1598557 2026-09-23T09:37:04Z Ally0111 85292 1599140 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alvin "Titanic" Thompson''' ( [[Novemba]] [[1892]] – [[19 Mei]] [[1974]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] na mcheza kamari nchini [[Marekani]]. Alijulikana kama mmoja wa wachezaji bora wa gofu wa zama zake kabla ya kuanzishwa kwa PGA Tour, akicheza na Ben Hogan, Sam Snead, Lee Trevino, na Ray Floyd. Alifariki [[19 Mei]] [[1974]].<ref name=SI>{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]] |date=October 9, 1972 |title=Soundings From Titanic |first1=A. C. |last1=Thomas |first2=Edwin (Bud) |last2=Shrake |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/edb/reader.html?magID=SI&issueDate=19721009&mode=reader_vault |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404210259/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/edb/reader.html?magID=SI&issueDate=19721009&mode=reader_vault |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 4, 2012 |access-date=April 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Jimmy |last=Breslin |author-link=Jimmy Breslin |title=Damon Runyon: A Life |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=1991 |isbn=978-0899199849 |url=https://archive.org/details/damonrunyon00bres }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1892]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1974]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] r2ma6pl6wb2e6mdusplmwiemtk5layd 0 250539 1599141 1598562 2026-09-23T09:38:38Z Ally0111 85292 1599141 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Arnold Daniel Palmer''' ( [[10 Septemba]] [[1929]] – [[25 Septemba]] [[2016]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kitaalamu kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Alijulikana kama "The King" na alikuwa mmoja wa nyota wakubwa wa gofu katika miaka ya 1950 na 1960. Alishinda mataji saba makubwa: Masters mara nne, U.S. Open mara moja, na The Open Championship mara mbili. Alipokea Presidential Medal of Freedom na Congressional Gold Medal. Alifariki [[25 Septemba]] [[2016]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 87.<ref>{{cite news |last=Reilly |first=Rick |author-link=Rick Reilly |url=https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/page/usopenreilly130617/tiger-major-problem |title=Sunday might never be the same |work=ESPN |date=June 17, 2013 |access-date=June 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1976/02/07/archives/arnold-palmers-father-dies.html |title=Arnold Palmer's Father Dies |date= February 7, 1976 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=December 26, 2017 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=shscdd>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zWIsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Os0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=5836%2C1270696 |newspaper=Spartanburg Herald-Journal |location=South Carolina |agency=Associated Press |title=Palmer's father dies in Orlando |date=February 8, 1976 |page=B5}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1929]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2016]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] ad8hc86g0g7bkzrtywvpu9ksvoggub4 0 250540 1598695 1598563 2026-09-22T12:01:36Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1598695 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Frederick Winslow Taylor''' ( [[20 Machi]] [[1856]] – [[21 Machi]] [[1915]]) alikuwa [[mhandisi]] nchini [[Marekani]] na mwanzilishi wa "scientific management." Alikuwa mwanachama wa Philadelphia Country Club na alishiriki katika mashindano ya gofu ya [[Olimpiki]] ya mwaka [[1900]] huko Paris, akimaliza nafasi ya nne. Alifariki [[21 Machi]] [[1915]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Frederick+W.+Taylor&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1856]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1915]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wahandisi wa Marekani]] 1zvk733e0pitmh2ecus10n1u273n2ii 1599188 1598695 2026-09-23T09:59:40Z Ally0111 85292 1599188 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Frederick Winslow Taylor''' ( [[20 Machi]] [[1856]] – [[21 Machi]] [[1915]]) alikuwa [[mhandisi]] nchini [[Marekani]] na mwanzilishi wa "scientific management." Alikuwa mwanachama wa Philadelphia Country Club na alishiriki katika mashindano ya [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] ya [[Olimpiki]] ya mwaka [[1900]] huko Paris, akimaliza nafasi ya nne. Alifariki [[21 Machi]] [[1915]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Frederick+W.+Taylor&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1856]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1915]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wahandisi wa Marekani]] mzyn5jwk8oabji2slyoynf9ziexn8zk 0 250542 1599142 1598564 2026-09-23T09:39:41Z Ally0111 85292 1599142 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eugene "Gene" Sarazen''' ( [[27 Februari]] [[1902]] – [[13 Mei]] [[1999]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kitaalamu kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa huko Harrison, [[New York]], akiwa mtoto wa seremala kutoka [[Italia]]. Alishinda mashindano makubwa manne ya gofu: U.S. Open mara mbili, PGA Championship mara tatu, The Open Championship mara moja, na Masters mara moja. Ni mmoja wa wachezaji wa kwanza kukamilisha Career Grand Slam. Anajulikana zaidi kwa pigo lake la "double eagle" kwenye shimo la 15 katika Masters ya [[1935]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.capegazette.com/article/mr-sand-wedge-eugenio-saraceni/185318 |title=Mr. (Sand Wedge) Eugenio Saraceni |newspaper=Cape Gazette |first=Gene |last=Bleile |date=July 25, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theopen.com/en/History/OpenChampions.aspx#player=Gene+SARAZEN |title=1932 Gene Sarazen |publisher=The Open |access-date=October 17, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016164928/http://www.theopen.com/en/History/OpenChampions.aspx |archive-date=October 16, 2013 }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1902]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1999]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] atvlzmc9jrkwu3feqz7ad1ytwqv8cn1 0 250543 1599143 1598567 2026-09-23T09:40:07Z Ally0111 85292 1599143 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jack William Nicklaus''' (alizaliwa [[21 Januari]] [[1940]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kitaalamu kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana kama "The Golden Bear" na anachukuliwa kama mmoja wa wachezaji bora wa gofu wa wakati wote. Alishinda mataji 18 makubwa ya gofu : Masters mara sita, PGA Championship mara tano, U.S. Open mara nne, na The Open Championship mara tatu. Ushindi wake wa Masters mwaka [[1986]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 46 ulimfanya kuwa mshindi mzee zaidi wa Masters. Alitunukiwa ''PGA Golfer of the Century'' mwaka [[1988]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.biography.com/athlete/jack-nicklaus |title= Jack Nicklaus |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= April 14, 2019 |publisher= Biography |access-date= August 5, 2021}}</ref><ref name="golf_Theb">{{Cite magazine |title=The best Jack Nicklaus golf courses |first=Stephen |last=Hennessey |magazine=Golf Digest |date=June 2, 2021 |access-date=August 24, 2021 |url=https://www.golfdigest.com/story/the-best-jack-nicklaus-golf-courses}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1940]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] byrn2h1r6mtqa0o106yzio5ozn4agwy 0 250546 1599144 1598569 2026-09-23T09:41:10Z Ally0111 85292 1599144 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William Ben Hogan''' ( [[13 Agosti]] [[1912]] – [[25 Julai]] [[1997]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kitaalamu nchini [[Marekani]]. Anachukuliwa kama mmoja wa wachezaji wakubwa wa gofu wa wakati wote, akijulikana kwa mazoezi yake makali na usahihi wa kipekee. Alishinda U.S. Open mara nne, Masters mara mbili, PGA Championship mara mbili, na The Open Championship mara moja. Mwaka [[1949]], alipata ajali mbaya ya gari lakini alirudi na kushinda mataji matatu makubwa mwaka [[1953]] (Masters, U.S. Open, na The Open).<ref>{{Cite web |website=Golf Legends |title=Ben Hogan |url=http://www.golflegends.org/ben-hogan.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516124520/http://www.golflegends.org/ben-hogan.php |archive-date=May 16, 2006}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1912]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1997]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] 2z71gcbqdu98q1j5c0pt3s6guwrbzls 0 250547 1599145 1598570 2026-09-23T09:41:38Z Ally0111 85292 1599145 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ben Clifford Curtis''' (alizaliwa [[26 Mei]] [[1977]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda The Open Championship mwaka [[2003]] katika uwanja wa Royal St George's, ushindi ambao ulimfanya kuwa mshindi wa kwanza wa The Open kutoka Marekani tangu miaka ya 1920. Baada ya ushindi huo, alipata ushindi mara mbili zaidi mwaka [[2006]]. Kwa sasa anafundisha gofu katika shule ya sekondari huko [[Ohio]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.golfdigest.com/story/golf-has-a-new-place-in-ben-curtis-life |title=Golf has a new place in Ben Curtis' life |last=Shedloski |first=Dave |date=January 19, 2018 |magazine=Golf Digest |access-date=September 10, 2018 |quote='Oh, I’ve definitely had enough. I'm not playing anymore,' Curtis said by phone from his home in snowy Stow, Ohio.}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1977]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] eb7j4m82knplosvd686y8ygv6ri2rmv 0 250548 1599146 1598571 2026-09-23T09:41:52Z Ally0111 85292 1599146 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lee Buck Trevino''' (alizaliwa [[1 Desemba]] [[1939]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Texas]] na kulelewa na babu yake mchimbaji kaburi kutoka Monterrey, [[Meksiko]], katika mazingira ya shamba la pamba. Alishinda The Open Championship mara mbili mfululizo ([[1971]] na [[1972]]), U.S. Open mara mbili, na PGA Championship mara mbili. Alijulikana kwa uwezo wake wa kupiga mipira kwa ustadi na tabia yake ya kuchekesha. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://athlonsports.com/golf/greatest-golfers-all-time |title=20 Greatest Golfers of All Time (Updated) |publisher=Athlon Sports |date=June 11, 2013 |access-date=January 1, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://golf.about.com/cs/historyofgolf/a/top5men.htm |title=Ranking Golf's Greatest Players Ever |publisher=Golf.about.com |date=August 29, 2014 |access-date=January 1, 2015 |archive-date=December 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224194724/http://golf.about.com/cs/historyofgolf/a/top5men.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1364871-ranking-the-25-best-american-golfers-of-all-time |title=Ranking the 25 Best American Golfers of All Time |website=Bleacher Report |date=October 9, 2012 |access-date=January 1, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mademan.com/mm/5-great-hispanic-golfers.html |title=5 Great Hispanic Golfers |website=Bleacher Report |date=September 15, 2010 |access-date=January 1, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224044614/http://www.mademan.com/mm/5-great-hispanic-golfers.html |archive-date=February 24, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1939]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] dj1p8r935vzzhiudbw1lbocvpoilq17 0 250549 1599148 1598572 2026-09-23T09:42:39Z Ally0111 85292 1599148 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William Law Anderson''' ( [[1879]] huko North Berwick, [[Uskoti]] – [[1910]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] aliyehamia [[Marekani]] mwaka [[1896]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 16. Alikuwa mchezaji wa kwanza kushinda U.S. Open mara nne ([[1901]], [[1903]], [[1904]], [[1905]]) na bado ni mtu pekee kushinda mataji matatu mfululizo. Alifariki mwaka 1910 akiwa na umri wa miaka 31 tu. Aliingizwa katika World Golf Hall of Fame mwaka [[1975]].<ref name=Gold>{{cite book |last=Gold |first=Jeff |title=Golf's Forgotten Legends & Unforgettable Controversies |year=2015 |publisher=Morgan James Publishing |location=New York |isbn=978-1-63047-303-7 |pages=20–28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zhdOBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA21}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1879]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1910]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Uskoti]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Uskoti]] k8t1sa8cs8sz1y5ulwr43lw5daeh75p 0 250550 1599184 1598650 2026-09-23T09:58:12Z Ally0111 85292 1599184 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thomas Dickson Armour''' ( [[24 Septemba]] [[1895]] huko [[Edinburgh]], [[Uskoti]] – [[13 Septemba]] [[1968]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] na mwalimu maarufu. Alihudumu katika Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia na Black Watch Highland Regiment na alijeruhiwa vibaya, akipoteza uwezo wa kuona kwa jicho moja. Alishinda U.S. Open mwaka [[1927]], PGA Championship mwaka [[1930]], na The Open Championship mwaka [[1931]]. Baada ya kustaafu, alikua mwalimu maarufu huko Florida. Alifariki [[13 Septemba]] [[1968]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 72.<ref name="spbirth">{{cite web | title=Births in the District of Newington in the City of Edinburgh | work=Statutory Births 685/05 1134 | access-date=16 February 2015 | url=http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/search/birth/index.aspx | publisher=[[ScotlandsPeople]] | url-access=subscription | archive-date=2008-11-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121080520/http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/search/birth/index.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1895]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1968]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Uskoti]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Uskoti]] ef2808c3c82kflteydjhhkyhk5dsaru 0 250551 1599185 1598578 2026-09-23T09:58:30Z Ally0111 85292 1599185 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James Martin Barnes''' ([[8 Aprili]] [[1886]] huko Leland, [[Cornwall]], [[Uingereza]] – [[24 Mei]] [[1966]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] aliyehamia [[Marekani]] mwaka [[1906]]. Alijulikana kama mmoja wa "Big Three" wa gofu ya kulipwa katika miaka ya 1920 pamoja na Walter Hagen na Jock Hutchison. Alishinda U.S. Open mwaka [[1921]] kwa tofauti ya vibao tisa, rekodi ambayo bado haijavunjwa. Pia alishinda PGA Championship mara mbili (1916, 1919) na The Open Championship mwaka [[1925]].<ref name=About>{{cite book|last1=Kalb|first1=Elliott |title=Who's better, who's best in golf?: Mr. Stats sets the record straight on the Top 50 Golfers of All Time|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ExoVQEX-XoQC&pg=PA159|year=2006|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=0-07-146977-X|pages=159–63|chapter=Jim Barnes: The Forgotten Champion}}</ref><ref name="bwgihd">{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VnszAAAAIBAJ&pg=6673,4522378 |newspaper=Spokesman-Review|title=Barnes was giant in his day|last=Missildine|first=Harry|date=May 29, 1966|page=1-sports|access-date=May 17, 2013}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1887]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1966]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Uingereza]] 82uuq3pwvownbx8641eyfw6y7j4m5dg 0 250552 1599186 1598579 2026-09-23T09:59:19Z Ally0111 85292 1599186 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Julius Nicholas Boros''' ([[3 Machi]] [[1920]] – [[28 Mei]] [[1994]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda U.S. Open mwaka [[1952]] na [[1963]], na PGA Championship mwaka [[1968]]. Alikuwa mshindi mzee zaidi wa shindano kuu la gofu akiwa na umri wa miaka 48 wakati wa ushindi wake wa PGA Championship mwaka 1968. Aliandika kitabu cha mafunzo "Swing Easy, Hit Hard" mwaka [[1965]].<ref name="wghof">{{cite web |title=Julius Boros – member bio |url=http://www.worldgolfhalloffame.org/julius-boros/ |access-date=December 23, 2013 |publisher=World Golf Hall of Fame}}</ref><ref name=NYTobit>{{cite news |title=Julius Boros, 74, a Pro Golfer Known for His Masterly Touch |date=May 30, 1994 |newspaper=The New York Times |first=Larry |last= Dorman |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/30/obituaries/julius-boros-74-a-pro-golfer-known-for-his-masterly-touch.html |access-date=November 8, 2011}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1920]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1994]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] kuakltwhzrj0nwxbh5ogcw7uw4d3ff3 0 250554 1599187 1598581 2026-09-23T09:59:19Z Ally0111 85292 1599187 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jack Joseph Burke Jr.''' ( [[29 Januari]] [[1923]] – [[19 Januari]] [[2024]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Marekani]]. Mwaka [[1956]], alishinda Masters na PGA Championship katika msimu mmoja, na alitajwa kama PGA Golfer of the Year. Alishinda mataji 16 ya PGA Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na mataji manne katika wiki nne mwaka [[1952]]. Baadaye alikua mwalimu maarufu wa wachezaji kama Phil Mickelson na Hal Sutton, na mwanzilishi mwenza wa Champions Golf Club huko [[Houston]].<ref name="wghof">{{cite web |title=Member bio: Jack Burke Jr. |publisher=World Golf Hall of Fame |url=http://www.worldgolfhalloffame.org/jack-burke-jr/ |access-date=December 20, 2013}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1923]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2024]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] fy35j72or82gustjle8dfzgm3g8okhl 0 250560 1599189 1598588 2026-09-23T10:01:03Z Ally0111 85292 1599189 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Harry Edward Cooper''' ( [[Agosti 4]] [[1904]] huko Leatherhead, [[Uingereza]] – [[17 Oktoba]] [[2000]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa aliyehamia [[Marekani]] akiwa mtoto. Alishinda mataji 31 ya PGA Tour katika taaluma yake lakini hakuwahi kushinda shindano kuu. Alijulikana kama mmoja wa wachezaji bora wa gofu wa miaka ya 1920 na 1930.<ref name=floor>{{cite book |title=Gettin' to the Dance Floor: An Oral History of American Golf |last=Barkow |first=Al |author-link=Al Barkow |year=1986 |publisher=Atheneum |isbn=978-0-68911-517-2}}</ref><ref name=hcnwamj>{{cite news |url=http://www.dallasnews.com/sports/columnists/kevin-sherrington/20130713-sherrington-harry-cooper--dallas-original-teen-golf-prodigy--might-ve-been-the-best-to-never-win-a-major.ece |newspaper=Dallas News |last=Sherrington |first=Kevin |title=Harry Cooper – Dallas' original teen golf prodigy – might've been the best to never win a major |date=July 13, 2013 |access-date=December 7, 2013}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1904]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2000]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Uingereza]] es6yh48go4utvb390na0du8i5y8rsod 0 250561 1599190 1598589 2026-09-23T10:01:49Z Ally0111 85292 1599190 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Allan Cruickshank''' ( [[16 Novemba]] [[1894]] huko Grantown-on-Spey, [[Uskoti]] – [[27 Agosti]] [[1975]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa. Alihudumu katika Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia, alikamatwa na [[Wajerumani]] na kufanikiwa kutoroka siku mbili kabla ya vita kuisha. Alihamia [[Marekani]] mwaka [[1921]] na alikua mshindi wa kwanza wa fedha wa PGA Tour mwaka [[1927]]. Alishinda mataji zaidi ya 20 katika taaluma yake.<ref name=sjbcac>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_FIiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Q6QFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5180,7899041 |newspaper=San Jose Evening News |agency=Associated Press |title=Bobby Cruickshank to become American citizen |date=18 June 1929 |page=11 }}</ref><ref name=gpwdip>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TgcrAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WZgFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6497,4517929 |newspaper=Reading Eagle |title=Golf pro's wife dies in Pittsburgh |agency=Associated Press |date=11 July 1965 |page=49}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1894]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1975]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Uskoti]] izr48dhcoqvfz9dg9445glgu5etqoej 0 250563 1599191 1598591 2026-09-23T10:03:22Z Ally0111 85292 1599191 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James Newton Demaret''' ( [[24 Mei]] [[1910]] huko [[Houston, Texas]] – [[28 Desemba]] [[1983]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kitaalamu kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 31 ya PGA Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na Masters mara tatu ([[1940]], [[1947]], [[1950]]). Alijulikana kwa mavazi yake ya rangi na tabia yake ya kuchekesha, akipata jina la utani "The Wardrobe." Baada ya kustaafu, alikua mchambuzi wa gofu kwenye televisheni.<ref name=wmsobt>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6iFOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hRMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7052%2C7966893 |work=Wilmington Morning Star |location=North Carolina |agency=Associated Press |title=Jimmy Demaret, pro golfing great, dies at 73 |date=December 29, 1983 |page=4D}}</ref><ref name=srobt>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=i1dWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5-4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6799%2C6709401 |work=Spokesman-Review |location=Spokane, Washington |agency=wire reports |title=Golfing great Demaret dies |date=December 29, 1983 |page=20}}</ref><ref name=ergobt>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Lg5WAAAAIBAJ&sjid=NeIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5538%2C7613805 |work=Eugene Register-Guard |location=Oregon |agency=(Los Angeles Times)|last=Glick |first=Shav |title=3-time Masters champion Demaret dead at age 73 |date=December 29, 1983 |page=3C}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1910]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1983]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] mdxtju7zdea8diegwqbk6nb7v4rb6d1 0 250564 1598704 1598592 2026-09-22T12:51:22Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1598704 wikitext text/x-wiki '''José Concepción Pinto Castro''' ([[8 Januari]] [[1830]] – [[1898]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa Costa Rica. Wazazi wake walikuwa Jenerali Antonio Pinto Soares na María del Rosario Castro y Ramírez.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |last=Genealógicas |first=Academia Costarricense de Ciencias |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3k9lAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Jos%C3%A9%22%20Concepci%C3%B3n%20%22Pinto%20Castro%22%20-wikipedia%201898 |title=Revista |date=1981 |pages=196 |language=es}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1830]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:waliofariki 1898]] cyrur9ac9puthk13bsy5cr8abu8ymq2 0 250566 1599192 1598594 2026-09-23T10:03:35Z Ally0111 85292 1599192 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Leo Harvey Diegel''' ( [[20 Aprili]] [[1899]] huko [[Detroit, Michigan]] – [[5 Mei]] [[1951]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda PGA Championship mara mbili mfululizo ([[1928]], [[1929]]) na mataji 30 ya PGA Tour. Alijulikana kwa mtindo wake wa kipekee wa kupiga puti kwa kukunja viwiko nje, ulioitwa "best putter in golf." <ref name=apfgp >{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZiQsAAAAIBAJ&dq=leo%20diegel&pg=4044%2C1818608 |newspaper=Florence Times |location=Alabama |title=Another prize for golf pro |date=February 22, 1934 |page=6}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1899]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1951]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] 1y4mdi4rknp1b1ca244zeq848j5pzgd 0 250568 1599095 1598688 2026-09-23T07:21:59Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1599095 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Edward Bishop Dudley''' ([[Brunswick]], [[Georgia (jimbo)|Georgia]], [[19 Februari]] [[1901]] – [[25 Oktoba]] [[1963]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kitaalamu nchini [[Marekani]]. Alijulikana kama "Big Ed" kutokana na umbo lake la urefu wa futi 6 na inchi 4. Alishinda mataji 15 ya PGA Tour na alikuwa mchezaji wa kwanza kumaliza katika nafasi 10 za mashindano yote manne makubwa katika mwaka mmoja ([[1937]]). Alikuwa mwalimu wa Rais Dwight Eisenhower, Bing Crosby, na Bob Hope.<ref>{{cite book |last=Barkow |first=Al |authorlink=Al Barkow |title=The History of the PGA TOUR |publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]] |date=November 1989 |isbn=0-385-26145-4 |others=Copyright PGA Tour |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofpgatour00bark }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Ed Dudley |url=https://www.coloradogolfhalloffame.org/person/ed-dudley/ |access-date=2024-02-07 |publisher=Colorado Golf Hall of Fame}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1901]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1963]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] 4jffd428ju94xxem0i8z9f0v4c963a4 0 250570 1599194 1598606 2026-09-23T10:04:02Z Ally0111 85292 1599194 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charles E. "Chick" Evans Jr.''' ( [[18 Julai]] [[1890]] huko [[Indianapolis, Indiana]] – [[6 Novemba]] [[1979]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Mwaka [[1916]], alishinda U.S. Open na U.S. Amateur katika mwaka mmoja, mafanikio ambayo yalirudiwa tu na Bobby Jones mwaka [[1930]]. Alishiriki katika Walker Cup mara tatu na alicheza U.S. Amateur mara 50 mfululizo. Alianzisha Evans Scholars Foundation mwaka [[1929]] kusaidia caddies kupata elimu ya chuo kikuu.<ref name=newsg>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19791108&id=qdZQAAAAIBAJ&pg=6182,1752649 |title=Amateur golf star Chick Evans dies |newspaper=Wilmington Morning Star |agency=Associated Press |date=November 8, 1979 |page=7-D |access-date=April 14, 2013}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1890]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1979]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] cqpel2lsyxpcnv9d7rbekit608s8dsz 0 250571 1598745 1598607 2026-09-22T15:52:14Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1598745 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William Payne Stewart''' ( [[30 Januari]] [[1957]] huko [[Springfield, Missouri]] – [[25 Oktoba]] [[1999]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 11 ya PGA Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na U.S. Open mwaka [[1991]] na [[1999]], na PGA Championship mwaka [[1989]]. Alijulikana kwa mavazi yake ya kipekee ya knickerbockers.<ref name="worldgolfhalloffame1">{{Rejea tovuti |title=World Golf Hall of Fame Member Profile |url=http://www.worldgolfhalloffame.org/payne-stewart/ |access-date=September 4, 2013 |publisher=World Golf Hall of Fame}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1957]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1999]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] 1053bxa1otwxbx3w2cp04jwefglrnr3 1599195 1598745 2026-09-23T10:04:28Z Ally0111 85292 1599195 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William Payne Stewart''' ( [[30 Januari]] [[1957]] huko [[Springfield, Missouri]] – [[25 Oktoba]] [[1999]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 11 ya PGA Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na U.S. Open mwaka [[1991]] na [[1999]], na PGA Championship mwaka [[1989]]. Alijulikana kwa mavazi yake ya kipekee ya knickerbockers.<ref name="worldgolfhalloffame1">{{Rejea tovuti |title=World Golf Hall of Fame Member Profile |url=http://www.worldgolfhalloffame.org/payne-stewart/ |access-date=September 4, 2013 |publisher=World Golf Hall of Fame}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1957]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1999]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] 8fl5mh77pymmas8feyp92z24u63fare 0 250607 1598714 1598651 2026-09-22T14:06:21Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 5 template(s) replaced. 1598714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Mario Pizziolo | nchi = Italia | majina_mengine = | picha = Mario Pizziolo.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1909|12|8|df=yes}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Castellammare Adriatico]], Italia | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{Death date and age|1990|4|30|1909|12|7|df=yes}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Florence]], Italia | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji na kocha wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Kiungo | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Mario Pizziolo''' (8 Desemba 1909 – 30 Aprili 1990) alikuwa mchezaji na kocha wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Italia]] aliyecheza kama kiungo wa kati au kiungo wa ulinzi. == Kazi ya klabu == Pizziolo alizaliwa mjini [[Castellammare Adriatico]], Mkoa wa Pescara.<ref name="abruzzo">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Mario Pizziolo |url=http://portalecultura.egov.regione.abruzzo.it/abruzzocultura/data//portale/documenti/08_abruzzesi_illustri/sport/pizziolo_mario.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105124959/http://portalecultura.egov.regione.abruzzo.it/abruzzocultura/data//portale/documenti/08_abruzzesi_illustri/sport/pizziolo_mario.pdf |archive-date=5 January 2022 |access-date=5 January 2022 |website=[[Abruzzo|Regione Abruzzo]] |language=it-IT}}</ref><ref name="enciclopedia">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Marchetti |first=Dario |title=Pizziolo Mario |url=http://www.enciclopediadelcalcio.it/Pizziolo.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826020742/http://www.enciclopediadelcalcio.it/Pizziolo.html |archive-date=26 August 2012 |access-date=26 August 2012 |website=Enciclopediadelcalcio.it |language=it}}</ref> Alianzia kazi yake ya soka katika timu za vijana za [[A.S. Livorno Calcio|Livorno]] na [[Ternana Calcio|Ternana]],<ref name="abruzzo" /> na baadaye alichezea timu ya wakubwa ya [[A.C. Pistoiese|Pistoiese]] (1925–1929),<ref name="abruzzo" /> kabla ya kujiunga na [[ACF Fiorentina|Fiorentina]], ambako alicheza kati ya mwaka 1929 na 1936, akicheza mechi 203 na kufunga mabao matatu katika mashindano yote. Alistaafu soka akiwa na umri wa miaka 27. == Kazi ya kimataifa == Pizziolo alicheza mechi 12 katika timu ya taifa ya Italia kati ya mwaka 1933 na 1934, akifunga bao moja.<ref name="convocazioni">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Convocazioni e presenze in campo: Mario Pizziolo |url=https://www.figc.it/it/nazionali/nazionali-in-cifre/dettaglio-convocato/?calciatoreId=43211&squadraId=12 |access-date=5 January 2022 |website=Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio |language=it}}</ref> Alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi kilichotwaa ubingwa wa kombe la kimataifa la ulaya Kati la 1933–35,<ref name="convocazioni" /> na sehemu ya timu iliyotwaa ubingwa wa [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] mwaka 1934 katika ardhi ya nyumbani, ambapo alicheza mechi moja pekee, ambayo ilikuwa ya kwanza ya robo fainali dhidi ya [[Hispania]], na alipata jeraha kubwa la kuvunjika mguu baada ya kutoka sare ya 1–1 kufuatia muda wa nyongeza.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Fossati |first=Mario |date=17 June 1994 |title=Pane, regime e gol |url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1994/06/17/pane-regime-gol.html |access-date=5 January 2022 |website=la Repubblica |language=it}}</ref> Hakucheza tena katika timu ya taifa ya Italia.Kwa kuwa Pizziolo hakuweza kucheza mechi zilizofuata au mchezo wa fainali, hakutunukiwa medali ya ubingwa hadi mwaka 1988, miaka miwili kabla ya kifo chake mjini [[Florence]], akiwa na umri wa miaka 80.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=1 May 1990 |title=Addio Pizziolo, campione vero |url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1990/05/01/addio-pizziolo-campione-povero.html |access-date=5 January 2022 |website=la Repubblica |language=it}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1909]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1990]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Italia]] pfadreviiqu85zoy4twbu2fpduyqs7q 0 250613 1598746 1598660 2026-09-22T15:53:09Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1598746 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Percy Kenneth Rodríguez Argüello''' ni [[mwanasiasa]], mwandishi,mchambuzi wa kimataifa na mwanadiplomasia wa Costa Rica aliyekuwa meya wa manispaa ya Tibás kwa kipindi cha mwaka 2003–2007. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Percy Rodríguez Argüello|url=http://izcande.com/index.php?route=product/manufacturer/info&manufacturer_id=10|website=izcande.com|access-date=2020-05-18}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1972]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] adlifzqqvtv45jt2aicxxxecftkcygl 0 250616 1598703 1598664 2026-09-22T12:51:12Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1598703 wikitext text/x-wiki '''José Carlos Sáenz Esquivel''' ([[19 Mei]] [[1861]] – [[4 Aprili]] [[1919]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] na mwanasheria wa Costa Rica.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea kitabu |last=Carbonell |first=Jorge Francisco Sáenz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pPXiAAAAMAAJ&q=Jos%C3%A9%20Carlos%20%22S%C3%A1enz%20Esquivel%22%20-wikipedia%201919 |title=Historia diplomática de Costa Rica (1821-1910) |date=1995 |publisher=Editorial Juricentro |isbn=978-9977-31-066-4 |pages=497 |language=es}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1861]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:waliofariki 1919]] oz2coo8a0ypfl02fmwkyeqof8f7iqb4 0 250621 1598752 1598672 2026-09-22T16:03:18Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1598752 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Renato Olmi | nchi = Italia | majina_mengine = | picha = Renato Olmi Crema.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1914|7|12|df=yes}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Trezzo sull'Adda]], Ufalme wa Italia | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{Death date and age|1985|5|15|1914|7|12|df=yes}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Crema, Lombardy|Crema]], Italia | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Kiungo | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Renato Olmi''' (12 Julai 1914 – 15 Mei 1985) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Italia]] aliyecheza nafasi ya kiungo. == Kazi ya klabu == Katika kazi yake ya klabu, Olmi alichezea klabu za Italia za [[Inter Milan|Ambrosiana-Inter]] na [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] katika ligi kuu ya [[Serie A]]. Pia alichezea [[A.C. Crema 1908|Crema]], [[U.S. Cremonese|Cremonese]], na [[Brescia Calcio|Brescia]] katika ligi za daraja la chini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.enciclopediadelcalcio.it/Olmi.html |title=Olmi, Renato Profile at Enciclopediadelcalcio.it |access-date=9 January 2012 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221225/http://www.enciclopediadelcalcio.it/Olmi.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kazi ya kimataifa == Olmi alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi kilichotwaa ubingwa wa [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] mwaka 1938, ambalo lilikuwa taji la pili la Kombe la Dunia kwa Italia. Alicheza mechi 3 za kimataifa katika timu ya taifa ya Italia mnamo mwaka 1940.<ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/ital-intres1940.html Italy - International Matches 1940-1949 - RSSSF.com]</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1914]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1985]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Italia]] k698aw78o1hf8y2hqfo17yku8cfyqeb 0 250623 1598696 2026-09-22T12:10:58Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1598696 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alberto Salom Echeverría''' (alizaliwa [[10 Juni]] [[1952]] huko San José, Costa Rica) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Costa Rica]] aliyekuwa mbunge kupitia chama cha wananchi na vitendo kuanzia mwaka 2006 hadi 2010 na alikuwa diwani wa zamani wa San José. <ref>{{cite news|title=Clientelismo político en vivienda denuncia oposición en Costa Rica – Nicaragua Hoy |url=http://www.nicaraguahoy.info/dir_cgi/topics.cgi?op=print_topic;cat=NoticiasGenerales;id=57607 |accessdate=January 18, 2011 |newspaper=Nicaragua Hoy |date=September 23, 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721231325/http://www.nicaraguahoy.info/dir_cgi/topics.cgi?op=print_topic%3Bcat%3DNoticiasGenerales%3Bid%3D57607 |archivedate=July 21, 2011 }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1952]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] h32rhjqml0c7do086559uy9yxkprwnb 0 250624 1598697 2026-09-22T12:30:46Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1598697 wikitext text/x-wiki '''María Cecilia de los Ángeles Sánchez Romero''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Costa Rica]] aliyekuwa waziri wa haki na amani.<ref name=mundo>{{Cite web |last=Madrigal |first=Luis Manuel |date=2017-12-20 |title=Cecilia Sánchez: La mujer que cambió el rostro del sistema penitenciario y pagó las consecuencias |url=https://elmundo.cr/costa-rica/cecilia-sanchez-la-mujer-cambio-rostro-del-sistema-penitenciario-pago-las-consecuencias/ |access-date=2026-07-01 |website=El Mundo CR |language=es}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] od2jkdqdh25wta42w25v6dsqud8nztg 0 250625 1598698 2026-09-22T12:32:51Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1598698 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Benito Serrano Jiménez''' ([[19 Machi]] [[1850]] – [[23 Desemba]] [[1945]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] na jaji wa [[Costa Rica]].<ref name="u074">{{cite book | last=Vargas | first=Armando | title=El doctor Zambrana | publisher=EUNED | publication-place=San José, Costa Rica | date=2006 | isbn=978-9968-31-511-1 | oclc=141188901 | language=es | page=518}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1850]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:waliofariki 1945]] 0q6wsit85wtuhet55m3tlpkm5wtwuuh 0 250626 1598699 2026-09-22T12:33:28Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Donald Eugene Cherry''' (alizaliwa [[18 Novemba]] [[1936]] huko [[Oklahoma City, Oklahoma]] – alifariki [[19 Oktoba]] [[1995]]) alikuwa [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[jazz]] na mchezaji wa tarumbeta kutoka [[Marekani]]. Ingawa hakuwa mchezaji wa gofu wa kitaalamu, jina lake lilionekana katika orodha ya wachezaji wa gofu.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kelsey |first1=Chris |author-link=Chris Kelsey|title=Biography & History |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/don-cherry...' 1598699 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Donald Eugene Cherry''' (alizaliwa [[18 Novemba]] [[1936]] huko [[Oklahoma City, Oklahoma]] – alifariki [[19 Oktoba]] [[1995]]) alikuwa [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[jazz]] na mchezaji wa tarumbeta kutoka [[Marekani]]. Ingawa hakuwa mchezaji wa gofu wa kitaalamu, jina lake lilionekana katika orodha ya wachezaji wa gofu.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kelsey |first1=Chris |author-link=Chris Kelsey|title=Biography & History |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/don-cherry-mn0000796166/biography |website=AllMusic |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1936]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1995]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] 8xrr8a6kj4tava92fgjbbj0wokbpj07 1599096 1598699 2026-09-23T07:24:32Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1599096 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Donald Eugene Cherry''' ([[18 Novemba]] [[1936]] huko [[Oklahoma City, Oklahoma]] – [[19 Oktoba]] [[1995]]) alikuwa [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[jazz]] na mchezaji wa tarumbeta kutoka [[Marekani]]. Ingawa hakuwa mchezaji wa gofu wa kitaalamu, jina lake lilionekana katika orodha ya wachezaji wa gofu.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kelsey |first1=Chris |author-link=Chris Kelsey|title=Biography & History |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/don-cherry-mn0000796166/biography |website=AllMusic |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1936]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1995]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] nktqtdrcly7wvecix9bvctri4ed0okg 0 250627 1598701 2026-09-22T12:39:52Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Robert Tyre "Bobby" Jones Jr.''' ( [[17 Machi]] [[1902]] huko [[Atlanta, Georgia]] – [[18 Desemba]] [[1971]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]] na mmoja wa wachezaji wakubwa wa gofu wa wakati wote. Mwaka [[1930]], alikamilisha Grand Slam ya gofu kwa kushinda mashindano manne makubwa katika mwaka mmoja (U.S. Open, U.S. Amateur, The Open Championship, na British Amateur). Alianzisha The Masters Tournament mwaka [[1934]] na ali...' 1598701 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Tyre "Bobby" Jones Jr.''' ( [[17 Machi]] [[1902]] huko [[Atlanta, Georgia]] – [[18 Desemba]] [[1971]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]] na mmoja wa wachezaji wakubwa wa gofu wa wakati wote. Mwaka [[1930]], alikamilisha Grand Slam ya gofu kwa kushinda mashindano manne makubwa katika mwaka mmoja (U.S. Open, U.S. Amateur, The Open Championship, na British Amateur). Alianzisha The Masters Tournament mwaka [[1934]] na alikuwa mwanzilishi mwenza wa Augusta National Golf Club.<ref name = "tech">{{cite web |url=http://livinghistory.gatech.edu/new/traditions/legend/jones.html |title=Bobby Jones |publisher=Georgia Tech |access-date=August 21, 2013}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1902]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1971]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] go9fpsrkwq9rpkgaxpon9h64zb4t8gi 1599049 1598701 2026-09-23T03:58:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599049 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Tyre "Bobby" Jones Jr.''' ( [[17 Machi]] [[1902]] huko [[Atlanta, Georgia]] – [[18 Desemba]] [[1971]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]] na mmoja wa wachezaji wakubwa wa gofu wa wakati wote. Mwaka [[1930]], alikamilisha Grand Slam ya gofu kwa kushinda mashindano manne makubwa katika mwaka mmoja (U.S. Open, U.S. Amateur, The Open Championship, na British Amateur). Alianzisha The Masters Tournament mwaka [[1934]] na alikuwa mwanzilishi mwenza wa Augusta National Golf Club.<ref name = "tech">{{cite web |url=http://livinghistory.gatech.edu/new/traditions/legend/jones.html |title=Bobby Jones |publisher=Georgia Tech |access-date=August 21, 2013 |archive-date=2016-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612034045/http://livinghistory.gatech.edu/new/traditions/legend/jones.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1902]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1971]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] bzqmvaq5umpugc7j6847ozwr230hu43 1599197 1599049 2026-09-23T10:05:12Z Ally0111 85292 1599197 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Tyre "Bobby" Jones Jr.''' ( [[17 Machi]] [[1902]] huko [[Atlanta, Georgia]] – [[18 Desemba]] [[1971]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]] na mmoja wa wachezaji wakubwa wa gofu wa wakati wote. Mwaka [[1930]], alikamilisha Grand Slam ya gofu kwa kushinda mashindano manne makubwa katika mwaka mmoja (U.S. Open, U.S. Amateur, The Open Championship, na British Amateur). Alianzisha The Masters Tournament mwaka [[1934]] na alikuwa mwanzilishi mwenza wa Augusta National Golf Club.<ref name = "tech">{{cite web |url=http://livinghistory.gatech.edu/new/traditions/legend/jones.html |title=Bobby Jones |publisher=Georgia Tech |access-date=August 21, 2013 |archive-date=2016-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612034045/http://livinghistory.gatech.edu/new/traditions/legend/jones.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1902]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1971]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] 9ik28idhbyyeq2vk9wcsajzzfjfdeda 0 250628 1598705 2026-09-22T13:16:32Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Felix Gerritzen | nchi = Ujerumani | majina_mengine = | picha = | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1927|2|6|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Münster]], Ujerumani | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|2007|7|3|1927|2|6|df=y}} | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = M...' 1598705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Felix Gerritzen | nchi = Ujerumani | majina_mengine = | picha = | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1927|2|6|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Münster]], Ujerumani | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|2007|7|3|1927|2|6|df=y}} | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Mshambuliaji | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Felix Gerritzen''' (6 Februari 1927 – 3 Julai 2007) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Ujerumani]] aliyecheza nafasi ya mshambuliaji katika klabu za [[VfB Oldenburg]] na [[SC Preußen Münster|Preußen Münster]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/fiffi-gerritzen/ |title=Felix Gerritzen - WorldFootball.net |publisher=WorldFootball.net |language=English |accessdate=22 September 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1927]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2007]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ujerumani]] 5bl8pz79u03worfonfl2874wv9ooqt8 0 250629 1598706 2026-09-22T13:21:51Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Oreco | nchi = Brazil | majina_mengine = | picha = Time do Internacional, 1953 (Oreco).jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1932|6|13}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul|Santa Maria]], Brazil | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|1985|4|3|1932|6|13}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Ituverava]], Brazil | sababu_ya_kifarik...' 1598706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Oreco | nchi = Brazil | majina_mengine = | picha = Time do Internacional, 1953 (Oreco).jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1932|6|13}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul|Santa Maria]], Brazil | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|1985|4|3|1932|6|13}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Ituverava]], Brazil | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Beki wa kushoto | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Valdemar Rodrigues Martíns''', anayejulikana zaidi kama '''Oreco''' (13 Juni 1932 – 3 Aprili 1985), alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Brazil]] aliyecheza nafasi ya beki wa kushoto. Alikuwa sehemu ya timu iliyotwaa ubingwa wa [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] la mwaka 1958. Oreco alizaliwa mjini [[Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul|Santa Maria]], katika jimbo la [[Rio Grande do Sul]], na alifariki dunia mwaka 1985 mjini [[Ituverava]], katika jimbo la [[São Paulo (state)|Sao Paulo]].<ref name="sambafoot">{{cite web|url=https://www.sambafoot.com/en/players/oreco|title=Oreco - Player profile|publisher=Sambafoot|language=English|accessdate=22 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="nationalfootballteams">{{cite web|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/19782/Oreco.html|title=Oreco (Player)|publisher=National Football Teams|language=English|accessdate=22 September 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1932]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1985]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Brazil]] 7dfx5wjfhgfzdg5gffrxj0yyxx8w9y6 1598707 1598706 2026-09-22T13:22:58Z Bycashtz 81318 1598707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Oreco | nchi = Brazil | majina_mengine = | picha = Time do Internacional, 1953 (Oreco).jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1932|6|13}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul|Santa Maria]], Brazil | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|1985|4|3|1932|6|13}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Ituverava]], Brazil | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Beki wa kushoto | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Valdemar Rodrigues Martíns''', anayejulikana zaidi kama '''Oreco''' (13 Juni 1932 – 3 Aprili 1985), alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Brazil]] aliyecheza nafasi ya beki wa kushoto. Alikuwa sehemu ya timu iliyotwaa ubingwa wa [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] la mwaka 1958. Oreco alizaliwa mjini [[Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul|Santa Maria]], katika jimbo la [[Rio Grande do Sul]], na alifariki dunia mwaka 1985 mjini [[Ituverava]], katika jimbo la [[Sao Paulo]].<ref name="sambafoot">{{cite web|url=https://www.sambafoot.com/en/players/oreco|title=Oreco - Player profile|publisher=Sambafoot|language=English|accessdate=22 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="nationalfootballteams">{{cite web|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/19782/Oreco.html|title=Oreco (Player)|publisher=National Football Teams|language=English|accessdate=22 September 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1932]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1985]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Brazil]] 27vshxsqn7ru033sx80liae8mf19htk 0 250630 1598708 2026-09-22T13:30:01Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Gerry Hitchens | nchi = Uingereza | majina_mengine = | picha = | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Hitchens mwaka 1960 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1934|10|8|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Rawnsley]], [[Staffordshire]], Uingereza | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|1983|4|13|1934|10|8|df=y}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Hope, Flintshire|Hope]], [[Clwyd]], Wales | sab...' 1598708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Gerry Hitchens | nchi = Uingereza | majina_mengine = | picha = | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Hitchens mwaka 1960 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1934|10|8|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Rawnsley]], [[Staffordshire]], Uingereza | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|1983|4|13|1934|10|8|df=y}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Hope, Flintshire|Hope]], [[Clwyd]], Wales | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Mshambuliaji wa kati | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Gerald Archibald Hitchens''' (8 Oktoba 1934 – 13 Aprili 1983) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Uingereza]] aliyecheza nafasi ya mshambuliaji wa kati.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/1717/editorial/2009/04/30/1232886/goalcoms-top-50-english-players-gerry-%0A%0Ahitchens-47 |title=Goal.com's Top 50 English Players: Gerry Hitchens (47) |publisher=Goal.com |date=30 April 2009 |access-date=15 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/gerry-hitchens-57347 |title=Gerry Hitchens |work=Birmingham Mail|date=28 January 2008 |access-date=15 November 2012}}</ref> Gerry Hitchens alifariki dunia tarehe 13 Aprili 1983. Alikuwa akicheza mechi ya hisani ya mpira wa miguu mwaka 1983 kwa ajili ya kampuni ya wanasheria ya Mold katika uwanja wa michezo wa Castell Alun huko Hope huko nchini Uingereza. Sekunde chache baada ya kupiga mpira wa kichwa uliovuka juu ya mwamba wa goli, Hitchens alianguka na kupelekwa katika Hospitali Kuu ya [[Wrexham]], lakini alitangazwa kuwa amefariki kabla ya kuwasili. Jivu lake lilizikwa huko Holywell. Alikuwa na umri wa miaka 48.<ref>{{cite web|author=Terry Phillips |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/mining-milan--hitchens-city-1911226 |title=FootballNation – Football News – From mining to Milan – Hitchens did City proud |date=2 June 2010 |publisher=WalesOnline |access-date=13 April 2014}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1934]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1983]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uingereza]] j9swhww8epe4uwdpeflqsv7vjgzfwq5 0 250631 1598709 2026-09-22T13:38:24Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Frederick Theodore Haas Jr.''' ( [[3 Januari]] [[1916]] – [[26 Januari]] [[2004]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Portland, [[Arkansas]], na alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Louisiana State mwaka [[1937]], akishinda ubingwa wa NCAA akiwa mwaka wake wa mwisho. Ushindi wake wa kwanza wa PGA Tour katika Memphis Invitational akiwa amateur ulivunja rekodi ya Byron Nelson ya ushindi 11 mfululizo. Aligeuka kuwa mtaalam...' 1598709 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Frederick Theodore Haas Jr.''' ( [[3 Januari]] [[1916]] – [[26 Januari]] [[2004]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Portland, [[Arkansas]], na alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Louisiana State mwaka [[1937]], akishinda ubingwa wa NCAA akiwa mwaka wake wa mwisho. Ushindi wake wa kwanza wa PGA Tour katika Memphis Invitational akiwa amateur ulivunja rekodi ya Byron Nelson ya ushindi 11 mfululizo. Aligeuka kuwa mtaalamu mwaka [[1945]]. Alishinda mataji 5 ya PGA Tour na alikuwa mwanachama wa timu ya Ryder Cup ya [[1953]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://golf.about.com/od/golfersmen/a/nelson_1945_pga.htm |title=Byron Nelson's 1945 Tournament Results |publisher=About.com |first=Brent |last=Kelley |accessdate=August 23, 2013 |archive-date=April 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402075023/http://golf.about.com/od/golfersmen/a/nelson_1945_pga.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1916]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2004]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] 0jiibrrtd0zb6s9ttjb89gbpoapraki 1599196 1598709 2026-09-23T10:05:00Z Ally0111 85292 1599196 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Frederick Theodore Haas Jr.''' ( [[3 Januari]] [[1916]] – [[26 Januari]] [[2004]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Portland, [[Arkansas]], na alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Louisiana State mwaka [[1937]], akishinda ubingwa wa NCAA akiwa mwaka wake wa mwisho. Ushindi wake wa kwanza wa PGA Tour katika Memphis Invitational akiwa amateur ulivunja rekodi ya Byron Nelson ya ushindi 11 mfululizo. Aligeuka kuwa mtaalamu mwaka [[1945]]. Alishinda mataji 5 ya PGA Tour na alikuwa mwanachama wa timu ya Ryder Cup ya [[1953]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://golf.about.com/od/golfersmen/a/nelson_1945_pga.htm |title=Byron Nelson's 1945 Tournament Results |publisher=About.com |first=Brent |last=Kelley |accessdate=August 23, 2013 |archive-date=April 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402075023/http://golf.about.com/od/golfersmen/a/nelson_1945_pga.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1916]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2004]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] h4nxw6bt9n0zy17mlkgo8sidl26zr3j 0 250632 1598710 2026-09-22T13:38:41Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Ian Storey-Moore | nchi = Uingereza | majina_mengine = | picha = | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1945|1|17|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Ipswich]], Uingereza | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji na kocha wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Mshambuliaji | mshahara = | k...' 1598710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Ian Storey-Moore | nchi = Uingereza | majina_mengine = | picha = | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1945|1|17|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Ipswich]], Uingereza | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji na kocha wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Mshambuliaji | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Ian Storey-Moore''' (alizaliwa 17 Januari 1945) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu na kocha kutoka nchini [[Uingereza]] aliyecheza nafasi ya mshambuliaji. Alifunga mabao zaidi ya 100 ya ligi akiwa klabu ya [[Nottingham Forest F.C.|Nottingham Forest]], na alicheza mechi moja katika timu ya taifa ya Uingereza wakati akiwa hapo.<ref name="englandstats">{{cite web |url=https://www.englandstats.com/player.php?pid=932 |title=Ian Storey-Moore - England Profile |publisher=Englandstats |language=English |accessdate=22 September 2026}}</ref> Mwaka 1972, alihamia [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], lakini kazi yake katika ligi kuu ilifikia kikomo mapema kutokana na majeraha mnamo mwaka 1974.<ref name="mufc">{{cite web |url=https://www.mufcinfo.com/manutd/players/storey-moore.html |title=Ian Storey-Moore Profile |publisher=MUFCInfo |language=English |accessdate=22 September 2026}}</ref> Baadaye alichezea klabu isiyo ya ligi kuu ya [[Burton Albion F.C.|Burton Albion]], pamoja na klabu ya [[Chicago Sting]] inayocheza ligi kuu ya mpira wa miguu nchini [[Marekani]] na [[Kanada|Canada]]. Baadaye alihudumu kama mchezaji-kocha wa [[Shepshed Charterhouse F.C.|Shepshed Charterhouse]], na [[Burton Albion F.C.|Burton Albion]] katika kipindi chake cha tatu klabuni hapo, kabla ya kuwa msaka vipaji mkuu katika klabu za [[Nottingham Forest F.C.|Nottingham Forest]] na [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1945]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uingereza]] 1nafjii3ktvv0pennrhs56y2ydspjyk 0 250633 1598711 2026-09-22T13:45:05Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = George Cohen | nchi = Uingereza | majina_mengine = | picha = George Cohen.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Cohen mwaka 2007 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|df=y|1939|10|22}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Fulham]], [[London]], Uingereza | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|df=y|2022|12|23|1939|10|22}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Mayfield and Five Ashes|Mayfield]], Eas...' 1598711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = George Cohen | nchi = Uingereza | majina_mengine = | picha = George Cohen.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Cohen mwaka 2007 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|df=y|1939|10|22}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Fulham]], [[London]], Uingereza | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|df=y|2022|12|23|1939|10|22}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Mayfield and Five Ashes|Mayfield]], [[East Sussex]], Uingereza | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Beki wa kulia | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = 1.78 m | uzito = }} '''George Reginald Cohen''' (22 Oktoba 1939 – 23 Desemba 2022) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Uingereza]] aliyecheza nafasi ya beki wa kulia.<ref name="guardian">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/dec/23/george-cohen-world-cup-winner-fulham-england-dies |title=George Cohen, World Cup winner with England in 1966, dies aged 83 |publisher=The Guardian |date=23 December 2022 |language=English |accessdate=22 September 2026}}</ref> Alicheza maisha yake yote ya soka la kulipwa katika klabu ya [[Fulham F.C.|Fulham]] na alitwaa ubingwa wa [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] la mwaka 1966 akiwa na timu ya taifa ya Uingereza.<ref name="fulhamfc">{{cite web |url=https://www.fulhamfc.com/news/2022/december/23/George-Cohen-MBE-1939-2022/ |title=George Cohen MBE: 1939-2022 |publisher=Fulham FC |date=23 December 2022 |language=English |accessdate=22 September 2026}}</ref> Yeye ni mwanachama wa Jumba la Sifa la Mpira wa Miguu la Uingereza (English Football Hall of Fame) na alikuwa mjomba wa [[Ben Cohen (rugby union)|Ben Cohen]], ambaye alishinda Kombe la Dunia la Raga la mwaka 2003. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1939]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2022]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uingereza]] 4trcifhq08zaaoursxn7cy5ow166jns 0 250634 1598712 2026-09-22T13:56:33Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Jairzinho | nchi = Brazil | majina_mengine = | picha = Jairzinho 1970s.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Jairzinho akiwa na [[Timu ya taifa ya mpira wa miguu ya Brazil|Brazil]] mwaka 1974 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1944|12|25|df=yes}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya...' 1598712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Jairzinho | nchi = Brazil | majina_mengine = | picha = Jairzinho 1970s.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Jairzinho akiwa na [[Timu ya taifa ya mpira wa miguu ya Brazil|Brazil]] mwaka 1974 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1944|12|25|df=yes}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji na kocha wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Winga, Mshambuliaji | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = 1.73 m | uzito = }} '''Jair Ventura Filho''' (alizaliwa 25 Desemba 1944), anayejulikana zaidi kama '''Jairzinho''', alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Brazil]] aliyecheza nafasi ya winga wa kulia na mshambuliaji.<ref name="FIFA">{{cite web |title=The Hurricane that never blew out |publisher=FIFA.com |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=63879/profile.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035003/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=63879/profile.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=2 November 2015}}</ref> Alikuwa mchezaji muhimu na mfungaji kinara wa timu ya taifa ya Brazil iliyotwaa ubingwa wa [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] la mwaka 1970. Jairzinho alipewa jina la utani la "'''Kimbunga'''" (kwa Kireno: ''o Furacão'') kutokana na jinsi jezi yake ilivyokuwa ikipepea alipokuwa akikimbia kwa kasi wakati wa miaka yake ya uchezaji.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/player/jairzinho |title=Jairzinho |website=sportskeeda |language=English |access-date=19 July 2020}}</ref> Alikuwa mshambuliaji mwenye uwezo wa kucheza nafasi mbalimbali za ushambuliaji, ikiwa ni pamoja na mshambuliaji wa kati au kiungo mshambuliaji. Anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa wachezaji bora wa mpira wa miguu nchini Brazil na mmoja wa mawinga bora wa muda wote.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1485218-pele-and-the-20-greatest-brazilian-footballers-of-all-time |title=Pelé and the 20 greatest Brazilian footballers of all time |website=Bleacher Report |language=English |first=Christopher |last=Atkins |access-date=14 November 2020}}</ref> Jairzinho alicheza sehemu kubwa ya soka la klabu huko Amerika Kusini ambapo alikaa miaka kumi na moja katika klabu ya [[Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas|Botafogo]] ya mjini [[Rio de Janeiro]]. Pia alicheza barani Ulaya katika klabu ya [[Olympique de Marseille]] nchini [[Ufaransa]]. Jairzinho alichukua nafasi ya mchezaji aliyekuwa akimhusudu, [[Garrincha]], katika timu za Botafogo na Brazil, na alicheza katika mashindano matatu ya Kombe la Dunia: [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 1966|1966]], [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 1970|1970]] na [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 1974|1974]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1944]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Brazil]] pif19ydcr2aq1d872c8w6ql7gay9y3x 0 250635 1598713 2026-09-22T14:06:01Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Daniel Bertoni | nchi = Argentina | majina_mengine = | picha = Daniel Bertoni 2006.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Bertoni mwaka 2006 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1955|3|14}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Bahía Blanca]], Argentina | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu...' 1598713 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Daniel Bertoni | nchi = Argentina | majina_mengine = | picha = Daniel Bertoni 2006.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Bertoni mwaka 2006 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1955|3|14}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Bahía Blanca]], Argentina | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Winga wa kulia | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = 1.79 m | uzito = }} '''Ricardo Daniel Bertoni''' (alizaliwa 14 Machi 1955) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu na kocha kutoka nchini [[Argentina]] aliyecheza nafasi ya winga wa kulia au wa kushoto. Nchini Argentina, alikuwa na misimu yenye mafanikio katika klabu ya [[Club Atlético Independiente]], ambapo alitwaa mataji matatu ya [[Copa Libertadores]], kombe la mabara moja, na mataji matatu ya [[Copa Interamericana]]. Bertoni pia alichezea timu ya taifa ya Argentina, ambapo alifunga bao la tatu la timu hiyo katika fainali ya [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] la mwaka 1978. Baada ya kustaafu uchezaji, alifanya kazi kama kocha na mchambuzi wa michezo. == Kazi ya klabu == Bertoni alianza kucheza katika ligi daraja la pili nchini Argentina kwenye klabu ya [[Quilmes Atlético Club|Quilmes]] mwaka 1972. Baada ya mwaka mmoja, alihamia klabu ya daraja la kwanza ya [[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]], ambapo alicheza pamoja na [[Ricardo Bochini]] na kutwaa taji moja la kitaifa na mataji kadhaa ya kimataifa. Bertoni alihamia nchini [[Uhispania]] mwaka 1978 kuchezea klabu ya [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]]. Alikuwa na mafanikio makubwa katika Ligi ya [[Italia]] kwa miaka mingi, akiichezea zaidi klabu ya [[ACF Fiorentina|Fiorentina]] na [[SSC Napoli|Napoli]]. == Kazi ya kimataifa == Bertoni alicheza mechi 31 katika timu ya taifa ya Argentina kati ya mwaka 1974 na 1982,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/arg-recintlp.html |title=Argentina record international footballers |publisher=RSSSF |language=English |accessdate=22 September 2026}}</ref> akishiriki katika mashindano ya Kombe la Dunia la mwaka [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 1978|1978]] na [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 1982|1982]]. Katika kombe la Dunia la 1978 lililofanyika katika nchi yake ya nyumbani, alifunga bao la tatu la Argentina katika fainali dhidi ya [[Uholanzi]] na kuipa timu yake ushindi wa mabao 3–1 baada ya muda wa ziada, huku Argentina ikitwaa ubingwa huo. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1955]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Argentina]] trpo2sgjnouau37f94pc2f59e5hjqui 1598715 1598713 2026-09-22T14:07:12Z Bycashtz 81318 1598715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Daniel Bertoni | nchi = Argentina | majina_mengine = | picha = Daniel Bertoni 2006.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Bertoni mwaka 2006 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1955|3|14}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Bahía Blanca]], Argentina | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Winga wa kulia | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = 1.79 m | uzito = }} '''Ricardo Daniel Bertoni''' (alizaliwa 14 Machi 1955) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu na kocha kutoka nchini [[Argentina]] aliyecheza nafasi ya winga wa kulia au wa kushoto. Nchini Argentina, alikuwa na misimu yenye mafanikio katika klabu ya [[Club Atlético Independiente|Club Atletico Independiente]], ambapo alitwaa mataji matatu ya [[Copa Libertadores]], kombe la mabara moja, na mataji matatu ya [[Copa Interamericana]]. Bertoni pia alichezea timu ya taifa ya Argentina, ambapo alifunga bao la tatu la timu hiyo katika fainali ya [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] la mwaka 1978. Baada ya kustaafu uchezaji, alifanya kazi kama kocha na mchambuzi wa michezo. == Kazi ya klabu == Bertoni alianza kucheza katika ligi daraja la pili nchini Argentina kwenye klabu ya [[Quilmes Atlético Club|Quilmes]] mwaka 1972. Baada ya mwaka mmoja, alihamia klabu ya daraja la kwanza ya [[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]], ambapo alicheza pamoja na [[Ricardo Bochini]] na kutwaa taji moja la kitaifa na mataji kadhaa ya kimataifa. Bertoni alihamia nchini [[Uhispania]] mwaka 1978 kuchezea klabu ya [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]]. Alikuwa na mafanikio makubwa katika Ligi ya [[Italia]] kwa miaka mingi, akiichezea zaidi klabu ya [[ACF Fiorentina|Fiorentina]] na [[SSC Napoli|Napoli]]. == Kazi ya kimataifa == Bertoni alicheza mechi 31 katika timu ya taifa ya Argentina kati ya mwaka 1974 na 1982,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/arg-recintlp.html |title=Argentina record international footballers |publisher=RSSSF |language=English |accessdate=22 September 2026}}</ref> akishiriki katika mashindano ya Kombe la Dunia la mwaka [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 1978|1978]] na [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 1982|1982]]. Katika kombe la Dunia la 1978 lililofanyika katika nchi yake ya nyumbani, alifunga bao la tatu la Argentina katika fainali dhidi ya [[Uholanzi]] na kuipa timu yake ushindi wa mabao 3–1 baada ya muda wa ziada, huku Argentina ikitwaa ubingwa huo. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1955]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Argentina]] e9th3bo45ds87j2h5732r31pwqy3i2n 0 250636 1598716 2026-09-22T14:12:01Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Julio Olarticoechea | nchi = Argentina | majina_mengine = | picha = Olarticoechea.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Olarticoechea wakati wa [[Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto 2016]] | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1958|10|18|df=yes}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Saladillo, Buenos Aires]], Argentina | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifar...' 1598716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Julio Olarticoechea | nchi = Argentina | majina_mengine = | picha = Olarticoechea.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Olarticoechea wakati wa [[Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto 2016]] | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1958|10|18|df=yes}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Saladillo, Buenos Aires]], Argentina | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji na kocha wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Beki | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = 1.70 m | uzito = }} '''Julio Jorge Olarticoechea''' (alizaliwa 18 Oktoba 1958) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Argentina]] aliyecheza nafasi ya beki.<ref name="bdfutbol">{{cite web |url=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j90209.html |title=Julio Olarticoechea - Profile |publisher=BDFutbol |language=English |accessdate=22 September 2026}}</ref> Katika kiwango cha kimataifa, aliiwakilisha timu ya taifa ya Argentina katika mashindano ya Kombe la Dunia ya mwaka [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 1986|1986]] na [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 1990|1990]], akitwaa ubingwa wa mashindano hayo katika msimu wa mwaka 1986.<ref name="fifa">{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986-mexico |title=1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico |publisher=FIFA |language=English |accessdate=22 September 2026}}</ref> Olarticoechea na [[Diego Maradona]] walikuwa wanakaa chumba kimoja huko [[Meksiko]] wakati wa Kombe la Dunia la mwaka 1986. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Argentina]] coycn8s3kzh2o9ldvt8ao4r4qkwec53 3 250637 1598719 2026-09-22T14:25:40Z Manchiu 4784 Manchiu alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Lmkjgmo]] hadi [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Lemakjei]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Lmkjgmo|Lmkjgmo]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Lemakjei|Lemakjei]]" 1598719 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Lemakjei]] 515vn5h6wp81mq30i8pjpcuthm59ct8 0 250638 1598721 2026-09-22T14:36:33Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Hector Enrique | nchi = Argentina | majina_mengine = | picha = Hector enrique lanus.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 0.8 | maelezo_ya_picha = Enrique akiwa anachezea [[Club Atlético Lanús|Lanús]] mwaka 1982 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1962|4|26|df=yes}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Lanús]], Argentina | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajuli...' 1598721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Hector Enrique | nchi = Argentina | majina_mengine = | picha = Hector enrique lanus.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 0.8 | maelezo_ya_picha = Enrique akiwa anachezea [[Club Atlético Lanús|Lanús]] mwaka 1982 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1962|4|26|df=yes}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Lanús]], Argentina | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Kiungo | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = 1.72 m | uzito = }} '''Hector Adolfo Enrique''' (alizaliwa 26 Aprili 1962), anayejulikana zaidi kama '''''El Negro'' Enrique''', ni kocha wa mpira wa miguu na mchezaji wa zamani kutoka nchini [[Argentina]] anayefanya kazi kama kocha msaidizi katika klabu ya [[Al-Wasl F.C.|Al-Wasl]] inayocheza Ligi Kuu ya falme za kiarabu .<ref name="bdfutbol">{{cite web |url=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j90212.html |title=Héctor Enrique - Profile |publisher=BDFutbol |language=English |accessdate=22 September 2026}}</ref> Akiwa mchezaji wa nafasi ya kiungo, alichezea timu ya taifa ya Argentina katika mashindano ya kombe la dunia la FIFA la mwaka 1986 na [[Copa Amerika]] 1989, ambapo alitwaa ubingwa wa Kombe la Dunia katika msimu wa mwaka 1986.<ref name="fifa">{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986-mexico |title=1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico |publisher=FIFA |language=English |accessdate=22 September 2026}}</ref> Baadaye alihudumu kama kocha msaidizi wa timu ya taifa ya Argentina. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Argentina]] dyal7a5zzoel2xeqbazjshr9ia8f1p3 0 250639 1598724 2026-09-22T14:48:13Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Rai | nchi = Brazil | majina_mengine = | picha = Rai em 2009 cropped.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Raí mwaka 2009 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1965|5|15}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Ribeirão Preto]], Brazil | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Kiungo...' 1598724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Rai | nchi = Brazil | majina_mengine = | picha = Rai em 2009 cropped.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Raí mwaka 2009 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1965|5|15}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Ribeirão Preto]], Brazil | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Kiungo mshambuliaji | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = 1.89 m | uzito = }} '''Rai Souza Vieira de Oliveira''' (alizaliwa 15 Mei 1965), anayejulikana zaidi kwa jina moja la '''Rai''', alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Brazil]] aliyecheza nafasi ya kiungo mshambuliaji.<ref name="RAI">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/jun/22/brazil |title=Where are they now? Raí |publisher=The Guardian |date=22 June 2008 |language=English |accessdate=22 September 2026}}</ref> Akiwa mdogo wake na nahodha wa zamani wa Brazil, [[Socrates]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nytimes.com/1994/07/09/sports/09iht-rob_4.html |title=Europe's surprising challenge to the Latin game |publisher=The New York Times |date=9 July 1994 |language=English |accessdate=22 September 2026}}</ref> Rai pia alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya taifa ya Brazil na alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi kilichotwaa ubingwa wa [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] la mwaka 1994. Alitumia sehemu kubwa ya kipaji chake kwa miaka 15 katika klabu za [[São Paulo FC|Sao Paulo]] na [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/rogerio-ceni-100/noticia/2011/03/apos-100-de-ceni-rai-eleva-goleiro-ao-posto-de-idolo-maximo-do-tricolor.html |title=Após 100º de Ceni, Raí eleva goleiro ao posto de ídolo máximo do Tricolor |publisher=Globo Esporte |date=28 March 2011 |language=Portuguese |accessdate=22 September 2026}}</ref> akishinda mataji makubwa 10 na kufunga karibu mabao 100 katika klabu hizo mbili. Rai anachukuliwa kwa kiasi kikubwa kama mmoja wa wachezaji bora katika historia ya klabu ya Paris Saint-Germain.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/sports/football/psg/50-ans-du-psg-rai-elu-meilleur-joueur-de-l-histoire-du-club-29-09-2020-8393940.php |title=50 ans du PSG : Raí élu meilleur joueur de l'histoire du club |date=29 September 2020 |language=French |accessdate=22 September 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eurosport.fr/football/ligue-1/2020-2021/rai-meilleur-joueur-du-psg-devant-susic-et-ronaldinho-de-la-difficulte-de-classer-les-legendes_sto7913666/story.shtml |title=Raí meilleur joueur du PSG, devant Susic et Ronaldinho : De la difficulté de classer les légendes |date=29 September 2020 |language=French |accessdate=22 September 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1965]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Brazil]] l6mws3k4alfulmg4kmf0lxqweklfr5a 0 250640 1598729 2026-09-22T15:05:18Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Debora Kay Iyall''' (alizaliwa [[29 Aprili]], [[1954]]), ni msanii na [[mwimbaji]] wa Cowlitz, anayejulikana kwa nafasi yake kama mwimbaji mkuu wa bendi ya new wave Romeo Void.<ref>{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p5301/biography|pure_url=yes}}|title=Biography: Romeo Void|last=Mason|first=Stewart|publisher=[[All Media Guide|AMG]]|accessdate=7 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="Fuller, Diana Burgess">{{cite book|title=Art, women, California : 1950-2000...' 1598729 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Debora Kay Iyall''' (alizaliwa [[29 Aprili]], [[1954]]), ni msanii na [[mwimbaji]] wa Cowlitz, anayejulikana kwa nafasi yake kama mwimbaji mkuu wa bendi ya new wave Romeo Void.<ref>{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p5301/biography|pure_url=yes}}|title=Biography: Romeo Void|last=Mason|first=Stewart|publisher=[[All Media Guide|AMG]]|accessdate=7 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="Fuller, Diana Burgess">{{cite book|title=Art, women, California : 1950-2000 : parallels and intersections|url=https://archive.org/details/artwomencaliforn00full|url-access=registration|editor-last1=Fuller|editor-first1= Diana Burgess|editor-last2=Salvioni|editor-first2=Daniela |date=2002|publisher=Univ. of California Press|isbn=9780520230668|location=Berkeley [u.a.]|page=[https://archive.org/details/artwomencaliforn00full/page/198 198]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|last=Sadiq|first=Sheraz|title=REBROADCAST: Netflix series 'Spirit Rangers' centers Native American voices and traditions for young audiences|url=https://www.opb.org/article/2023/05/18/netflix-series-spirit-rangers-centers-native-american-voices-and-traditions-for-young-audiences/|accessdate=17 August 2024|website=[[Oregon Public Broadcasting]]|date=18 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="Spirit Rangers">{{cite news |title=Netflix animated series features another Cowlitz episode |url=https://tdn.com/news/local/netflix-animated-series-features-another-cowlitz-episode/article_fe029122-edd7-11ed-9bd1-b35654458949.html |access-date=11 May 2023 |work=[[The Daily News (Longview, Washington)|The Daily News]] |date=8 May 2023}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1954|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 1hu10tgz7flg4z82gcudqavuxqesogr 0 250641 1598730 2026-09-22T15:09:43Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Catherine Naglestad''' (alizaliwa [[7 Novemba]], [[1965]])<ref>Catherin J Naglestad in the ''California Birth Index, 1905–1995''</ref> ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] mwenye sauti ya [[soprano]], anayefanya maonyesho barani [[Ulaya]] na kimataifa. Alikulia katika San Francisco Bay Area.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Jacobs |first=Ruth C. |date=2005 |title=Catherine Naglestad |url=http://www.operajaponica.org/interviews/naglestad.htm |archive-url=htt...' 1598730 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Catherine Naglestad''' (alizaliwa [[7 Novemba]], [[1965]])<ref>Catherin J Naglestad in the ''California Birth Index, 1905–1995''</ref> ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] mwenye sauti ya [[soprano]], anayefanya maonyesho barani [[Ulaya]] na kimataifa. Alikulia katika San Francisco Bay Area.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Jacobs |first=Ruth C. |date=2005 |title=Catherine Naglestad |url=http://www.operajaponica.org/interviews/naglestad.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725025932/http://www.operajaponica.org/interviews/naglestad.htm |archive-date=2011-07-25 |access-date=2024-10-21 |work=Opera japonica}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kalchschmid |first=Klaus |date=2006 |title=Die verletzbare Starke |url=https://www.der-theaterverlag.de/opernwelt/aktuelles-heft/artikel/die-verletzbare-starke/ |access-date=2024-10-21 |work=Opernwelt |language=de}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1965|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 5m1wy23t5g0kq71lmhuobun4r6fos6b 0 250642 1598731 2026-09-22T15:13:50Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Kim Rene Nalley''' (alizaliwa mwaka [[1969]])<ref name="bare">{{cite book|first1=Bob|last1=Eagle|first2=Eric S.|last2=LeBlanc|year=2013|title=Blues - A Regional Experience|publisher=Praeger|location=Santa Barbara |page=258 |isbn=978-0313344237}}</ref> ni mwimbaji wa [[Marekani]] wa [[jazz]] na [[blues]] mwenye uwezo wa sauti wa octave 3½.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.berkeleyside.com/2012/10/04/kim-nalley|title=Kim Nalley: Masterly singer h...' 1598731 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kim Rene Nalley''' (alizaliwa mwaka [[1969]])<ref name="bare">{{cite book|first1=Bob|last1=Eagle|first2=Eric S.|last2=LeBlanc|year=2013|title=Blues - A Regional Experience|publisher=Praeger|location=Santa Barbara |page=258 |isbn=978-0313344237}}</ref> ni mwimbaji wa [[Marekani]] wa [[jazz]] na [[blues]] mwenye uwezo wa sauti wa octave 3½.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.berkeleyside.com/2012/10/04/kim-nalley|title=Kim Nalley: Masterly singer has focus on jazz's roots|last=Gilbert|first=Andrew|date=2012-10-04|website=Berkeleyside|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kim Nalley: Live, Learn, Sing |url=https://www.sfcv.org/articles/artist-spotlight/kim-nalley-live-learn-sing |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=www.sfcv.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beta.prx.org/stories/68748/details|title=AUDIO STORY: Joy To The World 2011|date=2011|website=PRX|access-date=2019-10-01|quote=A born singer, as a child Nalley was taught piano by her great-grandmother and went on to study opera and theatre at the Educational Center of the Arts in New Haven, CT before relocating to San Francisco in the footsteps of the Grateful Dead.}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1969|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] tghihwi7xry14hh5xwyvxywknomimv1 1598802 1598731 2026-09-22T18:26:10Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1598802 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kim Rene Nalley''' (alizaliwa mwaka [[1969]])<ref name="bare">{{cite book|first1=Bob|last1=Eagle|first2=Eric S.|last2=LeBlanc|year=2013|title=Blues - A Regional Experience|publisher=Praeger|location=Santa Barbara |page=258 |isbn=978-0313344237}}</ref> ni mwimbaji wa [[Marekani]] wa [[jazz]] na [[blues]] mwenye uwezo wa sauti wa octave 3½.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.berkeleyside.com/2012/10/04/kim-nalley|title=Kim Nalley: Masterly singer has focus on jazz's roots|last=Gilbert|first=Andrew|date=2012-10-04|website=Berkeleyside|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-01}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Kim Nalley: Live, Learn, Sing |url=https://www.sfcv.org/articles/artist-spotlight/kim-nalley-live-learn-sing |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=www.sfcv.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://beta.prx.org/stories/68748/details|title=AUDIO STORY: Joy To The World 2011|date=2011|website=PRX|access-date=2019-10-01|quote=A born singer, as a child Nalley was taught piano by her great-grandmother and went on to study opera and theatre at the Educational Center of the Arts in New Haven, CT before relocating to San Francisco in the footsteps of the Grateful Dead.}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1969|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] evu302jr03mf87bmrko9cne89liyfxs 0 250643 1598732 2026-09-22T15:16:35Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Carol Lee Neblett''' ([[1 Februari]], [[1946]] – [[23 Novemba]], [[2017]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] wa opera mwenye sauti ya [[soprano]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Genzlinger|first=Neil|title=Carol Neblett, Soprano at the Met and City Opera, Dies at 71|journal=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/28/obituaries/carol-neblett-dead-soprano-at-the-met-and-city-opera.html|date=Nov 28, 2017|accessdate=Dec 1, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{C...' 1598732 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Carol Lee Neblett''' ([[1 Februari]], [[1946]] – [[23 Novemba]], [[2017]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] wa opera mwenye sauti ya [[soprano]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Genzlinger|first=Neil|title=Carol Neblett, Soprano at the Met and City Opera, Dies at 71|journal=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/28/obituaries/carol-neblett-dead-soprano-at-the-met-and-city-opera.html|date=Nov 28, 2017|accessdate=Dec 1, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-07 |title=Carol Neblett, Soprano at the Met and City Opera, Dies at 71 - The New York Times |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/28/obituaries/carol-neblett-dead-soprano-at-the-met-and-city-opera.html |access-date=2023-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107212427/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/28/obituaries/carol-neblett-dead-soprano-at-the-met-and-city-opera.html |archive-date=2023-01-07 }}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1946|2017}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] i04ws85kflw78pmlfwkwv36ldsd14hh 0 250644 1598734 2026-09-22T15:20:19Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''John Németh''' (amezaliwa [[10 Machi]], [[1975]])<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.eastbayexpress.com/eastbay/john-nandeacutemeths-blues-explosion/Content?oid=1176747|title=John Németh's Blues Explosion|first=Lee|last=Hildebrand|website=East Bay Express|date=25 February 2009 |accessdate=3 June 2018}}</ref> ni mpiga harmonica wa [[Marekani]] wa blues ya umeme na [[soul]], mwimbaji na mtunzi wa nyimbo.<ref name="Németh">{{cite web|url=http://...' 1598734 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Németh''' (amezaliwa [[10 Machi]], [[1975]])<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.eastbayexpress.com/eastbay/john-nandeacutemeths-blues-explosion/Content?oid=1176747|title=John Németh's Blues Explosion|first=Lee|last=Hildebrand|website=East Bay Express|date=25 February 2009 |accessdate=3 June 2018}}</ref> ni mpiga harmonica wa [[Marekani]] wa blues ya umeme na [[soul]], mwimbaji na mtunzi wa nyimbo.<ref name="Németh">{{cite web|url=http://www.johnnemeth.com/ |title=John Nemeth |website=Johnnemeth.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.dorchesterbanner.com/leisure/john-nemeth-returns-to-groove-city-studio/|title= John Nemeth returns to Groove City Studio |date= July 15, 2018|work= Dorchester Banner}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1975|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 7fn2yf1hg5etybwl5xg7tvd9cj6z78h 0 250645 1598735 2026-09-22T15:26:01Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[File:Phila Orch, Emma Nevada by AG Heaton, After B.jpg|thumb|Emma Nevada kama Nora katika ''The Pearl of Brazil'', na Augustus Goodyear Heaton huko Paris mwaka 1884. Picha hii ipo katika Academy of Music huko Philadelphia]] [[File:EmmaNevada.jpg|thumb|220px|Emma Nevada mwaka 1885.]] '''Emma Nevada''' ([[7 Februari]], [[1859]] – [[20 Juni]], [[1940]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] wa opera mwenye sauti ya coloratura soprano, aliyejulikana hasa...' 1598735 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Phila Orch, Emma Nevada by AG Heaton, After B.jpg|thumb|Emma Nevada kama Nora katika ''The Pearl of Brazil'', na Augustus Goodyear Heaton huko Paris mwaka 1884. Picha hii ipo katika Academy of Music huko Philadelphia]] [[File:EmmaNevada.jpg|thumb|220px|Emma Nevada mwaka 1885.]] '''Emma Nevada''' ([[7 Februari]], [[1859]] – [[20 Juni]], [[1940]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] wa opera mwenye sauti ya coloratura soprano, aliyejulikana hasa kwa maonyesho yake katika opera za Bellini na Gaetano Donizetti, pamoja na watunzi wa [[Ufaransa]] Ambroise Thomas, Charles Gounod na Léo Delibes.<ref name="Hart 1987 p. 347">{{cite book |last=Hart |first=J.D. |title=A Companion to California: Newly Revised and Expanded with Illustrations |publisher=University of California Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-520-05543-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nQpvbaeJQCYC&pg=PA347 |access-date=6 April 2019 |page=347 |quote=... upon beginning her internationally successful operatic career changed her surname, Wixom, to the one by which she was always known and which honered both her birthplace near Nevada City ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Powell Home |url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=14824 |via=hmdb.org |author= [[E Clampus Vitus]] |publisher=City of Nevada City |date=October 5, 1965}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1859|1940}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] q7zikmoaf1ug4v33y57q2omnivfo9yf 0 250646 1598736 2026-09-22T15:28:58Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Julie Newmar''' (alizaliwa kwa jina '''Julia Chalene Newmeyer'''; [[16 Agosti]], [[1933]]) ni [[mwigizaji]], mcheza dansi na [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] anayejulikana kwa nafasi mbalimbali katika jukwaa, filamu na televisheni.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brode |first=Douglas |title=Deadlier Than the Male: Femme Fatales in 1960s and 1970s Cinema |date=2016 |publisher=BearManor Media |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNRNDwAAQBAJ&dq=Julie+Newmar+1933&pg=P...' 1598736 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Julie Newmar''' (alizaliwa kwa jina '''Julia Chalene Newmeyer'''; [[16 Agosti]], [[1933]]) ni [[mwigizaji]], mcheza dansi na [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] anayejulikana kwa nafasi mbalimbali katika jukwaa, filamu na televisheni.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brode |first=Douglas |title=Deadlier Than the Male: Femme Fatales in 1960s and 1970s Cinema |date=2016 |publisher=BearManor Media |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNRNDwAAQBAJ&dq=Julie+Newmar+1933&pg=PT471 |access-date=March 1, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Blum |first=Daniel C. |title=Screen World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wddkAAAAMAAJ&q=Julie+Newmar+1933 |publisher=Crown Publishers |date=2006 |pages=369 |access-date=March 1, 2022}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1933|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 8phsruqvth61hkqfdjbmzq3xfnbshwr 0 250647 1598737 2026-09-22T15:31:59Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Judy Niemack''' (amezaliwa [[ Machi]], [[1954]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] wa [[jazz]]. ==Maisha ya awali== Judy Niemack alizaliwa huko [[Pasadena]], [[California]] katika familia ya wanamuziki.<ref>[https://jazztimes.com/reviews/albums/judy-niemack-dan-tepper-listening-sunnyside/ LOUDON, CHRISTOPHER. Review. Jazz Times. JULY 17, 2017]</ref><ref>[https://jazztimes.com/reviews/albums/judy-niemack-night-and-the-music/ Jazz Times. Judy Niemack: Nigh...' 1598737 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Judy Niemack''' (amezaliwa [[ Machi]], [[1954]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] wa [[jazz]]. ==Maisha ya awali== Judy Niemack alizaliwa huko [[Pasadena]], [[California]] katika familia ya wanamuziki.<ref>[https://jazztimes.com/reviews/albums/judy-niemack-dan-tepper-listening-sunnyside/ LOUDON, CHRISTOPHER. Review. Jazz Times. JULY 17, 2017]</ref><ref>[https://jazztimes.com/reviews/albums/judy-niemack-night-and-the-music/ Jazz Times. Judy Niemack: Night and The Music, with Jeanfrancois Prins. NOVEMBER 1, 1997]</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1954|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] ik1kopxlt5hit7ni47zuv0lnp068y56 0 250648 1598738 2026-09-22T15:38:31Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Johnny Joseph Farrell''' ( [[1 Aprili]] [[1901]] – [[14 Juni]] [[1988]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa White Plains, New York. Alishinda mataji 22 katika taaluma yake, ikiwa ni pamoja na U.S. Open ya [[1928]] huko Olympia Fields, ambapo alimshinda Bobby Jones katika playoff. Alishinda mashindano nane mfululizo mwaka [[1927]]. Alikuwa mwanachama wa timu ya Ryder Cup ya Marekani mara tatu. Baada ya kustaafu kuch...' 1598738 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Johnny Joseph Farrell''' ( [[1 Aprili]] [[1901]] – [[14 Juni]] [[1988]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa White Plains, New York. Alishinda mataji 22 katika taaluma yake, ikiwa ni pamoja na U.S. Open ya [[1928]] huko Olympia Fields, ambapo alimshinda Bobby Jones katika playoff. Alishinda mashindano nane mfululizo mwaka [[1927]]. Alikuwa mwanachama wa timu ya Ryder Cup ya Marekani mara tatu. Baada ya kustaafu kucheza, alikua mwalimu wa gofu katika Baltusrol Golf Club kwa miaka 38. <ref name=jfcb>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OyJBAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gqgMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5566,3633707 |newspaper=Portsmouth Times |agency=Associated Press |title=Johnny Farrell claims bride |date=November 25, 1931 |page=10 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref><ref name=kfsog>{{cite news |url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1997-07-22/news/9707210390_1_john-joseph-farrell-woman-playmates |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116065555/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1997-07-22/news/9707210390_1_john-joseph-farrell-woman-playmates |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 16, 2014 |newspaper=Sun Sentinel |location=[[Fort Lauderdale, Florida]] |agency=(The New York Times) |title=Obituaries: Kay Farrell, 86, Socialite Of Golf |date=July 22, 1997 |access-date=May 10, 2013}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1901]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1988]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] i6xta8abe88x9zqlwudk4abfkp3sclf 1599199 1598738 2026-09-23T10:07:05Z Ally0111 85292 1599199 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Johnny Joseph Farrell''' ( [[1 Aprili]] [[1901]] – [[14 Juni]] [[1988]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa White Plains, New York. Alishinda mataji 22 katika taaluma yake, ikiwa ni pamoja na U.S. Open ya [[1928]] huko Olympia Fields, ambapo alimshinda Bobby Jones katika playoff. Alishinda mashindano nane mfululizo mwaka [[1927]]. Alikuwa mwanachama wa timu ya Ryder Cup ya Marekani mara tatu. Baada ya kustaafu kucheza, alikua mwalimu wa gofu katika Baltusrol Golf Club kwa miaka 38. <ref name=jfcb>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OyJBAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gqgMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5566,3633707 |newspaper=Portsmouth Times |agency=Associated Press |title=Johnny Farrell claims bride |date=November 25, 1931 |page=10 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref><ref name=kfsog>{{cite news |url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1997-07-22/news/9707210390_1_john-joseph-farrell-woman-playmates |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116065555/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1997-07-22/news/9707210390_1_john-joseph-farrell-woman-playmates |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 16, 2014 |newspaper=Sun Sentinel |location=[[Fort Lauderdale, Florida]] |agency=(The New York Times) |title=Obituaries: Kay Farrell, 86, Socialite Of Golf |date=July 22, 1997 |access-date=May 10, 2013}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1901]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1988]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] hy2389rcvz2yhxjxhs5m0a0nk49t8ap 0 250649 1598739 2026-09-22T15:42:58Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Charles Barney Cory''' ( [[31 Januari]] [[1857]] – [[31 Julai]] [[1922]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] na [[mwanasayansi]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Boston, Massachusetts]]. Alishiriki katika mashindano ya gofu ya [[Olimpiki]] ya [[1904]] huko St. Louis. Alikuwa mmoja wa waanzilishi wa American Ornithologists' Union na mtaalamu mashuhuri wa ndege, akiandika zaidi ya vitabu 100 kuhusu ndege.<ref name=OSG>{{cite journal |last=Osgood |first=Wilfr...' 1598739 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charles Barney Cory''' ( [[31 Januari]] [[1857]] – [[31 Julai]] [[1922]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] na [[mwanasayansi]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Boston, Massachusetts]]. Alishiriki katika mashindano ya gofu ya [[Olimpiki]] ya [[1904]] huko St. Louis. Alikuwa mmoja wa waanzilishi wa American Ornithologists' Union na mtaalamu mashuhuri wa ndege, akiandika zaidi ya vitabu 100 kuhusu ndege.<ref name=OSG>{{cite journal |last=Osgood |first=Wilfred H. |title=In Memoriam: Charles Barney Cory |journal=[[The Auk]] |volume=39 |number=2 |date=April 1922 |pages=151–166 |doi=10.2307/4073946 |jstor=4073946 |url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v039n02/p0151-p0166.pdf}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasayansi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1857]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1922]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] hzz6xrxs1alvvx78dfespoqnj7mk466 1599200 1598739 2026-09-23T10:07:23Z Ally0111 85292 1599200 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charles Barney Cory''' ( [[31 Januari]] [[1857]] – [[31 Julai]] [[1922]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] na [[mwanasayansi]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Boston, Massachusetts]]. Alishiriki katika mashindano ya gofu ya [[Olimpiki]] ya [[1904]] huko St. Louis. Alikuwa mmoja wa waanzilishi wa American Ornithologists' Union na mtaalamu mashuhuri wa ndege, akiandika zaidi ya vitabu 100 kuhusu ndege.<ref name=OSG>{{cite journal |last=Osgood |first=Wilfred H. |title=In Memoriam: Charles Barney Cory |journal=[[The Auk]] |volume=39 |number=2 |date=April 1922 |pages=151–166 |doi=10.2307/4073946 |jstor=4073946 |url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v039n02/p0151-p0166.pdf}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasayansi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1857]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1922]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] kggq05kpc3vb1gcwn2bs7s2t81zdmef 0 250650 1598741 2026-09-22T15:45:50Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''John Patrick Daly''' (alizaliwa [[28 Aprili]] [[1966]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Carmichael, [[California]], na aligeuka kuwa mtaalamu mwaka [[1987]]. Alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[1991]] huko Crooked Stick akiwa mshiriki wa mwisho wa akiba, na The Open Championship mwaka [[1995]] huko St Andrews. Alijulikana kwa umbo lake kubwa la kupiga mipira na tabia yake ya kipekee. Alishinda mataji 5 ya PGA Tour. Anaal...' 1598741 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Patrick Daly''' (alizaliwa [[28 Aprili]] [[1966]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Carmichael, [[California]], na aligeuka kuwa mtaalamu mwaka [[1987]]. Alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[1991]] huko Crooked Stick akiwa mshiriki wa mwisho wa akiba, na The Open Championship mwaka [[1995]] huko St Andrews. Alijulikana kwa umbo lake kubwa la kupiga mipira na tabia yake ya kipekee. Alishinda mataji 5 ya PGA Tour. Anaalbamu mbili za muziki na amekuwa mtu maarufu katika tamasha za gofu.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/golf/pga/2016/04/27/john-daly-turning-50-beat-odds/83437566/ |title=John Daly on turning 50: I beat the odds |newspaper=USA Today |first=Josh |last=Peter |date=April 29, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1992 |title=Daly, John 1966- |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/daly-john-1966 |access-date=April 16, 2024 |website=encyclopedia.com}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1966]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 1494kkmc6kydxbmpd88kjbtx7ndwsob 1598791 1598741 2026-09-22T17:55:20Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1598791 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Patrick Daly''' (alizaliwa [[28 Aprili]] [[1966]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Carmichael, [[California]], na aligeuka kuwa mtaalamu mwaka [[1987]]. Alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[1991]] huko Crooked Stick akiwa mshiriki wa mwisho wa akiba, na The Open Championship mwaka [[1995]] huko St Andrews. Alijulikana kwa umbo lake kubwa la kupiga mipira na tabia yake ya kipekee. Alishinda mataji 5 ya PGA Tour. Anaalbamu mbili za muziki na amekuwa mtu maarufu katika tamasha za gofu.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/golf/pga/2016/04/27/john-daly-turning-50-beat-odds/83437566/ |title=John Daly on turning 50: I beat the odds |newspaper=USA Today |first=Josh |last=Peter |date=April 29, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=1992 |title=Daly, John 1966- |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/daly-john-1966 |access-date=April 16, 2024 |website=encyclopedia.com}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1966]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] f07bj8bnzo82410y66ez03rgt532me1 1599201 1598791 2026-09-23T10:07:42Z Ally0111 85292 1599201 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Patrick Daly''' (alizaliwa [[28 Aprili]] [[1966]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Carmichael, [[California]], na aligeuka kuwa mtaalamu mwaka [[1987]]. Alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[1991]] huko Crooked Stick akiwa mshiriki wa mwisho wa akiba, na The Open Championship mwaka [[1995]] huko St Andrews. Alijulikana kwa umbo lake kubwa la kupiga mipira na tabia yake ya kipekee. Alishinda mataji 5 ya PGA Tour. Anaalbamu mbili za muziki na amekuwa mtu maarufu katika tamasha za gofu.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/golf/pga/2016/04/27/john-daly-turning-50-beat-odds/83437566/ |title=John Daly on turning 50: I beat the odds |newspaper=USA Today |first=Josh |last=Peter |date=April 29, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=1992 |title=Daly, John 1966- |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/daly-john-1966 |access-date=April 16, 2024 |website=encyclopedia.com}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1966]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] goktze94js7pklf5pj3yi60hf154mgp 0 250651 1598742 2026-09-22T15:48:17Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''John Byron Nelson Jr.''' ( [[4 Februari]] [[1912]] – [[26 Septemba]] [[2006]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Texas]] na alikulia katika mazingira magumu ya shamba. Mwaka [[1945]], alishinda mashindano 18 ya PGA, ikiwa ni pamoja na 11 mfululizo, rekodi ambayo haijavunjwa. Alistaafu kucheza mashindano akiwa na umri mdogo na alikua mchambuzi wa gofu kwenye televisheni na mwalimu wa wachezaji kama Ken Venturi na...' 1598742 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Byron Nelson Jr.''' ( [[4 Februari]] [[1912]] – [[26 Septemba]] [[2006]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Texas]] na alikulia katika mazingira magumu ya shamba. Mwaka [[1945]], alishinda mashindano 18 ya PGA, ikiwa ni pamoja na 11 mfululizo, rekodi ambayo haijavunjwa. Alistaafu kucheza mashindano akiwa na umri mdogo na alikua mchambuzi wa gofu kwenye televisheni na mwalimu wa wachezaji kama Ken Venturi na Tom Watson.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://golf.about.com/od/golfersmen/p/ben_hogan.htm |title=Ben Hogan |publisher=About.com |last=Kelley |first=Brent |access-date=May 25, 2007 |archive-date=May 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527030254/http://golf.about.com/od/golfersmen/p/ben_hogan.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://golf.about.com/od/golfersmen/p/sam_snead.htm |title=Sam Snead |publisher=About.com |last=Kelley |first=Brent |access-date=May 25, 2007 |archive-date=January 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127014547/http://golf.about.com/od/golfersmen/p/sam_snead.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1912]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2006]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] 4pq4zdbvqfpa8qbp9vzcwnj9swrlvee 0 250652 1598743 2026-09-22T15:50:54Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ernest Joseph''' "'''Dutch'''" '''Harrison''' ( [[29 Machi]] [[1910]] – [[19 Juni]] [[1982]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Cato, [[Arkansas]], na alijulikana kama "The Arkansas Traveler." Alishinda mataji 26 katika taaluma yake, ikiwa ni pamoja na 18 ya PGA Tour. Alikuwa mwanachama wa timu ya Ryder Cup ya Marekani mara tatu ([[1947]], [[1949]], [[1951]]). Alishinda Vardon Trophy mwaka [[1954]].<ref name="nyto...' 1598743 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ernest Joseph''' "'''Dutch'''" '''Harrison''' ( [[29 Machi]] [[1910]] – [[19 Juni]] [[1982]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Cato, [[Arkansas]], na alijulikana kama "The Arkansas Traveler." Alishinda mataji 26 katika taaluma yake, ikiwa ni pamoja na 18 ya PGA Tour. Alikuwa mwanachama wa timu ya Ryder Cup ya Marekani mara tatu ([[1947]], [[1949]], [[1951]]). Alishinda Vardon Trophy mwaka [[1954]].<ref name="nytobt">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/20/obituaries/dutch-harrison-golfer-dies-member-of-the-hall-of-fame.html |work=New York Times |agency=Associated Press |title=Dutch Harrison, golfer, dies; member of the Hall of Fame |date=June 20, 1982 |access-date=March 8, 2017}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1910]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1982]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] m88uhuy32aoiq65ky10dqrp9d452zzw 1599202 1598743 2026-09-23T10:08:12Z Ally0111 85292 1599202 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ernest Joseph''' "'''Dutch'''" '''Harrison''' ( [[29 Machi]] [[1910]] – [[19 Juni]] [[1982]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Cato, [[Arkansas]], na alijulikana kama "The Arkansas Traveler." Alishinda mataji 26 katika taaluma yake, ikiwa ni pamoja na 18 ya PGA Tour. Alikuwa mwanachama wa timu ya Ryder Cup ya Marekani mara tatu ([[1947]], [[1949]], [[1951]]). Alishinda Vardon Trophy mwaka [[1954]].<ref name="nytobt">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/20/obituaries/dutch-harrison-golfer-dies-member-of-the-hall-of-fame.html |work=New York Times |agency=Associated Press |title=Dutch Harrison, golfer, dies; member of the Hall of Fame |date=June 20, 1982 |access-date=March 8, 2017}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1910]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1982]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] hobv9qk0xs96yx4mkvhsnh4dr0a5dha 0 250653 1598747 2026-09-22T15:53:58Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ken Venturi''' ( [[15 Februari]] [[1931]] – [[17 Mei]] [[2013]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kitaalamu kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa San Francisco, California. Alishinda U.S. Open mwaka [[1964]] huko Congressional Country Club, ushindi uliofuatia kipindi kigumu cha miaka miwili ambapo hakuweza kufidia gharama zake. Alitajwa kama PGA Player of the Year na Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year mwaka [[1964]]. Baada ya kustaafu kucheza, alikua m...' 1598747 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ken Venturi''' ( [[15 Februari]] [[1931]] – [[17 Mei]] [[2013]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kitaalamu kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa San Francisco, California. Alishinda U.S. Open mwaka [[1964]] huko Congressional Country Club, ushindi uliofuatia kipindi kigumu cha miaka miwili ambapo hakuweza kufidia gharama zake. Alitajwa kama PGA Player of the Year na Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year mwaka [[1964]]. Baada ya kustaafu kucheza, alikua mchambuzi wa gofu kwenye CBS Sports kwa zaidi ya miaka 35.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-ken-venturi-20130518-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |last=Klein |first=Gary |title=Ken Venturi, golfer and broadcaster, dies at 82 |date=May 17, 2013}}</ref><ref name=solkv>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.si.com/vault/2002/06/10/324905/so-long-kenny-after-35-years-of-calling-the-shots-on-cbs-telecasts-ken-venturi-will-take-his-career-and-walk-away-quietly<!--http://sportsillustrated.asia/vault/article/magazine/MAG1025991/index.htm -->|magazine=Sports Illustrated |last=Bamberger |first=Michael |title=So long, Kenny |date=June 10, 2002 |page=G62}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1931]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2013]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] ba8eqmijnfuk3a90qgl7i2ct4n8vnri 1599203 1598747 2026-09-23T10:08:32Z Ally0111 85292 1599203 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ken Venturi''' ( [[15 Februari]] [[1931]] – [[17 Mei]] [[2013]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kitaalamu kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa San Francisco, California. Alishinda U.S. Open mwaka [[1964]] huko Congressional Country Club, ushindi uliofuatia kipindi kigumu cha miaka miwili ambapo hakuweza kufidia gharama zake. Alitajwa kama PGA Player of the Year na Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year mwaka [[1964]]. Baada ya kustaafu kucheza, alikua mchambuzi wa gofu kwenye CBS Sports kwa zaidi ya miaka 35.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-ken-venturi-20130518-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |last=Klein |first=Gary |title=Ken Venturi, golfer and broadcaster, dies at 82 |date=May 17, 2013}}</ref><ref name=solkv>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.si.com/vault/2002/06/10/324905/so-long-kenny-after-35-years-of-calling-the-shots-on-cbs-telecasts-ken-venturi-will-take-his-career-and-walk-away-quietly<!--http://sportsillustrated.asia/vault/article/magazine/MAG1025991/index.htm -->|magazine=Sports Illustrated |last=Bamberger |first=Michael |title=So long, Kenny |date=June 10, 2002 |page=G62}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1931]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2013]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] 6lo0ij9kokghet521qqikrz7mgh9qaf 0 250654 1598748 2026-09-22T15:56:23Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Thomas Oliver Kite Jr.''' (alizaliwa [[9 Desemba]] [[1949]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Austin, Texas. Alishinda U.S. Open mwaka [[1992]] huko Pebble Beach. Alishinda mataji 19 ya PGA Tour. Alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya Ryder Cup ya Marekani mwaka [[1997]]. Aliingizwa katika World Golf Hall of Fame mwaka [[2002]]. Alifanya kazi na wakufunzi maarufu kama Harvey Penick na Bob Toski.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dps.endava...' 1598748 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thomas Oliver Kite Jr.''' (alizaliwa [[9 Desemba]] [[1949]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Austin, Texas. Alishinda U.S. Open mwaka [[1992]] huko Pebble Beach. Alishinda mataji 19 ya PGA Tour. Alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya Ryder Cup ya Marekani mwaka [[1997]]. Aliingizwa katika World Golf Hall of Fame mwaka [[2002]]. Alifanya kazi na wakufunzi maarufu kama Harvey Penick na Bob Toski.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/2007%20Stats/86TO0810.pdf |title=69 Players Who Have Reached The Top-10 In World Ranking |publisher=Official World Golf Ranking |access-date=December 23, 2013 |archive-date=October 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017160152/http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1949]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] c1xai23erpkz14emxj8qtumd8t81bcv 1599204 1598748 2026-09-23T10:09:11Z Ally0111 85292 1599204 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thomas Oliver Kite Jr.''' (alizaliwa [[9 Desemba]] [[1949]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Austin, Texas. Alishinda U.S. Open mwaka [[1992]] huko Pebble Beach. Alishinda mataji 19 ya PGA Tour. Alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya Ryder Cup ya Marekani mwaka [[1997]]. Aliingizwa katika World Golf Hall of Fame mwaka [[2002]]. Alifanya kazi na wakufunzi maarufu kama Harvey Penick na Bob Toski.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/2007%20Stats/86TO0810.pdf |title=69 Players Who Have Reached The Top-10 In World Ranking |publisher=Official World Golf Ranking |access-date=December 23, 2013 |archive-date=October 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017160152/http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1949]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] d0djedkeg3fwhmnimolocdpl8im6wco 0 250655 1598750 2026-09-22T15:59:44Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Thomas Sturges Watson''' (alizaliwa [[4 Septemba]] [[1949]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Kansas City, Missouri]]. Alishinda The Open Championship mara tano ([[1975]], [[1977]], [[1980]], [[1982]], [[1983]]), Masters mara mbili ([[1977]], [[1981]]), na U.S. Open mwaka [[1982]]. Ushindi wake wa [[1977]] dhidi ya [[Jack Nicklaus]] huko Turnberry unajulikana kama "Duel in the Sun." Mwaka [[2009]], akiwa na umri wa mia...' 1598750 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thomas Sturges Watson''' (alizaliwa [[4 Septemba]] [[1949]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Kansas City, Missouri]]. Alishinda The Open Championship mara tano ([[1975]], [[1977]], [[1980]], [[1982]], [[1983]]), Masters mara mbili ([[1977]], [[1981]]), na U.S. Open mwaka [[1982]]. Ushindi wake wa [[1977]] dhidi ya [[Jack Nicklaus]] huko Turnberry unajulikana kama "Duel in the Sun." Mwaka [[2009]], akiwa na umri wa miaka 59, alikaribia kushinda The Open lakini alishindwa na [[Stewart Cink]] katika playoff.<ref name=overland>{{cite news|url=https://www.kansascity.com/news/politics-government/article85002687.html |title=Tom Watson and neighbors lose Overland Park annexation fight |first=Roxie |last=Hammill |newspaper=The Kansas City Star |date=June 21, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/2007%20Stats/86TO0810.pdf |title=69 Players Who Have Reached The Top-10 In World Ranking |access-date=January 4, 2013 |archive-date=October 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017160152/http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1949]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] bk69z01575ifuk7yg2dh7l5b6a5r2i7 1599205 1598750 2026-09-23T10:09:44Z Ally0111 85292 1599205 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thomas Sturges Watson''' (alizaliwa [[4 Septemba]] [[1949]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Kansas City, Missouri]]. Alishinda The Open Championship mara tano ([[1975]], [[1977]], [[1980]], [[1982]], [[1983]]), Masters mara mbili ([[1977]], [[1981]]), na U.S. Open mwaka [[1982]]. Ushindi wake wa [[1977]] dhidi ya [[Jack Nicklaus]] huko Turnberry unajulikana kama "Duel in the Sun." Mwaka [[2009]], akiwa na umri wa miaka 59, alikaribia kushinda The Open lakini alishindwa na [[Stewart Cink]] katika playoff.<ref name=overland>{{cite news|url=https://www.kansascity.com/news/politics-government/article85002687.html |title=Tom Watson and neighbors lose Overland Park annexation fight |first=Roxie |last=Hammill |newspaper=The Kansas City Star |date=June 21, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/2007%20Stats/86TO0810.pdf |title=69 Players Who Have Reached The Top-10 In World Ranking |access-date=January 4, 2013 |archive-date=October 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017160152/http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1949]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] nw2vzkeduv55f5yzoyqtkfrbf83yupu 0 250656 1598751 2026-09-22T16:02:01Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Philip Alfred Mickelson''' (alizaliwa [[16 Juni]] [[1970]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[San Diego, California]]. Alishinda mataji 6 makubwa: Masters mara tatu ([[2004]], [[2006]], [[2010]]), PGA Championship mara mbili ([[2005]], [[2021]]), na The Open Championship mwaka [[2013]]. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 50, alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[2021]] huko Kiawah Island, na kuwa mshindi mzee zaidi wa shindano kuu. Al...' 1598751 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Philip Alfred Mickelson''' (alizaliwa [[16 Juni]] [[1970]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[San Diego, California]]. Alishinda mataji 6 makubwa: Masters mara tatu ([[2004]], [[2006]], [[2010]]), PGA Championship mara mbili ([[2005]], [[2021]]), na The Open Championship mwaka [[2013]]. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 50, alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[2021]] huko Kiawah Island, na kuwa mshindi mzee zaidi wa shindano kuu. Alishinda mataji 45 ya PGA Tour. Alijiunga na LIV Golf mwaka [[2022]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://i.pga.com/pga/images/events/2005/pgachamp/pdf/totalpurse.pdf |title=The 87th PGA Championship |publisher=[[PGA of America]] |date=August 15, 2005 |access-date=October 16, 2013 |archive-date=August 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809100419/http://i.pga.com/pga/images/events/2005/pgachamp/pdf/totalpurse.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theopen.com/en/News/LatestNews/2013/07/Mickelson-presscon.aspx |title=Mickelson's "Peaceful" Day |publisher=The Open |date=July 21, 2013 |access-date=October 16, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016172203/http://www.theopen.com/en/News/LatestNews/2013/07/Mickelson-presscon.aspx |archive-date=October 16, 2013 }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1970]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] do7wifehbf6zuozsr4gr49m9kupzkzx 1599206 1598751 2026-09-23T10:10:06Z Ally0111 85292 1599206 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Philip Alfred Mickelson''' (alizaliwa [[16 Juni]] [[1970]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[San Diego, California]]. Alishinda mataji 6 makubwa: Masters mara tatu ([[2004]], [[2006]], [[2010]]), PGA Championship mara mbili ([[2005]], [[2021]]), na The Open Championship mwaka [[2013]]. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 50, alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[2021]] huko Kiawah Island, na kuwa mshindi mzee zaidi wa shindano kuu. Alishinda mataji 45 ya PGA Tour. Alijiunga na LIV Golf mwaka [[2022]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://i.pga.com/pga/images/events/2005/pgachamp/pdf/totalpurse.pdf |title=The 87th PGA Championship |publisher=[[PGA of America]] |date=August 15, 2005 |access-date=October 16, 2013 |archive-date=August 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809100419/http://i.pga.com/pga/images/events/2005/pgachamp/pdf/totalpurse.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theopen.com/en/News/LatestNews/2013/07/Mickelson-presscon.aspx |title=Mickelson's "Peaceful" Day |publisher=The Open |date=July 21, 2013 |access-date=October 16, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016172203/http://www.theopen.com/en/News/LatestNews/2013/07/Mickelson-presscon.aspx |archive-date=October 16, 2013 }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1970]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] g3p41a7ebmcnmplj40y8eh6qxbb39yw 0 250657 1598753 2026-09-22T16:05:29Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Harvey Penick''' ( [[23 Oktoba]] [[1904]] – [[2 Aprili]] [[1995]]) alikuwa mwalimu wa [[gofu]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Austin, Texas]], na alianza kama caddie katika Austin Country Club akiwa na umri wa miaka 8. Alikua mwalimu maarufu wa wachezaji kama [[Ben Crenshaw]], [[Tom Kite]], Betsy Rawls, na Mickey Wright. Aliandika kitabu cha "Harvey Penick's Little Red Book" mwaka [[1992]], ambacho kiliuza mamilioni ya nakala.<ref>{{cite news |url...' 1598753 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Harvey Penick''' ( [[23 Oktoba]] [[1904]] – [[2 Aprili]] [[1995]]) alikuwa mwalimu wa [[gofu]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Austin, Texas]], na alianza kama caddie katika Austin Country Club akiwa na umri wa miaka 8. Alikua mwalimu maarufu wa wachezaji kama [[Ben Crenshaw]], [[Tom Kite]], Betsy Rawls, na Mickey Wright. Aliandika kitabu cha "Harvey Penick's Little Red Book" mwaka [[1992]], ambacho kiliuza mamilioni ya nakala.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/04/obituaries/harvey-penick-90-golf-s-top-author-dies.html |title=Harvey Penick, 90, Golf's Top Author, Dies |first=Gerald |last=Eskenazi |date=April 4, 1995 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |last1=Penick |first1=Harvey |first2=Bud |last2=Shrake |author2-link=Bud Shrake |title=Harvey Penick's Little Red Golf Book: Lessons and Teachings from a Lifetime in Golf |year=1992 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/harveypenickslit00peni_1/page/46 46–7] |isbn=0-671-75992-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/harveypenickslit00peni_1/page/46 }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1904]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1995]] [[Jamii:Wakufunzi wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] rkl83x1prknq3ve1ypobzzqs35uuc86 1599207 1598753 2026-09-23T10:10:23Z Ally0111 85292 1599207 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Harvey Penick''' ( [[23 Oktoba]] [[1904]] – [[2 Aprili]] [[1995]]) alikuwa mwalimu wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Austin, Texas]], na alianza kama caddie katika Austin Country Club akiwa na umri wa miaka 8. Alikua mwalimu maarufu wa wachezaji kama [[Ben Crenshaw]], [[Tom Kite]], Betsy Rawls, na Mickey Wright. Aliandika kitabu cha "Harvey Penick's Little Red Book" mwaka [[1992]], ambacho kiliuza mamilioni ya nakala.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/04/obituaries/harvey-penick-90-golf-s-top-author-dies.html |title=Harvey Penick, 90, Golf's Top Author, Dies |first=Gerald |last=Eskenazi |date=April 4, 1995 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |last1=Penick |first1=Harvey |first2=Bud |last2=Shrake |author2-link=Bud Shrake |title=Harvey Penick's Little Red Golf Book: Lessons and Teachings from a Lifetime in Golf |year=1992 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/harveypenickslit00peni_1/page/46 46–7] |isbn=0-671-75992-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/harveypenickslit00peni_1/page/46 }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1904]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1995]] [[Jamii:Wakufunzi wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] 8ieur70ck23p6ksird6vtqng0vk68iw 0 250658 1598754 2026-09-22T16:08:37Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Faili:Ralph Terry.jpg|thumb|Ralph Terry]] '''Ralph Willard Terry''' (alizaliwa [[9 Januari]] [[1936]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[baseball]] na mchezaji wa [[gofu]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Big Cabin, [[Oklahoma]]. Alikuwa mchezaji wa timu ya New York Yankees na alishinda World Series mwaka [[1962]] akiwa MVP. Baada ya kustaafu baseball mwaka [[1967]], alikua mtaalamu wa gofu. Alijiunga na PGA Senior Tour mwaka [[1987]].<ref name=BR>{{cite web|url=...' 1598754 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Ralph Terry.jpg|thumb|Ralph Terry]] '''Ralph Willard Terry''' (alizaliwa [[9 Januari]] [[1936]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[baseball]] na mchezaji wa [[gofu]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Big Cabin, [[Oklahoma]]. Alikuwa mchezaji wa timu ya New York Yankees na alishinda World Series mwaka [[1962]] akiwa MVP. Baada ya kustaafu baseball mwaka [[1967]], alikua mtaalamu wa gofu. Alijiunga na PGA Senior Tour mwaka [[1987]].<ref name=BR>{{cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/t/terryra01.shtml|title=Ralph Terry Statistics and History|work=Baseball-Reference.com|publisher=Sports Reference LLC|accessdate=March 17, 2022}}</ref><ref name="NYT obit">{{cite news|title=Ralph Terry, Yankee Hurler Redeemed by One Pitch, Dies at 86|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/17/sports/baseball/ralph-terry-dead.html|first=David|last=Margolick|date=March 17, 2022|access-date=March 17, 2022|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1936]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] d8dgzduw1la21z3f7giurh1i5s1gs7v 1599210 1598754 2026-09-23T10:12:25Z Ally0111 85292 1599210 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Ralph Terry.jpg|thumb|Ralph Terry]] '''Ralph Willard Terry''' (alizaliwa [[9 Januari]] [[1936]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[baseball]] na mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Big Cabin, [[Oklahoma]]. Alikuwa mchezaji wa timu ya New York Yankees na alishinda World Series mwaka [[1962]] akiwa MVP. Baada ya kustaafu baseball mwaka [[1967]], alikua mtaalamu wa gofu. Alijiunga na PGA Senior Tour mwaka [[1987]].<ref name=BR>{{cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/t/terryra01.shtml|title=Ralph Terry Statistics and History|work=Baseball-Reference.com|publisher=Sports Reference LLC|accessdate=March 17, 2022}}</ref><ref name="NYT obit">{{cite news|title=Ralph Terry, Yankee Hurler Redeemed by One Pitch, Dies at 86|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/17/sports/baseball/ralph-terry-dead.html|first=David|last=Margolick|date=March 17, 2022|access-date=March 17, 2022|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1936]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] pue7j06gcsazi46x5s5kjp767hphqph 0 250659 1598755 2026-09-22T16:12:18Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Donald Ray January''' ( [[20 Novemba]] [[1929]] – [[7 Mei]] [[2023]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kitaalamu kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Plainview, [[Texas]]. Alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[1967]] huko Columbine Country Club. Alishinda mataji 10 ya PGA Tour. Mwaka [[1980]], alikua mshindi wa kwanza wa Senior PGA Tour (sasa PGA Tour Champions) katika Atlantic City Senior Invitational. Alishinda mataji 22 ya Senior PGA Tour.<ref>{{cite web |u...' 1598755 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Donald Ray January''' ( [[20 Novemba]] [[1929]] – [[7 Mei]] [[2023]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kitaalamu kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Plainview, [[Texas]]. Alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[1967]] huko Columbine Country Club. Alishinda mataji 10 ya PGA Tour. Mwaka [[1980]], alikua mshindi wa kwanza wa Senior PGA Tour (sasa PGA Tour Champions) katika Atlantic City Senior Invitational. Alishinda mataji 22 ya Senior PGA Tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://northtexan.unt.edu/content/par-success |title=On par for success |publisher=[[North Texas Mean Green]] |first=Randena |last=Hulstrand |access-date=May 8, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gE0aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=txAEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7314,3589926&dq=don+january+putt&hl=en |title=Player cools heels 7 minutes; Misses putt, miffed at January |newspaper=Milwaukee Sentinel |date=February 15, 1963 |page=4, part 2 |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1929]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2023]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] 9d0p8k5zenhj0shmsun09c4vhwb8hko 1599211 1598755 2026-09-23T10:12:40Z Ally0111 85292 1599211 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Donald Ray January''' ( [[20 Novemba]] [[1929]] – [[7 Mei]] [[2023]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kitaalamu kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Plainview, [[Texas]]. Alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[1967]] huko Columbine Country Club. Alishinda mataji 10 ya PGA Tour. Mwaka [[1980]], alikua mshindi wa kwanza wa Senior PGA Tour (sasa PGA Tour Champions) katika Atlantic City Senior Invitational. Alishinda mataji 22 ya Senior PGA Tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://northtexan.unt.edu/content/par-success |title=On par for success |publisher=[[North Texas Mean Green]] |first=Randena |last=Hulstrand |access-date=May 8, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gE0aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=txAEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7314,3589926&dq=don+january+putt&hl=en |title=Player cools heels 7 minutes; Misses putt, miffed at January |newspaper=Milwaukee Sentinel |date=February 15, 1963 |page=4, part 2 |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1929]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2023]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] tohgxfv5ke2gh8wfoobkok787utilr4 1599288 1599211 2026-09-23T11:51:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599288 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Donald Ray January''' ( [[20 Novemba]] [[1929]] – [[7 Mei]] [[2023]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kitaalamu kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Plainview, [[Texas]]. Alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[1967]] huko Columbine Country Club. Alishinda mataji 10 ya PGA Tour. Mwaka [[1980]], alikua mshindi wa kwanza wa Senior PGA Tour (sasa PGA Tour Champions) katika Atlantic City Senior Invitational. Alishinda mataji 22 ya Senior PGA Tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://northtexan.unt.edu/content/par-success |title=On par for success |publisher=[[North Texas Mean Green]] |first=Randena |last=Hulstrand |access-date=May 8, 2023 |archive-date=2023-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510045756/https://northtexan.unt.edu/content/par-success |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gE0aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=txAEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7314,3589926&dq=don+january+putt&hl=en |title=Player cools heels 7 minutes; Misses putt, miffed at January |newspaper=Milwaukee Sentinel |date=February 15, 1963 |page=4, part 2 |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1929]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2023]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] 0dyvowldgsnlydkkd5trgfi0sjsqnfq 0 250660 1598756 2026-09-22T16:14:17Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Hal Sutton''' (alizaliwa [[28 Aprili]] [[1958]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Shreveport, Louisiana]]. Alishinda U.S. Amateur mwaka [[1980]] na alikua mchezaji bora wa chuo mwaka huo. Alishinda mataji 14 ya PGA Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na PGA Championship mwaka [[1983]]. Alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya Ryder Cup ya Marekani mwaka [[2004]]. Alianzisha Christus Schumpert Sutton Children's Hospital huko Shreveport.<ref>{{cite...' 1598756 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hal Sutton''' (alizaliwa [[28 Aprili]] [[1958]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Shreveport, Louisiana]]. Alishinda U.S. Amateur mwaka [[1980]] na alikua mchezaji bora wa chuo mwaka huo. Alishinda mataji 14 ya PGA Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na PGA Championship mwaka [[1983]]. Alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya Ryder Cup ya Marekani mwaka [[2004]]. Alianzisha Christus Schumpert Sutton Children's Hospital huko Shreveport.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://vault.si.com/vault/1988/06/06/the-fall-of-prince-hal-the-memorial-gave-evidence-of-hal-suttons-decline |title=The Fall of Prince Hal |magazine=Sports Illustrated |first=Jaime |last=Diaz |date=6 June 1988 |access-date=9 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thefriedegg.com/hal-sutton-profile/ |title=The Bear Apparent |work=The Fried Egg |first=Andy |last=Johnson |date=19 March 2020 |access-date=9 October 2024}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] br5p9f86quun01fbm492hz3123m1brh 1598757 1598756 2026-09-22T16:14:38Z Ally0111 85292 1598757 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hal Evan Sutton''' (alizaliwa [[28 Aprili]] [[1958]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Shreveport, Louisiana]]. Alishinda U.S. Amateur mwaka [[1980]] na alikua mchezaji bora wa chuo mwaka huo. Alishinda mataji 14 ya PGA Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na PGA Championship mwaka [[1983]]. Alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya Ryder Cup ya Marekani mwaka [[2004]]. Alianzisha Christus Schumpert Sutton Children's Hospital huko Shreveport.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://vault.si.com/vault/1988/06/06/the-fall-of-prince-hal-the-memorial-gave-evidence-of-hal-suttons-decline |title=The Fall of Prince Hal |magazine=Sports Illustrated |first=Jaime |last=Diaz |date=6 June 1988 |access-date=9 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thefriedegg.com/hal-sutton-profile/ |title=The Bear Apparent |work=The Fried Egg |first=Andy |last=Johnson |date=19 March 2020 |access-date=9 October 2024}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ly1v7samacyj8awxegafrqs2lqys8t1 1599212 1598757 2026-09-23T10:12:57Z Ally0111 85292 1599212 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hal Evan Sutton''' (alizaliwa [[28 Aprili]] [[1958]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Shreveport, Louisiana]]. Alishinda U.S. Amateur mwaka [[1980]] na alikua mchezaji bora wa chuo mwaka huo. Alishinda mataji 14 ya PGA Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na PGA Championship mwaka [[1983]]. Alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya Ryder Cup ya Marekani mwaka [[2004]]. Alianzisha Christus Schumpert Sutton Children's Hospital huko Shreveport.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://vault.si.com/vault/1988/06/06/the-fall-of-prince-hal-the-memorial-gave-evidence-of-hal-suttons-decline |title=The Fall of Prince Hal |magazine=Sports Illustrated |first=Jaime |last=Diaz |date=6 June 1988 |access-date=9 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thefriedegg.com/hal-sutton-profile/ |title=The Bear Apparent |work=The Fried Egg |first=Andy |last=Johnson |date=19 March 2020 |access-date=9 October 2024}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] dparbq2tlkkifailibseueamu9eeon4 0 250661 1598758 2026-09-22T16:18:16Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Emmett Cary Middlecoff''' ( [[6 Januari]] [[1921]] – [[1 Septemba]] [[1998]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Halls, [[Tennessee]]. Alishinda U.S. Open mara mbili ([[1949]], [[1956]]) na Masters mwaka [[1955]]. Alishinda mataji 39 ya PGA Tour. Kabla ya kuanza gofu, alikuwa daktari wa meno.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hFNAAAAAIBAJ&pg=6205%2C642537 |newspaper=[[Glasgow Herald]] |dat...' 1598758 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Emmett Cary Middlecoff''' ( [[6 Januari]] [[1921]] – [[1 Septemba]] [[1998]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Halls, [[Tennessee]]. Alishinda U.S. Open mara mbili ([[1949]], [[1956]]) na Masters mwaka [[1955]]. Alishinda mataji 39 ya PGA Tour. Kabla ya kuanza gofu, alikuwa daktari wa meno.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hFNAAAAAIBAJ&pg=6205%2C642537 |newspaper=[[Glasgow Herald]] |date=January 13, 1947 |title=Twelve Names in U.S. Walker Cup Selection |page=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ilNAAAAAIBAJ&pg=4009%2C1063513 |newspaper=[[Glasgow Herald]] |date=January 20, 1947 |title=U.S. Walker Cup Team Change |page=2}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1921]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1998]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] gjqxner19nis0sfjwni56dsv8mow2fe 1599213 1598758 2026-09-23T10:13:22Z Ally0111 85292 1599213 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Emmett Cary Middlecoff''' ( [[6 Januari]] [[1921]] – [[1 Septemba]] [[1998]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Halls, [[Tennessee]]. Alishinda U.S. Open mara mbili ([[1949]], [[1956]]) na Masters mwaka [[1955]]. Alishinda mataji 39 ya PGA Tour. Kabla ya kuanza gofu, alikuwa daktari wa meno.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hFNAAAAAIBAJ&pg=6205%2C642537 |newspaper=[[Glasgow Herald]] |date=January 13, 1947 |title=Twelve Names in U.S. Walker Cup Selection |page=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ilNAAAAAIBAJ&pg=4009%2C1063513 |newspaper=[[Glasgow Herald]] |date=January 20, 1947 |title=U.S. Walker Cup Team Change |page=2}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1921]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1998]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] epbmy6j8phnv7esfol8c7b3csuppri9 0 250662 1598759 2026-09-22T16:21:28Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Eben McBurney Byers''' ( [[12 Aprili]] [[1880]] – [[31 Machi]] [[1932]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]. Alishinda U.S. Amateur mwaka [[1906]]. Alifariki [[31 Machi]] [[1932]] kutokana na sumu ya radium baada ya kunywa dawa ya Radithor kwa miaka mingi.<ref name=whoswho>{{cite book |last=Leonard |first=John William |title=Who's Who in Finance and Banking |url=https://arch...' 1598759 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eben McBurney Byers''' ( [[12 Aprili]] [[1880]] – [[31 Machi]] [[1932]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]. Alishinda U.S. Amateur mwaka [[1906]]. Alifariki [[31 Machi]] [[1932]] kutokana na sumu ya radium baada ya kunywa dawa ya Radithor kwa miaka mingi.<ref name=whoswho>{{cite book |last=Leonard |first=John William |title=Who's Who in Finance and Banking |url=https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinfinanc00leongoog |publisher=Who's Who in Finance Inc |year=1922 |page=[https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinfinanc00leongoog/page/n133 110]}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1880]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1932]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] gcgwf32jh99bn7829v4agqgfx276k74 1599214 1598759 2026-09-23T10:13:33Z Ally0111 85292 1599214 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eben McBurney Byers''' ( [[12 Aprili]] [[1880]] – [[31 Machi]] [[1932]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]. Alishinda U.S. Amateur mwaka [[1906]]. Alifariki [[31 Machi]] [[1932]] kutokana na sumu ya radium baada ya kunywa dawa ya Radithor kwa miaka mingi.<ref name=whoswho>{{cite book |last=Leonard |first=John William |title=Who's Who in Finance and Banking |url=https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinfinanc00leongoog |publisher=Who's Who in Finance Inc |year=1922 |page=[https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinfinanc00leongoog/page/n133 110]}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1880]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1932]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] me1nlderxz945buwo18hsfcrky9xbb0 0 250663 1598760 2026-09-22T16:22:22Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Martin Ramon Razon Nievera''' (amezaliwa [[5 Februari]], [[1962]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa [[Ufilipino]]. Anajulikana kwa nyimbo zake za mapenzi za aina ya balladi za kisasa na haiba yake jukwaani,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GOSSIP GIRL: Martin Nievera marks 40 years in showbiz with big concert on Nov. 19 |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/07/26/gossip-girl-martin-nievera-marks-40-years-in-showbiz-with-big-concert-on-nov-19/ |access-date=2023-09-04 |...' 1598760 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Martin Ramon Razon Nievera''' (amezaliwa [[5 Februari]], [[1962]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa [[Ufilipino]]. Anajulikana kwa nyimbo zake za mapenzi za aina ya balladi za kisasa na haiba yake jukwaani,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GOSSIP GIRL: Martin Nievera marks 40 years in showbiz with big concert on Nov. 19 |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/07/26/gossip-girl-martin-nievera-marks-40-years-in-showbiz-with-big-concert-on-nov-19/ |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=Manila Bulletin |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=M4D: Martin Nievera recalls highlights of past 40 years |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/11/18/m4d-martin-nievera-recalls-highlights-of-past-40-years |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=Manila Bulletin |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Martin Nievera to launch Kahapon... Ngayon album with August 26 concert |url=https://www.pep.ph/guide/music/24278/martin-nievera-to-launch-emkahapon-ngayonem-album-with-august-26-concert |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=PEP.ph |language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1962|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] rbo40x6k9de8papgaefmmjyngp7f94x 1598813 1598760 2026-09-22T19:14:33Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1598813 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Martin Ramon Razon Nievera''' (amezaliwa [[5 Februari]], [[1962]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa [[Ufilipino]]. Anajulikana kwa nyimbo zake za mapenzi za aina ya balladi za kisasa na haiba yake jukwaani,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=GOSSIP GIRL: Martin Nievera marks 40 years in showbiz with big concert on Nov. 19 |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/07/26/gossip-girl-martin-nievera-marks-40-years-in-showbiz-with-big-concert-on-nov-19/ |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=Manila Bulletin |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |title=M4D: Martin Nievera recalls highlights of past 40 years |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/11/18/m4d-martin-nievera-recalls-highlights-of-past-40-years |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=Manila Bulletin |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Martin Nievera to launch Kahapon... Ngayon album with August 26 concert |url=https://www.pep.ph/guide/music/24278/martin-nievera-to-launch-emkahapon-ngayonem-album-with-august-26-concert |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=PEP.ph |language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1962|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] t25qvn4184dxayydofca7vck971d8yp 0 250664 1598761 2026-09-22T16:25:57Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Henry Ellsworth Vines Jr.''' ( [[28 Septemba]] [[1911]] – [[17 Machi]] [[1994]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[tenisi]] na [[gofu]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Los Angeles, California]]. Alikuwa mchezaji bora wa tenisi duniani katika miaka ya 1930, akishinda Wimbledon mara mbili na U.S. Championships mara mbili. Baada ya kustaafu tenisi, alikua mtaalamu wa gofu na alishinda mataji kadhaa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ellsworth Vines: Career match record|url=htt...' 1598761 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Henry Ellsworth Vines Jr.''' ( [[28 Septemba]] [[1911]] – [[17 Machi]] [[1994]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[tenisi]] na [[gofu]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Los Angeles, California]]. Alikuwa mchezaji bora wa tenisi duniani katika miaka ya 1930, akishinda Wimbledon mara mbili na U.S. Championships mara mbili. Baada ya kustaafu tenisi, alikua mtaalamu wa gofu na alishinda mataji kadhaa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ellsworth Vines: Career match record|url=https://app.thetennisbase.com/?enlace=playern&player_input_enc=VINES%2C+ELLSWORTH&player_input=VINES%2C+ELLSWORTH&sub=2#aSubmenu|website=thetennisbase.com|publisher=Tennis Base|access-date=22 September 2021|archive-date=May 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512152346/https://app.thetennisbase.com/?enlace=playern&player_input_enc=VINES%2C%20ELLSWORTH&player_input=VINES%2C%20ELLSWORTH&sub=2#aSubmenu|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1911]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1994]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji tenisi]] bxt2dacw7euc9z70e64phj55aowj71h 1599217 1598761 2026-09-23T10:15:58Z Ally0111 85292 1599217 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Henry Ellsworth Vines Jr.''' ( [[28 Septemba]] [[1911]] – [[17 Machi]] [[1994]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[tenisi]] na [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Los Angeles, California]]. Alikuwa mchezaji bora wa tenisi duniani katika miaka ya 1930, akishinda Wimbledon mara mbili na U.S. Championships mara mbili. Baada ya kustaafu tenisi, alikua mtaalamu wa gofu na alishinda mataji kadhaa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ellsworth Vines: Career match record|url=https://app.thetennisbase.com/?enlace=playern&player_input_enc=VINES%2C+ELLSWORTH&player_input=VINES%2C+ELLSWORTH&sub=2#aSubmenu|website=thetennisbase.com|publisher=Tennis Base|access-date=22 September 2021|archive-date=May 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512152346/https://app.thetennisbase.com/?enlace=playern&player_input_enc=VINES%2C%20ELLSWORTH&player_input=VINES%2C%20ELLSWORTH&sub=2#aSubmenu|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1911]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1994]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji tenisi]] ga67kx8iken5x4tgf9z0o0qoyy8p7f7 0 250665 1598762 2026-09-22T16:26:12Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Margaret Nixon McEathron''' ([[22 Februari]], [[1930]] – [[24 Julai]], [[2016]]), anayejulikana kitaaluma kama '''Marni Nixon''', alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] mwenye sauti ya [[soprano]] na mwimbaji wa sauti za nyuma kwa waigizaji wa kike waliokuwa na nafasi kuu katika filamu za muziki.<ref name=NYTObit>[[Margalit Fox|Fox, Margalit]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/26/arts/music/marni-nixon-singer-soprano-dies-86.html "Marni Nixon, the Sing...' 1598762 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Margaret Nixon McEathron''' ([[22 Februari]], [[1930]] – [[24 Julai]], [[2016]]), anayejulikana kitaaluma kama '''Marni Nixon''', alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] mwenye sauti ya [[soprano]] na mwimbaji wa sauti za nyuma kwa waigizaji wa kike waliokuwa na nafasi kuu katika filamu za muziki.<ref name=NYTObit>[[Margalit Fox|Fox, Margalit]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/26/arts/music/marni-nixon-singer-soprano-dies-86.html "Marni Nixon, the Singing Voice Behind the Screen, Dies at 86"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', July 25, 2016</ref><ref>[https://www.filmsite.org/afi100songs.html "AFI's 100 Years... 100 Songs"], AMC Filmsite, June 2004, accessed August 24, 2020</ref><ref name=Forward>Ivri, Benjamin. [http://forward.com/culture/346022/remembering-marni-nixon-the-greatest-ghost-singer "Remembering Marni Nixon, the Greatest Ghost Singer"], ''The Forward'', July 26, 2016</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1930|2016}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] fq4ai9ob42fohgawe4pzj5v2q7ncyne 0 250666 1598763 2026-09-22T16:31:21Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '''Nodesha'', mwaka [[2003]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.music.yahoo.com/nodesha/albums/nodesha--16003038|title=New.music.yahoo.com|publisher=}}</ref> Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis na L.A. Reid walikuwa watayarishaji wakuu wa albamu hiyo. Nodesha alishirikiana kutunga [[nyimbo]] zake zote.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080430052452/http://www.tv.com/nodesha/person/216336/summary.html TV.com]</ref><ref>[http://www.discogs.com/artist/Nodesha Discogs.com]<...' 1598763 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Nodesha'', mwaka [[2003]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.music.yahoo.com/nodesha/albums/nodesha--16003038|title=New.music.yahoo.com|publisher=}}</ref> Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis na L.A. Reid walikuwa watayarishaji wakuu wa albamu hiyo. Nodesha alishirikiana kutunga [[nyimbo]] zake zote.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080430052452/http://www.tv.com/nodesha/person/216336/summary.html TV.com]</ref><ref>[http://www.discogs.com/artist/Nodesha Discogs.com]</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|2003|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] btbal8fjh4tfcyj1csg4ede90cw1j2w 0 250667 1598764 2026-09-22T16:34:13Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Bradley James Nowell''' ([[22 Februari]], [[1968]] – [[25 Mei]], [[1996]]) alikuwa [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Marekani]] na [[mwimbaji]] mkuu wa bendi Sublime.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Richardson |first=Brandon |date=2023-11-19 |title=With his own sound, Jakob Nowell hopes to live up to the Sublime legacy of his father |url=https://lbpost.com/hi-lo/with-his-own-sound-jakob-nowell-hopes-to-live-up-to-the-sublime-legacy-of-his-father/ |access-date=2025-02-03 |web...' 1598764 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bradley James Nowell''' ([[22 Februari]], [[1968]] – [[25 Mei]], [[1996]]) alikuwa [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Marekani]] na [[mwimbaji]] mkuu wa bendi Sublime.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Richardson |first=Brandon |date=2023-11-19 |title=With his own sound, Jakob Nowell hopes to live up to the Sublime legacy of his father |url=https://lbpost.com/hi-lo/with-his-own-sound-jakob-nowell-hopes-to-live-up-to-the-sublime-legacy-of-his-father/ |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=the Hi-lo |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cuda |first=Heidi Siegmund |date=2024-04-08 |title=The Son Also Rises: Jakob Nowell's Journey to Sublime Frontman for Coachella Debut |url=https://lamag.com/music/sublime-coachella-jakob-nowell-bradley-nowell-son |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=LAmag - Culture, Food, Fashion, News & Los Angeles |language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1968|1996}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] otbw3sf2f45afxy073yl696uo71oldx 0 250668 1598765 2026-09-22T16:38:33Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jakob James Markus Nowell'''<ref name=lat>{{cite news |last1=Crowe |first1=Jerry |title=Heroin's Toll Is Nothing Sublime |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-07-23-ca-26969-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |date=23 July 1996}}</ref> (amezaliwa [[25 Juni]], [[1995]])<ref name="lb1">{{cite news |last1=Richardson |first1=Brandon |title=With his own sound, Jakob Nowell hopes to live up to the Sublime legacy of his father |url=https://lbpost.c...' 1598765 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jakob James Markus Nowell'''<ref name=lat>{{cite news |last1=Crowe |first1=Jerry |title=Heroin's Toll Is Nothing Sublime |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-07-23-ca-26969-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |date=23 July 1996}}</ref> (amezaliwa [[25 Juni]], [[1995]])<ref name="lb1">{{cite news |last1=Richardson |first1=Brandon |title=With his own sound, Jakob Nowell hopes to live up to the Sublime legacy of his father |url=https://lbpost.com/hi-lo/with-his-own-sound-jakob-nowell-hopes-to-live-up-to-the-sublime-legacy-of-his-father/ |access-date=20 January 2024 |work=the Hi-lo |publisher=The Long Beach Post |date=19 November 2023}}</ref> ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Marekani]] anayeishi [[Southern California]]. Alikuwa mwanachama mwanzilishi wa bendi ya LAW, na alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wao hadi alipoondoka mwaka 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Milligan |first1=Kaitlin |title=Late Sublime Frontman's Son Jakob Nowell Brings His Band LAW to Long Beach |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Late-Sublime-Frontmans-Son-Jakob-Nowell-Brings-His-Band-LAW-to-Long-Beach-20181030 |access-date=20 January 2024 |work=BroadwayWorld |date=30 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1995|}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] f3iwi1jtgihf9593esbwyitn968m876 0 250669 1598767 2026-09-22T16:41:51Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Christian Richards Jacobs''' (amezaliwa [[11 Januari]], [[1972]]) ni [[mwanamuziki]], mtayarishaji wa televisheni na [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana zaidi kama mmoja wa wabunifu wenza wa kipindi cha Nick Jr. kilichoshinda tuzo, ''Yo Gabba Gabba!'', ambacho pia anahudumu kama mwandishi, mkurugenzi, mtunzi wa muziki na mwigizaji wa sauti.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://allmusic.com/artist/the-aquabats-p210908/charts-awards |title=The Aquabats > Cha...' 1598767 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christian Richards Jacobs''' (amezaliwa [[11 Januari]], [[1972]]) ni [[mwanamuziki]], mtayarishaji wa televisheni na [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana zaidi kama mmoja wa wabunifu wenza wa kipindi cha Nick Jr. kilichoshinda tuzo, ''Yo Gabba Gabba!'', ambacho pia anahudumu kama mwandishi, mkurugenzi, mtunzi wa muziki na mwigizaji wa sauti.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://allmusic.com/artist/the-aquabats-p210908/charts-awards |title=The Aquabats > Charts & Awards |publisher=[[Allmusic]].com |accessdate=December 16, 2010}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ocregister.com/articles/says-219242-gabba-live.html O.C. dads strike gold with 'Yo Gabba Gabba' - The Orange County Register] Retrieved 2016-12-23.</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1972|}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 9iufw4152g0xo696qb7gfnawg7174ay 0 250670 1598769 2026-09-22T16:44:58Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Justice''', aliyezaliwa kwa jina '''Lauren Justice''', ni msanii wa kike wa [[Marekani]] wa kurekodi muziki wa [[pop]].<ref>"JMWest Entertainment Announces Single Release Party for JUSTICE's 'By My Side'" – March 18, 2013 – Christopher Simmons, www.bx.business.com</ref><ref>"JMWest Entertainment Announces Single Release Of JUSTICE’s “By My Side"" – March 18,2 2013 – Staff, Mi2N.com</ref><ref>"Vie D'ailleurs Vue D'ailleurs" – March 18, 2013...' 1598769 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Justice''', aliyezaliwa kwa jina '''Lauren Justice''', ni msanii wa kike wa [[Marekani]] wa kurekodi muziki wa [[pop]].<ref>"JMWest Entertainment Announces Single Release Party for JUSTICE's 'By My Side'" – March 18, 2013 – Christopher Simmons, www.bx.business.com</ref><ref>"JMWest Entertainment Announces Single Release Of JUSTICE’s “By My Side"" – March 18,2 2013 – Staff, Mi2N.com</ref><ref>"Vie D'ailleurs Vue D'ailleurs" – March 18, 2013 – Christophe Cuby, Guadeloupe 1ère</ref><ref>"Vie D'ailleurs Vue D'ailleurs" – March 19, 2013 – Christophe Cuby, Guadeloupe 1ère</ref><ref>"Vie D'ailleurs Vue D'ailleurs" – March 20, 2013 – Christophe Cuby, Guadeloupe 1ère</ref><ref>"Vie D'ailleurs Vue D'ailleurs" – March 21, 2013 – Christophe Cuby, Guadeloupe 1ère</ref><ref>"Vie D'ailleurs Vue D'ailleurs" – March 22, 2013 – Christophe Cuby, Guadeloupe 1ère</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1985|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] r2m4ctkf2muicok61zqvjttmbfs9tab 0 250671 1598770 2026-09-22T16:48:05Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jeanette Livier Jurado''' ni mwanachama na [[mwimbaji]] mkuu wa kikundi maarufu cha wasichana cha [[Marekani]], girl group, Exposé (group).<ref>{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p4214/biography|pure_url=yes}}|title=Biography: Exposé|last=Henderson|first=Alex|publisher=[[All Media Guide|AMG]]|accessdate=May 17, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Romanowski|first=Patricia|title=The Rolling stone encyclopedia of rock & roll|year=2001|edition=3rd|p...' 1598770 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jeanette Livier Jurado''' ni mwanachama na [[mwimbaji]] mkuu wa kikundi maarufu cha wasichana cha [[Marekani]], girl group, Exposé (group).<ref>{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p4214/biography|pure_url=yes}}|title=Biography: Exposé|last=Henderson|first=Alex|publisher=[[All Media Guide|AMG]]|accessdate=May 17, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Romanowski|first=Patricia|title=The Rolling stone encyclopedia of rock & roll|year=2001|edition=3rd|publisher=13: 978-0743201209|author2=Holly George-Warren |author3=John Pareles|page=317}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1965|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] ip61z20qpyskra0vvn2g2tix09hmq6p 0 250672 1598771 2026-09-22T16:51:29Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Taylor Iman Jones''' (amezaliwa [[6 Machi]], [[1992]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] na [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] anayejulikana kwa kazi yake katika maigizo ya muziki. ==Maisha ya awali== Alizaliwa katika San Francisco Bay Area ya [[California]], Jones alihamia mara kadhaa alipokuwa akikua, kutoka [[Tennessee]] hadi [[Texas]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bay Area native Taylor Iman Jones helps launch new series |website=San Francisco Chronicle |url=https://www.sfchron...' 1598771 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Taylor Iman Jones''' (amezaliwa [[6 Machi]], [[1992]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] na [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] anayejulikana kwa kazi yake katika maigizo ya muziki. ==Maisha ya awali== Alizaliwa katika San Francisco Bay Area ya [[California]], Jones alihamia mara kadhaa alipokuwa akikua, kutoka [[Tennessee]] hadi [[Texas]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bay Area native Taylor Iman Jones helps launch new series |website=San Francisco Chronicle |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/entertainment/article/bay-area-native-taylor-iman-jones-helps-launch-21180985.php |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview with Actors Ryan McCartan and Taylor Iman Jones |website=Roundabout Theatre Company |url=https://www.roundabouttheatre.org/about/our-blog/interview-with-actors-ryan-mccartan-and-taylor-iman-jones |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1992|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 2t40scnfwildfw341yhycawjs41e85i 1598851 1598771 2026-09-22T21:38:47Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1598851 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Taylor Iman Jones''' (amezaliwa [[6 Machi]], [[1992]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] na [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] anayejulikana kwa kazi yake katika maigizo ya muziki. ==Maisha ya awali== Alizaliwa katika San Francisco Bay Area ya [[California]], Jones alihamia mara kadhaa alipokuwa akikua, kutoka [[Tennessee]] hadi [[Texas]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Bay Area native Taylor Iman Jones helps launch new series |website=San Francisco Chronicle |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/entertainment/article/bay-area-native-taylor-iman-jones-helps-launch-21180985.php |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Interview with Actors Ryan McCartan and Taylor Iman Jones |website=Roundabout Theatre Company |url=https://www.roundabouttheatre.org/about/our-blog/interview-with-actors-ryan-mccartan-and-taylor-iman-jones |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1992|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] qg990zbytsxei7ty65tjllwfm28wfzx 0 250673 1598772 2026-09-22T16:56:28Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Paris Jones''' (amezaliwa kwa jina '''Patrick Campbell''', [[12 Julai]], [[1990]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prsjon.com/about/ |title=About Paris Jones |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher=prsjon.com |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>)ni [[mwimbaji]], [[mwanamuziki]] na mtayarishaji wa [[Marekani]] kutoka [[Kusini]] mwa [[California]] na [[Virginia]]. Mtindo wake umeelezwa kuwa wa majaribio, wa aina mbalimbali na wa New Age music.<ref>{{cite web |u...' 1598772 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Paris Jones''' (amezaliwa kwa jina '''Patrick Campbell''', [[12 Julai]], [[1990]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prsjon.com/about/ |title=About Paris Jones |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher=prsjon.com |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>)ni [[mwimbaji]], [[mwanamuziki]] na mtayarishaji wa [[Marekani]] kutoka [[Kusini]] mwa [[California]] na [[Virginia]]. Mtindo wake umeelezwa kuwa wa majaribio, wa aina mbalimbali na wa New Age music.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://ghettoblastermagazine.com/2013/from-the-horses-mouth-paris-jones-on-youre-invited-to-the-assassination-of-patrick-campbell-by-paris-jones/ |title=From the Horse's Mouth: Paris Jones on You're Invited to the Assassination of Patrick Campbell by Paris Jones |last=Andrel |first=Timothy |date=September 27, 2013 |website= Ghettoblaster |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jenesismagazine.com/unknown-known-profile-paris-jones/ |title=[Unknown Known] Profile: Paris Jones |last=Agnew |first=Thomas |date=January 20, 2015 |website= |publisher=Jenesis |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://madgoodmusic.com/2013/11/20/interview-paris-jones/ |title=Interview: Paris Jones |last= |first= |date=November 20, 2013 |website= |publisher=MadGoodMusic |access-date= |quote=}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1990|}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] bylo3577yx6py7vv4h33tv3z4kpctxo 0 250674 1598773 2026-09-22T17:00:28Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Arden Jones''' (amezaliwa [[26 Februari]], [[2001]]) ni [[rapa]] wa [[Marekani]] kutoka San Francisco Bay Area. Jones alisomea filamu katika shule ya upili ya Marin School of the Arts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-05|author=Liberatore, Paul |title=Marin School of the Arts grad Arden Jones gets Atlantic Records deal, tapped for 'massive 2022' in pop music |url=https://www.marinij.com/2022/05/05/marin-school-of-the-arts-grad-arden-jones-gets-atl...' 1598773 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Arden Jones''' (amezaliwa [[26 Februari]], [[2001]]) ni [[rapa]] wa [[Marekani]] kutoka San Francisco Bay Area. Jones alisomea filamu katika shule ya upili ya Marin School of the Arts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-05|author=Liberatore, Paul |title=Marin School of the Arts grad Arden Jones gets Atlantic Records deal, tapped for 'massive 2022' in pop music |url=https://www.marinij.com/2022/05/05/marin-school-of-the-arts-grad-arden-jones-gets-atlantic-records-deal-tapped-for-massive-2022-in-pop-music/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Marin Independent Journal |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author= Obenschain, Philip |date=2023-05-17 |title=[Ticket Giveaway] Arden Jones {{!}} May 20 @ Exit/In |url=https://nocountryfornewnashville.com/2023/05/17/ticket-giveaway-arden-jones-may-20-exit-in/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=No Country For New Nashville |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|2001|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 933uhn8kf9d48x3rqs7eransshk390c 0 250675 1598775 2026-09-22T17:06:57Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Daniel Dale Johnston''' ([[22 Januari]], [[1961]] – [[11 Septemba]], [[2019]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]], [[mwanamuziki]] na msanii wa [[Marekani]] aliyechukuliwa kuwa mtu muhimu katika tasnia za muziki wa watu wa nje, Lo-fi music, na muziki mbadala. Sehemu kubwa ya kazi zake ilihusisha kaseti alizorekodi peke yake nyumbani kwake, na muziki wake ulitajwa mara kwa mara kwa sifa zake za "usafi" na "kitoto".<ref>{{cite news|last1=McNamee|first1=David|title=T...' 1598775 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Daniel Dale Johnston''' ([[22 Januari]], [[1961]] – [[11 Septemba]], [[2019]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]], [[mwanamuziki]] na msanii wa [[Marekani]] aliyechukuliwa kuwa mtu muhimu katika tasnia za muziki wa watu wa nje, Lo-fi music, na muziki mbadala. Sehemu kubwa ya kazi zake ilihusisha kaseti alizorekodi peke yake nyumbani kwake, na muziki wake ulitajwa mara kwa mara kwa sifa zake za "usafi" na "kitoto".<ref>{{cite news|last1=McNamee|first1=David|title=The myth of Daniel Johnston's genius|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2009/aug/10/daniel-johnston|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=August 10, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Brook|first1=Pete|title=PHOTOGRAPHER SHOWS A DIFFERENT SIDE OF DANIEL JOHNSTON|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|date=March 2012|url=https://www.wired.com/2012/03/photographer-shows-a-different-side-of-daniel-johnston/}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.austinchronicle.com/music/2005-03-18/263348/|title=Spotlight: Daniel Johnston|website=Austinchronicle.com|date=March 19, 2005 |access-date=July 18, 2021}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1961|2019}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] lquziflxawfsbzqpqzdyk9ccc11o7mv 1598844 1598775 2026-09-22T21:12:30Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1598844 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Daniel Dale Johnston''' ([[22 Januari]], [[1961]] – [[11 Septemba]], [[2019]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]], [[mwanamuziki]] na msanii wa [[Marekani]] aliyechukuliwa kuwa mtu muhimu katika tasnia za muziki wa watu wa nje, Lo-fi music, na muziki mbadala. Sehemu kubwa ya kazi zake ilihusisha kaseti alizorekodi peke yake nyumbani kwake, na muziki wake ulitajwa mara kwa mara kwa sifa zake za "usafi" na "kitoto".<ref>{{cite news|last1=McNamee|first1=David|title=The myth of Daniel Johnston's genius|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2009/aug/10/daniel-johnston|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=August 10, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Brook|first1=Pete|title=PHOTOGRAPHER SHOWS A DIFFERENT SIDE OF DANIEL JOHNSTON|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|date=March 2012|url=https://www.wired.com/2012/03/photographer-shows-a-different-side-of-daniel-johnston/}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.austinchronicle.com/music/2005-03-18/263348/|title=Spotlight: Daniel Johnston|website=Austinchronicle.com|date=March 19, 2005 |access-date=July 18, 2021}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1961|2019}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] qyjilda6rr3sog2c47kc9uhaxn0mts1 0 250676 1598776 2026-09-22T17:15:09Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Damond Jiniya''' ni [[mwimbaji]], mtunzi wa mashairi ya nyimbo na mwandishi wa [[Marekani]].<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-A0KAQAAMAAJ&q=Damond+Jiniya | title=The Encyclopedia of Popular Music| isbn=9780195313734| last1=Larkin| first1=Colin| date=2006-11-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKw7AQAAIAAJ&q=Damond+Jiniya | title=The Rough Guide to Heavy Metal| isbn=9781843534150| last1=Berelian| fir...' 1598776 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Damond Jiniya''' ni [[mwimbaji]], mtunzi wa mashairi ya nyimbo na mwandishi wa [[Marekani]].<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-A0KAQAAMAAJ&q=Damond+Jiniya | title=The Encyclopedia of Popular Music| isbn=9780195313734| last1=Larkin| first1=Colin| date=2006-11-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKw7AQAAIAAJ&q=Damond+Jiniya | title=The Rough Guide to Heavy Metal| isbn=9781843534150| last1=Berelian| first1=Essi| year=2005| publisher=Rough Guides}}</ref> Amezaliwa [[16 Desemba]], [[1974]], huko [[Palm Springs]], [[California]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Diet Of Worms Discography: Vinyl, CDs, & More |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/662517-Diet-Of-Worms?srsltid=AfmBOorbrVY6yrsV4kjLaFRW2cWisEPAihhIOy1dz1kS-nuO22sG6hRT |website=Discogs |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1974|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 65pkix5jfvwbhkkak7uc1uy24p8wvzz 1598842 1598776 2026-09-22T21:11:56Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1598842 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Damond Jiniya''' ni [[mwimbaji]], mtunzi wa mashairi ya nyimbo na mwandishi wa [[Marekani]].<ref>{{Rejea kitabu | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-A0KAQAAMAAJ&q=Damond+Jiniya | title=The Encyclopedia of Popular Music| isbn=9780195313734| last1=Larkin| first1=Colin| date=2006-11-20}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKw7AQAAIAAJ&q=Damond+Jiniya | title=The Rough Guide to Heavy Metal| isbn=9781843534150| last1=Berelian| first1=Essi| year=2005| publisher=Rough Guides}}</ref> Amezaliwa [[16 Desemba]], [[1974]], huko [[Palm Springs]], [[California]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Diet Of Worms Discography: Vinyl, CDs, & More |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/662517-Diet-Of-Worms?srsltid=AfmBOorbrVY6yrsV4kjLaFRW2cWisEPAihhIOy1dz1kS-nuO22sG6hRT |website=Discogs |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1974|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] o9jxhiocvhbhpejrp7tu9td4ykj2ojv 0 250677 1598778 2026-09-22T17:17:47Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Melina Mae Cortez Duterte''' (amezaliwa mwaka [[1994]]), anayejulikana zaidi kwa jina lake la kisanii '''Jay Som''', ni [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa [[Marekani]], mpiga ala mbalimbali, mtayarishaji na mhandisi wa uchanganyaji wa sauti.<ref>{{cite web |last=Richardson |first=Mark |date=August 21, 2019 |title='Anak Ko' by Jay Som Review: Sounds of the Past Sans Nostalgia |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/anak-ko-by-jay-som-review-sounds-of-the-past...' 1598778 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Melina Mae Cortez Duterte''' (amezaliwa mwaka [[1994]]), anayejulikana zaidi kwa jina lake la kisanii '''Jay Som''', ni [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa [[Marekani]], mpiga ala mbalimbali, mtayarishaji na mhandisi wa uchanganyaji wa sauti.<ref>{{cite web |last=Richardson |first=Mark |date=August 21, 2019 |title='Anak Ko' by Jay Som Review: Sounds of the Past Sans Nostalgia |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/anak-ko-by-jay-som-review-sounds-of-the-past-sans-nostalgia-11566416366 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822043108/https://www.wsj.com/articles/anak-ko-by-jay-som-review-sounds-of-the-past-sans-nostalgia-11566416366 |archive-date=August 22, 2019 |work=Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Factora |first1=James |title=This Musician's 80s-Inspired Indie Rock is Quietly Revolutionary |url=https://www.them.us/story/jay-som-anak-ko-interview |access-date=May 10, 2026 |work=[[Them (magazine)|Them]] |date=August 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119182750/https://www.them.us/story/jay-som-anak-ko-interview |archive-date=November 19, 2019}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1994|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] k9q4q5k333yyrtq0r47o1d1ir55kfql 0 250678 1598779 2026-09-22T17:20:25Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Kim Kyun-woo''' (amezaliwa [[8 Aprili]], [[1983]]), anayejulikana kitaaluma kama '''Jay''' ni [[mwimbaji]], [[mwigizaji]] na mkufunzi wa sauti wa [[Korea Kusini]]. Yeye ni mwanachama wa bendi ya rock TRAX (band na mwanachama wa zamani wa kikundi cha mradi cha SM Entertainment SM The Ballad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=S.M. THE BALLAD |url=http://world.kbs.co.kr/service/contents_view.htm?lang=e&menu_cate=artist&id=&board_seq=234901&page=58&board_code=music_ar...' 1598779 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kim Kyun-woo''' (amezaliwa [[8 Aprili]], [[1983]]), anayejulikana kitaaluma kama '''Jay''' ni [[mwimbaji]], [[mwigizaji]] na mkufunzi wa sauti wa [[Korea Kusini]]. Yeye ni mwanachama wa bendi ya rock TRAX (band na mwanachama wa zamani wa kikundi cha mradi cha SM Entertainment SM The Ballad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=S.M. THE BALLAD |url=http://world.kbs.co.kr/service/contents_view.htm?lang=e&menu_cate=artist&id=&board_seq=234901&page=58&board_code=music_artist |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=world.kbs.co.kr |language=en}}</ref><ref>Kang Seung-hun [http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2010121714295567453 "Super Junior Kyuhyun says advice from cast members helps with musical"] ''10 Asia''. 17 December 2010. Retrieved 2011-12-08</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1983|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] tupob2iwrlm066anjskqj8tghg7zml6 1598788 1598779 2026-09-22T17:48:13Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1598788 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kim Kyun-woo''' (amezaliwa [[8 Aprili]], [[1983]]), anayejulikana kitaaluma kama '''Jay''' ni [[mwimbaji]], [[mwigizaji]] na mkufunzi wa sauti wa [[Korea Kusini]]. Yeye ni mwanachama wa bendi ya rock TRAX (band na mwanachama wa zamani wa kikundi cha mradi cha SM Entertainment SM The Ballad.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=S.M. THE BALLAD |url=http://world.kbs.co.kr/service/contents_view.htm?lang=e&menu_cate=artist&id=&board_seq=234901&page=58&board_code=music_artist |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=world.kbs.co.kr |language=en}}</ref><ref>Kang Seung-hun [http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2010121714295567453 "Super Junior Kyuhyun says advice from cast members helps with musical"] ''10 Asia''. 17 December 2010. Retrieved 2011-12-08</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1983|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 701o25gpad9cj0kbdgmhtp41fx2dg2a 0 250679 1598780 2026-09-22T17:25:04Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jacob Lee-Nicholas Sullenger''' (amezaliwa [[23 Desemba]], [[1995]])<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Jacob Leenicholas Sullenger, Born 12/23/1995 in California|url=https://www.californiabirthindex.org/birth/jacob_leenicholas_sullenger_born_1995_24046482|access-date=May 12, 2020|website=[[California Birth Index]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=June 6, 2014|title=Fort Mill High School to award 419 diplomas|url=https://www.heraldonline.com/news/local/community...' 1598780 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jacob Lee-Nicholas Sullenger''' (amezaliwa [[23 Desemba]], [[1995]])<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Jacob Leenicholas Sullenger, Born 12/23/1995 in California|url=https://www.californiabirthindex.org/birth/jacob_leenicholas_sullenger_born_1995_24046482|access-date=May 12, 2020|website=[[California Birth Index]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=June 6, 2014|title=Fort Mill High School to award 419 diplomas|url=https://www.heraldonline.com/news/local/community/fort-mill-times/article12000974.html|access-date=May 12, 2020|website=[[The Herald (Rock Hill)|Herald Online]]|publisher=Fort Mill Times}}</ref> anayejulikana kitaaluma kama '''Jawny''' (zamani '''Johnny Utah'''), ni [[mwimbaji]], mtunzi wa nyimbo na mtayarishaji wa rekodi wa [[Marekani]].<ref name="Diffus">{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1WqbcjReX-Y |title=Jawny - Love Boy Pop Music From Los Angeles (Portrait) |date=April 5, 2020 |medium=Video |publisher=Diffus |access-date=July 8, 2020 |people=Sullenger, Jacob (interviewee)}}</ref><ref name="Bill20">{{cite magazine |last=Ginsberg |first=Gab |date=February 14, 2020 |title=New Interscope Signee Jawny on Why He Won't Just Be Another 'Viral' Moment |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8550829/jawny-signs-interscope-records-record-deal-interview |magazine=Billboard |access-date=July 8, 2020}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1995|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] lpeo01w4kmutpnema3nt4w1qusa1kyf 1598787 1598780 2026-09-22T17:48:03Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1598787 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jacob Lee-Nicholas Sullenger''' (amezaliwa [[23 Desemba]], [[1995]])<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Jacob Leenicholas Sullenger, Born 12/23/1995 in California|url=https://www.californiabirthindex.org/birth/jacob_leenicholas_sullenger_born_1995_24046482|access-date=May 12, 2020|website=[[California Birth Index]]}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=June 6, 2014|title=Fort Mill High School to award 419 diplomas|url=https://www.heraldonline.com/news/local/community/fort-mill-times/article12000974.html|access-date=May 12, 2020|website=[[The Herald (Rock Hill)|Herald Online]]|publisher=Fort Mill Times}}</ref> anayejulikana kitaaluma kama '''Jawny''' (zamani '''Johnny Utah'''), ni [[mwimbaji]], mtunzi wa nyimbo na mtayarishaji wa rekodi wa [[Marekani]].<ref name="Diffus">{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1WqbcjReX-Y |title=Jawny - Love Boy Pop Music From Los Angeles (Portrait) |date=April 5, 2020 |medium=Video |publisher=Diffus |access-date=July 8, 2020 |people=Sullenger, Jacob (interviewee)}}</ref><ref name="Bill20">{{cite magazine |last=Ginsberg |first=Gab |date=February 14, 2020 |title=New Interscope Signee Jawny on Why He Won't Just Be Another 'Viral' Moment |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8550829/jawny-signs-interscope-records-record-deal-interview |magazine=Billboard |access-date=July 8, 2020}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1995|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 0esxirm9nzm4rmvry3wutv3tkpu7wr7 0 250680 1598781 2026-09-22T17:28:29Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jasmine Marie Villegas''' (alizaliwa [[7 Desemba]], [[1993]]), anayejulikana kitaaluma kama '''Jasmine V''', ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]]. Alisaini mkataba na kampuni ya kurekodi ya Damon Dash iitwayo Dame Dash Music Group akiwa na umri wa miaka 12, na RCA Records akiwa na umri wa miaka 16, kabla ya kusaini mkataba na Interscope Records na Eye Know a Secret (E.K.A.S.) Records ya Ester Dean.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainm...' 1598781 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jasmine Marie Villegas''' (alizaliwa [[7 Desemba]], [[1993]]), anayejulikana kitaaluma kama '''Jasmine V''', ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]]. Alisaini mkataba na kampuni ya kurekodi ya Damon Dash iitwayo Dame Dash Music Group akiwa na umri wa miaka 12, na RCA Records akiwa na umri wa miaka 16, kabla ya kusaini mkataba na Interscope Records na Eye Know a Secret (E.K.A.S.) Records ya Ester Dean.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/celebrity/chi-jasmine-villegas-justin-bieber-kendrick-lamar-20140926-column.html|title=Interview: Meet Jasmine V|work=Chicago Tribune|date=September 26, 2014|access-date=September 26, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latina.com/jasminevbeckyg|title=JASMINE V & BECKY G ARE LATINA'S FEBRUARY 2014 COVER STARS!|work=Latina magazine|date=December 17, 2013|access-date=December 17, 2013}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1993|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 08przmr7d6r9e6pgrbc2jzri5d1i0pf 0 250681 1598782 2026-09-22T17:31:44Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jasmine Alexandria Sagginario''', anayejulikana zaidi kwa jina la '''Jasmine''' (amezaliwa [[1 Septemba]], [[1994]]), ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]]. Jasmine anajulikana zaidi kwa kushinda mashindano ya ''Radio Disney's The Next BIG Thing'' ya mwaka 2009 yaliyoandaliwa na Radio Disney.<ref>{{YouTube|id=RPLLI7_6VLE|title=''iShine KNECT''}} Retrieved April 18, 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pbskids.org/itsmylife/blog/2010/03/celeb-scoop-jasmine.ht...' 1598782 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jasmine Alexandria Sagginario''', anayejulikana zaidi kwa jina la '''Jasmine''' (amezaliwa [[1 Septemba]], [[1994]]), ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]]. Jasmine anajulikana zaidi kwa kushinda mashindano ya ''Radio Disney's The Next BIG Thing'' ya mwaka 2009 yaliyoandaliwa na Radio Disney.<ref>{{YouTube|id=RPLLI7_6VLE|title=''iShine KNECT''}} Retrieved April 18, 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pbskids.org/itsmylife/blog/2010/03/celeb-scoop-jasmine.html|title=Celeb Scoop: Jasmine - The It's My Life Blog - Real Stuff for Tweens|publisher=|accessdate=April 27, 2017}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1994|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] bla7ezvh2a8c3cu6hgn97xctlfo4x3h 0 250682 1598783 2026-09-22T17:36:04Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elsie Janis''' ('''Elsie Bierbower''', [[16 Machi]], [[1889]] – [[26 Februari]], [[1956]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] wa jukwaani na filamu wa [[Marekani]], [[mwimbaji]], mtunzi wa nyimbo, mwandishi wa filamu na mtangazaji wa redio.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elsie Janis, Stage Star {{!}} Elsie Janis |url=https://library.osu.edu/site/elsiejanis/stage-star/ |access-date=2023-11-29 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>Howard, William F. [http://www.archives.nysed.gov/apt/...' 1598783 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elsie Janis''' ('''Elsie Bierbower''', [[16 Machi]], [[1889]] – [[26 Februari]], [[1956]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] wa jukwaani na filamu wa [[Marekani]], [[mwimbaji]], mtunzi wa nyimbo, mwandishi wa filamu na mtangazaji wa redio.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elsie Janis, Stage Star {{!}} Elsie Janis |url=https://library.osu.edu/site/elsiejanis/stage-star/ |access-date=2023-11-29 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>Howard, William F. [http://www.archives.nysed.gov/apt/magazine/archivesmag_winter05.shtml "The Sweetheart of the A.E.F."] {{webarchive |url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20110706064950/http://www.archives.nysed.gov/apt/magazine/archivesmag_winter05.shtml |date=6 July 2011 }}, ''New York Archives'' magazine, Winter 2005, Volume 4, Number 3, accessed 1 November 2012</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1889|1956}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] g5wt9ef2fd3ig42mjfb8jd4dzepkjbr 1598850 1598783 2026-09-22T21:29:18Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1598850 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elsie Janis''' ('''Elsie Bierbower''', [[16 Machi]], [[1889]] – [[26 Februari]], [[1956]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] wa jukwaani na filamu wa [[Marekani]], [[mwimbaji]], mtunzi wa nyimbo, mwandishi wa filamu na mtangazaji wa redio.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Elsie Janis, Stage Star {{!}} Elsie Janis |url=https://library.osu.edu/site/elsiejanis/stage-star/ |access-date=2023-11-29 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>Howard, William F. [http://www.archives.nysed.gov/apt/magazine/archivesmag_winter05.shtml "The Sweetheart of the A.E.F."] {{webarchive |url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20110706064950/http://www.archives.nysed.gov/apt/magazine/archivesmag_winter05.shtml |date=6 July 2011 }}, ''New York Archives'' magazine, Winter 2005, Volume 4, Number 3, accessed 1 November 2012</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1889|1956}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] t7upvjh9pu0qyrft2o0qzyyu7bv934x 0 250683 1598784 2026-09-22T17:40:23Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Dinah Jane Milika Ilaisaane Hansen''' (amezaliwa [[22 Juni]], [[1997]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]]. Mwaka 2012, alifanya majaribio ya kujiunga na msimu wa pili wa ''The X Factor (American season 2)'' na baadaye akawa mwanachama wa Fifth Harmony, ambacho baadaye kilikuja kuwa mojawapo ya vikundi vya wasichana vilivyouza zaidi katika historia. Baada ya kikundi hicho kutangaza kusitisha shughuli zake kwa muda mwaka 2018, Jane alianza kufanya kazi kama...' 1598784 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dinah Jane Milika Ilaisaane Hansen''' (amezaliwa [[22 Juni]], [[1997]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]]. Mwaka 2012, alifanya majaribio ya kujiunga na msimu wa pili wa ''The X Factor (American season 2)'' na baadaye akawa mwanachama wa Fifth Harmony, ambacho baadaye kilikuja kuwa mojawapo ya vikundi vya wasichana vilivyouza zaidi katika historia. Baada ya kikundi hicho kutangaza kusitisha shughuli zake kwa muda mwaka 2018, Jane alianza kufanya kazi kama msanii wa kujitegemea.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://schonmagazine.com/interview-dinah-jane/ |title= Interview Dinah Jane |website= Schön! |date= June 25, 2019 |access-date= April 20, 2021 |archive-date= April 21, 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210421213640/https://schonmagazine.com/interview-dinah-jane/ |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/life/entertainment/g36503716/pacific-islander-actors-celebrities/|last=Maglente|first=Shanon|title=5: Dinah Jane Hansen|work=Good Housekeeping|date=June 7, 2021|access-date=October 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608044801/https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/life/entertainment/g36503716/pacific-islander-actors-celebrities/|archive-date=June 8, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://themusicnetwork.com/la-reids-new-company-hitco-signs-solo-deal-with-dinah-jane-of-fifth-harmony/|last=Jones|first=Byron|title=LA Reid's new company Hitco signs solo deal with Dinah Jane of Fifth Harmony|work=The Music Network.com|date=August 20, 2018|access-date=October 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006131424/https://themusicnetwork.com/la-reids-new-company-hitco-signs-solo-deal-with-dinah-jane-of-fifth-harmony/|archive-date=October 6, 2021}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1997|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] ptpwxtztoso8wfg35wx4sjg8i1srqgv 1598846 1598784 2026-09-22T21:18:37Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1598846 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dinah Jane Milika Ilaisaane Hansen''' (amezaliwa [[22 Juni]], [[1997]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]]. Mwaka 2012, alifanya majaribio ya kujiunga na msimu wa pili wa ''The X Factor (American season 2)'' na baadaye akawa mwanachama wa Fifth Harmony, ambacho baadaye kilikuja kuwa mojawapo ya vikundi vya wasichana vilivyouza zaidi katika historia. Baada ya kikundi hicho kutangaza kusitisha shughuli zake kwa muda mwaka 2018, Jane alianza kufanya kazi kama msanii wa kujitegemea.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url= https://schonmagazine.com/interview-dinah-jane/ |title= Interview Dinah Jane |website= Schön! |date= June 25, 2019 |access-date= April 20, 2021 |archive-date= April 21, 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210421213640/https://schonmagazine.com/interview-dinah-jane/ |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/life/entertainment/g36503716/pacific-islander-actors-celebrities/|last=Maglente|first=Shanon|title=5: Dinah Jane Hansen|work=Good Housekeeping|date=June 7, 2021|access-date=October 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608044801/https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/life/entertainment/g36503716/pacific-islander-actors-celebrities/|archive-date=June 8, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://themusicnetwork.com/la-reids-new-company-hitco-signs-solo-deal-with-dinah-jane-of-fifth-harmony/|last=Jones|first=Byron|title=LA Reid's new company Hitco signs solo deal with Dinah Jane of Fifth Harmony|work=The Music Network.com|date=August 20, 2018|access-date=October 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006131424/https://themusicnetwork.com/la-reids-new-company-hitco-signs-solo-deal-with-dinah-jane-of-fifth-harmony/|archive-date=October 6, 2021}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1997|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 74nc0tsdar7jmosr7nae1vlwbwtunlf 0 250684 1598785 2026-09-22T17:43:57Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Josiah James Meeker''',<ref>{{cite web |last1=Josiah |first1=James Meeker |title=Josiah James Meeker |url=https://www.instagram.com/josiahjames/ |website=instagram.com |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref> anayejulikana kitaaluma kama '''Josiah James''', ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Marekani]] wa muziki wa [[Kikristo]] na mpiga gitaa, anayepiga muziki wa alternative [[rock]], [[pop]] rock na indie rock. Meeker ametoa albamu mbili kamili za studio, ''The Morning...' 1598785 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Josiah James Meeker''',<ref>{{cite web |last1=Josiah |first1=James Meeker |title=Josiah James Meeker |url=https://www.instagram.com/josiahjames/ |website=instagram.com |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref> anayejulikana kitaaluma kama '''Josiah James''', ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Marekani]] wa muziki wa [[Kikristo]] na mpiga gitaa, anayepiga muziki wa alternative [[rock]], [[pop]] rock na indie rock. Meeker ametoa albamu mbili kamili za studio, ''The Morning Light'' (2009) na ''All Forgotten Things'' (2012).<ref name="IVM Interview One">{{cite web|first=Josh|last=Murphy |title=Interview – Josiah James|url=http://www.indievisionmusic.com/2010/04/05/josiah-james-3/ |publisher=Indie Vision Music |accessdate=March 12, 2016 |date=April 5, 2010}}</ref><ref name="IVM Interview Two">{{cite web|first=Josh|last=Murphy |title=Interview – Josiah James|url=http://www.indievisionmusic.com/2010/11/09/josiah-james-5/ |publisher=Indie Vision Music |accessdate=March 12, 2016 |date=November 9, 2010}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] th6a17lvivoiutcggmgclx7k27jeel6 0 250685 1598786 2026-09-22T17:47:05Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Matthew Frederick Jaffe''' (amezaliwa [[20 Aprili]], [[1995]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] wa [[Marekani]] wa kujitegemea, mpiga gitaa na mwanzilishi wa bendi za Matt Jaffe & The Distractions na Lost Cosmonauts kutoka [[San Francisco]], [[California]].<ref name=Bose1>Bose, Lilledeshan. [https://myspace.com/article/2015/5/15/singer-songwriter-matt-jaffe-power-pop "Dig Singer-songwriter Matt Jaffe's Intellectual Power Pop"], Myspace Artist of...' 1598786 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Frederick Jaffe''' (amezaliwa [[20 Aprili]], [[1995]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] wa [[Marekani]] wa kujitegemea, mpiga gitaa na mwanzilishi wa bendi za Matt Jaffe & The Distractions na Lost Cosmonauts kutoka [[San Francisco]], [[California]].<ref name=Bose1>Bose, Lilledeshan. [https://myspace.com/article/2015/5/15/singer-songwriter-matt-jaffe-power-pop "Dig Singer-songwriter Matt Jaffe's Intellectual Power Pop"], Myspace Artist of the Day, May 15, 2015. Retrieved June 30, 2015.</ref><ref name=Brown1>Brown, Jacob. [http://www.bbook.com/music/matt-jaffe-interview/ "Matt Jaffe's Rockin New Track Turns Out To Be His Carly Simon Moment"], Blackbook, April 14, 2015. Retrieved April 14, 2015.</ref><ref name=Liberatore1>Liberatore, Paul. [http://www.marinij.com/arts-and-entertainment/20150423/press-play-matt-jaffe-and-the-distractions-blast-off "Press Play: Matt Jaffe and the Distractions 'Blast Off'"], ''Marin County Independent Journal'', Marin County, April 23, 2015. Retrieved April 23, 2015.</ref><ref name=Short1>Short, Steven. [http://kalw.org/post/bay-area-beats-matt-jaffe-distractions "Bay Area Beats: Matt Jaffe & The Distractions"], KALW Radio, San Francisco, March 3, 2015. Retrieved on March 3, 2015.</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1995|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] bs5lajbwvayytnzfb6ils8bj6j252mt 0 250686 1598789 2026-09-22T17:50:23Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[File:Alice Oates 1875.jpg|thumb|right|Alice Oates mwaka 1875]] '''Alice Oates''' ([[22 Septemba]], [[1849]] – [[10 Januari]], [[1887]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]], meneja wa ukumbi wa [[michezo]] na mwanzilishi wa maigizo ya muziki ya [[Marekani]], aliyepeleka opéra bouffe kwa [[Kiingereza]] katika pembe zote za Marekani.<ref name=Preston>[[Katherine K. Preston]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=OJg4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA182 ''Opera for the People: English-Lan...' 1598789 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Alice Oates 1875.jpg|thumb|right|Alice Oates mwaka 1875]] '''Alice Oates''' ([[22 Septemba]], [[1849]] – [[10 Januari]], [[1887]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]], meneja wa ukumbi wa [[michezo]] na mwanzilishi wa maigizo ya muziki ya [[Marekani]], aliyepeleka opéra bouffe kwa [[Kiingereza]] katika pembe zote za Marekani.<ref name=Preston>[[Katherine K. Preston]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=OJg4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA182 ''Opera for the People: English-Language Opera and Women Managers in Late 19th-century America''], Oxford University Press (2017) - Google Books pg. 48</ref><ref name=Chronicle>Gerald Bordman, Gerald Martin Bordman and Richard Norton [https://books.google.com/books?id=OVdShkzkX74C&pg=PA29 ''American Musical Theatre: A Chronicle''], Oxford University Press (2011) - Google Books pg. 29</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1849|1887}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] dd0ln9qq8t41ceisjczu6h568dmdhal 0 250687 1598790 2026-09-22T17:53:33Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Debbie Obarski''' (amezaliwa [[10 Desemba]], [[1969]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]], anayejulikana zaidi kama mwimbaji mkuu wa bendi za heshima za Ozzy Osbourne, The Little Dolls na Diary of a Madwoman, pamoja na kuwa mwanachama wa muda mfupi wa The Iron Maidens.<ref>[http://www.ultimatemetal.com/forum/iron-maidens/408148-iron-maidens-camp-victory-iraq.html The Iron Maidens Forums – The Iron Maidens at Camp Victory, Iraq]</ref> ==Marejeo== <refere...' 1598790 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Debbie Obarski''' (amezaliwa [[10 Desemba]], [[1969]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]], anayejulikana zaidi kama mwimbaji mkuu wa bendi za heshima za Ozzy Osbourne, The Little Dolls na Diary of a Madwoman, pamoja na kuwa mwanachama wa muda mfupi wa The Iron Maidens.<ref>[http://www.ultimatemetal.com/forum/iron-maidens/408148-iron-maidens-camp-victory-iraq.html The Iron Maidens Forums – The Iron Maidens at Camp Victory, Iraq]</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1969|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 5cicnasn4h7zqo3qmjqiaylwrx78e6v 0 250688 1598792 2026-09-22T17:57:26Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Carl Patrick "Cubby" O'Brien''' (amezaliwa [[14 Julai]], [[1946]]), anayejulikana zaidi kwa jina lake la utani '''Cubby''', ni mpiga [[ngoma]] wa [[Marekani]] na [[mwigizaji]] wa zamani wa watoto.<ref>''Walt Disney's Magazine'', Vol II No 6, October 1957, pg 9</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=We Tried to Ride Every Disneyland Opening Day Attraction on Its 70th Birthday | website=[[YouTube]] | date=18 July 2025 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7XHRO-xbK...' 1598792 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Carl Patrick "Cubby" O'Brien''' (amezaliwa [[14 Julai]], [[1946]]), anayejulikana zaidi kwa jina lake la utani '''Cubby''', ni mpiga [[ngoma]] wa [[Marekani]] na [[mwigizaji]] wa zamani wa watoto.<ref>''Walt Disney's Magazine'', Vol II No 6, October 1957, pg 9</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=We Tried to Ride Every Disneyland Opening Day Attraction on Its 70th Birthday | website=[[YouTube]] | date=18 July 2025 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7XHRO-xbK9Q&t=327s&ab_channel=ForYourAmusement }}</ref><ref>''The Dallas Observer'', October 31, 1996, Music Section, "Not So Mickey Mouse" by Laurel Ornish</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1946|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] scwfb8f0ro7ysh6v391mcphx054ya4a 0 250689 1598793 2026-09-22T18:01:15Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Anita O'Day''' (amezaliwa kwa jina '''Anita Belle Colton'''; [[18 Oktoba]], [[1919]] – [[23 Novemba]], [[2006]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] anayejulikana kwa kazi zake katika aina ya [[jazz]]. Alizingatiwa kuwa mwimbaji wa [[jazz]] mwenye ushawishi kutokana na uwezo wake wa kuendana na mipangilio ya muziki yenye midundo ya haraka na kwa mtindo wake wa kipekee wa uimbaji.<ref name="Obit">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/n...' 1598793 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anita O'Day''' (amezaliwa kwa jina '''Anita Belle Colton'''; [[18 Oktoba]], [[1919]] – [[23 Novemba]], [[2006]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] anayejulikana kwa kazi zake katika aina ya [[jazz]]. Alizingatiwa kuwa mwimbaji wa [[jazz]] mwenye ushawishi kutokana na uwezo wake wa kuendana na mipangilio ya muziki yenye midundo ya haraka na kwa mtindo wake wa kipekee wa uimbaji.<ref name="Obit">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/nov/27/guardianobituaries.obituaries1|title=Obituary: Anita O'Day|last=Fordham|first=John|author-link=John Fordham (jazz critic)|date=2006-11-27|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|language=en|access-date=2018-08-11}}</ref><ref name="LarkinJazz">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Guinness Who's Who of Jazz]]|editor=[[Colin Larkin (writer)|Colin Larkin]]|publisher=[[Guinness Publishing]]|date=1992|edition=First|isbn=0-85112-580-8|page=306/7}}</ref><ref name="Obit">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/nov/27/guardianobituaries.obituaries1|title=Obituary: Anita O'Day|last=Fordham|first=John|author-link=John Fordham (jazz critic)|date=2006-11-27|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|language=en|access-date=2018-08-11}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1919|2006}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] oq3tk18es90zov2kkv6dnkf0xv5lz3i 0 250690 1598795 2026-09-22T18:05:12Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Nick Steven Oliveri''' (amezaliwa [[21 Oktoba]], [[1971]]) ni mpiga ala mbalimbali, [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] wa [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana zaidi kama mpiga besi wa zamani wa Kyuss na baadaye Queens of the Stone Age kuanzia mwaka 1998 hadi 2004.<ref name="Nick Oliveri">[http://www.allmusic.com/artist/nick-oliveri-mn0000398373#wre "Nick Oliveri"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023232822/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/nick-oli...' 1598795 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nick Steven Oliveri''' (amezaliwa [[21 Oktoba]], [[1971]]) ni mpiga ala mbalimbali, [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] wa [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana zaidi kama mpiga besi wa zamani wa Kyuss na baadaye Queens of the Stone Age kuanzia mwaka 1998 hadi 2004.<ref name="Nick Oliveri">[http://www.allmusic.com/artist/nick-oliveri-mn0000398373#wre "Nick Oliveri"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023232822/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/nick-oliveri-mn0000398373#wre |date=October 23, 2013 }}. [[AllMusic]]. Retrieved on October 5, 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.heavypsychsounds.com/bands/stoner.htm|title=Stöner|website=Heavy Psych Sounds Records|access-date=April 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|id=rR3gnFL2Eoo|time=0m19s|title=Nick Oliveri - Interview July 2015 (Stoned From The Underground)}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1971|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] gbz1u0s8wd1jl7o5a0nr62snx9wvwbf 0 250691 1598796 2026-09-22T18:07:50Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Gerardo Ortiz''' (alizaliwa [[5 Oktoba]], [[1989]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] wa aina ya muziki wa Kimexico wa kikanda.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Billboard Staff|title=2013 Grammy Awards: Latin Album Nominations|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/1483746/2013-grammy-awards-latin-album-nominations|access-date=December 9, 2014|magazine=Billboard|date=December 21, 2012}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1989|}} Jami...' 1598796 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gerardo Ortiz''' (alizaliwa [[5 Oktoba]], [[1989]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] wa aina ya muziki wa Kimexico wa kikanda.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Billboard Staff|title=2013 Grammy Awards: Latin Album Nominations|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/1483746/2013-grammy-awards-latin-album-nominations|access-date=December 9, 2014|magazine=Billboard|date=December 21, 2012}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1989|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 6g51gh8kx7aomdik2j4dwl0nxir198k 0 250692 1598797 2026-09-22T18:11:38Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Kell Osborne''' ([[12 Machi]], [[1939]] – [[29 Januari]], [[2012]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] anayejulikana zaidi kama mwanachama wa The Primes, kikundi ambacho baadaye kilijulikana kama The Temptations.<ref>{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Otis|title=Temptations|year=2002|isbn=0-8154-1218-5|page=30|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield }}</ref><ref name="soulsource">{{cite web|title=You Can't Outsmart A Woman - The Kell Osborne Story|url=http://ww...' 1598797 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kell Osborne''' ([[12 Machi]], [[1939]] – [[29 Januari]], [[2012]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] anayejulikana zaidi kama mwanachama wa The Primes, kikundi ambacho baadaye kilijulikana kama The Temptations.<ref>{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Otis|title=Temptations|year=2002|isbn=0-8154-1218-5|page=30|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield }}</ref><ref name="soulsource">{{cite web|title=You Can't Outsmart A Woman - The Kell Osborne Story|url=http://www.soul-source.co.uk/index.php/articles.html/_/soul-articles/you-cant-outsmart-a-woman-the-kell-osbor-r1954|website=Soul-source.co.uk|date=26 August 2023 }}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1939|2012}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] rucjgyeqvwt89sjyqklqhvc9n2van5n 0 250693 1598798 2026-09-22T18:15:21Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Donald Clark Osmond''' (alizaliwa [[9 Desemba]], [[1957]]) ni [[mwimbaji]], [[mwigizaji]], mtangazaji wa televisheni na sanamu wa [[vijana]] wa zamani wa [[Marekani]]. Alipata umaarufu akitumbuiza pamoja na kaka zake wanne wakubwa kama the Osmonds, na kupata vibao kadhaa vilivyoingia katika nafasi kumi bora pamoja na albamu zilizopata hadhi ya dhahabu.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2019/11/18/marie-donny-osmond-f...' 1598798 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Donald Clark Osmond''' (alizaliwa [[9 Desemba]], [[1957]]) ni [[mwimbaji]], [[mwigizaji]], mtangazaji wa televisheni na sanamu wa [[vijana]] wa zamani wa [[Marekani]]. Alipata umaarufu akitumbuiza pamoja na kaka zake wanne wakubwa kama the Osmonds, na kupata vibao kadhaa vilivyoingia katika nafasi kumi bora pamoja na albamu zilizopata hadhi ya dhahabu.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2019/11/18/marie-donny-osmond-fight-tears-during-last-las-vegas-show/4233723002/ |title=Marie and Donny Osmond fight back tears during last Las Vegas show |website=[[USA Today]] |date=2019-11-18 |access-date=2020-03-23 |archive-date=2020-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124150841/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2019/11/18/marie-donny-osmond-fight-tears-during-last-las-vegas-show/4233723002/ |url-status=live |last=Trepany|first=Charles}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=FitzPatrick |first=Hayley |title=Donny and Marie Osmond end their long-running Vegas residency with emotional show |url=https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/culture/story/donny-marie-osmond-end-long-running-vegas-residency-67104017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129200756/https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/culture/story/donny-marie-osmond-end-long-running-vegas-residency-67104017 |archive-date=2020-11-29 |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=Good Morning America |language=en|date=November 18, 2019}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1957|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 9f07qyp0ok288qvil7s7c6bcpe83tq9 1598848 1598798 2026-09-22T21:21:07Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1598848 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Donald Clark Osmond''' (alizaliwa [[9 Desemba]], [[1957]]) ni [[mwimbaji]], [[mwigizaji]], mtangazaji wa televisheni na sanamu wa [[vijana]] wa zamani wa [[Marekani]]. Alipata umaarufu akitumbuiza pamoja na kaka zake wanne wakubwa kama the Osmonds, na kupata vibao kadhaa vilivyoingia katika nafasi kumi bora pamoja na albamu zilizopata hadhi ya dhahabu.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2019/11/18/marie-donny-osmond-fight-tears-during-last-las-vegas-show/4233723002/ |title=Marie and Donny Osmond fight back tears during last Las Vegas show |website=[[USA Today]] |date=2019-11-18 |access-date=2020-03-23 |archive-date=2020-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124150841/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2019/11/18/marie-donny-osmond-fight-tears-during-last-las-vegas-show/4233723002/ |url-status=live |last=Trepany|first=Charles}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=FitzPatrick |first=Hayley |title=Donny and Marie Osmond end their long-running Vegas residency with emotional show |url=https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/culture/story/donny-marie-osmond-end-long-running-vegas-residency-67104017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129200756/https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/culture/story/donny-marie-osmond-end-long-running-vegas-residency-67104017 |archive-date=2020-11-29 |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=Good Morning America |language=en|date=November 18, 2019}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1957|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 88yyqy5zshsfauh0z7jeh7eero9in6j 0 250694 1598799 2026-09-22T18:18:56Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Johnny Otis''' ([[28 Desemba]], [[1921]] – [[17 Januari]], [[2012]]), aliyezaliwa kwa jina '''Ioannis Alexandres Veliotes''' alikuwa [[mwimbaji]], [[mwanamuziki]], mtunzi wa muziki, kiongozi wa bendi, mtayarishaji wa rekodi, mtafutaji wa vipaji na mhubiri wa [[Kigiriki]]-[[Mmarekani]].<ref name="LAT">{{cite news|last=Lewis |first=Randy |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-johnny-otis-20120119,0,2183487.story |title=Johnny Otis Obituary:...' 1598799 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Johnny Otis''' ([[28 Desemba]], [[1921]] – [[17 Januari]], [[2012]]), aliyezaliwa kwa jina '''Ioannis Alexandres Veliotes''' alikuwa [[mwimbaji]], [[mwanamuziki]], mtunzi wa muziki, kiongozi wa bendi, mtayarishaji wa rekodi, mtafutaji wa vipaji na mhubiri wa [[Kigiriki]]-[[Mmarekani]].<ref name="LAT">{{cite news|last=Lewis |first=Randy |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-johnny-otis-20120119,0,2183487.story |title=Johnny Otis Obituary: R&B Singer, Drummer, Bandleader Dies at 90 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date= January 19, 2012|access-date=January 19, 2012}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Linna |first=Marian |title=Liner Notes of "Wild Guitar" CD |publisher=Norton Records |year=2005}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1921|2012}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 1e1r6exbizafb6yn4hwvziutso1o8ca 1598858 1598799 2026-09-22T22:26:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1598858 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Johnny Otis''' ([[28 Desemba]], [[1921]] – [[17 Januari]], [[2012]]), aliyezaliwa kwa jina '''Ioannis Alexandres Veliotes''' alikuwa [[mwimbaji]], [[mwanamuziki]], mtunzi wa muziki, kiongozi wa bendi, mtayarishaji wa rekodi, mtafutaji wa vipaji na mhubiri wa [[Kigiriki]]-[[Mmarekani]].<ref name="LAT">{{cite news|last=Lewis |first=Randy |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-johnny-otis-20120119,0,2183487.story |title=Johnny Otis Obituary: R&B Singer, Drummer, Bandleader Dies at 90 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date= January 19, 2012|access-date=January 19, 2012}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea kitabu |last=Linna |first=Marian |title=Liner Notes of "Wild Guitar" CD |publisher=Norton Records |year=2005}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1921|2012}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 8rhdu9qxk3xvd5fsbg0u7m7ztsrbot5 0 250695 1598801 2026-09-22T18:21:24Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jamie Owens-Collins''' (amezaliwa [[Septemba]], [[1955]]), aliyezaliwa kwa jina '''Jamie Sue Owens''', ni mtunzi wa muziki, [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] wa [[Marekani]] wa muziki wa kisasa wa [[Kikristo]].<ref name=powell>Mark Allan Powell, ''Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music''. Hendrickson Publishers, 2002, pp. 662-663.</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1955|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]]' 1598801 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jamie Owens-Collins''' (amezaliwa [[Septemba]], [[1955]]), aliyezaliwa kwa jina '''Jamie Sue Owens''', ni mtunzi wa muziki, [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] wa [[Marekani]] wa muziki wa kisasa wa [[Kikristo]].<ref name=powell>Mark Allan Powell, ''Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music''. Hendrickson Publishers, 2002, pp. 662-663.</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1955|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 8hl6jdw8s8l7awx8xcf7wrkcxs74sbm 0 250696 1598804 2026-09-22T18:48:35Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Curtis Northrup Strange''' (alizaliwa [[30 Januari]] [[1955]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Norfolk, Virginia]]. Alishinda U.S. Open mara mbili mfululizo ([[1988]], [[1989]]). Alishinda mataji 17 ya PGA Tour. Alikuwa mchezaji wa kwanza kushinda dola milioni moja katika msimu mmoja wa PGA Tour mwaka [[1988]]. Baada ya kustaafu, alikua mchambuzi wa gofu kwenye televisheni.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dps.endavadigital...' 1598804 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Curtis Northrup Strange''' (alizaliwa [[30 Januari]] [[1955]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Norfolk, Virginia]]. Alishinda U.S. Open mara mbili mfululizo ([[1988]], [[1989]]). Alishinda mataji 17 ya PGA Tour. Alikuwa mchezaji wa kwanza kushinda dola milioni moja katika msimu mmoja wa PGA Tour mwaka [[1988]]. Baada ya kustaafu, alikua mchambuzi wa gofu kwenye televisheni.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/2007%20Stats/86TO0810.pdf |title=69 Players Who Have Reached The Top-10 In World Ranking |publisher=Official World Golf Ranking |access-date=December 20, 2013 |archive-date=October 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017160152/http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1955]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] p4fnegujbnk5r9z56s1rs4dtr2ave6q 0 250698 1598805 2026-09-22T18:51:07Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Alfred John "Jack" Westland''' ( [[14 Desemba]] [[1904]] – [[3 Novemba]] [[1982]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa na mwanasiasa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Everett, [[Washington]]. Alishinda U.S. Amateur mwaka [[1952]] na aliwakilisha Marekani katika Walker Cup. Alihudumu kama mwanachama wa House of Representatives kutoka Washington kuanzia [[1953]] hadi [[1965]]. <ref name=who>{{cite book |last1=Elliott |first1=Len |first2=Barbara |last2...' 1598805 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alfred John "Jack" Westland''' ( [[14 Desemba]] [[1904]] – [[3 Novemba]] [[1982]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa na mwanasiasa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Everett, [[Washington]]. Alishinda U.S. Amateur mwaka [[1952]] na aliwakilisha Marekani katika Walker Cup. Alihudumu kama mwanachama wa House of Representatives kutoka Washington kuanzia [[1953]] hadi [[1965]]. <ref name=who>{{cite book |last1=Elliott |first1=Len |first2=Barbara |last2=Kelly |title=Who's Who in Golf |year=1976 |publisher=Arlington House |location=New Rochelle, New York |isbn=0-87000-225-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/whoswhoingolf00elli/page/199 199] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/whoswhoingolf00elli/page/199 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1952-09-01 |title=Sport: Oldest Golf Champ |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,816886,00.html |access-date=2025-06-12 |magazine=Time}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1904]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1982]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Marekani]] nd5f3xapr4l37j6ioi61dooyd9lntq7 1599221 1598805 2026-09-23T10:24:18Z Ally0111 85292 1599221 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alfred John "Jack" Westland''' ( [[14 Desemba]] [[1904]] – [[3 Novemba]] [[1982]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa na mwanasiasa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Everett, [[Washington]]. Alishinda U.S. Amateur mwaka [[1952]] na aliwakilisha Marekani katika Walker Cup. Alihudumu kama mwanachama wa House of Representatives kutoka Washington kuanzia [[1953]] hadi [[1965]]. <ref name=who>{{cite book |last1=Elliott |first1=Len |first2=Barbara |last2=Kelly |title=Who's Who in Golf |year=1976 |publisher=Arlington House |location=New Rochelle, New York |isbn=0-87000-225-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/whoswhoingolf00elli/page/199 199] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/whoswhoingolf00elli/page/199 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1952-09-01 |title=Sport: Oldest Golf Champ |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,816886,00.html |access-date=2025-06-12 |magazine=Time}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1904]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1982]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Marekani]] qslc14yvi18zmwngqi7mjps3b9hr2z7 0 250699 1598806 2026-09-22T18:53:32Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''William Todd Hamilton''' (alizaliwa [[18 Oktoba]] [[1965]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Galesburg, [[Illinois]]. Alishinda The Open Championship mwaka [[2004]] huko Royal Troon, akimshinda Ernie Els katika playoff. Alishinda mataji 4 ya PGA Tour. Kabla ya ushindi wake mkubwa, alicheza kwa miaka mingi katika Japan Golf Tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ihsa.org/Sports-Activities/Boys-Golf/Records-History?url=/dat...' 1598806 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William Todd Hamilton''' (alizaliwa [[18 Oktoba]] [[1965]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Galesburg, [[Illinois]]. Alishinda The Open Championship mwaka [[2004]] huko Royal Troon, akimshinda Ernie Els katika playoff. Alishinda mataji 4 ya PGA Tour. Kabla ya ushindi wake mkubwa, alicheza kwa miaka mingi katika Japan Golf Tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ihsa.org/Sports-Activities/Boys-Golf/Records-History?url=/data/gob/records/index.htm |title=Records & History: Boys Golf Medalists |publisher=Illinois High School Association }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XIei0t62ldIC |title=Heineken World of Golf 93 |first=Nick |last=Edmund |publisher=Stanley Paul |date=1993 |isbn=0091781000 |page=170}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1965]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] fjhe7civm8o2mqqlkkzypx25kxegitw 1599222 1598806 2026-09-23T10:24:58Z Ally0111 85292 1599222 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William Todd Hamilton''' (alizaliwa [[18 Oktoba]] [[1965]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Galesburg, [[Illinois]]. Alishinda The Open Championship mwaka [[2004]] huko Royal Troon, akimshinda Ernie Els katika playoff. Alishinda mataji 4 ya PGA Tour. Kabla ya ushindi wake mkubwa, alicheza kwa miaka mingi katika Japan Golf Tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ihsa.org/Sports-Activities/Boys-Golf/Records-History?url=/data/gob/records/index.htm |title=Records & History: Boys Golf Medalists |publisher=Illinois High School Association }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XIei0t62ldIC |title=Heineken World of Golf 93 |first=Nick |last=Edmund |publisher=Stanley Paul |date=1993 |isbn=0091781000 |page=170}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1965]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ifj4kdkti8lqzwfs4v3guoggtfow24a 0 250700 1598808 2026-09-22T18:56:04Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''George Douglas Sanders''' ( [[24 Julai]] [[1933]] – [[12 Aprili]] [[2020]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Cedartown, [[Georgia]]. Alishinda mataji 20 ya PGA Tour lakini hakuwahi kushinda shindano kuu, ingawa alikaribia mara nne. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kukosa puti ya futi tatu kwenye shimo la 18 katika The Open Championship ya [[1970]] huko St Andrews, ambayo ingempa ushindi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Doug Sanders...' 1598808 wikitext text/x-wiki '''George Douglas Sanders''' ( [[24 Julai]] [[1933]] – [[12 Aprili]] [[2020]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Cedartown, [[Georgia]]. Alishinda mataji 20 ya PGA Tour lakini hakuwahi kushinda shindano kuu, ingawa alikaribia mara nne. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kukosa puti ya futi tatu kwenye shimo la 18 katika The Open Championship ya [[1970]] huko St Andrews, ambayo ingempa ushindi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Doug Sanders obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2020/apr/14/doug-sanders-obituary |access-date=14 April 2020 |newspaper=The Guardian |first=Peter |last=Mason |date=14 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Goldstein |first=Richard |title=Doug Sanders, 'Peacock of the Fairways,' Dies at 86 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/12/obituaries/doug-sanders-dead.html |access-date=June 1, 2020 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 12, 2020}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1933]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2020]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] e96js0shli97ayhc45jjuubiqw6xbzw 1599223 1598808 2026-09-23T10:25:23Z Ally0111 85292 1599223 wikitext text/x-wiki '''George Douglas Sanders''' ( [[24 Julai]] [[1933]] – [[12 Aprili]] [[2020]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Cedartown, [[Georgia]]. Alishinda mataji 20 ya PGA Tour lakini hakuwahi kushinda shindano kuu, ingawa alikaribia mara nne. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kukosa puti ya futi tatu kwenye shimo la 18 katika The Open Championship ya [[1970]] huko St Andrews, ambayo ingempa ushindi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Doug Sanders obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2020/apr/14/doug-sanders-obituary |access-date=14 April 2020 |newspaper=The Guardian |first=Peter |last=Mason |date=14 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Goldstein |first=Richard |title=Doug Sanders, 'Peacock of the Fairways,' Dies at 86 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/12/obituaries/doug-sanders-dead.html |access-date=June 1, 2020 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 12, 2020}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1933]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2020]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] dtgzwumajh7lmzslc132gp5mklxa47c 0 250701 1598809 2026-09-22T18:59:50Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Francis DeSales Ouimet''' ( [[3 Mei]] [[1893]] – [[2 Septemba]] [[1967]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Brookline, Massachusetts]]. Alishinda U.S. Open mwaka [[1913]] huko The Country Club, akimshinda Harry Vardon na Ted Ray katika playoff. Ushindi wake ulichukuliwa kama moja ya matukio muhimu zaidi katika historia ya gofu ya Marekani, ukiongeza umaarufu wa mchezo nchini. Alishinda U.S. Amateur mara mbili na alikuwa mw...' 1598809 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Francis DeSales Ouimet''' ( [[3 Mei]] [[1893]] – [[2 Septemba]] [[1967]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Brookline, Massachusetts]]. Alishinda U.S. Open mwaka [[1913]] huko The Country Club, akimshinda Harry Vardon na Ted Ray katika playoff. Ushindi wake ulichukuliwa kama moja ya matukio muhimu zaidi katika historia ya gofu ya Marekani, ukiongeza umaarufu wa mchezo nchini. Alishinda U.S. Amateur mara mbili na alikuwa mwanachama wa Walker Cup mara nane.<ref name="Duca">{{cite news |title=America's triumph: Remembering a legend |url=http://www.capecodonline.com/cctimes/archives/1999/sept/21/ouimet21.htm |first=Rob |last=Duca |newspaper=[[Cape Cod Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001215080700/http://www.capecodonline.com/cctimes/archives/1999/sept/21/ouimet21.htm |archive-date=December 15, 2000 |access-date=December 12, 2007}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1893]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1967]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] c8qxr846dkae9h3tybakj4af4f7gdtw 1599224 1598809 2026-09-23T10:25:38Z Ally0111 85292 1599224 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Francis DeSales Ouimet''' ( [[3 Mei]] [[1893]] – [[2 Septemba]] [[1967]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Brookline, Massachusetts]]. Alishinda U.S. Open mwaka [[1913]] huko The Country Club, akimshinda Harry Vardon na Ted Ray katika playoff. Ushindi wake ulichukuliwa kama moja ya matukio muhimu zaidi katika historia ya gofu ya Marekani, ukiongeza umaarufu wa mchezo nchini. Alishinda U.S. Amateur mara mbili na alikuwa mwanachama wa Walker Cup mara nane.<ref name="Duca">{{cite news |title=America's triumph: Remembering a legend |url=http://www.capecodonline.com/cctimes/archives/1999/sept/21/ouimet21.htm |first=Rob |last=Duca |newspaper=[[Cape Cod Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001215080700/http://www.capecodonline.com/cctimes/archives/1999/sept/21/ouimet21.htm |archive-date=December 15, 2000 |access-date=December 12, 2007}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1893]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1967]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] s3lr1spkk4rd7q2q29o5a6s7sgal0zh 0 250702 1598810 2026-09-22T19:02:25Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Richard Michael Beem''' (alizaliwa [[24 Agosti]] [[1970]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Phoenix, Arizona]]. Alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[2002]] huko Hazeltine National, akimshinda Tiger Woods. Pia alishinda The International mwaka [[2002]]. Baada ya kustaafu kucheza, alikua mchambuzi wa gofu kwenye Sky Sports.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer Press |first=Brian Murphy |date=2009-08-09 |title=Rich Beem has not won...' 1598810 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Richard Michael Beem''' (alizaliwa [[24 Agosti]] [[1970]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Phoenix, Arizona]]. Alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[2002]] huko Hazeltine National, akimshinda Tiger Woods. Pia alishinda The International mwaka [[2002]]. Baada ya kustaafu kucheza, alikua mchambuzi wa gofu kwenye Sky Sports.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer Press |first=Brian Murphy |date=2009-08-09 |title=Rich Beem has not won since the 2002 PGA, he’s having a great time staying at it. |url=https://www.twincities.com/2009/08/09/rich-beem-has-not-won-since-the-2002-pga-hes-having-a-great-time-staying-at-it/ |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Twin Cities |language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1970]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] abzoxkg3hqy1vnvo5pkbfapxa0jc6g7 1598836 1598810 2026-09-22T21:02:29Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1598836 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Richard Michael Beem''' (alizaliwa [[24 Agosti]] [[1970]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Phoenix, Arizona]]. Alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[2002]] huko Hazeltine National, akimshinda Tiger Woods. Pia alishinda The International mwaka [[2002]]. Baada ya kustaafu kucheza, alikua mchambuzi wa gofu kwenye Sky Sports.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Pioneer Press |first=Brian Murphy |date=2009-08-09 |title=Rich Beem has not won since the 2002 PGA, he’s having a great time staying at it. |url=https://www.twincities.com/2009/08/09/rich-beem-has-not-won-since-the-2002-pga-hes-having-a-great-time-staying-at-it/ |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Twin Cities |language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1970]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] mehlu8b3wz3boyseolslu2acf2t7ux3 1599225 1598836 2026-09-23T10:26:12Z Ally0111 85292 1599225 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Richard Michael Beem''' (alizaliwa [[24 Agosti]] [[1970]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Phoenix, Arizona]]. Alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[2002]] huko Hazeltine National, akimshinda Tiger Woods. Pia alishinda The International mwaka [[2002]]. Baada ya kustaafu kucheza, alikua mchambuzi wa gofu kwenye Sky Sports.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Pioneer Press |first=Brian Murphy |date=2009-08-09 |title=Rich Beem has not won since the 2002 PGA, he’s having a great time staying at it. |url=https://www.twincities.com/2009/08/09/rich-beem-has-not-won-since-the-2002-pga-hes-having-a-great-time-staying-at-it/ |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Twin Cities |language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1970]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 73dvf6y4fy3euzb4vnbhtnl6350qcid 0 250703 1598811 2026-09-22T19:04:46Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''David Robert Duval''' (alizaliwa [[9 Novemba]] [[1971]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Jacksonville, Florida]]. Alishinda The Open Championship mwaka [[2001]] huko Royal Lytham & St Annes. Alikuwa mchezaji bora wa dunia mwaka [[1999]] na alishinda mataji 13 ya PGA Tour. Alifanya kazi kama mchambuzi wa gofu kwenye Golf Channel na NBC Sports.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ramblinwreck.com/ot/fame/halloffame.html#gol...' 1598811 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David Robert Duval''' (alizaliwa [[9 Novemba]] [[1971]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Jacksonville, Florida]]. Alishinda The Open Championship mwaka [[2001]] huko Royal Lytham & St Annes. Alikuwa mchezaji bora wa dunia mwaka [[1999]] na alishinda mataji 13 ya PGA Tour. Alifanya kazi kama mchambuzi wa gofu kwenye Golf Channel na NBC Sports.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ramblinwreck.com/ot/fame/halloffame.html#gol |title=Georgia Tech Athletics Hall of Fame |publisher=ramblinwreck.com |access-date=April 3, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006113939/http://www.ramblinwreck.com/ot/fame/halloffame.html#gol |archive-date=October 6, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1971]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 9ckkpitr4zk5w716kxeydmcmqdmo1fe 1599226 1598811 2026-09-23T10:26:24Z Ally0111 85292 1599226 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David Robert Duval''' (alizaliwa [[9 Novemba]] [[1971]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Jacksonville, Florida]]. Alishinda The Open Championship mwaka [[2001]] huko Royal Lytham & St Annes. Alikuwa mchezaji bora wa dunia mwaka [[1999]] na alishinda mataji 13 ya PGA Tour. Alifanya kazi kama mchambuzi wa gofu kwenye Golf Channel na NBC Sports.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ramblinwreck.com/ot/fame/halloffame.html#gol |title=Georgia Tech Athletics Hall of Fame |publisher=ramblinwreck.com |access-date=April 3, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006113939/http://www.ramblinwreck.com/ot/fame/halloffame.html#gol |archive-date=October 6, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1971]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] gewlus61jvqd8okjl0armw87kq0b4ma 0 250704 1598812 2026-09-22T19:14:06Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Charles Luther Sifford''' ( [[2 Juni]] [[1922]] – [[3 Februari]] [[2015]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Charlotte, North Carolina]]. Alikuwa mchezaji wa kwanza wa Kiafrika-Kiamerika kupata kadi ya PGA Tour mwaka [[1961]], baada ya kuongoza harakati za kupinga ubaguzi wa rangi katika gofu. Alishinda Greater Hartford Open mwaka [[1967]] na Los Angeles Open mwaka [[1969]]. Aliingizwa katika World Golf Hall of...' 1598812 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charles Luther Sifford''' ( [[2 Juni]] [[1922]] – [[3 Februari]] [[2015]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Charlotte, North Carolina]]. Alikuwa mchezaji wa kwanza wa Kiafrika-Kiamerika kupata kadi ya PGA Tour mwaka [[1961]], baada ya kuongoza harakati za kupinga ubaguzi wa rangi katika gofu. Alishinda Greater Hartford Open mwaka [[1967]] na Los Angeles Open mwaka [[1969]]. Aliingizwa katika World Golf Hall of Fame mwaka [[2004]].<ref name=freedom>{{cite web |url=http://www.cleveland.com/open/index.ssf/2014/11/president_obama_awards_charles.html |title=President Obama awards Charles Sifford the Presidential Medal of Freedom |website=cleveland.com |first=Stephen |last=Koff |date=November 24, 2014}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1922]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] 2b2exhqn898y2ztinr5dgwi3219igu6 1599228 1598812 2026-09-23T10:26:41Z Ally0111 85292 1599228 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charles Luther Sifford''' ( [[2 Juni]] [[1922]] – [[3 Februari]] [[2015]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Charlotte, North Carolina]]. Alikuwa mchezaji wa kwanza wa Kiafrika-Kiamerika kupata kadi ya PGA Tour mwaka [[1961]], baada ya kuongoza harakati za kupinga ubaguzi wa rangi katika gofu. Alishinda Greater Hartford Open mwaka [[1967]] na Los Angeles Open mwaka [[1969]]. Aliingizwa katika World Golf Hall of Fame mwaka [[2004]].<ref name=freedom>{{cite web |url=http://www.cleveland.com/open/index.ssf/2014/11/president_obama_awards_charles.html |title=President Obama awards Charles Sifford the Presidential Medal of Freedom |website=cleveland.com |first=Stephen |last=Koff |date=November 24, 2014}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1922]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] pfb9dmwobx8w5y8zrn4zc698n6zzp1t 0 250705 1598814 2026-09-22T19:16:49Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Frederick Stephen Couples''' (alizaliwa [[3 Oktoba]] [[1959]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Seattle]], [[Washington]]. Alishinda Masters Tournament mwaka [[1992]], na alikuwa mchezaji wa kwanza wa Marekani kufikia nafasi ya kwanza katika Official World Golf Ranking mwaka huo. Alishinda mataji 15 ya PGA Tour na alishiriki katika Ryder Cup mara tano. Alijulikana kama "Mr. Skins" kutokana na ushindi wake mara tano kat...' 1598814 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Frederick Stephen Couples''' (alizaliwa [[3 Oktoba]] [[1959]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Seattle]], [[Washington]]. Alishinda Masters Tournament mwaka [[1992]], na alikuwa mchezaji wa kwanza wa Marekani kufikia nafasi ya kwanza katika Official World Golf Ranking mwaka huo. Alishinda mataji 15 ya PGA Tour na alishiriki katika Ryder Cup mara tano. Alijulikana kama "Mr. Skins" kutokana na ushindi wake mara tano katika Skins Game. Alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya Marekani katika Presidents Cup mwaka [[2009]].<ref name=sivbksh>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.si.com/vault/1992/04/20/126374/bank-shot-this-unslippery-slope-gave-fred-couples-the-cushion-he-needed-to-win-the-masters-and-establish-himself-as-golfs-top-player |magazine=Sports Illustrated |last=Reilly |first=Rick |author-link=Rick Reilly |title=Bank shot |date=April 20, 1992 |page=18 |access-date=July 24, 2018 |archive-date=October 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024014556/https://www.si.com/vault/1992/04/20/126374/bank-shot-this-unslippery-slope-gave-fred-couples-the-cushion-he-needed-to-win-the-masters-and-establish-himself-as-golfs-top-player |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.masters.com/en_US/discover/past_winners.html|title=Past Winners & Results|publisher=masters.org|access-date=September 19, 2012|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012024707/http://www.masters.com/en_US/discover/past_winners.html |archive-date=October 12, 2013 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] fgl8ilczrkq6wuo6byr3knqdi7857r6 1599220 1598814 2026-09-23T10:23:31Z Ally0111 85292 1599220 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Frederick Stephen Couples''' (alizaliwa [[3 Oktoba]] [[1959]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Seattle]], [[Washington]]. Alishinda Masters Tournament mwaka [[1992]], na alikuwa mchezaji wa kwanza wa Marekani kufikia nafasi ya kwanza katika Official World Golf Ranking mwaka huo. Alishinda mataji 15 ya PGA Tour na alishiriki katika Ryder Cup mara tano. Alijulikana kama "Mr. Skins" kutokana na ushindi wake mara tano katika Skins Game. Alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya Marekani katika Presidents Cup mwaka [[2009]].<ref name=sivbksh>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.si.com/vault/1992/04/20/126374/bank-shot-this-unslippery-slope-gave-fred-couples-the-cushion-he-needed-to-win-the-masters-and-establish-himself-as-golfs-top-player |magazine=Sports Illustrated |last=Reilly |first=Rick |author-link=Rick Reilly |title=Bank shot |date=April 20, 1992 |page=18 |access-date=July 24, 2018 |archive-date=October 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024014556/https://www.si.com/vault/1992/04/20/126374/bank-shot-this-unslippery-slope-gave-fred-couples-the-cushion-he-needed-to-win-the-masters-and-establish-himself-as-golfs-top-player |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.masters.com/en_US/discover/past_winners.html|title=Past Winners & Results|publisher=masters.org|access-date=September 19, 2012|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012024707/http://www.masters.com/en_US/discover/past_winners.html |archive-date=October 12, 2013 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ecr63iiuv7zwkgg2yh6axn50duyq358 0 250706 1598815 2026-09-22T19:20:18Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''John Riley Brodie''' (alizaliwa [[14 Agosti]] [[1935]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu wa Marekani na mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[San Francisco]], [[California]]. Alicheza kama quarterback wa San Francisco 49ers kwa miaka 17, na baada ya kustaafu alijiunga na PGA Tour mwaka [[1960]]. Alishinda Senior PGA Tour mara mbili.<ref name=wms85>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TVRIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=...' 1598815 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Riley Brodie''' (alizaliwa [[14 Agosti]] [[1935]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu wa Marekani na mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[San Francisco]], [[California]]. Alicheza kama quarterback wa San Francisco 49ers kwa miaka 17, na baada ya kustaafu alijiunga na PGA Tour mwaka [[1960]]. Alishinda Senior PGA Tour mara mbili.<ref name=wms85>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TVRIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FhQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3780%2C8139419 |newspaper=Wilmington Morning Star |location=North Carolina |agency=Associated Press |title=John Brodie to try career in pro golf |date=August 27, 1985 |page=3B }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1935]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] t9qlt1rfwssnun5kpf4pviqtfdue57a 1598816 1598815 2026-09-22T19:20:57Z Ally0111 85292 1598816 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Riley Brodie''' (alizaliwa [[14 Agosti]] [[1935]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu na mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[San Francisco]], [[California]]. Alicheza kama quarterback wa San Francisco 49ers kwa miaka 17, na baada ya kustaafu alijiunga na PGA Tour mwaka [[1960]]. Alishinda Senior PGA Tour mara mbili.<ref name=wms85>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TVRIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FhQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3780%2C8139419 |newspaper=Wilmington Morning Star |location=North Carolina |agency=Associated Press |title=John Brodie to try career in pro golf |date=August 27, 1985 |page=3B }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1935]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 5xthaefxa8nbney2mgws3snvxoqi40a 0 250707 1598820 2026-09-22T19:52:52Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Sayed Abdullah''' ni mchezaji wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]] anayeichezea Kabul Eagles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sayed Abdullah|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com:80/ci/content/player/1120216.html|work=Cricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-22}}</ref> Alifanya [[mchezo]] wake wa kwanza wa Twenty20 akiwa na Kabul Eagles katika [[Ligi]] ya Kriketi ya Shpageeza ya 2017, tarehe 16 Septemba 2017. Katika mchezo wake wa pili, alichukua wiketi mbili kwa kuruhusu runs nane katik...' 1598820 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sayed Abdullah''' ni mchezaji wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]] anayeichezea Kabul Eagles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sayed Abdullah|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com:80/ci/content/player/1120216.html|work=Cricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-22}}</ref> Alifanya [[mchezo]] wake wa kwanza wa Twenty20 akiwa na Kabul Eagles katika [[Ligi]] ya Kriketi ya Shpageeza ya 2017, tarehe 16 Septemba 2017. Katika mchezo wake wa pili, alichukua wiketi mbili kwa kuruhusu runs nane katika overs tatu, ikiwa ndiyo takwimu bora zaidi za upangaji wa mipira katika mchezo huo. Uchezaji huo uliisaidia Kabul Eagles kuiondoa Boost Defenders katika mashindano.<ref>{{Citation|last=Afghanistan|first=1TV|title=Kabul Eagles knock out Boost Defenders|url=http://1tvnews.af:80/en/news/sport/31319-kabul-eagles-knock-out-boost-defenders|work=1tvnewsaf|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-09-22}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] qowzklalao5q2zni5fmi1udqhme0l2j 1598845 1598820 2026-09-22T21:15:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1598845 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sayed Abdullah''' ni mchezaji wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]] anayeichezea Kabul Eagles.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sayed Abdullah|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com:80/ci/content/player/1120216.html|work=Cricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-22}}</ref> Alifanya [[mchezo]] wake wa kwanza wa Twenty20 akiwa na Kabul Eagles katika [[Ligi]] ya Kriketi ya Shpageeza ya 2017, tarehe 16 Septemba 2017. Katika mchezo wake wa pili, alichukua wiketi mbili kwa kuruhusu runs nane katika overs tatu, ikiwa ndiyo takwimu bora zaidi za upangaji wa mipira katika mchezo huo. Uchezaji huo uliisaidia Kabul Eagles kuiondoa Boost Defenders katika mashindano.<ref>{{Citation|last=Afghanistan|first=1TV|title=Kabul Eagles knock out Boost Defenders|url=http://1tvnews.af:80/en/news/sport/31319-kabul-eagles-knock-out-boost-defenders|work=1tvnewsaf|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-09-22}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 499kliaxcixstkq5xzkzlxzs4alloja 0 250708 1598821 2026-09-22T19:56:21Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Abdullah Adil''' (aliyezaliwa 7 Februari 1994) ni mchezaji wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]] anayeshiriki katika kriketi ya daraja la kwanza. Alishiriki katika [[Michezo]] ya Asia ya 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abdullah Adil|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com:80/ci/content/player/533954.html|work=Cricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-22}}</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika [[kriketi]] ya Orodha A akiwa na Afghanistan A dhidi ya Zimbabwe A wakati wa ziara ya Afg...' 1598821 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abdullah Adil''' (aliyezaliwa 7 Februari 1994) ni mchezaji wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]] anayeshiriki katika kriketi ya daraja la kwanza. Alishiriki katika [[Michezo]] ya Asia ya 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abdullah Adil|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com:80/ci/content/player/533954.html|work=Cricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-22}}</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika [[kriketi]] ya Orodha A akiwa na Afghanistan A dhidi ya Zimbabwe A wakati wa ziara ya Afghanistan nchini Zimbabwe, tarehe 27 Januari 2017.<ref>{{Citation|title=1st unofficial ODI: Zimbabwe A v Afghanistan A at Harare, Jan 27, 2017 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard {{!}} ESPN Cricinfo|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1079256.html|work=Cricinfo|language=en|access-date=2026-09-22}}</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Twenty20 akiwa na Speen Ghar Tigers katika Ligi ya Kriketi ya Shpageeza ya 2017, tarehe 17 Septemba 2017. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1994]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo]] 99xn191bcm66hel7lo3yoruik5kpkoj 1598822 1598821 2026-09-22T19:56:44Z Don Malya 61486 1598822 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abdullah Adil''' (aliyezaliwa 7 Februari 1994) ni mchezaji wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]] anayeshiriki katika kriketi ya daraja la kwanza. Alishiriki katika [[Michezo]] ya Asia ya 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abdullah Adil|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com:80/ci/content/player/533954.html|work=Cricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-22}}</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika [[kriketi]] ya Orodha A akiwa na Afghanistan A dhidi ya [[Zimbabwe]] A wakati wa ziara ya Afghanistan nchini Zimbabwe, tarehe 27 Januari 2017.<ref>{{Citation|title=1st unofficial ODI: Zimbabwe A v Afghanistan A at Harare, Jan 27, 2017 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard {{!}} ESPN Cricinfo|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1079256.html|work=Cricinfo|language=en|access-date=2026-09-22}}</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Twenty20 akiwa na Speen Ghar Tigers katika Ligi ya Kriketi ya Shpageeza ya 2017, tarehe 17 Septemba 2017. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1994]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo]] gdmcempeyk2mxx80y62a6te80jzr9oz 0 250709 1598823 2026-09-22T19:59:32Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Usman Adil''' (aliyezaliwa 3 Oktoba 1994) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[kriketi]] wa Afghanistan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Usman Adil|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com:80/ci/content/player/1109594.html|work=Cricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-22}}</ref> Mnamo Septemba 2018, alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Kabul kwa ajili ya toleo la kwanza la [[mashindano]] ya Ligi Kuu ya Afghanistan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gayle, Afridi, Russell: icons in Afghanistan Premier League|url=https:/...' 1598823 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Usman Adil''' (aliyezaliwa 3 Oktoba 1994) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[kriketi]] wa Afghanistan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Usman Adil|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com:80/ci/content/player/1109594.html|work=Cricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-22}}</ref> Mnamo Septemba 2018, alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Kabul kwa ajili ya toleo la kwanza la [[mashindano]] ya Ligi Kuu ya Afghanistan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gayle, Afridi, Russell: icons in Afghanistan Premier League|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24639625/chris-gayle,-shahid-afridi,-andre-russell-icons-afghanistan-premier-league|work=www.espncricinfo.com|accessdate=2026-09-22|language=en}}</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Twenty20 akiwa na Kabul Zwanan katika Ligi Kuu ya Afghanistan ya 2018–19, tarehe 18 Oktoba 2018. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1994]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] m7zfq9t9bulhkozeqmdxomrgvzuwzy3 1598854 1598823 2026-09-22T21:54:42Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1598854 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Usman Adil''' (aliyezaliwa 3 Oktoba 1994) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[kriketi]] wa Afghanistan.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Usman Adil|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com:80/ci/content/player/1109594.html|work=Cricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-22}}</ref> Mnamo Septemba 2018, alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Kabul kwa ajili ya toleo la kwanza la [[mashindano]] ya Ligi Kuu ya Afghanistan.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gayle, Afridi, Russell: icons in Afghanistan Premier League|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24639625/chris-gayle,-shahid-afridi,-andre-russell-icons-afghanistan-premier-league|work=www.espncricinfo.com|accessdate=2026-09-22|language=en}}</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Twenty20 akiwa na Kabul Zwanan katika Ligi Kuu ya Afghanistan ya 2018–19, tarehe 18 Oktoba 2018. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1994]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 04npcq8mqjwg5epxl9mhfbxp8k0xxh7 0 250710 1598824 2026-09-22T20:04:27Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mohammad Sami Agha''' (aliyezaliwa 17 Juni 1989) ni mchezaji wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]]. Sami ni mpigaji wa kulia. Alizaliwa Kandahar, Mkoa wa Kandahar. Sami alicheza mchezo mmoja pekee kwa ajili ya Afghanistan dhidi ya Hong Kong katika robo fainali ya mashindano ya kriketi katika Michezo ya Asia ya 2010. Afghanistan hatimaye ilishinda medali ya fedha. Sami alifanya [[mchezo]] wake wa kwanza wa Twenty20 akiwa na Afghan Cheetahs katika [[Kombe]] la...' 1598824 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohammad Sami Agha''' (aliyezaliwa 17 Juni 1989) ni mchezaji wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]]. Sami ni mpigaji wa kulia. Alizaliwa Kandahar, Mkoa wa Kandahar. Sami alicheza mchezo mmoja pekee kwa ajili ya Afghanistan dhidi ya Hong Kong katika robo fainali ya mashindano ya kriketi katika Michezo ya Asia ya 2010. Afghanistan hatimaye ilishinda medali ya fedha. Sami alifanya [[mchezo]] wake wa kwanza wa Twenty20 akiwa na Afghan Cheetahs katika [[Kombe]] la Faysal Bank Twenty-20, dhidi ya Rawalpindi Rams. Alicheza mchezo mwingine katika mashindano hayo dhidi ya Faisalabad Wolves.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Home of CricketArchive|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1053/1053524/Twenty20_Matches.html|work=cricketarchive.com|accessdate=2026-09-22}}</ref> Katika michezo hiyo miwili, alifunga jumla ya runs 10 kwa wastani wa 5.00, huku alama yake ya juu ikiwa runs 10. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Boost Region katika [[Mashindano]] ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2017–18, tarehe 26 Oktoba 2017.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1053/1053524/tt_Batting_by_Team.html "Twenty20 Batting and Fielding For Each Team by Mohammad Sami".] CricketArchive. Retrieved 30 September 2011.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1989]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] r3lqnicb3dd0w22w8nzc0epwcuh46zu 1598843 1598824 2026-09-22T21:12:07Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1598843 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohammad Sami Agha''' (aliyezaliwa 17 Juni 1989) ni mchezaji wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]]. Sami ni mpigaji wa kulia. Alizaliwa Kandahar, Mkoa wa Kandahar. Sami alicheza mchezo mmoja pekee kwa ajili ya Afghanistan dhidi ya Hong Kong katika robo fainali ya mashindano ya kriketi katika Michezo ya Asia ya 2010. Afghanistan hatimaye ilishinda medali ya fedha. Sami alifanya [[mchezo]] wake wa kwanza wa Twenty20 akiwa na Afghan Cheetahs katika [[Kombe]] la Faysal Bank Twenty-20, dhidi ya Rawalpindi Rams. Alicheza mchezo mwingine katika mashindano hayo dhidi ya Faisalabad Wolves.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Home of CricketArchive|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1053/1053524/Twenty20_Matches.html|work=cricketarchive.com|accessdate=2026-09-22}}</ref> Katika michezo hiyo miwili, alifunga jumla ya runs 10 kwa wastani wa 5.00, huku alama yake ya juu ikiwa runs 10. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Boost Region katika [[Mashindano]] ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2017–18, tarehe 26 Oktoba 2017.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1053/1053524/tt_Batting_by_Team.html "Twenty20 Batting and Fielding For Each Team by Mohammad Sami".] CricketArchive. Retrieved 30 September 2011.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1989]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] acludkms047m5jw60vgcozbe3e0g1uq 0 250711 1598827 2026-09-22T20:18:50Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Craig Robert Stadler''' (alizaliwa [[2 Juni]] [[1953]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[San Diego]], [[California]]. Alishinda Masters Tournament mwaka [[1982]] na mataji 13 ya PGA Tour kati ya [[1980]] na [[2003]]. Alishinda pia mataji 9 ya Champions Tour. Alijulikana kwa jina la utani "The Walrus." Mwanawe, Kevin Stadler, pia ni mchezaji wa gofu wa kulipwa.<ref name="PGApro">{{cite web |title=Craig Stadler – Profi...' 1598827 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Craig Robert Stadler''' (alizaliwa [[2 Juni]] [[1953]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[San Diego]], [[California]]. Alishinda Masters Tournament mwaka [[1982]] na mataji 13 ya PGA Tour kati ya [[1980]] na [[2003]]. Alishinda pia mataji 9 ya Champions Tour. Alijulikana kwa jina la utani "The Walrus." Mwanawe, Kevin Stadler, pia ni mchezaji wa gofu wa kulipwa.<ref name="PGApro">{{cite web |title=Craig Stadler – Profile |url=https://www.pgatour.com/players/player.02133.craig-stadler.html |access-date=October 4, 2019 |publisher=PGA Tour}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1953]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 2h3irouc3x4oqtrdtvqbnw25grmvlcx 1599231 1598827 2026-09-23T10:29:37Z Ally0111 85292 1599231 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Craig Robert Stadler''' (alizaliwa [[2 Juni]] [[1953]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[San Diego]], [[California]]. Alishinda Masters Tournament mwaka [[1982]] na mataji 13 ya PGA Tour kati ya [[1980]] na [[2003]]. Alishinda pia mataji 9 ya Champions Tour. Alijulikana kwa jina la utani "The Walrus." Mwanawe, Kevin Stadler, pia ni mchezaji wa gofu wa kulipwa.<ref name="PGApro">{{cite web |title=Craig Stadler – Profile |url=https://www.pgatour.com/players/player.02133.craig-stadler.html |access-date=October 4, 2019 |publisher=PGA Tour}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1953]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] nb7mugb1jkqexjcrcvfmygro9o6vtvy 0 250712 1598828 2026-09-22T20:23:36Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Hale S. Irwin''' (alizaliwa [[3 Juni]] [[1945]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Joplin, [[Missouri]]. Alishinda U.S. Open mara tatu ([[1974]], [[1979]], [[1990]]) na mataji 20 ya PGA Tour. Mwaka [[1990]], alikua mshindi mzee zaidi wa U.S. Open akiwa na umri wa miaka 45. Katika Champions Tour, ameshinda mataji 45, rekodi ya juu zaidi katika historia ya Champions Tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haleirwin.com/refresh...' 1598828 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hale S. Irwin''' (alizaliwa [[3 Juni]] [[1945]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Joplin, [[Missouri]]. Alishinda U.S. Open mara tatu ([[1974]], [[1979]], [[1990]]) na mataji 20 ya PGA Tour. Mwaka [[1990]], alikua mshindi mzee zaidi wa U.S. Open akiwa na umri wa miaka 45. Katika Champions Tour, ameshinda mataji 45, rekodi ya juu zaidi katika historia ya Champions Tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haleirwin.com/refresh/templates/about.php?id=14 |publisher=Hale Irwin.com |title=Biography |access-date=August 7, 2012 |archive-date=August 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815122816/http://haleirwin.com/refresh/templates/about.php?id=14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1945]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] af8g3n0uhj2zku5ayp43mhctfmeal1y 1599233 1598828 2026-09-23T10:36:43Z Ally0111 85292 1599233 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hale S. Irwin''' (alizaliwa [[3 Juni]] [[1945]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Joplin, [[Missouri]]. Alishinda U.S. Open mara tatu ([[1974]], [[1979]], [[1990]]) na mataji 20 ya PGA Tour. Mwaka [[1990]], alikua mshindi mzee zaidi wa U.S. Open akiwa na umri wa miaka 45. Katika Champions Tour, ameshinda mataji 45, rekodi ya juu zaidi katika historia ya Champions Tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haleirwin.com/refresh/templates/about.php?id=14 |publisher=Hale Irwin.com |title=Biography |access-date=August 7, 2012 |archive-date=August 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815122816/http://haleirwin.com/refresh/templates/about.php?id=14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1945]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 617a5uq44zv4a646qddcjr0oggo1j4h 0 250713 1598861 2026-09-22T22:39:57Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Davis Milton Love III''' (alizaliwa [[13 Aprili]] [[1964]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Charlotte, North Carolina]]. Alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[1997]], ushindi wake pekee wa shindano kuu. Alishinda mataji 21 ya PGA Tour. Alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya Marekani katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[2012]] na [[2016]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/archive/1998/owgr29f1998.pdf|publisher=OWG...' 1598861 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Davis Milton Love III''' (alizaliwa [[13 Aprili]] [[1964]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Charlotte, North Carolina]]. Alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[1997]], ushindi wake pekee wa shindano kuu. Alishinda mataji 21 ya PGA Tour. Alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya Marekani katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[2012]] na [[2016]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/archive/1998/owgr29f1998.pdf|publisher=OWGR|title=Official World Golf Ranking, "July 19 1998"|access-date=June 20, 2012|archive-date=May 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510084837/http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/archive/1998/owgr29f1998.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/2007%20Stats/86TO0810.pdf |title=69 Players Who Have Reached The Top-10 In World Ranking |publisher=OWGR |access-date=June 20, 2012 |archive-date=October 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017160152/http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 7apisropv78h55vu72acwztidhiw3an 1599234 1598861 2026-09-23T10:37:03Z Ally0111 85292 1599234 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Davis Milton Love III''' (alizaliwa [[13 Aprili]] [[1964]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Charlotte, North Carolina]]. Alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[1997]], ushindi wake pekee wa shindano kuu. Alishinda mataji 21 ya PGA Tour. Alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya Marekani katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[2012]] na [[2016]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/archive/1998/owgr29f1998.pdf|publisher=OWGR|title=Official World Golf Ranking, "July 19 1998"|access-date=June 20, 2012|archive-date=May 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510084837/http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/archive/1998/owgr29f1998.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/2007%20Stats/86TO0810.pdf |title=69 Players Who Have Reached The Top-10 In World Ranking |publisher=OWGR |access-date=June 20, 2012 |archive-date=October 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017160152/http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] cni22uw8rnklbcakmrmsrdj27me9ey3 0 250714 1598864 2026-09-22T22:42:06Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Joseph Scott Durant''' (alizaliwa [[7 Aprili]] [[1964]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Pensacola]], [[Florida]]. Alishinda mataji 4 ya PGA Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na Bob Hope Chrysler Classic mwaka [[2001]] kwa rekodi ya tournament ya −36. Pia ameshinda mataji 3 ya PGA Tour Champions.<ref name=PGApro>{{cite web |title=Profile on PGA Tour's official site |url=http://www.pgatour.com/players/player.06621.joe-durant.htm...' 1598864 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joseph Scott Durant''' (alizaliwa [[7 Aprili]] [[1964]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Pensacola]], [[Florida]]. Alishinda mataji 4 ya PGA Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na Bob Hope Chrysler Classic mwaka [[2001]] kwa rekodi ya tournament ya −36. Pia ameshinda mataji 3 ya PGA Tour Champions.<ref name=PGApro>{{cite web |title=Profile on PGA Tour's official site |url=http://www.pgatour.com/players/player.06621.joe-durant.html |publisher=PGA Tour |access-date=May 12, 2014}}</ref><ref name=PGAmedia>{{cite web |title=Biographical information on PGA Tour's official site |url=http://www.pgatour.com/players/player.06621.joe-durant.html/profile |publisher=PGA Tour |access-date=May 12, 2014}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 3jd2bq4o84n5f2m01kbzjx2xn0kzd9u 1599235 1598864 2026-09-23T10:37:59Z Ally0111 85292 1599235 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joseph Scott Durant''' (alizaliwa [[7 Aprili]] [[1964]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Pensacola]], [[Florida]]. Alishinda mataji 4 ya PGA Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na Bob Hope Chrysler Classic mwaka [[2001]] kwa rekodi ya tournament ya −36. Pia ameshinda mataji 3 ya PGA Tour Champions.<ref name=PGApro>{{cite web |title=Profile on PGA Tour's official site |url=http://www.pgatour.com/players/player.06621.joe-durant.html |publisher=PGA Tour |access-date=May 12, 2014}}</ref><ref name=PGAmedia>{{cite web |title=Biographical information on PGA Tour's official site |url=http://www.pgatour.com/players/player.06621.joe-durant.html/profile |publisher=PGA Tour |access-date=May 12, 2014}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] te2u7vvy0tncsibgcpkqygp8rr3rkt9 0 250715 1598866 2026-09-22T22:44:33Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''John Laurence Miller''' (alizaliwa [[29 Aprili]] [[1947]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[San Francisco]], [[California]]. Alishinda U.S. Open mwaka [[1973]] kwa raundi ya mwisho ya 63, rekodi ya kwanza ya aina hiyo katika shindano kuu. Alishinda The Open Championship mwaka [[1976]] huko Royal Birkdale. Alishinda mataji 25 ya PGA Tour. Baada ya kustaafu, alikua mchambuzi wa gofu kwenye NBC Sports.<ref name=wghof>{{ci...' 1598866 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Laurence Miller''' (alizaliwa [[29 Aprili]] [[1947]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[San Francisco]], [[California]]. Alishinda U.S. Open mwaka [[1973]] kwa raundi ya mwisho ya 63, rekodi ya kwanza ya aina hiyo katika shindano kuu. Alishinda The Open Championship mwaka [[1976]] huko Royal Birkdale. Alishinda mataji 25 ya PGA Tour. Baada ya kustaafu, alikua mchambuzi wa gofu kwenye NBC Sports.<ref name=wghof>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldgolfhalloffame.org/johnny-miller/ |title=Miller, Johnny |publisher=World Golf Hall of Fame}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] mhuvnltcstre6o9qf7cf2o6jyfq9psv 1599236 1598866 2026-09-23T10:38:20Z Ally0111 85292 1599236 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Laurence Miller''' (alizaliwa [[29 Aprili]] [[1947]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[San Francisco]], [[California]]. Alishinda U.S. Open mwaka [[1973]] kwa raundi ya mwisho ya 63, rekodi ya kwanza ya aina hiyo katika shindano kuu. Alishinda The Open Championship mwaka [[1976]] huko Royal Birkdale. Alishinda mataji 25 ya PGA Tour. Baada ya kustaafu, alikua mchambuzi wa gofu kwenye NBC Sports.<ref name=wghof>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldgolfhalloffame.org/johnny-miller/ |title=Miller, Johnny |publisher=World Golf Hall of Fame}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] bzr3re5yq8uv3n0lulx71thfm10ucyy 0 250716 1598867 2026-09-22T22:47:54Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Justin Charles Garrett Leonard''' (alizaliwa [[15 Juni]] [[1972]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Dallas]], [[Texas]]. Alishinda The Open Championship mwaka [[1997]] na The Players Championship mwaka [[1998]]. Alishinda mataji 12 ya PGA Tour. Alishiriki katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[1997]] na [[1999]], na alifunga puti ya futi 45 kwenye shimo la 17 katika Ryder Cup ya 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Feature Story – Leonard...' 1598867 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Justin Charles Garrett Leonard''' (alizaliwa [[15 Juni]] [[1972]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Dallas]], [[Texas]]. Alishinda The Open Championship mwaka [[1997]] na The Players Championship mwaka [[1998]]. Alishinda mataji 12 ya PGA Tour. Alishiriki katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[1997]] na [[1999]], na alifunga puti ya futi 45 kwenye shimo la 17 katika Ryder Cup ya 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Feature Story – Leonard’s Links – Avidgolfer Magazine |url=https://myavidgolfer.com/feature-story-leonards-links/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=myavidgolfer.com}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1972]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] iwxz4s9tm1jg5x2zrycfsvbnf0z65nz 1599077 1598867 2026-09-23T05:56:06Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599077 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Justin Charles Garrett Leonard''' (alizaliwa [[15 Juni]] [[1972]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Dallas]], [[Texas]]. Alishinda The Open Championship mwaka [[1997]] na The Players Championship mwaka [[1998]]. Alishinda mataji 12 ya PGA Tour. Alishiriki katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[1997]] na [[1999]], na alifunga puti ya futi 45 kwenye shimo la 17 katika Ryder Cup ya 1999.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Feature Story – Leonard’s Links – Avidgolfer Magazine |url=https://myavidgolfer.com/feature-story-leonards-links/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=myavidgolfer.com}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1972]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] rcswgw4p6gxkjhpql6u0yj41qo8pxlx 1599237 1599077 2026-09-23T10:38:44Z Ally0111 85292 1599237 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Justin Charles Garrett Leonard''' (alizaliwa [[15 Juni]] [[1972]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Dallas]], [[Texas]]. Alishinda The Open Championship mwaka [[1997]] na The Players Championship mwaka [[1998]]. Alishinda mataji 12 ya PGA Tour. Alishiriki katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[1997]] na [[1999]], na alifunga puti ya futi 45 kwenye shimo la 17 katika Ryder Cup ya 1999.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Feature Story – Leonard’s Links – Avidgolfer Magazine |url=https://myavidgolfer.com/feature-story-leonards-links/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=myavidgolfer.com}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1972]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 2fr42zkzfxqjolwzvt2fpv0m5mxa6dy 0 250717 1598870 2026-09-22T22:50:25Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Lee McLeod Janzen''' (alizaliwa [[28 Agosti]] [[1964]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Austin]], [[Texas]]. Alishinda [[U.S. Open]] mara mbili ([[1993]], [[1998]]). Alishinda mataji 8 ya PGA Tour. Alishiriki katika Ryder Cup mwaka 1993 na [[1997]].<ref name=pgamed>{{cite web |title=PGA Tour Media Guide – Lee Janzen |publisher=PGA Tour |url=http://www.pgatour.com/players/player.01577.lee-janzen.html/media-guide/#ube...' 1598870 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lee McLeod Janzen''' (alizaliwa [[28 Agosti]] [[1964]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Austin]], [[Texas]]. Alishinda [[U.S. Open]] mara mbili ([[1993]], [[1998]]). Alishinda mataji 8 ya PGA Tour. Alishiriki katika Ryder Cup mwaka 1993 na [[1997]].<ref name=pgamed>{{cite web |title=PGA Tour Media Guide – Lee Janzen |publisher=PGA Tour |url=http://www.pgatour.com/players/player.01577.lee-janzen.html/media-guide/#uber |access-date=November 8, 2013}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 0h6vm7loaif67p6cimmurxef95brcdx 1599238 1598870 2026-09-23T10:39:00Z Ally0111 85292 1599238 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lee McLeod Janzen''' (alizaliwa [[28 Agosti]] [[1964]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Austin]], [[Texas]]. Alishinda [[U.S. Open]] mara mbili ([[1993]], [[1998]]). Alishinda mataji 8 ya PGA Tour. Alishiriki katika Ryder Cup mwaka 1993 na [[1997]].<ref name=pgamed>{{cite web |title=PGA Tour Media Guide – Lee Janzen |publisher=PGA Tour |url=http://www.pgatour.com/players/player.01577.lee-janzen.html/media-guide/#uber |access-date=November 8, 2013}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] mu7c273bi5ihkyrmsi3i0e6fa2nvmo1 0 250718 1598872 2026-09-22T22:53:14Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Walter Charles Hagen''' ( [[21 Desemba]] [[1892]] – [[6 Oktoba]] [[1969]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Rochester, New York]]. Alishinda mataji 11 makubwa: U.S. Open mara mbili, The Open Championship mara nne, na PGA Championship mara tano. Alishinda jumla ya mataji 44 ya PGA. Alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya Marekani katika Ryder Cup mara sita. Aliingizwa katika World Golf Hall of Fame.<ref name=ntwhobitap>{{cit...' 1598872 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Walter Charles Hagen''' ( [[21 Desemba]] [[1892]] – [[6 Oktoba]] [[1969]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Rochester, New York]]. Alishinda mataji 11 makubwa: U.S. Open mara mbili, The Open Championship mara nne, na PGA Championship mara tano. Alishinda jumla ya mataji 44 ya PGA. Alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya Marekani katika Ryder Cup mara sita. Aliingizwa katika World Golf Hall of Fame.<ref name=ntwhobitap>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=UopjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EHoNAAAAIBAJ&pg=4447%2C4677519 |newspaper=Nashua Telegraph |location=New Hampshire |agency=Associated Press |title=Walter Hagen dies |date=October 6, 1969 |page=16}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1892]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1969]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] mh25ipvcccduc34yjavjra1ubo03pkg 1599239 1598872 2026-09-23T10:39:20Z Ally0111 85292 1599239 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Walter Charles Hagen''' ( [[21 Desemba]] [[1892]] – [[6 Oktoba]] [[1969]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Rochester, New York]]. Alishinda mataji 11 makubwa: U.S. Open mara mbili, The Open Championship mara nne, na PGA Championship mara tano. Alishinda jumla ya mataji 44 ya PGA. Alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya Marekani katika Ryder Cup mara sita. Aliingizwa katika World Golf Hall of Fame.<ref name=ntwhobitap>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=UopjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EHoNAAAAIBAJ&pg=4447%2C4677519 |newspaper=Nashua Telegraph |location=New Hampshire |agency=Associated Press |title=Walter Hagen dies |date=October 6, 1969 |page=16}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1892]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1969]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] jdaznjde4a1gw1gvqm0o31u5qgpcza1 0 250719 1598874 2026-09-22T22:57:32Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''David Wayne Toms''' (alizaliwa [[4 Januari]] [[1967]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Monroe, Louisiana]]. Alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[2001]]. Alishinda mataji 13 ya PGA Tour na mataji 2 ya Web.com Tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/2007%20Stats/86TO0810.pdf |title=69 Players Who Have Reached The Top-10 In World Ranking |publisher=Official World Golf Ranking |access-date=De...' 1598874 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David Wayne Toms''' (alizaliwa [[4 Januari]] [[1967]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Monroe, Louisiana]]. Alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[2001]]. Alishinda mataji 13 ya PGA Tour na mataji 2 ya Web.com Tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/2007%20Stats/86TO0810.pdf |title=69 Players Who Have Reached The Top-10 In World Ranking |publisher=Official World Golf Ranking |access-date=December 4, 2013 |archive-date=October 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017160152/http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=villas>{{cite web |title=David Toms bio |publisher=The Villas at Carter Plantation |url=http://thevillasatcarterplantation.com/david-toms.html |access-date=August 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330182947/http://thevillasatcarterplantation.com/david-toms.html |archive-date=March 30, 2012}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1967]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] o5p9ig3stiu2mw3ssbl1p1dgyusyr52 1599240 1598874 2026-09-23T10:40:40Z Ally0111 85292 1599240 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David Wayne Toms''' (alizaliwa [[4 Januari]] [[1967]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Monroe, Louisiana]]. Alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[2001]]. Alishinda mataji 13 ya PGA Tour na mataji 2 ya Web.com Tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/2007%20Stats/86TO0810.pdf |title=69 Players Who Have Reached The Top-10 In World Ranking |publisher=Official World Golf Ranking |access-date=December 4, 2013 |archive-date=October 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017160152/http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=villas>{{cite web |title=David Toms bio |publisher=The Villas at Carter Plantation |url=http://thevillasatcarterplantation.com/david-toms.html |access-date=August 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330182947/http://thevillasatcarterplantation.com/david-toms.html |archive-date=March 30, 2012}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1967]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] j7lxaw63uhahdg8smsfu5mqp1ysksyt 0 250720 1598875 2026-09-22T23:04:59Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mark Francis O'Meara''' (alizaliwa [[13 Januari]] [[1957]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Goldsboro,[[ North Carolina]]. Mwaka [[1998]], alishinda Masters Tournament na The Open Championship katika msimu mmoja. Alishinda mataji 16 ya PGA Tour. Pia ameshinda mataji 4 ya Champions Tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/2007%20Stats/86TO0810.pdf |title=69 Players Who Have Reached The Top-...' 1598875 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mark Francis O'Meara''' (alizaliwa [[13 Januari]] [[1957]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Goldsboro,[[ North Carolina]]. Mwaka [[1998]], alishinda Masters Tournament na The Open Championship katika msimu mmoja. Alishinda mataji 16 ya PGA Tour. Pia ameshinda mataji 4 ya Champions Tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/2007%20Stats/86TO0810.pdf |title=69 Players Who Have Reached The Top-10 In World Ranking |publisher=Official World Golf Ranking |access-date=January 14, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.longbeachstate.com/local/sid/features0607/omeara030807.htm |publisher=Long Beach State.com |title=O'Meara Comes Home For Toshiba Classic |first=Chris |last=Foster |date=March 9, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928064843/http://www.longbeachstate.com/local/sid/features0607/omeara030807.htm |archive-date=September 28, 2007}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1957]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] eya8tewh7w7x3vpi9ctes5wwrjypllv 1599241 1598875 2026-09-23T10:41:01Z Ally0111 85292 1599241 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mark Francis O'Meara''' (alizaliwa [[13 Januari]] [[1957]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Goldsboro,[[ North Carolina]]. Mwaka [[1998]], alishinda Masters Tournament na The Open Championship katika msimu mmoja. Alishinda mataji 16 ya PGA Tour. Pia ameshinda mataji 4 ya Champions Tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/2007%20Stats/86TO0810.pdf |title=69 Players Who Have Reached The Top-10 In World Ranking |publisher=Official World Golf Ranking |access-date=January 14, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.longbeachstate.com/local/sid/features0607/omeara030807.htm |publisher=Long Beach State.com |title=O'Meara Comes Home For Toshiba Classic |first=Chris |last=Foster |date=March 9, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928064843/http://www.longbeachstate.com/local/sid/features0607/omeara030807.htm |archive-date=September 28, 2007}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1957]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] fovir6xbk3zptlgqkjglc8pomphk5jm 0 250721 1598876 2026-09-22T23:09:13Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Thomas Edward Lehman''' (alizaliwa [[7 Machi]] [[1959]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Austin]], Minnesota. Alishinda The Open Championship mwaka [[1996]]. Alishinda mataji 5 ya PGA Tour. Alikuwa mchezaji bora wa dunia mwaka [[1997]]. Alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya Marekani katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[2006]].<ref name="oscamf">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MjFPAAAAIBAJ&pg=5831%2C6554069 |work=Toled...' 1598876 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thomas Edward Lehman''' (alizaliwa [[7 Machi]] [[1959]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Austin]], Minnesota. Alishinda The Open Championship mwaka [[1996]]. Alishinda mataji 5 ya PGA Tour. Alikuwa mchezaji bora wa dunia mwaka [[1997]]. Alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya Marekani katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[2006]].<ref name="oscamf">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MjFPAAAAIBAJ&pg=5831%2C6554069 |work=Toledo Blade |location=Ohio |agency=Associated Press |title=Ohio State's Cook makes Am finals |date=September 2, 1979 |page=5C}}</ref><ref name="easam">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MzFPAAAAIBAJ&pg=1987%2C7200744 |work=Toledo Blade |location=Ohio |agency=Associated Press |title=O'Meara dethrones Cook, easily wins U.S. Amateur |date=September 3, 1979 |page=32}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] eifg62ie3ctuw8rua18r0rh3c6ws7pp 1599242 1598876 2026-09-23T10:41:25Z Ally0111 85292 1599242 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thomas Edward Lehman''' (alizaliwa [[7 Machi]] [[1959]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Austin]], Minnesota. Alishinda The Open Championship mwaka [[1996]]. Alishinda mataji 5 ya PGA Tour. Alikuwa mchezaji bora wa dunia mwaka [[1997]]. Alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya Marekani katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[2006]].<ref name="oscamf">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MjFPAAAAIBAJ&pg=5831%2C6554069 |work=Toledo Blade |location=Ohio |agency=Associated Press |title=Ohio State's Cook makes Am finals |date=September 2, 1979 |page=5C}}</ref><ref name="easam">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MzFPAAAAIBAJ&pg=1987%2C7200744 |work=Toledo Blade |location=Ohio |agency=Associated Press |title=O'Meara dethrones Cook, easily wins U.S. Amateur |date=September 3, 1979 |page=32}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] mofkhlbjxdt3je6vo1islkng9ymbhc2 0 250722 1598878 2026-09-22T23:16:06Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Raymond Loran Floyd''' (alizaliwa [[4 Septemba]] [[1942]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Fort Bragg, [[North Carolina]]. Alishinda mataji 4 makubwa: PGA Championship mara mbili ([[1969]], [[1982]]), Masters Tournament mwaka [[1976]], na U.S. Open mwaka [[1986]]. Alishinda mataji 22 ya PGA Tour na mataji 14 ya Champions Tour. Alikuwa mmoja wa wachezaji wa kwanza kushinda mataji katika miongo minne tofauti.<ref name=rfc...' 1598878 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Raymond Loran Floyd''' (alizaliwa [[4 Septemba]] [[1942]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Fort Bragg, [[North Carolina]]. Alishinda mataji 4 makubwa: PGA Championship mara mbili ([[1969]], [[1982]]), Masters Tournament mwaka [[1976]], na U.S. Open mwaka [[1986]]. Alishinda mataji 22 ya PGA Tour na mataji 14 ya Champions Tour. Alikuwa mmoja wa wachezaji wa kwanza kushinda mataji katika miongo minne tofauti.<ref name=rfcwdom>{{cite news |url=http://www.golfchannel.com/news/randall-mell/floyd-coping-after-loss-of-wife-maria/ |work=Golf Channel |title=Floyd coping after loss of wife Maria |last=Mell |first=Randall |date=December 14, 2012 |access-date=May 29, 2013 |archive-date=August 14, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814212624/http://www.golfchannel.com/news/randall-mell/floyd-coping-after-loss-of-wife-maria/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=uftas>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.si.com/vault/1992/04/13/126325/up-from-the-ashes-a-fire-destroyed-raymond-floyds-house-but-it-rekindled-his-desire-to-win<!--http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1003659/index.htm--> |magazine=Sports Illustrated |last=Newman |first=Bruce |title=Up From the Ashes |date=April 13, 1992 |page=68 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021126/https://www.si.com/vault/1992/04/13/126325/up-from-the-ashes-a-fire-destroyed-raymond-floyds-house-but-it-rekindled-his-desire-to-win |archive-date=April 9, 2017 }}</ref><ref name=coltato>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7fkuAAAAIBAJ&pg=5819,2285998&dq=maria&hl=en |newspaper=Beaver County Times |agency=UPI |last=Richman |first=Milton |title=The 'old' Ray Floyd...like cold potatoes |date=April 12, 1976 |page=C-1}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1942]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 8dj0u3p7md01aooqr9woylby0pi289h 1599243 1598878 2026-09-23T10:41:45Z Ally0111 85292 1599243 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Raymond Loran Floyd''' (alizaliwa [[4 Septemba]] [[1942]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Fort Bragg, [[North Carolina]]. Alishinda mataji 4 makubwa: PGA Championship mara mbili ([[1969]], [[1982]]), Masters Tournament mwaka [[1976]], na U.S. Open mwaka [[1986]]. Alishinda mataji 22 ya PGA Tour na mataji 14 ya Champions Tour. Alikuwa mmoja wa wachezaji wa kwanza kushinda mataji katika miongo minne tofauti.<ref name=rfcwdom>{{cite news |url=http://www.golfchannel.com/news/randall-mell/floyd-coping-after-loss-of-wife-maria/ |work=Golf Channel |title=Floyd coping after loss of wife Maria |last=Mell |first=Randall |date=December 14, 2012 |access-date=May 29, 2013 |archive-date=August 14, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814212624/http://www.golfchannel.com/news/randall-mell/floyd-coping-after-loss-of-wife-maria/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=uftas>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.si.com/vault/1992/04/13/126325/up-from-the-ashes-a-fire-destroyed-raymond-floyds-house-but-it-rekindled-his-desire-to-win<!--http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1003659/index.htm--> |magazine=Sports Illustrated |last=Newman |first=Bruce |title=Up From the Ashes |date=April 13, 1992 |page=68 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021126/https://www.si.com/vault/1992/04/13/126325/up-from-the-ashes-a-fire-destroyed-raymond-floyds-house-but-it-rekindled-his-desire-to-win |archive-date=April 9, 2017 }}</ref><ref name=coltato>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7fkuAAAAIBAJ&pg=5819,2285998&dq=maria&hl=en |newspaper=Beaver County Times |agency=UPI |last=Richman |first=Milton |title=The 'old' Ray Floyd...like cold potatoes |date=April 12, 1976 |page=C-1}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1942]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] tlv7pa7og92ej1p2kol562iksb7b1r6 0 250723 1598880 2026-09-22T23:21:12Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Larry Laoretti''' (alizaliwa [[11 Julai]] [[1939]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Mahopac, [[New York]]. Alishinda U.S. Senior Open mwaka [[1992]]. Alijulikana kwa tabia yake ya kuvuta sigara na kupenda kuchekesha. Alishinda mataji 4 ya Senior PGA Tour.<ref>{{cite web|title=Golf Major Championships|url=http://golfmajorchampionships.com/players?player=2731|accessdate=2008-01-09}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbeg...' 1598880 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Larry Laoretti''' (alizaliwa [[11 Julai]] [[1939]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Mahopac, [[New York]]. Alishinda U.S. Senior Open mwaka [[1992]]. Alijulikana kwa tabia yake ya kuvuta sigara na kupenda kuchekesha. Alishinda mataji 4 ya Senior PGA Tour.<ref>{{cite web|title=Golf Major Championships|url=http://golfmajorchampionships.com/players?player=2731|accessdate=2008-01-09}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1939]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ffp7rlwl386djswlm2uge40hkll0qws 1599244 1598880 2026-09-23T10:42:21Z Ally0111 85292 1599244 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Larry Laoretti''' (alizaliwa [[11 Julai]] [[1939]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Mahopac, [[New York]]. Alishinda U.S. Senior Open mwaka [[1992]]. Alijulikana kwa tabia yake ya kuvuta sigara na kupenda kuchekesha. Alishinda mataji 4 ya Senior PGA Tour.<ref>{{cite web|title=Golf Major Championships|url=http://golfmajorchampionships.com/players?player=2731|accessdate=2008-01-09}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1939]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 7go3ynr4wf24u2dfdlca8ytjf1tzz6n 0 250724 1598881 2026-09-22T23:23:46Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Corey Allen Pavin''' (alizaliwa [[16 Novemba]] [[1959]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Oxnard]], California. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Aligeuka kuwa mtaalamu mwaka [[1982]] na alishinda U.S. Open mwaka [[1995]] huko Shinnecock Hills, ushindi wake pekee wa shindano kuu. Alishinda mataji 15 ya PGA Tour na aliongoza orodha ya fedha ya PGA Tour mwaka [[1991]]. Alikuwa nahodha wa tim...' 1598881 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Corey Allen Pavin''' (alizaliwa [[16 Novemba]] [[1959]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Oxnard]], California. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Aligeuka kuwa mtaalamu mwaka [[1982]] na alishinda U.S. Open mwaka [[1995]] huko Shinnecock Hills, ushindi wake pekee wa shindano kuu. Alishinda mataji 15 ya PGA Tour na aliongoza orodha ya fedha ya PGA Tour mwaka [[1991]]. Alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya Marekani katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[2010]]. Ameshinda pia mataji 1 ya PGA Tour Champions.<ref>{{cite news |last=Leonard |first=Tod |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20040615/news_1s15pavin.html |title=Indelible memories of Shinnecock |newspaper=The San Diego Union-Tribune |date=June 15, 2004 |access-date=April 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=August 15, 1997 |title=Obituaries – Kack Pavin; Father of Pro Golfer Corey Pavin |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-aug-15-me-22744-story.html |access-date=February 14, 2013}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 15qx59h6b5c7lluye9ccoku5nb72c39 1599245 1598881 2026-09-23T10:42:58Z Ally0111 85292 1599245 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Corey Allen Pavin''' (alizaliwa [[16 Novemba]] [[1959]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Oxnard]], California. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Aligeuka kuwa mtaalamu mwaka [[1982]] na alishinda U.S. Open mwaka [[1995]] huko Shinnecock Hills, ushindi wake pekee wa shindano kuu. Alishinda mataji 15 ya PGA Tour na aliongoza orodha ya fedha ya PGA Tour mwaka [[1991]]. Alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya Marekani katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[2010]]. Ameshinda pia mataji 1 ya PGA Tour Champions.<ref>{{cite news |last=Leonard |first=Tod |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20040615/news_1s15pavin.html |title=Indelible memories of Shinnecock |newspaper=The San Diego Union-Tribune |date=June 15, 2004 |access-date=April 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=August 15, 1997 |title=Obituaries – Kack Pavin; Father of Pro Golfer Corey Pavin |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-aug-15-me-22744-story.html |access-date=February 14, 2013}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 7b3vvwgxfp46dzvauvk1gqvxv3e4ix4 0 250725 1598886 2026-09-23T00:03:04Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mark John Calcavecchia''' (alizaliwa [[12 Juni]] [[1960]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Laurel, [[Nebraska]]. Alishinda The Open Championship mwaka [[1989]] huko Royal Troon katika playoff dhidi ya Greg Norman na Wayne Grady. Alishinda mataji 13 ya PGA Tour. Mwaka [[2009]], aliweka rekodi ya PGA Tour kwa birdies tisa mfululizo katika RBC Canadian Open. Alishiriki katika Ryder Cup mara nne ([[1987]], [[1989]], [[1991]...' 1598886 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mark John Calcavecchia''' (alizaliwa [[12 Juni]] [[1960]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Laurel, [[Nebraska]]. Alishinda The Open Championship mwaka [[1989]] huko Royal Troon katika playoff dhidi ya Greg Norman na Wayne Grady. Alishinda mataji 13 ya PGA Tour. Mwaka [[2009]], aliweka rekodi ya PGA Tour kwa birdies tisa mfululizo katika RBC Canadian Open. Alishiriki katika Ryder Cup mara nne ([[1987]], [[1989]], [[1991]], [[2002]]).<ref>{{cite web |publisher=PGA Tour|url=http://www.pgatour.com/players/player.01161.mark-calcavecchia.html|title=Mark Calcavecchia profile|access-date=May 30, 2013}}</ref><ref name=rosaforte2012010>{{cite magazine |first=Tim |last=Rosaforte |url=http://www.golfdigest.com/golf-tours-news/2010-02/golf_rosaforte_travel_0201 |title=My Town: Mark Calcavecchia |magazine=Golf Digest |date=February 1, 2010 |access-date=May 30, 2013}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 1c340zguimar3181ejofwchj6zdpd1c 1599246 1598886 2026-09-23T10:43:17Z Ally0111 85292 1599246 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mark John Calcavecchia''' (alizaliwa [[12 Juni]] [[1960]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Laurel, [[Nebraska]]. Alishinda The Open Championship mwaka [[1989]] huko Royal Troon katika playoff dhidi ya Greg Norman na Wayne Grady. Alishinda mataji 13 ya PGA Tour. Mwaka [[2009]], aliweka rekodi ya PGA Tour kwa birdies tisa mfululizo katika RBC Canadian Open. Alishiriki katika Ryder Cup mara nne ([[1987]], [[1989]], [[1991]], [[2002]]).<ref>{{cite web |publisher=PGA Tour|url=http://www.pgatour.com/players/player.01161.mark-calcavecchia.html|title=Mark Calcavecchia profile|access-date=May 30, 2013}}</ref><ref name=rosaforte2012010>{{cite magazine |first=Tim |last=Rosaforte |url=http://www.golfdigest.com/golf-tours-news/2010-02/golf_rosaforte_travel_0201 |title=My Town: Mark Calcavecchia |magazine=Golf Digest |date=February 1, 2010 |access-date=May 30, 2013}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 9m9ugnb48zxaa454sa3ys3mxs62qz3r 0 250726 1598888 2026-09-23T00:06:02Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ben Daniel Crenshaw''' (alizaliwa [[11 Januari]] [[1952]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Austin, Texas]]. Alishinda Masters Tournament mara mbili ([[1984]], [[1995]]). Ushindi wake wa [[1995]] ulikuja siku chache tu baada ya kifo cha mwalimu wake, Harvey Penick. Alishinda mataji 19 ya PGA Tour. Alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya Marekani katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[1999]]. Anajulikana kama mmoja wa wapiga puti bora katika hist...' 1598888 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ben Daniel Crenshaw''' (alizaliwa [[11 Januari]] [[1952]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Austin, Texas]]. Alishinda Masters Tournament mara mbili ([[1984]], [[1995]]). Ushindi wake wa [[1995]] ulikuja siku chache tu baada ya kifo cha mwalimu wake, Harvey Penick. Alishinda mataji 19 ya PGA Tour. Alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya Marekani katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[1999]]. Anajulikana kama mmoja wa wapiga puti bora katika historia ya gofu.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Jenkins |first=Dan |author-link=Dan Jenkins |title=Gentle Ben Is Very Tough |url=https://www.si.com/vault/1974/02/11/617697/gentle-ben-is-very-tough |magazine=Sports Illustrated|date=February 11, 1974}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Melton |first=Zephyr |date=10 September 2025 |title=Ben Crenshaw’s legendary coach reveals secrets to elite putting |url=https://golf.com/instruction/putting/harvey-penick-keys-elite-putting-stroke/?srsltid=AfmBOoohYJB8U-pMK9IGmNqmZX23H0FERLGSggq57179y-_r2XF9lNjg |accessdate=7 October 2025 |publisher=Golf.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://golfweek-eu.usatoday.com/story/sports/golf/2019/05/08/ben-crenshaw-golf-putting-tips/76580230007/|title=Ben Crenshaw shares his tips to improving your putting game|publisher=GolfWeek|date=8 May 2019|accessdate=7 October 2025}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1952]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 7fbwuq3r0ql6sqxhvlmfs2rrgtzaqhy 1599247 1598888 2026-09-23T10:43:36Z Ally0111 85292 1599247 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ben Daniel Crenshaw''' (alizaliwa [[11 Januari]] [[1952]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Austin, Texas]]. Alishinda Masters Tournament mara mbili ([[1984]], [[1995]]). Ushindi wake wa [[1995]] ulikuja siku chache tu baada ya kifo cha mwalimu wake, Harvey Penick. Alishinda mataji 19 ya PGA Tour. Alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya Marekani katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[1999]]. Anajulikana kama mmoja wa wapiga puti bora katika historia ya gofu.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Jenkins |first=Dan |author-link=Dan Jenkins |title=Gentle Ben Is Very Tough |url=https://www.si.com/vault/1974/02/11/617697/gentle-ben-is-very-tough |magazine=Sports Illustrated|date=February 11, 1974}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Melton |first=Zephyr |date=10 September 2025 |title=Ben Crenshaw’s legendary coach reveals secrets to elite putting |url=https://golf.com/instruction/putting/harvey-penick-keys-elite-putting-stroke/?srsltid=AfmBOoohYJB8U-pMK9IGmNqmZX23H0FERLGSggq57179y-_r2XF9lNjg |accessdate=7 October 2025 |publisher=Golf.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://golfweek-eu.usatoday.com/story/sports/golf/2019/05/08/ben-crenshaw-golf-putting-tips/76580230007/|title=Ben Crenshaw shares his tips to improving your putting game|publisher=GolfWeek|date=8 May 2019|accessdate=7 October 2025}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1952]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] lal24nqb8ku291of9guzvtzgitp9cz5 0 250727 1598890 2026-09-23T00:08:24Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''William Earl Casper Jr.''' ( [[24 Juni]] [[1931]] – [[7 Februari]] [[2015]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[San Diego]], California. Alishinda mataji 3 makubwa: U.S. Open mara mbili ([[1959]], [[1966]]) na Masters Tournament mwaka [[1970]]. Alishinda mataji 51 ya PGA Tour, akiwa mmoja wa wachezaji wenye ushindi mwingi zaidi katika historia. Aliongoza orodha ya fedha ya PGA Tour mwaka [[1966]] na [[1968]]. Ali...' 1598890 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William Earl Casper Jr.''' ( [[24 Juni]] [[1931]] – [[7 Februari]] [[2015]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[San Diego]], California. Alishinda mataji 3 makubwa: U.S. Open mara mbili ([[1959]], [[1966]]) na Masters Tournament mwaka [[1970]]. Alishinda mataji 51 ya PGA Tour, akiwa mmoja wa wachezaji wenye ushindi mwingi zaidi katika historia. Aliongoza orodha ya fedha ya PGA Tour mwaka [[1966]] na [[1968]]. Alishinda pia mataji 9 ya Senior PGA Tour.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Strege |first=John |date=August 5, 2017 |title=San Diego CC recalls Mickey Wright, Billy Casper and a course deserving 'more national acclaim' |url=https://www.golfdigest.com/story/san-diego-cc-recalls-mickey-wright-billy-casper-and-a-course-deserving-more-national-acclaim |access-date=December 5, 2024 |magazine=Golf Digest}}</ref><ref name=DN-obit>{{Cite news |last=Benson |first=Lee |date=February 8, 2015 |title=Golf legend Billy Casper dies |url=https://www.deseret.com/2015/2/7/20558187/golf-legend-billy-casper-dies/ |access-date=2024-12-05 |newspaper=Deseret News}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1931]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] m5xmd4z8lgusm45is43o1kfmuqiscj3 1599248 1598890 2026-09-23T10:43:55Z Ally0111 85292 1599248 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William Earl Casper Jr.''' ( [[24 Juni]] [[1931]] – [[7 Februari]] [[2015]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[San Diego]], California. Alishinda mataji 3 makubwa: U.S. Open mara mbili ([[1959]], [[1966]]) na Masters Tournament mwaka [[1970]]. Alishinda mataji 51 ya PGA Tour, akiwa mmoja wa wachezaji wenye ushindi mwingi zaidi katika historia. Aliongoza orodha ya fedha ya PGA Tour mwaka [[1966]] na [[1968]]. Alishinda pia mataji 9 ya Senior PGA Tour.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Strege |first=John |date=August 5, 2017 |title=San Diego CC recalls Mickey Wright, Billy Casper and a course deserving 'more national acclaim' |url=https://www.golfdigest.com/story/san-diego-cc-recalls-mickey-wright-billy-casper-and-a-course-deserving-more-national-acclaim |access-date=December 5, 2024 |magazine=Golf Digest}}</ref><ref name=DN-obit>{{Cite news |last=Benson |first=Lee |date=February 8, 2015 |title=Golf legend Billy Casper dies |url=https://www.deseret.com/2015/2/7/20558187/golf-legend-billy-casper-dies/ |access-date=2024-12-05 |newspaper=Deseret News}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1931]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] 7f0cpoxunjmtf5ypohju99viynnfbny 0 250728 1598892 2026-09-23T00:10:40Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Shaun Carl Micheel''' (alizaliwa [[5 Januari]] [[1969]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Orlando, Florida]]. Alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[2003]] huko Oak Hill, ushindi wake pekee wa shindano kuu na ushindi wake pekee wa PGA Tour. Wakati wa ushindi huo, alikuwa amecheza mashindano 164 ya PGA Tour bila ushindi na alikuwa nafasi ya 169 duniani. Pia alishinda mataji 2 ya Korn Ferry Tour.<ref>{{cite news |url=https:/...' 1598892 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shaun Carl Micheel''' (alizaliwa [[5 Januari]] [[1969]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Orlando, Florida]]. Alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[2003]] huko Oak Hill, ushindi wake pekee wa shindano kuu na ushindi wake pekee wa PGA Tour. Wakati wa ushindi huo, alikuwa amecheza mashindano 164 ya PGA Tour bila ushindi na alikuwa nafasi ya 169 duniani. Pia alishinda mataji 2 ya Korn Ferry Tour.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/golf/pga/leaderboard/2003/33 |title=PGA Championship (Aug 14–17, 2003) – Leaderboard |work=Yahoo Sports |access-date=April 15, 2014}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ptevckrf7jlz7d09c0fbwga3zh3ub2o 1599250 1598892 2026-09-23T10:44:15Z Ally0111 85292 1599250 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shaun Carl Micheel''' (alizaliwa [[5 Januari]] [[1969]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Orlando, Florida]]. Alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[2003]] huko Oak Hill, ushindi wake pekee wa shindano kuu na ushindi wake pekee wa PGA Tour. Wakati wa ushindi huo, alikuwa amecheza mashindano 164 ya PGA Tour bila ushindi na alikuwa nafasi ya 169 duniani. Pia alishinda mataji 2 ya Korn Ferry Tour.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/golf/pga/leaderboard/2003/33 |title=PGA Championship (Aug 14–17, 2003) – Leaderboard |work=Yahoo Sports |access-date=April 15, 2014}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 31id126qt9wmahko38ypzelxr79tv3c 0 250729 1598893 2026-09-23T00:13:15Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Paul William Azinger''' (alizaliwa [[6 Januari]] [[1960]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Holyoke]], [[Massachusetts]]. Alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[1993]] huko Inverness Club, akimshinda Greg Norman katika playoff. Alishinda mataji 12 ya PGA Tour na mataji 3 ya European Tour. Alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya Marekani katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[2008]], ambapo timu yake ilishinda kwa mara ya kwanza tangu [[1999]]. Baada...' 1598893 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Paul William Azinger''' (alizaliwa [[6 Januari]] [[1960]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Holyoke]], [[Massachusetts]]. Alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[1993]] huko Inverness Club, akimshinda Greg Norman katika playoff. Alishinda mataji 12 ya PGA Tour na mataji 3 ya European Tour. Alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya Marekani katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[2008]], ambapo timu yake ilishinda kwa mara ya kwanza tangu [[1999]]. Baada ya kustaafu, alikua mchambuzi wa gofu kwenye televisheni.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/2007%20Stats/86TO0810.pdf |title=69 Players Who Have Reached The Top-10 In World Ranking |access-date=July 15, 2011 |archive-date=October 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017160152/http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=zenzingr>{{cite news|url=https://www.golfdigest.com/story/the-zen-of-zinger |magazine=Golf Digest |last=Diaz |first=Jaime |title=The Zen of Zinger |date=June 7, 2016 |access-date=February 2, 2019}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 8mrycppiq3cqkze5ohq3vy93byu3grd 1598910 1598893 2026-09-23T01:09:34Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1598910 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Paul William Azinger''' (alizaliwa [[6 Januari]] [[1960]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Holyoke]], [[Massachusetts]]. Alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[1993]] huko Inverness Club, akimshinda Greg Norman katika playoff. Alishinda mataji 12 ya PGA Tour na mataji 3 ya European Tour. Alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya Marekani katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[2008]], ambapo timu yake ilishinda kwa mara ya kwanza tangu [[1999]]. Baada ya kustaafu, alikua mchambuzi wa gofu kwenye televisheni.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/2007%20Stats/86TO0810.pdf |title=69 Players Who Have Reached The Top-10 In World Ranking |access-date=July 15, 2011 |archive-date=October 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017160152/http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=zenzingr>{{cite news|url=https://www.golfdigest.com/story/the-zen-of-zinger |magazine=Golf Digest |last=Diaz |first=Jaime |title=The Zen of Zinger |date=June 7, 2016 |access-date=February 2, 2019}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 3oqvhe953iv17j09vkw4pl9vrcmn2zl 1599251 1598910 2026-09-23T10:44:38Z Ally0111 85292 1599251 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Paul William Azinger''' (alizaliwa [[6 Januari]] [[1960]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Holyoke]], [[Massachusetts]]. Alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[1993]] huko Inverness Club, akimshinda Greg Norman katika playoff. Alishinda mataji 12 ya PGA Tour na mataji 3 ya European Tour. Alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya Marekani katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[2008]], ambapo timu yake ilishinda kwa mara ya kwanza tangu [[1999]]. Baada ya kustaafu, alikua mchambuzi wa gofu kwenye televisheni.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/2007%20Stats/86TO0810.pdf |title=69 Players Who Have Reached The Top-10 In World Ranking |access-date=July 15, 2011 |archive-date=October 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017160152/http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=zenzingr>{{cite news|url=https://www.golfdigest.com/story/the-zen-of-zinger |magazine=Golf Digest |last=Diaz |first=Jaime |title=The Zen of Zinger |date=June 7, 2016 |access-date=February 2, 2019}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] dzozkmfbsmqft5mm6sbxwk4twynoppy 0 250730 1598894 2026-09-23T00:15:14Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Miller Barber''' (alizaliwa [[31 Machi]] [[1931]] – alifariki [[11 Juni]] [[2013]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Shreveport]], [[Louisiana]]. Alishinda mataji 11 ya PGA Tour lakini hakuwahi kushinda shindano kuu. Mwaka [[1973]], alishinda World Open Golf Championship, mashindano marefu zaidi ya kawaida katika historia ya PGA Tour (holes 144). Alikua mmoja wa wachezaji wakubwa wa Senior PGA Tour katika miaka...' 1598894 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Miller Barber''' (alizaliwa [[31 Machi]] [[1931]] – alifariki [[11 Juni]] [[2013]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Shreveport]], [[Louisiana]]. Alishinda mataji 11 ya PGA Tour lakini hakuwahi kushinda shindano kuu. Mwaka [[1973]], alishinda World Open Golf Championship, mashindano marefu zaidi ya kawaida katika historia ya PGA Tour (holes 144). Alikua mmoja wa wachezaji wakubwa wa Senior PGA Tour katika miaka ya 1980, akishinda mataji 24 ikiwa ni pamoja na mataji 5 ya senior majors. Anashikilia rekodi ya mashindano 1,297 yaliyochezwa pamoja kati ya PGA Tour na Champions Tour.<ref name=obit>{{cite web |url=http://www.pgatour.com/champions/news/2013/06/12/miller-barber-passes-away-at-82.html |title=Miller Barber passes away at age 82 |publisher=PGA Tour |date=June 12, 2013 |access-date=June 12, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/golfer-miller-barber-dies-at-82/2013/06/13/9a7f639a-d439-11e2-b05f-3ea3f0e7bb5a_story.html |title=Golfer Miller Barber dies at 82 |newspaper=The New York Times |agency=Associated Press |date=June 13, 2013 |access-date=June 15, 2013}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1931]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2013]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] s96vkmv7754v60xfc0aavbd4yv4v8wt 1598896 1598894 2026-09-23T00:15:51Z Ally0111 85292 1598896 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Miller Barber''' ( [[31 Machi]] [[1931]] – [[11 Juni]] [[2013]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Shreveport]], [[Louisiana]]. Alishinda mataji 11 ya PGA Tour lakini hakuwahi kushinda shindano kuu. Mwaka [[1973]], alishinda World Open Golf Championship, mashindano marefu zaidi ya kawaida katika historia ya PGA Tour (holes 144). Alikua mmoja wa wachezaji wakubwa wa Senior PGA Tour katika miaka ya 1980, akishinda mataji 24 ikiwa ni pamoja na mataji 5 ya senior majors. Anashikilia rekodi ya mashindano 1,297 yaliyochezwa pamoja kati ya PGA Tour na Champions Tour.<ref name=obit>{{cite web |url=http://www.pgatour.com/champions/news/2013/06/12/miller-barber-passes-away-at-82.html |title=Miller Barber passes away at age 82 |publisher=PGA Tour |date=June 12, 2013 |access-date=June 12, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/golfer-miller-barber-dies-at-82/2013/06/13/9a7f639a-d439-11e2-b05f-3ea3f0e7bb5a_story.html |title=Golfer Miller Barber dies at 82 |newspaper=The New York Times |agency=Associated Press |date=June 13, 2013 |access-date=June 15, 2013}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1931]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2013]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] ldwfczpj8a17fzm71qf0ef9q9zhrl1d 1599252 1598896 2026-09-23T10:46:13Z Ally0111 85292 1599252 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Miller Barber''' ( [[31 Machi]] [[1931]] – [[11 Juni]] [[2013]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Shreveport]], [[Louisiana]]. Alishinda mataji 11 ya PGA Tour lakini hakuwahi kushinda shindano kuu. Mwaka [[1973]], alishinda World Open Golf Championship, mashindano marefu zaidi ya kawaida katika historia ya PGA Tour (holes 144). Alikua mmoja wa wachezaji wakubwa wa Senior PGA Tour katika miaka ya 1980, akishinda mataji 24 ikiwa ni pamoja na mataji 5 ya senior majors. Anashikilia rekodi ya mashindano 1,297 yaliyochezwa pamoja kati ya PGA Tour na Champions Tour.<ref name=obit>{{cite web |url=http://www.pgatour.com/champions/news/2013/06/12/miller-barber-passes-away-at-82.html |title=Miller Barber passes away at age 82 |publisher=PGA Tour |date=June 12, 2013 |access-date=June 12, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/golfer-miller-barber-dies-at-82/2013/06/13/9a7f639a-d439-11e2-b05f-3ea3f0e7bb5a_story.html |title=Golfer Miller Barber dies at 82 |newspaper=The New York Times |agency=Associated Press |date=June 13, 2013 |access-date=June 15, 2013}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1931]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2013]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] hm8uyzte51eejk53fkyflyx59qw71zl 0 250731 1598897 2026-09-23T00:17:42Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''James Kenneth Perry''' (alizaliwa [[10 Agosti]] [[1960]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Franklin, [[Kentucky]]. Alishinda mataji 14 ya PGA Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na Memorial Tournament mara tatu. Alikuwa mwanachama wa timu ya Ryder Cup ya Marekani mwaka [[2004]] na [[2008]]. Mwaka [[2008]], alishinda mataji matatu ya PGA Tour na alisaidia timu ya Marekani kushinda Ryder Cup. Ameshinda mataji 10 ya PGA Tour Champions, i...' 1598897 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James Kenneth Perry''' (alizaliwa [[10 Agosti]] [[1960]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Franklin, [[Kentucky]]. Alishinda mataji 14 ya PGA Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na Memorial Tournament mara tatu. Alikuwa mwanachama wa timu ya Ryder Cup ya Marekani mwaka [[2004]] na [[2008]]. Mwaka [[2008]], alishinda mataji matatu ya PGA Tour na alisaidia timu ya Marekani kushinda Ryder Cup. Ameshinda mataji 10 ya PGA Tour Champions, ikiwa ni pamoja na U.S. Senior Open mara mbili ([[2013]], [[2017]]).<ref name="mother">{{cite news |last=Ferguson |first=Doug |date=October 2, 2009 |title=Kenny Perry's mother dies of cancer |url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/golf/2009-10-02-6952841_x.htm |newspaper=USA Today |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/12/sports/birdies-bring-brooks-his-first-major.html |title=Birdies Bring Brooks His First Major |newspaper=The New York Times |first=Larry |last=Dorman |date=August 12, 1996}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 7s5fu6vlp00nncqb9qy1z1gywdpbt4b 1599253 1598897 2026-09-23T10:48:29Z Ally0111 85292 1599253 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James Kenneth Perry''' (alizaliwa [[10 Agosti]] [[1960]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Franklin, [[Kentucky]]. Alishinda mataji 14 ya PGA Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na Memorial Tournament mara tatu. Alikuwa mwanachama wa timu ya Ryder Cup ya Marekani mwaka [[2004]] na [[2008]]. Mwaka [[2008]], alishinda mataji matatu ya PGA Tour na alisaidia timu ya Marekani kushinda Ryder Cup. Ameshinda mataji 10 ya PGA Tour Champions, ikiwa ni pamoja na U.S. Senior Open mara mbili ([[2013]], [[2017]]).<ref name="mother">{{cite news |last=Ferguson |first=Doug |date=October 2, 2009 |title=Kenny Perry's mother dies of cancer |url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/golf/2009-10-02-6952841_x.htm |newspaper=USA Today |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/12/sports/birdies-bring-brooks-his-first-major.html |title=Birdies Bring Brooks His First Major |newspaper=The New York Times |first=Larry |last=Dorman |date=August 12, 1996}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] cnc0z3nugjvmie08q6hl2wvm2wsgiy3 0 250732 1598898 2026-09-23T00:20:48Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mark Randall McCumber''' (alizaliwa [[7 Septemba]] [[1951]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Jacksonville]], [[Florida]]. Alishinda mataji 10 ya PGA Tour katika taaluma yake, ikiwa ni pamoja na The Players Championship mwaka [[1988]]. Alishinda pia mataji 2 ya Champions Tour. Alikuwa mwanachama wa timu ya Ryder Cup ya Marekani mwaka [[1989]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Athletes of the Century: Mark McCumber |publisher=jack...' 1598898 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mark Randall McCumber''' (alizaliwa [[7 Septemba]] [[1951]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Jacksonville]], [[Florida]]. Alishinda mataji 10 ya PGA Tour katika taaluma yake, ikiwa ni pamoja na The Players Championship mwaka [[1988]]. Alishinda pia mataji 2 ya Champions Tour. Alikuwa mwanachama wa timu ya Ryder Cup ya Marekani mwaka [[1989]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Athletes of the Century: Mark McCumber |publisher=jacksonville.com |url=http://jacksonville.com/special/athletes_of_century/stories/16.shtml |access-date=February 19, 2012}}</ref><ref name="mcbio">{{cite web |title=Biographical information from McCumber Golf |url=http://www.mccumbergolf.com/mark_mccumber/ |access-date=November 15, 2013}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] a85d7zcy5uiph1or8nvau8v43ae2kb3 1599254 1598898 2026-09-23T10:49:06Z Ally0111 85292 1599254 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mark Randall McCumber''' (alizaliwa [[7 Septemba]] [[1951]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Jacksonville]], [[Florida]]. Alishinda mataji 10 ya PGA Tour katika taaluma yake, ikiwa ni pamoja na The Players Championship mwaka [[1988]]. Alishinda pia mataji 2 ya Champions Tour. Alikuwa mwanachama wa timu ya Ryder Cup ya Marekani mwaka [[1989]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Athletes of the Century: Mark McCumber |publisher=jacksonville.com |url=http://jacksonville.com/special/athletes_of_century/stories/16.shtml |access-date=February 19, 2012}}</ref><ref name="mcbio">{{cite web |title=Biographical information from McCumber Golf |url=http://www.mccumbergolf.com/mark_mccumber/ |access-date=November 15, 2013}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] b092q4i62w21o1qreuulq6r0y72pkxn 0 250733 1598899 2026-09-23T00:26:43Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Frederick Funk''' (alizaliwa [[14 Juni]] [[1956]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Takoma Park,[[ Maryland]]. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Maryland mwaka [[1980]]. Aligeuka kuwa mtaalamu mwaka [[1981]]. Alishinda mataji 8 ya PGA Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na The Players Championship mwaka [[2005]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 48, akiwa mshindi mzee zaidi wa shindano hilo. Alishinda pia mataji 9 ya Champions Tour, ikiwa ni pamoj...' 1598899 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Frederick Funk''' (alizaliwa [[14 Juni]] [[1956]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Takoma Park,[[ Maryland]]. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Maryland mwaka [[1980]]. Aligeuka kuwa mtaalamu mwaka [[1981]]. Alishinda mataji 8 ya PGA Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na The Players Championship mwaka [[2005]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 48, akiwa mshindi mzee zaidi wa shindano hilo. Alishinda pia mataji 9 ya Champions Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na U.S. Senior Open mwaka [[2009]].<ref name=balt>{{cite news |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1997/06/05/funk-now-in-the-money-strives-to-be-on-the-money-former-terps-coach-seeks-major-impact/ |title=Funk, now in the money, strives to be on the money Former Terps coach seeks major impact |newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |date=June 5, 1997 |first=Paul |last=McMullen}}</ref><ref name="pga1">{{cite web |title=Fred Funk – Overview |url=http://www.pgatour.com/players/player.01381.fred-funk.html |access-date=May 2, 2014 |publisher=PGA Tour}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 5e4pvmdkl9ne6yryl3ycm06och05dex 1599255 1598899 2026-09-23T10:53:59Z Ally0111 85292 1599255 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Frederick Funk''' (alizaliwa [[14 Juni]] [[1956]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Takoma Park,[[ Maryland]]. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Maryland mwaka [[1980]]. Aligeuka kuwa mtaalamu mwaka [[1981]]. Alishinda mataji 8 ya PGA Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na The Players Championship mwaka [[2005]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 48, akiwa mshindi mzee zaidi wa shindano hilo. Alishinda pia mataji 9 ya Champions Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na U.S. Senior Open mwaka [[2009]].<ref name=balt>{{cite news |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1997/06/05/funk-now-in-the-money-strives-to-be-on-the-money-former-terps-coach-seeks-major-impact/ |title=Funk, now in the money, strives to be on the money Former Terps coach seeks major impact |newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |date=June 5, 1997 |first=Paul |last=McMullen}}</ref><ref name="pga1">{{cite web |title=Fred Funk – Overview |url=http://www.pgatour.com/players/player.01381.fred-funk.html |access-date=May 2, 2014 |publisher=PGA Tour}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] fiyd24vu05ua5geqasw0729ghna2jbw 0 250734 1598900 2026-09-23T00:29:40Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Casey Martin''' (alizaliwa [[2 Juni]] [[1972]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Eugene, [[Oregon]]. Alipata umaarufu wa kitaifa mwaka [[1997]] aliposhinda kesi ya kihistoria dhidi ya PGA Tour iliyomruhusu kutumia gari la gofu katika mashindano kutokana na ugonjwa wa Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome. Alishinda mataji 2 ya Nike Tour na alicheza PGA Tour. Kwa sasa ni kocha wa gofu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Oregon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=...' 1598900 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Casey Martin''' (alizaliwa [[2 Juni]] [[1972]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Eugene, [[Oregon]]. Alipata umaarufu wa kitaifa mwaka [[1997]] aliposhinda kesi ya kihistoria dhidi ya PGA Tour iliyomruhusu kutumia gari la gofu katika mashindano kutokana na ugonjwa wa Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome. Alishinda mataji 2 ya Nike Tour na alicheza PGA Tour. Kwa sasa ni kocha wa gofu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Oregon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Casey Martin - Men's Golf Coach |url=https://goducks.com/sports/mens-golf/roster/coaches/casey-martin/1619 |access-date=2025-04-24 |publisher=University of Oregon Athletics |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-03-29 |title=Casey Martin, who championed the rights of golfers with disabilities on the PGA Tour, fights to save his leg |url=https://www.courant.com/2020/03/29/casey-martin-who-championed-the-rights-of-golfers-with-disabilities-on-the-pga-tour-fights-to-save-his-leg/ |access-date=2025-04-24 |newspaper=Hartford Courant}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1972]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] px5zuj9w3jo1leqy67h1v01c54x9x0n 1599256 1598900 2026-09-23T10:54:23Z Ally0111 85292 1599256 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Casey Martin''' (alizaliwa [[2 Juni]] [[1972]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Eugene, [[Oregon]]. Alipata umaarufu wa kitaifa mwaka [[1997]] aliposhinda kesi ya kihistoria dhidi ya PGA Tour iliyomruhusu kutumia gari la gofu katika mashindano kutokana na ugonjwa wa Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome. Alishinda mataji 2 ya Nike Tour na alicheza PGA Tour. Kwa sasa ni kocha wa gofu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Oregon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Casey Martin - Men's Golf Coach |url=https://goducks.com/sports/mens-golf/roster/coaches/casey-martin/1619 |access-date=2025-04-24 |publisher=University of Oregon Athletics |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-03-29 |title=Casey Martin, who championed the rights of golfers with disabilities on the PGA Tour, fights to save his leg |url=https://www.courant.com/2020/03/29/casey-martin-who-championed-the-rights-of-golfers-with-disabilities-on-the-pga-tour-fights-to-save-his-leg/ |access-date=2025-04-24 |newspaper=Hartford Courant}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1972]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] k03wyt5onqovppvj55113o25gfaemqs 0 250735 1598902 2026-09-23T00:32:31Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''James Joseph "Duffy" Waldorf Jr. ''' (alizaliwa [[20 Agosti]] [[1962]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Los Angeles, California]]. Alihitimu kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA). Alishinda mataji 4 ya PGA Tour na mataji 2 ya Champions Tour. Alijulikana kwa tabia yake ya kuweka alama za kibinafsi kwenye mipira yake.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pgatour.com/golfers/002246/duffy-waldorf/ |title=Duff...' 1598902 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James Joseph "Duffy" Waldorf Jr. ''' (alizaliwa [[20 Agosti]] [[1962]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Los Angeles, California]]. Alihitimu kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA). Alishinda mataji 4 ya PGA Tour na mataji 2 ya Champions Tour. Alijulikana kwa tabia yake ya kuweka alama za kibinafsi kwenye mipira yake.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pgatour.com/golfers/002246/duffy-waldorf/ |title=Duffy Waldorf |publisher=PGA Tour |access-date=December 10, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030110853/http://www.pgatour.com/golfers/002246/duffy-waldorf/ |archive-date=October 30, 2012 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.al.com/birminghamnews/stories/index.ssf?/base/sports/120904553360150.xml&coll=2/ Birmingham News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609071108/http://www.al.com/birminghamnews/stories/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fsports%2F120904553360150.xml&coll=2%2F |date=2011-06-09 }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] l6sekzy2af5mf0yqsd94dneua8vweh2 1599257 1598902 2026-09-23T10:54:40Z Ally0111 85292 1599257 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James Joseph "Duffy" Waldorf Jr. ''' (alizaliwa [[20 Agosti]] [[1962]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Los Angeles, California]]. Alihitimu kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA). Alishinda mataji 4 ya PGA Tour na mataji 2 ya Champions Tour. Alijulikana kwa tabia yake ya kuweka alama za kibinafsi kwenye mipira yake.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pgatour.com/golfers/002246/duffy-waldorf/ |title=Duffy Waldorf |publisher=PGA Tour |access-date=December 10, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030110853/http://www.pgatour.com/golfers/002246/duffy-waldorf/ |archive-date=October 30, 2012 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.al.com/birminghamnews/stories/index.ssf?/base/sports/120904553360150.xml&coll=2/ Birmingham News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609071108/http://www.al.com/birminghamnews/stories/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fsports%2F120904553360150.xml&coll=2%2F |date=2011-06-09 }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 6sn6q5f5t7lokdqwkmz1ac8p9k4zkiz 0 250736 1598903 2026-09-23T00:35:31Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Gilmer Bryan Morgan II, OD''' (alizaliwa [[25 Septemba]] [[1946]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Wewoka,[[ Oklahoma]]. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha East Central na alikua daktari wa macho kabla ya kuwa mtaalamu wa gofu mwaka [[1972]]. Alishinda mataji 7 ya PGA Tour. Katika Champions Tour, alishinda mataji 25, ikiwa ni pamoja na senior majors 2. Alikuwa mwanachama wa timu ya Ryder Cup ya Marekani mwaka [[1979]] na [...' 1598903 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gilmer Bryan Morgan II, OD''' (alizaliwa [[25 Septemba]] [[1946]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Wewoka,[[ Oklahoma]]. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha East Central na alikua daktari wa macho kabla ya kuwa mtaalamu wa gofu mwaka [[1972]]. Alishinda mataji 7 ya PGA Tour. Katika Champions Tour, alishinda mataji 25, ikiwa ni pamoja na senior majors 2. Alikuwa mwanachama wa timu ya Ryder Cup ya Marekani mwaka [[1979]] na [[1983]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pgatour.com/players/player.01837.gil-morgan.html |title=Gil Morgan – Profile |publisher=PGA Tour |access-date=2019-04-26 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1946]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] emirls91ralegw1im3y0l9aun1i4lpq 1599071 1598903 2026-09-23T05:11:23Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599071 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gilmer Bryan Morgan II, OD''' (alizaliwa [[25 Septemba]] [[1946]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Wewoka,[[ Oklahoma]]. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha East Central na alikua daktari wa macho kabla ya kuwa mtaalamu wa gofu mwaka [[1972]]. Alishinda mataji 7 ya PGA Tour. Katika Champions Tour, alishinda mataji 25, ikiwa ni pamoja na senior majors 2. Alikuwa mwanachama wa timu ya Ryder Cup ya Marekani mwaka [[1979]] na [[1983]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.pgatour.com/players/player.01837.gil-morgan.html |title=Gil Morgan – Profile |publisher=PGA Tour |access-date=2019-04-26 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1946]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] p34h50pr9kzuqv1g4tt4f5zits0dp4g 1599258 1599071 2026-09-23T10:54:58Z Ally0111 85292 1599258 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gilmer Bryan Morgan II, OD''' (alizaliwa [[25 Septemba]] [[1946]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Wewoka,[[ Oklahoma]]. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha East Central na alikua daktari wa macho kabla ya kuwa mtaalamu wa gofu mwaka [[1972]]. Alishinda mataji 7 ya PGA Tour. Katika Champions Tour, alishinda mataji 25, ikiwa ni pamoja na senior majors 2. Alikuwa mwanachama wa timu ya Ryder Cup ya Marekani mwaka [[1979]] na [[1983]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.pgatour.com/players/player.01837.gil-morgan.html |title=Gil Morgan – Profile |publisher=PGA Tour |access-date=2019-04-26 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1946]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 4yo4wa59bs1607gtlcexxsw1e7q3yye 0 250737 1598905 2026-09-23T00:40:42Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Bruce Lee Fleisher''' ( [[16 Oktoba]] [[1948]] – [[23 Septemba]] [[2021]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Union City]], [[New Jersey]]. Alishinda U.S. Amateur mwaka [[1968]]. Alishinda mataji 2 ya PGA Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na New England Classic mwaka [[1991]]. Katika Champions Tour, alishinda mataji 18, ikiwa ni pamoja na U.S. Senior Open mwaka [[2001]].<ref name=PGApro>{{cite web |title=Bruce Fleisher Profi...' 1598905 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bruce Lee Fleisher''' ( [[16 Oktoba]] [[1948]] – [[23 Septemba]] [[2021]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Union City]], [[New Jersey]]. Alishinda U.S. Amateur mwaka [[1968]]. Alishinda mataji 2 ya PGA Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na New England Classic mwaka [[1991]]. Katika Champions Tour, alishinda mataji 18, ikiwa ni pamoja na U.S. Senior Open mwaka [[2001]].<ref name=PGApro>{{cite web |title=Bruce Fleisher Profile |publisher=PGA Tour |url=http://www.pgatour.com/players/00/13/53/ |access-date=May 10, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525123233/http://www.pgatour.com/players/00/13/53/ |archive-date=May 25, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dAq4TGQsWwwC&dq=bruce+fleisher+golf+jewish&pg=PA290 |title=Day by Day in Jewish Sports History |first=Bob |last=Wechsler |publisher=KATV Publishing House |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-60280-013-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LW6sBwAAQBAJ&dq=bruce+fleisher+golf+jewish&pg=PT1489 |title=Sports in America from Colonial Times to the Twenty-First Century |editor-first=Steven A. |editor-last=Riess |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-31745-946-0}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] rskdzp4wgg8wwguc00sl76884a2pu2q 1599260 1598905 2026-09-23T10:55:37Z Ally0111 85292 1599260 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bruce Lee Fleisher''' ( [[16 Oktoba]] [[1948]] – [[23 Septemba]] [[2021]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Union City]], [[New Jersey]]. Alishinda U.S. Amateur mwaka [[1968]]. Alishinda mataji 2 ya PGA Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na New England Classic mwaka [[1991]]. Katika Champions Tour, alishinda mataji 18, ikiwa ni pamoja na U.S. Senior Open mwaka [[2001]].<ref name=PGApro>{{cite web |title=Bruce Fleisher Profile |publisher=PGA Tour |url=http://www.pgatour.com/players/00/13/53/ |access-date=May 10, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525123233/http://www.pgatour.com/players/00/13/53/ |archive-date=May 25, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dAq4TGQsWwwC&dq=bruce+fleisher+golf+jewish&pg=PA290 |title=Day by Day in Jewish Sports History |first=Bob |last=Wechsler |publisher=KATV Publishing House |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-60280-013-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LW6sBwAAQBAJ&dq=bruce+fleisher+golf+jewish&pg=PT1489 |title=Sports in America from Colonial Times to the Twenty-First Century |editor-first=Steven A. |editor-last=Riess |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-31745-946-0}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] mi0ebdzthjkeyhvp2db9bg33r0a9uj8 0 250738 1598912 2026-09-23T01:19:47Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Dugan "Doog" Aycock''' ( [[8 Aprili]] [[1908]] – [[23 Machi]] [[2001]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa na mbunifu wa viwanja vya gofu nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Charlotte, North Carolina]]. Alikuwa mwanachama wa PGA of America kwa miaka 68 na alihudumu kama Rais wa Carolinas Section kwa zaidi ya miaka 15.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Smallwood |first1=Irwin |title="Mr Golf": Dugan Aycock |url=https://greensboro.com/mr-golf-dugan-aycock/artic...' 1598912 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dugan "Doog" Aycock''' ( [[8 Aprili]] [[1908]] – [[23 Machi]] [[2001]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa na mbunifu wa viwanja vya gofu nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Charlotte, North Carolina]]. Alikuwa mwanachama wa PGA of America kwa miaka 68 na alihudumu kama Rais wa Carolinas Section kwa zaidi ya miaka 15.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Smallwood |first1=Irwin |title="Mr Golf": Dugan Aycock |url=https://greensboro.com/mr-golf-dugan-aycock/article_d46c1f03-2101-5137-8a0b-cd0187acd0ce.html |access-date=January 28, 2025 |work=Greensboro News & Record |date=April 15, 2000}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1908]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2001]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] sydfejzow9uqcuwxifw88wokmsvuns2 1599267 1598912 2026-09-23T11:08:29Z Ally0111 85292 1599267 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dugan "Doog" Aycock''' ( [[8 Aprili]] [[1908]] – [[23 Machi]] [[2001]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa na mbunifu wa viwanja vya gofu nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Charlotte, North Carolina]]. Alikuwa mwanachama wa PGA of America kwa miaka 68 na alihudumu kama Rais wa Carolinas Section kwa zaidi ya miaka 15.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Smallwood |first1=Irwin |title="Mr Golf": Dugan Aycock |url=https://greensboro.com/mr-golf-dugan-aycock/article_d46c1f03-2101-5137-8a0b-cd0187acd0ce.html |access-date=January 28, 2025 |work=Greensboro News & Record |date=April 15, 2000}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1908]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2001]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] 0vpac7cphybuih1p0z18fxi6clkpiy0 0 250739 1598914 2026-09-23T01:22:31Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Stewart Murray "Skip" Alexander, Jr.''' ([[Agosti 6]] [[1918]] – [[Oktoba 24]] [[1997]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishiriki katika timu ya Ryder Cup ya Marekani mwaka [[1949]] na [[1951]]. Alishinda mataji kadhaa ya PGA Tour katika taaluma yake.<ref name=SPCC>{{cite web|title=Skip Alexander biography|publisher=St. Petersburg Country Club|url=http://www.stpetecountryclub.com/golf/skip-alexander|accessdate=April 26,...' 1598914 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stewart Murray "Skip" Alexander, Jr.''' ([[Agosti 6]] [[1918]] – [[Oktoba 24]] [[1997]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishiriki katika timu ya Ryder Cup ya Marekani mwaka [[1949]] na [[1951]]. Alishinda mataji kadhaa ya PGA Tour katika taaluma yake.<ref name=SPCC>{{cite web|title=Skip Alexander biography|publisher=St. Petersburg Country Club|url=http://www.stpetecountryclub.com/golf/skip-alexander|accessdate=April 26, 2011}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1918]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1997]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] ng3w8ll7h9fozd473vymk3wlnuswucf 1599269 1598914 2026-09-23T11:11:47Z Ally0111 85292 1599269 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stewart Murray "Skip" Alexander, Jr.''' ([[Agosti 6]] [[1918]] – [[Oktoba 24]] [[1997]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishiriki katika timu ya Ryder Cup ya Marekani mwaka [[1949]] na [[1951]]. Alishinda mataji kadhaa ya PGA Tour katika taaluma yake.<ref name=SPCC>{{cite web|title=Skip Alexander biography|publisher=St. Petersburg Country Club|url=http://www.stpetecountryclub.com/golf/skip-alexander|accessdate=April 26, 2011}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1918]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1997]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] 3o28hgrr4glu678w2pizitjgbyta8sm 0 250740 1598915 2026-09-23T01:25:16Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Eugene Claude Harmon Sr.''' ([[Julai 14]] [[1916]] – [[Julai 23]] [[1989]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda Masters Tournament mwaka [[1948]]. Alikuwa baba wa Butch Harmon na mwalimu maarufu wa gofu.<ref name=chtleg>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/10/sports/claude-harmon-s-teaching-legacy.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm |newspaper=New York Times |last=Brink |first=Bill |title=Claude Harmon's teaching...' 1598915 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eugene Claude Harmon Sr.''' ([[Julai 14]] [[1916]] – [[Julai 23]] [[1989]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda Masters Tournament mwaka [[1948]]. Alikuwa baba wa Butch Harmon na mwalimu maarufu wa gofu.<ref name=chtleg>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/10/sports/claude-harmon-s-teaching-legacy.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm |newspaper=New York Times |last=Brink |first=Bill |title=Claude Harmon's teaching legacy |date=August 10, 1997 |accessdate=April 18, 2014}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1916]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1989]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] qamgl5zzwjmkhvfmqd2ddmdrq2dxbzw 1599270 1598915 2026-09-23T11:14:01Z Ally0111 85292 1599270 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eugene Claude Harmon Sr.''' ([[Julai 14]] [[1916]] – [[Julai 23]] [[1989]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda Masters Tournament mwaka [[1948]]. Alikuwa baba wa Butch Harmon na mwalimu maarufu wa gofu.<ref name=chtleg>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/10/sports/claude-harmon-s-teaching-legacy.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm |newspaper=New York Times |last=Brink |first=Bill |title=Claude Harmon's teaching legacy |date=August 10, 1997 |accessdate=April 18, 2014}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1916]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1989]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] k2h2xjvxpdcsjwavi8xj8jbgzpk9olv 0 250741 1598917 2026-09-23T01:28:46Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Steve Glen Jones''' (alizaliwa [[Desemba 27]] [[1958]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda U.S. Open mwaka [[1996]] huko Oakland Hills, ushindi wake pekee wa shindano kuu. Alishinda mataji 8 ya PGA Tour. Alipata ajali mbaya ya pikipiki mwaka [[1991]] iliyotishia kumaliza taaluma yake, lakini alirudi na kushinda U.S. Open miaka mitano baadaye.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.databasegolf.com/tourneys/tournament_byyear.htm?yr...' 1598917 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Steve Glen Jones''' (alizaliwa [[Desemba 27]] [[1958]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda U.S. Open mwaka [[1996]] huko Oakland Hills, ushindi wake pekee wa shindano kuu. Alishinda mataji 8 ya PGA Tour. Alipata ajali mbaya ya pikipiki mwaka [[1991]] iliyotishia kumaliza taaluma yake, lakini alirudi na kushinda U.S. Open miaka mitano baadaye.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.databasegolf.com/tourneys/tournament_byyear.htm?yr=1997&tid=14 |title=1997 Results for Phoenix Open |publisher=Database Golf |access-date=August 3, 2016}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 7c6hc7d7n5zuj4m7ao6st3285rrs05c 1599272 1598917 2026-09-23T11:15:22Z Ally0111 85292 1599272 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Steve Glen Jones''' (alizaliwa [[Desemba 27]] [[1958]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda U.S. Open mwaka [[1996]] huko Oakland Hills, ushindi wake pekee wa shindano kuu. Alishinda mataji 8 ya PGA Tour. Alipata ajali mbaya ya pikipiki mwaka [[1991]] iliyotishia kumaliza taaluma yake, lakini alirudi na kushinda U.S. Open miaka mitano baadaye.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.databasegolf.com/tourneys/tournament_byyear.htm?yr=1997&tid=14 |title=1997 Results for Phoenix Open |publisher=Database Golf |access-date=August 3, 2016}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 0qfiowx8zpqqly1ksa14qwip4spe8m1 0 250742 1598920 2026-09-23T01:32:14Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Michael Daniel Reid''' (alizaliwa [[1954]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 2 ya PGA Tour: Seiko Tucson Open mwaka [[1987]] na NEC World Series of Golf mwaka [[1988]]. Alishinda pia mataji 2 ya Champions Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na Senior PGA Championship mwaka [[2005]] na JELD-WEN Tradition mwaka [[2009]]. Alikaribia kushinda PGA Championship mwaka [[1989]] lakini alishindwa na [[Payne Stewart]].<ref>{{cite news |l...' 1598920 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michael Daniel Reid''' (alizaliwa [[1954]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 2 ya PGA Tour: Seiko Tucson Open mwaka [[1987]] na NEC World Series of Golf mwaka [[1988]]. Alishinda pia mataji 2 ya Champions Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na Senior PGA Championship mwaka [[2005]] na JELD-WEN Tradition mwaka [[2009]]. Alikaribia kushinda PGA Championship mwaka [[1989]] lakini alishindwa na [[Payne Stewart]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Gaillard |first=Luther |title=Mike Reid's Dreams Are Crystal Clear |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1876&dat=19800608&id=Ez0sAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uM0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=4346,1452073 |newspaper=[[Spartanburg Herald]] |location=[[Spartanburg, South Carolina]] |page=B1 |date=June 8, 1980 |access-date=January 2, 2013}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1954]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ixx5vy2bch7b5azw6f2jslfzu8w7s6u 1599265 1598920 2026-09-23T11:07:40Z Ally0111 85292 1599265 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michael Daniel Reid''' (alizaliwa [[1954]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 2 ya PGA Tour: Seiko Tucson Open mwaka [[1987]] na NEC World Series of Golf mwaka [[1988]]. Alishinda pia mataji 2 ya Champions Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na Senior PGA Championship mwaka [[2005]] na JELD-WEN Tradition mwaka [[2009]]. Alikaribia kushinda PGA Championship mwaka [[1989]] lakini alishindwa na [[Payne Stewart]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Gaillard |first=Luther |title=Mike Reid's Dreams Are Crystal Clear |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1876&dat=19800608&id=Ez0sAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uM0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=4346,1452073 |newspaper=[[Spartanburg Herald]] |location=[[Spartanburg, South Carolina]] |page=B1 |date=June 8, 1980 |access-date=January 2, 2013}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1954]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] filiw3c5v57ytr0vh1ygyn5fdym5a1m 0 250743 1598921 2026-09-23T01:34:59Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Lloyd Eugene Mangrum''' ( [[1 Agosti]] [[1914]] – [[17 Novemba]] [[1973]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Trenton]], [[Texas]]. Alijulikana kwa jina la utani "Mr. Icicle" kutokana na tabia yake ya utulivu uwanjani. Alishinda U.S. Open mwaka [[1946]] katika playoff ya mashimo 36 dhidi ya Byron Nelson na Vic Ghezzi. Alishinda mataji 36 ya PGA Tour na aliongoza orodha ya fedha mwaka [[1951]]. Alihudumu katika Vi...' 1598921 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lloyd Eugene Mangrum''' ( [[1 Agosti]] [[1914]] – [[17 Novemba]] [[1973]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Trenton]], [[Texas]]. Alijulikana kwa jina la utani "Mr. Icicle" kutokana na tabia yake ya utulivu uwanjani. Alishinda U.S. Open mwaka [[1946]] katika playoff ya mashimo 36 dhidi ya Byron Nelson na Vic Ghezzi. Alishinda mataji 36 ya PGA Tour na aliongoza orodha ya fedha mwaka [[1951]]. Alihudumu katika Vita vya Pili vya Dunia na alipokea Purple Heart mara mbili. Alifariki [[17 Novemba]] [[1973]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 59.<ref name=nyt71>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/07/11/archives/after-10-heart-attacks-mangrum-looks-healthy-and-wealthy-at-56.html |work=New York Times |agency=Associated Press |title=After 10 heart attacks Mangrum looks healthy and wealthy at 56 |date=July 11, 1971 |page=5}}</ref><ref name=nytobt>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/11/18/archives/lloyd-mangrum-golfer-dead-46-us-open-winner-was-59-hurt-in-jeep.html |work=New York Times |agency=UPI |title=Lloyd Mangrum, golfer, dead; '46 U.S. Open winner was 59 |date=November 18, 1973 |page=77}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-jun-18-ss-61297-story.html |title=Cool Customer |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |first=Shav |last=Glick |date=June 18, 1998 |access-date=April 6, 2010}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1914]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1973]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] k3k1hylk6fq12kbkpzbdqx0zei0gkg3 1599263 1598921 2026-09-23T11:05:13Z Ally0111 85292 1599263 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lloyd Eugene Mangrum''' ( [[1 Agosti]] [[1914]] – [[17 Novemba]] [[1973]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Trenton]], [[Texas]]. Alijulikana kwa jina la utani "Mr. Icicle" kutokana na tabia yake ya utulivu uwanjani. Alishinda U.S. Open mwaka [[1946]] katika playoff ya mashimo 36 dhidi ya Byron Nelson na Vic Ghezzi. Alishinda mataji 36 ya PGA Tour na aliongoza orodha ya fedha mwaka [[1951]]. Alihudumu katika Vita vya Pili vya Dunia na alipokea Purple Heart mara mbili. Alifariki [[17 Novemba]] [[1973]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 59.<ref name=nyt71>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/07/11/archives/after-10-heart-attacks-mangrum-looks-healthy-and-wealthy-at-56.html |work=New York Times |agency=Associated Press |title=After 10 heart attacks Mangrum looks healthy and wealthy at 56 |date=July 11, 1971 |page=5}}</ref><ref name=nytobt>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/11/18/archives/lloyd-mangrum-golfer-dead-46-us-open-winner-was-59-hurt-in-jeep.html |work=New York Times |agency=UPI |title=Lloyd Mangrum, golfer, dead; '46 U.S. Open winner was 59 |date=November 18, 1973 |page=77}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-jun-18-ss-61297-story.html |title=Cool Customer |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |first=Shav |last=Glick |date=June 18, 1998 |access-date=April 6, 2010}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1914]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1973]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] nj8dplguvlousrm9t7swtilkmc9bbe3 0 250744 1598922 2026-09-23T01:38:03Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Larry Gene Nelson''' (alizaliwa [[10 Septemba]] [[1947]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Fort Payne, [[Alabama]]. Alishinda mataji 3 makubwa: U.S. Open mwaka [[1983]], PGA Championship mwaka [[1981]] na [[1987]]. Alishinda mataji 10 ya PGA Tour. Alikuwa mwanachama wa timu ya Ryder Cup ya Marekani mara tatu. Alijiunga na Champions Tour mwaka [[1997]] na alishinda mataji 19.<ref name="wghof">{{cite web |title=World Golf...' 1598922 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Larry Gene Nelson''' (alizaliwa [[10 Septemba]] [[1947]]) ni mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Fort Payne, [[Alabama]]. Alishinda mataji 3 makubwa: U.S. Open mwaka [[1983]], PGA Championship mwaka [[1981]] na [[1987]]. Alishinda mataji 10 ya PGA Tour. Alikuwa mwanachama wa timu ya Ryder Cup ya Marekani mara tatu. Alijiunga na Champions Tour mwaka [[1997]] na alishinda mataji 19.<ref name="wghof">{{cite web |title=World Golf Hall of Fame member bio |url=http://www.worldgolfhalloffame.org/larry-nelson/ |access-date=November 15, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Quiet Nelson Set To Make Some Noise |url=https://www.mcall.com/2000/06/29/quiet-nelson-set-to-make-some-noise/ |newspaper=The Morning Call |date=June 29, 2000 |first=Paul |last=Reinhard}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] c3v2713jssipb3t2965e7qv48jq7v3x 1599262 1598922 2026-09-23T10:57:41Z Ally0111 85292 1599262 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Larry Gene Nelson''' (alizaliwa [[10 Septemba]] [[1947]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Fort Payne, [[Alabama]]. Alishinda mataji 3 makubwa: U.S. Open mwaka [[1983]], PGA Championship mwaka [[1981]] na [[1987]]. Alishinda mataji 10 ya PGA Tour. Alikuwa mwanachama wa timu ya Ryder Cup ya Marekani mara tatu. Alijiunga na Champions Tour mwaka [[1997]] na alishinda mataji 19.<ref name="wghof">{{cite web |title=World Golf Hall of Fame member bio |url=http://www.worldgolfhalloffame.org/larry-nelson/ |access-date=November 15, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Quiet Nelson Set To Make Some Noise |url=https://www.mcall.com/2000/06/29/quiet-nelson-set-to-make-some-noise/ |newspaper=The Morning Call |date=June 29, 2000 |first=Paul |last=Reinhard}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 52y7cjomt61ji2m1ax4iqegixs8xwns 0 250745 1598923 2026-09-23T01:41:17Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Gene Alec Littler''' ( [[21 Julai]] [[1930]] – [[15 Februari]] [[2019]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[San Diego]], California. Alishinda [[U.S. Open]] mwaka [[1961]] na mataji 29 ya PGA Tour. Alishinda pia mataji 8 ya Champions Tour. Alipokea Vardon Trophy mwaka [[1954]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Gene Littler, golfer who won the US Open and was admired for the beauty of his swing – obituary |newspaper=Daily...' 1598923 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gene Alec Littler''' ( [[21 Julai]] [[1930]] – [[15 Februari]] [[2019]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[San Diego]], California. Alishinda [[U.S. Open]] mwaka [[1961]] na mataji 29 ya PGA Tour. Alishinda pia mataji 8 ya Champions Tour. Alipokea Vardon Trophy mwaka [[1954]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Gene Littler, golfer who won the US Open and was admired for the beauty of his swing – obituary |newspaper=Daily Telegraph |date=March 21, 2019 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2019/03/21/gene-littler-golfer-won-us-open-admired-beauty-swing-obituary/ |access-date=March 21, 2019}}</ref><ref name="wghof">{{cite web |title=World Golf Hall of Fame profile |url=http://www.worldgolfhalloffame.org/gene-littler/ |access-date=January 15, 2014}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1930]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2019]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] 6r6dr9850q61cf5lqp93t8o6nkkww6w 1599261 1598923 2026-09-23T10:57:07Z Ally0111 85292 1599261 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gene Alec Littler''' ( [[21 Julai]] [[1930]] – [[15 Februari]] [[2019]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[San Diego]], California. Alishinda [[U.S. Open]] mwaka [[1961]] na mataji 29 ya PGA Tour. Alishinda pia mataji 8 ya Champions Tour. Alipokea Vardon Trophy mwaka [[1954]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Gene Littler, golfer who won the US Open and was admired for the beauty of his swing – obituary |newspaper=Daily Telegraph |date=March 21, 2019 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2019/03/21/gene-littler-golfer-won-us-open-admired-beauty-swing-obituary/ |access-date=March 21, 2019}}</ref><ref name="wghof">{{cite web |title=World Golf Hall of Fame profile |url=http://www.worldgolfhalloffame.org/gene-littler/ |access-date=January 15, 2014}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1930]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2019]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] jf3m62q97fsntsiz3gragb1gf7co1hr 0 250746 1599065 2026-09-23T04:45:07Z Ray mastory 92442 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ' '''Hawa Tamimu Ally''' (anajulikana zaidi mtandaoni kama '''Salma Vybz'''; amezaliwa 7 Oktoba 2003) ni mjasiriamali, mtaalamu wa tiba ya ngozi (aesthetician), na mtayarishaji wa maudhui ya kidijitali kutoka nchini [[Tanzania]]. Anafahamika sana kwa ubunifu wake katika tasnia ya sanaa ya maudhui ya mtandaoni, hususan kwa kufanya maudhui ya kimahusiano na mtengeneza maudhui mwenzake Kim Traveller, pamoja na uwekezaji wake mkubwa kwenye sekta ya urembo na af...' 1599065 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hawa Tamimu Ally''' (anajulikana zaidi mtandaoni kama '''Salma Vybz'''; amezaliwa 7 Oktoba 2003) ni mjasiriamali, mtaalamu wa tiba ya ngozi (aesthetician), na mtayarishaji wa maudhui ya kidijitali kutoka nchini [[Tanzania]]. Anafahamika sana kwa ubunifu wake katika tasnia ya sanaa ya maudhui ya mtandaoni, hususan kwa kufanya maudhui ya kimahusiano na mtengeneza maudhui mwenzake Kim Traveller, pamoja na uwekezaji wake mkubwa kwenye sekta ya urembo na afya ya ngozi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wasifu wa Salma Vybz|url=https://raymastory.blogspot.com/2026/09/wasifu-wa-salma-vybz.html|work=Wasifu wa Salma Vybz|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> [[Faili:Salma Vybz.jpg|alt=Salma Vybz|thumb|Salma Vybz]] {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="undefined" |'''Hawa Tamimu Ally''' ! colspan="undefined" | |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Jina la Kuzaliwa''' | colspan="undefined" |Hawa Tamimu Ally |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Majina Mengine''' | colspan="undefined" |Salma Vybz |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Tarehe ya Kuzaliwa''' | colspan="undefined" |7 Oktoba 2003 |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Mahali pa Kuzaliwa''' | colspan="undefined" |Tanzania 🇹🇿 |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Elimu''' | colspan="undefined" |Stashahada ya Tiba na Afya ya Ngozi |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Kazi''' | colspan="undefined" |Mjasiriamali, mtaalamu wa tiba ya ngozi & mtayarishaji wa maudhui |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Anafahamika kwa''' | colspan="undefined" |Maudhui ya kidijitali (#salmaandkim) na ujasiriamali wa urembo |} ---- == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Salma Vybz alizaliwa na kulelewa nchini [[Tanzania]]. Alionyesha nia ya mapema katika masuala ya urembo na afya, jambo lililomfanya kujiunga na masomo ya juu ya afya ambapo alihitimu na kutuzwa Stashahada (Diploma) ya Masuala ya Tiba na Afya ya Ngozi (Dermatology and Aesthetic Medicine). Elimu hii imekuwa nguzo kuu katika biashara zake na maudhui anayozalisha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tazama elimu ya Salma vybz|url=https://raymastory.blogspot.com/2026/09/tazama-elimu-ya-salma-vybz.html|work=Tazama elimu ya Salma vybz|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Sanaa na Umaarufu == Salma Vybz alipata umaarufu mkubwa kupitia mitandao ya kijamii kama vile [[TikTok]] na [[Instagram]], ambapo mtindo wake wa kipekee wa uwasilishaji ulimvutia melfu ya wafuasi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sanaa na Umaarufu wa Salma Vybz|url=https://raymastory.blogspot.com/2026/09/sanaa-na-umaarufu-wa-salma-vybz.html|work=Sanaa na Umaarufu wa Salma Vybz|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> === Ubunifu wa Maudhui === Sanaa yake mtandaoni inajikita zaidi katika maudhui ya mtindo wa maisha (lifestyle), urembo, na sanaa ya ucheshi ya mahusiano. Amekuwa akitengeneza maudhui ya pamoja yanayovuma sana na mwenza wake, Kim Traveller, ambapo wawili hao wamejizolea umaarufu mkubwa chini ya alama ya reli #salmaandkim. Uwezo wake wa kuchanganya sanaa ya burudani na elimu ya urembo umemfanya kuwa mmoja wa brand influencers vijana wenye ushawishi mkubwa nchini Tanzania.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sanaa na Umaarufu wa Salma Vybz|url=https://raymastory.blogspot.com/2026/09/sanaa-na-umaarufu-wa-salma-vybz.html|work=Sanaa na Umaarufu wa Salma Vybz|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Biashara na Ujasiriamali == Baada ya kukamilisha masomo yake ya Stashahada ya Tiba na Afya ya Ngozi, Salma aliamua kutumia taaluma yake kivitendo badala ya kutegemea ajira pekee.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biashara na Ujasiriamali wa Salma Vybz|url=https://raymastory.blogspot.com/2026/09/biashara-na-ujasiriamali-wa-salma-vybz.html|work=Biashara na Ujasiriamali wa Salma Vybz|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Alifungua duka kubwa la vipodozi (Cosmetics Store) linalofanya kazi kwa weledi wa kitiba. Duka hili linajikita katika kuuza bidhaa mbalimbali zilizothibitishwa kisayansi kushughulikia matatizo ya ngozi, kutoa tiba, na kudumisha afya ya ngozi. Kupitia duka hili, amefanikiwa kuunganisha umaarufu wake wa kidijitali na utaalamu wake wa kitaaluma, na hivyo kuwa mtoa huduma anayeaminika katika tasnia ya urembo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biashara na Ujasiriamali wa Salma Vybz|url=https://raymastory.blogspot.com/2026/09/biashara-na-ujasiriamali-wa-salma-vybz.html|work=Biashara na Ujasiriamali wa Salma Vybz|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Angalia Pia == * [[TikTok]] * [[Ujasiriamali]] == Marejeo == p4vq2coa9wlo6gjokmc6b4q8kk3h4qg 1599129 1599065 2026-09-23T09:24:31Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 6 template(s) replaced. 1599129 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hawa Tamimu Ally''' (anajulikana zaidi mtandaoni kama '''Salma Vybz'''; amezaliwa 7 Oktoba 2003) ni mjasiriamali, mtaalamu wa tiba ya ngozi (aesthetician), na mtayarishaji wa maudhui ya kidijitali kutoka nchini [[Tanzania]]. Anafahamika sana kwa ubunifu wake katika tasnia ya sanaa ya maudhui ya mtandaoni, hususan kwa kufanya maudhui ya kimahusiano na mtengeneza maudhui mwenzake Kim Traveller, pamoja na uwekezaji wake mkubwa kwenye sekta ya urembo na afya ya ngozi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wasifu wa Salma Vybz|url=https://raymastory.blogspot.com/2026/09/wasifu-wa-salma-vybz.html|work=Wasifu wa Salma Vybz|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> [[Faili:Salma Vybz.jpg|alt=Salma Vybz|thumb|Salma Vybz]] {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="undefined" |'''Hawa Tamimu Ally''' ! colspan="undefined" | |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Jina la Kuzaliwa''' | colspan="undefined" |Hawa Tamimu Ally |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Majina Mengine''' | colspan="undefined" |Salma Vybz |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Tarehe ya Kuzaliwa''' | colspan="undefined" |7 Oktoba 2003 |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Mahali pa Kuzaliwa''' | colspan="undefined" |Tanzania 🇹🇿 |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Elimu''' | colspan="undefined" |Stashahada ya Tiba na Afya ya Ngozi |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Kazi''' | colspan="undefined" |Mjasiriamali, mtaalamu wa tiba ya ngozi & mtayarishaji wa maudhui |- | colspan="undefined" |'''Anafahamika kwa''' | colspan="undefined" |Maudhui ya kidijitali (#salmaandkim) na ujasiriamali wa urembo |} ---- == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Salma Vybz alizaliwa na kulelewa nchini [[Tanzania]]. Alionyesha nia ya mapema katika masuala ya urembo na afya, jambo lililomfanya kujiunga na masomo ya juu ya afya ambapo alihitimu na kutuzwa Stashahada (Diploma) ya Masuala ya Tiba na Afya ya Ngozi (Dermatology and Aesthetic Medicine). Elimu hii imekuwa nguzo kuu katika biashara zake na maudhui anayozalisha.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tazama elimu ya Salma vybz|url=https://raymastory.blogspot.com/2026/09/tazama-elimu-ya-salma-vybz.html|work=Tazama elimu ya Salma vybz|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Sanaa na Umaarufu == Salma Vybz alipata umaarufu mkubwa kupitia mitandao ya kijamii kama vile [[TikTok]] na [[Instagram]], ambapo mtindo wake wa kipekee wa uwasilishaji ulimvutia melfu ya wafuasi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sanaa na Umaarufu wa Salma Vybz|url=https://raymastory.blogspot.com/2026/09/sanaa-na-umaarufu-wa-salma-vybz.html|work=Sanaa na Umaarufu wa Salma Vybz|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> === Ubunifu wa Maudhui === Sanaa yake mtandaoni inajikita zaidi katika maudhui ya mtindo wa maisha (lifestyle), urembo, na sanaa ya ucheshi ya mahusiano. Amekuwa akitengeneza maudhui ya pamoja yanayovuma sana na mwenza wake, Kim Traveller, ambapo wawili hao wamejizolea umaarufu mkubwa chini ya alama ya reli #salmaandkim. Uwezo wake wa kuchanganya sanaa ya burudani na elimu ya urembo umemfanya kuwa mmoja wa brand influencers vijana wenye ushawishi mkubwa nchini Tanzania.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sanaa na Umaarufu wa Salma Vybz|url=https://raymastory.blogspot.com/2026/09/sanaa-na-umaarufu-wa-salma-vybz.html|work=Sanaa na Umaarufu wa Salma Vybz|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Biashara na Ujasiriamali == Baada ya kukamilisha masomo yake ya Stashahada ya Tiba na Afya ya Ngozi, Salma aliamua kutumia taaluma yake kivitendo badala ya kutegemea ajira pekee.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Biashara na Ujasiriamali wa Salma Vybz|url=https://raymastory.blogspot.com/2026/09/biashara-na-ujasiriamali-wa-salma-vybz.html|work=Biashara na Ujasiriamali wa Salma Vybz|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Alifungua duka kubwa la vipodozi (Cosmetics Store) linalofanya kazi kwa weledi wa kitiba. Duka hili linajikita katika kuuza bidhaa mbalimbali zilizothibitishwa kisayansi kushughulikia matatizo ya ngozi, kutoa tiba, na kudumisha afya ya ngozi. Kupitia duka hili, amefanikiwa kuunganisha umaarufu wake wa kidijitali na utaalamu wake wa kitaaluma, na hivyo kuwa mtoa huduma anayeaminika katika tasnia ya urembo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Biashara na Ujasiriamali wa Salma Vybz|url=https://raymastory.blogspot.com/2026/09/biashara-na-ujasiriamali-wa-salma-vybz.html|work=Biashara na Ujasiriamali wa Salma Vybz|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Angalia Pia == * [[TikTok]] * [[Ujasiriamali]] == Marejeo == cbsle186a908goo1otp3ingest79g5f 1728 250747 1599068 2026-09-23T04:48:39Z Abubakari Sixberth 53268 Kuanzisha maelezo ya ukurasa wa warsha 1599068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kigezo:Wikimedia Community Kilimanjaro 2026-27 Monthly Edit-thon|active=tab2}} Hii ni warsha ya '''Wikidata Training''' ya '''Monthly Edit-thon 2026–27''' kwa mwezi wa [[septemba]] [[2026]], iliyoandaliwa na '''Wikimedia Community Kilimanjaro'''. Warsha hii inalenga kuwakaribisha wahariri wapya na wenye uzoefu kushiriki na kuchangia katika mradi wa Wikidata. Mafunzo haya ya vitendo yatawawezesha washiriki '''kuboresha vifungu vya Wikidata (Wikidata Kifungu)''' vinavyohusiana na makala zilizopo katika Wikipedia ya Kiswahili, kwa '''kuongeza maelezo na majina mengine yanayojulikana (aliases) kwa Kiswahili'''. '''Iwe ni mgeni au mwenye uzoefu, kila mtu anakaribishwa kujiunga!''' ==Ratiba== * Septemba 2026 (tarehe kamili: [TAREHE]) ==Mahali== * Mtandaoni na ana kwa ana (Maelezo ya ukumbi yatatangazwa hivi karibuni) ==Timu== *Timu itatajwa hivi karibuni [[Jamii:Wikimedia Community Kilimanjaro 2026-27 Monthly Edit-thon]] [[Jamii:Wikimedia Community Kilimanjaro 2026-27]] [[Jamii:Editathons swwiki]] 0k8nbxh3ublpfav38hsi5bu4q9dkwn6 0 250748 1599098 2026-09-23T08:10:49Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1599098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography|jinalamchezaji=Yannick Bolasie|picha=|maelezo=Bolasie akichezea **Crystal Palace** mwaka 2015.|tareheyakuzaliwa={{birth date and age|1989|5|24|df=y}}<ref name="Hugman2009-10">{{Cite book | editor-first = Barry J. | editor-last = Hugman | title = The PFA Footballers' Who's Who 2009–10 | year = 2009 | publisher = Mainstream Publishing | isbn = 978-1-84596-474-0}}</ref>|mjialiozaliwa=[[Lyon]], France|urefu=1.88 m|nafasianayocheza=Winga}} '''Yannick Bolasie''' (alizaliwa [[24 Mei]] [[1989]]) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] ambaye hucheza kama winga katika klabu ya Chapecoense, inayoshiriki Campeonato Brasileiro Série A. Amecheza katika mfumo wa ligi za mpira wa miguu nchini [[Uingereza|England]] akiwa na klabu za Plymouth Argyle, Barnet, Bristol City, Crystal Palace, Everton, Aston Villa, Middlesbrough na Swansea City. Alizaliwa nchini [[Ufaransa]] na kukulia nchini England. Aliichezea [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] mechi 50 kati ya mwaka [[2013]] na [[2022]]. == Historia ya klabu == [[Faili:Yannick Bolasie2.jpg|thumb|Yannick Bolasie]] === Mwanzo wa maisha ya soka === Bolasie alianza maisha yake ya soka akiwa na umri wa [[miaka]] 16 katika klabu ya Rushden & Diamonds. Alikaa kwa muda wa miezi minne katika timu yao ya vijana, kisha akacheza kwa kipindi fulani katika klabu ya Hillingdon Borough, iliyokuwa ikishiriki Southern Football League, kabla ya kuhamia barani [[Ulaya]] kucheza katika klabu ya Floriana, iliyokuwa ikishiriki Maltese Premier League. == Historia ya kimataifa == Bolasie alikuwa na sifa za kuiwakilisha kimataifa Ufaransa, England na Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, kutokana na mahali alipozaliwa, alikokulia na asili yake. Mwezi [[Januari]] [[2013]], wakati akicheza katika Championship akiwa na Crystal Palace, Bolasie alikataa nafasi ya kuiwakilisha Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo katika [[Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika]] 2013, akisema kwamba hakutaka kuvuruga maendeleo ya maisha yake ya soka katika ngazi ya klabu. Mwezi Machi 2013, Bolasie aliitwa tena katika kikosi cha Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo.na akacheza mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kimataifa katika mechi ya kufuzu kwa [[Kombe la Dunia]] la [[2014]], ambapo Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo ilitoka sare ya 0–0 dhidi ya [[Libya]]. Bolasie alichaguliwa katika kikosi cha Kongo kwa ajili ya Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika 2015 lililofanyika nchini [[Equatorial Guinea]]. Alifunga bao la kusawazisha katika mchezo wao wa kwanza wa hatua ya makundi, uliomalizika kwa sare ya 1–1 dhidi ya [[Zambia]] katika uwanja wa Estadio de Ebibeyin tarehe [[18 Januari]]. Timu hiyo ilimaliza katika nafasi ya tatu. == Heshima == Crystal Palace * Mchujo wa kupandishwa daraja wa Football League Championship: 2013 * Mshindi wa pili wa Kombe la FA: [[2015]]–16 Binafsi * Kikosi Bora cha Mwaka cha PFA: Championship [[2012]]–13 <ref>https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=50619</ref><ref>https://www.premierleague.com/en/players/55452/yannick-bolasie/overview</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/47073854</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1989]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] hu1c21vovfpvt6mdwfd86ekmj6k6p77 1599100 1599098 2026-09-23T08:22:43Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 1599100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography|jinalamchezaji=Yannick Bolasie|picha=|maelezo=Bolasie akichezea **Crystal Palace** mwaka 2015.|tareheyakuzaliwa={{birth date and age|1989|5|24|df=y}}|mjialiozaliwa=[[Lyon]], France|urefu=1.88 m|nafasianayocheza=Winga}} '''Yannick Bolasie''' (alizaliwa [[24 Mei]] [[1989]]) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] ambaye hucheza kama winga katika klabu ya Chapecoense, inayoshiriki Campeonato Brasileiro Série A. Amecheza katika mfumo wa ligi za mpira wa miguu nchini [[Uingereza|England]] akiwa na klabu za Plymouth Argyle, Barnet, Bristol City, Crystal Palace, Everton, Aston Villa, Middlesbrough na Swansea City. Alizaliwa nchini [[Ufaransa]] na kukulia nchini England. Aliichezea [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] mechi 50 kati ya mwaka [[2013]] na [[2022]]. == Historia ya klabu == [[Faili:Yannick Bolasie2.jpg|thumb|Yannick Bolasie]] === Mwanzo wa maisha ya soka === Bolasie alianza maisha yake ya soka akiwa na umri wa [[miaka]] 16 katika klabu ya Rushden & Diamonds. Alikaa kwa muda wa miezi minne katika timu yao ya vijana, kisha akacheza kwa kipindi fulani katika klabu ya Hillingdon Borough, iliyokuwa ikishiriki Southern Football League, kabla ya kuhamia barani [[Ulaya]] kucheza katika klabu ya Floriana, iliyokuwa ikishiriki Maltese Premier League. == Historia ya kimataifa == Bolasie alikuwa na sifa za kuiwakilisha kimataifa Ufaransa, England na Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, kutokana na mahali alipozaliwa, alikokulia na asili yake. Mwezi [[Januari]] [[2013]], wakati akicheza katika Championship akiwa na Crystal Palace, Bolasie alikataa nafasi ya kuiwakilisha Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo katika [[Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika]] 2013, akisema kwamba hakutaka kuvuruga maendeleo ya maisha yake ya soka katika ngazi ya klabu. Mwezi Machi 2013, Bolasie aliitwa tena katika kikosi cha Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo.na akacheza mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kimataifa katika mechi ya kufuzu kwa [[Kombe la Dunia]] la [[2014]], ambapo Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo ilitoka sare ya 0–0 dhidi ya [[Libya]]. Bolasie alichaguliwa katika kikosi cha Kongo kwa ajili ya Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika 2015 lililofanyika nchini [[Equatorial Guinea]]. Alifunga bao la kusawazisha katika mchezo wao wa kwanza wa hatua ya makundi, uliomalizika kwa sare ya 1–1 dhidi ya [[Zambia]] katika uwanja wa Estadio de Ebibeyin tarehe [[18 Januari]]. Timu hiyo ilimaliza katika nafasi ya tatu. == Heshima == Crystal Palace * Mchujo wa kupandishwa daraja wa Football League Championship: 2013 * Mshindi wa pili wa Kombe la FA: [[2015]]–16 Binafsi * Kikosi Bora cha Mwaka cha PFA: Championship [[2012]]–13 <ref>https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=50619</ref><ref>https://www.premierleague.com/en/players/55452/yannick-bolasie/overview</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/47073854</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1989]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 8ncw5dvoc4zbf0ztkr5n2vq5q46p4ox 0 250749 1599102 2026-09-23T08:28:03Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1599102 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Djo Issama Mpeko''' (alizaliwa [[3 Machi]] [[1986]]) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] ambaye hucheza kama beki wa kulia katika klabu ya FC Saint-Éloi Lupopo, inayoshiriki Linafoot, na pia katika [[timu ya taifa]] ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Aliichezea Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo katika Mashindano ya Mataifa ya Afrika [[2011]]. Wakati wa mchujo wa [[Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika]] 2013, alifunga bao moja na baadaye akaendelea hadi Casablanca mwaka 2013. == Heshima == Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo * Mshindi wa medali ya shaba katika Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika: [[2015]] <ref>https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/41376/Mpeko_Issama.html</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20151117181127/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=351374/index.html</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1986]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] <references />{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} 4uknplzfci523z94as0f6b9wval6x21 0 250750 1599104 2026-09-23T08:34:27Z SciFusion 76137 Nimeunda kurasa 1599104 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Clementina Chalamila''' ni mwanaharakati wa haki za afya na kijamii nchini [[Tanzania]], anayejulikana zaidi kama mwanzilishi na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa taasisi ya ''Beyond Skin Initiative'' (BSI). Shirika lake linajihusisha na kuongeza uelewa wa umma kuhusu ugonjwa wa ngozi wa [[vitiligo]], kupinga unyanyapaa, na kutetea fursa sawa kwa watu wanaoishi na hali hiyo nchini Tanzania. == Harakati na Uongozi == Chalamila alianza kuishi na hali ya vitiligo tangu akiwa mtoto mwenye umri wa miaka saba. Baada ya kukabiliana na changamoto za unyanyapaa na changamoto za kisaikolojia katika mfumo wa elimu na jamii, aliamua kuanzisha taasisi ya ''Beyond Skin Initiative'' ili kuelimisha umma. Pamoja na harakati za kijamii, Chalamila amekuwa akipaza sauti kuitaka serikali na wadau wa afya kutoa matibabu na ushauri wa kisaikolojia bila malipo kwa watu wanaoishi na vitiligo nchini Tanzania, pamoja na kuhamasisha jamii kuacha ubaguzi na kuwachukulia watu hao kwa heshima. == Marejeo == <ref>{{cite news |title=Chalamila calls for public awareness to end stigma facing people with vitiligo |url=https://dailynews.co.tz/chalamila-calls-for-public-awareness-to-end-stigma-facing-people-with-vitiligo/ |work=Daily News |date=3 August 2026 |access-date=23 September 2026 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title=Beyond the patches: Clementina Chalamila's fight to change how Tanzanians see vitiligo |url=https://ippmedia.co.tz/the-guardian/features/read/beyond-the-patches-clementina-chalamilas-fight-to-change-how-tanzanians-sees-vitiligo-2026-08-03-122421 |newspaper=The Guardian |publisher=IPP Media |date=3 Agosti 2026 |access-date=23 Septemba 2026 }}</ref> {{reflist}} == Viungo vya Nje == * {{Instagram|beyondskin__initiative|Beyond Skin Initiative}} {{mbegu-biografia}} [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mwanaharakati wa Tanzania]] cnn2chfocl18bg2l9kjs1kvprnlgqf1 1599105 1599104 2026-09-23T08:34:49Z SciFusion 76137 1599105 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Clementina Chalamila''' ni mwanaharakati wa haki za afya na kijamii nchini [[Tanzania]], anayejulikana zaidi kama mwanzilishi na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa taasisi ya ''Beyond Skin Initiative'' (BSI). Shirika lake linajihusisha na kuongeza uelewa wa umma kuhusu ugonjwa wa ngozi wa [[vitiligo]], kupinga unyanyapaa, na kutetea fursa sawa kwa watu wanaoishi na hali hiyo nchini Tanzania. == Harakati na Uongozi == Chalamila alianza kuishi na hali ya vitiligo tangu akiwa mtoto mwenye umri wa miaka saba. Baada ya kukabiliana na changamoto za unyanyapaa na changamoto za kisaikolojia katika mfumo wa elimu na jamii, aliamua kuanzisha taasisi ya ''Beyond Skin Initiative'' ili kuelimisha umma. Pamoja na harakati za kijamii, Chalamila amekuwa akipaza sauti kuitaka serikali na wadau wa afya kutoa matibabu na ushauri wa kisaikolojia bila malipo kwa watu wanaoishi na vitiligo nchini Tanzania, pamoja na kuhamasisha jamii kuacha ubaguzi na kuwachukulia watu hao kwa heshima. == Marejeo == <ref>{{cite news |title=Chalamila calls for public awareness to end stigma facing people with vitiligo |url=https://dailynews.co.tz/chalamila-calls-for-public-awareness-to-end-stigma-facing-people-with-vitiligo/ |work=Daily News |date=3 August 2026 |access-date=23 September 2026 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title=Beyond the patches: Clementina Chalamila's fight to change how Tanzanians see vitiligo |url=https://ippmedia.co.tz/the-guardian/features/read/beyond-the-patches-clementina-chalamilas-fight-to-change-how-tanzanians-sees-vitiligo-2026-08-03-122421 |newspaper=The Guardian |publisher=IPP Media |date=3 Agosti 2026 |access-date=23 Septemba 2026 }}</ref> {{reflist}} == Viungo vya Nje == * {{Instagram|beyondskin__initiative|Beyond Skin Initiative}} {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mwanaharakati wa Tanzania]] 8d7mc8e4filkid3m4dtdj0ssko9ke48 1599151 1599105 2026-09-23T09:45:22Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1599151 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Clementina Chalamila''' ni mwanaharakati wa haki za afya na za kijamii nchini [[Tanzania]], anayejulikana zaidi kama mwanzilishi na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa taasisi ya ''Beyond Skin Initiative'' (BSI). Shirika lake linajihusisha na kuongeza uelewa wa umma kuhusu ugonjwa wa ngozi wa [[vitiligo]], kupinga unyanyapaa, na kutetea fursa sawa kwa watu wanaoishi na hali hiyo nchini Tanzania. == Harakati na Uongozi == Chalamila alianza kuishi na hali ya vitiligo tangu akiwa mtoto mwenye umri wa miaka saba. Baada ya kukabiliana na changamoto za unyanyapaa na changamoto za kisaikolojia katika mfumo wa elimu na jamii, aliamua kuanzisha taasisi ya ''Beyond Skin Initiative'' ili kuelimisha umma. Pamoja na harakati za kijamii, Chalamila amekuwa akipaza sauti kuitaka serikali na wadau wa afya kutoa matibabu na ushauri wa kisaikolojia bila malipo kwa watu wanaoishi na vitiligo nchini Tanzania, pamoja na kuhamasisha jamii kuacha ubaguzi na kuwachukulia watu hao kwa heshima. == Marejeo == <ref>{{cite news |title=Chalamila calls for public awareness to end stigma facing people with vitiligo |url=https://dailynews.co.tz/chalamila-calls-for-public-awareness-to-end-stigma-facing-people-with-vitiligo/ |work=Daily News |date=3 August 2026 |access-date=23 September 2026 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title=Beyond the patches: Clementina Chalamila's fight to change how Tanzanians see vitiligo |url=https://ippmedia.co.tz/the-guardian/features/read/beyond-the-patches-clementina-chalamilas-fight-to-change-how-tanzanians-sees-vitiligo-2026-08-03-122421 |newspaper=The Guardian |publisher=IPP Media |date=3 Agosti 2026 |access-date=23 Septemba 2026 }}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} == Viungo vya Nje == * {{Instagram|beyondskin__initiative|Beyond Skin Initiative}} {{mbegu-Mtanzania}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Tanzania]] biojvojwys4es1mupqul3168o8tfiaw 1599152 1599151 2026-09-23T09:46:06Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1599152 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Clementina Chalamila''' ni mwanaharakati wa haki za afya na za kijamii nchini [[Tanzania]], anayejulikana zaidi kama mwanzilishi na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa taasisi ya ''Beyond Skin Initiative'' (BSI). Shirika lake linajihusisha na kuongeza uelewa wa umma kuhusu ugonjwa wa ngozi wa [[vitiligo]], kupinga unyanyapaa, na kutetea fursa sawa kwa watu wanaoishi na hali hiyo nchini Tanzania. == Harakati na Uongozi == Chalamila alianza kuishi na hali ya vitiligo tangu akiwa mtoto mwenye umri wa miaka saba. Baada ya kukabiliana na changamoto za unyanyapaa na changamoto za kisaikolojia katika mfumo wa elimu na jamii, aliamua kuanzisha taasisi ya ''Beyond Skin Initiative'' ili kuelimisha umma. Pamoja na harakati za kijamii, Chalamila amekuwa akipaza sauti kuitaka serikali na wadau wa afya kutoa matibabu na ushauri wa kisaikolojia bila malipo kwa watu wanaoishi na vitiligo nchini Tanzania, pamoja na kuhamasisha jamii kuacha ubaguzi na kuwachukulia watu hao kwa heshima. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} == Marejeo == <ref>{{cite news |title=Chalamila calls for public awareness to end stigma facing people with vitiligo |url=https://dailynews.co.tz/chalamila-calls-for-public-awareness-to-end-stigma-facing-people-with-vitiligo/ |work=Daily News |date=3 August 2026 |access-date=23 September 2026 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title=Beyond the patches: Clementina Chalamila's fight to change how Tanzanians see vitiligo |url=https://ippmedia.co.tz/the-guardian/features/read/beyond-the-patches-clementina-chalamilas-fight-to-change-how-tanzanians-sees-vitiligo-2026-08-03-122421 |newspaper=The Guardian |publisher=IPP Media |date=3 Agosti 2026 |access-date=23 Septemba 2026 }}</ref> == Viungo vya Nje == * {{Instagram|beyondskin__initiative|Beyond Skin Initiative}} {{mbegu-Mtanzania}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Tanzania]] aa2jty34jd8kyi9mani9fivexi8lk01 1599154 1599152 2026-09-23T09:47:04Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1599154 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Clementina Chalamila''' ni mwanaharakati wa haki za afya na za kijamii nchini [[Tanzania]], anayejulikana zaidi kama mwanzilishi na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa taasisi ya ''Beyond Skin Initiative'' (BSI). Shirika lake linajihusisha na kuongeza uelewa wa umma kuhusu ugonjwa wa ngozi wa [[vitiligo]], kupinga unyanyapaa, na kutetea fursa sawa kwa watu wanaoishi na hali hiyo nchini Tanzania. == Harakati na Uongozi == Chalamila alianza kuishi na hali ya vitiligo tangu akiwa mtoto mwenye umri wa miaka saba. Baada ya kukabiliana na changamoto za unyanyapaa na changamoto za kisaikolojia katika mfumo wa elimu na jamii, aliamua kuanzisha taasisi ya ''Beyond Skin Initiative'' ili kuelimisha umma. Pamoja na harakati za kijamii, Chalamila amekuwa akipaza sauti kuitaka serikali na wadau wa afya kutoa matibabu na ushauri wa kisaikolojia bila malipo kwa watu wanaoishi na vitiligo nchini Tanzania, pamoja na kuhamasisha jamii kuacha ubaguzi na kuwachukulia watu hao kwa heshima. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} == Marejeo == *{{cite news |title=Chalamila calls for public awareness to end stigma facing people with vitiligo |url=https://dailynews.co.tz/chalamila-calls-for-public-awareness-to-end-stigma-facing-people-with-vitiligo/ |work=Daily News |date=3 August 2026 |access-date=23 September 2026 }} *{{cite news |title=Beyond the patches: Clementina Chalamila's fight to change how Tanzanians see vitiligo |url=https://ippmedia.co.tz/the-guardian/features/read/beyond-the-patches-clementina-chalamilas-fight-to-change-how-tanzanians-sees-vitiligo-2026-08-03-122421 |newspaper=The Guardian |publisher=IPP Media |date=3 Agosti 2026 |access-date=23 Septemba 2026 }} == Viungo vya Nje == * {{Instagram|beyondskin__initiative|Beyond Skin Initiative}} {{mbegu-Mtanzania}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Tanzania]] r233nhtffdbz22o3qoj7gyn5lccm7qf 0 250751 1599106 2026-09-23T08:34:53Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[File:Жития_Святых_(1903-1911)_-_икона_05053_Аполлинария.png|thumb|Mt. Apolinaria alivyochorwa.]] '''Apolinaria''' (pia: '''Apolinari Sinkletika''' kutoka [[Kigiriki]] Απολινάριος Συγκλητική; [[Konstantinopoli]], leo nchi [[Uturuki]], [[karne ya 4]] hivi - [[Misri]], [[karne ya 5]]) anasemekana<ref name="butler">{{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Alban |title=Butler's Lives of the Saints |date=1998 |publisher...' 1599106 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Жития_Святых_(1903-1911)_-_икона_05053_Аполлинария.png|thumb|Mt. Apolinaria alivyochorwa.]] '''Apolinaria''' (pia: '''Apolinari Sinkletika''' kutoka [[Kigiriki]] Απολινάριος Συγκλητική; [[Konstantinopoli]], leo nchi [[Uturuki]], [[karne ya 4]] hivi - [[Misri]], [[karne ya 5]]) anasemekana<ref name="butler">{{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Alban |title=Butler's Lives of the Saints |date=1998 |publisher=Burns & Oates. |isbn=0-8146-2377-8 |edition=8 |location=Tunbridge Wells, Kent |page=34 |oclc=33824974}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Delaney|first=John J.|title=Dictionary of saints|publisher=Doubleday|year=2005|isbn=0-385-51520-0|edition=2nd|location=New York|pages=55|oclc=58724402}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Watkins|first=Basil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yzqOCgAAQBAJ&q=Amata|title=The Book of Saints: A Comprehensive Biographical Dictionary|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2015|isbn=978-0-567-66415-0|edition=8th|location=London|language=en}}</ref> alikuwa [[bikira]] [[Mkristo]] aliyekataa [[ndoa]] akaishi kama [[mkaapweke]] katika [[monasteri]] ya [[jangwa|jangwani]] hadi [[Mauti|kifo]] chake,<ref name="ocaorg">{{Cite web |title=Saint Apollinaria of Egypt |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2019/01/05/100101-saint-apollinaria-of-egypt |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=www.oca.org}}</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[4 Januari]] au [[5 Januari]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] * [[Mababu wa jangwani]] * [[Sara wa jangwani]] * [[Theoktiste wa Lesbo]] * [[Maria wa Misri]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== * {{Cite book |last=Baring-Gould |first=Sabine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3hJAAAAYAAJ&q=Apollinaris+Syncletica |title=The Lives of the Saints |date=1877 |publisher=J. Hodges |edition=3rd |location=London |pages=70–72 |access-date=11 November 2024}} * {{Cite journal |last=Veder |first=William R. |date=2006 |title=Saint Syncletica and the Sea: A Text Come To Life |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24664437 |journal=Russian History |volume=33 |issue=2/4 |pages=153–162 |jstor=24664437 |issn=0094-288X}} {{Subject bar |portal1=Saints |portal2= Biography |portal3= Christianity |portal4= Greece}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{BD|karne ya 4|karne ya 5}} [[Jamii:Mabikira]] [[Category:Wakaapweke]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Uturuki]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Misri]] gkrw3ov4bp5nznsqht7n4nioizr6yt8 1599108 1599106 2026-09-23T08:37:50Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Marejeo */ 1599108 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Жития_Святых_(1903-1911)_-_икона_05053_Аполлинария.png|thumb|Mt. Apolinaria alivyochorwa.]] '''Apolinaria''' (pia: '''Apolinari Sinkletika''' kutoka [[Kigiriki]] Απολινάριος Συγκλητική; [[Konstantinopoli]], leo nchi [[Uturuki]], [[karne ya 4]] hivi - [[Misri]], [[karne ya 5]]) anasemekana<ref name="butler">{{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Alban |title=Butler's Lives of the Saints |date=1998 |publisher=Burns & Oates. |isbn=0-8146-2377-8 |edition=8 |location=Tunbridge Wells, Kent |page=34 |oclc=33824974}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Delaney|first=John J.|title=Dictionary of saints|publisher=Doubleday|year=2005|isbn=0-385-51520-0|edition=2nd|location=New York|pages=55|oclc=58724402}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Watkins|first=Basil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yzqOCgAAQBAJ&q=Amata|title=The Book of Saints: A Comprehensive Biographical Dictionary|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2015|isbn=978-0-567-66415-0|edition=8th|location=London|language=en}}</ref> alikuwa [[bikira]] [[Mkristo]] aliyekataa [[ndoa]] akaishi kama [[mkaapweke]] katika [[monasteri]] ya [[jangwa|jangwani]] hadi [[Mauti|kifo]] chake,<ref name="ocaorg">{{Cite web |title=Saint Apollinaria of Egypt |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2019/01/05/100101-saint-apollinaria-of-egypt |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=www.oca.org}}</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[4 Januari]] au [[5 Januari]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] * [[Mababu wa jangwani]] * [[Sara wa jangwani]] * [[Theoktiste wa Lesbo]] * [[Maria wa Misri]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== * {{Cite book |last=Baring-Gould |first=Sabine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3hJAAAAYAAJ&q=Apollinaris+Syncletica |title=The Lives of the Saints |date=1877 |publisher=J. Hodges |edition=3rd |location=London |pages=70–72 |access-date=11 November 2024}} * {{Cite journal |last=Veder |first=William R. |date=2006 |title=Saint Syncletica and the Sea: A Text Come To Life |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24664437 |journal=Russian History |volume=33 |issue=2/4 |pages=153–162 |jstor=24664437 |issn=0094-288X}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{BD|karne ya 4|karne ya 5}} [[Jamii:Mabikira]] [[Category:Wakaapweke]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Uturuki]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Misri]] l88223uyfg0hgb6p1u9xlddk6m6ct9b 0 250752 1599107 2026-09-23T08:36:18Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1599107 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zola Matumona''' (alizaliwa [[26 Novemba]] [[1981]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] ambaye alicheza kama winga wa kushoto. == Historia ya klabu == === Mwanzo wa maisha ya soka === Matumona alijiunga na AS Vita Club ya Kinshasa, mojawapo ya klabu kubwa nchini Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, baada ya kutumia msimu mmoja katika klabu ya Styles of Congo, iliyokuwa ikishiriki ligi ya daraja la pili. Haraka alipendwa sana na mashabiki wa klabu hiyo yenye rangi ya kijani na nyeusi, ambao walimwita "Room" wakirejelea mtindo wake wa uchezaji uliofananishwa na mchezaji wa [[Ujerumani]], Karl-Heinz Rummenigge. Alitumia misimu mitano katika klabu hiyo, akishinda ubingwa wa Kongo na mataji kadhaa ya ligi ya Kinshasa. Pia alishiriki katika CAF Champions League na CAF Cup akiwa na klabu hiyo. Aidha, alishinda tuzo ya mchezaji bora wa Kongo mara kadhaa kabla ya kuondoka katika klabu hiyo. == Historia ya kimataifa == Matumona alicheza mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kimataifa tarehe [[20 Agosti]] [[2002]] dhidi ya [[Aljeria|Algeria]], katika mechi iliyomalizika kwa sare ya 1–1. Alifunga bao lake la kwanza la kimataifa tarehe [[5 Juni]] [[2005]] dhidi ya [[Uganda]], katika mechi ambayo Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo ilishinda kwa mabao 4–0.<ref>https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/11775/Zola_Matumona.html</ref><ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/7082834.stm</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1981]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] <references />{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} ambr1bmdtfcrcpojmp8wp8ooq2xwa1o 0 250753 1599109 2026-09-23T08:46:10Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1599109 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Stade rennais vs SM Caen, July 22nd 2017 - Mubele (4).jpg|thumb|Ndombe Mubele]] '''Firmin Ndombe Mubele''' (alizaliwa [[17 Aprili]] [[1994]]) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] ambaye hucheza kama winga, na pia ana uwezo wa kucheza nafasi ya mshambuliaji. Kuanzia mwaka [[2013]] hadi [[2018]], aliiwakilisha [[timu ya taifa]] ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo katika ngazi ya kimataifa. == Historia ya klabu == Mwezi Machi 2013, Mubele alifunga magoli matutu (hat-trick) akiwa na Vita Club katika mchezo wa Ligi ya Mabingwa ya CAF [[2014]] dhidi ya [[Kaizer Chiefs F.C.|Kaizer Chiefs]]. Alijiunga na klabu ya Qatar Al Ahli mwezi Julai [[2015]]. Alihamia klabu ya Rennes, inayoshiriki Ligue 1, tarehe [[30 Januari]] [[2017]]. Tarehe 2 Julai [[2019]], FC Astana ilitangaza kumsajili Mubele kwa [[mkataba]] wa mkopo wa mwaka mmoja kutoka Toulouse. == Historia ya kimataifa == Mubele aliitwa katika kikosi cha wachezaji wa chini ya umri wa [[miaka]] 20 kwa ajili ya Mashindano ya Toulon 2013. Mubele alicheza mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kimataifa kwa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo mwaka 2013. Alishiriki katika kampeni ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo ya kufuzu kwa [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 2014]], ambayo haikufanikiwa, akicheza katika mechi dhidi ya [[Libya]] na [[Cameroon]]. Alichaguliwa katika kikosi cha Mashindano ya Mataifa ya Afrika 2014 na alicheza katika mechi nne. == Heshima == Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo * Medali ya shaba ya Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika: 2015 <ref>https://www.lequipe.fr/fiche/firmin-mubele/200472</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20151117233415/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=370563/index.html</ref><ref>https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/52516/Ndombe_Mubele.html</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1994]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] <references />{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} p10rawibw9591btjyjj3toywouifbq4 0 250754 1599110 2026-09-23T08:47:51Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Picha:Rufus_Bild_1.jpg|thumb|Mt. Rufo katika [[mchoro wa ukutani]].]] '''Rufo wa Metz''' (alifariki [[400]]) alikuwa [[askofu]] wa tisa wa [[mji]] [[Metz|huo]] (leo nchini [[Ufaransa]])<ref>[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=5249 St. Patiens] Catholic Online</ref> Inasemekana <ref>{{Cite CE1913|wstitle= Sts. Rufus |volume= 13, see para (5) |last= Kirsch |first= Johann Peter |author-link= |short=1}}</ref> aliongoza [[kanisa]] hilo miaka...' 1599110 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Rufus_Bild_1.jpg|thumb|Mt. Rufo katika [[mchoro wa ukutani]].]] '''Rufo wa Metz''' (alifariki [[400]]) alikuwa [[askofu]] wa tisa wa [[mji]] [[Metz|huo]] (leo nchini [[Ufaransa]])<ref>[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=5249 St. Patiens] Catholic Online</ref> Inasemekana <ref>{{Cite CE1913|wstitle= Sts. Rufus |volume= 13, see para (5) |last= Kirsch |first= Johann Peter |author-link= |short=1}}</ref> aliongoza [[kanisa]] hilo miaka 29<ref>[http://www.orthodoxengland.org.uk/saintsr.htm Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[7 Novemba]]<ref>[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=4665 St. Rufus of Metz - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa karne ya 4]] [[Jamii:waliofariki 400]] [[Category:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Ufaransa]] hh9r4rb4qru7qzdi0qy0g4x8j3cmdn0 1599112 1599110 2026-09-23T08:50:28Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Tanbihi */ 1599112 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Rufus_Bild_1.jpg|thumb|Mt. Rufo katika [[mchoro wa ukutani]].]] '''Rufo wa Metz''' (alifariki [[400]]) alikuwa [[askofu]] wa tisa wa [[mji]] [[Metz|huo]] (leo nchini [[Ufaransa]])<ref>[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=5249 St. Patiens] Catholic Online</ref> Inasemekana <ref>{{Cite CE1913|wstitle= Sts. Rufus |volume= 13, see para (5) |last= Kirsch |first= Johann Peter |author-link= |short=1}}</ref> aliongoza [[kanisa]] hilo miaka 29<ref>[http://www.orthodoxengland.org.uk/saintsr.htm Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[7 Novemba]]<ref>[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=4665 St. Rufus of Metz - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.saarland-biografien.de/Rufus-von-Metz Ruf de Metz sur Saarländische Biografien] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa karne ya 4]] [[Jamii:waliofariki 400]] [[Category:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Ufaransa]] dl1q9i4avq1gfn39lsrwe0mu8w10fi3 0 250755 1599116 2026-09-23T08:59:07Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1599116 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shabani Christophe Nonda''' (alizaliwa [[6 Machi]] [[1977]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] aliyekuwa akicheza kama mshambuliaji. Alizaliwa [[Burundi]] na aliichezea [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], ambapo alicheza mechi 36 na kufunga mabao 20. Alichaguliwa katika kikosi cha Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo kwa ajili ya [[Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika]] 2002. Alikuwa na kipindi mashuhuri cha uchezaji katika klabu kubwa ya Afrika Mashariki, Young Africans ([[Yanga]]), kabla ya kujiunga na Vaal Professionals nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. == Historia ya klabu == Nonda alizaliwa [[Bujumbura]], Burundi, na alianza maisha yake ya soka katika klabu ya Atlético Olympic mwaka [[1992]]. Baada ya kufanya mazoezi nchini [[Uganda]] akiwa na Mbarara F.C., kisha kucheza nchini [[Tanzania]] akiwa na Young Africans, na nchini Afrika Kusini akiwa na Vaal Professionals, aligunduliwa na wakala wa FIFA Marcelo Houseman, ambaye baadaye alimpeleka Nonda nchini [[Uswisi]] kujiunga na FC Zürich mwaka [[1996]] kwa ada ya uhamisho ya dola za [[Marekani]] 150,000. == Historia ya kimataifa == Ingawa alizaliwa Burundi, Nonda ana uraia wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo na hadi sasa ameichezea nchi hiyo mechi 36 za kimataifa, akifunga mabao 20 tangu mwaka 2000. Alistaafu kucheza soka la kimataifa mwaka [[2005]], lakini alirejea mwaka [[2007]]. Mwaka [[2008]], alifunga hat-trick dhidi ya [[Djibouti]] katika mechi za kufuzu kwa [[Kombe la Dunia]]. == Heshima == Monaco * Coupe de la Ligue: 2002–03; mshindi wa pili: [[2000]]–01 * Ligi ya Mabingwa ya UEFA: mshindi wa pili: [[2003]]–04 Roma * Supercoppa Italiana: 2007 Galatasaray * Süper Lig: 2007–08 * Kombe la Super la Uturuki: 2008 Binafsi * Mfungaji bora wa Swiss Super League: 1997–98 (mabao 24) * Mchezaji Bora wa Kigeni wa Mwaka nchini Uswisi: [[1997]]–98 * Mfungaji bora wa Ligue 1: 2002–03 (mabao 26) * Kikosi Bora cha Mwaka cha Ligue 1: 2002–03 <ref>https://www.tff.org/Default.aspx?pageId=526&kisiId=1070059</ref><ref>https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/1978/Shabani_Nonda.html</ref><ref>https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=21406</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1977]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Burundi]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] <references />{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} 1xj8nr5kpylgid7gsp611b724q9sl3n 0 250756 1599119 2026-09-23T09:06:19Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Isidori wa Kio]] 1599119 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[Isidori wa Kio]] qmr5o9276a1erodlgqg0msyltudfwt4 0 250757 1599120 2026-09-23T09:10:41Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1599120 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pierre Ndaye Mulamba''' ([[4 Novemba]] [[1948]] – [[26 Januari]] [[2019]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], iliyokuwa ikijulikana zamani kama Zaire, ambaye alicheza kama mshambuliaji. Alikuwa na lakabu “Mutumbula” (“muuaji”) na “Volvo”. == Maisha ya soka == Mulamba alizaliwa Luluabourg (sasa inaitwa Kananga) mwaka 1948. Mwaka [[1973]], aling'ara akiwa na AS Vita Club ya Kinshasa, ambayo ilishinda African Cup of Champions Clubs. Alikuwa mchezaji wa akiba aliyeingia kipindi cha pili katika mchezo wa [[timu ya taifa]] ya Zaire dhidi ya [[Moroko|Morocco]], uliokuwa mchezo wa kuamua katika kufuzu kwa [[Kombe la Dunia]] la 1974. Mwaka [[1974]], Mulamba aliichezea Zaire katika [[Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika]] lililofanyika nchini [[Misri]], pamoja na Kombe la Dunia la FIFA lililofanyika [[Ujerumani Magharibi]]. Nchini Misri, alifunga mabao tisa, ambayo bado ni rekodi, wakati Zaire iliposhinda mashindano hayo. Mulamba alitangazwa kuwa Mchezaji Bora wa Mashindano na akatunukiwa National Order of the Leopard na Rais [[Mobutu Sese Seko]]. Nchini Ujerumani, alikuwa nahodha wa timu, na alicheza katika mchezo ambao Zaire ilifungwa 2–0 na [[Scotland]]. Hata hivyo, alitolewa kwa kadi nyekundu baada ya dakika 22 katika mchezo dhidi ya [[Yugoslavia]]. Kufikia wakati huo, Zaire ilikuwa tayari imefungwa mabao 4–0, na hatimaye ikapoteza kwa 9–0. Baadaye Mulamba alisema kuwa timu hiyo haikucheza kwa kiwango chake, ama kwa sababu ya kupinga hali iliyokuwepo au kutokana na kushuka kwa morali baada ya kutolipwa bonasi ya mechi ya dola za [[Marekani]] 45,000 waliyoahidiwa. == Heshima == AS Vita Club * African Cup of Champions Clubs: 1973 * Ligi ya Zaire / Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo: mara 6 — 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, [[1980]], 1988 * Congo Cup: mara 7 — [[1972]], 1973, 1975, 1977, 1981, [[1982]], 1983 Zaire * Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika: 1974 <ref>https://www.worldfootball.net/pe273169/</ref><ref>https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/49124/Mulamba_Ndaye.html</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/47251726</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2019]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] <references />{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} tq9eak8oozudkolm2f6zj57idkocyr9 0 250758 1599126 2026-09-23T09:23:05Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1599126 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Emmanuel Kakoko Etepé''' (alizaliwa [[22 Novemba]] [[1950]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] ambaye alicheza kama mshambuliaji. Aliiwakilisha Zaire katika [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] [[1974]]. == Maisha ya soka == Kakoko aliichezea Imana Kinshasa, VfB Stuttgart ([[1981]]–82) na 1. FC Saarbrücken. Kakoko alishika nafasi ya nne katika kura za [[tuzo]] ya Mchezaji Bora wa Afrika wa Mwaka [[1973]] iliyoandaliwa na France Football. Mwaka [[2006]], alichaguliwa na CAF kuwa miongoni mwa wachezaji bora 200 wa mpira wa miguu barani Afrika katika kipindi cha miaka 50 iliyopita. == Maisha binafsi == Muda fulani baada ya kushiriki Kombe la Dunia, Kakoko alihamia na kuishi [[Ujerumani Magharibi]], ambako alifanya kazi katika kiwanda cha Mercedes mjini Stuttgart. Mwanawe Yannick pia ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu na kwa sasa ni [[kocha]] wa FC Differdange 03 nchini Luxembourg. == Heshima == Zaire * Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika: 1974 <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160305192524/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=51768/index.html</ref><ref>https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/43080/Etepe_Kakoko.html</ref><ref>https://www.fussballdaten.de/person/etepe-kakoko/</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1950]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] <references />{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} dynw28v5vhx0wx8w5omjbzgwxrk3rfz 0 250759 1599127 2026-09-23T09:23:19Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Isidori wa Aleksandria''' ([[karne ya 4]] - [[Konstantinopoli]], leo nchini [[Uturuki]], [[403]]) alikuwa [[mmonaki]] ambaye [[askofu]] [[Atanasi wa Aleksandria]] alimfanya [[padri]]. Pamoja na kuwa kielelezo bora cha [[maadili]] ya [[Kikristo]]{{sfn|Butler|1798|p=173}} , alidhulumiwa na [[Ario|Waario]], halafu alisingiziwa kufuata [[uzushi]] wa [[Origen]], ambao aliukanusha huko Konstantinopoli, alipofariki chini ya [[Yohane Krisostomo]]{{sfn|Butler|17...' 1599127 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isidori wa Aleksandria''' ([[karne ya 4]] - [[Konstantinopoli]], leo nchini [[Uturuki]], [[403]]) alikuwa [[mmonaki]] ambaye [[askofu]] [[Atanasi wa Aleksandria]] alimfanya [[padri]]. Pamoja na kuwa kielelezo bora cha [[maadili]] ya [[Kikristo]]{{sfn|Butler|1798|p=173}} , alidhulumiwa na [[Ario|Waario]], halafu alisingiziwa kufuata [[uzushi]] wa [[Origen]], ambao aliukanusha huko Konstantinopoli, alipofariki chini ya [[Yohane Krisostomo]]{{sfn|Butler|1798|pp=173–174}} }}. Tangu kale [[abati]] huyo anaheshimiwa na [[Waorthodoksi]] na [[Wakatoliki]] kama [[mtakatifu]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[23 Desemba]]<ref>https://catholicsaints.info/saint-besa-of-egypt/</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== <references/> ==Marejeo== *{{citation |last=Butler|first=Alban|title=The Lives of the Primitive Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints... by the Rev. Alban Butler... |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nsb1tEmV7Z8C&pg=PA173|year=1798|publisher=J. Moir}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa karne ya 4]] [[Jamii:waliofariki 403]] [[Category:Wamonaki]] [[Jamii:mapadri]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Misri]] fxg0cpwhdwtu2efumvmyvjadqf98u88 1599130 1599127 2026-09-23T09:25:22Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1599130 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isidori wa Aleksandria''' ([[karne ya 4]] - [[Konstantinopoli]], leo nchini [[Uturuki]], [[403]]) alikuwa [[mmonaki]] ambaye [[askofu]] [[Atanasi wa Aleksandria]] alimfanya [[padri]]. Pamoja na kuwa kielelezo bora cha [[maadili]] ya [[Kikristo]]{{sfn|Butler|1798|p=173}}, alidhulumiwa na [[Ario|Waario]], halafu alisingiziwa kufuata [[uzushi]] wa [[Origen]], ambao aliukanusha huko Konstantinopoli, alipofariki chini ya askofu [[Yohane Krisostomo]]{{sfn|Butler|1798|pp=173–174}}. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Waorthodoksi]] na [[Wakatoliki]] kama [[mtakatifu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== <references/> ==Marejeo== *{{citation |last=Butler|first=Alban|title=The Lives of the Primitive Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints... by the Rev. Alban Butler... |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nsb1tEmV7Z8C&pg=PA173|year=1798|publisher=J. Moir}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa karne ya 4]] [[Jamii:waliofariki 403]] [[Category:Wamonaki]] [[Jamii:mapadri]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Misri]] 3pxomcpllivn68jfkza5eg8h62r9pnn 1599135 1599130 2026-09-23T09:30:29Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1599135 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isidori wa Aleksandria''' ([[334]] - [[Konstantinopoli]], leo nchini [[Uturuki]], [[403]]) alikuwa [[mmonaki]] ambaye [[askofu]] [[Atanasi wa Aleksandria]] alimfanya [[padri]]. Pamoja na kuwa kielelezo bora cha [[maadili]] ya [[Kikristo]]{{sfn|Butler|1798|p=173}}, alidhulumiwa na [[Ario|Waario]], halafu alisingiziwa kufuata [[uzushi]] wa [[Origen]], ambao aliukanusha huko Konstantinopoli, alipofariki chini ya askofu [[Yohane Krisostomo]]{{sfn|Butler|1798|pp=173–174}}. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Waorthodoksi]] na [[Wakatoliki]] kama [[mtakatifu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== <references/> ==Marejeo== *{{citation |last=Butler|first=Alban|title=The Lives of the Primitive Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints... by the Rev. Alban Butler... |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nsb1tEmV7Z8C&pg=PA173|year=1798|publisher=J. Moir}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 334]] [[Jamii:waliofariki 403]] [[Category:Wamonaki]] [[Jamii:mapadri]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Misri]] 7ajy5x3j76189kzn951rkdoqtec31jg 0 250760 1599133 2026-09-23T09:29:00Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1599133 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marcel Kimemba Mbayo''' (alizaliwa [[23 Aprili]] [[1978]] huko Lubumbashi) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] ambaye katika kipindi cha mwisho cha uchezaji wake alicheza kama kiungo wa A.F.C. Tubize. Alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo katika [[Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika]] [[2004]], ambapo timu hiyo ilimaliza katika nafasi ya mwisho kwenye kundi lake katika raundi ya kwanza ya mashindano, hivyo kushindwa kufuzu kwa hatua ya robo fainali. == Heshima == Gençlerbirliği * Kombe la Uturuki: [[2001]] Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo * Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika: nafasi ya tatu, [[1998]] <ref>https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/2006/Marcel_Mbayo.html</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120617065207/http://guardian.touch-line.com/StatsCentre.asp?Lang=0&CTID=6&CPID=10&pStr=Player&PLID=45082&TEID=1177</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1978]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] <references />{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} bhc3t4sfpliddbki5utyiiqdssd7l94 0 250761 1599139 2026-09-23T09:35:56Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1599139 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tsholola Tshinyama''' (alizaliwa [[12 Desemba]] [[1980]]), anayejulikana zaidi kwa jina la Tiko, ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] ambaye alicheza kama kiungo. Tshinyama alianza maisha yake ya soka katika klabu ya Saint-Luc nchini Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo kabla ya kuhamia [[TP Mazembe]]. Mwaka [[2003]], alisaini kuichezea timu ya [[Afrika Kusini]] Ajax [[Cape Town]], na baadaye aliichezea klabu hiyo katika zaidi ya mechi 60. Ingawa kwa kawaida alicheza kama kiungo mkabaji, Tshinyama pia alifunga mabao kadhaa akiwa na klabu hiyo. Mwezi [[Juni]] [[2007]], ilitangazwa kuwa Tshinyama amesaini [[mkataba]] wa miaka minne na SC Lokeren, ambako angeungana na wachezaji wenzake wa [[timu ya taifa]] Marcel Mbayo na Patiyo Tambwe. == Heshima == Lokeren * Kombe la Ubelgiji: [[2011]]–12 <ref>https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/8027/Tshiolola_Tshinyama.html</ref><ref>https://www.transfermarkt.com/tiko/profil/spieler/39825</ref><ref>https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe24664/tsholola-tshinyama/international-matches/</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] <references />{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} m1s0oexojmb79v4vq87ncnztc7sbm7r 0 250762 1599153 2026-09-23T09:46:15Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1599153 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:HeritaIlunga.jpg|thumb|Hérita Ilunga]] '''Nkongolo Hérita Ilunga''' (alizaliwa [[25 Februari]] [[1982]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] ambaye alicheza kama beki wa kushoto. Katika ngazi ya klabu, aliwakilisha Espanyol B, Saint-Étienne, Toulouse, West Ham United, Doncaster Rovers, Rennes, Carquefou, na US Créteil. Pia aliichezea [[timu ya taifa]] ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. == Historia ya klabu == === Mwanzo wa maisha ya soka === Akiwa na umri wa [[miaka]] 13, Ilunga alianza kufanya mazoezi na Amiens SC. Alikaa katika klabu hiyo iliyokuwa katika eneo la Somme kwa miaka minne kabla ya kuhamia Stade Rennais. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 20, Ilunga alihamia [[Hispania]], ambako alijiunga na Espanyol. Akiwa [[Barcelona]], beki huyo wa kushoto alicheza pekee katika timu ya Espanyol B iliyoshiriki Daraja la Tatu la Hispania. Hata hivyo, kiwango chake kilitosha kumvutia kocha wa Saint-Étienne, Frederic Antonetti, ambaye alimrudisha [[Ufaransa]], awali kwa mkopo, mwaka [[2003]]. Ilunga alitumia misimu minne katika Stade Geoffroy-Guichard, akicheza jumla ya mechi 135 kwa Les Verts na kushinda [[tuzo]] ya Mchezaji Bora wa Msimu wa klabu. == Historia ya kimataifa == Ilunga alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo katika [[Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika]] [[2004]], ambapo timu hiyo ilimaliza katika nafasi ya mwisho kwenye kundi lake katika raundi ya kwanza ya mashindano, hivyo kushindwa kufuzu kwa robo fainali. Ilunga aliisaidia Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo kufika hatua ya robo fainali ya Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika lililofanyika nchini [[Misri]] mwaka [[2006]]. Leopards waliifunga Togo na kutoka sare na [[Angola]], kabla ya kuondolewa na wenyeji Misri katika hatua ya robo fainali. Ilunga alifunga bao lake la kwanza kwa timu yake ya taifa katika mchezo wa kufuzu kwa [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA la 2010|Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 2010]] dhidi ya Misri mjini Cairo tarehe [[1 Juni]] [[2008]]. Hata hivyo, bao hilo halikutosha kuzuia Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo kuondolewa katika mashindano hayo katika hatua ya pili ya kufuzu. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150510190633/http://www.ligue1.com/joueur/ilunga-herita</ref><ref>https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=37739</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120217213942/http://img.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=214259/index.html</ref><ref>https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/1991/Herita_Ilunga.html</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1982]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] <references />{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} kmlzor8lvuwse29ip7rp6kmzdw2lhtm 3 250763 1599155 2026-09-23T09:48:18Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1599155 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 23 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 7na95zvlqmfwy5utbwgc7uoasqa73mi 3 250764 1599156 2026-09-23T09:48:28Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1599156 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 23 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 7na95zvlqmfwy5utbwgc7uoasqa73mi 3 250765 1599157 2026-09-23T09:48:38Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1599157 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 23 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 7na95zvlqmfwy5utbwgc7uoasqa73mi 3 250766 1599158 2026-09-23T09:48:48Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1599158 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 23 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 7na95zvlqmfwy5utbwgc7uoasqa73mi 3 250767 1599159 2026-09-23T09:48:58Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1599159 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 23 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 7na95zvlqmfwy5utbwgc7uoasqa73mi 3 250768 1599160 2026-09-23T09:49:08Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1599160 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 23 Septemba 2026 (UTC) jscqffvrxmw63owsqxq7nm3ps8gheqn 3 250769 1599161 2026-09-23T09:49:18Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1599161 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 23 Septemba 2026 (UTC) jscqffvrxmw63owsqxq7nm3ps8gheqn 3 250770 1599162 2026-09-23T09:49:28Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1599162 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 23 Septemba 2026 (UTC) jscqffvrxmw63owsqxq7nm3ps8gheqn 3 250771 1599163 2026-09-23T09:49:38Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1599163 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 23 Septemba 2026 (UTC) jscqffvrxmw63owsqxq7nm3ps8gheqn 3 250772 1599164 2026-09-23T09:49:48Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1599164 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 23 Septemba 2026 (UTC) jscqffvrxmw63owsqxq7nm3ps8gheqn 3 250773 1599165 2026-09-23T09:49:58Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1599165 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 23 Septemba 2026 (UTC) jscqffvrxmw63owsqxq7nm3ps8gheqn 3 250774 1599167 2026-09-23T09:50:08Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1599167 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 23 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 66s1iyele561ahtp7ybig1o3z1a7mtf 3 250775 1599168 2026-09-23T09:50:18Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1599168 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 23 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 66s1iyele561ahtp7ybig1o3z1a7mtf 3 250776 1599169 2026-09-23T09:50:28Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1599169 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 23 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 66s1iyele561ahtp7ybig1o3z1a7mtf 3 250777 1599170 2026-09-23T09:50:38Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1599170 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 23 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 66s1iyele561ahtp7ybig1o3z1a7mtf 3 250778 1599171 2026-09-23T09:50:48Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1599171 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 23 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 66s1iyele561ahtp7ybig1o3z1a7mtf 3 250779 1599172 2026-09-23T09:50:58Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1599172 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 23 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 66s1iyele561ahtp7ybig1o3z1a7mtf 3 250780 1599173 2026-09-23T09:51:08Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1599173 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 23 Septemba 2026 (UTC) qsqfzud6o26csnhxkgc5qr48882s4v9 3 250781 1599174 2026-09-23T09:51:18Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1599174 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 23 Septemba 2026 (UTC) qsqfzud6o26csnhxkgc5qr48882s4v9 3 250782 1599175 2026-09-23T09:51:28Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1599175 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 23 Septemba 2026 (UTC) qsqfzud6o26csnhxkgc5qr48882s4v9 3 250783 1599176 2026-09-23T09:51:38Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1599176 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 23 Septemba 2026 (UTC) qsqfzud6o26csnhxkgc5qr48882s4v9 3 250784 1599177 2026-09-23T09:51:48Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1599177 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 23 Septemba 2026 (UTC) qsqfzud6o26csnhxkgc5qr48882s4v9 3 250785 1599178 2026-09-23T09:51:58Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1599178 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 23 Septemba 2026 (UTC) qsqfzud6o26csnhxkgc5qr48882s4v9 3 250786 1599179 2026-09-23T09:52:08Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1599179 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:52, 23 Septemba 2026 (UTC) m8tgdwci0y1t7aq5f4bbut625p9srq6 0 250787 1599180 2026-09-23T09:57:09Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Julian Alvarez | nchi = Argentina | majina_mengine = | picha = Julian Alvarez Argentina v Spain 19 July 2026-052 (cropped).jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Alvarez akiwa na [[Timu ya taifa ya mpira wa miguu ya Argentina|Argentina]] mwaka 2026 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|2000|1|31|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Calchín]], Argentina | tarehe_ya_kufariki...' 1599180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Julian Alvarez | nchi = Argentina | majina_mengine = | picha = Julian Alvarez Argentina v Spain 19 July 2026-052 (cropped).jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Alvarez akiwa na [[Timu ya taifa ya mpira wa miguu ya Argentina|Argentina]] mwaka 2026 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|2000|1|31|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Calchín]], Argentina | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Mshambuliaji | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = [[Atlético Madrid]] | urefu = 1.70 m | uzito = }} '''Julian Alvarez''' (alizaliwa 31 Januari 2000) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Argentina]] anayecheza nafasi ya mshambuliaji katika klabu ya [[Atlético Madrid|Atletico Madrid]] inayoshiriki Ligi Kuu ya [[Hispania|Uhispania]] (La Liga) na timu ya taifa ya [[Argentina]]. Anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa washambuliaji bora zaidi duniani.<ref name="fourfourtwo">{{cite web |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/person/player/best-strikers-in-the-world |title=Ranked! The 20 best strikers in the world |publisher=FourFourTwo |language=English |accessdate=22 September 2026}}</ref> Alvarez alianza kazi yake ya soka nchini Argentina katika chuo cha vijana cha [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]], ambapo alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza katika timu ya wakubwa mwaka 2018. Alidumu klabuni hapo kwa misimu minne na kutwaa Kombe la Argentina linaloandaliwa na shirikisho la nchi hiyo, kombe la klabu bingwa barani amerika kusini, na Ligi Kuu ya Argentina mwaka 2021 akiwa mfungaji bora wa mashindano hayo, kisha akachaguliwa kuwa Mchezaji Bora wa Mwaka wa Amerika Kusini. Mwaka 2022 alijiunga na [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]], ambapo alishinda mataji matatu makubwa kwa msimu mmoja Ligi Kuu ya Uingereza , Kombe la FA , na ligi mabingwa ya ulaya katika msimu wake wa kwanza, kabla ya kuhamia Atletico Madrid mwaka 2024 kwa ada iliyoweka rekodi ya klabu hiyo ya karibu euro milioni 95. Katika ngazi ya kimataifa, Alvarez aliiwakilisha Argentina katika timu za vijana kabla ya kucheza mechi yake ya kwanza katika timu ya wakubwa mwaka 2021. Alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi kilichotwaa ubingwa wa [[Copa Amerika]] mwaka 2021, Finalissima 2022 ambapo hukutanisha bingwa wa ulaya na bingwa wa Amerika kusini, [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 2022]], Copa Amerika 2024, na kufika fainali ya [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 2026]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2000]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Argentina]] os8aq9jvykacv5qqogyprxll1qkojdz 0 250788 1599183 2026-09-23T09:57:52Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni moved page [[Kampaundi]] to [[Msombo]] over redirect: jina la Kiswahili 1599183 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Msombo]] iql69mnj0lvavl5ipqykzq8029hr17h 0 250789 1599208 2026-09-23T10:10:32Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Lautaro Martinez | nchi = Argentina | majina_mengine = | picha = Lautaro Martinez Argentina v Spain 19 July 2026-049 (cropped).jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Martínez akiwa na [[Timu ya taifa ya mpira wa miguu ya Argentina|Argentina]] mwaka 2026 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1997|8|22|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Bahía Blanca]], Argentina | tarehe_y...' 1599208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Lautaro Martinez | nchi = Argentina | majina_mengine = | picha = Lautaro Martinez Argentina v Spain 19 July 2026-049 (cropped).jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Martínez akiwa na [[Timu ya taifa ya mpira wa miguu ya Argentina|Argentina]] mwaka 2026 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1997|8|22|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Bahía Blanca]], Argentina | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Mshambuliaji | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = [[Inter Milan]] | urefu = 1.74 m | uzito = }} '''Lautaro Javier Martinez''' (alizaliwa 22 Agosti 1997) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Argentina]] anayecheza nafasi ya mshambuliaji katika klabu ya [[Inter Milan]] inayoshiriki Ligi Kuu ya Italia (Serie A), ambapo pia ni nahodha wa klabu hiyo, pamoja na timu ya taifa ya Argentina. Anajulikana kwa jitihada zake uwanjani, uwezo mkubwa wa kufunga mabao, na mbinu za kimpira, na anachukuliwa kwa kiasi kikubwa kama mmoja wa washambuliaji bora duniani.<ref name="fourfourtwo">{{cite web |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/ranked-the-20-best-strikers-in-the-world |title=Ranked! The 20 best strikers in the world |publisher=FourFourTwo |language=English |accessdate=23 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="espn">{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/45178073/2025-fc-100 |title=FC 100: The best centre-forwards in men's football |publisher=ESPN |language=English |accessdate=23 September 2026}}</ref> Martinez alianza kazi yake ya soka katika klabu ya [[Racing Club de Avellaneda|Racing Club]] inayoshiriki Ligi Kuu ya Argentina, kabla ya kusajiliwa na Inter Milan mwaka 2018 kwa ada ya euro milioni 22.7. Katika msimu wake wa pili klabuni hapo, aliisaidia timu hiyo kufika fainali ya Ligi ya Ulaya ya UEFA (UEFA Europa League) ya mwaka 2020 kabla ya kuunda safu kali ya ushambuliaji akishirikiana na [[Romelu Lukaku]] na kuisaidia Inter kutwaa taji lao la kwanza la [[Serie A]] baada ya miaka 11 katika msimu wa 2020–21. Baada ya Lukaku kuondoka klabuni hapo, Martinez alikua mshambuliaji mkuu wa Inter. Tangu wakati huo ameshinda mataji mengine mawili ya Serie A na makombe matatu ya [[Coppa Italia]], ikiwa ni pamoja na kutwaa mataji mawili kwa pamoja katika msimu wa 2025–26. Katika fainali ya Coppa Italia ya mwaka 2023, alifunga mabao yote miwili ya Inter katika ushindi wa 2–1. Pia alikuwa sehemu muhimu ya klabu hiyo ilipofika fainali za ligi mabingwa ya ulaya miaka ya [[2023 UEFA Champions League final|2023]] na 2025. Kibinafsi, Martinez alitunukiwa tuzo ya Mchezaji Bora wa Msimu wa Serie A katika msimu wa 2023–24 na Mshambuliaji Bora wa Serie A katika msimu wa 2025–26. Pia alimaliza kama mfungaji bora wa ligi hiyo katika misimu ya 2023–24 na 2025–26. Hivi sasa Martinez anashika nafasi ya tatu kati ya wachezaji waliofunga mabao mengi zaidi katika historia ya klabu ya Inter Milan. Katika ngazi ya kimataifa, Martinez alianza kuwakilisha Argentina katika timu za vijana, akicheza katika mashindano ya kombe la Dunia la vijana chini ya umri wa miaka 20 la FIFA mwaka 2017 na Mashindano ya Vijana ya Amerika Kusini ya chini ya umri wa miaka 20 mwaka 2017. Alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza katika timu ya wakubwa mwaka 2018 na ameshinda mashindano ya [[Copa Amerika]] 2021, [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 2022]], na Copa Amerika 2024, ambapo alitwaa tuzo ya mfungaji bora na kufunga bao la ushindi katika fainali hiyo. Pia alikuwa katika kikosi cha Argentina kilichoshika nafasi ya pili katika [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 2026]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1997]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Argentina]] 8u32zujrt251z4buj8b18j0xrjeuizx 1599227 1599208 2026-09-23T10:26:29Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1599227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Lautaro Martinez | nchi = Argentina | majina_mengine = | picha = Lautaro Martinez Argentina v Spain 19 July 2026-049 (cropped).jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Martínez akiwa na [[Timu ya taifa ya mpira wa miguu ya Argentina|Argentina]] mwaka 2026 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1997|8|22|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Bahía Blanca]], Argentina | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Mshambuliaji | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = [[Inter Milan]] | urefu = 1.74 m | uzito = }} '''Lautaro Javier Martinez''' (alizaliwa 22 Agosti [[1997]]) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka nchini [[Argentina]] anayecheza nafasi ya [[mshambuliaji]] katika klabu ya [[Inter Milan]] inayoshiriki Ligi Kuu ya [[Italia]] ([[Serie A]]), ambapo pia ni nahodha wa klabu hiyo, pamoja na [[timu ya taifa]] ya Argentina. Anajulikana kwa jitihada zake uwanjani, uwezo mkubwa wa kufunga mabao, na mbinu za kimpira, na anachukuliwa kwa kiasi kikubwa kama mmoja wa washambuliaji bora duniani.<ref name="fourfourtwo">{{cite web |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/ranked-the-20-best-strikers-in-the-world |title=Ranked! The 20 best strikers in the world |publisher=FourFourTwo |language=English |accessdate=23 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="espn">{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/45178073/2025-fc-100 |title=FC 100: The best centre-forwards in men's football |publisher=ESPN |language=English |accessdate=23 September 2026}}</ref> ==Maisha== Martinez alianza kazi yake ya soka katika klabu ya [[Racing Club de Avellaneda|Racing Club]] inayoshiriki Ligi Kuu ya Argentina, kabla ya kusajiliwa na Inter Milan mwaka 2018 kwa ada ya euro milioni 22.7. Katika msimu wake wa pili klabuni hapo, aliisaidia timu hiyo kufika fainali ya Ligi ya Ulaya ya UEFA (UEFA Europa League) ya mwaka 2020 kabla ya kuunda safu kali ya ushambuliaji akishirikiana na [[Romelu Lukaku]] na kuisaidia Inter kutwaa taji lao la kwanza la Serie A baada ya miaka 11 katika msimu wa 2020–21. Baada ya Lukaku kuondoka klabuni hapo, Martinez alikua mshambuliaji mkuu wa Inter. Tangu wakati huo ameshinda mataji mengine mawili ya Serie A na makombe matatu ya [[Coppa Italia]], ikiwa ni pamoja na kutwaa mataji mawili kwa pamoja katika msimu wa 2025–26. Katika fainali ya Coppa Italia ya mwaka 2023, alifunga mabao yote miwili ya Inter katika ushindi wa 2–1. Pia alikuwa sehemu muhimu ya klabu hiyo ilipofika fainali za ligi mabingwa ya ulaya miaka ya [[2023 UEFA Champions League final|2023]] na 2025. Kibinafsi, Martinez alitunukiwa tuzo ya Mchezaji Bora wa Msimu wa Serie A katika msimu wa 2023–24 na Mshambuliaji Bora wa Serie A katika msimu wa 2025–26. Pia alimaliza kama mfungaji bora wa ligi hiyo katika misimu ya 2023–24 na 2025–26. Hivi sasa Martinez anashika nafasi ya tatu kati ya wachezaji waliofunga mabao mengi zaidi katika historia ya klabu ya Inter Milan. Katika ngazi ya kimataifa, Martinez alianza kuwakilisha Argentina katika timu za vijana, akicheza katika mashindano ya kombe la Dunia la vijana chini ya umri wa miaka 20 la FIFA mwaka 2017 na Mashindano ya Vijana ya Amerika Kusini ya chini ya umri wa miaka 20 mwaka 2017. Alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza katika timu ya wakubwa mwaka 2018 na ameshinda mashindano ya [[Copa Amerika]] 2021, [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 2022]], na Copa Amerika 2024, ambapo alitwaa tuzo ya mfungaji bora na kufunga bao la ushindi katika fainali hiyo. Pia alikuwa katika kikosi cha Argentina kilichoshika nafasi ya pili katika [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 2026]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1997]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Argentina]] b4n0b3zvfy3menqwaxy8bsdegrm3byd 0 250790 1599275 2026-09-23T11:20:16Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Barton Holan Bryant''' (alizaliwa [[1962]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 3 ya PGA Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na Memorial Tournament mwaka [[2005]] na Tour Championship mwaka [[2005]]. Alishinda pia mataji 2 ya Champions Tour. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]' 1599275 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Barton Holan Bryant''' (alizaliwa [[1962]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 3 ya PGA Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na Memorial Tournament mwaka [[2005]] na Tour Championship mwaka [[2005]]. Alishinda pia mataji 2 ya Champions Tour. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] j9gwtqiqm0rq8oey5j2e627lclqfldh 14 250791 1599276 2026-09-23T11:20:40Z Abubakari Sixberth 53268 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Wanasheria nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Niger]]' 1599276 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Wanasheria nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Niger]] 2kf9lhmpalw9j42n5pselge0gtd3c19 1599277 1599276 2026-09-23T11:24:08Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1599277 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Wanasheria nchi kwa nchi|N]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Niger|S]] j873vy95eak9tp9mc8d115wfk2srp48